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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

() VOL. xxx ; 1979

OLD ARBOR

ae sf ET

e RECEIVED

[ ‘

t r ‘w

|() CATHERINE Woon & Hsuan KENG:

Observations on Stamens of the Dipterocarpaceae ... See as. pre 1

| : _Y. C. Wee: Check list of Mosses of Singapore ... 4a a e ae 56

Ss. C. CHIN: The Limestone Hill Flora of Malaya II be the Ae B3) 64

‘"

is”,

LEELA OLSLROIIOOLODODLOO LE N LE:

DE ER OPE PO PE PE OQ QE OPE DDS

: Published by Botanic Gardens

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

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VOL. XXXII 1979

CONTENTS

PAGES

“CATHERINE WOON & HSUAN KENG:

Observations on Stamens of the Dipterocarpaceae ... A. de nat 1

Y. C. WEE: Check list of Mosses of Singapore ... ue 443 Bi a 56

S. C. CHIN: The Limestone Hill Flora of Malaya II 7 Me ie x? 64

Published by Botanic Gardens

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OBSERVATIONS ON STAMENS OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE

CATHERINE WOON AND HSUAN KENG

Department of Botany

University of Singapore

CONTENTS

Introduction

Materials and methods

Description of stamens

Generalisations and discussion

Appendix: A list of voucher herbarium specimens for studies

Pages

Zz Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

A. INTRODUCTION

The Dipterocarpaceae are a medium-sized family of approximately 15 genera

and 580 species (Airy-Shaw, 1973). They are distributed over a large area of

tropical Africa and the Indo-Malayan region: from India, Ceylon, Indo-China,

S.W. China to Malesia. “In Malesia, according to Symington (1943) there are.

14 genera and 168 species in the Malay Peninsula, 13 genera and 276 species in

Borneo, 11 genera and 52 species in the Philippines, and 3 genera and 5 species

in New Guinea.

The distribution of this family is interesting because it links the flora of

tropical Asia with that of tropical Africa where 2 genera Monotes and Marquesia

are present. Croizat (1952, p. 423) suggested that the dipterocarps are most

certainly of Gondwanic origin, and they evolved and migrated from the continental

mass that once occupied part of the Indian Ocean 100-500 million years ago.

They later broke up into 2 major taxa, the Dipterocarpoideae, mostly confined

to the continental Asia and Malesia, and the Monotoideae, restricted to Africa.

They occur in areas which have had a relatively stable geology since the Cretaceous,

probably the time of their origin (Meijer, 1974).

This family is especially noted for its many valuable timbers such as Meranti

(Shorea), Keruing (Dipterocarpus) from Malaya, Serayas and Lauans (Shorea and.

Parashorea) from Borneo and the Philippines.

The existing schemes of classification of the Dipterocarpaceae are largely

based on the gross morphology. It is hoped that the comparative studies of the

stamens of various genera of dipterocarps, together with the information gathered

from wood, pollens, cytology, embryogeny, phytochemistry and others, might

eventually contribute towards a natural classification of the family.

This is an excerpt of the senior author’s Honours’ dissertation entitled *“Com-

parative studies on the stamens and pollen grains of the Dipterocarpaceae’’, Depart-

ment of Botany, University of Singapore, 1977-78. She wishes to thank Professor

A.N. Rao of the Department for providing all the facilities, and to thank the

Directors and Curators of the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, the

Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya and the Forest department, Kuching,

Sarawak, for having kindly supplied floweriag m4terials for this study. Her

thanks are also due to Mr. D. Teow for making photographs, and to Mr. J. Wee

for advice on microtechniques.

B. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study includes stamens of 42 species belonging to 13 genera of the Asiatic

subfamily Dipterocarpoideae. The number of species investigated in each genus.

was as follows:

1. Anisoptera (2)

2. Cotylelobium (2)

3. Dipterocarpus (3)

Doona C2he

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 3

5. Dryobalanops (2)

6. Hopea (7)

7. Neobalcaocarpus (1)

8. Parashorea (2)

9. Pentacme (1)

10. Shorea (15)

11. Upuna (1)

12. Vateria (1)

13. Vatica (3)

Dried flowers and flower buds were obtained from the herbarium specimens.

A list of the voucher specimens are given at the end.

The dried flowers and buds were soaked and boiled in water till soft. The

indehisced stamens were then removed from the flowers under a dissecting micro-

scope, using fine needles and forceps. The method of clearing was by modification

of Foster’s clearing techniques (1949). Serial sections of the flower buds to show

the transverse sections of Neobalanocarpus heimii and Shorea parvifolia were

obtained by the paraffin method (Johansen, 1940). Sections were cut by means

of the rotary microtome and these were stained with a combination of Safranin

and Fast-green.

This study of the stamens is based on representative species of most of the

genera of the family. Descriptions of the genera are presented in alphabetical

order. Only in the genus Shorea, four sections (Symington, 1943) are further

described separately. The general description for each genus presented is based

on and confined to the representative species investigated. For Shorea, the general

features for each section is also described based on the species studied.

C. DESCRIPTION OF STAMENS

Descriptions of the stamens include the general morphology, dimensions, and

vasculature. Different parts of the stamen, such as the anthers, filaments and

appendages to the connectives are also measured and described. The total

lengths of the stamens include the appendages unless otherwise stated. The

measurements were made in millimetres or in microns. Illustrations of the

stamens of the species examined are prepared based on the revived herbarium

materials, cleared in dilute sodium hydroxide and preserved in xylene. Details

of the stamen (e.g. hairs and vasculature) are observed under the high magnification

of a compound microscope.

1. ANISOPTERA KORTH.

About 13 species; East India, South East Asia to West Malesia. The

following 2 species have been studied:

(1) Anisoptera curtisii Dyer {Section Pilosae) (Fig. 1, a-d; Fig. 2, b-c); |

(2) Anisoptera laevis Ridl. (Section Glabrae) (Fig. 1, e-i; Fig. 2, a). ;

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

rai §

Imm

2mm

O.5mm / O.5mm

Imm

2mm

Ih li

ANISOPTERA

curtisii a. flower bud. b. flower with parts of perianth removed to show

arrangement of stamens. c. abaxial view of stamen. d. adaxial view of stamen.

A. laevis e. abaxial view of stamen. f. adaxial view of stamen. g. oblique lateral

view of stamen. h. flower bud. i. flower with perianth removed to show arrange-

ment of stamens.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 2

O.5mm

O.2mm

ANISOPTERA

Stamens. x 100

a. A. laevis : abaxial view. b. A. curtisii : adaxial view. c. A. curtisii : abaxial view.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 3

Imm

Rs.

O.| mm

O.2mm

\..

N. heimii (= Balanocarpus heimii) a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed

to show arrangement of stamens. c. transverse section of stamen. d. adaxial view

of. stamen. e. lateral view of stamen. . ;

NEOBALANOCARPUS

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG4

2mm [mm

O.5mm

O5mm

COTYLELOBIUM

C. malayanum a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed to show arrangement

oi stamens. c. abaxial view of stamen. d. stamen x 100.

C. burckii e. stamen x 100.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 5

lem

DIPTEROCARPUS

D. gracilis a. stamen : adaxial view.

D. kunstleri b. stamen : abaxial view. e. flower with perianth removed to show

position of stamens.

D. oblongifolius c. staminode and adaxial view of stamen. d. flower with perianth

and stamens removed to show ring of staminodes. f. flower bud.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 9

Stamens: 15-30 in number, arranged in 2 or 3 whorls; glabrous; unequal, outer

stamens shorter than the inner ones.

Filaments: short, cempressed; gradually attenuate above.

Anthers: 4 loculed; locules linear-oblong (Section Glabrae) or broadly elliptic-

ovoid (Section Pilosae); unequal, abaxial anther sacs larger than adaxial ones.

Appendages: short acuminate tip or a very long, subulate awn; glabrous.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther sacs ending near the

base of appendage to connective.

2. COTYLELOBIUM PIERRE

About 5 species; Ceylon and West Malesia. The following 2 species have

been studied:

(1) Cotylelobium burckii (Heim) Heim (Fig. 4, e);

(2) Cotylelobium malayanum VY. Sl. (Fig. 4, a-d).

Stamens: 15 in number, arranged in 2 whorls; unequal, inner 5 slightly longer

than the outer ones.

Filaments: short, dilate at the base, more or less deltoid.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules linear-oblong; unequal, abaxial anther sacs

longer than the adaxial pair: hispid.

Appendages: connective prolonged apically to a short mucro, often bent to one

side, subulate or conic, glabrous.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther sacs, ending near the

appendage to connective.

3. DIPTEROCARPUS GAERTN. f.

About 76 species; India, Ceylon to West Malesia. The following 3 species

have been studied:

(1) Dipterocarpus gracilis Bl. (Fig. 5, a):

(2) Dipterocarpus kunstleri King (Fig. 5, b & e);

(3) Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl. (Fig. 5, c, d & f).

Stamens: 15-36 in number, arranged in 2—3 whorls; hypogynous; sometimes an

outer ring of staminodes present.

Filaments: short, compressed, gradually or abruptly tapering above to broad

base.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules linear-oblong, vertically orientated, unequal,

introrse, dehiscing laterally; the basal portion of the anthers with sterile tissue,

fleshy, usually auriculate.

Appendages: appendage erect, long and tapering, produced from apical sterile

tissues of anthers; glabrous.

10 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther sacs, usually ending

within the appendage. Staminodes also supplied by a single vascular trace.

4. DOONA THW.

Over 10 species; endemic to Ceylon. The following 2 species have been

studied :

(1) Doona gardneri Thw. (Fig. 6, a, b, e, f, g; Fig. 7, a-c);

(2) Doona macrophylla Thw. (Fig. 6, c, d, h, i; Fig. 7, d).

Stamens: 15 in numbey; arranged in 2 whorls around the ovary, all exceeding

the style.

Filaments: compressed, loricate, tapering gradually above.

Anthers: 4 loculed, the locules fusiform or elongated; unequal, abaxial anther

sacs slightly longer than adaxial pair; latrorse; dehiscing longitudinally.

Appendages: appendage stout, fleshy, clavate.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther sacs, branching out

within the appendage.

5. DRYOBALANOPS GAERTN. f

About 9 species, confined to Sumatra, Malaya and Borneo. The following

2 species have been studied:

(1) Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. (Fig. 8, a-f; Fig. 9, a);

(2) Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer. (Fig. 8, g-i; Fig. 9, b).

Stamens: 30 in number, arranged compactly in 3 whorls; unequal, the innermost

whorl longest; hypogynous.

Filaments: long, compressed, applanate; tapering abruptly above, connate at

the base.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules linear-oblong, apiculate at both ends; unequal,

the abaxial anther sacs much longer than the adaxial pair: introrse; dehiscing

longitudinally.

Appendages: acumen short, erect, stout, cuspidate; exceeding the anther apex.

Vasculature: staminal bundle in D. oblongifolia branches out to give rise to

3 vascular traces. Each stamen is served by single vascular trace which

ends near the appendage to connective.

6. HOPEA ROXB.

Over 90 species, South India to South China and the Malay Islands. The

following 6 species have been studied:

(1) Hopea apiculata Sym. (Fig. 10, a, b, c; Fig. 12, e);

(2) Hopea beccariana Burck. (Fig. 10, d, e, f; Fig. 12, b);

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 11

FIG 6

Imm

| 2.5mm

Imm

; VN

/ }

imm } | |

} I | |

f \\ | | Imam

Ge Gf 69g

Gh J Gi

DOONA

D. gardneri a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed to show position of

stamens. e. adaxial view of stamen. f. abaxial view of stamen. g. lateral view of

stamen.

D. macrophylla c. flower bud. d. flower with perianth removed to show arrange-

ment of stamens. h. abaxial view of stamen. i. adaxial view of stamen.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Fie

Imm

7a 7b

DOONA

D. gardneri a. adaxial view of stamen. b. lateral view of stamen. c. abaxial view

of stamen.

D. macrophylla d. abaxial view of stamen.

Stamens oj; the Dipterocarpacea

—

tad

FIGS

)

5mm

O.2ch

8a 8b

-_-3% ee =

——

~—-———— = =

DRYOBALANOPS

D. aromatica a. flower bud. b., c. flower with perianth removed to show position

of stamens. d. stamen : adaxial vicw. e. stamen : abaxial view ff. partial whorl

of stamens with connate filaments.

D. oblongifolia g. abaxial view of stamen. h. lateral view of stamen.

i. partial

whorl of stamens with connate filaments.

Stamens. x 100

a. D. aromatica :

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 9

]mm |

DRYOBALANOPS

adaxial view. b. D. oblongifolia : adaxial view.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 10

2mm O.5mm |

lOb

lOc

emm | O.Smm

lod lOf

(| | |

. i

| a

ae + 0.5mm

| mm i

/ 0.2m

lOg Les

lOh

HOPEA

H. apiculata a. flower bud. b. stamen — abaxial view. c. flower with parts of

perianth removed to show arrangement of stamens.

* H. beccariana d. flower bud. e. flower with parts of perianth removed to show

arrangement of stamens. f. stamen — adaxial view.

H. minima g. flower bud. h. stamen — abaxial view. i. flower with parts of

perianth removed to show arrangement of stamens.

16 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

(3) Hopea minima Sym. (= Balanocarpus curtisii King) (Fig. 10, g, h, 1;

Fig. 12, d);

(4) Hopea nutans Ridl. (Fig. 11, j, k, 1; Fig. 12, a);

(5) Hopea odorata Roxb. (Fig 11, m, n, 0; Fig. 12, c);

(6) Hopea sangal Korth. (Fig. 11, p, q, r; Fig. 12, f).

Stamens: similar to Shorea, especially the Meranti Pa’ang group; long appen-

dages present, sometimes minutely setose; usually 15 in number (but 10 in

H. sangal), arranged in 2 whorls; unequal, usually epipetalous.

Filaments: broad, compressed; abruptly narrowed towards the anthers.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules ovate or subglobose; equal or unequal, the

abaxial anther sacs larger than the adaxial ones.

Appendages: usually at least twice as long as the anthers, produced apically

into a long, slender, subulate awn, glabrous or minutely setose.

Vasculature: stamens supplied with single vascular trace; traces of epipetalous

staminal bundles fused with the vascular bundle in the corolla tube at the

base.

7. NEOBALANOCARPUS* P.S. ASHTON

One species; endemic to the Malay Peninsula. The type species, Neobalano-

carpus heimii Ashton (Fig. 3, a-e) has been studied.

Stamens: 15 in number, not exceeding the length of style.

Filaments: short, compressed, deltoid.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules linear-oblong; unequal, the abaxial pair longer

than the adaxial pair; dehiscing longitudinally.

Appendages: acumen short, blunt, projecting apically.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther-sacs, ending near the

base of appendage to the connective. )

8. PARASHOREA KURZ

Over 10 species, in South East Asia and the Western Malay Islands. The

following.2 species have been studied: | |

(1) Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. (Fig. 13, a-d; Fig. 14, a);

(2) Parashorea stellata Kurtz (Fig. 13, e-h; Fig. 14, b).

*Neobalanocarpus is a new genus recently established by Dr P. S. Ashton (in Gard.

Bull. Singapore 31:27; 1978). ‘It contains only one species, N. heimii (King) Ashton,

formerly known as Balanocarpus heimii- King. The genus Balanocarpus (excluding ‘this

Malayan species) with about 15 species, occurring from India to’ West Malesia, has been

reduced to Hopea by Bole (in Kew Bull. 1951, "p. 146))00°° tele ieee : an ‘

y Te |

Stamens of. the Dipterocarpacea LF

FIG {|

2mm

1) Ik Ht

O.5mm

lim

O.5mm

liq

HOPEA

ch: flower» with

H. nutans j. flower bud. k. single and double stamens: cIrg yee

perianth. removed to..show arrangement of stamens., .

n. flower with perianth removed to show: arrangement - of

H. odorata m. flower.

stamens. o. lateral view of stamens.

i . 1. flower with perianth

H. sangal pp. flower bud. q. petal with epipetalous stamens

removed to show position of stamens.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG l2

0.3mm

l2c

Stamens. x 100 : adaxial views.

a. H. nutans b. H. beccariana c. H. odorata d. H. minima e. H. apiculata

f H. sangal

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 13.

| | 2.5mm

2.5mm

l3¢

I3b

139 I3h

I3c 13d

PARASHOREA

P. malaanonan a. flower bud. _b. flower with perianth removed to show arrangement

of stamens. c. adaxial view of stamen. d. abaxial view of stamen.

P stellata e. flower bud. f. flower with parts of perianth removed to. show position

of stamens. g. oblique abaxial view of stamen. h. adaxial view of stamen.

}mm

l4a

Stamens. x 100

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIGI4

O.2 mm:

I4b

PARASHOREA

a. P. malaanonan Ob. P. stellata —

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 21

Stamens: 15, in 2 whorls (10 + 5); unequal.

Filaments: short, compressed, expanded at base; narrowing abruptly above;

sometimes hispid on the shoulders.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules-linear-oblong; unequal, the abaxial pair longer

than the adaxial pair; dehiscing longitudinally.

Appendages: erect and short or long and clavate, tapering to pointed apex.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle between the anther sacs; continuing into

(P. malaanonan) or ending near (P. stellata) the appendage to the connective.

9. PENTACME A. DC.

3 species, South East Asia and the Philippine Islands. The following one

species has been examined;

Pentacme malayana King (Fig. 15, a-e).

Stamens: 15 in number, in 2 whorls; equal; with 5 apical projections from the

anthers and the connective.

Filaments: long and compressed; tapering gradually towards the top.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules linear-oblong; equal; with acute to filiform

apices; base broad with a small appendage.

Appendages: awl-like, recurved.

Vasculature: thick vascular bundle runs medially through the connective, ending

at the base of the appendage to connective.

10. SHOREA ROXB. EX GAERTN.

Over 200 species, Ceylon to South China and the Malay Islands. 15 species

have been studied. They are belonging to the following 4 groups:

(10a) The Balau group:

(10b) The Meranti Pa’ang group;

(10c) The Meranti Damar Hitam group;

(10d) The Red Meranti group.

Stamens: 10-50 or more in number, in one to several whorls; unequal, the outer

stamens usually shorter than the inner ones; sometimes epipetalous.

Filaments: usually broad and flattened, sometimes ligulate, gibbous or fused

at the base, gradually or abruptly tapering above to form connective of

anthers; sometimes barbate on the shoulders.

Anthers: mostly 4 loculed but 2 loculed in the Meranti Damar Hitam group;

the locules elliptic-ovate or oblong; abaxial locules larger than the adaxial

locules.

22 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Appendages: connective usually produced into a long, filiform acumen of

various lengths; erect or reflexed and projecting abaxially, sometimes apically;

setose, pubescent or glabrous.

Vasculature: a single vascular trace usually runs medially through the filament

ending near the base of appendage to connective or in some species of the

Red Meranti group, the single vascular trace branches, thus there are 3 short

traces in the connective. In the case of stamens whose filaments are fused

at the base, the staminal bundle originates from the central stele of the flower,

branching out to give rise to 3 or several vascular strands, each strand

entering a single stamen.

(10a) The Balau group of Shorea

For this group, the following 3 species have been examined:

(1) Shorea exelliptica Meijer (Fig. 16, a-g; Fig. 18, c);

(2) Shorea foxworthyi Sym (Fig. 17, j-m:; Fig. 18, a);

(3) Shorea seminis (de Vriese) V. Sl. (Fig. 17, h, i; Fig. 18, b).

Stamens: 30-45 in number, arranged in 3 whorls; of 3 different lengths, the

innermost whorl the longest.

Filaments: compressed; the base broad or narrow; filaments of different whorls

radially fused at the base into bundles; shoulders of the filaments are barbate.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules elliptic to oblong; unequal, the abaxial anther

sacs larger than the adaxial ones: basifixed, adnate to the filament; dehiscing

longitudinally; sometimes barbate.

Appendages: short and blunt, less than the length of anthers, projecting

abaxially; setose or barbate, bristles long.

Vasculature: staminal bundles are present, each branching out to give rise to

3 vascular strands, each trace entering a single filament.

(10b) The Meranti Paang group of Shorea

For this group, the following species have been examined:

(1) Shorea gratissima Dyer (Fig. 19, h; Fig. 21, a);

(2) Shorea resinosa Foxw. (Fig. 19, a-g; Fig. 21, b);

(3) Shorea talura Roxb. (Fig. 20, i-n; Fig. 21, c).

Stamens: 15 to 30 in number, usually 15 in 2 whorls; dimorphic, longer and

shorter stamens arranged alternately, sometimes epipetalous.

Filaments: compressed and flattened; gradually or abruptly narrowed towards.

the anthers; the base narrow or broad.

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules oblong; unequal, abaxial anther sacs usually

larger than adaxial ones; basifixed, adnate to filament; dehiscing longitudinally.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea.

FIGIS

5mm

ISa

2.5mm

ISd ISe

PENTACME |

P. malayana a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed showing position of

stamens. c. lateral view of stamens.

Stamens. x 100

d. abaxial view of stamen. e. adaxial view of stamen.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

lGg

THE BALAU GROUP OF SHOREA

S. exelliptica a. flower with parts of perianth removed showing arrangement of

stamens. b. flower bud. c. stamens of different whorls with filaments connate at

base. d. lateral view of stamen. e. adaxial view of stamen. f. abaxial view of

stamen g. flower with perianth removed showing complete arrangement of stamens.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

PIG (7

s | Imm

mm \

‘

2mm |

Imm

17| R 17m

THE BALAU GROUP OF SHOREA

S. seminis h. flower bud. i. flower with parts of perianth removed showing position

of stamens.

S. foxworthyi j. flower bud. k. flower with perianth removed showing position of

stamens. |. adaxial view of stamen. °m. abaxial view:'of' stamen.

26 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 18

O.5mm

18a

THE BALAU.GROUP OF SHOREA

Stamens. x 100 ;

a. S. foxworthyi b. S. seminis c. S. exelliptica

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 27

FIGI9

2mm

19a

19d Ne

WW\ ly

(})

| W) a

--|

lof

19c

72mm

THE MERANTI PA’ANG GROUP OF SHOREA

S. resinosa a. flower.bud. b. flower with parts of .perianth removed showing

stamens. c. lateral view of stamens of 2 different whorls. d. abaxial view of stamens.

e. adaxial view of stamens. f. lateral view of stamens. g. part of corolla with

epipetalous stamens.

S. gratissima h. part of corolla with epipetalous stamens.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 20

Imm

20n

THE MERANTI PA’ANG GROUP OF SHOREA

S.:talura i. flower bud. j. flower with perianth removed showing arrangement of

stamens. k. lateral view of stamen of 2 different whorls. 1. oblique abaxial view

of stamen. m. adaxial view of stamen. n. lateral view of stamen.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 2l

0.5mm

2lb

THE MERANTI PA’ANG GROUP OF SHOREA

Stamens. x 100

a. S. gratissima b. S. resinosa c. S. talura

30 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Appendages: awn-like, nearly 2 to 3 times longer than the anthers; projecting

abaxially; usually reflexed, long, curving, filiform; sometimes sparsely setose

towards the tip.

Vasculature: single vascular trace runs medially through the filament, ending

near the appendage to connective.

(10c) The Meranti Damar Hitam group of Shorea

The following 2 species have been examined:

(1) Shorea maxima (King) Sym. (Fig. 22, a, b, c);

(2) Shorea resina-nigra Foxw. (Fig. 22, d, e, f).

Stamens: 10-15 in number, in 2 whorls (10 + 5), of equal or unequal lengths-

Filaments: broad throughout its length, compressed and applanate.

Anthers: 2 loculed (4 in other groups of Shorea), equal; locules elliptic-oblong,

dehiscing longitudinally.

Appendages: as long as or shorter than the anthers; acumen stout or slender.

Vasculature: single vascular trace runs medially through the broad filament.

ending near the appendage.

(10d) The Red Meranti group of Shorea

The following 7 species have been studied:

(1) Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King (Fig. 27, d);

(2) Shorea hemsleyana (King) King ex Foxw. (Fig. 23, a-g; Fig. 26, c);

(3) Shorea kunstleri King (Fig. 24, h, i; Fig. 27, f.);

(4) Shorea lepidota (Korth.) Bl. (Fig. 25, r-u; Fig. 26, a);

(5) Shorea leprosula Mig. (Fig. 25, 0, p, q; Fig. 26, b);

(6) Shorea parvifolia Dyer (Fig. 24, j, k; Fig. 27, e);

(7) Shorea sericea Dyer (Fig. 24, 1, m, n; Fig. 27, g).

Stamens: usually 15 in number, in 2 whorls; the 5 inner stamens longer than

the 10 outer stamens; sometimes 40-50 in number (as in S. sericea Dyer)

in several rows or in clusters.

Filaments: long and compressed, tapering above, broadened and gibbous at the

base, sometimes narrow and twisted (e.g. S. sericea Dyer).

Anthers: 4 loculed, the locules elliptic, subglobose or ovoid; unequal, abaxial

anther sacs slightly larger than the adaxial pair.

Appendages: of various lengths, either shorter or oe, than the anthers, apex

pointed or blunt, slender, glabrous.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea- 31

FIG 22

O.5mm

2mm

22b

O.5mm

22c

}mm

omm

22f

22d

THE MERANTI DAMAR HITAM GROUP OF SHOREA

S.. maxima a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed showing arrangement

of stamens. c. stamen. x 100 : adaxial view.

S. resina-nigra d. stamen. x 100 : adaxial view. e. flower with parts of perianth

removed showing arrangement of stamens. f. flower bud.

32 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 23

|.5mm

2mm

Imm

23e 23f 23g

THE RED MERANTI GROUP OF SHOREA

S. hemsleyana a. flower bud. b. top view of flower showing arrangement of stamens.

c. flower with perianth removed showing stamen whorls. d. stamens of 2 different

whorls of different lengths. e. abaxial view of stamens. f. adaxial view of stamens.

g. lateral view of stamens of different whorls with filaments fused at base.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 24

|.Smm

24h 0.5mm

24)

©.|mm

2mm

(}

0.5mm |

}

\ 4

1 {I \

i | \ Imm

ss yr

\ \ \\ (Yer

AY \s t/ Lh {/

YY by i {¥ j‘/

\ Wf Wi

VY 24n

THE RED MERANTI GROUP OF SHOREA

S. kunstleri h. flower bud. i. single petal showing epipetalous stamens.

S. parvifolia j. flower bud. k. transverse section of anthers.

S. sericea 1. flower bud. m. stamen with twisted filament.

removed showing arrangement of stamens.

n. flower with perianth

|mm

O.Smm

2mm

25s

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

CK)

FIG 25

(s) (> O.5mm

25p

25r

\ }mm

25t 25u

THE RED MERANTI GROUP OF SHOREA

S. leprosula o. flower bud. p.

stamens of 3 unequal verticils. gq. flower with’

perianth removed showing arrangement of stamens.

S. lepidota r. flower with perianth removed showing arrangement of stamens.

s. flower bud. t. abaxial view of stamens. u. adaxial view of stamens.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 26

O.5mm

THE RED MERANTI GROUP OF SHOREA

Stamens. x 100

a. S. lepidota : abaxial view.’ b!-S:leprosula : abaxial view. c. S. hemsleyana :

-adaxial view.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979):

FIG 27

O.25mm 0

°° O°

O.5mm

279

THE RED MERANTI GROUP OF SHOREA

d. S.. curtisii..:. adaxial view. €.,8. parvifolia: adaxial view... f\. S$. kunstleri + @daxial |

view. g. S sericea : adaxial view. wey Jeixsl

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea aM |

Vasculature: single vascular trace runs medially through the stamens, ending

near the appendage to connective; sometimes within the connective region,

the single vascular bundle branches into 3 strands as in S$. hemsleyana and

S. lepidota. In S. sericea, a staminal bundle branches into 5 vascular traces,

each trace serving a single stamen.

ll. UPUNA SYMINGTON

Monotypic, confined to Borneo. The type species has been studied:

Upuna borneensis Sym. (Fig. 28, a-f).

Stamens: 25-30 in number, arranged in several rows; innermost stamens longest.

Filaments: long, compressed, tapering above; base broad.

Anthers: 0.2mm-0.3mm; anther sacs ovate; unequal, abaxial anther sacs larger

than adaxial ones; dehiscing longitudinally.

Appendages: long, about 3 times the length of anthers; filiform, glabrous.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle runs medially through the stamen, ending

near the appeendage to connective.

12. VATERIA LINN.

Over 20 species, Seychelles, South India to Ceylon; only the following one

species has been studied:

Vateria indica Linn. (Fig. 29, a-g).

Stamens: numerous, arranged in whorls around the style.

Filaments: very short.

Anthers: 2 to 4 loculed; anther sacs linear-oblong, unequal, abaxial anther sacs

longer than adaxial pair.

Appendages: flattened, subulate.

Vasculature: single vascular bundle runs medially through the stamen, ending

near the appendage.

13. VATICA LINN.

About 80 species; South India, Ceylon, Thailand, Indo China, Hainan and

the Malay Islands. The following 3 species have been studied:

(1) Vatica nitens King (Fig. 30, h, i, j; Fig. 31, d);

(2) Vatica ridleyana Brandis (Fig. 30, a-d; Fig. 31, c);

(3) Vatica wallichi Dyer (Fig. 30, ef, g; Fig. 31, a, b).

Stamens: 15 in number; short, glabrous, arranged in 2 whorls; inner stamens

longer than outer stamens.

Filaments: short in outer stamens, long in inner stamens, upper portion broad,

constricted in the middle, broadened at the base.

38 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 28

Imm {

2.5mm \

Sigel es

28a

28b-

(:) O.2mm

28c 28d

O.2mm

|o.am

2Be

UPUNA

U. borneensis a. flower bud. b. flower with perianth removed showing arrangement-

of stamens. c. lateral view of stamens. d. abaxial view of stamens. e-f. stamens.

of different lengths.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 29

| Imm

-f,

\ 29b 29¢ 290d

}

vt fe

oi)

vy . Imm

p \<

( \ ; ant

29a

2 29a

29e¢ of

VATERIA

imm.

V. indica a. adaxial view of stamen with 2 locules. x 100. b. oblique lateral view

of stamens with 4 locules. c. lateral view. d. adaxial view. e-g. stamens with adaxial

locules of different sizes.

40 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

FIG 30

Imm

2.5mm

30b

30d

30a

S O.5mm

301 30)

VATICA

V. ridleyana a. flower bud. b. flower with parts of perianth removed showing

arrangement of stamens. c. adaxial view of stamen. d. abaxial view of stamen.

V. wallichi e. abaxial view of stamens. f. adaxial view of stamens. g. flower with

perianth removed showing arrangement of stamens.

V. nitens h. flower with perianth removed showing arrangement of stamens.

i. adaxial view of stamens. j. abaxial view of stamens.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

FIG 31

VATICA

Stamens. x 100

: lateral

c. V. ridleyana

: adaxial and lateral view of stamen.

a. & b. V. wallichi

view. d. V. nitens

adaxial view.

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Anthers: 4 loculed; the locules ovate-elliptic; short and broad, introrse; unequal,

abaxial anther sacs larger than adaxial pair; anther sacs are separated along the

whole length by fleshy connective; dehiscing longitudinlly.

Appendages: connective produced into short, thick conical appendage, with an

obtuse or pointed apex, much expanded in V. nitens.

Vasculature: single vascular trace seen between the anther sacs, ending near

the appendage to connective but in V. nitens the vascular bundle branches

out within the expanded appendage.

D. GENERALISATIONS AND DISCUSSION

The stamens of the Dipterocarpaceae are either numerous or reduced to a

definite number. For instance, there are 40-50 stamens in Vateria indica and

Shorea sericea, 30-40 in the Balau group of Shorea, 25-30 in Upuna, 20-25 in

Anisoptera, 10 in Hopea sangal and Shorea maxima; and the rest of the species

studied possess 15 stamens (Table 1). They are arranged in 1, 2 or more whorls.

The commonest number of dipterocarp stamens is 15 and they are arranged in

2 whorls, namely. 5 in the inner whorl and 10 in the outer whorl. The stamens

in a flower may be uniform or dimorphic, in the latter case stamens of the outer

whorl usually differ from those in the inner whorl in their external morphology

and in their Jength (eg. the Red Meranti group of Shorea, Figs. 26 and 27).

The stamens are mostly hypogynous and often adnate to the base of the

petals. In some cases they are perigynous (eg. Dipterocarpus, Anisoptera). The

stamens are usually well differentiated into three parts: filament, connective and

anthers. The stamens are mostly glabrous but they may be hispid, as in Anisoptera

laevis, Cotylelobium burckii (Fig 4e; Plate 1A), Dipterocarpus kunstleri (Fig. 5b),

the Balau group of Shorea (Fig. 18; Plate 1E), Vateria indica (Fig. 29a; Plate 1G),

Parashorea malaanonan (Fig. 14a) and others not studied here.

The anthers are usually 4-loculate, but often variable in shape. The

abaxial pair of anther-locules are usually larger and projecting beyond the adaxial

pair. Sometimes the adaxial pair becomes so obsolete that only 2 locules of the

abaxial pair are present as in the Meranti Damar Hitam group of Shorea (Fig. 22;

Plate 1D). The anther-sacs vary from elongate, linear-oblong to oval, elliptic,

elliptic-oblong or ovate in shape. The elongate, linear-oblong types of anther-

sacs are found in Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Doona,

Neobalanocarpus, Parashorea, Pentacme, Vateria, Vatica. The oval, elliptic-

oblong types can be seen in Anisoptera curtisii, Upuna borneensis, Shorea, Hopea

and sometimes in the adaxial pair of anther-sacs of Vatica ridleyana. The anthers

are often glabrous, or in some other genera and species they may be clothed with

stiff hairs eg. Anisoptera laevis, Cotylelobium burckii, Dipterocarpus kunstleri,

Vateria indica. The anthers are introrse or latrorse, dehiscing longitudinally.

The connectives of anthers are usually broadened in Vatica (Fig. 31; Plate 1H),

Vateria (Fig. 29), Dipterocarpus (Fig. 5) and are narrowed or constricted

especially in Shorea, Hopea, Upuna. The connectives are sometimes apically

extended into a sterile appendage which is variable in shape and size. In many

groups, the shape and size of the appendage are very characteristic and therefore

of diagnostic value. In Anisoptera laevis (Fig. 2a), Neobalanocarpus heimii

(Fig. 3d, e), Dryobalanops (Fig. 9a), Cotylelobium (Plate 1A), Parashorea

malaanonan (Fig. 14a), the appendages are in the form of a short, erect, apiculate

mucro. The length of appendages varies from 1/20 to 1/5 the length of the

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

TABLE 1

Genus

"Species

Anisoptera

Cotylelobium

Dipterocar pus

Doona

Dryobalanops

Hopea

Neobalanocar pus

Parashorea

Pentacme

Shorea

Balau group

Meranti Pa’ang group

Meranti Damar Hitam group

Red Meranti group

U puna

Vateria

Vatica

. curtisii

laevis

burckii

malayanum

gracilis

oblongifolia

kunstleri

gardneri

macrophylla

aromatica

oblongifolius

. apiculata |

. beccariana |

. minima

. nutans

odorata

sangal

heimii

. malaanonan

. stellata

MoM SEAMMEE OS SS OSS AN aa

malayana

. exelliptica

. foxworthyi

seminis

. gratissima

resinosa

talura

maxima

resina-nigra

curtisii

hemsleyana

kunstleri

. lepidota

. leprosula

. parvifolia

. sericea

. borneensis

indica

. nitens

. ridleyana

. wallichi

SSN ON GMMMUNNKAKNAN HHH HHY

| Number of stamens

}

20 — 25

44 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Qo MOOR

RE —DEaSiBSAAIAEOE WI

‘Plate I STAMENS OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE

A. Cotylelobium burckii, showing hispid anther (in part);

a stamen with clavate appendage; C. Neobalanocarpus heimii, transverse section of

flower bud ‘showing anthers; D.. Shorea resina-nigra, showing stamens with an in-

conspicuous; needle-like appendage; E..Shorea siminis, showing stamens with a

densely barbate appendage; F. Shorea talura, showing stamens with a linear append-

age; G. Vateria indica, showing part of hispid anther with auriculate base; H..

Vatica nitens, showing tip of anther with stout, conical appendage.

B. Doona gardneri, showing

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 45

stamens. Short, slender, subulate forms (length varying from 1/20 to 1/4 the

length of the stamen) are seen in most Shorea except the Meranti Pa’ang group

(Fig. 21; Plate 1F) in which the long appendages are filamentous, whip-like with

a setaceous tip (length varies from 1/2 to 3/4 the length of the stamen). Long,

filamentous, whip-like setose or glabrous appendages are found in Hopea (setose)

(Fig. 12}, Anisoptera curtisii (glabrous) (Fig. 2b, c), Meranti Pa’ang group of

Shorea (setose) (Fig. 21; Plate 1F) and it is especially long in Upuna (glabrous

(Fig. 28) which may be as long as or even longer than the whole length of the

stamen. Appendages of the Balau group of Shorea (Fig. 18: Pilate 1E) are densely

pubescent.

In Dipterocarpus (Fig. 5) and Vateria indica (Fig. 29), the sterile tissues of

the anthers extends out apically as an erect, flattened, long and pointed appendage.

The appendage is very long in Dipterocarpus (as long as the stamen) and shorter

in Vateria indica (1/6 to 2/5 the length of the stamen). Clavate, fleshy appendages

are found in Doona (Fig. 7; Plate 1B), Parashorea (Fig. 14a), Pentacme (Fig. 15)

and Vatica (Fig. 31d; Plate iH), they vary from 1/8 to 1/3 the length of the

stamens. The clavate appendage with an obtuse or truncate apex is found in

Doona, or with cuspidate apex as in Parashorea malaanonan. In Pentacme

malayana, the appendage is falciform. The stamens of Vatica have a conical

stout, tapering appendage, continuous with the sterile tissues of the anthers. The

apical appendages are usually erect or sometimes bent abaxially egs. Shorea

exelliptica (Fig. 18c), Meranti Pa’ang group of Shorea (Fig. 21; Plate 1F) and

Pentacme malayana (Fig. 15); or it may be reflexed at anthesis eg. Shorea

hemsleyana (Fig. 23.) Inappendiculate stamens are seen in Shorea sericea

(Fig. 27g).

The filaments are mostly free or sometimes connate at the base eg. Dryo-

balanops (Fig. 8f, i). They are sometimes adnate to the petals eg. Hopea

(Fig. 11q), Meranti Pa’ang group of Shorea (Fig. 19g, h) or united into bundles

eg. Shorea sericea. The filaments in general are uniform in shape throughout the

genera, compressed and applanate, narrowed at the top, and tapering gradually

or abruptly towards the base. In Shorea sericea the filament is elongated, slender,

‘twisted and thread-like.

Each stamen receives a single vascular bundle usually ending at the base of

the appendage to the connective, sometimes extending into the appendages as

in Dipterocarpus (Fig. 5), Doona macrophylla (Fig. 7d), Parashorea malaanonan

(Fig. 14a), and branching out within the fleshy appendages of Doona gardneri

(Fig. 7a, b, c) and Vatica nitens (Fig. 31d; Plate 1H). In Hopea nutans and Hopea

sangal, the traces of epipetalous staminal bundles are fused with the vascular

bundle in the corolla tube at the base. In the Red Meranti group of Shorea,

egs. S. hemsleyana and S. lepidota the single vascular trace branches, thus there

are 3 short traces in the connective. In the case of stamens whose filaments are

fused at the base, a staminal bundle originates from the central stele of the

flower, branching out to give rise to 2, 3 or more vascular strands, each strand

entering a single stamen. Examples of the staminal bundle giving rise to 3

branches have been observed in Dryobalanops oblongifolia, in the Balau group

of Shorea (Plate 1E) (egs. S. exelliptica, S. foxworthyi, and S. seminis) and in

Hopea nutans. In Shorea sericea, the staminal bundle seems to branch out to

5 vascular traces, each supplying a single stamen.

46 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Following the classical theory, the primitive stamen is a broad three-veined

microsporophyll possessing two pairs of linear, non-marginal sporangia, deeply

embedded in its surface (Canright 1952, Eames 1961). Such relatively unmodified

stamens are found in the woody ranalean families, eg. Degeneriaceae, Himantan-

tandraceae (Bailey and Smith 1942; Bailey et al 1943), Austrobaileya and certain

genera of the Magnoliaceae. The connective thus constitutes a major part of

the anther in primitive families and the sporangia are relatively minor structures.

In advanced families, the connective is a slender, median axis, sometimes hardly

more than a thread or point of attachment for the anther lobes. The distal

appendage of the connective, which is a typical feature of the anther in more or

less primitive families like Magnoliaceae, Nymphaeaceae, is largely lost in advanced

families, though it may persist there and even be elaborated for pollination, rather

than the persistence of a primitive character. Filaments vary in shape from

broad and dilated to terete and threadlike and from short to long. The shorter

and broader types of filaments are in general more primitive. In vasculature,

there is reduction in number of veins from three traces to one trace in the

advanced stamens. The sporangium is primitively slender and elongate in less

advanced families and in more advanced stamens, it has progressively shortened

becoming more globose. The primitive stamen was laminar, with two pairs of

sporangia borne on either the adaxial or abaxial surface. From this simple

stamen, the slender stamen with marginal pairs of sporangia is developed. The

dorsiventral form is lost and the specialised anther of the higher families is more

or less four-angled and the filament terete. The number of sporangia in the

anther is usually four, when there is less than four, this represents a reduction

from the basic four. The two-sporangiate types are considered more advanced

than the four-sporangiate types. (Eames, 1961).

The following discussion on the stamens of the Dipterocarpaceae is con-

centrated on the following points:

A. The protrusion of the connective; B. Vasculature and C. Suggested

general evolutionary trends.

A. The protrusion of the connective.

The prominent connectives of the Dipterocarpaceae was mentioned by Parkin

(1951). It was suggested that the continuation of the connective beyond the

anther as a sterile tip in the Magnoliaceae may have ancestral significance. He

further suggested a comparison of the vestige with the sterile, pointed extremity

of the Bennettitean microsporophyll. Among the polypetalous families with

produced connectives are the Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, and Nymphaeaceae.

However, according to Canright (1952), developmental studies of flowers in other

families have shown that the anther normally develops very early in floral ontogeny,

but that protrusion of the connective does not take place until just before anthesis.

Thus it seems to suggest that extreme protrusion of the anther apex is a specialised

rather than a primitive character.

Parkin also suggested that the prolongation of the connective may have

biological value as it is quite possible that the protrusion, may have been extended

and elaborated in one way or another to assist in pollination. Howard (1948)

observed that in a subsection of the native West Indian species of Magnolia

(Magnoliaceae), the connective is produced to a setaceous tip which is usually

the length of the thecae. The setaceous tip plays a very important role in the

distribution of pollen in this group of species. In the flower bud, the connective

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 47

tips are forced against the gynoecium and soon becomes firmly embedded in the

fleshy gynoecial tissue. Hence, stamens are held by the connective in the reversed

position, an advantageous position for pollen distribution. Parkin (1951) suggested

that the dipterocarps should receive some attention in this respect.

Connective protrusions of various lengths were observed in all the species

studied. Only in the Red Meranti group of Shorea, eg. S. sericea, inappendiculate

stamens are present. The fleshy, clavate appendages seen in Doona, (Fig. 7;

Plate 1B), Parashorea malaanonan (Fig. 14a), Pentacme malayana (Fig. 15),

Vatica nitens (Fig. 31d; Plate 1H) seem to indicate that they are more primitive

according to Hallier’s (1903; cited in Parkin, 1951) definition of the primitive

stamen. Extremely long, filiform, subulate appendages which may be setose or

glabrous, are present in Dipterocarpus (Fig. 5), Hopea (Fig. 12), Meranti Pa’ang

group of Shorea (Fig. 21; Plate 1F), Upuna (Fig. 28) and Anisoptera curtisii

(Fig. 2b, c). It appears that they may have some bearings to the pollination

mechanisms. It would seem, therefore, that the stamens of these genera represent

the more advanced forms. The appendages usually have no vascular tissue.

B. Vasculature

Stamens of the dipterocarp species studied are supplied with a single vascular

bundle which traverses the filament, enters the connective, terminating blindly

near the apex. Sometimes it enters the distal appendage, eg. Dipterocarpus

(Fig. 5), Doona (Fig. 7), Parashorea malaanonan (Fig. 14a), Vatica (Fig. 31d:

Piate 1H). Branching within the connective is observed in the stamens of the

Red Meranti group of Shorea. The common one trace condition was considered

to have arisen by reduction in number of traces (Eames, 1961).

Stamen bundles are seen in the Balau group and the Red Meranti group of

Shorea, Hopea, Dryobalanops. Usually the staminal bundle divides to give rise

to three branches, each serving a stamen, eg. members of the Balau group of

Shorea (Plate 1E) (e.g. §. exelliptica, S. foxworthyi, S. seminis); Hopea nutans,

Dryobalanops oblongifolia, or the bundle divides into five vascular traces as in

S. sericea.

C. Suggested general evolutionary trends

Species of the Dipterocarpaceae studied seem to show certain specialisations.

The following evolutionary trends in stamens are suggested:

1. Elongation of appendage to connective and gradual shortening or loss

of appendage.

2. Elongation and tapering of the upper part of the filament.

3. Development of hairs.

4. Development of anther sacs with apical and basal portions produced

into appendages.

5. Reduction in number of sporangia.

6. Shortening of sporangia from linear oblong to ovate or subglobose.

7. Connective tissue becoming narrow and constricted: reduction in con-

nective tissue in both apical and basal portions of anthers.

48 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

A diagram (Diagram 1) illustrating the probable course of evolution of the

stamens in the Dipterocarpaceae have been drawn out, based on the morphology

of the stamens studied and on the evolutionary trends listed above. Representative

members of certain genera have been selected: Cotylelobium burckii, Hopea

nutans (taken as representative of those with longer appendages in Hopea, Shorea

talura of Meranti Pa’ang group of Shorea, Shorea resina-nigra of Meranti Damar

Hitam group, Shorea hemsleyana of Red Meranti group (taken as representative

of the group excluding S. parvifolia, S. sericea and S. kunstleri).

S. parvifolia (Fig. 27e) seems to be the basic form in the genus Shorea

because of the short appendage, broad and short filament and elliptic oblong

sporangia. From this basic form is the Balau group (Fig. 18; Plate 1E) with its

longer filament and its appendage projects abaxially, leading on to the Meranti

Pa’ang group (Fig. 21; Plate 1F) with long produced recurved appendage. The

tendency is also towards the loss of appendage as in the Red Meranti group

(Fig. 26, 27) eg. S. sericea or reduction to thin needle-like appendage as in S.

resina-nigra (Fig. 22d) of the Meranti Damar Hitam group. Diagram 2 illustrates

the probable course of evolution of stamens in the genus Shorea.

The stamens of Hopea are very alike certain members of Shorea except that

they display an increased elongation of the appendage which are filamentous and

setose. Anisoptera curtisii has stamens which are very similar to Upuna with

reference to their long appendages . Vatica wallichi (Fig. 3la, b) seems to have

stamens nearer to that of Shorea. Vatica nitens (Plate 1H) with its clavate

appendage could be the primitive form.

The progressive elongation of stamen filaments is apparent in the Hopea and

Shorea species, especially the Meranti Damar Hitam group eg. S. resina-nigra and

S. maxima; also in the Red Meranti group, eg. S. hemslevana, S. leprosula, S.

sericea, §. curtisii, S. lepidota. The elongation of stamen filaments in more

specialised flowers can have either one or two different functions (Stebbins, 1974).

In wind-pollinated flowers, it places the dehiscing anthers well above the level of

the perianth and so increases the efficiency of pollen dispersal. In flowers

pollinated by nectar-seeking insects or other animal vectors, elongate filaments

place the anthers in such a position that pollen is dusted onto particular parts

of the animals’ body during its visit. Shorea sericea, with its long and twisted

filaments is very likely to be wind-pollinated. Adnation of stamen filaments to

the corolla tube is a common specialisation as seen in S. resinosa, S. gratissima,

Hopea sangal. The adaptive value of the epipetalous condition was probably the

precise positioning of the anthers with respect to the stigma and the insect

pollinators (Stebbins, 1974).

In Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, there is an outer ring of staminodes (Fig. 5c)

The presence of staminodes that are homologous with stamens and apparently

derived from them is characteristic of many flowers that are highly specialised for

insect pollination (Stebbins, 1974). The long filiform appendages of Anisoptera,

Dipterocarpus, Hopea, the Meranti Pa’ang group of Shorea and Upuna which

may be setose or glabrous, as mentioned earlier, seems to be highly evolved

structures for assisting in pollination. The stamens of these genera may be

regarded as more advanced, in this respect. Moreover, the Balau group of

Shorea (Plate 1E) have appendages which are barbate. These bristles may serve

to brush off pollen from insect visitors. The long appendages of Hopea (Fig. 12)

are usually minutely setose, eg. H. nutans, H. beccarianna, H. apiculata. Setaceous

nature of the appendages may cause stamens to cling onto the insects’ body and

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea

Hopea

Shorea

U puna borneensis

Anisoptera curtisit

; Anisoptera laevis

V atica ;

Cotylelobium malayanum

Neobalanocarpus heirmii

Ancestral Parashorea stellata

form

Parashorea malaanonan

Doona macrophylla

Doona gardneri

Pentacme malayana

————— Dryobalanops

Vateria

| us

DIAGRAM 1: Dipterocarp

Hypothetical evolutionary trends of stamens in the family of Dipterocarpaceae

S. exelliptica (Balau group)

S. foxworthyi (Balau group)

S. parvifolia

(Red Meranti

group)

S. kunstleri (Red Meranti group)

S. hemsleyana (Red Meranti group)

S. maxima (Meranti.Damar

Hitam’ group)

S. resina-nigra (Meranti Damar

Hitam group)

S. sericea (Red Meranti

DIAGRAM 2: group)

Hypothetical evolutionary trends of stamens in the genus Shorea

S. talura (Meranti Pa’ang group)

50 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

be carried away to other flowers. The hispidous nature of a number of stamens

of the Dipterocarpaceae is also prominent. Hairs are present in Anisoptera laevis

(Fig. 2a), on the lateral edges of the anther sacs, all over the stamen of Coty-

lelobium burckii (Fig. 4e; Plate 1A), on the abaxial face of the stamen of

Dipterocarpus kunstleri (Fig. 5b); on the connectival region of Parashorea

malaanonan (Fig. 14a) and on the stamen of Vateria indica (Fig. 29a).

Another trend of evolution is observed in the stamens with elongate sporangia.

Doona macrophylla (Fig. 7d) seems to be the basic form, with its long sporangia

and clavate appendage. There is a tendency for the anthers to be pointed at the

apices as seen in Doona gardneri (Fig. 7a, b, c; Plate 1B) and this is most

pronounced in Pentacme (Fig. 15). The stamens of Dryobalanops (Fig. 9) also

have apiculate anthers but it is not so pronounced. ‘Two patterns can be seen:

there is elongation of the appendage in Vateria indica (Fig. 29a) and very pro-

nounced in Dipterocarpus (Fig. 5), or in the reduction of the appendage in

Parashorea stellata (Fig. 14b), Neobalanocarpus heimii (Fig. 3d, e), Anisoptera

laevis (Fig. 2a) and Cotylelobiuin (Fig. 4d, e).

The tendency is also towards reduction in sporangia from four to two in the

Meranti Damar Hitam group of Shorea (Fig. 22) and Vateria indica (Fig. 29).

Some stamens of V. indica have four sporangia, some two and some three. This

probably represents the loss of sporangia. Eames (1961) described this condition

in Proteaceae in which one anther may have four sporangia, two others have two

each and the fourth sterile. The loss of sporangia according to Eames is often

by abortion in early stages, and evidence of the loss may persist in the mature

anther.

The family contains a number of members with flattened stamens eg.

Anisoptera laevis, Neobalanocarpus heimii, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Dry-

obalanops, Doona, Parashorea, Pentacme, Vateria. Stebbins (1974) considered

that flattened stamens occur only in families of angiosperms that are regarded

as relatively primitive, and this is in accord with the much greater frequency of

coleopteran pollination in these families which probably originated and developed

before the more specialised Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera had evolved.

Diels has expressed the opinion that the earliest angiosperms were pollinated by

beetles (Coleoptera). Recent observations showed that various primitive genera,

such as Calycanthus, Eupomatia, Magnolia and the Annonaceae are pollinated

by beetles; Leppik has made the interesting suggestion that beetles and other

primitive insects first became pollen gatherers in association with the Jurassic

Bennettitales and later transferred their adaptations to evolving angiosperms.

Stebbins (1974) stated that this kind of pollination, and the flattened stamens

associated with it, have persisted chiefly in woody plants of tropical regions which

can tolerate relatively inefficient pollination mechanisms because of the long life

of the individual plant and the equable climate, permitting each flower to remain

receptive to pollinators for a long period of time. Little is known about the

pollination of dipterocarps. Meijer (1974) mentions the far greater frequency of

occurrence of stingless beees belonging to the genus Trigonia often living at the

base of dipterocarp trees in nests made of resin of the trees and it is unlikely

that pollinators can be very specific.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 51

LITERATURE CITED

Airy-Shaw, H.K. 1973. A Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns, by J.C., Willis

(8th edit.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Ashton, P.S. 1978. Flora Malesiana Precursores: Dipterocarpaceae. Gard. Bull. Sing.

: 5-48.

Bailey, I.W. and A.C., Smith. 1942. Degeneriaceae, a new family of flowering plants from

Fiji. Jour. Arnold Arb. 23: 356-365.

Bailey, I.W. and C.F., Nast. 1943. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. I.

Pollen and stamens. Jour. Arnold Arb. 24: 340-346.

Canright, J.E. 1952. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae.

I. Trends of specialisation in the stamens. Amer. Jour. Bot. 39: 484497.

‘Croizat, L.C.M. 1952. Manual of Phytogeography. The Hague: W. Junk.

Eames, A.J. 1961. Morphology of the Angiosperms. New York: McGraw Hill.

Foster, A.S. 1949. Practical plant anatomy (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand.

Howard, R.A. 1948. The morphology and systematics of the West Indian Magnoliaceae.

Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 335-357.

Johansen, D.A. 1940. Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw Hill.

Meijer, W. 1974. Plant geographic studies on Dipterocarpaceae in Malesia. Ann. Missouri

Bot. Gard. 61: 806-818.

Parkin, J. 1951. The protrusion of the connective beyond the anther and its bearing on

the evolution of the stamen. Phytomorphology 1: 1-8.

Stebbins, G.L. 1974. Flowering plants. Evolution above the species level. London: Edward

Arnold.

Symington, C.F. 1943. Forester’s Manual of Dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Record no. 16.

(Reprinted in 1974. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya).

IRI

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979}

APPENDIX

LIST OF VOUCHER HERBARIUM SPECIMENS FOR STUDIES

Anisoptera curtisii Dyer.

Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, Malaya: F.S. Watson (CF No. 742), April

1916.

Bt. Bank F.R. Trengganu, Malaya: Y.C. Chan (FRI 25067), 15 May 1976.

Anisoptera laevis Ridl.

Ulu Gombak FR, Selangor, Malaya: C.F. Symington (KEP 47004), 31

August 1938.

Balanocarpus curtisii King = Hopea minima Sym. Waterfall, Penang,

Malaya: C. Curtis 1406, March 1901.

Balanocarpus heimii King = WNeobalanocarpus heimii Ashton, Malaya:

F.C. Yong (KEP 98875), 11 May 1963. FRI Kepong, Malaya: Collector

unknown (KEP. 98870).

Cotylelobium burckii (Heim) Heim.

Aup, Sibu, Sarawak: J. Wight (SAR A04/6), 14 June 1938.

Cotylelobium malayanum V.S1.

Sungei Morai, Singapore: J.S. Goodenough 4630, 18 July 1890.

Dipterocarpus gracilis B1.

Ulu Gombak F.R., Selangor, Malaya: K.M. Kochummen s.n., 22 April 1965.

Dipterocarpus kunstleri King

Jerangau S.L. Dungun, Malaya: K.M. Kochummen (KEP 76663), 28 July

1955.

Dipterocarpus oblongifolius B1.

Kechau River, Pahang, Malaya: M. Hashim (C.F. No. 695), 1 June 1916.

FRI Kepong, Malaya: Z. Ramli (KEP 99075), 29 April 1965.

Gunong Tahang, Pahang Malaya: Md. Haniff & Md. Nor 8032, 20 June

1922.

Kepong, Malaya, K.M. Kochummen 97742, 12 May 1961.

Doona gardneri Thw.

Ceylon: Thwaitesii s.n., 1919.

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 53

‘SS.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

24.

Doona macrophylla Thw.

Ceylon: Thwaitesii 3713.

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.

Kuching Reserve, Selangor, Malaya: Ahmad 5047, 20 Sept. 1920.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.S.P. Ng (FRI 6320), 28 March 1972.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer

Kuantan, Pahang, Malaya: J.G. Watson (CF Field No. 3250), 21 May 1919.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.S.P. Neg s.n., 28 March 1972.

Hopea apiculata Sym.

Field 12A FRI, Kepong, Malaya: Motan (KEP 80225), 15 March 1955.

Hopea beccariana Burck

Govt. Hill, Penang, Malava: C. Curtis 1398, July 1888.

Hopea mengarawan Maiq.

Temerloh, Pahang, Malaya: Hamid (C.F. 4621), 10 Dec. 1919.

Hopea nutans Ridl.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: S. Chelliah (KEP 98355), 17 March 1972.

Hopea odorata Roxb.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.S.P. Ng (FRI 6325), 30 March 1972.

Hopea sangal Korth.

Batu Gantong, Penang, Malaya: Md. Haniff (C.F. No. 3715), 5 June 1918.

Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.C. Yong (KEP 99624), 5 April 1962.

Parashorea lucida (Miq.) Kurz

Bt. Naga F.R. Malaya: V.P. Borges (KEP 56/1), 4 Oct. 1921.

Parashorea stellata Kurz

Bt. Naga Reserve, Perak, Malaya: V.P. Borges 56/1, 4 Oct. 1921.

Pentacme malayana King

Pulau Rabana, Perlis, Malaya: M.R. Henderson 23107, 25 Nov. 1929.

Shorea acuminata Dyer

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: Z. Ramli (KEP 98352), 17 March 1965.

28.

Lg 5

30.

32,

a3.

34.

36.

37.

38.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979p

Shorea curtisii Dyer

Bt. Timah F.R. Singapore: Ngadiman (S.F. No. 34784), 5 Sept. 1938.

Shorea exelliptica Meijer

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: Y.C. Chan (FRI 18197), 4 June 1976..

Shorea foxworthyi Sym.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.S.P. Ng (FRI 22180), 12 March 1976.

Shorea gratissima Dyer

Bot. Gardens, Singapore: H. Keng & Jumali s.n., May 1977.

Shorea hemsleyana (King) King ex Foxw.

FRI Kepong Malaya: Y.C. Chan (KEP 115740), 22 Jan. 1972.

Shorea kunstleri King.

Parit Reserve, Kinta, Perak, Malaya: M.L. Weber 13714, 18 Nov. 1927.

Shorea lepidota (Korth.) B1.

Pasoh F.R.N.S. Malaya: Y.C. Chan (FRI 23894), 7 April 1976.

Shorea leprosula Dyer

Bt. Timah Reserve, Singapore: Ngadiman (S.F. No. 37251, Tree No. 275),

16 Oct. 1939.

Shorea maxima (King) Sym.

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.S.P. Ng (FRI 6326), 30 March 1972..

Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Bl. = S. sericea Dyer

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: F.C. Yong (KEP 99988), 14 June 1963.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer

FRI Arboretum, Kepong, Malaya: Ahmad (KEP 99392), 6 April 1961.

Shorea resinosa Foxw.

FRI Kepong, Malaya: Y.C. Chan (FRI 18193), 24 Feb. 1976.

Shorea resina-nigra Foxw.

FRI Arboretum, Malaya: K.M. Kochummen (KEP 98876), 5 May 1963.

Shorea seminis (de Vriese) V. S1.

Sarawak: Yakup S79,:25 Sept. 1958;

Stamens of the Dipterocarpacea 55

a9:

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

J. Singh (SAN 60875), 10 May 1967; Rehal S958/, 26 August

1957.

Sandakan, Borneo: A. Bakar 36214, 8 May 1963.

Shorea sericea Dyer

Govt. Hill, Penang, Malaya: Md. Haniff 3760, 24 June 1918.

Temerloh, Pahang, Malaya: Hamid 5475, 11 Dec. 1920.

Shorea talura Roxb.

FRI, Kepong, Malaya: Collector unknown s.n., 11 Feb. 1963.

Upuna borneensis Sym.

Sarawak: Moksin $1917, 13 August 1955.

Vateria indica Linn.

Yellapur, Bombay: N.L. Bor. 9671, 26 April 1939.

Vatica nitens King

Perak, Malaya: F.S.P. Ng (FRI 21000), 28 Jan. 1972.

Vatica ridleyana Brandis

Meranta Avenue, Bot. Gdns, Singapore: M.R. Henderson s.n., 13 March

1931.

Vatica wallichi Dyer

Lawn 2, Bot. Gdns., Singapore: C.X. Furtado (S.F. No. 37446), 27 Nov.

1941.

Singapore: J. Sinclair (S.F. No. 10696), 10 June 1962. .

FRI Kepong Malaya: Mat Asri (FRI 2/682), 27 August 1976.

CHECK LIST OF MOSSES OF SINGAPORE

Y. C. WEE

Department of Botany,

University of Singapore

SUMMARY

A total of 126 species of mosses from 51 genera and

21 families, recorded from Singapore, are contained in

this check list.

Fleischer (1900-1922), in his four volumes on the moss flora of Bogor,

Indonesia, listed a number of species collected from Singapore. Further records

of local mosses are contained in Dixon’s (1926) list of mosses from the Malay

Peninsula, collected mainly by H. N. Ridley, I. H. Burkill, R. E. Holttum, and

others from the Singapore Botanic Gardens. A list of the mosses collected from

the Botanic Gardens itself was compiled by Holttum (1926). Further work was

not seen until Johnson (1964) published her account of the Malaysian Leuco-

bryaceae and much later, the Fissidentaceae (Johnson, 1973).

Dixon’s (1926) list is by far the most comprehensive, but it is very much

outdated. The present paper is an attempt at updating the list of mosses recorded

from Singapore. Most of the species are from the above mentioned papers.

Those marked with an asterisk (*) are from the records of the Bryophyte

Herbarium maintained by the Department of Botany, University of Singapore,

as well as from collections made by myself during the last two years. A total

of 126 species from 51 genera and 21 families are included. The nomenclature

and authorities cited are in accordance with Wijk et al. (1959-1969). The most

appropriate name is given for each species, while any other name under which

it has been reported is added in parenthesis.

FISSIDENTACEAE

Fissidens Hedw.

F. ceylonensis Doz. et Molk.

F. crassinervis Lac.

F. mittenii Par.

. mittenii Par. var. javensis Fleisch.

. Sylvaticus Griff. (F. zippelianus Doz. et Molk.)

DITRICHACEAE

Garckea C. Muell.

G. comosa (Doz. et Molk.) Wijk et Marg. (G. phascoides C. Muell.)

Mosses of Singapore

DICRANACEAE

Campylopus Brid.

C. serratus Lac.

Dicranoloma (Ren.) Ren.

D. braunii (C. Muell.) Par.

Microdus Schimp.

M. miquelianus (Mont.) Besch.

LEUCOBRY ACEAE

Arthrocormus Doz.et Molk.

*A. schimperi (Doz. et Molk.) Doz. et Molk.

Exodictyon Card.

*FE. blumii (C. Muell.) Fleisch.

Leucobryum Hampe.

L. aduncum Doz. et Molk.

L. javense (Brid.) Mitt.

L. sanctum (Brid.) Hamp.

L. scalare C. Muell. ex Fleisch.

Leucophanes Besch.

L. albescens C. Muell.

L. candidum (Schwaegr.) Lindb. (L. aciculare C. Muell.)

L. candidum (Schwaegr.) Lindb. var. densifolium (Mitt.) Dix.

(L. densifolium Mitt.)

L. octoblepharioides Brid.

CALYMPERACEAE

Calyinperes Sw.

C. bescherellei Fleisch.

. delessertii Besch.

dozyanum Mitt.

hampei Doz. et Mo!k

ap A ge UR ra ae

. longifolium Mitt.

58 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

C. nicobarense Hamp.

*C. nietneri C. Muell.

C. porrectum Mitt. (Calymperes salakense Besc/1.)

C. punctulatum Hamp.

C. recurvifolium Besch.

C. serratum A. Braun ex C. Muell.

C. tahitense (Sull.) Mitt. (Calymperes orientale Mitt. ex Besch.)

C. tenerum C. Muell.

*C. thwaitesii Besch. (C. fordii Besch.)

Calymperopsis (C. Muell.) Fleisch.

C: tjibodensis (Fleisch.) Fleisch. (Syrrhopodon tjibodensis Fleisch.)

Syrrhopodon Schwaegr.

S. albo-vaginatus Schwaegr.

S. ciliatus (Hook.) Schwaegr.

S. confertus Lac.

S. croceus Mitt. (Calymperidium croceum (Mitt.) Fleisch.)

. gardneri (Hook.) Schwaegr.

. griffithii Mitt.

. horridulus Fleisch.

. involutus Schwaegr.

. muelleri (Doz. et Molk.) Lac. (Calymperidium muelleri Doz. et Molk.)

revobutus Doz. et Molk.

. ridleyi Broth. ex Dix.

. rufescens Hook. et Grev.

spiculosus Hook. et Grev.

HHA HAHAH HN HN &

trachyphyllus Mont.

Thyridium Mitt.

T. fasciculatum (Hook et Grev.) Mitt. (Calymperes fasciculatum (Hook. et

Grev.) Mitt., Syrrhopodon fasciculatus Hook et Grev.)

T. flavum (C. Muell.) Fleisch. (Syrrhopodon flavus C. Muell.)

Mosses of Singapore 39

I. manii Fleisch. (Syrrhopodon mani C. Muell.)

IT. repens (Harv.) Mitt. (Syrrhopodon repens Harv.)

T. undulatulum (Broth. et Geh.) Fleisch. (Syrrhopodon undulatulus Broth.

et Geh.)

T. undulatum (Doz. et Molk.) Fleisch. (Syrrhopodon undulatus (Doz. et

Molk.) Lindb.) |

T. wallisii (C. Muell.) Jaeg. (Syrrhopodon wallisii C. Muell.)

POTTIACEAE

Hydrogonium (C. Mueii.) Jaeg.

H. arcuatum (Griff.) Wijk et Marg. (Barbula comosa Doz. et Molk.)

H. consanguineum (Thwait. et Mitt.) Hilp. (Barbula consanguinea (Thwait.

et Mitt.) Jaeg.)

Hymenostomum R. Brown

H. malayense Fleisch.

flyophila Bridg.

AH. involuta (Hook.) Jaeg. (H. commutata Broth., H. dozy-molkenboer

Fleisch., H. micholitzii Both.)

H. javanica (Nees et Blum.) Brid.

Semibarbula Herz. ex Hilp.

S. orientalis (Web.) Wijk. et Marg. (Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng., Trichos-

tomum orientale Web.)

SPLACHANCEAE

Gymnostomiella Fleisch.

G. vernicosa (Hook.) Fleisch.

Splachnobryum C. Muell.

S. oorschotii (Lac.) C. Muell.

BRY ACEAE

Bryum Hedw. Ee ee

B. coronatum Schwaegr. beieth

*B. junghuhnianum Hamp. ex Doz. etiMolk (5 ot)

60 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979}

MNIACEAE

Mnium Hedw.

*M. succulentum Mitt.

RHIZOGONIACEAE

Rhizogonium Brid.

R. latifolium Bosch et Lac.

R. spiniforme (Hedw.) Bruch

HY PNODENDRACEAE

Hypnodendron (C. Muell.) Lindb.

H. arborescens (Mitt.) Lindb.

ORTHOTRICHACEAE

Desmotheca Lindb.

D. apiculata (Doz. et Molk.) Lindb.

Groutiella Steere

G. goniorrhyncha (Doz. et Molk.) Wijk et Marg. (Macromitrium goniorrhyn-

chum (Doz. et Molk.) Mitt.)

Macromitrium Brid.

M. incurvifolium (Hook. et Grev.) Schwaegr.

MYURIACEAE

Myurium Schimp.

M. rufescens (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Fleisch.

Piloecium (C. Muell.) Broth.

P. pseudorufescens (Hamp.) C. Muell.

NECKERACEAE

Neckeropsis Reichdt.

N. gracilenta (Bosch et Lac.) Fleisch.

Pinnatella Fleisch.

P. kuehliana (Bosch et Lac.) Fleisch.

P. microptera Fleisch.

P. mucronata (Bosch et Lac.) Fleisch.

Mosses of Singapore 61

HOOKERIACEAE

Callicostella (C. Muell!.) Mitt.

C. beccariana (Hamp.) Jaeg.

C. papillata (Mont.) Mitt.

C. prabaktiana (C. Muell.) Bosch et Lac.

HY POPTERYGIACEAE

Cyathophorella (Broth.) Fleisch.

*C. tenera (Bosch et Lac.) Fieisch.

Lopidium Hook. f. et Wils.

L. struthiopteris (Brid.) Fleisch. (Hypopterygium javanicum (Hamp.) Jueg.)

THUIDIACEAE

Pelekium Mitt.

P. bifarium (Bosch. et Lac.) Fleisch. (Thuidium bifarium Bosch. et Lac.)

P. velatum Mitt.

PLAGIOTHECIACEAE

Plagiothecium B.S.G.

*P. neckeroideum B.S.G.

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE

Acanthorrhynchium Fleisch.

A. papillatum (Harv.) Fleisch. (Taxithelium papillatum (Harv.) Broth.)

Acroporium Mitt.

A. asperifolium (Thwait. et Mitt.) Dix.

A. convolutum (Bosch. et Lac.) Fleisch.

*4. rufum (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Fleisch. (A. braunit (C. Muell.) Fleisch.)

A. secundum (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Fleisch.

Glossadelphus Fleisch.

G. zollingeri (C. Muell.) Fleisch. (Ectropothecium zollingeri (C. Muell.)

Jaeg.)

62 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Meiothecium Mitt.

M. microcarpum (Hook.) Mitt.

M. microcarpum (Hook.) Mitt. var. lineolatum (Dub.) Fleisch.

M. jagorii (C. Muell.) Broth.

Rhaphidostichum Fleisch.

R. bruchii (Doz. et Molk.) Fleisch.

R. leptocarpum Fleisch.

R. luxurians (Doz. et Molk.) Fleisch. (Trichosteleum luxurians (Doz. et

Molk.) Broth.)

Sematophyllum Mitt.

S. microcladiellum Fleisch. (Rhaphidostegium microcladum (Doz. et Molk.)-

Broth.)

S. saproxylophilum (C. Muell.) Fleisch. (Rhaphidostegium saproxylophilum

(C. Muell.) Jaeg.)

Laxithelium Spruc. ex Mitt.

T. capillipes (Lac.) Broth.

T. instratum (Brid.) Broth.

T. isocladum (Bosch. et Lac.) Ren. et Card.

T. nepalense (Schwaegr.) Broth.

*T. vernieri (Dub.) Bosch. (T. lindbergii (Jaeg.) Ren. et Card.)

Trichosteleum Mitt.

T. boschii (Doz. et Molk.) Jaeg. (T. brachypelma (C. Muell.) Par.)

T. monostictum (Thwait. et Mitt.) Broth. var. laevius Dix.

T. singapurense Fleisch.

Trismegistia (C. Muell.) C. Muel.

T. lancifolia (Harv.) Broth.

T. rigida (Mitt.) Broth.

Warburgiella C. Muell.

W. leptocarpa (Schwaegr.) Fleisch. (Trichosteleum leptocarpon (Schwaegr.)

Fleisch.)

Mosses of Singapore 63

HY PNACEAE

Ctenidiaedelphus Fleisch.

C. plumularia (C. Muell.) Fleisch. (Taxithelium plumularia (C. Muell.)

Broth.)

Ectropothecium Mitt.

E. buitenzorgii (Bel.) Mitt.

E.. incubans (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Jaeg.

*E. intorquatum (Doz. et Molk.) Jaeg.

E. monumentorum (Dub.) Jaeg.

E. moritzii Jaeg.

E. singapurense Dix.

Isopterygium Mitt.

I. albescens (Hook.) Jaeg.

I. minutirameum (C. Muell.) Jaeg.

I. subalbescens Broth.

Taxiphyllum Fleisch.

*T. taxirameum (Mitt.) Fleisch.

Vesicularia (C. Muell.) C. Muell.

V. dubyana (C. Muell.) Broth.

. kurzii (Lac.) Broth.

. miquelii (Lac.) Fleisch. (Plagiothecium miquelli (Lac.) Broth.)

. montagne (Bel.) Broth.

. reticulata (Doz. et Molk.) Broth.

DIPHYSCIACEAE

ah Ais ae as

Diphyscium Mohr

D. rupestre Doz. et Molk.

REFERENCES

Dixon, Bart: A list of the mosses of the Malay Peninsula. Gdns’ Bull. Straits Settl.

Fleischer, M. 1900-1922. Die musci der flora von Buitenzorg. I-IV. Leiden.

Holttum, R.E. 1926. A list of mosses collected in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Gdns’

Bull. Straits Settl. 4, 88-91

Johnson, A. 1964. An account of the Malaysian Leucobryaceae (“Lumut puteh’). Gdns’ Bul.,

Singapore, 20, 315-360.

Johnson, A. 1973. The Fissidentaceae (split-teeth mosses) of Singapore with notes on their

Malaysian distribution. Nanyang Univ. J. 7, 64-77

Wijk, R. van der, Margadant, W.D. & Florschiitz, PA. 1959-1969. Index Muscorum.

_-V. Utrecht.

THE LIMESTONE HILL FLORA OF MALAYA II*

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Acanthaceae

Amaranthaceae

Anacardiaceae

Annonaceae

Apocynaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Araliaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Balanophoraceae

Balsaminaceae

Begoniaceae

Bignoniaceae

Bombacaceae

Boraginaceae

Burseraceae

Buxaceae

Capparidaceae

Caprifoliaceae

Cardiopteridaceae

Celastraceae

*Part | appeared in.Gardens’ Bulletin, XXX, 165-219, 1977.

Pages

100

101

102

103

104

Limestone Hill Flora

Chloranthaceae

Combretaceae

Compositae

Connaraceae

Convolvulaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Datiscaceae

Dilleniaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Ebenaceae

Elaeocarpaceae

Ericaceae

Erythroxylaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Fagaceae

Flacourtiaceae

Gentianaceae

Gesneriaceae

Guttiferae

Hamamelidaceae

Hernandiacea

Hypericaceae

Icacinaceae

Labiatae

Lauraceae

Lecythidaceae

Leguminosae

Lentibulariaceae

Loganiaceae

Loranthaceae

Lythraceae

Malvaceae

Melastomaceae

Meliaceae

Menispermaceae

Monimiaceae

Moraceae

Myristicaceae

Myrsinaceae

Myrtaceae

Nepenthaceae

Nyctaginaceae

Ochnaceae

Oleaceae

Onagraceae

Oxalidaceae

Passifloraceae

Piperaceae

Pittosporaceae

Polygalaceae

Polygonaceae

Primulaceae

Ranunculaceae

Rhamnaceae

Rhizophoraceae

Rosaceae

Gardens’ Bulleiin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Pages

174

1y3

178

179

180

186

187

190

192

ji Ps

193

196

199

200

201

203

Limestone Hill Flora 67

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Wan Shahrizah for retyping this manuscript.

I am also grateful to Tem Smitinand (Deeputy Director-General, Royal

Forest Department, Thailand) for pointing out to me errors in the distributional

data that appeared in the first part of this publication.

CORRECTIONS

The following species asterisked as being endemic to the Malayan Peninsula

in Part I of this publication, are in fact not endemic to the Malayan Peninsula.

ANNONACEAE

Polyalthia lateritia Sinclair

APOCY NACEAE

Lrvatamia peduncularis K. et G.

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex maingayi Hk. f.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Cleidion javanicum Bl.

Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hk. f.

Mallotus griffithianus (M.A.) Hk. f.

GUTTIFERAE

Garcinia eugeniaefolia Wall. ex Anders. .

LECY THIDACEAE

Barringtonia fusiformis King

MELIACEAE

Aglaia argentea BI.

MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia fulva K. et G.

_A. solanacea Roxb.

68 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

RHAMNACEAE

Zizyphus pernettyoides Ridl.

CYPERACEAE

Fimbristylis trichophylla Ridl.

ORCHIDACEAE

Adenocos major Ridl.

Coelogyne pallens Ridl.

Corymborchis rhytidocarpa (Hk. f.) Holtt.

Dendrobium tetrodon Rchb. f. ex Lindl.

Malaxis reniloba (Carr) Holtt.

Oberonia calcicola Holtt.

PALMAE

Arenga westerhoutii Griff.

ZINGIBERACEAE

Achasma macrocheilos Griff.

Limestone Hill Flora . 69

ANGIOSPERMS — DICOTYLEDONS

ACANTHACEAE

Pe» Stcue tyme, Oi SIAR eh! vi.... Thunbergia fragrans var. javanica

SUE 1 EG SAR Ae FA Ris 5S, ah oa A ard 2

ce, SSS GS SE Sar Oe ee a ce 3

ee te mI dE gM rg RB aby a clas. « ocMa'gbjainla/aig av GUD a nc cu Cue yebA « 19

pasecds, > or more: leat base dectitrent . ..000....5.060 60 cs eglawtelins.... 4

: Seeds 2-4; leaf base usually not ICIS: SAI teas Aa als 7

a Terb, 4-15 cm tall; seeds short hairy om the edge. ..........6...c0c.0.0-.- 5

Herb 30-60 cm tall; seeds glabrous ............... Andrographis tenuiflora

5. Corolla 2.4 SnMonie Abie toed UN as Gymnostachyum diversifolium

Seer EMAC NORCO EE AK Puc voy BH o's eSnips dale 6

paocerola hs cnr ome ool cutee awe REE Gymnostachyum decurrens

Corolla 1.0 cm long. Known only from a single collection on limestone,

Mi MAU ADE SRNL care sh oncrovbhtypd a 8 ape aed Gymnostachyum robinsonii

NN tg 2 pss ee ee ane BB OAS Piogh oads ca (Sinai boodsnewene- 8

9 eles Se ral aie aA een, mo anal re PIP 8. OLA 10

oan toa) Creet, 2 suD-sirub 30-90 Ci tat Fe i s25 LA bie sc cgace ee ds 9

Plant decumbent, usually much smaller ............ Rostellaria procumbens

DOE NADL SEY TOWELS: MOMLOML . vixh < Sone eps: simsys SaeeBicns« «42-0 Barleria_ prionitis

Plant not spiny, flowers blue ............ Barleria siamensis var. glabrescens

10. Ahthes cells of a stamen: inserted at.equal level ..........02:0.....5...2+-- 1]

- Anther-cells of a stamen inserted at a distinctly iia rts re 12

bk a8 small, 15-45 cm tall; frequently unbranched ....................0......

Bere: SaaS NORE SL a eo: THES OE RCA ise Pseuderanthemum AS

Plant larger’ #00200 cm tale ranehed ¥2o0 MA en ee

SEM CAE be cad oA. ae See veh sensi hnn Lacs Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum

12. One or both cells of a same anther with a basal spur ....... Baha Shad foe

None of the cells of a same anther with a basal spur ................... ee |

13. Capsules small, about 0.3 cm. long... Bracts.in pairs, bracteoles 2.

Plant small, about 20 cm tall. Very rare, known only. from Langkawi

iF oes a ee as tat 4 ak Ftd Oh an Sh eho an oe Rungia minutiflora

’ Capsules: larger. Bracts usually singe. bnabigeles ica absent: - Plant

PR rIRMRR OI SCE os Sek. ca voy ck v viv ca Mag Ons vpMe ys CdS » Sata} cea -aeeoeat bf

14.

1S:

7%.

18.

19:

20.

21.

pHs

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Leaves alternate or if opposite, one of a pair much reduced:

Group. A. 2 etnias 4 NE CL. on, De IS

Leaves opposite, both of a pair the same size: Group B & C ......... 16

Leaves alternate els. A Re a Dore oe ee Justicia henicophylla

Haves Opposite: o.cccchccs ow sgae- cose Justicia subalternans

. Bracts large and broad, foliaceous; longer than the flowers:

GOUT siieat= tues. ss ¥s dese Justicia ptychostoma

J. robinsonii

J. rupestris

J. subcymosa

Bracts small; much shorter than the flowers:

Growpoe iii cscs ick evade) ae. A Justicia microcarpa

J. pectinella

J. uber

J. vasculosa

J. valida

Flowers in terminal panicles ..... witht Uns ee Dicliptera rosea

Flowers in axillary, few flowered cymes ...................cc0cececeeeee eee 18

Leaves in unequal pairs; one much reduced ............ Polytrema vulgare

Leaves invequal ‘pairs: ...:..1.:).5.ciaaduekeessoe Re ee Polytrema cupreum

Stem creeping ci.) }. 1. i abate eae eee ee Hemigraphis ridleyi

Stem not creeping, erect, short ‘or long. 32.2. 2 20

Leaves at the base of plant, stem very short, elongating into the peduncie

when flowering, bearing a few reduced leaves. Only from Gua Batu,

Selangor, «.... .:.vis.30 eulol on ee ae Aporuellia sumatrensis var. ridleyi

Leaves not so arranged; stem long even when not flowering ............ 21

Flowers in spikes; racemes or panicles; short or long ..................... 22

Flowers not in spikes, ‘racemes: or panicles ©..7--772, snb--8¢- 24, eee 23

Flowers in a terminal spike 15 cm long ............... Stenothyrsus ridley

Flowers in axillary racemes 3-4 cm long ...... Strobilanthes leucopogon

Flowers in a terminal panicle, 15 cm long ... Strobilanthes pachyphyllus

Leaves pubescent. Flowers solitary and axillary. Seeds 5-8 ............

gv elds wulacepih da gant pia MMe aides dss dee etcam es ten. at Ruellia repens

Leaves glabrous. Flowers in dense axillary clusters. Seeds 20-28 ......

Hyegrophila angustifolia

559 8D ODE SS 6 20 62 .6.6)6 0 pled 6 oe eb Bele Se 6 66 S16 81919 DTT EDD AS ODA OP DO Aes Cee 2

Andrographis tenuiflora T. Anders., J. Linn. Soc. 9:502, 1867; Clarke in Hk.f.,

F.B.I. 4:502. 1885; Ridl., Fl. 2:582. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

soc. 17: 62... 1939. '

Plant about 30-60 cm tall, stems angular. Leaves ovate acute, 5-6 by 3-4 cm-

Racemes axillary or terminal.

Distributed from Burma to Java and Borneo; in Malaya apparently restricted

to limestone and found onl: ii: Kedah.

Limestone Hill Flora 71

Aporuellia sumatrensis Cl. var. ridley Cl., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:628. 1907; Ridl.,

Beez s5G4. 1923: Henders:),3. Mal: Br. R. As. Soc: 17:62. 1939.

Herb, leaves at the base of plant, oblong-obovate, about 12 by 3-4 cm.

Flowers white, spaced out on long-penduncled spikes.

This variety is endemic to Gua Batu in Selangor where it is not uncommon

growing in small populations under shade. The species is known from Sumatra.

Barleria prionitis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 636; Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74: 628. 1907;

Ridl., Fl. 2:587. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:62. 1939.

Barleria siamensis Craib., Kew Bull. (1911) 437. var. glabrescens Ridl., Fl. 2:588.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:62. 1939.

Herb 30 cm tall. Leaves elliptic, 9 by 3-4 cm. Flowers few, terminal in a

pair of large bracts, 2.4 by 1.5 cm.

This variety is endemic to the limestone at near sea level in Dayang Bunting,

Langkawi. The species is known from Thailand at 700-1000 m altitude.

Dicliptera rosea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:154. 1911, Fl, 2:608. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:62. 1939.

Sub-shrub 30 cm tall. Stems angular. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, 3-8 by

2-4 cm. Spikes terminal.

Endemic to limestone in the North of Malaya, not commen.

Gymnostachyum decurrens Stapf., Kew Bull. (1894) 357; Ridl., Fl. 2:579. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:62. 1939.

Endemic. Fairly common on limestone in shade.

Gymnostachyum diversifolium Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:628. 1907; Ridl.,

Fl. 2:579. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Endemic. Uncommon, recorded from limestone in Lawgkawi.

Gymnostachyum robinsonii Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 86:305. 1921, Fl. 2:579.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Stem short creeping, ascending to 8 cm. Leaves elliptic-ovate; base broad,

abruptly decurrent, to 6 by 4 cm. Raceme to 7 cm. long.

Endemic and known only from the limestone at Dayang Bunting, Langkawi

and apparently from only a single collection.

Three species of Gymnostachyum, G. decurrens, G. diversifolium and G.

robinsonii are known from the limestone in Malaya. (out of a total of 13 species

for the country, fide Ridley, l.c.). They are very similar and have been kept

distinct chiefly on the size of flowers. On herbarium sheets I have not been able

to spot any stable differences between G. decurrens and G. diversifolium, and

although I have not seen the type material (and the only colleection) of G.

robinsonii, the type description could easily apply to either of the -other two

species. Ridley himself (Flora l.c.) on writing about G. robinsonii states that,

“this resembles G. diversifolium, but the flowers are only half as. big.’ Sic.

72 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

All three are from similar ecological habitats and collections are scarce; further

collections, field observations and study are required to clarify the position of

what now are three distinct species. I suspect that what we have here is a

variable species or at the most variation at a sub-species level. Presently, I have

arbitarily separated the three on length of corolla tube.

Hemigraphis ridleyi Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng., 74:652. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:259.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Hygrophila angustifolia R. Br.. Prodr. (1810) 479; Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng.

74:628. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:566. 1923.

Justicia

Twelve species of this genus have been recorded from limestone; of these

5 are rare endemics restricted to limestone, J. hirticarpa, J. microcarpa, J.

robinsonii, J. rupestris and J. subalterns, and are known from only a single

collection each. J. valida is known from only two collections, both from limestone,.

one from Kedah and the other from just across the border in Peninsular Thailand.

Of the other six. only J. uber and J. ptychostoma are reasonably common plants.

The rest, J. henicophylla, J. pectinella, J. subcymosa and J. vasculosa are by no

means common.

The only accounts of this genus are in Ridley (Flora 2:593-602), and Clarke

(J. As. Soc. Beng. 74: 680-689) and I have retained their species; however I do

not find it possible to construct a reasonable key to these 12 species based on

the material available to me.

I have placed them in three artificial groups (ref. key.) for my present purpose

and suggest that much more material are needed for study. Judging from the

type descriptions of both Ridley and Clarke, especially of the species restricted

to limestone, and of the very limited herbarium material available, a thorough

study of these assorted species of the genus (and very probably also the other

species) will likely lead to major changes in the taxonomy of the species as

presently understood.

Justicia henicophylla Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 745685. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2: 601.

1923; Henders., J., Mal. .Br..R. As. Soe: 47°63... 1329,

Shrub 40-130 cm. tall. Leaves 10-20 by 3-9 cm. elliptic. Flowers in

axillary cymes.

Endemic to Malaya, found in Perak and Pahang, not a common plant, oftem

on limestone.

Justicia microcrapa Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 86:306. 1922, Fl. 2:599. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.’ 17:63. 1939.

Slender herb, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to 15 by 5 cm. Flowers in

axillary and terminal racemes.

Endemic, collected only by Ridley (l.c.) from ‘thickets at the base of limestone

cliffs, Selangor, Batu Caves. (Gua' Batu).. Not seen ‘again. I have not seen

these collections. 1 YG) 88 CTOWOl Soy JOC SRI s

Limestone Hill Flora 73

Jusiicia pecinela Ridl,, J. Str. Br. R:.As.Soce:.61:34.. 1912, Fl. 2:598. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Endemic Recorded several times from limestone.

Justicia ptychostoma Nees, in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3:108. 1832; Clarke, J. As.

Soc. Beng. 74:682. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:594. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

Kees. Soc), b7m63h0"51999.

Endemic. Common in the north, sometimes on limestone.

Justicia robinsonii Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 86:305. 1922, Fl. 2:597. 1923:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Shrubby. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate-elliptic, 15-25 by 5-8 cm. Flowers

in terminal racemes.

Endemic and known only from limestone at Dayang Bunting, Langkawi,

Kedah.

Justicia rupestris Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:153. 1911, Fl. 2:595. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Herb or sub-shrub, 30-SO cm. tall. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, about 12 by

2-3 cm. Flowers in terminal spikes. Capsule 1 cm. long, pubescent.

Endemic and known from only a single number (Ridley 15051 from Bukit

Lagi limestone, Perlis).

Justicia subalternans Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:685. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2: 601.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Shrub 50-150 cm. tall. Leaves in pairs, one of a pair reduced or often

wanting; larger one to 10 by 3 cm. Flowers in short axillary cymes.

A rare endemic known from only a single number (King’s collector, 7061,

Kinta, Perak, on limestone).

Justicia subcymosa Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:683. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:596.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Endemic. Not common but with several limestone records.

Justicia uber Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:688. 1907; Ridl. Fl. 2:599. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Shrub 100-150 cm. Leaves elliptic, 10-20 by 5-10 cm. Flowers in terminal

or axillary spikes.

Endemic to Malaya, a common plant of lowland forest. Recorded a number

of times from limestone.

Justicia valida Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:152, 1911, Fl. 2:599. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:63. 1939.

Shrublet about 60 cm. tall. Leaves “elliptic-lanceolate, to 18 by 8 cm.

Flowers in whorls on an_ inflorescence. 15-25. cm. long. |

74 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Very rare, restricted to limestone and known from only two records; one

from Gunong Keriang, Kedah (Ridley 15049) and the other from just across the

border in Thailand.

Justicia vasculosa Wall., Cat. (1830) 2469; Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74: 687.

1907; Ridl., .Fl.. 2:598. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br.. Ro As. Sec iva

1939.

Polytrema cupreum Ridl., J.R. As. Soc. S. Br. 50:124. 1908, Fl. 2:607. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br: R. As.-Soc: 172'63)+ 1939.

Small creeping plant. Leaves elliptic, rounded or ovate, about 1-2.5 cm.

long and as wide. Flowers 3-4 on a short terminal cyme.

Endemic and most probably restricted to limestone. Known from only two

collections from near Ipoh.

Polytrema vulgare Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:628. 1907; Ridl., FI. 2: 606.

1923;. Henders., ‘J: “Mal. Br. R--As* Sect 05.0.)

Pseuderanthemum crenulatum Radlk., Sitzb. Math-Phys. Akad. Wiss. Muench.

8:282; Ridl., Fl..2:589. 1923: Henders. J. Mal Br. Roe sca see

Eranthemum crenulatum Nees, in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3:107. 1832.

Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (Nees in wall.) Ridl., Fl. 2:591. 1923; Henders.,

j. Mal. Br.. R..As. Soc.“ 17 264>- beee-

E. malaccense Clarke, in Hk.f., F.B.1. 4:498. 1883.

Rostellaria procumbens Nees, in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3:101. 1832; Ridl., Fl. 2: 602.

1923; Henders.,.J. “Mat..Br.oRi vase Spey 64g oe

Justicia procumbens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 15; Clarke, in Hk-f., F.BI. 4:539-

1883.

Ruellia repens L., Mant. (1767) 89; Clarke in Hk.f., F.B.I. 4:412. 1883; Ridl.,

PR 2:2564..17928;

Rungia minvutiflora Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:698. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:602;.

1923. Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:64. 1939.

Small plant 15-25 cm. tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in

terminal spikes 2.5 cm. long.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya and known from only two collections made

in Langkawi.

Stenothyrsus ridleyi Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:651. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:568.

1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:64. 1939.

Herb, glabrous. Leaves to 10 by 4 cm, petioles about 2.5 cm. long. Flowers

in a terminal spike to 15 cm. Jong; peduncle 15 cm. long.

Endemic to limestone and-recorded several times from near Ipoh, Perak.

Limestone Hill Flora 75

Strobilanthes leucopogon Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 86:304. 1922; Fl. 2:575.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:64. 1939.

Endemic, only from Langkawi, rare.

Strobilanthes pachyphyllus Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:658. 1907; Ridl., FI.

ae. 1925., Henders,, J. Mal. Br, R: As. Soc, 17:64. 1939.

Shrub about 120 cm tall. Leaves elliptic to obovate, to 12 by 5 cm. Flowers

in a terminal panicle. branches short, about 0.5 cm long.

Endemic and known only from Gunong Mesah, Kinta, Perak, from a collec-

tion by Kunstler. Not recorded again.

Thunbergia fragrans Rexb. var. javanic K. & G., in Ridl., Fl. 2:557. 1923;

Back... FL Java .2: 552. _ 1965.

Excluded species

Justicia hirticarpa J.B. Imlay, in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. Soc. 17:63. 1989.

One sheet (Henderson 29176) in Singapore from Kisap, Langkawi, has been

annotated by J.B. Imlay as “Justicia hirticarpa sp. nov.” As far as I know

this species has never been validly published and is only mentioned by Henderson,

in l.c. Henderson also noted another specimen from Kuah, Langkawi which I

have not seen, (Curtis 2117). These are the only two records of this species.

AMARANTHACEAE

1. Leaves opposite. Flowers in smaller clusters on short stalks, on the axis of

racemens; stiff recurved spines present with the flowers ........................

pa nle GOCE S EO a OR es Pe ek gD oe ae ARES Ba a Rs Cyathula prostrata

Leaves alternate. Flowers singly, sessile, sub-sessile or pedicelled, on the

ain ae PaCeMiCSs,. MO Splits... faves iw.ss...ce28he...e4sks.. eee bae heut 2M 2

2. Flowers seessile or sub-sessile, spikes (racemes), 3-12 cm long, usually simple,

rarely branched; ripe berry, white. Not uncommon, widely distributed ......

(Se th ae, Ee AS alee hE Sip gn gh lr A A ii RE Pi Deeringia polysperma

Flowers on 0.6-2 mm long pedicels, racemes more than 15 cm long, those

on the upper part of stem usually in a panicle; ripe berry, bright red. Rare,

only recorded once from limestone; in Perak ......... Deeringla amaranthoides

Cyathula prostrata (L.) BI., Bijdr. :549. 1825; Hk. f., F.B.I. 4:723. 1885;

Ridl., Fl. 3:7. 1924; Back., Fl. Mal. I, 4:82. 1949,

Deeringia polysperma (Roxb.) Mog., in DC. Prod. 13(2):236. 1849; Back., FI.

Mal. I, 4:47. 1949.

D. indica Zoll..ex Mog., in DC. Prod. 13(2):236. 1849; Ridl., Fl. 3:5.

1924. -

76 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Herb or sub-shrub 1-2 m stall, young parts finely pubescent. Leaves ovate

or elliptic, 3-22 by 1.5-12 cm. Flowers in spikes which are usually unbranched,

3-12 cm long. Fruits ripen white, a berry with numerous seeds.

Distributed in Malesia, in Malaya not uncommon, usually on limestone, often

at cliff bases; also recorded from granite rocks, and normally found in partially

shaded situations.

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lamk.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb. (1917) 211.

D. celosioides R. Br., Hk. f., F.B. 4:714. . 1885; Ridl, Fl. S35

ANACARDIACEAE

1. Av sclimber: ¢ 2s songs aes te! FS ee Rhus perakensis

"EPCOS lees Like aceey Wheevow ss cess dabei poe ee v:

2.’ Leaves simple... 2/00. Nu ADR A 3

Leaves pmmnate i 20...0.40. 45. 0S ASR, Se 6

3. Lower surface of leaves glabrous, sometimes puberulous on the midrib ...... 4

Lower surface of leaves pubescent's: 30.20 renee es 5

4. Leaves with a pronounced tip; petioles very short or to 1 cm. long .........

via sib oa aso'e psu c tpn ee ¥evee mec eee EE eee eel ae Buchanania sessilifolia

Leaves with on pronounced tip, stiff coriaceous; petioles 1.3-9 cm .........

s acae:0:a:n hie acnne on aim ded metadeesig® die ok CRRA a Rice a acta Mangifera sp.

5. Leaves obovate, rusty red pubescent below ......... Semecarpus glomerulata

Leaves oblanceolate, yellowish pubescent below ..................0.cccceee ene e eee es

wis Sadaadvibe np eddy oupest¥abhsccts i itetnaceres ae eae Semecarpus cochinchinensis

6. Leaflets small, 2-4 by 0.8-1.7 cm; tip retuse, mucronulate ....................

a d¥6.04 a ahivslewek v SpQSs Redle'e cham Na ale hece alte ee ne Pistacia malayana

Leaflets larger, 4-17 by 1.5—7 cm; tip obtuse, acute or acuminate ......... t

7.0. Fruits 4-winged> .5 2.5) art. dskdonktieey 2) sh aed ee Parishia rosea

Fruits: not winged, a, drupe | .s7:<2, .0).:ssembigusiil. ieee) tae Ree 8

8. Leaves glabrescent beneath with tufts of hairs in the axils of nerves ......

es wai hoo bos We knon soe 2S da akahiy av Uae (oll ree Pentaspedon curtisii

Leaves glabrous beneath ©.....0......005.0saceatas «+ ehe Nie saya 0 enatsane a 9

9. Leaflets 2-8 pairs, entire; fruits 2.5-4.5 cm long; twigs and rachises rather

Lt: an ee ee rrr ea ta A Spondias pinnata

Leaflets 4-12 pairs, finely serrated; fruits 5-10 cm long; twigs and rachises

succulent and. brittle ...°. ...5.i:ss01shsieas0s0ssshn Pia Spondias dulcis

Limestone Hill Flora Ti

Buchanania sessilifolia Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1:184. 1850; Ridl., Fl. 1:519.

1922; Koch. & Wyatt-Smith Mal. For. Rec. 17:213. 1964.

B. acuminata Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1:472. 1858.

Mangifera sp.

What appears to be one species of this genus has been collected from several

hills. It is not uncommon on Gua Batu, Selangor and Gunong Pondok, Perak,

growing on the summit in pockets of soil to a fair size tree, 7-12 m tall and

with a diameter of about 40 cm near the base. All specimens seen are however

sterile. On Gunong Pondok, at least, this species is effectively regenerating

itself as there are numerous saplings around the summit area where matured

trees of this species are common.

Parishia rosea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:90. 1911, FI. 1:536. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:42. 1939.

Tree to 20 m. Leaves 35 cm or more long; pinnate, leaflets thin coriaceous,

ovate or oblong-ovate, base rounded, slightly cordate; usually about 10 by 6 cm.

Panicles from the upper axils, about 45 cm long, flowers sessile, pink; sepals

4. enlarging and wing-like in fruit.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya recorded only from Langkawi;

apparently common and probably restricted to limestone.

Pentaspadon curtisii (King) Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 10:262. 1939; Henders.,

Tera Br UR. As. Soc. 17:42: 19539.

Microstemon curtisii King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:537. 1922.

Tree, medium sized. Leaves 10-17 cm long, pinnate, rachis, puberulous.

Leaflets membranous, oblong-lanceolate; base round, oblique; 4-7.5 by 1.7-2.3

em. Panicles axillary on the upper leaves; flowers small, solitary or 2-4 together.

Fruits unknown.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya known only from one collec-

tion; Langkawi, on limestone.

Pistacia malayana Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:97. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:42. 1939.

Small tree 4-8 m. Leaves 7-12 cm long, pinnate, rachis narrowly winged.

Leaflets oblong, oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, glabrous, 4-8 pairs, opposite,

subopposite or alternate, sessile or subsessile, 2-4 by 0.8-1.7 cm; base narrowed,

apex retuse, mucronulate. Inflorescence, a panicle 4-7 cm long; flowers unisexual;

perianth in 2 whorls, 3 or 4 lobes in each whorl; male flowers with 5 stamens,

style unequally 2-3 lobed at the tip; in the female the style is 3-partite almost

to the base. Fruit ovoid globose about 0.4 cm across.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Recorded from Perak, Pahang and

Selangor; seen on Kelantan limestone. Very common on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Rhus perakensis Scort., in King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 65:500. 1896; Ridl., FI.

bo 5385 1922.

Endemic, recorded in Perak and Langkawi. Uncommon.

78 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Semecarpus glomerulata Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54:39. 1910, Fl. 1:542.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:42. 1939.

Medium-sized tree. Leaves simple, obovate, base narrowed, rusty pubescent

below, 10-20 by 6-12 cm. Panicles 15-30 cm long, flowers in clusters. Fruit

small, a drupe, 0.4 cm across.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya recorded from Perlis and

Kedah, rare, and according to Henderson in l.c. from limestone in Langkawi.

Spondias dulcis Forst. f., Prodr. (1786) 34; Craib, Fl. Siam 1:355. 1926. S.

cytherea Sonn., in Corner, Way. Trees 1:115. 1952.

Spondias pinnata Kurz., in Pegu Rep. A. (1875) 44; Craib, Fl. Siam 1:356.

1926; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939; Comer, Way oslo

Pete. 1932,

Dubious record

Semecarpus cochinchinensis Engl., in DC., Mon. Phan. 4:489. 1883; Ridl.,

Fl. 1:542. 1922: Craib, Fl. Siam 1:353. 1926; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17:43. 1939.

ANNONACEAE

1. Climbing or scrambling ‘shrubs 73: ..40..9-2)... 2209. a 2

Erect shrubs or tfeeS .3 is -icnscup-Mikdys scans See ede ees ee eee 8

2. Plant with hooks from modified peduncles; leaves coriaceous, glabrous ......

pibeneccacess cuts fone sltulgleeaetie wie atte Canter ath ae Artabotrys grandifolius

3. Young twigs and usually the undersurface of leaves with stellate tomentum

(lens!) oo. RRP eee eae 4

Young twigs and leaves if pubescent, not with stellate tomentum ......... 5

4. Pubescence woolly (floccose) and easily rubbed off; stamens 0.2 cm long.

Fruits tomentose and’ tuberculate 47.2550. cca eee Uvaria javana

Pubescence not woolly; stamens about 0.7 cm long. Fruits glabrous and

not, tuberculate ....; 4. ia 2s. -Padsossi-chieee eels ae Uvaria cordata

5. Petals distinctly clawed equal or sub-equal. Lower surface of leaves usually

Slightly glaucous. ....... scvissas- »sijes + slacebe» opne'h cos Fela aoband tye enemies 6

Petals not clawed inner whorl much smaller. Lower surface of leaves not

glaucous; usually with a golden shiny tint ............ Oxymitra bigandulosa

6. Leaves densely pubescent, glaucous-purple beneath; flowers with 3-4 petals

mone whorl :):.. oso eee eee Desmos dasymachalus

Leaves glabrous or only pubescent on the veins; flowers with 6 petals in

2D WROTNS 2. iie scene ceaueee se basi/tie g0id wpie dolled gv surw alllau alll pie aici ne -

Limestone Hill Flora 79

7. Veins of leaves very fine and faint on both surfaces ......... Desmos dunalii

Veins of leaves raised and prominent on the lower surface ..................

yt ey pec a te a cheney ao Sv een pidie'eteneceesincssls Desmos_ cochinchinesis

8. Sepals imbricate. Petals 2-seriate, one or both series imbricate in bud.

eet NATIT orc peice wana st MRL oes ee oe. A ee.. 9

Sepals and petals all valvate in bud. Midrib impressed or raised ......... 2

[ener twigs and olfen the midrib rusty. pubescent. ..... 2. .25.0.... cee 10

Peeunenigies aiat leaves all slabrousiss jcr18 0286. !... colin. nk iee.. 11

10. Leaves 15-22 by 4.5-8 cm. Flowers arene on leafy?-twigs) 2fe.20......-

lt re et BEd a ES oes sain Trivalvaria macrophylla

Leaves 30-40 by 12-18 cm. Flowers on woody cymes from the lower part

TTT, AES eae aR eT; CADE a» eden ae Enicosanthum congregatum

11. Midrib raised on the upper surface; leaves somewhat bullate. Flowers on

1 TNE cae ee See 2 Re nM a 52h eta Be Stelechocarpus cauliflorus

Midrib impressed on the upper surface: leaves not bullate, margin recurved.

Teens i OOS 2), oes hoa So ah arash, sad eS ke ve - Sagera elliptica

SE RST EES Toe]? ee ae ae ee ee ee ee 13

Petals unequal, usually one whorl smaller .................... 0.0 .cecceceeeeeeee eee 26

13. Flowers borne on the trunk and main branches; very rarely on leafless parts

COS URS TOL. Se ae i fart nie ops, S- pr ig. PN og VLE aetna. ee 14

Peamers Darme On the leafy parts.of twits 62.7 6 Ae... cess eee 16

14. Leaves large 20-36 by 7.5-14 cm. Flowers on branches 30 cm - 2.5 m long,

Ce EES SAT sna bee eee Lat ai TP phage meee en Polyalthia hypogaea

EES Sn ot ae a bp oes SR oe A heer tal Oo eo or ae 15

15. Leaves 4.5-7 cm wide, base oblique and slightly cordate; pedicels 0.6-0.7 cm

(Oe Thess TORS, Sg ae Itt ean Re RP at Rar | ona a Polyalthia stenopetala

Leaves narrow 1-3.5 cm wide, base acute or slightly rounded; pedicels 24 cm

MiMi ahs hea, Wh inh rt BM ed. Polyalthia cauliflora var. beccarii

16. Undersurface of matured leaves pubescent; sometimes only on the midrib and

RR ag lst a ee ee Ee OLS BIS TRESS cnn Gove vv ap line yess cdanse eden 17

WndGersmtiace’ of matured leaves glabrous, 22,622.22. 2 sds. cess 21

17. Flowers with very short pedicels 0.3-0.5 cm, or subsessile ..................... 18

re tee NER LIM NSD 2 PO) CI MONTE 8 a ages nen a¥acciv enn ease sesesscpes 20

seh REN, RMT Ne a ey aw wegen givin de ose 19

Petals 5S—9.5 cm long; flowers 1-3 cm on short woody tubercles ...............

I See ok me gl, nde eee elend's Uv ovina « a elem Polyalthia cinnamomea

| Sg Sg Rade eta at ee EN ee ay ee ee Meiogyne virgata

Pinwers- extaamilary. isc.) clk Polyalthia motleyana var. glabrescens

20. Petals 3-4, inner whorl absent. Ovary villous. Shrub ....................0......

See U aia. Aang tess s454c<¥ save ctvsveleuswecededueeeses Desmos dasymachalus

Petals 6; Ovary glabrous. Tree (flowers very fragrant) ...... Cananga odorata

24.

26.

28.

30.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Flowers extra-axillary or sometimes opposite leaves ..............ccccceeeeeees pg

Flowers axillary: .ssen'..cdh.20.. enone. ed ba 24

Pedicels 0.4-0.8 cm long, rarely to 1 cm long ..............000.. 23

Pedicels more than 1 cm long. Petals 4 cm long. Veins on the lower

surtace.ofleaves scalarifOPi: «2..0.040.¢0n.cs0ced voce Oe Desmos cochinchinensis

Nerves 8-9 pairs. Leaf bases slightly asymmetrical .............1..02.. cee

AD. .chelyt, Bis oe te cessateevercsestoeerseebestsesauecsssuseessene I OLVGLAIG™ DECI aT anes

Nerves 15-20 pairs. . Leaf bases equalricte- in igey Aae. Polyalthia motleyana

Sepals about 0.4:.cm long ..0......50..04..5.10h 25:

Sepals 0.6—1.5 cm long; ovules 1 in each ovary ............... Polyalthia rumphii

Pedicels 0.3 cm long. Petals 1.5—2.2 cm long ................. X ylopia malayana

Pedicels: t-vcmiclong: Petals 42:5 em. lone. 1) Polyalthia lateritia

Inner petals: smaller than thesouter 29290112. 8G. 2) ee 20

Inner petals larger than. the : otiter. ¢.2..:c22.2). cc cageme cries dee 32

Flowers extra-axillary and opposite the leaves, 1-5 together ............... 28

Flowers axillary, usually solitary ...... ce a ene pide thatch) 2 0nd RESP eet eee 29

Pedicels about 1 cm long, sepals 0.7 cm long. Stamens 0.4 cm long .........

sais cand.cnnia'e 44,440 Klemen Swed « siecle ae AER ee ae Anaxagorea javanica

Pedicels 2 cm long, sepals 0.2—0.3 cm long. Stamens 0.1 cm long ............

seit a play S'S wins w cibin wioswasdie-» Lila scacsrahahag A ARE ene ee Mitrephora maingayi

Leaves 15 or more cm long, nerves usually 15 or more pairs .................. 30

Leaves 8-11 cm long, nerves 10-12 pairs ............ Goniothalmus subevenius

Flowers from the axils of fallen leaves on older parts of twigs. Stamen

connectives apiculate. 2s .6 ketee nl eho 31

Flowers from axils of leaves on leafy parts of twigs. Stamen connectives

CORVER $350). Onstalng to Pea eee een ae ee een oe Goniothalmus fulvus

Sepals 1.8-2.6 by 1.4-2.5 cm, foliaceous. Capsules with 1-2 ovules ............

«Win aslo ion en'ee dens 22000 (aoe nb othe DER aa Goniothalmus scortechinii

Sepals 1.2 by 0.7 cm. Carpels with 4-5 ovules ...... Goniothalmus uvartoides

Base of leaf unequally bilobed)! Jus. .j pte wmcngmueeen ..... Milivsa amplexicaulis

Base of leaf. different ./. 7.05 ov ep acl ov ee 33

Petioles short 0.4 cm or leSseosi-5h, ees cae yee Us doe 34

Petioles 0.5—1 cm, swollen and tomentose ............ Pseudovaria macrophylla

Under-surface of leaves glabrous: ......... ccs... let oe oe 35

Under-surface of leaves pubescent, sometimes only on the veins ............ 38

Leaves large 12-23 cm long. Flowers pendulous on pedicels 2-4 cm long

Pits, Coa at en SODET PO Mri praise are sare oe Miliusa longipes

Leaves smaller, less than 12 cm long. Pedicels usually shorter ...............

Inner petals with claws, usually distinctly vaulted over the reproductive parts

eee eee eee eee eee eH Ee EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE Hoe HH EHH HE EHH HTH HHH HH HHH EHH HHH HHH HEHE HHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE E

Limestone Hill Flora 81

37. Pedicels about 0.3 cm long; outer petals 0.2-0.3 cm long. ........................

a aie See. Cap a Ae oe A one Orophea_ polycarpa

Pedicels 1-3 cm long: outer petals 1—1.5 cm long. ......... Orophea enterocarpa

38. Hairs pale brown, erect, 0.2-0.3 cm long. Flowers umnisexual. ..................

Pseudovaria setosa

ee eneeeee EMWEIS isk. 7206...) Ro RL..R. Abed. ae d.-cceehecne:- 39

39. Flowers on peduncies 1—2 cm long, axillary or supra axillary ............... 40

Flowers in fascicles, opposite the leaves. ........................ Popowia velutina

40. Outer petals about 0.3 cm long: inner petals 0.7 cm long ..................... 4]

Outer petals about 1 cm long, inner petals 1.5—2.5 cm long ......................-.

I a wh wed an Orophea maculata

41. Fruit globular, about 1 cm across; leaves 6-8 cm long ......... Orophea hirsuta

Fruit elongate, cylindric, 3.5—5 by 0.7 cm; leaves 8-18 cm long ..................

Orophea_ cuneiformis

Anaxagorea javanica Bl., Fl. Jav. Anon. (1930) 66; Corner, Way. Trees 1: 129.

1952: Henderson, J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:33. 1939: Sindair, Gard. Bull.

S. 14:347. 1955: Koch. Tree Fl. Mal. 1:68. 1972.

A. scortechinii King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:62. 1922.

Artabotrys gradifolius King, Mats. 1:31. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:39. 1922: Henders.

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:33. 1939; Sindair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:253. 1955.

Endemic, uncommon in lowland forest: recorded from limestone in Perak.

Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hk. f. et Th., F.B.I. 1:56. 1872: Sinclair, Gard. Bull.

S. 14:324. 1955: Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:70. 1972.

Canangium odoratum King, Ridl. Fl. 1:43. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc: 17 333.

Desmos cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Coch. 1:352. 1790; Ridl., Fl. 1:45. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:33. 1939: Sinclair Gard. Bull S. 14: 264.

1955.

Desmos dasymaschalus (Bl.) Saff. var. .wallichii (Hk.f. et Th.) Ridl.. Fl. 1:47.

1922: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:370. 1955.

Desmos dunalii (Hk.f. et Th.) Saff., Bull Tor. Bot. Club 39:506. 1912: Henders..,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:263. 1939: Sindair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:263. 1955.

Enicosanthum congregatum (King) Airy-Shaw, Kew. Bull. (1939) 277; Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. S. 14:194. 1955.

Polyalthia congregata King., in Ridl., Fl. 1:60. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939.

Endemic with limestone records from Gua Batu, Selangor.

82 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Goniothalamus fulvus Hk. f. et Th., F.B.I. 1:75. 1872: Ridl., Fl. 1:68. 1922;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:428. 1955.

Sos 95 Oh

Endemic, not common in lowland forest; recorded twice from limestone.

Goniothalamus scortechinii King, Mats. 1:77. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:67. 1922;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:441. 1955.

Goniothalamus subevenius King, Mats. 1:71. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:64. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:33. “1939: Sinclar, Gard> Gane

14°427> 1955.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves glabrous narrowly oblong, nerves 10-20 pairs,

reticulations faint on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 1-1.3 cm

long, sepals 0.5-0.7 cm long broadly ovate; petals, outer lanceolate, 1.8-2.3 cm

long, the inner half as long.

Distributed in Thailand. In Malaya known only from Kuala Dipang and

Gopeng, Perak, most probably only on limestone. Three times collected.

Goniothalamus unvarioides King, Mats. 1:78. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:68. 1922;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:442. 1955.

Meiogyne virgata (Bl.) Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:12. 1865; Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. S. 14:277. . 1955.

Cyathocalyx virgatus King. in Ridl., Fl. 1:36 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:33.-' se.

Miliusa amplexicaulis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54:13. 1910, Fl. 1:97 1922

(excluding Polyalthia subcordata Bl., Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 71); Sinclair, Gard.

Bull. S. 14:380. 1955.

Small tree or shrub. Leaves with a 0.3 cm petiole, elliptic-ovate, base

unequal cordate, glabrous above and glabrescent on the nerves below, 11—20 by

5-9 cm. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, sometimes 2-3. Sepals and outer

petals similar, margin ciliate, 0.1-0.15 cm long; inner petals 0.3—0.5 cm long, ovate.

Endemic, confined to Kedah, Perak and Kelantan; uncommon, and frequently

from limestone. Chin 900 which apparently is this species, has pedicels to 2.5 cm,

instead of from 1—1.3 cm long.

Miliusa longipes King, Mats. 1:125. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:96. 1922; Henders.,

J. Mal, Br. R. As. Soc. 17:33. 1939; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 142379) 1933:

Miliusa parviflora Ridl. in Fl. 1:97. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:34... 1939;, Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S$. 14:380.. 19535.

Small tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, 5-9 by 1.8-3.5 cm. Flowers:

axillary, solitary or in pairs. Sepals and outer petals similar, about 0.1 cm long.

Inner petals 0.4-0.5 cm long. Ripe carpels 0.7—1.8 cm long, slightly apiculate.

Endemic and restricted to limestone; collected from Perlis and Kedah only.

Limestone Hill Flora 83

Mitrephora maingayi Hk. f. et Th., F.B.I. 1:77. 1872; Ridl., Fl. 1:73. 1922;

Henders.,. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939: Sinclair, Gard. Bull S.

14:464. 1955.

Endemic; a common species in lowland forest. Recorded from limestone

once only.

Orophea cuneiformis King, Mats. 1:84. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:72. 1922; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:394. 1955.

Shrub or tree 7-13 m tall. Leaves elliptic-cblanceolate, base slightly unequal

sided, 8-18 by 45.5 cm. Peduncles 4-5 flowered, supra-axillary or axillary.

Flower buds globose. Sepals ovate 0.2 cm long, outer petals 0.3 cm long, inner

petals 0.7 cm long. Ripe carpels cylindric, 3.5-5 by 0.7 cm.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya only recorded from Perak.

This species is apparently restricted to limestone.

Orophea enterocarpa Manigayi ex Hk.f. et Th., F.B.I. 1:92. 1872; Ridl., Fl. 1:70

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939: Sinclair, Gard. Bull.

$.544-2392. 4955.

Orophea hirsuta King. Mats. 1:81. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:70. 1922; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:395. 1955.

Shrub. 3-4 m tall. Young twigs with erect rusty-brown 0.1 cm long hairs.

Leaves elliptic, rusty-hirsute on the margins and on the lower surface 6-8 by

2.8-3.8 cm. Peduncles supra-axillary or axillary, 1-3 flowered, about 1 cm long.

Pedicels 0.4-0.5 cm long, flowers with broadly ovate sepals, 0.1 cm long, outer

petals 0.3 cm long, inner petals 0.7 cm long, thick. Matured carpels 4-5, about

1 cm across.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Recorded from Kedah, Perlis, Perak

and Kelantan, not commion.

Orophea maculata King, Mats. 1:82. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:71. 1922; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:393. 1955.

Shrub 3-7 m. Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, base slightly unequal sided, 8-18

by 45.5 cm. Peduncles supra-axillary, sometimes axillary, 2-3 flowered, 1.5 cm

long. Calyx and corolla segments all membranous and pubescent on both surfaces.

Sepals linear 0.2—0.3 cm long; outer petals 1 cm long; inner petals 1.5—2.5 cm long.

Carpels elongate-cylindric, moniliform, 7-13 by 0.4 cm.

Endemic, recorded from Perak, Pahang and Selangor, usually but not

exclusively from limestone.

Orophea polycarpa A. DC., Mem. Anon. (1832) 39: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S.

1395, ~ 1955.

O. gracilis King. in Ridl., Fl. 1:71. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

V7 334,* 1939;

Slender tree 7-10 m tall. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate, 5-10 by 2-3.5 cm.

Peduncles, supra-axillary or axillary, 2-6 cm long, with 1-2 flowers. Sepals

broadly ovate 0.1 cm long, outer petals 0.2—-0.3 cm long, inner petals 0.4-0.5 cm

longg, slightly vaulted. Ripe carpels globose, 1—-1.3 cm across.

84 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Distributed in Thailand, Burma and Indo-China. In Malaya and probably

elsewhere too, restricted to limestone. Recorded from Perlis, Perak, Pahang and

Kelantan.

Oxymitra biglandulosa (Bl.) Scheft., Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 31:341. 1870; Ridl.,

Fl. 1:81. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939: Simeiame:

Gard. Bulk. S.<14:459) - 1955.

Polyalthia brunneifolia Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:301. 1955.

Endemic to Malaya, found in lowland forest; not uncommon on the limestone

in Selangor, Kelantan and Pahang.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hk.f. et Th. var. beccarii (King) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14: 294.

1955.

Polyalthia cinnamomea Hk.f. et Th., Fl. Ind. 1:138. 1855; Ridl., Fl. 1:51. 1922;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. 1:286. 1955; Koch., Tree Fl. 1:87. 1972.

Polyalthia hypogaea King, Mats. 1:62.- 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:61. 1922; Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. S. 14:315,, 1955;. Koch... Tree Fl. Male t33 oe

Endemic, not very common, in the lowlands and hills. Once recorded from

limestone. (Gunong Lanoh, Perak. Mills & Henderson 15075)

Polyalthia lateritia Sinclair, Gard. Bull. 14:290. 1955.

Also from Southern Thailand, seldom collected: recorded from limestone on

Gunong Pondok, Perak.

Polyalthia motleyana (Hk.f.) Airy-Shaw in Kew. Bull. (1939) 280; Sinclair, Gard.

Bull. ’S. 14°5037" Y9s5.

var. glabrescens Airy-Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 282; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S.

14:305. 1955.

P. oblonga King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:57. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17342 1939:

Polyalthia rumphii (Bl.) Merr. Enum. Philip. Fl. Plants 2:162. 1923; Sinclair,

Gard...Bull. S. 14:306. 1955.

P. scortechinii King. in Ridl., Fl. 1:56. 1955.

Polyalthia stenopetala (Hkf. et Th.) Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 75:6. 1917, FI.

1:50. 1922 including P. crinita (Hk.f. et Th.) Ridl., lc.; Sinclair, Gard.,

Bull. S. 14:285. 1955.

Popowia velutina King, Mats. 1:94. 1892; Ridl., Fl. 1:77. 1922; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:472. 1955.

Shrub or tree 5-15 m tall. Leaves oval-oblong, base rounded, slightly

unequal-sided, nerves 6-7 pairs; pubescent beneath, 7-9 by 3.5-5 cm. Flowers

extra-axillary in fascicles. Sepals ovate, 0.2 cm long. Petals cream coloured,

outer 0.2-0.3 cm, inner 0.3-0.4 cm long. Ripe carpels 1-4, globose-falcate,

1.5—2 cm long.

Limestone Hill Flora 85

Endemic and known from two numbers only, both of which are from Gopeng,

Perak.

Pseuduvaria macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 10:225. 1915; Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. S. 14:408. 1955.

Mitrephora macrophylla Oliv, in Hk. Icon. (1887) 16; Ridl., Fl. 1:74. 1922,

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939.

Pseuduvaria setosa (King) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:43, 405. 1955.

Orophea setosa King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:70. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Boos 17234: * 1939:

Sageraea elliptica (A. DC.) Hki.et Th., Fl. Ind. 1:93. 1855; Ridl., FI. 1:25.

1922; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. 14:181. 1955.

Stelechocarpus cauliflorus (Scheff.) R.E. Fr., Arkiv for Botanik, Band 3:42.

1953; Sinclair. Gard. Bull. S. 14:183. 1955.

S. nitidus King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:24. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

£7 e33y <4 999.

Trivalvaria macrophylla (Bl.) Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:19. 1865;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:196. 1955.

Popowia nervifolia Main. ex Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 1:77. 1922: Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939.

Trivalvaria macrophylla (Bl.) Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:19. 1865;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:196. 1955.

Popowia nervifolia Main. ex Hk. f.. in Ridl.. Fl. 1:77. 1922: Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:34. 1939.

Uvaria cordata (Dun.) Alston, Hand-Bk. Fl. Ceylon 6:4. 1931; Sinclair, Gard.

Bull. S. 14:207. 1955.

U. macrophylla Roxb. in Ridl., Fl. 1:30. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17:35. 1939.

Uvaria javana Dunal, Anon. (1817) 91: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 14:216. 1955.

U. dulcis sensu Auctt. non Dunal, in Ridl., Fl. 1:30. 1922: Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:35. 1939.

Xylopia malayana Hkf. et Th., Fl. Ind. (1855) 125. Ridl., Fl.. 1:91. 1922:

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14:340. 1955.

X. dicarpa Hk.f. et Th. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:35. 1939.

X. pustulata Hk.f. et Th. in Ridl., Fl. 1:91. 1922.

eS)

tL.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

APOCYNACEAE

Twiners, sometimes from a shrubby base ..¢/./......027.))..., ee Z

Shrubs. "or ‘trees: 0.0. Ae ce et ns ee 5

Lesves 3-4 mm whorls... 2P8):. 8071. one. 2A eee Alyxia angustifolia

Alyxia pumila

Alyxia selangorica

Leaves not so arranged

Leaves with numerous slender parallel veins. Cymes axillary, short or

about 2 cm 10S oo... ceeds ee ce deccse ast -eacvuecuree peel ue ae

Leaves with 8-10 pairs of veins. Panicles 7-10 cm long

“he RN I Pe 7h nv odeccneeteeugs sala tuejaiele ee altiicte gale] «fies gle 060k ao) oie ICI el aan

Cymes '0.5—0.8 em long, few-llowered 40 ee Melodinus orientalis

Cymes 2-7: 5"enr tome’ 05.6) ae) eee eet ee Melodinus perakensis

Leaves in whorls of 3-7 20.2. Jc. 2 ac03 Saab os ecg ae 6

Leaves not im’ whorls 7.0.0 03.287) 2a 8

Leaves in whorls of 4-7; fruit a pair of follicles to 30 cm long ..................

je A ert eT ee eS Lao sl lene padpees set neha. Catt les soe tote. done Gee SUA elit Conan a

Leaves in whorls of 3; fruit drupaceous, about 1 cm long ..................... 7

Secondary nerves 8-12 pairs. Fruits in pairs ............ Rauvolfia perakensis

Secondary nerves more than 20 pairs. Fruits single ......... Rauvolfia reflexa

Fruits, much longer than#broadi.2. on SRO et ee 9

Fruits, slightly or not: longer than. ‘bread 22)... ee eee ee 11

Petals overlapping to the left; corolla tube with coronal processes in the

throat 2.2.5.0. ei ei viedawsiee es oiheee noe Re ee eee ana a 10

Petals overlapping to the right; no coronal processes ...... Holarrhena curtisti

Calyx tapering gradually into the stout pedicel; corolla to 2 cm long .........

spa sais dev 40 iin ele send gy dh pate sla Dyke Ssths OOD GEN a ae aN a Wrightia dubia

Calyx tapering abruptly into the slender pedicel; corolla to 0.8 cm long ......

ba ade deuce ye te'suoa dite Prete ibche Geta bale cee ene eee a Wrightia laevis

Leaf bases slightly enlarged and clasping stem. Peduncle 5-12 cm long ...

bin ail eele dug g Ab.b'« ods outed He Ty) Meet eR eee bk kr ee Ervatamia peduncularis

Leaf -bases. not so. Pedunclés shorter ...... 1. .c<gye.sp e115 eee eee tz

Corolla tube 0.8-1.8 cm long. Fruits globose, to 2 cm across ..................

Sa Bobe'y 4k sh vyivd smkchee o's + «gievinme bail Ue cairo ea ade ee Hunteria zeylancia

Corolla tube 2-4.5 cm long. Fruits with flattened appendages on one

SIDS ones ces hes ecssvscncln ae nee ni a de baltle ost QU Celiac ¢lanemian gil tala 13

Inflorescence with very short internodes; sparsely branched, usually densely

covered by persistent bracts 0.00.0.) )02) 202. «eae non su cemeetels a 14

Inflorescence with internodes at least 0.3 cm long; much branched, not densely

covered by Bracte 0.00.00. ues Sane ne Kopsia griffithii

Limestone Hill Flora 87

14. Corolla tube dilated near the top; lobes ovate .................. Kopsia pauciflora

Corolla tube dilated at the mid-portion; lobes obovate ... Kopsia macrophylla

Alstonia scholaris (L.} R. Br., Mem. Wern. Soc. 1:76. 1811; Ridl., Fi. 2:346.

1923; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:11. 1974.

ALY XIA Br.

The following key is adapted from Ridley, Fl. 2:332.1923. Material from lime-

stone keys out to 3 different species. However A. pumila and A. angusiifolia

are not always uistinct, though im the kev they fall into one or the other species.

The floral characters appear similar, and the leaf character, which in exireme

forms are distin*t, tend to overlap.

Key.

Leaves glabrous.

ees es ein Wide = tC ei Alyxia pumila

RmenM NS Pe IIE WEIS 5s 05s cece as Cabo e ocd Soe denqew et ligss Alyxia angustifolia

Pormencett (eNCAtN ............-.-..-GRL- vase (ace anh Alyxia seiangorica

Alyxia angustifolia Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 6:161. 1915, Fl. 2:333. 1923.

Endemic, rare, found on rocky slopes from 1000-2000 m and on iimestone

on Bukit Takun, Selangor. The limestone specimens (Chin 385 & 571) which

I tentatively place here have shorter but wider leaves, 1.7-3.2 by 0.3-0.8 cm;

not unlike some A. pumila specimens.

Alyxia pumila Hk.f., F.B.1. 3:635. 1882; Ridl., Fl. 2:333. 1923.

Endemic, usually at 1000-1300 m. From limestone at low elevation in

Kelantan and once (the identification of this spccimen (Henderson 19466) is

douotful) from Pahang.

Alyxia szlangorica K. & G., Mats. 19:422. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:334. 1923.

Very rare; distributed in Sumatra, and once from Malaya, Gua Batu, Selangor.

(Ridley 8558).

Ervatamia peduncularis K. et G., Mats. 19:451. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:343. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:56. 1939.

Not uncommon in lowland forest. According to Henderson in l.c., recorded

from limestone in Perlis and Pahang. I have not seen any of these specirnens;

but only one from the base of limestone. (Bukit Chintamani, Pahang, Stone

6574).

Holarrhena curtisii K. et. G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74.446. 1907; Craib, Fl. Siam.

2:450. 1939; Henders., Jj. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:56. 1939.

H. densiflora Ridl., Fl. 2:349. 1923.

H. pulcherrim: Ridl., Lc. 349.

88 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

In Malaya, only from the extreme north. Sometimes on ‘limestone. —

Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gard. ex Thw., Enum. (1860) 191; Craib, FI. Siam

2:434. 1939; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc, 17:56. 1939. 2

H. corymbosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:53]. 1824; Ridl., Fl. 2:335. 1923.

Usually from the extreme north. Rarely on limestone. Mild:

Kopsia griffithii K. et G.. Mats. (9:432. 1907.

var. paucinervia K. et G., lc. 432: Ridl., F. 2 See 1923; Henders., J. Mal.

Br Ki As. Soc. tf: 56. “99sy: | ais oa a

Shrub 1-2 m tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, caudate, nerves

12-15 pairs, 8-12 by 3.5-5 cm. Cymes terminal, corymbose. Corolla 3 cm long,

white dilated at the top. 6

The species is endemic and very rare; the variety is known from only one

collection (King’s collector 10707) from dense jungle on a limestone hill in Perak.

Kopsia macrophylla Hk.f. F.B.1. 3:639. 1882; Ridl., Fl. 2:2338. 1923; Henders.,

‘J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:56. 1939. de

’ K. ridleyana K. et G., Mats. 19:433. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:338. 1923.

.-. Endemic, not common, in lowland forest. Once from limestone on Bukit

Serdam, Pahang. (Henderson 25044). - |

Kopsia pauciflora Hk.f., F.B.1. 3:639. 1882s-Ridl., Fl. 2:337.. 1923.

K. alba Ridl.; in Henders:, Gard. Bull. S.S. 5:78. 1930, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:56. 1939.

Melodinus orientalis Bl., Bijd. (1826) 1026; Ridl., Fi. 2:330. 1923; Henders., J.

Mal Br. K. As: Soc." 17250: OPe39: 5

Melodinus perakensis K. et G., Mats. 19:414. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:331. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br.. R::As:-Sace 77356: 1939.

Climber. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 8-12 by 3-5 cm. Cymes axillary 22.5 cm

long. Corolla tube dilated in the middle. Fruit woody, pear shaped to 5 cm long.

Endemic, known only from the limestone at Gopeng, Perak.

Parameria polyneura’ HkK4#., F.B.1. 3:660. 1882; Ridl., Fl, 27359. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br..-R» As. Soc. 17:57. 1939. : TT

Rauvolfia perakensis K. et G., Mats. 19:424. 1907; Ridl., Fl. 2:335. 1923

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939.

Rauvolfia reflexa Teys. et Binn., Nederi. Kruidk. Arch. 3405. 1855; Whitmore,

Tree Fi. Mal. 2:21. 1973.

R. sumatrana Jack., Mal. Misc. 2:22. 1820; Fl. 2:336. 1923; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57... 1939. ae et 7

Limestone Hill Flora 89

Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng., in Ngan, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gdn. 52:172. 1965.

Strophanthus jackianus Wall. in Ridl., Fl. 2:355. 1923.

Wrightia laevis Hkf. F.B.1. 3:654. 1882: Ridl., Fl. 2:353. 1923; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939; Ngan, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gdn. 52: 136.

1965.

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex maingayi Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:605. 1875; Ridl., Fl. 1:440 1922; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

Not common but widely distributed in forest, with a single record for lime-

stone. (King’s coll. 8177, from Gopeng, Perak).

ARALIACEAE

a ae eee oa aoe SRA ey ye.) te ee 2

ee MaMnately COMpOune 5. JA BAG) BRA TE. s

Drewes pmmatery lobed oo. oe en: Aralidium pinnatifidum

Beerree pamisiry lone 2 NT SS Sse re ee Brassaiopsis palmata

epenOA IE OURS PIAAIMIARE os Alte ib cn, lor, ie Wak hides WMS dad. (Kad. 53 0k Saeed edna le 4

Leaves 2-3 (-4) times palmately divided ............... Schefflers junghuhniana

4. Leaves glabrous, glabrescent or mealy pubescent, becoming glabrous when

I eM RE GMa eM et AEM on ates EEC auc Sh 2 ca cones ag ond sen Suds en hng’s 5

Meaves (densely stellate pubescent )..22.. 2.0... 0s... Schefflera tomentosa

aR RI Ay se PMNS OMAS sed Pn Es apc rte sh os = SE 2 wo wave deans ence eveces ress 6

Leaflets 8-10, mealy stellate tomentose when young, becoming glabrous with

De STN Spel lt i ieee alee mal ide Epes ee ae Schefflera elegans

6. Auricle at the base of peetiole, small. :

Auricle at the base of petiole about 2 cm long ......... Schefflera musangensis

oer pees eae FG oS db atc. we Schefflera subracemosa

Petiole 8-15 cm long

8. Inflorescence a terminal branched panicle; peduncle of umbels about 1.5 cm

FS ple 9 ol allie ag ange el os Schefflera venulosa

Inflorescence terminal with 1-5 racemose branches bearing umbels; peduncle

i Se Schefflera subulata

90 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1:763. 1856; Hk. f., F.B.I. 2:725.

1879; Ridl., Fl. 1:895. 1922; Corner, Way Trees 1:154. 1952.

Brassaiopsis polycantha (Wall.) Ban., Ind. For. 93:341. 1967. B. palmata Kurz.,

As. Soc. Beng. 39:77. 1870; Ridl., Fl. 1:887. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:48. 1939.

Hedera polycantha Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2:82. 1831.

Schefflera elegans (Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. 1:878. 1922.

Heptapleurum elegans (Ridl.) Ridl., Jour. F.M.S. Mus. 6:150. 1915.

Endemic and uncommon, on mountains at about 1500 m. Recorded once

from low elevation on limestone. (Gua Serai, Kelantan, UNESCO 1962 432)

Schefflera junghuhniana (Mig.) Harms., Back. Fl. Java 2:164. 1965.

S. heterophylla Harms, Ridl., Fl. 1:881. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:48. 1939.

Schefflera musangensis Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:105. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17:48 1939.

Endemic, known as an epiphyte on Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl. near Gua

Musang, Kelantan and on rocks on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Schefflera subracemosa (King) Vig., Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. IX. 9:353. 1909; Ridl.,

PE tare. 1922

Heptapleurum subracemosum King, Mats. 10:49. 1898.

Shrub 0.5—1 m tall. Leaves digitate, leaflets 3-5, glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic-

lanceolate; base narrow slightly caudate, apex acuminate; petiole 4-7 cm, petiolules

about 1 cm long, that of the terminal leaflet 2-3.5 cm long; blade 5.5-10 by

2-3 cm. Panicles terminal, subpracemosa 2 (? or more) branched, about 8 cm

long; flowers on short umbels. Fruit oblong 0.4 cm long, with 5 blunt ridges.

Endemic. Known from a single collection from Perak limestone. (King’s

collector 8288) Recently a speciment (UNESCO 121) From Batu Pinta, Bertam,

Kelantan was doubtfully identified as this species.

Schefflera subulata (Seem.) Vig., Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. IX. 9:351. 1909; Ridl., FA.

1:878. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:48. 1939.

Heptapleurum subulatum Seem., J. Bot. 3:78. 1865.

Schefflera tomentosa (Hassk.) Vig., Ann. Sc. Sc. Nat. Ser. IX. 9:331. 1909; Ridl.,

Fl. 1:877. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As Soc. 17. 48. 1939.

Heptapleurum tomentosum Hasak., Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 165.

Schefflera venolusa (Seem.) Harms. ex Eng. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzen. 8:39. 1894;

Ridl., Fl. 1:880. 1922.

Heptapleurum venolusum Seem., J. Bot. 3:80. 1865.

Limestone Hill Flora 9]

Apama tomentosa Engl., in Engl. et Prantl., Naturl. Pflanzenfam. III. 1:

10.

il.

Dubious record.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

1889: Ridl., Fl. 3:15. 1924: Bak., Fl. Java 1:162. 1963.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Small shrubs with stout stems; leaves coriaceous. Only from Langkawi, not

RIN Sos on uta EAS hELSiED. oS EERE Sens dX Gongylosperma lanuginosum

ESOS URES. geo Oo Sey gt | ee en ee ae ne ee 2

Flowers in clusters along a gradually lengthening axis which is sometimes

Snes MUCIWEANEI. Te Le Soc ives datt cp deine de Marsdenia tinctoria

CO GUS re By a kn io ee ct a En 3

. Twigs smooth, usually drying ashy-grey: leaves elliptic-oblong, petiole about

1.5 cm long. Flowers on a short (to 1.5 cm) usually paired raceme from

an axillary peduncle, purple/red. Only from Langkawi ...........................

fa SE ee a ae re Gymnanthera insularum

Not the above combination of characters ...................200.ceceecceeeeeeeeeees =

yor a aarti ut tS EE IGE ee 5

NN sas cucu geese ania adil doe) os Vk 16 ce -nea ono dese 10

Flower buds narrow, conical; corolla lobes linear oblong, twisted ......... 6

Flowers buds oblong, sub-globose or globose: corolla lobes broad, not twisted

ESS i ee ea oa pe eet ee ed a ee eee 7

Leaves ovate-elliptic to elliptic, usually 3.5-7 by 2 cm ....................2.2...

OS i gE oe a oe ie eee Toxocarpus pauciflorus

Leaves broadly elliptic-obovate to sub-orbicular. usually 4-5 by 3 cm .........

OL AR Co NS 2S ES ee eG oe 2 Re A Oe Toxocarpus curtisti

Leaf bases cuneate; inflorescence dichotomously branched ........................

a BEE aay get Ea ets ay Biel = SA ey ok Secamone micrantha

Leaf bases rounded or cordate: inflorescence not so branched ............... 8

er OR oS EN es Pe iy CE Oe ee ea 9

Leaves not cordate; flowers small, purple ........................ Tolyphora tenuis

Flower buds oblong, truncate. - Corolla lobes inflexed in bud and bent down-

OS Ee et 9 eR oe) a oa Tolyphora calcicola

DRS = 1 ee ee 2 ee Tolyphora perakensis

RS ee ee 11

SS 8 Heterostemma piperifolium

Corolla tubular or urceolate; leaves usually small, less than 5 cm long ..... 12

Corolla circular and flat, rotate; leaves usually large, more than 5 cm

ae Chron h et) ee rete reel SPey, Nf bp. fdanin oa d¥edneleon ov secons'e’ 16

92 Gardens Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

12. Some leaves converted into hollow pitchers, 5-12 cm long ....................00.

Dischidia rafflesiana

er 2 7

13. Stem long and bars; leaves very few and widely spaced ......................5.

Dischidia benghalensis

eee ewer eee eee eee eee eee eee esses eee eeseeseseeereeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeee

Stem with numerous leaves 6 020.0...00 Oe 14

14. Leaves, sparsely tomentose, to 2\cm long.......................2 15

Leaves, not tonientose; 4=6"emlome Shear eee Dischidia scortechinii

15. Corolla 0.2-0.3 cm long, pink. Only from Perlis ...... Dischidia tomentella

Corolla about 0.7 cm long, red. Widely distributed ......... Dischidia hirsuta

16. Leaves softly pubescent ‘below «......2.02..204... $e Hoya coronaria

Leaves glabrous “.0%...0. 000.200 . RA ae Oe 17

17. .Leaves. more-than 12. cm long: .....4¢..32..208.ic: 4 AO 18

Eeaves. less than. 12 cm long. :.0)..322..4yacs2.- ices 3 17

18. Pédicels' 0:6-cnr long: flowets 1..cmyackoss-2).4 AS ee eee Hoya latifolia

Pedicels 1.2—2.4 cm long; flowers 1.2—1.7 cm across ............ Hoya maingayi

19. Leaves with 3 main nerves fromthe:base (Wie eee Hoya citrina

Leaves with pinnately arranged nerves, which are often obscured ...............

shin p61 64 boo rash bin 4 hey WEEE Bt ah Hae AR RR ct oR Hoya occlusa

Hoya parviflora

Hoya revoluta

Hoya ridleyi

Dischidia benghalensis Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 12:357. 1817; Ridl., Fl. 2: 405.

1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939, Mal. Wildfls. Dicots.

(1959) 300.

Dischidia hirsuta Dene., in DC., Prodr. 8:632. 1844: Ridl., Fl. 2:406. 1923;

Henders.. J. Mal. Br.. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939: Mal. Wildfis. Dicots.

(1959). 302,

Dischidia rafflesiana Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2:35. 1831; Ridl., Fl. 2:405. 1923;

Henders., Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1959) 300.

Dischidia scortechinii K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:592. 1908; Ridl., 2:409..

1923.

Endemic and very rare. Known from Perak and once on limestone in

Kelantan. (UNESCO 681).

Dischidia tomentella Rid!., Fl. 2:409. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

by+37, . 1939.

Slender climber, softly tomentose. Leaves fleshy, lanceolate, 1.2 by 0.4 cm.

Peduncles 0.6 cm long. Corolla short, pink.

Endemic and very rare, restricted to limestone; known only from Bukit Lagi

in Perlis. J have seen only one specimen (Henderson 22802).

Limestone Hill Flora 93

Gongylosperma lanuginosum Ridl., Fl. 2:372. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

ree ee. 12 57, 1939.

Short shrub, stout and woody. Leaves elliptic, pubescent, 12-25 by 4-8 cm.

Cymes 5-8 cm long, flowers dull red. Fruit about 2.4 by 0.6 cm.

Endemic and restricted to limestone in Langkawi.

Gymnanthera insularum K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:514. 1908; Ridl., FI.

Poe 6015” Header, J. Mal. Br. R:-As, Soc. 17:57. 1939.

Woody climber, stem smooth, old parts often pale grey. Leaves 4.5-9 by

1.6-3.6 cm. Flowers in short racemes, lengthening to 1.5 cm, purple.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya only from Langkawi, probably

restricted to limestone; not common.

Heterostemma piperifolium K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:557. 1908; Ridl.,

Pit? 393) 41923; Henders.;J «Mal. Bre: Re: As. Soc: 17:57. 1939, Mal.

Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 292.

Twiner, leaves thin, ovate-acuminate, the base cordate 5-9 by 2.5-6 cm,

finely pubescent. Petioles 2-5 cm long. Peduncles 1—1.5 cm long, flowers yellow.

Follicles slender, 10-12 cm long.

Endemic and found only in the northern half of Malaya; usually on limestone.

Chin 28, 387 & 413 have much more pubescent leaves with very short (about

0.3 cm) petioles. Collected from limestone in Kedah, Perak, Pahang and Selangor.

Hoya citrina Ridl., in Fl., 2:397. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57.

1935.

Stem long. Leaves thick, fleshy, ovate-acute, base rounded or cordate, 9-11

by 6-8 cm. Peduncles stout to 6 cm long, flowers pale yellow.

Endemic and rare, known only from Gua Batu, Selangor, Batu Kurau, Perak

and from Ulu Bubong, Perak (not limestone).

Hoya coronaria Bl., Bijdr. (1827) 1063; Ridl., Fl., 2:400. 1923; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939, Mal. Wildfis. (1959) 298.

Hoya latifolia Don., Gen. Syst. 4:127. 1837; Ridl., Fl. 2:395. 1923; Henders.,

Mal. Wildfis. (1959) 297.

Hoya maingayi Hk4., F.B.J. 4:62. 1883; Ridl., Fl. 2:396. 1923; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939.

Endemic, a rare and relatively unknown species. Recorded once from lime-

stone. (UNESCO 125 from Bukit Pinta, Kelantan).

Hoya occlusa Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 61:31. 1912, Fl. 2:398. 1923; Henders..

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939.

Stem angular. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-acute, about 10 by 5 cm, petioles

2.5 cm long. Inflorescence umbellate. flowers small.

Endemic, a very, rare and hardly known species; recorded only by Ridley

from Gua Batu, Selangor. (Ridley s.n. Dec. 1890).

94 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Hoya parviflora Wight, Contrib. (1837) 37; Ridl., Fl. 2:401. 1923; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939.

Hoya revoluta Wight ex Decne., in DC. Prodr. 8:636. 1844; Ridl., Fl. 2:401.

1923.

Endemic, not rare, in forests. Recorded only once from limestone. (Chin

95 from Gua Musang, Kelantan).

Hoya ridleyi K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:592. 1908; Ridl., Fl. 2:401. 1923.

Marsdenia tinctoria Br.. Mem. Wern. Soc. Edinb., 1:30. 1811: Ridl., Fl. 2:388.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939, Mai. Wildfls. Discots.

(1959) 291.

Distributed in India, China and all over Malesia. In Malaya found only in

the northern half, often on or near limestone. This plant may be a remnant of

cultivation and not native (at one time it was grown as a source of indigo).

Seca micrantha Dene., in DC., Prodr. 8:501. 1844: Ridk, Fl 27375.

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:57. 1939, Mal. Wildfis., Dicots. (1959).

294.

Toxocarpus curtisti K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:521. 1902; Ridl., Fl. 2:376.

1923; J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soe.-17 38s" £929.

Endemic and not common, usually on the hills in dry spots, 700-1000 m.

Recorded occasionally from limestone at low altitude.

Toxocarpus pauciflorus Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:110. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. °17: 58:, 1939,

Climber. Young twigs rusty pubescent. Leaves ovate, elliptic or elliptic-

lanceolate, 3.5—7 by 1.2—2(-3.5) cm. Inflorescence rusty pubescent, to 2 cm long..

Flowers pale yellow, sweet scented; corolla lobes twisted. Fruit, a pair of follicles

about 5 cm long, rusty pubescent (later becoming glabrous?)

Endemic and uncommon, restricted to limestone in Kelantan, Perak and

Selangor.

Tylophora calcicola Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:111. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:58. 1939,

Slender twiner, young parts sparsely pubescent. Leaves 5-8 by 3-5 cm

broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, base cordate. Cymes axillary to 3 cm long.

Corolla lobes inflexed in bud. Ripe fruit unknown.

Endemic and known from only two limestone records. Henderson 19583

from Gua Ninek, Kelantan and Henderson 25204 from Bukit Cheras, Pahang..

T ylophora perakensis K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:555. 1908; Ridl., Fl. 2:392.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939.

Uncommon in Malaya, in forest. Recorded on limestone from Gunong

Pondok, Perak (Ridley |.c.) and from Kedah.

Typlohora tenuis Bl., Bijdr. (1827) 1062. Ridl., Fl. 2:391. 1923; Henders., £

Mal. Br. R. As. Suc. 17:58. 1939, Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1950) 294.

Limestone Hill Flora 95

BALANOPHORACEAE

Balanophora fungosa Forst., in Benth., Fl. Aust. 6:232. 1873; Merrill, Enum.

Php PED! 118: 19235.

BALSAMINACEAE

1. Plant to 2.5 m tall. Stem columnar, base swollen, leaves crowded at the

end of stout branches, 1.5-3 cm in diameter; leaves 10-30 by 5-15 cm.

inosescoude ti 50r crtelone tote. aed... ea ss... Impatiens mirabilis

Plant smaller, stem not as thick, base not swollen; leaves usually much

(EP hin, 5 ie a7 2 ERE A cep ce SO 2

2. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, branched or unbranched but with a

distinct peduncle. A common species on the central Malayan limestone

ul: RES the of a IL SENG bale ele eeeke aera ra At ek <a i Impatiens opinata

Flowers not in racemes, usually axillary and solitary ........................... a

oe A SOS ao a 1 To: ot Se 4

emer ities (Ie SCUAL MOL DMO ad oa ence ns jcensene--ceccceteee- 6

4. Spur of the posterior sepal recurved, about 0.5 cm long ..................... 5

Spur of the posterior sepal straight, about 1 cm long ... /mpatiens scortechinii

5. Flowers with 3 sepals including the one with the spur, the 2 anterior sepals

aborted, absent. Very rare, only from Tebing Tinggi in Perlis ..................

LT GE ARE OE RR RE Ao as ets AS OY BOT? DEOL TS Impatiens vaughanii

Flowers with 5 sepals including the one with the spur. the 2 anterior sepals

reduced, linear, about 3 mm long. Rare, only from Perlis .....................

ea enn et ter Be a ae od ee OLS STINE 2... Impatiens macrosepala

6. Flowers orange-yellow, the two anterior sepals about 4 mm long, rounded at

the tip. Only from Gua Tipus in Pahang .................. Impatiens tipusensis

Flowers predominently white, the two anterior sepals 1-2 mm long ...... 7

7. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3-6 by 1-1.25 cm. Endemic and only from lime-

NNR TE AU IOMNR a Geo Pa oid cn ge ds «oh cins delv apo Impatiens cryptoneura

Leaves broadly elliptic to orbicular, apex acute, base cuneate. Common on

Gua Batu, Selangor, also from Gunong Senyum, Pahang ... Jmpatiens ridleyi

Impatiens cryptoneura Hk.f. in Kew Bull. (1909) 9; Ridl., Fl. 1:339. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:38. 1939: Shimizu, S. East As. Studies

8:208. 1970.

Plant to 30 cm tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate 3-6 by 1-2.5 cm, petioles

1-5 cm. Flowers small, sepals greenish, pedicels 2.5 cm.

Endemic and known only from a single collection (Curtis 3172) made on the

limestone near Ipoh in 1895. Similar to J. ridleyi, except for the shape of the

leaves which in this specimen are narrower than in J. ridleyi. More specimens

are needed for closer examination.

96 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Impatiens macrosepala Hk.f., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 4:55. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 1:339.

1922; Craib, Fl. Siam. 1:211. 1926; Shimizu, S. East Asian Studies 8: 205.

1970.

Plant 20-40 cm tall; leaves on the upper part of stem, ovate acuminate, 5-17

by 2-6 cm. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary, white; pedicels 1.5 cm.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand; in Malaya only recorded from limestone

in Perlis at Bukit Lagi and Tebing Tinggi.

Impatiens mirabilis Hk.f., Curtis, Bot. Mag. (1891) 117; Ridl., Fl. 1:337. 1922;

Craib, Fl. Siam. 1:211. 1926; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:38.

1939; Shimizu, S. East Asian Studies 18:216. 1970.

Plant 1—2.5 m tall. Stem columnar, base swollen to more than 30 cm across,.

2-3 times branched: ultimate branches stout. Leaves at the end of branches

10-30 by 5-15 cm, light green in colour. Inflorescences sub-terminal to 30 cm

long. :

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand; in Malaya from Perlis and Kedah, with

a solitary record from Pahang. This spectacular plant is abundant and dominates

the scenery on the rocky slope between Telok Dalam and the Lake on Pulau

Langgun, (in the north-east of Pulau Langkawi proper). Restricted to limestone.

Impatiens opinata Craib, in Kew Bull. (1926) 163, Fl. Siam. 1:212. 1926; Shimizu,

S. East Asian Studies 18:216. 1970.

I. foxworthyi Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 4:50. 1927, 5:94. 1930. J. Mal.

Br. As. Soc. 17:38. 1939.

Plant 30-50 cm tall. Leaves ovate-elliptic 3-12 by 2-6.5 cm, on the upper

part of stem; petioles 3-7 cm. Inflorescence terminal or sub-terminal, branched

or unbranched. Flowers yellow.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand (once collected); in Malaya common in

Kelantan, also from Pahang; surprisingly not recorded from the northern Malayan

limestone. Shade loving; usually from sheltered, moist situation. Restricted to

limestone.

Impatiens ridleyi Hk.f., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 4:55. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 1:339. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:38. 1939; Shimizu, S. East Asian

Studies 18:207. 1970.

Plant 30-40 cm tall. Leaves broadly elliptic, orbicular-ovate, apex acute,

base cuneate, biglandulose at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary white, the

saccate part of the posterior sepal with reddish/purple reticulate markings on the

inside. Seeds finely granulate, when freshly dehisced are sticky and effectively

adheres on to any object on contact.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya; very common on Gua Batu, Selangor; only

once from elsewhere, (Gunong Senyum, Pahang). This is the common balsam:

growing on rocks at the entrance to the Tensple Cave in Gua Batu.

Limestone Hill Flora 97

Impatiens scortechinii Hk. f., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 4:55. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 1:339.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:38. 1939; Shimizu, S. East Asian

Studies 8:206. 1970.

Plant 30-100 cm tall, stem 2-3.5 cm through at the base. Leaves at the

end of stems, to 25 by 8 cm, usually less. Flowers white with some yellow-orange

spots; in leaf axils, solitary or 2—3 fascicled, pedicels 2.54 cm long.

Distributed in North Borneo; in Malaya from Perak and Pahang. Restricted

to limestone.

Impatiens tipusensis Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 5:72. 1930, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:38. 1939; Schimizu, S. East Asian Studies 8:208. 1970.

Plant creeping, scandent. Leaves up to 8 by 6 cm, triangular ovate. Flowers

solitary, axillary, spur about 1 cm long, slender and upcurved.

Endemic and known only from a single collection (Henderson 19399) made

from Gua Tipus in Pahang, where it was ‘growing in great profusion on limestone

rocks’.

Impatiens vaughanii Hk.f., Kew Bull. (1911) 250; Ridl., Fl. 1:338. 1922; Craib,

Fl. Siam. 1:213. 1926; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:39. 1939.

Shimizu, S. East Asian Studies 8:203. 1970.

Plant 40-60 cm tall, leaves only at the end of branches. Leaves ovate or

elliptic, 8-10 by 4-6 cm, petioles 6-8 cm long. Flowers white or violet/purple.

Spur incurved and bifid.

Distributed in lower Peninsular Thailand; in Malaya only from Perlis,

restricted to limestone. A rare plant. The unspecified Impatiens mentioned by

Henderson, I.c. pg. 39 (Ridley 15035) has been identified as this (Shimizu l.c.

pg. 203).

BEGONIACEAE

Og Se i lagna tLe SOS Shs A ee A eae ta se 2

ES SE 2S EL Uy ee ae Sir ee. oe Oe ee 3

2. Ovary 3-loculate; stem apex, young leaves and adult petioles, hairy. Only

Beemer ered Cerne Poage Oe oe oe Begonia ignorata

Ovary 2-loculate; plant glabrous. Not uncommon in Perak and Kelantan

enna Sn LORE Ni i ar A AY LE UAE © bc pug ERE E We oo Dee Begonia kingiana

3. Leaves orbicular, broader than long; margin ciliate with reddish brown hairs.

eae ACEI AIC 4 BoM oe! el be 18... Peak Se TPPvese Leah Goes Male eee s 4

Leaves longer than broad, margin usually glabrous. Ovary 2-loculate ...... 2,

4. Leaves 3-5 cm long by 4-6 cm wide or smaller, apices rounded. Male

LS SOG" 0 (0) 9, a Begonia nurii

Leaves 9-11 cm by 12-14 cm wide; apices abruptly acuminate or acute.

Male flowers with 2 perianth lobes ........................... Begonia foxworthyi

Spe 2-20 cmiions erect,-weakly or stiffly SO. 0.0. ccc. - 0s ccc gceec scenes eee 6

Ra RE SIR 2 Pe) UR! adn Buds ea ste x Sed ns fds dicts sda ent dew een es v4

6. Plant tuberous; flowers large, male about 2 cm across; outer perianth 0.7-1.1

cm long. Only from Langkawi, rare .............. 2.02. ciseeeeeeee Begonia curtisti

Plant not tuberous; flowers smaller, male about 0.7-0.9 cm across; outer

perianth about 0.3-0.5 cm long. Recorded only from Gunong Pondok,

8 pot SE ee TO Re er ee ae hare ae pe Begonia dibilis

98 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

7. Leaves pubescent on the undersurface, especially on the veins; the two outer-

most perianth lobes, white, 0.7—-0.9 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm wide. Only from

RE ror tr ee Ress ee Begonia guttata

Leaves glabrous; the two outermost perianth lobes white with reddish pink

veins, 0.3-0.6 cm long and 0.4-0.5 cm wide. Common on Gua Batu.

Selansor, ¥ery fare ‘elsewhere 22). SUPE? Ss Ye Begonia phoeniogramma

Begonia curtisii Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:106. 1911, Fl. 1:856. 1922;

Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg 8:149. 1929; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

Plant slender, erect, tuberous, to 20 cm tall. Leaves 2-4, glabrous, ovate,

base unequally cordate, to 15 cm long. Inflorescence terminal or sub-terminal,

outer perianth of the male flower white with red veins. Fruit 3-winged, one

longer than the other two.

Restricted to limestone and found only from the southern part of Peninsular

Thailand and Langkawi.

Begonia debilis King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 71:60. 1902; Ridl., Fl. 1:858. 1922;

Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg 8:157. 1929; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

Endemic to Maiaya and only twice collected, once from Negri Sembilan on

rocks in forest, not limestone; and the other from limestone on Gunong Pondok,

Perak.

Begonia foxworthyi Burk. in Ridl., Fl. 5:311. 1925; Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg.

Bot. Hamburg 8:100. 1929; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

Rhizome short and thick, creeping, 3-5 cm long and 0.5—0.7 cm across.

Leaves 9-11 by 12-14 cm wide, hairy below especially on the veins. Inflorescence

hairy, pedunclee 7-20 cm long; male flowers with two perianth lobes.

Endemic to limestone and known only from Kelantan and Bukit Cheras in

Pahang. Fairly widesperead on the limestone in Kelantan, but not very common.

Begonia guttata Wall., Cat. (1831) 3671; Clarke in Hk.f., F.B.1. 2: 684. 1879;

Ridl., Fl. 1:858. 1922; Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg 8: 153.

1929; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

A rare plant distributed in Peninsular Thailand and in Malaya, from Penang,

Langkawi and according to Ridley, (l.c. 858) from Selangor. Recorded on

limestone from Langkawi.

Begonia ignorata Izmsch., Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg 8:97. 1929; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

B. hasskarli Zoll. et Mor. var. hirsuta Ridl., Fl. 1:860. 1922.

Plant small, with a creeping rhiome. Petiole 10-17 cm long, pubescent,

latuina peltate, broad oval or sub-orbicular, 6-7 cm long. Inflorescence axillary,

male flowers with 4 perianth part, outer two, 0.4-0.5 cm long.

Rare endemic to limestone, known only from a single collection, made at

Kota Glanggi, Pahang.

Begonia kingiana Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg, 8:106. 1929; Henders..

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

B. hasskarli King, in J. As. Soc. Bengal 71(2):62. 1902.

B. hasskarli Ridl., Fl. 1:860. 1922, non Zoll. et Mor.

Limestone Hill Flora 99

Plant with creeping rhizome, about 6 cm long. Petiole (3—)6—-12(-18) cm

long, glabrous. Lamina peltate, 5-9 cm long, by and about as wide, apex

abruptly acute. Inflorescence 10-40 cm long, male flowers glabrous, with 4

perianth, the outer 2, 4-6 cm long and as wide.

Endemic to limestone and known from Seelangor (fide Henderson, lL.c.),

Perak and Kelantan; not uncommon on the hills in Kelantan in shady places.

Begonia nurii Irmsch., Mit. Inst. Alg.. Bot. Hamburg 8:95. 1929.

Plant with rhizome 3-4 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm across. Petiole 4-9 cm long,

blade orbicular-reniform, 3.5—5 cm long and 4-6 cm wide; all with reddish brown

hairs, margin ciliate. Inflorescence slender, sub-terminal, flowers small, made

with a 0.2-0.4 cm pedicel, tepals 4.

Endemic to limestone in Kelantan and Pahang.

Begonia phoeniogramma Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. St. Br. 75:35. 1917, Fl. 1:358.

1922. Irmsch., Mitt. Inst. Alg. Bot. Hamburg 8:155. 1929; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

B. paupercula Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. S. Br. 54:42. 1909. non King.

Plant with a short insconpicuous stem, delicate. Petiole 1-7 cm long, lamina

with unequal base, oblong to ovate, 4-8(—-15) by 3-7 (—11) cm, green with pale

spots. Inflorescence 4-5 cm long, much longer when in fruit. Male flowers

with 4 sepals.

Endemic to limestone, from Langkawi (fide Ridley, l.c.), Kelantan (once

collected) and Selangor where it is common on Gua Batu as small isolated

populations in shade and usually from rock crevices.

BIGNONIACEAE

Radermachera lobbii (TY. & B.) Mig., Ann. 3:250. 1867; van Steenis, Bull. Jard.

Bot. Buit. 10:243. 1928: Stone, Mal. Nat. J. 24:94. 1971.

R. amoena Ridl., Fl. 2:551. 1923: Henders., Gard. Bull. S. S. 4:297. 1928.

Tree 7-25 m. Leaves bipinnate or sometimes simply pinnate. When bipin-

nate the lower pinnae with 3-5(-7) leaflets. Leaflets obovate-elliptic, 5-12 by

3-7 cm; apex blunt-acuminate or obtuse, rounded or emarginate; base cuneate,

glandular with dark spots; glabrous. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, 10-25 cm

long, peduncle 5-8 cm long. Flowers pinkish in bud, when opened with white

corolla and some yellow in the throat. Calyx 1.2-1.5 cm, tubular-campanulate.

Salen 2.5-3 cm long Capsule pendulous, cylindric 30-50 cm long, 0.7-0.8 cm

road.

Distributed in Sumatra and Borneo. In Malaya not uncommon in lowland

forest. Only recently recorded for limestone, and the sole member of its family

so recorded (Stone l.c.). It is-fairly common occurring as scattered individuals on

limestone in Kelantan. Collected from Gua Musang, Gua Panjang and Gua

Serai, and observed from Batu Neng, Gua Batu Boh and Gua Tapah. The

limestone specimens do not attain the size quoted above and were all only 2-7 m

tall. They have always been observed on dry rocky summits with little soil

accumulation; but not on the driest craggy parts. All the flowering specimens

from the limestone I have seen differs from the typical form as described above

by having larger flowers and smaller fruits. In fresh specimens the calyx is up

to 2 cm long; petals protruding to 5 cm (including lobes) beyond the calyx cup.

The dried fruits are 20-25 by 0.6-0.7 cm.

100 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

It is interesting to note that in August 1971 a couple of plants on Gua

Musang, Kelantan have sent up vigorous shoots to 2 m tall (and already flowering)

from the remaining basal parts of plants that have most of their aerial portions

destroyed by the fire of early 1969. The other two species that with aerial parts

surviving the fire are Podocarpus polystachyus R. Br. ex Mirb. and Cratoxylon

maingayi Dryer.

BOMBACACEAE

DCAVES BUNIPNC «ooo. H - tis cetresin ich aie ne s< sentas | at Neesia synandra

Leaves palmately' compotind |:.....5..0:52.02..... ee eee Bombax anceps

Bombax anceps Pierre, in Fl. For. Cochinch. (1888) 175; Koch., Tree Fl. Mal.

1:04. 1972.

B. insularis Ridl., Fl. 1:260. 1922.

Found in the north west in Malaya, usually near the sea. Sometimes on

coastal limestone in Langkawi, Kedah.

Neesia synandra Masts., in Hk.f. F.B.I. 1:352. 1874; Ridl., Fl. 1:265. 1922:

Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:119. 1972.

BORAGINACEAE

1. Stigma 2-lobed. Shrubs or: small, trees «.:)-sc...5..........0- Ehretia timorensis

Stigma 4-lobed. Small tre@6 005.5 aeccce swat ce suey Saneiinues 7 11 ee ne

2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; base slightly cuneate ........... :

Cordia griffithii

Leaves ovate, sub-acute or bsunt; base round or sub-cordate ... Cordia obliqua

Cordia griffithii Clarke, in Hk.f., F.B.1. 4:139. 1885; Ridl, Fl. 2:439. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand; in Malaya common in the north.

Recorded from limestone in Langkawi only.

Cordia obliqua Willd., Sp. Pl. (1802) 1072; Ridl., Fl. 2:439. 1923; Back., FI.

Java 2:459. 1965.

Cordia sp., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939.

A fairly common tree in Malaya, often cultivated. Twice recorded from

limestone; the specimen Kiah 35418 referred to by Henderson in l.c. has been

named as this species, but according to the collector’s label it is a climber.

Ehretia timorensis DC., Nouu. Ann. Mus. Hist. 3:395. 1834; Ridl., Fl. 2:442-

1923; Henders; J. Mal. B.R.A. Soc. 17:59. 1939.

E. laevis Roxb., in Back., Fl. Java 2:460. 1965.

Limestone Hill Flora 101

BURSERACEAE

1. Leaves with a pair of stipules at the base or on the petiole near the base,

sometimes caducous, but the scars remain. Branchlets slender 0.5—1 (—1.5)

Pemmscuan Heenmers msually: raMmiAlien:: .ocstoc 2a 20d. DAM, edit, Z

Leaves with no stipules. Branchlets stout (1.5—) 2—2.5 cm thick. Leaflets

0 ONT ae IR SNCMINI ap an eid ok ng » vinings 0 2 4 ok jdlge «ole ghee so +

2. Leaflets usually 2 pairs, broadly elliptic, glabrous ...... Canarium perlisanum

Leaflets usually 4, or more pairs, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, more or less

eiCenmn Ga ORY GIR CeME Demat yc. eo... nos a aes cnet e be cue. 3

3. Leaflets 24(—6) pairs, wooly pubescent beneath, no stipellae present; fruit

oblong, usually truncate with 3 shoulders at the apex, 2-3 by | cm ............

Beh ER carne de: i deci eiobians: sates Canarium pilosum ssp. pilosum

Leaflets 4-10(-15) pairs, pubescent or sub-glabrous beneath, stipellae usually

present; fruits pear shaped, 0.5—0.9 bv 0.5-1.2 cm ............ Garuga floribunda

var. floribunda

4. Leaves nearly in whorls of 4; terminal buds reddish wooly. Leaflets 5—30

by 3-10 cm. Fruits ellipsoid, about 7-8 by 4-6 cm ................ eee

Mea N Cec rae n her hs ts AP 8y soc <8 ba bes Nepean Aes Canarium pseudodecumanum

Leaves singly, terminal bud not as hairy. Leaflets larger 20-60 by 5-13 cm.

Pius eniaver about: 2-3° by 1 care: isin Bessie. ist: Dacryodes kingti

Canarium perlisanum Leenh, Blumea 8:186. 1955,FIl. Mal. I. 5:258. 1956;

Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:134. 1972.

C. purpurascens Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:39. 1939.

Tree. about 10 m tall. Branchlets slender, 0.5 cm thick, stipules caducous,

on the petiole 0.5-1 cm from the base. Leaflets subsessile, broadly elliptic,

chartaceous; margin crenulate. Inflorescence, female unknown, male flowers about

8 mm across, glabrescent. Fruits unknown.

Endemic to limestone; known only from a single collection (Kiah 35311)

from Kaki Bukit in Perlis.

Canarium pilosum Benn... in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:533. 1875; Ridl., Fl. 1:372. 1922

incl. also var. hirtellum; Leenh., Fl. Mal. I. 5:281. 1956: Koch., Tree FI.

Mal. 1:134. 1972.

A large forest tree. Recorded on limestone from only Gua Peningat, Pahang.

(Loh, F.R.I. 17208).

Canarium pseudodecumanum Hochr., Pl. Bog. Exs. (1904) 61; Leenh., Fl. Mal.

I. 5:275. 1959; Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:135. 172.

A large forest tree. Recorded on limestone from only Gua Peningat, Pahang.

(Loh, F.R.I. 17257).

102 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Dacryodes kingii (Engl.) Kalkman ex Leenh., Fl. Mal. Il. 5:224. 1956.

Santiria floribunda King, in Ridl.,Fl. 1:376. 1922.

D. floribunda H. J. Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg. 42:204. 1932; Henders.,

J. Mal.-Br. R. As. ‘Soc. 17739: "1939:

Endemic to Malaya, not uncommon in lowland forest. Recorded once from

limestone. (Henderson 23800 from Gunong Pondok, Perak).

Garuga floribunda Decne, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3:477. 1834; Leenh.,.

Fl. Mal. I. 5:215. 1956; Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:144. 1972.

Tree to 30 m. Branchlets finely tomentose, leaves crowded at the end of

branchlets. Stipules at the base of petiole, caducous. IL eaflets elliptic or oblong-

lanceolate 5-15 by 2-5 cm. Inflorescence axillary, at the end of branchlets,

appearing before leaves. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous.

Known in Malaya from a single collection. Whitmore F.R.I. 4247 from:

Gua Jenera, Kelantan.

BUXACEAE

1. .Leaves. 3-8..by 1-3. cms...) ch iv cevcs ds eedteees eee eee ee >

Leaves larger, 10-17 by 3-7.5 cm. Known only from Kaki Bukit, Perlis ...

hs magepawvlenedil at +e s/s avec 23 0e ice Ee ee Sele eee eee ear Buxus holttumiana

2. Leaves; upper surface shiny, when dry the midrib on the upper surface

raised; styles on the fruit 0.4-0.5 cm long ..................... Buxus malayana

Leaves; upper surface dull, when dry the midrib on the upper surface

impressed, styles on. the fraits0.1cmsln@ 22. har aati es Buxus rupicola

Buxus holttumiana Hatusima, J. Dep. Agri. Kyu. Imp. Uni. 6:270. 1942;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939.

Shrub. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, ovate-elliptic or broadly

lanceolate, apex acuminate, glabrous, 10-17 by 3-7.5 cm. Racemes axillary,

about 1 cm long. Flowers unisexual; male, pedicel 0.2 cm, sepals 4, stamens 4;

female terminal, sepals 6, ovary 3-loculate. Capsule 1.3 cm long, style 3, persistent

and recurved, 0.6 cm long.

Endemic and known only from limestone on Kaki Bukit, Perlis.

Buxus malayana Ridl., Kew Bull. (1926) 475; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc..

17:69. 1939; Hatusima, J. Dep. Agr. Kyu. Imp. Uni. 6:289. 1942.

Shrub or small tree 2-4 m tall. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, broadly elliptic,

elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, apex blunt, acute or acuminate, margin

narrowly recurved, glabrous, 3.5—6.5(-8) by 1-3 cm. Racemes axillary or some-

times terminal, short, 0.5-1 cm long. Flowers unisexual, male edicel 0.1 cm long,

sepals and stamens 4; female terminal. Capsule ovoid, about 0.8 cm across,

styles 3, persistent, the tip recurved, 0.5 cm long.

Limestone Hill Flora 103

Endemic to limestone in Malaya. This species, B. holttumiana and B.

rupicola which are all endemics to Malayan limestone, are the southernmost repre-

sentatives of Buxus to be found in Asia. The latter two however are only found

in the extreme Northwest and are very rare; B. malayana on the other hand is

found in Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor and is not uncommon on many

hills; being very common on Bukit Takun, Selangor where it forms the southernmost

population of this genus.

Buxus rupicola Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:166. 1911, Fl. 3:182. 1924;

Eifenders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Hatusima, J. Dep. Agri. Kyu.

imp. Uni. 6:282. 1942.

Snrub. Leaves opposite, thick coriaceous, ovate-oblong, oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, apex obtuse or emarginate, margin narrowly revolute, glabrous, 3-6

by 1.2-2.5 cm. Kacemes axillary, 0.6-0.8 cm long. Flowers unisexual; male

pedicei 0.2 cm long, sepals and stamens 4; female terminal. Capsule ovoid 0.7 cm

jong, styles 3, persistent, 0.1 cm long.

Endemic and known only from a single collection made by Curtis in Sept.

1890. (Curtis 2662 from Dayang Bunting, Langkawi).

CAPPARIDACEAE

names recurved: flowers in umbels .......asesagi ss eyilpeeics- 4's 45s. Capparis diffusa

‘thorns straight or slightly curved upwards; flowers in short racemes ...............

I eA 9 2 5 PU ces ign Gow ge Ran phon cos) Jus eSecesn Capparis pubiflora

Capparis diffusa Ridl., Fl. 1:22. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:35.

1939; Jacobs, Fl. Mal. I, 6:81. 1960.

Scandent shrub. Leaves elliptic, ovate to obovate, 5—8(-10) by 2.54 cm;

midrib sunken about, raised below. Flowers in umbels, terminal. Pedicels fili-

furm, 2-5 cm long. Sepals about 0.4 cm, petals white 0.4-0.5 cm long. Stamens

12-15, gynophore about 1.5 cm. Fruits unknown.

Distributed in N. Sumatra. In Malaya restricted to limestone and previously

known from only two collections made in Perlis. Four recent numbers, Stone

6988 from Pulau Jerkokm Kechil, Langkawi, Chin 1069 and 1104 from Bukit

serdam, Raub and Chin 870 from Gunong Pondouk, Perak match this species.

The flowers are however borne on short lateral shoots and the buds appear smaller

than those of the type (I have not however seen opened flowers). “This particular

form is quite common on dry rocky slopes of hills.

Capparis pubiflora DC., Prodr. 1:246. 1824; Jacobs, Fl. Mal. I. 6:82. 1960.

C. perakensis (Scort. ex King) Ridl., Fl. 1:124. 1922.

Capparis sp., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:35. 1939.

104 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Viburnum sambucinum BI., Bijdr. 13:656. 1826; Clarke in Hk.f., F.B.I. 3:5.

1880; Ridl., Fl. 2:1. 1923; Corner, Way. Trees 1:182. 1952; Kern & van

Steenis, Fl. Mal. I. 4:186. 1951.

In Malaya common in hill and lower montane forest especially between

650-1300 m and occasionally in swampy places in the lowlands. Once collected

from limestone. (UNESCO 117 from Batu Pinta, Kelantan).

CARDIOPTERIDACEAE

Cardiopteris javanica Bl., Rumphia 3:206. 1849; Back., Fl. Java 2:63. 1965.

C. lobata Wall., in Ridl., Fl. 2:464. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

soc, [7259. 21935.

Peripterygium quinquelobum Hassk., in Hutch., Fam. Fl. Pl. 1:315. 1964.

(2nd. Ed.)

CELASTRACEAE

|. Leaves alternate or spirally arranged: :..:).2.7 2 See ee 2

Leaves Opposite 20... ipiiicnes cts Geabcte na ty nus alee ge ane eee aan 3

2. Flowers crowded at the apex of short shoots, 1-2 cm long and elongating as

the fruit matures <0. 7-.<.2l..tecoe ee aces oes aa ee Maytenus curtisti

Flowers on tubercles, sometimes ramiflorous ............... Salacia grandiflora

3. Trees, to much more thah’S i tall ot Wea Bo tere ora ne

Shrubs 1—3(-5) m talk or scandent s) ila. a 5

4. Flowers in distinctly dichotomously lax-branched inflorescences; peduncle

1—-8..em. long -):cie.6i0535 ee EA eee Euonymus cochinchinensis

Flowers in almost sessile inflorescences; peduncle very rarely to 2 cm long

CF heen ced tes pan netenevane ad peuia tha ites ii aki aee iene Euonymus javanicus

5: -Stipules small, lobed or lacintate 0.) )..2 07.205 00...eencaeeneens sateen 6

Stipules small, not lobed or laciniate) ....00.).200.. 7. ae 7

6. Flowers in cymose inflorescence; peduncle 2-6 cm long, if very short, then

fruit with 3 divergent follicle-like parts .........................6. Reissantia indica

Flowers in fascicles, on short tubercles, sometimes ramiflorous. Fruit sub-

siobdse, to about 5.cm across... ic.) 30, a ee eee Salacia macrophylla

7. Branchlets sharply 4-angled, narrowly winged ... Glyptopetalum quadrangulare

Branchlets not so, sometimes bluntly angled ...................:sseseeeeeeeeeeeeees 8

Limestone Hill Flora 105

8. Fruits with 3-divergent. follicle-like parts: seed with a basal wing. Scandent

ee ee a eo cee eh on ch Loeseneriella pauciflora

9. Fruit capsular, dehiscent, usually less than 2 cm across ....................205- 10

Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, usually more than 2 cm across ............... 12

10. Fruit dehiscing with the axis splitting completely leaving no columella. Seeds

Seen pee RGR a MAMSEB NS Be RK re den Ceieae 29. cess - ca bees 11

Fruit dehiscing leaving a persistent columella. Seeds usually 1 in each

locule. Only from Kota Glanggi, Pahang ......... Glyptopetalum zeylanicum

var. brevipedicellatum.

11. Flowers in distinctly dichotomously lax-branched, 1-8 cm long inflorescences

OES ora ts i eee vel send ees « cede EAL) «0K Euonymus cochinchinensis

Flowers in almost sessile, or very rarely to 2 cm long inflorescences .........

_ I SENS, oO RE Te en eg tee ei ey ake POP ON ia eee Euonymus javanicus

12. Flowers in distinctly peduncled cymes; fruits 2-3 cm across ...................-.

See eee NUS DARSETLL AL. LT d YS OTS RO ee hy ps Salacia korthalsiana

Flowers in fascicles, or on very short tubercles, sometimes ramiflorous; fruits

Dee Sc a oe i yn Salacia grandiflora

Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierre, Fl. Flor. Coch. (1894) 4: D. Hou, Fl. Mal. I.

6:248. 1962; Whitmore, Tree Fl. 1:162. 1972.

Glyptopetalum scortechinii King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:447. 1922.

E. pahangensis Ridl., Fl. 5:299. 1925.

Euonymus javanicus Bl., Bijdr. (1827) 1146; Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:40. 1939; D. Hou. Fl. Mal. I. 6:248. 1962; Whitmore, Tree Fl. 1: 162.

1972.

E. coriaceus Ridl., Fl. 5:299. 1925.

E. micropetalus Ridl., |.c.

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 65:345. 1896:

RidJ., Fl. 1:446. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939: D.

Hou, Fl. Mal. I. 6:257. 1962.

Glypiopetaium zeylanicum Thw. var. brevipedicellatum D. Hou, FI. Mal. I, 6: 257.

1962; Whitmore, Tree FI. I: 162.1972

Small tree. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic 7-10 by 3-5 cm. Margin slightly

crenulate. Peduncle of cymes 4-5 cm long.

The species is recorded from Southern India and Ceylon; thas-variety is

endemic to Malaya and collected only once here (D. Hou l.c.) at Kota Glanggi,

Pahang (Ridley 2652).

106 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C. Smith, Am. J. Bot. 28:440. 1941.

Hippocratea nigricaulis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 75:20. 1917; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

H. macrantha King., Ridl., Fl. 1:455. 1922.

Salacia perakensis King., Ridl., Fl. 1:457. 1922.

Maytenus curtisii (King) D. Hou, Fl. Mal. I. 6:240. 1962; Whitmore, Tree FI.

tTyG.. E972.

Gymnosporia curtissi King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:451. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

RK. As. Soc. 17740; ~ 1939:

Scandent shrub. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic, broadly elliptic to suborbi-

cular, 7-16 y 4-9 cm, base cuneate. Cymes crowded towards the apex of short-

shoots. Fruits obovate-depressed globose, 3-celled, each with 1-2 seeds.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand and in Malaya where it has been recorded

from Perlis, Kedah and Kelantan; apparently restricted to limestone in Malaya,

but also from lowland forest in Thailand.

Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 30:466. 1958; D.

Hou, FI. Mal. I. 6:401. 1964.

Hippocratea indica Willd., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

Salacia grandiflora Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 41:300. 1872; Ridl., Fl. 1:458.

1922; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:41. 1939.

S. scortechinii King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:457. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17: 41, 1938.

Salacia korthalsiana Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4:152. 1869; Ridl., 1:457.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:41. 1939.

Hippocratea obtusa Ridl., Fl. 5:299. 1925.

Salacia macrophylla Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 221; D. Hou, Fl. Mal. I. 6:412. 1964.

S. flavescens Kurz., incl. var. dumosa King; Ridl., Fl. 1:459. 1922; Henders.,

J+ Mal. -Br.. R. As: Soc 4i 259,

CHLORANTHACEAE

Chloranthus elatior R. Br. ex Link, Bot. Mag. t. 2190; Back., Fl.. Java 1:175.

1963.

C. officinalis Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. (1830) 79; Ridl., Fl. 3:52. 1924.

Limestone Hill Flora 107

COMBRETACEAE

aN ia ONG COPE AAERE NEES SATUS os 220s. 2s 3. Lidge Darcie s Sud gee. «eve ecg. 2 2

I ee ee Sn sin. <= vo eg Sans EEE MAUR Ie le ees des 4

2. Inflorescence 2-4 cm long, spicate. Styles adnate to wall of receptacle.

Pemores 04-06 cm Langkawi -:.....-..54.f.0.. 60.0022. Quisqualis parvifolia

Inflorescence 4-20 cm long, spicate or paniculate. Stvles free from the

(8 SASS 5S 0 Shee 2S ere RE 9s) eG 3

3. Leaves elliptic to narrowly ciliptic. Calyx lobes deltoid, less than 0.1 cm

> Lo peek aii tea Et 20) iene lan at a Combretum porterianum

Leaves broadly elliptic, ovate-elliptic or suborbicular. Calyx lobes narrowly

uPEETEAN <A 40.5 UNE MONG gL Se ticle ap abe mada d ses ss Combretum latifolium

4. Leaves opposite or subopposite, on very slender twigs, elliptic, ovate-elliptic

or sometimes obovate, 3-8 by 1.5-3.5 cm. Fruits (including wings) longer

than broad. Small tree 3-10 m, often on dry craggy limestone ...............

eM. Sete E to ace vex tycgis sepa Kip 3X a cae dw basis Terminalia triptera

Leaves spiral, crowded towards the ends of stout twigs, oblong or obovate,

9-20 by 3-9 cm. Fruits (including wings) broader than long. A larger

SBE Hs. LCs Les Nady ac agaist wlio ae mr aot Terminalia calamansanai

Combretum latifolium Bl., Bijdr. (1925) 641; Exell, Fl. Mal. I. 4:542. 1954.

C. extensun: Roxb., in Ridl., Fl. 1:709. 1922.

Combretum porterianum (Cl.) Wall. ex Craib, Fl. Siam 1:618. 1931; Exell. FI.

Mal. I. 4:540. 1954.

C. chinense var porterianum Ci. in Ridl., Fl. 1:709. 1922.

Quisqualis parvifolia (Rid\.) Exell, J. Bot. 69:123. 1931: Exell, Fl. Mal. I, 4:545.

1954.

Q. densiflora var parvifolia Ridl., Fl. §:711. 1922; Craib, Fl. Siam. 1: 623.

Post Ponders: 3+ MalBr. “RAs: Soc: 17: 45. “1939.

Endemic in the north-west of Malaya, in rocky and open places, sometimes

on limestone.

Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21:310. 1884; Exell,

Fl. Mal. I, 4:556. 1954; Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:175. 1972.

T. pyrifclia Kurz., in Corner, Way. Trees 1:194. 1952; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939.

T. bialata King in Ridl., Fl. 1:705. 1922.

Terminalia triptera Stapf, Kew Bull. (1895) 103; Ridl., Fl. 1:706. 1922; Craib,

Fl. Siam. 1:608. 1931: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939:

Koch., Tree Fl. Mal. 1:178. 1972.

108 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Small tree 3-10 m. Leaves chartaceous, obscurely pellucid-punctate, 3-8 by

1.5-3.5 cm. Flowers cream, in terminal and axillary panicles. Fruits 3-winged

1-2 by 0.6—-1.2 cm.

Distributed in Thailand, Indo-China and in Malaya where it is restricted

to the extreme north; often, but not exclusively on limestone, where it is often

found on dry craggy parts.

COMPOSITAE

1. LGaves , OPPOStte : oe. i. ne nlosd seep of ae ahs sect ee 4 oe nepeee een eee 2

Leaves alternate race ccenececec ieee cas ciee vccdenss seqee pace Due e oeeee ae 6

2... Twming and climbing. “Leayes cordate”. ...%...).05 sss eee Mikania cordata

Not’ so, erect herbs or shrubs’ ..20. 2 020. ce. =. sea ccna yee oe 3

3." Shrubs, often ‘sprawime 920 Oy Eee eee Eupatorium odoratum

Peres 0. SIUM A, Se sees ss vida cin dye 4 nde na Sb eee eked a ae +

4. Some leaves deeply lobed, more or less pinnate or with large irregular teeth.

to one-third way to the midrib '..2:. 2.02.20. 29 Soe 2

All leaves with regular shallow teeth; upper leaves alternate .............. ......

HYD TGR ea A, 2 ES al es Sa eee Ageratum conyzoides

5. Some leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, flower heads in branched inflorescences

vaieldaousdies ene oe nude vele vcs 2/0 Vdlde TOUR TEUST ToL of ats be cen Ghee celaaa ieee ann nena Bidens pilosa

All leaves simple, irregularly toothed. Flower heads usually solitary on a

long 10-20 cm ‘pedumelé (fs) Ry. ci aiioatinca ee oe Tridax procumbens

6. Flower heads as wide or wider than long <......5.).0 2.1. See i

Flower heads longer than) wide «./yi...2. ee. dS ee 8

7. Flower heads 0.4—-0.6 by 0.4-0.6 cm. Leaves at the base of plant opposite;

alternate above ..2... 3.5... 60 Ba, sd ee ee Ageratum conyzoides

Flower heads 0.8-1 cm long by I-1.2 cm wide. Leaves all opposite .........

wish edd bilsid’ovedens sbaklbdnces's son bekae Han bik lobe amas San ae rs Vernonia curtisii

8. Flower heads with | series of lanceolate bracts almost as long as the flower

and with small linear ones at the base .................. Erechthites valerianifolia

Flower ‘heads with several series of bracts ........:.:.:<:,scs+sausssa eee 9

9. Heads numerous in a loose terminal corymbose inflorescence; 0.6-0.8 cm

long. Ubiquitous herb)... RP eee ae Vernonia cinerea

Heads 2-3 in axillary or terminal cymes; 1.2 cm long. Kedah ...............

Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 839; Koster., Blumea 1:484. 1935;

Heenders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicot. (1959) 241.

A common weed: found on limestone in distributed localities.

Limestone Hill Flora 109

Bidens pilosa L.. Sp. Pl. (1753) 832; Ridl., Fl. 2:183. 1923; Henders., Mal.

Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 239.

A common weed: found on limestone in disturbed localities.

Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC., Prodr. 6:295. 1838; Ridl., Fl. 2:191.

1923: Henders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 249: Back. Fl. Java 2:424. 1965.

A common weed. Once recorded from limestone from the disturbed, often

frequented summit of Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Eupatorium odoratum L., Cyst. ed. 10, 1205. 1959; Steenis, Reinw. 1:478.

1952: Henders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicot. (1959) 234.

An aggressive sprawling shrub of disturbed areas. Common in such areas on

limestone.

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 114:65. 1934;

Koster., Blumea 1:504. 1935: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:52.

1939, Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1959) 233.

In Malaya, a very common climber, in forest margins, secondary growths,

waysides, and all kinds of open ground. Sometimes at the base of limestone

in disturbed areas.

Tridax procumbens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 900; Hk.f., F.B.I. 3:311. 1881; Henders.,

Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 238.

On disturbed limestone near Ipoh.

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less., Linnaea 4:291. 1829: Hk.f., F.B.I. 3:233. 1881:

Ridl., Fl. 2:188. 1923.

Recorded from limestone in disturbed places.

Vernonia curtisii Craib & Hutchinson, Kew Bull. (1910) 22: Ridl., Fl. 2: 189.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Herb 30-100 cm. Leaves elliptic, base attenuate to the winged petiole,

margin serrate. 3-8 by 0.7 to 2.5 cm. Flower heads 4-10 in a terminal in-

florescence, each on a peduncle 3-10 cm long; 0.8-1 cm long by 1-2 cm wide.

Achenes longitudinally ribbed.

Found only in Peninsular Thailand and Langkawi in Malaya: apparently

restricted to limestone, not uncommon.

Vernonia rupicola Ridl., J. F.M.S. Mus. 10:144. 1920, Fl. 2:189. 1923; Hender.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Plant 30-100 cm tall, woody at the base. Leaves narrow elliptic to lanceolate,

base narrowed to the winged petiole, 6-12 by 3-5 cm. Flower heads terminal

or axillary, 2-3 together, on peduncles 3-5 cm long. Achenes narrow, ribbed

hairy.

Endemic to the Langkawi group of island and most probably restricted to

limestone, not common.

110 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

CONNARACEAE

1. Leaves trifoliolate. Fruits rough with 0.3-0.4 cm long papillae ..................

RAE GY, TRY ee Sia on ee A gelaea borneensis

eaves pinnate.’ Fruits’ smooth “!y../...0.0..... 2... .a..0 eee on ys

2. Fruits compressed, almost as broad as long ............ Connarus semidecandrus

Fruits convex, length almost twice-the Dreadti....s:;<50as-e eee Connarus sp.

Agelaea borneensis (Hk.f.) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 4:127. 1909; Leenh., FI.

Pip Maly 57304. 1958:

A. vestita AKI. in (Radl., FE S55. 22.

Castanola villosa Scheflenb., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43.

1939.

Connarus semidecandrus Jack, Mal. Misc. 2:39. 1822: Leenh., Fl. Mal. I, 5:534.

1958.

C. griffithiti Hk.f., m Ridl., Fl. 1:546. 1922; Henders.,. J. Mal. Br. RoaeAS

Soc. 17:43. -1939.

Connarus sp.

Woody climber. Leaves with 5-7 leaflets, of 1-2 sub-opposite pairs and a

terminal leaflet. Petiole 25-30 cm long, petiolues 1-1.4 cm long. Leaflets elliptic-

oblong, sub-coriaceous and glabrous (in the matured ones), 12-28 by 4.5-12 cm,

base broadly cuneate, nerves 10-12 pairs. Infructescence (inflorescence not

kknown) terminal, of 3-5 main branches about 10-28 cm long from the stem;

each with 1-4 short lateral branches. Fruit about 4 by 2-3 cm. bright red;

ellipsoid to oblong, base narrowed to a slender stipe about 0.3 cm long. The

style remnant which is shifted to the dorsal side forms a beak near the apex.

Inside of pericarp shortly and sparsely-densely pubescent; seed 1, about 3 cm

long. In unripe fruit, testa yellow; the basal part below the hilum partly enveloped

by a fleshy aril. In ripe fruit the seed is black and the aril yellow.

There are 3 numbers which are apparenly the same, Chin 1424 and Whitmore

FRI 4268 from the Gua Musang limestone at about 250 m altitude and Everett

FRI 14391 from Taman Negara, Pahang, on a hillside below a narrow ridge over

sandstone in primary forest at 330 m.

Chin 1424 was from a broad gully near the summit ridge of Gua Musang

on rocky terrain with fair accumulation of soil and supporting a fairly dense

vegetation 5—8 m tall.

Limestone Hill Flora 111

CONVOLVULACEAE

1. Leaf base deeply cordate; entire or shallowly to deeply 3-5 lobed ............

La ca cap nin ctconen « AION: Lepistemon_ binectariferum

Leaf bases cuneate, rounded, truncate or silghtly cordate; entire or undulate,

ee I I ei ee clge e Ae he Ate SP, RU et 2

mes 1) SRO WI 658 Sk ccs ae onc churn Se Son vin bids vawnxePobudy de 3

See aE II SHOWOTCE 916.3, 1¥ Sch eseds. 23 21K het 4

3. Leaves ellipic to oblong, velvety pubescent with shiny pale golden hairs,

Maus tee. UpGer: SUlIaGee! SU ee). ee, Argyreia mollis

Leaves ovate to orbicular, lower surface glabrescent or pubescent, but not

7 SOE ape a alate cae ea th BSS Oe Gib oe a Ipomoea illustris

4. Inflorescence with prominent persistent bracts; lanceolate and at least 1.2 cm

EE Ss i Sc 0A 0 1: a ee i a Argyreia maingayi

Inflorescence with much smaller bracts. Corolla 0.8-1 cm long ............

ere MST nee Sees ems ce, ee RA Od eee ae Jacquemontia paniculata

Argyreia maingayi (Cl.) Hoogl., Blumea 7:185. 1952; van Oost., Fl. Mal. I.

4:502. 1953.

Lettsomia maingayi Cl., in Hk.f. F.B.I. 4:195. 1883; Ridl., Fl. 2:450. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939.

Endemic to Malaya, in forest, swamps. by rivers and on limestone in

Kelantan.

Aregyreia mollis (Burm.f.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6:421. 1833; van

Oost., Fl. Mal. I. 4:496. 1953.

Lettsomia argentea Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 7:47. 1916.

A. obtusifolia Lour. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939.

Ipomoea illustris (Cl.) Prain, Beng. Pl. 2:735. 1903; Ridl., Fl. 2:460. 1923;

Ridl., Fl. 2:460. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939: van

Oost., Blumea 3:566. 1940, Fl. Mal. I. 4:485. 1953.

In Malaya, rare, only in the north: recorded from the limestone (Henderson

lic.) in Langkawi.

Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hall.f., Bot. Jahrb. 16:541. 1893; Ridl., FI.

2:456. 1923: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:59. 1939; van Oost.,

Blumea 3:269. 1939, Fl. Mal. I. 4:432. 1943.

Lepistemon binectariferum (Wall.) O.K., Rev. Gen. (1891) 446; van Oost., FI.

Mal. I. 4:489. 1953.

L. flavescens Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 2:462. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Geir to SAS. ck P39.

112 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

CUCURBITACEAE

]... Fruit a capsule’ opening by a did’ sin... 2.005. . a 0:

Pruit a berry, not: deshiscing .............0. 2.66045 -s-00h's cons odin 3

2, Calyx lobes 3, sceds winged all round — . 2 2 ee Zanonia clarkei

Calyx lobes 5, seeds winged at one end only ............ Neoalsomitra pubigera

3. Corolla lobes finibriate’.. .......4cie ee Trichosanthes tricuspidata

Corolla, lobes not fimbriate .:.......2.5.....)..) wse.s. es. cee ee ee +

4:. Leaves scabrid, usually lobed; fruits not ribbed ;.:..2.2:4..4¢ ae eee 5

Leaves not scabrid, entire with remote teeth ......... Momordica subangulata

5. Fruits globose 1—1.2 ‘cm across )...1..2b. 2. Ghee Melothria affinis

Fruits oblong-ovate, about 5 by 2 cm ......... Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis

Gymnopetalum cochinchinense Kurz., J. As. Soc. Beng. 40:57. 1871; Ridl., Fl.

1:846. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17;47.. 1939.

Melothria affinis King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 67:38. 1898; Ridl., Fl. 1:849. 1922;

Henders., Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1959) 157.

M. marginata Cogn., in DC., Mon. Phan. 3:593. 1881; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As Soc. 17:47. | 1939;

Momordica subangulata Bl., Bijdr. (1826) 928; Ridl., Fl. 1:848. 1922; Henders.,

J: Mal. Br. R. As. Socra?.: 43 yntesy:

Not common in Malaya, recorded from limestone in Ipoh and from river

banks in Kelantan.

Neoalsomitra pubigera (Prain) Hutch., Ann. Bot. N.S. 6:99. 1942.

Alsomitra pubigera Prain,, in Craib, Fl. Siam 1:768. 1931; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

A. clavigera Roem., in Ridl., Fl. 1:852. 1922.

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 529; Ridl., Fl. 1: 844.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

Zanonia clarkei King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 67:41. 1898; Ridl., Fl. 1:852. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:47. 1939.

Climber to 25 m long. Leaves coriaceous, ovate, base broad, nerves 5-7

from the base, blade 6-9 by 6-8 cm. Flowers unknown. Fruits ovoid, cylindrical

12—20 cm long.

Endemic, known only from two specimens collected from over limestone, one

from Gua Batu, Selangor and the other from Kinta, Perak (Henderson l.c.).

Limestone Hill Flora 113

DATISCACEAE

Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.. in Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1838) 79: Ridl.. Fl. 1: 864.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:48. 1939: van Steenis, Fl. Mal.

1 4:385, 1953.

Large tree 25-45 m.

Distributed in Ceylon., Andamans and S.E. Asia. In Malaya recorded only

from Gunong Keriang (a limestone hill) in Kedah, with nothing to show whether

it was actually collected from the hill or not. It probably came from the base

of the hill.

DILLENIACEAE

Small perennial herbs. Leaves all radical or from a short stem .....................

DS Ao a RR 52 Ea ee ES aD ee ee ee Acrotrema costatum

Woody climber. Receptacle flat, anther-cells diverging towards the base ......

eB ES Set oe ene eerie s Silt, Sek eo ee Tetracera scandens

Sree) ecepiacle ‘between the carpels conical... :.....2. 2905.1. 45. Dillenia indica

Acrotrema costatum Jack., Mal. Misc. I. 5:36. 1820: Ridl., Fl. 1:7. 1922;

Henders., Mal. Wild. Fl. 1:20. 1949: Hoogl., Fl. Mal. I. 4:151. 1951.

Dillenia indica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 535: Ridl., 1:10. 1922; Corner, Way. Trees

1:204. 1940; Hoogl., Fl. Mal. I, 4:171. 1951.

Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr., Int. Rumph. (1917) 365; Hoogl., Fl. Mal. I. 4: 143.

1951.

T. hebecarpa Boer]. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:33. 1939.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

eee setae: 1a Aeaves: ipbraus (5.0.00). 021) cess NL. i ne 2

Lower surface of leaves sparsely or densely tomentose, sometimes only on

| = Biel 09) ess Oa I Oe PO a ers ee ee 7

2. Veins very numerous, close together, slender and hardly raised ............ 3

Veins 6-16 pairs, usually prominently raised on the lower surface ......... o

3. Fruit with wings undeveloped .......................... Dryobalanops oblongifolia

BT ES a ae eae Hopea drvobalanoides

Reem Wee tones WINES: | 6122009702... Te! Dryobalanops aromatica

4. Leaves about 15 cm long. Matured fruits with 3 or 5 enlarged wings ...... 5

Leaves, usually less than 10 cm long. Matured fruits with 2 enlarged

RII Se Tice att #1), SOE Jad i UGe 08 - Locke b.0e see 00S 4. Seach bode lie latee

114 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

5. Leaf bases slightly cordate, broadly ovate-oblong, length less than twice the

width. Ripe fruits with 3 wings larger than the other 2 ... Pentacme siamensis

Leaf bases rounded, oblong-lanceolate, length more than twice the width.

Ripe fruits with 5 enlarged (wings: ......4)..67.c eee Parashorea lucida

6.Leaves ovate-acuminate. Nut oblong .A.......18...00. 02a Hopea ferrea

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate: "Nut clobose*.......5...0.0.. eee Vatica cinerea

7. Leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, 15-24 by 6-10 cm .................. cc cece cece ee es

Cae idee ONS Dipterocarpus oblongifolius

Leaves smaller, less than 15 cm long, rarely 17 cmoiye). a) ose

8. Tertiary nerves: reticulate: ::......c2.0)..0i1. 08. seat? Sa 9

Tertiary nerves more or less parallel and at right angles to the secondaries;

scalariform |......0.050... 0 Re I De 10

9. Undersurface of leaves with a close felt-like brown tomentum. Fruit with

2 enlarged wings: |... 0i2caVALeT. Beat eee eee Cotylelobium malayanum

Undersurface of leaves with very sparse pubescence. Fruit with 5 enlarged

WINGS -......... els. Oe ee , etal ES. 2 eee Vatica cinerea

10. Margin of leaves reflexed; leaf boat-shaped with the lower surface concave

SWASeS . Maw WER Ls sa eters oeddtc a ceaa bal 1 eh anuaettet taeda eae Shorea ovalis

Leaves ‘not as above cc: ..0.... Sealetcc Rie ee 11

11. Leaves pubescent on the lower surface; elliptic ............... Shorea leprosula

Leaves pubescent only along the veins; oblong-lanceolate ...... Shorea guiso

Cotylelobium malayanum V. Sl., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitz. 3:12. 1932; Foxw.,

Malay. For. Rec. 10:247. 1932; Syming., Mal. For. Rec. 16:235. 1943.

In Malaya it is usually coastal and chiefly from the east coast. Once recorded

from limestone; the tree was not seen but a leafy twig and a fruit were picked off

the ground in an area completely encircled by vertical limestone cliffs (Gunong

Rapat, Ipoh, Chin 774).

Dipterocarpus oblongifolium Bl., Mus. Bot. 2:36. 1852; Ridl., Fl. 1:216. 1922;

Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10:86. 1932; Syming., Mal. For. Rec. 16:184. 1943.

Commom in Malaya, usually along rocky streams. Once collected from

limestone at Gua Serai, Kelantan; probably at the base (UNESCO 343).

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f., Fract. 3:49. 1805; Ridl., Fl. 1:210. 1922;

Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10:105. 1932; Syming., Mal. For. Rec. 16:194.

1943.

Saplings have been seen on the small limestone outcrops in Johore; though

the roots probably reach the sandstone-derived soil around the limestone.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer, Lond. J. Bot. 12:100. 1874; Foxw., Mal. For.

Rec. 10:110. 1932; Syming., Mal. For. Rec. 16:196. 1943.

There are saplings of this plant growing on the small limestone outcrops in

Johore; the roots probably reach the sandstone-derived soil around the limestone.

Limestone Hill Flora 115

Hopea dryobalanoides Migq., Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl. (1860) 492; Symington, Gard.

Bull. S. 10:345. 1939, Mal.

For Rec. 16:123. 1941; Wycherley, M. N.J. 25:33. 1972.

According to Wycherley (l.c.) this species has been recorded from Batu

Caves, “‘on deep soi over limestone in the high valley above the caves.”

Hopea ferrea Llanessan, Pl. Utiles Col. Fr. (1886) 300; Foxw., Mal. For. Rec.

10:126. 1932; Henders., J. Mal: Br. R. As. Soc. 17:37. 1939; Syming.,

Mal. For. Rec. 16:124. 1943.

Balanocarpus anomalus King, in Ridl., Fl. 1:247. 1922.

Tree, frequently small and gnarled. Leaves coriaceous, ovate; acuminate;

secondary veins 7-10 pairs. Fruit cylindrical, conical with 2 long wings 3-4 cm

long and 3 short wings, 0.2-0.3 cm long, thick, curved, and bluntly pointed.

Distributed in Indo-China and Thailand. In Malaya it is restricted to the

north west, and frequently as stunted, gnarled trees on the limestone, and other

soil types. Very common on Langkawi islands; when in flower the light-coloured

crowns are very conspicuous. Flower profusely in August 1972.

Parashorea lucida (Miq.) Kurz., J. As. Soc. Beng. 39:65. 1870; Syming., Mal.

For. Rec. 16:102. 1943.

P. stellata Kurz., |.c. Ridl., FJ. 1:234. 1922; Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10: 242.

1932.

Confined to the northern half in Malaya. Recorded from limestone once

(UNESCO 377 from Batu Ner, Kelantan).

Pentacme siamensis (Mig.) Kurz., J. As. Soc. Beng 39:66. 1870; Foxw., Mal.

Por. éc.10:155.. 1932; Syming., Mal. For.. Rec. 16:105. . 1943.

P. malayana King, in Ridl.,Fl. 1:220. 1922.

Small tree, usually gnarled, deciduous, the flowers appearing with the new

leaves. Leaves, 12-17 by 7-11 cm, glabrous. Fruit with 3 large wings to 8 cm

long and 2 small to 4 cm long.

Distributed in Burma, Indo-China and Thailand. In Malaya it occurs only

in the northwest, and is probably restricted to limestone, not uncommon, and

often conspicuous on the Langkawi islands.

Shorea guiso (Blanco) BI., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:34. 1852; Syming., Mal. For.

Rec. 16:16. 1943.

S. longipetala Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10:174. 1932.

Once recorded from limestone on»Gua Serai, Kelantan; not specified but

probably from the base of hill (UNESCO 497).

Shorea leprosula Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1862) 487; Ridl., Fl. 1:222. 1922;

Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10:220. 1932; Syming., Mal. For. Rec. 16:75. 1943.

Recorded once from limestone as a sapling; not specified but probably from

the base of hill (UNESCO 498A from Gua Serai, Kelantan).

116 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:33. 1852; Syming., Mal. For.

Reo) 16:30: 11943.

S. sericea Dyer., in Ridl., Fl. 1:224. 1922; Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10: 229.

PO32.

Recorded once from limestone, ‘a small tree, sterile’ (UNESCO 497 A from

Gua Serai, Kelantan).

Vatica cinerea King, Materials (1893) 104; Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 10:256. 1932:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:37. 1939; Syming. Mal. For. Rec.

16: 105, - 1943.

Synaptea cinerea (King) Ridl., Fl. 1:243. 1922.

Distributed in Burma and Thailand. In Malaya chiefly in the northwest

and often in dry situations, not common on limestone, but recorded from Kelantan

and Perlis.

EBENACEAE *

Seventeen species of Diospyros have been recorded from limestone; most of

these are occasionals though a few are very rare and restricted to the limestone

habitat.

I have only been able to collect or see only six species. Under the circum-

stances the treatment is largely dependent on Bakhizen (1933) who listed the

Malayan Ebenaceae and described a larged number of new species; and Bakhuizen

(1936-41) which is a careful and detailed account of the Malesian Ebenaceae

known then. Ridley’s Flora and Corner (1952) have also been consulted.

The key is only to the six species I have seen.

1. Leaves, lower surface, pubescent) oicciiea., sh supd dee oti) eee ps

Leaves, lower surface glabrotis's....0)i0s.51, ds ierteckd aah. waa 3

2. Leaves small, 2-4 (-8) by 0.8-2 (—3) cm; fruiting calyx 0.4-0.6 cm across.

Recorded on limestone from Kelantan ........................ Diospyros buxifolia

Leaves larger, 4.5-12 by 2.5-5.5 cm; fruiting calyx 2.5-3 cm across. Only

from Langkawi: 2x1’: Geckeck, oki bee eee Diospyros transitoria

3. Leaves more than 5 cm long. tip blunt-tapered., acute or acuminate ......... 4

Leaves less than 5 cm long, tip emarginate, rounded or sub-acute. Common

on limestone around Gua Musang, Kelantan ........... va ee Diospyros ferrea

4. Lateral veins prominent, 8-20 pairs, leaves membranous, chartaceous or

sometimes subcoriaceous; base, with no glands ..........2)..0s. ae

Lateral veins obscure, numerous, anastomosing with tertiaries to form a

network visible on the lower surface, coriaceous; base with a pair of glands

FREE AG eytsis «cedure. gone ¥alee'ds ne + hgh nd ones: ne, re Diospyros adenophora

5. Flowers on twigs; leaves and twigs drying a pale gray to black ..................

SF ig siatpln da Ap tga $4) nlnae a bis RR cde eb ec ea aac ee Diospyros frutescens

Flowers on trunk, cauliforous; leaves and pegs not drying grey or black

bedeleles; Wadd cab vide valle'eacs Salve odds onidbalddd tale «his «kins sal lplalbeeleus 0 aa Lanta a

* See recent papers by F.S.P. Ng in, Malay. Forester 40:210-248. 1977 and Tree Fl. Mal.

3:56-94. 1978.

Limestone Hill Flora 117

Diospyros adenophora Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:164. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. III. 15:298. 1938; Henders. J. Henders. J. Mal. Bl. R. As. Soc.

£794... $939.

Endemic, uncommon. On limestone from Raub and Kota Celanggi, Pahang.

Otherwise from Kota Bahru, Kelantan, Termeloh, Pahang and Kuala _ Pilah,

Negri Sembilan.

Diospyros buxifolia (Bl.) Hiern, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12:218. 1873; Bakh.,

Bball Jean. Bot? Bustenz: IF, 15:97. +1937.

D. microphylla Bedd., in Ridl. Fl. 2:293. 1923.

Diospyros cauliflora Bl., Bijdr. (1825-1826) 668; Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7: 166.

1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. HI. 15:134. 1937: Henders, J. Mal. Br. R.

ise SOG. 1 a4 1939:

D. caliginosa Ridl., in Fl. 2:295. 1923.

Diospyros daemona Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:169. 1933, Bull. Jard Bot. Buitenz.

eis 140.. 11937; Hendess.,,3.:\Mal;.Br.. Rv As: Soe: 17:54... 1939.

Tree to 30 m. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, base round or slightly

cordate, dense pubescent when young, later less so, 5-15 by 2-5 cm. Female

flowers axillary, solitary and subsessile. Fruits solitary, subglobose. 6-8 cm

across.

Distributed in Sumatra, a very rare species known only from very few

collections. Recorded from Malaya once, on Bukit Chintamani, Pahang.

(Henderson 25030).

Diospyros ellipsoidea K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:220. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 2:290.

1923: Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:169. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III,

1522. 19372 Henders., .J. ‘Mal, Br: R-vAs.: Soc: 17 : 55: 1939.

Endemic, uncommon in lowland forest, so far recorded only from Kelantan

and Perak. According to Henderson, recorded from limestone in Perak.

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh., Gard. Gull. S.S. 7:162. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. III, 15:50. 1937: Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:55. 1939.

Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) A.L. Juss., in Ridl., Fl. 2:281. 1923

Common in Malaya, especially along rocky coasts; also on limestone, where

it is fairly common on dry hill tops near Gua Musang.

Diospyros frutescens Bl., Bijdr. (1825-1826) 668. Bakh., Gard. Bull. 7:171. 1933,

Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitend. III], 15:192. 1938; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 47:35. ~) 1939.

D. cymosa Ridl. Fl. 2:293. 1923.

D. Kunstleri K. et G., in Ridl. l.c. 293.

118 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Diospyros hermaphroditica (Zoll.) Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:162. 1933, Bull.

hes aes ia Il], 15:86. 1937: Henders, J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

So; 2939.

D. clavigera (non Clarke) Ridl., Fl. 2:288. 1923.

Maba clarkeana K. et G., in Ridl. lc. 280.

M. merguensis Hiern., in Ridl. l.c. 280.

M. olivacea K. et G., in Ridl. l.c. 279.

Not uncommon in Malaya, often coastal. Recorded from limestone in Perlis:

(Henderson l.c.) I have not seen any specimens of this species.

Diospyros holttumii Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7: 162. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz.

III, 15:80. 1937; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:55. 1939.

Shrub. Leaves ovate-cblong to lanceolate, base cuneate or obtuse, margin

reflex, glabrous, 7-15 by 3.5-5 cm. Male flowers not known; female flowers

axillary, solitary. Fruit depressed globose, 1-2 cm across; calyx 3-4 lobed,

].5—2 cm across.

Rare endemic, known from a single collection made over limestone; Holttum

15122 from Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, Kedah.

Diospyros malayana Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7: 163. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz.

Ill, 15:75. 1937;. Henders. J: Mab -Brok. As: Sec..17 255.4103

Maba racemosa Ridl., Fl. 5:320. 1925.

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco, Fl. Filipin, 2:304. 1878; Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S.

7:181. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II, 15:243. 1938; Henders., J. Mal.

Br, As,’ Soc. 17 55.22 G39.

D.. Helferi- Cl, 1m Ridk, Hipage 292) 192s.

Diospyros retrofracta Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:361. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. III, 15:361. 1938; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:55. 1939.

Small tree 3.5-10 m. Leaves oblong, margin reflexed, lower surface appress-

pilose, 4-15 by 1.5 cm. Inflorescence axillary, cymose; flowers 4-merous; male

unknown; female sessile, calyx 4-lobed, about 0.5 cm across. Fruit depressed

globose; 2.5—3 cm across; calyx 1-2 cm across, lobed reflexed.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. Recorded from Perlis, Perak and Pahang

in Malaya; restricted to limestone.

Diospyros rigida Hiern, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12:257. 1873; Ridl., Fl. 2:291.

1923: Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:183. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III,

15:367. 1938.

Rare in Malaya, recorded from Perak and recently from limestone in Kelantan;

UNESCO 99, from Batu Hayan, Bertam.

Diospyros toposioides K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:223. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 2: 290.

1923: Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:186. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III,

15:301. 1938: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc., 17:55. 1939.

Limestone Hill Flora 119

Diospyros transitoria Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:186. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. II], 15:360. 1938.

Small tree to 10 m. Leaves ovate-elliptic, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,

firm coriaceous; apex acute or gradually narrowed to acumindate, lower surface

brown pubescent, 4.5-12 by (1.5—) 2.5-5.5 cm. Inflorescence axillary; male in

short cymes about 1 cm long, flowers not known; female solitary, calyx 4-5 lobed,

corolla tubular, 4-5 lobed. Fruit 2-3 cm across, densely pubescent; caly coriaceous,

with 4 large lobes, each broadly ovate to 1.5 cm long.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. Recorded from Langkawi in Malaya,

rarely collected and restricted to limestone.

Diospyros undulata Wall. ex G. Don., Cat. (1831) 4136; Bakh., Gard. Bull. S.S.

7:187. 1933, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. HI, 15:279. 1938: Henders. J. Mal.

Ber. As. Soc: 17:55.) 4939.

Diospyros wallichii K. et G. ex King., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:220. 1906; Ridl.,

mr 3220. 1923: Bakh. Gard Bull. SS. 7:263:->1933, Bull. -Jard.- Bot.

Buitenz. III, 15:262. 1938: Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:55. 1939.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall., Cat. (1831) 2678: Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:408. 1875;

Ridl. Fl., 1:316. 1922; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 10:313. 1939.

Common on the lowlands and hills to 1100 m, especially on rocky cliffs near

the sea. Recorded once on limestone from the summit of Gua Batu, Selangor.

(Chin 1262).

ERICACEAE

Leaves opposite, often in 4-S-merous pseudowhorls; nerves 5—6 pairs, spaced out.

Ne ACM MINING cs o.oo iy ot xa ca oaks den det Cece ches Rhododendron longiflorum

Leaves spiral, not in psuedowhorls; nerves 3-5, basal or suprabasal. Flowers in

(5 5 Gas SE MERU Sar IOs TAI a 3g 3 re a Vaccinium littoreum

Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. Lond. 3:88. 1846; Sleumer, FI.

Mal. I, 6:641. 1966; Stone, M.N.J. 24:93. 1971.

R. orion Ridl. var. aurantiacum Ridl., Fl. 2:217. 1923: Henders., Gard.

Bull. S.S. 4:280. 1928.

It has been recorded once on limestone, ‘in crevices’, on the dome of Bukit

Takun, Selangor (Stone 5887).

This is the only Rhododendron from limestone, but I have not been able to

relocate this plant (originally collected on the 11th July 1965).

Vaccinium littoreum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1:251, 587. 1860; Sleumer, FI.

Mal. I, 6:854. 1967.

V. hasseltii Miq., in Ridl., Fl. 2:209. 1923, incl. var. sabuletorum Ridl. l.c.

210; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Epiphytic or terrestrial, often near the coast. Also recorded from dry

limestone cliffs on Bukit Takun, Selangor and Gua Panjang, Kelantan, and

observed on Bukit Anak Takun, Selangor.

120 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Mig.) Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 43:135. 1847; Ridl., FI.

bh 94 yy 972.

Common in lowland forest, often near beaches and rivers cn sandy or rocky

soils. Not uncommon on limestone in the central part of the country; usually a

shrub to small tree, 2-7 m, on thin soil on slopes and summits of dry hills.

EUPHORBIACEAE — INTRODUCTORY KEY

The numbers on the right hand side refer to the numbers in the main key

with which one should continue.

1. A cactus-like plant. Euphorbia antiquorum

1’ Otherwise.

2. Climbers or scramblers®. -2.i.. 5 awe selendy aes eles ee es ee ee 3

Mallotus repandus,

Phyllanthus ridleyanus,

Bridelia stipularis,

Cnesmone spp.

2’ Herbs or subshrubs;. less than ;60%em. tallvatt . fn. ches. eles ee eee 9

Phyllanthus filicifolius,

P. pulcher, Leptopus

australis, Euphorbia

hirta, Acalypha lanceolata.

2”? Shrubs or trees, more than 60 cm tall.

3. Twigs and branches with coarsely fissured corky bark; very distinctive

aban an nevkcas «dab ede ected detache Pahae tee ELS o COE Raa ie ae he 13

Sauropus suberosus

3’ Otherwise.

4. Leaves peltate <4...28.0, 08 Ae Tee ee a tei 15

Endospermum diadenum

(sapling only)

Macaranga tanarius,

Mallotus peltatus.

4° weaves not peltate

5. Leaves ‘opposite ....... 05.2. cinccsewus 0) oenneede eer Hel inane 18

Blumeodendron kurzii,

Erismanthus obliquus,

Mallotus spp.,

Excoecaria oppositifolia

Trigonostemon aurantiacus

5’ Leaves alternate or spiral.

6. Leaves distichously alternate, forming leafy twigs resembling

pinnate leaves |. naccoie s > « nablh'elt bs) socal Silla cet leaks na a 29

Glochidion spp. Phyllanthus

spp., Sauropus spp. Breynia

vitis-idea.

6’ Otherwise.

Limestone Hill Flora 121

7. Twigs and lower surface of leaves with stellate hairs,

seubest Gey rlandular Granules sc cexes, 200.82 evegcceiesnseeses 4]

Mallotus philippensis,

Melanolepis glandulosa,

Endospermum diadenum,

Aleurites moluccana, Homonoia

riparia, Croton spp.,

Cladogynos orientalis,

Kouiodepas longifolium,

Sumbaviopsis albicans.

7’ Twigs and lower surface of leaves not so covered.

&. Jeet bases Mosilyasymmetrical ......6ck...0.0. bie. 53

Drypetes spp.

8’ Leaf bases symmetrical.

9. Flowers in axillary clusters.

10. Calyx valvate.

11. Ovary 2-loculate. Fruit drupaceous.

Bridelia spp.

11° Ovary 3-loculate. Fruit capsular ..... 59

Cleistanthus spp.

Ly BE) Sa 2" SR a 68

Microdesmis caseariifolia,

Trigonostemon aurantiacus,

Actephila spp.

9’ Flowers in expanded inflorescences.

Be eee TONED, WEEE SPCtAIS 5562. osc ng te

Agrostistachys gaudichaudii,

Trigonostemon spp.

12’ Male flowers without petals.

13. Male calyx of 2 appressed sepals.

Leaves triangular to ovate ............ 76

Homalanthus populneus

13° Male calyx otherwise.

14. Male calyx flattened from above

downwards. Twigs and_ branches

with coarsely fissured corkky bark

eet REY, Fo EEG a 77

Sauropus suberosus

14’ Male calyx otherwise.

122 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

15. Calyx lobes valvate ........... fe.

Cleidion javanicum, Alchornea

rugosa, Claoxylon longifolium

Mallotus spp., Sapium insigne

15’ Calyx lobes imbricate ....... 83

Antidesma spp., Aporusa

stellifera,. Baccaurea lanceolata,

Richeriella malayana.

EUPHORBIACEAE — MAIN KEY

1. A cactus-like plant to 8 m. Branches 3-6 angled, succulent, thorny; Perlis

anid aniekawie At eee ee eee eee ae Euphorbia antiquorum

Plant otherwise oi... ris oc on otdv ane aon nthe tun Peed gee 2

2. Climbers or scramiblers «0 reo Saco es apes pen aa 3

Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or trees; ‘not. climbing °<...7........ ee 8

3. Leaf base narrowed, cuneate or broadly cuneate .............000ccccceeeeeeeeeees 4

Leaf base broad, rounded or cordate. %..:....0-0.).4. See 5

4. Petioles 1-2 cm, leaves with a prominent pair of veins at the base of midrib,

usually pubescent below, margin undulate-denticulate. Flowers in elongate

INNMLOLESCETICES, « segs 0155 ee eee ae ee a Mallotus repandus

Petioles less than 0.5 cm. leaves with no prominent basal pair of veins,

glabrous, margin entire. Flowers in axillary clusters ... Phyllanthus ridleyanus

5. Stout woody scrambler or small tree. Flowers usually on the leafless ends

of twigs: 1 ‘clusters. 10.4. lad. ak De eee Bridelia stipularis (sometimes)

Slender twiggy climber. Flowers in slender racemes .......................006+ 6

6. Branches 0.4-0.5 cm in diameter. Leaves large 9-20 by 4.5-10 cm, base

deeply cordate...) oie. ae eee ee ee ee Cnesmone javanica

Branches more slender. Leaves smaller, 3-7.5 by 3-5 cm, base slightly to

distinctly cordate ©... 4.40546.) ash Daca ee bares hey en mMane eaa nee aa ee

7. Stipules persistent. Leaves slightly peltate or not. Male and female flowers

on separate inflorescences. Gua Batu, Selangor and Gunong Pondok, Perak

ving Vie wiain ace dvs nis Cabikeae Vale ad ged eae TREY bavi beth a Cnesmone subpeltata

Stipules deciduous. Leaves never peltate. Male and female flowers on the

same inflorescence. Only Langkawi, Kedah ..................... Cnesmone laevis

8. Herbs or subshrubs, less than 60 ¢m tall .....).........233..0ee 9

Shrubs or trees, usually much more than 60 cm .........0....9500e 13

9. Leaves alternate, in 2 ranks, forming sprays resembling pinnate leaves;

slaucous.on the underside «iii .ij....0s+.sevu0s se» sn baleia tees alien nanan 10

NOE: SO. . cineias sienisisls «is | bcieiated melpleld Sle cv oa.e oreinsa Gs nts oly a 11

10. Leaves obovate to orbicular. Sepals obovate, shallowly laciniate ............

v edeitaipavinlvle SN WEQM icles otdnin-civ'viala.s 4-2 Woks clgaiocie dea nan aIG teeta ttn Phyllanthus filicifolius

Leaves oblong. Sepals ovate, deeply laciniate ............ Phyllanthus pulcher

Limestone Hill Flora 123

¥2.

14.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

fan

ie.

Margin of leaves serrated or crenate. Capsules less than 0.3 cm across ... 12

Margin of leaves entire. Capsules about 0.4 cm across ... Leptopus australis

Leaves opposite, plant with copious mikly sap; inflorescence axillary. Weed

ESSE SE Pe eee eee Euphorbia hirta

Leaves siral, plant with no mikly sap; inflorescence terminal .....................

en RE eto ek so wscie sede c+ depeasheue+ces Acalypha lanceolata

Twigs and branches with coarsely fissured corky bark, obvious about 5 leaves

from the tip; very striking and distinctive in twigs more than 0.5 cm across

oy STESTSES BO Rate ERY Soe hs ie ee ee Sauropus suberosus (sometimes)

UN a Pe DPD a cond sdk oben boda spews on eeaedsuadeeasns 14

ERAS PER CRINT EPROM tc a oe eno Sa iyla head iehcle «5 ipiamioianain'deyy « 15

meee OO OSI TaMINCHY PCMAIC 5-2... 2. con ceeds no sacdeneshteus owns 17

Leaves stellate hairy below ............ Endospermum diadenum (sapling only)

rn aM SIAR EO ESIO sh st. Sod occ Fa set nea Pan acs con woes Sen wv and ooo 16

Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular 8-25 cm across, about as long as broad.

Fruits sticky glandular with soft spines about 1 cm long ...........................

(states SORIA eS Ee See ee ae 5rd ss Macaranga tanarius

Leaves ovate-oblong, 8-20 by 5-10 cm. Fruit sticky glandular spines shcrt

a hat ro). PLEO ke I Malek MEE. Mallotus peltatus

Leaves opposite, subopposite or predominantly opposite, sometimes one of a

seeeriseiiie ANOHCU OF UNOGCVCIOPEd oe. ~ 2 .cissoc fei .2 22-2. 0202 ee see eee cee 18

Leaves alternate or spiral .................. np OES Gol) oh Sad Re an LR ee ee ae 28

Leaves in whorl-like clusters; tertiary veins and reticulations forming a minute

emneeee Sorteterir- claw + -22-5%: )4- 2 9s. AR as Blumeodendron kurzii

TREE SIR Ss ies Aap ore Se ee 19

cea ae eee seni esaIne wine®. 0520). STEN a 2 20

One of each pair slightly, but distinctly or drastically reduced ............... ZS

Base of leaf strongly unequally heart-shaped ............ Erismanthus obliquus

OI NNR NET oe eT a Fy ss oh ov ra agi Mon du cecus dae nas ecusccssaunee 21

Twigs, leat stalks and the lower surface of leaves densely tomentose. Bases

of leaves rounded or weakly cordate .....................++. Mallotus eriocarpus

Twigs, leaf stalks and the lower surface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent.

eas 0, REE ICR: (0 TOMINGEG oy. i hiceg'). calyeaiedins ae Sen des fseh ses ewes ete ew eee 22

Margin of leaves entire. Leaves ovate-elliptic, petioles slender, to 12 cm

ee eC 2 AES ooking ean nas aseg oveovedee <oaeees Mallotus wrayi

Margin of leaves subserrate to serrate or cremate ........................00202. 23

All leaves opposite, elliptic, margin subserrate. Stamens 30-40. Plant with

a i. | ils pn Chee eh« veaaed bas s+ downs xe Mallotus bracteatus

Leaves frequently subopposite or spiral. Stamens 3-5. Plant with or with-

Ee re ae eee 24

124

24.

23.

26.

pa &

28.

2D:

a2.

33.

3D.

36.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Plant with copious milky sap. Leaves ovate oblong, margin serrate. Flowers

on. axillary.spikes.....No petals. s.ncty.scdeseeete ae Excoecaria oppositifolia

No milky sap. Leaves ovate to elliptic. Female spikes to 20 cm. Male

flowers in short stalked clusters. Petals present ... Trigonostomon aurantiacus

One of each pair of leaves drastically reduced; broadly ovate, 0.6-2 cm

actoss, the other S-20°cm long. ...°--..-. --1.< eee Mallotus miquelianus

Not ‘so drastically reduced... 22.00.0000... 0. Sei dase pom ene 26:

Pedicel very short, 0.2-0.3 cm. Leaves elliptic obovate, tapered to the base,

slightly ‘cordate “ss... 8 os; 4a eee Mallotus brevipetiolatus

Pedicel 1-5) Car oo). iccccscaeseeiainadcete scteens sss gee pei

Twigs, leaf stalks and the undersurface of leaves more or less densely

pubescent. Twigs somewhat flattened. Stipules and bracts persistent ......

Jasiecie ie taceehtesceesss seesbledenssull th bub DOLE ate saoeie te heenthE i Mallotus dispar

Twigs, leaf stalks and the undersurface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent.

Twigs ‘rounded o.oo Ra en a Mallotus cuneatus

Leaves distichously alternate, forming leafy twigs resembling pinnate leaves.

(two Sauropus spp. in which this is not clear on herbarium sheets also come

under lead 40) .2..2.008.2. 2 ee 29

leavesotherwise arranged. \. 1. f0cch.wkee estes nena e ee 1 ee aes mee eee 40°

Leaf base very asymmetrical, leaves. pubescent: 2.3.1...) 00020) ee 30

Leaf base symmetrical or sometimes slightly asymmetrical, leaves pubescent

OF MOG oc. ssl... soll 24 alps a cReaDy ela ERAS oped oes & aS eRe ene, a 31

Styles fused into a column, persistent on fruit ............ Glochidion obscurum

Styles free, spreadmg’\) > Es cae 7 eee ee Phyllanthus sikkimensis

Leaves large, more. than 5-cm» long °).250.. Noha aan az

Leaves smaller, less than 5,cm lomg 0.5... )20..us.5..)) 5) nce dee 34.

Styles fused in a column, about 0.2 cm long, persistent on fruit. Base of

leaf slightly anequal«?,.2) 246 Rapes eee Glochidion perakense

Styles free, not fused. in.'a column. v6.2.5.5/-7. ican teas cece 33

Twigs and branches with coarsely fissured corky bark; obvious in twigs,

0.3 cm across; very striking and distinctive in twigs more than 0.5 cm across.

Leaves 12-25 ‘cnr lone. so A eee eee Sauropus suberosus (sometimes)

Twigs and branches with thin bark, smooth. Leaves 7-15 cm_ long.

Flowers im axillary Chisterg/r, A.cnG oa eee Sauropus macranthus

Twigs and sometimes leaves finely pubescent or glabrescent .................. 35,

Twigs and leaves glabrous: veces cs cns cep es sides oneness sence nenee on eee as

Base of leaf slightly cordate twigs finely pubescent to glabrescent. Only from

Cstla Batu, Selangor oars preacwes eps soms piel snae aie Glochidion rubrum

Base of leaf not cordate; twigs densely pubescent .........:).:ssaeeeenne 36

Leafy twigs crowded in groups; rusty scurfy; leaves about 3 by 1.2 cm ......

sone decease ee Cena coves cede ntay obs tee tenet ue tet aa anne Phyllanthus columnaris

Leafy twigs not crowded in groups, soft golden pubescent; leaves slightly

eter Sh ee RS ee itis Beene Sauropus villosus

Limestone Hill Flora 125

oF.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

Leaves rotundus, about 2.5 by 2 cm., thin with prominent whitish close nerve

network. Twigs blackish. Only G. Senyum, Pahang ... Sauropus calcareus

ees Ceme Or HVate-cuIplic Merves) Cilferent < fcc... cesle eee. cies scnnstinaenees 38

Leaves drying blackish on the upper surface, lower surface glaucous grey

(oe ee A heb bgee Sl A os Pe See eal ar Breynia vitis-idea

Leaves drying Maret tos sored et Civ ridies theme pepsin hv 39

ewer wits sOmmied Bek 2272 ee... ari Ohe Sauropus brevipes

Leaves with shortly drawn out pointed apex ............ Phyllanthus oxyphyllus

Twigs and the undersurface of leaves covered with dense or sparse stellate

hairs, scales or glandular granules (in Croton laevifolius, only on the younger

ae Ey oe Den rt gc ale dik pn 0 IWs ee od Gane s «won unk deme os 41

Twigs and the undersurface of leaves glabrous or pubescent but not with

ee SINT ROA OP LOMMOUIAL PTATINGS os oo aon 5 ne =p avocnne vo2s hanes an edées a2

Undersurface of leaves with glandular granules. Fruits covered with dense

AM NIE coral) 1 glo 2 8459 tists 4 C5» Sees oo Sats = dev Sua bo T4e Mallotus philippensis

RWI AB Neer, Sar awed ais. Tt Ds . heights SOSA ae ae Tek te oboe ts aoe ESE YL 42

ene NAR CONT WHIEKL 90/20 LUN. A IA Bo as een Cel a, 43

eee MMB Y VOINE © > isc 0p os, beet or odeg te A. on BR, 45

Margin of leaves coarsely toothed .................. Melanolepis multiglandulosa

SR cunt ethene yim tile shad A en hips et ined pela i 44

Leaves usually cordate (leaves of saplings peltate). Petals absent. Fruit to

ee GRENDEL Ch EE So 0 atin « vb Endospermum diadenum

Leaves not cordate (leaves of saplings 3-5 lobed, cordate). Petals present.

EAR IGE ES OS ao ace ae een a Aleurites moluccana

Lower surface of leaves densely covered by peltate scales, whitish, silvery or

0 SE te ae ELE gate Ap aiiae ope ep) |) Ciel a8 bo Pa ee le eee ee 46

Leaves narrow, oblong or lanceolate, about 8 by 1.5 cm ... Homonoia riparia

MRED IR PR ae ae ea es ak sia sas pa baat Salt eh niddW gh « «Ks (ames eset 47

Leaves silvery below with conspicuous brown dots, elliptic, 10-17 by 4-6.5

IMR EMR Be cay ce ee igh gs imWiwass end swe om Croton cascarilloides

Leaves bronze below, not: conspicuously dotted, ovate, 10-15 by 3.5-7.5 cm

rE SO ol 8 LL Ey Ph done g suis ved gtede nese decs Croton argyratus

Male flowers in dense spherical stalked heads. Leaves coarsely toothed.

MINI MEME Ne elt it dk Veco cede davevccee wet ce sadess Cladogynos orientalis

Inflorescence lateral. Flowers without petals. Fruits about 1.3 cm across,

EE MRL SUL. Soc. s sen axeseeh cde ctenecunvarss Koilodepas longifolium

Inflorescence terminal. Flowers with or without petals ....................... 50

126

50.

BL.

54.

me 8

56.

ST;

58.

ae |

60.

61.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Leaves with 2 conspicuous glands at the base of blade ........................ 51

Leaves with no glands!) tf 2. sien a 8s es Sumbaviopsis albicans

Lower surface of leaves glabrescent, with stellate hairs on the midrib and

yours, leaves, Only a .iiai4- - .,:s0Seape: sae aeee meee eee ee Croton laevifolius

Lower surface of leaves more or less densely dotted with stellate hairs ......

SATEEN Foe eee ee ee ne ee ee Croton erythrostachys

Leaf bases mostly asymmetrical, leaves coriaceous, glabrous. Stigma expanded

flat. Ovary and fruits fulvous tomentose ..........2. }chiceee tee 53

Leaf bases symmetrical or nearly so; not with the above combination of

Characters: ©... ascee sees bic nk vb ewe cbd dees Soba tebiees die da cacente ee eel aa 54

Leaves finely toothed with small spines. Fruits to 4.5 cm ‘cross ...............

RB FeI 5 tr ASN EYE UMASS tii MD ice if OE HR ae ko Drypetes oxyodonta

Leaves not toothed. Fruits small, about 1.2 cm across ..... Drypetes nervosa

Flowers in axillary clusters; male flowers with petals (except Sauropus spp.)

Flowers in expanded, spike-like or branched inflorescences (except Cleidion

javanicum where the female flowers are solitary); male flowers without petals

(except Agrostistachys gaudichaudii and Trigonostemon spp.) ..............- fA!

Calyx lobes not overlapping in bud, i.e.: valvate; stamens fused in a column;

female disc flask-shaped .:.2...5525.2...245....2--+ 15. baat «10 56:

Calyx lobes overlapping in bud, i.e.: imbricate; stamens free or fused; disc

VATIOUS. «o.oo 4 «eiseee de nincedlngd Be Soc eu ee be eke ease Uneaten 68

Calyx of male flowers horizontally flat, i.e.: from above downwards, disc-like,

lobes sharply inflexed. Female calyx deeply divided ........................000e0:

1 ve alge av o'cvaent Lteeao ue teagan tee cia ane Sauropus macranthus (sometimes)

Ovary 2-loculate. Fruit drupaceous’ ». 4... 57

Ovary 3-loculate. Frost capsular.) 320s. i neat vs obey ape 3

Leaves glabrous to glabrescent below, somewhat shiny, margin wavy .........

asda sendesad subclasses aegesde SRE RO Wiens Waa eeeUns RPO e IE eka eee Bridelia ovata

Leaves scrufy. to hairy below,. ‘Gully, . 5.00.02. catitn cic gs gs ence 58

leaves densely softly tomentose below. Flowers to 1 cm across, usually on

leafless ends of twigs. Fruit to 0.6 cm across ... Bridelia stipularis (sometimes)

Leaves weakly scurfy below. Flowers smaller. Fruits smaller ..................

sce gadeesceinehscdotbeliiglauslldibne fajeaeelar wey Gt aisle Seen ta nina Bridelia tomentosa

Leaves glabrous or glabrescent underneath, sometimes pubescent on the mid-

TID yee eos cc egedapesha deg Boabbiaiebde ceeds mame Peenelllites tcc ktte mnt hematin ti 60°

Leaves pubescent underneath, hairs sometimes short and fine ............... 66:

Leaves distinctly glaucous. below ...01...5...:. 0:00.01), 0 seen os eee 6]

Leaves not glaucous below >... .4.3..)05,.0000./ 200015220 a 62

Plant very twiggy, twigs very slender and flexible, completely glabrous.

Flowers usually in axis of tiny bracts. Stipules not persistent ...............

es eel Lud Bape Mads aabidadl de le Et pees <a ane Cleistanthus gracilis (sometimes)

Plant different, tip of twigs pubescent. Flowers ustally in the axils of reduced

leaves. Stipules persistent ..:.3) «x: 0/000. Cleistanthus glaucus

Limestone Hill Flora 127

62.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

(22

has

74.

(ae

Tertiary veins prominent on the lower surface. Flowers and fruits usually

a 8 od cdots vi tc staid shh « ewig xfer don ved eahyeath- 63

Tertiary veins faint or not seen. Flowers and fruits often on leafless side

ER eT Bote Sear irl 2. « sv § < Bipah Sed oe « “hee isbs edad.) 65

meaves, 15> 20-by G9 cm, ovate-clliptic: Fruits’ 1.5 cm across ..................

cod Borrachos a soil lie SOl Reh ai ne a Cleistanthus macrophyllus

Leaves smaller, elliptic. Fruits about 1 cm across

Leaves 2-4 by 1.3-2 cm, elliptic to ovate, somewhat suddenly contracted to

yl Gi, MaBEOW pAEIO GID rc ie hf ck Cleistanthus gracilis (usually)

Leaves 4-9 by 1.5-3 cm, elliptic, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, tapering

BRAG AU 10) a PEONOUNGER ELD (oy - 6.65 see cee eee noe Cleistanthus parvifolius

Leaf-base rounded, and usually minutely cordate, stipules persistent ...... 67

Leaf-base cuneate, stipules deciduous. Leaves ovate to _ ovate-elliptic,

RN CN Fo ise Sc ceis GEA OTS Ga teen de Wn i bbawes Cleistanthus kingii

Secondary veins arising at about 60 degrees to the midrib, strongly curving

upwards to margin. Leaves 2-6 by 1-2.5 cm ........ Cleistanthus polyphyllus

Secondary veins arising at about 45 degrees to the midrib, more or less direct

to the margin. Leaves 7-10 by 3-4 cm .................. Cleistanthus hirsutulus

(sometimes)

Petals shorter than sepals; ovules 2 per locule. Monoecious .................. 69

Petals longer than sepals; ovules 1 per locule. Dioecious ........................

MA eR eae ee mete Na? Baoan Pe Mercrodesmis caseariifolia

Flower clusters. with, both male and female. flowers cc... si... 0.0 0ces sees 70

Flower clusters with only male flowers. Female flowers in spikes ............

4 Sy 2S LS Re Sed eee foe oe Trigonostemon aurantiacus

Sepals of female flowers large. ovate, 1.5 cm long ............. Actephila ovalis

Sepals of female flowers tiny ..................... Actephila exelsa var. acuminata

NEN WE SEDC DNS Fr i chen 8. is. ca ou fil tdL wdN clgn Sone va baie ele sc wees 72.

RANE EEN occ OG ind ashic lacie nee 5!) try de Sy yaks #¥ere dele oe vRev's 28 - 76

Flowers subtended by a chaffy, straw coloured bract. Male flowers 3 to

each bract; female, one to each bract. Base of spikes with 6-12 similar,

Overlapping bracts. Fruits blue-green. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate-obovate,

NR kT, ccm nine vv geen op oe Agrostistachys gaudichaudii

Flowers not subtended by such bracts. Not with the above combination of

NE et a rere hn Aer Sk re ge 1 Lb Lladgimnec Mita ales OUiincs'e wags we Vesagae as 73

Twigs and the lower surface of leaves dense hairy; rarely only so on midrib

ee Tt Nee A eh, clea aebew beh bs deanathnss Trigonostemon villosus

Twigs and the lower surface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent ............... 74

UE TE St ee Ns tara (ue acthmbe adds Shs) suanweapsgess 75

Petiole 1.5 cm. Flowers in spikes to 10 cm, with male flowers and a single

RemrINONA Foee a, a rads we, Bas Pa sEas wan vipa pons eneees Trigonostemon verticillatus

Inflorescence with male and female flowers, axis filiform, with branches to

5 cm. Female flowers borne terminally ............ Trigonostemon viridissimus

Inflorescence with either male or female flowers, axis stout, rigid. Female

flowers on a spike to 23 cm. Male flowers in short clusters ..................

a ci hvac tune umveevecciicsdnecs Trigonostemon aurantiacus

128

76.

rae

78.

72,

80.

81.

84.

85.

86.

87.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Male calyx of 2 sepals; erect and appressed; with 1-2 glands below each

flower. Leaves broadly triangular to ovate. Bark with watery milky sap

AEE Des APIA EE ates Reet a Homalanthus populneus

Calyx different. Not with the above combination of characters ............ iW

Male calyx flattened from above downwards, dis-like; sepals sharply inflexed.

Twigs and branches with coarsely fissured corkky bark; obvious in twig

0.3 cm across, very striking and distinctive in twigs more than 0.5 cm across.

inflorescence - 10+30enm' long 1009... -gieeot ae Sauropus suberosus (sometimes)

Calyx .and \twigs ‘otherwise. .........s.::ics.ssseeseuas oh «'s0hapee mete ae ee 78

Calyx lobes not overlapping in bud, i.e. valvate .................5)5 eee vo

Calyx lobes overlapping in bud, i.e. imbricate .)..2:... 2... eee 83

Female flowers in imflorescemces. ..6.... «osc sicis snip sipaiese no or ane 80

Female flowers solitary. Fruit about 2 cm across obscurely or distinctly

2-lobed; .styles long. and upersistents «isio.io eee Cleidion javanicum

StAMEMS MUMELOUS, . «aise kiss coe vandals ok a ste Sephedllala anil estonia a 81

Stamens 8. Plant with no white later Pir RS eee ll on. Alchornza rugosa

Stamens 2-3))Plant with! copious whiteVlatex 2 ee Sapium insigne

Anther cells diverging from base upwards. Stamens with glands between

thet baSeS 2 cacao Fis oot ae A Claoxylon longifolium

Anther cells not..divergine from each: othets....:vinc..o.) eee 82

Petioles with swollen dark knees at both ends. Fruits with fine long bristles

Ciwide « 6d asuerivod ao «4nd dois dy Bho sO CO Re Re he Mallotus griffithianus

Petioles without swollen knees. Fruits with short stiff spines ..................

veeveaee den dcl a Se eR ee eee Mallotus oblongifolius

Fruits with a single, hard, pitted stone with 1 seed. Stigmas persistent, often

OfT-Cemter ...iicce 40 Be Menderes Ge nals Sn VR Peels ae Cane napa 84

Young twigs and the lower surfaces of leaves pubescent; sometimes glabrescent,

and pubescent only along the midrib. Fruits 1 by 0.6 cm ...........,............

sucbass's de pos 0.00 bhypagens alouyiatbe gh Ghee Misael: aa ph Gath aininnnnnan aan Antidesma tomentosum

Young twigs and the lower surfaces of leaves glabrous or glabrescent ...... 85

Inflorescence a simple spike. Leaves small, 4-9 by 1.5-3.5 cm ...............

wi's dp naa dinia cin'e'n'e y adie wd Liglnuie F mate eg EDS me eS Rea ae elt Antidesma japonicum

Inflorescence a raceme or panicle. Leaves larger 10-18 by 4-7 cm .........

UN, Cac koe. LT. A Antidesma montanum

Inflorescence more than 3 cm long; often much more ......................5. 87

Inflorescence a spike under 3 cm long. Fruits ovoid, 1.5 cm long, drying

WHTESD 62... oan 3) sod ue iee eebeoainnn'e geeers Gay sets dema ane an Aporusa Stellifera

Flowers in racemes borne on branches and trunk; disc obscurred. Fruits

ovoid, juicy, 2.5.em: long: ?. 2109.5, 4 ee Baccaurea lanceolata

Flowers in slender axillary panicles, borne on twigs. Disc, of 5 glands

alternating with sepals. Fruits a dry capsule about 0.5 cm long ...............

Nil victeliat SRS BALLS sechuscaveasdeuseeseeveveculft buscesuces) oot liNlthIG IH Gl Gl ttn anmamnna

Limestone Hill Flora 129

Acalypha lanceolata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4:524. 1805: Whitmore. Tree Fl. Mal. 2:51.

1972.

A. fallax M.A., in Ridl., Fl. 3:274. 1924.

Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) M.A., Linnaea 32:78. 1863: Ridl., Fl. 3:196. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939.

var. acuminata Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:209. 1971.

Shrub 1-2 m tall. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, about 9-12 by

2.5—3.5, dull chartaceous, glabrous. Flowers axillary. solitary or several clustered

together. Capsule subglobose, 2—3.5 cm across.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand and Indo-China. In Malaya, uncommon,

restricted to limestone and known from near Ipoh, Perak: Gua Batu. Selangor:

Gua Jaya and Gua Panjang, Kelantan.

Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. Ind. 9:219. 1922: Ridl., FI.

3:196. 1924: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939; Airy Shaw,

Kew Bull. 26:210. 1971.

Agrostistachys gaudichaudii M.A., Linnaea 34:144. 1865; Ridl., Fl. 3:268.

1924: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:210. 1971: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:52.

1973.

Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) M.A., Linnaea 34:170. 1865; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

Ze- 210) 1971: Whitmore, Tree FD Mal: 2:53: 1973:

A. javensis (Endl. ex Hassk.) M.A.. in Ridl. Fl. 3:278. 1924.

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.. Sp. Pl. 4:590. 1805; Ridl., Fl. 3:253. 1924:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939: Corner, Way. Trees 1:231.

1952: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:23]. 1971.

A coastal tree. widely cultivated in Malaya. Once from limestone (Chin 560)

on Bukit Chintamani, Pahang, collected as a sapling and probably an escape

from cultivation: also from Gunong Pondok, Perak (fide Henderson).

Antidesma japonicum Sieb. et Zucc., Abh. Bayr. Akad. Munchen 4:212. 1846:

Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:354. 1971: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:59. 1973.

A. gracillium Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 227; 1922: Ridl., Fl. 3:227. 1924.

Antidesma montanum Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 1124; Ridl., Fl. 3:231. 1924; Henders.

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:358. 1971:

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:58. 1973. Including A. phanerophlebium Merr.,

sensu Ridl., in l.c. 230.

Antidesma tomentosum Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 1126; Ridl., Fl. 3:226. 1924; Henders.

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal: 2:55. 1973.

A. longines Hk-f., in Ridl., lc. 229.

A. perakense Pax. et Hocm., in Ridl. lc. 233.

A. persinule Kurz., in Ridl., lc. 229.

130 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

A porusa stellifera Hk.f., F.B.1. 5:352. 1885; Ridl., Fl. 3:239. 1924; Henders.,

ii Mal Br. KR. AscSoc.. 17769. 01939:

Endemic, common in lowland and hill forest. Recorded only once from

limestone. (Gopeng, limestone rcks, King’s collector 7102).

Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) M.A., in DC., Prodr. 15:457. 1866; Ridl., Fl. 3: 248,

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26: 220. “1971; Whitmore, “Tree Fi" Mal, 2-6). To.

Blumeodendron kurzii, (Hk.f.) J. J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landbouw 10:463. 1910;

Ridl., Fl. 3:281. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939;

Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:224. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:70. 1973.

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) Fisher, Kew Bull. (1932) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26:227. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:73. 1973.

B. keithii Ridl., in Fl. 3:219. 1924.

B. rhamnoides (Willd.) M.A., in Ridl., Fl. 3:218. 1924.

Byidelia ovata Decne, Nouv. Ann. Mus. ‘Paris 3:484. 1835; Ridl., Fl. 3: 184.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26:229. 1917; Whitmore, Tree FI. Mal. 2:74. 1973.

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 597; Ridl., Fl. 3:183. 1924; Airy Shaw,

Kew Bull. 26:230. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:74. 1973.

Bridelia tomentosa BIl., Bijdr. (1825) 597; Ridl., Fl. 3:184. 1924; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc., 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw 26:231. 1971; Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:74. - 1973:

Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea 15:249. 1841; Ridl., Fl. 3:276.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26: 232. 1971; Whitmore) Tree-Bi.: Mali? 762.8975.

Shrub to 3 m tall. Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptic, coarsely toothed, upper

surface glabrous, lower surface densely white or off white stellate pubescent, 8-25

by 4-9 cm. Male flowers in small dense, stalked axillary heads; female solitary;

no petals. Capsule 0.5—0.7 cm long, subglobose, splitting, leaving a central column.

Distributed in S. China, Indo-China, Philippines, Java and Lesser Sunda

Islands. In Malaya, uncommon, near or on limestone only in Kedah, Kelantan,

Pahang and Perak.

Claoxylon longifolium (Bl.) End. ex Hassk., Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor. Cult. Alter

(1844) 235; Ridl. Fl. 3:272. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69.

1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:234. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:79.

1973, including C. longifolium var. brachystachys Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:411. 1887.

Cleidion javanicum Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 613; Ridl., Fl. 3:296. 1924.

Cleidion spiciflorum sec. Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 322;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:79. 1973.

Rare. In lowland forest; often on lower parts of limestone hills in Kelantan

and Selangor.

Limestone Hill Flora 131

Cleistanthus decurrens Hkf., F.B.I. 5:278. 1887. Ridl., Fl. 3:191. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 236.

1971.

Cleistanthus glaucus Jabl., Pflanz. 4:25. 1915: Ridl., Fl. 3:188. 1924: Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:69. 1939: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:80. 1973.

Endemic and rare. Known from limestone in Gopeng, Perak and once

from Lumut (not limestone).

Cleistanthus gracilis Hk.f., F.B.1. 5:277. 1887; Ridl.. Fl. 3:190. 1924, including

var. parvifolia Ridl., Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy

Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:236. 1971.

Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hkf., F.B.I. 5:278: Ridl., Fl. 3:192. 1924: Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:237. 1971;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:81. 1973.

Cleistanthus kingii Jabl., Pflanz. 4:40. 1915: Ridl., Fl. 3:193. 1924; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Whitmore, Tree Fl: Mal. 2:83. 1973.

Shrub or tree to 20 m, branchlets twiggy. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate-

elliptic, pubescent below, 8-15 by 4-7 cm. Flowers in small axillary clusters.

Capsule glabrous, about 0.8 cm across.

Rare endemic. Recorded from limestone in Perak and from seasonal swamp

forest in Johore.

Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hkf.. F.B.I. 5:278. 1885: Ridl., Fl. 3:192. 1924;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:81. 1973.

Uncommon, in lowland forest. Rare on limestone.

Cleistanthus parvifolius Hkf., F.B.I. 5:281. 1885: Ridl., Fl. 3:191. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

2- $2. 1973.

Tree to 10 m. Leaves thin coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-

obovate, glabrous, 4-9 by 1.5-3 cm. Male flowers not known, female flowers

apparently solitary. Capsule subglobose, 3-lobed, 0.6-0.8 cm across.

Endemic, known from a single collection from limestone at Gopeng (Perak:

King’s collector 4540).

Cleistanthus polyphyllus Will., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5:31. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 3:193.

1924; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:82. 1973.

Cnesmone javanica Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 630. Ridl., Fl. 3:306. 1924; Airy Shaw,

Kew Bull. 26:240. 1971: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:83. 1973.

Cnesmone laevis (Rid.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23:118. 1969; Whitmore, Tree

Fl. Mal. 2:83. 1973.

Tragia laevis Ridl., Fl. 3:307. 1924; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:72.

1939.

132 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Slender twiner, with stinging hairs. Leaves small, triangular-ovate, base

truncate or slightly cordate, shallowly serrate, pubescent or glabrescent, 3-7.5 by

3-5 cm. Racemes axillary, male flowers terminal, female at the base. Capsule

small, strongly 3-lobed.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand, restricted to limestone. In Malaya,

known only from the Langkawi limestone.

Cnesmone subpeltata Ridl., Kew Bull. (1923) 368; Fi. 3:307. 1924; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Whitmore, Free Fl. Mal’ 2:33. 557

Slender climber, softly pubescent all over. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong,

base truncate or slightly cordate; some, slightly peltate, membranous, margin

shallowly sinuate-dentate, 3—7.5 by 3-5 cm. Stipules persistent, reflexed, triangular.

Male racemes slender, axillary, 5-7 cm long. Female flowers separate, on a short

peduncle 1.5—2 cm, long axis of which is abortive, after producing one flower-

Sepals 3, large, ovate. 0.7-1.1 cm long, persistent. Styles 3, spreading out

horizontal, each 0.3-0.4 cm long, bearing numerous papillae about 0.1 cm long.

Capsule softly pubescent, yellow when matured; about 0.8 cm across.

Endemic, recorded only from Gunong Pondok, Perak and Gua Batu, Selangor.

Not uncommon on the North East summit of Gua Batu, on the dry rocky slope-

Croton argyratus Bl. (sensu lato), Bijdr. (1825) 602; Ridl., Fl. 3:243. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc., 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26:243.. 1971; Whitmore, Lree. PL Male 2 Oeil 8 oe

Croton cascarilloides Raeusch., Nomencl. 3:280. 1797; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

16:344. 1963, ibid., 26:244. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:85. 1973.

C. cumingii M.A., Ridl., Fl. 3:261. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17270,.,..1939:

Croton erythrostachys Hk.f., F.B.1. 5:391. 1885; Ridl., Fl. 3:260. 1924; Whit-

more, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:85. 1973.

C. calcicola Ridl., Kew. Bull. (1923) 360: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:70. 1939.

Croton laevifolius Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 343; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. S. 10:294. 1939;.

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:85. 1973.

C. confusus Gage, in Ridl., Fl. 3:261. 1924.

C.. griffthii Hkf., F.B.1. 5:392.- 1885; Ridl, Fl 37 26feeieee

Drypetes nervosa (Hk.f.) P. et H., Pflanz. 4:244. 1922; Ridl., Fl. 3:222. 1924;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:88. 1973.

Tree 10-12 m. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, glabrous except the midrib

below, base unequal, to 15 by 5 cm. Flowers in axillary clusters. Ovary fulvous

tomentose. Fruits olong, about 1.2 cm across.

Endemic, known only from one collection (undated and unnumbered) made

in Gopeng, Perak, by Scortechini according to Ridley this was from limestone,

although this is not stated on the label of this sheet at Singapore.

Limestone Hill Flora 35

Drypetes oxyodonta Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23:57. 1969; Whitmore, Tree FI.

Mal'2..87). 1973.

Tree to 10 m. Twigs dull yellow. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-oblong or ovate-

lanceolate, 8-18 by 4-7 cm, coriaceous, glabrous; base rounded or truncate

cuneate, equal to unequal sided. Margin shortly reflexed, finely toothed with

short spines; midrib prominent on the lower surface, dull yellow; petiole 0.3—-1 cm.

Male sub-sessile, sepals 5, stamens numerous, probably 25-35. Female flowers

in axillary clusters, 2-6. Young fruits with stalks 0.5-1 cm long, dense velvety.

Fruits subglobose to 4.5 cm across.

Endemic, previously known from two numbers collected at Tembeling, Pahang.

Recently collected from limestone in Pahang and Kelantan, it is quite common on

the summit of Batu Boh, Kelantan. It is usually found in pockets of soil on

slopes of hill with fairly deep soil; the trunk is slender and straight, often only

pole size; the wood is hard.

Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14:395. 1960; ibid.

20). 239050 OLE.

E. malaccense Benth. ex Muell. Arg., in Ridl., Fl. 3:305. 1924.

E. sp. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939.

Erismanthus obliquus Wall. ex M.A., in DC., Prodr. 15:1138. 1866; Ridl., FI.

3:271. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:260. 1971; Whitmore, Tree FI.

Wathen? 954.1973.

Euphorbia antiquorum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 450; Ridl., Fl. 3:180. 1924; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:262. 1971.

Spiny succulent shrub or small tree to 7 m. Branches 3-6 angled, with

pairs of brown spines along the angles. Leaves few and small, obovate-oblong,

deciduous. Flowers in dense cymes about | cm across above the pair of spines.

Distributed in S. India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand and Indochina. Wild on

the limestone of Perlis and Langkawi, occasionally cultivated throughout the

country. Fairly common on the limestone islands of Langkawi.

Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl. (17533 454; Ridl., Fl. 3:181. 1924; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:264. 1971.

Excoecaria oppositifolia Griff., Cal. J. Nat. Hist. 4:386. 1844; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. P. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:270. 1971; Whit-

more, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:96. 1973.

Shrub or tree to 10 m, with white latex. Leaves spiral or opposite oblong-

elliptic or oblong-ovate, sharply to obscurely serrulate, laxly and strongly nerved,

15-23 by 5-10 cm. Flowers on short axillary spikes, petals none. Fruit a small

3-lobed capsule.

Distributed in Indochina, Burma and Thailand. Restricted to limestone in

Malaya, not common; recorded from Langkawi, Gunong Pondok, Perak and

Gua Teja, Kelantan.

134 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 585; Ridl., Fl. 3:208.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26:279. 1971, Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:99. 1973.

Glochidion perakense Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:317. 1885; Ridl., Fl. 3:213. 1924. Airy

Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:279. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:101. 1973.

G. glaberrimum Ridl., Fl. 3:208. 1924.

Glochidion rubrum Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 586; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:279. 1971;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:101. 1973.

G. leiostylum Kurz., Ridl., Fl. 3:212. 1924.

G. laevigatum var. cuspidatum Ridl., l.c. 215.

G. sp. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939.

Shrub or small tree to 6 m. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,

base round or shortly acute, 4-6.3 by 1.2-2.4 cm. glabrous. Twigs pubescent.

Flowers in axillary clusters, males with pedicels about 0.5 cm long; females sessile.

Capsule 0.5—0.7 cm across, seeds red.

Distributed in Burma, Indochina, throughout W. Malesia to Moluccas and

Lesser Sunda Islands. A common and variable plant in Malaya, often on low

lying ground in forest fringes. What appears to be an extreme form of this

species has been recorded from the Selangor limestone; it is fairly common on

Bukit Takun and Gua Batu. The twigs vary from pubescent to glabrescent or

glabrous; the leaves are generally smaller, usually 2—3.5 by 1.1-1.5 cm, base very

often cordate and slightly asymmetrical. I have so far only seen it as a shrub

1-2 m tall.

Homalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax, in Engl. et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.

5:96. 1890; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21:409. 1968, ibid. 26:281. 1971;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:102. 1973.

Not uncommon in Malaya, mainly in the mountains but also around limestone

in the lowlands.

Homonoia riparia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 637; Ridl., Fl. 3:309. 1924;

Corner, Way. Trees, 1:282. 1952; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:282. 1971,

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:103. 1973.

A plant of rocky and gravelly stream beds, common from Kuala Lipis north-

wards. Recorded once from limestone, but not known whether it was from a

streamside locale.

Koilodepas longifolium Hk.f., F.B.1. 5:420. 1887; Ridl., Fl. 3:275. 1924, (as

Coelodepas); Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:284. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

2:104. 1973.

Coelodepas glanduligerum Pax & Hoffm., in Ridl. Ic. 275.

Leptopus australis (Zoll. et Mor.) Pojarkova, Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad.

Sc. USSR 20:270. 1960; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:285. 1971; Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:105. 1973.

Limestone Hill Flora 135

Andrachne australis Zoll. et Mor., Nat. Gen. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 2:17. 1845;

Ridl., Fl. 3:197. 1924: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939.

Sub-shrub, 15-50 cm. Leaves membranous, ovate to elliptic, 4.5-7 by 2-4

cm, sparsely and finely pubescent, on the lower surface. Flowers axillary, male

clustered; female solitary, sepals 5—6, petals 5-6 or 0, stamens 5-6. Sepals large

in the female flower, enlarging in fruit, to 0.5 cm long.

Distributed in Indochina, Thailand, Java and Philippines. Restricted to

limestone in Malaya, widely distributed but not very common.

Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A., in DC., Prodr. 15:997. 1866; Ridl., Fl. 3:302.

ie. enccts.. J. Mat Br,’ RK. As. Soc, 17:71.. 1939; Corner, Way. Trees.

1:268. 1952; Whitmore, M.N.J. 20:94, 99. 1967, Tree FI. Mal. 2:111.

1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull, 26:291. 1971.

Common in open country in Malaya: often as a pioneer species in waste

ground. Collected from limestone only on disturbed areas; a secondary element.

Malliotus bracteatus Hkf., F.B.1. 5:436. 1885; Ridl., Fl. 3:286. 1924: Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:115. 1973.

Shrub or small tree to 5 m. Leaves elliptic, weakly toothed, underside

glabrescent, 15-17 by 7 cm. Male racemes slender 5-7.5 cm, female flowers

apparently unknown.

Endemic and very rare. According to Ridley, I.c. known only from

Scortechini’s collection made in Perak. Whitmore, I.c. mentioned this species as

from limestone and recorded from Perlis and Perak, and very rare. Ridley l.c.

wrote, “I have only seen a very poor specimen, but in its nearly glabrous habit,

shape of leaves, and stamens number and form, it seems quite distinct from M.

leucocalyx M.A., to which Pax refers it’. (sic.)

M. leucocalyx M.A. is now M. dispar (Bl.) M.A. According to Ridley M.

bracteatus Hk.f. has 30-40 stamens, the anther-cells are globose and separated

by a broad connective. Accepting Ridley’s description, which is the same as

Hooker’s, l.c. M. bracteatus Hk.f. is distinct from M. dispar (Bl.) M.A. Although

I have not seen the type, or any other specimen labelled as M. bracteatus Hk.f.,

I have seen and examined a large number of specimens of M. dispar (Bl.) M.A.

This has 30-50 stamens; the anthers and connective are as described for M.

bracteatus Hk.f. The leaves vary from elliptic, ovate-elliptic, to obovate-elliptic

and thus cover the leaf shape of M. bracteatus Hk.f. which has been described as

elliptic or elliptic-oblong. Perhaps then the only outstanding character exclusive

to M. bracteatus Hk.f. is its glabrescent habit. This does not seem to be a strong

character, and I am inclined to agree with Pax & Hoffmann (in Engl., Pflanz.

7:150. 1914) in referring it to M. leucocalyx M.A., i.e. = M. dispar (BI.) M.A.

Mallotus brevipetiolatus Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9:242. 1922: Ridl., FI. 3 ‘287.

1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21:393. 1968, ibid., 26:293. 1971; Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:114. 1973.

Small tree to 8 m. Leaves opposite, slightly unequal, glabrous, elliptic or

oblanceolate, base cuneately narrowed, sometimes slightly cordate, margin distantly

noched, 7-18 by 3-6 (-8.5) cm. Dioecious. Male, in spike like racemes 7-10 cm

long, flowers in clusters. Female in similar racemes, not clustered. Fruit,

depressed, 3-lobed, about 1.5 cm across, with sparse short spines.

136 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaysia from Perak, Pahang and

Kedah; always from limestone; common on the Perak hiils.

Malilotus cumeatus Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:181. 1911, Fl. 3:288. 1924:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21:389.

1968; ibid. 26:294. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:115. 1973.

Shrub to 3 m. Leaves opposite, unequal, obovate, coarsely toothed, 10-17

by 5-10 cm, base trinerved. Dioecious. Male racemes about 12 cm long, female

shorter. Capsules 3-lobed, about 0.6 cm across, pubescent.

Distriuted in Indochina and Thailand. In Malaya, only from Perlis and

restricted to limestone.

Maliotus dispar (BI.) M.A., in DC., Prodr. 15:971. 1866; Ridl., Fl. 3:286. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:30, 70. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

21:380. 1968; ibid. 26:303.. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl: Male 23015.

~ M. leucocalyx M.A., in DC., Prodr.,15:970. 1886; Pax et Hofim., in Engl.,

Pilanz. 77150. 1914; Ridky Le. 236. “Henders.otace

Shrub or small tree to 5 m. Stems, petioles, the undersurface of leaves and

inflorescences densely fulvous-tomentose. Leaves opposite in unequal pairs,

elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate elliptic. Dioecious. Male racemes 6-13 cm

long. Female racemes 4-7 cm long. Capsules, softly spiny, 3-lobed, about

0.8 cm across.

Distributed in Indochina and throughout W. Malesia. In Malaya, only from

north of Kuala Lumpur, usually but not exclusively from limestone; widely

scattered and found on many hills, usually near the bases and on slopes.

Mallotus eriocarpus (Thw.) M.A., Linnaea 34:194. 1865; Whitmore, Tree FI.

Mal, 2 115.) 173.

Coelodiscus montanus M.A., in Ridl., Fl. 3:280. 1924.

Mallotus griffithianus, (M.A.) Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:433. 1886; Ridl., Fl. 3:291. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

2 V6; “TOFS.

Common throughout Malaya in lowland forest. Recorded for limestone only

from Gopeng. (King’s collector 4602).

Mallotus miquelianus (Scheff.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3:290. 1900; Airy

Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:295. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:114. 1973.

M. anisophyllus Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 3:293. 1924.

Shrub or small tree to 4.5 m. Leaves in pairs, 1 of each pair reduced,

suborbicular to 2 cm across, cordate, the other 12-30 c mlong, elliptic-oblong or

elliptic-obovate, margin coarsely toothed. Male racemes 1-2.5 cm long. Female

flowers few on very short racemes. Capsules small, 3-lobed, with short dark

tubercles.

Distributed in West Malesia, uncommon in Malaya in lowland forest.

Recorded from limestone in Kelatan, it is fairly common though never abundant

or conspicuous on limestone arund Gua Musang.

Limestone Hill Flora 137

Mallotus oblongifolius (Mig.) M.A., Linnaea 34:192. 1865; Ridl., Fl. 3:293.

1924; Airy Shaw. Kew Bull. 26:306. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:116.

1973.

M. porterianus M.A. in Ridl., lc. 292: Corner, Way Trees 1:273. 1952.

M. puberulus Hk.f. in Ridl. Lc. 290.

Mallotus peltatus (Geisel.) M.A. Linnaea 34:187. 1865: Corner, Way Trees

1:272. 1952; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:307. 1971; Whitmore. Tree FI.

Mal. 2:113. 1973.

Mallotus acuminatus (Bl.) M.A. mm Ridl., Fl. 3:290. 1924.

Malloius philippensis (Lam.) M.A. (corr. Merr.), Linnaea 34:196. 1865: Ridl.,

Fl. 3:291. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939; Corner,

Way Trees 1:272: 1952: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21:392. 1968, ibid. 26: 300.

1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:115. 1973.

Mallotus repandus (Willd.) M.A.. Linnaea 34:197. 1865: Ridl., Fl. 3:292: 1924:

Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:301. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:114. 1973.

Mallotus wrayi King ex Hk-f., in F.B.I. 5:433. 1885: Ridl., Fl. 3:287. 1924:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939: Whitmore, Tree Fi. Mal.

BonisS.- 1973.

M. lancifolius Hk-f.. l.c. 434, Ridl., Lc. 287.

Kunstlerodendron cuspidatum Ridl., Fl. 3:283. 1924.

Melanolepis muliiglandulosa (Reinv;. ex. Bl.) Reichb. f. et. Zoll.. Verhand. Nat.

Ver. Ned. Ind. 1:22. 1856: Ridl.. Fl. 3:284. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26:309. 1971: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:118. 1973.

Microdesmis casearijolia Planch., in Hk.. Ic. Pl. (1844) 8. t. 758: Ridl., Fi. 3:258.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. bl 71. 1939; Airy Shaw cw Bull.

26:362. 1971; Whitmore. Tree Fl. Mal. 2:119. 1973.

Phyllanthus columnaris M.A.. Linnaea 32:15. 1863: Hk.f.. F.B.1. 5:291. 1885:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:318.

1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:123. 1973.

Small tree to 7 m. Leafy twigs resemble pinnate leaves, rusty scurfy to

23 cm. Leaves 2.5-4.5 by 0.7-1.7, finely scurfy below. Flowers in dense clusters

in leaf axils. Fruits 3-lobed. 0.6 cm across.

Distributed in Burmat and Thailand. In Malaya, only from Perlis and

Langkawi and probobly restricted to limestone.

Phyllanthus filicifolius Gage. Kew Bull. (1914) 241: Ridl., Fl. 3:201. 1924:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939: Whitmore, Tree. Fl. Mal.

S5A2keo 1973.

Shrub. Leaves obliquely obovate to almost round, glabrous, glaucous below

0.4-1 by 0.6 cm. Flowers solitary. axillary, male with 4 sepals, female with 5-7

sepals. Capsule small 0.2-0.3 cm across.

138 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Endemic and known only from Langkawi, usually, but not always from

limestone.

Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 179. 148; Airy Shaw,

Kew Bull. 23:29. 1969, ibid., 26:321. 1971; Whitmore, Tree FI. Mal.

Boleo. AOI:

Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex M.A., Linnaea 32:49. 1863; Ridl., Fl. 3:210.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

26: 322. 1971, Whitmore,. Tree Fl. Mal: 2: 12% i973:

Phyllanthus ridleyanus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:323. 1971; Whitmore, Tree FI.

Marl. 27123. V973:

Phyllanthodendron coriaceum Gage, in Ridl., Fl. 3:325. 1924; Henders.

Jy Mal: Br"R. As. Soc. It -7 ie Sa:

Scandent shrub. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, coriaceous,

glabrous, 6-15 by 2.5-7 cm, margin cartilagineous, reflexed; base slightly asym-

metric; petioles thick, 0.2-0.3 cm long. ‘Flowers in axillary clusters; sepals with

a filiform tip to 0.5 cm long.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand on limestone. In Malaya, also confined

to limestone. Thought to be rare but recent collections show that this is a

common species on limestone in Perak, and on Gua Musang, in Kelantan. It is

often found growing in rather exposed places, scrambling over rocks and bushes.

Easily distinguished by its coriaceous leaves with reflexed cartilagineous margin,

the finely longitudinally striate stem which often dries black and the axillary

clusters of flowers with filiform sepals to 0.5 cm long. I have not seen any

fruits of this species.

Phyllanthus sikkimensis M.A., Linnaea 32:48. 1863; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

23:35. 1969, ibid., 26:324. 1971; Whitmore, Tree FI. Mal. 2:122. 1973.

P. hamiltonianus M.A., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:71. 1939.

Richeriella malayana Hend., in Gard. Bull. S. S. 7:122. 1933; J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17:71. 1939; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:128. 1973.

Endemic and not common. Known from Gunong Pondok and Tambun

limestone in Perak; also from non limestone fields in Penang, Trengganu, Malacca

and Pulau Tioman.

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth., Gen. Pl. 3:335. 1880; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

231292-- 1973:

A small tree with abundant latex. Leaves clustered at the end of twigs,

6-30 cm long, ovate; margin shallowly wavy-toothed. Flowers in spikes. Fruits

oviid, 0.5 cm across.

Distributed from the Himalayas to Burma and South to Malaya.

A very rare plant recently collected from Gua Batu, Selangor (Ng FRI 1626).

Limestone Hill Flora 139

Sauropus brevipes M.A., Linnaea 32:73. 1863; Ok.f., F.B.I. 5:335. 1885; Airy

Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:334. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:130. 1973.

S. parvifolius Ridl., Fl. 3:221. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:72.

1939.

Sauropus caleareus Henders., Gard. Bull. S. S. 7:121. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:72. 1939; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:180. 1973.

Small shrub. Leaves thin, broadly oblong ovate, ovate or orbicular, base

round or slightly cordate, up to 3 by 2.5 cm. Flowers on short axillary tubercles,

sepals 6, petals none. Capsule depressed globose, 0.4-0.5 cm across.

Endemic and known only from a single collection (Gunong Senyum, Pahang,

Henderson 22316).

Sauropus macranthus Hassk., Retzia 1:166. 1855; Bak., Fl. Java 1:471. 1963;

Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:336. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:131. 1973.

S. spectabilis Mig., in Ridl., Fl. 3:220. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:72. 1939; and probably S. forcipatus Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 3:220.

1924.

Shrub to 4 m. Leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 7.5-15 by 5-7.5 cm,

chartaceous. glabrous. Flowers in axillary clusters. Capsule large. 3-lobed,

depressed globose, 2 cm across.

Distributed in N.E. India, S. China, S.E. Asia and throughout Malesia to

N. Australia. Known in Malaya from a single specimen from the base of Gua

Batu Selangor.

Sauropus subderosus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23:42. 1969, ibid., 26:338. 1971;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:130. 1973.

Shrub 2-3 m, usually slender, erect and sparingly branched. Stem with thick,

longitudinally fissured corky bark. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-obovate or obovate-

lanceolate, glabrous, thin, 10-25 by 3.5-7.5 cm. Stipules deltoid, 0.2—-0.5 cm long.

Inflorescence borne on the stem, flagelliform, 10-40 cm long. Male flowers to

0.2 cm across, lobes 6. Female flowers on a pedicel 0.3-0.5 cm long, ovary

subglobose, glabrous, 0.15 cm across. Capsule not known.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand (? limestone). In Malaya, restricted to

limestone, so far recorded from Pahang and Perak. Common on Gunong Runto,

Lenggong, Perak and on Gua Layang, Pahang. Usually in sheltered localities

with fair accumulation of soil.

Sauropus villosus (Blanco) Merr., Contr. Arn. Arb. 8:86. 1934; Airy Shaw, Kew

Bull. 23:49. 1969, ibid., 26:339. 1971; Whitmore, Tree FI. Mal. 2: 130.

1973.

S. llanosii (M.A.) Gage, in Ridl., Fl. 3:221. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. As.

Soc. 17:30, 72. 1939.

Shrub to 1 m. Leaves with golden pubescence, oblong, 2.5-4.5 by 0.5-—2 cm.

Stipules setaceous. Flowers axillary, clustered. Capsules depressed-globose,

yellow-orange, glabrous, 0.6 cm across.

140 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Distributed in Indochina, Philippines and Sumatra. In Malaya, restricted to

Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Pahang; usually on limestone.

Sumbaviopsis albicans (Bl.) J.J. Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10:357. 1910; Henders..,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:125. 1933; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14:357. 1960, ibid.,

26: 341. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:132. 1973.

Tree to 10 m. Leaves ovate, 15-27 by 7—15 cm, margin coarsely distantly

toothed, lower surface densely stellate pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, densely

stellate pubescent, to 30 cm long; female flowers in the lower half, males above.

Calyx with 5 lobes. Male flowers with 5 petals, female none. Fruit depressed

globose, 3-lobed, densely covered with mealy stellate hairs, about 2.5 cm across.

Distributed in Assam, Burma, Indochina, Thailand and W. Malesia. Re-

stricted to limestone in Malaya and very rare; recorded once from Tembeling,

Pahang, in lowland forest to the west of railway station on calcareous soil,

(Henderson 24526) in fruit, May. Recently collected (Chin 1088) from Bukit

Serdam, Pahang; in fruit, June. The male flowers of the Bukit Serdam specimens.

that- I examined do not possess petals,.even in bud.

Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. et Binnend.) Boerl. Handi. Fl. Ned.

Ind. 3:232. 1900; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23:126. 1969; ibid. 26:345. 1971;.

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:136. 1973.

Actephila aurantiaca Ridl., Fl. 3:197. 1924.

Actephilopsis malayana Ridl., |.c. 252; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:68. 1939.

Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm., in Engl., Pflanz. 3:87.

1910; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26:349. 1971; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

2: 136: 1972

Shrub to Im. Leave coriaceous oblong or lanceolate, glabrous, 12-17 by

1-2 cm. Racemes axillary to 10 cm. Sepals with ciliated margin. Ovary pube-

scent 3-lobed. Capsule 0.6 cm across.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand and Sumatra. According to Ridley l.c.

this has been recorded on limestone from Kanching, Selangor.

Trigonostemon villosus Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:397. 1885; Ridl.. Fl. 3:265. 1924;

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:135. 1973.

Endemic and uncommon, in lowland forest. Once collected from limestone.

(Gua Batu, Selangor, Whitmore FRI 752)

Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw, Kew. Bull. 25:545. 1971; Whitmore,.

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:135. _ 1973.

Sabia viridissima Kurz, in Hk.f., F.B.I. 2:3. 1879.

T. ovatifolius J.J. Sm., in Bak., Fl. Jav. 1:495. 1963.

Sub-shrub, 0.5-1 m,.woody. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong,

thinly coriaceous, 8—-15(-23) by 2.5-5(-) cm., sparsely pubescent on the veins

below. Inflorescence axillary, 7-15 cm long; branches usually, terminating in

Limestone Hill Flora 141

a female flower. Sepals 5, about 0.1—-0.2 cm long, with short, stiff pale hollow

hairs; petals 5, yellow, 0.4 cm long, very early deciduous in the female flowers.

Stamens 5, fused and borne on an androphore about 0.1 cm long; disc present,

fleshy. Fruits 3-lobed. green, glabrous, about 1.1 cm across.

Distributed in Burma, Andamans, W. Malesia and Indonchina. Rare in

Malaya, previously known from a single collection (Strugnell KEP 20275) from

W. Pahang, near Raub at Ulu Gali, around hill (probably not limestone). Re-

cently collected from near Raub, on limestone. It is not uncommon on Bukit

Serdam, usually in partially exposed localities.

FAGACEAE

Cupule 1.5 cm across, margin not reflexed ........................ Lithocarpus elegans

Cupule large 4.3-5.5 cm across, margin prominently reflexed ....................2......

PE shee ek a A Oe Ve tovsccd ca on cdavaga-aenses Lithocarpus urceolaris

Lithocarpus elegans (Bl.) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Reinw. 8:236. 1970; Fl. Mal.

1.7 3366;| 1972.

Pasania spicata Oerst., incl. var. gracilipes DC. and var. microcalyx (Korth.)

Gable, in Ridl., Fl. 3:376. 1924: var. gracilipes DC., in Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:74. 1939.

Lithocarpus urceolaris (Jack) Merr.. J. Arn. Arb. 33:241. 1952: Soepadmo,

Reinw. 8:285. 1970; Fl. Mal. I. 7:344. 1972.

FLACOURTIACEAE

USES Pn OP bee aap ont en iy OF tok Se ee 2

Flowers in few-many flowered axillary fascicles; sometimes solitary ......... 9

Racemes less than 6 cm long. Plants often spiny .......................-.-.--. ‘

Racemes more than 6 cm long, sometimes branched. Plants usually no

Soe ee Te ge PRE Soe pe oe Be oP ens es De a oe a 5

3. Flowers bisexual. Stigma single. entire or slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a leathery

I Comme ion See ema a, Merete te ty Diseh ey boc, «yet yd ids SUSE - Fa doo --lolew'é -- adeictan’ +

Flowers unisexual. Stigma 4-6, each 2-lobed. Fruit pulpy. Cultivated,

Oe eR eo ate es eke a ae en Flacourtia jangomas

4. Racemes all simple. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, base broadly

cuneate. Not uncommon in the lowlands, sometimes on limestone ............

Dee ee ele ckg ny acdacge Scolopia spinosa

Terminal racemes branched. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, base broadly

ES oy BES Se BSS a EA Si ey 2 Scolopia steenisiana

(sometimes)

5. Inflorescence a panicle of several-many spicate racemes, or only the terminal

en Bn EEE yh ani niga Sake Np sh Gun Fe> Mid pane whines daseanoanpeee

DPCM A aOilaty spicate TACeMe 220si 25... ol eae ee eae. 8

6. Fruit large, to 2 cm across, style persistent. Flowers solitary on the axis.

Peaves Ovate 10 ‘Ovate-Obloiig ..-..... 2... .0...--0ee--essteee Scolopia steenisiana

| (sometimes)

Fruit small. Flowers in fascicles or solitary. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong,

ee Bat oad. ck. sncveqeets extanwuadocscdenccedetencssstcnuetnevases T

142

tile

KZ.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Flowers in whorled fascicles; with repulsive odour. Stamens 2 at the base

of each petal. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, rarely elliptic .............. ea!

ates atageh ly » tetental« cpyiae » fob 5 tencaeh ies <ealae phen ee EET aS Eee a Homalium foetidum

Flowers laxly arranged. Stamens 4-5 at the base of each petal. Leaves

elliptic fo. oblong-elliptic. s232....:.0c tia» Scene 8 eee Homalium undulatum

Leaves pubescent on the lower surface, or.at least on the veins. Leaves

thinly chartaceous. From Perak and Langkawi ...... Homalium dasyanthum

Leaves glabrous or nearly so, thickly coriaceous. Only from Kinta, Perak

« b niv opie beimateinins\sie s'ofeen o dh Gia'ty » du)pih aw CR ee Homalium kunstleri

Flowers bisexual. Fruits ellipsoid, ribbed when dried, ultimately splitting;

seeds with orange-red aril ..........00)...2-secacsssesavieabaee cee epee 10

Flowers unisexual. Fruits usually globose, not splitting; seeds embedded in

Pulp: goes ccececees LAL EE Aa 1]

Leaves distinctly prominently-reticulate on both surface. Fruits 1.5-2 by

1 Ci U8... Oo eh ae Casearia capitellata

‘Leaves not or obscurely reticulated above, prominent on the lower surface.

Fruits (2.5—) 3-4 by 1.7-1:8 em |... 2) eee Casearia grewiaefolia

Leaves with midrib on the upper surface flat or slightly impressed or some-

times. slightly raised \. 2.1... 00... 0... be RE iz

Leaves with midrib on the upper surface prominently raised .................. t3

Leaves sub-coriaceous, tertiary nerves fine. Petals 5-7; fruit wall gritty

et adam dss cacnieesdeiesd ade stace SC RAR ERIE Rana i eaten ese eae Hydnocarpus woodii

Leaves thickly coriaceous, tertiary nerves thick and prominent. Petals 8;

fruit wall fiberous,.. . .) stance aes Hydnocarpus wrayi (sometimes)

Leaf stalk 0.5-1.5 cm, not or obscurely kneed at the top only. Leaves

slightly serraté: 222,225 3, ..3 ma ca ee eee Hydnocarpus ilicifolia

Leaf stalk 1.5 cm or more long, kneed at both ends... eee 14

. Leaves distinctly prominently-reticulate on both surfaces; midrib and nerves

pubescent beneath. Fruit wall fiberous. Petals 8. ......... Hydnocarpus wrayi

(sometimes)

Leaves with faint reticulations on the upper surface; glabrous. Fruit wall

with gritty. Petals 'S ..34Aen i oe eee Hydnocarpus castanea

Casearia capitellata Bl., Mus. Bot. 1:254. 1850; Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I, 5: 102.

1954: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:141. 1931. C. latifolia Ridl., Fl. 1:831-

1922.

Casearia grewiaefolia Vent. Choix (1803) 48; Ridl., Fl. 1:830. 1922; Sleumer,

Var.

Fl. Mal. I. 5:93. 1954; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:140. 1973.

deglabrata Koord. & Val., Bijdr. Booms. Java 1:174. 1894; Sleumer, I.c. 95.

C. leucolepis Turcz., m Ridl., Fl. 1:831. ~ 1922.

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 3:290. 1797; Ridl.,

Fl. 1:158. 1922: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939; Sleumer,

Fl. Mal. I. 5:72. 1954.

Distributed throughout the tropics, as a cultivated plant, not known in the

wild state, but possibly originated in India (Sleumer l.c.). Once recorded from

limestone in Malaya, most probably as an escape from cultivation.

Limestone Hill Flora 143

Honetium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb., in Engl. et Prantl., Pfl. Fam. 3:36. 1893:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939: Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I. 5: 1954:

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:145. 1973.

H. eriffithianum Kurz. incl. var. glabrum Gagnep.

&var. cambodianum Gagnep. in Ridl., Fl. 1:835. 1922.

Homalium kunstleri King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 67:20. 1898: Ridl.. Fl. 1:835.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939: Whitmore, Tree FI.

Mal. 2:145. 1973.

Tree 6-14 m. Leaves subovate to elliptic-oblong, shortly obtusely acuminate,

narrowed or mostly rounded at the base; stiffly coriaceous, 11-18 by 6-8 cm.

Racemes solitary spicate. 10-15 cm long, flowers in 3-4 flowered fascicles. Sepals

and petals about 0.2 cm long. Ovary tomentose, styles 5.

Very rare endemic on limestone, known only from one or two numbers by

King’s collector from Larut, Perak.

Homalium undulatum King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 67:23. 1898; Ridl., Fl. 837. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939; Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I, 5:61.

1954: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:145. 1973.

H. verruculosum Craib., Fl. Siam. En. 1:742. 1931.

Tree 10-20 m. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, subcoriaceous, shallowly

crenate, 7-10 by 3-5 cm. Panicle 7-10 cm long, of several racemes. Flowers

laxly arranged along the rachis. Ovary tomentose; styles 3.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand and Malaya, most probably restricted to

limestone. In Malaya, collected from Perak and Langkawi only.

Hydnocarpus castanea Hk.f. & Th., F.B.I. 1:197. 1872: Ridl.. Fl. 1:159. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939: Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I. 5:26.

1954: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:149. 1973.

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia King, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5:130. 1896; Ridl., FI.

1:161. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939: Sleumer, FI.

Mal. I. 5:19. 1954: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:149. 1973.

Tree 10-30 m., sometimes smaller and bushy. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or

oblong; variable in shape, margin entire, dentate or thorny-serrate; 7-15 by 3-5 cm.

Cymes corymbose, peduncle about 1.5 cm long, branched once. Flowers unisexual.

Fruit globose, rusty to blackish-brown velvety, 4-5(-8) cm diameter.

Distributed in Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra and in Malaya, where it is locally

common, and apparently restricted to limestone.

Hydnocarpus woodii Merr., Pl. Elm. Born. (1929) 208; Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I. 5:28.

1954; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:152. 1973.

Hydnocarpus wrayi King., J. As. Soc. Beng. 59:121. 1890; Ridl., Fi. 1: 161.

1922: Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I, 5:22. 1954; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2: 149.

1973.

Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb., in Engl. et Prantl., Pflanz. Fam. 3:29. 1893;

Sleumer, Fl. Mal. I. 5:10. 1954: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. Mal. 2:160. 1973.

S. roxburghii Clos. incl. var. ovata and var. lamponga Boerl. in Ridl., FI.

$- 156. 1922.

144 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979p

Scolopia steenisiana Sleum., Blumea 20:34. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2: 161.

1973. S. kermodei auct., non C.E.C. Fisher, in Steen., Blumea 17-7270 19@:

Tree 10-15 m tall. Leaves elliptic-ovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base

obtuse or rounded, glabrous, 6-10 by 3-5 cm; petiole 0.7-0.9 cm long. Inflores-

cence 4-6 cm long. Flowers ovate-oblong, about 0.4 cm long, petals similar.

Fruits subglobose, when submature about 1.5 cm across.

Endemic and known only from limestone in Kelantan and Bukit Takun in

Selangor.

Dubious record

Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4:37. 1860; Sleumer, FI.

Mal. I. 5:57. 1954; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:146. 1973.

H. propinguum Cl., in Ridl., Fl. 1:835. 1922.

GENTIANACEAE

1. Glabrous herb, leaves opposite; calyx more or less winged ..................... a

Pubescent herb, leaves mostly alternate; calyx not winged. ........................

ate g imp ansedcnp ene Seed ph cet emo age eena te ane aes a i Microrphium pubescens

2. Leaves with a single midrib; calyx tube about 0.8 cm long.) >see

agesde cave cbisgwieds (00 OMT Rest ae. ety a ee Canscora pentanthera

Leaves with 3-5 veins from the base, calyx tube very short or absent ......

Nota cuheesdne +2 ghpse.0 tong altaiete Uieuat mM cs deme nen ae Exacum tetragonunv

Canscora pentanthera Clarke., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:86. 1908; Ridl., Fi. 2:433.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939, Mal. Wildfls. Dicots.

(1959) 306.

Herb 30-50 cm tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, apex and base narrowed, 3-6:

by 2-3 cm, usually with one prominent pair of basal vein. Flowers in small

inflorescence with up to 10 flowers, corolla white, calyx papery. Fruit an ellipsoid

capsule.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya collected from most of the

limestone hills visited, commonest on dry hills; rarely found away from limestone

(recorded from Kedah Peak).

Exacum tetragonum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:398. 1820; Ridl., Fl. 2:432. 1923;

Henders., Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1959) 305.

Microrphium pubescens Clarke, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74:88. 1908; Ridl., Fl. 2: 434.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939; Mal. Wildfls. Dicots.

(1959) 307. . i

Pubescent herb, 50-90 cm. Leaves broadly elliptic, base tapered, 6-9 by

3-4.5 cm, petioles to 5 cm. Flowers numerous in branched inflorescence t to ete

Corolla white. ‘Capsule oval 0.2—-0.3 cm long. | ;

| ‘

Distributed in, Peninsular Thailand; in “Malaya, restricted to limestone om

‘iimf %

is pi robabl ya aarois variety of this.

Limestone Hill Flora vo¥hie | 145

10.

GESNERIACEAE*

Stem slender, sprawling or climbing; often epiphytic. Corolla red or green.

Capsules slender 10-30 cm long. Seeds plumed with one or more hairs ... 2

ere DMNA TAGE TINGP MING io oecna os ccs canes eaceces soeeeccdesecdemendatncesd- 4

Leaves with subpersistent pubescence, fleshy, 1.5-3 cm long. Flowers 1-2,

et REV EO cca redys yond 200 ca te; « «3 so queues «nod Aeschynanthus radicans

Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, 2—5 cm or longer ................ td tage wae 3

Leaves 5-9 cm long, marbled. Calyx-lobes free almost to the base .........

AoA TE MN Foet hs Bact ie silos 08) aw loeenseca ees: Aeschynanthus longicaulis

Leaves about 2. crm long. net imarbled.’, Calyx tubular’ ...2.)6 0 2n0 22.2...

Set Ge RI eras eres) Saetee wis... Aeschynanthus’ parvifolia

Succulent herb with one large leaf, ovate-cordate; stem unbranched ...... a

iets OF SUUsmtuvs WhM several OF More leaves fore ete 7

Pesves elaprous. scpals not spreading in Tiiit so... ool. oo. st eae ea - 6

Leaves strigose hairy, sepals spreading in fruit ...... Monophyllaea_hirticalyx

Sepals ovate-obtuse. Common in Perak, Kelantan, Selangor and Pahang.

moriccoracd: trom. Langkaw1 ... ......<2i0:.s6sqs0<sc0-eas 0 Monophyllaea horsfieldii

Sepals lanceolate-acute. Recorded only from Langkawi: rare ..................

Monophyllaea glabra

er |

Leaves drastically unequal at the base; alternate or one of a pair suppressed

Leaves equal or rarely, asymmetric at the base; in which case in pairs ... 10

Meares eteiais- or -crenilate, Stamens 4, i... i2i yo. alain fev te sve asct eee 9

“sLeaves\entite or wavy, stamens 2. ............5...05... Rhynchoglossum obliquum

Flowers about 1.2 cm across; corolla not spurred, white with a blue spot in

een eIU a peltiad, ors), 825.8, SO sth dV Yee Stauranthera umbrosa

Flowers about 3 cm across; corolla spurred, blue with a yellow spot in the

3 NTS COS wy ed bed 6) pas Cat me LO Res Stauranthera grandiflora

Pim oc meshyanetey, Now ceniseent.y. 4372.2. 2s: Seek. wasnt. cgi Si ee 11

eee GEO SVEMiIMy COUISCONE 6.02 CSL ELL ee ccndeseceneceoee neces 12

11.

12.

Bracts connate into a large cup, enclosing the flowers ... Cyrtandra cupulata

Bracts not connate, small lanceolate ........................ Cyrtandra lanceolata

Leaves, the upper surface distinctly different from the lower, usually dark

green, glabrous, glabrescent or pubescent; the lower from pale-cinnamon,

pale-brown, to white; velvety or dense wolly-pubescent; sometimes in a

Speer cilsteteu. OPNOSItG Or WHOTIER oo ..e cece ce ccc sc eee sec eeneenceeeees a

Leaves, both surface not distinctly different; opposite or alternate, more or

less equally hc Lats, vale pe ie ts. MA a ena SARE NS CR GY

* The generous help of B.L. Burtt, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, with this family

is most gratefully acknowledged.

146

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

13. Capsules twisted, very rarely evident only at dehiscence ........................ 14

Capsules not twisted. .... 0.0.0. 0.42-00..iswciyens sales leas. en 25

14. Calyx S-lobed 2. o.0 oa. , io05 oes oasis «pies » see nese on 6 aie ae nee anc 1S

Calyx 3-lobed. Capsules lanceolate, thick, 2.5-4 by 0.3-0.5 cm. Only from

Deane AWI oor Seg c ans cceeo seenee Uae ene ee ae Dichiloboea speciosa

15. Upper surface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent’...--.-.075...22 eee 16.

Upper surface of leaves pubescent, usually less dense than the lower ...... 21

16. Capsules about 0.6 cm long ......2...0..50.04.0..03 Js cae geet eee ee LF

Capsules 2-2.5 cm: or longer i.1: 20.4. 2....2:05010.. BO So

17. Inflorescence 10.cm or more long¢:.c:.. .c:.. nicl. ga ee 18

Inflorescence short, 1-4 cm long, axillary. Known only from Perak .........

Se enles cp a's «hiGes’s odie xa AMIS oe eee re Boea _ suffruticosa

18. Inflorescence umbellately branched. Known only from Perak ..................

Stee baee'tbe oo cv swing oe sage ease Ohi etant dongs kay eiieee ea ea Boea_ parviflora

‘Inflorescence paniculate. Known only from Kelantan ...... Boea brachycarpa

19. Inflorescence terminal, more than 30° cm ‘Jong .,..)..--.., .<.:2--5 oe 20:

Inflorescence axillary, 10-20 ci long “50. 2 Boea acutifolia

20. Corolla small, less than 1 cm across. Leaves crowded, rosette-likke .........

scene caa tees Ged cE Goon La ed Jn Oe iba y Sait Ue Ne Baa See Boea divaricata

Corolla larger, 2-2.5 cm across. Leaves not arranged rosette-like ............

oe ee Pere Mb omine Spier hie Ny rher Wace Me Boea treubii

21. Capsule 1-cm or moré lone'\wke 2A Re ae.

Capsule 0.4 cm long. Leaves sparsely long-pubescent. Panicles lax,

spreading. Known only from Pahang ........................... Boea minutiflora

22. Inflorescence. termimal s,..5.: 2.2; 03 Mwisieteiet 2 alae pee 23

Inflorescence axillary. Leaves in a rosette, lower surface wolly-pubescent..

Only from Langkawi «> oe eee Boea lanata

23. Leaves more or less evenly spaced. Panicles with the same colour tomentum

as the leaves. .. .. .iiccds. det dae eae ap see 24.

Leaves in dense clusters at the top of woody portions of stems; above these

clusters, stems with spaced leaves terminate in inflorescences. Panicles with

brown tomentum, leaves with white or off-white tomentum .....................

J Ndabwe-e oie ive bbse:d aidielibediriaale te SmDDb lech biath Lots lta Ine ae Boea_ paniculata

24. Tomentum white or off-white. Panicle-branches 2.5-7 cm long. Capsules:

slender,..1—1.3..cm long’,..../....;-.50).: Jha eeee) eee Boea verticillata

Tomentum cinnamon-coloured. Panicle-branches 10-15 cm or more long.

Capsules 2—-3..cm long. ::,).2:0ssHeinseldoed oe) ee Boea caerulescens

25. Stem 30-45 cm lomg gd. dod sced-cpsstubie cemsinde cts snk placbeuale only ee one 26.

Stem very short, leaves CrOWdED 4.<4-:shs +00 + nmdcnainp ne een nein en al

26. Inflorescence dichotomously branched. Capsule 1 cm long, protruding

beyond the 0.2 cm long caly. Only from Pahang ......... Paraboea bettiana

Inflorescence not so branched. Capsule 0.6 cm long, more or less enclosed.

by the caJvx. Recorded from Kedah mainland ......... Ornithoboea flexuosa:

Limestone Hill Flora 147

28.

TE SE foe || a a 28

Leaves sessile with dense, pale brown, silky-pubescence. Peduncles slender,

Ne ee ee ee Paraboea laxa

a IN IND ee is odd vv nna ndydevecciveoordes 29

SS Nc 30

30.

ai.

Je.

ek.

34.

aD.

36.

37.

38.

Leaves, lower surface with branched reddish-brown hairs. Only from Perak

ea EEE Se PCIE i Se Paraboea vulpina

Leaves, lower surface with straw-coloured hairs. Only from Perlis ............

(ES NE 2 ee, ie Mae 4 te se a Paraboea bintangensis

Peduncles with pale brown or cinnamon-coloured hairs ........................ 31

Peduncles with ferruginous hairs; cymes compact scorpiod. Only from

Ce 5 Re 2 OE a ee Paraboea ferruginea

Petioles to 4.5 cm long. Inflorescence sub-umbellate, flowers few ............

rn ier a tea ia Ph apes tet Eke Seek ap tb ~ no dd - Paraboea bakeri

Petioles 5-12 cm long. Inflorescence umbellate and subtended by two broad,

0.6 cm long bracts, flowers numerous ........................... Paraboea capitata

aOR SIE TIE Dg es oe cap cand! Sep iere pe ts | BN yiiien «RGSS 33

Es wpaplevms borapeiteaaghisinle Sie 4220 Aenea rie = et hee a 34

Capsule small, globose, enclosed within the bracts. Plant viscid pubescent.

(LT a Bee oi alee hat een Sin A ae ae RENT ON OE Saar Epithema saxatile

Capsule elongate, to 8 cm; protruding from the bracts. Only from Langkawi

it ORS Eset a ee ee re ee Ae ~ Soe SS aee eee A Sa Chirita rupestris

EE Ss so Be RS eee ach: eer Oe ie ne Chirita lacunosa

aeeUININEC EN (OAM AGEs Sone herb estes Vsbl 7. =. bueit. iv ices ocd --soealee. 35

Fringe of clavate hairs in the corolla tube above the position of the anthers

a a eee) DEL SES Ss oS ea ee a ee ee 36

Fringe of clavate hairs in the corolla tube not present ..................... 38

ener = Comme miitrs Peer SAT? Bia 22>. Taboo. et ee eh ee 37

Corolla less than 2 cm long. Anthers with dark spots ......... Chirita viola

Petiole with glandular hairs; stem glabrescent ............... Chirita caliginosa

Petiole eglandular; stem densely hairy .............................. Chirita sericea

Corolla lobes cream; fruits 14 cm long ......................... Chirita hamosa

Corolla lobes purple-blue; fruits 5-7 cm long ............ Chirita involucrata

Aeschynanthus longicaulis (Wall. Cat. no. 888 (1929) nomen); R. Br. in Benn.,

Pl. Jav. Rar. (1840) 116; Burtt & Woods, Notes R.B.G. Edin. 33:471. 1975.

An epiphytic or rock plant with slender trailing stems.

Distributed in Burma, Vietnam and Thailand. In Malaya recorded only

from the limestone on Kaki Bukit and Bukit Bintang,, Perlis.

Aeschynanthus parvifolia R. Br. in Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1840) 115; Ridl., 2: 500.

1923.

148 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Common in lowland forest. Recorded from limestone in Kelantan and

Selangor.

Aeschynanthus radicans Jack., Trans. Linn. Soc. 14:43. 1823; Ridl., Fl. 2:500.

1923.

Common in the lowlands. Recorded from the limestene on Gua Serai.,.

Kelantan and Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Boea acutifolia Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:519. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:75.

1905, Fl. 2:536. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Stem to 30 cm, woody. Leaves crowded at the top of stem, oblanceolate,

10-15 by 3-4 cm.

Distributed in Thailand and restricted to limestone. In Malaya only from

Langkawi and Perlis.

Boea brachycarpa Ridl., Kew Bull. (1929) 259: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

“17:60. 1939. .

Stem woody, about 20 cm. Capsules 0.6 cm long with only one twist in

dehiscence. Style persistent.

Endemic and known from limestone in Kelantan. Until the 1962 UNESCO

limestone expedition only one specimen (Henderson 19668, from Gua Ninek,

Kejantan) was known to science.

Boea caerulescens Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:73. 1905, Fl. 2:535. 1923:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Plant to 80 cm tall, stem woody. Leaves oblanceolate, 12-20 by 3-5 cm.

Capsule glabrous, slender, 2-3 cm long.

Endemic and probably restricted to limestone. Fairly common on the Perak

and Kelantan hills, also from Pahang.

Boea divaricata Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 43:75. 1905, Fl. 2:535. 1923; Henders..,.

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939: Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 31:35.

1971.

Stem stout and woody. Leaves crowded, about 12-17 by 4-6 cm.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Known from only three collections.

from Langkawi.

Boea lanata Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:520. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:74.

1905, Fl. 2:535. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Stem stout and woody, about 5-8 cm long. Leaves densely crowded, upper

surface arachnoid, lower densely woolly, white, 7-15 by 2-3 cm. Capsule about

1.5 cm long, style persistent.

Endemic and restricted to limestone in the south-eastern corner of Langkawi,

not uncommon. The densely pubescent leaves are very distinctive.

Limestone Hill Flora 149

Boea minutiflora Ridl., Fl. 2:537. 1923: Hendera., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60.

1939.

Stem to about 10 cm. La thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Capsule

ovoid, 0.4 cm long. |

Boea paniculata Ridl. J. Linn. Soc. 32:519. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:72.

1905, Fl. 2:534. 1923; Henders., J. Mal, Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Stem woody, about 10-16 cm long. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers about 4 cm

across. Capsules about 2 cm long.

Endemic, common on limestone and restricted to it, with no records however

from the eastern half of the peninsula.

Boea parviflora Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 43:76. 1905, Fl. 2:536. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Stem slender, 12-15 cm long. Leaves paired, about 10 by 2.5-3 cm. Panicle

umbellate.

Endemic, restricted to limestone in Perak.

Boea suffruticosa Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:518. 1895, J. Str. B. R. As. Soc. 43:75.

1905, Fl. 2:536. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Branching sub-shrub, 30-60 cm tall. Stems slender, spreading.

Endemic and restricted to limestone in Langkawi. Rare.

Boea treubii Forbes, in J. Linn. Soc. Bot, 19:297. 1882: Burtt, Notes R.B.G.

Pomp. 31:°37,- 1971.

Sub-shrub. Leaves opposite, elongate-lanceolate, upper surface glabrous.

Distributed in Sumatra and Sarawak. Known in Malaya from a single

specimen (Henderson 19459) from Gua Tipus, Pahang.

Boea verticillata Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:519. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:73.

1905, Fl. 2:535. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

Lower part of stem woody; leaves whorled.

Endemic and restricted to limestone, common on the Selangor limestone; not

known in Kelantan.

Chirita caliginosa Clarke, in DC., Mon. Phan. 5: 122. 1883; Ridl., J. Str. Br. R.

As. Soc. 43:58. 1905, Fl. 2:524. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:60. 1939, Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 350; Wood, Notes R.B.G. Edinb.

33:186. 1974.

C. parvula Ridl., FI. 2:524,. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:60.

1939.

Herb to 50 cm,, stems succulent.

Distributed in Sumatra and Sarawak, restrictced to limestone, common.

Chirita hamosa R. Br., in Ben. & Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1840) 117; Cl. in Hk.'f.,. Fl:

Br. Ind. 4:360. 1884: Wood, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 33:191. 1974.

150 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Herbaceous, to 30 cm tall. Leaves solitary or paired.

Distributed in the north, from India and Burma to China, on limestone.

Recosded only once from Malaya (Henderson 29185) from the Langkawi limestone.

Chirita involucrata Craib, in Gard. Chron. Ser. 3, 83:140. 1928: Wood, Notes.

R.B.G. Edinb. 33:199. 1974.

Plant herbaceous, to 45 cm tall.

Apparently restricted to limestone, distributed in Thailand and Cambodia-

Recorded in Malaya from Kedah and Kelantan.

Chirita lacunosa (Hk.f.) Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 26:267. 1965: Wood, ibid.

33: 15f.. A974:

Didymocarpus lacunosus Hk. f., in Ridl., Fl. 2:510. 1923.

Acaulescent herbaceous herb. Inflorescence scapiform.

Restricted to limestone. distributed in Thailand and recorded from Gua Badak,

Perak and Langkawi.

Chirita rupestris Ridl., J.. Str. Br. As. Soc. 43:59. 1905, Fl. 2:525. 1923;

Henders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 349: Wood, Notes R.B.G. Edin. 33: 201.

1974.

Herb, 10-30 cm tall.

Distributed in Thailand and Malaya, restricted to limestone. Recorded fronr

Langkawi and Perlis in Malaya (one specimen from Bukit Penarak, Langkawi is

probably not from limestone).

Chirita sericea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:59. 1905, Fl. 2:525. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939: Wood, Notes R.B.G. Edinb..

33° Tor. W972

Herb. to 25 cm tall, silky pubescent.

Endemic and very probably restricted to limestone, recorded from Perak and

once from Kedah.

Chirita viola Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:516. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:58.

1905, Fl. 2:525. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939,

Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 350; Wood, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 33:190. 1974.

Herb, 12-45 cm tall.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. Recorded from Malaya in Pahang,

Kelantan and Kedah, including Langkawi; frequently but not always on limestone..

Common on the coastal limestone of Langkawi.

Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:527. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.

43:92. 1905; Henders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 362.

Endemic and common in lowland forest. Recorded once from limestone:

(Loh FRI 17261, from Gua Peningat, Pahang).

Limestone Hill Flora 151

Cyrtandra lanceolata Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32:527. 1895, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.

43:91. 1905, Fl. 2:546. 1923.

A rare plant, recorded once from limestone (UNESCO 547, from Gua Panjang,

Kelantan).

Dichiloboea speciosa (Ridl.) Stapf., Kew Bull. (1913) 356; Ridl., Fl. 2:537. 1923:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939. Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb.

31239. 971.

Phylloboea speciosa Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32:522. 1895.

Sub-shrub. Stems, lower surface of leaves and fruits white arachnoid.

Distributed in South Thailand and restricted to limestone. Recorded in

Malaya only from Kedah and Perlis.

Epithema saxatile Bl., Bijdr. (1826) 738; Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:80.

1905, Fl. 2:539. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939, Mal.

Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 360.

Slender herb, 7-30 cm tall. Peduncle 3-15 cm long. Capsule globose,

dehiscent by a lid.

Common in Malaya, usually on limestone, but also on other rocks. Recorded

only once from Kelantan though.

Monophyllaea glabra Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:82. 1905; Henders.. J.

Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939.

Herb; stem succulent, 15-30 cm tall with a single ovate-cordate leaf.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. Recorded for Malaya from Langkawi;

only from limestone.

Monophyllaea horsfieldii R. Br., in Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1840) 121; Ridl., J. Str.

Br. R. As. Soc. 43:81. 1905, Fl. 2:540. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:61. 1939; Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 356.

Succulent herb.

In Malaya, common on limestone in Perak, Kelantan and Selangor; also

known from Perlis. Not always from limestone. The distal {4 of the leaf is

nearly always tattered and torn though it does not appear to be the result of

predation.

Monophyllaea hirticalyx Franch., in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, ns. 1:125. 1899;

Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 31:50. 1971.

M. patens Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:82. 1905, Fl. 2:540. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939.

Succulent herb, stem 5-15 cm.

Endemic and restricted to limestone, recorded from Perak, Pahang, Kelantan

and Selangor. This species also nearly always have the distal half of the leaf torn.

Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 22:297. 1958.

152 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Lepidanthus flexuosa Ridl., Fl. 2:538. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:61. 1939.

Herb to 45 cm tall. Leaves opposite, ovate, toothed, pubescent.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya, recorded from only Kedah

mainland; restricted to limestone.

Paraboea bakeri Henders., Gard. Bull S.S. 7:115. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

£7261: 11939;

Acaulescent herb. Leaves broad ovate to orbicular.

Endemic and known from a single collection (Henderson 25094) from Bukit

Sagu, 18 miles N.W. of Kuantan, at about 300 m on bare dry limestone.

Paraboea bettiana Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7:116. 1933, J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Socs 17761. - £939;

Stem woody to 45 cm tall. Leaves crowded.

Endemic and known from a single locality at Bukit Cheras, about 15 miles

W.N.W. from Kuantan at about 160 m.

Paraboea biniangensis Burtt, Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 31:51. 1971.

Acaulescent herb. Leaves broadly elliptic, about 9 by 4.5 cm.

Endemic, known only from the limestone of Bukit Bintang, Perlis.

Paraboea capitata Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:67. 1905, Fl. 2:531. 1923;

Henders., J: Mal: -Br-ReAs, Socel7 sol 1939,

Acaulescent with a stout rootstock. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 6—15

by 5-12 cm.

Endemic, usually on limestone. Recorded from limestone in Perak, Pahang

and Kelantan.

Paraboea ferruginea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:68. 1905, Fl. 2:531. 1923.

Stem very short, leaves in a rosette. |

In Malaya, restricted to limestone on Langkawi, rare; probably distributed

in Peninsular Thailand as well.

Paraboea laxa Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:70. 1905, Fl. 2:532. 1923:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939.

Stem woody, very short. Leaves obovate, decurrent, 6-15 by 3-7 cm, densely

pale brown tomentose especially on the lower surface. Inflorescence umbellate,

peduncle slender 10-15 cm long. Pedicels slender, 0.3 cm long. Corolla 0.6 cm

across, white, pink or (?) yellow. Capsule, 1.2 cm long.

Endemic and restricted to limestone on Langkawi. Chin 1731 and 1785

have pedicels 1.2-2 cm long and capsules to 2 cm long.

> ——

Limestone Hill Flora 153

Paraboea vulpina Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 43:69. 1905, Fl. 2:532. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61. 1939.

Endemic and restricted to limestone in Perak, very rare.

Rhynchoglossum obliquum Bl.. Bijdr. (1826) 741; Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. 43:79.

1905, Fl. 2:539. 1943; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61 1939.

Found in hill forests in Malaya, not common. only once from limestone

(Henderson 19402 from Gua Tipus, Pahang).

Stauranthera grandifolia Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 57; Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As.

Soc. 43:83. 1905, Fl. 2:541. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:61.

1939, Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 357.

On rocks, usually in damp places, mainly in the north. Sometimes on

limestone.

Stauranthera umbrosa Cl., Comm. et Cyrt. Beng. (1874) 89: Ridl.. J. Str. Br. R.

meee 45:65. 1905, Fi. 2:54F. 1923; Henders., J. Mal.. Br. R. As. Soc.

teas. 1959.

On rocks in damp places. Recorded once from limestone (King’s coll. 7144

frcm ‘limestone hill’, Perak).

Note

Didymocarpus calcareus Ridl.. Kew Bull. (1929) 258.

Apparently the only locality from which this species has been collected is

Gunung Stong in Kelantan. The type specimen (Mohamed Nur & Foxworthy

12192) is from ‘1500 ft altitude. on limestone’. Henderson (1939: 15) commenting

on G. Stong wrote. ‘The summit of Gunong Stong. c. 5000 ft, was reported to be

capped with limestone, but Symington and Willbourn report that there are only

a few boulders or limestone, of no significance from a botanical point of view’.

The plant was recollected on G. Stong by Symington in 1934 (Symington

37724). His field notes say ‘damp quartzite rocks, 3500-4000 ft’.

No other Didymocarpus has been reported from limestone. It is very likely

that Mohamed Nur & Foxworthy and Ridley all made a mistake about the rock

type from which their specimen was collected. The specific epithet is therefore

an unfortunate misnomer.

154

10.

Lis

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

GUTTIFERAE

Leaves with numerous straight and parallel secondary veins .....................

WG odin tlh avipia nan s.0-0:0%8 «Ne ccc ia ll pvdem eve edtlne dein cf z Ee ae a oe Calophyllum curtisti

Leaf stalk bases clasping stem, apical pair concealing the apical bud. Flowers

yellow, pimk or Ted. oi ..seessehehes. cag. ~-dclamde led. « oye one beeanee eta 3

Leaf stalk bases not clasping stem, apical pair not concealing bud. Flowers

11) | (eV 11

Leaves with a pair of small ovate stipules. Common in Perlis, Kedah and

around Gua Musang.in Kelantan... 2A0.....95..0.ce ee Garcinia minutiflora

Leaves with no stipules .. 02.0... Sgt seed enna - sos cE 4

Leives mostly 10-20: cm Tome eo ous. sateen sha ge face 5

Leaves ‘mostly smaller ..77. [ot sieck scicen hint aeabe sane ste rete eee 6

Leaves with conspicuous black dots and dashes. Fruits globose, umbonate,

2:94:53, CML ACTOSSyois-54) Ae ks se es See Garcinia nigrolineata

Leaves sometimes only with fine black longitudine! lines. Fruits pear shaped,

about 6° by'S:S Cm... soso oe ee Garcinia opaca

Lower surfaces of leaves with a fine pattern of finger-print like markings,

Veins OBSCURE | ou. cc) cmb aed ae ee ‘gid aabite ~ px hyenas ae ee 7

Leaves narrow, small, 3-6 by 1-1.8 cm. Fruits flask shaped ..................

vin $46 8 0HGR be oo oe on Dhl ee ORES Sohne Tae ewe ae er Garcinia montana

Leaves wider, bigger, 4-10 by 2-5 cm. Fruits globose or sub-globose ... 8

Leaves with a pronounced drip tip. Flowers in axillary racemes to 2.5 cm

long. Fruits | cm across, stigma to 0.3 cm across ...... Garcinia eugeniaefolia

(sometimes)

Leaves not so. Flowers axillary, solitary. Fruits to 2 cm across, stigma to

O.5 CM ACLOSS., :.:. /.nddngiod bee aiaialen taney ene anne Garcinia murdochit

Flowers -solitary or in clusters. Fruit wall succulent, collapsing on drying

sarin ta tin mentee gw epleipw on'b aig #lgele hah sia Resa one ee Garcinia cowa

Flowers in axillary racemes, short or to 2.5 cm long. Fruit wall more or

less woody, not or scarcely collapsing on drying ..................s:eeeeeeeee eee 10

Leaves with a pronounced drip tip. Racemes about 2 cm long. Stigmas

Gat Or CONVER: 430.4 a eee ae ee ee Garcinia eugeniaefolia (sometimes)

Leaves rarely with a pronounced drip tip. Racemes very short. Stigmas

silshtly concave:!.0 032. .ca oe pores ade Garcinia merguensis

Leaves with fine but conspicuous reticulations; lower surface glaucous. Sepals

fused in bud, later splitting into 2. Flowers small, 1-1.5 cm across ......

i RIL, oh SS ae Mammea brevipes

Leaves not reticulate or with very faint reticulations; lower surface not

glaucous. Sepals free, 4. Flowers larger, 7-10 cm across ...... Mesua ferrea

Limestone Hill Flora 155

Calophyllum curtisii King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 59:176. 1890: Ridl.. Fi. 1:185.

1922: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:177. 1973.

Garcinia cowa Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 42; Hk-f.. F.BI. 1:262. 1875: Corner

Way Trees (2nd ed.) 1:315. 1952; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:208. 1973.

Recorded from limestone on Gunong Gajah, Kampar, Perak (Whitmore Lc.).

Samsuri 551 and Chin 768 from Gunong Rapat, Perak have been assigned to

this species with some doubts. The fruits are larger. to 5 cm across (instead of

about 3 cm) and the rind succulent and very brittle.

Garcinia eugeniaefolia Wall. ex Anders., in Hkf., F.B.I. 1:268. 1874: Rid. Fi.

1:169. 1922: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939: Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2:210. 1973.

Usually in lower montane forest. very rare in the lowlands. Common in

the north, also from Thailand. Recorded once from limesione in Kedah (Kiah

35368) and once from Kelantan (UNESCO 354) the identity of the UNESCO

specimen is however doubtful.

Garcinia merguensis Wight., Illus. Ind. Bot. (1831) 122: Ridl.. Fl. 1:169. 1922:

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:215. 1973.

G. lanceolata Ridl., Lc. 170.

Garcinia minutiflora Ridi.. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82:169. 1920 Fi. 1:176. 1922:

Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

2:216. 1973.

Tree to 8 m tall. Leaves usually crowded towards twig ends, with a pair

of small stipules, ovate. ovate-elliptic to obovate, 4.5-8 by 2.5-4.5 cm. coriaceous,

margin recurved. lower surface with fine black dots: secondary neves fine. looping

and joining near the margin. Male flowers crowded on racemes to | cm long.

Female flowers solitary or paired, axillary on stalks 1 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid.

1.2-2.3 cm long, one seeded.

Probably found in Peninsular Thailand: in Malaya, nearly always on lime-

Stone. common in Perlis, Langkawi and around Gua Musang in Kelantan; often

as gnarled trees on craggy limestone.

Garcinia montana Ridl., Fl. 1:175. 1922: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:216. 1973.

Endemic, known from a single collection from Mount Ophir in Johore. A

recent collection from limestone near Ipoh. Ng FRI 1600 is tentatively placed

here (Whitmore lI.c.).

Garcinia murdochii Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82:169. 1920, Fl. 1:175. 1922:

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:217. 1973.

Distributed in Sarawak. Rare in Malaya, with several limestone records

from Selangor and Pahang Loh FRI 17175 from Gua Peningat is probably this

species. Chin 1147 from Raub and 1253 from Gua Batu match this species,

except that the fruits are somewhat obliquely beacked.

156 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. ‘Anders..’in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1/263. ‘1875; Ridl.!

a A cae 1922: Corner, Way. Trees (nd ed!) 1:319. 1952; Whitmore, Tree

Fl. Mal. 2:218. 1973.

G. kunstleri King, in Ridl.. Fl, VAT 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

soc, 17730. 1939)

Garcinia opaca King, % As. Soc. Beng. 50:160. 1890; Ridl.,. Fl. 1:178. 1922;

Whitmore, Tree FI. Mal. 2):218. 1973. : sh

Endemic, found in Perak, Selangor and.S.E. Johore. Recorded from lime-

stone in Kelantan, Trengganu and Johore (on. the small outcrops on the slopes

of Gunong Sumalayang). |

Mammea brevipes (Craib) Kosterm., Commun. For. Res. Inst. Bogor ta 13. 1961:

_ Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2:226. 1973. ive

Ochrocarpus_ siamensis (Miq.) ‘Anite Ridk,; Fed e0.e tee

Distributed in Thailand. In Malaya, only from Langkawi, sometimes on

limestone. : iy |

Mesua ferrea L., Sp. Pl. (1753): 515; ‘Ridlsn Fl. 1:192. 1922: Henders.; J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36... 1939; Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 3: 133-7. 1027) 0sgeniae

«Way. Trees (2nd ed.)'1:320. 1952: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. Be 2232" 1973.

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Basal third of fruit enveloped by a persisten receptacle. ........... Distyliopis. dunnii

Nousuch persistent féceptacke: (oat a0) ween ea ten nt Distylium stellare

Distyliopsis dunii (Hemsley) Endress, Blumea 19: 105. ~ 1971.

Sycopsis dunii Henisley, Ic. Pl. (1907) 29, Vink, Fl. Mal. 1,°5%371. 1957;

Whitmore, Tree Fi. Mal. 2:241. 1973.

Uncoaitnor and often local, on montane raved from 1200-1500 m. Recdided

on limestone from Gua Musang, Kelantan and Bukit Serdam, Pahang both at

less than 400 m altitude. It is abundant on the dry agree summit of Bukit

Serdam. . i

Distylium stellare O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1:233. Vink, FL Mal. I. 5; 369.

1957; Back., Fl. Java 1:654. 1963; Whitmore, in, Tréé Fl. Mal. 2! 239. 1973,

~ Uncommon "in Malaya,- at 1000-2000 m. Recorded” for ‘limestone from

Gunong Pondok at an elevation of less than 400 m. ”

Limestone Hill Flora 157

HERNANDIACEAE

Iigera pulchra Bl., Bijdr. (1826) 1154; Back. Fl. Java 1:136. 1963; Kubitzki,

fue on, oe 71 ys. 1969:

I. lucida Teysm., Binn. in Ridl., Fl. 3:140. 1924.

A slender climber. Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets lanceolate or lanceolate-

elliptic, base round, sometimes slightly cordate, 5-15 by 2-15 cm. Inflorescence

terminal and axillary, flowers 5-merous. Fruit 4 winged, about 2.5 cm long and

6-7 cm wide; wings, 3 long, 1| short.

Distributed in Sumatra, Malaya. Java and Celebes. Uncommon to rare in

Malaya, known from only five records, three are from limestone, the other two

also likely from limestone.

HY PERICACEAE

Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer, in Hk. f. F.B.I. 1:258, 1975: Ridl.. Fl. 1:154. 1922:

Gogelein, Blumea 15:470. 1967.

Collected a number of times from Ulu Kelantan limestone where it appears

not to be uncommon though never abundant. The plants are usually spindly

shrubs 2-4 m tall on dry craggy summits with a little soil accumulation. There

is a tree about 6-8 m tall on the summit of Gua Musang near the picnic ground,

overlooking the railway and the town. This tree withstood the fire of early 1969

that destroyed almost all the vegetation on this part of the hill. See under

Radermachera lobbii (TY. et B.) Mig. (Bignoniaceae).

ICACINACEAE

Erect shrubs, glabrous or glabrescent ..................... Gomphandra quadrifida

2. Pubescence on the lower surface of leaves, consisting of soft, erect, or some-

what oblique hairs. Inflorescence to about 30 cm long in the male .........

| POAT Se oe hie Oot Se ne Oe Oe lodes cirrhosa

Pubescence on the lower surface of leaves, consisting of appressed stiff hairs.

oe ecg YS 26 sO rea Todes ovalis

Gomphandra quadrifida (Bl.) Sleum., Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 15:238. 1940, Blumea

17:200. 1969.

G. penangiana Wall. ex Mast., in Ridl., Fl. 1:427. 1922.

G. affinis Mast. sensu Ridl., including var floribunda Ridl., Fl. 1:427. 1922:

as G. sp. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

var. quadrifida, in Sleum., Blumea l.c. 201.

lodes cirrhosa Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 27:261. 1854: Sleum., Blumea

17:221. 1969.

Iodes ovalis Bl., Bijdr. (1925) 30; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939;

Sleum., Blumea 17:220: 1969.

I. oblonga Planch., in Mast., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:597. 1857; Ridl., Fl. 1:435.

1922.

158

10.

11.

Gardens’ Buli2tin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

LABIATAE

. Inflorescence terminal or sub-terminal, sometimes also with smaller axillary

ones, but always towards the distal and of the stem ........................... 2

Inflorescence axillary, often forming false-whorls made up by the pairs of

Opposed CYMES.. «.... cscs bs ode c1c2n dcinieen //tc bimelee tleiy bain eshele a melels e 8

. Inflorescence a terminal or sub-terminal false-whorl forming a globular head

1.5—2.0 cm across; sometimes axillary false-whorls occur below ...............

ciditrs aitith « Sagi wearagtate gle = anisuieed apd apt Ok Mamita acer eens: ene ae ae ie Leucas zeylanica

Main branches of the inflorescence dichotomously branched, usually rather

COMPACl ........c.cceese ck mele nad eneitic Res eae cet Oe WEI etek « ne. 5 eee: Gee r 4

Main branches of the inflorescence (if branched), not dichotomously, usually

raceme like and. lax. .<isiv. Sock ah ei ee eee

. Stem to over 100 cm tall; leaves 5-11 by 3.5-6 cm, glabrous above, pubescent

below 2126.4). .4neee ee Be ee Cymaria dichotoma

Stem very short 5-10 cm long, woody; leaves 15-20 by 10-12 cm, hirsute

on. both: sides 2... 306. SN EE, ee Acrymia ajugiflora

Flowers borne singly on the axis. Very rare endemic on limestone ............

Leen cele, A ALA ee a ee Plectranthus kunstleri

Flowers borne in false whorls of 3-many; sometimes only 2 and opposite... 6

Inflorescence unbranched, raceme-like. Flowers 2-3 in a false whorl; if 2,

OPPOBILE ..... 2c.45s2sd ode hee hee ae Re a Scutellaria discolor

Inflorescence usually branched, if unbranched flowers usually more than 4 in

a false whorl ..)o0c. s..feaas fun aR ee ee tere Semel ok gre elo cae eg 7

Filaments prominent, projecting about 2 cm beyond mouth of corolla. Leaves

3-9 by 2-45 ‘em, ‘base cuneate, ft: tee Orthosiphon aristatus

Filaments not projecting beyond mouth of corolla. Leaves usually broadly

ovate, 4-7 by 3~5 cm, base Tounged 19. Ai eee ee Coleus scutellarioides

Flowers in globose or sub-globose heads; old flower heads withering black

and persistent; peduncles:3-3..cuv long.) yao ae eee Hyptis rhomboides

Flowers not so. borme ..2.)ocsicce ache teen vino cles cae eee 9

Leaves less than 5 cm long and (1—) 2-4 cm wide ..............;.:.5.5)ee 10

Leaves more than 8 cm long, often much more and (3—) 7-15 cm wide ... 11

Flowers 2—5 in cymes with a peduncle 0.5—1 cm long; calyx campanulate,

when old 0.8-1.0 cm long, strongly ribbed, drying brown ... Hyptis suaveolens

Flowers 3-10 in axillary false whorls, petioles 0.1-0.2 (—0.5) cm, calyx

cylindrical 0.5—0.7 (—0.8) cm, drying pale green or straw coloured ............

gaia Lea Boctels Fav va dis ov abd bbe V ER Roun obs Rene Ucar ene a Leucas mollissima

Flowers in lax, axillary pedunculate and often branched cymes ............ 12

Flowers in dense axillary false whorls ...)....,..9..20005)..)s ne 13

Limestone Hill Flora 159

12. Corolla tube almost straight, throat narrow; nutlets 1-2 ......................

13. Calyx tube in flowers, 0.5—.7 cm long; corolla 2.5—3.5 cm long, straight ......

(a ee RD ee oe ee ee Gomphostemma microcalyx

Calyx tube in flowers, 1.0—-1.5 (—2.0) cm long; corolla 4.0-4.5 (5.0) cm long,

SS DE a aie en re Gomphostemma javanicum

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth., in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2:16. 1830; Back., FI.

Java 2:637. 1965: Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:51. 1969.

C. atropurpureus Benth. in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2:16. 1830; Ridl., Fl. 2: 646.

1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:65. 1969.

Cymaria dichotoma Benth., in Wall.. Cat. (1828) 2080: Hk.f., F.B.1. 4:705. 1885

Ridl., Fl. 2:654. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939;

Keng. Gard. Bull. S. 24:65. 1969.

Subshrub about | m tall. Stem faintly 4-angled, finely pubescent. Leaves

5-11 by 3.5-6 cm. Flowers 6-15, on the branches of cyme.

Distributed in §. China, Burma, Thailand and Malesia: in Malaya frequently

but not always collected from limestone at low altitudes.

Gomphostemma crinitum Wall.. Cat. (1828) Hk.f., F.B.I. 4:695. 1885; Ridl., FI.

2:652. 1923. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939; Keng,

Gard. Bull. S. 24:84. 1969.

Plant 50-150 cm tall, stems stout erect. Leaves herbaceous 25-30 by 8-15 cm,

pubescent. Flowers in axillary branched cymes.

Distributed in Burma, Indochina and Malesia; in Malaya collections are often

though not always from limestone: usually from the bases of limestone hills in

shade on soil rich in accumulated rock and plant debris.

Gomphostemma curtisii Prain, in J. As. Soc. Beng. 59:315. 1890; Ridl., FI.

2:654. 1923: Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:85. 1969.

Cyrtandromoea repens Ridl., Fl. 2:543. 1923.

Gomphostemma javanicum (Bl.) Benth., Lab. Gen. & Sp. (1835) 650; Back., FI.

Java 2:618. 1965; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:86. 1969.

G. oblongum Wall. ex Benth., in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2:12. 1930; Ridl.. FI.

2:653. 1923 (including var. setosa Ridl.); Henders., J. Mai. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:66. 1939.

Gomphostemma microcalyx Prain, in J. As. Soc. Beng. 59:316. 1890; Ridl., FI.

2:652. 1923; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:82. 1969.

Hyptis rhomboidea Mart. & Gal., Bull. Acad. Bru. 11:188. 1844; Keng, Gard.

Bull. S. 24:92. 1969.

160 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

H. capitata (non Jack.) Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2:958. 1858; Back., Fl. Java

2634 19632""

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Ann. Mus. Paris 7:472. 1806; Ridl., Fl. 2: 645.

1923; Back., Fl. Java 2:634. 1965; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:96. 1969.

A weed of open places, not common, n3

Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth., in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1:62. 1830; Hk.f.,

F.BA. 4:682. 1885; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939; Keng;

Gard. Bull. S. 24:106. 1969.

Plant 40-60 cm tall, much branched. Leaves thin ovate to elliptic 1.5-3 by

1-1.5 cm, the base rounded, tomentose on both sides. Flowers (3—) 6-10 in

axillary false whorls. Calyx cylindric, corolla white, upper lip densely hairy.

Distributed in India to S. China and Malesia; in Malaya restricted to lime-

stone and only Kedah, in open places on rocky ground.

Leucas zeylanica R. Br. in W.T. Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 3:409. 1811; Hk.

F.B.L. 4: 689." 1885; Ridl., Fl. 2: 650, 1923; Back:, Fl. Java-2: G23ee eee

Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:101. 1969.

Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq., FI. Ind. Bat. 2:943. 1858; Back., FI. Java 2: 640.

1965; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 2472132. - 1969.

O. stamineus Benth., in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 2:15. 1931: Hk.f., F.B.I. 4: 615:

18352 Ridl AF.) 2°*645, 19s.

Plectranthus kunstleri Prain, in J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:521: 1897, 74:916. 1907;

Ridl., Fl. 2:646. -1923; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:151. 1969.

Plant 80-120 (—150) cm tall, stems angular. Leaves membranous, broad

ovate, 7-10 (-12) by 4-6 cm, base broad and abruptly short cuneate. Flowers

in panicles 10-14 cm long, borne singly. Calyx, 1-1.5 mm long in flower (in

fruit 5-6 mm).

Rare; endemic to the limestone of Malaya, previously known only from a

single collection from the limestone in Perak. (King’s collector 8240, Sept. 1885).

This species was not recorded again for almost 90 years after the initial colleection,

until recently when it was found on Pulau Langgun (Chin 1760), the largest

island to the Northeast of Pulau Langkawi proper. Though Langkawi has always

been a popular spot for collectors, Pulau Laggun is one of the few islands, I

believe, that~has not been botanised on; and it was on the north-eastern part of

the island. about half way between the shore and the lake that this plant was

found again. It was growing on very rocky ground, consisting of huge oulders

suggesting that a huge cave-in could have occurred. in the not too distant past.

The plants were welt spaced, scattered over a considerable area, rooting in rock

crevices and on humus accumulated on the boulders, unde the shade of scattered

trees. Ground vegetation was fairly sparse, consisting mainly of chase aroids,

Impatiens mirabilis Hk.f. and ferns.

The inflorescence appears to elongate gradually producing 1-2 flowers at a

time, and on most inflorescences still producing flowers, buds as well as the

remnants of dried calyx are found together. The flowers are a purplish pink

colour.

Limestone Hill Flora 161

Scutellaria discolor Wall. ex Benth., in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 1:66. 1830; Ridl., FI.

2:649. 1923; Back., Fl. Java 2:620. 1965; Keng; Gard. Bull. S. 24:165.

1969.

NOTE

Acrymia ajugiflora Prain, Kew Bull. (1908) 114; Ridl., Fl. 2:654. 1923: Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:65. 1939; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24:29. 1969.

Stem woody, prostrate and short, leafy only at the upper half. Leaves

elliptic, 15-20 by 10-12 cm, margin irregularly serrate, petioles 3-4 cm _ long.

Flowers in dichotomously branched compound cymes; corolla 0.6-0.7 cm long,

upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, the midlobe large and obovate.

Monotypic and endemic to Malaya. The type specimen collected by Kunstler

is labelled ‘Perak, N.K.L.” Prain, Ridley and Keng quoted this specimen as from

Perak; Henderson however thinks that Kunstler often did not delete the word

‘Perak’ from his printed labels even though the plant was not collected from

Peerak; and is of the opinion that ‘N.K.L.’ probably means ‘Near Kuala Lumpur’.

However they are all of the opinion that it (Kunstler, King’s collector, 10709)

is from limestone. All other collections seen are from two localities; one from

Rawang (Melville 4747), where there is no limestone outcrop of botanical interest;

and the others from Kanching Forest Reserve, (Steenis 18509, Nur 34334, Reid s.n.

June 1953 and Ridley s.n. Dec. 1920). Reid’s specimen is specifically labelled

as from the base of a quartz cliff, in an area a few hundred yards square.

The Kanching specimens (Reid’s excepted) have been assumed by previous

authors (Henderson included) to be from limestone. However I have not found

this species on the limestone in Kanching (Bukit Anak Takun and Bukit Takun)

where I have collected intensively, but have collected it (Chin 1825) from the base

and lower slopes of the quartz ridge (also in Kanching and about two miles from

the limestone outcrops). A label on which the locality is stated as ‘a cliff or

‘base of cliff’, the type of which is unspecified can easily prompt workers to

interpret the cliffs as being limestone as the limestone cliffs are the popularly

known cliffs in Kanching. I am therefore of the opinion that none of the

Kanching specimens are from limestone but instead are all from the same locality

at the base and slopes of the small quartz ridge (rising to 593 ft. as Bukit Perangin)

which is chiefly under Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f., and which forms part

of the Kanching Forest Reserve. The Rawang specimen collected by Melville

could very well be from the same locality, since Rawang is the closest town to

the Kanching Forest Reserve and is less than three miles from the quartz ridge.

Under the circumstances Melville could easily have (and rightly) recorded his

collection as from Rawang.

Therefore after rejecting the idea that Kunstler’s specimen could have been

collected from Perak, I conclude that the species is restricted to Selangor only,

and I am of the opinion that no collections yet made are from limestone. All

are very likely are from the same locality at the base and lower slopes of the

quartz ridge at Kanching Forest Reserve, where there is still a healthy and

thriving population.

162

10.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

LAURACEAE

Undersurfaces of matured leaves pubescent; sometimes along the veins only

No ceeb veces ce dues caadeecedbcndensuresonciers plage atta c6 yee eset te aan Z

Undersurfaces of matured leaves glabrous and usually glaucous ....... .... 4

Leaves cuspidate with a tip 2-3 cm long; lower surface densely pubescent,

velvety; especially. so ‘along’ the “veins >. S.. t). Sete Cryptocarya griffithiana

Leaves not with a tip 2-3 cm long: pubescence not dense ..................... 2

Inflorescence lax, peduncle 5-7 cm long; leaves shortly caudate ...............

. AM. 2k. Pug a a ee ee eee Dehaasia longipedicellata

Inflorescence dense and short; leaves with a rounded or acute apex .........

ceeececens ste ehel QOS . BME Rs 0 DER ies een ee Litsea polyantha

Leaves 3-5 veined from the base or the lowest pair of veins prominent,

“reaching half the length of leaves =. ¢27).2-2..2.50 LS 5

Leaves with veins not as above’). ..22. 0 eee eee i

Flowers in sniall axillary clusters. Young leavees more or less pubescent ...

Jeet pee agaetenhewion sine nbay ns shatead « mildest ds aang tpt sre ceeges cle seein 6

Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, 5-15 cm long. Young leaves not

PUDESCENL, ||... .-- Hosearpea: obese eee sees ae ea Cinnamomum iners

Anthers 4-celled; stamens 6. Petioles about 1.2 cm long ........................

Lstinewdeaneas ova dacan ova ds's bake hopin Recline isola aaa asm gae Neolitsea zeylanica

Anthers 2-celled; stamens 9. Petioles usually to 0.4 cm long ..................

speusbedddacccphgacsavic ads) 4Mte yo Te tthe atest bela tsaie aia tei ean Lindera concinna

Flowers in pseudo-umbels surrounded by large persistent bracts forming an

involucre (the whole resembling .a flower) .... .cis0<:3, o0:523 eee enc ee 8

Flowers not surrounded by a persistent involucre ................cceeeeeee sees 7

Leaves mostly less than 8 cm wide, apex acute. Flowers with 0-3 perianth

LOBES oso. rush lide Pee japek Mare aly EEG Eo eee Litsea giutinosa

Leaves usually more than 8 cm wide, apex rounded or obtuse. Flowers with

4 pertanth lobes: ..4.2.:\ Alii ace. Se ae Litsea noronhae

Leaves long acuminate. Anthers 4-loculate ..................... Phobe lanceolata

Leaves not so. -Anthers 2-loculate \.0)00...901. 4... ¢¢agscn tee ean 10

Leeves large, more than 20 cut long», ) 0), .cnea000-aseeeeen Dahaasia microcarpa

Leaves smaller... ........4.es0see00ecic ++» nes esis »seepn ying annie ie ements 11

Fruiting pedicels enlarged. Perianth lobes unequal in 2 whorls. Common

on ‘limestone |. 22065) 0-21.00. ate on ae Dehaasia curtisii

Fruiting pedicels not enlarged. Perianth lobes equal ......................0005 12

Leaves 2—2.5 cm wide; base long attenuate ......... Beilschmiedia pahangensis

Leaves 3.5—6 cm wide; base narrowed .................. Beilschmiedia lumutensis

Limestone Hill Flora 163

Beilschmiedia lumutensis Gamble, Kew Bull. (1910) 148: Ridl., Fl. 3:84. 1924.

Endemic and rare. Known only from a collection made in the Dindings,

Lumut, and recently, one from limestone in Kelantan. (Gua Seria, UNESCO 504).

Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble, Kew Bull. (1910) 150; Ridl., Fl. 3:86. 1923.

Endemic, often by rivers. Once from limestone on Gunong Tempurong,

Perak. (Ng FRI 5856).

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex BI., Bijdr. (1826) 570; Corner, Way. Trees 1: 340.

1952.

Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight, Icon. Pl. (1852) t. 1830; Corner, Way. Trees

ee. 2:

Dehaasia curtisii Gamble. Kew Bull. (1910) 151; Ridl., Fl. 3:88. 1924; Henders.,

J Wial, Br BR As. Soc. 17:67.. 1939.

Tree 3-8 m. Twigs pale colour. Leaves coriaceous, obovate to obovate-

elliptic, glaucous beneath 4-7 (—-12) by 2—3 (-5) cm. Flowers small, in inflorescences

to 2 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid 1.2-1.5 cm long, ripening black.

Endemic, common on the limestone but not restricted to it. Plants growing

in very exposed, dry, rocky summits tend to have smaller leaves in prominent

fascicles at twig ends than plants growing in sheltered localities with some

accumulation of soil.

Dehaasia longipedicellata (Ridl.) Kosterm., in Reinw. 6:284. 1962.

Beilschmiedia longipedicellata Ridl., Kew Bull. (1926) 475.

Endemic to Malaya and rare, once from limestone (Batu Bayan, Bertam,

Kelantan, UNESCO 80).

Dehaasia microcarpa Bl., Rumphia (1837) 162; Ridl., Fl. 3:87. 1924; Henders.,

a Mal rs. As: Soc.17:67.. 1939.

Lindera concinna Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82:192. 1920, Fl. 3:137. 1924.

Endemic, usually found above 1,500 m. Once from limestone at about 300 m,

on Gua Musang, Kelantan. (Ng, FRI 5564).

Litsea glutinose (Lour.) C.B. Rob., Philip. J. Sc. 6:321. 1911; Bak., Fl. Java

Bed. - 1963.

L. chinensis Lam., Encyo. 3:574. 1791-1792; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:68. 1939.

L. sebifera Bl., Bijdr. (1826) 560; Ridl., Fl. 3:128. 1924.

Tree 5-15 m tall. Leaves elliptic oblong, glabrous 9-15 (—30) by 24 (-13).

Buds softly pubescent. Flowers in short inflorescences along twigs. Fruits green,

ripening black.

Distributed from India to Indochina, Java and Borneo. Occasionally

cultivated. In Malaya recorded in limestone from Bukit Anak Takun and Bukit

164 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Takun in Selangor and from Gunong Baling in Kedah; otherwise an uncommon

plant. Ridley I.c. doubts whether it is native to Malaya; however I feel that

the Selangor specimens are wild.

Litsea noronhae BI., Bijdr. (1826) 561; Ridl., Fl. 3:128. 1924; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939: Bak., Fl. Java 1:127. 1963.

Litsea polyantha Juss., Ann. Mus. Par. 6:211. 1805; Ridl., Fl. 3:118. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:68. 1939.

Neolitsea zeylanica Merr.. Philip. J. Sc. I. Suppl. 57. 1906; Ridl., Fl. 3: 132.

1924; Corner, Way. Trees 1:349. 1952.

Phoeba lanceolata (Wall. ex Nees) Nees, Syst. Laur. (1836) 109; Ridl., Fl. 3: 104.

1924. Kosterm., Reinw 8:124. 1970.

LECY THIDACEAE

1. Coastal tree. Leaves broad, 20-40 by 10-18 cm. ........ Barringtonia asiatica

Not coastal. Leaves narrower. 10-35 by 3-8 em ......)...0.4..0 eee z

2.. Leaves pubescent beneath, the base. emarginate or cuneate ..22/.)2yeeeee

1 «ag nleinein.a ote te bemacel «tame aie eee aa ae nanan ee Barringtonia fusiformis

Leaves glabrous beneath, the base cuneate ......... Barringtonia macrostachya

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz, Rep. Pegu (1875) App. A. 55; Henders., J. Mal..

B. speciosa J. R. et G. Forster, Char. Gen. (1776) 76; Ridl., Fl. 1:756. 1922.

Widely distributed along tropical shores from the Indian Ocean to the

Western Pacific Ocean; common in Malaya. Recorded from limestone in

Langkawi only as a littoral plant.

Barringtonia fusiformis King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 70:140. 1901; Ridl., Fl. 1: 759.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939; Payena, Binmes

15.:240. 1967.

In Malaya, fairly common on riverbanks and in dense bamboo-forest in

the lowlands. Recorded from limestone on Gunong Pondok, Perak, (Henderson

23796) growing on rocky soil covered slopes and doubtfully once on limestone

from Gua Batu, Selangor (Ridley 8284).

Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurtz, Rep. Pegu (1975) Avp. A, 66; Ridl., FI-

1:758. 1922; Payens, Blumea 15:244. 1967.

Limestone Hill Flora 165

LEGUMINOSAE

Bape Sb ot Te a isa Soe el aS a alto 2

ES ea a 8 et a Se eS A 16

nent OE TR RVG ony cco. scan vpnse oc secavaccacsdcesess sence Mimosa _ pudica

NE CURIE ee eg an tA oh wink docacs «ahetiotk«!\loor~clatant baaebers 2

a NUN NNN ee oe a2 sii ia ode tc ascas ucensc, seccnenasties. 4

(SES SLE T NSS go le ees eet Seer ei Bauhinia acuminata

tr OS Te E10 Bias Fowangiay 4 he] » bee et a Moghania strobilifera

SIS a GTS 2 a ee a 5

Leaves pinnate, leaflets more than 3; sometimes 3. Usually not coastal .... 7

(SE EES (oS Dg ie pk ee Ngati fe rg) op te ans a ea 15

SRN orate ES 2A eae omeae sass ovwdurabaas 6

eat ea ves POPOSS;. DOGS .SLTIDOSE., .1.6. 0s chan. . daca anes baz Desmodium rugosum

Pewee A Is MOL SOo oo... 2.2. idas oe aes oe det Desmodium umbellatum

fe tcaves cvci-piitiatc, with no terminal Teaflet™ .. 22... 2.0.0.0... 0. occ cee eee seen 8

Peaves OdG-pinnate, with a terminal leatlet 2. cb. k en. ss oe eee 13

rt 2) AIES et oe ee He i ike ys co eniaps sewn es senses vaeaed 9

a BAA RNS ee pe a he all ad A 10

9. Leaves 8-15 cm long; flowers in racemes 5-10 cm long .....................0..655

Re hee LS NS et ety ae ne a cae ee Tamarindus indicus

Leaves 25-45 cm long; flowers in terminal panicles 30-40 cm long ............

eRe ie eta agh ee ie sesh olive ects oe vd tos eve gabwsadenne Cassia timoriensis

10. Leaflets: very asymmetric; 1—3 pairs ..............0.6..... Cynometra malaccensis

Peauers nnOre sor less, Symmetrical: 1=—8 pairs’ 2..2625..2.5. 0.6. cl. eee eec es 11

11. Leaves big, 22-90 cm long; leaflets with distinct stalks about 1 cm long;

Hagar deanets 10¢ COSE tO! Wie. 6 ia. ic oi) hoc cs eee gees estas Saraca thaipingensis

Leaves smaller; leaflets subsessile; the basal pair often clasping the twig ...

Sore ES ap 9 GN Sr BMA en a any one eee 12

12. Stamens 3-5, usually 4; calyx tube 0.5—3 cm long ............ Saraca declinata

Stamens 5-10, usually 6-8; calyx tube 0.5—1.2 cm long ......... Saraca indica

13. Sarmentose shrub, rarely climbing; panicles large 20-60 cm long ............

Ee RE aes eS et er eons es aye ce maurimenpecags cis Derris thyrsiflora

Se ee ema TENT or 0) CTT aos crea vin Some ina=vne orth esa vse steeesees 14

14. Leaflets glabrous; pods thickly woody; narrowly 0.2 cm winged. Only from

RN ie Me Oe NE AR ian Ocean Law Veck aveee ne Millettia pterocarpa

Leaflets hairy along the midrib below; pods thinly woody; not winged.

LS pas AE OO US oes le oa se Millettia hemsleyana

166

iS:

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

20,

eal

cee

24.

25:

26.

28.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Flowers in dense glbose heads; shrubs; in disturbed areas only. ...............

ewe thee. £5. LS Se Re ee Leucaena glauca

Flowers im panicles; ‘trees; coastal ............5..45 Peltophorum pterocarpum

WOrmy ies. eee, PL ees hes Vb. ena ve tee nee earacdlo see errr ry

Not ‘thromy 05 ....00 5.5 0)0s..cdscessnaceds thasetssinee she Souda naneeaaae Gane 18

heaters: 0:82 12em Tome 2A. Eee ee eee Pterolobium densiflorum

beatlets: 2-4 cum ‘lone. 1. .h5. 8 ee ee Caesalpinia crista

Leaves: Simple: oo... oc cc ntelis siclelaw ob alae tnd Ja ote grein 19

Leaves: trifoliolate ooo ioc caeee bees nelst eclep o's minwincemouionieay ee 25

Leaves with more than 3 leaflets; pinnate; rarely some leaves with only

3 deaflets 0.2.0. 600.08. OL i. ne 26

Buds spindle-shaped to oblong-ellipsoid, winged or prominently ribbed at the

apex,. rarely rounded. .. Tendrils absent .......025,:s.cs08 ee Bauhinia pottsii

Buds globular to oblong-ellipsoid, never winged at the apex. Tendrils

POSS NG... San Sea ee eee vee nusiehe eid eeuilivaels Geer 20

Flowers in corymbose; dense short Tacemes |...7...7... = ..\.0 21

Flowers in slender-stemmed, narrow racemes, never corymbose ............ 23

Anthers opening by a large pore. Only from Gunong Senyum, Pahang ...

ssh no or node mnie soknes acco'e Simul ats aslo pin analy tana ee aa es Se Phanera decumbens

Anthers ‘opening by:.a St ..2.5.055 Soe kan cave wc we ve oe res ec 22

Receptacle tubular,. 0:7=i tech tone es, ce eae cae ee Phanera glauca

Receptacle slender, 0.4 cm long ......... Phanera integrifolia subsp. integrifolia

Dics. swollen... Ovary -glabrous.\\....55.5 4 ).:..¢gn720ds des ee a 24

Disc not swollen. Ovary densely tomentose ........ Lasiobema strychnoideum

Pedicels to 2 cm long. Stamens about 0.5 cm long. Staminodes 5—6. Leaves

shallowly. Difide:: ich .: «aia. denM ean POs ka ee Lasiobema curtisii

Pedicels about 0.5 cm long. Stamens about 1 cm long. Staminodes 2.

Leaves one third to. half Dilteeyv oA ww ae eee Lasiobema flavum

Herbaceous climber, pubescent; flowers yellow ............... Phaseolus mungo

Woody climber, glabrous; flowers bluish-purple ............... Mucuna biplicata

Leaflets “Opposite ...... 52.5) pees enspaslne see se ee genie ine ayuieen tonne nn 28

Leaflets 0.6-1 by 0.5-0.8 cm; branchlets pubescent ....................... cess sees,

Ss 5s coatcde «URN As von oe «8 p aol tobe a elt a oe Dalbergia phyllanthoides

Leaflets 1.7-3.5 by 0.8-2 cm; branchlets glabrous ...... Dalbergia scortechinii

Leaflets 10-15 by 4-6 cm; branchlets pubescent ............ Dalbergia kunstleri

Sarmentose shrub; rarely climbing; inflorescence large 20-60 cm long ......

rake od Tabi sit bowie d dala» ela duiaiy « RE WIES eg Me eaie ae aa Derris thyrsifolia

Always a climber; inflorescence smaller, 7-30 cm long .....................05 2

Limestone Hill Flora 167

29. Pods thick, woody, lower surface of leaflets scaly and finely hairy ............

ES EE ee A ee ee oe Millettia sericea

Pek Wiese alone One Or Dot. SULUTES, ...... 26.6... 2 cnc. .eccneseeeesccces- 20

30. Standard petal 1.5—2.5 cm long, with basal tubercles; densely pubescent on

a ee ee? a ee Derris elliptica

Standard petal 0.5—1 cm long, without basal tubercles: not densely pubescent

(LER RRR ves < Sisk tect Re at hl ee ng es Se a Derris heterophylla

Bauhinia acuminata L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 375: Ridl., Fl. 1:625. 1922; Henders..

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939: De Wit, Reinw. 3:393. 1956.

Caesalpinia crista L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 380; Back., Fl. Java 1:545. 1963.

C. nuga Ait, Hort. Kew 3:32. 1811: Ridl., Fl. 1:650. 1922.

Cassia timoriensis DC., Prodr. 2:499. 1825: Ridl., Fl. 1:617. 1922: Whitmore,

Tree Fl. Mal. 1:248. 1972.

Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen, Blumea 18:18. 1970; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal.

1:254. 1972.

C. inaequifolia Gray, in Bak., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 2: 267. 1878; as ‘inaequalifolia’

in Ridl., Fl. 1:635. 1922.

Dalbergia kunstleri Prain ex King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:121. 1897; Ridl., FI.

1:592. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939.

Endemic and known only from 2 localities; one on limestone from Gopeng

and the other from the banks of the Kinta river, both in Perak.

Dalbergia phyllanthoides Bl., in Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1:134. 1855; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939.

Dalbergia scortechinii Prain., J. As. Soc. Beng. 70:444. 1901; Ridl., Fl. 1:589.

1922.

Derris elliptica Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 4:111. 1860; Ridl.. Fl. 1:597. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939: Back., Fl. Java. 1:617. 1963.

Derris thyrsiflora Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 4:114. 1860: Ridl., Fl. 1:594. 1922.

Desmodium rugosum Prain., J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:137. 1897; Ridl., Fl. 1: 607.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939.

Shrub, puberulous. Leaflets coriaceous, rugose, terminal one about 10 by

6 cm. Inflorescence axillary, corymbs 3—6 flowered. Pods 4 cm long, 4-jointed.

Distributed in Burma and Thailand; in Malaya known only from Langkawi,

Kedah; chiefly but not exclusively on limestone.

Desmodium umbellatum DC., Prodr. 2:235. 1825; Ridl., Fl. 1:607. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939; Back., Fl. Java 1:603. 1963.

Erythrina variegata L., Herb. Amboin. en 10; Krukoff. J. Arn. Arb. 53: 132.

1972.

168 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

E. indica Lam.; Encyc. 2:291. 1786; Ridl., Fl. 1:578:. 1922; Henderss

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939.

E. orientalis (L.) Murr., Comm. Gotting. 8:35. 1787; Whitmore, Tree FI.

Mal. 1:292. 1972.

Lasiobema curtisii (Prain) De Wit, Reinw. 3:424. 1956.

Bauhinia curtisii Prain, in Ridl., Fl. 1:633. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.-

As. Soc. 17:43. 1939.

B. calcicola Craib, Kew. Bull. 1927: 387.

Woody climber with short, circinate tendrils. Leaves ovate, bifid at the tip,

5-10 by 2.5-6 cm. Slightly pubescent on the nerves. Flowers in terminal or

lateral, lax racemes about 10 cm long. Pods flat, elliptic or strap-shaped.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand and northern Malaya, common on, but

not restricted to limestone.

Lasiobema flavum De Wit, Reinw. 3:425. 1956.

Climber, tendrils glabrescent. Leaves ovate to orbiculate, one-third to half

bifid. 6-8 by 7-11 cm. Flowers in slender-stemmed, pubescent racemes, 12-18 cm

long. Flowers small, about 1.5 cm across.

Endemic to limestone on Pulau Dayang Bunting gand known from only a

single collection (Henderson 29146).

Lasiobema strychnoideum (Prain) De Wit.. Reinw. 3:429. 1956.

Bauhinia strychnoidea Brain ex King. in J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:195. 1897;

Ridl., Fl. 1:633. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939,

Climber. Leaves ovate-elliptic to nearly lanceolate, sub-coriaceous, 5 nerved,

the outer pair very slender. Flowers in dense, many-flowered, puberulous racemes,

20-30 cm long. Pods flat, densely woolly tomentose when young, 11 cm long,

3-6 cm wide.

Endemic to Malaya, uncommon; often collected from limestone hills, but not

excusively so. Recorded from Perak, Kelantan and Gunong Senyum in Pahang.

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit, Taxon 10:54. 1961; Back., Fl. Java

1:560. 1963.

L, glauca Bth.; in-Ridk, : FilcbSay 22.

Miilettia hemsleyana Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:90. 1897; Ridl., Fl. 1:585.

1922: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 1:297. 1972.

Millettia ntezocarpa Dunn., J. Linn. Soc. 41:175. 1912: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R-

As. Soc. 17:44. 1939; Whitmore, Tree FJ. Mal. 1:298. 1972.

M. glaucescens Kurz, in Prain. J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:89. 1897.

Like M. hemsleyana except that the leafilets are glabrous below and the

pods are thickly woody, and narrowly, about 0.2 cm, winged.

Endemic and only collected three times; twice from limestone in Ipoh,

Perak and once from Kapayang, Kinta, Perak, not known if from limestone.

Limestone Hill Flora 169

Milletia sericea (Vent.) W. et A. ex Hassk., Prodr. (1834) 263; Ridl., Fl. Java

1:596. 1963.

Mimosa pudica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 518; Ridl., Fl. 1:656. 1922; Back.. Fl. Java

£7501." 1963.

Moghania strobilifera (L.) St. Hill. ex Jacks., Ind. Kew 2:252. 1894; Norte.,

Reinw., 5:433. 1961.

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br., in Ait., Hort. Kew 4:350. 1812; Ridl.,

Fl. 1:565. 1922.

Mucuna biplicata Teysm. et Binn., Cat. Hort. Bogor. (1866) 261; Ridl., Fl. 1:576.

1922.

M. atropurpurea Bak., in Hk.f. F.B.I. 2:186. 1879.

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Back. ex Heyne, in Nutt, Pl. Ned. Ind. ed. 2.

2:755. 1927; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 1:268. 1972.

P. inerme (Roxb.) Llanos., in Back. Fl. Java 1:547. 1963; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939.

P. ferrugineum (Decne) Bth., in Ridl., Fl. 1:646. 1922.

Plant of rocky and sandy coast, frequently and widely cultivated. Recorded

from limestone in Langkawi as a coastal plant.

Phanera decumbens (Hend.) De Wit. Reinw. 3:503. 1956.

Bauhinia decumbens Henders., Gard. Bull S. S. 7:99. 1933: J. Mal. Br. R.

ns Soc. 17743; |‘ ¥939.

Scandent shrub with tendrils, branchlets pubescent. Leave broadly ovate or

orbicular, bifid to about one-third, 4-7 cm across. Flowers in dense corymbs,

yellow to red, petals rounded to broadly ovate, slightly over 1 cm long.

Endemic to limestone and known only from a single collection; Pahang,

Gunong Senyum (Henderson 22268) ‘“‘on open top of limestone hill, scrambling

over rocks”’.

Phanera glauca Wall. ex Benth., in Pl. Jungh. (1852) 265; De Wit, Reinw. 3: 348.

1956.

Bauhinia glauca (Benth.) Benth., Fl. Hongk. (18661) 99.

B. micrantha Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59:98. 1911, Fl. 1:633. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:43. 1939.

Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Benth., in Pl. Jungh. (1852) 263; De Wit. Reinw.

3:478. 1956.

B. flammifera Ridl., Fl. 1:631. 1922.

Subsp. integrifolia

Pterolobium densiflorum Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:236. 1897; Ridl., Fl. 1: 648.

1922.

170 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Saraca delinata (Jack) Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1:84. 1855; Zuijder, Blumea 15:419.

1967; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 1:269. 1972.

S. cauliflora Bak., in Ridl., Fl. 1:641. 1922.

S. macroptera Migq., in Ridl., lc. 642.

S. palembanica (Miq.) Bak., in Ridl., l.c. 642.

S. triandra (Roxb.) Bak., sensu Ridl., in lI.c. 642.

A common forest tree, especially along rocky stream banks. Recorded

several times from limestone on earth covered slopes, never on craggy summits;

all from Perak.

Saraca indica L., Mant. Pl. 1:98. 1767; Zunder, /Blumea 157423. soa

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 1:269. 1972.

S. bijuga Prain, in Ridl., Fl. 1:641. 1922; and probably S. kunstleri Prain,

tn Ridl, Lc. 641;

Recorded once from limestone at the base of a cliff.

(Gua Panjang, Kelantan, Henderson 19562).

Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:211. 1897; Zuijder,

Blumea 15:416. 1967; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 1:270. 1972.

S. declinata (Jack) Miq., sensu Ridley in Fl. 1:641. 1922.

Recorded several times from limestone, on hill slopes with fairly deep soil;

never on dry craggy summits. All from central Malaya east of the Main Range.

Tamarindus indica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 34; Ridl., Fl. 1:636. 1922; Corner, Way.

Trees. 1:404. 1952.

In Malaya, widely cultivated in villages and occurring as an escape in waste-

ground. especially in the north. Recorded once from limestone; presumably am

escape.

Dubious records.

Bauhinia pottsii G. Don., Gen. Syst. (1832) 462; De Wit., Reinw. 3:402. 1956.

B. mollisima Wall., in Ridl., Fl. 1:626. 1922.

Two specimens (UNESCO 139 and 653) from Kelantan are doubtfully this

species.

Derris uliginosa (Roxb.) Benth., Pl. Jungh. (1852) 252; Ridl.,' Fl e395," 5

Two specimens (Chin 609 from Gunong Sumalayang and Stone & Wycholey

8980 from Gua Batu) are doubtfully this species.

Phaseolus mungo Linn., Mantissa (1767) 101; Ridl., Fl. 1:567: 1922.

The identification of a limestone record. Chin 483 from Langkawi is:

doubtful.

Limestone Hill Flora 171

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Ultricularia minutissima Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1:205. 1805: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17:60. 1939.

An uncommon herb in wet places. Recorded once from limestone in

Langkawi (Holttum 17427).

LOGANIACEAE

Peewee IAT Metal. 5. Zigsh. ates. xe. Cynoctonum mitreola

HESS 0S SS a ee a eae 2

2. Leaves 3—5-nerved from the base. Tendrils or axillary spines often present.

EEG a a or PR ean Sea

Leaves pinnately nerved. No tendrils or axillary spines. Trees, shrubs or

2S Se eee eee RT A rs, Hees ety Berea tes sr Pe =

3. Twigs and leaves pubescent, rarely glabrescent-glabrous. Corolla 3-5 mm

eee rr sal. about | Gm AaCfOSS (4.4.2.6... ..-<-2c10. 26s Strychnos axillaris

Twigs and leaves glabrous. Corolla 0.7-1.7 cm long. Fruit 4-12 cm across

8 ok CTS TES Ga Se Eee pee tok ewes ae eae Se eg Strychnos ignatii

4. Leaves with prominently refiexed auricles. Only from Bukit Takun, Selangor

oe ee ee ee Ce eee eet ae co Fagraea auriculata

5. Calyx partly enveloped by 1 or 2 pairs of large bracteoles. Only from Bukit

yo etc 1 a Canter gia a oh Fagraea calcarea

eG Seed ee er A a as a ee ree 6

6. Corolla tube 6-14 cm long, nearly cylindrical ..............................64 7

Corolla tube less than 6 cm long, funnel shaped. Flowers 1-4 or many

ESE AE TER | 2 Me ee 8

7. Flowers solitary, or sometimes in two’s, bracteoles just below or adpressed

SED 1s RSs Ceram 3 AF Sd Se ete a Se naeege Fagraea carnosa

Flowers in 5-flowered cymes, bracteoles attached to about the middle of the

G0 at ns ce asia veo - « apse as se + Fagraea ceilanica

8. Inflorescences warty-lenticellate, flowers usually more than 7 in a branched

RC Ae Re gtle 6 tS Ee Ss san ade sub vkccwsase- Fagraea blumei

Inflorescences not warty-lenticellate, flowers (1-) 24 in an unbranched cyme

ee ans Sinem nip gpachun ens s- += st nenngs tnakn eens Fagraea curtisii

Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britt.. Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 5:258. 1894; Leenhouts,

Fl. Mal. I. 6:375. 1962.

~ Mitreola oldenlandioides Wall., in Ridl., Fl. 2:413. 1923: Henders., J. Mal.

a Pee oe, 47258. 1939.

af pe Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Erect herb 5-50 cm tall. Stems angular, leaves ovate with interpetiolar

stipules. Inflorescences terminal or sub-terminal. Flowers small, corolla 1-2 mm.

Capsules 2-horned.

Widely distributed, found in S.E. United States, South America, in S.E. Asia

from Bombay to Tonkin, Malesia, Philippines, New Guinea and N. Australia.

In Malaya probably restricted to limestone and found only in Langkawi, Kedah.

Fagraea auriculata Jack., Mal. Misc. 2, n7:82. 1822; Ridl., Fl. 2:416. 1923.

Leenhouts, Fl. Mal. 1.67326." 41962,

Fagraea blumei G. Don, Gard. Dict. 4:69. 1837; Leenhouts, FI. Mal. I. 6:320.

1962.

F. obovata Wall., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939.

F. vaginata K & G., in Ridl., Fl. 2:418. 1923.

Fagraea calcarea Henders., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7: 113. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58.

1939°-Leenkt, Fi. Mak 15569332) eer:

Climbing shrub. Leaves elliptic, ovate or obovate, 12-17 by 6-9 cm, thinly

coriaceous, exauriculate. Flowers i (—3); bracteoles 2 pairs, the outer ovate,

to 3 cm long, the inner to 2 cm long, all covering the base of the calyx. Corolla

tube about 5 cm long.

Endemic and known only from a single collection. (Henderson 25036, from

Bukit Chintamani, Pahang) climbing on a limestone rock face. Close to F. curtisti

K & G. but differing in the larger bracteoles and thinner, wider and mere rounded

leaves.

Fagraea carnosa Jack, Mal. Misc. 2, n. 7:81. 1922; Ridl., Fl. 2:416. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939; Leenhouts. Fl. Mal. I. 6:331.

F. rotundifolia Ridl., Fl. 2:416. 1923.

F. lanceolata (non Bt.) Henders., Gard. Bull. S. S. 4:99. 1927.

Epiphytic shrub, often scandent; rarely terrestrial. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate

or obovate, 7-16 by 4-8 cm; thickly coriaceous. Flowers 1(—2), corolla tube

7-14 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid 4-7 cm long.

Distributed in Lower Burma, Sumatra and Borneo; usually on limestone but

also coastal on non-limestone rocks. The specimens that I have collected were

both more or less terrestrial, growing on accumulated humus and amongst roots

and rocks, in exposed, dry situations.

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb., Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. 3:132. 1782; Leenhouts,

Fi. Mal. I. 6:315. 1962.

F. lanceolata B\., Bijdr. (1826) 1021; Ridl., Fl. 2:420. 1923.

Fagraea curtisii K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74: 605. 1908; Ridl., Fl. 2:417. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939; Leenhouts. Fl. Mal. I. 6: 332.

1962.

Limestone Hill Flora 173

Spreading tree, 5-10 m, sometimes an epiphytic shrub. Leaves elliptic, ovate-

elliptic to oblong-obovate, 10-20 by 5-8 cm. Flowers, 1(—2-4) together. Corolla

tube about 4.5 cm long. Fruit roadly obovoid.

Distributed in Burma, Peninsular Thailand and Malaya. Frequently on

limestone but not exclusively so. Not common in Malaya, recorded from Kedah,

Kelantan and only recently from Pahang and Perak; probably more common

on the limestone than previously thought.

Strychnos axillaris Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 12:356. 1819; Leenhouts, Fl. Mal.

$762358. 1962:

S. pubescens Cl. inc. var. scortechinii K & G., in Ridl., Fl. 2:242. 1923.

S. chloropetala Hill., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:58. 1939.

Dubious record

Strychnos ignatii Beng., Mat. Med. 1:146. 1778; Leenhouts, Fl. Mal. I, 6: 347.

1962:

S. ovalifolia Wall., in Ridl., Fl. 2:425. 1923.

A limestone record from Gua Musang (UNESCO 311) is doubtfully this

species.

LORANTHACEAE

1. Leaves 3—5-veined from the base, obovate to elliptic ......... Viscum orientale

Leaves pinnately veined, secondary veins often obscure ........................ 2

2. Young twigs and undersurface of leaves pubescent, sometimes the undersurface

Oa ede = NecOmes PlaADPOUs WIEN WAGE!) 2c) a). adic. ajee dade ceca t sels de et ewet ot vane 3

eo ee OIA OUS Fed, cgi ghee ddl ec Jad signage stains deeedsdeccecerscseuess 4

3. Petiole 1-2 cm long; undersurface of leaves becoming glabrous with age.

Piowcrs mm etacemes il 57 -emAlong) $0) oan). lekct oe. aes va: Helixanthera coccinea

Petiole 0.2-0.6 cm long; undersurface of leaves pubescent. Flower in clusters

Ae LORS BETES EN ge tw cata Te ee or Scurrula ferruginea

4. Petiole 0.3-0.8 cm long. Flowers in short racemes 0.2—2 cm long ............

SU SEP AMUN Lecce RMON SM Dy ie peeciuts Lipdisic Pune > Macrosolen cochinchinensis

Penoles|=7-5 icmislons.. Flowers in racemes to. 15..cm long. | ..........5...00066-

LS Sa EPR PO ie, RE ae ee ee ee Helixanthera pulchra

Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Dans., in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. III, 11:374.

1931.

Loranthus coccineus Jack, Mal. Misc. 1:8. 1820; Ridl., Fl. 2:152. 1924.

Helixanthera pulchra (DC.) Dans., in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. III, 11:384. 1931.

Loranthus pulcher DC., in Ridl., Fl. 3:151. 1924 excl. var. sessiliflora Ridl.

174 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Macrosolen cochinchinensis van Tiegh., in Dans., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. II,

1 2a el

Loranthus cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Coch. 1:195. 1970.

Elytranthe globosa G. Don, in Ridl., Fl. 3:161. 1924.

E.. barnesii Gamble, in Ridl., lc. 161.

Scurrula ferrungimea., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. HI, 11:432. 1931.

Loranthus ferrugineus Jack., in Ridl., Fl. 3:153. 1924.

Viscum orientale Willd., Sp. Pl. 4:737. (1805; Ridl., Fl. 3:164. 1924; Dans.,

Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit Ser. HI, 11:466. 1931.

LYTHRACEAE

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Furt. et Mont., Gard. Bull. S. 24:327. 1969.

A small tree, 4-6 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or elliptic, 6-18 by

2.5-6 cm, glabrous, subcoriaceous. Panicle terminal. Flowers unknown. Fruiting

calyx ferruginous stellate tomentose, campanulate 1.0-1.5 cm long including a

0.4-0.5 cm pedicelliform base. Capsule glabrescent, elliptic-oblong, 1.5—2.2 cm

Jong, usually brown stellate at the apex.

Endemic and restricted to limestone on Langkawi; close to L. siamica Gagnep.

which is found in Burma, Thailand and North Malaya; their ranges overlap and

some herbarium material appear rather similar, L. langkawiensis is rarely collected

and more material and study are required. Chin 486 has been tentatively

determined as this species; it has somewhat smaller fruits and leaves.

MALVACEAE

1. Tree, coastal, calyx truncated, almost entire with no lobes ..5...0..>..ssueeee

Likes uses evelsauihevd igs dte be oteeiaTs pheie can tie eetes i aa 2 Thespesia populnea

Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, usually ubiquitous; calyx lobed .................. 2

2. Flowers with an epi-calyx below the calyx; styles twice as many as carpels;

flowers pink 0.00.0 Le. BLO ee Urena lobata

Flowers with no epi-calyx; styles as many as carpels; flowers yellow .........

3. Carpels 5, ovules and seeds 1 to each carpel. Only from the north .........

fia Wihin «gob. coh i aia'a caais b loath Pedloa' oh Colla. ya aia tek gated Le ena ee Sida javensis”

Carpels 15-20, ovules and seeds 2-many in each carpel. Widespread weed;

recorded from limestone only from the north .................. A butilon indicum

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. (1826) 54; Ridl., Fl. 1:256. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:37; Borss., Blumea 14:171. 1966.

ssp. indicum

A common weed of waste ground.

Limestone Hill Flora 175

Sida javensis Cav., Diss. 1:10. 1785; Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:37.

1939: Borss., Blumea 14:184. 1966.

S. veronicifolia Lam. in Ridl., Fl. 1:254. 1922.

S. humilis Cav., in Back., Fl. java 1:427. 1963.

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr., Ann. Mus. Herb. Paris 9:290. 1807: Ridl.,

Fl. 1:260. 1922; Corner, Way. Trees. 1:444. 1940; Borss., Blumea 14: 106.

1966.

Recorded from coastal limestone in Langkawi, growing at waters edge.

Urena lobata Linn., Sp. Pl. (1753) 692: Ridl., Fl. 1:256. 19922: Borss., Blumea

14:138. 1966.

A common weed, recorded from disturbed limestone localities.

MELASTOMACEAE

= 2 Dae taste LAU be 2 Rg Pie aii tie 2 naan rh i Ba 65 PRS Ser Sa ee a 2

2. Leaves less than 6 cm long, base narrowed or rounded, 5-nerved from the

— 2 EES ME rire | 1s Sn orsciiens 6 7g ta “Ce ee 3

Leaves more than 10 cm long, base cordate, 7—-9-nerved from the base. Petals

SEMIN 204505. . Sots le Reet! Sees hee ee ah gh ci LA Phyllagathis hispida

3. Leaves ovate-acute, base narrowed, cymes with 5-6 flowers .....................

OP Rg oe Sa an, eS a Ser SE ee Sonerila epilobioides

Leaves elliptic to sub-orbicular, base and tip rounded, cymes with numerous

SS ES ES 2369S de Aes 5 RSERG oe, A da? 1 ae Sonerila elliptica

4. Leaves and twigs pubescent, or only twigs and nerves on the under-surface

En eel LS. oe EI ARRS ID To gopsee eee CAE be coe ne St. 5

el I RE ee ee 7

5. Lower surface of leaves with scales and hairs, twigs with scales ...............

oo (ret SONI TR be lr ee 2 Melastoma polyanthum

6. Leaves somewhat bullate, cross venules prominent, scalariform. Inflorescence

ee eee ANE ARICES SIIISTOUS 0 oo ar ko oa Se nos capa dime esas yo < Clidemia hirta

Leaves not bullate, cross venules on the undersurface obscure. Inflorescence

2.5-5 cm long, flowers 4-merous ...................-.00005- Pachycentria constricta

7. Base of leaves with 2 auricles: base of anthers with a tuft of hairs ............

5 LS oe eae OMe PET ae ee EE Pogonanthera pulverulenta

EEOC OE NN ee ss Liane eaunivavecescccss 8

8. Leaves sessile, base rounded or usually cordate; twigs more than 0.2 cm

I eg BEL as Carag yun snd vodnciion guy cehccceucaessesenes 9

Leaves stalked, stalks usually short; twigs sometimes to less than 0.1 cm

Eo STU a Ue bdee teste vss levstoecdscudhs ssccnactasedecesessatdens 10

176 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

9. Stems warty, leaves 10-17 (20) cm long. Flowers in cymose inflorescences,

each with § Stamens .............:..... deb Bet eee Medinilla scortechinii

Stems not warty, leaves 6-10 cm long. Flowers 1-2(-3), axillary, each with

24-36: stamens... . 2.0.05. SOE. eR ee ee Plethiandra sessiliflora

10. Leaves with a pair of very prominent veins from the base. Ovary 4-6

levulate nc soa a ee Medinilla crassifolia var. hasseltii

Leaves pinately nerved, sometimes nerves obscure. Ovary 1-loculate ...... 11

11. Leaves less than 5 cm long, very rarely to 6 cm long .....) eee 12

12. Leaves; tip rounded to acute, sometimes notched; broadly elliptic, elliptic-

obovate’ to sub-orbictilar’.. 5. 2:08) ae ee ree Memecylon laevigatum

Leaves, tip obtusely acuminate; ovate-elliptic ......... Memecylon pauciflorum

13. Twigs. aneted 6.70). SO ere eee eee SS a 14

Twigs terete or semi-terete, not ‘angle ...5>..:.)....27-0)).0) IS

14. Leaves 6-10 by 2.5—5 cm, nerves 6-8 pairs ......... Memecylon dichotomum

Leaves 12-20 by 6-7.5 cm, nerves 14-15 pairs, prominent .....................

Memecylon wallichii

15.. Secondary ..nerves.. prominent (..wciagn, obra sips ei Memecylon kunstleri

Secondary nerves: faint or ODSCUTE: ~.. 2.0 2::...--.<nasesheeee). 16

16. Inflorescence umbellate. Pedicels with 2 bracteoles ........2:qagee0- eee

wasn sine pune a nadials nunsaip piensa wae aie ate ite Sie eee Memecylon floribundum

Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, often very short ......................0008. 17

17. Petiole 1-1.2 cm long. Inflorescence 2—2.5 cm long ... Memecylon oleaefolium

Petiole 0.3-0.7 cm long. Inflorescence usually shorter .....................2. 18

18. Leaves. acute or. short: acumumate... dic... e-0 ».beasceagee ee Memecylon edule

Leaves prominenily. acuminate i, i.9s)- hs waste Memecylon acuminatum

Clidemia hirta (L.) Don., Mem. Wern. Soc. 4:309. 1823; Ridl., Fl. 1:807.

1922: Bakh., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40:113. 1946; Henders., Mal. Wildils.

(1959) 128.

Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl. Fl. 14:511. 1831; Bakh., Rec. Trav.

Bot. Neerl. 40:188. 1946.

var. hasseltii (Bl.) Bakh., in lc. 189.

M. hasseltii Bl., in l.c. 513.

Medinilla scortechinii King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:62. 1900; Ridl., Fl. 1:803;

1922: Henders., Mal. Wildfls. Dicots. (1959) 136.

Endemic, common on the hills at 900-1500 m, occasionally on the lowlands.

Recorded from limestone at low altitude in Kelantan.

Melastoma polyanthum Bl., Fl. 14:481. 1831; Ridl., Fl. 1:765. 1922; Bakh.,

Rev. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40:64. 1946.

Limestone Hill Flora 177

Memercylon acuminatum Sm., in Rees, Cycl. 23. n.4. 1812: Ridl., Fl. 1:817.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939.

Endemic, common in lowland forest. Recorded from limestone in Langkawi.

Memecylon dichotomum Cl. ex King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:75. 1900; Ridl., FI.

P.e1Z. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. .1939.

Endemic. common in lowland forest. Recorded positively from limestone

once (Henderson 25064) from Pahang. Two records from the Langkawi limestone

are doubtfully this species (Corner s.n. 17:11.41, Henderson s.n. 22.11.34).

Memecylon edule Roxb., Cor. Pl. 1:59. 1798: Hk.f.. F.B.I. 2:563. 1897; Ridl.,

PL 12819: 1922.

M. ovatum Sm. ex Kurz, in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939.

Fairly common in Malaya in coastal areas. Recorded for limestone from

Perlis. Kedah and Selangor.

Memecylon kunstleri King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:76. 1900; Ridl., Fl. 1:814.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939.

Endemic, not common in lowland forest. Collected from limestone on

Gunong Dipang, Perak by Kunstler (Ridley l.c.). I have not seen this specimen.

Memecylon laevigatum Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1:358. 1851; Ridl., Fl. 1:817.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939: Bakh., Rec. Trav.

Bot. Neerl. 40:343. 1946.

M. myrsinoides Bl., in Bak-f.. J. Bot. 62:42. 1924: Ridl., Fl. 1:817. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939.

Not common in the lowlands, often coastal. A small-leaved form of this

species is fairly common on dry craggy summits of limestone hills. The leaves

are obovate, broadly-elliptic to sub-orbicular, 24 by 1-2.5 cm. Very common

on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Memecylon oleaefolium Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1:359. 1851; Ridl., Fl. 1:814.

1922; Bakh., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40:356. 1946.

Memecylon pauciflorum Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1:356. 1851; Ridl., Fl. 1:816.

1922: Bakh., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40:360. 1946.

This is usually a coastal plant in Penang and Kedah. It has however been

collected from inland limestone in Perak and Selangor.

Memecylon wallichii Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 79:74. 1918, Fl. 1:813. 1922.

Endemic, not common, in the northern half of Malaya. Recorded from

limestone in Kelantan.

Pachycentria constricta (B\.) Bl., Fl. 14:519. 1931; Bakh., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl.

40:124. 1946.

P. tuberculata Korth., in Ridl., Fl. 1:805. 1922.

178 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Plethiandra sessiliflora Ridl., Fl. 1:806. 1922.

Endemic, recorded from Singapore and Johore as epiphytes on mangrove,

and recently from Bukit Takun in Selangor, growing on humus covered rocks,

mixed with Nephrolepis dicksoniodes Chr.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack.) BI., Fl. 14:521. 1831; Ridl., Fl. 1:805. 1922;

Bakh., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40:128. 1946.

This is uaually an epiphyte and sometimes a rock plant; frequently coastal.

Recorded once from limestone near the summit of Bukit Anak Takun, Selangor.

(Chin 30).

Sonerila elliptica Stapf., J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:30. 1900; Ridl., Fl. 1:784. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939.

Endemic and restricted to the Kinta district and Sungei Siput in Perak;

probably restricted to limestone. I have not seen any specimens of this species.

Sonerila tenera Royle, Mlustr. Bot. Himal. (1835) 215; Ridl., Fl. 1:781. 1922.

S. elilobioides Stapf., J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:22. 1900; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

RAs. Soe ly 46-1 1939.

Dubious record.

Phyllagathis hispida King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69:46. 1900; Ridl., Fl. 1:794. 1922;

Henders., I. Mal. Br. R. R. As. Soc. 17:46. 1939.

Endemic, found on the hills and mountains at 700-2000 m. Reported by

Henderson in l.c. as recorded by Ridley from Kanching limestone (Selangor).

This is not mentioned by Ridley in his Flora, and I have not seen any material

from the limestone at Kanching. Further I have not seen this plant on the

limestone there (which is not extensive). I feel that Henderson must have made

a mistake.

MELIACEAE

1. Leaves simple, alternate; membranous and glabrous ...... Turraea braviflora

Leaves pinnate compoumid =) ))s 2.0.35 vas 2s ee ca ene eee pe

2. Leaves- glabrous»... 6225.05.55 OR ee cee 3.

Leaves pubescent on. the undersutiaee 0.42.29. 2 ee 5

3. Leaflets 1-3 pairs. Fruits large, globose, 12-18 cm across .....................

PP Ream NS Pet eee ye ee Xylocarpus granatum

Leaflets 5-11 pairs... 0... -.:<c:202yancodawis conan ot beau oe note een 4

4. Leaves imparipinnate 2.:..cs8!)20..2070 1, SO ee 5

Leaves paripinnate ......../...0).1¢07eass ooeas Chukrassia tabularis

5. Leaf rachis 20-60 cm long; petiolules 0.2 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid, about

1-3 cmt across: .c.2N... tno ea eae Azadirachta excelsa

Leaf rachis 15-25 cm long; petiolules 0.7-1.2 cm. Fruits ovoid, 3 cm across

Mo hog oss w cin 2 oie an saeag't sa dies oleae eed tae ea Dysoxylum arborescens

6. Leafiets with 12—24 pairs of veins. Leaves about 30 cm or more .......... 7

Leaflets with 6-9 pairs of veins. Leaves usually smaller, 15-23 cm long

ho RR Pee et ETS ceeeeccetsncereederedset veils tissues p04 (Ohne) OUR MONT miaemaa

Limestone Hill Flora 179

Peeeeaeces farse. 12-22 by Sa122: cmb seers. f..teseiiee, oeleecuee Aglaia argentea

Leaflets smaller and narroweer, about 15 by 4 cm ............ Aglaia splendens

Aglaia argentea BI., Bijdr. (1825) 170; Ridl., Fl. 1:405. 1922; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

Not common in lowland forest. Rare on limestone.

Aglaia odoratissima Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 171; Ridl., Fl. 1:404. 1922: Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

A. roxburghiana Migq., in Hk.f., F.B.1. 1:555. 1875.

Aglaia splendens Koord. et Valet., Ic. Bogor. 1. t. 14. 1897-1901; Ridl., Fi. 1:405.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs, Gard. Bull. S. 1875. 1961.

Melia excelsa Jack, Mal. Misc. 1:12. 1820; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. S. 10: 263.

1939: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:40. 1939.

Chukrassia tabularis Juss.. Mem. Mus. Par. 16:251. 1830; Ridl., Fl. 1:415.

1922: Craib, Fl. Siam Enum 1:266. 1926.

Dysoxylum arborescens Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4:24. 1868; Ridl.,

Pit -391. 1922; Henders.; J. Mal. Br: *R. As;’Soc:° 17: 402- 1939.

Turraea breviflora Ridl., Fl. 1:383. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:40. 1939.

Endemic, not common in Malaya, in lowland forest. Recorded once from

limestone, from Bukit Takun in Selangor (fide Ridley). I have not seen this

specimen.

Xylocarpus granatum Koenig, Naturf. 20:2. 1784; Back., Fl. Java 2:118. 1965.

Carapa granatum Alston, in Burkill, Dic. Econ. Prod. Mal. 1:457. 1935.

C. obovata Bl., in Foxw., Mal. For. Rec. 6:124. 1928; Ridl., Fl. 1:414.

1922.

C. moluccensis of many authors; non Lamark.

In Malaya, common by tidal rivers. Recorded from coastal limestone in

Malaya.

MENISPERMACEAE

ES a ah RIT i oles = A ane ee 2

RTM Retr Cagis e Macpac eines vncdil's vag edarkase wns tenet ewtsccecvccecs J

Zo) Leaves, lower slttace glabrous Or PlaDrescent ~... 1.2. eek cee eters 3

Leaves, lower surface densely pubescent; apex acuminate; inflorescence 10-50

ND PO aes IL, 4 8 new iiay pou PCR en «Svein WG va dune pence des Cyelea laxiflora

3. Inflorescence an umbellate cyme, on a 4-10 cm peduncle; borne on slender

RN Ue cn anne tenes cs catedaenesteqaeenesses Stephania venosa

Inflorescence a raceme of cymes, 40-50; borne on woody main stems .........

ico sy sis cvwieiwnn vavsanscesacssiecs Diplodisia glaucescens

180 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

4. Base of leaf cuneate, sometimes rounded. Sepals 8-12 ........................ 5

Base. of leaf codate... Sepals 6 0... ji... 22 eee Tinospora crispa

5. Leaves, 2-4 'cm wide. Inflorescence short, to. 1 cm long .2..7).. eee

die sd dindou wee ventas) as Sus Sem sale Oy valores sls oe eee Hypserpa cuspidata

Leaves broader, 5-8 cm wide. Inflorescence 10-20 cm long ..................

ACs Sa Re OM Eee apy Cue ee MG eS Rt Tinomiscium petiolare

Cyclea laxiflora Miers, Contri. Bot. 3:241. 1864-71; Ridl., Fl. 1:114. 1922;

Henders., M.N.J. 6:415. 1951; Forman, Kew Bull. 14:75. 1960.

Diploclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diels, in Engl., Pflan., Menisp. (1910) 225; Back.,

Fl. Java 1:158. 1963; Forman, Kew Bull. 22:363. 1963.

D. kunstleri (King) Diels, in Ridl., Fl. 1:107. 1922.

Hypserpa cuspidata Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. Hl. 7:40. 1851; Ridl.,

BL ke 1d Ljeng2,.

-Limacia cuspidata Hk.f. et Thoms., Fl. Ind. (1855) 189, F.B.1. 1:100. 1875.

Stephania venosa (Bl.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4:316. 1827; Bak., Fl. Java 1: 160.

1963; Forman, Kew Bull. 11:58. 1956.

S. rotunda Lour.,.in Radl Fl s iS i922:

S. sp. in ‘Henders.. J.° Mal “Bro KS OAs" Spe. 1) oa. algo

Slender climber to 20 m. Leaves peltate, broadly triangular-ovate, sometimes

slightly lobed, lower surface minutely papillose, otherwise glabrous, 5-20 by

5-20 cm; palmately 9-12-nerved. Male inflorescence an axillary, umbelliform

cyme, peduncle 4-11 cm; female similar. Fruit red, obovate, 0.6-0.9 cm long.

Distributed in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines and Celebes; on lowland

and hills, to 1600 m. In Malaya previously only from Perlis and Langkawi;

probably restricted to limestone. Recently recorded from Limestone in Perak.

Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hk.f. et Thoms, in Hkf. F.B.1. 1:97. 1875;

Ridl., Fl. 1:105.. ~ 1922: Baki Fix lava; atte yon eeas

Tinospora crispa (L.) Miers ex Hk.f. et Thoms., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:96. 1875;

Ridl., Fl. 1:103. 1922; Bak., Fl. Java, 1:157: 1963.

MONIMIACEAE

Kibara chartaceae Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:89. 1856; Ridl., Fl. 3:74. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Once from limestone on Bukit Cheras, Pahang (Henderson 25070).

MORACEAE

1. Flowers inside urceolate receptacles; the figs »....,.:.-./7..1).speee ee 2

Flowers not. so enclosed .....0:.:.cis-7ij>> cnn beepon Sac mnpreeieeinas aan fb

2. Root-climbers. Leaves distichous ......2.....s.s+0ssssshanuse tenga 3

Shrubs or trees; rarely scandent. Leaves very rarely distichous ............ 5

Limestone Hill Flora 181

11.

a2.

13.

14.

16.

SE ee ee eee ee, ee Ficus sagittata

Leaves pubescent especially on the lower surface .....................0...000.. 4

Se a eee ree ee Ficus trichocarpa var obtusa

Leaves 12-25 by 7-10 cm; figs in small clusters .................. Ficus villosa

Strangling figs; trunks composed of interlacing and anastomosing roots usually

name yee Ved (TOCK. lanes anil “ito clefits..2<.0.2.2i5.<5.4.c0. es wiaabls asec. 6

are 15

Figs mostly on twigs and small branches behind the leaves .................. 7

Figs in leaf-axils, in pairs or solitary ................. Spee cee SS ake 8

Leaves ovate, elliptic-ovate or ovate-oblong, broadest towards the base; figs

subsessile or with a peduncle to 1.5 cm long ...... Ficus superba var japonica

Leaves elliptic-obovate, broadest in the upper half. figs sessile ..................

eereennies Oey Cer pe ett SPOR on des act tay Ficus virens var. glabella

een che PRAM. AP 2? - ina) MME 6 8 reich vo EA ioe attends) - 9

amp IMINpC RMS | 0.901... pation ee Wet ates eT Rie oe ee oe eleva oh - 10

Leaves large. 15-55 cm long: lateral veins 12-20 pairs ......... Ficus annulata

Leaves smaller, 4-13 cm long: lateral veins 3-9 pairs .......................2.....

MUI renee SB ott. Sy. Uset..s Kastexe de Boe Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa

Basal pair of veins slightly or distinctly elongate, to } or 4 the lamina, meeting

the midrib at a smaller angle than the other veins .............................. 11

Basal bracts large, yellow. covering one-third of fig: fig 1.2—-1.8 cm across:

leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-obovate ........................... Ficus sundaica

Basal bracts small: figs 0.4-1 cm across: leaves lanceolate-acuminate ......

21) AR A E72 get Oy Pe en OP See Ficus binnendykii

Stipules long 8-30 cm; basal bracts not permanent; sapling leaves to 30 by

RN rr eects Ne oe lc sawed mad wep Ficus elastica

Stipules shorter; basal bracts permanent; sapling leaves never as large ... 13

Basal bracts 0.3-1 cm long; figs 1.5—1.8 cm across .................. Ficus stricta

Basal bracts smaller, 0.10.5 cm long: figs smaller, 0. 6-1.2 cm across ...... 14

Leaves small, 3-7 (-10) by 1.8-3.5 (-S) cm; basal bracts 0.1-0.35 cm long

I ie ON a. are a a ahah ewes Ficus microcarpa

Leaves larger, 10-17 by 5-8 cm: basal bracts 0.3-0.5 cm long ..................

(0 OSS LS SS aes Se) eee ee 20 ee Ficus curtipes

. Figs from trunk or main branches, on tubercles or woody, leaflets twigs ...

AM SG rng A oh GE Stes Gs 5 =, vsnvnjs SMe eka BA] 6 -MVGIbs a eeedesereses 16

Figs from leaf-axils or very rarely from twigs behind the leaves ............ 21

get (TE) BT ot i ne 17

Leaf-base very asymmetrical; figs from long sprays or on runners near the

IE ESL. | 2. Jadiua she SSal ssc vn vad ine sesandaceedcnnes Ficus semicordata

182 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

17. Leaves hispid-pubescent with stiff white hairs; figs from pendulous twigs to

Jim. long... ce Oe a, ee Ficus hispida

Not: as’ above eis... 2008. Fin cae nntuietiinsscteiewte ee ocr eee 18

18. Leaves coarsely toothed; figs large, 3.5-7 cm across ............ Ficus oligodon

Leaves ‘not toothed. ....0004 00 ee 19

19. Leaves acuminate-cuspidate; shrubs or small trees; figs 1.5-3.5 cm across ... 20

Leaves blunt; a tall tree, figs larger, 3-5 cm across ............ Ficus racemosa

20. Figs 2.5-3.5 cm across, ripening russet-brown; in branched paniculate clusters

25-50-cm across *2). 310. SIOS0 SOT ee ee eee Ficus botryocarpa

Figs 1.5-2.5 cm across, with 5 ribs radiating from the base, ripening yellow-

red; in compact clusters 5—10"cnr actoss*-=. </.. #5 eee Ficus scortechinii

21. Leaves, lower surface rusty pubescent, 3-nerved from the base ...............

core eine wwe ee clsiSV AMET PEs wae teil DRI ae ok Bae A ad Ee Sa Ficus parietalis

Leaves,’ lower surface not,- pubescent -«.:..1..:.:725 4:52: ee pi

22. Figs sessile; a tree, common on Bukit Takun, Selangor ......... Ficus calcicola

Figs stalked; shrubs, erect or scandent: .......2.2.c..732e 2

23. ‘Leaves coarsely’ serrate; ‘scabrid allover 8. 2h i eee Ficus montana

Leaves not serrate, sometimes angular or lobed, not scabrid .................. 24

24. Leaves 2-10 by 1-5 cm, elliptic, oblong or obovate, commonly angular, apex

acute, blunt or emarginate, midrib sometimes forked ............ Ficus deltoidea

Leaves 10-26 by 3.5-12 cm, oblong or oblong-obovate, not angular, apex

never emarginate, midnb-nevyerVorked\. ce tee ee Ficus subulata

25. Erect; shrubs -of small treesY.o7, oS ee 26

scandent; -woody: climber: .Jo.ciess7 2 ae Seat ee ee Malaisia scandens

26. Male inflorescences in heads, female flowers solitary; leaf-margins not spiny-

COOtH|M o.oo renee ices w dns ele DED Ra v5 27

Male inflorescences spicate or racemose, 1-5 cm long, female flowers solitary

or 2-6 in an inflorescence; leaf-margins often spiny-toothed .... ............. 28

27. Plant spiny; fruiting perianth much longer than the fruit, 1.5—3 cm long ......

claude ccdsny dba Sdedeig iin aiuaBighe tc mies so tebe ath es tas ok iiea aa Streblus taxoides

Plant not spiny; fruiting perianth shorter or as long as the fruit, 0.5-0.8 cm

0) 1) ee Mr mnt Stn ys cme ne MES re Streblus asper

28. Male flowers sessile; male spikes with a sterile groove; female inflorescence

2-6 flowered; bracts reniform .Jio5.-73;).5.5 Ra... cee Streblus ilicifolius

Male. and female flowers pedicellate; male racemes without a sterile groove;

female flowers solitary; bracts .peltate :..,..,;.¢sqsanee Streblus laxiflorus

Ficus annulata Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 448; Ridl., Fl. 3:333. 1924; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:12. 1965.

Ficus binnendykii Mig., Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 3:288. 1867; Ridl., Fl. 3: 336.

1924; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:20. 1965.

Ficus botryocarpa Migq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3:233. 1867; Corner, Gard.

Bull. S. 21:86. 1965.

Limestone Hill Flora 183

F. miquelii King, in Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:524. 1888: Ridl., Fl. 3:341. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939; Corner, Way. Trees 1: 685.

R952.

Ficus calcicola Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:392. 1959, ibid. 21:19. 1965.

Small tree 3-5 m tall, on limestone rocks and also cpiphytic. Branches and

trunk pale. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, 5—13

by 2.7-5.5 cm; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, the basal pair to one-quarter or one-third

length of lamina. Petiole and veins on the lower surface of young leaves brown

pubescent, soon becoming glabrous. Figs axillary in pairs or single, sessile,

subglobose or subpyriform, 0.7—-1 cm across. Male, female and gall flowers in

the same fig.

Distributed in Burma and Thailand; a species restricted to limestone and

usually found on dry craggy summits of hills; common on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Ficus curtipes Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:397. 1959, ibid. 21:22. 1965.

F. obtusifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:546. 1832; Ridl., Fl. 3:335. 1924; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939.

Tree, epiphytic when young. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or

obovate, apex rounded and blunt, base cuneate, glabrous 10-17 by 5-8 cm;

secondary lateral veins almost as prominent as the primary laterals. Figs in

axillary pairs sessile, globose, yellow or orange or pinkish, about 1—1.2 cm across;

basal bracts 3, each 0.3-0.5 cm long.

Distributed in N.E. India, Burma, Indochina, Thailand and Sumatra. In

Malaya, uncommon, only from Kedah and Perlis, usually on limestone.

Ficus deltoidea Jack, Mal. Misc. 2:71. 1822: Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17: 17:420.

1959, ibid. 21:37. 1965.

F. diversifolia Bl. in Ridl., Fl. 3:346. 1924: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soce.087: 7327 1939; Comer Way. ‘Frees 1-:687.. 1952.

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem, Hort. Beng. (1819) 65; Ridl., Fl. 3:334. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939; Corner, Way. Trees 1: 677.

1952; Gard. Bull. S. 21:24. 1965.

Distributed in India, Burma, Sumatra and Java, often cultivated. Wild in

the north of Malaya. Also widely cultivated. Recorded from limestone at

Baling and Ipoh; the Ipoh specimen (Curtis 3305) was collected in 1898 and

thought by Curtis to be an undoubiedly wild tree. All other authors have however

doubted his conclusion, probably, because this tree has been widely cultivated

and easily escapes from cultivation and there has been no other authentic records

of wild plants from Malaya (except in the extreme north). We will probably

never know the truth about the origin of Curtis’s tree, though I do not see why

it could not have been wild. The limestone areas have often proved to be the

southernmost refuge of many plants whose home has otherwise been further north.

184 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Ficus hispida L.f., Supp. (1781) 442; Ridl., Fl. 3:342. 1924; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939; Corner, Way Trees 1:685. 1952, Gard. Bull.

Ss 2hi6y. 1965.

Ficus microcarpa L.f., Spp. (1781) 442; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:397. 1959. ibid.

21:22. 1965; Condit, Ficus (1969) 146.

F. retusa Linn. in Ridl., Fl. 3:335. 1924; Corner, Ways Trees 1:679. 1952.

Ficus montana Burm. f., Fl. Ind. (1768) 226; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17: 453.

1959, ibid. 21:64. 1965.

F. quercifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind: °3:534. 1832: Ridl Fl 323393

Ficus oligodon Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3:234. 1867; Corner, Gard.

Boll’S. 21°82) > 1965.

F. pomifera Wall. ex King, in Ridl., Fl. 3:350. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

| we AS. DOC. Fs 13) 1939.

Ficus parietalis Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 462; Ridl., Fl. 3:330. 1924; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939: Corner, Gard. Bully S216) ee

Ficus racemosa L.f., Suppl. (1753) 442; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:34. 1965.

P. glomerata Roxb., Pl. Corom. 2:13. 1798; Corner, Way Trees 1: 684.

1952:

Ficus sagittata Vahl., En. 2:185. 1806; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 18:11. 1960,

ibid, 21.:55...4965.

F. ramentacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:547. 1832; Ridl., Fl. 3:345. 1924.

Ficus scortechinii King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1:112. 1888; Ridl., Fl. 3:343.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939; Corner, Way Trees

1:686. 1952, Gard. Bull. S. 21:94. 1965.

Ficus semicordata B. Ham. ex J.E. Smith, Rees Cyclop. 14:71. 1810; Corner,

Gard. Bull. S. 17:449. 1959.

F. cunia B. Ham. ex Roxb., FI. Ind. 3:561. 1832; Ridl., Fl. 3:341. 1924.

Ficus stricta Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3:266. 1867; Back., Fl. Java.

2:24. 1965; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:21. 1965.

Ficus subulata Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 461; Ridl., Fl. 3:329. 1924; Back., Fl. Java.

2:26. 1965; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:76. 1965.

Ficus sundaica Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 450; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:389. 1959.

ibid. 21:18. 1965.

F. indica sensu King (not of L.) in Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:506. 1885; Corner, Way

Trees 1:678. 1952.

Ficus superba Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2:200. 1867; Corner, Way

‘Ties T:e79. 1952. |

var. japonica Miq., in Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 21:7. 1965.

Limestone Hill Flora 185

Ficus tinctoria Forst. f., Prodr. Fl. Aust. (1786) 76.

subsp. gibbosa (Bl.) Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:476. 1959, ibid. 21:74.

1965. F. gibbosa Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 3:329. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

mee soc, 17: 73.. 1939: Comer. Way. Trees. 1:677. . 1952.

Ficus trichocarpa Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 458.

var. otusa (Hassk.) Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 18:19. 1960, ibid. 21:59. 1965.

F. obtusa Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bogor. (1844) 75; Ridl., Fl. 3:344. 1924.

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:73. 1939.

Ficus villosa Bl., Bijdr. (1823) 441; Ridl., Fl. 3:345. 1924; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. RR. As. Soc. 17:74... 1939: Corer, Gard. Bull. S. 21:56. 1965.

Ficus virens Ait., Hort. Kew 3:451. 1789.

var. glabella (Bl.) Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 17:377. 1959, ibid. 21:9. 1965.

F. glabella Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 3:336. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

Peis '939> Comer, Way. Trees 1:677. - 1952.

Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch., in Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 176; Corner, Gard.

Babess. 19-240. 1962: Back, Fl. Java 2:15: . 1965.

M. tortuosa Blanco, in Ridl., Fl. 3:325. 1924.

Sireblus asper Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2:615. 1790; Ridl., Fl. 3:323. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:74. 1939; Corner, Way Trees 1: 692.

en> taard. Bull: S;.19:228. 1962.

Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 19:227. 1962.

Taxotrophis ilicifolius Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 249; Ridl., FI.

3:322. 1924; Corner, Way Trees 1:693. 1952.

The commonest species of Streblus on limestone. Often abundant on dry

rocky slopes.

Streblus laxiflorus (Hutch.) Corner, Gard. Bull. S. 19:229. 1962.

Taxotrophis eberhardtii Gagn., Fl. Gen. Indochina 5:700. 1928.

T. laxiflora Hutch., Kew Bull. (1918) 151.

Streblus taxoides (Heyne) Kurz., For. Fl. Burma 2:465. 1877; Corner, Gard.

Bull. S. 19:225. 1962.

Phyllochlamys spinosa (Roxb.) Bur., in DC., Prodr. 17:218. 1873; Ridl.,

BL. 35323. ; 2924.

P. wallichii King, in Hk.f.. F.B.I. 5:489. 1888; Ridl., Fl. 3:322. 1924.

186

Gardens’ Bulletir., Singapore XXXII (1979)

MY RISTICACEAE

. Leaves glaucous or sub-glaucous beneath. Inflorescence a short woody axis

or tubercle 2... ...0055 0. esc ec Teen co ind go Sst eo Zz

Leaves not glaucous. Inflorescence a branched panicle 5-10 cm long ......

ee ee Ne ee ee ee Horsfieldia tomentosa

Twigs and petioles when young densely woolly; hairs 0.2-0.5 cm long ......

Res Sande 200 Ls fake ROSS os os ee ae ee Knema hookeriana

Twigs and petioles when young not densely wooly but tomentose, pubescent

or glabrous, hairs less than 0.2 cm long .-.\....:3.s... 2.2, <4: :cue ss os 3

Twigs pale strawcoloured. Fruits eflipsvid, 2.5-4.5 by 1-1.3 cm ...............

et ALGER, la See iene CREE Oe ee Knema cinerea var. rubens

. Twigs smooth shining reddish-brown. Fruit ellipsoid, 3-4 by 1.8-2.2 cm ....

i ce apdiacs slate aieee cin pb na oltre yw Ob 2 alee eee Doe) Deas Kwnema intermedia

Coastal tree. Leaves 8-17 by 1.5—5 cm, thinly coriaceous. Fruit sub-globose,

1:5—2-by 1:3=L5 Co SAE) Le ee Knema globularia

Not coastal. Leaves 7-23 by 3-7.5 cm, coriaceous. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.3—1.5

by 1.0-13 .cm «ou See eee Knema cinerea var. patentinervia

Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb., Monog. Myrist. (1897) 302; Rial., Fl. 3:56. 1924.

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 16:403. 1958.

Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb., Monog. Myrist. (1897) 611; Sinclair, Gard. Bull.

S. 18:169. 1961.

var. patentinervia (Sinclair) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 18:182. 1961.

Knema glaucescens Jack var. patentinervia Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 16: 308.

1958.

Myristica glaucescens (Jack) Hk.f. et Th., F.B.I. 5:111. 1886.

var. rubens (Sinclair) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 18:185. 1961.

Khema glaucescens Jack. f. rubens Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16:307. 1958.

Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb., Monog. Myrist. (1897) 601; Sinclair, Gard. Bull.

S. 16:325. 1958, ibid. 18:214. 1961.

Myristica globularia Lamk., Mem. Ac. Paris (1788) 162.

K. missionis (King) Warb., in Ridley, Fl. 3:71. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Limestone Hill Flora 187

Knema hookeriana (Hk.f. et Th.) Warb., Monog. Myrist. (1897) 551; Ridl., Fl. 3:67.

1924: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S. 16:272. 1958, ibid., 18:226. 1961.

Myristica hookeriana Hk.f. et. Th., in F.B.I. 5:109. 1886.

Knema intermedia (Bl.) Warb.. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 564 T. 25: Ridl., Fl. 3:68.

1924; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. 16:315. 1958, ibid. 18:227. 1961.

Knema laurina (Bl.) Warb., Monog. Myrist. (1897) 606; Ridl., Fl. 3:72. 1924.

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. S.

16:329. 1958, ibid. 18:248. 1961.

MY RSINACEAE

Seventeen species of Ardisia are recorded from limestone, of which thirteen

are very rare or uncommon; A. /ankawicnsis and A. meziana are known only from

a single collection each and the other eleven though known from more than a

single collection each are poorly represented in the herbarium. Only 4A. colorata,

A. crenata, A. lanceolata and A. villosa are fairly common, or common plants.

Much of the information used in the making of this key is extracted from

King and Gamble’s Materials, and Ridley’s Flora. The latter also has a key to

the Malayan species; this key however has poor leads which do not sufficiently

distinguish the various species. Another reason. perhaps, is that some of the

species should not be kept distinct.

This key therefore goes only as far as material will allow and is incomplete:

more field work and research are required: A. kunstleri, A. solanacea and A.

oxyphylla especially are rather similar in many respects.

RS Se acd a ae cae te Se Ae, RG i a ld Ae 2

SS ST ST Ce RRP ee en 3

2. Leaves obovate; flowers 4-merous, ovary superior: fruit l-seeded. Very rare.

Sueeemanennr erammermmeys 8 | EDS Te UO, Se ee Embelia calcarea

Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong; flowers 5-merous, ovary inferior; fruit many

fecuce. Men teeorded from Lanekawi .......--......-.---.:-..--.-- Maesa striata

3. Apex of leaves gradually tapered or shortly acute or acuminate. Flowers

at the end of a 2 cm or more, peduncle: rarely shorter; not as below ...... 4

Apex of leaves rounded, bluntly acute to slightly emarginate. Flowers on

axillary cone-like bracteate branches, 0.3—0.6 cm long ...... Myrsine porteriana

ES EO Ro | a 5

Ovary inferior; fruit with many seeds ........................+- Maesa_ pahangiana

5. Inflorescence sessile or with a very short peduncle ...........................+5 6

Inflorescence with a peduncle 1 cm or more long .............................. 7

6. Herbaceous subshrubs, 30-60 cm tall. Leaves elliptic-obovate, apex abruptly

acuminate. Inflorescence axillary. long most of the stem ... Ardisia meziana

Shrub or small tree, to 5 m. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, apex long acuminate.

Inflorescence axillary, in the axils of the uppermost leaves ... Ardisia ridleyi

188 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

7.. Leaves, margin prominently ‘crenate .... 00.0.0. /..1...10..1.0/:4) seuss sae 8

Leaves, margin entire or sometimes very slightly crenate ..................... 10

8. Lower surface’of leaves villous ..(..../...../.4.::00000. eens poe ~)

Lower suriace-of leaves glabrous = #s..1...1).-.: dc cee Ardisia crenata

9. Lateral nerves, 8-12: pairsiitt..2 020... Si bacda teh Ardisia villosa

Lateral merves, 20-24 pairs. ......0).. c...0sess wes eedhnn sees ener Ardisia fulva

Inflorescence axillary, often in the axils of upper leaves ..................... 12

1}. Petals'O.8 cm long’... ...3.:5:a:s015-. 102. ee ee Ardisia lanceolata

Petals much smaller, to 0.3 ont lone”. 1. 7e4 2%..).. eee Ardisia adamanica

A. colorata

A. platyclada

A. vaughani

12. “Leaves ‘large; "15-37 "by 325°cm S55. 4 io eee Ardisia kunstleri

A. oxphylla

A. solanacea

Leaves smaller, less than 15, by.6 cm, rarely more,....cu,,.-sto oe A. biflora

A. lankawiensis

A. oxphylla

A. pendula

A. tahanica

Ardisia andamanica Kurz., For. Fl. Burma. 1:108. 1877; Hk.f., F.B.I. 3:521.

1882; Ridl., Fl. 2:245. 1923; Henders., Gard. Bull. S. S. 4:281. 1928.

Ardisia biflora K. et G, Mats. 17:142. 1905: Ridl., Fl. 2:244. 1923: Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As, Soc sr3on soos

Shrub 1-2.5 m. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both

ends glabrous, entire or faintly crenulate, glandular dots numerous, 7-12 by

1.8-3.5 cm. Inflorescence a pedunculate umbel, to 4 cm _ long... Calyx-lobes

ciliate. Drupe ribbed, prominently gland-dotted, 0.6 cm across.

Endemic and restricted to limestone, rare; known only from Perak.

Ardisia crenata Sims, in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. (1818) 45; Walker, Quart. J. Tai.

Mus. 12:177. 1959.

Ardisia colorata Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 16; K. & G., Mats. 17:129. 1905;

Ridl., Fl. 2:246. 1923.

BE. @°0.°8)

var. complanata Cl., in K. & G., l.c.; Ridl., lc.

Ardisia fulva K. et G., Mats. 17:124. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:250. 1923.

Uncommon; in forest in the northern part of Malaya. Recorded from

limestone in Langkawi. (Nauen 38119).

Ardisia kunstleri K. et G., Mats. 17:136. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:243. 1923.

Endemic, not common; in hill forest to 600 m. Recorded from limestone

in Langkawi.

Limestone Hill Flora 189

Ardisia lanceolata Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 85; K. & G., Mats. 17:134. 1905;

Ror, Fi) 2:249. 1923: Henders.; J.. Mal. Br. R. As, Soc. '17:53.. 1939:

Corner, Way Trees 1:481. 1952.

Ardisia lankawiensis K. et G., Mats. 17:125. 1905: Ridl., Fl. 2:251. 1923:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

A tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; glabrous, entire,

8-12 by 3-4 cm. Inflorescence with a 7-9 cm long, flattened peduncle; flowers

in dense racemes, corolla-lobes ovate-acuminate, 0.7 cm long. Drupe depressed

globose, 0.5 cm across.

Endemic and known from a single specimen Ridley & Curtis 9313, ‘in woods,

opposite Kuah’. The part of Pulau Dayang Bunting facing Kuah is chiefly

limestone cliffs with short stretches of sandy beach and some mangrove at Telok

Penaga. It is therefore likely that this specimen was from limestone; Henderson

l.c., also thinks so.

Ardisia meziana K. et G., Mats. 17:147. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:253. 1923: Henders.,

T Mal-“Br.-ReAs. Soc; 17:53... 1939.

Sub-shrub, 30-60 cm. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic-obovate, glabrous above,

sparsely pubescent below, margin crenate-dentate, 8-14 by 3-5 cm. Inflorescence

axillary, of racemes 0.2-0.4 cm long about 6-flowered; flowers waxy-white.

Corolla-lobes about 0.2 cm long. Drupe unknown.

Endemic and known from a single specimen (King’s collector, 5839); from

Perak on limestone rocks in open jungle at 150-250 m. I have not seen this

specimen.

Ardisia- oxyphylla Wall, Cat. (1830) 2291; K. & G., Mats. 17:139. 1905; Ridl.,

Fl. 2:242. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Ardisia pendula Mez., Monog. Myrs. (1901) 125; K. & G., Mats., 17: 140. 1905;

Ridl., Fl. 2:244. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. 17:53. 1939; Bak.,

Fl. Jav. 2:200. 1965.

Ardisia platyclada K. et G., Mats. 17:132. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:247. 1923;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.'Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Endemic and rare, in forest. Once from limestone.

Ardisia ridleyi K. et G., Mats. 17:148. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:253. 1923; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

Ardisia solanacea Roxb., Hort. Beng: (1814) 16; K. & G., Mats. 17:137. 1905;

Ridl., Fl. 2:242. 1923: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939.

var. elata K. & G., lc. 138.; Ridl., Lc.

Rare; the species is distributed in India and Burma. Recorded from lime-

stone in Perak and Langkawi.

Ardisia tahanica K. et G., Mats. 17:143. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:242. 1923.

Endemic and uncommon, in lowland and hill forest. Once from limestone.

190 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Ardisia vaughani Ridl., Fl. 2:248. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:54.

1939; Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 17:302. 1958.

Endemic, not common, in lowland forest. From limestone only on Gunong

Baling, Kedah. |

Ardisia villosa Roxb.. Hort. Beng. (1814) 85; Ridl., Fl. 2:251. 1923; Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. 15:29. 1956.

Embelia calcarea Fletcher. Kew Bull. (1936) 44; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17:54. 1939.

Scrambling shrub. Leaves obovate, apex obtuse, base long acuminate, sub-

coriaceous, glabrous on both sides. 9-18 by 5-7 cm. Petiole 1.5-2 cm. In-

florescence lateral, spike-like. Flowers 4-merous; calyx-lobes ovate-obtuse, 0.2

by 0.15 cm. Fruit globose, about 1.2 cm across.

Endemic and known from a single record from Langkawi. I have not seen

this specimen.

Maesa pahangiana K. et G., Mats. 17:98. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:229. 1923; Henders.,

Endemic, uncommon, usually along stream banks. Recorded from limestone

in Kelantan and Perak.

Maesa striata Mez., Monog. Myrs. (1901) 42; K. & G., Mats. 17:98. 1905;

Ridl. Pi 2 228: 892s

Myrsine porteriana Wall., Cat. (1832) 6525; K. & G., Mats. 17:101. 1905; Ridl.,

Fl. 2:230. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:54. 1939; Corner,

Way Trees 1:482. 1952.

A plant of rocky and sandy coastal areas, also on mountain tops to 1700 m..

Common on the Bukit Takun and Anak Takun limestone, Selangor; also on

limestone in Kedah and Kelantan.

MYRTACEAE

1. Leaves spirally arranged.fruit a capsule )..f402\0x...- oot eee 2

Leaves opposite, fruit a drupe or berry” .,..:-....00 42. or: anu aeeee 4

2. Weaves with a single midrib: flowers in axillary cvmes or panicles ......... 3

Leaves with 5-7 prominent longitudinal veins; flowers in spikes ............

spin abe gs upbielenie rele eh Den tices Sage nee taletlee as Ball aaa tana Melaleuca cajuputi

4. Twigs and young leaves pubescent; young leaves often slivery white .........

ud tine sayilrdiaic clas o's go. ad nd orb glk Vedat gaaie's Walp a a le Decaspermum fruticosum

Limestone Hill Flora 191

5. Base of leaf rounded and slightly cordate. Inflorescence 1-2 (—3?) flowered

(ge et dee algae Eugenia porphyranthera

Deer semiaty Betves numerous, 15-30 pairs: ..:.. 200. Ar Beene. 7

te aeeeVes WW NE -8 o> pam. 200 Lee. at 8

7. Flowers in short condensed corymbs, 2.5-5 cm across, calyx tube funnel

| £1 eh tt ot oS Ee a ee Eugenia claviflora

Flowers in expanded panicles to 8 cm long; calyx tube not or only slightly

J 2 ka Ra a ee es ig Pee Eugenia chlorantha

8. Leaves small, 4-9 by 1.5-4 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded ............

se ob re 5: See ela er eh eee ae one a, got cee | eRe erEaey SENESMD

Leaves large, 10-20 by 4-8 cm, base cuneate .................. Eugenia pendens

Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. et G. Forster, Char. Gen. Pl. (1776) 74, t 37; Back.,

Fl. Java .1:335.. 1963.

D. paniculatum (Lindl.) Kurz., J. As. Soc. Beng. 46:61. 1877; Ridl., FI.

Sool. 922.

Eugenia chlorantha Duthie, in Hk. f., F.B.I. 2:478. excl. syn.; Ridl., Fl. 1: 734.

1922; Henders., Gard. Bull. S. 12:107. 1949.

Eugenia claviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind., 2:488. 1832; Hkf., F.B.I. 2:484. 1879;

Ridl., Fl. 1:742. 1922: Henders., Gard. Bull. S. 12:252. 1949.

Eugenia pendens Duthie, in Hk.f., F.B.I. 2:475. 1878; Ridl., Fl. 1:726. 1922;

~ Henders., Gard. Bull. S. 12:71. 1949.

Eugenia porphyranthera Ridl., J.R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 61:8. 1912: Fl. 1:727.

..1922; Henders., Gard. Bull. S. 12:59. 1949.

Endemic and uncommon, found only in Selangor and Pahang. Recorded

once from limestone (Chin 1031 from Bukit Serdam, Pahang).

Eugenia spicata Lamk., Encycl. Bot. 3:201. 1789; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:45. 1939; Gard. Bull. S. 12:231. 1949.

E. zeylanica Wight., Ridl., Fl. 1:738. 1922.

Melaleuca cajuputi Powell, Pharm. Lond. Transl. (1809) 22: Ridl., Fl. 1:713.

1922: Corner, Ways Trees 1:506. 1952; Blake, Contr. Qd. Herb 1:22. 1968.

Tristania merguensis Griff., J. As. Soc. Beng. (1854) 637; Ridl., Fl. 1:715. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Bl. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939.

Tristania subauriculata King., J. As. Soc. Beng. 70:66; Ridl., Fl. 1:714. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br: R. As. Soc. 17:45. 1939.

Endemic and known from two records only, one is from limestone (King’s

coll. 8253 from Kuala Dipang, Perak).

192 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

NEPENTHACEAE

Nepenthes sp.

A species of Nepenthes was observed on Gunong Tempurong, Perak on a

recent trip. The plant was climbing on low vegetation and probably rooted in

the fairly thick peaty layer which had accumulated over the limestone. This is

the only record of Nepenthes from limestone hills in Malaya. Unfortunately no

material was collected.

Anderson (1965) writing on limestone habitat in Sarawak noted that a shallow

acidic ‘mor’ layer is often found on the summits of limestone hills, where the

vegetation is undisturbed. He further noted that the vegetation is more calcifugal

than calciphylous in character and in floristic composition has affinities to the low

altitude heath forests of Borneo. The species found on low altitude hills include

Casuarina sumatrana, Nepenthes albomarginata, Pandanus spp., Rhododendron

brookeanum, Vaccinium borneense and Vaccinium lobbii. 1 have however not

noticed any similar accumulation of such ‘calcifugal’ species on any of the Malayan

limestone hills though no doubt such acidic ‘mor’ layer exist in localised spots

on many hills. It is also possible that some of the larger and as yet unexplored

nills may support such a ‘calcifugal’ vegetation.

NYCTAGINACEAE

1. Plant with recurved axillary thorns; climber. Fruit (anthocarp) with 5

biserial rows of soft viscmt prickles. .<).c205.+ 4 teks ate ee Pisonia aculeata

Plant not thorny =... 2055 00.0 cask pag cedeen ce bah cake ees ta 2 en

2. Herbs or subshrub, scandent. Leaves opposite, one of each pair reduced.

Fruit (anthocarp) glandular but not viscid .................. Boerhavia chinensis’

Tree. Leaves opposite often in pseudowhorls. Fruit (anthocarp) with 4-5

viscid ribs!) 08 AS ea A ee ee Pisonia umbellifera

Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Aschers. & Schweinf., Beitr. Fl. Aeth. 1:167. 1867;

Stemmerik, Fl. Mal. I, 6:455. 1964.

B. repanda Willd., Sp. Pl. I, 1:22. 1797; Ridl., Fl. 3:2. 1924; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939.

Herb or subshrub, erect: or scandent: -Leaves -2.5-4.5 by 1.5—4 cm, base

broad to cordate. Flowers in umbels. Perianth 1-1.2 cm long. Anthocarp

elongate, 0.7-0.8 cm, 10-ribbed, with conspicuous glands.

Distributed in India to Burma and southwards to Java, Lesser Sunda Islands-

and Moluccas. In Malaya, this species is only known from two collections-

(Henderson 23115 and Ridley 15153) recorded from Bukit Chupeng cave mouth,

Perlis in 1929. It has not been found again.

Limestone Hill Flora 193

Pisonia aculeata L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1026; Ridl., Fl. 3:3. 1924: Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939; Stemmerik, Fl. Mal. I, 6:467. 1964.

Woody climber, thorny. Leaves subopposite, elliptic 4-10 by 1-5 cm. Flowers

unisexual in dense, cymose, axillary inflorescences; campanulate. urceolate 02.

by 0.1 cm. Anthocarp club-shaped, 1.5 by 0.2 cm, with 5 ribs, each bearing a

biserial row of glandular appendages, later viscid.

Distributed throughout most of the tropics. Generally coastal in rocky

places and along forest fringes in dry places. In Malaya, recorded only from

limestone in Perlis and Langkawi.

Pisonia umbellifera (Forst.) Seem., Bonplandia 10:154. 1862; Stemmerik, FI.

Mal. I, 6:460. 1964.

P. excelsa Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 3:3. 1924: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17: 66...- 1939.

Tree, to 28 m tall. Leaves opposite, sometimes in pseudowhorls towards

the ends of twigs, 9-23 by 4-11 cm. Inflorescences terminal in umbels. Flowers

bisexual or unisexual, perianth 0.3-0.7 cm. Anthocarp 24 by 0.3 cm. with

5 viscid ribs.

Distributed from Madagascar, Mauritius, Andaman Islands, to Formosa and

throughout Malesia and into Polynesia. Often in coastal areas. In Malaya, it is

restricted to limestone, usually at the bases of hills where there is fairly deep

soil and in gullys on hill slopes. Only from Perak and Pahang.

OCHNACEAE

Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis, Taxon 16:422. 1967, Blumea 16:53. 1968.

G. microphylla Ridl.. Fl. 1:365. 1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

SPs a7. 99359.

G. sumatrana Jack, in Ridl., Fl. 1:365. 1922.

OLEACEAE

NET RPE iE OP Unk of ld ee ree ook pulls Rds dhs inl ipeve ues caldtes ances 9

2. Leaves 3-veined from the base, the two lateral veins slender and sometimes

I RSD eg Ok i eran cnn vogin tne Side Vi vE ain os a usd cehie veceeeasen eae,

Leaves pinnately veined ............. SE es) he ek Leas eet, Sage Ghat «sana ys inkos 5

3. Leaves coriaceous, margin revolute ........................055 Jasminum insularum

Leaves thinly- coriaceotis, margin not revolute ................0...0..be 4

194 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

4. Leaves tapered to a very blunt-rounded tip ..................... Jasminum sp. A.

Leaves acute, if blunt, not distintcly tapered .................. Jasminum sp. B.

5. Calyx lobes 0.3—0.6, cm Jong ».) 0500556003... c0ssus-.8--ogie seed ds. oe 6

Calyx lobes, 1—1.2..cm. Jong... <..2.:. sei. vouab big ee. celeste ee oe 8

6. Leaves small 3—8 cm long; flowers solitary or in small clusters to 12 together

asin o 0 sina win sie salt « Aninid woe einain gener emen = Se c.ctem me hoimsale eels aia ona ‘

Leaves large 7-17 cm long; flowers 15-20 together ............ Jasminum wrayi

7. Leaves; veins obscure, blade firm, drying smooth and even; flowers 1-3

together) 2.20.4). nie a ee ee ee Jasminum cordatum

Leaves; veins distinct, blade thin, drying undulate and uneven; flowers 4-12

topether: i.) :cinc teil. ..2ie STE a Jasminum bifarum

$:" Flowers 1+2C3) ‘togethe® (iv 0. S52 ee an Se Jasminum adenophyllum

Fiowers 15—20 together ic 2.00. Se ee Jasminum curtisit

9. Inflorescence 2.5-12 cm long; corolla lobes valvate ...... Ligustrum confusunt

Inflorescence 1.2 cm long: corolla lobes imbricate ..... Osmanthus scortechinii

Jasminum adenophyllum Wall., Cat. (1831) 2876; K. & G., Mats. 17:261. 1905;

Ridl., Fl. 2:314. 1923; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17253,

Jasminum bifarium Wall., Cat. (1831) 2866; K. & G., Mats. 17:260. 1905; Ridl..

Fl. 2:313. 1923: Henders., Mal. Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 276.

Jasminum cordatum Ridl., Kew Bull. (1926) 473: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:35. 1939:

Shrubby climber; leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; base

cordate, 3-7 by 1.8-3 cm. Flowers in the axils of terminal pairs of leaves,

1-3(-4) together; corolla tube to 2.5 cm long; cylindric; lober 7, oblong-acute.

Drupe oblong.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Only from Perak and Selangor; rare-

Jasminum curtisii K. & G., Mats., 17:259. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:312. 1923-7

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:55. 1939.

Climbing shrub (?). Leaves membranous ovate or ovate-oblong, glabrous

except on the veins above and axils.of.the main nerves beneath, 7-12 by 2.5—5 cm..

Flowers in a terminal cyme supported by~téafy~bracts 2.5—-3 cm long; flowers in

each cyme 15-20. Calyx-lobes 6. linear-subulate, 1.2 cm long. Corolla-tube

2.4 cm long, lobes 8-9; 1.2 cm long. Fruit unknown.

Endemic, known only from two collections, one from limestone in Perlis:

(Henderson 23010) and the other without data from near Ipoh, Perak.

Jasminum insularum Kerr., Kew Bull. (1938) 128; Craib, Fl. Siam 2.:401. 1939.

Limestone Hill Flora 195

Jasminum wrayi K. & G., Mats. 17:258. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:312. 1923; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:56. 1939.

Slender climbing shrub. Leaves membranous oblong or cbovate-oblong, base

rounded or cordate, glabrous except in the axils of the main nerves beneath,

7-17 by 3.5-6.5 cm. Flowers in terminal, 15-20 flowered cymes, bracts lanceolate-

acuminate, 1.2 cm long. Calyx-lobes 0.6 cm long, corolla-tube about 2 cm long,

lobes 8-9. Fruit ovoid-globose.

Endemic, recorded from limestone from Perak and Kelantan, also from

non-limestone fields. Uncommon.

Jasminum sp. A. aff. J. trinerve Vahl.

This is represented by a sterile collection from Pulau Dayang Bunting lime-

stone, Langkawi, Kedah (Stone 9144). The plant is a slender climber. Stem

and leaves glabrous. Leaves ovate, base rounded to cordate; apex, very blunt

but with a muronate tip, 1.5-3.8 by 0.7-1.7 cm. The identification has been

provided by P.S. Green of Kew. J. trinerve which it resembles is described from

Java.

Jasminum sp. B

Scandent shrub. Young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves opposite, thinly

coriaceous, 3-veined from the base, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; base

rounded or cordate, apex acute or blunt, mucronulate, 2-5 by 1-2.4 cm. Petioles

finely pubescent. Flowers axillary or terminal 1-3 together, lobes 6—10 oblong-

acute or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5—2 cm long.

Known from three specimens, (Stone 6920, 6927 & 6986), all from the

Langkawi limestone. It does not match any of the Malayan material, but should

compared with Thai material.

Ligustrum confusum Dcne., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Paris Il, 2:24. 1879; Hk-f..

F.B.I. 3:616. 1882: Craib, Fl. Siam 2:419. 1939: Henders., J. Ma. Br. As.

Soc. 17:56. 1939: Kiew, Blumea 24:144. 1978.

Olea puberula Ridl., in Fl. 2:318. 1923.

L. robustum auct. non (Roxb.) BI., in Merr., J. Arn. Arb. 35:150. 1954.

Straggling shrub to small tree, to 6m. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate,

about 8 by 2 cm. Panicles terminal 2.4-12 cm long, pubescent, bractless; flowers

clustered, subsessile, corolla tube as long or slightly longer than calyx tube.

Fruit olive-shaped, about 5 mm across.

Distributed in S. India, Indochina, Yunnan, Thailand. Uncommon, often

on limestone. Common on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Osmanthus scortechinii K. & G., Mats. 17:265. 1905; Ridl., Fl. 2:315. 1923.

Tree to 45 m. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, glabrous, margin recurved,

5-10 by 2-3.2 cm. Flowers in very short axillary racemes, to 1.2 cm long in

fruit, 4-merous, calyx 0.1 cm long, corolla-tube 0.1 cm long, lobes 0.25 cm long,

oblong; stamens 4. Drupe globose about 0.5 cm long.

Endemic and rare. Once from limestone. (Batu Neng, Kelantan, UNESCO

346).

196 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell., in Raven, Reinw. 6:385. 1963.

Jussiaea linifolia Vahl., Henders., Mal., Wildfis> Dicots. (1959) 148.

J. suffruticosa sensu Ridl., J. Bot. Lond. 59:257. 1921, non Linn. 1753, FI.

827. 922.

In wet places in the lowlands. Recorded from limestone by the edge of a

stream at Tambun, Perak.

OXALIDACEAE

Biophytum adiantoides Wight ex Edgew. et Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:437. 1875; Ridl., FI.

1:331. 1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:38. 1939.

~ Only from the north; usually on rocky streambanks in forest. Recorded orre

from limestone in Perlis ((Kiah 35246).

PASSIFLORACEAE

ods hindia tee ot aOucadap. Weghtas 4 pie Rea ee ee Passiflora foetida var. hispida

Glabrous. Leaves entire: flowers unisexual ..................e.0.005. Adenia nicobarica

Adenia nicobarica (Kurz.) King, Mats. 13:52. 1902; Ridl., Fl. 1:840. 1922:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:49, 1939.

Modecca nicobarica Kurz., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 2:603. 1879.

Passiflora foetida L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 959: Ridl., Fl. 1:839. 1922: Henders., Mal.

Wildfis. Dicots. (1959) 151.

var. hispida (DC.) Killip., Merr. & Perry, J. Arn, Arb. 27:325. 1946.

Common all over in waste ground. Recorded from disturbed areas on

limestone.

PIPERACEAE

L. Eerect Herbs osc. 0: ocasniay > «+ sie pssthlyseielicactha osmolalities fs aes ae y

Climbers 01: Shrubs. 2)... scsi oceee «innate ace eipectia ipiecd tne 2g etl ts olka 6

2. Flowers sessile, fruits smooth; plants not rhizomatous .......................06. ‘,

Flowers pedicelled, fruits with bristles: plants rhizomatous ........................

TPR PRAM ERM TET Te RMR Te re Zippelia begone ea

Cet ee ihe ud an hee

3. leaves Ghettate Pepe sees ves nesks Jia tO8 . S2O00IR. CURL. 1. alkene ean

Leaves opposite or in whorls peat he Sr ea yb he os be oR a 4

Limestone Hill Flora 197

Petit atictea ves MUDesCemt bys... vie... Peperomia kotana

epetrt Je wes Mea prOUSod <4... ac2e. 22%. ek ded A lee ee Peperomia sp. A

5. Stem and leaves pubescent. Scattered on Pahang limestone, not common ...

ee Parada eri Ah Siete Sok: pose» «alee « Seven ein sa ae Peperomia dindigulensis

Stem and leaves glabrous. Very rare, known only from one collection; Gua

Magis NOMMOONs 1... 2ivaiiieids.5. Cas H. nds). Be Peperomia portulacoides

6. Leaves 5-17 cm long; longer than broad, rarely as broad as long. Spikes

ee eA ae oc wi es enced e's gales ves up btpas tmaindny 7

Leaves 15-30 cm long; as broad as long. Spikes fascicled ........................

o @tinber*~ f a eM OE seca eels oe bu Sa sdlgngs ber oreu tae tg as 8

Re UTNE en at eee tg oe ow opscch as wee Suse 2 Piper boehmeriaefolia

8. Leaves pubescent below, sometimes on the nerves only ........................ 9

CE TERS I ah irate eh RPe Uae Pere ae et APA ee A wa en nt en 2 10

a Leaves broadly Ovate to suborbicular |... 0.002 000.5. 4... Piper porphyrophyllum

Reaves ovdic OF OVate lanceolate ie. : soi ince oho c daalbdek na duces bes Piper caninum

eres Pere eT VEGud. Siti, (So RCO AONE ed 11

Leaves palmately nerved, or 3-nerved from the base with the basal pair of

Nome enounam thetlensth of Weaves ieee Avie 13

merrtne tL Pa) PAIS OL MET VES 2. oe re fac. 2s tae Debess lees ct ecceccesscectbectseees 12

Midrib with 3 nerves on one side and 4 on the other. Very rare ............

CS AE LE i te, Ai ee a ge CONT OA Piper scortechinti

i. Leaves; (bases equal sided: Extremely: rare... )../../.. 000.025... Piper collinum

eas arises Mimecar Stes (560068. rs 55. oS wk vn ge ldo nates Piper retrofractum

fo eaves: 3? merved trom the base ........ 6.1... cece cece ccc eccceebeveees Piper nigrum

Leaves 3-nerved from the base. with one other pair higher up ..................

ee Sane nee here yd ire DES eee DL Laren be esha aes Piper mucronatum

Peperomia dindigulensis Mig., Syst. Pip. 1:122. 1843: Ridl., Fl. 3:26. 1924:

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939. Mal. Wildfls. Dicots (1959)

435.

Herb 10-30 cm tall. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-4 pubescent, broadly

elliptic, obovate suborbicular, 1.2—-3.7 by 0.6-2.3 cm. Spikes 3-7 (—10) cm long.

bisexual. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 2, from behind a scale like bract. Drupe

very small, to 0.1 cm long.

Distributed in southern India. Restricted to limestone in Malaya, from

Pahang and according to Ridley, from Gua Batu, Selangor. Found in shade on

mossy rocks or in small pockets of soil.

198 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

Peperomia kotana C. DC., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 6:2. 1912; Ridl., Fl. 3:27.

1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939.

Peperomia sp. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939

Herb 10-20 cm tall, pubescent all over. Leaves alternate, petioles 0.4—0.7 cm

long, blade obovate or suborbicular, 1.2-2.4 by 0.8-1.4 cm. Spike terminal

3-5 cm long. Flowers unisexual; male with 2 stamens. Drupe very small.

Endemic. Recorded from limestone in Kedah, Kelantan and Pahang and

(not from limestone) in Pulau Tioman, Johore. Rare.

Peperomia portulacoides Dietr., in Sp. Pl. (1753) 172; Hk. f., F.B.I. 5:98. 1885:

Ridl., Fl. 3:26. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:66. 1939.

Succulent glabrous herb. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-4, obovate or

subrhomboid, 2.5—5 by 1.8-3 cm. Spikes 1-2 together, axillary or terminal, 3-6

cm long. Flowers unisexual. Male with 2 stamens.

Distributed in Southern India, Madagascar, Seychelles and Mauritius. Very

rare in Malaya, according to Ridley, recorded from Gua Batu, Selangor. I have

not seen the specimen.

Peperomia sp. A

A fleshy herb 15-30 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves alternate, ovate, broadly

elliptic or suborbicular. thick fleshy, lower surface pale; margin when dried often

undulate, 1.2-3 cm: veins 3—5 from the base, obscure, barely visible in dried or

fresh material. Spikes terminal, solitary, slender. 4-10 cm long, peduncle 1-1.5

cm long. Flowers unisexual, subtended by an orbicular, peltate bract; male with

2 stamens. Fruit slightly less than 0.1 cm long, ovoid, ripening, dark green with

a tinge of orange; when dried the surface is pimply.

Recorded from ithe west-slope. Bukit Anak Takun, growing from mossy

rock crevices in shade. Thriving in several scattered patches in a narrow strip

about 20 m long (Chin 539, Chin & Badaruddin 1695, Stone 14086).

This species seems to match a specimen in Singapore collected by L. Wray

(709) from Maxwell’s hill, Perak, prior to 1909 and which is unamed.

Piper boehmeriaefolium Wall., Cat. (1832) 6654: Hkf., F.B.I. 5:85. 1885; Ridl.,

Fl. 3:41. 1924: Henders., J. Mal: Br. R. As. Soc; 17;67.4 1938)

Piper caninum Bl., Verh. Bat. Gen. 11:214. 1826; Hk.f., F.B.I. 5:82. 1885;

Ridl., Fl. 3:38. 1924; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Piper collinum C.DC., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 6:17. 1912; Ridl., Fl. 3:36. 1924;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Slender. glabrous climber to 4 m. Leaves membranous, elliptic-lanceolate,

base equal, acute, pinnately nerved, 12-15 by 4.2-7 cm. Male spikes unknown;

female spikes to 7 cm long. Drupe ovate, to 0:5 cm long.

Endemic. Known from a single record collected by Kunstler from limestone

at Gopeng, Perak. I have not seen this specimen.

Piper mucronatum C. DC.,.‘Rec., Bot. Surv. Ind. 6:15. 1912; Ridl., Fl. 3736.

1924. eeu

Endemic, uncommon in lowland forest. Once from limestone, Gua Batu

(Poore 801).

Limestone Hill Flora 199

Piper nigrum L.. Sp. Pi. (1753) 28; Hk-f.. F.B.I. 5:90. 1885: Henders.. J. Mal.

Br. 'R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939: Burkill, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. (2nd ed.)

2:1776. 1966.

Recorded from Gua Batu. Selangor (Ridley 8180) and Tambun. Perak

(Burkill. 6305). These are probably escapes from cultivation.

Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br.. Gard. Chron. 2:438. 1884: Ridl.. Fi. 3:45.

1924.

Endemic and common in lowland forest. Recorded once (Chin 611) climbing

over limestone rock in deep shzce on the small isolated outcrops in Johore.

Piper retrojractum Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1:314. 1805: Merr.. Fl. Manila (1912) 170;

Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Piper scortechini C. DC.. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 6:8. 1912: Ridl.. Fl. 3:50.

1924: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:67. 1939.

Endemic: recorded from Taiping hilis (not limestone) and Gopeng limestone

(fide De Candolle). I have not seen aay specimens of this rare plant.

Piper umbellatum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 30: Ridl. Fl. 3:51. 1924: Henders., J. Mal.

mo AS oe. 17-67. 1939.

Zippelia begoniaejolia Bi.. in Schult. f.. Syst. Veg. 7:1651. 1830: Back., Fl. Java

1:168. 1963.

Z. lappacea BI.. in Ridl.. Fl. 3:25. 1924: Henders.. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

1 or. 1939.

PITTOSPORACEAE

-27. 1811; Ridl.. Fl 1: 136.

Pittosporum jerrugineum Ait.. Hort. Kew ed. 2. 2. 2:

1957. Whitmore. Tree Fl. Mal.

1922. Bak. & Steenis. Fl. Mal. I. 5:355.

2 ae 1973:

Common in coastal areas. rare inland. Recorded once from limestone

(Ganong Tempurong, Perak. Ng FRI 5572).

POLYGALACEAEF

1. Herbs: leaves not glaucous: fruit a small capsule -....... A eS ee 2

Tree: leaves slightly glaucous beneath: fruit 2 drupe. globose, 2—3.5 across

OS ee ee xX anthophy lium glaucum

2. Margin of leaves ciliated: stamens 4-5 ....................-.-..-- Salomonia ciliata

Margin of leaves not ciliated; stamens 8 ..............-......----.-------s++-+--- 3

3. Capsule obcordate: wings broad. Leaves ovate-elliptic. 0.6-5.5 by 04-3 cm

ee Polygala cardiocarpa

Ue elliptic, oblong-obovate, orbicular or sub-orbicular; wings narrow

200 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

4. Leaves mostly in pseudowhorls of 3, elliptic to ovate, 1-5.5 by 0.9-2.5 cm.

Seeds with a large black appendage at the chalazal end ........................

ELEC AD CR eo ae ee Polygala malesiana

Leaves alternate, spathulate or orbicular, 0.5-3 cm long. Seeds with a small

appendage...) AUNT 2. OEE ee eee eee Polygala triphylla

Polygala cardiocarpa Kurz., J. As. Soc. Beng. 41:293. 1872; Ridl., Fl. 1: 1939.

1922, in part, the specimens from Langkawi; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17:35. 1939. Adema, Blumea, 14:260. 1966.

Erect herb 5-25 cm. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 0.6-5.5 by 0.4-3 cm. Flowers

in terminal racemes, yellow or orang-yellow. Sepals 5, unequal, petals 3, the

lower one keel-shaped.

Distributed in Burma and Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya found only from

Langkawi. This species is apparently restricted to limestone in all its range.

Polygala malesiana Adema, Blumea 14:259. 1966.

~P. cardiocarpa (non Kurz) Ridl., Fl. 1:139. 1922; in part.

P. triphylla Ham. ex Don var. glaucescens Wall. in Hk. F.B.I. 1:201. 1875.

Erect herb, 6-20 cm tall. Leaves mostly in pseudowhorls of 3, broad-elliptic

to ovate, 1-5.5 by 0.9-2.5 cm. Racemes terminal, sometimes branched. Sepals 5,

unequal; petals 3, the lower one keeled. Ovary obcordate.

Distributed all over Malesia. In Malaya, restricted to limestone, recorded

from Perak, Pahang and Selangor, rare.

Polygala triphylia Buch. et Ham. ex Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. (1825) 200; Hk.f. F.B.1.

i201... 1675:

P. hyalina Wall., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939.

Herb, 5-25 cm tall. Leaves 0.5-3 cm long, spathulate or orbicular. Flowers

in racemes 3-5 cm long. Sepals 5, unequal, petals 3, the lower one keeled.

Capsules orbicular, narrowly winged.

Distributed in N.W. and Central India, Burma, Thailand and in Malaya

from Gopeng, Perak; Gunong Senyum, Pahang; and Selangor. Confined to

limestone in Malaya.

Salominia ciliata DC., Prodr. 1:334. 1824; Ridl.. Fl. 1:140. 1922; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17236. 1939.

Xanthophyllum glaucum Wall. ex Hassk., Cat. (1831) 4199; Ridl., Fl. 1: 147.

1922. Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:36. 1939.

POLY GONACEAE

Polygonum chinense L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 363; Ridl., Fl. 3:12. 1924: Bak. Fl. Java

}.: 223. | 1963.

Mainly in the highlands at 1000-1300 m. Recorded once from limestone

at Gunong Rapat, Perak (Ng FRI 1918) at about 100 m. This species is

occasionally cultivated by the Chinese as a medicinal plant and therefore found

in the lowlands. It is not known whether the limestone specimen is an escape

from cultivation.

Limestone Hill Flora 201

PRIMULACEAE

Lysimachia peduncularis Wall. ex Kurz. Cat. (1829) 1489. J. As. Soc. Beng.

46:219. 1877: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:53. 1939: Bentvelzen,

Fl. Mal. I. 6:182. 1962; Keng & Avadhani, M.N.J. 22:86. 1969.

Decumbent herb, to 30 cm tall. Leaves spiral, lanceolate 1.5—5 by 0.5—1.5 cm,

somewhat strigose; petiole 0.5—-1 cm. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary with a

2-5 cm pedicei. Capsule shorter than the calyx, 5 valved.

Distributed in India, S. Burma, Thailand, Indochina and Malaya. This is

a plant of coastal limestone; in Burma to 420 m in bamboo forest. In Malaya,

it is known from only two collections; one by Henderson on the 21st. Nov. 1934

and the other by Keng ef al on the 7th Nov. 1969; both were from Batu Ayam,

Selat Panchor, Langkawi. Keng 6211 was growing on a small patch of fine sand

enclosed in a basin-like limestone rock, 3 or 4 yards away from the high water

mark, and Henderson 21371 was ‘on limestone’. This species is the only record

of Primulaceae from Malaya.

RANUNCULACEAE

Flowers solitary or in threes, axillary .......................068. Naravelia dasyoneura

Flowers in panicles, numerous, axillary and terminal ......... Naravelia laurifolia

Naravelia dasyoneura Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1:208. 1847; Eichler Biblio-

thecebotanica 124:54. 1958.

N. axillaris Ridl., Fl. 1:2. 1922.

Recorded for Malaya twice: once by Ridley in the early part of this century

from a hedge by rice-fields in Perlis and the other in 1962 from Gua Batu Boh

limestone, near Gua Musang in Kelantan (UNESCO 219).

Naravelia laurifolia Wall., Cat. (1831) 4685; Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:7. 1875; Ridl., FI.

1:2. 1922; Eichler, Bibliothecebotanica 124:54. 1958.

Recorded from limestone on Gua Musang, Kelar‘tan (Chin 128).

RHAMNACEAEF

aN SARrERE TT NI eee AS gt Ae, IE, Ne eS SY Tao, Soc ech eancdescesectessceccers Zz

PWOIN BN TIS OT BINA TECOS ey poate cases enc nce gees dergee des caccececencsss *

2. Leaves, lower surface usually densely rusty-red pubescent; spines stout,

Ree UM NDR ROGUE MEL het CC! 5s oe Tata obs code Gage ye neces dinovntsonenys Zizyphus oenoplia

Leaves, lower surface pubescent on the veins only; spines slender, more or

less straight and directed upwards .............00 ......... Zizyphus pernettyoides

ay See MN ATUL CADGSUIE owt. ee eee cae mea Colubrina asiatica

Vins 6-9 pairs; fruit a winged sama.oid 0. dupaceous ....................ee ee 4

202 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXII (1979)

4. Fruit fleshy, drupaceous ...... re pa Sb he Re Ma ain Beh tao Sageretia thea

Fruit dry, a winged samaroid

at Leaves 2 5S 7 by 1.5-2.4 em; calyx tube enclosing more than half the nut .

dis Se Sk I PO OR SAL RU Ventilago. oldies

Leaves 6-11:5 by 3-4.2 cm; calyx tube not enclosing nut .........2.0............

ene anti ieny ene Diner Mime MGA Mt.) Lio ey Ventilago oblongifolia

Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn., Ann. Sc. Nat. 10:369.- 1827; Ridl., Fl: 1:465.

1922; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:41. 1939; Stone, Micronesica

6: 399. 1970.

_ Distributed throughout south-eastern Asia and into the Pacific; a plant of

coastal areas. It is very interesting to note that there is a collection (UNESCO

570). of this plant (apparently wild) from Gua Panjang, Kelantan, a locality almost

100 miles from the nearest coast.

Savesetia thea: (Osbeck). Johsist.,.Js:Ame Arb. 490378 BELOAm:

Rhamnus thea Osbeck,, Dagb. ofwer Ostind. Resa. (1757) 232.

S. theezans (L.) Brongn., in Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan (1963) 516.

Scrambling shrub. Leave ovate or elliptic, glabrous or scruffy pubescent

especially when young, 1-3 by 0.6—-1.5 cm; margin serrutate. Inflorescence a

paniculate spike. Fruit drupaceons. .

India. China and the Philippines. Recorded in Malaya only from limestone

on, Gua Batu; in partially exposed rocky patches on the summit.

Ventilago gladiata Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. Fasc. 20. t 314c. 1894; Ridl., J.

Str. Br. R: As. Soc.. 75:23: 1917, F-10246 > +1922.

Ventilago oblongifolia Bl., Bijdr. (1827) 1144; Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 75: 23.

ol 1O#7; Fl.1 2467, -49225° Back) Fl. Java l2 61.4 1965:

Zizyphus oenoplia Mill., Gard. Dict. No. 3; Hk.f., F.B.I. 1:634. 1875; Ridl,

Fl: §:462. 1922; Back., FL: Java 2:82: “1965: a+ Riche. Sa

Thorny rambling bush, twigs densely rusty-red pibeas are Leaves with a

pair of spinous stipules; one straight and directed upwards, deciduous, the other

recurved, stout and persistent; blade ovate-lanceolate, glabrous above except on

the nerves and densely rust-red pubescent below; nerves 3, from the base of leaf;

2-5 by 1-2.5 cm. Flowers in axillary clusters to 15 together. Drupe globular,

0.5 cm across.

Distributed all over tropical Asia to Australia. The pubescence varies from

very dense to sparse, in which case, it is densest on the veins.. Common on dry

limestone hills, often forming dense thickets very uncomfortable to penetrate.

Zizyphus pernettyoides Ridl., “FL. 1:463. 1922; Probably the. Pipi sp. in

Henders.,..J., Mal...Br..;R. As. Sac. 17:41. 1939. .. «:

Scrambling shrub, thorny. Leaves with a pair of spinous. “stipules, ‘both

rather straight -and directed upwards; blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate,. glabrous

in matured leaves; pubescent on. the veins only; young twigs and leaves. pubescent;

1.2 by 0.6 cm. Flowers in axillary groups, 5-merous.

Limestone Hill Flora - 203

Endemic; known previously only from Robinson’s collection made on

Langkawi limestone which | have not seen. However, what appears to be this

species has been seen on limestone in Selangor, Kelantan and Perak. Chin 343

(from Gua Batu) matches Ridley’s type description: the leaves, however, are

larger, 1.5-3 by 1—1.5 cm, and the flowers are in groups of 2-5 instead of only 3.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 15:249. 1919: D. Hou, Fl. Mal.

I, 5:485. 1958.

C. scortechinii King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:319. 1897; Ridl., Fl. 1:697.

1922: Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939.

C. spinulosa Ridl., in Fl. 1:698. 1922.

ROSACEAE

a a aS 3 a a Pe eA ie Ait ee Aa ea Eriobotrya bengalensis

warub., Sarmentose, prickly ....................2. Paectetee shoe sins ee cese. Rubus angulosus

Eriobotrya bengalensis Hkf., F.B.J. 2:371. 1878; Ridl.. Fl. 1:680. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939: Prance in Whitmore, Tree

Fl. Mal. 2:326-. 1973. -

Recorded from limestone in Kelantan, Selangor and Pahang. not uncommon

on the craggy summits of dry hills with shallow soil. The collection from Raub

(Chin 1152) has foliaceous stipules, to 0.6 by 0.4 cm, but is otherwise a good

match.

Rubus angulosus Focke, Bibl. Bot. 72:90. 1909; Ridl., Fl. 1:678. 1922;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17:44. 1939.

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Lawson, R. H. (1970). Flower necrosis in Cattleya orchids. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.

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Singh, H. (1967). Sclereids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22(2): 193-212.

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