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THE GARDENS’ BULL
SINGAPORE
CON FT. ENCES
HSUAN KENG:
The Genus Pyrenaria (Theaceae) in Malesia
E.J.H. CORNER:
Boletus longipes Mass., A Critical Malaysian Species
E.J.H. CORNER:
Entoloma (Fr.) Kummer in the Malay Peninsula
A.G. ALPHONSO:
An Obituary — Dr. Caetano Xavier Furtado (1897-1980)
HSUAN KENG:
On the Unification of Laplacea and Gordonia (Theaceae)
MAXWELL :
Taxonomic Notes on the Tribe Dissochaeteae ae
Triana (Melastomataceae) o. a fe Mp re
MAXWELL:
Book Review
HSUAN KENG:
Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VI)
Published by the Botanic Gardens
Parks & Recreation Department
Ministry of National Development
Singapore (0106)
Printed by Amsterdam Type Printers, Singapore.
lst December 1980
PAGES
264-289
290-296
297-300
301-302
303-311
312-327
328
329-367
M
PEOPLE PEOPLE
WES
OE
ZAR >
PLEO POPPER ORO ODYS
BE “DED
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman: Y.K. Wong, B.Sc. (Hons.) (Singapore), M.A. (Oxon),
M.S.I. Biol.
Editor: Y.S. Choo, B.Sc. (Malaya), Ph.D. (Monash), M.S.I. Biol.
Members: S.E. Chua, B.S.A., M.S.A. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Singapore),
M.I. Biol., M.S.I. Biol.
C.H. Kee, B.Sc. (Hons.), Dip. Bus. Admin.,
Cert. Edu. (Singapore).
H. Keng, B.A., M.Sc. (China), Ph.D. (California),
M.S.I. Biol.
S.Y. Geh, B.Sc. (Hons.) M.Sc. (Singapore),
Dip. Hort. Sc. (New Zealand).
Secretary and
Business Manager: G.T. Choo, B. Hort. Sc. (Hons.) New Zealand.
The Gardens’ Bulletin is published biannually by the Parks & Recreation
Department, Ministry of National Development, Singapore. Neither the Parks
and Recreation Department nor the Editorial Board is responsible for the opinions
or conclusions expressed by the contributing authors.
The price of the Gardens’ Bulletin varies according to the content of each
issue. This issue is priced at Sing. $12.50, excluding postage. Overseas subscribers
are requested to make payment in the form of bank drafts or international money
orders in Singapore currency to the Commissioner of Parks and Recreation,
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Instructions for contributing authors are found on the inside of the back
cover.
ERRATA
(Gard. Bull. Sing. 33:2)
Contents Title 1 : ‘genus’ reads ‘Genus’
page ‘pyrenaria’ reads ‘Pyrenaria’
Title 2 : ‘Longipes’ reads ‘longipes’
Title 6 : ‘(Melastomatacea)’ reads ‘(Melastomataceae)’
Page
264 Ist paragraph, line 1 : ‘describe’ reads ‘described’
264 3rd paragraph, line 1 : ‘is’ reads ‘was’, ‘are’ reads ‘were’
265 2nd paragraph, last line : ‘andd’ reads ‘and’
266 line 6 : delete ‘of’ after ‘part’
276 line 2 from the bottom : comma to be replaced by semi-colon
277 line 3: insert ‘he’ before ‘intensively’
289 lime 1 : delete ‘that’
289 line 8 : ‘is’ before ‘a’ reads ‘as’
292, 294, top line : ‘Longipes Mass’ reads ‘longipes Mass.’
296
295 6th paragraph, line 4 : ‘fiugre’ reads ‘figure’
296 under Reference, line 7 : ‘Bulb.’ reads ‘Bull.’
298 Ist paragraph, lines 5, 6, 7, 8 : ‘(Mass)’ reads ‘(Mass.)’
298 last paragraph : inseri a full stop after the last word
299 last paragraph, line 4 : ‘straite’ reads ‘striate’
300 line 2 : ‘spore’ reads ‘spores’
304 line 3 from the bottom : semi-colon to be replaced by a comma
310 line 7 from the bottom : ‘Camberssedes’ reads “Cambessedes’
312, 314,
Se eee ye. Top line : ‘(Melastomataceae)’ reads ‘(Melastomataceae)’
320; S22.
324, 326
318 Under Fig. 4, last line : ‘stamens’ reads ‘stamen’
320 Under Fig. 5, line 1 : ‘Korth’ reads ‘Korth.’
320 line 2 from the bottom : ‘malayan’ reads ‘malayana’
321 last paragraph, line 1 : ‘stritus’ reads ‘strictus’
321 line 5 : ‘now.’ reads ‘nov.’
322 last line : delete one comma after Fig. 6
S25 Ist paragraph, line 2 : comma after Merr.
323 Ist paragraph, line 4 : after ‘Veldk.’ insert ‘or C. bracteata (Quis.
& Merr.) Veldk.’
325 Under Plate 1, last line : delete one full-stop after ‘Leiden’
328 last paragraph, line 5 : delete one bracket after ‘Holttum’
353 C., Ist lead : ‘Bredelia’ reads ‘Bridelia’
THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
~ Be
OLD
RECEIVED
——
ARBOR
—>
i 2
VOL. XXXIII (Part ID)
PAGES
HSUAN KENG:
The genus pyrenaria (Theaceae) in Malesia... ie oS a re 264
E.J.H. CORNER:
Boletus Longipes Mass., A Critical Malaysian Species ae #. YS 290
E.J.H. CORNER:
Entoloma (Fr.) Kummer in the Malay Peninsula i a a: ae 297
A.G. ALPHONSO:
An Obituary — Dr. Caetano Xavier Furtado (1897-1980)... ah es 302
HSUAN KENG:
On the Unification of Laplacea and Gordonia (Theaceae) ... ba bey 303
J.F. MAXWELL:
Taxonomic Notes on the Tribe Dissochaeteae (Naud.)
Triana (Melastomatacea) ... ce ee ie ides ree te hc’ 312
J.F. MAXWELL :
Book Review #. a y on Ta io _ a a 328
HSUAN KENG:
Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VI) at * rte e 329
Published by Botanic Gardens
Parks & Recreation Department
Singapore
Printed by Amsterdam Type Printers, Singapore.
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264
THE GENUS PYRENARIA (THEACEAE) IN MALESIA
(Flora Malesianae Precusores LVIII, Part One)
by
HSUAN KENG
Department of Botany, University of Singapore, Singapore
I. INTRODUCTION
In 1828, C.L. Blume describe a new genus Pyrenaria. It was based on a
Javanese plant, Pyrenaria serrata Bl. He mentioned that it has the general
characters of the Rosaceae, notably the ‘pomaceous’ fruit with 5 locules and each
locule possessing two 1-seeded ‘pyrenes’, hence the generic name Pyrenaria, and
that the structure of its calyx and the mode of stamen insertion are similar to
those of the Theaceae.
The drupaceous fruit of some Pyrenaria has a thick, soft-woody wall and
remaining green or yellowish on the tree for some time, superficially it resembles
a small pear or apple. But it is developed purely from the superior ovary of
a hypogynous flower with no receptacular tissue involved, thus different from
a true pomaceous fruit which is developed from the inferior ovary of a perigynous
flower. Furthermore, the “‘stones’’ inside the fruit described by Blume as pyrenes
are genuine seeds as there is no endocarpous tissue involved. For these reasons,
Pyrenaria is classified under the family Theaceae by taxonomists from J.D. Choisy,
F.A.W. Miquel, to this day.
Previously it is generally recognized that there are about 15 species of
Pyrenaria distributed in western Malesia and S.E. Asia (e.g. Airy-Shaw in 7th
ed. of Willis Dict., 1966). In 1972, the present writer described two new Pyrenaria
from Malaysia which differ from other species in their dry, thin-woody or cartila-
ginous, partially dehiscent fruit. This fruit character has somewhat bridged the
gap of Pyrenaria and Tutcheria. The latter genus with about 10 species is con-
fined to Eastern Asia. its fruit is thin-walled and dehisces + regularly into 3-5
valves, usually with 3-5, sometimes 2 seeds in each chamber. Apart from the
number of seeds per locule, the main difference between these two genera lies in
the nature of pericarp. It is understood today that their number of seed is slightly
Overlapping, and that their nature of pericarp is not basically different. More-
over, their internal seed structures and and seedling characters are not only in
common, but also unique among the family Theaceae. Therefore, it has been
proposed to merge Tutcheria with Pyrenaria (see H. Keng, in Gard. Bull. Sing.
26 (1972) 130-133).
265 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
I am grateful to the Commissioner and staff of the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore for the herbarium and library facilities, to the Director and staff of
the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, for the loan of the entire collection of Pyrenaria
and Gordonia, to the Directors and staff of Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Forest
Herbarium, Bangkok, Forest Research Institute, Kepong for the loan of some
critical specimens, and to the Directors and staff of Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, the University
of California Herbarium, Berkeley, and the New York Botanic Garden, New
York for supplying photographs of some type specimens or patiently answering
my queries.
I also would like to thank Professor Dr. C.G.G.J. van Steenis for going
through the manuscript of this paper and for his valuable comments, Dr. Ding
Hou for supplying the xerox copies of literature, and my wife, Mrs. Ro-siu
Keng for preparing the illustrations of this paper andd for her encouragements.
II. A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS
All the Malesian species are of small stature, varying from shrubs to small
spreading trees, normally below 10 m, rarely reaching 15 m in height, It is
interesting to note that some fruiting herbarium specimens were, according to
collectors, collected from bushes as low as 3 m tall.
The terminal buds, in general, are hairy, so are the young branches of
most species. The older branches may be hairy or glabrous. The large branches
on the trunk are always dense and spreading, thus the crown tends to be broadly
rounded.
The leaves are mostly alternate, petiolate, and well-spaced on the branches;
sometimes the base of petioles are twisted, thus all the blades are somewhat
distichously arranged. In P. pahangensis the leaves are so closely spirally arranged
in intervals that they are seemingly in whorls. Petioles and the lower side of
blades in most species are pubescent in various degrees. One rather constant
character is that in some species, the leaves after drying, turn brownish, while
in others, remain greenish.
The flowers are borne in the leaf axils. Occasionally if the terminal bud
of a branchlet remains dormant, the flower on the uppermost leaf axil becomes
seemingly terminal. Truly terminal flowers as found in the genus Camellia do
not seem to exist in the Malesian species- of Pyrenaria. In some cases, the
internodes are shortened, and the subtending leaves to the flowers are somewhat
reduced in size, consequently these flowers, often 2-3 together, appear in a
cluster (e.g. in P. tawauensis and P. viridifolia).
Each flower is usually associated with one bract and two bracteoles. In
P. villosula, for example, the peduncle is long (to 1-1.5 cm), and the bract is
linear lanceolate and is inserted in a short distance away from the bracteoles
which are cordate or suborbicular in shape, thus they are clearly differentiated.
However, in most of the other species, the peduncles are in general extremely
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 266
short, the bract and bracteoles are + similar and approximate, and are thus
indistinguishable. Furthermore, the distinction between bracteoles and sepals
which are usually 5-6 in number, is usually not clear. Generally there is a
tendency of gradually increasing in size from the lowermost sepal upwards.
Two basic types of flower-buds are found in the Malesian species. In one
kind, (e.g. in P. acuminata, P. villosula, P. johorensis, etc.), for most part of the
petals, except their narrow or broad folded margin, like the sepals, are exposed
in bud. Externally the texture, colour and even indumentum of the petals (except
their folded margin) are similar to those of the sepals. Superficially they resemble
the perulate* flowers of some E. Asiatic species of Camellia but in fact they
are different. In another kind, (e.g. in P. serrata, P. tawauensis, etc.), the petals
are usually thin and glabrous and largely enclosed by the sepals in bud, and
are thus clearly differentiated.
The petals are usually 5-6 in number, greenish white, white or pale yellow
in colour, slightly joined at the base. The number of stamens within a flower
is very large. In an extreme case such as in P. villosula, the number of stamens
per flower is 100-120. They are arranged in 3-6 series and more or less fused
at the base and also briefly adnate to the base of corolla. The anthers are
divergently attached, and both anthers and filaments are glabrous in all the
Malesian species examined.
The gynoecia consist of a hispid ovary and a single style or several styles.
The styles are hairy or glabrous, mostly 5 in number, they are either fused to
form a simple unit (e.g. P. johorensis) or completely free to the base (e.g. P.
tawauensis, P. viridifolia). Intermediate forms include those of which nearly
the lower half of the styles are fused. and the upper half being free, and those
of which the lower three fourth or so are fused, and the upper one fourth
being free. An extraordinary case was observed in P. wrayi, of which the five
styles are completely fused below but are partially fused above in the combination
of “3 + 1 + Il’ or ‘2 + 1 + 1 + I and thus appear in three or four branches,
a situation reminding the diadelphous or polydelphous androecium of some
Papilionatae and other taxa.
The fruit of the Malesian species, as mentioned earlier, are either drupaceous
or capsular. Texture of the pericarp in mature fruits is varying from soft woody,
leathery, woody to cartilaginous. Fruits of those species with a soft woody or
leathery pericarp tend to remain succulent and indehiscent even after falling on
the forest floor. While the fruits of those species with a thick or thin woody
or cartilaginous pericarp, on the contrary, tend io dehisce along the loculicidal
sutures rom above (sometimes also along the septicidal sutures from beneath)
and expose, then discharge the seeds. Judging from the overall situation in the
subfamily Camellioideae, it is suggested that the development of succulent drupa-
ceous fruits in many species of Pyrenaria is probably an ecological adaptation
to delay the process of seed germination or to convert into animal dispersal.
.
* Sealy (Rev. Gen. Camellia, p. 16) defines the term perulate as follows: “......... the
bracteoles and sepals are not distinguishable from one another, but together for a single
series of about 10 overlapping scales which protect the rest of the flower until anthesis”.
267 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
The seeds are semiglobose or wedge-shaped and with a round back or
flattened and with a ridged back, often variously angulate as moulded by the
confinement of the seed chamber and also due to muture compression. The
testa is thick and hard, usually lustrous chestnut except the large prominent scar
(the ventral hilum) which is white or greyish. They are exalbuminous. The
embryo consists of a pair of thin and very large cotyledons which are tightly
folded and contorted and twisted, a partly exposed radicle, and a tiny plumule
which is completely buried in the cotyledons. During germination, these two
cotyledons gradually emerge from the seedcoat, then rapidly unroll and spread
out to perform the function of photosynthesis on the usuaily gloomy forest floor
(see H. Keng in Gard. Bull.Sing. 26 (1972), plate 3, fig. e, f & g, facing p. 132).
Il. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT
Pyrenaria Blume, Bijdr. (1827) 1119 (Type species: Pyrenaria serrata Bl. from
Java); Choisy in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve (Mém. Fam. Ternstroem.
Cameil.) 14 (1855) 83; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (1859) 493; et Suppl. 1 (1861)
484; Benth. in B. & H. Gen. PI. 1 (1862) 185; Dyer in, Hook. f, Fi Gat
Ind. 1 (1872) 289; Kurz, Fl. Burm. 1 (1877) 104; King in J. As. Soc. Beng.
59 (1890) 199; Melchior in E.:& P. Pfl. Fam. “ed. 2; 21 (1925). i336, aaaee
& Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 321; H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972)
ia
Eusynaxis Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 560, t. 603 (Type species: Eusynaxis barring-
tonifolia Griff. from India = Pyrenaria barringtonifolia (Griff.) Seem.).
Tutcheria Dunn in J. Bot. 46 (1908) 324, et 47 (1909) 197; Nakai in J. Jap.
Bot. 16 (1940) 708 (Type species: Tutcheria spectabilis (Champ.) Dunn
from Hong Kong = Tutcheria championi Nakai = Pyrenaria championi
(Nakai) H. Keng).
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, serrate, chartaceous
or coriaceous. Flowers bisexual, axillary, solitary, sometimes 2-3 congested in
a cluster, shortly pedunculate or subsessile; bracteoles usually 2; sepals mostly
S—6, unequal; petals 5—6, shortly fused at the base; stamens numerous, in 3-6
rows, briefly connate at the base and often adnate to the corolla; anthers versatile;
ovary mostly 5-6 loculate, 2-3 (—7) ovulate per locule; styles mostly 3-5 free
or partly to totally connate. Fruit drupaceous or capsular; pericarp softwoody,
leathery or cartilaginous, indehiscent, partly dehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds 2-3,
sometimes to 4 or 5 or 1 in each locule, hemispheric or flattened ovoid, often
variously angulate, exalbuminous, with a prominent hilum on the ventral side;
testa woody or crustaceous; embryo large, with two thin, foliaceous cotyledons
clasping and crumpling together.
A genus with about 30 svecies, occurs from East India, Burma, Thailand,
Vietnam, South China to Riukiu and Taiwan, and southwards to Malesia (The
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java and possibly the Philippines). Most
species a described from S. China (formerly under Tutcheria) and the Malay
Peninsula.
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 268
About 8 or 9 species are found in Malesia.
BBY 1)’ THE’ SPECIES
A. Leaves 3-5 congested into a false whorl, drying brown or dark brown; fruit
capsular, partially dehiscent (Malay Peninsula). ............ 3. P. pahangensis
A. Leaves spirally arranged on twigs, ome at each node, welli-spaced, drying
greenish yellow or brown; fruit drupaceous or capsular,
B. Bract subtending the flower leafy, lanceolate, 1-2 cm long; branchlets
densely covered with brown or yellow hair; leaves drying brown; flowers
pedunculate (peduncles 1-1.5 cm long); fruit drupaceous, indehiscent
Grama, Mary Penmsitla).. x22. ..3.5. 2.6 nde. .d.- 6. P. villosula
B. Bract subtending flower usually much smaller (less than 3 mm long);
branchlets glabrous or pubescent; leaves drying greenish yellow or brown;
flowers sessile or pedunculate; fruit drupaceous or capsular,
C. Fruit drupaceous, with succulent, indehiscent pericarp,
D. Branchlets densely covered with brown or dark brown hair;
leaves drying brown or dark brown; sepals lanceolate; style
solitary, briefly S-branched near the tip (Sumatra, Malay
Re ARASISIUM Py 5 So ge ele Ee brsdac Ae de x 1. P. acuminata
D. Branchlets glabrous, glabrescent or covered with short yellowish
brown hair; leaves drying greenish yellow or brown; sepals
deltoid, cordate or ovate,
E. Leaves drying greenish yellow; young branchlets glabre-
scent; styles 5, free to the base; fruit depressed at the top
with 5 bosses around the depression (Malay Peninsula). ...
7. P. viridifolia
ee
E. Leaves drying brownish or dark brown; young branchlets
glabrous or adpressed with short, yellow hispid hair; style
1, branched from the middle above or not branched (or
5 or 6 and fused at base); fruit round or flat at the top,
with only one style-base in the centre,
F. Style 1, branched or not, if branched, the branches
remaining free, not partially fused (var. serrata in
Sumatra and Java, var. masocarpa in Borneo, and var.
kunstleri in Malay Peninsula). ............ 4. P. serrata
F. Style 1, branched, the branches partially and laterally
fused (Malay Peninsula). ..................... 8. P. wrayi
269 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
C. Fruit capsular, with dry, cartilaginous or thin woody pericarp,
dehiscing loculicidally or partially so; branchlets glabrous or nearly
so; leaves drying greenish yellow,
Fig. 1. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. ex Choisy
Flowering branch, flower, floral parts, fruit and seed (based on Jumali 6027,
supplemented by Ridley 4798).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 270
G. Flowers large (corolla 3.5-4 cm across), lower part of petals
exposed in bud, thickened; style solitary, not branched (Malay
Penimsulajiacdt ..accarces: Bea] RET eee ee eee 2. P. johorensis
G. Flower smaller (corolla 2.5-3 cm across), petals thin, enclosed
in calyx; styles 5, free to the base (Borneo and Sumatra). ......
oh ape Uh WCE car ce See geld cing 2 a 5. P. tawauensis
1. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. ex Choisy in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Genéve
(Mém. Fam. Ternstroem. Camell.) 14 (1855) 84; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2
(1857) 493 (excl. Cuming n. 2423); Dyer in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1
(1872) 290; King in J. As. Soc. Beng. 59 (1890) 200; Ridl. Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 200; H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 132, pl. 3,
a-g, et in Ng, Tr. Fl. Mal. 3 (1978) 290, f. 6.
Ternstroemia ? macrophylla Wall. Cat. 3663 (in Herb. Linn. Soc.), nom.
Gordonia (Camellia?) acuminata Wall. Cat. 3664 (in Herb. Kew), nom.
Shrub or small tree, 5-12 m tall. Young branches covered with yellowish
grey hispid hair; older branches sericeous. Bark greyish brown, smooth or
patchy. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic, sometimes narrowly obovate, acuminate
or shortly caudate, base attenuate, 14-24 (-30) cm long, 46.5 (—8.5) cm wide,
chartaceous, drying brownish, the margin finely surrulate for most part except
near the base, the midrib impressed above and elevated below, the side veins
9-12 pairs; puberulous above, sericeous below, with long hispid hair on the
midrib; petioles 0.8-2 cm long, hispid. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 con-
gested together; peduncle 2-3 mm long, hispid; bract and bracteoles 3, lanceolate,
3-5 mm long, hispid; sepals 5-6 subequal, broadly lanceolate, 7-8 mm _ long,
apex acute, coriaceous, densely sericeous externally; corolla 3-3.5 cm across,
pale yellow; petals mostly 5, broadly ovate to suborbiculate, 1.4-1.7 cm _ long,
apex often abruptly acute, thin coriaceous, concave, sericeous externally except
the broad margin which is glabrous and thin. Androecium 5—6 mm long, the
filaments glabrous, in 5-6 rows united at the base. Gynoecium 8-10 mm long;
style 1, stout, puberulous, briefly 5 (-6) branched near the tip; ovary globose,
3-4 mm across, densely sericeous. Fruit depressed globose, 3-4 cm across, green
to blackish, succulent, soft woody, indehiscent.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (from Penang, Perak southwards to
Johore and Singapore) and Sumatra (Upper Riau Islands).
Malay Peninsula (numerous specimens, only representative ones are cited
below). Penang, Ridley 3115 (SING). Perak, Dr. King’s collector 10141 (SING),
17929 (L). Kelantan, Bukit Baka, Md. Shah & Ahmad Shukor 3206 (SING),
Tamagan, Md. Shah & Kadim 488 (SING). Pahang, Lesong For. Res. Y.C.
Chan FRI 19826 (L), Samsuri Ahmad & Ahmad Shukor 413 (SING). Selangor,
Kuala Lumpur, Ridley s.n. in Dec. 1920 (SING), C. Curtis 2321 (SING). Negri
Sembilan, Sg. Manyala, Wyatt-Smith KFN 76187 (L), Sembilan Rahim Ismal
KEP 109429 (L). Malacca, Ridley 1624 (SING), A.C. Maingay 190 (L). Johore,
Kluang, K.M. Kochummen FRI 2835 (L, SING), Labis, Md. Shah & Sanvis 2113
(SING). Singapore, Chua Chu Kang, Ridley 10670] (SING), Bukit Timah,
Nagdiman 34535 (SING).
zit Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Sumatra. Upper Riau Islands, Pakanbaru, EL. Soepadmo 16 & I51 (L).
Ecology. In lowland forests, more common below 100 m, occasionally, as-
cending to 1300 m; ecologically very versatile, in dense jungle, on ridge top, in
swamp forest or along stream. FI. & Fr. year round.
Jim
Fig. 2. Pyrenaria johorensis H. Keng
Fruiting branch, flower. floral parts, fruit and seed (based on Burkill 2606, supple-
mented by Ogata 105007).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 242
Note. This is the commonest species of Pyrenaria in the Malay Peninsula.
It can be easily recognized by its dense crown, stout branches and branchlets,
the large leaves and especially that most parts are beset with dark brown to
black hair.
Miquel (l.c.) cited Cuming n. 2423, a specimen erroneously said to be from
the Philippines as belonging to this species; it was likely collected in Malaya,
but is not available for the present study.
2. Pyrenaria johorensis H. Keng, sp. nov.
Pyrenaria sp. A. H. Keng in Ng, Tr. Fl. Mal. 3 (1978) 291.
Arbor ad 17 m alta; ramuli primo puberuli. Folia subcoriacea, elliptica vel
anguste elliptica, 7-17 (-23) cm longa, 3.5-6 (-9) cm lata, acuta vel acuminata,
basi cuneata, supra glabra, subtus puberulosa, nervis lateralibus 7-10; petiolo
circ 1 cm longo. Flores axillares, solitarii vel 2-3 congesti, pedunculis subsessilis
vel 2-3 mm longis; sepala cordata vel suborbiculata, 6-8 mm _ lata, coriacea;
corolla ad 3.5-4 cm diametro, alba (ex Ogata); petala oblonga vel latiobovata,
1.5—2 cm longa. Stamina 6-8 mm longa, glabra, basi breviter connata et petalis
adnata. Gynoecium ad 1 cm longum, stylo 6-8 mm longo. Capsula cartilaginosa,
subglobosa, 5-lobata, ad 3.5 cm diametro.
Shrub or small slender tree, to 17 m tall; young branches hispid, tomentose
or puberulous; older branches dark brown; glabrescent. Leaf-blades thin coria-
ceous, drying greenish yellow, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, sometimes narrowly
obovate, 7-17 (—23) cm long, 3.5-6 (-9) cm wide, the margin undulate and
remotely serrulate, the midrib impressed above, and elevated below, side veins
7-10 pairs, inconspicuous, glabrous above, puberulous or tomentose, sometimes
also slightly glaucous beneath; petiole 0.5-1.2 cm long, hispid. Flowers in upper
axils, solitary or 2—3 together; peduncles 2-3 mm long or subsessile; bracteoles
2, deltoid, 2-3 mm long, silvery tomentose externally; sepals 5-7, unequal,
leathery, cordate to suborbicular, 6-8 mm long; corolla 3.5-4 cm across, white
(Ogata 105007); petals 5—6, oblong to broadly obovate, 1.5-2 cm long, concave,
the central basal part (exposed in bud) thin leathery, sericeous externally, the
margin (folded in bud) thin membranaceous, glabrous. Stamens 6-8 mm long,
glabrous, the filaments united at the base in several rows, and adnate to the
corolla. Gynoecium about 1 cm long; style 1, 6-8 cm long, glabrous; stigmas
5 imconspicuous; ovary globose, shallowly 5-ridged, densely sericeous. Fruit
globose, broadly 5-lobed, apex depressed, about 3.5 cm across, green, flushed
bronze; pericarp thin (to fairly thick) cartilaginous, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds
mostly 2 in each locule, reddish brown.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (Johore).
Type: K. Ogata KEP 105007 (SING, isotype KEP). Malay Peninsula,
Johore, Labis Forest Reserve, March 30, 1968.
273 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part Il) 1980
Paratypes: Malay Peninsula. Johore, Labis. Samsuri Ahmad 284 (L,
SING); Sungie Kayu, Kiah SFN 32077 (SING); Gunong Blumut, Whitmore FRI
8830 (L); G. Pulai, H.M. Burkill 2606 (SING), Henderson SFN 28153 (SING),
Sinclair SFN 39521 (SING).
Ecology. In primary forest, on ridge or on steep hill side, alt. 50-600 m.
Fl. Nov., Feb.-March; Fr. May-June.
Fig. 3. Pyrenaria pahangensis H. Keng
Habit sketch, fruit and seed (Based on Corner s.n. in Sept. 9, 1937, supplemented
by Haniff & Nur 8067). (reproduced from H. Keng, 1972)
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 274
Note. This species can be distinguished from others by the relatively large
flowers (corolla to 4 cm across, probably the largest among the Malesian species)
and by the shallowly 5-lobed fruit with thin cartilaginous pericarp, dehiscing
loculicidally and exposing the reddish brown seeds inside. Confined to S. Johore
of the Malay Peninsula.
3. Pyrenaria pahangensis H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 129, pl. 2,
fig. 2, et m Neg, Tr. Fl. Mal. 3 (1978) 291.
Shrub or small tree, 3-4 m tall; young branches stout, glabrescent. Leaves
3-5 in a false whorl, on and near the upper part of branches; leaf-blades
membranaceous, drying brownish, elliptic to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 23-38
cm long, 8-15 cm wide, acute or shortly caudate, the base cuneate and subcordate;
shining, glabrous above, puberulent or glabrescent beneath; lateral veins 7-9 pairs,
oblique to nearly perpendicular, curved and merged into the submarginal vein,
rather faint above, distinct and slightly elevated beneath, margin remotely serru-
late, nearly entire below the middle; petiole pulvinoid, 2.5-5 mm long. Flowers
not seen. Fruits broadly ovoid or subglobose, 3-4.5 cm long and 2.5—4 cm across,
usually 3-loculate; pericarp very thin, cartilaginous, partly dehiscent along the
sutures. Seeds usually 2 in each locule, 1.5-2 cm long, 1.2-1.8 cm_ broad,
dorsally convex-rounded, shining chestnut brown.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (Pahang).
Malay Peninsula. Pahang, Sungei Tahan, E.J.H. Corner s.n. (Type SING),
Teku, Gunong Tahan, Mohd. Haniff & Mohd. Nur SFN 8067 (SING).
Ecology. In lowland forest, near stream. Fr. Sept. (One collection).
Note. This species is characterized by its sub-verticillate, short petiolate
leaves with a subcordate base, and by its 3-loculate fruit with thin cartilaginous
and partly dehiscent pericarp.
4. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. Bijdr. (1827) 1120.
3 varieties are recognized.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
A. Corolla 1.5—2 cm across; fruit 3-4.5 cm across,
B. Fruit 44.5 cm across; young branchlets covered with yellow or yellowish
eS STE Te ae) 4a. var. serrata
B. Fruit 3-3.5 cm across; young branchlets glabrous or glabrescent (The
MURINE 50 2 Sars wh dnd wp SEN RG SSF eas 2925s eines on 4b. var. kunstleri
A. Corolla 1-1.2 cm across; fruit 2—2.5 cm across; young branchlets puberulous
a gia Th Vaid cascades «ins <iO¥RSiae Av oaacnndasde «an 4c. var. masocarpa
275 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore X XXIII (Part II) 1980
4a. var. serrata
Pyrenaria serrata Bl. Bijdr. (1827) 1120; Korth. Kruidk. (1842) 146, ¢. 30;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 493; K. & V. in Med. Lands P. Tuin 16
(1896) 297; Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 610, et Atlas 3 (1915) t.
582; Merr. Contr. Arn. Arb. 3 (1934) 106; Back. & Bakh. f. Fl. Jav.
1 41963) S20.
Fig. 4a. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. var. serrata
Flowering branch, flower, floral parts, fruit and seed (based on Koorders 27983,
supplemented by Kosterman 23898).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 276
Pyrenaria lanceolata T. & B. in Tijd. Ned. Ind. 27 (1864) 40.
P. lasiocarpa Korth. Kruidk. (1842) 147.
P. oidocarpa Korth. Kruidk. (1842) 147.
Small tree to about 15 m tall; young twigs slender, covered with yellow
or yellowish brown hair; older branches greyish brown, glabrescent. Leaf-blades
narrowly obovate to oblanceolate-elliptic, 8-20 (-24) cm long, 3-7 (-10) cm wide,
acuminate or obtuse, base attenuate, chartaceous or thin coriaceous, during brown,
glabrescent above, puberulent or glabrescent beneath, the margin serrulate or
serrata except both ends, the midrib impressed above and elevated below, the
side veins 9-13 pairs, conspicuous below; petiole 1-1.2 (—1.5) cm long, puberulous.
Flowers in upper axils, solitary or 2-3 crowded together: peduncles 2-4 mm long,
puberulous; bracteoles 2, silvery puberulous, deltoid, 2-3 mm long; sepals 5-6,
broadly orbicular to reniform. subequal, 5-7 mm long, coriaceous, sericeous
externally; corolla about 2 cm across, white, with orange yellow centre; petals
5-6, orbicular to ovoid, 8-10 mm long, thin leathery, concave, sericeous externally.
Androecium 5-7 mm long, the filaments glabrous, connate below. Gynoecium
6-7 mm long; styles 5, connate at the base, hispid: stigmas 5-6, very short:
ovary globose, 3-4 mm across, densely sericeous. Fruit ovoid-globose, 44.5
cm across, glabrescent, bluntly 5—6-ridged, indehiscent.
Distribution. Sumatra and Java.
Sumatra. Sumatra, H.O. Forbes 1968, 2462, 2479, 2896 (L); Palembang,
Forbes 2850 (L); Lake Ranau, Forbes 2109 (L); Palembang, N. side of Lake
Ranau, Steenis 3398 (L); Atjeh, Gajo Lands, Steenis 9982 (L); Benkoelen, Kapa-
hiang, De Voogd 1245 (L).
Java. G. Salak, Blume s.n. (Herb. Lugd. Bat. no. 925, 250-501, Lectotype.)
(L); Preanger, G. Karang, Buwalda 3665 (L): Tjisalak, Tasih, Dransfield 1173
(L); W. Java, Forbes 1081 (L); Tjibodas, G. Gede, Forman 93 (L): Java,
Junghuhn 94, 231, 415, 418, 433, 444, 445 (L): G. Salak, Koorders 24184, 24353
(L); Java, Koorders 8184, 8185, 8187, 8188 (etc) (L); Java. Koorders & Valeton
8184, 8185, 8187, 8188 (etc) (L): Poeloesari, Bantam, Koorders 8193 (L): Kedoe,
G. Andoeng, Koorders 27983 (L); Tjiandjur, G. Besar, Kostermans s.n. (in May,
1968) (L), Puntjak Pass, Kostermans 23898 (L); Tjibodas, Pleyte 24 (L); Meijer
1452 (L); G. Salak, Reinwardt s.n. (in Dec. 1822) (L); Preanger, G. Patoeha,
Steenis 6999 (L); Preanger, G. Besar, Winckel 292 (L); Java, Zollinger 2123 (L).
Ecology. From lowland to hill forest, alt. 200 to 2.500 m. Fl. & Fr.
Jan.-Dec.
Note. About a dozen specimens of this plant, collected by Reinwardt,
Hasselt and Blume, on loan from Leiden, bear Blume’s handwritings. Among
them, I selected the one collected by Blume himself from Gunong Salak (spelt
as Sallak) (Herb. Lugd. Bat. No. 925, 250-501) as the lectotype. It is interesting
to note from the early labels, Blume originally intended to name this plant
Melodendrum montanum Bl. (variously spelt as Melodendron montana Bl.), a
binomial apparently was never published.
277 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part Il) 1980
Three other names, viz. Pyrenaria lanceolata T. & B., P. lasiocarpa Korth.
and P. oidocarpa Korth., were all based on specimens collected from Java. S.H.
Koorders, after intensively studied the living and herbarium materials, reached
\
wewwnw es ~ere--
WA
Fig. 4b. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. var. kunstleri (King) H. Keng
Flowering branch, young flower, floral parts and fruit (based King’s collector
3948, supplemented by Guard s.n. in May 1904).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 278
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Fig. 4c. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. var. masocarpa (Korth.) H. Keng
Fruiting branch, flower, floral parts, fruit and seed (based on Ahmad Damit 27041,
supplemented by Anderson & Ilias 28700).
279 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXIII (Part II) 1980
the conclusion (Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 610) that ““Nur 1 ziemlich vielgestaltige
Art in Java, dort nicht bis in das Hochgebirgsgebiet aufsteigend”’, thus reducing
all these three names to Pyrenaria serrata Bl. This view is accepted by Backer
and Bakhuizen van den Brink f. and others.
4b. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. var. kunstleri (King) H. Keng stat. nov.
Pyrenaria kunstleri King in J. As Soc. Beng. 59 (1890) 200, et in Ann. Bot.
Gard. Calc. 5 (2) 146, pl. 177; Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 201, excl.
syn. P. wrayi; H. Keng in Ng, Tr. Fl. Mal. 3 (1978) 291, excl. syn.
P. wrayl.
Shrub or small tree, 5-15 m high. Young branches angular, glabrous;
older branches stout, glabrous. Leaf-blades membranaceous, drying brown or
dark brown, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or obovate, 10-24 (—28) cm long, 3-9
(-10) cm wide, acuminate, sometimes obtuse or shortly caudate, base cuneate
or attenuate, glabrous or glabrescent on both surfaces, the margin serrulate, the
midrib impressed above and elevated beneath, the side veins 7-11 pairs, con-
spicuous beneath; petiole 0.8-1.5 (-2) cm long. Flowers in upper axils, solitary,
subsessile, peduncles 3-4 mm long; bracteoles 2, leathery, cordate; sepals 5-6,
subequal, leathery, deltoid to suborbicular, 2-3 mm long; corolla white, 1.5-2 cm
across; petals 5-6, ovate to orbicular, membranaceous, 6-10 mm long, briefly
connate at the base. Stamens 7-8 mm long, numerous, in 34 rows, filaments
glabrous, connate below and adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium 5-6 mm long;
style simple; stigmas 5, inconspicuous; ovary spherical, shallowly sulcate, hirsute.
Fruit indehiscent, globose or slightly depressed, 3-3.5 cm across, broadly 5-lobed.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (Kedah, Prov. Wellesley & Perak).
Malay Peninsula. Kedah, 48 miles of Jeniang Road, Kiah SFN 36151
(SING). Prov. Wellesley, Bukit Panekor, F. Guard s.n. in May, 1904 (SING).
Perak, Larut, Dr. King’s collector 3948 (SING, isotype), March, 1883 (A tree
with spreading branches, leaves light green; flowers white with bright yellow
stamens, alt. 100 m.); Waterloo, C. Curtis 2713 (SING); Tasekfelegur, Ridley
7025 (SING); Tea Garden, Ridley s.n. in 1891 (SING); Larut, L. Wray 3059
(SING).
Ecology. In lowland forests. Fl. March (one collection); fr. May-Dec.
4c. Pyrenaria serrata Bl. var. masocarpa (Korth.) H. Keng, stat. nov.
Pyrenaria masocarpa Korth. Kruidk. (1842) 147; Masamune, Enum. Phan.
Born. (1942) 473.
Pyrenaria kunstleri Auct. non King: Merr. Fl. Elmer Born. in Un. Cal.
Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 198; Masamune, lc. 472.
Pyrenaria parviflora Ridley in Kew Bull. (1933) 487; Masamune, l.c. 473.
Syn. nov.
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 280
Shrub or small tree, 6-10 m tall. Young branches stout, angulate, pube-
rulous; older branches glabrous. Leaf-blades membranaceous, drying brown or
dark brown, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 10-20 (-28) cm
long, 3-6 (—10.5) cm wide, acute or abruptly acuminate, base acute or abruptly
attenuate, the margin finely serrulate, the midrib impressed above and elevated
beneath, side veins 9-11 pairs. glabrous above, puberulous with scattered hair
on the veins beneath; petiole 1-1.2 cm long, puberulous. Flowers in upper
axils, solitary; peduncles 2-4 mm long, velvet: bracteoles 2, ovate, coriaceous,
about 2 mm-long; sepals 5, cordate to suborbiculate, 3-4 mm long, sericeous
externally; corolla 1-1.2 cm across, white tinged green or yellowish white. Stamens
4-5 mm long, briefly connate below and adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium
4-5 mm long: ovary ovoid, 2 mm long, densely sericeous; style stout, sparsely
puberulous, briefly 5 branched near the top into 5 stigmas. Fruit subglobose
or turbinate, succulent, indehiscent, 2—2.5 cm across, 4-5 loculate, usually with
2 seeds in each locule.
Distribution. Borneo (Kalimantan. Sarawak, Brunei & Sabah).
Borneo. Kalimantan, no locality, Korthals s.n. (L) (Herb. Lugd. Bat. no.
908251-14, lectotype of Pyrenaria masocarpa Korth.); Central Kutei, Pedohon
River, A. Kostermans 10615 (L); Belanjan River, near Tabang, A. Kostermans
10662 (L). Sarawak, Kapit, Bt. Tiban, Anderson & Ilias S 28700 (L); Kalabit
Highlands, Nooteboom & Chai 02075 (L). Brunei, P.S. Ashton BRUN 5222 (L).
Sabah, Tawao, A.D.E. Elmer 21148 (L, isotype of Pyrenaria parviflora Ridley),
211453 (L, SING), 20422 (SING), 2/377 (SING). J. Singh SAN 22837 (L), Lahad
Datu, Ahmad Damit SAN 27041 (L), Muin Chai SAN 31740 (L).
Ecology. In lowland forests below 100 m; ascending to 1300 m in Bukit
Tibang, Kapit in Sarawak (Anderson & Ilias § 28700). Fl. July (one collection);
Fr. Feb.-May & Sept.
Note. Nooteboom & Chai 02075 from Kalabit highlands, Sarawak, possess
sharply ridged fruit and smaller leaves.
5. Pyrenaria tawauensis H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 129, pl. J,
& fig. 1.
Thea sp. Merr. Un. Cal. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 198.
Shrub or small tree, 3-10 m tall. Young branches slender, covered with
greyish short hair; older branches greyish brown, glabrescent. Bark greyish
brown, smooth. Leaf-blades elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or caudate,
base attenuate or cuneate, 9-15 (—28) cm long, 2.5—5 (—10) cm wide, chartaceous,
glabrescent above, verrucous and puberulous beneath, drying green, the margin
finely serrulate except near the base which is entire, the midrib impressed above
and elevated below, the side veins 8-12 pairs, merged near the margin; petioles
0.6-1 cm long, slender, puberulous. Flowers subterminal and in upper axils,
solitary or 2-3, (rarely more) congested together; peduncles 2-3 mm long, hispid:
bract and bracteoles 2-3, orbicular deltoid, 2-3 mm long: sepals 5-6, subequal,
281 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Fig. 5. Pyrenaria tawauensis H. Keng
Flowering branch, flower, floral parts, fruit and seed (based on Shea & Chow
75725, supplemented by Singh 24163).
deltoid to suborbicular, 4-6 mm long, coriaceous, densely sericeous externally;
corolla 2.5-3 cm across, white; petals 5-6, broadly oblong to suborbiculate,
1.2-1.5 cm long, thin membranaceous, concave. Androecium 7-8 mm long, the
filaments very slender and delicate, glabrous, in 2-3 rows and united beneath.
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 282
Gynoecium about 1 cm long; styles 5, long and slender, completely free at the
base, each arising from a protuberance near the top of the ovary, glabrous
except near the base; ovary globose, 3 mm across, densely sericecus. Capsule
broadly ovoid to depressed globose, 3-4.5 cm across, fruit wall thin woody, finally
loculicidally dehiscing from the top downwards.
Distribution. Sumatra and Borneo (Sabah & Kalimantan).
Sumatra. Loendoet, Koealoe (E. Coast) H.H. Bartlett 7630 (L).
Borneo. Sabah (numerous specimens, only representative ones are cited
below), Kalabakan (Gunong Rara), Shea & Chow SAN 75723, 75725 (L); Kun-
dasan, K. Cox 908 (L); Mt. Kinabalu, Chew, Corner & Stainton 1902 (1), Chew
& Corner RSNB 4653 (L), J. & M.S. Clemens 29619, 31968 (L); Ranau, H. Taipin
SAN 42503 (L), J. Singh SAN 24163 (L); Sandakan, J.A. Wing, SAN 39013 (L),
Leopold & Kokoh SAN 76654 (L), G.H.S. Wood SAN 16005 (L), W. Meijer
SAN 21219 (L); Tawau, G.H.S. Wood SAN 16482 (SING, type, L, isotype),
A.D.E. Elmer 21628, 21832 (L), A. Baker SAN 17350 (L); Tenom, Masirom
SAN 43242 (L). Kalimantan, Tarakan. W. Meijer 1860, 2460 (L).
Ecology. In primary forest, often in humid ravines; common in lowland,
but also collected from subalpine forest as high as 2800 m (Chew & Corner
RSNB 4653). The alpine form, however was said to have light yellow flowers
(K. Cox 908, Chew, Corner & Stainton 1902), also their leaves are smaller and
with thicker fruit wall (Chew & Corner RSNB 8023). Fl. & Fr. year round.
Note. Merrill (l.c.) referred two fruiting specimens, Elmer 2/628, 21832,
both collected from Tawau (as Tawao) to Thea sp. He noted that their fruits
were different from those of Thea lanceolata Pierre and was not sure about the
genus.
My previous description was based on fruiting material only. A large number
of good flowering specimens, incl. Shea & Chow 75725, Wood SAN 16005 and
others (all from Leiden) became available for this study. Based on them the
description and illustration are prepared.
6. Pyrenaria villosula Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 484.
Shrub or small tree, 3-10 m tall; young branches covered with yellow or
brown hispid or velutinous hair; older branches dark brown, sericeous; bark
brown or black, smooth, eventually cracked. Leaf-blades membranaceous, drying
brownish, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 15-20 (-23) cm long, 4-6.5 (—9.5) cm wide,
acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate, base cuneate, margin finely serrulate,
the midrib slightly impressed above, elevated below, the side veins 9-11 pairs;
papillate and puberulous above, sericeous and pilose below. especially on the
midrib and nerves; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, hispid, swollen. Flowers axillary,
solitary; peduncles 1-1.5 cm (to 2 cm in fruit) long; bract 1, linear lanceolate,
to 1 cm long; bracteoles 2; sepals 5—6, unequal, broadly lanceolate cordate to
suborbicular, 2-4 cm long, coriaceous, densely sericeous externally; corolla 1.5—2
cm across, creamy white (Mohd. Shah 1316); petals 5—6, suborbiculate, 7-8 mm
283 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
long and wide, slightly clawed at base, concave, thick coriaceous in the centre,
sericeous on the back, the margin glabrous, thinner and with irregular pro-
jections. Stamens 4-6 mm long; filaments glabrous, in 4-5 rows united at the
base and adnate to the base of corolla. Gynoecium 5-6 mm long; style 1,
pubescent, 5-branched near the top for about one-fourth of its length; ovary
= E
a
é °
ze
/ Le
N se
.— ~~ - YL -
‘ -
-
Pd
\
‘
’ .
“ "
rd -<—-"* mee ee we
Fig. 6. Pyrenaria villosula Miq.
Flowering branch, flower, floral parts, fruit (based on Mohd. Shah 1316, supple-
mented by H. Keng et al. 8834).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 284
depressed globose, 3-4 mm across, densely sericeous. Fruit depressed globose
or ovoid, the apex either slightly flattened with a small apical point or conical,
succulent, indehiscent. Seeds usually 2 in each locule, chestnut brown, shining.
Distribution. Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
Sumatra. Pasumah, 1200 m, H.O. Forbes 2191, 2973, 2470b (1); Landaran
Agong, Korinchi, 800 m, Robinson & Kloss 186 (SING); Sungei Pagu, JE.
Teysmann 657 HB (isotype, BO); Asahan, B.A. Krukoff 4228 (SING).
Malay Peninsula. Pahang, Taman Negara (formerly King George V Nat.
Park), Balgooy 2449 (L), Everett FRI 14430 (L, SING), Keng et al. 8834 (SING),
Mohd. Shah 1316, 1502 (L. SING), Mohd. Shah & Md. Noor 1877 (L), Ahmad
Shukor & Samsuri Sarih 2707 (L, SING), Whitmore FRI 20129, 20166 (L),
Wyatt-Smith KEP 71957 (L); Raub, Burkill & Md. Haniff SFN 16809 (SING).
Kelantan, near Tarang, Whitmore FRI 4470 (L). Malacca, Bukit Bruang, R.
Denny 1191 (SING).
Ecology. In lowland and hill forests, by river or along ridges, or in dis-
turbed forests; alt. 50 to 1200 m. FI. & Fr. year round.
Note. Young branches and underside of the leaves of this species are beset
with brown to black hair; superficially they resemble those of P. acuminata.
Most of the Malayan specimens of this plant were in fact identified under that
name. While preparing an illustration of P. acuminata, my wife first drew my
attention to the differences. Further examination reveal that this plant can be
readily distinguished from P. acuminata by the following features: (1) Leaves
are comparatively smaller, and branches more slender; (2) peduncles are of
I-1.5 cm (in fruit to 2 cm) long; (3) sepals are broadly lanceolate, cordate
to orbiculate; and (4) the style is slender, branched at the top for about one
fourth of its length. In my original manuscript, it was described as a new species.
At my request, Dr. Kuswata, keeper of the Herbarium Bogoriense, kindly
lent me the type-duplicate of P. villusola Mig. Although it is a sterile specimen,
yet the vegetative characters match extremely well with the Malayan material.
Several other old collections from W. and S.W. Sumatra cited above (formerly
identified under different names) are also proved to belong to this species.
Variations in leaf venation (especially the angles between lateral vein and
midrib) and shape of fruit (from depressed globose to almost ellipsoid) of some
specimens are notable.
7. Pyrenaria viridifolia Symington ex H. Keng, sp. nov.
Pyrenaria garrettiana Auct. non Craib: H. Keng in Ng, Tr. Fl. Mal. 3
(1978) 290.
285 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Frutex 3-10 m altus; ramulis glabratis. Folia ellitica vel angusti-elliptica,
apice acuminata vel acuta, basi attenuata vel cuneata, 10-20 cm longa, 3.5-6 cm
lata, membracea, margine serrulata, nervis lateralibus circa 10-12; petiolo 5-7 mm
longo. Flores axillaris, solitarii, sessilis; sepala 5-7 deltoidea vel suborbiculata,
.
N
. ~ & es
ZO “Oat
2s ~*
ars
2
‘
tA
“ .
ea
_
,
7
- A,
ao :
¢ .
ore
. ‘
‘
Fig. 7. Pyrenaria viridifolia Symington ex H. Keng
Flowering and fruiting branches, floral parts and young fruit (based on Jaamat
28126, 27579).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 286
4-5 mm longa, coriacea; corolla ad 2-3 cm diametra, creamea; petala obovata,
1.2-1.4 cm long; stamina 1-1.2 cm longa, glabra, basi breviter connata et petalis
adnata; gynoecium 8-10 mm longum, stylis libris approximatis, circa 5-6 mm
longis, ovario globoso, 2-3 mm diametro, externe sericeo. Fructus immaturus,
globosus, apice convacus.
Shrub or small tree, 3-10 m tall. Young twigs very slender, bluntly angulate,
glabrescent. Leaf-blades elliptic or narrowly elliptic, acuminate or acute, 10-20
cm long, 3.5-6 cm wide, the margin finely serrulate or sometimes crenate for
most part except near both ends which are entire, membranaceous, drying green,
the midrib impressed above and elevated below, the side veins 10-12 pairs,
merged near the margin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; petiole 5-7 mm
long, adpressed with short hair. Flowers in upper axils, solitary, sessile or sub-
sessile; bracteole 2, deltoid, 2-3 mm long; sepals 5—7, subequal, deltoid to orbicular,
4-5 mm long, coriaceous, sericeous externally; corolla 2-3 cm across, light yellow;
petals 5-6, obovate or broadly oblong, 1.2-1.4 cm Icng, membranaceous, con-
cave; androecium 1-1.2 cm long, the filaments slender, glabrous, in 3-4 rows,
united at the base; gynoecium 8-10 mm long; styles 5, 5-6 mm long, completely
free, glabrous; ovary globose. 2-3 mm across, densely sericeous. Immature
fruit globose, apex depressed, with 5 bosses (of stylar bases) bordering the
depression.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (Pahang).
Type: Malay Peninsula. Pahang, Sungie Lemoi, Tanah Rata, Jaamat FMS
28126 (KEP), Sept. 9, 1931 (flowers yellow).
Paratypes: Malay Peninsula. Pahang, S. Trolak, Ulu Telom, Jaamat FMS
27576 (KEP); S. Telom, Jaamat FMS 27598 (KEP); Ulu Telom, H.C. Dolman
27601 (KEP).
Vern. Names: Kebit (Sakai), Segachok (Sakai).
Ecology. In jungle near stream, alt. around 1,500 m. FI. Aug.-Sept. (two
collections).
Note. In my treatment of the Theaceae for the Tree Flora of Malaya,
vol. 3 (1978), this plant was tentatively identified as Pyrenaria garrettiana Craib,
a species of Thailand, mainly because of the young fruit on Jaamat FMS 27576
with five separate bosses around the depressed top. After comparing the authentic
specimens of the latter species on loan from Thailand, it is realized that they
are different. In P. viridifolia, the young branches are glabrescent, the flowers
are sessile or subsessile, and the bract and bracteoles subtending the flowers are
smaller than the sepals; while in P. garrettiana, the young branches are beset
with yellowish brown hair, the flowers are distinctly pedunculate (to 5 mm long)
and the bract and bracteoles are leafy, lanceolate, often much larger (1-2 cm long)
than the sepals.
8. Pyrenaria wrayi King in J. As. Soc. Beng. 59 (1980) 201, Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. Calc. 5 (1896) 147, pl. 178.
287 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Pyrenaria kunstleri Auct. non King: Ridl.. Fl. Mal.: Pen. 1 (1922)}2208
p.p.; H. Keng in Ng; Tr. Fl. Mal, 3 (1958) 291). 979,
Shrub. Young branches adpressed with yellow hispid hair or merely pube-
rulent towards the tip. Leaf-blades mostly narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate,
acuminate, base attenuate or cuneate, 10-17 (-20) cm long, 4-5.5 (-6) cm wide,
é
4
NY 5
Fig. 8. Pyrenaria wrayi King
Flowering branch, flower, floral parts and immature fruit (based on Burkill &
Haniff 12870).
Pyrenaria (Theaceae) 288
thin coriaceous, drying brownish, glabrous above, hispid or puberulous beneath,
the margin remotely serrate for most part except both ends which are entire,
the midrib slightly impressed above and elevated below, the side veins 6-9 pairs;
petioles 0.6-1 cm long, hispid or puberulous. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncles
2-5 mm long; bracteoles 3, deltoid, 2-3 mm long; sepals 5-6, subequal, deltoid
to suborbicular, 4-5 mm long, coriaceous, sericeous externally; corolla 1.5—1.8
cm across; petals 5-6, broadly ovate or orbicular, concave, 6-8 mm long, thinner
than the sepals, puberulous externally, but with broad glabrous edges; androecium
4-5 mm long, the filaments glabrous, united at the base. Gynoecium 8-10 mm
long; styles 5-6, completely fused into one unit for the lower half of their
length, the upper half 3-4-branched; ovary globose, sericeous. Immature fruit
depressed globose, 2.5 cm across, apex depressed.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula (Perak).
Malay Peninsula: Perak. Without locality, Scortechini 634 (L), 637 (SING)
(type duplicates), Wray 3241 (SING) (type duplicate); Gunong Hijau, Maxwell’s
Hill, Burkill & Md. Haniff 12870 (SING), Md. Shah & Sidek 1091 (SING).
Ecology. In hill forest at about 1000-1400 m. FI. Dec.-Feb.
Note. The duplicates of type specimens of this species available for study
are all with small flower buds only. The general appearance of their branches
and leaves resembles closely those of P. serrata var. kunstleri. King’s statement
that the style is 3-branched, and the ovary is 6-loculate seems rather improbable,
and his illustration of the style (l.c.) was obviously based on the dissection of
a tiny bud. For these reasons, in my previous treatment (in Ng, Tr. Fl. Mal.
3: 291, 1978), I followed Ridley to reduce Pyrenaria wrayi to a synonym of
P. kunstleri.
Recently we examined a good flowering specimen collected by Burkill &
Md. Haniff from Perak. Although it is more hairy than the type specimen,
its flower structure, especially the gynoecium fits well with King’s description:
it has a 5-6 loculate ovary, as shown in the sections of young fruits, but the
style is 3- or sometimes 4-branched for about half of the total length. Close
examination reveals that the branches are of different diameters: some being
simple, while others being a result of fusion of 2 or more branches. This un-
usual situation somewhat reminds the diadelphia and polyadelphia in the and-
roecia of Leguminosae. Its specific status is therefore restored.
DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES
Pyrenaria mindanaensis Merr. in Philip. J. Sc. 20 (1922) 407, En. Philip. 3
(£923) 71.
This species was described on the basis of the following two specimens from
the mountains of Mindanao, the Philippines: Alvarez F.B. 25181 (type) and
Ramos & Edanao B.S. 38839; both are not available to me. The holotype
specimens were obviously destroyed during the War and efforts to locate their
duplicates from various institutions were in vain.
289 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
In Merrill’s original description, he stated that ‘“‘Fruits ...... usually 2- or
3-celled and with a single seed in each cell, the seeds smooth, slightly com-
pressed, narrowed at both ends, about 1.5 cm long.’’. It is generally understood
that in Pyrenaria, the number of seeds per locule is usually 2, very rarely 1,
although in the temperate species (which formerly under Tutcheria) it may be
3—5; while in Camellia, the number of seeds per locule is 1 or sometimes 2.
Until the seed character (cotyledons thick, hemispheric in Camellia, and thin,
crumpled and folded in Pyrenaria) is known, it is better to leave it is a doubtful
species.
In this connection, it is interesting to note that in his treatment of Camellia
lanceolata (Bl.) Seemann, Sealy (Rev. Gen. Camellia, p. 144) noted that ‘“‘the
single specimen from Mindanao (i.e. Ramos & Edanao 36566, BM) is rather
different from the rest in its leaves which are oblong acuminate with blades
9-13.5 cm long and 2.6-4.5 cm wide’’. This specimen is likely referable to the
present species.
290
BOLETUS LONGIPES MASS., A CRITICAL MALAYSIAN SPECIES
by
E. J. H. CORNER
91 Hinton Way, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB2 5AH, England
SUMMARY
Boletus tristis Pat. et Baker is a synonym of B. longipes Mass. and is based
on young specimens. The taxonomic position of B. longipes is problematic but
it is retained in Boletus subgen. Tylopilus Karst. Austroboletus (Corner) Wolfe
is not considered a satisfactory genus.
This species, described from specimens collected in the Gardens’ Jungle in
Singapore, is common in the Malay Peninsula and is evidently abundant in
Sarawak (Corner 1972a, 1974). Its small and inconspicuous fruit-bodies, with
smoky umber pileus, develop at the beginning of every agaric season. It is
difficult to classify, however, because it does not fit well into any genus or
subgenus. Notably the fresh spore-print is deep blood-red; with a touch of dilute
potash it blackens. This colour, which is unusual in agarics, is the more remark-
able because the tubes and pores, at first pallid white, become pale olivaceous
and suggest that the spores should be olivaceous; eventually the pileus and stem
become roseate from the spore-deposit. I put the species in Boletus subgen.
Tylopilus Karst. with pink spores because the red colour seemed but an inten-
sification. Moreover, there are two other Malaysian species of similar appearance,
namely B. atripurpureus Corner and B. griseipurpureus Corner. the spore-prints
of which are pinkish ochraceous and reddish pink respectively, though they do
not darken with potash. The problem has recently been intensified through the
work of Wolfe (1979) who finds an ultramicroscopic roughness on the spores of
B. longipes, for which reason he transfers it to the new genus Austroboletus
(Corner) Wolfe, which I had described as a subgenus of Boletus. He also treats
B. tristis Pat. et Baker as a different species from B. longipes, of which I had
regarded it as a synonym. Both decisions are questionable, and I take the second
first.
B. TRISTIS AND B. LONGIPES
According to Wolfe (1979, p. 78, for there is no index to this work) B. @ristis
is to be distinguished by:—
1. relatively narrower spores with the mean (? average) value of E greater
than 3.0, where E is the ratio of length to width, as a measure of ellipticity
(Corner 1947): in B. longipes, E is less than 3.0.
291 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore X XXIII (Part II) 1980
2. subhymenium not wider than the hymenium; in B. longipes 1.5-2.0 times
as wide.
Regarding the spores, | had commented on their variability in B. longipes
and had made var. latisporus for collections with wide spores (Corner 1972a,
1974), but this is omitted by Wolfe. The reliable spore-measurements for the
two species are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1. SPORE-SIZE IN B. LONGIPES AND B. TRISTIS
Species Spore-size (um) E (mean) Authority
B. longipes
me ablus . 12-15 x 4.2-4.5 3.1 eae Corner (1974)
v. longipes | 11.5-17.5 (-19) x 4.3-5.5 ]3.0 (-3.1) Corner (1972a)
nm longipes 11.5-16 x 4.5-5.3 2.8 Corner (1974, P-143B)
v. longipes 12-14 x 4.5-5.7 2.6 ee (1974, P-143A, C)
v. latisporus 13-16 (17) x 5-65 25 Corner (1972a)
v. longipes 10-13 x 4.5-5.2 2.4 Corner dora pa
v. longipes | 15.5-19.5 x 5-6.5 (-8) 2.0-3.5 Wolfe 1979, type) :
v. longipes : 10.3-11.7 x 4.3-4.5 we Wolfe, Petersen (1978, type)
B. tristis 12-14 x 4 ao Patouillard, Baker (1918)
a tristis 14-17 (-19) x 45.5 3.3 (-3.5) Singer (1945, type)
B. tristis 12.5-15.5 x 4-45 2.73.9 Wolfe (1979, type)
B. tristis a Re ee 1.9 Wolfe, Petersen (1978, type)
Boletus Longipes Mass a2
I conclude as follows :—
1. Since there are no other differences in the numerous collections of B.
longipes which I studied except for the lack of colour in the fruit-body of var.
albus, the spores of B. longipes are very variable. The spore-width is related
to the narrow limits of the basidium-width (10-12 ym for living basidia, Corner
1972a). The variation in length is connected with the amount of cytoplasm
available which will depend, if initial vacuolaton is constant, on the length of
the basidium which varies 25-45 yum in living basidia. It is possible that the
longer basidia, giving longer spores, may be the primary basidia of young fruit-
bodies or of young parts of the tubes, whereas the short basidia, giving short
spores, may be the subsequent intercalations. Thus young fruit-bodies may give
relatively narrower spores than the mature. The small size of the basidia given
by Wolfe (26-31 x 6.5-9 um, p. 103) must refer to immature or collapsed basidia.
2. The spores of B. longipes seem absolutely wider (4.3-6.5 »m) than those
of B. tristis (4-5.5 ym), but the difference is slight and may be connected with
the age of the fruit-bodies, those of B. tristis being young. The size of the
fruit-bodies and their colour, as given by Patouillard and Baker (1918), suggest
that they were young. This is confirmed by Wolfe’s description of the pile of
hyphal ends on the pileus as not yet disrupted by expansion.
3. Different authors, having examined the type of B. tristis, give different
spore-measurements. Those cited for Wolfe and Petersen (1978) were taken
from their figures and the magnification given for them. Their spores are un-
accountably short, though seemingly of mature width; there is the same discrepancy
in their Fig. 5 for B. dictyotus. Wolfe does not explain this and he omits
Singer’s measurements.
4. The variations in the value of E are not sharply delimited.
5. Possibly B. tristis is a variety of B. longipes with absolutely narrower
spores. For proof, this will require the study of more collections and a study
of spore-variation in fruit-bodies of different ages.
With respect to the relative width of hymenium and subhymenium, it is
necessary to be clear what these terms refer to. If the hymenium is the layer
of basidia to the exclusion of the pleurocystidia, which project further, then its
thickness cannot be measured exactly because some basidia project more than
others and some arise more deeply in the tissue; neither external nor internal
boundary is precise. For subhymenium I have always taken the layer of inter-
weaving or interlocking hyphae from which the basidia arise. Others, however,
may consider that the subhymenium includes the layer of hyphae divergent from
the longitudinal hyphae (medulla) in the middle of the trama; that is, the cortex
of the multifilamentous soma is to be included. Wolfe is not explicit, but it
seems that he must intend the second meaning. Both features, however, change
in the life of the fruit-body, and thicken. The subhymenium, as the layer of
interwoven hyphae, thickens as these hyphae branch and introduce more basidia,
and this lateral extension of the hymenium stretches the divergent hyphae (of
the cortex) so that they diverge more widely from the medulla and from each
293 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
other. Both layers are thicker in old fruit-bodies and in the upper parts of the
tubes. For B. tristis, Wolfe (p. 126) gives the trama as ‘slightly boletoid’, which
implies that it 1s immature with, as yet, slightly divergent cortical hyphae. The
detail confirms the suspicion that the type-collection of B. tristis consists of
young fruit-bodies. Presumably, if they had grown larger, the trama would have
become as boletoid as in B. longipes. Thus I see no specific criterion in this
distinction. For B. longipes I find that the subhymenium of interwoven hyphae
thickens gradually from some 10-12 »m in young specimens and from near the
pore-mouths to 20-25 (—30) »m in the upper parts of the tubes of old specimens;
the hymenium is about 30-40 pm thick.
Lastly in this matter of specific distinction, there is the obvious question
why Patouillard and Baker did not find the common B. longipes in the small
area of the Gardens’ Jungle where they collected their material, where H.N.
Ridley had collected and first found B. longipes, and where I found it repeatedly
from 1929 to 1944. Of the sixteen species of boleti which they described as
new from the Gardens’ Jungle, eleven had already been described by Massee.
As he had described the pileus of B. longipes erroneously as viscid, doubtless
this misled Patouillard and Baker.
AUSTROBOLETUS (CORNER) WOLFE
On making Boletus subgen. Austroboletus, | was cautious because, as I
explained at some length, there seemed to be connections with subgen. 7 ylopilus,
especially with species of Porphyrellus Gilbert which, with other mycologists, I
regarded as part of 7ylopilus. My point was that the species placed in Austro-
boletus were a distinct and natural alliance within the wide concept of Boletus.
In raising the subgenus to a genus, Wolfe (p. 64) had remarked earlier (p. 62)
that ‘I believed that it had little in common with Porphyrellus sect. Porphyrellus’,
which is practically the opposite of my published conclusion. On p. 14, Wolfe
gives a generic description of Tylopilus under which he includes Porphyrellus;
on p. 66 he gives a generic description of Austroboletus. Both descriptions are
variously inaccurate by omission and misrepresentation, but it is not clear whether
the descriptions refer only to North American species or include those of the
world; in any case a genus should not vary geographically. It seems that not
until p. 130, in the summary, that Tylopilus and Austroboletus are actually
compared. Here Austroboletus is distinguished by its ornamented spores, short
and narrow pleurocystidia ‘devoid of any microchemically positive contents’, and
subclavate cheilocystidia ‘as fingers hanging from the tube-edge’. The marginal
veil (mistakenly desecribed by Wolfe on p. 66 as unrolling), the colour of the
spore-print, and the characteristically strong gelatinisation of the tubes in alcohol-
formalin (as a physicochemical test) were omitted by him.
Regarding the pleurocystidia, I find no sharp distinction for I] have measure-
ments up to 90 wm long and 18 pm wide for the species which I placed in
Austroboletus, and Wolfe gives measures of 40-105 (-120) x 9-20 (-27.5) pm
for Tylopilus subgen. Porphyrellus. 1 gave shorter values for several species of
Tylopilus in Malaya (Corner 1972a) and from some the pleurocystidia were
absent. As for the cheilocystidia, I never observed in Austroboletus such ‘fingers’.
His distinction between the two genera must rest, therefore, solely on the spores.
Boletus Longipes Mass 294
There enters now a practical problem that will become more acute as the
spores of more species are examined with the electron-microscope. It reveals
that spores that appear smooth under the light-microscope may be very minutely
rough, verrucose, or reticulately marked. Why, then, does a spore become smooth
or rough ? I considered the question in my article on the Boletus-spore (Corner
1972b), which was written several years before the book on the Malayan species
of Boletus, but long deiayed in publication; hence there are some uncertainties
about the names that were used. I pointed out that some species have extremely
fine markings on the spore, barely visible under the light-microscope, and drew
attention to the smooth spores of B. nanus Mass., B. ablo-ater Schw., and Boletus
18b of my notes (which is B. griseipurpureus), all of which belong to subgen.
Tylopilus, and to those of B. phaeocephalus Pat. et Baker in subgen. Boletus.
These spores are endospores, still very finely marked, from which the exospore
has dissolved. Similarly I drew attention to the very finely striate spores of
B. fallax Corner, B. obscurecoccineus Hoehn., and B. ridiculus Corner in subgen.
Boletellus. 1 concluded in that paper that the smooth, narrow, typically boletoid
spore was an endospore caused by compression of the spore in its develop-
ment. The markings on the spores of Austroboletus, Boletellus, Heimiella and
Strobilomyces lie internal to the smooth exospore and may be deposits from
the mesospore or the endospore. Thus, boletoid spores which appear smooth
may have vestigial markings in all degrees from that barely visible under the
light-microscope to that barely visible under the electron-microscope. The pro-
blem may well come to decide at what magnification a spore is to be considered
smooth.
B. longipes is a case in point. Under the electron-microscope its endospore
is minutely and irregularly creviced (Wolfe and Petersen 1978). Their Fig. 1,
for B. tristis, shows these crevices more as pits in a close and minute reticulum.
If one was looking for an intermediate between the coarsely marked spore
typical of Austroboletus and the smooth spore of Tylopilus, then B. longipes
is an instance. It confirms my suspicion that Austroboletus cannot be separated
generically. However, there are other features of B. longipes to be considered
which lead me to doubt Wolfe’s remark (p. 105) that B. longipes ‘clearly belongs
in Austroboletus’; he has not amended the description of this taxon to include
B. longipes. My reasons are as follows:—
1. The colour of the spore-print, blackening in potash, is not that of
Austroboletus.
2. The spore-shape is not amygdaliform as in Austroboletus, but typically
boletoid as in Tylopilus. This is shown by the mean value of E (spore-length
to spore-width); in Austroboletus it is 1.9-2.3, in B. longipes 2.4-3.3, and in
Tylopilus 2.2-4.0. The compression of the boletoid spore is shown by the relation
of the spore-width to the basidium-width; in Austroboletus, with least com-
pression, it is 0.50-0.60. in B. longipes 0.45, and in Tylopilus 0.35—0.50 (Corner
1972b).
3. The pleurocystidia are not short and narrow, and they have vitreous-
oily contents which often turn red-brown in alcohol-formalin (as a microchemical
reduction), as in TJ ylopilus.
295 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
4. The cheilocystidia are large and clavate as in Tylopilus.
5. The tubes are adnato-decurrent to sinuato-adnexed as in Tylopilus.
6. The tube-trama is firmly subgelatinous in alcohol-formalin as in Tylopilus,
not sloppily gelatinous as in Austroboletus.
7. The stem is not lacunoso-reticulate as common in Austroboletus, but
longitudinally rugulose with shallow elongate meshes as in Tylopilus.
8. The pileus lacks the marginal veil, as in Tylopilus.
I conclude that B. longipes fits for all practical purposes with Tylopilus and
that it does not have the distinctive features of Austroboletus. Nevertheless, its
spores are peculiar and it is to be hoped that allies of it will be discovered in
the forests of south-east Asia. I note that the SEM fiugre of the spore of B.
longipes, shown by Wolfe and Petersen, reveals a slight smooth adaxial patch
such as occurs more noticeably in Austroboletus and Strobilomyces; and this
may indicate another line of boletus-evolution from the primitive state with un-
compressed spore.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF AUSTROBOLETUS
On turning to the recent contributions of other mycologists, I find that
Romagnesi (1977) recognises but one family of Boletaceae with three genera,
namely Boletus, Gyroporus, and Strobilomyces; other genera are regarded as
subgenera of Boletus. This work is not cited by Wolfe who follows mainly the
classification of Singer (1975). This author peremptorily dismisses Austroboletus
as a synonym of Porphyrellus without the least consideration, omits the type-
species B. dictyotus (Boedijn) Corner as well as B. mucosus Corner, neither of
which fits his diagnoses, gives 19 species for Porphyrellus and lists 24, and refers
B. malaccensis (Pat. et Baker) Corner, B. rubiicolor Corner and B. rarus Corner
to sect. Graciles Singer subsect. Subflavidini Singer. Thus he writes that the
development of the fruit-body in Porphyrellus is unknown, though I described
and figured it for the type-species of Austroboletus. He puts the disputed B.
tristis in sect. Porphyrellus without mention of B. longipes, and assigns it thereby
to Strobilomycetaceae, whereas I put B. longipes in Boletus subgen. Tylopilus
which, as a genus or subgenus, has always been assigned to Boletaceae; and
there its sect. Porphyrellus is now placed. Thus, as I maintained in 1972, the
two families cannot be distinguished. The attempt by Singer in his key (p. 166)
leaves the position of B. longipes completely in doubt.
Horak (1976). in recording Porphyrellus gracilis (Peck) Singer from New
Guinea, follows Singer but diverges in the foreword by dissociating subgen.
Austroboletus from Porphyrellus, with the remark that it should be made a
genus. He also dissociates Heimiella from Boletellus, with which I would agree,
and I would add it as a fourth genus to Romagnesi’s concept of Boletaceae.
Boletus Longipes Mass 296
CONCLUSION
This account reveals the shortcomings of relying solely on type-specimens
when dealing with the fleshy basidiomycetes. It is generally acknowledged that
the characters of their species and genera must relate to the features of the
living fungi; it is the practice of specific or monographic works. The short-
coming is particularly troublesome with tropical species which have usually been
described in the first place from inadequate field-notes. Such species need to
be re-discovered and re-described from ampler and living material. So B. tristis
is found to represent merely young fruit-bodies of B. longipes, even though the
two species have been referred to different families. To understand the mature
fruit-body, knowledge of its development is essential, and this can be obtained
only by the collection of living primordia which must be identified. In tropical
countries where the study of these basidiomycetes is still so much handicapped
by these inadequate descriptions, the local mycologist must be helped with a
classification as simple as possible. Reliance on electron-microscope introduces
a method usually unavailable to the amateur, especially in the tropics, and
frustrates that old-fashioned and direct means of identification with the light-
microscope on which mycology has relied and will continue to need. I cannot
see the use of Austroboletus as an SEM genus; indeed, there is insufficient know-
ledge to delimit it.
REFERENCES
Corner, E.J.H. 1947 Variations in the size and shape of spores, basidia and cystidia in
Basidiomycetes. New Phytol. 46, 195-228.
Corner, E.J.H. 1972a Boletus in Malaysia. Government Printing Office, Singapore.
Corner, E.J.H. 1972b Studies in the basidium: spore-spacing and the Boletus-spore.
Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 26, 159-194.
Corner, E.J.H. 1974 Boletus and Phylloporus in Malaysia: further notes and descriptions.
Gdns’ Bulb. Singapore 27, 1-16.
Horak, E. 1976 Boletellus and Porphyrellus in Papua New Guinea. Kew Bull. 31,
645-652.
Massee, G. 1909 Fungi Exotici: IX. Kew Bull. 1909, 204-209.
Patouillard, N. and C.F. Baker 1918 Some Singapore Boletinae. J. Straits Br. R. Asiat.
Soc. 78, 67-72.
Romagnesi, H. 1977 Sur la multiplication excessive des genres en mycologie. Bull. Soc.
mycol. Fr. 93, 233-258 (p. 243 and p. 255).
Singer, R. 1945 The Boletaceae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. 1. The
Strobilomycetaceae. Farlowia 2, 97-141.
Singer, R. 1975 The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. J. Cramer, Vaduz.
Wolfe Jr, C.E. 1979 Austroboletus and Tylopilus subgen. Porphyrellus. Bibliothec. mycol.
69, 1-136.
Wolfe Jr, C.E. and R.H. Petersen 1978 Taxonomy and nomenclature of the supraspecific
taxa of Porphyrellus. Mycotaxon 7, 152-162.
297 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
ENTOLOMA (Fr.) KUMMER IN THE MALAY PENINSULA
by
E. 5J.. H CORNER
9] Hinton Way, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB2 5AH, England
A recent monograph by the Swiss mycologist E. Horak (1980) deals with
those pink-spored toadstools assigned to Entoloma (Fr.) Kummer which have
been found in south-east Asia and Australasia. That is from India to New
Zealand, and he records the astonishing number of 220 species. It is a funda-
mental work in which the author supplies full taxonomic details and for which
he has studied all the type-specimens that could be discovered. He himself
has explored particularly the agaric flora of New Guinea and New Zealand,
whence he has described a large number of new species. He has also studied
the collections which I made from 1929 to 1944 in the Malay Peninsula, as
well as those made on later expeditions to Borneo and the Sclomon Islands.
The Peninsula supplies 55 species and Borneo 34, most of them new; yet they
have merely 13 in common. This is the first time that such a work on Entoloma
has been available and it should give a great stimulus to the professional and
the amateur, for there is still very much te be learnt.
The book is well written in plain English, well printed, and astonishingly
light in weight for its 352 pages. The keys to identification are straightforward
with number references to the descriptions where critical remarks are given on
allied species. For most, line-drawings of the fruit-bodies and of microscopical
details accompany the descriptions, and there are eight colour-plates for 31
Malayan species. I note that the figure of E. limosum (Plate 6b) should be
E. lineum, as on p. 216.
Entoloma is now used in a wide sense and becomes an easy genus to
recognise. The fruit-bodies lack ring and volva; the gills are never free as in
Pluteus; and the pink spores, revealed by the pink gills or pink powder at the
top of the stem, are characteristically angular. Little toadstools, formerly classi-
fied with some uncertainty as Leptonia and Nolanea, even with Claudopus and
Clitopilus, are now dispersed among the larger ones of Entoloma s. str. according
to their affinity. The fruit-bodies may be white, grey, yellow, brown, or blue
— some intensely blue — though rarely red. The colouring is specific and,
with the exception of the white species which appear as albinos, distinctive of
alliances. A few have striking colour-changes on bruising.
Actually this substantial work is but a beginning. Some species are wide-
spread in both temperate and tropical countries, even cosmopolitan. Others are
known with wide gaps in their distribution; for instance there are species from
Singapore and the Solomon Islands without intermediate record. -Many are
described from single gatherings. Some are common and appear regularly every
Entoloma (Fr.) Kummer 298
fungus season, often in the same place in the forest, while others are sporadic
or rare though, in such cases, they may be wide-spread but reluctant to fruit.
Among the species of the Malay Peninsula there are four which were collected
by H.N. Ridley and described by G. Massee but have not been found again.
These four species are: E. bicolor (Mass) Horak, described as Leptonia from
Singapore, E. curtipes (Mass) Horak, described as Clitopilus, from Singapore,
E. longipes (Mass) Horak, described as Inocybe, from Singapore and E. tricolor
(Mass) Horak, described as Leptonia, from Penang. Collecting has been largely
a matter of luck. The Entoloma-flora of the eastern tropics is by no means fully
known. It is likely that the specific totals from the Peninsula and from Borneo
are nearer to 100 than to 50 and that most of these they will have in common.
Because in this field-work, concentrated on collecting and describing, one
is apt to disregard the biology of the species, I contribute a few notes on the
growth and seasonal appearance of the fruit-bodies. My impression is that the
fruit-bodies do not become fly-blown or beetle-ridden and, thus, they last longer
in the tropical forests than those of many other agarics. Some appear early
in the agaric season along with Amanita, Russula, and Boletus, but others are
tardy, and some sporadic (Corner 1935). In its great abundance of tropical
species, none of which appear to be mycorrhizal, Entoloma displays the myriad
of micro-habitats available in the tropical humus. One such I found to be in
the soil under the bertam palm (Eugeissona).
GROWTH OF FRUIT-BODIES
Entoloma flavidum (Massee) Corner et Horak
This fungus is fairly common in the forest of the Malay Peninsula but it
has not been found elsewhere. It fruits rather late in the agaric season. generally
with Hygrophorus firmus B. et Br. about a month or two after the beginning.
In October-November 1934, I watched the development of two clusters of fruit-
bodies in the Gardens’ Jungle, Singapore. As usual with more or less caespitose
fruit-bodies, many primordia begin; most abort at some early stage; and few
come to maturity. Five of those which I marked matured and spored. The
largest developed a pileus 6 cm wide with stem 6.4 cm long, but the smallest
had a pileus merely 1.9 cm wide with stem 2.7 cm long. The largest specimen
that I ever found had the pileus 10 cm wide with the stem 10 cm long.
Development was gradual. From a size of pileus/stem of 1.0/2.0 cm, the
largest fruit-body took 13 days to reach full size; the smallest took 4 days. The
five fruit-bodies then lasted and spored for a further 6-11 days; eventually they
collapsed without becoming fly-blown. On plotting graphically the daily measure-
ments, made about 8 a.m., and extending the curve backwards, I concluded that
the primordia took 6-7 days to reach the stage with the pileus 1.0 cm wide. The
total life of the fruit-body would, therefore, be about 28 days, which accords
with the delayed appearance of the species in the agaric season. Most rapid
growth occurred when the pileus extended from 2 cm to 5 cm wide in some
5 days, roughly the 10th to the 15th day in the life of the average fruit-body
299 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Entoloma_ burkillae Massee
This striking fungus with intensely blue pileus and stem is common in
Malayan forests and is known also from Borneo and New Guinea. It sometimes
fruits earlier in the agaric season than E. flavidum but sporadic fruit-bodies may
be found a month or two later; as with EF. flavidum, it does not become fly-
blown. I studied the growth of a single fruit-body in November 1934 in the
Gardens’ Jungle. The primordium which I found had the pileus 1.9 cm wide
with a total height of 2.4 cm. In 4 days it reached full size with pileus 6.5 cm
wide and total height of 5 cm. It lasted sporing for another 4 days. Other
fully grown fruit-bodies, which I observed at other times lasted for 7-10 days.
The largest that I found had the pileus 10 cm wide.
Entoloma sercellum (Fr.) Kummer
This fungus, for which I take the responsibility of identification, used to
be common in the lawns of the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Either | failed
to make dried specimens or they have been lost; hence this wide-spread species
is not recorded by Horak for the Malay Peninsula. I could detect no difference
from E. sericellum which was well known to me in England, but I append the
description of the Singapore fungus.
From 9-26 April 1930, when the heavy rains had begun about 7 March
(Corner 1935), I watched the development of 23 fruit-bodies. A few of these
I was able to trace from primordia with the pileus 1-2 mm wide and a total
height of 2-4 mm. From this size the fruit-bodies took about 5 days to become
fully grown; the mature pileus varied 5-23 mm wide and the total height 12-30
mm. ‘The fruit-bodies then lasted a further 2-4 days before beginning to
collapse, mostly in the late afternoon. Generally the larger fruit-bodies had
the longer life. If 2 days (48 hours) are given to the primordium to develop
the pileus 1-2 mm wide, then the average fruit-body takes about 7 days to
reach full size, when it persists for 3 days. The maximum period of growth
occurred from the 4th to the 6th day when the pileus grew from 4-5 mm wide
to 12-20 mm and the stem lengthened from about 10 mm long to about 25 mm
Where two to three primordia developed close together, though not caespitose,
only one survived to maturity.
E. sericellum in Singapore :—
Pileus 8-23 mm wide, convex, very soon umbilicate, not flattening, undulate,
minutely scurfy, inclining to fibrillose at the margin and squamulose in the centre,
white then pale straw-colour, finally dingy isabelline or dingy buff, dry, not
straite: Margin incurved at first, persistently inflexed. Stem 15-30 x 1.5-—2.5 mm,
cylindric, often compressed or twisted or thickened upwards, hollow, waxy-soft,
cartilaginous, smooth or slightiy fibrillose, apex pruinose, watery white, base white
villous. Gills adnate or sinuate with or without a short decurrent tooth, varying
subdecurrent, subdistant, sometimes connected by veins, waxy-soft, 18-26 primaries
2-3 mm wide, 2-3 ranks, white then pinkish. Flesh 1-1.5 mm thick in the
centre of the pileus, waxy-soft, white, Smell waxy.
Entoloma (Fr.) Kummer 300
On lawns in the Singapore Botanic Gardens.
Spore 10-13 x 6.5-9.5 yw, angular ellipsoid, 1-3 guttate, pink. Basidia
35-55 x 10-12 p. with 3-4 sterigmata 4-5 » long. Cheilocystidia 25-50 x 7-15 pn.
clavate to ventricose, possibly merely sterile basidia, but some longer cystidia
—80 » more or less decumbent. Surface of the pileus in the centre with a pile
of hyphal ends projecting more or less perpendicularly, the end-cells 28-150 x
10-25 y, cylindric, subclavate or subventricose, often with 1-3 subterminal cells
strongly inflated, more or less decumbent over the limb.
Entoloma discophorum Corner et Horak
This fungus comes up quickly after the rains have begun.
Entoloma stylophorum (B. et Br.) Sacc.
The appearance of this fungus in the agaric season may be as early as with
E. discophorum or tardy as with EF. flavidum. It is a common species in the
Peninsula and often has caespitose fruit-bodies. The pileus and stem vary pale
yellowish to pale pinkish and, in the mountains, there is what I took to be a
variety with fuliginous violaceous pileus but my specimens seem to have been
lost; it used to be common by the walks on Fraser’s Hill.
REFERENCES
Corner, E.J.H. 1935 The seasonal fruiting of agarics in Malaya. Gdns’ Bull. Straits
Settlements 1X: 79-88.
Horak, E. 1980 Entoloma (Agaricales) in Indcmalaya and Australasia. Nova Hedwigia
Beiheft 65: 1-352. J. Cramer: FL-9490 Vaduz.
301 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part IT) 1980
CAETANO XAVIER FURTADO
1897 - 1980
Photo taken in 1972
302
CAETANO XAVIER FURTADO
1897 - 1980
AN OBITUARY
It is with deep regret that we have to record the sad demise of Dr C. X.
Furtado. Dr Furtado passed away on 13th June 1980 at the Singapore General
Hospital after a short illness. Caetano Xavier Furtado was born in Goa, India
on 14th October 1897. Upon his graduation at the Poona Agricultural College
in 1921 he was employed in Burma for some time before he joined the Singapore
Botanic Gardens as Field Assistant in 1923. He was later promoted to the post
of Botanist. He was awarded the Doctorate of Science by the University of
Bombay just before the outbreak of the war.
Dr Furtado is the author of many papers especially on nomenclature and
on the systematics of the Palmae and Araceae. Outstanding are his papers on
the complex genera of rattan palms (Calamus and Daemonorops) which are so
important in local use and so elaborately varied in their structure. He added
greatly to our knowledge of these plants and also corrected many errors in earlier
statements upon them. Most of his works have been published in the Gardens’
Bulletin, as well as in Sonderalbdruck aus Fedde Repertorium, the Philippine
Journal of Science and Taxon. He has contributed much towards the work at
the Gardens’ Herbarium and as an adminstrator he managed the Gardens well.
During the critical period of the war years under the Japanese occupation forces,
Furtado together with Dr R. E. Holttum, Dr E. J. H. Corner and the Gardens’
Staff, worked unselfishly to preserve the herbarium and maintain the living collec-
tions in the Gardens.
Although Furtado retired from service in 1952 he was re-employed in the
same post until August 1960. Thereafter he visited the Gardens regularly to
continue his botanical work, until a few years back when his health deteriorated
and we saw little of him. In the years after 1960 he supervised the work of
Colombo Plan students from other countries in South East Asia.
_ Furtado took a keen interest in things historical and he wrote a number of
articles in connection with the history of Malacca especially the era when Malacca
was under Portuguese rule.
Being a very religious and devout Catholic, he was awarded a Papal Medal
in 1964 for his contributions to the Catholic press.
In recognition of his work on the family, a palm Maxburretia furtadoana
was named after him by Dr John Dransfield (Gentes Herbarium, 11 (4) p. 191.
1978) to mark the occasion of his eightieth birthday.
Furtado was a gentle and kindly man. It was both a pleasure and honour
for me to have been associated with him for over 30 years in the work of the
Singapore Botanic Gardens.
He is survived by his wife, three daughters and two sons, one of whom is
Professor J. I. R. Furtado of the Department of Zoology, University of Malaya.
To his widow and family we extend our deepest sympathy.
A G ALPHONSO
303 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
ON THE UNIFICATION OF LAPLACEA AND GORDONIA (THEACEAE)
HSUAN KENG
Department cf Botany, University of Singapore
SUMMARY
Laplacea Kunth and Gordonia Ellis, generally treated as two separate genera,
are not distinct and therefore do not merit full generic status.
Kobuski (1950), in his treatment of the Central and South American species
of Laplacea Kunth (Theaceae — Theoideae), considered that this genus was fre-
presented by about 10 species in the Malayan and Indonesian region, but his
promised treatment of these species never eventuated. Most authors have con-
sidered the two genera, Laplacea and Gordonia Ellis, to be distinct (e.g., Melchior
1925, Kobuski 1950, Backer & Bakhuizen f. 1963), but Burkill (1917), in a pre-
liminary study of the genus Gordonia, listed all the species of Haemocharis Salisb.
ex Mart. & Zucc. (synonymous with Laplacea) as probably belonging to Gordonia,
although he did not formally recombine them. Sealy (1958) also considered that
the two genera were probably inseparable. In preparing an account of the
Theaceae for the “Tree Flora of Malaya’ (Keng 1978) and for the ‘Flora
Malesiana’, study of the literature and of the specimens available convinced
me that Laplacea was in fact inseparable from Gordonia.
For the purpose of discussion, two main series of evolutionary trends in the
flowers of subfamily Theoideae (or Camellioideae, Keng 1962) of Theaceae, can
be traced:
Series I. From a flower with a large number of ‘bracteoles’ (perules) gra-
dually increasing in size and passing into the sepals, which in turn, by degrees,
increase in size and change in texture and colour and pass into petals (Fig. 1,
type A), to flower with three clearly differentiated and definitely numbered
appendicular parts: 2 ‘bracteoles’, 5 sepals and 5 petals (Fig. 1, type B).
Series II. From a flower with 5 totally free, slender styles (Fig. 1, type ©),
to one with a style base and 5 branches, and finally to one with a single stout
style which has a shallowly 5-lobed stigma (Fig. 1, type D).
In addition to these two, other plausible trends include the following:
(a) From a flower with free stamens to one with various degrees of fusion
of its filaments or to another with different grades of adnation of its filaments
to the corolla.
Laplacea and Gordonia 304
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of two series of evolutionary trends in the Theaceae-
Theoideae, showing four basic types of flowers: A. With successive but not clearly
differentiated appendicular parts; B. With clearly differentiated appendicular parts: 2
bracteoles, 5 sepals and 5 petals; C. With 5 free styles; D. With a single style which
is a complete fusion of 5 units. Intermediate stages between A & B, and between C &
D are omitted.
(b) Progressive reduction of the number of ovary locules (from 5 to 3) and
of the number of ovules (from several to 2) in each locule.
(c) Progressive reduction of the length of peduncles.
A full range of variation, from presumably the extremely basic form to
the highly modified form, and also almost every possible combination of these
varied features, can be found in the flowers of different species of Camellia (cf.
Sealy 1958), and to a lesser extent, in those of Pyrenaria (Keng 1981); both
genera, like the Gordonia-Laplacea complex, belonging to subfamily Theoideae
of the Theaceae.
305 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
When the earlier collections of Asiatic theaceous plants reached Europe, the
tea-plant, with the flowers approximately as in Type B in Fig. 1, and the camellia
plant, with flowers approximately as in Type A in Fig. 1, were described by
Linnaeus in 1753 as two different genera, Thea and Camellia. A series of
intermediate forms has since been observed among the subsequently described
Asiatic species which almost bridge the gap between Thea and Camellia, leading
Sweet as early as 1818 to unite them into a single genus under the name of
Camellia. This reduction has been accepted almost universally.
The character of the styles whether completely free or fused in various
degrees, was employed as the basis of subgeneric division of the genus Pyrenaria
by Melchior (1925). The skilful application of the combination of the characters
of perianth and style forms the very foundation of Sealy’s (1958, p. 28) classi-
fication of the genus Camellia.
With this broad picture in mind, we can discuss the classification of the
Gordonia-Laplacea complex. The type species of Gordonia, viz. G. lasianthus
Ellis, occurs in coastal plain areas from North Carolina to Florida in the south
eastern United States (Kobuski 1951). It is characterized by the following floral
features: (1) peduncle relatively long (5-8 cm), with 4 caducous_ bracteoles;
(2) sepals and petals usually 5 each, rather clearly differentiated; (3) style single,
stout, with a 5-lobed stigma.
On the other hand, the type species of Laplacea, viz. L. speciosa Kunth,
occurs in §. America (Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia) (Kobuski 1950). _ It
is characterized by the following features: (1) peduncle relatively short (less than
1 cm); (2) sepals 5, gradually passing in to petals; (3) styles 5, free.
In addition to Gordonia and Laplacea species in the New World, some Asiatic
species belonging to this complex have been placed in other genera, e.g., Polyspora
(by Sweet in 1826), Haemocharis (by Salisbury in 1806), Antheeischima (by
Korthals in 1840), Closaschima (by Korthals in 1840) and Nabiasodendron (by
Pitard in 1902) (For details see Burkill 1917, Melchior 1925, and Sealy 1958).
Among numerous rather confusing binomials, ‘“Polyspora’’ axillaris (Roxb. ex.
Ker) Sweet and “‘Haemocharis’’ integerrima (Mig. Koord. & Val. single out as
examples. The former species was originally described from cultivated plants
in India, its native home as later studies revealed, is S. China and Hong Kong.
It is characterized by the following: (1) peduncle subsessile; (2) bracteoles
(perules) gradually passing into sepals, about 10 in all; (3) petals 5 or 6; (4)
style single, stout, shallowly 5-lobed at summit. The latter species was described
from Java, although the floral structure in general agrees with the former species,
the five distinct styles are almost totally free at the base.
Thus the floral structure of the four above-mentioned taxa, approximate the
following combinations of the four basic types in Figure 1.
Gordonia BD
Laplacea BC
‘““Polyspora”’ AD
““Haemocharis”’ AC
Laplacea and Gordonia 306
Although the floral characters of Camellia, Pyrenaria and the Gordonia-
Laplacea complex as described above are so variable, paradoxically their fruit
and seed characters, especially the latter, are remarkably constant. These can
be summarized below (Sealy 1958; Keng 1962, 1972; Corner 1976).
I. Camellia (Fig. 2, A, B)
Fruit usually subglobose or tricoccate, mostly woody capsular, thin- or thick-
walled, splitting from the apex into 3-5 valves which remain attached to the
central column at base.
Seeds globose, hemispheric or rounded dorsally and wedge-shaped ventrally,
no endosperm; embryo large, with a pair of thick, flat and closely adpressed
cotyledons.
IE. Pyrenaria (Fig,..2>.D, E)
Fruit usually globose, subglobose or 3—5-grooved, the wall either thick, soft-
woody and indehiscent, or thin, cartilaginous and dehiscing from the base into
3-5 valves which usually remain attached to the top of the central column for
some time and then falling off eventually.
Seeds laterally compressed, elliptic in side view, often irregularly angular
and plane due to mutual compression; endosperm absent; embryo large, with
a pair of very large, thin cotyledons folded and twisted within the seedcoat.
Ill. The Gordonia-Laplacea complex (Fig. 2, G, H)
Fruit ellipsoid oblong, mostly 5- or sometimes 3-grooved, woody capsular,
splitting from the apex downward into 5 or 3 sharp valves which remain attached
to the central column.
Seeds relatively small, ellipsoid, flattened, with a large obliquely attached
apical wing; endosperm of a thin layer; embryo fairly large, slightly curved:
cotyledons lanceolate, flat and closely adpressed.
Furthermore, although the seedling characters of only very few species were
examined (Burkill 1917, Keng 1962, 1972, Burger 1972), they appear to be vastly
different among these three taxa. For example in Camellia sinensis O.K., the
two large hemispheric cotyledons essentially retain within the seedcoat serving
as food reservoirs, and remain underground; after the epicotyl emerges from
the soil, 3-5 cataphylls are produced, followed by larger, petiolate foliage leaves
(Keng 1962) (Fig. 2, C). In Pyrenaria acuminata Planch., the two huge, laminate
cotyledons which were folded and twisted within the seedcoat, emerge and expand
to full size (ca. 2.5 x 3.5 cm) and function instantly as photosynthetic organs
(Keng 1972) (Fig. 2, F). Whereas in Gordonia singaporeana Wall. ex Ridl.,
the two tiny, oblong cotyledons, after emerging from the soil, expand to full
size (ca. 0.2 x 1 cm) and function as photosynthetic organs until the foliage
leaves are established. (Burkill 1917) (Fig. 2, I)
307 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Fig. 2. Fruits, seeds, and seedlings of Camellia sinensis O.K. (A, B, C), Pyrenaria acuminata
Planch. (D, E, F), and Gordonia singaporeana Wall. ex Ridl. (G, H, I).
A. Spheric, dehiscent capsule, with a large seed inside; B. Exalbuminous seed, the embryo
with a pair of hemispherical cotyledons; C. Seedling; the thick cotyledons serving as
food reservoir for early stage of seedling development.
D. Subglobose, indehiscent, soft-woody, drupaceous capsule, with 1, 2 or several seeds
in cach of the 5 chambers; E. Exalbuminous seed, the embryo with a pair of extremely
large thin cotyledons clasped and irregularly plaited within the seed coat; F. The cotyledons
unfolded and spread from the seed coat, photosynthesizing during the early stages of
seedling development.
G. Cylindrical capsule, dehiscing by 5 valves; H. Winged, scantily endospermous seed,
the embryo with a pair of thin, narrow and slightly undulating cotyledons; I. The
cotyledons emerging from the seed coat, photosynthetic. (A, B, C from Keng 1962; D,.
E, F based on Keng 1972; G, H, I based on Burkill 1917).
Laplacea and Gordonia 308
Since the floral characters of the Gordonia-Laplacea complex, as in Camellia
and Pyrenaria ot the same subfamily are so variable whilst their fruit and seed
characters are uniform, it seems more logical and appropriate to treat this com-
plex as a single genus rather than to split it into two, three or more genera
with largely overlapping characters. In this sense, the geographical range of
Gordonia (sensu lato) will cover both subtropical and tropical regions of S.E.
Asia, N. America, and C. & S. America,, and be closely comparable to that
of Cleyera and Ternstroemia (Keng 1962, pp. 351-3) of Theaceae, and to that
of numerous amphi-transpacific genera of various families as enumerated by
Steenis (1962).
For the reasons given above, the present writer therefore formally proposes
to merge Laplacea HBK with Gordonia Ellis, and to reduce the known species
of Laplacea to Gordonia.
Gordonia Ellis in Phil. Transact. 60 (1770) 518, t. J/. nom cons.
Laplacea Humboldt, Bonpvland and Kunth, Nov. Gen. Pl. 5 (1822) 160 (ed.
folio, 207), t. 467; DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 527; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. 1 (1862) 186; Melchior in E. & P. Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21
(1925) 135; Kobuski in J. Arnold Arb. 28 (1947) 435, 30 (1949) 167,
31 (1950) 406. syn. nov.
The ten Malesian species which were formerly described under Laplacea
(or Haemocharis) as enumerated by Burkill (1919) and Melchior (1925) will be
treated and incorporated into the following account: ‘‘Flora Malesianae Pre-
cursores LVIII, part 2, The genus Gordonia in Malesia.”’
The following West Indian species were formerly included in Kobuski’s (1949)
revision of Laplacea.
Gordonia alpestris (Krug & Urban) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Haemocharis alpestris Krug & Urban in Bot. Jahrb. 21 (1896) 547.
Haiti.
Gordonia angustifolia (Brit. & Wils.) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Haemocharis angustifolia Britton & Wilson in Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 50 (1923)
43.
Cuba.
Gordonia benitoensis (Brit. & Wils.)-H. Keng, comb. nov.
Haemocharis benitoensis Britton & Wilson in Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 16 (1920)
82.
Cuba.
309 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1989
Gordonia curtyana (A. Rich.) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea curtyana A. Richard, Ess. Fl. Cuba 1 (1845) 225.
Cuba.
Gordonia ekmanii (Schmidt) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea ekmani O.C. Schmidt in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. Reg. Veg. 22 (1925)
94.
Cuba.
Gordonia haemotoxylon Swartz, Fl. nd. Occ. 2 (1800) 1199.
Jamaica.
Gordonia moaensis (Marie-Vict.) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea moaensis Marie-Victorin in Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal 49
(1944) 72.
Cuba.
Gordonia portoricensis (Krug & Urban) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Haemocharis portoricensis Krug & Urban in Bot. Jahrb. 21 (1896) 548.
Porto Rico.
Gordonia urbanii (O.C. Schmidt) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea urbanii O.C. Schmidt in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. Reg. Veg. 22 (1925)
a3,
Cuba.
Gordonia villosa Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica 1 (1837) 117.
Jamaica.
Gordonia samuelssonii (O.C. Schmidt) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea samuelssonii O.C. Schmidt in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. Reg. Veg. 29
(1931) 16.
Haiti.
Gordonia wrightii (Griseb.) H.. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea wrightii Grisebach in Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s. 8 (1860) 166.
Cuba.
Laplacea and Gordonia 310
The following Central and South American species were included in Kobuski’s
(1950) revision of Laplacea.
Gordonia acutifolia (Wawra) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Haemocharis semiserrata (Nees) Cambessedes var. acutifolia Wawra in Martius,
Fl. Bras. 12 (1886) 290.
Brazil.
Gordonia brandegeei H. Keng, nom. nov.
Laplacea grandis T.S. Brandegee in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6 (1915) 186.
(non Gordonia grandis Andre 1880).
Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Honduras (7).
Gordonia fruticosa (Schrad.) H. Keng
Wikstroemia fruticosa Schrader in Gotting. Gel. Anzeig. 1821 (71) (May 5,
Beery ht.
Laplacea fruticosa (Schrad.) Kobuski in J. Arnold Arb. 28 (1947) 437.
Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, Panama, Costa Rica.
Gordonia humboldtii H. Keng, nom. nov.
Laplacea speciosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5 (1822) 209, t. 467 (non Gordonia
speciosa Choisy 1855).
Ecuador, Venezuela.
Gordonia obovata (Wawra) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea semiserrata (Nees) Camberssedes var. obovata Wawra in Marius,
Fl. Braz. 12 (1886) 290.
Brazil.
Gordonia planchonii H. Keng, nom. nov.
Laplacea pubescens Planchon & Linden ex Triana & Planchon in Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 4, 18 (1862) 269. (non Gordonia pubescens Cavanilles 1787).
Colombia, Bolivia, Peru.
311 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Gordonia robusta (Kobuski) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea robusta Kobuski in J. Arnold Arb. 31 (1950) 415.
Colombia.
Gordonia spathulata (Kobuski) H. Keng, comb. nov.
Laplacea spathulata Kobuski in J. Arnold Arb. 31 (1950) 424..
Peru, Brazil.
Gordonia tomentosa (Mart. & Zucc.) Spreg. Syst. Veg. Cur. Post 4 (1827) 260.
Haemocharis tomentosa Martius & Zuccarini, Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 (1826) 108,
ipaoy se
Brazil.
I should like to thank Dr Lincoln Constance, Dr D.J. Mabberley and Prof
C.G.G.J. van Steenis for going through the manuscript and for their helpful
comments; however the responsibility of the view expressed is mine.
LITERATURE CITED
Backer, C.A. &-R.C. Backhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963... Flora: of Jawa, .2Vele ae
Noordhoff, Groningen.
Burger, H.D. 1972. Seedlings of some tropical trees and shrubs, mainly of South East
Asia. PUDOC, Wageningen.
Burkill, LH. 1917. Gordonia.’ Jour. Str. Br; Roy. Asiat..Soc: 76: 0133-tor.
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicotyledons. 2 vols. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Keng, H. 1962. Comparative morphological studies in Theaceac. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.
33: 269-384.
Keng, H. 1972. Two new Theaceous plants from Malaysia and a proposal to reduce
Tutcheria to a synonym of Pyrenaria. Gard. Bull. Sing. 26: 127-135.
Keng, H. 1978. Theaceae in F.S.P. Ng. Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 3, Pp. 275-296.
Longman, Kuala Lumpur & Singapore.
Keng, H. 1981. The genus Pyrenaria (Theaceae) in Malesia (Flora Malesianae Precursores.
LVIII. Part 1). Gard. Bull. Sing. 34 (Part II): 264-289.
Kobuski, C.E. 1949. Studies in the Theaceae XVIII. The West Indian species of Laplacea.
Jour. Arnold Arb. 30: 166-186.
Kobuski, C.E. 1950. Studies in the Theaceae XX. Notes on the south and central
American species of Laplacea. Ibid. 31: 405-429.
Melchior, H. 1925. Theaceae in A. Engler & E. Prantl, Die Nat. Pflanzenfamilien, 2nd
ed. Vol. 21, Pp. 109-154. Leipzig.
Sealy, J.R. 1958. A revision of the genus Camellia. Roy. Hort. Soc. London.
Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. 1962. The land bridge theory in botany. Blumea J/: 235-372.
312
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE TRIBE DISSOCHAETEAE (NAUD.)
TRIANA (MELASTOMATACEAE)
J. F. MAXWELL
Botanic Gardens, Singapore
In a recent revision the tribe Dissochaeteae (Naud.) Triana has been found
to include 54 species and 32 varieties which are in the following genera: Diplectria
(Bl.) Reichb., Dissochaeta BJ., Macrolenes Naud., Creochiton Bl., and Pseudo-
dissochaeta Nayar.* The first four genera are woody climbers, while the last
genus has species which are mostly shrubs or trees up to 5 m tall. The entire
tribe ranges from Assam, throughout SE Asia, Hainan, throughout the Malay
Archipelago and the Philippines, to New Britain.
The Dissochaeteae has been divided into two subtribes based on the positions
of the stamens and staminodes:
1. Subtribe Diplectrinae Maxw., subtrib. nov.
Stamina petalibus opposita maiora, semper fertilia; stamina petalibus alternatia
staminodia reducta.
Stamens opposite the petals larger and fertile, those alternating with them
reduced to staminodes.
2. Subtribe Dissochaetinae Naudin
Stamens opposite the petals smaller, sometimes reduced to staminodes, or
absent; those alternating with the petals larger and always fertile.
Subtribe Diplectrinae Maxw. includes one genus, Diplectria (Bl.) Reichb., with
8 species and 4 varieties. The following changes have been made from the most
recent revision of this genus by Veldkamp et al. in Blumea 24 (1978) 405:
1. Diplectria anomala (King) Veldk. l.c. 426 and fig. 5C has been reduced to
a synonym of Diplectria viminalis (Jack) O. Ktz.
2. Diplectria beccariana (Cogn.) O. Ktz. was considered by most authors as
Dalenia beccariana (Cogn.) Ridl. ex Nayar. Dalenia beccariana (Cogn.) Ridl. ex
Nayar var. matangensis Nayar and Dalenia furfuracea Ridl. have been reduced
to syn. nov. of Diplectria beccariana (Cogn.) O. Ktz.
* Ph. D. thesis, University of Singapore, June 1980.
313 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
3. Diplectria glabra (Merr.) Nayar var. glabra, stat. nov. Diplectria glabra
(Merr.) Nayar ssp. glabra, Veldk. l.c. 421 and fig. 4B.
4. Diplectria glabra (Merr.) Nayar var. kinabaluensis (Veldk.) Maxw., stat. nov.
Diplectria glabra (Merr.) Nayar ssp. kinabaluensis Veldk. |.c. 422 and figs. 1A,
4C.
5. Diplectria glabra (Merr.) Nayar var. micrantha (Veldk.) Maxw., stat. nov.
Diplectria micrantha Veldk. |.c. 422 and fig. SB.
6. Diplectria glabra (Merr.) Nayar var. papuana (Mansf.) Maxw., stat. nov.
Diplectria papuana (Mansf.) Bakh. f., ““Thesis’” (1943) 202, Med. Mus. Bot.
Utrecht 91 (1943) 202, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 202.
Subtribe Dissochaetinae Naudin
7. Dissochaeta BI. includes 21 species, 20 varieties, and has been divided into
three sections: sect. Dissochaeta, sect. Anoplodissochaeta Baill., and sect. Ompha-
lopus (Naud.) Baill.
8. Neodissochaeta Bakh. f., l.c. 24, 134; is reduced to a synonym of Dissochaeta
BI.
9. Dissochaeta annulata Hk. f. ex Triana var. griffithii (Nayar) Maxw., comb.
et stat. nov. Macrolenes griffithii Nayar, J. Jap. Bot. 55:2 (1980) 47 (15).
10. Dissochaeta annulata Hk. f. ex Triana var. johannis-winkleri (Schwartz) Maxw.,
stat nov. Dissochaeta johannis-winkleri Schwartz, Mitt. Inst. Bot. Hamburg 7
(1931) 251. Plate 1, holotype.
11. Dissochaeta fallax (Jack) Bl., more commonly known as Omphalopus fallax
(Jack) Naud., is the only representative of Dissochaeta sect. Omphalopus (Naud.)
Baill. Omphalopus fallax (Jack) Naud. var. novoguineensts Mansf. is a syn. nov.
of Dissochaeta fallax (Jack) BI.
12. Dissochaeta glandiformis Maxw., sp. nov.
Ramuli obtuse quadrangulares et quadrosulcati, stellato-furfuracei; cristae inter-
petiolares annulares, c. 2-3 mm latae. Inflorescentia terminalis, thyrsoidea multi-
flora, minime 15 cm longa. Calyx campanulatus, c. 5 mm longus, c. 2 mm
latus, furfuraceo-stellatus, glabrescens; lobis in alabastro distincte connatis ad
structuram tenuiem glandiformen vel tholiformen conspicue venatam, sine suturis,
apice munita apertura termi 4 loba, difisa in patribus 4, saepe irregularibus, in
maturitate c. 2 mm longis, apicem versus late rotundatis atque densique caducis
vel maturis marcescentibus. Stamina 4, alternipetala, in alabastro c. 7 mm longa,
apicem verus angustata, crista subtriangularis, c. 0.5 mm longa, appendicibus
posterioribus applanatis tenuibus c. 3 mm longis.
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea) 314
__, bud petals
united 3
EE
calyx mm
.. lobes
2
. See
mm
calyx tube ¢
B
filament 3 ridges
1 2
. ee ee Se re Seana oe a
mm mm
=
(abaxial) (adaxial)
Fig. 1. Dissochaeta glandiformis Maxw. A: calyx with united calyx lobes; B: calyx
split into four lobes; C: bud petals; D, E: alternipetalous stamens in bud; F: ovary.
A-E Meijer 7282 (holotype).
Typus: Meijer 7282 (holotypus L). Tab. 1, A-E.
Branchlets bluntly 4-angled and 4-grooved, stellate furfuraceus; interpetiolar
crests annular, 2-3 mm wide; inflorescence terminal, in a multiflowered panicle
of cymes (thyrse) which is at least 15 cm long; calyx campanulate, c. 5 mm long,
2 mm wide, stellate furfuraceus and glabrescent, lobes in bud distinctly united
S15 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part IT) 1980
in a thin glandiform (lingum) or tholiform structure with distinct venation and
no visible sutures and with a tiny, 4-lobed opening at the top which splits into
4, often irregular, lobes c. 2 mm long at maturity which are broadly rounded
at the tip and finally either fall off or wither in mature flowers; stamens 4,
alternipetalous, c. 7 mm long in bud, narrowed to the tip, crest somewhat trian-
gular, c. 0.5 mm long, posterior appendages flattened and thin, c. 3 mm long.
The lingum-shaped ‘‘cap’’ with a hole in the tip is unique in the Disso-
chaeteae.
Distribution: Sumatra, Korintji Region, Gunong Tudjuh: Meijer 7282
(holotype, 1): Figz 1, A-E.
13. Dissochaeta intermedia Bl. var. leprosa (Bl.) Maxw., stat. nov. Dissochaeta
leprosa (Bl.) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 494 and Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 237.
14. Dissochaeta intermedia Bl. var. sagittata (Bl.) Maxw., stat. nov. Dissochaeta
sagittata Bl., lc. 500 and l.c. 214.
15. Dissochaeta laeve Ohwi ex Maxw., sp. nov. Anplectrum laeve Ohwi, in
scheda (L).
Ramuli_ cylindrici, minute stellato-furfuracei, glabrescentes; cristae inter-
petiolares applanatae, c. 2.5 mm longae, setis marginabilus furfuraceis c. 0.75 mm
longis munitae. Foliorum lamina subtus domatis binis basalibus. Inflorescentia
cymis racemiformibus angustis pauciflorus, c. 4-6 cm longis composita. Calyx
campanulatus, c. 3 mm longus, 2.5 mm latus, margine truncato, punctis 4 minutus
munito. Stamina, 8, antheris poro terminali minuto, poro angustior quam anthe-
rarum apiculi. Antherae alternipetalae crista erosa bifida ad biloba (i.e. valde
irregulari), c. 1.5 mm longa, atque appendicubus posteriorubus binis applanatis
2 mm longis. Antherae oppositipetalae minores, appendice lineari c. 1 mm longo,
apice erosi atque irregulariter marginato.
Typus: Endert 3127 (holotypus L, isotypus K). Tab. 2, A-D.
Branchlets cylindric, minutely stellate furfuraceus and glabrescent; interpetiolar
crests flat, c. 2.5 mm long with furfuraceus marginal bristles c. 0.75 mm long;
blades with a pair of basal domatia on the undersurface near the petiole; inflores-
cence in narrow racemes of cymes, few-flowered, 4-6 cm long; calyx campanulate,
c. 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, margin truncate with 4 minute points; stamens 8,
anthers with a minute terminal pore which is smaller than the tip of the anther;
alternipetalous anthers with an erose, bifid, to 2-lobed (i.e. very irregular) crest
c. 15 mm long and a pair of flattened posterior appendages c. 2 mm long;
oppositipetalous anthers smaller with a linear appendage which has an erose tip
and irregular margins, c. 1 mm long.
Distribution: Borneo, central east part, W. Koetai near L. Petah: Endert
3127 (holotype L, isotype K). Fig. 2, A-D. |
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea) 316
.. bud petals
of be
oe
1 2
| BS ees Bec ee
) mm
Hi
B
[
A
“... filament
~-.. filament
eG
0.5 0.5
pe te asset IP? 9.
mm mm
(abaxial) (adaxial)
D
Fig. 2. Dissochaeta laeve Ohwi ex Maxw. A: calyx and ovary; B: bud petal; C: oppositi-
petalous stamen in bud; D: alternipetalous stamen in bud. A-D Endert 3127 (holotype).
16. Dissochaeta microplectrosa Maxw., sp. nov.
Inflorescentia axillaris, 5-7 cm longa, pauciflora. Calyx campanulatus, c.
4 mm longus, stellato-puberulus glabrescens, margine late ac non-profunde un-
dulato. Stamina 8, antheris apicem versus angustatis, poro terminalis atque
obliquo; stamina minora oppositipetala, appendice minuta ad basin facis adaxialis
(connectivum) ad basin utraeque loculi calcari minuto. Antherae majores alterni-
petalae ad basin lobulo minuto munitae, ceterum inappendiculatae. Fructus
subglobosi, 9-10 mm longi, apice. mammiformi atque ex areolo protruso instructi.
317 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Typus: Léorzing 13673 (holotypus L). Tab. 3, A-D.
Inflorescence axillary, 5-7 cm long, few-flowered; calyx campanulate, c. 4
mm long, stellate puberulous and glabrescent; margin with 4 broad and shallow
undulations; stamens 8, anthers narrowed to the tip, pore terminal and oblique;
smaller anthers oppositipetalous with a minute appendage at the base of the
adaxial (connective) surface, abaxially with a minute spur at the base of each
locule; larger anthers alternipetalous with a minute lobe at the base of the
anther, otherwise inappendiculate; fruit subglobose, 9-10 mm long, top of fruit
mammiform and protruding from the areolus.
Distribution: N. Sumatra, Karoboclebende, N. Fusz Sinabung: Ld6rzing
13673 (holotype L). Fig. 3, A-D.
... filament
(abaxial) (adaxial)
-- filament
- crest
. . ridges
D
Fig. 3. Dissochaeta microplectrosa Maxw. A: calyx and ovary; B: mature petal;
C: oppositipetalous stamen in bud; D: alternipetalous stamen in bud. A-D Lérzing 13673
(holotype).
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea) 318
17. Dissochaeta pulchra (Korth.) Maxw., comb. nov.
Dalenia pulchra Korth.
in Temm., Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1842) Bot. tab. 58.
18. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. alstonii (Nayar) Maxw., stat. nov.
Disso-
chaeta alstonii Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11 (1969) 188.
Af
(abax.) (adax.)
“5 2 GSE) SEY
mm 2
Fig. 4. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. esetosa Maxw. A: calyx; B, C: oppositipetalous
stamens in bud; D: alternipetalous stamen in bud. A-D Endert 2304 (holotype).
319 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
19. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. densiflora (Ridl.) Maxw., stat. nov. Disso-
chaeta densiflora Ridl., Kew Bull. 1946, 32.
20. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. esetosa Maxw., var. nov.
Differt a variesatibus ceteris Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. omibus partibus
sine setis, petiolis pancis escal. Calycis lobi triangulares c. 1 mm longi. Calyx
atque stamina eorum Dissochaeta rostratae Korth. var. malayanae (Furt.) Maxw.
valde similes.
Typus: Endert 2304 (holotypus L, isotypus K). Tab. 4, A-D.
Differs from all other varieties of Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. in being without
bristles on all parts, except for a few on some petioles. Calyx lobes triangular,
c. 1 mm long. The calyx and stamens closely resemble those of Dissochaeta
rostrata Korth. var. malayana (Furt.) Maxw.
Distribution: Borneo, Sabah — Mostyn District, Kalumpang For. Res.:
Nordin & Ali 54413, Tingkayu Camp: Sinanggul 57228; East — Liang Gagang:
Hallier 2665; W. Koetai, near Hikam Batoe Beng: Endert 2304 (holotype L,
isotype K). Fig. 4, A-D.
21. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. floccosa Maxw., var. nov.
Ramuli, petioli, inflorescentiae, infructescentiarum axes, calyces atque fructus
floccosi, i.e. dense et crasse obtecti pilis stellatis et setis capitatis 1-2 mm longis
a pilis stellatis absconditis. Calyx tubulosus, c. 9 mm longus, 3-4 mm latus,
lobis linearibus 7-8 mm longis, apice rotundatis. Fructus urceolati, c. 10 mm
longi, 5 mm lati, lobis persistentibus, vulgo fructubus aequilongis.
Typus: Maradja 350 (holotypus L; isotypus L, SING). Tab. 5, A-F.
Branchlets, petioles, inflorescence and infructescence axes, calyx, and fruit
floccose, ie. densely and thickly covered with stellate hairs and capitate bristles
1-2 mm long which are concealed by the stellate hairs. Calyx tubular, c. 9 mm
long, 3-4 mm wide, lobes linear, rounded at the tip, 7-8 mm long. Fruit
urceolate, c. 10 mm long, 5 mm wide, lobes persisting and generally as long as
or longer than the fruit.
Distribution: Sumatra, West Coast, east of Pajakumbuh: Maradja 350
(holotype L; isotypes L, SING). Fig. 5, A-F.
22. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. hirsuta (Hk.:f. ex Triana) Maxw., stat nov:
Dissochaeta hirsuta Hk. f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 83.
So»)
NW
©
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea)
Fig. 5. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth var. floccosa Maxw. A: calyx and ovary: B: petal
bud; C: oppositipetalous stamen in bud; D: alternipetalous stamen in bud; E: fruit;
F: seed. A-D Maradja 350 (holotype), E, F Maradja 350 (isotype).
23. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. horrida (Bakh. f.) Maxw., comb. et. stat.
nov. Macrolenes horrida Bakh. f., lc. 208.
24. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. macrosepala (Stapf) Maxw., stat. nov. Disso-
chaeta macrosepala Stapf, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 80.
25. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. malayan (Furtado) Maxw., stat. nov. Disso-
chaeta malayana Furtado, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 110.
321 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part Il) 1980
26. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. porphyrocarpa (Ridl.) Maxw., stat. nov.
Dissochaeta porphyrocarpa Ridl., Kew Bull. 1946, 32.
27. Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. setosa (Schwartz) Maxw., stat. nov. Disso-
chaeta setosa Schwartz, l.c. 250. Plate 2, holotype.
28. Dissochaeta sarawakensis (Nayar) Maxw., comb. now. Neodissochaeta
sarawakensis Nayar, l.c. (1969) 195.
29. Dissochaeta spectabilis Maxw., nom. nov. This is a new name for Disso-
chaeta marumioides Furtado, l.c. 111 and fig. 1, which is a later homonym of
Dissochaeta marumioides Cogn.
30. Dissochaeta velutina Bl. var. reticulata (Bl.) Maxw., stat. nov. Dissochaeta
reticulata BI., l.c. 499 and l.c. 241.
Macrolenes Naud. has been retained instead of Marumia Bl. and has 11
species and 6 varieties with the following notes:
31. Macrolenes dimorpha (Craib) Maxw., comb. nov. Marumia dimorpha Craib,
Kew Bull. 1930, 320.
32. Macrolenes echinulata (Naud.) Bakh. f. var. esetosa (Craib) Maxw., comb.
nov. Marumia rhodocarpa Cogn. var. esetosa Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. I:4 (1931)
697.
33. Macrolenes hirsuta (Cogn.) Maxw., comb nov. Marumia hirsuta Cogn. in
DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 553. Plate 3, hololectotype.
34. Macrolenes rufolanata (Ridl.) Maxw., comb. nov. Marumia rufolanata Ridl.,
Fi. Malay Pen. 5 (1925)- 3.10:
35. Macrolenes stellulata (Jack) Bakh. f. var. ciliatiloba (Baker f.) Maxw., stat.
nov. Macrolenes ciliatiloba (Baker f.) Bakh. f., l.c. 215.
36. Macrolenes subulata Maxw., sp. nov.
Pedicilli et tubus calyxis stellato-tomentosi, setis simplicubus, stritus, subu-
latis, aureo-brunneis ad fulvis, 1-2.5 (3) mm longis, basi glabris, apicem versus
pilis stellatis dense obtectis, basi incrassata, apice acri dense obtecti. Tubus
calycis tubularis, 10-12 mm longus, lobis triangularibus e basi ovata, apice rotun-
dato, ambobus stellato-tomentosis, extra setis sparsis vel nullis, 9-11 mm longis.
Ramuli, petioli, axes primarii secondariique inflorescentiae stellato-furfuracei,
atque pilis disnersis, tenuibus, 0.5-1 mm longis, apice capitato stellatiformeve
stellato-furfuracie.
oS)
Nw
i)
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea)
Typus: Jacobs 8028 (holotypus L; isotypus SING, KEP, etc.) Tab. 6, A-G.
Pedicels and calyx tube stellate tomentose, densely covered with simple,
straight, subulate bristles which are golden-brown to tan, 1-2.5 (3) mm long,
glabrous in the lower part, densely covered with stellate hairs near the tip,
thickened near the base, sharp pointed. Calyx tube tubular, 10-12 mm long;
lobes triangular, rounded at the tip, ovate near the base, stellate tomentose on
both surfaces, with few or without bristles on the dorsal surface, 9-11 mm long.
Branches, petioles, and primary and secondary axes of inflorescence stellate
furfuraceus and with scattered, thin, capillary hairs 0.5-1 mm long which are
capitate or barbed (i.e. stalked stellate hair) at the tip.
This species is closely related to Macrolenes dimorpha (Craib) Maxw. which
differs in the nature of the calyx bristles.
Distribution: Sumatra, Lampung Province, Mt. Tanggamus (1100-1200 m):
Jacobs 8028 (spirit collection at L no. 6561) (holotype L; isotypes SING, KEP,
etc.). Fig. 6,, A-G.
filament
... filament
Fig. 6. Macrolenes subulata Maxw. A: calyx and bracteole; B: mature petal; C: ovary;
D: oppositipetalous stamen in bud; E: mature oppositipetalous stamen; F: alternipetalous
stamen in bud;; G: mature alternipetalous stamen. A-G Jacobs 8028 (holotype).
323 Gardens Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Croechiton Bl. includes 9 species and 2 varieties. Enchosanthera Guill.
(Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 314), Eisocreochiton Quis. & Merr. Phil. J.
Sci. 37 (1928) 177), and Anplectrella Furtado (l.c. 106) are all based on Creochiton
anomala (King & Stapf ex King) Veldk. and are syn. nov. of Creochiton BI.
37. Creochiton ledermannii Mansf. var. turbinata Maxw., var. nov.
Differt a var. ledermannii indumento minus denso ramules, petiolos atque
axes inflorescentiarum obtegenti, bracteolis glabris, calyxis patribus connatis tur-
binatus, fructubus extus lines verticalibus 8 munitis, atque collo brevi.
Typus: Schram 12260 (holotypus L). Tab. 7, A et B.
Differs from var. ledermannii in having less dense indumentum on the
branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence axes; glabrous bracteoles; depressed globose,
i.e. turbinate, fruit which has 8 vertical lines on the outside; and with a short
neck-like areolus.
Distribution: New Guinea, Asbakin, Warsamson Valley: Schram 12260
(holotype L); Sepik District, Yapa (Hunstein River): Hoogland: & Craven 10735;
Kouffaer River: Docters van Leeuween 10382. Fig. 7, A & B.
-- bracteole
SCar
r 1 2
AE OO,
mm B
Fig. 7. Creochiton ledermannii Mansf. var. turbinata Maxw. A: mature fruit; B: seed.
A and B Schram 12260 (holotype).
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea) 324
Pseudodissochaeta Nayar has five species, more of which may eventually
be found in Medinilla Gaud. and other genera in the Melastomataceae which
require revision.
38. Pseudodissochaeta spirei (Guill.) Veldk. & Maxw., comb. nov. Medinilla
spiret Guill., Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch. 2 (1921) 921. Lectotype: Chevalier 32408 (P)
from Co-ba, North Vietnam.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my former supervisor, Prof. Hsuan Keng, at the
University of Singapore for his valuable assistance. My appreciation is also
extended to Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr., at Leiden, who provided
the Latin descriptions of the new taxa described in this paper. My research
could not have been completed without the assistance of Prof. Dr. C. G. G. J.
van Steenis, Prof. Dr. C. Kalkman, Drs. R. Geesink, and Dr. J. F. Veldkamp
— all at Leiden — who arranged for and sponsored my trip to Leiden from
January to March 1979. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Chang Kiaw Lan,
curator of the Singapore herbarium, for many useful suggestions.
325 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
By, @
Pad
ap
SW
VILITILIALLT LLL ELECCLCALERCECEE TCO DECDEEE L
ee
sipeonannnetisnnnnncnnostiaiisepeTttnitlTtinitcTtttt ,
SI i
Wh : i
3 3
3
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ol
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Viton
Plate 1. Holotype of Dissochaeta annulata Hk. f. ex Triana var. johannis-winkleri (Schwartz)
Maxw. at Hamburg. The specimen was collected in Hara, western Borneo by Hans Winkler
(590) on 5 December 1924. Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden..
Dissochaeteae (Melastomatacea) 326
SP bouh Fy Hy
CME TE DLO ILL
<coporanisensssneattsstoniaapernsisissemsuaasnbisianoniiN
Lilt, WORE PUM PLP LIE.
VLILSOOLDLDTADS SIDI LIAS LAI ii pte nt)
ee
Lope:
UY
2 Bie 4 fe Vos ¢ >,
AL ji BES My Vy Ly 1
g
ze tg, 4
ttt i i hig g
#8 Zi thas?
Plate 2. Holotype of Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. setosa (Schwartz) Maxw. at Hamburg.
This species was collected in Hara, western Borneo by Hans Winkler on 1 January 1925 and
was originally described as Dissochaeta setosa Schwartz in 1931. The drawings are attached
to the sheet. Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden.
CPt Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXIII (Part II) 1980
i York. Lugd. Bar.
j
;
i
| ineieninsncsnannanosansnesnonnrinieaet
Z a
SPO nnn bOnn bits
Plate 3. Teysmann 8658, hololectotype of Macrolenes hirsuta (Cogn.) Maxw. at Florence.
ee specimen was collected in SE Borneo at Sintang in 1874. Photo: Rijksherbarium,
eiden.
328
BOOK REVIEW
by
J. F. MAXWELL
Botanic Gardens, Singapore
John Dransfield, A Manual of the Rattans of the Malay Peninsula,
Malayan Forest Records no. 29; Forest Department, West Malaysia, 1979; 270 pp.
Price: Malaysian $25.00
Rattans, those spiny climbing palms which are found throughout the forests
of the Malay Peninsula, have been used by man for ages for the construction
of furniture, binding materials, and many other purposes. Rattans also provide
vital ecological niches for many forest animals, e.g. ants and other insects, as
well as birds and small mammals. The sweet, juicy fruit is also relished by
many forest inhabitants.
These unusual climbers, however, have not been studied by many botanists
since they are difficult to collect, bulky, taxonomically complex, and generally
incompletely represented in most herbaria. John Dransfield’s revision of the eight
genera and 104 species of Malayan rattans is a product of his own extensive
field studies combined with a thorough review of relevant literature and the
examination of numerous herbarium collections. I was pleased to have met
him in the Singapore herbarium several years ago when he was studying our
rattan collection, however time did not permit the answering of all the questions
I had concerning this group. |
The study of Malaysian rattans dates back to the mid-1800’s with accounts
by Griffith and Blume. Beccari, Ridley, and most recently the late C. X. Furtado
also worked on this complex group. Dransfield’s manual includes chapters on
rattan morphology, natural history, utilization, and taxonomy. The taxonomic
part, forming the bulk of the book, includes keys to genera and species based
mostly on vegetative features, literature citations, complete descriptions with lucid
line drawings, distribution, uses, and short comments for each taxon.
This book is a scholary revision of a very difficult group of plants which
is presented in a format and style that naturalists and taxonomists can easily
understand. Dransfield has made a significant contribution to the knowledge of
the Malayan flora which ranks with other masterpieces on the wayside trees
(Corner), orchids and ferns (Holttum)), grasses (Gilliland), palms (Whitmore), and
other groups from the region. This rattan book is a necessary companion to
the Tree Flora of Malaya volumes and is an invaluable addition to the Malayan
Forest Record series.
329
ANNOTATED LIST OF SEED PLANTS OF SINGAPORE (VI)*
by
HSUAN KENG
Department of Botany, University of Singapore
CONTENTS
Bombacaceae
Burseraceae
Daphniphyllaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Linaceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Oxalidaceae
Polygalaceae
Rutaceae
Simaroubaceae
Sterculiaceae
Tiliaceae
* Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 31: 113. 1978.
Page
336
345
367
340
353
340
333
347
341
35h
342
345
330
330
Seed Plants 330
II. ANGIOSPERMAE-DICOTYLEDONS (continued)
80. TILIACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Herbs or undershrubs; fruit capsular,
ame NU UNIT UES eA oe a US bake ohm anig elders Triumfetta
Be Pru smooth or rough, but not bristly. 2D... s.s 2.4... 0-2--, Corchorus
A. Shrubs or trees; fruit various,
C. Fruit fleshy or pulpy,
Peer ruita berry, with many seeds inside 22.02.7500...) 062.2... Muntingia
D. Fruit a drupe,
ee
E. Leaves with 1 main vein at base; fruit with one large stone
(with 3-5 seeds embedded inside) ..................... Elaeocar pus
C. Fruit dry,
PP tut indehiscent {a 3-wimged. samara) —.-.............. 00.20.0005 Pentace
F. Fruit dehiscent,
G. Fruit of 1-5 free-carpelled follicles, smooth ......... Brownlowia
GoPro. a 4-yalved capsule, spiny -..:-... 2. 2....5.-60....66 Sloanea
Brownlowia argentata Kurz
Shrub or small tree. Leaves cordate, spiral, silvery scaly beneath. On
brackish tidal sandy soil, rare. Kranji (Ridley 6364), Bukit Timah.
Brow. tersa (L.) Kosterm.
Formerly called Brow. lanceolata Benth. Leaves lanceolate, alternate, golden
scaly beneath, in mangroves, rare. Kranji (Sinclair 40685).
331 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Corchorus acutangulus Lam.
Herb or shrubby. Flowers small, yellow, in axillary pairs. Weed, in open
ground by sea. Choa Chu Kang. #77 jit
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus Steud.
Formerly called Elaeo. jackianus Wall. Branches and petioles covered with
thick, brown, velvet hair; leaves elliptic. Tanglin, Seletar (M. Shah & Shukor
2373), Bukit Mandai.
The Elaeocarpus species are large or small trees; buds often coated with
resin; young and falling leaves pinkish red or purplish; flowers in racemes;
flower parts mostly in 5s (but some species in 4s), the petals usually fringed
or laciniate at tip; drupe green or greyish, with a large stone containing 1-5
seeds inside. Malay name is called ‘Mendong’.
Elaeo. floribundus BI.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, entire; petiole pinkish. Fruit oblong. Rare, Bukit
Timah (Corner s.n. in 1937).
Elaeo. griffithii Mast.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-ianceolate. In lowland woods, Choa Chu Kang,
Tanglin, Seletar. Botanic Gardens (Burkill 5978).
Elaeo. hullettii King
Leaves lanceolate. Not common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Reservoir
woods (Corner 32537).
Elaeo. macrocerus Merr.
Called Elaeo. littoralis Kurz by Corner. Leaves obovate-spathulate. Tree
with stilt roots and knee-shaped pneumatophores, in swamps and mixed
forests. Jurong (Ridley 5588).
Elaeo. mastersii King
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, relatively small (5-10 x 2-4 cm). Flower parts
in 4s. Fruit ellipsoid, greyish blue. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Kranji,
Changi. Reservoir woods (Burkill 1228).
Elaeo. nitidus Jack
Formerly called Elaeo. parvifolius Wall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate.
Like E. mastersii, but with flower parts in 5s and larger fruits dull green
in colour. Bukit Timah (Corner 34665).
Seed Plants 332
Elaeo. obtusus BI.
Formerly called EF. rugosus var. singaporensis Ridl. Leaves obtuse. Bukit
Timah Road (Ridley 5727).
Elaeo. paniculatus Wall.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescences very long (20-25 cm). Common,
Bukit Mandai (Corner 32522), Seletar.
Elaeo. pedunculatus Wall.
Leaves oblanceolate, often crowded near the tip. Fruit oblong, greyish blue.
Near seashores, Loyang, Tuas, Jurong, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Bayan (Ridley
10434).
Elaeo. petiolatus Wall.
Leaf-buds thickly coated with resin; leaves elliptic, entire. Common in low-
land woods, Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah, Seletar, Reservoir woods (M.
Shah 3861), Changi.
Elaeo. polystachyus Wall.
Branches silky; leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Common in woods, Bukit Timah
(S. Ahmad 1353), Jurong, Changi.
Elaeo. sphaericus K. Schum.
Leaves lanceolate. Large tree, native of the Malay Peninsula, occasionally
planted. Formerly called Elaeo. ganitrus Roxb.
Elaeo. salicifolius King
A slender tree; leaves narrow lanceolate. Not common; Bukit Timah, Choa
Chu Kang. Reservoir Jungle (Corner 29225 A).
Elaeo. stipularis BI.
Tree, pubescent all over with velvet hair. Leaves ovate with a large triangular
stipule, often with 2-5 points. Fruit round. In woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
Changi. Choa Chu Kang (Hullett 8).
Grewia blattaefolia Corner
Formerly called G. latifolia Auct. non Muell. Small tree; leaves densely
hairy below. Fruit pear-shaped, orange yellow. Bukit Timah (Ridley 4943),
Choa Chu Kang.
399 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part IT) 1980
Grew. hirsuta (Korth.) Kochum.
Small tree; formerly called Grew. omphacarpa Mig. Rare, Tanglin.
Grew. acuminata Juss.
Stout climber. Flowers white. Tanglin, Geylang. Formerly called Grew.
umbellata Roxb.
Muntingia calabura L.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, in one plane, the blades unequal-
sided, densely woolly. Flowers white; berry red, edible. ‘Native of Brazil,
commonly found in villages, called “cherry tree’ (the true cherry tree of the
Orient belongs to the genus Prunus of Rosaceae).
Pentace triptera Mast.
A gigantic tree with prominent buttresses. Flowers white, in panicles. Fruit
pink, with 3 membraneous wings. In woods, Bukit Timah (Ridley 6363a),
Ang Mo Kio, Choa Chu Kang. Vern. Melunak Pusat Beludu.
Sloanea javanica Szysz. ex K. Schum.
Large tree. Flowers white, in axillary panicles. Fruit a woody and spiny
capsule. Very rare, Kranji (Mat 6174).
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Shrublet; stem glabrescent. Flowers yellow. Fruit small round, densely
hairy. A weed in waste ground, Tanglin (Hullett 292), Changi. Plant in
vegetative state can be easily confused with Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae),
the leaves of the latter, however, bear a gland on lower surface near base
of midrib. Erroneously called Trium. bartramia L. 19085
Trium. pseudocana Spr. & Craib
Shrublet; stem velvetly hairy; fruit tomentose, with straight long hairs. A
weed, not common.
81. MALVACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Herbs or shrubs,
B. Flowers small (less than 3 cm across); fruit 5-lobed, separating into 5
l-seeded split fruits,
Seed Plants 334
eaves Getecy airy. OWErsS, Pik ..........00.-..53-s0ddvenacswnes> Urena
C. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; flowers yellow ..................... Sida
B. Flowers large (usually over 5 cm across); fruit globose, dehiscing by
3-5 or more valved,
D. Calyx splitting on one-side, apathe-like .................. A belmoschus
D. Calyx cup-shaped,
E. Flowers open, bell-shaped, filamental tube erect,
F. Epicalyx absent; capsule 15-20 parted ............ A butilon
F. Epicalyx present; capsule 3-1C parted,
G. Epicalyx of S5— many bracts; capsule 5-10 chambered
115 SRR, he Piety ih ae peels gas Te Hibiscus (in part)
G. Epicalyx of 3 large bracts; capsule 3-chambered ......
PAS eee aan. See Stan LL ee A Oe ee Gossypium
A. Trees; fruit globose, dehiscing by 5— many valves,
H. Style undivided; bracts of epicalyx deciduous early ............ Thespesia
H. Style divided into 5-branches; bracts of epicalyx persistent ...............
[oS TEES SECA Ea ele A eG Se ace ip ed ES Hibiscus (in part)
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Erect herb. Weed, sometimes found in waste ground. Geylang (Teruya
1280).
Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (= Hibiscus esculentus L.)
Annual herb, erect, stout. Leaves 5—7-lobed or -divided. Epicalyx 10-16-
lobed, lineate. Flowers yellow with a red centre. Probably native to Africa,
cultivated for its long ribbed edible fruits known as ‘Lady’s finger’ or okra.
RAR
Abelm. moschatus Medic. (= Hibiscus abelmoschus L.)
Annual hairy herb, the musk mallow, native of India, formerly cultivated.
Gossypium barbadense L.
The sea-island cotton, a native of Peru, together with one or two other
species, occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.
335 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Hibiscus mutabilis L.
Shrub or small tree with large pink, multipetalous flowers (called ‘cotton
rose’). Native of China, propagated by cuttings. RK
Hibis. rosa-sinensis L.
Shrub or tree-like. Flowers mostly rose-red, sometimes double or varying
into other shades. Never produce any fruit or seed under tropical climate,
native of continental Asia, prob. China. Vern. Bunga-raja. 7K Aji 9 RFE
Hibis. schizopetalus (Mst.) Hook. f.
Shrub. Flowers drooping; petals red, rarely orange, multisect, recurved.
Native of tropical E. Africa, commonly cultivated.
Hibis. surattensis L.
Herb or scrambling shrub, pickly. Leaves lobed. Flowers yellow with a
maroon eye. Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Alor Gajah (Sinclair 8930).
Hibis. syriacus L.
Shrub. Flowers purple (‘rose of sharon’). Native of continental Asia,
occasionally cultivated. 7. ##
Hibis. tiliaceus L.
A common sea-coast tree. Leaves heart-shaped, whitish beneath. Flowers
yellow with a maroon eye, turning pink soon after opening. Changi (M.
Shah 762). 3 kt
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.
A shrub of tropical American origin, cultivated for its red, hardly opened
flowers.
Sida acuta Brum. f. (= Sida carpinifolia L.)
Herb or subshrub. Leaves linear lanceolate. A weed, with yellow flowers.
Geylang. (Teruya 1263).
Sida cordifolia L.
Leaves ovate, thick, tomentose, with dordate base. Geylang. (Teruya 1979).
Sida rhombifolia L.
Leaves rhomboid.
Seed Plants — 336
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa
Tree of the sea-coast, very similar to the sea Hibiscus (H. tiliaceus L.) but
can be easily distinguished from the latter by its truncate, cup-shaped calyx
and the round, non-splitting fruits. Changi (Hullett 92).
82. BOMBACACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
Pea eaves Dalinaiciy compound, leatiets 5-9. 4.25. < id esdwiig $-oyiesedaseessoeees Ceiba
A. Leaves simple,
B. Leaf-tips round or notched; fruit wall hairy inside, splitting completely
NE RRR Ls Sa tlc wae RG a SLRS che pia md ola Laake» Neesia
B. Leaf-tips pointed: fruit wall glabrous inside,
C. Midrib raised above; fruit with short stout spines ...... Coelostegia
C. Midrib sunken above; fruit with long sharp spines ............ Durio
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
Large tree, trunk and twigs thorny. Leaves palmately compound, native to
tropical America, probably carried by current to Africa in remote times.
The tree yields kapok which is the floss derived from the inner fruit wall,
in which the seeds lie loose when ripen. Vern. Kapok. +4 8
Coelostegia griffithii Benth.
Large tree. Flowers small, on old wood. Fruit large, round; woody fruit
wall covered with thorn and black on the outside, orange on the inside.
Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4738).
Durio griffithii (Mst.) Bakh.
Medium-sized tree. Flowers small, white. Fruit small, scarlet. Gardens’
Jungle, Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1894)
Durio singaporensis Ridl. (= D. oblongus Auct. Corner, non Mast.)
Flowers white, large. Fruit green, not edible. In woods, rare; Bukit Timah
(Ridley 3704, type), Bukit Mandai. Reservoir woods.
337 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Durio zibethinus L.
Large tree. Fruit large, thorny; the pulp (aril) surrounding the seeds edible.
Possibly wild in Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo, often cultivated. Vern.
Durian. #kE
Neesia altissima BI.
Large tree. Leaves hairy beneath. Fruit woody, large, partly open, the
walls inside covered with yellow stinging hair. Seeds black, with a yellow
waxy aril. Rare, Bukit Timah, Seletar (Corner s.n. in 1941)
Nees. malayana Bakh.
Leaves glabrous beneath, in fresh water swamp forest, Mandai (Corner 37138).
Kranji, Choa Chu Kang.
83. STERCULIACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Woody climbers: 2.32.2. e ce, ee ieee Byttneria
A. Erect shrubs or tree;
B. Shrubby, shrubs or small trees,
C. Shrubby' <7, oof. S50 Ss ae pon ee da ee eh Melochia
C. Shrubs or small trees,
D. Fruit a capsule,
E. Capsule bristly with long woolly hairs ...... Commersonia
E. Capsule membranaceous, inflated .................. Kleinhovia
D. Fruit a leathery folliele' 4) ea ee Sterculia (in part)
B. Tall trees,
F. Fruit woody; seeds winged,
G. Fruit a capsule; leaves yellow-brown beneath ... Pterospermum
G. Fruit a follicle, leaves usually whitish beneath ......... Heritiera
F. Follicles not woody; seeds not winged,
Seed Plants 338
peg le eh oT Se Sterculia
H. Follicle large, membranaceous, green .................... Scaphium
Byttneria maingayi Mast.
Big woody climber; flowers white or pink, small; fruit a prickly capsule,
Opening by 5 valves, with 1 seed in each locule. Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley
6016), Changi, Bukit Mandai. Vern. Akar Kachubong.
Commersonia bartramia Merr.
Small tree, spreading; flowers white, in large branched cymes; capsule globose,
with long sofe grey hairs. In open jungle, Tanglin, Jurong.
Heritiera borneensis (Merr.) Hosterm.
Tree. Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 34617).
Heritiera elata Rid.
Gigantic inland tree; petiole over 2.5 cm long. Gardens’ Jungle.
Herit. littoralis Dryand. ex W. Ait
Tree, in mangrove swamps; lower surface of leaves silvery grey to brown;
petiole to 2.5 cm long; follicles 2-5, winged on one side. Bajau, Kranji,
Pulau Jahat (Ridley 2049). Pulau Tekong. Vern. Dungun, #8 # ##
Heritiera simplicifolia (Mast.) Kosterm. (= Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast.)
Large tree; leaves elliptic, usually with a broad apical notch. Bukit Timah.
Gardens, Jungle (Md. Nur 1026).
Kleinhovia hospita L.
Shrub or small tree, with a dense crown; flowers pink in terminal panicles,
fruit a bladder-like, 5-shouldered capsule. Formerly recorded as wild, now
only occasionally found in cultivation.
Melochia corchorifolia L.
Shrubby weed; flowers small, pink, in waste places.
Pterospermum diversifolium BI.
Learge sea-shore tree, with short buttresses; leaves oblong, with a_heart-
shaped base or peltate and palmately lobed; fruit a woody capsule, oblong.
Pulau Ubin (Ridley 387).
389 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1986
Pterosp. javanicum Jungh.
Slender inland tree, with much smaller leaves than the above species. Bukit
Timah, Sungei Bulah (Ridley 6/101).
Scaphium linearicarpum Pierre
Large tree; leaf-base heart-shaped; flowers small, in ‘scurfy panicles; fruit a
large papery follicle, dehiscing early becoming boat-shaped and exposing the
single seed. Jurong (Mat 676/).
Scaph. macropodum (Miq.) Beuinee ex Heyne (= Scaph. affine Pierre)
Like the above, but leaf-base rounded. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah (M. Shah & Samsuri 3910).
Sterculia bicolor Mast.
Tree; flowers apetalous, in hanging racemes; fruit follicles 1-5, leathery, pink
or scarlet, radiating from a common stalk, splitting open along the imner
suture; seeds hanging from the split edges. Bukit Timah, Seletar (Sinclair
S.F. 40637).
Sterculia coccinea Jack (= Sterc. laevis Wall.)
Shrub; flowers green; follicles 3-5, scarlet; seeds blue black. Common in
woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1903), Pulau Ubin.
Sterc. cordata Bl. (= Sterc. javanica R. Br.)
Large tree. Bukit Timah.
Sterc. elongate Ridl.
Shrub. Bukit Timah (Goodenough s.n. in 1890).
Sterculia foetida L.
Tree, the only Malayan species of Sterculia with palmately compound leaves
(the others being all simple-leaves). Native of E. Africa and India, occa-
sionally planted.
Sterc. macrophylla Vent
Big tree; follicles 3-5, red, large. Choa Chu Kang, Nee Soon (Samsuri 1455),
Reservoir woods.
Seed Plants 340
Sterc. nobilis Smith
Small tree. Native of S. China, occasionally planted for its edible seeds.
pea
Sterc. parviflora Roxb.
Big tree; flowers pink, follicles orange red. Gardens’ Jungle, Grange Road
(Corner 31479).
Sterc. rubiginosa Vent
Small tree; flowers pink. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley
6082), Bukit Mandai.
84. LINACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
Peo Woody Chiiber, spiny; fruit drupaceéOus 27>. . £9) 220. Aste ee. Indorouchera
Peete ttecs, or somy, iruit Capsular 223000.) es in ete ees es. Ixonanthes
Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier
Formerly called Roucheria griffithiana Planch. Woody climber, with stiff
woody tendrils; flowers small, yellow; drupe red. In thickets and woods.
Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4629), Bukit Mandai.
Ixonanthes icosandra Jack
Tree; leaf-margin wavy or toothed; stamens 14-18; fruit a thinly woody
capsule, opening by 5 valves. In woods. Water Catchment Areas, Changi
(Ridley 130).
Ixon. reticulata Jack
Leaf-margin entire; stamens 8-12. In woods, Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah,
Jurong, Pulau Bukom (Md. Nur s.n. in 1947).
85. ERYTHOXYLACEAE
Erythroxylum cuneatum Kurz
Shrub or small tree; flowers white or yellow; fruit drupe-like, bright red.
In woods near the sea; Changi (Sinclair 37935).
Eryth. nova-granatense Heiron.
The cocaine bush of Colombia, formerly grown as a hedge plant, now
prohibited. #7
341 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
86. OXALIDACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Herbs: leaves 3-foliolate ©............c:0:00+s¢0eesssrves0ees 000 eee Oxalis
A. Woody climbers or trees,
Bl Chimbers; leaves simple; leathery’ ?.- 002. Dapania
B. Trees,
CG. Leaves ‘simple “ie... 00s. lc teees cc rr Sarcotheca
C. Leaves pinnate. issie.-.2. cc siees eb a Averrhoa
Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Small tree; leaves pinnate; flowers in tufts on stem and large branches; fruit
green, warty, more or less rounded in cross section, very acidic, edible.
Cultivated in villages; origin unknown, probably of S. India. Vern. Bilimbi.
Averrh. carambola L.
Fruit with 5 prominent ribs, star-shaped in cross section (hence ‘star fruit’),
light green or yellow, edible. Probably of S. Indian origin; cultivated. Vern.
Kembola, {Ft » Ak>
Dapania racemosa Korth.
Climber; leaves leathery, simple. Bukit Timah (Sinclair 39648), Jurong.
Oxalis barrelieri L.
Small herb, erect, 10-30 cm high; leaflets ovate; flowers pale blue. A weed
of S. American origin.
Oxalis corniculata L.
Small herb, creeping; leaflets 3, rounded, notched; flowers yellow. A weed
in gardens and waste places. # /Laf at 2
Oxalis corymbosa DC
Creeping herb; leaves and flowers both larger than those of C. coniculata;
flowers pink. Native of Brazil, occasionally cultivated or running wild.
Sarcotheca griffithii Hall. f. (= Connaropsis griffithii Planch.)
Tree, leaves 3-foliolate; flowers black. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah Mandai
Road (Sinclair 39536). 7
Seed Plants 342
87. RUTACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
eee eee, leaves: divided ‘mito 2—35° times pintiate ..............................0.. Ruta
A. Woody climbers, shrubs or trees,
B. Woody climbers, prickly or spiny,
TS EE Ve kee ong Oe ee eee ae Paramignya
C.. Leaves pintiate, with 5-9 Jeaflets ©... 232......50e.ciscc.... Zanthoxylum
B. Shrubs or trees,
D. Leaves always simple or 1-foliolate,
Brceeaiete ices UME NR 8 t cyt eae ite de ues Acronychis
E. Leaves alternate,
F. Shrubs or trees with round or ovoid fruits, mostly culti-
RNA eee ia ae cee ee OR SL ce. wn oo oid 2 Xn Citrus
F. Shrubs with 3-angled fruit, in mangroves ......... Merope
D. Leaves often 3-foliolate (sometimes also 1-foliolate),
G. Fruit with a thick, hard shell, cultivated ..................... Aegle
G. Fruit small, with soft rind,
H. Flowers in large inflorescence; wild ... Glycosmis (in part)
H. Flowers solitary, axillary; hedge plant ............ Triphasia
D. Leaves pinnate, usually with 5-9 or more leaflets,
SS a LS "SS Ne ee a eee Euodia
I. Fruit of small berries,
J. Style less than 1 mm long,
K. Ovary sessile, on a cushion-like disk ...... Glycosmis
K. Ovary on a stalk-like disk ....................... Clausena
ee PL BINT MNS oo. i520, chs <- ve nvnin bi Fa sect henesie acts Murraya
343 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Acronychia porteri Hook. f.
Tree; leaves simple, opposite; flowers 4-merous, on an expanded inflorescence;
stamens 8; fruit a small drupe. In woods, Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah,
Changi, Jurong (Ridley 7285).
Aegle marmelos Correa
Deciduous tree; flowers with many stamens; ovary 8-12 chambered; fruit
subglobose, with hard woody shell. Native of India, cultivated for medicine,
called Bel-fruit tree.
Citrus aurantifolia Swingle
Small tree or shrub; leaves smaller than lemon (C. limon Burm. f. +# 5)
the fruit is also smaller, nearly rounded and with thinner rind, very sour
(‘limau asam’ or lime, ag{4 ). Bukit Timah Road (Furtado 10567). Besides
-some imported citrus fruits such as sweet orange (C. sinensis Osb., ‘limau
potong’ @#?## ), mandarin orange (C. reticulata Blanco, ‘limau kupas’ *#)
grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf. # #4), the following species are sometimes
cultivated in private gardens: C. grandis Osb. (pomelo, ‘limau besar #& >
XB ), C. hystrix DC. (Mauritius papeda, ‘limau purut’), C. medica L. (citron,
‘limau sus’ 437% ), C. microcarpa Bunge (musk lime, ‘limau kesturi’), and
others.
Clausena excavata Burm. f.
Shrub, with foetid odour; leaves odd-pinnate with numerous leaflets; flowers
white; fruit pink. In open woods, Tanglin (Goodenough 223), Pulau Ubin.
Claus. lansium Skeels
Shrub or small tree. Fruit (wampi #)%) edible. Native to S. China,
occasionally planted.
Euodia glabra BI.
Small tree: leaflets 3, obovate; flowers with 4-5 stamens, in large panicles;
fruit folliculate. Bukit Timah (Liew 37255), Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang,
Seletar.
Euodia robusta Hook. f.
Tall tree; leaflets 3, broadly elliptic. Reservoir woods, Tuas, Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah (Hullett 455).
Euodia roxburgiana Benth. ex Hook. f.
Tree; leaflets 3, oblong elliptic; flowers white. Tanglin, Jurong, Bukit Timah,
Kranji, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 11264). | |
Seed Plants 344
Glycosmis chlorosperma Spr. (= G. malayana Ridl.)
Tree or large shrub; leaves with 5-7 leaflets; flowers and fruit white. Gardens’
Jungle, Bukit Timah, Seletar, Changi, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 39/2).
Glyc. lanceolata Spr. (= G. citrifolia Auct. Ridl.)
Small tree; leaves 1- or 3-foliolate, lanceolate-elliptic. Tanglin (Ridley 10835).
Merope angulata Swingle (= Paramignya longispina Hook. f.)
Shrub or small tree with stout single or paired spines; flowers axillary,
solitary, 5-merous; fruit yellow, like a small pear, 3-angulate, aromatic, used
in native medicine. In mangrove swamps, Jurong Kranji. Vern. Limau
lelang.
Murraya koenigii Spr.
Small tree or shrub; leaflets 9-23, stinging when bruised (‘curry bush’).
Native of India, cultivated.
Murraya paniculata Jack (= M. exotica L.)
Shrub or small tree; leaflets 3-7; flowers white, strong-scented. Native of
continental Asia, cultivated as an ornamental. Vern. Kumuning, mock
orange, JULZ&
Paramignya scandens Craib var. ridleyi Swingle (= P. griffithii Hook. f.)
Prickly climber; fruit globose, not lobed. Rare, Changi.
Ruta graveolens L.
Perennial herb, rue, from S. Europe; leaves 2-2 times subdivided. Occa-
sionally planted for medicine and flavouring. ¥ 4
Triphasia trifolia P. Wils.
Spiny shrub; leaves of 1-3 leaflets; flowers white; fruit ovoid, red. Prob.
a native of S. China, planted for hedges. Vern. Limau keah.
Zanthoxylum nitidum DC (= Z. hirtellum Ridl.)
Climbing shrub; leaflets usually 5-9. Yio Chu Kang (Ridley 1129/), 9 Jatt
345 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
88. SIMAROUBACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Leaves simple,
By *Gicantic tree, im inland forest, .5.......:.209..eeee fos» asidtelae eee Irvingia
B. Shrub or small tree, in tidal swamps ..........:.......20 eee Quassia
A. Leaves pinnately compound, shrubs or small trees,
C. Leaflets sessile or nearly so, attached to the rachis with a conspicuous
JOINT ...ies2.551.. amarved bergen nm eee 2 ee Eurycoma
C. Leaflets stalked, joint «indistinct 1... ...c. .cr.esse«aeaeeeae a ee Brucea
Brucea javanica Merr. (= B. sumatrana Roxb.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves with 3-15 coarsely-toothed leaflets, aromatic;
flowers small, purple; drupe black, bitter, used in native medicine for many
purposes. Changi (Kiah 2603). Vern. lada pahi. #2&A2-7-
Eurycoma longifolia Jack
Shrub or small tree; bark bitter, used in native medicine against fever; leaves
with many opposite leaflets plus a terminal one. In primary and secondary
forests, Tanglin, Changi (Hullett 51), Bukit Timah. Vern. Bidara pahit.
Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn.
Large tree with steep plank buttresses; flowers small, green; fruit like a small
mango. In Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah (Ridley 6356). Vern. Pauh
kijang.
Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Nooteb. (= Samadera indica Gaertn.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves with few to many scattered, pitted glands on
the lower surface; fruit laterally compressed, sharp-edged. Formerly reported
from tidal swamps, extinct.
89. BURSERACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. ~ Fruit: at. winged .capsule>. \: .:/2)...iJs. is. Dus Ys coda nian ees ate ee Triomma
Seed Plants 346
A. Fruit a drupe, not winged,
B. Fruit with an apical stigma, wrinkled when dry,
C. Calyx enlarged in fruit; stone wall thickly woody ......... Canarium
C. Calyx not enlarged in fruit; stone wall thinly woody ...... Dacryodes
B. Fruit with a lateral stigma, smooth when dry ..................... Santiria
Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) Lam (= Trigonochlamys grandifolia Ridl.)
Large tree, buttressed; leaves pinnate, with 5—7 leaflets; inflorescence terminal
or axillary; flowers unisexual, 3-merous; drupe seated on an enlarged calyx;
stone woody, 3-angulate in section. Changi.
Canar. littorale BI.
A common but variable species formerly considered as several separate species
(C. purpurascens Benn., C. rufum Benn., C. secundum Benn.). Medium-
sized tree; flowers creamy yellow; fruit large, greyish green; stone 3-angled.
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi, Seletar, MacRitchie (Corner 33553). Vern.
Kedondong.
Canar. patentinervium Mig. (= C. nitidum Benn.)
In open woods, Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah, Changi (Ridley 5001).
Canar. pilosum Benn. (= C. grandiflorum Benn.)
Flowers orange. Changi, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah (Corner 34995).
Canar. vulgare Leenh. (= C. commune L.)
Native of Celebes and Molucca, the kenai nut tree is valued for its oily
kerneel of fruits. One time planted as a roadside tree.
Dacryodes laxa (Benn.) Lam (= Santiria laxa Benn.)
Large tree with spreading crown; leaves with 7-9 leaflets; flowers deep
red, in a lax hanging hairy panicle; drupe rosy, plume-like. Bukit Timah
(Ngadiman 37037), Gardens’ Jungle.
Dacryodes rostrata (BI.) Lam (= Canarium kadondon Benn.)
Big tree, fruit pink. Gardens’ Jungle; Bukit Timah (Ridley 6359), Changi.
Santiria apiculata Benn.
Small tree; leaves with 3-9 leaflets; flowers whitish green; fruit rosy, obliquely
ellipsoid. Bajau (Ridley 6361), Bukit Timah.
347 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) Engl. (= Trigonochlamys griffithii Hook. f.)
Tree; leaflets 9-15; flowers whitish yellow; fruit blue. Kranji, Seletar, Tanjong
Gul, Mandai (Corner 34904).
Santiria laevigata BI.
Large tree; flowers green. Seletar, Gardens’ Jungle; Bukit Timah (Ngadiman
SuT 72):
Triomma malaccensis Hook. f.
Large tree, exuding aromatic resin; leaflets 9; fruit a 3-winged capsule, green,
opening by 3 woody valves; seed 1 in each locule, flatly winged. Gardens’
Jungle, Bukit Timah (Corner 34956), rare.
80. MELIACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves simple, small -shrubs); 2. .eatatiwecee. oe pee eee Turraea
Leaves compound,
B. Leaves imperfectly: 2=3 umes: pimmate >. 2+ wae nee ae ee Melia
B. Leaves 3-foliolate or once pinnate,
C. Flowers with a prominent glandular disc, cup or tube shaped, sur-
rounded but free from the ovary,
D. -Leaves'3-foliolatenk.23-).) 2a A ee eee Sandoricum
D.. Leaves once: pismation ioe tee eee Dysoxylum
C. Flower disc inconspicuous or absent, or if prominent, then fused
with the ovary,
E. Petals globosely connivent,
F.. Flower. parts-m-3s, irees >) Amoora, Aphanamixis
F. Flower parts in 5s, trees or shrubs,
G. Inflorescence spike-like, ovary 3-5 loculed ... Lansium
G. Inflorescence panicled, ovary 1-3 loculed ...... Aglaia
E. Petals not globosely connivent,
Seed Plants 348
H. Flower parts in 4s,
I. Calyx deeply 4-lobed; capsule not dehiscent, many
seeded; trees of mangrove swamps ......... X ylocar pus
I. Calyx subentire; capsule dehiscent, 1-—4-seeded; disc
PME ETE Oe ie ee Sac Saree Seek es a Chisochetum
H. Flower parts in 5s,
J. Leaflets serrate; drupe globose, 1.5—2 cm long .........
Nearer bene are iO as aes eGo ey ha ko «; Azadirachta
J. Leaflets entire; capsule ovoid, 7-17 cm long .........
a a a de ee es Ak ca siphis a Swietenia
Aglaia cordata Hiern.
Small tree; leaflets 7-9; flowers minute, in axillary panicles; berry globose
or ovoid, 1-2 seeded; seeds with a yellow pulpy coat. Seletar (Ridley 333).
Aglaia glabriflora Hiern.
Shrub; leaflets 9 or more. Edge of woods; Tanglin. Changi, Bukit Timah
(Sinclair 40189).
Aglaia odorata Lour.
Shrub with very small yellow fragrant flowers (exclusively male ones). Native
of S. China, often cultivated; propagated by marcots. #8 fl > #15 Hi
Aglaia odoratissima BI.
Shrub or small tree; leaflets 5-7; fruit yellow; fruit ovoid. Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 39/9).
Aglaia oligophylla Mig.
Small tree; leaflets 3-5; fruit globose. Singapore, formerly recorded by
Wallich 4887.
Aglaia palembanica Miz,
Shrub or small tree; leaflets 5—9; fruit ellipsoid. Stagmount.
Aglaia trichostemon DC
Small tree; leaflets 9-13; fruit ovoid. Gardens’ Jungle (Corner 33582), Jurong.
349 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Amoora cucullata Roxb.
Tree, leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-11; racemes supra-axillary; petals yellow:
capsule pear-shaped, 6-6.5 cm across, 3-valved, with 1 seed in each locule;
aril orange. Seletar, Mandai, Pandan.
Amoora rubescens Hiern.
Tree; leaflets 13-15. Singapore (Maingay ?), Seletar.
Amoora rubiginosa Hiern.
Large tree; leaflets 17-21, of copper colour beneath; fruit subglobose, apicu-
late, 5-7 cm across. Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Corner 37277).
Aphanamixis rohituka Pierre (= Amoora aphanamixis Schultes)
- Tree; leaflets 9-15; male flowers in panicles; female flowers in racemes;
capsule globose, 3-valved; seeds arillate, scarlet. Tuas, Seletar, Bukit Timah,
Jurong (Corner 36036).
Azadirachta indica Juss. (= Melia indica L.)
Trees; leaves pinnate; leaflets 8-16; flowers yellowish white; fruit greenish
yellow. Wild in India, known as nim tree, a valuable medicinal plant.
Chisocheton patens BI. (= Chis. divergens BI.)
Laticiferous tree; leaflets 20-30; flowers in supra-axillary panicles; petals
yellowish white; capsule pear-shaped, red, 2-4 valved; seed 1 in each chamber.
black with orange aril as base. Tanglin, Mandai (Corner 36292), Changi.
Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern.
Big tree; leaflets 8-12. Pulau Ubin, Tampines River (Ridley 5963).
Chis. macrophyllum King
Tree; leaflets many. Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4767, type 1).
Chis. pauciflorus King
Shrub or small tree: leaflets 4-6; fruit fusiform. Reservoir woods.
Chis. pentandrus Merr. Subsp. paucijugus Mabberley (= Chis spicatus Hiern.)
Tree; leaflets 4-6; fruit spear-head shaped; seeds 2. Bukit Timah (Ridley
8448). |
Seed Plants 350
Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.
Tree, glabrous; leaflets 6-8, entire; flowers axillary or on old woods, in
panicles or racemes; capsule globose, pear shaped, 3-loculate; seeds black
with an orange aril. Changi, MacRitchie (Corner 34950).
Dysox. cauliflorum Hiern.
Tree, leaflets 9-13; flowers and fruits clustered on the trunk; fruit ovoid,
split by 4 valves; seeds black with a red aril. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Choa Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin (Hullett 392).
Dysox. costulatum Miq.
Tree; leaflets 8-9; fruit depressed globose, tapering below, 4-valved. Seletar,
Changi, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 36424).
Dysox. flavescens Hiern.
Tree; leaflets 9-13; fruit ovoid, on large branches. Bukit Timah, Changi,
Seletar (Ridley 6127).
Dysox. macrothyrsum Miq.
Tree; leaflets 6-8; fruit turbinate, with 4 shallow grooves and 4 round angles.
Choa Chu Kang.
Dysox. thyrsoideum Griff.
Large tree; leaflets 6-8; fruit globose, shortly narrowed at based. Bukit
Timah (Ngadiman 35586).
Dysoxylum tubinatum King
Small tree; leaflets 4-6; fruit depressed glabrous. Bukit Timah, Choa Chu
Kang (Goodenough 3468).
Lansium domesticum Carr.
Tree; leaflets 3-8, flowers in axillary racemes; simple, branched or in fascicles;
flowers pale yellow; berry globose, 5-loculate. but usually only 1 or 2-seeded;
seeds with a fleshy gelatinous edible aril. Vern. Langsat. duku.
Melia azedarach L.
Tree; leaves imperfectly 2-3 times pinnate; leaflets crenate or incised; petals
lilac (hence the common name ‘‘Persian lilac’); fruit a yellow-brown berry.
as if with a porcelain-like coating (hence ‘China berry tree’’). Native of
N. India, sometimes cultivated. *#R » #4P
331 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. (= S. indicum Cav.)
Laticiferous tree ;leaflets 3, entire or shallowly serrate; petals reddish yellow;
drupe yellow, depressed globose, 5—7.5 cm across, with 2 to 5 pyrenes. Vern.
Sentol.
Swietenia macrophylla King
Tree; leaves even-pinnate; leaflets 9-15; capsule ovoid, woody, greyish brown,
15-17 cm long, 5-loculate, dehiscing by 5 valves from the base. The broad-
leaved mahogany tree is a native of Honduras, often cultivated as a roadside
tree.
Swietenia mahogani Jacq.
This is the mahogany tree which differs from the above species in smaller
leaflets with distinctly recurved margins at base, and in smaller capsule
(7.5-10 cm long). Native of tropical America, only occasionally planted.
Pe FE 0S 7K
Turraea breviflora Rid.
Small shrub; leaves simple; flowers in axillary cymes. In woods, Serangoon.
Xylocarpus granatum Koen. (= Carapa obovata Bl.)
Tree with smooth, peeling reddish bark, in mangrove swamps; leaflets 2—4(—6),
obovate oblong, thick leathery; fruit globose, 10-20 cm across, brown; seeds
several, cocky. Kranji, Serangoon, Pulau Seletar (Samsuri 1204). Vern.
Nireh.
Xyloc. moluccensis (Lamk.) Roem. (= Carapa moluccensis Lamk.)
Tree with dark brown bark; leaflets 1-7, ovate-oblong, thin leathery; fruit
broadly ellipsoid, 8-15 cm across. Pulau Pawai (Sinclair 38898), Ulu Pandan.
91. POLYGALACEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Herbs; petals 3, fused at base and adnate to the staminal tube,
B. “Stamens :8 cihuscc.ivel.ectiecbuedh: Bs eee teabe- ae oe Polygala
B. Stamens. 425) oc.e.c. Sein eae cede eae Salomonia
A, Trees:, petals. 5, free,
C. Stamens 5° ;fruit\of 3. samaras' 2°... 09o5, eee Trigoniastrum
C. Stamens 8; fruit a drupe 5)4.4.5).. Gaevle eee Lonnail Xanthophyllum
Seed Plants 352
Polygala brachystachya BI.
Small trailing herb; leaves small narrow; flowers yellow, in racemes. St.
Michael’s Road (Sinclair 38867).
Polygala paniculata ii
Flowers white or pale violet, in terminal simple or branched racemes. Native
of Brazil, common in road borders in certain areas.
Salomonia cantoniensis Lour.
A very thin herb: flowers very small, pink, found in open grassland. Choa
Chu Kang (Goodenough 3838).
Trigoniastrum hypolecum Mig.
Small tree; leaf underneath white from a layer of twisted hairs; flowers
irregular, in panicles; fruit winged. Bukit Timah (Ridley 10379).
Xanthophyllum affine Korth.
Tree, flowers white or yellow, in branched racemes; fruit soft woody, round,
2—2.5 cm across, seed 1.
Xanth. discolor Chodat
Fruit round, 1.2 cm across.
Xanth. ellipticum Korth. (= X. kingii Chodat)
Fruit round, 1.4-2 cm across.
Xanth. griffithii var. curtissi (King) Ng
Fruit round, 1—-1.2 cm across.
Xanth. maingayi Benn. (= X. palembanicum Auct.)
Small tree; fruit round, 1.2-1.5 cm across. Common understorey tree. Bukit
Timah (Md. Shah & Samsuri 3956).
Xanth. obscurum Benn.
Fruit round or obovoid, 8-12 cm across.
393
Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part Il) 1980
92. EUPHORBIACEAE
SYNOPTIC KEY TO THE NATIVE GENERA*
Each ovary-locule with 2 ovules; flowers mostly in dense clusters (at least
in staminate ones); inflorescences always axillary; sepals overlapping or not;
stamens usually equal to or double sepal number, outer ones opposite
sepalous; fruit usually a capsule, sometimes fleshy to leathery, slowly splitting.
(Subfamily Phyllanthoideae).
B. Flowers with petals,
C. Calyx lobes not overlapping in bud; stamens joined in a column
Sabie ei'dincs’ha's ohn vo oe OSC SoU ae, ea (Bredelia, Cleistanthus)
C. Calyx lobes overlapping in bud; stamens free ............ (Actephila)
- B. Flowers apetalous,
D.~ Leaves opposite»... si 3.86.4 ieee ee eee (A ustrobuxus)
D. Leaves alternate (spiral or in 2 ranks),
E. Staminate flowers in axillary clusters or solitary,
F. Staminate flowers with ring-like disc, or of separate glands,
or absent; styles slender, divided~ or. not ..s:..ceeeueee
Sr ee (Breynia, Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Sauropus,
Securinega, Synostemon)
F. Staminate flowers with a broad, plate-like disc; style and
stigma: Hattened; fan-shaped.2:.s. ui: iPaeeiee ee (Drypetes)
E. Staminate flowers in axillary racemes, spikes or panicles ......
aes od a ie ee ie eee (Antidesma, Aporusa, Baccaurea)
Each ovary-locule with only 1 ovule; inflorescence a spike, raceme or panicle,
sometimes terminal; sepals in male seldom overlapping; stamens often nume-
rous; fruit usually a capsule. (Subfamily Euphorbioideae).
G. Flowers naked, without petals or sepals, crowded and surrounded by a
calyx-like involucre, the whole resembling a single flower ... (Euphorbia)
G. Flowers with sepals, and sometimes petals, not clustered within in
involucre,
H. Inflorescence of terminal cymes, with a central female surrounded
by male flowers. .......::.jcapssssccrusctas np nee ane ane (Aleurites)
* Based on T. C. Whitmore in Tr. Fl. Mal. 2 (1973): 40-43, modified.
Seed Plants 354
H. Inflorescence axillary or if terminal, not cymose,
I. Staminate flowers with petals,
J. Outer (or all) stamens opposite sepals; fruit a strongly
sculptured or flattened stone; stipules arising from different
| (25) SI ole lagi eo le ie a a (Galearia, Microdesmis)
J. Outer (or all) stamens alternate with sepals; fruit without
a stone; stipules arising on same level,
K. Stamens numerous, strongly inflexed in bud; flowers
in terminal, bisexual spikes; commonly stellate hairy;
leaves with 2 large glands at base of blade ... (Croton)
K. Stamens erect in bud; flowers and leaves not as above
Sas (A grostistachys, Trigonostemon, Fahrenheitia)
I. Flowers without petals,
L. Slender twiners; styles joined in a usually massive column
BIW. FR. Sees: ANE, BNE (Pterococcus, Megistostigma)
L. Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs; styles not as above,
M. Sepals of staminate flowers not overlapping in bud,
OF Calyx: -DUESOIIS We UNOENY aso fe nse oo ees etn dts osc e sees
(Acalypha, Alchornea, Blumeodendron, Claoxylon,
Endospermum, Koilodepas, Macaranga, Mallotus,
Ptychopyxis)
M. Sepals of staminate flowers overlapping in bud,
N. Disc or glands present; flowers in small dense
SP Per NO GA oe co 20 PP Oe RO (Suregada)
N. Disc or glands absent; flowers mostly in spikes
ar Fraccnies 62°! 5 0023. (Excoecaria, Pimelodendron,
Sebastiania, Sapium)
Acalypha godseffiana Mast.
Shrub; leaves heart-shaped, coarse-toothed, green with creamy edge; some-
times planted; native of New Guinea.
Acal. hispida Burm. f.
Shrub; spikes long, cylindrical, hairy, bright red; sometimes cultivated; prob.
native of Indonesia.
Acal. indica L.
A hairy herb; females flowers few, enclosed in a large bract. Widely dis-
tributed in the Old tropics; Bajau, Geylang (Ridley in 1896), Pulau Ubin, etc.
355 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part Il) 1980
Acal. siamensis Oliv. ex Gage
Shrub, glabrous; leaves rhomboid, coriaceous; racemes slender, 3 cm long.
Native of Thailand and N. Malaya, often as a hedge plant. Vern. Tumput.
Acal. wilkesiana M.A.
Shrub; leaves ovate, red or in several colour forms or markings. Native
of Fiji, commonly planted as a roadside ornament.
Actephila excelsa M.A. var. javanica (Miq.) P. & H.
Shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic, spiral; fruit a woody capsule, seated
on the persistent calyx with a long stalk. Gardens Jungle, Bukit Timah
(Samsuri 820), Bukit Mandai.
Agrostistachys longifolia Benth. (= A. sessilifolia P. & H.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves always clustered at twig tips, blades leathery.
very narrowly obovate, 30-60 cm long, the base decurrent to twig. Common
in understorey of forests; Tanglin, Sungei Buluh, Gardens Jungle (Burkill
129), Choa Chu Kang, etc.
Alchornia rugosa M.A. (= A. javensis M.A.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves obovate; fruit the size of a pea. Changi (Ridley
3605), Serangoon.
Alch. villosa M.A.
Shrub, coated with long soft golden hairs; leaves ovate, toothed. In thickets;
Bukit Timah, Reservoir Woods, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley
3452), etc.
Aleurites moluccana Willd.
Tree, occasionally planted. Fruit with a thick rind and 1-2 seeds; seeds
with a stony coat, though poisonous, used to a small extent for food; oil
from the kernel was formerly used for making candle (hence ‘candle nut
tree’). Vern. buah keras, 4% &
Antidesma coriaceum Tul.
Small tree, glabrous; leaves spirally arranged; flowers tiny, on slender spikes
or panicles; drupe small red, roundish but compressed. Bukit Timah, Tanglin,
Gardens Jungle, Nee Soon (Samsuri 1452).
Seed Plants 356
Ant. cuspidatum M.A.
Tree, pubescent. Changi, Bukit Timah, Gardens Jungle, Choa Chu Kang
(Ridley 3908).
Ant. neurocarpum Mig. (= A. alatum Hook.)
Small tree, glabrous. Changi (Ridley 1840), Jurong, Bukit Timah.
Ant. velutinosum BI.
Shrub or small tree, tomentose. Pulau Ubin (Hullet 629), Changi.
Aporusa benthamiana Hook. f.
Small tree; leaves oblong, with very big, crescentic stipules; dioecious, male
flowers in short catkins; females in clusters or short spikes; fruit red. Bukit
Timah (Ridley 6259), Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang. A genus of shrub, small
to medium tree, the generic name Aporusa means ‘difficult’, formerly mis-
spelt as Aporosa.
Apor. bracteosa P. & H.
Small to medium tree; leaves elliptic. Bajau (Ridley 6484).
Apor. confusa Gage
Small tree. Bukit Mandai (Ridley 6490).
Apor. falcifera Hook. f.
Medium tree. Bukit Timah, Gardens Jungle (Sinclair 40697), Kranji.
Apor. frutescens BI.
Bushy tree; male catkins yellow, 1-2 cm long. Bukit Timah (Ridley 4443).
Apor. lunata (Migq.) Kurz
Shrub. Jurong (Ridley 6098).
Apor. microstachya M.A. (= A. maingayi Hook. f.)
Shrub. Gardens Jungle (Cantley 8), Seletar, Kranji, Jurong.
Apor. nervosa Hook. f.
Medium tree. Tuas (Ridley 6488).
357 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Apor. nigricans Hook. f.
Small tree. Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Md. Shah & Samsuri 3903), Choa Chu
Kang.
Apor. prainiana King ex Gage
Small tree. Bukit Mandai, Seletar (Sinclair 40217), Kranji.
Apor. symplocoides (Hook. f.) Gage
Small tree. Seletar (Ridley 6173).
Austrobuxus nitidus Mig. (= Longetia malayana P. & H.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves opposite, elliptic; flowers small in short panicles;
fruit elliptic, splitting into 3 parts. Sungei Bupuh, Serimbun.
Baccaurea bracteata M.A.
Small tree. Bukit Mandai, Nee Soon (Samsuri 1450), Holland Road, Kranji.
Baccaurea is a genus of small trees, with flowers in long racemes which are
in tufts on the knotted stem. Male racemes are usually borne above and
females at the base of the tree. Fruit a globose capsule, orange or brown,
usually splitting and exposing the pulpy seeds. The pulp is edible, though
often acidic. The Malay name for this group is tempoi or rambai.
Baccaurea griffithii Hook. f.
Seletar (Ridley 6125).
Bacc. hookeri Gage
Small tree. Seletar (Sinclair 40305).
Bacc. kunstleri King ex Gage
Medium tree. Gardens Jungle, Seletar, Tanjong Bul.
Bacc. lanceolata M.A.
Bacc. macrophylla M.A.
Small to medium tree. Gardens Jungle, Seletar (Corner s.n.).
Bacc. maingayi Hook. f.
Bukit Timah (Tamby H9).
Seed Plants 358
Bacc. minor Hook. f.
Gardens Jungle, Bukit Timah, MacRitchie (Md. Shah & Samsuri 3944).
Bacc. motleyana King
This is a well-known fruit tree, ‘rambai’, common in cultivation.
Bacc. parviflora M.A.
Tanglin, Bajau, Changi (Ridley 1896).
Bacc. pyrifomis Gage
Kranji (Ridley 6491, type).
Bacc. racemosa M.A. (= B. wallichii Hook. f.)
Seletar (Ridley 6258).
Bacc. reticulata Hook. f.
Kranji (Ridley 6146), Seletar.
Bacc. summatrana M.A. (= B. kingii Gage)
Blumeodendron tokbrai J.J. Sm.
Large tree; leaves often with a pale whitish margin; fruit round, orange,
3-shouldered. In lowland and swampy forest. Bukit Timah (Henderson
37296).
Breynia coronata Hook. f.
Shrub; leaves alternate, in 2 ranks; flowers small in axillary clusters; fruit
small, rose-pink, with enlarged calyx.
Brey. discigera M.A.
Shrub. Bukit Timah, Mandai (Burkill 6101).
Brey. reclinata Hook. f.
Shrub; berry red. Common near the sea; Bukit Timah (Samsuri 1421),
Tanglin, Reservoir Woods, Changi. Vern. Aujan panas.
Brey. vitis-idaea C.E.C. Fisch. (= B. rhamnoides M.A.)
Large shrub.
359 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XXXIII (Part II) 1980
Bridelia pustulata Hook. f.
Shrub; leaves ovate; flowers small, in clusters; fruit a small drupe. Jurong
(Ridley 3874), Changi.
Brid. stipularis BI.
Bush or small tree; leaves soft velvety below. Pasir Panjang (Sinclair 40195).
Brid. tomentosa BI.
Shrub or small tree; leaves glabrous below. In open places, Garden Jungle,
Tanglin (Hullett 692). + €t#
Claoxylon indicum Hassk.
Large shrub or small tree; leaves softly velvety below; spikes to 40 cm long.
In thickets, Grange Road, Dalvey Road (Sinclair 10922).
Claoxylon longifolium Endl. ex Hassk.
Tree; leaves glabrous; spikes less than 10 cm long. In Woods, Bukit Timah,
Pulau Ubin, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 5911), Choa Chu Kang.
Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook f.
Shrub or small tree; leaves papery, often glaucous below; flowers like Bridelia
except ovary 3-loculed; fruit a 3-lobed capsule, hairy. Bukit Timah (Ridley
6514).
Cleist. macrophyllus Hook. f.
Leaves large, ovate-elliptic, 14-20 x 69 cm. Bukit Timah (Ridley 6478).
Cleist. malaccensis Hook. f.
Leaves glabrous. Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 4586).
Cleist. myrianthus Kurz
Bushy tree; leaves coppery. Kranji (Ridley 6375), Jurong, Choa Chu Kang.
Cleist. sumatranus (Miq.) M.A. (= C. heterophyllus Hook. f.)
Seed Plants 360
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Bl.
Shrub or small tree; leaves bright-coloured, having unlimited variations in
form and colour pattern (colours, including red, orange, yellow, green and
purple). Horticulturally known as ‘Croton’ (not to be confused with Croton
which is a different genus). Native of Fiji. #7
Croton argyratus BI.
Small tree; leaves silvery or bronze beneath. Changi (Ridley 3638a). Vern.
Tuku Takal.
Croton caudatus Geisel.
Scandent or erect shrub; flowers white, in erect racemes; capsule globose,
yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bajau, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 3884), Changi.
Vern. Yuku Takal.
Croton heterocarpus M.A. (= C. heteropetalum Ridl.)
Leaves small, strongly wavy. In mangrove swamps. Choa Chu Kang
(Sinclair 38591).
Croton laevifolius Bl. (= C. griffithii Hook. f.)
Shrub or small tree. Gardens Jungle, Bukit Timah (Md. Shah & Samsuri
3890), Sungei Puluh, Choa Chu Kang.
Drypetes pendula Ridl.
Small tree; leaves oblong, leathery, base heart-shaped; young leaves in droop-
ing purplish tassels. Bukit Timah, Reservoir Forests (Ridley 6124).
Euphorbia antiquorum L.
Cactus-like shrub, to 8 m tall, with milky sap: branches 3-4 angled; leaves
oval-shaped, often reduced; spines brown, on ridge-elevations. Native of
India and Malaya.
Euph. atoto Forst. f.
Small herb, to 1 m tall, glabrous, with white sap; leaves opposite. On
seashores, Changi, Katong (Ridley 10804).
Euph. hirta L.
Hairy herb, to 30 cm tall; leaves opposite, oblong, toothed. Common weed.
Euph. milii des Moulin (= E. splendens Bojer)
Shrub; stem succulent, bearing long spines mixed with few obovate leaves;
involucre bright red (or ivory yellow). Native of Madagascar, vern. Crown
of Thorns, B54 t
361 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Euph. neriifolia L.
Like E. antiquorum, but branches 5-angled; leaves obovate. Native of India,
known as Indian Spurge tree.
Euph. pulcherrima Willd.
The poinsettia is a symbol of the Christmas Season, when in N. temperate
countries, it can be found in full bloom; leaves usually green, but the floral
leaves at stem-tips are bright red in a rosette. Native of tropical America.
He 233 4
= ise
Euph. thymifolia L.
Small herb, prostrate on ground, tinged reddish or purplish, Common weed,
on open ground.
Euph. tirucalli L.
A large succulent shrub, to 5 m tall; branches slender, green, cylindrical;
leaves small or absent. Native of Africa, the milk is used in native medicine.
SAR IBA ZR
Excoecaria agallocha L.
Small tree, sap milky, poisonous; leaves ovate-elliptic; flowers small in axillary
spikes. Common in mangrove swamps; Kranji (Ridley 6921), Changi, Tuas.
Excoecaria bilolor Hassk.
Glabrous shrub; leaves ovate-elliptic, dark green above and reddish purple
beneath. Native of southern Indo China. 4 #7
Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy-Shaw (= Ostodes macrophyllus Benth.)
Small tree; leaves large, narrowly obovate; inflorescence a terminal panicle.
In open woods; Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang (Burkill 7619).
Galearia fulva (Tul.) Mig.
Shrub or small straggling tree; leaves elliptic, rusty below; flowers small, in
slender tail-like pendulous spikes; fruit white pulpy. Very variable, formerly
described under a host of binomials. Bukit Timah (Corner 33588).
Glochidion brunneum Hook. f.
Small tree; leaves elliptic ovate, in 2 ranks; flowers small, in dense axillary
clusters; fruit a stalked, 4-6-lobed capsule. Gardens Jungle, Bukit Timah,
Balestier Road (Ridley 10388). Vern. Ubah merak (ubah is the Malay name
for Glochidion).
Seed Plants 362
Glochidion glomerulatum Boerl.
Shrub or small tree; fruit 6-lobed.
Glochidion hypoleucum Boerl. (= G. laevigatum Hook. f.)
Shrub or small tree; leaves usually glaucous below. Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai., Tuas (Ridley 6519).
Gloch. littorale BI.
Banks of tidal rivers. Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 8436).
Gloch. microbotrys Hook. f.
Tall tree with flaking bark; flowers small, scented. Gardens Jungle, Reservoir
Jungle (Corner 32270), Choa Chu Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
Gloch. rubrum Bl. (= G. leiostylum Kurz)
Shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic to ovate, variable. Gardens Jungle, Seletar,
Nee Soon (Samsuri 1394).
Gloch. sericeum Hook. f.
Leaf undersurface and capsule covered with short velvety hairs. Bukit
Mandai (Ridley 179).
Gloch. singaporense Gage
Shrub, to 3 m tall; leaves rough, with raised dots below; fruit stalk thread-
like; capsule shallowly 3-lobed. Reservoir Jungle (Ridley 5044, type).
Gloch. superbum Baill.
Small tree; leaves large (12-23 x 5-12 cm). In open places, Mandai (Samsuri
1385).
Gloch. wallichianum M.A. (= G. desmocarpum Hook. f.)
Leaves scurfy on the main nerves below. Tanglin, Bajau.
Gloch. zeylanicum Juss. (= Gloch. perakense Hook. f.)
Leaves lanceolate. In coastal swamp places, Cluny Road (Corner 32520).
Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) M.A.
The latex of the para Rubber tree is the source of most of the world’s
supply of natural rubber. A native of the Amazon region, Brazil, first
successfully planted in Singapore Botanic Gardens in 1877, the seedlings
were from the Kew Gardens, England. #R32#} > @ BRR
363 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Jatropha curcas L.
Soft-wooded shrub or small tree with milky sap; leaves heart-shaped, some-
times lobed; flowers with 5 pale-green petals. Native of trop. America.
Jatr. hastata Jacq. (= J. pandurifolia Andr.)
Slender shrub, 1-1.5 m tall; leaves ovate to fiddle-shaped. Native of Cuba.
Jatr. multifida L.
Leaves palmatedly lobed into many long, pointed parts. Called coral plant;
native of Trop. America.
Jatr. podagrica Hook.
Shrubby; to 1.5 m tall; stem much swollen especially near the base; leaves
- 5-lobed. Native of central America. ffpA+#4
Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f. (= Coeladepas glanduliferum P. & H.)
Small tree with stellate hairs on various parts; spikes slender, yellow, often
galled; capsule orange, woolly. Gardens Jungle, Kranji (Ridley 6555), Bukit
Timah.
Macaranga conifera M.A. (= M. populifolia M.A.)
Small to medium tree; leaves glabrous, ovate. In secondary forest; Bukit
Timah, Nee Soon, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 3915).
Macaranga gigantea M.A.
Tree with spreading crown, dome-shaped; leaves 3-lobed, over 30 cm across.
Seletar, Mandai (Sinclair 39255). Vern. Mahang gajah.
Macar. griffitthiana M.A.
Small bushy tree; leaves leathery, glabrous below. In swampy area, Tanglin
(Ridley 14722).
Macar. heynei I.M. Johnston (= M. javanica Hook. f.)
Small tree; inflorescence reddish, with deeply toothed bracteoles; capsule
bilobed, smooth, waxy-coated. Singapore (Hullett 538). Vern. Mahang.
Macar. hosei King ex Hook. f.
Tree; leaves 3-lobed. In secondary forest.
Seed Plants 364
Macar. hullettii King ex Hook. f. (= M. cornuta Corner)
Small tree; leaves glabrous; fruit horned. In primary forest. Reservoir
Jungle (Corner 32235).
Macar. hypoleuca M.A.
Small tree; leaves 3-lobed, intensely white beneath. Common in secondary
forest, MacRitchie (Md. Shah 3914). Vern. Mahang putih.
Macar. pruinosa M.A. (= M. maingayi Hook. f.)
Tree; leaves 3-lobed: fruit 2-shouldered. In swamps.
Macar. punticulata Gage
Leaves leathery, broadly triangular, peltate. In swamp forest, Jurong (Corner
26033).
Macar. recurvata Gage
Tree; leaves thick leathery, oblong-triangular, often longer than 20 cm.
Mandai Road (Corner 34528).
Macar. triloba M.A.
Small tree; leaves thin, entire or 3-lobed; stipules persistent, broader than
long, thick, recurved. A well-known ant-plant, common in secondary forest;
Tanglin, Changi, Choa Chu Kang (Ridley 6165), etc. Vern. Pahang merah.
Macar. trichocarpa M.A.
Semi-scandent shrub; branches scrambling; leaves ovate, with a long tip;
capsules prickly, irritation. In dry wood; Seletar (Ridley 3654), Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Changi.
Mallotus albus (Roxb.) M.A. (= Mall. macrostachyus M.A.)
Small tree; leaves heart-shaped, thinly brown scurfy below, to 20 cm across;
fruits woolly, on long spikes. In thickets, Bukit Timah (Ridley 3448).
Mall. paniculatus M.A.
Bushy tree; leaves smaller than above species, whitish to pale brown and
thinly scurfy below; fruit spiny, on large panicles. Tanglin, Kranji
(Goodenough 5040).
365 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Manihot esculenta Crantz (= M. utilissima Pohl)
Shrubby; leaves peltate, 3-9 partite. From tropical America, cultivated for
edible, starchy roots (‘tapioca’). A
Manihot glaziorii M.A.
Small tree, laticiferous, native of Brazil; formerly cultivated for rubber pro-
duction.
Magistostigma malaccense Hook. f. (= Sphaerostylis malaccense P. & H.)
Slender twiner, with stinging hairs; leaves elliptic; flowers small, in axillary
racemes. In woods, climbing on trees; Nassim Road, Gardens Jungle.
Micrcocca mercurialis Benth.
~ Herb; leaves ovate; racemes slender; capsules 3-lobed. In open places near
the sea.
Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch.
Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong-lanceolate; flowers in axillary clusters. In
woods; Gardens Jungle, Changi MacRitchie (Md. Shah 3950).
Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit.
Shrubby, green succulent; stems straight or zigzag; inflorescence bright red,
with a 2-lipped bracts enclosing unisexual flowers inside. Native of tropical
America, often grown as ornament.
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (= Cicca acida Mert.)
Shrub or small tree. Native of tropical America, cultivated for the pulpy
acidic edible fruits. Vern. Chermai
Phyl. arnarus Schum. (= Phyl. niruri L.)
Tiny diffuse herb; ovary and fruit smooth. On open ground, weed; Tanglin
Geylang (Teruya 20/8), Changi.
Phyl. emblica L. (= Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)
Medium tree; leaves small, linear, crowded on slender twigs like a feather;
fruits round, fleshy, ripening greenish yellow, sour, used for preserves. Both
wild (Bukit Timah (Goodenough 4/1), Choa Chu Kang, Nee Soon) and
cultivated, the Malay name is Pukok melakka. The town of Malacca is said
to take its name from the tree. #4 o HEPA
Seed Plants 366
Phyl. pulcher Wall. ex M.A.
Herb or small shrub; leaves oblong, asymmetric. Sometimes cultivated as
a medicinal plant. Tanglin, Geylang (Teruya 1312).
Phyl. urinaria L.
Tiny diffuse herb; ovary and fruit covered with scales. On open ground.
Geylang (Beker in 1893). “= FER >
Pimeleodendron griffithianum Benth.
Tree; leaves elliptic-ovate; racemes short, fascicled below the leaves.
Pteroccoccus corniculatus P. & H. (= P. glaberrimus Hassk.)
Slender woody twiner; flowers in axillary spikes. On open ground.
Ptychopyxis caput-medusae Rid.
Small tree; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers in racemes, velvety; fruit spinescent
(like a thick, soft, spiny chestnut). Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 34800).
Ptych. costata Miq. var. oblanceolata Airy-Shaw
Leaves oblanceolate, ferruginous. In woods; Gardens Jungle, Choa Chu
Kang (Ridley 4828), Bukit Mandai.
Ricinus communis L.
Perennial herb to small tree; leaves round ovate, 6—-11-lobed; flowers in
terminal panicles; fruit soft prickly. Native of tropical Africa; oil from the
seeds (‘castor bean oil’) used or a lubricant, for lighting and in medicine
and industry. #® jit
Sapium discolor M.A.
Tree; leaves elliptic, withering bright red; petiole slender, with 2 glands near
tip; flowers in solitary spikes. In woods and secondary jungles; Gardens
Jungle, Reservoir Woods (Ridley 5031), Jurong, Tanglin.
Sauropus androgynus Merr. (= S. ablicans Bl.)
Shrubby; leaves oblong, 2 ranked. Young branches used as vegetable.
Serangoon (Ridley 91/1). Vern. Chekup manis.
367 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore XX XIII (Part II) 1980
Sebastiania chamaelea M.A.
Herb, branched; leaves narrowly oblong; capsule spiny. Open sandy places
near the sea; Changi (Md. Nur 29744), Blakang Mati.
Suregada multiflora Baill. (= Gelonium glomerulatum Hassk.)
Small tree; leaves oblong, fleshy. Near the sea: Changi (Ridley 1824), Pulau
Uubin.
Synostemon acciformis G.L. Webster (= Agyneia hacciformis L.)
Herb, in grassland near the sea. Teluk Karau.
Trigonostemon longifolius Baill.
Shrub; branches golden hairy; leaves oblanceolate, sessile; spikes to 40 cm
long; fruit golden scurfy. In woods; Choa Chu Kang, Reservoir woods,
Kranji, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 35902).
93. DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE
Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill.
Small tree; leaves elliptic, clustered; fruit ellipsoid, 1 cm long, warty. In
open places or near the sea; formerly found in Changi (Ridley 3437), Siglap,
Kranji, probably extinct.
(to be continued)
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LAU PENG KANG
409, 4TH FLOOR, KATONG SHOPPING CENTRE
MOUNTBATTEN ROAD, SINGAPORE 1543
TEL: 3448934 & 3445054
WE SPECIALISE IN:
a) Landscaping of gardens
b) Planting and transplanting of trees and shrubs
c) Turfing (various varieties)
d) Cutting and pruning of trees
e) Grass cutting and general maintenance
f) Construction of footpath (colour or without colour) of all designs
g) Construction of football fields, basketball courts, etc.
h) Fencing
i) Construction of carparks, road drains, etc.
ALSO SUPPLY:
j) Topsoil, fertiliser, plants, etc.
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WITH THE COMPLIMENTS
OF
SYSTEM STATIONERY COMPANY
225, CORONATION SHOPPING PLAZA
SINGAPORE 1026
TEL: 4688221
SOLE DISTRIBUTOR FOR SINGAPORE AND BRUNEI
MALAYAN NATURE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS
WITH THE COMPLIMENTS
OF
AMSTERDAM TYPE PRINTERS
14-E, GOLDEN WALL FLATTED FTY.
JALAN RAJAH OFF BALESTIER ROAD
SINGAPORE 1232
TEL: 2548256
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Manuscripts: The Editorial Board of the Gardens’ Bulletin will be glad to receive and
consider for publications original research findings and reviews of progress in the fields
of Botany and Horticulture and allied subjects. Contributions must be original and the
material must not have been submitted or, if accepted, be submitted for publication else-
where.
Two copies of the manuscript should-be submitted, typed on one side only with double-
line spacings and a margin of at least 4 cm. Authors should see the lay-out of other papers
published in this journal to ensure that papers submitted conform as closely as possible to
the accepted pattern. Numerical data should only be included if its essential to the argument
and this can be presented either in the form of tables or diagrams.
_ Title and authors: The title should give a concise description of the contents of the
paper. The name(s) of author(s) and address(es) must be given below the title. Lengthy
papers and those of a taxonomic nature must have the contents listed at the beginning of
the paper.
Scientific names: The complete scientific name — genus, species and authority, and cultivar
where appropriate — must be cited for every organism at time of first mention. The
generic name may be abbreviated to the initial thereafter except where intervening references
to other genera with the same initial could cause confusion.
Tables: Should be numbered and carry headings describing their content. These should
be comprehensive without reference to the text.
Abbreviations: Standard chemical symbols may be used in the text (e.g. IAA, IBA, ATP),
but the full term should be given on the first mention. Dates should be cited thus — 3 May
1976. Units of measurement should be spelled out except when preceeded by a numeral,
when they should be abbreviated in standard form: g, mg, ml, etc. and not followed by
stops.
Literature citation: Citations in the text should take the form: King and Chan (1964).
If several papers by the same author in the same year are cited, they should be lettered in
‘sequence (1964a), (1964b), etc. When papers are by more than two authors, but not more
than four, all the names should be recorded on first mention, e.g. Ang, Yong, and Singh
(1966); otherwise the reference should be to Ang et al. (1966). Citations listed under the
heading LITERATURE CITED must be available in libraries and references must be
placed in alphabetical order without serial numbering. The following standard form of
citation should be used:
Lawson, R. H. (1970). Flower necrosis in Cattleya orchids. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.
39: 306-312.
Singh, H. (1967). Sclereids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22(2): 193-212.
Abbreviations of titles of journals should be those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals
ve Edition) or the Selected Abbreviated Titles of Biological Journals (London: Institute
of Biology).
Reference to books and monographs should include authors’ and/or editors’ names, full
title, number of pages, edition (unless there is only one), the publisher’s name and place
of publication, e.g.
Eames, A. J., (1961). Morphology of the Angiosperms, 518 pp. McGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc., New York, Toronto and London.
Reprints: Authors will be given 25 reprints free of charge. Additional reprints will be
charged at cost.
Editor’s Address: Manuscripts are to be submitted to:
The Editor,
Gardens’ Bulletin,
Botanic Gardens,
Cluny Road,
Singapore 1025S.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS
SINGAPORE
1. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula (Series I).
Only Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 available, at 20 cents each.
2. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and F.M.S. (Series II).
Vols. 1-10, 1901-1911, monthly issues.
Many parts available.
Price: $5 per volume, 50 cents per part.
3. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements (Series III).
Vols. 1-11, 1912-1947.
Vol. 1 (1-5) January-May 1912 issued under title of Agricultural Bulletin
of the Straits & F.MLS.
Prices on application.
4. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore (Series IV).
' Vols. 13-32, 1949-1979.
Price: Vol. 13 Pt. I (New impression) $12 per copy, $20 per vol.
Vol. 14 $13 per vol. Vol. 15 $20 per vol. Vols. 16-25 $25
per vol. Individual parts vary in price.
Vol. 26 (Pt. I $18; Pt. II $18); 27 (Pt. 1 $18; Pe ieee
28 (Pt. I $18; Pt. IT $15); 29 ($30); 30 ($48); 31 (Pt. I $10;
Pt. If $12.50); 32 ($15.50); The Freshwater Swamp-forest of
S. Johore and Singapore by E. J. H. Corner (Gdns’ Bull.
Suppl. 1) — $35..
5. Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons.
Parts 1, 2 and 3 remain available.
Price: $10 per set, $5 per part.
6. Annual Reports.
1909-1972.
7. (a) Malayan Orchid Hybrids by M. R. Henderson and G. H. Addison. $15.
(b) Malayan Orchid Hybrids, Supplement I by G. H. Addison. $21.
8. A Revised Flora of Malaya.
(a) Vol. 1, Orchids, by R. E. Holttum. $50 (3rd ed. 1972 Impr.).
(b) Vol. 2, Ferns, by R. E. Holttum. $20 (2nd ed. 1968).
(c) Vol. 3, Grasses, by H. B. Gilliland. $30 (1971).
9. Boletus in Malaysia by E. J. H. Corner. $50 (1972).
Items 1-6 obtainable from the Commissioner, Parks & Recreation Department,
Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 1025.
Items 7-9 obtainable from Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd, Upper Serangirs
Road, Singapore 1334.
Prices quoted are in Singapore Dollars
- Overseas postage is extra
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