CONTENTS

Vol. XXXV

PAGES

PART 1 — 17th August, 1982

HARTLEY, T.G.: Maclurodendron: A New Genus of Rutaceae from Southeast Asia ................ 1-19

WONG Kuoon MENnc: Notes on Gardenia and Acranthera from Peninsular Malaysia ................ 21-32

FOONG Tuai Wu; ONG, CEcELIA SENDI and FAUZIAH bite S.A. Bakar, Sh.

Induced Deficiency Symptoms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and

enn ie ss CETAININ COMITESSUS C AUNUUTEU 11) SANG 662.0500, oe oe cantons cess eens esis sides cdtensenscgeveecssene cs 33-44

BREMER, KAre: A Checklist of the Memecylon Species in Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra .. 45-49

CHOO-TOH Get Ten: Preliminary Findings on the Biology of Autoserica rufocuprea

aR ee es realy da dc youd Lie ey oe seph@ascisedacvordecibuess’ 51-63

HOLTTUM, R.E.: Diplazium prescottianum: a Singapore Fern now possibly extinct ................ 65-68

STONE, B.C.: A New Combination for Barclaya kunstleri of the Nymphaeaceae .................... 69-71

LIM-HO Cues Len and LEE Swee MENG: Micropropagation of Saintpaulia at Singapore

RI ee Ee vier. eS Eas whee Tan ge RNs didn os 5 SUG AE da Sdne < whe advoess cance debse 73-81

KENG Hsvuan: Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) .............. cece cece eeeeneeenee eee 83-103

NN EU EAN oad « share ties maple eben Ww dak eee goons Sata AC aide i nlovecs'es sees 105-106

PART II — 1st March, 1983

WONG Kuoon MENG: Critical observations on Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella ................... 107-135

ee ie famicstone ti) Flora of Malaya Tl...» 2. 22e2 oo nce c ccc aeee en eese cnc snsocneeeanes 137-190

MAXWELL, J.F.: New and Interesting Plant Records for Singapore ..................:seeeeeeeeeeees 191-198

STONE, B.C. and HUYNH, Kim-Lane: The Identity, Affinities, and

Staminate Floral Structure of Pandanus pendulinus (Pandanaceae) .................se0e0eeeeeeeeee es 199-207

MAXWELL, J.F.: Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on Oxyspora,

Anereincleistus, Poikilogyne and Allomorphia (Melastomataceae) ..............01eeseeeee neers eee 209-226

HOLTTUM, R.E.: In Memoriam, Encik Kiah bin Mohd. Salleh (1902-1982) ........22-0000s0000004 227-229

Book Review: Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea Vol. II (B.C. STONE) ............. 231-232

Review: Thelypteridaceae (MICHAEL PRICE) .................cccccceceececneceeeecascneeeseeneenseneeeseees 233-234

HOLTTUM, R.E.: Obituary, Murray Ross Henderson (1899-1982) ..........:-c0s00eseeeeeeeeseeeeeres 235-236

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOL. XXXV (Part 1) Ist June 1982

CONTENTS

PAGES

HARTLEY, T.G-::

Maclurodendron: A New Genus of Rutaceae from Southeast Asia ........... 1-19

WONG KHOON MENG:

; Notes on Gardenia and Acranthera from Peninsular Malaysia. .............. 21 — 32

_ FOONG THAI Wu; ONG, CECELIA SENDI and

a FAUZIAH bte S. A. BAKAR, Sh.

Induced Deficiency Symptoms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and

: Iron in Axonopus compressus Cultured in Sand ................22.20-. 33 — 44

_ BREMER, KARE: —

i A Checklist of the Memecylon Species in Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra ..... 45 —49

CHOO-TOH GET TEN:

Preliminary Findings on the Biology of Autoserica rufocuprea in Singapore ...... 51 —63

_ HOLTTUM, R. E.:

: Diplazium prescottianum: a Singapore Fern now possibly extinct ............ 65 —68

_ STONE, B. C.:

. A New Combination for Barclaya kunstleri of the Nymphaeaceae ........... 69 -—71

_ LIM-HO CHEE LEN and LEE SWEE MENG:

r Micropropagation of Saintpaulia at Singapore Botanic Gardens ............. 73 —81

= aL

_ KENG Hsuan:

Biers Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) ............-0-00000- 83 — 103

OBITUARY:

RR rN ld Cu plows cee ee eee 105 — 106

P Published by the Botanic Gardens

a Parks and Recreation Department

¢ | Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

Printed by General Printing & Publishing Services Pte. Ltd.

J e

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OOK PE IDE IE OBER

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOL. XXXV (Part 1) Ist June 1982

CONTENTS

PAGES

HARTLEY, T. G.:

Maclurodendron: A New Genus of Rutaceae from Southeast Asia ........... 1-19

WONG KHOON MENG:

Notes on Gardenia and Acranthera from Peninsular Malaysia. .............. 21 —32

FOONG THAI WU; ONG, CECELIA SENDI and

FAUZIAH bte S. A. BAKAR, Sh.

Induced Deficiency Symptoms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and

Iron in Axonopus compressus Cultured in Sand ...............2..2204. 33 — 44

BREMER, KARE:

A Checklist of the Memecylon Species in Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra ..... 45 —49

CHOO-TOH GET TEN:

Preliminary Findings on the Biology of Autoserica rufocuprea in Singapore ...... 51 — 63

HOLTTUM, R. E.:

Diplazium prescottianum: a Singapore Fern now possibly extinct ............ 65 — 68

STONE, B. C.:

A New Combination for Barclaya kunstleri of the Nymphaeaceae............ 69 —71

LIM-HO CHEE LEN and LEE SWEE MENG:

Micropropagation of Saintpaulia at Singapore Botanic Gardens ............. 73 —81

KENG HSUAN:

peaulOtated List Of secd Plants of Singapore (VID)... 0.2 2. ee ee ee ee 83 — 103

OBITUARY:

YS a BS Se are te a a ee 105 — 106

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

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<—— a

Maclurodendron: A New Genus of Rutaceae from Southeast Asia

T. G. HARTLEY

Herbarium Australiense

C.S.I.R.O. Division of Plant Industry

Canberra, Australia 2601

Abstract

The new rutaceous genus Maclurodendron consists of six species and ranges from Sumatra and

the Malay Peninsula east to the Philippines and north to Vietnam and Hainan Island. The genus is

described and its distinguishing features and apparent relationships are discussed. The six species are

keyed, described, and their apparent relationships are outlined. New combinations are made for the

names of three species, Maclurodendron porteri, M. obovatum, and M. oligophlebium, all of which

were previously described in the rutaceous genus Acronychia, and three species, M. pubescens, M. par-

viflorum, and M. magnificum, are described as new.

Introduction

Among the previously described species excluded from Acronychia J. R. & G. Forst.

in my revision of that genus (1974) are A. porteri Hook. f., described from W. Malaysia,

A. obovata Merr., from the Philippines, and A. oligophlebia Merr., from Hainan Island.

These three species plus three others that are undescribed, one from W. Malaysia and two

from E. Malaysia, comprise a morphologically isolated group of plants that has not been

previously recognised. The purpose of this paper is to give a taxonomic account of this

group, which is here described as a new genus.

Geographically, these plants range from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula east to the

Philippines and north to Vietnam and Hainan Island (Fig. 1). To Acronychia, which

ranges from India to southwestern China and throughout Malesia to eastern Australia and

New Caledonia, they are similar in a number of characters, including their opposite leaves,

4-merous flowers, biovulate carpels, and syncarpous, drupaceous fruits. Sarcomelicope

Engl. (including Bauerella Borzi; see Hartley, in press), which ranges from eastern Aus-

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‘T 91981

4 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

tralia to New Caledonia and Fiji, is apparently the closest genus morphologically. It is

similar in having unifoliolate leaves, unisexual, 4-merous flowers, imbricate petals, bi-

ovulate carpels, and drupaceous fruits, among other characters. The major differences

between Acronychia, Sarcomelicope, and the group under study here are given in Table 1.

Although Sarcomelicope and Maclurodendron are morphologically close, their geo-

graphic ranges are so dissimilar that I doubt if they are directly related. They may, how-

ever, have evolved independently from a common ancestral group. Both have seeds with

spongy tissue in the outer testa and this, as I have given evidence for in a revision of

Sarcomelicope (in press), suggests derivation from a dehiscent-fruited group resembling

the Indo-Pacific genus Melicope J. R. & G. Forst.

This study is based on herbarium specimens. The contributing herbaria, with abbre-

viations from Holmgren and Keuken’s Index Herbariorum, Part 1, ed. 6 [Reg. Veg. 92

(1974)] , are as follows: Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge (A); Bernice

P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BISH); British Museum (Natural History), London (BM);

Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor (BO); Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane (BRI); Forest

Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun (DD); C.S.I.R.O. Herbarium Australiense,

Canberra (CANB); Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge (GH); Royal Bo-

tanic Gardens, Kew (K); Rijksherbarium, Leiden (L); Department of Forests, Lae, Papua

New Guinea (LAE); National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne (MEL); University Her-

barium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MICH); National Herbarium of New South

Wales, Sydney (NSW); New York Botanical Garden, New York (NY); Muséum National

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (P); Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Singapore (SING); Botanical

Museum & Herbarium, Utrecht (U); Herbarium of the University of California, Berkeley

(UC); National Museum of Natural History (Department of Botany), Smithsonian In-

stitution, Washington, D. C. (US); and Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (W).

Maclurodendron Hartley, gen. nov.

Plantae ligneae ut videtur dioicae; indumento brunneola vel ferruginea, trichomatibus simplicibus

vel simplicibus et fasciculatis; gemmis nudis, dense pubescentibus; foliis oppositis, unifoliolatis; petiolo

adaxialiter vadose caniculata, apice tumida; lamina pinnatinervis, integera, pellucido-punctata; inflores-

centis axillaribus, anguste paniculatis vel racemosis; floribus unisexualibus, in alabastro globosis vel

subglobosis; sepalis 4, basi connatis, valvatis, ovato-triangularibus, in fructu persistentibus; petalis 4,

distinctis, erectis, patentibus, vel reflexis, anguste imbricatis, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, apice acutis

et adaxialiter minute uncinatis, in fructu deciduis; staminibus 8, distinctis, in fructu deciduis, alter-

natim inaequalibus, petala fere aequantibus, filamento glabro, sublineari, incurvato, apice subulato et

minute geniculato, anthera ovoidea vel ellipsoidea, apiculata, dorsifixa, in floribus ¢ sine polline; disco

intrastaminali, applanato vel pulvinato, irregulariter 8-lobato; gynoecio syncarpo, 4-carpellato, 4-

loculato, in floribus ? petala fere aequanti, in floribus d rudimentario, ovario subgloboso, plerumque

vadose 4-lobato, placentatione axiali, ovulis in quoque loculo 2, collateralibus vel subcollateralibus,

stylo recto, stigmate capitata, 4-lobata; fructibus drupaceis, syncarpis, 4-loculatis, exocarpio sub-

coriaceo, glanduloso-pustulato, mesocarpio spongioso, in sicco tenui vel obsoleto, endocarpio perga-

mentaceo, glabro, brunneo vel luteo, nitido; seminibus in quoque loculo 2 vel (abortibus) 1, ovoideis

vel reniformibus, atrobrunneis vel nigeris, nitidis, testa exterior spongiosa (Maclurodendron parvi-

florum excepta), testa interior ossea; endospermio copioso, carnoso; embryone recto vel leviter flexo,

elliptico vel late oblongo, cotyledonibus complanatis, hypocotylo terminali; fructibus et seminibus

M. magnificum incognitis. Species typica: M. porteri (Hook. f.) Hartley.

Woody plants; apparently dioecious; indumentum brownish to rust coloured, tri-

chomes simple or simple and fasciculate; buds naked, densely pubescent. Leaves opposite,

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 5

unifoliolate; petiole shallowly caniculate adaxially, swollen at the apex; blade pinnately

veined, entire, with pellucid oil dots. Inflorescences axillary, narrowly paniculate or

racemose. Flowers unisexual, globose or subglobose in bud; sepals 4, basally connate,

valvate, ovate-triangular, persistent in fruit; petals 4, distinct, erect, spreading, or reflexed,

narrowly imbricate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute and minutely hooked adaxially at

the apex, deciduous in fruit; stamens 8, distinct, deciduous in fruit, the antesepalous

nearly as long as the petals, the antepetalous slightly shorter, filament glabrous, sublinear,

curved inward, subulate and minutely geniculate at the apex, anther ovoid to ellipsoid,

apiculate, dorsifixed, without pollen in carpellate flowers; disc intrastaminal, flattened to

pulvinate, irregularly 8-lobed; gynoecium a single 4-carpellate, 4-loculate pistil, nearly

as long as the petals in carpellate flowers, rudimentary in staminate flowers, ovary sub-

globose and usually shallowly 4-lobed, placentation axile, ovules 2 per carpel, collateral

to subcollateral, style straight, stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Fruits drupaceous, syncarpous,

4-loculate, exocarp subleathery, pustular-glandular, mesocarp spongy, thin to obsolete

when dry, endocarp pergamentaceous, glabrous, brown to yellow, shiny. Seeds 2 or (by

abortion) 1 per locule, ovoid to reniform, dark brown to black, shiny, outer testa spongy

(except in Maclurodendron parviflorum), inner testa bony; endosperm copious, fleshy;

embryo straight or slightly bent, elliptic to broadly oblong, cotyledons flattened, hypo-

cotyl terminal. Fruits and seeds of M. magnificum unknown.

The name Maclurodendron commemorates Floyd A. McClure (1897—1970), well

known for his extensive studies of the bamboos, and for his plant explorations in South-

east Asia. One of his collections from Hainan Island is the type of M. oligophlebium.

All of the species of Maclurodendron appear to be dioecious; I have not found any

single specimens bearing flowers of both sexes or both fruits and staminate flowers.

The inflorescences are borne singly in the axils of leaves. They may be associated

with most, or all, of the leaves of a flowering branchlet, or they may be restricted to the

upper leaves. Taxonomically, this variability seems to be of no significance.

The inflorescences are usually pedunculate, but occasionally a single branch is deve-

loped at the base. Above the peduncle, the inflorescence is generally narrowly paniculate,

with one or two lower pairs of branches above which the flowers are borne on pedicels

attached directly to the main axis. The branches may be absent, however, and in such

instances the inflorescences are racemose. This reduction in complexity of the inflor-

escence is irregular in occurrence and apparently has no taxonomic significance.

The rudimentary pistil of staminate flowers is generally minute, and its ovules, style,

and stigma are not fully differentiated.

The pericarp is quite thin in all of the species and is sometimes split loculicidally in

herbarium specimens of Maclurodendron oligophlebium. The split is apical and often

irregular, and only occurs in one, or sometimes two, of the locules. It seems most likely

that it is caused by pressing and drying the specimen; none of the collectors has noted its

occurrence in fresh material.

Plate 1. Scanning electron micrographs of seed coat sculpturing in Maclurodendron species: a,

M. porteri (from Ng FRI 1171), showing irregularly reticulate surface; b, M. obovatum (from Ramos &

Convocar BS 83927), showing regularly reticulate surface; c, M. parviflorum (from Anderson S 25426),

showing irregularly roughened surface; all X 420.

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 7

The seeds vary considerably in shape depending on whether one or two develop in a

locule. When only one is developed, it is regularly ovoid or reniform and usually rather

turgid. When two are developed they are often irregularly shaped as a result of crowding:

most commonly they are flattened on one side or on a portion of one side due to colla-

teral or subcollateral crowding, but in some specimens of Maclurodendron porteri they

are obliquely truncated as a result of being somewhat superposed in the locule.

Characteristics of the testa provide a basis for grouping the species (except for Macluro-

dendron magnificum, where the seeds are not known). This classification is given below.

Outline of species relationships

Outer testa consisting of a spongy layer bounded externally by a shiny pellicle, the surface

reticulate*.

Surface of testa irregularly reticulate (see Pl. 1, a).

1. M. porteri

2. M. pubescens

Surface of testa regularly reticulate (see Pl. 1, b).

Ok A 9 Rated ebined shag 3. M. obovatum

4. M. oligophlebium

Outer testa consisting only of a shiny pellicle, the spongy

layer obsolete, the surface irregularly roughened (see

Ee Ae 5. M. parviflorum

niet itowin iy fo CONN ONE ep le oo, 6. M. magnificum

Key to the species

1. Indumentum predominantly of spreading trichomes;

mature leaf blades pubescent below, especially on the

Seam VERS. 2. M. pubescens

1. Indumentum predominantly of ascending (often

appressed-ascending) trichomes; mature leaf blades

glabrous or nearly so

2. Flower buds 2.5 — 3mm wide; sepals and petals

densely pubescent abaxially . . . . . 6. M. magnificum

2. Flower buds 1 — 2mm wide; sepals and petals

glabrous to rather densely pubescent abaxially

* It is important to examine ripe seeds to determine sculpturing characteristics of the testa ac-

curately.

8 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

3. Sepals at least half as long as the petals; petals

about 1.5 mm long; seeds irregularly and

longitudinally roughened (see Pl.1,c) . . 5. M. parviflorum

3. Sepals less than half as long as the petals;

petals 2 — 3 mm long; seeds minutely reticu-

late at 20X (see Pl. 1, a, b), at least over part

of the surface

4. Leaf blades subcoriaceous to coriaceous,

the secondary veins and reticulations pro-

minent, especially above; seeds regularly

feticulate: fi a ee ‘3. M. obovatum

4. Leaf blades chartaceous to subcoriaceous,

the secondary veins and reticulations not

very prominent; seeds regularly or irre-

gularly reticulate

5. Younger branchlets reddish; seeds

collateral, regularly reticulate .. 4. M. oligophlebium

5. Younger branchlets pale brown to

dark brown; seeds subcollateral or

subsuperposed, irregularly reticulate

1. M. porteri

1. Maclurodendron porteri (Hook. f.) Hartley, comb. nov. (Fig. 2).

Acronychia porteri Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 498. Lectotype (chosen here):

Maingay Kew Distribution No. 280, W. Malaysia, Penang, Government Hill.

Melicope? helferi Hook. f. ibid. 492. Type: Herb. Helfer 1192, Burma, Tenasserim.

Jambolifera porteri (Hook. f.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 102.

Melicope unifoliolata Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 13 (1918) 74. Type: Hose 556, E.

Malaysia, Sarawak, Miri River.

Small to medium tree to 25 m high; trichomes simple, or, in several Borneo collec-

tions, simple and fasciculate, predominantly ascending; innovations finely pubescent or

puberulent; branchlets pale brown to dark brown, glabrous or nearly so, 2 — 6 mm wide.

Leaves 6.5 — 29 cm long; petiole finely pubescent, especially adaxially, soon becoming

glabrous, 0.7 — 3 (— 5) cm long; blade subcoriaceous or occasionally chartaceous, drying

pale brown to dark brown to brownish green, glabrous or nearly so, obovate to oblanceo-

late or occasionally elliptic, 5.5 — 24 cm long, 1.8 — 10 cm wide, base cuneate or occa-

sionally acute or attenuate, apex acuminate (the acumen 2 — 20 mm long) or occasionally

acute, obtuse, rounded, or retuse, main veins 6 to 11 on each side of the midrib, secon-

dary veins and reticulations not prominent. Inflorescences 2 — 15 cm long; peduncle,

axis, branches, and pedicels minutely pubescent, soon becoming glabrous or nearly so;

5cm

TGH

2cm

Fig. 2. Maclurodendron porteri: a, flowering branchlet; b, flower bud; c, staminate flower; d,

carpellate flower; e, fruit (a-c drawn from Ridley 3639a, d from Cockburn FRI 7835, e from Ng

FRI 1171).

10 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

pedicels 1 — 6 (— 7.5) mm long. Flowers green to yellow to white, in bud 1.5 — 2mm

wide; sepals glabrous or sparsely to rather densely pubescent, 0.5 — 1 mm long; petals

glabrous or sparsely to rather densely pubescent abaxially, sparsely to densely pubescent

or rarely glabrous adaxially, 2 — 2.5 mm long; anthers 0.6 — 0.8 mm long; disc glabrous,

1 — 1.5 mm wide; gynoecium glabrous, ovules subcollateral. Fruits glabrous, ovoid to

subglobose or occasionally ellipsoid, often shallowly 4-lobed, often apiculate, (6 —) 8 —

11 mm wide. Seeds usually 2 per locule, subcollateral to subsuperposed, minutely and

irregularly reticulate, often smooth over part of the surface, 4.5 — 8 mm long, outer testa

spongy.

Distribution. Malay Peninsula and Sumatra east to the Philippines (Fig. 1); recorded

mainly from well-drained, primary rain forests; occasionally from secondary forests and

(a few Sarawak collections) heath forests; sea level to 900 (— 1500) m.

PENINSULAR BURMA. District Mergui: Pataw Island, Parker 2768 (DD, K); Sarawa River,

Parker 2488 (DD, K). Without definite locality, Herb. Helfer 1192 (K, holotype of Melicope helferi

Hook. f.; GH, isotype), Herb. Griffith 1189 (GH, L, W).

PENINSULAR THAILAND. Ranong, Kerr 11767 (L), 16361 (BM, K), 17015 (BM, K, P); Ban

Pang Wan, Kerr 11953 (BM); Pang Nga, Kerr 17171 (BM, P); Krabi, Kerr 18603 (A, BM, K, L, P);

without definite locality, Kloss 7009 (K).

W. MALAYSIA. Kedah: Koh Mai Forest Reserve, Kiah SF 35204 (K); Bukit Enggang Road,

Everett FRI 13746 (K, L); Jeniang Road, 48th mile, Kiah SF 36165 (A). Penang: Government Hill,

Maingay Kew Distribution No. 280 (K, lectotype of Acronychia porteri Hook. f.; BM, GH, L, dupli-

cates of lectotype), Ridley, March 1915 (BM); without definite locality, Curtis 3089 (K), Porter

[Wallich Catalog No. 7756] (BM, K). Kelantan: Kampong Gobik, Kerilla Estate, Tamangan, Shah &

Kadim 486 (A, K, L, LAE); Gunong Strong, Whitmore FRI 12504 (K); Gua Musang, Whitmore FRI

4020 (K, L); Gunong Rabong, Soepadmo & Mahmud 1147 (L). Trengganu: Bukit Bauk Forest Re-

serve, Whitmore FRI 3955 (K, L), Wood KEP 76090 (L). Perak: Larut, King’s Collector 3979 (US),

4482 (K, US, W), 7469 (A, U); Gunong Bubu, Everett FRI 13951 (K, L), King’s Collector 8338 (UC),

Suppiah FRI 11944 (L); Piah Forest Reserve, Kochummen FRI 2422 (K, L); without definite locality,

Scortechini 11801 (BM, L). Pahang: Kuantan District, Yeob CF 834 (K); Tasek Bera, Soepadmo et al.

KLU 11742 (BISH, L). Selangor: Genting Simpah Road, 17th mile, Kochummen FRI 2054 (K, L);

Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Kochummen KEP 99520 (A, K, L); without definite locality, Murdoch 154

(BM). Negri Sembilan: Galah Forest Reserve, Ng FRI 1884 (L). Malacca: Tampin Hill, Goodenough

1851 (NSW); Batang Malacca, Derry 1043 (K, NSW); Ayer Panas Forest Reserve, Vg FRI 1171 (L);

without definite locality, Derry 1162 (K), Griffith (BM, K, L). Johore: Segamat Forest Reserve, Loh

FRI 17130 (L); Sungai Peta near Kampong Tenang, Labis, Heaslett, 27 June 1971 (L); Sungai Kayu,

Kiah SF 32375 (A, LAE), SF 32420 (LAE); Gunong Panti Forest Reserve, Cockburn FRI 7742 (L),

FRI 7835 (L); Tanjong Sedili Kechil, Cockburn FRI 7684 (K, L).

SINGAPORE. MacRitchie Reservoir, Sinclair, 26 Dec. 1948 (L), 16 Jan. 1949 (L); Bukit Timah,

Ridley, Feb. 1900 (NSW); without definite locality, Ridley 3467 (BM, K), 3639a (NSW), 474] BM,

NSW), 5587 (BM).

SUMATRA. Asahan: Hoeta Padang, Krukoff 4323 (A, L, NY, SING, US); Bandar Poelau, Yates

2571 (MICH, NY, W); Loemban Ria vicinity, Rahmat si Boeea 7975 (A, BISH, MICH, UC, US). Palem-

bang: Tanjong Ring, Forbes 2726 (BM, GH, K, L), 2832a (BM, GH, K, L); Niroe River, de Voogd

211 (L); Lematang River, Anonymous Boschproefstation 103 T-3 P 272 (L), Boschproefstation T

[Thorenaar] 845 (L); Muara Enim, Kostermans, 2 Feb. 1956 (A, BISH, BM, CANB, L, LAE, NY,

P). Lingga Archipelago: Lingga Island, Gunong Tanda, Anonymous [Teysmann HB?] 14620 (L);

Medang Island, Anonymous HB 4004 (L, U). Bangka: Bangka Island, Gunong Mangol, Kostermans

& Anta 671 (A, L), 693 (A, K, L, LAE). 793 (A, L, LAE, NSW); Bangka Island, Lobok Besar, Kos-

termans bb 34060 (A, L), bb 34134 (A, L), bb 34138 (L), Kostermans & Anta 190 (L), 1067 (A,

BO, L, SING); Lepar Island, Bunnemeijer 2436 (L).

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 14

E. MALAYSIA. Sarawak. 1st Division: Gunong Pueh, Jlias Paie S 13716 (K, L); Gunong Gading,

Ilias Paie S 13332 (L, SING); Semengoh Forest Reserve, Bojeng bin Sitam S 14639 (A, L, MEL, SING),

Galau S 15644 (A, L), Haji Bujang Tree No. 3926 (L), Sibat ak Luang S 13960 (A, L, P); Kuching and

vicinity, Haviland 2257 (K, L), 2282 (K, L), 2846 (K). 3rd Division: Bukit Raya, Smith & Chai S

27649 (L). 4th Division: Bukit Mayeng, Purseglove 5370 (A, L, NY); Bukit Mersing, Sibat ak Luang

S 21938 (L, SING), S 21984 (L); Miri River, Hose 539 (K, L), 556 (K, L, isotypes of Melicope uni-

foliolata Merr.); Usun Apau Plateau, Haji Suib S 23428 (A, L), Murthy & Ashton S 22677 (A, K, L),

Pickles S 3914 (L, US), S 3935 (L, US), Sibat ak Luang S 22991 (A, L). Without definite locality,

Beccarri [PB] 3500 (K, P). Sabah. Beaufort District: Beaufort Hill, Binideh [SAN] 55734 (L), Mikil

[SAN] 30331 (L), Sadau [SAN] 42569 (K), [SAN] 49548 (K, L); Lumat, Buntar SAN 25805 (L).

Tomani District: Kuala Tomani, Binideh [SAN] 63165 (L). Ranau District: Kinabalu National Park,

Bukit Kolong Ranau, Gibot SAN 606 74 (L). Beluran District: Sungai Sapi, K. B. Dev. Camp, Tingguan

SAN 36336 (K, L). Tawau District: Kalabakan, Baker SAN 25017 (L); Quoin Hill Road, Mile 15,

Gibot SAN 31256 (SING), [SAN] 34008 (K, L); Apas Road, Mile 15, Jaswir Singh SAN 2996] (L).

Lahad Datu District: Silam Quarry Hill, Muin Chai SAN 25571 (L).

BRUNEI. Belait District, R. Belait at K. Ingei, Ashton BRUN 199 (BO); Temburong District,

Kuala Belalong, Smythies, Wood & Ashton SAN 17077 (A, L).

KALIMANTAN. Kalimantan Tengah: Mt. Palimasan on Belajan River, Kostermans 13013 (CANB,

L); Nunukan Island, Kostermans 9186 (A, L, SING), 9219 (A, BO, L), Paijmans 105 (L), 158 (L).

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Quezon Province, Tayabas, Oro FB 31048 (NY); Camarines Sur Province,

Mt. Madooy, Edano BS 76064 (A, K, MICH, NY).

Hooker based Acronychia porteri on three syntype collections, Porter / Wallich Cata-

log No. 7756] and Maingay Kew Distribution No. 280, both from Penang, and Griffith

s.n., from Malacca. The Kew sheet of the Maingay collection is chosen here as the lecto-

type.

The type collection of Melicope? helferi Hook. f., Herb. Helfer 1192 (from Peninsular

Burma), which consists of staminate flowering branchlets, is without doubt conspecific

with the syntype collections of Acronychia porteri Hook. f. It is surprising that Hooker

misplaced it in Melicope because the latter collections also include specimens with sta-

minate flowers.

The type collection of Melicope unifoliolata Metrr., Hose 556, from Sarawak, also

consists only of staminate flowering branchlets, which probably explains its generic mis-

placement. Merrill noted that it was “manifestly allied’’ to Melicope helferi Hook. f.

As pointed out in the Outline of Species Relationships, Maclurodendron porteri

appears to be most closely related to M. pubescens. The differences between the two

species are mainly those of indumentum given in the Key to Species.

2. Maclurodendron pubescens Hartley, sp. nov.

Arbor parva vel mediocris usque 24 m alta; trichomatibus simplicibus et fasciculatis, pro parte

maxima patentibus; innovationibus pubescentibus; ramulis cinereis vel pallido-brunneis vel atro-

brunneis, pubescentibus, mox glabratis, 4 — 8 mm latis; foliis 13 — 28 cm longis; petiolo dense pube-

scenti, mox glabratis, 1.5 — 5 cm longo; lamina subcoriacea, in sicco pallido-viridulo-brunneis vel

brunneis, subtus (praecipue in costa et venis) pubescenti, supra glabra, obovata vel oblanceolata vel

(in foliis infrequentibus) elliptica, 11 — 23 cm longa, 4.8 — 10.5 cm lata, basi cuneata vel attenuata,

apice acuminata (acumine 5 — 10 mm longo) vel rotundata vel retusa, venis primariis utrinsecus costae

12 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

8 — 11, venis secondariis et rete venularum non prominentibus; inflorescentiis 3 — 11 cm longis, pe-

dunculo sparse vel dense pubescenti, postremo glabrato, rhachidi et ramis sparse vel dense pubescen-

tibus, pedicellis dense pubescentibus, 3.5 — 5 mm longis; floribus viridibus, in alabastro 1.5 — 2mm

latis; sepalis pubescentibus, ca 0.8 mm longis; petalis abaxialiter pubescentibus, adaxialiter sparse

pubescentibus vel fere glabris, 2 — 2.5 mm longis; antheris 0.5 — 0.7 mm longis; disco glabro, 1.5 —

1.8 mm lato; gynoecio rudimentario glabro, ovulis rudimentariis subcollateralibus; fructibus glabris,

ovoideis vel subglobosis, 10 — 12 mm latis, vadose 4-lobatis, apice plerumque acutis; seminibus in

quoque loculo plerumque 2, subcollateralibus, minute et irregulariter reticulatis, saepe partim laevibus,

5 — 7 mm longis, testa exterior spongiosa; floribus 2 non visi. Holotypus: Patrick P. Sam SAN 26359

(L).

Small to medium tree to 24 m high; trichomes simple and fasciculate, predominantly

spreading; innovations pubescent; branchlets grey to pale brown to dark brown, pu-

bescent, soon becoming glabrous, 4 — 8 mm wide. Leaves 13 —28cm long;petiole densely

pubescent, soon becoming glabrous, 1.5 — 5 cm long; blade subcoriaceous, drying pale

greenish brown to brown, pubescent below mainly on the midrib and veins, glabrous

above, obovate to oblanceolate or (in occasional leaves) elliptic, 11 — 23 cm long, 4.8 —

10.5 cm wide, base cuneate to attenuate, apex acuminate (the acumen 5 — 10 mm long)

to rounded or retuse, main veins 8 to 11 on each side of the midrib, secondary veins and

reticulations not prominent. Inflorescences 3 — 11 cm long; peduncle sparsely to densely

pubescent, finally becoming glabrous or nearly so; axis and branches sparsely to densely

pubescent; pedicels densely pubescent, 3.5 — 5 mm long. Flowers green, in bud 1.5 — 2

mm wide; sepals pubescent, about 0.7 mm long; petals pubescent abaxially, sparsely

pubescent to nearly glabrous adaxially, 2 — 2.5 mm long; anthers 0.5 — 0.7 mm long; disc

glabrous, 1.5 — 1.8 mm wide; rudimentary gynoecium glabrous, rudimentary ovules sub-

collateral. Fruits glabrous, ovoid to subglobose, 10 — 12 mm wide, shallowly 4-lobed,

usually acute at the apex. Seeds usually 2 per locule, subcollateral, minutely and irregularly

reticulate, often smooth over part of the surface, 5 — 7 mm long, outer testa spongy.

Carpellate flowers not seen.

Distribution. E. Malaysia, Sabah (Fig. 1); recorded from well-drained, primary forests;

sea level to 130 m.

E. MALAYSIA. Sabah. Sandakan: Sepilok Forest Reserve, Ampon & Patrick SAN 71519 (L),

Anonymous [G. H. S. Wood?] SAN A 3892 (A, L), Meijer SAN 21746 (BO, L), Meijer & Stone SAN

58909 (K, L), Nicholson & Patrick P. Sam SAN 15404 (L), SAN 17046 (L, SING), Toipin SAN 40708

(K, L), Wood SAN 16033 (A, BRI); Mt. Walker, Madani SAN 44256 (K); Kobili Bukit, Kadir [SAN]

A 680 (CANB, US); Leila Forest Reserve, Patrick P. Sam SAN 20650a (L), SAN 26359 (L, holotype;

K, isotype), SAN 26377 (L). Lamag District: Bilit, Banang SAN 51928 (K, L).

As noted above, this species is probably most closely related to Maclurodendron

porteri.

3. Maclurodendron obovatum (Metr.) Hartley, comb. nov.

Acronychia obovata Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 12 (1917) 274. Type: Mallonga FB

26473, Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao Province, Manangas, Carrascal.

Small to medium tree to 13 m high; trichomes simple and fasciculate, predominantly

ascending; innovations pubescent; branchlets pale brown to brownish red to blackish,

pubescent, soon becoming glabrous, 5 — 6 mm wide. Leaves 9 — 21.5 cm long; petiole

ae) :

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 13

pubescent, especially adaxially, finally becoming glabrous or nearly so, 1.4 — 3 cm long;

blade subcoriaceous to coriaceous, drying greenish brown to brown, usually pubescent

below on the midrib, soon becoming glabrous, glabrous above, obovate or occasionally

broadly oblanceolate, 7.5 — 18 cm long, 4.7 — 9 cm wide, base obtuse to cuneate, apex

acuminate (the acumen 3 — 7 mm long), rounded, or subtruncate, main veins 9 to 14 on

each side of the midrib, secondary veins and reticulations prominent, especially above.

Inflorescences 3 — 10 cm long, peduncle, axis, branches, and pedicels sparsely pubescent,

soon becoming glabrous or nearly so; pedicels 5 — 6 mm long. Flowers pale green, in bud

1.5 — 2 mm wide; sepals glabrate, about 0.7 mm long; petals glabrous abaxially, glabrous

or nearly so adaxially, about 2.5 mm long; anthers 0.5 — 0.8 mm long; disc glabrous, 1.4

— 1.5 mm wide; gynoecium glabrous, ovules subcollateral. Fruits glabrous, globose or

subglobose, often apiculate, 8 — 10 mm wide. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule, subcollateral or

subsuperposed, minutely and regularly reticulate, often smooth over part of the surface,

about 5 mm long, outer testa spongy.

Distribution. Philippines, northeastern Mindanao and nearby Bucas Grande and

Dinagat Islands (Fig. 1); recorded from well-drained forests; low to middle altitudes.

PHILIPPINES. Mindanao. Surigao del Norte: Dinagat Island, Ramos & Convocar BS 83811 (NY),

BS 83927 (NY), Ramos & Pascasio BS 35184 (GH, NSW), BS 35193 (A, BM, K, US); Bucas Grande

Island, Ramos & Pascasio BS 35058 (A, US). Surigao del Sur: Manangas, Carrascal, Mallonga FB

26473 (US, isotype of Acronychia obovata Merr.); without definite locality, Ramos & Pascasio BS

34681 (L).

As noted in the Outline of Species Relationships, this species appears to be most

closely related to Maclurodendron oligophlebium. The main differences between the two

species are in the texture of the leaf blade and the comparative prominence of the secon-

dary veins and reticulations (see Key to Species) and in the arrangement of the ovules and

seeds (subcollateral in M. obovatum vs. collateral in M. oligophlebium).

4. Maclurodendron oligophlebium (Merr.) Hartley, comb. nov.

Acronychia oligophlebia Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. 23 (1923) 246. Type: McClure CCC

9496, China, Hainan Island, Five Finger Mt.

Small to medium tree to 13 (— 25) m high; trichomes simple, predominantly ascen-

ding; innovations finely pubescent to puberulent; branchlets reddish, becoming grey-

brown, glabrous or nearly so, 3 — 6 mm wide. Leaves 6.5 — 23.5 cm long; petiole finely

pubescent to puberulent, especially adaxially, soon becoming glabrous, 0.8 — 2.5 cm

long; blade chartaceous to subcoriaceous, drying brown or brownish green, glabrous or

nearly so, obovate to oblanceolate or occasionally elliptic, 6 — 21.5 cm long, 2.5 — 8.2

cm wide, base cuneate to attenuate, apex acuminate (the acumen 5 — 10 mm long) or

occasionally obtuse or rounded, main veins 6 to 10 on each side of the midrib, secondary

veins and reticulations not very prominent. Inflorescences 3.5 — 10 cm long; peduncle,

axis, and branches minutely pubescent, soon becoming glabrous or nearly so; pedicels

minutely pubescent, 1.5 — 5 mm long. Flowers green, yellowish green, or white, in bud

about 2 mm wide; sepals finely pubescent, 0.6 — 0.7 mm long; petals sparsely pubescent

to glabrate abaxially, sparsely pubescent adaxially, 2.5 — 3 mm long; anthers 0.8 — 1 mm

long; disc glabrous, 1.3 — 1.6 mm wide; gynoecium glabrous, ovules collateral. Fruits

glabrous, globose or subglobose, often shallowly 4-lobed, often apiculate, 6 — 10 mm

14 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

wide. Seeds usually 2 per locule, collateral, minutely and regularly reticulate, often

smooth over part of the surface, 4.5 — 5.5 mm long, outer testa spongy.

Distribution. Hainan Island and Vietnam (Fig. 1); recorded from well-drained forests;

200 — 1200 m.

Illustration. C. C. Huang, Acta Phytotax. Sinica 7 (1958) t. 66, fig. 1 (as Acronychia

oligophlebia).

CHINA. Hainan Island: Ching Mai District, Pak Shik Ling vicinity, Lei 543 (K, NY, UC, US, W),

85] (A, NY, UC, US, W); Dung Ka to We Fa Shi, Chun & Tso 43753 (A, BISH, NY, W); Kan-en Dis-

trict, Chim Fung Ling, Lau 3716 (A, BISH, P); Five Finger Mt., Chun 1490 (UC), McClure CCC 9496

(A, BISH, BM, K, P, UC, isotypes of Acronychia oligophlebia Metrr.); Pao-ting, How 72159 (A, P);

Yaichow, How 70313 (NY), Liang 62369 (NY, US), 62465 (NY); Nagai District, Yeung Ling Shan,

Lau 51 (BM, MICH, NY, UC, US, W): Mo San Leng, Chun & Tso 44291 (A, K, NY, US); without

definite locality, Liang 64191 (A, NY), 64246 (NY), 65061 (NY, US), 65179 (A, NY, UC), Wang

34303 (A, NY).

VIETNAM, Quangtri Province: Massif de Dong Cho, Poilane 11123 (P), 11195 (P), 11242 (P);

Dent du Tigre, Poilane 10287 (P), 10300 (P). Quangnam Province: Montagne de Ba Na, Poilane 1498

(P); Col des Nuages pres de Tourane [Da Nang], Poilane 7957 (P), 8025 (P), 8037 (P).

This species is apparently most closely related to Maclurodendron obovatum (see

under that species).

5. Maclurodendron parviflorum Hartley, sp. nov.

Arbor parva usque ca 4.5 m alta; trichomatibus simplicibus, pro parte maxima ascendentibus;

innovationibus puberulis; ramulis pallido-brunneis vel atro-brunneis, glabratis, ca 3 mm lIatis; foliis

10.5 — 19 cm longis; petiolo adaxialiter puberulo, mox glabrato, 1 — 2 cm longo; lamina subcoriacea,

in sicco pallido-viridi, glabra vel fere glabra, elliptica vel (in foliis infrequentibus) obovata vel oblanceo-

lata, 9 — 16.5 cm longa, 3 — 9 cm lata, basi cuneata, apice acuminata (acumine 5 — 10 mm longo) vel

interdum obtusa vel retusa, venis primariis utrinsecus costae 7 — 11, venis secondariis et rete venularum

non prominentibus; inflorescentiis 1 — 3 cm longis, pedunculo, rhachidi, et ramis puberulis, mox

glabratis, pedicellis sparse puberulis, 1 — 3 mm longis; floribus pallido-viridibus vel pallido-luteis, in

alabastro 1 — 1.5 mm latis; sepalis sparse puberulis, 0.7 — 1 mm longis; petalis glabris, ca 1.5 mm

longis; antheris 0.4 — 0.5 mm longis; disco glabro, 0.6 — 1 mm lato; gynoecio glabro, ovulis subcolla-

teralibus; fructibus glabris, ovoideis vel subglobosis, ca 7 mm latis, vadose 4-lobatis, apice acutis;

seminibus in quoque loculo 1 vel 2, subcollateralibus, irregulariter et longitudinaliter rugosis, ca 5 mm

longis, testa exterior non spongiosa. Typus: J. A. R. Anderson S 25426 (L).

Small tree to about 4.5 m high; trichomes simple, predominantly ascending; innova-

tions puberulent, branchlets pale brown to dark brown, glabrous or nearly so, about 3

mm wide. Leaves 10.5 — 19 cm long; petiole puberulent adaxially, soon becoming gla-

brous, 1 — 2 cm long; blade subcoriaceous, drying pale green, glabrous or nearly so,

elliptic or (in occasional leaves) obovate or oblanceolate, 9 — 16.5 cm long, 3 — 9 cm

wide, base cuneate, apex acuminate (the acumen 5 — 10 mm long) or occasionally obtuse

or retuse, main veins 7 to 11 on each side of the midrib, secondary veins and reticulations

not prominent. Inflorescences 1 — 3 cm long; peduncle, axis, and branches puberulent,

soon becoming glabrous or nearly so; pedicels sparsely puberulent, 1 — 3 mm long.

Flowers pale green or pale yellow, in bud 1 — 1.5 mm wide; sepals sparsely puberulent,

0.7 — 1 mm long; petals glabrous, about 1.5 mm long; anthers 0.4 — 0.5 mm long; disc

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 15

glabrous, 0.6 — 1 mm wide; gynoecium glabrous, ovules subcollateral. Fruits glabrous,

ovoid to subglobose, about 7 mm wide, shallowly 4-lobed, acute at the apex. Seeds 1 or 2

per locule, subcollateral, irregularly and longitudinally roughened, about 5 mm long,

outer testa not spongy.

Distribution. E. Malaysia, Sarawak, vicinity of Kuching (Fig. 1); recorded from pri-

mary heath forest and secondary forest on podzolized soil; rather low elevation.

E. MALAYSIA. Sarawak. 1st Division: near Kuching, Haviland 1986 (K); Stampin, 7 km south of

Kuching, Anderson S 25126 {L); vicinity of Kuching, Batu Kawa Road, 3% Mile, Anderson S 25426

(L, holotype).

As noted in the Outline of Species Relationships, of the five species for which seeds

are known, this is the only one lacking spongy tissue in the outer testa. A spongy outer

testa is apparently vestigial in indehiscent-fruited Rutaceae (see Hartley, in press) and

therefore this may by, with regard to testa structure, the most highly derived species of

the genus.

Besides the different structure of its testa, Maclurodendron parviflorum is distinguish-

able from the other species of the genus by its smaller flowers with sepals at least half as

long (as opposed to less than half as long) as the petals.

6. Maclurodendron magnificum Hartley, sp. nov.

Acronychia sp. nov. (“magnifica’”’ nom. prov.), B. C. Stone, Malaysian Forester 43

(1980) 252, fig. 3.

Arbor 4.5 m alta; trichomatibus simplicibus et fasciculatis, pro parte maxima ascendentibus;

innovationibus subtiliter pubescentibus; ramulis cinereo-brunneis, subtiliter pubescentibus, mox glabra-

tis, 6 — 7 mm latis; foliis 15 — 20 cm longis; petiolo praecipue adaxialiter pubescenti, postremo gla-

brato, 1.3 — 2 cm longo; lamina subcoriacea, in sicco viridi, subtus sparse pubescenti (praecipue in

costa), mox glabrata, supra glabra, elliptica, 12.5 — 18.5 cm longa, 6.7 — 9.2 cm lata, basi acuta vel

cuneata, apice acuminata (acumine 3 — 5 mm longo), venis primariis utrinsecus costae 11, venis secon-

dariis et rete venularum non prominentibus; inflorescentiis ante anthesin ca 4.5 cm longis, pedunculo

glabrato, rhachidi, ramis, et pedicellis dense pubescentibus, pedicellis 2 — 3 mm longis; floribus (ala-

bastris d solis visis) viridulis, in alabastro 2.5 — 3 mm latis; sepalis dense pubescentibus, ca 1.5 mm

longis; petalis abaxialiter dense pubescentibus, adaxialiter sparse pubescentibus; antheris ca 1 mm

longis; disco glabro, ca 1.2 mm lato; gynoecio rudimentario glabro, ovulis rudimentariis subcollaterali-

bus; floribus ° et fructibus non visis. Holotypus: Stone 8905 (L).

Tree 4.5 m high; trichomes simple and fasciculate, predominantly ascending; innova-

tions finely pubescent; branchlets grey-brown, finely pubescent, soon becoming glabrous,

6 — 7 mm wide. Leaves 15 — 20 cm long; petiole pubescent, especially adaxially, finally

becoming glabrous, 1.3 — 2 cm long; blade subcoriaceous, drying green, sparsely pubescent

below mainly on the midrib, soon becoming glabrous, glabrous above, elliptic, 12.5 —

18.5 cm long, 6.7 — 9.2 cm wide, base acute to cuneate, apex acuminate (the acumen

3 — 5 mm long), main veins 11 on each side of the midrib, secondary veins and reticula-

tions not prominent. Inflorescences prior to anthesis about 4.5 cm long; peduncle gla-

brate; axis, branches, and pedicels densely pubescent; pedicels 2 — 3 mm long. Flowers

16 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

(only staminate buds seen) greenish, in bud 2.5 — 3 mm wide; sepals densely pubescent,

about 1.5 mm long; petals densely pubescent abaxially, sparsely pubescent adaxially;

anthers about 1 mm long; disc glabrous, about 1.2 mm wide; rudimentary gynoecium

glabrous, rudimentary ovules subcollateral. Carpellate flowers and fruits not seen.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 1).

W. MALAYSIA. Pahang: summit area of Gunong Ulu Kali, Stone 8905 (L, holotype).

According to Stone (1980 and in litt.), the following additional collections from

Gunong Ulu Kali represent this species: eastern slope at 1500 m, Stone 13904 (KLU);

Stone s. n. 16 Sept. 1979 (KLU); Stone 15088 (KLU).

Although the material I have seen (a single collection in late flower bud) is incom-

plete, I am confident that its identity is correct. It stands apart from the other species of

the genus in having larger, more densely pubescent flower buds (as illustrated by Stone,

1980).

Benjamin Stone has recognised this plant as a novelty as far back as 1971, and on

several subsequent trips to Gunong Ulu Kali has been unsuccessful in his search for fruiting

specimens. He writes (in litt.) that in the past few years the vegetation of the summit

area of Gunong Ulu Kali has been disturbed by commercial development, so the future of

the species may be precarious.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the directors and curators of the herbaria listed on page 4 for making

specimens in their care available to me. Thanks are also extended to Mike Moncur,

C.S.I.R.O. Division of Land Use Research, who did the scanning electron microscopy.

Literature cited

Hartley, T. G. (1974). A revision of the genus Acronychia (Rutaceae). J. Arnold Arb. 55:

469-523, 525-567.

. (in press). A revision of the genus Sarcomelicope (Rutaceae). Austral. J. Bot.

Stone, B. C. (1980). Additions to the Malayan flora, VIII. Malaysian Forester 43: 244-

262.

’

Maclurodendron gen. nov.

Index to collections

The numbers in parentheses refer to the corresponding species in the text.

Ampon & Patrick SAN 71519 (2).

Anderson § 25126, S 25426 (5).

Anonymous Boschproefstation 103 T-3 P 272,

Boschproefstation T [Thorenaar] 845 (1);

[G. H. S. Wood?] SAN A 3892 (2);

HB 4004, [Teysmann HB?] 14620 (1).

Ashton BRUN 199 (1).

Baker SAN 25017 (1).

Banang SAN 51928 (2).

Beccari /PB] 3500 (1).

Binideh, P., [SAN] 63165 (1).

Binideh, R., [SAN] 55734 (1).

Bojeng bin Sitam S 14639 (1).

Bunnemeijer 2436 (1).

Buntar SAN 25805 (1).

Chun, N. K., & Tso 43753, 44291 (4).

Chun, W. Y., 1490 (4).

Cockburn FRI 7684, FRI 7742, FRI 7835 (1).

Curtis 3089 (1).

Derry 1043, 1162 (1).

Edano BS 76064 (1).

Everett FRI 13746, FRI 13951 (1).

Forbes 2726, 2832a (1).

Galau S 15644 (1).

Gibot SAN 31256, [SAN] 34008, SAN 60674 (1).

Goodenough /85/ (1).

Haji Bujang Tree No. 3926 (1).

Haji Suib S 23428 (1).

Haviland 1986 (5); 2257, 2282, 2846 (1).

Herb. Griffith 7/89 (1).

Herb. Helfer 7/92 (1).

Hose 539, 556 (1).

How 70313, 72159 (4).

Ilias [bin] Paie S 13332, S 13716 (1).

Kadir [SAN] A 680 (2).

Rett. 11 767, 11953, 16364;1 70L5,. 171 7,

18603 (1).

Kiah SF 32375, SF 32420, SF 35204, SF 36165

(1).

King’s Collector 3979, 4482, 7469, 8338 (1).

Kloss, C. B., 7009 (1).

Kochummen FRI 2054, FRI 2422, KEP 99520

(1).

Kostermans 9186, 9219, 13013, bb 34060,

bb 34134, bb 34138 (1).

Kostermans & Anta 190, 671, 693, 793, 1067

(1).

Krukoff 4323 (1).

Lau 51, 3716 (4).

Lei 543, 851 (4).

Liang 62369, 62465, 64191, 64246, 65061,

65179 (4).

Loh FRI 17130 (1).

Madani SAN 44256 (2).

McClure CCC 9496 (4).

Maingay Kew Distribution No. 280 (1).

Mallonga FB 26473 (3).

Meijer SAN 2] 746 (2).

Meijer & Stone SAN 58909 (2).

18 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Mikil [SAN] 30331 (1). Sam, Patrick P., SAN 20650a, SAN 26359, SAN

26377 (2).

Muin [bin] Chai SAN 2557] (1).

Scortechini // 80] (1).

Murdoch / 54 (1).

Shah & Kadim 486 (1).

Murthy & Ashton § 22677 (1).

Sibat ak Luang S 13960, S 21938, S 21984,

Ng FRI 1171, FRI 1884 (1). S 22991 (1).

Nicholson & Patrick P. Sam SAN 15404, SAN Singh SAN 29961 (1).

17046 (2).

Smith & Chai S 27649 (1).

Oro FB 31048 (1).

Smythies, Wood, & Ashton SAN 17077 (1).

Paijmans 105, 158 (1).

Soepadmo et al. KLU 11742 (1).

Parker 2488, 2768 (1).

Soepadmo & Mahmud //47 (1).

Pickles S 3914, S 3935 (1).

Stone 8905, 13908, 15088 (6).

Poilane 1498, 7957, 8025, 8037, 10287, 10300,

11123, 11195, 11242 (4). Suppiah FRI 11944 (1).

Tingguan SAN 36336 (1).

Porter /Wallich Catalog No.] 7756 (1).

Toipin SAN 40708 (2).

Purseglove 5370 (1).

: de Voogd 2// (1).

Rahmat si Boeea 7975 (1).

Wang 34303 (4).

Ramos & Convocar BS 83811, BS 83927 (3).

itmore FRI 3955, FRI 4020, FRI 12504 (1).

Ramos & Pascasio BS 34681, BS 35058, BS Whitmore FRI 3955, FRI 4020, FRI 12504 (1)

35184, BS 35193 (3). Wood SAN 16033 (2); KEP 76090 (1).

Ridley 3467, 3639a, 4741, 5587 (1). Yates 257] (1).

Sadau [SAN] 42569, [SAN] 49548 (1). Yeob CF 834 (1).

Addendum

Since this article went to press, the fruit of Maclurodendron magnificum has been

collected for the first time: W. Malaysia: Pahang: summit area of Gunong Ulu Kali, Stone

15088-bis (CANB, spirit collection; KLU). Thanks are extended to Dr. Stone for sending

the sample of this material to Canberra. Its description follows.

Fruits glabrous, subglobose, about 10 mm wide, apex rounded and with 4 separate

(about 5 mm apart) scars of stylar elements. Seed 1 per locule (each paired with an aborted

ovule), minutely and irregularly reticulate, about 5 mm long, outer testa spongy.

In all of the species of Maclurodendron the style consists of four coherent stylar ele-

ments and is deciduous early in the development of the fruit. Here the scars of the stylar

elements become widely separated as the fruit matures, whereas in all of the other species

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 19

they remain confluent at the apex of the fruit. If, as is suggested, Maclurodendron has

evolved from a genus resembling Melicope (the fruits of which are usually nearly apo-

carpous and always have widely separate stylar element scars), the former character state

probably represents the more primitive condition in the genus.

The following amended classification of the species of Maclurodendron takes into

account this new differential fruit character and the characteristics of the testa of the

previously-unknown seeds of M. magnificum.

Outline of species relationships

Scars of stylar elements widely separate in fruit; outer testa

consisting of a spongy layer bounded externally by a

shiny pellicle, the surface irregularly reticulate .. 1. M. magnificum

Scars of stylar elements confluent at the apex of the fruit

Outer testa consisting of a spongy layer bounded

externally by a shiny pellicle, the surface reticulate

Surface of testairregularly reticulate . . . 2. M. porteri

3. M. pubescens

Surface of testaregularly reticulate. . . . 4. M. obovatum

5. M. oligophlebium

Outer testa consisting only of a shiny pellicle, the

spongy layer obsolete, the surface irregularly

EC eet a ee ee, 6. M. parviflorum

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Notes on Gardenia and Acranthera (Rubiaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia

WONG KHOON MENG

Forest Research Institute, Kepong

Summary

The genus Gardenia (Rubiaceae) is represented in Peninsular Malaysia by seven species of which

two are shrubs and five are trees. Within the most variable species, G. tubifera Wall., two varieties are

recognised, i.e. var. tubifera and var. subcarinata Corner; the former variety is shown to exist as two

forms, forma tubifera and forma elata (Ridl.) Wong. Two species, G. coronaria Buch.-Ham. and G.

pterocalyx Val., have not been previously recorded in accounts of the genus in Peninsular Malaysia.

A key to all seven species is provided. Three taxa formerly included under Gardenia are transferred to

Acranthera, providing the first record of the latter genus in Peninsular Malaysia; the new combinations

are Acranthera pulchella (Rid|.) Wong and A. didymocarpa (Ridl.) Wong.

Introduction

Since Ridley’s account of the genus Gardenia in the Malay Peninsula (Ridley, 1923)

the only amendment has been that by Corner (1938) who reduced three of the species

listed by Ridley to synonymy, under G. tubifera.

The present study provides an updated list of Gardenia species indigenous to the

Malay Peninsula; of the seven species, G. tubifera is the most variable, and an account of

the variation is therefore presented. These seven species may be keyed out by distinctive

features of the flowers and fruits.

Although sectional delimitation within the genus cannot be dealt with prior to a

worldwide revision, it is shown that the section Gardeniella Ridley (Ridley, 1909) was

founded on three species which cannot be admitted within Gardenia, but which belong to

the genus Acranthera instead.

Variation and Synonymy in Gardenia tubifera

Corner (1938) had already proposed that G. speciosa (Hk.)Hk.f., G. elata Ridl. and

G. resinifera Korth. are conspecific with G. tubifera Wall.

The type specimen of G. elata (described in 1918) matches the details of G. speciosa

(in Ic. Pl., 1852, t.824, as Randia speciosa Hk.). Craib (1932) realised that G. speciosa

(Hk.)Hk.f. (described in 1880) was a homonym of G. speciosa Salisb. (described in 1796)

and renamed Hooker’s species as G. lobbii.

When Ridley (1923) elaborated on these identities, he had the impression that

G. tubifera was generally small-leafed (“leaves . . . 3.75 to 6 in. long, 1.5 to 2 in. wide’)

in contrast with G. elata (“leaves . . . 9 in. long, 3.5 in. across’’); this is borne out by the

specimens he had annotated at Singapore. That there is great variation in the dimensions

ce Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

of mature open flowers is seen in the type specimen of G. elata, where two such flowers

had the contrasting corolla-tube lengths of 6.6 cm and 11.4 cm. I agree with Corner

(1938) who, in discussing the variations in leaf size, lengths of calyx-tube and corolla-tube,

regarded the specimens SF'N 32440 and SFN 32368 as intermediates between G. speciosa,

G. elata and G. tubifera. | further agree with him in considering G. resinifera (with ribbed

calyx-tubes) as a variety of G. tubifera (which otherwise has smooth calyx-tubes), named

by him as G. tubifera var. subcarinata (Corner, 1938).

As G. tubifera Wall. (described in 1824) is the earliest name for this species, it takes

precedence over the others. The synonymy for G. tubifera is thus :

G. speciosa (Hk.)Hk.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 117, non Salisb. (1796);

G. elata Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 79 (1918) 81;

G. resinifera Korth. in Ridley, Fl. Mal. Peninsula 2 (1923) 82;

G. lobbii Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 2 (1932) 120.

The two varieties of G. tubifera are keyed out as follows:

Calyx-tube smooth, ose ae G. tubifera var. tubifera

Calyx-tube sibbed:ciskt cli atc ee eae G. tubifera var. subcarinata Corner,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 10 (1938) 48.

While Corner was correct in observing that these entities formed a continuous range

with regard to the characters mentioned, there is a tendency among the specimens with

smooth calyx-tube (i.e. agreeing with G. tubifera var. tubifera) to group in two different

directions (Fig. 1).

These two groups are two recognisable forms, keyed out as follows:

1. Leaves glabrous below, with widths not exceeding 6 cm; calyx-tube 0.8 — 2.0 cm

long; corolla-tube 2.5 — 7.5 cm long; fruits to 3.5 cm across; plants usually found in

lowland sites near the coast or swampy areaS ... .... . « lssesi:es) Sane

1. Leaves with puberulent veins on the undersurfaces, with widths often reaching 6 —

12 cm although smaller leaves may be present; calyx-tube 1.5 — 3.5 cm long; corolla-

tube often 6.5 — 14 cm long; fruits to 5 cm across; plants found in lowlands to hill

fordet ci eee G. tubifera var. tubifera forma elata (Ridl.) Wong, stat. nov.

Basionym : G. elata Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 79 (1918) 81.

Synonyms : G. speciosa (Hk.)Hk.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 117, non Salisb.

(1796); G. lobbii Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 2 (1932) 120.

Type : Wray 4265, Perak, Selama (SING; also syntype of G. elata).

It is possible that the range of variation present within G. tubifera reflects incipient

evolutionary changes such that the modifications in floral characters have not yet pro-

gressed to the stage where they fall into discrete groups.

140 *

130

120 -M

type

* *

110

100

E %

& »

: 90 *

o ¥ Corner 32440

om dimensions

a 80 cited by

a Ridley » \ Corner 32440

(eo)

fa 70 s Veins on leaf

= undersurfaces

a es e puberulent

= dimensions cited

oe) 60 by

fa é- S

re) King &

®.0

. Gamble é e

eo)

~” 50 a

a Leaves glabrous

O &

je)

10 20 30 40

LENGTHS OF CALYX-TUBE OF OPEN FLOWERS (mm)

Figure 1. Corolla-tube and calyx-tube lengths compared between specimens of Gardenia tubifera

sensu Ridley (®) and G. elata sensu Ridley ( *).

24 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Specimens examined :

G. tubifera var. subcarinata

Alvins s.n. 23.3.1886. Malacca, Jus (SING)

Burkill & Haniff SFN 17129. Pahang, Pekan (SING)

Chan FRI 25155. Trengganu, Bt. Bauk F.R. (KEP)

Chelliah KEP 98143. Penang, Pantai Acheh (SING, KEP)

Cockburn FRI 7300. Kelantan, Relai F.R. (KEP)

Curtis 686. Penang, Govt. Hill (SING)

Derry 360. Malacca, Bt. Sadanau (SING)

Everett FRI 13596. Perak, Taiping (KEP); FRI 13766. Kedah, Bt. Enggang (KEP)

Foxworthy 7960. Selangor, Sg. Buloh (SING, KEP)

Goodenough s.n. 25.1.1890. Singapore, Changi (SING)

Kochummen FRI 2919. Perak, Maxwell Hill (KEP); FRI 11496. Selangor, Kanching (KEP)

Mat Ariff KEP 7501. Kedah, G. Jerai (SING)

Md. Nur SFN 34129. Selangor, Sg. Tinggi (SING)

Ngadiman SFN 34926. Singapore, Bt. Timah (SING)

Phytochem. Survey of Malaya KL 2989. Selangor, 26 m.s. K.L. to Selangor (SING)

Ridley 2588; 4416. Singapore, Garden Jungle (SING)

Sinclair SFN 10863. Johore, Sg. Bang (SING); SFN 39695. Penang, Tiger Hill (SING)

Stone, Sharif & Mahmud KLU 12264. Pahang, Tasek Bera (KEP)

Wray, Jr. 2522. Perak, Matang Jambu (SING)

Yeok KEP 4753. Selangor, Kelambu F.R. (SING)

Zahir Yusoff KEP 99132. Pahang, Ulu Krau (SING)

G. tubifera var. tubifera forma tubifera

Alvins 11. Malacca, Selandar (SING)

Bain KEP 5985. Johore, Sg. Johol (KEP)

Bidin 3151. Johore, Endau (SING)

Burkill HMB 2640. Malacca, Bt. Berendam Rd. (SING, KEP) : SFN 1434. Malacca, Sg. Tebong

(SING)

Burkill & Haniff SFN 16374. Malacca, Alor Gajah (SING)

Burn-Murdoch SFN 304. Pahang, Tasek Chini (SING)

Corner SFN 24625. Johore, Bagan Limau (SING); SFN 25971. Johore, Darau (SING)

Derry 199. Malacca, Merlimau (SING)

Goodenough 1699. Malacca, Sg. Udang (SING)

Hardial S. & Samsuri HS 1092. Johore, Kluang (SING, KEP)

Henderson SFN 24126. Pahang, Sg. Bera (SING, KEP)

Lake & Kelsall s.n. 1892, Johore, K. Sembrong (SING)

Mat Asri FRI 25738. Negeri Sembilan, Simpang Pertang — K. Pilah road (KEP)

Md. Shah & Md. Ali MS 3147. Pahang, Rompin (KEP)

Ngadiman SFN 16114. Pahang, Lubok Paku (SING); s.n. 14.1.1938 & s. loc. (SING)

Ridley 1375; 1388. Pahang, Pekan (SING); 4209. Johore, Kota Tinggi (SING); 11139. Johore,

Bekok River (SING); s.n. 1895. Singapore, Choa Chu Kang (SING); s.n. 20.8.1909. Pahang,

Pekan (SING)

Scortechini 1775. Perak, K. Depang (SING)

Watson KEP 5816. Johore, Ulu Mersing (KEP)

G. tubifera var. tubifera forma elata

Abu KEP 4652. Selangor, Sg. Buloh F.R. (SING, KEP)

Alvins 2364. Malacca, Chaban (SING)

Burkill SEN 2509. Malacca, Kemandore (SING); KEP 3313. Selangor, Sg. Buloh (KEP)

Chan FRI 6777. Kedah, Ulu Muda (KEP)

Corner SFN 28736. Johore, Sg. Berassau (SING, KEP); SFN 32440. Johore, Sg. Sedili (SING)

Everett FRI 13631. Pahang, north of Kg. Teris (KEP)

Hullett 445. Singapore, Bt.. Timah (SING)

Kiah SFN 32368. Johore, Sg. Kayu (SING); SFN 35148. Kedah, Koh Mai F.R. (SING)

On Gardenia and Acranthera pes

Kochummen FRI 2457. Perak, Kg. Kangsar (KEP)

Md. Shah & Md. Noor MS 1833. Pahang, Ulu Sg. Sat (SING, KEP)

Ngadiman SFN 35595. Singapore, Bt. Timah (SING)

Phytochem. Survey of Malaya KL 2018; KL 2138. Selangor, Ulu Langat (KEP)

Ridley s.n. 1891. Selangor, Sg. Buloh (SING); s.n. 1907. Singapore, Bt. Timah (SING)

Soh KEP 15411. Pahang, Rompin (SING)

Suppiah FRI 11681. Kelantan, Ulu Lebir (KEP)

Symington KEP 24190. Selangor, Bt. Enggang (SING, KEP)

Wray 4265. Perak, Selama (SING, syntype of Gardenia elata Ridley)

Zainuddin FRI 17945. Trengganu, Jerteh (KEP)

Species Characters and a Key To Peninsular Malaysian Gardenia

In the Malay Peninsula, there are only two speices of Gardenia which are shrubs

(G. campanula and G. tentaculata), and these have flowers with the corolla campanulate

whereas the tree species are all characterised by a salverform corolla (Fig. 2).

Among the five arborescent species, the most reliable distinguishing characters are

the calyx and fruit structure, whether the calyx-tube and fruit are smooth, ribbed or bear

wing-like appendages. The length of the corolla-tube seems an undependable character, as

shown earlier, while the extent to which the calyx ensheaths the corolla-tube is significant

only in G. griffithii and G. pterocalyx.

A key to the Peninsular Malaysian species of Gardenia follows:

1. Corolla campanulate

2. Calyx teeth often 0.5 — 1 cm long; corolla less than 2 cm long; fruits ribbed on

RUNES re Ge i ee OR as fk ee ke G. tentaculata Hk. f.

2. Calyx teeth less than 0.3 cm long, corolla often 3 — 4 cm long; fruits smooth

RE iy cee Sco se ROME, ne abe og OR coecs fo a thle. o« G. campanula Ridl.

1. Corolla salverform

2. Calyx-tube with expanded wing-like appendages down its length

3. Calyx wings triangular, the wings at the top of the calyx-tube; fruits ribbed

. Sark OE ASP Se ae ee ee ee care ae G. carinata Wall.

3. Calyx wings running down the entire calyx-tube, the wings broadest at their

middle; fruits with narrow wings continuing from the calyx ...........

RUE OEE og Sw me Ee ca pS «Faw Whe G. pterocalyx Val.

2. Calyx-tube without any expanded wing-like appendages

See py oth sale aan ae Pa G. coronaria Buch.-Ham.

3. Fruits globose, smooth

4. _Calyx- tube sheathing to half the length of the corolla-tube .........

es Sa. alia ond mc begin ke + oe ms guy. G. griffithii Hk. f.

4. Calyx-tube sheathing only to a third the length of the corolla-tube, or

see ac gas ie oh tn A A i Soe aie mine edi G. tubifera Wall.

SFN 28767

Ridley 1316

Ridley 2857

\ :

WA °

S&S y

a ~

a A

aA \A

»~

_ KEP 24190

KEP 12363

Figure 2. Flowers and fruits of Gardenia species. A. G. campanula; B. G. tentaculata; C. G. carinata;

D. G. pterocalyx; E. G. griffithii; F. G. coronaria; G. G. tubifera var. tubifera (G1 and G2,

flower and fruit, respectively, of forma elata; G3, fruit of forma tubifera); H. G. tubifera

var. subcarinata.

On Gardenia and Acranthera FF

The species G. coronaria and G. pterocalyx were not included by Ridley (1923).

G. coronaria was first recorded by Craib (1932) to occur in the Malay Peninsula and is

known only from Langkawi in the extreme north-west; it is mainly an Indo-Chinese

species. Malayan specimens of G. pterocalyx, a species not previously recorded from the

Malay Peninsula, have rounded leaf apices while Bornean specimens seen have leaves with

a short tip. The specimens examined are listed below.

G. coronaria

Alphonso and Samsuri A128. Langkawi, Kuah (SING)

Chelliah FRI 6916. Langkawi (KEP)

Corner s.n. 12.11.1941. Langkawi, Kuah (SING)

Curtis s.n. 3.1892. Langkawi, Trutow (SING)

Holttum SFN 15082. Langkawi (SING)

Md. Haniff & Md. Nur SFN 7560. Langkawi, Bt. Penarak (SING)

Rahim KEP 12363. Langkawi, Penarak F.R. (SING)

G. pterocalyx

Henderson SFN 24138. Pahang, Sg. Bera near Tasek Bera (SING)

Mahmud bin Sider s.n. May 1970. Pahang, along the road to G. Ulu Kali alt. 1200 ft a.s.l. (KLU)

Poore 951. Pahang, Tasek Bera, forest edge in swamp (KLU)

Sinclair & Kiah SFN 40733. Trengganu, Paya Bt. Pakbeh, sandy gelam forest (SING)

Stone 6614. Pahang, Tasek Bera, in the lake, lower part of trunk immersed (KLU)

Stone 9484. Pahang, Tasek Bera, alt. 50 ft a.s.l. (KLU)

Species Transferred from Gardenia to Acranthera

Ridley’s Gardenia didymocarpus, G. pulchella and G. virescens are not admissible to

the genus Gardenia because of the following discrepancies:

(i) The stamens have long filaments arising from the base of the corolla-tube and basi-

fixed anthers which are connivent around the stigma. In Gardenia, the stamens are

distinctly epipetalous, attached near the month of the corolla-tube, and the anthers

are never connivent around the stigma.

(ii) The fruit is a narrowly cylindric berry, with many tuberculate seeds. In typical

Gardenia, the fruit is an ellipsoid to globose berry and the seeds have a non-tuber-

culate testa.

(iii) The stipules are pronounced structures with long linear teeth on the margin, whereas

in typical Gardenia the stipules have an entire margin.

There are only a few genera in the Rubiaceae which possess the feature of having the

anthers connivent around the stigma, and borne on filaments inserted at the base of the

corolla-tube. These genera include Argostemma, Neurocalyx, Steenisia and Acranthera.

Table 1 provides a comparison of the main features of these genera with the species

placed in Gardenia by Ridley (1909); it will be appreciated that Ridley’s taxa in question

belong to the genus Acranthera.

Argostemma is easily set apart from the other genera by its exsert anthers which

often open by pores, as well as its entire stipules.

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[Ply Suarsadia *4) pure “[phy Myjayajnd *H “[pry sndivosowdA pip nluapsvy Sunuaseidar

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On Gardenia and Acranthera 29

The Bornean genus Steenisia and the related Ceylonese-Indian Neurocalyx (Airy

Shaw, 1937; Bakhuizen, 1952) possess stipular structures closely resembling those in

Ridley’s taxa here discussed, but differ in their axillary inflorescences, dehiscent capsules

and two-celled ovaries with axile placentation.

While Bentham & Hooker (1873) and Hooker (1882) have stated that the ovary in

Acranthera is unilocular with parietal placentation, Bremekamp (1947) upheld Stapf’s

view (1894) that the ovary and fruit are perfectly bilocular, and (in Bremekamp’s words)

“may, however, easily be mistaken for unilocular, because the dissepiment is rather thin

in the middle and, therefore, is easily torn when the razor, with which the sections are

made, is not sufficiently sharp.”’ Subsequently, Bakhuizen (1975) has affirmed, for species

in Thailand at least, that the ovary is initially one-celled and afterwards two-celled in

appearance, so caused by two intruding placentas. Serial sectioning of young and mature

fruits from Bornean specimens of Acranthera support the observation by Bakhuizen.

In Ridley’s G. didymocarpus, G. pulchella and G. virescens, this is also the case, the ovary

and young fruit being one-celled, with two parietal placentas which gradually meet and

give the impression of a bilocular condition in mature fruits.

Ridley (1909) noted that “‘the genus Acranthera contains only plants with strongly

peduncled terminal cymes.” In G. pulchella, the flowers are in clusters of one to several

on short axes from the leaf axils; in G. didymocarpus, the flowers are solitary but are

borne on short axes which sometimes bear a few reduced bract-like appendages below the

actual flower stalk. While most known Acranthera have well developed terminal inflore-

scences and are clearly hapaxanthic with regard to the main vegetative shoot, there are

other species in the genus which have flowers on axillary short-shoots (Bremekamp,

1947) and are pleonanthic with regard to the main vegetative shoot.

On the basis of these species, Ridley (1909) erected a new section of the genus

Gardenia, named Gardeniella, mentioning G. tentaculata as a connecting link between this

section and typical Gardenia; however, he had effectively only commented that the seeds

of G. tentaculata are “like those of G. pulchella . .. . pustular.” G. tentaculata is a true

Gardenia since it possesses single-celled ellipsoid fruits and compressed seeds. The only

point which may need clarification would be the statement by King & Gamble (1903)

that the anthers are “‘at the base of the corolla-tube” which sounds like the situation in

G. pulchella, but the two are entirely different. In G. tentaculata, the anthers are sessile

and dorsifixed just below the corolla mouth, with the lower end of the anther reaching

the base of the corolla-tube, while in G. pulchella the anthers are borne on long filaments

from the base of the corolla-tube.

From the above considerations, it may be concluded that both G. pulchella and

G. didymocarpus should be transferred to Acranthera; | have found G. pulchella and

G. virescens to be conspecific, with the former name taking precedence. It also follows

that Ridley’s section Gardeniella is merely a synonym of Acranthera.

These two species of Acranthera may be compared as follows:

1. Leaves short hairy below, flowers in clusters of 1-several, corolla greenish to white

with pink spots inside ..... Acranthera pulchella (Ridl.) Wong. comb. nov. (Fig. 3)

Gardenia pulchella Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 4 (1909) 31, basionym;

30 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Gardenia virescens Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 4 (1909) 32, syn. nov.

Typification and specimens examined :

Ridley 13606, Pahang, Telom (SING; lectotype of Acranthera pulchella, here

chosen)

Ridley, s.n. 1891, Perak, Taiping Hills, 5000 ft (SING; type of Gardenia vire-

scens)

Henderson SFN 10941, Pahang, Lubok Tamang (SING)

Henderson SFN 11537, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill (SING)

Burkill & Haniff SFN 13182, Perak, Maxwell Hill (SING)

Md. Nur SFN 11233, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill (KEP)

Ridley did not designate any type for G. pulchella but mentioned “Common on

banks at Telom”’ — his specimen from Telom, annotated by him as such, may be

regarded as type material. Since Ridley also did not designate a type species for

section Gardeniella, G. pulchella Ridl. is here selected as the lectotype species,

henceforth to be cited as a synonym of Acranthera.

1. Leaves densely long hairy below, flowers solitary, corolla yellow with pink spots in-

MMe tite otedie Bind cattle se Acranthera didymocarpa (Ridl.) Wong, comb. nov.

Gardenia didymocarpus Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 4 (1909) 32, basionym.

Typification and specimens examined :

Ridley 7573, Selangor, Ginting Bidai (SING; syntype of Gardenia didymocarpus;

lectotype of Acranthera didymocarpa, here chosen)

Ridley s.n. 1897, Selangor, Pahang Track 15th mile (SING; syntype of Gardenia

didymocarpus)

Burkill SFN 3183, Negeri Sembilan, G. Tampin (SING)

Acknowledgements

Mr. K.M. Kochummen, Dr. F.S.P. Ng and Dr. B.C. Stone have been helpful in pro-

viding various views and criticisms during the preparation of this paper. The Keepers of

the Herbaria at the Singapore Botanic Gardens and University of Malaya have been most

kind in allowing the study and loan of specimens in their care.

References

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1937). The genus Neurocalyx in Borneo. Kew Bull. 5: 281-290.

Bakhuizen van den Bgink, Jr. (1952). Steenisia, a new genus of Malaysian Rubiaceae.

Webbia 8: 381-382. ;

(1975). A synoptic key to the genera of the Rubiaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bull.

9:.15-55.

Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker (1873). Genera Plantarum 2: 64.

Figure 3. Acranthera pulchella (Ridl.) Wong. A. Twig with leaves and flowers; B. Flower with corolla-

tube cut apart to reveal stamens and style; C. Mature fruit; D. Transverse section through

young fruit showing two parietal placentas; E. Seeds from mature fruit. All based on the

type specimen (Ridley 13606) except D (from SFN 10941).

32 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Bremekamp, C.E.B. (1947). A Monograph of the genus Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn. (Ru-

biaceae). J. Arn. Arb. 28: 261-308.

Comer, E.J.H. (1938). Notes on the Systematy and Distribution of Malayan Phanerogams.

I. Gard. Bull. S.S. 10: 46-48.

Craib, W.G. (1932). Gardenia. In: Florae Siamensis Enumeratio 2: 115-124.

Hooker, J.D. (1882). The Flora of British India 3: 92.

King, G. & J.S. Gamble (1903). Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2 (72).

Gardenia, pp. 216-221.

Ridley, H.N. (1909). The Flora of the Telom and Batang Padang Valleys. J.F.M.S. Mus.

4: 30-32.

(1923). The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2: 79-84. Reeve, London.

Stapf, O. (1894). On the Flora of Mount Kinabalu in North Borneo. Trans. Linn. Soc.,

Bot. Ser. Il, 4: 172.

Induced Deficiency Symptoms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium,

Magnesium and Iron in Axonopus compressus Cultured in Sand

THAI WU FOONG, CECELIA SENDI ONG* AND Sh. FAUZIAH die S. A. BAKAR

Botanic Gardens, Parks & Recreation Department, Singapore

Abstract

The deficiency symptoms of N, P, K, Mg and Fe were successfully induced in Axonopus com-

pressus cultured in sand. Visual deficiency symptoms are presented and described in detail. Dry matter

of above- and below-ground parts was determined. Data of elemental analysis of above-ground parts

of normal and deficient plants are tabulated for comparison.

Introduction

Axonopus compressus commonly known as carpetgrass or locally as cowgrass, is a

native of the West Indies. Its pantropical distribution has been encouraged mainly by its

quality as a pasture grass (Gilliland, 1953). It grows on non-fertile, wet, acid, sandy and

sandy loam soils, where moisture is near to the surface most of the year and on soil too

poor for other pasture plants.

In Singapore, Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. has become the major turfgrass

groundcover used for sports fields, home lawns, parks, road verges and other open spaces,

in recognition of its hardy nature — high resistance to wear and tear, rapid rate of-esta-

blishment notwithstanding poor soil conditions, competitive superiority over weeds and

inherent resistance to diseases and insect pests. However, Axonopus compressus is rarely

found as a pure stand unless under stringent control as on home lawns. Often it is mixed

with minor populations of interspersed Digitaria didactyla, Cynodon dactylon and Zoysia

matrella (Anonymous, 1977) whose coexistence is tolerated.

Recently, patches of chlorotic Axonopus compressus were discovered in various

horticultural locations in Singapore, especially where the soil pH values were 7.0 and

above. Vengris (1973) reported that Axonopus compressus is very prone to iron deficiency,

having the disposition to become chlorotic at pH 7.0 and above and that the ideal pH

range for Axonopus compressus is 5-5.5. Whereas the nutritional requirements of tem-

perate grasses have been studied in some detail (Beard, 1973 & 1979; Madison, 1971 and

Vengris, 1973), little is known about the nutrition of Axonopus compressus. The follow-

ing nutrient-omission trial was designed to study the deficiency symptoms of essential:

elements in Axonopus compressus and to specifically relate the chlorotic symptom en-

countered in the field to iron deficiency.

Materials and Methods

Clusters of Axonopus compressus with intact root systems were collected from the

grounds of the Singapore Botanic Gardens and washed free of all soil contaminants. After

*The second author relinquished her post on 1 June 1982.

34 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

a final rinse with deionized water, they were transplanted into plastic pots approximately

20 cm in diameter, filled with washed sea sand. The sand had been thoroughly cleaned

with water to remove fine clay and silt particles, and soluble salts, then leached with

N HCl to remove exchangeable cations if any, and finally rinsed with deionized water

until acid-free. The top of each pot was lined with a layer of washed granite chips to pre-

vent the possible loss of sand due to the splashing by the rain and to reduce evaporation.

The planted pots were left to establish under shade for a few days before being exposed

to full sun on beaches in open ground.

Nutrient formulations were adapted with minor adjustments from Asher (1973) and

are tabulated (Appendixes 1 & 2). Such formulations have been successfully employed by

Chai (1978) in inducing mineral deficiency symptoms in Choy Sam (Brassica chinensis)

by solution culture. Salinity of each nutrient feed was checked and the pH corrected to

5-5.5 before application.

Each treatment as well as the control are replicated 6 times. The controls, given a

full complement of essential elements, were kept for comparison. In addition, 6 pots were

incorporated for a study of the perseverence of Axonopus compressus. The latter was

raised solely with deionized water.

The pots were fertilized on alternate days at the rate of 150 ml per pot and supple-

mented with deionized water on other days.

Deficiency symptoms were registered photographically as they appeared and where

possible, the sequential development of symptoms was also photographed. When the trial

was 3-months old, a representative pot from each treatment showing deficiency symptoms

was harvested and the root system compared with that of the control. The remaining pots

were also harvested and separated into roots and tops. Three lots of these were washed,

dried at 80°C, pulverized and used for elemental analyses. The other three lots were dried

at 105° C for dry-matter determination.

Results and Discussions

I. Dry-matter determination

Dry weights of tops and roots of various treatments are summarized in Tables 1 and

2. That the dry weight of the root system was about 3 times that of the top in the control

may be due to the compaction-free sand medium which is conducive to profuse root

proliferation.

Table 1 : Dry-matter production of above-ground part

*Dry matter of above-ground

Treatment part (g/pot) % of control

1. Control 9.53 100.00

2. Minus N 0.94 9.85

3. Minus P 1.16 12.17

4. Minus K 8.36 87.72

5. Minus all 0.70 Toe

6. Minus Mg 9.46 99:27

7. Minus Fe 9.23 96.85

* Average of 3 pots.

Nutrient studies on Axonopus compressus 35

Table 2 : Dry-matter production of root system

*Dry matter of root system

Treatment (g/pot) % of control

1. Control 29.43 100.00

2. Minus N 4.87 16.55

3. Minus P 4.19 14.24

4. Minus K 951 32.31

5. Minus all 4.35 15.39

6. Minus Mg 7.88 26.78

7. Minus Fe 9.17 31.16

* Average of 3 pots.

I. Description of symptoms

Initially all cultures turned reddish purple on exposure to full sun, irrespective of

treatment, and this is thought to be a reactionary effect to heat. Later, as new blades

emerged, these affected blades aborted.

Deficiency symptoms of total omission of nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, magne-

sium and iron became evident within the first four weeks of culture and became more

marked with increasing period of starvation with respect to the element under study.

Deficiency symptoms of potassium surfaced only after about 10 weeks and then con-

curred with a drastic reduction in proliferation. Such observations tend to suggest that

nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and iron nutrition of Axonopus compressus may take

priority initially over that of potassium.

Treatment 1 : Minus Nitrogen

The symptoms resembled those of total omission of nutrients. They were first seen on

the older blades. A reddish purple tint initially manifested itself along the entire margin

of the blade and extended from tip to base in a streaky manner. A purplish colouration

has been described for bermudagrass suffering from prolonged nitrogen deficiency. The

initial symptom, however, was chlorosis (Oertli, 1963 cited by Beard 1973). Gradually,

the reddish purple colouration imbued the entire blade, with the veins being more out-

standingly coloured. Eventually the blade became necrotic and died. Both tillering and

blade size were markedly reduced. Inflorescences were either not formed or withered

away prematurely (Plate 1 : a, b andc). The root system appeared stunted compared with

that of the control (Plate 4 : a). Dry-matter production was reduced. (Table 1 & 2).

Treatment 2 : Minus Phosphorus

Phosphorus deficiency manifested itself by the spreading of a dark purple discoloura-

tion from tip to base of the blade, commencing with the older blades. This symptom is

typical of phosphorus deficiency. This one-step development of the purple discolouration

resembles that observed for Merion Kentucky bluegrass. (Poa pratensis). However in some

temperate grasses e.g. seaside creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) and Pennlawn red

fescue (Festuca rubra), the colour development begins from dark green, turns to dull blue-

green and then to purple (Beard, 1973). On some blades, the veins remained green. When

the development of the dark purple colouration became advanced or complete, necrosis

Plate 1. Deficiency symptoms : Top

Treatment 1: a-—c

Top view : control (left), Nitrogen-deficient (right) -

Tiller : control (left), Nitrogen-deficient (right)

Sequence of symptom development : control (left), Nitrogen-deficient (right)

Treatment 2:d —f

Top view : control (left), Phosphorus-deficient (right)

Tiller : control (left), Phosphorus-deficient (right) —

Sequence of symptom development : control (left), Phosphorus-deficient (right)

Nutrient studies on Axonopus compressus at

began from tip to base and finally took its toll on the blade. Few new tillers were formed

and blade size reduced. Inflorescences were either not formed or died prematurely (Plate

1 : d, e and f). The dry mass of the top and root was significantly reduced in comparison

with that of the control (Plate 4 : b; Tables 1 & 2).

Treatment 3 : Minus Potassium

For the first 10 weeks of culture or thereabouts, no deficiency symptom was apparent.

Growth was also unaffected. After 10 weeks of culture, symptoms began to emerge,

accompanied by a distinct reduction in tillering and tiller size. The newly-formed blades

were comparatively smaller than the old ones. Deficiency symptoms first appeared on the

older blades as a partial interveinal chlorosis intermingled with a random display of dirty

dark-brown speckles. Such interveinal chlorosis has been reported as a symptom of K

deficiency in temperate grasses (Beard, 1973). In advanced deficiency, the tip of the

blade became necrotic. This condition spread downwards and towards the base of the

blade and literally killed it. Inflorescence production was checked at the later stage of

deficiency (Plate 2 : a, b and c). The root system appeared smaller and had a lower dry

weight than that of the control (Pate 4 : c; Table 2). Top dry-matter production was not

very much reduced (Table 1) after 3 months as the recession in growth commenced only

10 weeks after treatment.

Treatment 4 : Total Omission of Nutrients

The overall symptom manifestation remarkedly resembled that of the minus nitrogen

treatment as described above, indicating that nitrogen nutrition is ranked foremost for

Axonopus compressus (Plate 2 : d, e and f). The root system was very much inhibited in

the absence of all nutrients (Plate 4 : d). Dry-matter production was greatly reduced

(Tables 1 & 2). Although old tillers died back and new ones were sparse, they were very

persistent after a period of 3 months in an environment which- was supposedly nutrient-

free, thus showing the remarkable hardiness of Axonopus compressus. In Treatments 1, 2

and 4, the top growth was so very much reduced that the pots had a bare look.

Treatment 5 : Minus Magnesium

The development of magnesium deficiency symptoms in Axonopus compressus is

perhaps, the most prominent in terms of the display of colours. The older blades were

affected first. Initially interveinal chlorosis prevailed, followed by the spreading of a

cherry-red colouration from tip to base. A random distribution of yellow speckles deve-

loped against the cherry-red background. In the advanced stage, the individual blade be-

came uniformly coloured to a bright cherry-red and necrosis commenced from tip to base,

causing mortality of the blade. This symptom manifestation is somewhat similar to that

of magnesium-deficient temperate grasses. However, the blades in the present trial did not

turn completely yellow (cf Beard, 1979). There was no apparent reduction in top growth

and inflorescence production (Plate 3 : a, b and c; Table 1). The root system appeared

healthy but had a lower dry weight than that of the control (Plate 4 : e; Table 2).

Treatment 6 : Minus Iron

_Iron deficiency in Axonopus compressus began as a striking yellowing of blades as in

iron-deficient temperate grasses (Beard 1973). The newly-emerged blades developed inter-

veinal chlorosis while the older blades remained quite green and healthy. In the later stage

Plate 2. Deficiency symptoms : Top

Treatment 3 :a-—c

Top view : control (left), Potassium-deficient (right)

Tiller : control (left), Potassium-deficient (right)

Sequence of symptom development : control (left), Potassium-deficient (right)

Treatment 4:d-—f

Top view : control (left), minus all (right)

Tiller : control (left), minus all (right)

Sequence of symptom development : control (left), minus all (right)

Nutrient studies on Axonopus compressus 39

of iron deficiency, the younger blades were almost completely depleted of chlorophyll

and exhibited an acutely ivory discolouration which spread to the older blades. Tip and

marginal necrosis both occurred randomly. Eventually the blade died. Inflorescence

formation did not appear to be affected (Plate 3 : d, e and f). Whereas the top dry-matter

accumulation was not adversely affected, the dry weight of the root system was reduced

to about 31% that of the control (Plate 4 : f; Table 1 & 2). The iron contents in the con-

trol and treated grass were quite marginal (Table 3). This may be taken to imply that the

difference in the levels for deficiency and sufficiency is small.

The remainder of the trial was monitored for a further period of 3 months. Never-

theless, no deficiency symptoms of trace elements were evident, meaning that either the

sand was still contaminated with traces of these elements sufficient for the normal growth

of the grass or that Axonopus compressus is not very sensitive to deficiency of these trace

elements.

III. Results of elemental analysis

Table 3 : Results of elemental analysis of above-ground parts of

Axonopus compressus on a dry weight basis

Treatment Control grass Treated grass % of control

1. —N 1.47% N 0.91% N 61.90

2. —P Mea 270.P 0.08% P 36.36

3. —K 1.48% K 0.25% K 16.89

4. —Mg 2515.0 ppm Mg 538.0 ppm Mg Z1oo

5. —Fe 137.5 ppm Fe 119.9 ppm Fe 87.20

( 0.83%N 56.46

( Q1T%P Ttaal*

6. —all ( 0.83% K 56.08*

( 579.0 ppm Mg 23.02

( 249.1 ppm Fe 181.16*

Deficiency symptoms were further confirmed by tissue analysis of the above-ground

parts of the control and treated grass. The results are tabulated (Table 3). These data de-

note deficient levels but do not necessarily represent the critical levels at which deficiency

symptoms just begin to appear.

Conclusion

The deficiency symptoms of N, P, K, Mg and Fe were induced in Axonopus com-

pressus and further confirmed by elemental analysis of above-ground part. Whereas the

deficiencies in the semi-macro elements Mg and Fe only resulted in a multitude of dis-

*In the treatment with deionized water only, the efficiency of Axonopus compressus to accumulate

P, K and especially Fe from contaminating sources appeared to have increased.

Plate 3. Deficiency symptoms : Top

Treatment.5 :a—c

a = Top view : control (left), Magnesium-deficient (right)

b = Tiller : control (left), Magnesium-deficient (right)

c = Sequence of symptom development : control (left), Magnesium-deficient (right)

Treatment 6:d —f

d = Top view : control (left), Iron-deficient (right)

e = Tiller : control (left), Iron-deficient (right)

f = Sequence of symptom development : control (left), Iron-deficient (right)

Nutrient studies on Axonopus compressus 4]

colouration of blades and some reductions in dry-matter production, particularly of the

root system, the deficiencies in the macro elements N and P, however, led to marked re-

ductions in both tiller and root growth, inflorescence production, and to various discoloura-

tions of blades in Axonopus compressus. The deficiency symptom of K became evident

only 10 weeks after treatment. From the intensity of symptom manifestation after 3

months, it is reasonable to speculate further reduction in growth if the trial were con-

tinued.

The experimental iron deficiency symptoms resembled the symptom developed by

Axonopus compressus thriving on over-limed areas where the pH is 7.0 and above. A

liming trial will be conducted to confirm the present observations. The present finding

cautions the free-handed use of lime for Axonopus compressus substrates. Liming is best

guided by soil analysis.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Mr A. K. Wan, the Department Artist, for taking the

photographs.

References

Anonymous. 1977. A handbook on the maintenance of school fields. An information

booklet published by the Parks & Recreation Department, Singapore.

Asher, C.J. 1973. Lecture and practical notes for short courses in applied plant nutrition.

Nanyang University, Singapore.

Beard, J.B. 1973. Turfgrass : Science and culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, and

references therein.

Beard, J.B. 1979. How to have a beautiful lawn — Easy steps in turfgrass establishment

and care for aesthetic and recreational purposes. 2nd edition. Beard Books, Ohio.

Chai, B.F. 1978. A study of the mineral deficiency and nitrate assimilation in Choy Sam

(Brassica chinensis). Master’s Thesis, Department of Biology, Nanyang University,

Singapore.

Gilliland, H.B. 1953. A revised Flora of Malaya. Volume III. Grasses of Mataya, p. 187.

The Government Printing Office, Singapore.

Madison, J.H. 1971. Principles of turfgrass culture. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Oertli, J.J. 1973. Nutrient disorders in turfgrass. California Turfgrass Culture, Vol 3,

No. 3, 17-19. (cited by Beard, 1973).

Vengris, J. 1973. Lawns : Basic factors, construction and maintenance of fine turf areas.

2nd edition. Thomson, Indianpolis.

CONTROL —N CONTROL “ALL

CONTROL =P CONTROL

CONTROL | ~K CONTROL —Fe

Plate 4. Deficiency symptoms : Root system

(Treatment 1) = control (left), Nitrogen-deficient (right)

b (Treatment’2) = control (left), Phosphorus-deficient (right)

c (Treatment 3) = control (left), Potassium-deficient (right)

d (Treatment 4) = control (left), minus all (right)

e (Treatment 5) = control (left), Magnesium-deficient (right)

f (Treatment6) = control (left), Iron-deficient (right)

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A Check-list of the Memecylon Species (Melastomataceae) in Borneo,

Java, Malaya and Sumatra

KARE BREMER

Section of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm

Abstract

An annotated list of 43 species of Memecylon is presented. It is based on recent revisions from

Malaya and Borneo by J. F. Maxwell and K. Bremer, respectively. All Memecylon taxa (except M. oligo-

neurum with its synonyms, which has been transferred to the genus Lijndenia) described or reported

from the four areas are referable to the 43 species listed.

Introduction

Memecylon is a palaeotropical genus of small to medium-sized trees or shrubs, com-

monly occurring in tropical evergreen forests. The genus has recently been revised by

Maxwell (1980 a, b) in the Malay Peninsula (= Peninsular Malaysia) and by Bremer (1982

b) in Borneo. Many of the Malayan and Bornean species occur also in Java and Sumatra

and the present paper is intended to bring the taxonomy of Memecylon from these areas

up to date.

In a few cases the treatments by Maxwell and Bremer differ. M. globosum Bakh. f.

is reduced by Bremer to a synonym of M. durum Cogn, and M. beccarianum Cogn. is

reduced to that of M. acuminatissimum Bl. The latter species is considered by Bremer

distinct from M. oleifolium Bl. Maxwell considers M. ovatum Sm. a variety of M. edule

Roxb., whereas Bremer keeps them separate. The species commonly known asMemecylon

oligoneurum Bl. has recently been transferred by Bremer (1982 a) to a separate genus,

Lijndenia, and named L. Jaurina Zoll. & Mor. It differs from Memecylon e.g. by its 3-

nerved leaves. Memecylon oligoneurum is Lijndenia laurina and therefore excluded from

the list.

The Flora of Java by Backer and Bakhuizen f. (1963) is recommended for identifica-

tion of Memecylon species from that area. Some of the species have been reduced to

synonymy by Maxwell and the following name changes should thus be noted: M. am-

biguum Bl. = M. oleifolium B\., M. depokkense Bakh. f. = M. fruticosum King, M. flori-

bundum Bl. = M. coeruleum Jack, M. myrsinoides Bl. = M. lilacinum Zoll. & Mor., and

M. pseudo-nigrescens Bl. = M. lilacinum Zoll. & Mor. Furthermore, it should also be noted

that not only M. edule Roxb. var. ovatum (Sm.) C.B. Cl. (here considered a separate

species) but also M. edule s. str. occur in Java.

Many species are common to Sumatra and Malaya and Maxwell’s revision is recom-

mended for their identification for both areas. There are also four species described from

Sumatra but not reported for Malaya and thus not included in Maxwell’s revision. These

are M. laruei Merr., M. ochroleucum Bakh. f., M. subcordifolium Bakh. f., and M. suma-

trense Bakh. f. and they are commented upon below.

46 Gard, Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

In the list of species below, the distribution is indicated immediately after each name

by the letters B, J, M and S, representing Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra, respectively.

Synonyms are given in those cases where there are differences between the Flora of Java

on the one hand and Maxwell’s and Bremer’s revisions on the other. The others, from

earlier literature, including the extensive work by Bakhuizen f. (1943), have been in-

cluded in the latter two treatments. Thus all Memecylon taxa (except M. oligoneurum Bl.

and its synonyms) hitherto described or reported from the four areas are now referable to

the 43 species included in the list. Of these there are 27, 12, 29 and 18 species recorded

from each of the four areas Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra, respectively.

List of Memecylon Species from Borneo, Java, Malaya and Sumatra

M. acuminatissimum Bl. (M. beccarianum Cogn.) -B MS

M. acuminatissimum was described from Sumatra and Maxwell united it with M. olei-

folium but kept separate M. beccarianum, described from Borneo. Bremer, however,

retained M. acuminatissimum and M. oleifolium as separate species, and reduced

M. beccarianum to a synonym of M. acuminatissimum.

M. acuminatum Sm. — M

M. amplexicaule Roxb. — B M

M. argenteum Bremer — B

M. borneense Merr. — B

M. calyptratum Bremer — B

M. campanulatum C.B. Cl. —-BMS

M. cantleyi Ridl. -BMS

M. cinereum King — M

M. coeruleum Jack (M. floribundum Bl.) -JMS

M. confertiflorum Cogn. — B

M. corticosum Ridl. — B M

M. dichotomum C. B. Cl. —M

M. durum Cogn. (M. globosum Bakh. f.) — B M

M. edule Roxb.—BJMS

M. excelsum B1.—BJMS

M. floridum Ridl. — B M

M. fruticosum King (M. depokkense Bakh. f.) -BJMS

M. garcinioides B1.-BJMS

M. gibbosum Bakh. f. — J 3

Check-list of Memecylon spp. 47

This species was described because of its basally and unilaterally gibbous fruits. Such

asymmetric fruits are known to occur in several species of Memecylon, however. In

other characters M. gibbosum is similar to M. edule. Its specific status needs further

investigation.

M. hullettii King — M

M. intermedium B1.—BJMS

M. kunstleri King — M

M. lancifolium Ridl. — M

This is an insufficiently known species. It seems to be related to M. acuminatissimum

or M. oleifolium.

M. laruei Merr. —S

This characteristic species endemic to Sumatra is illustrated in Fig. 1.

M. lilacinum Zoll. & Mor. (M. myrsinoides Bl., M. pseudo-nigrescens Bl.) -BJMS

There are two varieties placed as unknown by Bakhuizen f. (1943 p. 367), M. myrsin-

oides var. latifolia Koord. & Val. (M. ‘‘intermedium”’ var. latifolia sphalm.) and

M. myrsinoides var. subquadrialata Miq. (M. myrsinoides var. “quadrialata’’ sphalm.)

Both belong under M. lilacinum. They are characterized by broad leaves and quad-

rangular branchlets, respectively, but this is a normal variation within this species and

taxonomic recognition is thus necessary.

M. longifolium Cogn. — B

M. malaccense (C.B. Cl.) Ridl. — M

M. megacarpum Furtado — B M

M. minutiflorum Mig. -BMS

M. monchyanum Backer — J

This species, illustrated in Fig. 1, is endemic to Java.

M. ochroleucum Bakh. f. — S

This is an insufficiently known species. It is characterized by its leaves which dry pale

yellowish brown to green. The inflorescences have well developed peduncles.

M. oleifolium Bl. (M. ambiguum Bl.) -BJMS

M. horsfieldii Miq., described from Sumatra and listed as unknown by Bakhuizen f.

(1943 p. 367), is here reported as a synonym. The type collected by Horsfield is at

Utrecht.

M. ovatum Sm. (M. edule Roxb. var. ovatum (Sm.) C.B. Cl.) -BJMS

M. paniculatum Jack -BJMS

M. pauciflorum Bl. — M

M. pergamentaceum Cogn. — B

(aa) \

Te)

WwW

a <I

‘=

Bitoony e

oe w D E 5

Fig. 1. Memecylon laruei Metr. (A-C) and Memecylon monchyanum Backe® (D-F). A, F: Flowering

branches. B, D: Section through flowers with petals, stamens, and style removed. C, E: Stamens. AC:

De Wilde and De Wilde-Duyfjes 14662. D-F: Zollinger 3914.

r ‘

ys me eee 2” Cee eet) Se omer 6 Seen eee ee ees

Check-list of Memecylon spp. 49

M. pubescens (C.B. Cl.) King — B M

M. ruptile Bremer — B

M. scolopacinum Ridl. — B

M. subcordifolium Bakh. f. —S

This species is similar to M. paniculatum but differs by its terete branchlets.

M. sumatrense Bakh. f. — S

This species is clearly related to M. pubescens but differs in its longer petioles.

M. wallichii Ridl. — M

References

Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen vam den Brink (fil.) 1963. Flora of Java 1. Groningen.

Bakhuizen van den Brink, R. C. (fil.) 1943. A contribution to the knowledge of the Me-

lastomataceae occurring in the Malay archipelago especially in the Netherlands East

Indies. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 91:

1-391.

Bremer, K. 1982 a. Lijndenia, a re-established paleotropical genus of the Melastomataceae-

Memecyleae. Nord. J. Bot. 2: 121-124.

Bremer, K. 1982 b. Taxonomy of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) in Borneo. Opera Bot.

Maxwell, J. F. 1980 a. Revision of Memecylon L. (Melastomataceae) from the Malay

Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Singapore 33: 31-150.

Maxwell, J. F. 1980 b. Synopsis of Memecylon L. (Melastomataceae) in the Malay Penin-

sula. Malayan Nat. J. 34: 7-24.

‘a

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he i ad Seren idystieanin th

Preliminary Findings on the Biology of Autoserica rufocuprea (Blanchard)

sensu Brenske (Coleoptera: Melolonthinae) in Singapore

CHOO-TOH GET TEN

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Abstract

Autoserica rufocuprea, a species of Melolonthinae and a night flying beetle, has been found to

attack many ornamental plants and shade trees in Singapore. Thirty two species of its food plants were

revealed by field observations at night. A survey showed that in a park developed on clayey reclaimed

land, about 8% of the total plant population was damaged. The level of infestation of the beetle in

different parts of the park and the susceptibility of its host plants are discussed. The damage patterns

made on plants, and preliminary observations on the life cycle and seasonal flights of the beetle are

briefly described.

Introduction

The cockchafers, which include night-feeding beetles in the subfamilies Rutelinae and

Melolonthinae (Dammerman, 1929), have long been known to be serious plant pests in

many parts of the world including Southeast Asia. According to various reports, many

economic crops, some forest trees, shade trees, turf and pastures have been damaged

(Swaine, 1971; Britton, 1979; Borror & Delong, 1966; Ritcher, 1966). Some ornamental

plants have also been named as host plants (Dammerman, 1929; Yunus & Ho, 1980).

In Singapore it had often been observed that many ornamental plants and shade tree

saplings suffered serious foliar damage similar to those made by a few species of cock-

chafers on economic crops (Kalshoven, 1951; Lever, 1953). Studies were therefore carried

out from November 1979 to February 1980 by the Entomology Unit of Parks & Recrea-

tion Department to confirm these suspected pest attacks. The host range of these night

flying beetles at Botanic Gardens & East Coast Park was investigated. The extent and

severity of damage made on plants at East Coast Park was also assessed. Subsequently,

laboratory studies and field observations were conducted to gather more information

about the life cycle and seasonal flights of these beetles. This paper reports the findings

and preliminary observations made by the author on Autoserica rufocuprea, one of the

cockchafers.

Study Sites

The surface area of the Botanic Gardens (BG) is about 32 hectares. Apart from the

orchids and the plants in the Gardens’ jungle, it accommodates nearly a thousand species

of native and introduced plants scattered over some 20 lawns. Most of these species are

represented by only one to a few individuals. The garden was first established in 1859 and

most of the trees here are old.

52 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

The East Coast Park (ECP) is a park newly developed on clayey reclaimed land. It has

about 100 hectares of green area, which were planted up between 1973 and 1978. It is

divided by monsoon drains into 6 sections, namely areas E, C, D, B, A, F and AA, listed

in chronological sequence of development. A peculiar feature of the park was that certain

areas, namely areas F, E and parts of AA were often waterlogged due to poor drainage. At

the time the studies began, the park had about a hundred species of plants. These included

mainly ornamental and shade trees and some shrubs. Here plants of the same species

mostly occur in distinct stands which vary from a few to hundreds in number.

Materials and Methods

1. Collection of the cockchafers

The adult cockchafers are known to shelter in the soil during day time and only

emerge after sunset. Therefore most collections were obtained between 7.00pm and

10.30pm. The cockchafers on host plants were revealed in torch light. They were

either picked by hand or shaken directly into plastic bags or vials.

In day time, the grubs, pupae and adults were obtained by digging into the

turfed areas near the host plants.

2. Identification of A. rufocuprea

The pinned adults were sent to the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology and

the National University of Singapore for identification.

3. Survey on host plants

The host plants of A. rufocuprea and the damaged plant parts were observed at

the two study sites at night. The damage patterns made on host plants were also care-

fully noted during the visits.

4. Survey on pest status of A. rufocuprea at ECP

The two aspects of the survey were the relative infestation levels of A. rufocuprea

in different areas of ECP and the extent of damage made on individual species of

host plants. The entire park was systematically combed for 3 months starting from

mid-November 1979 so that all the plants were examined as far as possible.

At each area of ECP, records were made of the number of plants examined,

which also was, or almost equalled, the total plant population of the area. The total

number of host plants and of those with typical damage symptoms were also noted.

The percentage of plants attacked in each area was then worked out. These percen-

tages were used to indicate the relative level of infestation of A. rufocuprea in the

different areas.

The extent of damage made on 19 species of host plants was quantified by two

indices, namely the % incidence of attack and the severity of damage.

The % incidence of attack of any species is determined by the formula :

No. of plants (of the species) attacked

an SE nny Ge eee 100

No. of plants (of the species) examined is

Biological study of Autoserica rufocuprea 53

The severity of damage was a visual assessment of the percentage of the foliage

or canopy of a plant eaten up by the insect. It was arbitrarily categorised into 5 de-

grees, as follows:

% of foliage eaten Severity of damage Denotation

<10% very slight +

10 — 30% slight ~+

31 — 50% moderate aa

51 — 70% severe tee

>710% very severe +4+44+

The severity of damage given in the results for a particular species of plant is

the assessment rated for the majority of plants examined.

5. Observations on life-cycle and seasonal flights

The adults collected during the mating season were reared at room temperature

(about 28°C) in rectangular perspex cages. Each cage measures 50 x 50 x 60 cm

and has one side made of white organdi. Young Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.)

K. Heyne seedlings grown in polythene bags were placed in the cage as food plants.

The soil in the polythene bags was checked for the presence of eggs at intervals of

3 to 4 days. The eggs and newly hatched grubs were transferred to small bottles con-

taining soil and vegetative litter. The grubs were later reared on roots of cowgrass in

pots until they pupated. The pupae were kept in bottles filled with slightly moist soil

until they hatched into adults.

The seasonal flight periodicity of A. rufocuprea was determined by monthly

visits of ECP at night, the duration of the study being from February, 1981 to April,

1982. When the population was high, visits were conducted more frequently, at fort-

nightly or weekly intervals. During each visit the abundance of the beetles on the

host plants was noted and their mating activities were observed.

Results & Discussions

1. The identification of A. rufocuprea

The cockchafer under study was identified by the Commonwealth Institute of

Entomology as Maladera sp. It was later identified by Mr. D.H. Murphy of the

National University of Singapore as Autoserica rufocuprea (Blanchard) sensu Brenske

1894. He believes this to be of the same species as one recorded from Ceylon but in

the British Museum, it is placed under Aserica mollis (Walker).

It appears that the controversy over the placing of this insect under the genera

Autoserica, Maladera, or Aserica is merely a matter of difference of opinion. Kal-

shoven (1951), for instance, had included Aserica, Autoserica and Microserica in his

description of the genus Serica.

2. Damage patterns and feeding habits

A. rufocuprea often feeds gregariously (Pl. 1). This can lead to severe defoliation

of saplings or new transplants bearing new leaves (Pl. 2). Leaves which are many

Plate 1. Autoserica rufocuprea feeding gregariously on leaves of Cassia nodosa.

Plate 2._ Branches of Cassia nodosa defoliated by Autoserica rufocuprea.

v AY

“2

Plate 3. Leaves of young Gardenia carinata skeletonised by Autoserica rufocuprea.

Plate 4. Leaves of Erythrophleum suaveolens with gnaw-marks of Autoserica rufocuprea.

Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

times the size of the beetle can be skeletonised to side veins or just the midrib (Pl. 3).

Those less severely attacked will have big, irregular cuts at the leaf edges (Pl. 4).

Flower petals and buds can also be badly gnawed (PI. 5). The damage pattern on in-

dividual leaves is quite similar to that caused by Apogonia cribricollis Burm., another

Melolonthinae (Lever, 1953); it is quite distinct from that caused by species of

Adoretus, a Rutelinae, which make holes in leaves (Kalshoven, 1951).

A. rufocuprea has the habit of clinging to the edges of leaves while feeding; but

it would drop instantly to the ground at the slightest touch of the leaf on which it

is feeding. It would respond in similar fashion while being approached or shone on

abruptly. Occasionally, female A. rufocuprea may be seen to feed whilst mating

(Pl. 6).

A. rufocuprea only damages young, tender leaves in contrast with Adoretus

compressus Weber which feeds on older leaves. The difference in their food pre-

ference could be the reason why A. rufocuprea and A. compressus can co-exist in the

same location and can sometimes be found on the same plant, though seldom on the

same leaf.

Host plants

Table 1 lists the host plants of A. rufocuprea at ECP and BG.

Of these, 26 species were recorded at ECP and 12 species at BG. Many of the

host plants at BG are not attacked because they do not occur in pure stands which

provide ample food for the pest, unlike those at ECP. Moreover, the much more com-

plex ecological community at BG has attained a stable equilibrium which resists the

build up of a high population of any single insect species.

On all except five of the listed plants, actual feeding by the beetle had been ob-

served. On the exceptional five species, very few symptoms of foliar damage were

observed, the beetle being seen resting only on the plants.

Table 1 also shows that the beetle feeds mainly on the leaves and occasionally on

flowers. The species of plants found with the flowers damaged are Acacia auriculae-

formis, Ixora finlaysoniana, Saraca thaipingensis, Bauhinia purpurea and Tabebuia

pallida.

Level of infestation of A. rufocuprea at different areas of ECP

Table 2 shows that 8.0% of the total plant population at ECP was attacked by

A. rufocuprea. Columns (d) and (e) in the table also indicate the percentages of total

plant population and host plant population which were attacked at different areas in

ECP. Based on a comparison of the percentages of plants attacked in the various

areas, A could be considered to be more highly infested with A. rufocuprea than AA

and B, and C, D, E and F were comparatively lightly infested.

Observations of the different areas at night also revealed that the A. rufocuprea

population was high in areas A, B and AA, and low in the others. The beetle popula-

Table 1.

Host plants of A. rufocuprea at East Coast Park and Botanic Gardens

Host plant

Acacia auriculaeformis Bth.

Actinorhytis calapparia (Bl1.) Scheff.

Andira inermis (Wight) HBK

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Canna Primrose

Cassia fistula L.

C. nodosa Roxb.

C. spectabilis DC.

Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Aston

Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott & Endl.

Delonix regia (Hk.) Raf.

Erythrina fusca Lour.

E. variegata L.

Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Bren.

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.

Eugenia grandis Wight

E. polyantha Wight

Gardenia carinata Wall.

Hopea sangal Korth.

Ixora finlaysoniana G. Don.

I. javanica DC.

Kopsia flavida Bl.

Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers.

Milletia atropurpurea (Wall.) Benth

Paulownia taiwaniana Hu & Chang

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Heyne

Pterocarpus indicus Willd.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Saraca thaipingensis Prain

Stereospermum fimbriatum DC.

Tabebuia pallida (Lind1.) Miers

Tabebuia rosea (Bertol) DC.

Tamarindus indicus L.

Terminalia catappa L.

Warszewiczia coccinea Klotzsch

Location

Parts + Date

damaged observed

Flowers

Leaves

Leaves,

Flowers

Leaves

“

Flowers

Leaves

Leaves,

Flowers

Leaves

Leaves,

Flowers

Leaves

* A. rufocuprea was only seen resting on this species, no feeding was observed.

+ Where unstated, date observed is November—December 1979.

58 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

tion was generally high where the host plants were young and where the activities

of the beetle were least disturbed by nocturnal park users, and, it seemed low where

the area was frequently waterlogged, e.g. at area F.

As it is neither entirely satisfactory to relate pest population to the level of pest

damage (Southwood, 1966) nor to assess pest population visually, future assessment

of the pest infestation level is best determined with methods like trapping and samp-

ling of pest populations from plants.

Table 2

The number of plants in different areas of East Coast Park with the number and

percentage attacked by A. rufocuprea indicated.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Total plant Host-plant No. of host % of plants % of host

population population plants attacked plants

attacked attacked

5% 100%

544

679

PP 8

2,829

3,980

3,274

3,158

pe)

A7;224

* The areas are listed in time sequence of development. AA is the most recently planted area.

5. Extent of damage on the host plants at ECP

Table 3 indicates the extent of damage made by A. rufocuprea on 19 species of

host plants at ECP in terms of % incidence of attack and severity of damage.

Of the listed plants, 5 species were localised in only one or two areas of ECP. Of

these 5 species, Antidesma bunius and Cassia spectabilis were located only in area A.

Since the pest population was high in area A and the plants here were young, the %

incidence of attack of these 2 species were very high.

Considering the pest population at the location of the trees together with the

severity of damage and % incidence of attack, Gardenia carinata is probably only

slightly less susceptible than A. bunius, but Erythrina fusca could be as vulnerable as

or even more vulnerable than A. bunius because it was extensively and severely dam-

aged despite the fact that it was located outside highly infested areas. Of the 5

species, Erythrina variegata was most resistant to the beetle attack.

Table 3.

The extent of damage made by A. rufocuprea on 19 species of host plants

at East Coast Park in term of % incidence of attack and severity of damage

% Severity

Host species highly moderately lightly Number of plants | incidence of

infested infested infested damaged/examined | of attack | damage

*1. Antidesma bunius 10/10 100 +t++

(L.) Spreng.

2. Cassia spectabilis DC. 15/16 93.7 ++

3. Erythrina fusca Lour. 24/26 973 +++

4. E. variegata L. 7/29 24.1 ~

5. Gardenia carinata 41/53 73 +++

Wall.

+6. Andira inermis 30/337 8.9 +

(Wight) HBK

7. Delonix regia (Hk.) 5/51 9.8 +

Raf.

8. Eugenia polyantha 99/460 215 ++

Wight

9. Erythrophleum suaveolens 28/113 24.7 ==

(Guill. & Perr.) Bren.

10. Samanea saman 193/1474 13.1 ++

(Jacq.) Merr.

11. Kopsia flavida Bl. 81/97 83.5 ++

12. Lagerstroemia 43/54 79.6 ++

speciosa (L.) Pers.

13. Milletia 66/173 38.1 +

atropurpurea

(Wall.) Benth.

14. Peltophorum 158/502 31.4 aaa

pterocarpum

(DC.) K. Heyne

15. Pterocarpus indicus 191/712 26.8 +++

Willd.

16. Stereospermum 108/143 fo ++

fimbriatum DC.

17. Tabebuia pallida 98/148 66.2 +++

(Lind1.) Miers

18. Tabebuia rosea 253/331 716.4 +

(Bertol.) DC.

19. Tamarindus 33/67 49.2 ++

indicus L.

Severity of damage + ar +++ ++++ +++4++

% of foliage damaged <10% | 10% — 30% | 31% — 50% 51% — 70% > 10%

* species no. 1—5 are localised in one or two areas of ECP

+ species no. 6—19 are well dispersed throughout ECP

Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Of the remaining 14 host species which were well dispersed throughout ECP,

Andira inermis and Delonix regia were only slightly affected by A. rufocuprea. Com-

pared to them, Eugenia polyantha, Erythrophleum suaveolens, Samanea saman,

Milletia atropurpurea and Tamarindus indicus were more prone to attack. Species

like Kopsia flavida, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Stereospermum fimbriatum and Tabebuia

rosea had an even higher percentage incidence of attack although the degree of

damage was generally slight. The three species of plants that were very severely dam-

aged when they had plenty of young flushes were Peltophorum pterocarpum, Ptero-

carpus indicus and Tabebuia pallida.

Life cycle

The eggs are laid in groups within a hollow surrounded by compacted clayey soil

(Pl. 7). They are found at a depth of 1% to 2 inches. When laid under laboratory con-

ditions, each group of eggs varies from three to six in number. Each egg is white and

elongate-oval in shape, measuring 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm in length and about 1.0 mmin

breadth. As the embryo develops, the egg turns creamy in colour and swells slightly.

The larva hatches in about a week. It is initially white and 2 mm long. As the

grub grows, its body becomes creamy in colour while the mandible turns yellowish.

The length of the full-grown larva (Pl. 8) is about 19 mm. The entire larval period

lasts about 10 weeks. The prepupal and pupal stages last about 11 days. The pupa is

ivory coloured and often has a lump of earth attached to the abdomen (PI. 9). The

total period of development from the time eggs are laid to the emergence of adults is

about 3 months.

The newly emerged adult is about 9 mm long and has a soft, pale yellow elytra.

The elytra later darkens in colour to become golden brown. In the laboratory, an

adult survived for 23 days after its emergence although it hardly fed on the young

leaves supplied.

Seasonal flights

The adult A. rufocuprea was observed to be abundant and active in flight from

late July to September, from mid-November to early February, and from late March

to May. During the other months of the year, its adult population was low or almost

nil. The flights appeared to be triggered off by rains at the end of dry periods. The

flight periods also coincided with the emergence of new leaves of most host plants.

These new flushes provided ample food for the adult beetles.

Mating was observed to start around end March and end July. This activity lasted

about 3 to 6 weeks, and was most intense on dry nights in April and August. The

dissection of adult females indicated that some matured eggs had already been

formed in their ovaries when mating occurred. Caging of the females which were

caught mating showed that oviposition may occur a few days after mating.

Based on the observations made on the life cycle of A. rufocuprea and on its

seasonal flights, it is deduced that the beetle has at least two generations in a year.

One generation begins its egg stage in April during which mating and oviposition

occur. By July, the beetle has already gone through the larval and pupal stages to

A batch of eggs of Autoserica

rufocuprea inside a hollow made by

the adult female in the soil.

Plate 7.

Yhiiuy

L™WY pti

hee

ti, Wty

flower of Tabebuia pallida attacked

A full-grown grub of Autoserica

PlateS5. A

by Autoserica rufocuprea.

rufocuprea, 19 mm long.

Plate 8.

A pupa of Autoserica rufocuprea,

Plate 9.

8 mm long.

A pair of Autoserica rufocuprea mating

on a leaf. Note that the female is

feeding at the same time.

Plate 6.

62 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

become adults. The flight season soon occurs. Adults mate around August and ovi-

posit. The oviposition in August marks the start of another generation. By November,

the adults of this new generation are formed. The flight season then begins with the

arrival of the north east monsoon rains. So far no mating of adults has been observed

during the November — February flight. More intensive observations during this

flight period is needed to confirm this. It will also confirm whether the beetle has

three generations in a year. More studies are also needed to determine the life span of

each generation of the beetle.

Conclusion

The studies confirm that A. rufocuprea is one of the cockchafer pests which attack

many ornamental plants and shade trees at Botanic Gardens and East Coast Park in Singa-

pore. As its food plants include the most commonly planted trees in Singapore, it is also

expected to occur in most other parks, gardens and planted areas like roadside nurseries.

The amount of foliar damage it incurs on young host plants during its flight periods can

be fairly great. This is because of its gregarious feeding habit and the coincidence of the

flight periods with the emergence of new leaves of the plants. However, the extent and

severity of damage also varies with the susceptibility of host plants and its infestation

level. The infestation level of the beetle is. thought to be determined by a complex of

ecological factors which has to be investigated further.

The studies have also revealed the beetle’s flight seasons which, if consistent every

year, may determine the times for spraying host plants with insecticides.

Acknowledgement

The author wishes to thank Mr D.H. Murphy of the National University of Singapore

for identifying the insect under study. Thanks are also due to Miss Lein Lee Jiuan, Mr Ng

Boon Teen, Miss Tan Choon Tee and students of the School of Ornamental Horticulture

who helped to carry out the survey and subsequent studies. The assistance given by Mr

J.F. Maxwell and the staff of the Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, in the identifi-

cations of host plants is also gratefully acknowledged.

References

Borror, D.J. & Delong, D.M. (1964). An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 2nd edition.

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York. 310-317

Britton, E.B. (1979). Coleoptera. In: The Insects of Australia. C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Entomo-

logy. Melbourne University Press. 495-621.

Dammerman, K.W. (1929). The Agricultural Zoology of the Malay Archipelago. J.H. De

Bussy Ltd., Amsterdam. 189-195.

Biological study of Autoserica rufocuprea 63

Kalshoven, L.G.E. (1951). De plagen van de cultuurgewassen in Indonesia, part 2. W. Van.

Hoeve, The Hague. 762-806.

Lever, R.J.A.W. (1953). Cockchafer pests of Cocoa and other Crops. Mal. Agricul. Jour.

36: 89-113.

Ritcher, P.O. (1969). White Grubs and their Allies . ..astudy of North American Scara-

baeoid larvae. Oregon State University Press. 75-89.

Southwood, T.R.E. (1966). Ecological Methods . . . with particular reference to the study

of insect populations. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. 233-236.

Swaine, G. (1971). Agricultural Zoology in Fiji. Ministry of Overseas Development,

London. H.M.S.O. 424.

Yunus, A. & Ho, T.H. (1980). List of Economic Pests, Host plants, Parasites and Preda-

tors in West Malaysia, 1920-1978. Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

221-228.

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Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) Bedd.:

a Singapore fern now possibly extinct

R. E. HOLTTUM

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

During the months of August to November 1822, Nathaniel Wallich, Superintendent

of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, stayed in Singapore and collected many specimens of

native plants. These were dried and added to his great herbarium which consisted mainly

of specimens of Indian plants. He gave new names to those of his specimens which he

believed to represent hithero unknown species, and a list of these names was duplicated,

but as he published no descriptions his names have no status according to the present

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Duplicates of Wallich’s specimens were

distributed to various other herbaria, but the Singapore herbarium had not then been

founded, so any of his specimens now in Singapore are mostly stray ones which could be

spared from Kew, where the main Wallich herbarium now remains.

Many of the ferns to which Wallich gave new names were first described by William

Hooker in his Species Filicum (five volumes, 1844 — 1864) and among them was no. 235

in Wallich’s list, Asplenium prescottianum, in Hooker’s third volume (1860) p. 251. A

photograph of one of two sheets of this collection in Hooker’s herbarium is here repro-

duced. Hooker also cited a specimen collected by Thomas Lobb in Singapore about 1850

which had fewer lobed pinnae but clearly represented the same species; this was called

var. 6B. Another specimen cited was collected by Norris in Penang and named var. y but

this has pinnae differently lobed and represents another species, now known as Diplazium

malaccense Presl.

We now regard Wallich’s species as belonging to the genus Diplazium, but Hooker

preferred to retain it in Asplenium because the arrangement of the sori is almost the same

in both. It was not until 1866 that Milde showed a constant anatomical difference be-

tween the two genera and also a difference in scales. Other differences are now known,

and members of the two genera usually differ in habitat, species of Diplazium being

almost all terrestrial ferns of forest, and most Asplenium plants are epiphytes or grow on

rocks. The characters by which Diplazium differs from Asplenium, as shown by Milde, are

also shared by members of the genus Athyrium, the name of which is older. So Copeland,

in his early work on Philippine ferns, transferred all species formerly known as Diplazium

to Athyrium; he continued this practice in his book Genera Filicum (1947), and in the

original edition of my Ferns of Malaya I followed Copeland. In 1859 Thomas Moore had

published the binomial Diplazium prescottianum, without a description, but as Wallich’s

name was not then valid, Moore’s name is also invalid. In 1867 Beddome validated the

name Diplazium prescottianum by reference to Hooker’s description, and published the

first illustration. Later, when Beddome wrote his full account of the Indian and Malayan

ferns known to him (his Handbook, 1883) he ranked Wallich’s species as a variety of

Diplazium silvaticum. As indicated in the Appendix to the second edition of my book, I

now accept the genus Diplazium as distinct from Athyrium, This history can be sum-

marized as follows:

66 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Asplenium prescottianum Wallich, cat. no. 235, invalid name; Hooker, Spec. Fil. 3:

251 (1860), excluding var. y.

Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) Beddome, Ferns Br. India: t. 243 (1867);

Holttum, Ferns of Malaya ed. 2: 637 (1966).

Diplazium silvaticum vat. prescottianum Bedd., Handb. Ferns Br. India: 178 (1883).

Athyrium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum, Ferns of Malaya: 557 (1954).

The name prescottianum commemorates John Prescott, a botanist who helped Wallich

in identifying his specimens of the family Cyperaceae; he died in 1837.

In 1875 H.J. Murton, Superintendent of the original Botanic Garden in Singapore,

collected a specimen at Kranji, with no other details. C.G. Matthew, a fleet-surgeon visited

Singapore early in the twentieth century collected another between Bukit Panjang and

Woodlands. No more specimens were found until 1958 when Sinclair collected specimens

at Tanjong Gul, with the following note: “rocky wooded cliffs, at base of cliff; only two

plants seen”’. Sinclair’s is the only definite information about the nature of the habitat of

this fern. Murton’s locality Kranji probably indicates that he found it at the steep seaward

face of the hill at Woodlands, which was then still covered with forest trees, like the

present cliffs at Labrador.

The very peculiar shape of the pinnae of this species is well shown in the photograph,

namely the deep lobing of middle pinnae near their bases on the acroscopic side only, and

the long-stalked lower pinnae which have no similar lobing. Fronds of smaller plants have

fewer lobed pinnae and fewer lobes on each; the specimens of Thomas Lobb and of

Sinclair both show this condition. The pinnae are of a much firmer consistency than

those of most species of Diplazium in Malaya; this is probably to be correlated with the

semi-exposed position in which the plants grow. Most species of this genus grow only in

the full shade of forest. I suggest that the most likely places where other plants of D. pre-

scottianum may exist are in the Indonesian islands near Singapore. My impression is that

collecting there has been less thorough than in Singapore, but there may be specimens,

unreported, in the herbarium at Bogor.

As indicated on p.557. of the original edition of my book on the ferns of Malaya, I

tentatively included also in this species some specimens from Selangor and Perak. But

later study convinced me that they represented another species, not yet named; a com-

ment to this effect is made on p.637 of the second edition. D. prescottianum has been

more recently reported (as Athyrium prescottianum) by S. C. Chin as occurring at Gua

Panjang in Kelantan (Gard. Bull. 30: 210, 1975). I have now seen a photograph of a speci-

men from this collection (UNESCO Limestone Expedition 1962, no. 517); in my opinion

it belongs to the species Diplazium crenato-serratum (Bl.) Moore.

The number of species of Diplazium in S.E. Asia and Malesia is very large, and many

of them have never been adequately described, so that the application of such names as

exist is often doubtful. The detailed structure of the scales which cover the apex of root-

stocks and the bases of stipes provide useful and precise diagnostic characters but these

(eee ek ee Sa

; hv

Meat heyy ie fhe AAG ARAL EAE

Photograph of a sheet from the type collection of Asplenium prescottianum Wall. in Kew Herbarium.

Courtesy of the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

68 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

scales are often missing from herbarium specimens and in many species they have not

been well described; this is true of the species of India where more exist than those re-

cognized in Beddome’s works. Type specimens need re-describing so that the precise

meaning of existing names may be established before new names are given. Probably there

are many Malesian species still undescribed; even in Peninsular Malaysia, one of the best-

studied areas, there are still some.

However D. prescottianum is peculiar in two ways. First, it has very obvious distinc-

tive characters, so that it is unlikely to have escaped the notice of collectors. Secondly, it

does not grow in high forest, and if it exists away from the sea it must be in some more

open, though not fully exposed places; it is probably adapted to peculiar habitat-condi-

tions which are not common. So it may be now on the verge of extinction, if not already

extinct. If further plants of this species are found, I hope that someone will try to grow

new ones from spores, not destroy them in making more dried specimens.

Another fern which grows in somewhat similar habitats near the sea in Singapore is

Dipteris conjugata, but this species certainly occurs abundantly elsewhere in Malesia, on

mountains at altitudes of about 600 to 1800 m, in open places, and is conspicuous at all

hill stations. It was formerly present in several small colonies on the steep sea-facing cliffs

at Labrador, where it had strong light from the sea and little overhead shade. It also

occurred in at least two places near the sea in the N.W. of Singapore, and Sinclair found

plants on Pulau Serimbun in 1953. Unless specially protected and brought to public

attention, it is likely to disappear from Singapore. It differs from Diplazium prescottianum

in having a creeping rootstock which can go on growing indefinitely, whereas Diplazium

has a more or less erect rootstock which is of limited growth and plants need to be re-

newed from spores periodically.

Dipteris conjugata does not renew itself from spores in Singapore. It only does this at

altitudes of about 600 m or more above sea level, as anyone who walks up Penang Hill by

the old path can easily see; at about 600 m altitude young plants of Dipteris are abundant,

but below that level there are none. This must be an effect of temperature; the spores will

not germinate, or the prothalli will not produce their generative organs, at the warmer

temperature of sea level. I believe that Dipteris became established on the Labrador cliffs

during the ice age when the sea level was lower than it is now, and the temperature at

Labrador was like that of the top of Penang Hill today; and that the Dipteris persisted

because it could not be fully overshaded by forest growth on that steep ground. However,

this is unlikely to be the explanation of the presence of Diplazium prescottianum in

Singapore.

A New Combination for Barclaya kunstleri (King) Ridley of the

Nymphaeaceae

BENJAMIN C. STONE

Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

As the generic name Hydrostemma antedates Barclaya, as discussed recently by Mabberley, the

species of this genus must now be known as Hydrostemma longifolium (Wall.) Mabb. and H. motleyi

(Hook. f.) Mabb. A probable third species, recognized by Ridley, based on Barclaya motleyi var.

Kunstleri King, requires a name under Hydrostemma, here provided as Hydrostemma kunstleri (King)

Stone, comb. nov.

Introduction

Nathaniel Wallich, author of the generic name Barclaya which has been used for a

century and a half for a small group of waterlilies native to Borneo, Malaya, Thailand and

Burma, actually first proposed the name Hydrostemma for the genus. As recently ex-

posed by D. Mabberley (1982) this name was published in June 1827, about six months

earlier than Barclaya which was published in December 1827. This seems to be a clear

case of an author changing his mind, which was acceptable in that period when no formal

nomenclatural rules were universally agreed upon, but now is inadmissible according to

the present International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Although used by Hooker

filius, G. King, Ridley and many other botanists, the name Barclaya is clearly a later name

and must yield to Hydrostemma. As the genus is a small one, without the need for numer-

ous new nomenclatural combinations, and is not significant in applied botany, Mabberley

proceeded to make two needed combinations, Hydrostemma longifolium (Wall.) Mabb.

and H. motleyi (Hook. f.) Mabb.

There is however another taxon, originally described by G. King as Barclaya mottleyi

(sic!) var. kunstleri King, in honour of H. Kunstler who was in the employ of King as a

plant collector in Perak (and frequently identified solely as “King’s collector”). King’s

description (King, 1889) brings out some of the salient features of this plant, and Ridley

later raised it to the rank of species (Ridley, 1922, p. 117), remarking: “This, in its thin

glabrous leaves and globose seeds, is much nearer B. longifolia than B. motleyi, but the

sepals are those of B. motleyi, as indeed is the whole flower. In the Setul plant some of

the leaves are lanceolate cordate.” Ridley cites a specimen from Bera, Perak (collected by

Kunstler and evidently the type), and another from Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang, collected by

Haniff. In ranking this plant as a species Ridley clearly placed emphasis on the leaf shape

and the seed characters.

King’s original description reads: ‘Leaves ovate-rotund, cordate, the under surfaces

and petioles pubescent or glabrous, as are the peduncles; petals claret-coloured; seeds

rugose, occasionally echinate. — In similar situations with the last. Perak; King’s collector,

Scortechini, Wray. The leaves of this are thinner in texture than those of the typical

form.”

Hydrostemma Aunstlert (KING 7) STONE

Fig. 1. Hydrostemma kunstleri (King) Stone. (Formerly Barclaya kunstleri (King) Ridley). Habit. Inset

(upper left) shows flower in longitudinal section, two views, ad- and abaxial, of tepal, and (below)

segment of interior of perianth showing two stamens. All from BCS. 12063.

Hydrostemma kunstleri comb. nov. 71

From these points it appears that var. kunstleri does indeed merit recognition. The

characters mentioned are suggestive but perhaps only the seed characters might be crucial.

Recently, this plant was collected in Selangor, Templer Park, by Stone and van

Balgooy, and a note was published on it in the Malayan Naturalist (Stone, 1978), along

with specimen citations of the other species. Flowers were present in the collection, but

not seeds. The leaf shape and texture were certainly correct for the taxon kunstleri. Thus,

though the actual status of the plant is somewhat dubious, it may be something other

than a simple variety of B. motleyi. The possibility exists that hybridization between

B. motleyi and B. longifolia occurs, or has occurred, and that kunstleri may be a result.

Alternatively, Ridley may be right in ranking it as a species. Clearly a more detailed in-

vestigation is desirable. In the meantime, some designation is required, and it seems pre-

ferable to follow Ridley, but to use the original generic name. Thus the following new

combination is made:

Hydrostemma kunstleri (King) B. C. Stone, comb. nov.

Syn. Barclaya kunstleri (King) Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1: 117. 1922.

B. mottleyi var. kunstleri King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58: 390. 1889.

Lectotype: Perak, H. Kunstler (King’s collector).

Distribution. Perak: Belanja, 100 ft. alt., L. Wray Jr. 143 (SING!). Without locality,

Scortechini (CAL, K). Selangor: Balai Berjuntai, May 1895, Ridley 7348 (SING!). Tem-

pler Park, Stone & van Balgooy 12063 (KLU!). Johore: Sungei Serai, Kota Tinggi, Teruya

370 (SING!). 5th mile Gelang Patah road, Sinclair 10859 (SING!). Johore, without

locality, Teruya 2480 (SING!). Singapore: Nee Soon, Selitar, Sinclair 40337 (SING! —

very glabrous, resembling B. motleyi).

This plant is very infrequently collected and certainly deserves further study to

clarify its status.

References

King, Sir George. 1889. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Orders I — VIII.

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 58: 359-408. (Cfr. pp. 389-391, Order VI).

Mabberley, D. J. 1982. William Roxburgh’s “Botanical Description of a new Species of

Swietenia (Mahogany)” and other overlooked binomials. Taxon 31: 65-73.

Ridley, H. N. 1922. Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 1. Polypetalae. 1-918. London:

L. Reeve & Co. (Cfr. pp. 116-118).

Stone, B. C. 1978. Barclaya, the Malaysian ‘“Waterlily”. Malayan Naturalist (for Sept.

1978): 20-22. With 1 figure.

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Micropropagation of Saintpaulia at Singapore Botanic Gardens

LIM-HO CHEE LEN AND LEE SWEE MENG

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Abstract

Experimental propagation of Saintpaulia by means of leaf and petiole culture was conducted at

the Singapore Botanic Gardens. All in, 17 varieties were used. Leaf culture of 15 varieties and petiole

culture of 3 were successful. Shoots were found to initiate readily in a large variety of media but satis-

factory rooting occurred only in media with a low level of growth regulators such as IAA. After the

plantlets were transferred into soil, it was found necessary to keep them in an enclosed environment

for about two months in order to ensure a high survival rate.

Introduction

Saintpaulia is commonly propagated vegetatively from leaf cuttings by amateurs and

commercial growers. Although new plants can be grown from leaf cuttings within 6—8

weeks, the number of plants per crop that can be obtained by this method is small. This

method is therefore not satisfactory for commercial mass production.

Tissue culture of Saintpaulia has been successfully attempted in western countries

(Kukulozanka and Suczynaka 1972, Start & Cumming 1976, Bilkey et. al. 1978). Their

reports gave fairly detailed accounts of the initiation of shoots and roots in culture. How-

ever, very little information is available on the technique of transplanting plantlets from

flasks into the open.

The Singapore Botanic Gardens started experiments on tissue culture of saintpaulias

about 4 years ago. So far 15 varieties have been successfully propagated by this technique

and seven of them are now being mass-propagated at the laboratory. Our experiments and

technique are described in this report.

Micropropagation of Saintpaulia

(a) Method

Fully expanded young leaves with a petiole 3—4 cm long were used. The leaves were

washed in soap water, then soaked in detergent for 15 minutes to remove dirt, thereafter

sterilized by soaking in 10% clorox solution for 10—20 minutes, and finally rinsed several

times with sterilized distilled water.

After disinfection, the leaves and petioles were cut apart and then each sliced into 3

portions. The leaves were sliced such that each segment carried a section of the midrib.

74 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Murashige and Skoog’s formula (1962) was used with the addition of the following

growth regulators:

(1) 2.5 mg/l kinetin, 5 mg/l IAA (AS)

(2) 0.3 mg/l NAA, 0.1 mg/l kinetin, 40 mg/l adenine sulphate (ASP)

(3) 0.1 mg/l NAA, 0.01 mg/l BA (AF)

(4) 0.2 mg/l BA, 0.1 mg/l zeatin (WSK6)

(5) 2 mg/l BA, 1 mg/l zeatin (WSK3)

(6) 2 mg/l IAA, 2 mg/l kinetin (AB)

The explants were cultured on 20—30 ml of the medium in conical flasks or on 10—

20 ml of medium in test tubes. Each leaf segment was placed upright in the culture with

one quarter of its length embedded in the agar. The cultures were exposed to Gro-lux

lighting for 10 hours a day and maintained at an environmental temperature of 20—25°C.

Two tubes, each of 30 watts were positioned a foot above the bench.

(b) Results of leaf culture

A total of 15 different varieties of Saintpaulia had successfully proliferated through

leaf culture (Table 1). After about 3 weeks, tissues of leaf explants began to enlarge and

thicken. Shoots first appeared at the base of the midribs, touching the medium and

rapidly spreading to the entire adaxial area of the blade. Although all explants were

placed upright in the medium, only a few shoots formed on the abaxial surface of the

lamina and these were mainly located around the midrib. After 1—2 months the whole

flask was crowded with shoots, initiated from the leaf explants and the culture was then

ready for transfer.

In petiole culture, swelling of the petiole was often observed around the circum-

ference. In most cases, the central portion at the cross-sections showed no growth and

gradually browned off. After 1—2 weeks, callus growth began. Most of the petiole cultures

formed callus alone or with roots. About 20% of the cultures formed shoots (Table 1).

Plantlet regeneration became noticeable after 6 weeks.

The cultures of petioles were much less successful than those of leaves. So far only

3 varieties differentiated plantlets from cross-sections of excised petioles in vitro.

Shoot multiplication and root formation

After about 2 months, the shoots had to be transferred (Plate 1). Shoots taller than 1 ©

cm were separated with forceps and placed on a rooting medium which consisted of

Murashige and Skoog’s medium plus 0.1 mg/l IAA. Those shorter than 1 cm were sub-

cultured for multiplication. The medium for multiplication was also Murashige and

Skoog’s but with 0.5 mg/l kinetin and IAA.

On the multiplication medium, these plants developed into a compact spherical mass

of multiple shoots in 6 weeks. Where the shoots had not been subcultured after 3 months,

some became dominant, suppressing the growth of the others.

17 18-19 210 2:1 22 23 24 25 268 21

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CROSS-SECTION

SECTIONED LEAF

LEAF OF PETIOLE

ia ,EXPLANT

MULTIPLE SHOOTS PRODUCE CALLUS

SMALL PLANTS

PUT BACK FOR

MULTIPLICATION

BIG PLANTS

TRANSFERRED ON INDIVIDUAL

ROOTING MEDIA PLANT IN POT

TRANSPLANTED

OUT FROM FLASK

WOODEN BOX

COVERED WITH

PLASTIC SHEETS

TO MAINTAIN

HUMIDITY

Fig. 1. Propagation Of Saintpaulia By Tissue-Culture Technique Pictorially Represented

Saintpaulia, micropropagation 719

Transplanting

Plantlets 2.5 cm in diameter with 6—8 leaves (Plate 2) were removed from the flask

with long forceps. They were rinsed 2—3 times with distilled water to remove the attached

agar and then soaked in a 0.5% Tersan 75 solution for about 5 minutes. The plantlets

were transferred into sand-frames which were covered with a plastic sheet. They were in-

cubated for 2 months and watered once a fortnight. So far all those transplanted into

sand-frames which were covered have survived. In contrast, when open frames were used,

at the earlier stages of our experiment, only 10—20% of transplanted plantlets have sur-

vived (Table 2). The size of the frames, however, did not appear to have a significant effect

on the survival rate. After 2 months in the covered sand-frames (Plate 3) the plantlets

were ready for transfer into individual pots.

Potting Stage

The mature plants from the sand-frames were potted individually in soil mixtures at

the nursery. They grew well in a large variety of soil mixtures. A good mixture is obtained

by mixing equal portions of topsoil, sand and peat. The plants were watered on alternate

days and fertilised once a week with a concentration of NPK 75:60:60-p.p.m. Spraying

with a mixture of 0.05% Rogor and of 0.15% of Captan 50 was carried out fortnightly.

Summary and Discussion

Our experiments showed that for Saintpaulia, leaf culture is preferable to petiole

‘culture. The procedures are summarised in figure 1.

The cultures appeared to develop well on a variety of media. However, an overdose

of growth regulators in the rooting medium tended to stimulate development of axillary

shoots at the expense of root-development.

A crucial stage of propagation is the planting out of plantlets from flask. It appeared

that most of them need to be incubated for about 1—2 months in an enclosed environ-

ment to enhance survival. The reason seems to be that the roots of the tissue-cultured

plantlet cannot initially take on all their functions when planted in soil. Failure to replace

water which was depleted rapidly through the leaves led to wilting and death. It is there-

fore necessary to keep the newly released tissue-cultured plantlets under heavy shade and

in an enclosed environment until roots function fully. Fossard (1972) using scanning

electron microscopy revealed that plants growing in culture have little or no crystalline

wax on their leaves. This lack or low quality of crystalline wax on leaves increases tran-

spiration and water-loss. The same may be the cause of rapid dessication of tissue-cultured

plantlets when these are removed from their humid environment in the culture flask and

placed in a drier condition.

Compared with the conventional leaf-cutting method, tissue-culture propagation has

the following advantages:

(1) very little space is required

(2) growth rate is greater

(3) new cultivars can be readily propagated

a LE reds

RHA AND ee Ce ax

Plate 3. Asand-frame planted with Saintpaulia, P1, B/P2, B/P4 & B/P5, two months old. (Uncovered

here to show details).

WAN

Plate 4. Saintpaulia, B/P4, from tissue-culture, grown in shade at the potting yard, with a compact

rosette of leaves.

Saintpaulia, micropropagation 81

Plate 5. Saintpaulia, B/P4, propagated from leaf-cutting grown in shade at the potting yard with a

loose rosette of leaves.

An interesting unexplained difference between plants derived from tissue culture and

conventionally propagated ones has been observed. The tissue-cultured plants in general

have a compact rosette of leaves with a short petiole (Plate 4) and the flower stalk is also

short. Conventionally grown plants often have a loose rosette of leaves with along petiole,

and a long flower stalk (Plate 5). Tissue-cultured plants therefore are further enhanced for

marketing purposes.

References

Balkey, P.C. and A.C. Hildebrandt 1978. Micropropagation of African Violet from petiole

cross-sections. Hort. Science 13: 37-38.

De Fossard, R.A. 1980. Tissue Culture Propagation. University of Hawaii Harnold L. Lyon

Arboretum Lecture Number Ten: 140.

Kukulczanka, K. and C. Suczynaka 1972. Regenerative properties of Saintpaulia ionanthe

Wendl. leaves cultured in vitro. Act. Soc. Bot. Pol. XLI: 503-505.

Murashige, T. and F. Skoog 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with

tobacco culture. Plant Physiol. 15: 473-497.

Start, N.D. and B.G. Cumming 1976. In vitro propagation of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.

Hort. Science 11: 204-206.

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Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII)*

HSUAN KENG

Department of Biology, National University of Singapore

Index to Families

Page Page

Anacardiaceae 92 Opiliaceae 99

Aquifoliaceae 83 Rhamnaceae 85

Araliaceae 101 Sabiaceae 95

Balsaminaceae 92 Santalaceae 98

Celastraceae 83 Sapindaceae 89

Cornaceae 101 Staphylleaceae 92

Icacinaceae 96 Umbelliferae 103

Loranthaceae 99 Vitaceae 86

Olacaceae 97

II. Angiospermae-Dicotyledons (cont’d)

94. Aquifoliaceae

Ilex cymosa Bl.

Small tree; flowers small, greenish, in branched axillary cymes; fruit small, ovoid,

purple then black, with 8-10 stones inside. In mangrove and swamp forests, Chua

Chu Kang (Goodenough 1862).

lex macrophylla Hk. f.

Leaves thin and papery; fruit red. In forest. Bukit Timah (Sinclair 40199).

Ilex maingayi Hk. f.

Leaves leathery with a stout petiole; fruit red. Bukit Mandai (Mat 6742).

95. Celastraceae

Key to the genera

A. Stamens 4 or 5; erect shrubs or trees

B. Leaves alternate or spiral Bhesa

B. Leaves opposite

*continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 32: 329. 1980.

84 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

C. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent Cassine

C. Fruit splitting by valves

D, Ovules 2 in each locule Euonymus

D. Ovules 4 to many in each locule Lophopetalum, Kokoona

A. Stamens 3, rarely 2; climbers, rarely erect shrubs or small trees

E. Flowers mostly in axillary clusters; fruit pulpy, indehiscent Salacia

E. Flowers in axillary cymes or terminal panicles; fruit splitting

into follicle-like parts Reisantia, Loesenerilella

Bhesa paniculata Arn. (= Kurrimia paniculata Wall. ex Arn.)

Tree; twigs reddish brown, rounded, with horizontal stipular scars; leaves elliptic,

6-40 cm long, shiny below; flowers greenish, in panicles; fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded,

~ yellow to red; seeds with pink aril. In lowland forests, fairly common, Water Catch-

ment Area, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai (Goodenough 4940).

Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) D. Hou (= Kurrimia robusta Roxb.)

Tree; twigs flattened and angled, grey; stipular scars usually oblique; leaves elliptic,

6-16 cm long; flowers red, in spikes; fruit 1-seeded. In lowland forests, less common,

Tanglin, Bukit Mandai, P. Damas Laut (Sinclair 39244).

Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) D. Hou (= Elaeodendron subrotundum King)

Shrub or small tree; leaves opposite, decussate, margin wavy; flowers in cymose pani-

cles; fruit obovoid, indehiscent. On sandy beaches, Kranji, Katong, P. Brani (Ridley

8072).

Euonymus javanicus Bl.

Large shrub; leaves opposite, decussate, elliptic, 5-20 cm long; flowers solitary or in

small clusters; fruit angled or lobed; seeds black, with orange aril. In swamp forests,

Kranji, Sembawang (Mat 6529).

Kokoona littoralis Laws. (= Lophopetalum littoralis Ridl.)

Tree; leaves elliptic, 4-15 cm long; flowers in racemes; fruit a 3-angled capsule; seed

terminally winged. Collected by Thomas Lobb, probably extinct now.

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. (= L. fimbriatum Wight)

Tree; leaves oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8-25 cm long; flowers yellow, in panicles to

12 cm long; capsule 10-15 cm long. Changi, Bukit Mandai (Mat 6776).

Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle (= Hippocratea indica Willd.)

Climber; leaves oblong elliptic or ovate, 3.5-13 cm long; flowers small, yellowish, in

cymose clusters; fruit of 3 separate ‘follicles’, 3-5.5 cm long. In sea-shore forests,

Changi (Ridley 1918), Pulau Ubin.

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 85

Salacia chinensis L. (= S. latifolia Wall. ex Laws.)

Climber, scandent shrub or rarely a small tree; leaves oblong obovate to suborbicular,

4-17 cm long; flowers yellowish, in axillary clusters; fruit globose, orange-red, 1 .5-2

cm across. In seashore forests, Loyang (Holttum s.n., Apr. 1949).

Sal. exsculpta Korth. (= S. rubra Laws.)

Climber; leaves oblong elliptic, 5-9 cm long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly obovoid, 3

cm across. In inland forests, Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 5660).

Sal. grandiflora Kurz

Liana or scandent shrub; leaves oblong elliptic, 7-34 cm long; flowers whitish or

yellow; fruit pinkish, 2.5-5 cm across. In inland forests, Bukit Timah (Mat 6775),

Chua Chu Kang.

Sal. korthalsiana Mig.

Climbing or erect shrub; leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic, 6-26 cm long; fruit sub-

globose, 2-3 cm across. In belukar, Reservoir Jungle (Corner s.n., Dec. 1935).

Sal. macrophylla B1. (= S. flavescens Kurz)

Liana, sometimes shrubby; leaves lanceolate to ovate, 7-34 cm long; flowers yellow in

axillary fascicles; fruit broadly ellipsoid, orange or red. In forests. Pierce Reservoir

(Md Shah and Sidek 4090), Changi.

Sal. viminea Wall. ex Laws.

Scandent or rarely erect shrub; leaves elliptic, 5-14 cm long; fruit globose, about 2

cm across. In lowland forests, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5850), Gardens’ Jungle.

96. Rhamnaceae

Key to the genera

A. Erect small trees or shrub; ovary half-inferior or superior

B. Spiny; ovary superior; fruit drupaceous Ziziphus

B. Unarmed; ovary half-inferior; fruit capsular Colubrina

A. Woody climbers; ovary half-inferior

C. Fruit with a narrow apical wing, indehiscent Ventilago

C. Fruit oblong, flat, not distinctly winged, dehiscent Smy thea

Colubrina asiatica Rich. ex Bongn.

Shrub; leaves ovate, 3-7 cm long, 3-nerved from base; flowers small, greenish in

axillary cymes. Common along sea coast, Geylang (Ridley 8123), Changi.

Smythea lanceata (Tul.) Summerh. (= S. pacifica Seem.)

Climber; leaves lanceolate to elliptic, 5-9 cm long, 3-5 nerved from base; flowers

green. In belukar near the sea, Serangoon River (Ridley 9151), Tuas.

Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Ventilago malaccensis Ridl.

Woody climber, slender, branched; leaves narrowly ovate, 6-12 cm long; flowers

green; fruit small, round, with a long, narrow wing. In the forest, Gardens’ Jungle,

Bukit Timah (Ridley 6376), Pulau Ubin.

Ziziphus calophylla Wall. ex Hk. f.

Li.

Ziz.

Thorny climber; leaves coriaceous, 3-nerved, elliptic oblong, 7-12 cm long, with sharp

stipular prickles; flowers white; fruit globose, orange, edible. In belukar, Gardens’

Jungle, Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley 3646).

jujuba Mill.

Small thorny tree with spreading, drooping branches; leaves elliptic, 2.5-6.5 cm long,

finely toothed; flowers greenish white, in clusters; fruit ovoid or round, 2-3 cm

across. Native to India and China, occasionally planted for the edible fruits. Dried

fruits and those preserved in syrup are sold in shops. Vern. Indian jujube, Chinese

date. 38 tj

oenoplia Mill.

Thorny bush; leaves lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 cm long, unequal-sided, rusty-pubescent

beneath; flowers yellowish green; fruit round, black. In open belukar, (Hullet 242),

or as hedges.

97. Vitaceae

Key to the genera

Erect shrubs or small trees; ovule one in each ovary locule Leea

Climbers with tendrils; ovules 2 in each locule

B. Flowers borne on or sunk in flattened leaf-like rachis Pterisanthes

B. Flowers in spicate or cymose inflorescences Vitis!

The view that the genus Vitis should be divided into a number of smaller and better defined

genera has latterly gained a wider acceptance (Backer & Bakhuizen, Latiff and others). The re-

combined binomials are given in brackets as alternative names. A key to these genera which are

represented in Singapore is as follows:

Petals 5, connate at the top to form a cap which falls as the flower-bud expands (leaves simple;

seeds beaked at the base) . Vitis (s. str.)

Petals 4 or S, free

2. Inflorescence with tendrils; flowers 4- to 5-merous (séeds dorsally compressed)

Ampelocissus

2. Inflorescence without tendrils; flowers mostly 4-merous

3. Flowers unisexual; carpellate flowers often with a broadened, lobed stigma

Tetrastigma

3. Flowers bisexual, the stigma neither broadened nor lobed

4. Leaves variously divided into 3-12 parts or leaflets; berry 2- to 4-seeded

Cayratia

4. Leaves simple; berry 1-seeded Cissus

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 87

Leea angulata Korth ex. Mig.

A thorny tree; leaves much narrower than those of L. indica; flowers white. Pasir

Panjang (Ridley 10401).

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (= L. sambucina Willd.)

Large shrub, 3-4 m tall; leaves 2-3 times pinnate, 45-60 cm long; leaflets 7-9 in a

pinna; flowers greenish white, in a large flattened complicated cyme to 35 cm wide;

berry dark red to black. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Water Catchment Area.

Leea rubra Bl. ex Spreng.

Shrub, 2-3 m tall; flowers dark red. Tanglin, King’s Road (Ridley s.n. in 1893).

Pterisanthes pilita (Miq.) Laws. (=P. coriacea Korth.)

Slender climber; leaves simple, ovate; inflorescence-axis ribbon-like, red, long-stalked;

berry small, black, on rachis. In thick forests, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu

Kang (Ridley 6013).

Vitis cinnamomea Wall. (alt. name: Ampelocissus cinnamomea (Wall.) Planch.)

Climber, stem slender, woolly; leaves ovate-cordate or 3-lobed, 10-12 cm long, cinna-

mon-tomentose beneath. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Water Catchment Area.

Vitis diffusa Mig. (alt. name: Cissus diffusa (Mig.) Amsh.)

Climber stem glabrous, slender, woody, foetid; leaves simple, ovate, 6-7 cm long;

berry glabrous, black. In waste ground.

Vitis elegans Kurz (alt. name: Amp. elegans (Kurz) Gapnep.)

Climber, densely red-tomentose; leaves 3 to 5-foliate, the central one 12-15 cm long.

In hedges and borders of forests, common; Gardens’ Jungle, Water Catchment Area

(Pannell & Samsuri 1008), Jurong.

Vitis furcata Laws.

Climber, stem flat, 4-angled, brown, corked along the edge; leaves simple, fleshy,

5-10 cm long; berry black. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Tanglin.

Vitis hastata Mig. (alt. name: Ciss. hastata (Miq.) Planch.)

Herbaceous climber; stem 4-angled, narrowly winged; tendrils reddish; leaves simple;

6-8 cm long, the base broadly arrow-shaped; berry ellipsoid, black. Common in open

places, climbing over bushes, (Huillett 3).

Vitis glaberrima Wall. (alt. name: Ciss. glaberrima (Wall.) Planch.)

Tall glabrous vine; leaves simple, elliptic, 3-8 cm long; flowers in compound umbels;

fruit small, rounded, pink to black. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Mandai Road (Sin-

clair 39695), Changi.

88 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Vitis gracilis Wall. (alt. name: Amp. gracilis (Wall.) Planch.)

Climber, stem very slender, red hairy; leaves simple, cordate, 7-9 cm long. Changi,

Tanglin, Water Catchment Area (Ridley 268).

Vitis lawsoni King (alt. name: Tetrastigma lawsoni (King) Burkill)

Tall climber; leaves 3-foliate, mid-leaflet oblanceolate, 9-13 cm long, fruit large;

globose (over 2 cm across), yellowish, edible. In forests, Bukit Timah, Gardens’

Jungle.

Vitis macrostachya Miq. (alt. name: Amp. spicifera Planch.)

Climber, glabrous; leaves simple, ovate, 9-15 cm long; inflorescence spicate, 40-60

cm long; often branched. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Jurong (Ridley 5585).

Vitis mollissima Wall. (alt. name: Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gapnep.)

Climber, stem with long stiff hairs; leaves with 3 leaflets, the mid-leaflet elliptic,

8-10 cm long; berry large, globose (1.5-2 cm across), pink. Gardens’ Jungle, Water

Catchment Area.

Vitis novemfolia Wall. (alt. name: Cayr. novemfelia (Wall.) Burkill)

Slender, glabrous vine; leaves palmately compound, with 7-9 leaflets, the leaflets

lanceolate, 10-12 cm long; berry globose, 2 cm across, green, Tanglin, Chua Chu

Kang (Ridley 10689).

Vitis repens W & A.

Glabrous, herbaceous climber; leaves simple, cordate, 6-9 cm long; berry small,

globose or pear-shaped, red to black. Fort Canning, Chua Chu Kang.

Vitis trifolia L. (alt. name: Cayr. trifolia (L.) Domin)

Slender herbaceous vine, glabrous; leaves 3-foliate, the mid-leaflets ovate-elliptic,

3-6 cm long; berry small, globose. Common, Water Catchment Area, Geylang (Teruya

2470).

Vitis vinifera L.

The grape vine is native to W. Asia and the Mediterranean. Occasionally planted. The

fruits in markets are all imported. “ji

98. Sapindaceae

Key to the genera

A. Leaves 3-foliolate

B. Erect shrub; fruit a drupe Allophyllus

B. Herbaceous climber; fruit an inflated capsule Cardiospermum

-_~ & Me

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 89

A. Leaves pinnately compound

C. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit woody, spiny; seed without aril Paranephelium

C. Leaves even-pinnate

D. Fruit succulent

E. Seeds arillate

F. Sepals large, imbricate, free Xerospermum

F. Sepals small, valvate, connate at base Pometia, Nephelium,

Euphoria, Litchi

E. Seeds not arillate Lepisanthes

D. Fruit dry, dehiscent

G. Fruit inflated, bladder-like with 3 wings Arfeuillea

G. Notas above

H. Fruit 2-lobed Arytera

H. Fruit mostly 3-lobed or 3-angled

I. ‘Fruit 3-lobed, 3-4 cm long Trigonachra

I. _‘ Fruit 3-angled or winged, less than 2 cm long

J. Leaflets whitish beneath; inflorescence not or rarely branched;

fruit 3-winged Guioa

J. Leaflets not whitish beneath; inflorescence branched; fruit 3-angled

Mischocarnus

Allophyllus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.

Shrub very variable; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets elliptic, 4-9 cm long; flowers white,

in racemes; berry red. Common along seashores, Kranji, Seletar, Jurong.

Arfeuillea arborescens Pierre

Small tree; leaflets 3-4 pairs, elliptic, 3-8 cm long; flowers greenish white, in hairy

panicles; fruit inflated, bladder-like, 3-4 cm long, 3-winged. Native of Thailand,

planted as a roadside tree in Singapore.

Arytera littoralis Bl.

Shrub or small tree; leaflets 2-6 pairs, lanceolate, 8-15 cm long; flowers small, in

axillary panicles; fruit 2-lobed; seeds black, with red aril. Formerly collected from

Chua Chu Kang by Cantley’s Collector, now probably extinct.

90 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Slender vine; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, 1-4 cm long; flowers unisexual,

irregular, in branched racemes which have terminal tendrils; capsule inflated (‘balloon

vine’). Occurs in waste ground, sometimes used as a vegetable; Rochore, Pulau Ubin,

Bukit Timah Road.

Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. (= Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Bl.)

Tree, leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 4-6 pairs, drooping; flowers small, male or bisexual,

in terminal panicles; berry small, orange to black, with unpleasantly flavour. Pulau

Ubin. Vern. Mertajam.

Euphoria malaiensis (Griff.) Radlk. (alt. names: Nephelium malaiense Griff. and Dimo-

carpus longan Lour.)

Tree; branches scurfy; leaflets 3-5 pairs, stalks finely tomentose; fruit glabrous, 1.5-2

cm across, brown with darker flecks; seed dark brown, shiny (cat’s eye), pulp thin,

sweet. Sometimes cultivated as a fruit tree. The fruits are very similar to those of

Longan or Dragon’s eye ( #éff ) (alt. names: Nephelium longana Lam. and Euphoria

longan Steud.) imported from S. China, but smaller (less than 2 cm across). Vern.

Mata kuching.

Guioa pubescens Radlk.

Small tree; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 3-5 pairs; flowers small, white, in axillary

spikes; fruit pink to red, 2-3 lobed, splitting; seeds with orange aril. Variable, hardly

distinguishable from the allied species such as G. bijuga Radlk., G. pleuropteris

Radlk., etc. Common, Bukit Timah, Water Catchment Area, Pulau Merlimau (Sinclair

10772).

Litchi chinensis Sonn. (alt. name Nephelium litchie Camb.)

The litchi tree is native to S. China, occasionally cultivated locally, but seldom

flowers and still more rarely fruits. Imported fresh fruits can be found in markets

around June or July. #*%

Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. (= M. sumatranus B1.)

Shrub or small tree, rambutan-like; leaflets 3-6 pairs; fruit pear-shaped, about 2 cm

long; 3-lobed, splitting; seeds large, brown, with a thin red aril. Bukit Timah, Pulau

Ubin, Bukit Panjang (Ridley s.n., in 1894).

Nephelium eriopetalum Miq.

Tree; leaves even-pinnate, with brown velvety stalks; leaflets 3-7 pairs; flowers white,

in hanging spikes; fruit scarlet, like rambutans. Vern. Lotong. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit

Timah. No specimens available.

Neph. glabrum Noronh.

Leaflets 1-2 pairs; fruit red, with small compressed knobs or wrinkled. Verb. Redan.

Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang, Tuas.

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 91

Neph. lappaceum L.

Bushy tree; crown dense, rounded, spreading; leaflets 2-4 pairs; flowers greenish

white, fragrant, without petals; fruit red (or some variety, yellow), 3-4 cm across,

densely covered with soft spines; seed large, with a thick juicy sweet aril. Widely

cultivated, one of the best known fruit trees. Vern. Rambutan.

Neph. mutabile BI.

Bushy tree; branches spreading; leaflets 24 pairs, whitish below; fruit broadly ovoid,

4-5 cm long, crimson to dark purple, with short blunt spines; pulp pale yellow. Occa-

sionally found in villages and orchards. Vern. Pulasan.

Neph. rubescens Hiern.

Tree; leaflets 3-6 pairs, whitish below; flowers with 5 pinkish petals; fruit oblong,

2.5 cm long; with short compressed spines. Chua Chu Kang.

Paranephelium macrophyllum King

Tall tree; leaves pinnate, 40-50 cm long; leaflets 5-9; flowers pinkish, panicled; fruit

a woody spiny, 3-valved capsule; seeds large, brown, without pulp. In dense forests,

Bukit Timah.

Pometia pinnata Forst. (= P. alnifolia Radlk.)

Small tree; leaves odd-pinnate, 50-100 cm long; leaflets 12-20 pairs, the lowest pair

of leaflets much reduced, stipule-like; flowers male and bisexual, small, in hanging

panicles; fruit oblong, with thin rind and one pulpy seed. In forests, Chua Chu Kang,

Bukit Timah, Mandai (Kiah 37114), Tanglin.

Trigonachras acuta Radlk.

Tree; leaves pinnate, 10-20 cm long; leaflets 4-8 pairs; flowers white, in terminal pani-

cles; fruit pear-like, 3-shouldered, 4-5.5 cm long, pinkish yellow to orange red. Tan-

glin, Bukit Timah (Md. Noor 230), rare.

Xerospermum intermedium Radlk.

Small tree; leaves pinnate, 10-20 cm long; leaflets 1-2 pairs; flowers white, in terminal

and axillary racemes; ovary 2-loculate; fruit yellow, roughened with short tubercules,

obovoid, 3 cm long; the seed enclosed in an edible pulp. Tanglin, Bukit Mandai. No

specimens available. Vern. Rambutan pachat.

99. Staphylleaceae

Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk. (= T. Jatifolia Wall.)

Tree, briefly deciduous; leaves pinnate, 30-40 cm long; leaflets 5; flowers green, in

large lax panicles; fruit fleshy, globose, green. In forests, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bukit

Mandai, Seletar (Ridley 3650).

92 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

100. Balsaminaceae

Impatiens balsamina L.

The garden balsam is an annual herb, native to S.E. Asia. Flowers white, pink, purple

or variegated, with a distinct spur; usually 1-3 flowers together in leaf-axils. Ovary

woolly. Fruit elliptic, acuminate at apex, bursting into 5 coiled valves upon slight

touch when ripe. JALMIII ft

Imp. sultani HK. f.

Succulent herb flowers reddish purple, rarely white; peduncles 2-flowered. Ovary

glabrous. Native to tropical Africa, sometimes cultivated.

101. Anacardiaceae

Key to the genera

A. Leaves simple

B. Leaves opposite Bouea

B. Leaves alternate, often spirally arranged

C. Calyx cap-like, caducous; petals caducous or persistent and enlarged into fruit wings

Gluta (incl. Melanorrhoea)

C. Calyx usually persistent, 4-5 lobed

D. Petals persistent, usually enlarged into reflexed fruit wings Swintonia

D. Petals deciduous

E. Fruit kidney-shaped, seated at the end of the fleshy swollen end of flower

stalk Anacardium

E. Fruit without an enlarged stalk

F. Fruit incompletely 2-loculate; seed curved Campnosperma

F. Fruit I-loculate; seed straight

G. Fruit with 3-5 stigmas or vestiges of aborted carpels-at the side or

base Buchanania

G. Fruit with 1 stigma

H. Fruit glabrous, fleshy, juicy, without black varnish

Mangifera

H. ‘Fruit hairy, fleshy, thin and full of black varnish

Melanochyla

A. Leaves odd-pinnate

I. Leaflets with distinct intra-marginal veins Spondias

I. Leaflets without intra-marginal veins

J. Calyx much enlarged and forming 4 red wings on the fruit Parishia

J. Calyx not enlarged in fruit (rarely formed) Lannea

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 93

Anacardium occidentale L.

The cashew-nut tree is a small tree, indigenous to S. America and the West Indies,

often cultivated in sandy soil near the sea. The fruit is nut-like, borne on a juicy en-

larged pedicel. The roasted seeds are eaten.

Bouea macrophylla Griff.

Tree; leaves 15-30 by 5-8 cm, opposite, simple; flowers small in axillary panicles.

Fruit like a small mango, yellow, used as ingredient for sambal. In lowland forests,

(Cantley’s collector, s.n., no precise locality), sometimes cultivated. Vern. Kundang.

Bouea oppositifolia Meisn. (= B. microphylla Griff.)

Small tree, leaves smaller than the above species, usually 2-15 by 1-5 cm. Bukit

Timah (Corner 34949). Vern. Rumenia.

Buchanania arborescens (B1.) Bl. (= B. lucida Bl.)

Tree; leaves leathery, blunt; flowers white. In open country and forests, Tanglin

Chua Chu Kang (Goodenough 1882), Changi, Kranji, Seletar. Vern. Otak Udang.

Buch. sessilifolia BI.

Tree, leaves papery, with a prominent tip. In forests, Reservoir Jungle (Corner s.n.,

in 1937), Chua Chu Kang, Tampines, Jurong.

Campnosperma auriculatum (B1.) Hook. f.

Large tree; leaves large, 15-50 cm long, obovate, the apex blunt, often notched; the

base with a pair of small ear-like lobes. Flowers in a scurfy panicle. Common in forest

openings, forest margins, and secondary forests. Tuas (Ridley 1880). Vern. Terentang.

Campn. squamatum Rid. (= C. minor Corner)

Tree, leaves smaller than the above species, 10-25 cm long; ear-like lobes absent. In

secondary forests, less common, Nee Soon (Md. Shah & Ali 4109).

Gluta renghas L.

Large buttressed tree with a dense crown, introduced from N. Malaya, planted in

Institute of Education Campus in Bukit Timah. This is the well-known East Coast

Rengas tree, containing a watery resinous sap which blackens when exposed to the

air. This sap can cause painful blisters on the skin.

Gluta wallichii D. Hou (= Melanorrhoea wallichii Hook. f.,M. woodsiana Scort. ex King).

Large tree, bark fissured. Leaves obovate. Fruit a round nut crowned with 5 rose-red

wings formed by the persistent petals. This is Wallich’s Rengas tree, containing toxic

sap, commonly found in Bukit Timah forest and in Water Catchment Area (Md Shah

& Md Ali 3921).

94 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Lannea coromandelica Merr. (= L. grandis Dennst.)

Deciduous tree; leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-13; flowers greenish, in slender racemes.

Native to India, at one time ago planted as a roadside tree in Singapore.

Mangifera caesia Jack.

Tree; leaves simple; petioles short, broad, flattened. Flowers pale lilac, in pinkish

panicles. Mangoes pale brown, bomb-shaped, edible. Jurong (Changi Sinclair 40032),

Vern. Binjai.

Mang. foetida Lour.

Large tree, leaves often blunt, leathery; petioles short. Flowers scentless, pink, in

reddish brown panicles. Mangoes oblong, plump, ripening green. Pulau Tekong (Ridley

1810), Vern. Bachang.

Mang. griffithii Hk. f. (= M. microphylla Griff. ex Hk. f.)

Big tree; leaves small (5-20 cm long); flowers yellowish white, in hairy panicles. Ripe

mangoes red, 2-2.5 cm long. Bukit Timah (Corner 34999), Changi.

Mang. indica L.

Large tree. The Indian mango is commonly cultivated. Flowers yellowish white, in

large panicles. Ripe fruit mostly yellow, sometimes orange or pinkish; many varieties.

Mang. lagenifera Griff.

A large tree; flowers deep violet; ripe mangoes greyish or brownish green, pear-shaped,

sour and stringy. Jurong (Ridley 4777). Vern. Langut.

Mang. odorata Griff.

Large tree. Leaves pointed, thin leathery; flowers pink, fragrant, in,reddish brown

panicles. Ripe mangoes oblong, plump, green to yellowish green with brown dots,

edible, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4773), Vern. Kwini.

Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f.

Big tree; branches upright; leaves stiff, upturned at the end of branchlets; flowers

green, in panicles. Fruit round, fleshy. In swampy forests, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley

3975), Kranji, Mandai.

Melan. kunstleri King

Tree. Leaves narrowed at the base; fruit broadly ovoid. Mandai (Corner 37128).

Parishia insignis Hook. f. (= P. pubescens Hook. f.)

Lofty tree; leaves pinnate; leaflets 9-17, opposite, the base oblique; flowers in large,

rusty panicles. Fruit a hairy nut, surrounded by 4-wings formed by the persistent,

enlarged sepals. Dalvey Road, Bukit Timah (Samsuri 1245A).

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 95

Par. paucijuga Engl.

Tree. Leaflets 4-11, the base symmetric. Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 36451).

Spondias cytherea Sonn.

Tree; leaves pinnate; leaflets 4-10 pairs; flowers small, stalked, greenish white, in

panicles. Fruit oblong, ripening yellow or orange (4-10 by 3-8 cm). Native to Indo-

Malayan regions, often cultivated for the edible fruit. Vern. Kedondong.

Spond. pinnata Kurz

Like the above, but leaflets 2-8 pairs and fruit smaller (3-5 by 2.5-3.5 cm). Cultivated

for the fruit. Vern. Kedondong.

Swintonia schwenkii T. & B.

Large tree; leaves elliptic, simple. Fruit surrounded by 5 enlarged reflexed wings

formed by the persistent petals. Rare, Bukit Timah (Vgadiman 37705).

102. Sabiaceae

Key to the genera

A. Trees; stamens 5, unequal Meliosma

A. Climbers; stamens 4-5, equal Sabia

Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. (= ™. elliptica Hook. f.)

Tree; leaves simple, flowers small, in large, branched terminal panicles. Chua Chu

Kang (Ridley s.n., in 1894).

Mel. lanceolata B1.

Small tree; leaves pinnate; leaflets 13-17, rusty hairy beneath; flowers without a stalk.

Chua Chu Kang, Jurong, Bukit Timah, Nee Soon (Sinclair 40518).

Mel. pinnata Maxim. ssp. ridleyi (King) Bens. (= M. ridleyi King)

Like the above species, but flowers stalked. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Haniff

s.n., Sept. 1925).

Sabia erratica v.d. Water

Climbing shrub; leaves simple, entire; flowers axillary. Bukit Timah (Vgadiman KEP

36149, Type).

96 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

103. Icacinaceae

Key to the genera

A. Trees or shrubs, erect

B. Trees

C. Leaves scaly beneath, appearing glaucous; flowers unisexual, in spikes Platea

C. Leaves not scaly beneath; flowers bisexual, in cymes Stemonurus

B. Shrubs

D. Flowers unisexual, in cymes; sepals nearly free Gomphandra

D. Flowers bisexual, in spikes; sepals united Gonocarpum

A. Woody climber

E. Leaves opposite; fruit scarlet, not forming a head Iodes

E. Leaves alternate; fruit, yellow, many together in a large ball Phytocrene

Gomphandra quadrifida (B1.) Sleum. var. lanceolata Sleum. (= G. affinis Mast.)

Shrub; leaves alternate; flowers in cymes, crowded into heads; fruit ribbed, crowned

by a large persistent stigma. In woods. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n., in

1892).

Gonocaryum gracile Miq. (= G. longiracemosum King)

Large straggling shrub; flowers purplish green, in pendulous axillary spikes; fruit pur-

plish green, obtusely 5-6 ridged. In forests, Tanglin, Gardens’ Jungle (Samsuri 986),

Changi.

Iodes ovalis Bl. (= J. oblonga Planch.)

Deciduous climbing shrub; leaves opposite; flowers in axillary cymes; petals in male

flowers 5, free. Fruit scarlet. In borders of forests, Changi, Gardens’ Jungle, Chua

Chu Kang. No specimens available.

Iodes velutina King

Shrub. Petals in male flowers white, united into a tube. Rare, Bukit Timah (Ridley

2718).

Phytocrene bracteata Wall.

Large woody climber; stem prickly and hairy; flowers unisexual, small, in dense

racemes arising from stem above leaf scars. Drupe covered with brown bristles and

forming a large ball. In forests, Bukit Timah, Cluny Road (Sidek 1191).

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 97

Platea latifolia Bl.

Tree; leaves alternate, the under surfaces covered with short hair and scales giving a

pale bluish grey colour. Flowers unisexual, in short spikes (4 ) or cymes( ¢& ). Drupe

ellipsoid. Seletar (Collector unknown, Herb. Acc. no. 027599).

Stemonurus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleum. (= S. capitatus Becc.)

Tree; leaves alternate, leathery. Flowers white, in axillary, cymose clusters crowded

at the end of peduncles. Drupe large, fleshy, subovoid, slightly pointed, 4-5 cm long,

pink or pale brown. Seletar.

Stem. scorpioides Becc.

Large tree; flowers close together in a row on each side of the axis. Fruit-pointed at

both ends. Seletar, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 1837).

104. Olacaceae

Key to the genera

A. Slender woody climbers Erythropalum

A. Trees or shrubs, erect

B. Inland trees, rarely shrubs, not spiny

C. Twigs (especially the young ones) zigzag; flowers in clusters; fruit enclosed in re-

ceptacle Strombosia

C. Twigs straight; flowers in short racemes or long spikes

D. Tertiary veins on leaf-blades faint; trees not reeking of garlic; flowers in long spikes

Ochanostachys

D. Tertiary veins conspicuous; trees reeking of garlic; flowers in short racemes

Scorodocarpus

B. Sandy shore shrubs in small trees, spiny Ximenia

Erythropalum scandens BI.

Slender woody climber; flowers green, in long racemes; fruit orange red, enclosed in

persistent bright red calyx, ultimately split into 4 parts. In forests, Catchment Area,

Bukit Mandai, Nee Soon (Samsuri 1507).

Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.

Small to medium-sized tree; leaves elliptic-ovate, with fine ladder-like tertiary nerves;

flowers green, in simple or branched spikes. A well-known timber tree. Gardens’

Jungle, Changi (Ridley 4653), Catchment Area. Vern. Petaling.

98 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.

Large timber tree, cut parts reeking of garlic; leaves oblong-elliptic, tertiary veins

ladder-like; flowers white, in short racemes. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Sinclair

39572) Vern. Kulim.

Strombosia javanica Bl.

Medium-sized tree; branches drooping; leaves oblong, 10-12 cm long, tertiary veins

visible; flowers 1-3, in leaf-axils. Fruit ovoid, 2 cm long. In forests, MacRitchie Re-

servoir (Sinclair 10919).

Stromb. ceylanica Gardn. (= S. rotundifolia King)

Small tree. Leaves smaller than (9-11 cm long) the above species, tertiary veins

obscure. In forests, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Jungle, Changi (Ridley 4744).

Ximenia americana L.

Spiny shrubs or small trees; flowers white; drupe orange, edible. Pantropical, pro-

bably of American origin. On sandy shores, Changi, Jurong, Pasir Panjang, Pulau

Seletar.

105. Santalaceae

Kies to the genera

A. Scandent shrubs; semi-parasitic; flowers minute, in clusters Dendrotrophe

A. Spiny trees; autotrophic; flowers in long spikes Scleropyrum

Dendrotrophe buxifolia (B1.) Mig. (= Henslowia buxifolia Bl.)

Scandent shrub; leaves leathery, obovate or rounded, yellowish green, 3-nerved from

the base; flowers green, minute, in clusters. In open places and forests, often near the

sea, Chua Chu Kang, Kranji (Ridley s.n., in 1894), Changi.

Scleropyrum wallichianum Arnott var. ridleyi (Gamble) Stauffer (= S. ridleyi Gamble)

Small spiny tree; leaves ovate to oblanceolate, white tomentose beneath; flowers

unisexual, in spikes, tomentose. Drupe pear-shaped green, 6-7 cm long. In dry forests

near the sea. Changi (Ridley 1921, Type), Seletar, Bukit Mandai.

106. Opiliaceae

Key to the genera

A. Climbing shrubs; leaves 3-5 nerved from the base; flowers in dense axillary spikes Cansjera

A. Erect shrubs; leaves pinnately nerved

B. Flowers in panicles of small cymes Champereia

B. Flowers separate or in clusters Lepionurus

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 99

Cansjera rheedii J. F. Gmel. (= C. zizyphifolia Griff.)

Climbing shrub; leaves ovate, 3-5 nerved from the base, rather fleshy; flowers small;

drupe red, globose. Bukit Timah (Corner s.n., Apr. 1943).

Champereia manillana (B1.) Merr.

Shrub; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate; flowers green, small, in lax slender panicles;

drupe ellipsoid, orange. In forests, MacRitchie (Samsuri 1332).

Lepionurus sylvestris BI.

Shrub; leaves oblong to elliptic; flowers in dense spikes; drupe oblong, red. Gardens’

Jungle (Ridley 10124), Bukit Panjang, Changi.

107. Loranthaceae

Key to the genera

A. Flowers unisexual, less than 4 mm long; leaves present or reduced to minute scales Viscum

A. Flowers bisexual, usually over 1 cm long; leaves present

B. Flowers 4 to 5-merous, subtended by 1 bract at the base

C. Flowers 4-merous; perianth zygomorphic, the segments reflexed to one side

Scurrula

C. Flowers 5-merous

D. Perianth-lobes free or only slightly cohering at the base Helixanthera

D. Perianth-lobes connate Dendrophthoe

B. Flowers 6-merous; perianth-lobes connate

E. Flowers subtended by a cup-shaped bract at the base Amylotheca

E. Flowers subtended by 1 bract and 2 bracteoles

F. Flowers sessile on thickened nodes of the rachis below the leaves Elytranthe

F. Flowers usually pedicelled, not as above Macrosolen

Amylotheca duthieana (King) Danser (= Loranthus duthieanus King)

Semi-parasitic shrub; branches glabrous, stout; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled;

racemes slender, 5-6 cm long; perianth-tube (‘corolla’) bright red, 6-lobed. Rare,

Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n., in 1892).

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. (= Loranthus pentandrus L.)

Large bushy shrub; leaves mostly a ternate, thick, oval to elliptic; flowers light pinkish

red, in short axillary racemes. A pest in gardens and orchard, often on Eugenia trees;

Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.

100 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Elytranthe albide BI.

Stout glabrous shrub; leaves opposite; flowers in 2-6 flowered, distichous spikes on

thickened nodes below the leaves. On high trees, in forests, Bukit Timah (Ridley

8042).

Elytr. arnottiana (Korth.) Miq. (= E. maingayi Gamble)

Scurfy shrub in coastal forests by mangroves, Kranji (Ridley 6923).

Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser (= Loranthus coccineus Jack)

Much branched bush; young stems reddish scurfy-tomentose; leaves oval to round,

alternate; racemes bright red; berry flask-like, reddish brown. Bukit Mandai (Mat

6697).

Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. (Elytr. globosa Don)

Much branched shrub, glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate, opposite or nearly so;

flowers yellow, tipped purple in short axillary racemes. Berry yellowish. Common,

Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 2022), Bukit Timah.

Macr. retusus (G. Don) Miq. (= Elytr. retusa G. Don)

Stout shrub; leaves thick, obovate to elliptic, opposite; flowers light pink, tipped red,

racemes 1.5-2.5 cm long. On Rhodomyrtus trees near the sea, Changi, (Ridley 1808),

Pulau Tekong.

Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb.) Danser (= Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb.)

Slender bush; young parts inflorescences, and leaf under-surfaces densely covered

with reddish scurf; leaves elliptic, opposite; flowers 2-6, in axillary cymes. Berry club-

shaped. An orchard pest; often parasitic on Melastoma and many other trees; Tanjung

Penjuru Road (Md. Shah SFN 40974).

Viscum articulatum Burm. f. (= Aspidixia articulata Tiegh.)

A leafless shrub, parasitic on other loranthi; flowers 4-merous, unisexual; fruit ellip-

soid, less than 1 cm long. Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 8054).

Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC. (= Viscum orientale Auct. non Willd.)

Shrub; leaves opposite, obovate; flowers 1-3, very small, in axillary clusters. Parasitic

on Ficus, Macaranga and other trees, Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6816).

108. Cornaceae

Key to the genera

A. Leaves alternate; flowers over 1 cm long

B. Leaves entire; sepals and petals 4-10 Alangium

B. Leaves varying from entire, coarsely toothed, incised to pinnately lobed; sepals and petals 5

Aralidium

A. Leaves opposite; flowers small, less than 5 mm long Mastixia

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 101

Alangium ebenaceum (Clarke) Harms var. tutela (Ridl.) Kochum.

Medium tree; twigs white smooth; leaves oblong, rarely elliptic, 15-25 cm long,

glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, faintly ridged. Ponggol (Goodenough 5082, Type).

Alang. nobile Harms

Small tree. Leaves oblong or obovate, 3-nerved from the heart-shaped base, densely

hairy beneath. Bukit Timah (Vgadiman 34601).

Alang. ridleyi King

Large tree. Leaves oblong, 20-30 cm long; flowers white; fruit purple. Gardens’

Jungle, Bukit Timah (Vgadiman 36136).

Aralidium pinnatifidum Mig.

Unarmed small tree; leaves varying from entire, coarsely toothed, incised to pinnately

lobed; flowers relatively small (0.25 cm long), in terminal panicles. Kranji (Ridley

5895), Bukit Timah, Jurong.

Mastixia trichotoma BI. var. maingayi Danser (= M. maingayi Clarke)

Large tree; leaves opposite, woolly below; flowers small, in cymose panicles. Gardens’

Jungle, Reservoir Jungle (Corner s.n., 10 Dec. 1940).

109. Araliaceae

Key to the genera

A. Leaves simple, pinnately lobed or compound

B. Trees in secondary forests; leaves (at least the lower ones) odd-pinnate, with 12-14 pairs of

leaflets Arthrophyllum

B. Shrubs in cultivation; leaves simple, compound (with 3-5 leaflets) or 2-3 times compound

Polyscias

A. Leaves palmately lobed or compound, rarely simple

C. Mostly epiphytic shrubs, stout or slender; leaflets 3-14 Schefflera

C. Shrubs, erect; leaves palmately 7-12 lobed but connected by a webbed fan-like base

Trevesia

Arthrophyllum diversifolium BI.

Small to medium tree; leaves very diverse: the lower ones of vegetative shoots odd-

pinnate, spiral, 100-200 cm long with 12-14 pairs of leaflets, the upper ones of

flowering shoots opposite or whorled, with smaller and less numbered leaflets, often

3-foliolate or simple; flowers green, in branched umbels. Fruit black. Common in

secondary forests, forest margins, Changi (Ridley 5838), Catchment Area, Bukit

Timah.

Polyscias fruticosa Harms (= Nothopanax fruticosum Miq.)

Shrub, 2-3 m tall; leaves to 30 cm long, 2-3 times pinnate; leaflets irregularly lanceo-

late, often toothed; occasionally flowering. Native to Polynesia, sometimes cultivated.

102 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

Pol. guilfoylei Bailey (= Nothopanax guilfoylei Metr.)

Shrub, 2-6 m tall; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 ovate leaflets which are toothed or laciniate,

white-spotted or margined. Native to S. Polynesia.

Pol. scutellaria Fosb. (= Nothopanax scutellarium Mert.)

Shrub, 2-6 m tall; leaves unifoliolate, rounded (cv. scutellaria) or simple pinnate with

3 or 5 nearly rounded leaflets (cv. pinnata), subentire, toothed, variously shaped,

green. Native country unknown, often cultivated.

Schefflera actinophylla Harms (= Brassaia actinophylla Endl.)

Native to N. Guinea and Australia. Terrestrial of epiphytic shrub; leaves palmately

compound; leaflets about 15. Native to New Guinea and Australia, a common pot

plant, known as ‘Octopus tree’ or ‘Umbrella tree’.

Scheffl. cephalotes (C. B. Clarke) Harms

Stout climbing epiphytic shrub; leaflets about 8. Sungei Bajau (Ridley 3973).

Scheffl. elliptica (Bl.) Harms (= S. micrantha Ridl.)

Woody climber or straggling shrub; leaflets 4-6 in mangroves. Kranji.

Scheffl. hullettii (King) Viguier

Large stout shrub, climbing; leaflets 9-11. Seletar (Corner s.n., June 1944).

Scheffl. lanceolata Rid].

Slender epiphytic climber; leaves simple or 3-foliolate; in mangroves, Kranji (Ridley

5840).

Scheffl. oxyphylla (Miq.) Viguier (= S. subulata (Miq.) Viguier)

Slender epiphytic creeper; leaflets 3-5. Chua Chu Kang, no specimens available.

Scheffl. ridleyi (King) Viguier

Epiphytic shrub, sometimes straggling; leaflets 5. In mangroves, Sungei Morai (Ridley

6336, Type).

Trevesia burckii Boer]. (= T. cheirantha Ridl.)

Prickly shrub; leaves large, palmately lobed or palmatisect with a webbed fan-like

base; flowers unisexual; in panicles formed by umbels; flower parts 7-12. Collected

once at Bedok (Ridley s.n., in 1899), now extinct.

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VII) 103

110. Umbelliferae

Key to the genera

A. Creeping herbs; leaves not spiny

B. Leaves crenate, reniform; mericarp 7-9 ribbed Centella

B. Leaves nearly entire, lobed or divided, rounded in outline; mericarp 3-ribbed Hydrocotyle

A. Erect herb; leaves spiny Eryngium

Centella asiatica Urb (= Hydrocotyle asiatica L.)

Creeping herb, very variable; leaves reniform with toothed margin; flowers 2-3 in a

cluster; half-fruit 7-9 ribbed. Common in wet grassy places, Tuas (Ridley 343); used

in local medicine; also eaten as a vegetable, raw or cooked.

Eryngium foetidum L.

A prickly erect herb with a strong odour; leaves all from the base of stem, with spiny

teeth; flowering shoot branched, with thick, spiny bracts in groups of 4-5, groups at

intervals. A native of the West Indies, sometimes used locally to flavour food.

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. (= H. rotundifolia Auct. non Roxb.)

Tiny creeper; leaves rounded in outline, the margin lobed or divided; flowers 5-15 on

a obliquely erect stalk; fruit schizocarpous, half-fruit 3-ribbed. Often in flower pots

or other damp places. Botanic Gardens (Purseglove 4064).

(to be continued)

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OBITUARY

KEE CHIN HIN

1938 to 1982

Mr Kee Chin Hin, late Commissioner of the Parks & Recreation Department — a man

with the gift of making lifelong friends at first acquaintance, whose warmth, friendliness

and genuine interest in people touched all who knew him. His was the boundless enthus-

iasm for work, for play, which caught and motivated his friends, colleagues and subordi-

nates; his, the ever bubbling spring of ideas which guided and made us strive for greater

achievements. His death, a time to ponder on God’s will — why someone so alive and full

of zest to live, should be wrenched from life so suddenly on 12 April 1982.

Kee Chin Hin was born on 11 April 1938. He embarked on an early career as a teach-

er and obtained a Certificate in Education in 1962 with a distinction in Science. He went

on to pursue a Science Degree at the University of Singapore and graduated with Honours

in Zoology in 1968. He joined the Primary Production Department in the same year and

was soon assigned the task of re-organising the Jurong Fishing Port/Central Fish Market

and within a short period of time he achieved the transfer of all the small auction markets

in the City area to the Central Fish Market and made it into a flourishing centre. In re-

cognition of this work he was awarded the Efficiency Medal in the 1970 National Day

Honours.

Having proven himself to be a good administrator, Mr Kee was, in addition to his

duties in the Primary Production Department given the responsibility of co-ordinating the

activities of the Garden City Action Committee of the Ministry of National Development.

This work was tackled with characteristic efficiency and enthusiasm and he was conse-

quently seconded to the Parks & Recreation Division PWD when it was formed in 1973.

In the same year also did he obtain his Diploma in Business Administration from the same

University. In his capacity as Assistant Commissioner in the Parks & Recreation Depart-

ment, in charge of Planning and Development, he did much outstanding work in the im-

plementation of development programmes for the construction of our major parks, the

105

106 Gard. Bull. Sing, 35(1) 1982.

most notable of which being East Coast Park. He was awarded the Public Administration

Medal (Bronze) in the 1976 National Day Honours. Mr Kee’s drive and guidance to the

Department never wavered throughout his service and he rose to hold the position to

Commissioner of Parks & Recreation in February 1982. He was honoured posthumously

with the Silver Medal for Public Administration on National Day.

Mr Kee was also instrumental in founding the School of Ornamental Horticulture,

which celebrated its tenth anniversary this year. The School is serving an important func-

tion in providing Singapore and the regional countries with expertise much needed in

tropical horticulture. In addition to being Chairman of the School Board, Mr Kee was at

the time of his death, also a Trustee of the Nature Reserves Board, Director of Primary

Industries Enterprise (Pte) Ltd, Member of the Executive Committee of Sembawang

Country Club and Vice-President of the Ministry of National Development Recreation

Club.

Mr Kee’s enthusiasm and involvement in his work for the Parks & Recreation Depart-

ment knows no parallel and no other officer can lay as much claim to having been so

closely involved with or having contributed so much to Singapore’s Garden City Campaign.

Kee Chin Hin leaves behind his wife, Margie, and two daughters, Adeline and Yi Li.

We share the pain and grief for their loss.

Parks & Recreation Department

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

_ Manuscripts: The Editorial Committee of the Gardens’ Bulletin will be glad to receive and

consider for publication original research findings and reviews of progress in the fields of

_ botany, horticulture, and allied subjects. Contributions must be original and the material

must not have been submitted or, if accepted, be submitted for publication elsewhere.

Two copies of the manuscript should be submitted, typed on one side only with double-

line spacings and a margin of at least 4 cm. Authors should see the layout of other papers

recently published in this journal to ensure that papers submitted conform as closely as

possible to the accepted pattern. Numerical data should only be included if it is essential

to the argument and this can be presented either in the form of tables or diagrams.

Title and authors: The title should give a concise description of the contents of the

papers. The name(s) of author(s) and address(es) must be given below the title. Lengthy

papers and those of a taxonomic nature must have the contents listed at the beginning of

the paper.

Scientific names: The complete scientific name — genus, species, authority, and cultivar

where appropriate — must be cited for every organism at time of first mention. The

generic name may be abbreviated to the initial thereafter except where intervening re-

_ ferences to other genera with the same initial could cause confusion.

Tables: All tables should be numbered and carry headings describing their content.

These should be comprehensive without reference to the text.

_ Abbreviations: Standard chemical symbols may be used in the text (e.g. IAA, IBA,

_ ATP), but the full term should be given on the first mention. Dates should be cited as:

3 May 1976. Units of measurement should be spelled out except when preceeded by a

numeral where they should be abbreviated in standard form: g, mg, ml, etc. and not

followed by stops.

_ Literature citations: Citations in the text should take the form: King and Chan (1964).

_ If several papers by the same author in the same year are cited, they should be lettered

_ in sequence (1964a), (1964b), etc. When papers are by up to three authors, all the names

should be recorded; otherwise a reference with more than three authors should be cited

as: Geesink et al. (1981). All references must be placed in alphabetic order according

_ to the surname of the (first) author and in the following form:

Lawson, R. H. (1970). Flower Necrosis in Cattleya Orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull.

39, 306-312.

; Singh, H. (1967). Sclerids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22:2, 193-212.

_ Abbreviations of titles of journals should be those of the World List of Scientific Periodi-

cals (4th Edition) or the Selected Abbreviated Titles of Biological Journals (London:

_ Institute of Biology).

References to books and monographs should be cited according to the following form:

Ridley, H. N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. L. Reeve;

Ashtord, Kent; 242-255.

For literature citations in taxonomic papers the following style is required:

___ Medinilla alternifolia B\., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I:2 (1849) 19.

Sterculia acuminatissima Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 21 (1922) 524.

Illustrations: Drawings should be done in India ink and all photos should preferably be

submitted in the form of glossy prints. Authors should indicate where individual illustra-

tions receive first mention in the text.

Offprints: Authors will be given 50 offprints gratis. Additional copies must be ordered

and paid for, prior to publication.

Mauuscripts should be sent to: THE EDITOR, GARDENS’ BULLETIN SINGAPORE,

BOTANIC GARDENS, CLUNY ROAD, SINGAPORE 1025.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS

SINGAPORE

1. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula (Series I).

Only nos. 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9 available at 20 cents each.

2. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and F.M.S. (Series II).

Vols. 1—10, 1901—1911, monthly issues.

Many parts available.

Price: $5 per volume, 50 cents per part.

3. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements (Series III).

Vols. 1—11, 1912—1947.

Vol. 1 (1 a January-May 1912 issued under the title of Agricultural Bulletin |

of the Straits & F.M.S. :

Prices on application.

4. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore (Series IV).

Vols. 13—32, 1949-1979.

Price: Vol. 13 $20 per vol., Pt. I (new impression) $12 per copy; Vol. 14 $13

per vol.; Vol. 17 Pt. III $12.50; Vols. 18 & 19 $25 per vol.; Vol. 20

Pt. 1 $8.00, Pt. III $5.00; Vol. 21 Pt. II $5; Vols. 22-25 $25 per vol.

Vol. 26 (Pt. I $18; Pt. If $18); 27 (Pt. 1 $18; Pt. If $18.50); 28 (Pt. I

$18; Pt. IT $15); 29 ($30); 30 ($48); 31 (Pt. I $10; Pt. If $12.50); |

32 ($15.50); The Freshwater Swamp-forest of S. Johore and Singapore

by E.J.H. Corner (Gard. Bull. Sing. Suppl. 1) — $35; Vol. 33 (Pt. I

$21.50; Pt II $12.50; Index $1.90; Vol. 34 (Pt. 1 $21.50).

5. Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons.

Parts 1, 2 and 3 remain available. | .

Price: $10 per set, $5 per part.

6. Annual Reports.

1909—1972.

7. (a) Malayan Orchid Hybrids by M. R. Henderson and G. H. Addison, $15 (1969)

(b) Malayan Orchid Hybrids, Supplement I by G. H. Addison. $21 (1961, out of

print). 4

8. A Revised Flora of Malaya.

(a) Vol. 1, Orchids by R. E. Holttum. $50 (3rd ed. 1980 Impr.)

(b) Vol. 2, Ferns, by R. E. Holttum. $20 (2nd ed. 1968).

9. Boletus in Malaysia by E. J. H. Corner. $50 (1972).

Items 1—6 obtainable from the Commissioner, Parks & Recreation Department, Botanic

Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 1025; tel. nos. 4741165, 4741134.

Items 7—9 obtainable from Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd, Upper § Sorat

Road, Singapore 1334; tel. no. 2820611 <r

Prices quoted are in Singapore Dollars

Overseas postage is extra

\/ JUN 3 1983. ISSN 0374-7859

SET Lae ane ae eae

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN )

SINGAPORE x

Se,

VOL. XXXV (Part 2) Ist December 1982 ()

ee S.C CCC \\

CONTENTS ‘

PAGES ()

WONG KHOooN MENG:

Critical observations on Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella ..............cccccccccecececeseueeneeceeens 107-135 5

CHIN, S.C.: X

I UR Oc Sg ciao Sac ad Wah don wae digo aw dp deincanoeeadescesoscaaees 137-190 ()

MAXWELL, J.F.:

ees Serene Plant RECOTUS OF SINPAPOTE -. 252... -.scne 5. wacenecaceesacecscnssecsenstedeees 191-198

_ STONE, B.C. and HUYNH, Kiw-Lanc:

; The Identity, Affinities and Staminate Floral Structure of

NRE SE og os5tns age Poem ieiie mus Saat git asWancarasases-ses-nsceesess 199-207

_ MAXWELL, /F.:

a Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on Oxyspora, Anereincleistus,

_ Poikilogyne and Allomorphia (Melastomataceae) ................0scceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeseees 209-226

_ HOLTTUM, R.E::

i In Memoriam, Encik Kiah bin Mohd. Salleh (1902-1982)

- Book REVIEW: —

Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea Vol. II (B.C. STONE) ...............:0::0eeeeeees 231-232

PA eR Ss 4 wt Seas eR owsn sneak Pugs 227-229

: REVIEW:

Thelypteridaceae (MICHAEL PRICE)

~HOLTTUM, R.E::

onuary, Murray Ross Henderson (1899-1982) .............:..-2.-.csscseseeececnseceeneecnecoecsecneees 235-236

_ Inpex Vol. XXXV ......... (oS 6a Rane | eee ek Cann a a D 237-247

PR aE Seok at tac conc vas ah Papa ce dy opv sos eanstsoy senna erases 233-234

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

Printed by Eurasia Press, Singapore

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Chairman: S.Y. Geh, B.Sc. Hons., M.Sc. (Sing.); Dip. Hort. Sc. (Massey)

Editor: K.L. Chang, B.Sc. Hons. (University of Malaya); Ph.D. (Cantab.)

Members: T.W. Foong, B.Sc. Hons. (Cant.); Ph.D. (Cant.)

A. Benoit, B.Sc. (Agric.), M.Sc. (Agric.) Madr., D.Sc. (Paris)

Secretary and G.T. Choo, B.Hort. Sc. Hons. (Cant.)

Business Manager:

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the Parks & Recreation Department,

Ministry of National Development, Singapore. Neither the Parks & Recreation Department

nor the Editorial Committee is responsible for the opinions or conclusions expressed by the

contributing authors.

The price of the Gardens’ Bulletin varies according to the content of each issue. This issue

is priced at Sing. $21.50 cts. excluding postage. Overseas subscribers are requested to make

payment in the form of bank drafts or international money orders in Singapore currency

payable to the Commissioner of Parks and Recreation, Singapore.

All correspondence concerning advertisements and exchange should be addressed to:

The Business Manager

Gardens’ Bulletin

Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Singapore 1025

Instructions for contributing authors are found on the inside of the back cover.

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

VOL. XXXV (Part 2)

CONTENTS

WONG KuHoon MENG:

Critical observations on Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella

CHIN, S.C.:

ie we rmestone Hill Plata Ofivialdya TUT oer once. ec cce cee cc seneesewovcees

MAXWELL, J.F.:

New and Interesting Plant Records for Singapore ....................c0eceeeee ees

STONE, B.C. and HUYNH, Kim-LAnc:

The Identity, Affinities and Staminate Floral Structure of

Pandanus pendulinus (Pandanaceae) .................6+5 AL a Se

MAXWELL, J.F.:

Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on Oxyspora, Anereincleistus,

Poikilogyne and Allomorphia (Melastomataceae) ...............0seceeeeeeee eens

HOLTTUM, R.E::

In Memoriam, Encik Kiah bin Mohd. Salleh (1902-1982) ...........:0:0200c000

Book REVIEW:

Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea Vol. II (B.C. STONE) ......

REVIEW:

Thelyieridaceas (WUCHAEL PRICE) va. isu htsaguiad ae das oth 00 stan ooo s ce ewe eee

HOLTTUM, R.E.:

Obituary, Murray Ross Henderson (1899-1982)

Me ees) UE a Ra en ee

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

Effective — publication date: Ist March 1983

eee eee eee eee eee ee

1st December 1982

PAGES

ERICH FORT 107-135

Ya taetod dpa aidhins Wastin 137-190

ee Be 191-198

De et oe bets set waits 199-207

nite saat Sinton bones 209-226

2 oak aaa a sane aE 227-229

Pi fen thy: Mes’ Seen 231-232

> Bt es 233-234

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STataRS. ae

Critical Observations on Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella

WONG KHOooN MENG

Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaysia

Abstract

The genus Selaginella is represented in the Malay Peninsula by 28 species, including 3 varieties. Three

species are here reinstated, 2 from varietal rank (Selaginella scabrida Ridl., S. curtisii Ridl.) and 1 from

synonymy (S. polita Ridl.). Two varieties are validated, viz., S. intermedia var. dolichocentrus Wong

and S. roxburghii var. strigosa (Ridl.) Wong. A key to the species and varieties is provided, and a

description of each species is given. Habit, branching, leaf and sporophyll characteristics of the

sporophyte plant are reviewed. Habitat preferences and various probable ecological adaptations to-

wards efficient use of light and optimal reproduction are discussed.

Introduction

The genus Selaginella in the Malay Peninsula is represented entirely by species

belonging to subgenus Heterophyllum Hieron. (characterised by dissimilar-sized

leaves) which contains a larger number of species with predominantly tropical

distribution, as opposed to subgenus Selaginella Baker (characterised by similar-

sized leaves) which contains a smaller number of species found mainly in temperate

regions.

Ridley (1919) gave the first account of the genus Selaginella in the Malay

Peninsula; he listed 37 species of which 21 he considered possibly endemic. Alston

(1934) revised the genus for the Peninsula, reducing the number to 25, treating 6 as

endemic and considered that there was quite a range of variation especially with

regard to leaf size. By the time his account of the Sumatran species was published in

1937, he had amended the names of 4 of these species (S. peltata Presl to S.

caulescens (Wall.) Spring, S. polystachya (Warb.) Hieron. to S. permutata Hieron.,

and both S. ascendens v.A.v.R. and S. atroviridis (Wall.) Spring to S. intermedia

(B1.) Spring), and added 2 more species to the Malayan list (S. stipulata (B1.)

Spring and S. longiaristata Hieron.). The last 2 species had been previously listed

by him as varieties. The number of species accounted for by Alston therefore came

to 26.

The present study recognises 28 species of which nine are considered to be

probably endemic to the Malay Peninsula.

Habit and Morphology

In habit, species may be prostrate and creeping, such as S. alutacia, S. strigosa

and S. mayeri (Plate 1), or suberect, e.g., S. intermedia (Plate 2) and S. roxburghii,

ranging to scrambling, as in S. willdenowii (Plate 3). The stem, as in the last case,

may continue for several meters, or, as with S. morgani and S. stipulata, be

relatively short so that the plants are small.

107

108 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

The branching habit of the plant body is functionally dichotomous, so that

references to ‘pinnate branching’ and ‘fronds’ may not be apt. The main ‘stem’ is a

zigzag series of axes resulting from the alternate promotion of right and left

branches of successive dichotomies. The term ‘branch’ will be used to refer to the

weaker axis from each bifurcation along the ‘stem’ which will develop and ramify

into a series of branchlets that ultimately bear the strobili. ‘Branch-system’ as used

here includes the branch and the higher-order axes developing from it; to this,

Alston (1934) had applied the term ‘pinna’.

The branch-system is a series of dichotomies, also anisotomous in nature so that

one of two main conditions may result (Fig. 1):

(a) A pseudopinnate array, in which an apparent main branch axis is recognizable,

composed of a series of the more robust member from each dichotomy. Here,

the less robust members of dichotomies will be in a distichous type of array,

and may remain unforked (S. wallichii), bear 1-2 unpronounced dichotomies at

- the tips (S. stipulata) or else they may be ostentatiously dichotomizing (S.

willdenowii, S. intermedia). Alston (1934) used the term ‘pinnula’, seemingly

for each structure formed from the less robust members of dichotomies along

the apparent main branch axis.

(b) A fan-shaped or flabellate array, in which no apparent unidirectional main

branch axis is recognizable, composed of a series of obvious dichotomies

(occasionally in S. cuprea, S. intermedia, S. mayeri and several others).

In each case the resulting appearance depends on the extent of dichotomy

present. As can be expected, many species will exhibit more than merely one of the

conditions from Fig. 1; in S. wallichii (Plate 5) and S. stipulata, however, a distinct

appearance of the branch-system occurs consistently to afford rapid recognition.

For these two species, the branch-system consists of the smaller axes in a distichous

type of array and near enough for lateral leaves from adjacent branchlets to almost

touch so that the entire branch-system appears lanceolate in outline. Other forms

may occur consistently in select species, such as Type 3 of Fig. 1 for S. frondosa and

S. argentea (Plate 4).

Whether or not branch-systems occur in the lower portion of the stem also

contributes to the general appearance; in species such as S. wallichii, S. caulescens,

S. frondosa and S. argentea the branch-systems are crowded at the upper part of the

stem whereas in the creeping S. mayeri and the scrambling S. willdenowii, branch-

systems arise at more regular intervals along the comparatively long stem (compare

Plates 1, 3:&'5).

Roots commonly develop at the distal ends of rhizophores, which are positively

geotropic, elongate organs possessing no root cap and often arising at points of

bifurcation in the shoot. In suberect forms the development of rhizophores and

roots is significantly pronounced towards the base of the stem while in creeping

forms, rhizophores spring from throughout the shoot system and strike roots where

they come into contact with the substrate. Occasionally, the emerging axis at a

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 109

1. Pseudopinnate; smaller axes simple.

(e.g., S. wallichii, and in condensed form in

several creeping species)

2. Pseudopinnate; smaller axes forking at tips.

(e.g., S. stipulata)

3. Pseudopinnate; smaller axes dividing in

pseudopinnate fashion.

(e.g., S. willdenowii, S. argentea, S. fron-

dosa)

4. Pseudopinnate; smaller axes obviously

dichotomized.

(e.g., S. intermedia, S. caulescens, S. roxbur-

ghii)

5. Flabellate, with few dichotomies.

(e.g., S. intermedia, S. alutacia, S. mayeri)

6. Flabellate, much dichotomized.

(e.g., S. intermedia, S. cuprea, S. plana)

Fig. 1 Branch-systems in Selaginella. Circles represent strobili.

point of bifurcation becomes transformed into a normal shoot instead of being the

usual rhizophore.

The leaves are arranged in four rows along the branches and are anisophyllous so

that a dorsi-ventral disposition results. The two rows of leaves in the upper plane

are smaller and occupy a relatively median position, and are referred to as the

median leaves. The two rows of leaves in the lower plane, larger and more lateral in

position, are called lateral leaves. There is at each bifurcation in the branch-system

also a leaf somewhat ‘axillary’ in position; this is termed the axillary leaf and is

often better observed on the lower plane.

110 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

In form, the leaves take up various shapes (Fig. 2) and the margin may be entire

to dentate or ciliate. The leaf surface may be glabrous or hairy to various degrees. I

agree with Alston (1934) that the shape and margin of leaves present relatively

constant character-states. In some species, the leaves near the base of the stem are

of similar size so that the anisophylly so evident for the branch-system is obscured;

in such cases the basal leaves may be spaced relatively further apart and range from

erect and appressed to ascending in position. In others, the anisophylly of leaves is

distinctly present throughout the plant’s shoot system. Characteristic colours of the

foliage may develop, such as the coppery tinge in S. cuprea; in S. willdenowii, the

colour varies from green to bluish (Plate 3) while the usually dark green foliage of

S. intermedia is occasionally purplish or coppery.

The leaves of Selaginella have been morphologically termed ‘microphylls’ (e.g.,

Foster & Gifford, 1974) to indicate their fundamental difference from the leaves

(‘megaphylls’) of ferns and seed plants through the presence of a solitary unbran-

ched vascular trace which is not associated with any leaf gap in the stele. However,

there is no obligatory correspondence between leaf gaps and leaf traces in ferns

such as Gleichenia and the Hymenophyllaceae (Boodle, 1901), and branched veins

have been observed to be characteristic of §. adunca A. Br. ex Hieron. (Mukherjee

& Sen, 1981). As such, although the term ‘microphyll’ may indicate anatomical

differences from more complex ‘megaphylls’, it is not employed here and is more

applicable in discussions on structural and evolutionary relationships between the

two.

The strobili are terminal on branchlets and can take on two forms, as shown in

Fig. 3. In the first, the sporophylls making up the strobilus are all subuniform so

that a tetragonous structure results; where the distinct anisophylly of the leaves is

continued into the reproductive structures, the second condition with bilaterally

organized strobili occurs (Plates 7 & 8). All presently known Malayan species with

bilateral strobili have the lower plane sporophylls smaller than those in the upper

plane. Microspores are too tiny to be of taxonomic utility under merely 25x

magnification, while megaspores have a distinctive triradiate ridge besides being

larger and may have the wall reticulately patterned to slightly tuberculate. Both

microsporangia and megasporangia occur mixed on the same strobilus although in

many cases solely microsporangial strobili were observed. There seems to be no

consistent pattern of distribution of megasporangia within the strobilus though

quite frequently they occur on the lower plane in scattered manner and cause their

See opposite page

Plate 1. Selaginella mayeri creeping on a rock face. The stem is comparatively long, with branch-systems

arising at quite regular intervals along its length.

Plate 2. Selaginella intermedia occurring as a patch of individuals with suberect habit. The branch-system

can range from the flabellate condition with few dichotomies, as seen here, to the pseudopinnate

condition.

Plate 3. Selaginella willdenowii, developing a long scrambling stem and a blue-green iridescence in the

foliage.

Plate 4. Selaginella argentea, displaying branch-systems with a strikingly regular pseudopinnate condi-

tion.

Plate 5.

Plate 6.

xt % ¥

‘oe

~ aR aer

Plate 7. Plate 8.

ovate ovate- ovate- elliptic- elliptic

triangular lanceolate falcate

oblong-falcate

A. LATERAL LEAF SHAPES

acuminate apiculate aristate

B. MEDIAN LEAF APICES

C. ELABORATION OF LEAVES

1, auriculate axillary leaf; 2-4, elaboration of lateral leaves of the branch-system (2, with auriculate fold

at base of upper margin; 3, with auricle at base of upper margin; 4, with subspinose-ciliate projection at

base of lower margin); 5-8, elaboration of stem base leaves (5, with one side of the base prolonged into

an auricle; 6, subpeltate; 7, cordate; 8, auriculate).

Fig. 2. Some characteristic features of the leaves in Selaginella.

a SAI DMRS A ER SIS ATU A EGS See Danes Ee Sd Os

See opposite page

Plate 5. Selaginella wallichii occurring as a patch of gregarious individuals. Note the distinct pseudopin-

nate branch-systems with unbranched smaller axes.

Plate 6. Selaginella intermedia var. dolichocentrus. Note the very long aristae of median leaves along the

upper plane of branchlets.

Plate 7. Cone-bearing branchlets of Selaginella ornata. View of lower plane, showing the bilaterally

symmetrical strobili (cones) with smaller lower plane sporophylls and larger upper plane sporophylls.

Plate 8. Cone-bearing branchlets of Selaginella polita; view of lower plane. See discussion on taxonomy

for differences between this species and S. ornata.

113

114 © Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

subtending sporophylls to diverge at a greater angle from the strobilus axis (e.g., S.

roxburghii). In what is termed a tetragonous strobilus, the megasporophylls are

sometimes distinctly enlarged as in S. willdenowii despite the generally similar sizes

of the sporophylls on both the lower and the upper planes.

Each sporophyll is often ovate with a pointed apex, with the concave inner

surface cupped over the subtended sporangium; the sporophyll margin may be

entire, dentate or ciliate, reflecting a similar condition for the leaves. In bilateral

strobili, the larger upper plane sporophylls usually have a strong keel-like piece of

tissue running down the inside surface of the sporophyll, along the middle.

Each sporophyll bears a short laminar structure, the ligule, near its base on the

adaxial side. Pressed between the sporangium and its subtending sporophyll, the

ligule may range from a translucent narrow bifid strip of tissue to a brownish

scale-like structure; in any case it is very short, only about one-tenth the length of

the sporophyll or less, often shrivelled and all too easily fractured in dried speci-

mens.

Habitat Characteristics and Ecology

Most species occur in damp, shaded microhabitats. Many creeping species, such

as S. alutacia and S. mayeri, are found spreading down moist earth-slopes or

covering rocks in the forest or at stream-sides. Even on outcrops of quartzite or

limestone, which are generally thought of as rather dry substrates, such species

occur along crevices or at places sheltered by overhanging rocks, where the en-

vironment has better protection from drying out. As is known, there is no species

confined to limestone in the Malay Peninsula.

In the forest, many suberect species are found as part of the herbaceous ground

cover and occasionally they may be locally abundant so as to form rather

homogenous patches, as with S. intermedia or S. wallichii. Earth-banks along trails

and slopes in the forest are often decorated with the overlapping foliage sprays of

suberect species like S. roxburghii and S. stipulata. There is no doubt that, like

mosses and liverworts, where such species occur in dense cover, they contribute

towards the checking of soil erosion along slopes.

S. willdenowii, by its rapid spread and clambering habit, is common along forest

edges and soon becomes a smothering weed at many clearings and gaps. It can,

however, grow lushly in darker conditions in the understorey of the forest, a

situation in which its foliage commonly displays a metallic blue tinge (Plate 3). This

iridescence is not due to pigmentation but rather a property of the leaf surface

which probably behaves as an interference filter that gives peak reflectance at the

blue part of the spectrum and increased transmission of light of higher wavelengths,

notably those in the red region (Lee, 1977). This seems to be of adaptive advantage

since light wavelengths in the red region predominate among photosynthetically

active wavelengths in diffuse light reaching the rainforest floor (Sasaki et al, 1978).

As in many shade tolerant plants, the iridescent leaves have more chlorophyll per

unit protein than leaves exposed to the sun (Krishnan, 1975).

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella EES

Fig. 3. Strobili in Peninsular Malaysian

Selaginella: tetragonous type (A, B) and

bilateral type (C, D). A, C, surface

views; B, D, transverse sections.

Chromosomal counts have established basic numbers of x=9 (S. ciliaris, S.

intermedia, S. padangensis, S. willdenowii) and x=10 (S. delicatula, S. plana, S.

wallichii) for those Malayan species which have been counted (Jermy et al, 1967).

The basic number x=9 was observed to correlate with a sporadic coning habit and

an ability to continue branch growth throughout the life of the plant since only

some of the growth apices are terminated by cone-formation, and x=10 to correlate

with a simultaneous coning habit and finite growth of the branch-systems (Jermy et

al, 1967). The act of coning simultaneously at the tips of all branchlets in a

branch-system should perhaps not be construed as the factor causing finite growth

of the branch-system, but rather as a habit accompanying an inherently determined

finite growth; even in S. wallichii and S. stipulata which frequently bear cones at

once on all branchlet tips of the whole aerial system, one comes across plants with a

number of sterile branchlets while the remaining branchlets bear well-matured

cones.

It has also been hypothesized (Jermy et al, 1967) that a sporadic coning habit,

which allows prolonged ability to produce cones, is characteristic of species from

more open habitats probably because the coning stimulus may be irregular and less

often correlated with conditions conducive to successful propagation. In contrast,

simultaneous coning may be an attribute of species in the relatively more stable

environment of deep forest since this advantageously adapts the plant to respond to

a coning stimulus concurrent with the onset of conditions favourable for effective

propagation.

Species which may be said to have wide ecological amplitudes include S. interme-

dia, found from lowlands to montane forest and occuring in moist valleys and

slopes as well as on drier hill ridges where the tall forest tree, Shorea curtisii

(seraya), is dominant. S. alutacia is found also from the lowlands to montane forest

but essentially occupies the shaded moist microhabitats therein; similarly S. roxbur-

ghii and S. wallichii are found from lowlands to upper dipterocarp forest. On the

other hand are S. morgani, S. ornata and S. polita which occur at higher altitudes,

mainly in montane oak or montane ericaceous forests.

116 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982) ;

Taxonomy

In the present account, 28 species including 3 varieties are recognized. The

identities S. permutata sensu Alston and S. stipulata (B1.) Spring listed by Alston

(1937) are conspecific, having much variation in lateral leaf size and shape of

axillary leaves; the earlier name S. stipulata is taken for this single species.

Three taxa have their original specific ranks reinstated. The first, S. scabrida

Ridl. — recombined by Alston (1934) as S. alutacia var. scabrida (Ridl.) Alston —

differs from S. alutacia Spring by its denticulate to dentate leaves as opposed to the

ciliate leaves of S. alutacia, and by its hairy leaves and stems. While within S.

alutacia the leaves can range from glabrous (usually) to short hairy on the upper

surface, stem hairiness does not occur in any other Malayan species and appears to

be distinctive. The sporophylls of S. alutacia are ciliate while in S. scabrida they are

short-ciliolate. There is, therefore, some difficulty in considering these entities

conspecific even though the leaves are similar in shape.

The second species to be reinstated is S. curtisii Ridl., formerly recombined by

Alston (1934) as S. alutacia var. curtisii (Ridl.) Alston. S. curtisii has denticulate

leaves and acuminate median leaves in comparison to the ciliate leaves and aristate

median leaves of S. alutacia. An even more striking characteristic in §. curtisti is the

tightly imbricate sporophylls of the strobilus, with the upper plane sporophylls held

at a steeper position, at less than 45° from the strobilus axis; it is perhaps this

compact condition of the strobilus that led Ridley (1919) to conclude that it 1s

tetragonous instead of bilateral in symmetry. In S. alutacia, the sporophylls are less

tightly imbricate with the upper plane sporophylls more spreading, at an angle of

45°-80° from the strobilus axis. Alston (1934) states that the condition of

overlapping lateral leaves in his S. alutacia var. curtisii shows a complete transition

to the condition typical of S. alutacia (non-overlapping lateral leaves); in this I

agree but nonetheless, the other differences support a separate specific identity.

While dealing with specimens of S. ornata (Hk. & Gr.) Spring so determined and

listed by Alston (1934), it became clear to me that his circumscription of the species

contained two rather distinct elements, although in his treatment of the Javanese

species (Alston, 1934b) he did comment that there was an enormous variation in

leaf dimensions for S. ornata. The first element has oblong-falcate lateral leaves

and a larger overall size with broader spread, and conformed to Ridley’s descrip-

tion (1919) of S. brachystachya var. ornata (Hk. & Gr.) Baker (Alston did not give

any description but reduced this to S. ornata) — this element is maintained here as

S. ornata (Plate 7). The second element is comparable to the type of §. polita Ridl.

(kindly confirmed by Dr. A.C. Jermy at the British Museum) which had been

reduced to synonymy under S. ornata by Alston (1934); specimens representing this

element have ovate to lanceolate lateral leaves (Plate 8) and smaller stature.

Furthermore, this second element has bilateral strobili with the upper plane spor-

ophylls only slightly longer than those of the lower plane, whereas in S. ornata as

understood here, the upper plane sporophylls are as much as twice longer than the

lower plane ones. S. ornata also has distinctly aristate median leaves while S. polita

has acuminate to shortly aristate median leaves (the arista less than a fifth the

length of the lamina). As such, S. polita is here reinstated.

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 117

Malayan species (being, as mentioned earlier, entirely within subgenus Heter-

ophyllum Hieron.) may be naturally divided into two main groups. The first main

group has tetragonous strobili and was called Section Homostachyeae by Ridley

(1919); one has to bear in mind that under an earlier classification not adopted

here, the group referred to presently would be considered as subgenus Stachygy-

nandrum Baker, while under that same classification subgenus Homostachys Baker

was employed to designate those (non-Malayan) species having dimorphous leaves

and sporophylls, where the larger sporophylls are found on the lower plane. The

second main group is characterised by bilateral strobili and was referred to as

Section Heterostachyeae by Ridley (1919), equivalent to an earlier designation as

subgenus Heterostachys Baker (which contained species with dimorphous leaves

and sporophylls, and larger sporophylls on the upper plane).

Within the group with tetragonous strobili, smaller groups of related species may

be discerned: |

(i) S. wallichii (Hk. & Gr.) Spring and S. stipulata (Bl.) Spring, set off from all

other species by their very distinct manner of branching;

(11) a group with consistently entire leaves in which S. padangensis Hieron., S.

delicatula (Desv.) Alston, S. mayeri Hieron. and S. cuprea Ridl. have exau-

riculate leaves, while S$. willdenowii (Desy.) Baker and S. plana (Desv.)

Hieron. have auriculate axillary leaves;

(iii) S. caulescens (Wall.) Spring, S. frondosa Warb. and S. argentea (Wall.) Spring

with remarkably similar erect habit and appressed leaves at the stem base, the

latter feature not seen in other species with non-entire leaves;

(iv) S. strigosa Bedd., S. ridleyi Baker, S. rivalis Ridl. and S. longiaristata Hieron. .,

all with a creeping habit and ciliolate to ciliate leaves;

(v) S. griffithii Spring, S. selangorensis Bedd. ex Ridl., S. repanda (Desv.) Spring,

S. roxburghii (Hk. & Gr.) Spring and S. intermedia (B1.) Spring — suberect

species with spreading lateral leaves at the stem base.

In the group with bilateral strobili, two smaller groups are easily distinguished:

(i) with creeping habit, in the lowlands mostly — in this group are S. alutacia

Spring and S. ciliaris (Retz.) Spring (ciliate leaf margins) and S. minutifolia

Spring, S. curtisii Ridl. and S. scabrida Ridl. (dentate leaf margins);

(11) with suberect habit, at higher altitudes — in this group are S. morgani Zeiller,

S. ornata (Hk. & Gr.) Spring and S. polita Ridl.

Nine species appear to be endemic to the Malay Peninsula: S. cuprea, S. curtisii,

S. morgani, S. polita, S. ridleyi, S. rivalis, S. scabrida, S. selangorensis and S.

strigosa.

118 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

The present account is based on sporophyte material. Finer structure, such as the

surface ornamentation of leaves and spores as revealed by scanning electron

microscopy, although not investigated here, is likely to provide supportive evi-

dences towards understanding the relationships and differences between species.

This avenue might also be explored in future investigations into variation within

currently accepted species such as S. alutacia and S. intermedia.

An endeavour was made to keep features of the strobilus from dominating

throughout the key, for frequent as strobili are in the field they may still be absent

from specimens; this has likewise been the case for features of basal stem leaves,

except where unavoidable. A combination of characters is employed where former-

ly a single character may be difficult to trace, such as the presence of a stoloniferous

stem if only the aerial parts have been collected. Salient features of each species

follow, together with a list of specimens examined. Thereunder, ‘laterals’, ‘me-

dians’ and ‘axillaries’ refer to the corresponding leaves; branch-systems are

abbreviated BS with reference to Fig. 1 The various herbaria mentioned are

abbreviated thus: Forest Research Institute at Kepong (KLP), University of

Malaya (KLU), Singapore (SING), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM).

Key to 28 Species of Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella (including 3 varieties)

1. Branch-systems exclusively pseudopinnate, the smaller axes very close together in distichous-type

array, and not or slightly forking at the tips, the whole of each branch-system appearing lanceolate in

outline,

2. Axillary leaves similar in size to lateral leaves, not overlapping onto branchlets; each branchlet of

the distichous array rarely forking, and bearing a single strobilus ...................:eeeeee eee S. wallichii

2. Axillary leaves larger than lateral leaves, overlapping onto branchlets; each branchlet of the

distichous array often forking 1-2 times bearing 2-3 strobili at the tips ...................0.008. S. stipulata

1. Branch-systems flabellate, if pseudopinnate then with much-branched smaller axes or else with

branchlets well-spaced in between,

3. Habit prostrate, rooting at intervals,

4. Lateral leaves entire; axillary leaves along the main stem suborbicular .....................45. S. mayeri

4. Lateral leaves denticulate to ciliate; axillary leaves along the main stem ovate to elliptic,

5. Lateral leaves denticulate,

6. Stems glabrous; median leaves acuminate to shortly aristate,

7. Strobilus with upper-plane sporophylls held steeply at less than 45° from the axis ...... S. curtisil

7. Strobilus with upper-plane sporophylls held less steeply, at 45°-80° from the axis S$. minutifolia

6. Stems hairy; median leaves distinctly apistate ...7.2,4..:1-se-ants-sgh.ge- 2 ee S. scabrida

5. Lateral leaves ciliolate to ciliate,

8. Lateral leaves hairy to varying extents on upper side,

9. Strobili tetragonous; lateral leaves hairy on upper side to both sides .................+4+ S. strigosa

9. Strobili bilateral; lateral leaves hairy on upper side only ................00.00e00008 S. alutacia (p.p.)

8. Lateral leaves glabrous,

10. Median leaves with arista exceeding lamina in length ................ccceecceeeeeeees S. longiaristata

10. Median leaves acuminate or with arista shorter than lamina,

11. Median leaves entire to denticulate; strobili bilateral ............ceccececcecsececeeccecceres S. ciliaris

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 19

11. Median leaves ciliolate or ciliate; strobili either tetragonous or bilateral,

12. Lateral leaves elliptic; median leaves strongly ciliate ................... cece cece cece eee ees S. ridleyi

12. Lateral leaves ovate; median leaves ciliolate,

See TRC REP ONIONS «65.00 2.02 ee ce rnca ro da UPR TE ete ed OA te TR eed ROOTS A eee S. rivalis

EN a me ee ee en OR ah cl S. alutacia (p.p.)

3. Habit suberect to stiffly erect, rooting in the lower half,

14. Lateral leaves entire or subentire to denticulate,

15. All leaves entire,

16. Axillary leaves auriculate,

17. Plants when fully developed scrambling with stems reaching a meter long or more; lateral

leaves with an auriculate fold at the basal part of the upper margin; colour often bluish-green

Mee ALE eet etl Ln Seder RI SE Bt ISS ESF Soa ee A Sealed’ ss vatokingg lady gh eyo c beet S. willdenowii

17. Plants not long scrambling; lateral leaves with an auricle at the basal part of the upper margin

eet anne en ine DEANE | COMOUE BIBS so co. cin inas (ese die etce kis oc cc secs cerrerandesdedesetes S. plana

16. Axillary leaves exauriculate,

18. Colour coppery; median leaves aristate; lateral leaves elliptic-falcate to oblong-falcate ........

Pee IE gas <n gowae esses edn ddes = bascaws venss cheated s ondqel eed eee oe Eeeeias Sees Lx: S. cuprea

18. Colour green; median leaves acuminate to apiculate; lateral leaves oblong-falcate,

19. Plants reaching 60-80 cm tall; lateral leaves of main stem often more than 3 mm long; axillary

leaves along main stem conspicuously large and orbicular, 3-4 mm across ...... S. padangensis

19. Plants smaller, to 40 cm tall; lateral leaves of main stem less than 3 mm long; axillary leaves

along main stem obovate to suborbicular, to about 2 mm across ..................... S. delicatula

15. Median leaves denticulate; lateral leaves subentire to denticulate,

20. Branches fine, often less than 1 mm across; plants with fine stoloniferous connections and

below 25 cm tall; lateral leaves grey-green below,

2A ALOT ar AGEN OVALE TO IARCCOIAUG. <502 2. 500.05 Face ee ood ahenc sou aa lt dew ek eee! S. selangorensis (p.p.)

Bi eerie aawes Oulene taleate se ARE iCt 05d: a hi Pa a ek S. griffithii (p.p.)

20. Branches stout, at least 1 mm across; plants without stoloniferous connections and mostly to

over 25 cm tall; lateral leaves dark green below, at times coppery ............. S. intermedia (p.p.)

14. Lateral leaves dentate to ciliate,

22. Leaves at stem base erect-appressed, similar in size and distantly placed,

23. Lateral leaves of branch-system with a subspinose-ciliate projection at the basal part of the

lower margin; leaves of stem base with one side of the base prolonged into a ciliate auricle and

SE Eat 5A OS i oe OME tear tapta Meee ee, oe ee, ee S. caulescens

23. Lateral leaves of branch-system without any subspinose-ciliate projection at the base; leaves of

stem base cordate to auriculate,

24. All leaves with a distinct pale margin; upper margin of lateral leaves exauriculate; axillary

leaves of main branch axes cordate to subauriculate .................c cee eeeceeeeee eee S. argentea

24. Leaves without a distinct pale margin; upper margin of older lateral leaves auriculate; axillary

Oey ee NT CORRE AR ALIOUAUS foc. cca kenenssswanatees chvategcecvacaaseietsdacsscacas S. frondosa

22. Lateral leaves at stem base spreading and close together, distinctly larger than the median

leaves,

25. Lateral leaves ciliolate to ciliate at base,

on conc ale <p nape os Fin > cag gists de <b an Sos shins oS Gnqe ue pan tang mas vamendes S. repanda

26. Median leaves aristate,

27. Lateral leaves dentate to ciliolate ..........ccccccceceeee. S. intermedia var. dolichocentrus (p.p.)

27. Lateral leaves basally ciliate,

120 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

28. Plants often about 12 cm tall or more, without stoloniferous connections; main stems at

_ least 1 mm across,

D9. Lateralléaves glabrotis .65...000..8. 0 viiecerecocd-sov dete nee S. roxburghii

29. Lateral leaves with upper surface short-hairy ..............ss02eeeeee S. roxburghii var. strigosa

28. Plants often less than 12 cm tall, with fine stoloniferous connections; main stems fine, less

than Damn ACTOGS 05. J. 0... es 5 ssn cave eet OU eRe eee ene: Me S. selangorensis var. ciliata

25. Lateral leaves denticulate to dentate,

30. Lateral leaves ovate to lanceolate,

31. Strobili bilateral; median leaves acuminate to shortly aristate (arista less than Y% lamina

length),

32. Plants growing in well-spaced patches; lateral leaves ovate-lanceolate, often 3 mm long

sagas enedinnceesWdbeansatecseceusbanseeteny s+ Bpinpess ong (iit Msteic hss sie ees ites Ci S. polita

31. Strobili tetragonous; median leaves distinctly aristate (arista /% to over /2 the lamina length)

+ bis sais gatlbve ib n.s4 S‘e 6 ith bca ane slaw ipsa caren Cpe pl es S. selangorensis (p.p.)

30. Lateral leaves oblong-falcate,

33: “Strobili bilateral’ (o.oo. foccassscccescececuss y+ poked mame tbls «chee geucel cco ee meena S. ornata

33. Strobili tetragonous,

34. Median leaves with arista distinctly exceeding lamina in length

Liege ce fe rw siaik'S by aca oa Stn DORE ea a ee ae ea S. intermedia var. dolichocentrus (p.p.)

34. Median leaves with arista not exceeding lamina in length,

35. Branches fine, not more than 1 mm across; plants with fine stoloniferous connections and

often below 25 cm tall; lateral leaves grey-green below ....................055 S. griffithii (p.p.)

35. Branches stouter, at least 1 mm across; plants without stoloniferous connections and

mostly to over 25 cm tall; lateral leaves dark green below, at times coppery

weenie dest nn ac deg pba gs ysoheh ors ipa niitan lade at pion ouce tata ae a en cee S. intermedia (p.p.)

. alutacia Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 233, no. 154.

. oligostachya Baker, Ann. Bot. 8 (1894) 132, no. 272.

. montana Ridley, J.R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 159, no. 33.

Creeping; BS 1,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals

ovate-triangular, ciliate with basally distended upper margin, exauriculate,

glabrous to variously hairy on upper side; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, over-

lapping branches slightly; medians ciliate with arista often 2 to 7% lamina

length; strobilus bilateral.

AnD

Specimens examined:

Johore: Gunong Pulai, Ridley 12137 (SING); Gunong Panti, 1600 ft. alt., Holttum SFN 18076

(SING). tae!

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi, Ridley 11873 (SING), 2500 ft. alt., Nur SFN 11562 (SING).

Malacca: Mt. Ophir, Ridley 9889 (SING); Ridley 3347 (SING, tsotyee of S. oligostachya Baker).

Selangor: Templer Park, Shimizu et al M13766 (SING); Bt. Kanching For. Res., Nur s.n.

2.1|..1937 (SING); Ulu Langat, D. W. Lee Ul-4 (KLU); Semenyih, Hume 7906 (SING); Bt.

Enggang For. Res., Kajang, Symington FMS 24/13 (KEP); Gua Batu, Ridley 8150 (SING); Ulu

Sg. Gombak, Shimizu et al M14003 (SING); Gombak, 20th mile, K.M. Salleh KMS 245 (UKM);

Bt. Kutu, Ridley 7824 (SING), 3000 ft. alt., Ridley 7829 (SING); Genting Simpah, Hume 8497

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 121

(SING), 9743 (SING), c. 1500 ft. alt., Hume 8834 (SING), 9014 (SING), 9380 (SING), 9531

(SING).

Pahang: Way from K. Lumpur to Gunong Ulu Kali, c. 1200 m alt., Shimizu et al M14065 (SING),

Gunong Tahan, Ridley 15959 (SING), Wray’s Camp, Ridley 16200 (SING, isotype of S.

montana Ridley); P. Tioman, summit of Gunong Kajang, 3200-3400 ft. alt., D.W. Lee KLU

19797 (KLU), below summit of Gunong Kajang, 3000 ft. alt., D.W. Lee KLU 19730 (KLU).

Perak: Temango, Ridley 14464 (SING), 14471 (SING), 14473 (SING); Gunong Kledang, Ridley

9576 SING), 9577 (SING); Kledang Saiong, Symington FMS 25791 (KEP); Bujong Malacca,

Ridley 9578 (SING), Curtis 3308 (SING); Lumut, Ridley 10349) (SING), Dindings, Curtis s.n.

Dec. 1902 (SING); Tapah, Ridley 14024 (SING); Taiping Waterfall, Ridley 14462 (SING);

Taiping Hills, Ridley 11425 (SING); Bt. Kepayong, Sg. Siput, Ridley 11870 (SING).

Symington FMS 25791 from Perak has exceptionally hairy leaves. The

varieties §. alutacia var. curtisii and S. alutacia var. scabrida of Alston (1934)

are transferred back to their original specific identities (see text). For S.

alutacia var. pensile (Ridl.) Alston, see end of listing.

Alston (1934) listed this species as possibly endemic but subsequently

documented this for Java (Alston, 1934b) and Sumatra (Alston, 1937).

2. S. argentea (Wall.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 137, no. 14.

Lycopodium argenteum Wall., Cat. (1829) no. 127; Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot.

Misc. 2 (1831) 384. Plate 4

Stiffly erect; BS 3,4; stem base laterals distant from one another, appressed-

erect, of similar size to medians, cordate-subauriculate with ciliate bases; BS

laterals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-falcate, ciliolate to ciliate with basally dis-

tended upper margin, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, subcordate to subauricu-

late, overlapping branches slightly; medians dentate with arista often 3 to 2

lamina length; all leaves with distinct pale margin; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Pahang: Tanjong Antan, Ridley 2166 (SING).

Kedah: Telaga Tujoh, Ridley 15673 (SING).

Penang: Penang Hill, Ridley 7035 (SING), 7083 (SING); Government Hill, Ridley 5173 (SING);

Waterfall, Curtis 3059 (SING); Waterfall Gardens, Wong FRI 32384 (KEP).

Sine loc., Cantley 129 (SING).

3. S. caulescens (Wall.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 137, no. 12.

Lycopodium caulescens Wall., Cat. (1829), no. 137; Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot.

Misc. 2 (1831) 382.

S. peltata Pres], Abh. Bohm. Ges Wiss., ser. 5, 3 (1844) 582; Alston, Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buit., ser. 3, 13 (1934) 441.

Stiffly erect; BS 3,4; stem base laterals distant from one another, appressed-

erect, of similar size to medians, with one side of the base prolonged into a

ciliate auricle and often subpeltate; BS laterals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-

falcate, ciliolate to ciliate with basally distended upper margin, with a subspi-

nose ciliate projection at the basal part of the lower margin, otherwise exau-

riculate; axillaries ovate, subcordate, overlapping branches slightly; medians

122 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

acuminate to shortly aristate, denticulate, with a ciliate outer auricle, often

subpeltate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Perak: Jor, Haniff SFN 14214 (SING), 1800 ft. alt., Henderson FMS 10825 (SING).

Penang: Botanic Gardens, cultivated, Curtis s.n. (SING).

4. S. ciliaris (Retz.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 231, no. 136.

Lycopodium ciliare Retz., Obs. 5 (1789) 32, no. 92.

Creeping; BS 1,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals

ovate-lanceolate to oblong-falcate, ciliate with basally distended upper margin,

exauriculate; axillaries ovate, slightly cordate, overlapping branches; medians

denticulate-subentire, acuminate; strobilus bilateral.

There are no Peninsula specimens available locally but the identity is clear

from both Alston’s key (1934) and non-Peninsula specimens at SING:

Borneo — stream below Dallas, Holttum SFN 25370 (SING).

Papua — Kanosia, Carr 11754 (SING).

This is certainly close to S. alutacia from which it differs by the nature of the

medians. ,

5. S. cuprea Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 152, no. 14, excl. var. major.

Suberect; BS 4,6; stem base laterals close together, ascending to spreading,

larger than medians; BS laterals elliptic-falcate to ovate-lanceolate, coppery in

colour, entire, upper margin not or only slightly basally distended, exauricu-

late; axillaries ovate, overlapping branches slightly; medians entire with arista

often ~4 as long as lamina; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Ulu Langat, near Dusun Tua, D.W. Lee UL-55 (KLU); Sg. Batu, Poore 220 (KLU).

Pahang: Sg. Tahan, Md. Shah MS 1412 (KEP); Tahan, Wray’s Camp, Ridley 16198 (SING,

syntype).

Perak: Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9574 (SING, syntype).

Trengganu: Kemaman, Sg. Sisir, Corner SFN 32262 (SING).

Kelantan: K. Pertang, Haniff & Nur SFN 10377 (SING).

This appears endemic to the Peninsula.

6. S. curtisii Ridley, J.R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 148, no. 2.

S. alutacia var. curtisii (Ridl.) Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 56, syn. nov.

Creeping; BS 1,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals

ovate-triangular, denticulate-dentate with basally distended upper margin, ex-

auriculate, glabrous; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlapping branches

slightly; medians denticulate-dentate, acuminate; strobilus bilateral with the

upper-plane sporophylls held steeply towards the strobilus axis, all sporophylls

tightly imbricate.

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 123

Specimen examined:

Perak: Bujong Malacca, Curtis 3378 (SING, holotype).

This is evidently very rare; no other specimens of this were encountered and

both Ridley (1919) and Alston (1934) also cite the above single specimen.

S. delicatula (Desv.) Alston, J. Bot. 70 (1932) 282.

Lycopodium delicatulum Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1814) 554, no. 99.

Suberect, to about 40 cm tall; BS 3,4; stem base laterals distant, ascending,

of similar size to medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, entire, exauriculate and

often pale green; axillaries elliptic-obovate, often broadly ovate to suborbicu-

lar on main stem, to about 2 mm across, exauriculate, not overlapping bran-

ches; medians entire, pointed to apiculate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Batu Caves, D.W. Lee KLU 20822 (KLU).

Pahang: Bt. Chintamani limestone between Bentong and Karak, Chin 449 (KLU).

Kedah: Kg. Naka, Holttum SFN 19834 (SING); Langkawi, Pasir Hitam, Hamzah B99 (KLU),

Gunong Raya, Haniff & Nur SFN 7156 (SING), North base of Gunong Raya, on granite, Stone

14305 (KLU), between Ayer Hangat and Tanjong Ru on limestone, Chin 504 (KLU), Telok

Panchor Air on limestone slope, Chin & Chia 2127 (KLU), Selat Panchor, on limestone rocks,

Henderson SFN 29190 (SING); Bt. Wang, Haniff SFN 1202 (SING).

Penang: Chitty Temple, stone quarry, Curtis 3380 (SING).

Perlis: near Kangar, Ridley s.n. March 1910 (SING); Mata Air For. Res., Wong FRI 32121 (KEP).

S. frondosa Warb., Monsunia 1 (1900) 105.

Stiffly erect, with stout stoloniferous connections, to about 25 cm tall; BS

3,4; stem laterals distant, erect-appressed, of similar size to medians, with

ciliate usually incurved auricles; BS laterals oblong-falcate, ciliolate, older ones

with base of upper margin auriculate; axillaries ovate, auriculate, overlapping

branches slightly; medians denticulate, acuminate to shortly aristate; strobilus

tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: Ulu Kahang c. 400 ft. alt., Holttum SFN 10928 (SING).

Selangor: Ulu Langat, near Dusun Tua, D.W. Lee UL-56 (KLU); Templer Park, Wong FRI 32233

(KEP).

Pahang: Base of Kota Glanggi, Henderson SFN 22496 (SING); West of Joara Bay, Burkill SFN

1138 (SING); bank of Sg. Endau, Betty & Latiff KLU 18557 (KLU); Taman Negara, Ugul KLU

21966 (KLU), K. Trenggan, Stone & Wong KLU 13887 (KLU); Lesong For. Res., Wong FRI

32389 (KEP); Krau Game Res. at Sg. Lompat, Ruth Kiew RK 1046 (UPM).

Perak: Kamuning, Curtis 3309 (SING); Tapah, Wray 1761 (SING); Ulu Selama, Wray 4156

(SING).

Kelantan: Gua Musang, Sg. Galas, Henderson SFN 22602 (SING).

S. griffithii Spring, Bull, Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 145, no. 80.

Suberect, with fine stoloniferous connections, often below 25 cm tall; BS 3,4

short; stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger than medians; BS

124

10.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982) 7

laterals oblong-falcate, grey-green below, denticulate to subentire with slightly

distended upper margin, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlap-

ping branches slightly; medians denticulate with arista to more than half the

lamina length; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Kedah: Langkawi, Curtis s.n. Sept. 1890 (SING), Holttum SFN 17415 (SING), Gunong Raya,

Haniff & Nur SFN 719] (SING).

Besides the different leaf shape, this is larger in stature than S. selangorensis,

which in other aspects it resembles. This, however, has been collected in

Malaya only from Langkawi, and also occurs in Thailand.

S. intermedia (B1.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 144, no. 66.

Lycopodium intermedium B1., Enum. P1. Jav. 2 (1830) 269, no. 20.

L. atro-viride Wall., Cat. (1829) no. 120; Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot. Misc. 2 (1831)

387.

_ §. atroviridis (Wall.) Spring, Flora 21 (1838) 183; Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8

(1934) 53, excl. var. ciliata.

S. ascendens v.A.v.R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., ser. 2, 11 (1913) 33; Alston,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 52, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., ser. 3, 14 (1937) 179.

S. cuprea var. major Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 152.

S. plumea Spring in Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 151. Plate 2

S. intermedia var. intermedia

Suberect, to 25-30 cm tall or more; BS 4,5,6; stem base laterals close

together, spreading, larger than medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, dentate to

subentire (subdenticulate) often with basally distended upper margin, exau-

riculate, in nearly all cases glabrous; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlapping

branches slightly; medians dentate, acuminate or (more often) with arista up to

44 lamina length, sometimes hairy on upper side; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: Gunong Pulai, summit, Nur & Kiah SFN 7797 (SING), 300-650 m alt., [watsuki, Fukuoka

& Hutoh M 14172 (SING); Batu Pahat, Ridley 11220 (SING); Kota Tinggi waterfall, Md. Shah

MS 445 (SING); Sg. Pelepah Kiri, Corner SFN 33571 (SING), 33572 (SING).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi For. Res., Osman FMS 23785 (KEP).

Selangor: Genting Simpah, Hume 9603 (SING), Nur SFN 34283 (SING); 15th mile Pahang Track,

Ridley 8770 (SING)*; Ulu Gombak, ridge top, Strugnell FMS 27896 (KEP), For. Res. near

Genting Simpah, 2500 ft. alt., Wyatt-Smith KEP 79195 (KEP); Ulu Sg. Gombak, Shimizu et al

M 14006 (SING); Kajang, Sg. Lalang For. Res., Symington FMS 22793 (KEP); Bt. Tunggul

For. Res., Jabil KEP 77661 (KEP); Ulu Langat, D.W. Lee KLU 21965 (KLU), on summit ridge

of Gunong Hitam near Kg. Ulu Lui, D.W. Lee & Mahmud UL-29 (KLU); Gunong Nuang, false

summit, 4800 ft. alt., D.W. Lee UL-91 (KLU), summit ridge, D.W. Lee s.n. 15.8.1974 (KLU);

University of Malaya campus, Ugul KLU 21958 (KLU), Rimba Ilmu, Low 79 (KLU); Bt.

Lagong For. Res., 1500 ft. alt., Abd. Samat b. Abdullah 145 (KLU).

Pahang: Jengka For. Res., Evans 219 (KLU), half mile South of Sg. Kerut, (Turnau 892 (KLU); P.

Tioman, summit of Gunong Kajang, 3400 ft. alt., D.W. Lee KLU 19732 (KLU); Gunong

Tahan, 3300 ft. alt., Wray & Robinson 5366 (SING), c. 5500 ft. alt., Seimund 194 (SING),

Wray’s Camp, Ridley 16197 (SING); Sg. Tahan, Kiah SFN 31723 (SING); Bt. Belar, Ulu Sg.

Tenibeling, Md. Shah 1638 (KEP); Telom, Ridley 13989 (SING); Fraser’s Hill, Kalong FMS

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 125

22416 (SING), 4000-4370 ft. alt., Burkill & Holttum 8453 (SING); Cameron Highlands, Robin-

son Falls, Henderson SFN 11725 (SING); Southwest of Jerantut For. Res., Wyatt-Smith KEP

93383 (KEP); Kota Glanggi, Henderson SFN 22509 (KEP); Genting Highlands, 4000 ft. alt.,

Noraini 32 (UKM).

Perak: Batu Salil, Gunong Korbu, Strugnell & Tachun FMS 45857 (KEP); Dindings, Segari

Melintang For. Res., Strugnell FMS 16569 (KEP)*; Gunong Hijau, 4700 ft. alt., Burkill SFN

12896 (SING); Gunong Kledang,, Ridley 9571 (SING), Kledang Range, Curtis 3310 (SING).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, Ridley 5175 (SING), c. 3000 ft. alt., Holttum SFN 15024 (SING), 3100 ft. alt.,

Burkill 3315 (SING), 3400 ft. alt., Lo & Mahmud 48 (KLU)*; P. Rumba, Seimund s.n.

12.3.1926 (SING); Langkawi, Gunong Raya, Corner s.n. 15.11.1941 (SING)*; Baling, Md.

Noor FMS 21627 (KEP).

Specimens marked with an asterisk conform to the features for S$. ascendens

(Alston, 1934), i.e., with ‘lateral branches 1-2-forked.’ However, many speci-

mens have branching intermediate between this type and more extensively

branched forms typical of S$. intermedia and it is not uncommon to find both

simpler and more complex branch-systems on one specimen.

Juvenile forms are obviously less branched and smaller, and root freely; I

agree with Alston (1934) that the apparently creeping specimen, Ridley 9990,

from Mt. Ophir (SING) is in a juvenile (also sterile) state.

Occasionally, the upper surfaces of medians are shortly hairy; very rarely the

upper surfaces of both medians and laterals are hairy (D.W. Lees.n. 15.8.1974

from Selangor, and Noraini 32 from Pahang) — perhaps this may be a distinct

variety.

There is also a smaller-leafed form of this species, with the lateral leaves less

than 4 mm long, and coppery in colour. This has been called S. cuprea var.

major by Ridley (1919) but is not admissible to that species because of dentate

margins of the lateral leaves; it is appropriately noted by Alston (1934) as a

small form of S. atroviridis (a synonym of S. intermedia). It is well to note that

in S. intermedia, leaf size is a very variable character and colouration can vary

from dark green to coppery or purplish hues. The following specimens conform

to this smaller-leafed form:

Selangor: Genting Simpah, Hume 8837 (SING); Bt. Hitam, Ridley 7817 (SING).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, Sg. Reriang, 3000-3500 ft. alt., Holttum SFN 20597 (SING), Wray’s

Camp, Ridley 16199 (SING); Bt. Chemaga, Chigar Perah, Henderson SFN 19490A (SING).

Perak: Taiping Waterfall, Ridley 14460 (SING, syntype of S. cuprea var. major Ridl.); Temengoh,

Ridley 14468 (SING); Tapah, Curtis 3112 (SING); Dindings, Lumut, Curtis s.n. Dec. 1902

(SING); Kledang Saiong, Symington FMS 25870 (KEP); Gunong Bubu For. Res., Hou 617

(KEP), 637 (KEP).

Kelantan: Ulu Mering, Sg. Brok, Ng FRI 5467 (KEP).

S. intermedia var. dolichocentrus K.M. Wong, var. nov.

Plate 6

Caules suberectus in dimidio inferiore radicantes; foliis lateralibus falcato-

oblonga margine dentatus vel ciliolatus; paginae infra plerumque griseo-viridis;

foliis mediis aristis laminae longiores; sporophylla uniformes, strobili tetra-

goni.

Stems suberect, rooting in the lower half; lateral leaves oblong-falcate with

126

11.

12.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

dentate or ciliolate margin, surfaces below often grey-green; median leaves

with arista exceeding lamina in length; sporophylls uniforms, strobili tetrago-

nous.

TYPE: Ridley 13993 from Pahang, Telom (SING, holotype).

Specimens examined:

Johore: Mt. Ophir via Tangkak, 3000-4000 ft. alt., Md. Shah & Samsuri MS 3598 (KEP, KLU).

Selangor: Semangkok Pass, Ridley s.n. 1904 (SING), 12038 (SING).

Pahang: Telom, Ridley 13993 (SING); Gunong Berumbun, Ridley 13992 (SING); Cameron

Highlands, Jaamat FMS 25180 (KEP), near Tanah Rata, Henderson SFN 17721 (SING), en

route from Tanah Rata to Habu area via Robinson falls, Jwatsuki, Fukuoka & Hutoh M 13647

(SING); Bt. Fraser, 4000 ft. alt., Smith 848 (SING), 3900 ft. alt., Wong FRI 32033 (KEP).

Perak: Taiping, Hervey 1667 (SING); Gunong Hijau, Anderson 2] (SING); Gunong Bal, 4500 ft.

alt., Haniff SFN 14745 (SING); Maxwell’s Hill, Abd. Samat b. Abdullah 371 (KLU).

Penang: Government Hill, Fox 10662 (SING).

This is the same as Alston’s S. atroviridis var. (b), vide Alston (1934), which

he subsequently suggested may be better placed under S. roxburghii (Alston,

1937). While this bears superficial resemblance to S$. roxburghii in its grey-

green colour on the lower side of the lateral leaves, as well as in the rather

distended base of the upper margin of the lateral leaves, it is near to S.

intermedia with its larger stature and ciliolate to dentate leaf margins. The

occurrence of a markedly long median leaf arista can be accommodated within

S. intermedia where the apex of the median leaf can vary from being acuminate

to aristate. The grey-green colouration of the lower leaf surfaces and a dis-

tended base of the upper margin of lateral leaves occasionally occur in S.

intermedia which, as Alston (1934) noted, is a very variable species.

The very long aristae of the median leaves (Plate 6) allow this variety to be

easily distinguished from S. intermedia var. intermedia.

S. longiaristata Hieron., Hedwigia 50 (1910) 16.

S. atroviridis var. ciliata Spring in Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 53; Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buit., ser. 3, 14 (1937) 475.

Creeping; BS 3,4,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS

laterals ovate, ciliolate, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlap-

ping branches slightly; medians ciliolate with arista exceeding lamina in

length; strobilus tetragonous.

There are no peninsular specimens available locally but the identity is clear

from both Alston’s key (1937) and a specimen from Sumbawa (Colfs 13, at

SING) so determined by Alston in 1935. Alston (1934) cited only one speci-

men (from Malacca, collected by Griffith); this species would seem to be

rather rare.

S. mayeri Hieron., Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 1, 4 (1901) 700, no. 343.

Plate 1

Creeping; BS 1, 5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals

oblong-falcate to slightly elliptic, entire or subentire with upper margin not or

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 127

13.

14.

15.

only slightly basally distended, exauriculate; axillaries obovate, orbicular on

main stem, exauriculate, overlapping branches; medians entire, acuminate to

apiculate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Negri Sembilan: Jeram Toi, 250 m alt., Amran AMF 6 (UKM), Rashid NAR 3 (UKM).

Selangor: Kepong, Abd. Samat b. Abdullah s.n. 18.11.1961 (KLU), Forest Research Institute

grounds, Wong FRI 32016 (KEP), path to Bt. Lagong, Wong FRI 32019 (KEP).

Pahang: Taman Negara, Ugul KLU 2196] (KLU), Sg. Teku, Kiah s.n. 23.7.1936 (SING),

Tembeling, Holttum SFN 24728 (SING), Gua Tipus, Henderson SFN 22552 (SING), Gunong

Senyum, Henderson SFN 22230 (SING), Henderson SFN 22322 (SING); Fraser’s Hill, 1350 m

alt., K.M. Salleh KMS 250 (UKM).

Perak: Between 19th & 20th mile Tapah — Tanah Rata road, Turnau 1139 (KLU); Tanjong

Malim, Ridley 11857 (SING).

Penang: Chitty Temple, stone quarry, Curtis s.n. Aug. 1896 (SING); waterfall, Curtis 1734

(SING).

Kelantan: Gua Musang, Boey 315 (KLU), limestone outcrop, Chin 86 (KLU), Chin 1419 (KLU);

Gua Tapah limestone hill, Chin 1608 (KLU); Sg. Keteh, Batu Papan, Nur SFN 12081 (SING).

S. minutifolia Spring, Mem. Ac. Belg. 24 (1850) 239, no. 176.

Creeping; BS 1,4,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS later-

als ovate to triangular, denticulate with basally distended upper margin, exau-

riculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlapping branches slightly; medians

denticulate to ciliolate, acuminate to shortly aristate; strobilus bilateral.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Bt. Kutu, anon., May 1891 (SING); Ulu Langat, Gunong Hitam, 3970 ft. alt., D.W. Lee

& Mahmud UL-34 (KLU); Templer Park, near base of Bt. Takun, Abd. Samat. b. Abdullah 592

(KLU); Bt. Anak Takun, Chin 15 (KLU).

Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, 1350 m alt., Md. Sarif MSAM 7 (UKM).

Kedah: anon., SFN 37860 (SING); Langkawi, Telaga Tujoh, Razali RJ 661 (UKM).

S. morgani Zeiller, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 32 (1885) 78.

Suberect; BS 1,5, short; stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger

than medians; BS laterals ovate with blunt apex, dentate with upper margin

slightly to well distended basally, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate,

overlapping branches; medians dentate, acuminate; strobilus bilateral.

Specimens examined:

Pahang: Cameron Highlands, below forest station, Poore 160 (KLU), Turnau 943 (KLU), ridge,

6000 ft. alt., Wyatt-Smith s.n. (KEP), Break Pressure Tank Hill, Burkill 842 (SING), Brinchang

Village, Poore 98 (KLU), Gunong Brinchang, 6600 ft. alt., University of Malaya 8061 (KLU),

near Tanah Rata, Turnau 1266 (KLU); Gunong Siku, Jaamat FMS 27658 (KEP); Gunong

Berumbun, upper part, Poore 580 (KLU).

Perak: Gunong Raya, 5700 ft. alt., Strugnell & Tachun FMS 45875 (KEP).

S. ornata (Hk. & Gr.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 232, no. 145.

Lycopodium ornatum Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot. Misc. 3 (1833) 108.

S. ornata sensu Alston, p.p., Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 57-58. Plate 7

128

16.

17.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Suberect; BS 4,5,6, stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger than

medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, denticulate to dentate with basally dis-

tended upper margin, exauriculate; axillaries ovate-subcordate, exauriculate,

overlapping branches; medians denticulate to dentate, with arista often more

than half the lamina length; strobilus bilateral.

Specimens examined:

Negri Sembilan: Jeram Toi, 250 m alt., Rashid NAR 4 (UKM).

Selangor: Semangkok Pass, Ridley 12039 (SING); Gunong Nuang, summit, D.W. Lee s.n.

15.8.1974 (KLU).

Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, Nur SFN 11020 (SING), Corner s.n. 13.8.1937 (SING), on trail to Pine Tree

Hill, Burkill 2339 (SING), 4400 ft. alt., D.W. Lee KLU 19735 (KLU), 1350 m alt., K.M. Salleh

KMS 274 (UKM), Rashid NAR 10 (UKM); Cameron Highlands, near forest station, Poore 157

(KLU); Gunong Tahan, Haniff & Nur SFN 7974 (SING); Gunong Bunga Buah, 3600 ft. alt.,

Zaleha Yunos UKM 2092 (UKM).

Perak: Birch’s Hill, Wray s.n. (SING); Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley 5181 (SING); Gunong Hijau,

Sinclair & Kiah SFN 38676 (SING).

Penang: Penang Hill, 2000 ft. alt., Holttum SFN 31198 (SING).

It appears that Alston’s concept of S. ornata (Alston, 1934) contained two

distinct groups (see text) of which one is maintained as S. ornata here while the

other has been determined as S. polita Ridley.

S. padangensis Hieron., Hedwigia 50 (1910) 34.

Suberect, with a broad spread, reaching 60-80 cm tall; BS 3,4; stem base

laterals distant, ascending to spreading, of similar size to medians; BS laterals

oblong-falcate, entire, slightly to (often) not auriculate;' axillaries along main

stem conspicuously large and orbicular, 3-4 mm across, exauriculate, not

overlapping branches; medians entire, acuminate to apiculate; strobilus tetra-

gonous.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Genting Simpah, Hume 9386 (SING); Bt. Takun, base, Wong FRI 32049 (KEP, KLU);

Batu Caves, inside dark cave, Ugul & Bala KLU 21964 (KLU); Kepong, Forest Research

Institute, path to waterfall, Wong FRI 32012 (KEP, KLU); Gombak, University of Malaya Field

Studies Centre, Willis s.n. 1.4.1974 (UKM).

Pahang: Tembeling, Holttum SFN 24696 (SING); 6 miles north of Bentong, Burkill & Haniff SFN

16537 (SING).

Perak: Kg. Tera, Grik, Ismail KEP 95034 (KEP).

S. plana (Desv.) Hieron., Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 1, 4 (1901) 703, no. 363.

Lycopodium planum Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1814) 554, no. 98.

Suberect; BS 3,4,6; stem base laterals distant, ascending to erect, of similar

size to medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, entire to subentire, with an auricle

at the basal part of the upper margin; axillaries obovate to orbicular, strongly

auriculate; medians entire, apiculate to shortly aristate; strobilus tetragonous.

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 129

18.

19.

20.

Specimens examined:

Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, by path to Phenological Plot, 3900 ft. alt., Wong FRI 32046 (KEP).

Penang: Waterfall Gardens, Nur SFN 5330 (SING).

Alston (1934) listed only one specimen, from Johore (Henderson SFN

18365).

S. polita Ridley, J. F. M. S. Mus. 6 (1911) 202.

S. ornata sensu Alston p.p. Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 57-58. Plate 8

Suberect; BS 1,4,5, short; stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger

than medians; BS laterals ovate-lanceolate, dentate with upper margin slightly

to well distended basally, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlap-

ping branches; medians dentate, acuminate to shortly aristate; strobilus bilater-

al but the upper-plane sporophylls only slightly longer than those of the lower

plane.

The stature of the plant is smaller than that of S. ornata.

Specimens examined:

Pahang: Cameron Highlands, near forest station, Poore 159 (KLU), Break Pressure Tank Hill,

4900 ft. alt., Burkill 841 (SING), Gunong Brinchang, Littkhe WL 350 (UKM), Blue Valley,

Kasim & Zai UKM 1417 (UKM); Cameron Highlands road, Abd. Samat. b. Abdullah 331

(KLU); Fraser’s Hill, 1350 m alt., K.M. Salleh KMS 253 (UKM).

PERAK: Gunong Hijau, Fox s.n. Oct. 1899 (SING), 4500 ft. alt., Haniff & Nur SFN 2459 (SING),

4750 ft. alt., Burkill SFN 12885 (SING).

This species was previously (Alston, 1934) included under S$. ornata, from

which it is distinct (see there).

S. repanda (Desv.) Spring, Gaudich., Voy. Bonite Bot. 1 (1844-46) 329.

Lycopodium repandum Desv. ex Poir, Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1814) 558.

Suberect; BS 1,5, short; stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger

than medians; BS laterals ovate-lanceolate, dentate and basally ciliate with

basally distended upper margin, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate,

overlapping branches slightly; medians dentate with ciliate base, acuminate;

strobilus tetragonous.

Specimen examined:

Perlis: Ridley 14770 (SING).

This is one of three specimens cited by Alston (1934).

S. ridleyi Baker, Ann. Bot. 8 (1894) 131, no. 58.

Creeping, very little branched; BS 1; BS laterals elliptic, densely ciliate,

glabrous; axillaries elliptic, densely ciliate, exauriculate, overlapping branches

slightly; medians ovate, acuminate, strongly ciliate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimen examined:

Malacca: Gunong Mering, Mt. Ophir, rocks in stream, Ridley 3346 (SING, isotype).

Both Ridley (1919) and Alston (1934) cited only the type specimen. Ridley

commented that this grew on submersed or usually wetter rocks in streams.

130 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Recent collection at Mt. Ophir yielded only S. alutacia in such habitats. S.

ridleyi would seem to be extremely rare.

21. S. rivalis Ridley, Kew Bull. (1924) 266.

Creeping; BS 1,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals

ovate, with blunt apex, finely ciliate, exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauricu-

late, overlapping branches slightly; medians ciliolate to finely ciliate, acumin-

ate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Logging track, 1000 ft. alt., Evans 239 (KLU); 17th mile track, Bentong road, Evans s.n.

1.7.1965 (KLU).

Alston (1934) listed only three specimens and this species being endemic.

22. S. roxburghii (Hk. & Gr.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 228, no. 115.

Lycopodium roxburghii Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot. Misc. 2 (1831) 390, no. 135.

S. roxburghii var. roxburghii

Suberect; BS 3,4,5; stem base laterals close together, spreading, larger than

medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate to (occasionally) ovate-lanceolate, grey-

green below, ciliate at the base, with basally distended upper margin, exauricu-

late, glabrous; axillaries ovate, subcordate, exauriculate, overlapping bran-

ches; medians ciliolate to ciliate with arista 74 of to nearly the same length as

lamina and sometimes longer; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: Castlewood, Ridley 9192 (SING); Patani, Batu Pahat, Ridley 10984 (SING); Gunong

Pulai, Ridley 12134 (SING), Iwatsuki, Fukuoka & Hutoh M 14168 (SING); Mt. Austin, Ridley

12570 (SING); Kota Tinggi, Ridley 15451 (SING); Kluang, Holttum SFN 9238 (SING); Gunong

Blumut, Holttum SFN 10674 (SING).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi, Ridley 11866 (SING), Nur SFN 11502 (SING), Holttum SFN 9930

(SING); Gunong Tampin, Holttum SFN 9610 (SING); Senaling Inas For. Res., Holttum SFN

9794 (SING).

Malacca: Ayer Panas, Ridley 1616 (SING); lower part of Mt. Ophir, Ridley s.n. 1892 (SING).

Selangor: Ampang, lower reservoir, Strugnell FMS 13977 (KEP); Kajang, Sg. Lalang For. Res.,

Symington FMS 22792 (KEP); Ulu Langat, above Kg. Sg. Serai, D.W. Lee UL-7 (KLU), ridge

above Sg. Tekali, D.W. Lee UL-50 (KLU), Ugul KLU 21957 (KLU).

Pahang: Gunong Raja, Best SFN 13856 (SING).

Perak: Taiping Waterfall, Curtis s.n. Oct. 1895 (SING); Kledang Saiong, Symington FMS 25800

(KEP).

Penang: Penang Hill, Ridley 9227 (SING), 14159 (SING); Government Hill, Curtis 3054 (SING),

3056 (SING); Penara Bukit, Curtis s.n. June 1895 (SING); Tiger Hill, Sinclair SFN 39111

(SING); near Waterfall, Ridley s.n. Dec. 1895 (SING).

Kedah: Kuala Muda, Bt. Perah, Shamsuddin FMS 35107 (KEP).

Trengganu: Kemaman, Bt. Kajang, Corner SFN 32260 (SING), Sg. Jerumgaja, Corner SFN 32261

(SING), Sg. Nipah, Corner SFN 32268 (SING); Bundi, Rostado SFN 11977 (SING), s.n. Feb.

1904 (SING).

Singapore: Bt. Timah, Ridley s.n. 28.7.1900 (SING), Nature Res., Fukuoka S 14342 (SING).

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Corrigendum

leplace Ist line on page 131 by:

§roxburghii var. strigosa (Ridley) K.M. Wong, comb. nov.

Strichobasis var. strigosa Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 153, syn. nov.

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 131

S. roxburghii var. strigosa Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 153.

With the upper surface of lateral leaves short hairy, especially on the basisco-

pic half (i.e., nearer the lower margin).

Specimens examined:

Johore: Sg. Pelepah Kiri, Corner SFN 33570 (SING).

Kedah: Koh Moi For. Res. Kiah SFN 35123 (SING).

Penang: Penang Hill, Ridley 7133 (SING), en route from Penang Hill to Tiger Hill, Shimizu et al M

13139 (SING), M 13149 (SING).

This variety was recognized by Ridley (1919) but Alston (1934) reduced it, as

well as S. trichobasis Baker, to S. roxburghii.

S. scabrida Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 159.

S. alutacia var. scabrida (Ridley) Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 56, syn.

nov.

Creeping; BS 1,5, short; stems hairy; stem laterals close together, spreading;

BS laterals ovate-triangular, denticulate to dentate with basally distended

upper margin, exauriculate, hairy on both surfaces; axillaries ovate, exauricu-

late, overlapping branches slightly; medians denticulate to dentate with arista

half to three-quarters the lamina length; strobilus bilateral with sporophylls

shortly ciliolate and hairy.

Specimens examined:

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, Ridley 15960 (SING, isotype), 15954 (SING), Sg. Reriang, Holttum SFN

20574 (SING).

Alston (1934) cited Ridley 15954 to connect S. alutacia var. pensile (Ridley)

Alston (see end of listing) with the ordinary form of S. alutacia; however, this

specimen-is S$. scabrida Ridley, having the characteristics above.

S. selangorensis Beddome ex Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 80 (1919) 148.

S. microdendron Ridley, loc. cit. 150.

Suberect, hardly 10 cm tall, with fine stoloniferous connections; BS 1,5,

short; stem base laterals close together, spreading; BS laterals ovate to lan-

ceolate, pale green below, denticulate with basally distended upper margin,

exauriculate; axillaries ovate, exauriculate, overlapping branches slightly; me-

dians denticulate, acuminate to aristate with arista half to three-quarters the

lamina length; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Selangor: Semangkok Pass, Ridley 12040 (SING, isotype).

Pahang: Sg. Tahan near K. Teku, Holttum SFN 20800 (SING).

Penang: Penang Hill, Ridley 7085 (SING, isotype of S. microdendron Ridl.); near Western Hill,

Holttum SFN 19312 (SING).

Apart from the smaller stature and ovate-lanceolate leaves, this may be

mistaken for S. griffithii which has been collected in the Malay Peninsula only

from Langkawi in the North-west. I could not locate the three specimens of S.

An Ke

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

selangorensis var. ciliata Alston at Singapore, but its stoloniferous habit with

basally ciliate lateral leaves (Alston, 1934) should make it distinctive.

S. stipulata (B1.) Spring, Bull. Ac. Brux. 10 (1843) 145, no. 70.

Lycopodium stipulatum B1., Enum. P1. Jav. 2 (1830) 268, no. 18.

S. polystachya sensu Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 46, non (Warb.)

Hieron. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 1, 4 (1901) 702.

S. permutata sensu Alston, Bull. Jard. Bot, Buit., ser. 3, 14 (1937) 175.

Suberect; BS consistently 2; leaves of main stem similar in size to, or slightly

larger than those of BS, spreading to ascending; BS laterals oblong-falcate,

entire, not auriculate; axillaries along the main stem conspicuously larger than

laterals, ovate to suborbicular, exauriculate, overlapping branches; medians

entire, acuminate to apiculate to shortly aristate; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: Sg. Pelepah Kiri, Corner 33567 (SING); Lombong Waterfall, North of Kota Tinggi, Abd.

Samat b. Abdullah 539 (KLU).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi, Wong FRI 32056 (KEP); Jeram Toi, Ramli RY 7 (UKM); Ulu

Kelewang, D.W. Lee s.n. (KLU).

Selangor: Batu Perdinding, Nur s.n. 2.11.1937 (SING); Sg. Lalang For. Res., Symington FMS

22794 (KEP); Ulu Langat, D.W. Lee & Ugul KLU 21962 (KLU), JKA catchment area above

Kg. Sg. Serai, D.W. Lee UL-2 (KLU), UL-3 (KLU); Ampang, lower reservoir, Strugnell FMS

13976 (KEP), Intake catchment reserve, Wong FRI 32224 (KEP); Gombak, 1200 m alt., Ramili

RY 8 (UKM), Ulu Gombak, 22nd mile, Stone 5733 (KLU), roadside, Wyatt-Smith KEP 55802

(KEP); University of Malaya campus, Rimba IImu, Low 90 (KLU).

Pahang: Genting Simpah, Stone 7431 (KLU), Nur SFN 34282 (SING), Poore 241 (KLU), Poore

263 (KLU); Sg. Cheka, Holttum SFN 24770 (SING); Fraser’s Hill, Poore 41 (KLU), Shimizu et

al M 13844 (SING), 1350 m alt., Md. Sarifs.n. 17.12.1981 (UKM); Cameron Highlands, top of

Gunong Brinchang, Stone 5583-A (KLU); Sg. Teku, Kiah SFN 31708 (SING).

Perak: Path to Gunong Bujong Melaka, Md. Shah & A. Shukor MS 3380 (KEP, SING); Kledang

Saiong, Symington KEP 25699 (KEP), Sow FMS 33665 (KEP); Gunong Bubu For. Res., Hou

639 (KEP).

Trengganu: Kemaman, Bt. Kajang, Corner SFN 30387 (SING), Sg. Nipah, Corner SFN 32266

(SING); Ulu Brang, Kiah SFN 33813 (SING); Gunong Padang, Kiah SFN 33946 (SING).

Kelantan: Bt. Chemaya, Henderson SFN 19479 (SING); Pasir Depok, Haniff & Nur SFN 10212

(SING); K. Mering, Sg. Brok, Ng FRI 547] (KEP).

While enumerating species in the Malay Peninsula, Alston (1934) listed S.

polystachya as being present, and under this he noted a possible variety which

is ‘more slender’ with ‘stem leaves smaller, often spreading’ and ‘spikes usually

solitary.’ Later, he considered that the Malayan species in question had been

wrongly referred to S. polystachya and was in fact identical to S. permutata

(Alston, 1937). He also noted that S. stipulata was the correct identity of the

variety he had earlier (Alston, 1934) placed under S. polystachya. These two

taxa recognized by Alston (1934; 1937) are in fact conspecific, the size of leaves

being variable, and the shape of the axillary leaf varying from ovate to sub-

orbicular. The earliest name S. stipulata is adopted for this single species.

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 133

26.

27.

28.

S. strigosa Beddome, Kew Bull. (1911) 192, no. 600.

Creeping; BS 1,2,5, short; stem laterals close together, spreading; BS later-

als ovate, ciliate with basally distended upper margin, exauriculate, hairy on

upper surface to both surfaces; axillaries ovate to elliptic, exauriculate, not or

slightly overlapping branches; medians ciliate with arista nearly as long as

lamina; strobilus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: Kluang, Gunong Blumut, Ng KEP 9805] (KEP).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi, Ulu Pedas, Nur SFN 11721 (SING).

Selangor: Genting Bidai, Ridley 7815 (SING), 7825 (SING); Klang Gates, Ridley 13442 (SING),

Sinclair SFN 40140 (KEP).

S. wallichii (Hk. & Gr.) Spring, Mart. Fl. Bras. 1, 2 (1840) 124.

Lycopodium wallichii Hk. & Gr. in Hk. Bot. Misc. 2 (1831) 384, no. 106.

Plate 5

Stiffly erect; BS consistently 1; stem base laterals distant, ascending, of

similar size to medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, entire, not or (rarely)

slightly auriculate at base of upper margin; axillaries ovate to elliptic, exauricu-

late, not overlapping branches; medians entire, acuminate to apiculate; strobi-

lus tetragonous.

Specimens examined:

Johore: near Gunong Panti, Audas s.n. 31.8.1941 (SING).

Negri Sembilan: Pasoh For. Res., Evans 222 (KLU).

Selangor: Semenyih, Hume 7819 (SING); Kajang, Sg. Lalang For. Res., Symington FMS 24071

(KEP); Bt. Cheraka For. Res., Jabil KEP 77654 (KEP); Sg. Buloh, Burkill SFN 11870 (SING)

Klang Gates, Hume 7235 (SING); Genting Simpah, Turnau 778 (KLU), 12th mile, Strugnell

FMS 13083 (KEP), 21% mile, Sinclair 9835 (SING); Gunong Bunga Buah, Seraya-rich ridge,

2700 ft. alt., Wong FRI 32226 (KEP); Gombak, University cf Malaya Field Centre, Jayamohan

s.n. 8.8.1974 (KLU) off 19th mile, Wong FRI 32071 (KEP); Ulu Langat, Ugul KLU 21960

(KLU), at head of Sg. Langat drainage, D.W. Lee UL-51 (KLU).

Pahang: Kota Glanggi, Henderson SFN 22495 (SING); Jengka For. Res., Poore 1416 (KLU); near

Sg. Endau, Betty & Latiff KLU 18597 (KLU); Fraser’s Hill, Burkill 2067 (SING); Sg. Handerik,

Ulu Serau, Osman FMS 28320 (KEP); K. Trenggan, Stone & Wong KLU 13886 (KLU).

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, Wray Jr. 23 (SING); Gunong Bujang, Evans 25 (KLU).

Kedah: K. Muda, Bt. Perak, Samsuddin FMS 33142 (KEP).

Trengganu: Kemaman, Sg. Nipah, Corner SFN 32269 (SING).

S. willdenowii (Desv.) Baker, Gard. Chron. (1867) 783.

Lycopodium willdenowii Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1814) 540, no. 87.

Plate 3

Suberect, often scrambling over other vegetation; BS 3,4; stem base laterals

distant, ascending, of similar size to medians; BS laterals oblong-falcate, often

bluish above, entire, with an auriculate fold at the basal part of the upper

margin; axillaries ovate to elliptic, strongly auriculate; medians entire, acumin-

ate; strobilus tetragonous.

134 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Specimens examined:

Johore: Gunong Pulai, /watsuki, Fukuoka & Hutoh M 14153 (SING); Gunong Pantai Kiew

RK-KBH 622 (UPM).

Negri Sembilan: Bt. Tampin, Goodenough 1863 (SING); Ulu Klewang, D.W. Lee s.n. 21.11.1973

(KLU).

Selangor: Genting Simpah, Hume 8547 (SING); Gua Batu, limestone, Chin 325 (KLU); Ulu

Langat, D.W. Lee & Ugul KLU 21959 (KLU)I above Kg. Sg. Serai, D.W. Lee UL-1 (KLU); Bt.

Lagong pipeline path, Frodin FRI 3597 (KEP).

Pahang: P. Tioman, between Kg. Tekek & Kg. Juara, D.W. Lee s.n. (KLU), Ayer Besar,

Henderson SFN 18753 (SING); 31st mile Bentong road, Turnau 897 (KLU); Taman Negara, K.

Trenggan, Stone & Wong KLU 13888 (KLU).

Perak: Changkat Jong For. Res., Haniff FMS 47515 (KEP); Kledang Saiong, Symington FMS

25700 (KEP).

Kedah: Langkawi, Bt. Sawak For. Res., Nor FMS 31393 (KEP).

Singapore: Cantley 143 (SING); Bt. Timah, Ridley s.n. Feb. 1890 (SING).

Doubtful entity

S. alutacia var. pensile (Ridley) Alston, Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 56.

Alston (1934) gave the distinguishing features as ‘an extreme form with

larger, more acute leaves,’ while Ridley (1919) described this as having ‘leaves

of lower plane about 0.08 in.’ compared to ‘leaves of lower plane... 0.05 in.’ for

S. alutacia.

In the Gardens Herbarium, Singapore, are specimens determined by Alston

and listed (1934) by him as just S. alutacia, which have leaves reaching the size

quoted for S. pensile Ridley and perhaps qualify as this; however, some leaves

on these.specimens have sizes smaller than that given by Ridley (1919) — in all

aspects these specimens are similar to ordinary S. alutacia. The specimens

concerned are:

Selangor: Rawang, Ridley 7821 (SING).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, Robinson 5375 (SING).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, Flippance s.n. Nov. 1932 (SING), Holttum & Haniff SFN 14900 (SING).

The type of S. pensile Ridley is at Kew (Yapp, s.n. Perak, Gunong Inas) and

there are no specimens determined by Ridley or Alston as either S. pensile

Ridley or S. alutacia var. pensile (Ridley) Alston respectively, available at

Singapore.

Acknowledgements

I thank Dr. A.C. Jermy for his comments and discussion on the manuscript, and

for checking out details of specimens at the British Museum (Natural History) on

my behalf. Dr. Chang Kiaw Lan and Prof. R:E. Holttum have been most encourag-

ing regarding the undertaking of this study during the author’s spare time. The

Keepers of the herbaria at Singapore, University of Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan

Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella 135

Malaysia and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia have kindly allowed the loan and study

of specimens in their care.

References

Alston, A.H.G. (1934). The genus Selaginella in the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull.

S.S. 8: 41-62.

(1934b). The Selaginellae of the Malay Islands. I. Java and the lesser

Sunda Islands. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., ser. 3, 13: 432-442.

(1937). The Selaginellae of the Malay Islands. I. Sumatra. Bull. Jard.

Bot. Buit., ser. 3, 14: 175-186.

Boodle, L.A. (1901). Comparative anatomy of the Hymenophyllaceae, Schi-

zaeaceae and Gleicheniaceae. Ann. Bot. 15: 703-747.

Foster, A.S. & E.M. Gifford, Jr. (1974). Comparative Morphology of Vascular

Plants. 2nd. ed.:39-40. San Francisco: Freeman & Co.

Jermy, A.C., K. Jones & C. Colden (1967). Cytomorphological variation in Sela-

ginella. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 60, 382: 147-158.

Krishnan, J. (1975). Physiological Leaf Anatomy of Selaginella. B. Sc. Honours

Thesis in Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Lee, D.W. (1977). On Iridescent Plants. Gard. Bull. Sing. 30: 21-29.

Mukherjee, R.N. & U. Sen (1981). A Forked Vein and Foliar Fibres in Selaginella.

Fern Gaz. 12: 175-177.

Ridley, H.N. (1919). The Fern-Allies and Characeae of the Malay Peninsula. J. R.

As. Soc. Str. Br. 80: 139-161.

Sasaki, S., C.H. Tan & Zolfatah Rahman (1978). Physiological Studies on Malay-

sian Tropical Rainforest Species. Unpublished report, Forestry Department,

Peninsular Malaysia. 181 pp.

11. Saipan: Noten ats

ety i s y ee ae Re

a :

? nian" ngithen

satel

‘ ‘ ean

4 , tev "

% _ -_ 5

SF exo) 32, 5

2 yt

The Limestone Hiil Flora of Malaya III*

S.C. CHIN

Botany Department, University of Malaya,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Angiosperms — Dicotyledons cont.

INTRODUCTORY KEY TO RUBIACEAE

The numbers on the right hand side refer to the numbers in the subsequent main key with which one

should continue.

ee ever, PUDCTOUS SHTED .. <7. 25.4, i OA. seen Pav bala: Hydnophytum formicarium.

1. Not as above

ee SMR OIE CWUAICM ES oe ons «as 2 ott ce teeta pe Ones Se ree mete neon Las 4! a 3

Morinda umbellata, Panderia tomentosa, Psychotria cantleyi, Psychotria sarmentosa.

2. Erect: herbs, shrubs or trees

3. Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base

age) 2a 8 Oo leet la ltemllrerhse ph Beh AR acre pend a mean ib aa eda Lp baba ha bad te ele 7

Geophila repens, Hedyotis coronaria, Ophiorrhiza longerepens.

4. Stem not creeping

el eeN ates anit hers CONMIVIGNEL. «5. od oe eae fet en ones ee Vek 11

Argostemma pictum, A. diversifolium, A. inaequilaterum.

5. Corolla and anthers different

6. Mowers secund, capsule usually obcordages a0 J iseeei sie. ohne ee sisnd swe see soedewnb 14

Ophiorrhiza spp.

6. Flowers differently arranged, capsule not obcordate .......................eccccee eee ees 20

Oldenlandia spp., Hedyotis spp.

3. Woody, shrubs or trees

7. Sea-shore tree, leaves large, usually subcordate

7. Not on sea-shores

i arwors macruse heads, fruits compound «J. :.) .20.c ee seal 27

Morinda elliptica, Nauclea junghuhnii, Neonauclea calycina.

8. Flowers not in dense heads, fruits not compound.

9. Flowers in terminal inflorescences

10. Corolla tube 2-3 cm long, petals 4, style hardly projecting .....................6.... 3]

Ixora spp.

10. Corolla tube very short, sometimes to 1.3 cm long, petals 4 to 5, style short or

projecting to 2.5 cm

Meee, OWEN. SUM PACE TRMEIESOONIE oe eos een es cide csedea a bebestheween ees 4]

Psychotria rhinocerotis, Mycetia malayana, Pavetta naucleiflora, Tarenna

appressa.

11. Leaves, glabrous

* Parts I and II appeared in Gardens’ Bulletin, XXX (1977) 165-219, and XXXII (1979) 64-203,

respectively.

137

138 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

12.) Style projecting, 1-2: 5icim) \i. <asseySeeeyed. 2 -eegh 0s -os von ee 45

Pavetta pauciflora, Pavetta indica.

12. Style not or hardly projecting «.......0:...+.cs0s seuss, sedis ne 46

Tarenna spp., Prismatomeris malayana, Becheria parviflora, Psychotria

spp.

9. Flowers in axillary inflorescences; if terminal, then only 1-3 flowers together

13. Lower surface of leaves pubescent ............0.2:0s0s++0s000es0ees eye 57

Lasianthus stipularis var. hirtus, Petunga hirta, Urophyllum corymbosum,

Canthium aciculatum, Timonius atropurpureus.

13. Lower surface of leaves pubescemt «2.0.0. cine: cece sun snece sesso sniente ane |

Lasianthus stipularis var. hirtus, Petunga hirta, Urophyllum corymbosum, Canth-

ium aciculatum, Timonius atropurpureus.

RUBIACEAE — MAIN KEY

1. Epiphytic, tuberous shrub .........¢..2 ove. cohen eee eases ee Hydnophytum formicarium

~ Nott .&S QD OVE: osesas:ewe:e oiecciersre-sialeveracois!So.0-cumsssa. 4 aidpsucee grabepetSrctesbobi Nena Se coeehalks dateraus epic leeciar ine ie 2

2. Scandent: climbers-or twine. ..... ...ssccc.doese0Receedesnvaedeednscnderegeeaetat steht ey ae 3

Erect: herbs, shrubs Or trees oi. i050... 5:ac cick o:0:esee ten nde outlast esglbscocles’ beaicea kere at ee 6

3. Flowers in dense globose heads; fruits multiple |. .ys. a.m. 5:ac a0 eneeenieen teen Morinda umbellata

Flowers not in dense globose heads; friits not. multiple .. ........cssncsinorei-+veanaenes sath densely een ene 4

4. Inflorescence + 10 cm long, corolla. + 1 cmilome’ y..5. i... sivenccse cc scecmereen Paederia tomentosa

Inflorescence smaller, corolla short: 0.3-0:4 Cin LOMB. o. v5 cis son upidline ses vepeders edi ceenitee ae 5

5. Inflorescence compact; seeds WithS-aidges — sFiietc ever eaten came eer nen Psychotria cantleyi

Inflorescence spreading; seeds with 4 mdpes 4... :-..... Uses ee Psychotria sarmentosa

6. Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the Dase?. ty ois. Mun duves. cue set tcak vente, Barns Cat dns tiara ae 7

Woody, shrubs or trees. ....,. sessed ons hetipcieciy oan viede ea sein samherneel aeNte Deu Reade an ov an mane nce a 25

7. Stem, creeping, with ascending branches... #.j<:...22.20.4s pasmemteen ehacign oes saetanaleeae teehee 8

SHEM, CLECE oo oicis ie sia c'ndaecys celle cate ce cate meldaas nee ekle akc Ans eRe ich crea ag tg ct aed at 10

8. Leaves. cordate’. i2i..2:2. Sic haime opted nee een eee ae ae ie ee Geophila repens

Leaves not COrdate 20.26.0665 dees dec ceed Vendan odcnbre ete ce oe CoE TNE ciclo LCP UEpG inte te he ee a 9

9. Flowers in sessile heads; fruits subglobose or globose ...............cecseeeneeeees Hedyotis coronaria

Flowers not in heads; fruits oblong, broader than long, slightly obreniform ....................000008

suaecad dass ed sens dadeueawee desi die oe Sige Shae ed Rae tana ann ae rr ae Ophiorrhiza longerepens

10. Corolla rotate, anthers connivent; inflorescence terminal ......\.a<c+<reaie-aasaccee encase 11

Corolla and anthers different; inflorescence terminal or axillary ...:.......:1..ss+ssaesesies cone 13

11. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, base narrowed, rarely rounded ..............+-..1.00sssecseett ase 12

Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, base rounded or cordate ............... Argostemma pictum

12. Leaves ovate, broadest at the lower portion; 2-6 ina pseudowhodl ........» si sesthe gaye enn eein ner

a bed dds oppiolc'nsp vlasbeleceia ele datbarat-eb oes dolber um Ovaee teak Raa ea an Argostemma diversifolium

Leaves lanceolate, broadest at the middle or slightly above it, 6-10, at the top of stem ..............

dials dace 018 vnlp'nldle Ucple 0d a e'aln o'0-0\die Fe'v's'eia 6 Vield’gilsly'a'a'e'vig Rupe GRRE a Argostemma inaequilaterum

13. Flowers secund (on one side only) on inflorescence-branches; capsule compressed, usually

QDCOTALES 5.0.0.6... cc0ceoccesccviceunsvess vasdioieedle.oceolj'em > feilly-s vele's elias let mains an it antenna 14

Flowers not so arranged; capsule ovoid, globose or otherwise shaped, not compressed or .........

ODCOLM ALS oicdicc ceccesccnncvescoecdeducccsitisvail's oonsldlea'e aulalhia ee-cls o WON Qh snhelil tees ie nan == 20

14. Lower surface of leaves glabrous, or sometimes minutely pubescent on the veins only .............. 15

Lower surface pubescent ...........2.0+s2se0re+s00sh ons nvyih ell badtlh pelle Ps aE enn Fina ann ann 17

Malayan Limestone Flora

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22;

233

24.

26.

2}.

28.

29.

30.

ah,

Shs

oo:

aE MON NTR feted itHh ns 5 «ain atu ale nd aaanee nawadadas oa BlOSte Lee dl See ddan MOLE

DEE SUACE ANCIV DUNESCEM a2... .020 daca sieonessacacedcanantaeadiiuetasicesasut Ophiorrhiza fruticosa

Top of capsule broadly V-shaped; parts of plant drying pink. Common in Selangor .................

insets teeeiie bugil aise opr) locuac bas bigdushsstwss AER eon alee lau. Ophiorrhiza discolor

Top of capsule almost flat; plant not drying pink. Only from Kelantan ..................ceceeeeeeee ees

sree dies tege te ee aaa I eI Ae ei la PG a Ophiorrhiza remotiflora

Upper surface of leaves pubescent; capsule golden-pubescent ............... Ophiorrhiza kunstleri

Upper surface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent; capsule glabrous or glabrescent ....................

Top of capsule depressed, capsule obcordate or obremiform ............. 0. cece ce ee ee eee ee sence eneee enone

UE CARMEL MMOLE OF FCSS TIAL... 2. onc. csnss cos onedvetivebiasesasepmpatcvisicames Ophiorrhiza communis

Leaves with base tapered, both of a pair usually equal-sized .................. Ophiorrhiza hispidula

Leaves, with base rounded or shortly cuneate, one of a pair usually smaller .......................068.

oo Ba Tz iPad UO RS “et Se eR LB ae aay tiie Ske iat eee my Ophiorrhiza pallidula

uswe ts it aRary Cilistcis, OW OF PIAMY O's CIISICT oso fangs cere Sed awe guctcodne ncdneonpretecyantaes

oun WUMNINNA ERS HTRIUOORCOTIOOR G5 62 fo fs is pn oc oS Sn een depo on dn apne wedeenS pom eaye'

Capsule 4-winged, splitting horizontally above the calyx ....................0eeee. Oldenlandia pterita

eins OME WORE ER ROICLINAD, VET ELCANNY © 5 5. y ox Sapp ns hic da cla Sb ence ona hc aNnd Sertinmeebeehegs on cddeaser gs esas

ewes ean th oN cm IOme, 2.5. Sos ahd eee Re A I OIE. RI dated

pe II Ee AUN a nas ioc e's nga dem ete noe Adgk te swe ee eas Hedyotis congesta

Leaves thin, 0.5-1.2 cm wide, more or less hispid ..................sceeeeeeeeeeeeees Hedyotis verticillata

Leaves coriaceous, 0.3-0.8 cm wide, glabrous ................ ce ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeees Hedyotis tenelliflora

matuers ape 0:3 im long s4) 2): 09510166. 2 Soe) Oldenlandia ovatifolia

PRI ES) MTD IONG: 60 ove ccn cv eidnnmwrdne tinue ped detewonrre ss aoe Oldenlandia rosettifolia

Sea-shore tree, leaves large, 10-25 by 8-18 cm, usually subcordate; fruits woody, + 2.5 cm across

REPRE fees So eaisas aa'caien a dae dees seams Ri Rad nae Steam Re Bee Rees aS Guettarda speciosa

Not on sea-shores (but sometimes on coastal limestone), leaves usually smaller, fruits different

SRR EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EHH EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EHH EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EE EHH HEEEEH EE EEHH EEE HEHE EES

Piewers Gense heads; nuit: compound 202.02 Cli i ok A ea See reese va den dows cedecseed ss

Flowers not in dense heads though sometimes in compact clusters; fruit not compound ............

Rees a OUI TICSINY, QRIMATY 35.05.0632 540 00i5e tine de sdecee odd alns ssi cnvstecseseis Morinda elliptica

aeode tlabose, not bumpy; dry, terminal .. 0253) Siw WBN AW UR.

Heads small, +1.2 cm across (in flower) and to 2 cm across (in fruit), ebracteate ....................

Bee SE as aap gdsrene si <x St MAL Lod Rt RL eA. LIL Sh Nauclea junghuhnii

Heads larger, 2-3.5 cm across, subtended initially by a pair of large bracts ...................ceeeeeeees

ASR s che SEAT Ly tatiden aendus dias tht cep heh Eile ds de lame ease hoo: Neonauclea calycina

Piowersen tcrmnal Clusters, spikes OF panicles 00.4.5: icc. .sed ab cccca teense cobbled lldeceted de tscdadsevedeses

Flowers in axillary clusters, spikes or panicles, or solitary; if terminal then only 1-3 together ......

Corolla-tube 2-3 cm long (0.8-1.3 cm in Jxora nigricans), petals 4, style short or projecting less

A a a a ns Filan inns abd cision

Corolla-tube very short, sometimes to 1.3 cm long and very rarely to 1.8 cm long, petals 4 or S,

EI SON UR Ja os chs noes sted Peps and prea Garis Whtapn pesky vabeneisucede seas osicuvdetan ass

a URGING: 0550.0 6d 1 dwn des Pyare Lasts beak Uncle whavacpdoe sys hep op seb sess avenpsceeadsavenes

EN SME RM RORMRABNANS DS. 5 hn 5.0 Sad sss w Sy Wa wo hing SecA Sp <0 Pa Delo ve dun Shc dgee bs icleh ov de oa pi desegeshab nes

Sepals ovate, 0.6 cm long, known only from Pahang ....................cccceeeeeees Ixora clerodendron

Sepals filiform, 0.2-0.5 cm long. Recorded from NW. Malaya, not known from Pahang ...........

ee ee ares eSinas nae ovate nny densnnyauasePanpt bs sziveg ce puvyin re yess tae ces Ixora brunonis

ee MINED CUMING is on vce rysivnspac ta seustapiohbinvediv int e¥ennteqs dhanaeacetnason cd dian ed (ace

See IE OL TACs ITAOTAN OF NOL wesc. wo eesc cds dd dphiv dadod buses Wades dd Uead oe cade da sabbdeieues

140 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

SA. Sepals oblong;,0:3-0..6 Ci LOG. cass ncnsaenniies ts Ar eelpensehenene cite cuuainh cnn Ixora umbellata

Sepals 'ovate-lanceolate, £0.1.cm 1ONg. ..........ssscrsesespacnivegen so ddl Sune ame LiGh Sebel hel eae allen 6)

35. Leaf-base tapered; corolla-tube 0.8-1.3 cm long ............. cece ec se seem ec ee eeu eneeees Ixora nigricans

Leaf-base usually rounded; corolla-tube 2-3.cm long’... isc ect teessonesssnscseeeenades Sennen

ovaeducaudeaqaeeapieeced ony od sys sll IeUMAIOMO REMQUE DISC: , SES ISIN 1a) Sehe, ReRmeRo Ixora nigricans var. ovalis

36. Corolla tube wholly yellow, pink or red, petals yellow or orange, changing to red ................... af

Corolla tube tinged pink or red, petals white or pinkish, colour not changing ....................0.065 39

37. Leaf-base tapeTed oo ics ccc ciassccccepsecscsecceensuneiscisse0 viva setts site 0] teal pe elite haa 38

Leaf-base COrdate of) .5.0.p+cnesneoccsadihetap elles Patel. LG) ot Eames SOLLeene ie 2 aammes nn Ixora scortechinii

38. Leaves lanceolate (7-2-9 Cit WIUS fc ica tas dn antes ampere eee ee Ixora lobbii var. stenophylla

Leaves broadly elliptic, 5-15 cm widew.is.ish. 2h gate Le 20.008. Sains eae Ixora congesta

39; Inflorescence erect, peduncle 5-9 Cit ION) 6. cages ony che seg dee Ixora grandifolia

Inflorescence pendulous, peduncle to Z8'em JOM «0.0 o0..<.<-+5<c102 04 each eee Ixora pendula

40. Leaves, lower surface pubescent, especially on the veins |... «5... <.-acess-2sapige teat nae 4]

Leaves glabrous 102.00... 6 cedeeces sedehseslsaue detweie le teemit oat teen dss delle alas Seth ates at 44

41. Pubescence rusty brown, upper surface of leaves glabrous, pale grey when dry; veins 12-15

pairs, raised and prominent on the lower surface ...................:sceeeeeeees Psychotria rhinocerotis

~ Pubescence not rusty brown and characters not.so combined ........ci) 255.0. 7,40..0 cases Me 42

42. Corolla-tube very short, 0.2 cm; fruits subglobose, white, pulpy; leaves membranous; twigs

Straw-COlOULed: 7... cocenedensy cdne cnsteiniee cbs SEES Ie. ako e EL RR Mycetia malayana

Corolla-tube longer, 0.7-1.3 cm; fruits not white and pulpy «.\... #13.2..1.../). dene 43

43. Style projecting 1.2cm beyond the corolla tube, corolla lobes 4; leaves membranous ...............

TOE ee ee et em) PR ROE Pavetta naucleiflora

Style not projecting beyond the corolla-tube, corolla-lobes 5, sometimes 4; leaves thinly

COPIACEOUS cas. a4 avis sane «cons hanes oetatas ae nate Chart Rennie eee ea Tarenna appressa

44. Style projecting 1-2.5 cm beyond the corolla-tube, leaves thin; corolla-tube about 1.2 cmlong ... 45

Style not or hardly projecting; leaves various; corolla-tube usually shorter ..................:.0ceeee ee 46

45. Cymes lax, peduncle 4 cm long; endemic to Gua Batu, Selangor ................. Pavetta pauciflora

Cymes dense, peduncles less than 4 cm; common in lowland forest, on limestone in Perlis ........

seagate ven sete negagseenarss Svuulanes adobe Wee ggiie ieeiemd siege Mie tt ian ima eek paar Pavetta indica

46. Corolla-lobes contorted or imbricated (see in bud). <. Jwimeiee., wab.. neeteeh oud, eee ee 47

Corolla-lobes valvate: (see. tb). «a2 ya.iere srpistinegaie ys vai sidine ap Bcepscnls d,s 2s iets ie en sal

47. Corolla-tube 1-1.2 cm long; leaves broadly lanceolate-obovate ..................05. Tarenna pulchra

Corolla-tube less than 0.5 cmaomg: chivy. 5. oie wl ailieaas teed eet. RO U18G, Oa, roe 48

48. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate-obovate or oblong-lanceolate ..............0c.ee cece 49

Leaves ovate-cuspidate .... .. vers scsusuesonsesdedan sede eta web Rn IaMe., eae Aan Tarenna calcarea

49. Leaves smallish, 2-9:cmp long 3 2....s5. 02 Sy cavers dni tan bo ies ORD ero xd oo-han xh Sn 50

Leaves large,:13-18-cmilong):.iis20n, ete al. eh ae Ee A ed Tarenna ridleyi

50. Corollatobes contorted: i577, 25 Let a ee pn Tarenna curtisil

Corofla-lobes imbricate ;... 1... <1 -vah. » Secans aciltas us candela Gus tala Tarenna angustifolia

31. Corolla-tube less than 0.5 crm Jog. ........0:0+++0000ec0d> ane ene oedeenenersens selteelltlnanin nnn inn 52

Corolla-tubeL.2-1:3 ¢m long 28. NAA eee eae Prismatomeris malayana (in part)

D2, Style Difid) ......gn..+cesesees tas ce'eatd deine to'e,'s nny einls fespipa i tdsn seegiig 4 ni Age Sanne oo

Style not bifid, more or less chibbed). .,. 3.22, . npunes saat) acing ka te Becheria parviflora

SP OFOM A IODE!S 5 oo os ps once 2:0 009 o's.o1ncapiny die» hai ap boi poise ana Ata ee mamn n 54

Corollalobes 4 0000 20....-.cccecsvenunevscns sh teenies el bsa.aseeme see iy nae ann Psychotria rostrata

»4. Seeds with 1 ridge, sometimes very faint ...;..........»olvtcwwdds Basa veite Oeith aah RINE ann eee =e

SCEUS WINS TIDGES 63.1.0... 0 esses scauensentcsnsdsnen é74va dite Diy in ssi aEn tenn Psychotria viridiflora

Malayan Limestone Flora 141

54a eaves membranous: ridge very faint c2 0.5204 wks. wee ies ste eeene Psychotria montana

eeCOMRCEGUS: TIPS DEOMUNCRE ox 636085 po ae eshoe Clee nd ew gne dD «pe Seer soe see: Psychotria angulata

56. Leaves on lower surface pubescent, sometimes on the veins only ................ 0.002 e cece e eee eee eens 57

Leaves on lower surface glabrous, rarely with small tufts of hair in the axil of lateral veins ......... 61

eer ete COMM 21) CONTE 9.6.) 4. PAS. N51. od ood LCE TTI UNQSON. DMO 58

amen a mnmagtere fc 1b, 3... Sebe se Cathe Ue. f Avg ec FS bE SBS oT RS. fh: 5. eee hele & Q: 60

58. Flowers surrounded by numerous lanceolate hairy bracts ....................... Lasianthus stipularis

TS SOEUR ee Eee 59

59. Flowers in short spikes; leaves about 11 cm long ................ 0. cececeeceeeeeee eee eeeees Petunga hirta

Flowers in umbelled cymes; leaves 12-25 cm long ......................0.00e: Urophyllum corymbosum

60. Leaves pubescent, also with needle-like spins ........................ Canthium aciculatum (in part)

Leaves pubescent, without spines, thin, surface uneven when dry; fruit on a stalk 1.5-2.5 cm long

eR eM Me Reon oe ricoh = Pah ln oie andl sin cw Saaeds cog Iohs ~ ok a phhg ack nn he ok ys 0 den Timonius atropurpureus

ce Eo a Se) es eae aie er aT ey eee 62

One leaf of a pair smaller; flowers 1-2 together, terminal or in the axils of the terminal pair of

oS AL ae ee RR AS Bag SER eee Rea eas OM ar ROR te “ok See ae eA Amaracarpus saxicola

i nnnNeE MeMUCT MUSED LEA WECM OF BOSS)... bod oc oo sue ccna od itnigs vn alanwilve dn kine ace sew ugebecsevecvess 63

Length of leaves usually exceeding 2.5 times the width «2.0.2.2... 0... ccc cece eee eee tence eee eeeeeees 64

ase, ey sews 0.6 cm lone 2.2 ...030. 0)... \Wwarngeakadk. Canthium aciculatum (in part)

Sree or shrub, not spiny; fruits 0.7-1.3 cm long ....... 2.2.02... se cisnec sca seeenneedeee Canthium didymum

Pree ane AbD CHT OT EMOTES TONG | «2802S. A ok. AER eee lon ras Me A. MUIR AR AED. 65

Corolla-tube very short; fruit bright orange ............. 0... cece cece eee e ee ee en en Urophyllum glabrum

NT SSS TT ES © ea, CONEY Pere sy ee Le he ey eee Sees ee eee et Oe er ere ee 66

meen MP GRPNORS, EFAS LY fo, Ean en Pd es eet no balige ORDA s SEDER AEE BSD. ELISE 67

66. Pedicels 1.2-2 cm long; fruits 0.6 cm across; ashrub ............. Prismatomeris malayana (in part)

Pedicels very short: 0.1-0.3 cm long; fruits 0.6-1.1 cm across; a tree .............. Randia densiflora

67. Corolla tube 0.9-1.2 cm long, lobes 5-7, longer than or as long as the tube; fruits 0.8-1.5 cm long

Pe aanigteme ht cas rect a tlin- <petn steed seese yor wea eer taut wba Ra gee Coffea canephora

Corolla tube longer, lobes 5, shorter than the tube; fruits smaller .................. Coffea malayana

Amaracarpus saxicola Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 22; Fl. 2 (1923) 172;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 48.

Shrub 1-2 m tall. Leaves mostly in unequal pairs, subcoriaceous, glabrous, ovate,

ovate-elliptic, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-7 by 1-3 cm; petiole: 0.1-0.3 cm

long; stipules toothed. Flowers solitary in the axils of terminal pairs of leaves, small

and white. Fruit oblong or obovate, deep blue when ripe.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Rare. Previously known only from Kamun-

ing, Perak, now recorded from Kelantan and Pahang.

Argostemma diversifolium Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 57 (1910) 52; Fl. 2 (1923)

23; Craib, Fl Siam 2 (1923) 28; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 48.

Succulent herb to 1.5 m tall. Leaves 2-6 in a pseudowhorl, two of a pair often

slightly unequal in size, ovate-acute or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, dark-green

above and pale below, 5-12 by 3-7 cm. Cymes terminal, 4-7 cm long, lax. Pedicels

1.2 cm long, stamens 0.8 cm long, longer than petals.

142 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya, known from a single specimen

from Lenggong limestone in Perak (Ridley 14479). A rare and relatively unknown

plant.

Argostemma inaequilaterum Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. 1 (1838) 95; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925)

314; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

A. acuminatum King, in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 23.

Endemic and rare, recorded on limestone from Perak and Selangor and once

(not limestone) from Penang.

Argostemma pictum Wall., in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 327; Hk.f., F.B.I. 3 (1880)

43; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 24; Craib. Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 30; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

Succulent herb to 12 cm tall. Leaves usually 4 of which 2 are small and 2 large,

broadly ovate to suborbicular; base broad or subcordate; 2.5-9 by 3-6 cm. Flowers

in terminal umbels. Anthers 5, connate.

Distributed in Phuket, Peninsular Thailand. Uncommon in Malaya, ofen on

limestone.

Bacheria parviflora Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 20; Fl. 2 (1923) 21;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

Canthium aciculatum Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 57 (1910) 57, Fl. 2 (1923) 124;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

Shrub; finely appressed hairy and with needle-like spines up to 1.2 cm long.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, base round, about 5 by 2.5 cm. Flowers small, in

axillary cymes of 2-3 together. Calyx cupular, corolla-tube silky hairy. Berry 0.6 cm

long.

Endemic to limestone, Known from Lenggong, Perak; Gunong Keriang, Kedah

and Kelantan.

Canthium didymum Roxb., FI. Ind. 1 (1832) 535; Hk.f., F.B.I. 2 (1880) 132;

Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner, sensu Purseglove, Trop. Crops Dicots. 2

(1968) 482.

C. robusta Lind., in Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 537; Burkill, Dict. Econ.

Prod. Mal. 1 (1966) 636.

Native to tropical Africa. Now cultivated over most of the Tropics especially in

Asia and Africa. What appears to be this species has been recorded from the lower

slopes of Gunong Pondok. There is a patch of about 30-50 square metres on the

broad saddle of this hill facing the main road that passes Padang Rengas, Perak.

The soil here is a rich rusty red and fairly abundant. The trees occur in an almost

pure stand and were apparently healthy; 3-7 m tall and fruiting and flowering

sparingly when found (12th March 1971). How they reached there is a mystery. The

local residents we met informed us that there is no coffee cultivation anywhere

nearby which could have provided the source of this stand, neither do they know of

Malayan Limestone Flora 143

the existence of these trees. Nevertheless they are probably escapes from cultiva-

tion, perhaps from a distance away or perhaps from nearby cultivation unknown to

the residents we inquired from. Whatever the origin, the trees certainly deserve a

further investigation.

Coffea malayana Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 19, Fl. 2 (1923) 111;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

Endemic, not common, in lowland forest. Once from limestone on Sener

Pondok, Perak (Henderson 23808).

Geophila repens (L.) Johnston, Sargentia 8 (1949) 281; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java

2 (1965) 334.

G. herbacea (Jacq.) O.K., Rev. Gen. P1. (1891) 300; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1934)

205; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

G. reniformis Don, Prodr., Fl. Nepal (1825) 136.

Rondeletia repens L., Syst. ed. 10 (1789) 928.

Guettarda speciosa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 991; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 112. Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970) 544.

Distributed along the coasts of Tropical Asia, East to the Pacific Islands and

North to Taiwan. Recorded from coastal limestone in Langkawi.

Hedyotis congesta R. Br. ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 526; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 51.

Hedyotis coronaria (Kurz) Craib, Fl. Siam, 2 (1932) 38; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

H. coronata Wall., in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 48.

Slender decumbent herb, 15-20 cm tall. Leaves oblong-acuminate, glabrous

except for the puberulent midrib below, 4-6.5 by 0.8-2 cm. Inflorescence in a

terminal head of 4 leaves, sessile. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla 0.6 cm long.

Fruit ellipsoid, many-seeded.

Distributed in Burma, SE. China and Thailand. Not uncommon in lowland to

hill forest in Malaya. Often on limestone.

Hedyotis tenelliflora B1., Bijdr. (1826) 971; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 51; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1932) 49; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; 2 (1932) 49.

Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lamk., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 271; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1932) 51.

H. hispida Retz., in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 52.

Oldenlandia verticillata Linn., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Hydnophytum formicarum Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1823) 124; Ridl., Fl. 2

(1923) 172; Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 225.

Ixora brunonis Wall. ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 573; Ridl., Fl. (1923) 91; Craib,

Fl. Siam 2 (1934) 151; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Corner,

Gard. Bull. S. S. 11 (1941) 183.

144 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Ixora clerodendron Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1893) 311, Fl. 2(1923) 91; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Corner, Gard. Bull. S. S. 11 (1941) 185.

A small, little branched shrub. Leaf lanceolate or obovate, glabrous above,

pubescent beneath, 23 by 9 cm. Inflorescence a terminal corymb, 2.5 cm across;

corolla white, 2.5 cm long, lobes 0.3 cm long. Fruit 0.6 cm long.

Endemic and rare, usually on limestone, and known only from Pahang.

Ixora congesta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 397; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 93; Craib, Fl. Siam

(1934) 154; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Corner, Gard. Bull.

S.S. 11 (1941) 189.

Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Mor., Syst. Verz. (1846) 65; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 11

(1941) 197.

I. crassifolia Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 98.

I. elliptica Ridl., |.c. 98.

_ I. fluminalis Ridl., |.c. 97.

Ixora lobbii King et Gamble, Mats. 15 (1904) 78; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 11

(1941) 216.

var. stenophylla Corner, |.c.:216.

I. stenophylla (Korth.) Kuntze sensu Ridley, Fl. 2 (1923) 94.

Ixora nigricans Wight & Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. 1 (1834) 428; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1941) 223.

var. ovalis Pitard, Fl. Gen. Indoch. 3 (1924) 322; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 11

(1941) 224.

Ixora pendula Jack, Mal. Misc. 1 (1820) 11; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 95; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1934) 164; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49; Corner, Gard.

Bull. S.S. 11 (1941) 226.

I. pendula var. opaca Ridl., |.c. 96.

Ixora scortechinii K. & G., Mats. 15 (1904) 71; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1941)

230.

I. humilis K. & G. var. scortechinii Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 95.

Endemic, fairly common in lowland forest, with only one record from limestone.

(Gua Panjang, Kelantan, Henderson 19518).

Ixora umbellata Koord. et Valet., Bijdr. Booms. Java 8 (1902) 162; Corner, Gard.

Bull. S.S. 11 (1941) 232.

var. multibracteata Corner, l|.c. 234.

I. multibracteata K. & G. Mats. 15 (1904) 74.

Knoxia corymbosa Willd., Sp. Pl., 1 (1798) 582; King, Mats.; 15 (1904) 57; Ridl.,

Fl. 2 (1923) 177; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 49.

Malayan Limestone Flora 145

Lasianthus stipularis B1., Bijdr. (1826) 997; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 152; Craib, F1.

Siam 2 (1934) 218; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

var. hirtus Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 153.

Morinda elliptica Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 79 (1918) 86, Fl. 2 (1923) 118;

Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 550.

Morinda umbellata L., Sp. P1. 1 (1753) 176 Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 119; Craib, Fl. Siam

2 (1934) 180; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50, Mal. Wild Fis.

Dicots (1959) 219.

Woody climber. Leaves glabrous, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate,

chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, 7-12 by 2-4 cm; sometimes larger. Flowers several

to many, densely crowded in terminal heads, 5-12 together, each on a peduncle

1.2-3.5 cm long. Calyx truncate or minutely denticulate; corolla white, throat

villous, 0.2 cm long. Fruit a bumpy syncarp, ripening orange, 0.8-2 cm across.

Distributed all over tropical Asia, to S. China, S. Japan and Taiwan, and

South-East to Australia. What appears to be a variant of this species has been

recorded from limestone in Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor, being

common on Bukit Takun and Gua Musang.

This plant is smaller, 1-2 (-3) m long. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-obovate or elliptic-

lanceolate, smaller, 4-9 by 1.1-3 (-4) cm. The upper surface varies from glabrous to

sparsely or densely hispidulous, the lower surface more or less hispidulous. Flower

heads fewer, 1-3 (-5) and ech bears only 3-8 flowers; peduncle short, 0.3-1 cm. The

floral structure, however, appears the same. Syncarps smaller, 0.8-1.2 cm across.

Found usually in fairly exposed, dry places; climbing on shrubs or over rocks.

Mycetia malayana Craib, Kew Bull. (1914) 29, Fl. Siam, 2 (1932) 80; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50, Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 214.

Adenosacme malayana Wall ex Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 63.

Nauclea junghuhnii Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sc. 5 (1915) 536; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1932) 6; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50; Corner, Ways. Trees 1

(1952) 551.

Sarcocephalus junghuhnii Migq., in Ridl., Fl 2 (1923) 7.

Neonauclea calycina Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sc. 5 (1915) 539; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1932) 14.

N. purpurascens Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 314.

Nauclea purpurascens Korth. in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 9.

Common in Malaya along rocky streams. Recorded from limestone at and

around Gua Musang, Kelantan, by stream banks.

Oldenlandia ovatifolia (Cav.) DC., Prodr., 4 (1830) 427; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932)

57; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

O. nudicaulis Roth., in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 53.

Rare in Malaya, only from the extreme North-west, including Langkawi.

146 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

According to Henderson, also from limestone there. I have not seen any specimens

of this species which is very similar to O. rosettifolia.

Oldenlandia pterita (B1.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 193; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932)

57; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

O. alata Roxb. (non Koen.), in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 53.

Oldenlandia rosettifolia Geddes, Kew Bull. (1928) 242; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 58;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 60.

Small herb. Stem 2.5-5 cm or more long. Leaves, in one or more pseudowhorls

of 2 pairs of opposite leaves arising very close together, elliptic or oblong, thin, 1-4

by 0.6-1.5 cm, sometimes larger. Inflorescence terminal, slender and lax, 5-7 cm or

more long. Flowers small, white; corolla-tube 0.05 cm long, lobes 4, 0.2 cm long.

Stamens 4, anthers just over 0.1 cm long. Fruits 2-loculate, 0.25 cm long and

slightly broader, top truncate.

Distributed in Thailand, from limestone but not restricted to it. In Malaya, only

from Langkawi and so far known, confined to limestone.

Ophiorrhiza communis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 16, Fl. 2 (1923) 39;

Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 63; Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 208.

Ophiorrhiza discolor R. Br. ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 522; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 36;

Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 64; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50, Mal.

Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 209.

A plant of rocky places, not common in Malaya, except on the Selangor limes-

tone. The stem and leaves turn a characteristic pink when dried.

Ophiorrhiza fruticosa Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 41; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 50.

O. fruticulosa Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 15; non Nadeaud.

Herb. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, finely pubescent above, 3.5-6.5 by 2-3.5 cm.

Peduncle pubescent, 1.2 cm long; terminal. Flowers 0.3 cm long. Capsule laterally

oblong, subreniform.

Endemic to limestone in Selangor, rare. Known only from 3 records, Bukit

Takun, (Nur 34374); Gua Batu (Ng FRI 1639, Ridley 8237).

Ophiorrhiza hispidula Wall. ex Don., Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 523; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

40; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 64; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Ophiorrhiza kunstleri King, Mats. 14 (1904) 176; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 41; Craib, FI.

Siam 2 (1932) 66; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Herb, unbranched, 15-30 cm tall, shortly pubescent all over. Leaves membra-

nous, elliptic or ovate-elliptic; lateral veins slender, 12-20 pairs; 7-12 by 3-6 cm.

Stipules lanceolate, 0.5-0,.8 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, 3-6 cm long; peduncle

2-4 cm long. Capsule obreniform, 0.5 cm across.

Malayan Limestone Flora 147

Distributed in Phuket, PeninsuJar Thailand. Restricted to limestone in Malaya,

and recorded from Kelantan, Langkawi and Perlis; not rare.

Ophiorrhiza longerepens Ridl., Kew Bull. (1929) 258; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Herb, prostrate and ascending; stem slender, 10-25 cm long, puberulous. Leaves

subcoriaceous, ovate, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, glabrescent on the nerves, 1.5-3 by

0.8-1.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, peduncle 1-2 cm long. Corolla tube

0.5 cm long, white. Capsule 0.2 cm long and 0.5-0.7 cm wide.

Endemic, known only from limestone around Gua Musang, where it is common.

A slender herb often seen creeping over mossy rocks in shade.

Ophiorrhiza pallidula Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 38; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 50.

Endemic, not common, in lowland forest, sometimes on limestone.

Ophiorrhiza remotiflora Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 10 (1920) 140; Fl. 2 (1923) 37; Craib,

Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 68.

O. major Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 36.

Paederia tomentosa B1., Bijdr. (1826) 968; King, Mats. 15 (1904) 97; Ridl., Fl. 2

(1923) 174; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Pavetta indica Linn., Sp. P1. (1753) 110; Hk.f., F.B.I. 3 (1880) 150; Ridl., Fl. 2

(1923) 100; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 50.

Pavetta naucleiflora R. Br. ex G. Don Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 575; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

101; p.p. Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1934) 168.

Pavetta pauciflora Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 101; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 50.

Small tree. Leaves thin, elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, base long, nar-

rowed, 10-15 by 1.2-3.8 cm. Petioles 1.2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, very lax,

to 7 cm long. Calyx-tube subglobose, with 4 short lobes. Corolla tube white, 1.2 cm

long, lobes 4, oblong. Stamens 8. Fruit globose.

Endemic and known only from Ridley’s collections from Gua Batu, Selangor

Ridley s.n. 13th Dec. 1920, Dec. 1920 and Dec. 1927).

Petunga hirta Ridl., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 1 (1923) 69; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Prismatomeris malayana Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 10 (1920) 142, Fl. 2 (1923) 116;

Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1934) 183; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

P. albidiflora K. et G. Mats. 15 (1904) 90.

148 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Psychotria angulata Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2 (1851) 243; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

138; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1934) 189; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

P. griffithii Hk. f. var. angustifolia Ridl., |.c. 137.

Psychotria cantleyi Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 24, Fl. 2 (1923) 130;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Endemic, not common; recorded from limestone on Gua Batu, Selangor and

doubtfully from Kota Glanggi, Pahang.

Psychotria montana B1., Bijdr. (1826) 960; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 137; Craib, Fl. Siam

2 (1934) 198; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Psychotria rhinocerotis Reinw. ex B1., Bijdr. (1826) 961; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 135;

Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1934) 198; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Psychotria rostrata B1., Bijdr. (1826) 961; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 134; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1934) 197; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Psychotria sarmentosa B1., Bijdr. (1826) 964; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 131; Craib, Fl.

Siam 2 (1934) 198.

Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. ex B1., Bijdr. (1826); Ridl., Fl. (1923) 139; Henders..,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 332.

Randia densiflora (Wall.) Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 155; (including var. parvifo-

lia), King, Mats. 14 (1904) 208; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 75; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 10

(1938) 50.

R. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merrill, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 24 (1935) 365; Back. &

Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 312.

R. oppositifolia Koords., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Distributed all over tropical Asia, from India to China and Japan, to Micronesia

and to Australia. A variable species, common in Malaya in lowland forest and on

limestone.

Merrill proposed the name R. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. for the species on

the grounds that it was Aidia cochinchinensis Lour. (Comm. Lour. F1. Cochinch.

(1935) 365). This is adopted by Backer and Bakhuizen f. l.c. 312. Corner,

however, I.c. 50 has given sufficient reasons to effectively dismiss this name.

King lI.c. 209 created a var. parvifolia giving the distinguishing characters as

‘leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic, 3-5 in. long and 1.25 to 2.75 in. broad; petioles

0.15 to 0.2 in., Ridley in his Flora, l.c. 76, added on to this writing, ‘““Calyx very

pubescent. Corolla lobes white, silky outside’.

This variety however is not as easily spotted as defined; there are specimens with

narrowly oblong-elliptic leaves, but these only form the end of a range from the

ones with broader leaves; there are also such specimens with non pubescent calyx

and corolla-lobes. The degree of pubescence varies but independently of the leaf

shape; in fact flower size is also variable; and not even the colour is constant. On

Malayan Limestone Flora 149

the label of Kiah 35275 it is stated that the flowers are pale yellow (instead of the

usual cream or white). Based on King and Ridley’s concept of a variety parvifolia, it

has not been possible to identify consistently a variety as such. Therefore, I have

ignored such a variety; certainly this variable species needs detailed study.

Tarenna angustifolia (King) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 17 (1921) 472; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1932) 88.

Stylocoryna angustifolia King, Mats. 14 (1904) 199; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 109.

Shrub to 2 m. Leaves coriaceous, narrow, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, 6-9 by

1.8-2.4 cm. Inflorescence terminal, to 2 cm across. Flowers 0.8 cm long, greenish-

white, calyx campanulate, lobes linear lanceolate; corolla short, not exceeding the

calyx; anthers 5, connate.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand. In Malaya, known only from limestone in

Perak.

Tarenna appressa (King) Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 10 (1938) 51.

Stylocoryne appressa King, Mats., 14 (1904) 200.

Tarenna papillosa Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 103.

Endemic and common in lowland forest; once from limestone. (Dayang Bunting,

Langkawi, Stone 6932).

Tarenna calcarea Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 108; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 51.

Shrub. Branches white. Leaves membranous, ovate-cuspidate, 10-12.5 by 5-7.5

cm. Inflorescence terminal, lax and few-flowered, about 4 cm long. Calyx very

small with 5 short acute points; corolla-tube 0.3 cm long, lobes, oblong, blunt,

nearly as long; anthers as long as the lobes.

Endemic and known only from limestone in Perak. Very rare.

Tarenna curtisii (King) Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 107; p.p.; Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 90;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 51.

Webera curtisii King, Mats. 15 (1904) 67. p.p.

Shrub, 1-3 m tall. Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate

or elliptic-obovate, drying dark olivaceous-brown or purplish-black, glabrous,

(2.5-) 5-9 by (1-) 1.5-3.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal, to 2 cm long, buds and

branches densely subhirsute. Calyx with ovate-acuminate lobes each about 0.3 cm

long. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx; lobes to 0.9 cm long, white. Fruit

globose or subglobose, crowned by the persistent calyx, 0.6-0.8 cm across, 2-

loculate with 1-3 seeds in each locule.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. A common shrub on Malayan limestone.

Craib believes that in the original description of this species, collections represent-

ing two distinct species were included; Curtis 2545 is probably a small-leaved form

of T. adangensis Ridl.

Ridley, I.c. 107, mentioned a variety of this species characterized by very small

leaves and more compact habit, found on Gua Batu, Selangor. Later, Henderson

l.c. 51, added that this variety has also been found on Gua Tipus, Pahang and

150 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

suggested that this may be a distinct species. However, after seeing numerous

plants of this species growing in various niches on the limestone and examining all

the herbarium material available to me, I feel that there is a range of leaf sizes and

habit of growth. I therefore propose that the variety suggested by both Ridley and

Henderson does not exist.

Generally plants growing on dry rocky exposed summits with hardly and accu-

mulation of soil or humus tend to be stunted and compact and thus produce smaller

leaves. Those from hill slopes with fairly deep soil (where there will invariably be a

cover of shrubs and small trees) grow under partial shade and exhibit a less

restrained manner of growth and will produce larger leaves.

Restricted to limestone.

Tarenna pulchra Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 104.

Webera pulchra Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 4 (1909) 33.

Endemic, usually by streams in hill forest, uncommon. Recorded from limestone

in Kelantan.

Tarenna ridleyi (Pears.) Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 106; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939); 52.

Webera ridleyi Pears., in King, Mats. 15 (1904) 66.

Endemic, recorded from Singapore, Johore, Pahang and Perak (Gunong Runto,

Henderson 23827).

Timonius atropurpureus Craib, Fl. Siam 2 (1932) 132; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 52.

T. hirsutus Ridl. Fl. 2 (1923) 115.

Shrub, 2-3 m tall, twigs slender, purple-brown, young parts pubescent. Leaves

thin, upper surface glabrescent; lower, more or less sparsely pubescent all over, the

hairs denser and longer (to 0.2 cm) on the veins, 3-8 (-10) by 1-2.5 (-3) cm. Stipules

ovate-acuminate, 0.3-0.7 cm long. Inflorescence cymose, peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm

long, auxillary, male, few flowered; female, solitary. Calyx tube short, lobes to 0.2

cm long, linear. Corolla-tube to 0.6 cm long, lobes 4, small. Fruit oblong, 0.7-1 cm

long, bluntly angled; glabrescent.

Distributed in southern Thailand. In Malaya, except for a solitary record from

Perak, confined to Langkawi and probably restricted to limestone; not uncommon.

Urophylium corymbosum Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2 (1851) 194; Ridl., Fl. 2

(1923) 67.

U. macrophyllum (B1.) Korth., in Back. & Bakh. f. Fl. Java 2 (1965) 306.

Urophyllum glabrum Wall., in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 186; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 68;

Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots (1959) 215.

RUTACEAE

1. Climbers with recurved spines. ...,......+ce++22a0+sa+aseeuestn sue d0 «omsnh a eile nnn nena ee

Shrubs or trees, never climbing: .........5.......cssecupcoceaceunvetbeveren en thae ie aitinntnatnItInn inn 3

Malayan Limestone Flora 151

ES 2 7 ae a a ee ee eg ee ee oe ee SS eee eer eee Paramignya scandens

Seen tAMONOE: LBA. 2. 3. cass barged d< ais ~< cn gs D> bebechb ew b<anea cd + snes Luvunga eleutherandra

Ue 8 5 Fe ge ook Cag webu avid sae wn nba oe ence ben as enane os Pnewsh tested gs -

Leaves with 3 or more leaflets; sometimes some leaves simple ...................2..2.eceeeeeeeeeeeeeee ees 7

OS SR TS Ee Et aes 5

Ovary with 8-15 locules; fruit large: usually more than 5 cm across ...............0..-20eeeeceeeeeeeeeees 6

5. Leaves retuse. Calyx with 2 irregular lobes. Coastal ........................005 Atalantia monophylla

Leaves not retuse, tip acute or blunt. Calyx with 4 lobes. Inland .......... Atalantia roxburghiana

6. Petioles broadly winged, 2-5 cm wide, distinctly articulated with the blade. Fruit surface smooth

i al at a cen bod grain ce ccatiapine gihgitioree 5 ~8S Citrus macroptera

Petioles not or only narrowly winged, not distinctly articulated with the blade. Fruit surface

gO agli a i ge Ni ol enh bl a a a ed Citrus medical

7. Buds and inflorescence stalk with rust-coloured pubescence. Ovary with 2-5 locules, each with

a oe Re cle saci: ust Mak cig ag th spb omdhs <ann Sah Deeie stat ot se cepa 8

Buds and inflorescence stalk not with rust-coloured pubescence. Locules of ovary with 2 or

Sg es Ee OP en, en ee arr ee ee 12

Le Lg pe een +> oe ko 9 ek ae ae See od Sie ee ee 9

Seen eer ratte Mure MCC INT. WRMIANNY PIADTOUS |< 22. fcc ok scant etene ah sce aes raphe wd bdetesuenneewsee scenes 10

Oe eee G8 cs 1 29, to Se AER So ee koi VE ot... Tred. Glycosmis puberula

SMB RE ent, \ anciods < Bk nig iy stn ns Sam ctdves roan cd~ewstat «SSSR Pe RE Glycosmis sapindoides

10. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, apices acute, often acuminate ................ 0. cece eee ce ee ec eee ee eens eee eeeees 11

Leaves broadly elliptic to orbicular, apices rounded, usually notched ......... Glycosmic calcicola

oes Secomilary nerves 4-5 pairs. 5.)...5 5. nad dake va ets is debe seet tnds Sea Glycosmis rupestris

kes 4-7, SCCONGALY HETVES 3-8 PallS ..,... 000s q-ascecnewagltgsnd ws sdntnwne Glycosmic chlorosperma

pant as meen 2 22 3 OL AR ee ce et ek ee. PR Sik 13

be PGES) ee Sie 5 Be Ps Ge a ee Beg 2 Lh Ss ve Oe te ees es ee 14

12. Leaflets 6-7. Very rare, doubtfully recorded once from Malaya ............ Clausena harmandiana

2 eee eee. Seinoad,. 6. Ser otk nen ia ne eee Clausena excavata

14. Flowers numerous, in clusters; crushed leaves faintly to strongly spicy or pungent ................... 15

Flowers solitary or few together; crushed leaves very faintly smelling of lime Murraya paniculata

i> mente 2-2 ROC sak DY 2-9. Cana cot.) 2.2 SIL Bi a Micromelum minutum

ete o> SATEEN 27S ONY ONE 2 2 UID cas 02 os cncndtivecv snag ce vabctindasmetudedecss eye Murraya koenigii

Atalantia monophylla D.C., Prodr. 1 (1824) 535; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 316;

Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 373.

A. spinosa (Willd.) Tan., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39;

Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 567.

Atalantia roxburghiana Hk.f., F.B.I. 1 (1875) 515; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967)

322; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 373.

A. kwangtungensis Merr. sensu Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39,

and possibly also sensu Merr.

Possibly endemic, in open country and on limestone.

Citrus macroptera Montr., Mem. Acad. Sci. Lyon 10 (1860) 187; Swingle, Citrus

Ind. 1 (1967) 395; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 374.

Clausena excavata Burm. f., Fl. Ind. (1768) 87; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 352; Swingle,

Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 212; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 375.

152 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Glycosmis calcicola Stone, Gard. Bull S. 26 (1972) 55, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 381.

G. parkinsonii Tan. var. ovatofoliolis Tan., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939), 39.

Shrub, 1-3 m tall. Leaflets (1-) 3-5 (-7), broadly elliptic, ovate to orbicular, 2-6 by

1.4-3.5 cm. Young twigs, petioles and petiolules usually finely pubescent. Flowers

few, in short axillary racemens. Fruits ripen red to dark blue/purple, oviod, to

nearly 1 cm long.

Endemic to limestone and widely distributed, common, often on dry craggy

summits.

var. kelantanica Stone l.c. 57.

This has larger leaves. So far only recorded from limestone in Kelantan.

Glycosmis chlorosperma (B1.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4 (1827) 162; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39; Stone, Tree F1. Mal. 1 (1972) 382.

G. malayana Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 350.

Glycosmis puberula Lindl., in Wall. Cat. (1832) 6375; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 351;

Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 381.

Glycosmis rupestris Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59 (1911) 81; Fl. 1 (1922) 350;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39.

Glycosmis sapindoides Lindl. ex Wall., Cat. (1832) 6376; Hk. f., F.B.I. 1 (1875)

501; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 351; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39;

Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 381.

Endemic, uncommon; once recorded from limestone.

Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz., in Hooker, J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2 (1850) 258;

Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 355; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 267; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1

(1972) 369.

Micromelium minutum (Forst.) Wt. & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 1 (1834) 94;

Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 203; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 383.

M. pubescens B1., in Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 352; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 39.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr., Syst. Veg. 2 (1825) 315; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967)

237; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 385.

Recorded once from limestone, doubtfully wild (Batu Ayam, Langkawi, Hender-

son 28947).

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, Malay Misc. 1 (1820) 31; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 39; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 231; Stone, M.N.J. 24 (1971)

93, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1967) 384.

M. exotica L., in Ridl.; Fl. 1 (1922) 353.

Malayan Limestone Flora 153

Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m tall. Leaves with 3-7 leaflets. Leaflets elliptic or

elliptic-ovate, tapered at both ends. Flowers solitary or few in axillary or terminal

cymes. Fruit an ovoid berry.

Distributed in India, China and southwards to Australia. In Malaya, it is com-

mon on the limestone hills of Perak and Kelantan; rightly stated as ‘wild on

limestone hills ...” by Ridley l.c. Its presence on the limestone has been doubted,

with reason, by Henderson lI.c., as strangely no specimens from limestone were

collected prior to 1961. This species is also widely cultivated.

Paramignya scandens (Griff.) Craib subsp. ridleyi (Burkill) Swingle, J. Wash.

Acad. Sci. 28 (1930) 533, Citrus Ind. 1 (1967) 273; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972)

384.

P. griffithii Ridl., F1. 1 (1922) 356.

Endemic and rare; known only from Singapore and Malacca. Recently from

limestone on Gua Batu, Selangor (Stone 8981).

Dubious records

Citrus medica L., Sp. P1. (1753) 782; Ridl., Fl. 1: 1922) 358; Swingle, Citrus Ind. 1

(1967) 370; Stone, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 375.

Doubtfully wild in Malaya. One specimen was collected from near limestone;

doubtfully on limestone and probably cultivated (Batu Pinta, Bertam, Kelantan,

UNESCO 1017).

Clausena harmandiana (Pierre) Guill., Not. Syst. 1 (1910) 219; Swingle, Citrus Ind.

1 (1967) 222.

A small tree, distributed in Cambodia and Laos. Doubtfully recorded from

Malaya. The specimen, Henderson 23820 in Singapore identified as such probably

has the wrong locality or may have the wrong label attached.

SANTALACEAE

Scleropyrum wallichianum Arn., Jard. Mag. Zool. & Bot. 2 (1858) 550.

Scleropyrum sp., Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 68.

Tree, spiny. Leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong, coriaceous, 8-15 by 3-7 cm; 3-

nerved at the base. Racemes 2-5 cm long, spicate; perianth 0.2-0.3 cm across. Fruit,

pyriform, 2.5 cm long, crowned by the persistent perianth.

Distributed in India and in Ceylon, usually in the highlands to 2000 m. Recorded

from limestone in Kedah at a low altitude. This is apparently the only record of the

species outside India and Ceylon; this locality is about 2400 km to the East of

Ceylon but at roughly the same latitude.

154 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

SAPINDACEAE

1. Leaves trifoliolate or Odd-pinnate .........0.0ceceverees ceases eusisitalhn ee niyg-eat seem eat 2

LEAVES EVEN-PINMALE «0.06... .ceceneesossencereseessuaensasnsienya ei 4p andi deine Oarey ees ate 4

2. LEAVES trifOlOlate ... cecil ccscccecescecenesscccnseestavacrtereesttaseen any ats ahaa. // iti 3

Reavesoddipiniiate rs). OA aat. cali ti nsed eke tabled ee aoe es Paranephelium macrophyllum

3, LEAVES SUBDCOMBCCOUS, PIADTOUS. . 665 vs0s,.crssnegnbeves even Meee eeaaeeane Allophylus cobbe var. glaber

PCAVES UN, PUBCSCOME cs cr ere rcceet ie hes soe ts eee Meee ee ee eee Allophylus cobbe var. villosus

4. Inflorescence large, terminal, 8-40 cm long ........... Dimocarpus longan ssp. longan var. longan

Inflorescence small, axillary, 2.5-S em lomp :.....¢....4- cs eacas eae Xerospermum wallichii

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch., Nomencl. ed. 3 (1797) 108; Corner, Gard. Bull.

S.S. (1938) 40; Leenh; Blumea 15 (1967) 322.

A very variable species which, when taken in a broad sense, is distributed over

most of the tropics and subtropics.

var. glaber Corner, l.c. 40.

Leaves subcoriaceous glabrous.

Widely distributed in lowland forest in Malaya, sometimes on limestone.

var. villosus Corner, |.c. 42.

Leaves thin, more or less hispid-velvety. Widely distributed in lowland forest in

Malaya, recorded on limestone from Kedah and Perlis. Apart from having thinner

pubescent leaves this is identical to var. glaber; degree of pubescence varies and

transitions to var. glaber appear commonly.

Dimocarpus longan Lour., Fl. Coch. (1790) 233; Leenh., Blumea 19 (1971) 122.

Nephelium echinulatum Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 503.

N. malaiense Griff., in Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 592.

N. setosum Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 503.

ssp. longan Leenh., l|.c. 126.

var. longan Leenh. I.c. 126. As Nephelium ?mutabile Bl., in Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc, 17-( 1939) 42.

Tree. Leaves even-pinnate, leaflets (2-) 4-5 pairs; chartaceous to coriaceous,

glabrous above, subglabrous below, elliptic, ovate-eliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3-19

by 1.5-6.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal, 8-40 cm long; flowers yellowish brown,

petals reduced, shorter than the calyx. Fruits subglobular, 1.2-1.5 cm across,

usually warty.

Distributed in Ceylon, India, Burma, Thailand, China, Taiwan and southwards

to Borneo, Java. Philippines, and New Guinea. Widely cultivated; it is difficult to

draw the limits of the area of natural distribution. Recorded from limestone on

Gunong Pondok; the only record of this subspecies from Malaya (Henderson

23812).

Paranephelium macrophyullum King, Mats. 8 (1896), 450; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 509;

Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 594.

Malayan Limestone Flora 155

Xerospermum wallichii King, Mats. 8 (1896) 432; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 498; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Endemic, not common in lowland and hill forest. According to Henderson l.c.,

recorded from limestone at the base of Gunong Baling, Kedah.

SAPOTACEAE

Ia TRIE: AE UNE och, ge ot eeu Sk ae suk eM ic dvs waae vaceues vives wen suntee<anuahs 2

Peares welvety af Genscly WOOMy WEI MRAIEG yc) 2-52. poses = 9S ok ann eo d- - wn ne dee ene be been penance 8

2. Leaves glaucous below; more than 15 cm long, obovate ......................5. Palaquium obovatum

a DN MAMI 2 Sa ke ge eae ele Re ale eaten ae Cwgaenbneee ius snniter adwunig ued ae» 3

3. Leaves densely clustered; twigs very stout, 0.8-2.0 cm across .....................06- Madhuca ridleyi

Leaves spaced or loosely clustered; twigs mot as Stout ...............c.ccccccecececececcececucucececncucesees =

4. Base of leaves tapered; young leaves and twigs and leaves scurfy ............. Planchonella obovata

ae Se icaves calcate or raunile? 4) 25 ATA LT ae. CAR A. 2. USD. a

5. Base of leaves rounded, margin upcurled, Wavy ...................ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Mimusops elengi

Sw ee My Rio | ere an re on ed Coe oe ed PD 6

6. Apex of leaves acuminate, blade thinly coriaceous to COriaCeOUS ...... 02.0... cece e eee ee ee eee e eee eeee ees 7

LE 2 hess Se ott Pe Soe ea ee OSD Isonandra perakensis var. kelantanensis

7. Twigs scurfy when young; leaves oblong. Flowers not crowded in pseudoterminal heads

gD ECT Oo Se SaaS 5 3a OS dale means bmn we meee atin Lok fe Dt Bae teh og Le xs Payena lucida

Twigs glabrous; leaves elliptic to obovate. Flowers crowded in pseudoterminal heads. Only

EE ET a een eae ear Ree oe Madhuca calcicola

Pn oprcmenemmery WOtY DEIOW .. ..... 0.0 2scvenns «- ack -digudanedenisGedsndecaeer stuns Palaquim ottolanderi

ys ST ee ee ee ee eR ee ee ee 9

9. Leaves coriaceous, margin recurved, base rounded or slightly acuminate. All leaves velvety

Eee) te gain ce fet wack cd abu crit annus dee aduagudaak basen Isonandra perakensis var. perakensis

Leaves thinly coriaceous, margin not recurved, base acuminate. Some older leaves glabrous

OB ne ERE EE A ED MAI Sega UE Mit RAI 2g Mcrae Sere Sell pe Planchonella obovata

Isonandra perakensis K. & G., J.As. Soc. Beng 74 (1906) 166; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

261; Henders., J . Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 54; Jeuken, Blumea 6 (1952) 577;

Ng, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 400.

var. kelantanensis Ng., Gard. Bull. S. 24 (1969) 7, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 400.

Small tree, 5-10 m tall. Leaves spiral, loosely clustered, broadly elliptic-ovate or

broadly elliptic, 3.5-6 by 2.5-4 cm. Flowers 1-2 in axils of leaves, sepals 5, corolla

4-lobed. Fruits and seeds unknown.

Endemic. Known only from Gua Jaya and Gua Panjang, Kelantan and Gua

Peningat, Pahang. According to Ng l.c., possibly a new species, but more material

is needed.

var. perakensis, Ng, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 400.

Small tree, 5-10 m tall. Leaves spiral, loosely clustered, 4-13 by 2-6 cm, elliptic,

occasionally elliptic-obovate, lower surface velvety. Flowers in the axils of upper

leaves, to 16.

Recorded only from the limestone in Perak, endemic.

156 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Madhuca calcicola van Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 96; Ng, Tree F1. Mal. 1 (1972)

405.

Small tree. Leaves loosely clustered, 5-18 by 2-7 cm, elliptic to obovate, glab-

rous. Apex acute to acuminate, base acute. Flowers axillary, sepals 4, corolla 10

lobes; stamens 20; ovary glabrous. Fruits unknown.

Endemic and known only from the limestone at Pulau Dayang Bunting, Lang-

kawl.

Madhuca ridleyi Lam, Gard. Bull. S.S. 9 (1935) 105; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 54; Ng, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 409.

Small tree, 20-30 m. Twigs stout, 0.8-2 cm across. Leaves very closely clustered

at the ends of twigs, 12-25 by 4-11 cm, obovate. Flowers in clusters in leaf axils.

Fruits round, to 3 cm across.

Endemic and apparently restricted to limestone except in Perlis where according

to Ng l.c., “the species may also be found on low and even seasonally swampy

land’. On limestone, this species is usually found on day craggy summits, it is

uncommon but widely distributed.

Mimusops elengi L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 349; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 278; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 54; Ng, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 414.

In Malaya, cultivated throughout, wild in Perlis, Langkawi, and northern Kedah,

on rocky coastal areas and inland forest; not uncommon on limestone in Langkawi.

Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 12 (1890) 511; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

273; Ng. Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 423.

Palaquium ottolanderi K. et V., Bijdr. Booms. Java 1 (1894) 146; Ng, Tree Fl. Mal.

1 (1972) 424.

P. clarkeanum K. et G. in Rid., Fl. 2 (1923) 274.

Payena lucida (G. Don) DC., Prodr. 8 (1884) 197; Ng, Tree Fl. Mal. 1 (1972) 433.

P. dasyphylla var. glabrata K. et G., J. As. Soc. Beng. 74 (1905) 174; Ridl., Fl. 2

(1923) 265.

Planchonella obovata (R. Br.) Pierre, Not. Bot. Sapot. (1890) 36; Ng, Tree FI.

Mal. 1 (1972) 437.

Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hk. et Arn. in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 259.

In Malaya, common on rocky and sandy sea coasts throughout and on summits of

limestone hills.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

1, Leaves linear, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate .........; :.c.s.0+s¢0sse>reesesseuss0nsyaseeneenintntiin eee 2

Leaves ovate to broadly ovate j.c....5.1.:0+.9a5 rad dabae dans cndpe vandeyh Lapel oases Onan den 3

Malayan Limestone Flora 157

2. Corolla tube very short; stamens 4, more or less equal, surrounded by numerous hairs from

I sacle ks oC ean dasn adcies aundesasccied cece sennt- DER -S OBL Scoparia dulcis

pase; Centranthera hispida

3. Pubescent herb; flowers in dense spherical or ovoid heads ..................0.. Adenosma capitatum

Slabrous herb; flowers.m lax racemes .../2/....)51.2..04. 280 ile ie 2 Curanga amara

Adenosma capitatum Benth. ex Hance, J. Linn. Soc. 13 (1873) 114; Hk. f., F.B.I. 4

(1885) 264; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 474; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939)

59; Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 330.

Centranthera hispida R. Br., Prodr. (1810) 438; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 301; Hen-

ders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 60.

Recorded from Malaya only once, in Langkawi, by Selat Panchor, on limestone

(Henderson 29057).

Curanga amara Juss., Ann. Mus. Par. 9 (1807) 320; Hk. f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 275;

Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 484; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 60.

Fairly common by rivers and forests in shady places. Recorded once from

limestone (Ampang, Perak, Burkill 13925).

Scoparia dulcis L., Sp. (1753) 116; Hk.f., F.B.1. 4 (1885) 289; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923)

488; Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 328.

A common weed of open places with one record from limestone in Langkawi, at

“sea level, exposed to sea spray” (Turnau 743).

SOLANACEAE

oo eee POMON )CMNSEC CE SRIMECUANICS BORIEE , de) oo cade. eek ch dace pene ols -tocwasedearcdececsbocseceeceases 2

Leaves compound; fruit a succulent berry, 1-2 cm across, ripening orange-red .......................

PASE LA PULLER Ae Pta tin? cL heretvat a dabvs case en dew dnd vib gaeadede Lycopersicon esculentum var. carasiforme

Be ees WEG SENECS, CLADEOUS OF FPUUCSCONE | 1 cnn co coc encn cant westuscu cvescectaatectvesewucsetessteecss 3

Leaves spiny especially along the veins, densely stellate tomentose ................... Solanum ferox

3. Fruits enclosed in the bladder-like enlarged sepals ............... 0... cccceceeeneeeeeees Physalis minima

ee OEE, CN RN IONE SP ETAES, SIGE RRL 62.25 ia. 8 FSR wot e dc wh bn hn Soh dah « odgen ss vane odbd Sac Ghee s S00503: 4

4. Piowerts solitary or 2-6 together in axillary fascicles: 222.000... 2. oc. cce cist cceneccccecesccececsascscssccanes 5

Flowers in inflorescences with a peduncle 2-7 cm long, usually extra-axillary .......................06. 7

Re 8 SRR Se ae Pee Siete Geir) eeeness Raw ee: Wirt 0) Ray a, oy tog eee pean ney ee eRe 6

eg SMG ig 2 fee ee oe ed Capsicum frutescens

SD. APRON SE CRNRAR Ey CARNE ROR S2e ds Spec Ok eee oe op eh de ge Deg yynew en cnc wase Solanum biflorum

Flowers solitary or 2-6 together in fascicles, calyx-lobes 10-11 ............ Solanum decemdentatum

7. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent; flowers in a simple umbellate inflorescence; stem without

SE Mg ce Cec asin Co Mha ta anansovspepsucyeawengiesanases\erivpesserers Solanum nigrum

Leaves densely stellate pubescent especially below; flowers in branched corymbose in-

florescence; stem prickled, sometimes sparsely ................0ccccceeeeeeeee seen sues Solanum torvaum

158 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Physalis minima L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 183; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 470; Henders., Mal. Wild

Fis. Dicots. (1959) 325.

A pantropical weed, in waste and cultivated grounds; common in Malaya. Once

recorded from limestone at the base of a hill in Perak.

Solanum biflorum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 129; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1883) 232;

Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 467.

Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitt., Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 24 (1920) 461; Craib,

Fl. Siam 3 (1954) 45; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 476.

Shrub. Leaves elliptic or oblong, thin, pubescent or glabrescent; entire, base

decurrent, 4-12 by 2-4.5 cm. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 0.6 cm long.

Calyx-lobes 0.2 cm long; corolla-lobes lanceolate, slightly longer than the calyx.

Fruit globose, glabrous, 0.5-0.8 cm across.

Distributed in S. China and Indochina. Rare in Malaya, known only from

limestone or localities close to it; in Kelantan, Pahang and Selangor.

Solanum decemdentatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 565; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 466;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 59.

Uncommon in Malaya, usually in rocky places in the North. According to

Henderson I|.c. recorded from limestone on Gunong Senyum, Pahang.

Solanum ferox L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 2 (1763) 267; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1883) 233; Ridl., FI.

2 (1923) 467; Burk., Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. (2nd impr.) 2 (1966) 2079.

Distributed in Ceylon, India, throughout SE. Asia and Malesia. Fairly common

in Malaya in waste-ground; said to have been brought into Malaya from Java

(Ridley |.c.). Sometimes cultivated, as the fruits are used as a sour-relish (chiefly by

the Indians) and various parts of the plant are used in Malay medicine (Burkill,

l.c.). Recorded (Stone 9497) from the summit of Gua Musang (1970), as a secon-

dary element found 12 months after fire destroyed the original vegetation. Accord-

ing to the collector, the species was also seen at the base of the hill in railwaymen’s

living quarters. He also suggested that this was the probable source of the plant on

the summit. This must be the case as the species is very likely endo-ornithochorous

(eaten and dispersed by. birds after seeds have passed through their digestive

tracts).

Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 186; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 465; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1954) 40; Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 323.

Distributed throughout the tropical and temperate regions. Common in waste

ground in Malaya, once collected from limestone (Perak, Burkill 13939)

Solanum torvum Sw., Prodr. (1788) 47; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 468; Craib, Fl. Siam 2

(1954) 43; Henders., Mal. Wild Fls. Dicots. (1959) 324.

Pantropical. Common in Malaya, in waste ground and villages, often cultivated

for its edible fruits. Recorded from limestone on the slopes of Gunong Pondok

(Chin 867), most probably as an escape from nearby villages.

Malayan Limestone Flora 159

Note

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., (the tomato), probably the var. cerasiforme

(Dun.) Alef. (Cherry Tomato, with fruits 1-2 cm in diameter) and Capsicum

frutescens Linn. (Bird Chilli, with erect, conical fruits 1-3 cm long) have been

recorded as escapes from cultivation on hill bases. Both these plants are frequently

cultivated and are taken by birds which probably spread them in their droppings.

STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 490; Lind., Fl. Mal. I, 6

(1960) 58.

T. trifoliata Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 511.

Rare in Malaya in lowland forest. Once from limestone on Gua Panjang,

Kelantan (UNESCO 683).

STERCULIACEAE

1. Leaves ovate-cordate or broadly ovate, palmately veined at the base .................c.cccceeneeee seers 2

Leaves elliptic, oblong, obovate or lanceolate, pinnately veined; basal pair of veins sometimes

I ec tae ce en OE ae AE AL Ds csie's cd vines dep =

Pea nmeceeccrire: tametimes lobed: i. .h8 teil eager yt. thay 7b Cs a lie adterde ne 3

eee AMR SRS ARETE Fy Fy sco 9's 05's 95.25 co 0 v0 - «om oqes enna rs o-oppuplice wxnphObyudes aghitayta: Melochia umbellata

3. Petiole not or only weakly kneed at both ends; flowers tubular, bright orange, scurfy; fruit wall

IE RMR AMRMUDER ROP PR oS Pion sabe Sade fo sep oR ehh tdehs Heats. Palette. Firmiana malayana

Petiole kneed at both ends; flowers small, greenish; fruits of woody pods ............ Ptergota alata

4. Basal pair of nerves reaching 3 to % the length of leaves; a shrub ................ ccc ecceceeeeeeeeeeeees a

BT PICO UW AVS BAT CS oa ac le dens dip e's yine » wit» dovntidigetlsie eva once dens abs vis did Soe cond tear <A 6

Se ata ha MUN AN hy yb Jd 5 c shiv ace 6 as 0} s6'2a% » sagt by aod dqdo s eybawl vy ase Gta ec «aes Helicteres angustifolia

MIN AI i oo oo Se a abil ch stp and dda pan wepnston Gunahte sins nei Helicteres hirsuta

6. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent ............ 0... cece eeecec eee eeenete seen eeeeeenenen 7

Lower surface of leaves densely covered by adpressed stellate scales or erect stellate hairs ........ 8

7. Flowers in short axillary cymes, cymes less than 0.5 cm long ..................05. Leptonychia glabra

Flowers in panicles 2-4 cm long, produced after fall of leaves. Only from Langkawi .................

BUpNNEM SPR Mer ee ceececbesse sts eae Tee: faa feant-secveedtateccesteuesGecahesebaeckes’ Sterculia lancaviensis

BoP Oveseence Of AGpresseu Steldte SCAIES ATIG/OF NAILS... iol. cl. ies vc cee ec eceeccecncetssncevecccaceseens 9

Preeti or tect stellate Hamre. 2. bie Se a RS 12

I NIC, SLs as Vai vu eaten Coal aki Pad ald odes odes dasa neds ous cuvendaneee’ 10

BE ES EES ME TOES AE UES OL TER LL Ee A See B.A Oe oe EOE N! RES OREM AON eT A Ne Eee Ee 11

10. Leaves 5.5-10 cm long, chartaceous; fruits with five very prominent ridges ....................0.00000

eR REE NM ho ia did vib ga ve's on) doen s ch wan hens 4¥ Re Wie Owes ud's Gaba s Pterospermum pectiniforme

Leaves (7-)10-25 cm long, coriaceous; fruits with a keel on one side .............. Heritiera littoralis

11. Leaves with distinctly cordate or subcordate base, lower surface with adpressed scales .............

“hove tore peek ce eM POPPE rs ee) Eee OPT Heritiera.pterospermoides

Leaves with obtuse or rounded base, lower surface with adpressed stellate hairs .....................

Se MN URENE MEIER EMR MERCED yn Spt ZO Sb svat po colcts Voadcuvehae dance dtaapeswenennts Pterospermum jackianum

eee Pe MEMUMPNIE NIEMAN fescac dec scscsssicsceastcccteacscesseccaccuncestsccccastensal Sterculia angustifolia

alee G-cletr Almost 10 the DASE. iin Mk cde di sect c des vek shoes didvecuewenys Sterculia rubiginosa

160 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Firmiana malayana Kosterm., Reinw. 5 (1961) 384; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2

(1973) 357.

F. colorata Roxb., in Kosterm., Reinw. 4 (1957) 285.

F. fulgens (Wall. ex King) Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1922) 610.

Erythropsis fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 277.

Fairly common in Malaya in the northern half, in lowland forest, sometimes

cultivated. A sterile specimen from Bukit Chintamani, Pahang, (Chin 557) is

doubtfully this. However, I have seen this species in flower on the lower slopes of

Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Helicteres angustifolia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 963; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 282; Back. & Bakh.

f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 410.

H. lanceolata DC., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 37.

Helicteres hirsuta Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1970) 530; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 281; Corner,

Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 611.

Heritiera littoralis Aiton, Hort. Kew Inst. ed. 3 (1789) 546; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 279;

Kosterm., Reinw. 4 (1959) 473; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 361.

Common on sandy and rocky shores and in mangrove swamps; the fruits are

dispersed by water. Recorded from coastal limestone in Langkawi.

Heritiera pterospermoides Kosterm., Reinw. 4 (1959) 506; Kochumm., Tree FI.

Mal. 2 (1973) 363.

Tree to 20 m. Twigs, lower surface of leaves and inflorescence covered with

adpressed scales. Stipules lanceolate to 1 cm long, caducous. Leaves elliptic-oblong

to oblong-obovate, base subcordate, firm chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 8-20 by 3-9

cm; petioles 0.5-1 cm. Panicles axillary to 6 cm long; perianth urceolate, to 0.5 cm

long, 4-5 lobed. Fruits unknown.

Distributed in Sumatra (known from one collection). In Malaya, restricted to

limestone; there are several known records. Recent explorations have shown that

this is not a rare tree on the Perak limestone. It is usually found in places with fair

accumulation of soil; young trees have larger leaves and the petiole may reach 2 cm

in length.

Leptonychia glabra Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31 (1858) 222; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922)

289; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 365.

Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf, Kew Bull. (1913) 317; Back. & Bakh. f., FI.

Java 1 (1963) 405; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 366.

M. velutina Wall. ex Bedd., in Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 285.

Pterospermum jackianum Wall. ex Masters, in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1 (1874) 367; Ridl., Fl.

1 (1922) 283; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 369.

Malayan Limestone Flora 161

Pterospermum pectiniforme Kosterm., Reinw. 6 (1962) 296.

Distributed in Thailand. Known in Malaya only from Langkawi. Recorded from

coastal limestone on Pulau Timun, Langkawi, (Stone 9134 & 10993).

Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br., in Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. 2 (1844) 234; Kosterm.,

Reinw. 2 (1953) 365; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 371.

Sterculia alata Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814)50; Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 619.

Sterculia angustifolia Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 50; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 274;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R As. Soc. 17 (1939) 37; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2

(1973) 378.

Tree 10-13 m. Twigs, lower surface of leaves, and inflorescence rusty tomentose.

Leaves membranous, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, base rounded, apex acute or

acuminate, 10-17 by 3-6 cm. Panicles terminal and subterminal, lax, 5-15 cm long.

Fruit ovate-oblong, about 7 by 3 cm, beak short.

Distributed in Burma, very rare in Malaya, known from a single collection from

Gunong Pondok, Perak.

Sterculia lancaviensis Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. Str. Br. 54 (1911) 29, Fl. 1 (1922) 270;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As Soc. 17 (1939) 37.

Small deciduous tree. Leaves obovate, glabrous, about 9 by 4 cm; petioles

0.6-1.2 cm long. Panicles lax, much branched, 2-4 cm long, produced after fall of

leaves. Flowers with campanulate perianth, male with 6 stamens. Fruits red with

elliptic black seeds.

Distributed in southern Thailand and also from North Malaya. A species little

known, probably restricted to limestone.

Sterculia rubiginosa Vent., Jard. Malm. 2 (1805) t. 91; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 271;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 37.

(N.B. For note on Theaceae see p. 173)

THYMELAEACEAE

See Seer CLNIMIC, ADGK ACULC WO ACUMUMATS fo... 3.0 Sg cc acs pe gnc cas oca sec sracecsesceesesegsaecs ps

Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, seldom elliptic, apex rounded or obtuse,

aI WR TS esha Mae aaa eb kas cin hos slo nen” fo <9 eb Sh A hea Site S95 Wikstroemia indica

2. Inflorescence racemose; rachis usually elongating, 0.5-4cmlong. Rare Wikstroemia polyantha

Inflorescence umbelliform; rachis not elongating, very short, always less than 0.5 cm long.

Not uncommon on craggy SUMMIES .......... 6. .c cece ec eee eee eens teen ees Wikstroemia androsaemifolia

Wikstroemia androsaemifolia Decne, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 20 (1843) 50; Hou, FI.

Mal. I, 6 (1960) 33; Back. & Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 269; Whitmore, Tree Fl.

Mal. 2 (1973) 384.

Shrub 1-3.5 m. Young parts of twigs, buds and petioles finely pubescent. Leaves

glabrous, rarely glabrescent, 2.5 by 1-2(-3) cm, base and apex acute; thin to

subcoriaceous. Veins distinct below, obscured above. Inflorescence terminal or

subterminal, umbelliform, 3-6(-10) flowered. Ovary ellipsoid or slightly obovoid,

glabrescent or pubescent at the top. Fruits obovoid or oblong, 0.4-0.6 cm across,

ripen red.

162 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Distributed in Java, Borneo, Celebes and Western New Guinea; only recently

recorded for Malaya (Whitmore I.c.). This is a forest plant, extending from coastal

areas to over 2000 m. In Malaya it has been found to be restricted to limestone in

Selangor, Kelantan and Pahang. Not rare and always on dry craggy summits. It is

common on Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A. Mey., Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. 1 (1843) 357; Hou,

Fl. Mal. I, 6 (1960) 34; Back. & Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 296.

W. viridiflora Meisn., in Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 145; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 68.

Shrub 1-3 m tall. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, obovate, dblanceolate or

sometimes elliptic, 1.5-4(-6) by 0.5-2 (-3) cm, base cuneate, apex rounded or

obtuse, rarely acute. Flowers 0.8-1.2 cm long, greenish-yellow. Fruits broadly

ellipsoid about 0.6 by 0.4 cm, ripening red.

Distributed in India, SE. Asia, Malesia and to Australia and Melanesia. In

Malaya, frequently on limestone though not exclusive so, from the lowlands to the

hills, up to 900 m. Common on limestone in the North.

Wikstroemia polyantha Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 10 (1915) Bot. 332; Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924)

145; Hou, Fl. Mal. I, 6 (1960) 32; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 269.

Usually collected from the hills and mountains from 600 to 2050 m. Only once

recorded from limestone at the low elevation of about 180 m. Gua Serai, Kelantan

(UNESCO 338).

TILIACEAE

1, Climbing or scrambling sig 7 i ite iicassclnget sy tisae aces ice sane ee Grewia acuminata

Shrubs Or trees 7.000027. ae ae oan had dete ie coed ava reap tere ee Ort ee et r!

2. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate; lower surface densely or sparsely pubescent; base

cuneate, obtuse or rounded, rarely cordate; petiole to lS cm Ong ©... 2.5... nacre so «otro gene 3

Leaves ovate, broadly ovate to suborbicular; lower surface glabrous; base cordate; petiole

15-7 CMM ......,4% cies eancan ve tupash Hob iee heteehee a alle alae tae a ae aie ane ee ee Berrya cordifolia

3. Petioles kneed; fruit:a winged Capsule ic... sits s-inave-as- dmcveep veep ov bone ras cc~inanah yee nei aetne ee 4

Petioles not kneeéd; fruit not winged).a Grupe OF DELTY. ..el insur, acne <G ncsly ny ads oneal 5

4. Leaf-bases almost symmetrical; rounded or cuneate ...............seeeeeeeeeeeeeees Colona merguensis

Leaf-basés very asymmetrical, COTOBEE (5s. sv niinarn in tases e's cael Colona javanica

5. Leaves glabrous on the upper surface; fruit drupaceous, with a StOne ............cceces eee ee en eneeee es 6

Leaves sticky hairy all cover; fruit a fleshy berry, with numerous tiny seeds Muntingia calabura

6. Leaves abruptly acute; elliptic-oblong, oblong to oblong-obovate ............... Grewia tomentosa

Leaves long acuminate; lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate ...............ceceeeeeeeeeee es Grewia viminea

Berrya cordifolia (Willd.) Burret, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahlem 9 (1926) 606; Kochumm.,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 393.

B. ammonilla Roxb., in Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 299; Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 38.

Tree to 10 m. Leaves alternate, ovate, broadly ovate to suborbicular; apex long

and acuminate, base cordate; 5-7 nerved, glabrous, 6-17 by 3-15 cm. Inflorescence

;

Malayan Limestone Flora 163

a panicle, axillary and terminal, about 20 cm long. Calyx 3-5 lobed, petals 5,

stamens many. Capsule winged.

Distributed in India, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars and W. Malaysia. Rare in

Malaya, known only from Langkawi, Kedah; not known whether only on limes-

tone.’

Colona javanica (Bl.) Burret, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahlem 9 (1926) 733; B10. Back. &

Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 394; Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 395.

Columbia integrifolia Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 306; Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 38.

Tree to 10 m. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong. Shortly acuminate, very un-

equal-sided, cordate; lower surface pubescent, 4-30 by 1.5-8.5 cm. Inforescence

terminal and axillary, to 17 cm long. Flowers with sepals 5 petals, stamens numer-

ous. Fruits with 3 wings about 3 cm across the wings.

Distributed in Sumatra and Java. Very rare in Malaya, known only from a single

collection, (Lenggong, Perak, Ridley 14702) on limestone.

Colona merquensis (Planch. ex Mast.) Burret, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahlem 9 (1926) 807;

Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 395.

Columbia curtisii Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 307; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 1939.

C. diptera Ridl., Fl. |.c. 307.

Tree to 12 m. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, base rounded to

broad-cuneate, 3-nerved, apex long pointed; lower surface sparsely tomentose,

6-18 by 2.5-5 cm. Inflorescence a lax terminal panicle, sparingly branched, to 15

cm. Flowers bracteate, sepals 5, petals 5, stamens numerous. Fruit 3- winged,

including the wings about 3 cm across.

Distributed in lower Burma and Thailand. Restricted to Perlis and Langkawi,

and nearly always confined to limestone; not uncommon.

Grewia acuminata Juss., Ann. Mus. Par. 4 (1804) 91; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1

(1963) 393; Kochumm., Tree FI. Mal. 2 (1973) 397.

G. umbellata Roxb., Fl. 1 (1922) 300.

Grewia paniculata Roxb. ex DC., Hort. Beng. (.1814) 93; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 300;

Kochumm., Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 397.

G. tomentosa Juss., in Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 643.

Grewia viminea Wall. ex Burret, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahlem 9 (1926) 713; Kochumm.,

Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 397.

G. polygama Roxb. var. curtisii Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 294; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 38.

Shrub. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, base 3-nerved, lower surface pubescent,

margin serrate, 7-10 by 1.8-2.5 cm. Inflorescence axillary, to 5 cm long. Fruit

drupaceous, about 1.2 cm across.

Distributed in Burma and Thailand. In Malaya, only from Kedah and Perlis,

restricted to limestone.

164 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982) :

Muntingia calabura L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 509; Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 644;

Stone, Fl. Guam (1970) 404.

Native of Tropical America, now over most of the Tropics. Common in Malaya,

in cultivation or as escapes. Recorded from limestone of disturbed localities.

ULMACEAE

1. Leaves alternate, pubescent, scabrid on the upper surface; margin serrated. From secondary

FOTESE 0 coe + 09595 ties cine tes ope ain clgnlnavicih capubiieg alte Se dm rai ley lec p:

Leaves spiral, glabrous; margin entire. From primary forest ....................0. Celtis philippensis

2. Leaf-base symmetrical; lower surface of leaf with stellate and simple hairs ...... Trema orientalis

Leaf-base mostly asymmetrical; lower surface of leaf with only simple hairs .... Trema tomentosa

Celtis philippensis Blanco, FI. Filip (1837) 197; Soepadmo, Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973)

415; Fl. Mal. I, 8 (1977) 62.

C. collinsae Craib, in Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 322; Henders., J. Mal. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 72.

C. wightii Planch., Ann. Sc, Nat. 10 (1848) 307.

Shrub or small tree, 2-6(-10) m tall. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-oblong, oblong-

lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous; base distinctly 3-nerved; main

nerves raised on the lower surface; petiole 0.5-1.2 cm; blade (3.5-)5-9(-12) by

(1.3-)2-4(-6) cm. Inflorescence racemose, 0.5-1 cm long, with male flowers on the

lower and hermaphrodite flowers on the upper parts. Fruits ovoid-globose, one

seeded, about 1.2 cm long.

Distributed from tropical Africa across to Indochina and Hainan; throughout

Malesia and to Australia and Solomon Islands. In Malaya, recorded from Perlis,

Kedah, SW. Kelantan and NW. Pahang; restricted to limestone. Soepadmo l.c.,

records flowering in November-December and fruiting in March-May. Fruits have

also been collected in August and November. It is quite common on the Langkawi

limestone.

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1856) 62; Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1885)

484; Corner, Ways. Trees 1 (1952) 694; Soepadmo, Tree FI. Mal. 2 (1973) 421;

Fl. Mal. I, 8 (1977) 51.

Celtis orientalis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1044.

Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara, Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2 (1971) 19;

Soepadmo, Tree Fl. Mal. 2 (1973) 423; Fl. Mal. I, 8 (1977) 53.

T. amboinensis Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 319.

A common species throughout Malaya, which like T. orientalis has been re-

corded on disturbed areas on limestone as a component of secondary vegetation.

This species is distinguished from T. orientalis by its leaf bases being mostly

asymmetrical-cordate, by the hairs which are always simple, and by the more

slender inflorescence.

Malayan Limestone Flora 165

URTICACEAE

nS ce Be ct en Oe A ag Beth phganes Sodswagnsasodienindnnaaeands’ 2

Paeeeee eer immai ames KLEE CURCet fs) OSE ied), SL Ce OO, ROL |

ee ewer y reer C21) A CLIT TOM. So 8 8. von Sree er cnctectecthncasccecincscccscees Pilea microphylla

eR MNCNE MARC Ayo CAAA RE ed ee Scie ON SLE l fees Beas wh ALO Ee 3

Gn ene Pale Ot Mer VCs Clonpate, {6 2 Or more Of The lamina «.::.-.. 2... 6... cc. ence cec nsec ec ceesetsndenense 4

Basal pair of nerves not elongate. A succulent herb ...................ccceeeeeeees Procris pedunculata

4. Leaves inequilateral at the base; low herbs to 30cm tall ........... 0... cece ccc ec ec eec ee eeeeeeeeeeeeaeenen 5

Paves cquusictal at the base; herbs (15-)30-100(-200) ci talll ¢ 2.22.0: .... 0002... 0. cc ccs ce ede eseeenaever 6

Ppa eyes PedunGled , bramcChed ./.. ... a5. fo ga ce lads ae stwepeiages «Ca eb eae snap Elatostema latifolium

Sn OME PURINE CAMA CS 55. Sascin icles acai Sze ane scdadseUcocseats te ble odes seen see Elatostema curtisii

6. Leaves small, 2-8 cm long, usually broadest near the middle, 3-nerved .............. Pilea fruticosa

Leaves larger, 7-15 cm long, broadest near the base, 3-nerved at the base but with 2-5 other pairs

Bae eB nn fc crt nr werk Ss iv ned “eh cige Wan pabenigendtat Ys batt eters Laportea interrupta

SePeaen RAMEE SECEWOW SOFC SCBSL A FEE TBEIC! as od. ccc acon saat emp sone bine bce oct Gacnievdinserivnvendasesce 8

Pann pa eornerver borclonnate 4/0250 io Sone. babies¢e-Fi ski bis. aimed: 9

nearer IMIR AN SCRE OUIAO MMS So dics ce iv ee ccncsueeies cua cwmaccusecks Mowe teeteset tt Debregeasia squamata

TTA ai A tio Ss wk cg dns Daw ay Sc ec oye add mah ens BS Boehmeria nivea

9. Leaves, lower surface glabrous; sometimes slightly mealy on the veins below, scrambling shrub

RE: Sth OF a? SR DSS ae OE AL Oe Se Ge Poikilospermum suaveolens

Leaves, lower surface, pubescent; especially on the veins, erect trees 2.2.2.0... cece cece cece ee eee ee ees 10

1 tasorescenec 5-50 em lang; plant with stingime WaMts jcc cse cis cc piis soiie evmidtesteins ben eeaswcececs er ncelneoeeee 11

Inflorescence 1-2 cm long; plant without stinging hairs .......................002. Villebrunea sylvatica

a EI oS aca moc Pivn nee on pgm + vind len ep eeenqaetads tad -apae i Reet amcea? Dendrocnide stimulans

oS SITES | Serer eer rere en, Se ee ee Dendrocnide sinuata

Boehmeria nivea Hk. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Vey. 5 (1837) 214; Hk. f., F.B.I. 5

(1888) 576; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 72; Back. & Bakh. f., FI.

Java 2 (1965) 45.

Distributed in India, China, Japan and SE. Asia, widely cultivated. Recorded

from limestone on Gunong Keriang, Kedah, perhaps as an escape from cultivation.

Debregeasia squamata King ex Hk.f., F.B.1. 5 (1888) 591; Ridl. Fl. 3 (1924) 368;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 73.

Shrub about 5 m tall, branches rough, tomentose and covered with soft prickles.

Leaves ovate or orbicular, cuspidate, margin toothed, pubescent on both sides,

3-nerved from the base, 10-15 by 7-10 cm. Flower-heads in short-branched cymes

about 1.2 cm long. Flowers orange, fruit red.

Endemic to Malaya, not common, usually on limestone.

Dendrocnide sinuata (Bl.) Chew, Gard. Bull. S. 21 (1965) 206; ibid. 25 (1969) 36.

Laportea pustulosa Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82 (1920) 194, Fl. 3 (1924) 360;

Molesworth-Allen, Gard. Bull. S. 20 (1964) 361.

Small tree, 3-11 m tall, with stinging hairs. Dioecious. Leaves elliptic, oblong or

rhombic, rarely ovate or obovate, upper surface glabrescent 18-40(60) by 7-20(-35)

166 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

cm; petioles 6-20 cm long. Inflorescence unisexual: male 5-15 cm long; female 10-30

cm long; perianth 4-lobed. Achenes 0.3-0.5 cm long, pyriform, pustular.

Distributed in India, Ceylon, China, Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, Sumatra and

Java. Known only from Perak in Malaya; until recent collections (all from limes-

toné) by Molesworth-Allen, known only from Scortechinii’s collection from upper

Perak (not recorded whether from limestone).

Dendrocnide stimulans (L.f.) Chew, Gard. Bull. S. 21 (1965) 206, ibid, 25 (1969)

Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Migq., Zoll. Syst. Verz. (1854) 103; Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924)

360; Molesworth-Allen, Gard. Bull. S. 20 (1964) 361.

Elatostema curtisii (Ridl.) Schrot., Rep. Beih. 83 (1935) 18; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

Ri ASs SOC eld (1939), 75.

Pellionia curtisii Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82 (1920) 196; Fl. 3 (1924) 362.

Endemic and rare. Recorded once from limestone. (from Rotan Segar, Tambun,

Perak, Molesworth-Allen 4652).

Elatostema latifolium (Bl.) H. Schrot., Rep. Beih. 83 (1935) 17; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 73; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 42.

Pellionia javanica (Wedd.) Wedd., in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1924) 362.

Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew, Gard. Bull. S. 21 (1965) 200, ibid. 25 (1969) 145.

Fleurya interrupta Gaud., in Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 359; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 74.

Pilea fruticosa Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1888) 558; Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 360; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 74.

P. calcarea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82 (1920) 196, Fl. 3 (1924) 361;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 74.

Herb, 15-100 cm tall. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, margin

serrate or crenate, sometimes osbcurely so, base 3-nerved, glabrous, 2-8 (-10) by

1.2-4(-5) cm. Inflorescence axillary, 0.5-5 cm long, peduncle short or to 5 cm long.

Flowers in small clusters; males: petals 2-4, stamens 2-4; females: petals 3, rarely 4.

Achenes ovoid, about 0.1 cm long.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya, common except in the extreme Northwest. A

herb of shady rocky places.

Pilea microphylla (L.) Lieb., Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5 (1951) 302; Henders., Mal.

Wild Fis. Dicot. (1959) 466; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970) 257.

Pilea muscosa Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 361.

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Bl.) Merr. Centr. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) 47; Chew, Gard.

Bull. S. (1963) 88.

Conocephalus amoenus King apud Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1888) 545; Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924)

357.

C. suaveolens Bl., in Ridl., l.c. 357.

Malayan Limestone Flora 167

Procris pedunculata (J.R. & G. Forst.) Wedd., in DC. Prod. 16 (1869) 191; Back.

& Bakh. f., Fl. Java. 2 (1965) 44; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970) 258.

Succulent herb, erect or sprawling, 30-150 cm tall. Leaves glabrous, elliptic-

oblong, oblong-obovate, or oblong-lanceolate, margin undulate-dentate, or entire,

7-20 by 2-7 cm long. Male flowers in branched cymes, 1-7 cm long. Female flowers

in dense sessile heads 0.5-1.5 cm across.

Distributed from Malesia to the Pacific Islands. Apparently not common in

Malaya except on Bukit Anak Tukun limestone where it is abundant in shady parts.

Villebrunea sylvatica (Miq.) Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1856) 167; Ridl., Fl. 3

(1924) 367.

Oreocnide sylvatica Miq., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1936) 74.

VERBENACEAE

1. Leaves simple, entire or sometimes lobed

I Nc 0 TI a Sk ele ok ee a es ie pal nad dhs cele i seeh sete: 13

2. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or more or less pubescent; tomentum not completely

20. 1 Ea tbe esate aaa ieee Pag a Bia > voce ipa 8 Im A Ae al SNe let ae ee pee ee a 3

Lower surface of leaves densely tomentose; tomentum usually completely covering surface, a

RN I OEE TOT COMI eg 5 ois sn ins o's ca conn 4 pee ad Sonam Ls ae pe Nee tec wete ef Senn whe kh Bebe! ‘

3. Surface of leaves strigose; flowers in umbels; plant prickly, with pungent odour .....................

SOLOS EES Oe ae, Seen ae EMC Na RAED Lantana camara var. aculeata

Surface of leaves not strigose, flowers in elongate racemes or panicles ..................ceceeeeeeeeee ees 4

4. Lower surface of leaves densely glandular; leaves usually lobed ............. 0. ccc cece eee eene eens eee eees 7

am RAGES Or RE AIMCS MON IMCMGUINA, « cece yg « Pap aobugs'n «4 Can hope cin dang acFee ea <des one taeme sae cdetanpte ete 6

5. Leaves large 10-25 cm long, 3-7 lobed. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle ......................40.

Mat Pear. dite RNAP tees ot inl RN Ae eh i Sal Uke Clerodendron paniculatum

Leaves smaller 3-6 cm long, lobed or not. Inflorescence a terminal raceme 2-5 cm long ............

5 PRG E ROE AIS age ae AS LO ee ee a Ae PE NC nyY ey o aele ee Gmelina asiatica

6. Base of leaves gradually narrowed; leaves usually obovate-lanceolate; margin somewhat serrate

NER ik. SOS IS Oe ooo cs whined ne tanetoetee cgraten sagas sveragap vase Vans Clerodendron serratum

Base of leaves not so. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong; margin entire ...............

DEERE A Pes tt th ed hc ccc. toes dorcel ints Pec hs Side Rebbe coma dake lens Waees Clerodendron pendulifolium

Ce MMOS fe tec). a5. addi c eC yuet Waka unas eeu bandus regs tie cesar cen setnstariteacestts 8

i CRED PR RS MN oar ANI OM POET. NORA AA as skh cere de second eeeens 10

8. Inflorescence axillary, small or 7-10 cm long with peduncle .................c cece cece eeeneeeeeeeeneeeenen en 9

fntlereseerce terminal, about 30 car IONG... 2.2.5. ..o cece esse ncewsccccusesecesedeasses Premna pyramidata

9. Leaves narrow: less than 3 cm wide. Inflorescence 8-16 flowered. Common on limestone, often

on craggy summits. Sub-shrub or shrub .............. 6... cccceeeeeeeeeee een eneees Callicarpa angustifolia

Leaves broad: 5-13 cm wide. Inflorescence with numerous flowers. Rare on limestone. Tree .....

SEMIN CREE Nas PAPE TOEAUILS, Wada. «a «'sdb vial oy sXig od xebvans ohsidg 20 Fond | oil em vw dates Callicarpa arborea

10. Bracts 3-4, leafy and showy, subtending the capitate cyme .................0cccee eee ees Congea vestita

aT gs wiciaiTury gs vn've x sakes pice ddd reorye creed dagsad sans vvb sits tsesieindaaever ne 11

rec ace aat aca sarsdaae sus aachasafacs suscdstasttavcsnedonscRbsncebrenveseese cass res 12

SE aS ey eS TY” ee? Ra Ue ee So ee Bee Pe a ee DEE ee Glossocarya mollis

168 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

12. Corolla large, 3-4 cm long, upper half dilated, campanulate ......................0085 Gmelina villosa

Corolla much: sinialler a. 3. «dics ssiurainnr conn ddh - labiecie Goveds dod a eee Gmelina rubens

13.. Very rare on limestone, never on dry cragey summits .. ..., ays .0e--12<55 05 Vitex pubescens

Common and restricted to limestone, usually on dry craggy summits .................. Vitex siamica

Callicarpa angustifolia K. & G., Kew Bull (1908) 106; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 616;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 64.

Subshrub or shrub, 1-2-3 m tall, slender and tawny tomentose. Leaves opposite,

subcoriaceous, 8-15 by 1.8-3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate; upper surface becoming glab-

rous with age, lower surface with a dense mat of fine stellate scales. Cymes axillary,

2 times dichotomously branched, about 1 cm long, 8-16 flowered. Drupe globose,

ripens black.

Endemic to Malayan limestone; usually on dry craggy summits, preferring ex-

posed situations but tolerating part shade. Widely distributed.

Callicarpa lanata L., Mant. 2 (1767) 331; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 567; Lam, Verb.

‘Mal. Arch., Thesis, Utrecht (1919) 79.

C. arborea Roxb., in Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 614; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 65.

Clerodendron paniculatum L., Mant. 1 (1767) 90; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis,

Utrecht (1919) 295; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 628; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 65.

Frequently cultivated. Not uncommon in waste ground and forest fringes; re-

corded from limestone on the summit of Gunong Baling; not known whether wild

or an escape from cultivation.

Clerodendron penduliflorum Wall., Cat. (1828) 1795; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 591;

Lam. Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis, Utrecht (1919) 265; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 626;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 65.

Clerodendron serratum Spr., Syst. 2 (1825) 578; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 592; Lam.

Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis, Utrecht (1919) 267; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 626; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 65.

Congea vestita Griff., Notul. Pl. As. 4 (1854) 174; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis,

Utrecht (1919) 338; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 640; Munir, Gard. Bull. S. 21 (1966) 302.

C. tomentosa Roxb., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 603.

Glossocarya mollis Wall., Cat. (1829) 1741; Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 598; Henders..,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 65.

Scandent shrub. Twigs, lower surface of leaves and inflorescence grey-villose.

Leaves opposite, ovate, +8 by 4 cm; petioles very short. Corymbs +7 cm across.

Corolla white, 0.8 cm long, filaments exserted.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. Recorded on limestone by Henderson from

Pulau Rabana off Kuala Perlis, otherwise unknown in Malaya.

Malayan Limestone Flora 169

Gmelina asiatica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 873; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis, Utrecht

(1919) 221; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 662.

Gmelina villosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 86; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch. Thesis.

Utrecht (1919) 217; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 623.

Not uncommon, coastal and in secondary vegetation inland. Recorded from

limestone at the base of hills on disturbed ground.

Lantana camara L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 627.

var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke, Torreya 34 (1934) 9; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970) 506.

L. aculeata L., Sp, Pl. (1753) 627; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 613.

Premna pyramidata Wall., Cat. (1927) 1779; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis,

Utrecht (1919) 155; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 622; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 65.

Premna rubens Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 618.

P. flavescens var. rubens Cl. in Hk.f., F.B.I. 4 (1885) 578.

This species is probably endemic to Malaya (doubtfully recorded from Java), it is

rare and recorded once from limestone.

Vitex pubescens Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3 (1794) 85; Lam, Verb. Mal. Arch., Thesis,

Utrecht (1919) 183; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 632; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 65.

Vitex siamica Will., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 5 (1905) 431; Lam, Verb. Mal.

Arch., Thesis, Utrecht (1919) 197; Ridl., Fl. 2 (1923) 632; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 65.

Tree 5-10 m tall. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets subcoriaceous, glabrous, entire,

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, lateral leaflets sometimes slightly asymmetric, slightly

smaller than the terminal one; terminal leaflet 6-9(-12) by 1.8-4 cm. Panicles

terminal 10-30 cm long; corolla light blue or white, tube about 0.25 cm long. Drupe

globose 0.3-0.4 cm across.

In Malaya, this species is restricted to limestone where it is common except in

Perak; also recorded from peninsular Thailand. This plant is usually found on the

upper parts of hills and often on dry craggy summits, precariously rooted in cracks

and crevices.

VIOLACEAE

1. Capsule pubescent with long soft spines. Leaves pubescent below ............... Rinorea anguifera

Capsule glabrous, sometimes warty. Leaves glabrous or pubescent along veins only ................ Z

2. Capsule ovoid-acute, apex pointed. Leaves usually with a long acuminate tip 2-4 cm long,

Seer MUNN MRE MEME WIOMIWY now 2 oak Dove SA cys Lace Vud bien dsanb Ook cade res euidae dood Rinorea horneri

Capsule globose or ovoid, apex rounded. Leaves without a long drawnout tip, sometimes

i Ehsaan ch oy wanes inn wirimn ph AU <br al enn gx sWk.r ay cn. syan'ensQicesin ad agate epacoacy + 3

170 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

3. Leaves hairy on the veins below. Very rare on limestone ....................64. Rinorea macrophylla

Leaves glabrous: Found on most hills .............2.c:20 vous cueven eta eee Rinorea bengalensis

Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs, Blumea

15. (1967) 127.

Alsodeia capillata King, in Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 133.

A. comosa King, in Ridl., |.c. 133.

A. echinocarpa Korth, in Ridl., l.c. 134.

Rinorea bengalensis (Wall.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs, Blumea

15 (1967) 120.

R. wallichiana O. Kuntze, Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 35.

Alsodeia langkawiensis Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 129.

A. wallichiana Hk.f., in Ridl., l.c. 128.

Shrub or small tree, 2-6 m tall. Leaves variable, (4-)8-15(-20) by (1.5-)3-6(-8) cm;

chartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous. Fruit, globose to ovoid, bluntly 3-angled,

surface finely warty to almost smooth, about 1 cm long.

Widely distributed from India, Ceylon, Burma, through Malesia and to northern

Australia. Common and found on a large number of limestone hills in Malaya; also

in lowland forest.

Rinorea horneri (Korth.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs, Blumea 15

(1967) 130.

R. kunstleriana Taub., in Henders. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 35.

Alsodeia hirtella Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 128.

A. kunstleriana King, in Ridl., I.c. 128.

Widely distributed and fairly common on limestone except in the North. Usually

in partly shaded localities with some accumulation of soil.

Rinorea macrophylla (Decne.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs,

Blumea 5 (1967) 135.

R. dasycaula Craib, in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 35.

Alsodeia dasycaula Migq., in Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 129.

VITACEAE

1. Climbers, usually with tendrils ...................0..0008 wigan} Soflad hie d's ssi p:v/ci tebe people tena 2

Not climbers «0.0.00. 520 s24-ne0ch bees ses dnace see aameueda ai pis laine eigenen cee ta 17

2. Flowers on a flattened, undulating rachis, $y, }:)54:.).4faatiel acd bb eee Pterisanthes coriacea

Flowers in a spicate or cymose inflorescence, rachis terete or subterete ............ceeeeeeeeeeneeeee ess 3

3. Leaves simple, lobed or not ....::4id2.suzaes ths ised Bes Oeaal, ATI aT 4

Leaves 3-5 or more foliolate. «....3s01icsiy pavessssselile, SAV AD Lede eas Olen ge 11

4. Back of leaves pubescent or densely tomentose. ..,..1222s...)..J7nueii0, eae. ce 5

Back of leaves usually glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent .............ccseccceceeceeuceeeceueeeeceueeenes 7

>. Eeaves trilobed, cordate. ee ry. sl ire: cceee’s sasecones+Vaaet tas enntceg yaaa Vitis martinelli

Leaves not lobed, ovate-cordate or oblong-ovate: ./.)/):2/.0)1/). NUT oe 6

Malayan Limestone Flora 1/1

6. Leaves cordate, back densely tomentose, pale brownish or rusty red colour ...... Cissus pyrrhodasys

Leaves hardly cordate, back pubescent or tomentose, but of a different colour .....................8.

ORES ST a, Err ae OPS es eee Ae ee Co See OS Tetrastigma scortechinii

ee eee CALI ICE: WIRTT LEC ANGI WILE oo. 5 22 sens. es rbe neces ces saints sivslontadodeneveerecsests Cissus discolor

ee ASO ON Ba bee eR. E 2 SONA lc, oppor gs <obaighdssi Mats fon shed. orgaelahe asloedicndeah + acdeb 8

Ge rere AN Pled, PLAN COUGS = 6.2.56 sccc nae teca ss cecsecwdvnacdatvenevesncesapeecessovedes Cissus hastata

pam me inpedPalinost amewlan <0 203.f 0. 122k. Able IRA ea peddle Lo padida ). MaadhVab bade’ 9

> eaves distinctly cordate, petioles 4-5 entlong i ii.6 oc eres Gelbceteecevees: Cissus repens

Leaves with broad bases, shortly cuneate or only slightly cordate; petioles 1-3 cm long ............. 10

10. Leaves ovate-acuminate to lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous. Ripe fruits, black Cissus rostrata

Leaves elliptic-cuspidate, herbaceous. Ripe fruits, red .................ccccecee evens Cissus glaberrima

Peereras ec, Cisc mor 1loocd, stiema dilatedeand 4-1ODE: 22.5 1..c.chscec.5-4ccc-sccmucceecteeecnencececnsectes 12

Petals connate, falling in a cap, disc 4-lobed, stigma much reduced ..................0.cccccececeeeueeees 15

Aeae ert MCG AVE NY PRONTO 5 ae te aeons age Vad madigls Tyckcans ¢ amag debt thadi gs Dwogben sas uages shave nel at 13

Reaves o>) lonolate; 1 6-toliolate, them TIP] TPUItS WHITE 602.5. Jos cdulecnscsccesecscvtccececscsctucces 14

13. Leaves coriaceous, glaucous on the lower surface with prominent reticulations. Corymbs, on

NUMMER Heat fo ata orl 21a asics MN SG SUS vqdsa watgieuirvok yee melanie Tetrastigma peduncularis

Weates nor sO. C OLvMmpS, NOt ON Old WOOD %.....2.50600 05 deadies coodaveedeisdavkacesutehos Tetrastigma wrayl

SNM NNR ete fia eis cs Sas kate anos <2 eotond Se vee naeawbaes shee Tetrastigma lanceolarium

MT ete N See hen cies x 4 Fes Poca ea teins Asha <a gite dunala combas Denar et Tetrastigma kunstleri

I PD NE act isr ecee .5 2 avginic)s chngioc Dap Sey eeaiiey egloe tee atu leant Cissus novemfolia

em EER GRAMEEN ee, <i Sag orb cscis.a ce tid oom ce ROA ee toe Dea en a i cad caine dios bot eseke 16

16;"siem swith long hairs, leaves 3 foliolate, hairy s..... 0.6 fans eden ress sauaenedabedis ae ne Cayratia mollissima

Stem glabrous or finely pubescent, leaves 3-5 foliolate, softly pubescent or glabrous on

EES ES a A ee ere eT Ie Le Dee A Aa Rae! 4) A Sigs gla: Cayratia japonica

Pie letas MMM VERGISMOVECLECE SICIM 2... i5..065 5 c0seceememientasess rookne atthe srebenneds + coWlsoe0s Leea saxatilis

Ee ee ET RE | aa ane LA ane ene cen ing ak Sal 20 2 ieee ate sarang ee oe ae 18

18. Branches of inflorescences and the outside of petals red, leaves large, imperfectly 3-pinnate .....

“cigs te fia Ai eee the bee ck PE ek MO AER A Re SOE A oe A SEES A EE aE Leea rubra

Branches of inflorescences and the outside of petals green, leaves usually imperfectly 2-pinnate 19

19. Lower surface of adult leaves densely covered by scales. Corymbs 5-10 cm wide ... Leea aequata

Lower surface of adult leaves not with scales, hairy or not. Corymbs 5-35 cm wide ..................

aed AOE ARSE a a EA cas aes. RAs canta Aang oA Mixer alata tignaek. aes cones «be peed SUMmDUCING

Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagn., Notul. Syst. 1 (1911) 345.

Vitis mollissima Wall., in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 482; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 402;

Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 478; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Common on the edges of forest. Recorded from limestone in Perlis, Perak and

Kelantan, rare.

Cissus discolor B]., Bijdr. (1825) 181; Back. & Bakh. f. Fl. Java 2 (1965) 91.

Vitis discolor (Bl\.) Dalz., in Kew J. 2 (1850) 39; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 399; Ridl.,

Fl. 1 (1922) 477.

Slender climber, stems red. Leaves simple, ovate-oblong-lanceolate, base cor-

date or truncate, dark green, variegated with red and white; pink below, 5-10 by 2-5

cm. Fruit pyriform or globose.

Widely distributed from India to Thailand and southwards to Sumatra. In

Malaya, chiefly in the North and usually on limestone.

172 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Cissus glaberrima (Wall.) Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1 (1840) 372.

Vitis glaberrima Wall., in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 476; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 401;

Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 477; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41.

Cissus hastata Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl. 1 (1861) 517; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java

2 (1965) 92.

Vitis hastata (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1863) 85; Ridl., Fl. 1

(1922) 478; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41.

Cissus novemfolia (Wall.) Planch., in DC., Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 559.

Vitis novemfolia Wall., Cat. (1832) 6030; Law., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1 (1875) 662;

King, Mats. 8 (1896) 403; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 479; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Cissus pyrrhodasys Migq., Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl. 1 (1861) 517.

Vitis pyrrhodasys (Miq.) Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 476; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Cissus repens Lamk., Encycl. 1 (1783) 31; Gagn., Fl. Gen. Indo-China 1 (1912)

970.

Vitis repens (Lamk.) Wight et Arn., Prod. Fl. Ind. Pens. (1834) 125; Ridl., Fl. 1

(1922) 477; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Cissus rostrata (Miq.) Planch., in DC., Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 500; Back. & Bakh.

f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 90. |

Vitis furcata Laws., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1 (1875) 646; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 476.

Leea aequata Mant. (1767) 124; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 418; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 486;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2

(1965) 94.

Leea rubra Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 197. King, Mats. 8 (1896) 416; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 485;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2

(1965) 94.

Leea sambucina Willd., Sp. Pl. 1 (1798) 1177; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 414; Ridl., Fl. 1

(1922) 484; Back. Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 94.

Leea saxatilis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 75 (1917) 26, Fl. 1 (1922) 486.

Plant with a very short erect stem. Leaves pinnate, petioles to 45 cm long, leaflets

usually 10-17 by 5 cm, glabrous, when adult, corymb about 2 cm across. Drupe to

0.8 cm across, red when ripe.

Endemic, uncommon and often on limestone.

Pterisanthes coriacea Korth. ex Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1863) 95; King,

Mats. 8 (1896) 407; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 480.

Malayan Limestone Flora LS

Tetrastigma kunstleri (King) Craib, Fl. Siam Enum. 1 (1926) 313.

Vitis kunstleri King, Mats. 8 (1896)) 396; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 475.

Endemic to Malaya, found in forests and often on limestone.

Tetrastigma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Planch., in DC., Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 433;

Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 89.

Vitis lanceolaria (Roxb.) Wall., Cat. (1832) 6013; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 395;

Radi. Pl. 1 (1922)-475; Henders,; J. Mal. Br. R,. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41.

Tetrastigma peduncularis (Wall.) Planch., in DC., Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 438.

Vitis peduncularis Wall., Cat. (1832) 6024; Law., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 1 (1875) 655;

King, Mats. 8 (1896) 393; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 474.

Tetrastigma scortechini (King) Gagn., in Lec., Notul. Syst. 1 (1911) 376.

Vitis scortechinii King, Mats. 8 (1896) 392; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 474; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 42.

Glabrous climber. Leaves simple, oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, 12-18 by 6-9 cm.

Cymes compact, +2.5 cm across. Fruits small: +0.6 cm across, waxy white when

ripe.

Endemic and as far as the records go, restricted to limestone. Recorded only

from Gunong Pondok, Perak and according to Ridley, from Gua Batu, Selangor as

well.

Tetrastigma wrayi (King) Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1926) 314.

Vitis wrayi King, Mats. 8 (1896) 394; Ridl., Fl. 1 (1922) 475.

Endemic and found in forests, not uncommon. Recorded on limestone only from

Kedah and Selangor.

Vitis martinelli Kew ex Planch, in DC., Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 375; Ridl., Fl. 1

(1922) 471.

Dubious record

Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn., Notul. Syst. 1 (1911) 349; Back. Bakh. f., Fl.

Java 2 (1965) 93.

Vitis japonica Thunb., Fl. Jap. (1784) 104; King, Mats. 8 (1896) 403; Ridl., 1

(1922) 478; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 41.

NOTE

THEACEAE (TERNSTROEMIACEAE)

Henderson in J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 37 records Saurauia cauliflora

Bal. var. calycina King and Schima noronhae Reinw. as dubious records from

limestone. I have, however, not come across any specimens from limestone and,

therefore, am omitting this family. (Saurauia is now generally treated as belonging

to the family Saurauiaceae).

174 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Angiosperms — Monocotyledons

AGAVACEAE

The following key to Draceaena, based on what few specimens I have seen and

the scanty literature available, should be regarded as provisional. This genus needs

a through revision.

1.” Twigs stout, 2-3 Cm ACKOSS:.55.46.000 ve vce os, cost anne tient aan iene aes an eee Dracaena yuccaefolia

Twigs slender, usually less than 1 CM ACrOSS .25.4...6 iis ee one se thbes ad melee dee densely nae Z

2. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolateé | 5-8 Cat wide, :, Sucre c1s<s5h ceeencsh sanniae Dracaena congesta

Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-3.5 cM Wide)... ..c.s.c. 2002. 52 Does be Devices dew lnelss soe Gon tea staan nanan 3

3. Leaves 50-75icm long |... Jay ..nbtt,. .caad PE 5 RE Dracaena curtisit

Leaves.15-40 cm dome 02.1, 8.05.2 .252 00.0 Pe ae SR LOS. « LEG Tey Dhaest ges ial cote 4

4, Leaves 15-35 cit Wide 5.50.2. 025 scct tise. atid nos eer en er seth ee oem: Jet ae Dracaena porteri

Leaves 0.8-1.3 cm wide) ....5..5. 2. gadd..o. Pi dj.>cendoe-seguaed Wp abies » af Randa ea ae en 2

5. Flowers in clusters of 3-4 on the inflorescemce axi6).5 49.0 sana pvaseg eae Dracaena graminifolia

~ Flowers in pairs or single on the inflorescence axis \.....0....i..cese4e-+se5s-> ene eeee se 6

6: Flowers: -5-2:5 em Tong. 557. 252k sh atens centennial Dracaena angustifolia

Flowers 3-4-em long: 77" 03055. St Saree ce ee oe Dracaena nutans

Dracaena angustifolia Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 24; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 327.

Pleomele angustifolia (Roxb.) N.E. Br., Kew Bull. 8 (1914) 277.

Dracaena congesta Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1893) 388; Fl. 4 (1924) 334; Hen-

ders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

D. pachyphylla Kurz., Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 329, p.p.

Plant short, stem to 15 cm tall. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 20-25 by 5-8 cm.

Petioles broad, slightly sheathing at the base. Inflorescence short, many flowered.

Distributed in Borneo; in Malaya often though not always on limestone, in shady

places.

Dracaena curtisii Ridl., Jour. R. As. Soc. S. Br. 59 (1911) 210; Fl. 4 (1924) 333;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 50-75 by 2-3 cm. Inflorescence large: to 70 cm long;

flowers 4-6 together.

Found in peninsular Thailand and Langkawi only. Perhaps restricted to lime-

stone; the collectors’ labels are very brief and incomplete.

Dracaena graminifolia Wall., Cat. (1831-32) 5149; Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 327; Ridl.,

Ral 4.197 7) 333:

D. finlaysonii Bak., J. Bot. (1873) 261.

Plant to 60 cm tall. Leaves linear acuminate, about 39 by 1 cm. Raceme usually

simple, sometimes branched at the base. Flowers 3-4 together, white.

Endemic to Malaya; not common in forests. Recorded from limestone only from

a single locality (Gunong Rapat, Ipoh).

Malayan Limestone Flora 175

Dracaena nutans Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1893) 406; FI., 4 (1924) 337.

Pleomele nutans N.E. Br., Kew Bull. 8 (1914) 278.

A rare endemic to Malaya; once recorded from limestone Batu Bayan, Kelantan

(UNESCO 178).

Dracaena porteri Bak., J. Bot. (1873) 262; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 328; Ridl., Fl. 4

(1924) 333.

Pleomele porteri N.E. Br., Kew Bull. 8 (1914) 279.

Endemic to Malaya, once recorded from limestone.

Dracaena yuccaefolia Ridl., J. Bot. (1896) 168, Fl. 4 (1924) 338; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Plant to 5 m tall. Leaves crowded at the end of stout twigs, stiff coriaceous,

ensiform, to 40 by 2.5 cm wide, often broader. Panicle large and spreading.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand and on limestone in the extreme North of

Malaya. Known only from these parts and probably restricted to limestone.

DUBIOUS RECORD

ALISMATACEAE

Echinodorus ridleyi Steen., Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 11 (1932) 240; Den Hartog,

Fl. Mal. I, 5 (1957) 325.

Ranalisma rostrata Stapf. in Hk. Ic. Pl. (1900) t. 2652; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 362.

Distributed in Vietnam and in Malaya. Known only from 3 or 4 collections, very

rare. In Malaya recorded only from Gua Batu woods, Ridley 8464 and Scortechini

126 (Den Hartog I.c., 326). Noted by Ridley on his label as from ‘damp spot in

wood’: and in his Flora I.c. as ‘in a patch of black mud in dense forest’: this is a

plant of wet places, and the aquatic more than the calcareous elements, apart from

other factors unknown, probably restrict its distribution. Probably, both Ridley’s

and Scortechini’s are not from the limestone at Gua Batu but from the surrounding

forest.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

BGaVew PPV ALS ATION SNS fis Si iccioen Scie tcc. ovo ypriae he asi g Fabel nthe eahanin sods Eurycles amboinensis

Ee AME MMNMRNNTIIIOL DCT ON ALS fo ioi5 cas. sap enn nce enccnisnnesnnsbnd ceagannnsasecerepesseresees Crinum defixum

Crinum defixum Ker., Quart. J. Sci. & Art, 3 (1817) 105; Hk.f. F.B.1. 6 (1894) 281;

Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 301; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Eurycles amboinensis (L.) Loud., Encycl. Pl. (1829) 242; Back. & Bakh. f., FI.

Java 3 (1968) 140.

Eurycles sylvestris Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 (1812) 337; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 303;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

176 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

ARACEAE

1. Plamts prickly ... coceccocsgyeccecesepenseaedpoiay alte Malate hye lmegth- Qe nme bir a> nese se terrae tana Ps

Plants not prickly 2. oro co.cc cceseevcenscnesecanecescaensasicns nai 9 0 ec atest iain eee ata 3

2. Leaves sagittate, the 2 basal lobes triangular; spathe broad, slightly longer than spadix ............

ee ree: ee eT ere wT te Cyrtosperma lasioides

Leaves deeply incised, with 4-8 pairs of lobes; spathe narrow, much longer than spadix ............

sans dios nde pind win sae Neshizale claws £4 08 vind una igidhe Sentai atti nee een Lasia aculeata

3. Plants aquatic, often completely submerged; on sandy, gravelly or rocky stream beds .............. 4

Plants not aquatic, rarely on dripping boulders, but never completely submerged ................... 6

4. Limb of spathe spirally twisted; leaves purple-reddish below; plants often forming dense mats

on'sticam bedrris Lic RRR ADL GL ede BAL ABORT So eee Cryptocoryne affinis

Limb of spathe not twisted ............:2:.2.ccssseessoneusesenasven ens «idgle -ESREEy fel oat ana n 5

5. Limb of spathe 1.3-2.5 cm long; leaves to 7-8 by 4cm ................eeeee ees Cryptocoryne purpurea

Limb of spathe +0.6 cm long; leaves to 5 by 2cm; a smaller plant ........... Cryptocoryne minima

6. Stem short or long, erect or subterranean, or sometimes prostrate, but not climbing, not

rooting from the nodes or internodes); :)s)..¢2..000, . ne. . SE. A a

Stem usually long, climbing, rooting from the nodes or from both nodes and internodes ........... 29

7. Plant with. 1-2 leaves. ....02.¢.ciis ine nicnk sce decs Phe ea ose salle ena ve eee eee setae ae eee 8

Plant with more than 2 leaves: )......5.2. eco ccc vecenseaedoase jctewenuaes one hene Smee ere tee 14

8. Leaf blade entire, ovate and cordate; margin undulate ..................ccceeeee eee Hapaline brownei

Leaf blade lobed 2... 55 0: Sox hes Sac Se lade eee scbite vn siete Ge ppm cree ele rae ee 9

9. Leaf trifoliate, leaflets simple and entire; a second leaf often present; spadix with filiform

APPENAALE |e. re Fees non dcae dnaa alles slnou duets ties ie nee baie 6 Pthoiad adie se OCCA RIE ace Ale et er 10

Leaf usually more divided; always single; spadix without filiform appendage ..................e0e000 11

10. Spadix much longer than spathe; with filiform appendage protruding ....... Arisaema fimbriatum

Spadix not longer than spathe, appendage not protruding ...................... Arisaema roxburghii

11. Appendage of spadix MASSIVE, COMIC 5. singe rpsice tir « gtmrup ciaaclngt «ie dd cimcla= weld ud vaisiscd Oe pues 12

Appendage of spadix long, and cylindrical «igs. ... iss. cing onftpiene ney seighbed dell adele oe cat dea cae 13

12. Limb of spathe yellow; petiole to 200 cm long ................cceceeeeee eee .. Amorphophallus prainii

Limb of spathe pinkish; petiole to 40 cm long ................cceeeeeneeeeee Amorphophallus carnosus

13. Peduncle to 30 cm long; leaf trifid with oblong-lanceolate leaflets .................cscceeeeeeeeeene nen eees

nidncsled « ophinpagt a raphavbenesbienp ys .c clr yeah eaeietn aire (tune ame aaa Amorphophallus haematospadix

Peduncle 90-120 cm long; leaf trifid with pinnatisect lobes .............. Amorphophallus variabilis

14. Spadix with a conical or cylindrical appendage projecting above the male flowers .................45 15

Spadix not projecting above the male flowers 2......5.)s+icsuss.++ +s e0 +49 fh kacleeev ity eee 20

15. Plant small, petioles 1-12 cm long >. ...:5.19.2 0s cna sug sven von enetyaaqaliedelsle dae 00) aaie gaat ea 16

Plant usually much larger, petioles at least 20 cm long, often much MOTE .............:0eeseserereeeeees 17

16. Plant with small underground tuber; petioles 5-12 cm long ...................5. Typhonium filiforme

Plant without tuber, stem supported by short stilt roots, petioles about 1 cm long....................

nesctebaceeyncentieaadvegee oabanhedeau td ine sole cae teaaae ane tat tetas aan a Typhonium fultum

17. Spathe slightly constricted below the middle, upper half narrow; peduncles less than 10 cm long

18.

NT ee ee ee Pee EY A RENE PALS Ma Me Se eon Schismatoglottis mutata

Spathe prominently constricted, the upper half broad; peduncles usually more than 10cmlong 18

Fruit drupaceous; seeds 1-3; leaves often pointing upwards ...:......é0s0.++.«rseaesondveeses tebe Neen 19

Fruit a berry; seeds numerous; leaves often pointing downwards. Large plant, leaves usually

more than 100 cm long: .2....0.0.. Lccdenestessiteina se ow aalss ei AMOR lg Colocasia gigantea

Leaves dark green, veins and margin white; styles distinct ..............cscsceeceeeceees Alocasia lowii

Leaves without prominent white veins and margin; stigma sessile ................ Alocasia denudata

Malayan Limestone Flora 177

20. Spathe boat-shaped, the whole dropping off as the fruit develops ..................ccccececeeeee sees eee es pit

Spathe either with a constriction in the middle or if boat-shaped, then persistent .................... 22

21. Stem erect, 30-60 m tall; spadices several together; peduncles 10-12 cm long ..................00..000-

EE NTE PERNT IRIN ES 5 cain cai ich mbvncsnanttanana ced ch sobwonvaunneauasestionss Aglaonema oblongifolium

Stem (rhizome) short creeping; spadix solitary; peduncles about 7 cm long ...................0eeeeeees

UR ES ee pe eee ee en Aglaonema costatum

22. Spathe with a constriction, the upper half soon falling off ................ cece ec cccceeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeenens 23

Spathe with or without a constriction, the upper half persistent ....................cccceeceeeeeeneeeen ees 24

23. Upper half of spadix club-shaped; leaves not peltate ...................2. Schismatoglottis calyptrata

Upper half of spadix not club-shaped; leaves peltate ......................0.000008. Colocasia esculenta

I NE ee AN A ANNO MANS 0.15260 22 0 eos << nc sidws Sang ov cas eudlon one cavenets vas ndnem gun vegenhecat ses -<cagnsssanearopuens 25

ee ALE CH SADULEALC «263550005. cree ceca snckancveesasnbovecsys iS Sah Rae Fa NEM RA og PIM BM eS zy

25. Spathe 2.5-3 cm long, green, peduncles about 4 cm long; stem of plant to 12 cm long ...............

MRrOREC ESS, PEEVE EEC 2a33% SAcct hes « Soe cheats TALES: GPabh dp aaa ane - eagle See Homalomena griffithii

Perea 2? CA OTS IEAVES SILVERY ONIVElVE IY ox 5.0% wing seins ne « chieraanek dn orl ruses Ss oe 4snns Sanne ob oepnen cee 26

26. Leaf base asymmetrical, petioles to 5 cm long; male part of spadix about 3 times as long as

Te NS I SE ee hs a ep wh tae ay auc le chad cant p wheat Homalomena argentea

Leaf base symmetrical, petioles variable, to 16 cm long; male part of spadix about twice as

MOE Gs PEM AIe PLCAVES VEIVELY’ 22. cnc s cee vs csswhns Scverse gnats Homalomena humilis (sometimes)

Rest base prowmincaly cordate or sapittate . 2.27. LUI ea, 28

27. eat base slightly cordate;:a small plant, stem: +2 .Scem Jomp «5.2256. 5.00.55 54. dan. eee ca aed scans ec paetenaes

oi 2 Ve BESS et OT) 6 are eee Ok ae Sh eee ewe RS Ros 2 Homalomena humilis (sometimes)

Leaf base prominently cordate or sagittate®... 0c 6.6.10, SEs ce Dede Ee be el deen eeten 28

28. Leaves, petioles and spathe tinged red or red; spathe +7 cm long. Spadix not clubbed .............

(a ean Sehgal aaith eae Rete tinea Se talre oy? oa eM Mind Che Reet) Homalomena rubra

Leaves, petioles and spathe not so coloured; spathe +2.5 cm long. Spadix clubbed .................

ed te PPC BAD iTS CRS tl IES gr Meda chan 5 ob «dan daa co gg See nea E TUE boo ta gaes ow ois Homalomena deltoidea

29. Adult leaves deeply lobed and sometimes perforated ............ 1. cece cece eee enc ee ee ee eeeneeeeneenenens 30

Pigelesesves iol lobed, very rarely perforated: 3.27... Gr. ALi sine edd tel ne vs whan coy sacvancanes snes 32

30. Adult leaves lobed and perforations close to and on either side of the midrib; juvenile leaves

not lobed, bases overlapping; spadix shorter than spathe ....................5. Epipremnopsis media

Pe IS eC METI) ICIIOTALSO 6 oo. «ods Fo. doo « hen bilgwnwene dupe nut oe vais ave Vawaa bt veee soernecnenee os 31

31. Leaves lanceolate, with +3 pairs of lobes or unlobed; spathe +7 cm long Raphidophara beccarii

Leaves ovate-elliptic, with numerous lobes; spathe 12-22 cm long........ Raphidophora korthalsii

32. Very large climber; leaves coriaceous, +30-90 by 15-30 cm; spathe stiff +23-35 cm long ...........

RR eee Ae see Seanas 5 OL Boke aw dsuk Vp s 4a ph PAEe pha chive Cophaigeek Geese sch Epipremum giganteum

Pein CUGIOr Ie AVies Ge SPAM 1ESK IMASSIVE: 2). 6.65 wees co cers cd as nqe cele ceids cpabeceetsnecdaesccnesdecanacs 33

33. Spadix with a stalk between the fertile part and the junction with the spathe ......................6085 34

Spadix without stalk; fertile up to the junction with spathe ...............ccccceceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeenen snes 40

34. Leaves with 1-2 distinct veins close to and parallel with the margin; petioles often flat

eee CME USSD BEM Red ee 2 i Pek vn dea np eee» <Pbeh voc0k => ooh oa Sus das va chas eda daan dedaponee 35

Leaves not so; petioles never flat and winged, sometimes with sheaths ...............0c0cceeeeeeeeeuees 38

Sore atihes mab amedoumaaed- Chadix GIODOSE ...<, iba cess « «Pave se beoekonn dn pide inte deds obs orpeneopscevdedide «hanes 36

Patioles Boe MerOrwinged: SpAsIx ClOU Tale 37, 66x. oh 2005 « ae 0 ster vind Uo Fy wieele oy cenacles been ed caacendwesdy oo el 37

36. Peduncles up to +2.5 cm; stalk of spadix +0.5 cm; leaf blades elliptic ............ Pothos scandens

Peduncles +5 cm long; stalk of spadix +1 cm; leaf blades narrow. Inflorescence generally larger

EE sy hig ck yeas <aclves'ppivcvse vubecev sss Hieleacusecesdupsavs Pothos macrocephalus

37. Leaf elliptic, petiole with a prominent 0.6-cm long knee; spadix 7-15 cm long .... Pothos latifolius

Leaf lanceolate, knee inconspicuous; spadix usually less than 7 cm long ......... Pothos lorispatha

178 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982) ;

38. Petioles broadly sheathing, nearly:tothetep, i. 7a). aig okt Anadendrum marginatum

Petioles not sheathing tonear the top. iiseus.s ced. ishieees ORE ath SOUS RR GE De oe Oe 39

39. Leaf base broad, sometimes slightly cordate; sheath to 7 cm of the petiole ......................00000 .

SURLEAE YA ese SPREUNEIAII SY Phas wssac ive wvehoureuues nr co peeeopuiece pice cueepe cet nntn nee Anadendrum montanum

Leaf base narrowed, sheath at the base of the petiole only .................. Anadendrum latifolium

40. Leaves as wide or almost as wide as long, broadly ovate-cordate; petiole 15-30 cm long,

not sheathing. Spathe £3 cm long, boat-shaped:3../0c12-tas, aawsees od . deeded ea Amydrium humile

Leaves longer than wide ........... édsicisesisiees Seldeplp aaioloideas duh « du epkla's Pauley 24 obistt gL EIR aetna 4]

41. Petioles prominently long sheathing, sheath persistent; peduncle enclosed by the sheaths.

Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded ........ 2.2... suas p hues eben t os 4049 dotdaodt ERED fad) et Penn dee ea 42

Petioles not prominently sheathing, often without sheaths; sheaths if present not persisting.

Fruit a berry; SEEdS MUMETOUS ... 2.0.0... cece secs swesenacecenaaeensusolnnen eee caine sce naneatn 44

42. Spadix 10-15 cm long; stem very thick; petioles broadly winged, leaves +25 by 6cm ................

wd elain ise ctl l a adores aw SSTRS SEI, ESP SOs AA dod Ake Scindapsus perakensis

Spadix less than 5.cm long; stem slender, +1 cm in diameter’ .::................4.s deep ssnele peep eee 43

43. Leaves ovate acute, base broad; stem slender: less than 1 cm diameter; spathe 3-5 cm long, ovate

secaphags Dep hte a Seip Sa EAL ras EES PE RRRRNSS Hines Ea etry ba) og pete ae aR ee Scindapsus scortechinii

Leaves lanceolate with base acute; stem to 1 cm diameter; spathe 3-5 cm long, narrow .............

nab esahiet ea negniugi vee ajstivee se clewadyskagSuptete dese Ieee tease aan Scindapsus hederaceus

44. Spadix +5-7 cm long; stem less than 1 cm diameter ..................0cesen ees Raphidophora silvestris

Spadix more than 10 cm long; stem usually more than 1 cm diameter ....................sceceeeeeeeenes 45

45. Petiole more than 25 cm long; spathe to 20 cm long; stem very stout ..... Raphidophora kunstleri

Petiole very short, inconspicuous; spathe to 12 cm long; stem 1-1.5 cm diameter .....................

ose oa aleesve teste ailg Radi Uses Santis Mena yates Me GORE er OREO Samet iNe a ea eee Raphidophora maingayi

Aglaonema costatum N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. 1 (1892) 426; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894)

531; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 100; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Rhizome creeping. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-acute, base broad. Spathe 42.5

cm long, spadix protruding.

Endemic, and apart from Hooker’s reference to a collection by Curtis from

Perak, known only from Langkawi; it is not certain whether this species is restricted

to limestone.

Aglaonema oblongifolium Schott., Wien Zeitschr. 3 (1829) 892; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6

(1894) 528; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 100.

A. nitidum Kunth., Enum. 3 (1841) 55.

Alocasia denudata Eng}. in DC., Monog. Phan. 2 (1879) 507; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894)

5205 Fadl. Fl. 5. (1925).9F,

A. longiloba Miq., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 527; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Sco. 17 (1939) 83.

Alocasia lowii Hk.f., Bot. Mag. 3 (19) (1863) t.5376; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 98;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Malayan Limestone Flora 179

Amorphophallus carnosus Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 41 (1904) 47; Fl. 5 (1925)

94; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Sco. 17 (1939) 83.

Tuber small; petiole about 35 cm tall; spathe about 12 cm long.

Found only in northern Malaya and the southern part of peninsular Thailand, all

records are from limestone.

Amorphophallus haematospadix Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 517; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 94;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Tubers to 6 cm diameter; petioles to 60 cm long, thick. Peduncle about 25 cm

long; spathe to 13 cm long.

Distributed in northern Malaya and peninsular Thailand and probably restricted

to limestone although the records are not clear. Hooker referred to a specimen

collected by Curtis as doubtfully from Penang where there are no limestone

outcrops.

Amorphophallus prainii Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 516; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 94; Hen-

ders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

The commonest forest species. Recorded from limestone in Pahang, Kelantan

(fide Henderson) and doubtfully from Selangor.

Amorphophallus variabilis Bl., Rumphia, 1 (1837) 146; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 95;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Amorphophallus elatus Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 517.

Amydrium humile Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1863) 127; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 118; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Epipremum humile Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 549.

Anadendrum latifolium Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 540; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 115.

Endemic to Malaya, not common in forest; with one record from limestone,

climbing over rocks (Gua Panjang, Kelantan, Henderson 19600).

Anadendrum marginatum Schott, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857) 116; Hk.f., F.B.1.

6 (1894) 540; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 116; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. 17 (1939) 83.

Anadendrum montanum Schott, Bonplandia 5 (1857) 45; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894)

540; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 115; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Arisaema fimbriatum Mast., Gard. Chron. 2 (1884)) 680; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894)

502; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 89; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Tuberous. Leaves 2, petioles 15-25 cm long. Spathe to 15 cm, the free part bent

forwards.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand; in Malaya, apparently restricted to limes-

tone; not uncommon, in partly shaded to fairly exposed situations.

180 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Arisaema roxburghii Kunth., Enum. 2 (1837) 18; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 497; Ridl.,

Fl. 5 (1925) 88; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 83.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 1 (1832) 18.

C. antiquorum Schott, in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 1 (1832) 18; HK.f.,

F.B.1. 6 (1894) 523; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 96.

Distributed throughout the hot tropics; often cultivated; preferring moist

ground. Once collected from limestone under shade, probably an escape from

nearby farms (Gunong Ginting, Perak, Mahmud s.n.).

Colocasia gigantea (Bl.) Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 524; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1923) 96; Hen-

ders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

A common species, locally abundant by forest fringes and on limestone; tolerates

extreme exposure, but does best under light shade in places with accumulation of

some soil and organic debris. In 1970 on Gua Musang, Kelantan it was observed as

a pioneer, after fire had destroyed the original vegetation.

Cryptocoryne affinis N.E. Br., in Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 494; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 87.

Endemic to Malaya, locally abundant, forming mats on gravelly, shallow stream

beds. Once collected growing on limestone debris mixed with much non-calcareous

gravel on a shallow stream bed. (Sungei Merapoh, Pahang, Chin 1480).

Cryptocoryne minima Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54 (1910) 61; Fl. 5 (1925) 88.

A rare endemic previously only known from Tapah, Perak (Ridley, I.c.), rooted

in mud. Recently collected from Kelantan, rooted on limestone on the bed of a

shallow stream (Gua Batu Boh, Kelantan, UNESCO 279).

Cryptocoryne purpurea Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 46 (1905) 44, Fl. 5 (1925) 87.

Endemic, found in slow forest streams in Johore. Now known from Kelantan,

growing on limestone rocks on a shallow stream bed (Gua Panjang, Kelantan,

UNESCO 607).

Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff., Itin. Not. 3 (1851) 149; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 551.

A plant of open swampy places. Recorded once from limestone, at the base of

Kota Glanggi. (Henderson 22506).

Epipremnopsis media Engl., Pflanz., 4. 23b (1908) 1; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 120;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Anadendrum medium Schott in Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 540.

Epipremnum giganteum Schott, Bonplandia, 5 (1857) 45; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894)

548; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 119; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Raphidophora gigantea Ridl., Mat. 3 (1907) 44.

Hapaline brownii Hk.f.,.F.B.I. 6 (1894) 521; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 96; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Malayan Limestone Flora 181

Plant with a small tuber. Petiole to about 18 cm long, blade ovate-cordate,

bullate; margin undulate. Spathe about 7 cm long.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand and Malaya. Restricted to the limestone field;

recorded from Kedah and Kelantan only.

Homalomena deltoidea Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 536; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 105.

Endemic, found in the forest of Johore, Perak and Kelantan; recorded from

limestone in Johore and Kelantan. A plant of shady places.

Homalomena griffithii Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 534; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 106; Furt.,

Gards. Bull. S.S. 10 (1939) 194.

Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hk.f., var. pumila (Hk.f.) Furt., Gard. Bull. S. S. 10

(1939) 203; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

H. johorensis Engl., Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 106.

H. pumila Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 535.

H. purpurascens var. pumila (Hk.f.) Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 105.

Homalomena rubra Hassk., Decad. (1842) 60; Furt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 10 (1925)

218.

H. coerulescens Jungh. ex Schott, Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1893) 218; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925)

104.

H. singaporensis Regel., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 110.

Lasia aculeata Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 81; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 125.

L. heterophylla Schott, Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 550.

L. spinosa Thw., Enum. (1864) 336; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939)

84.

A plant of wet marshy areas which has been found growing in the more sheltered

localities at hill bases on limestone.

Pothos latifolius Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 554; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 129.

P. maingayi Hk.f., l.c. 554.

P. kunstleri Hk.f., l.c. 554.

Endemic to Malaya; not uncommon in the lowland forest, with one record from

limestone, climbing over rocks (Furtado s.n. 4th June 1937 from Gunong Baling,

Kedah).

Pothos lorispatha Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 86 (1922) 310, Fl. 5 (1925) 130;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

A slender climber, leaves lanceolate, to 30 cm long. Spathe to 10 cm long. Spadix

slender, cylindric.

Endemic to limestone and recorded only from Gua Batu in Selangor.

182 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 553; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 128;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Stem long-climbing, slender, to 0.5 cm in diameter. Leaves lanceolate, broader

than petiole. Spathe ovate, to 1.5 cm long; spadix stipitate, globose.

Endemic to Malaya and common on limestone, climbing over rocks and trees.

(Gunong Baling, Kedah, Furtado s.n.).

Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 968; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 551; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 127; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Collected several times from limestone; not as common as P. macrocephalus.

Raphidophora beccarii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 1 (1881) 181; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 546;

Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 124.

Raphidophora korthalsii Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1863) 129; Hk.f.,

-F.B.I. 6 (1894) 548; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 124.

Raphidophora kunstleri Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 546; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 123.

Stem thick: 7-10 cm in diameter; leaves oblong-lanceolate 20-35 cm long. Spathe

long, 15-20 cm, cylindric.

This is an endemic species. The type specimen was collected from Larut, Perak

and quoted by Ridley as from between 1500 and 2500 m. This must be a mistake as

the hills there do not rise beyond 1500 m. Apart from this, all other collections of

this species are from limestone and restricted to Perak.

Raphidophora maingayi Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 543; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 123; Furt.,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1935) 153; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Endemic to Malaya; not uncommon in forests, recorded from limestone in

Selangor and Johore.

Raphidophora silvestris (B\.) Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 239; Furt.,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1935) 156.

R. wrayi Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1893) 544; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 122.

A species usually found in the hills above 1000 m. Recorded from limestone on

Gua Batu, Selangor (Ridley s.n., Dec. 1896 & Nur 8965).

Schismatoglottis calyptrata Zoll. & Morr., Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. (1854) 83; Ridl.,

PLS (ESS

S. longipes Miq., Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 538.

Schismatoglottis mutata Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 538; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 111; Hen-

ders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Endemic to Malaya, found in lowland forests and on limestone, rare. The

limestone records are from Gua Batu, Selangor and Pahang.

Malayan Limestone Flora 183

Scindapsus hederaceus Schott, Bonplandia, 5 (1857) 45; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 542;

Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 117.

Scindapsus perakensis Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 542; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 118; Furt.,

Gard. Bull. S.S. 8 (1935) 157; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Scindapsus scortechinii Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 541; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 117.

Usually found above 900 m. Once collected from limestone at an elevation of 200

m (Gua Serai, Kelantan, UNESCO 437).

Typhonium filiforme Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 41 (1905) 45, Fl. 5 (1925) 91;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Plant with a small tuber. Leaves 2-3, sagitate, 5-8 cm long. Spadix with a long

appendage.

Rare, endemic to limestone. Recorded from Perak and Perlis; the Perlis speci-

men is tentatively identified as this. Known only from these two collections (Hen-

derson: Kuala Dipang, Perak, 9620 and Bukit Lagi, Perlis, 22824).

Typhonium fultum Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 41 (1905) 45; Fl. 5 (1925) 91;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 84.

Plant nontuberous; leaves ovate-cordate to sagitate, 5-7 by 5 cm. Spadix as long

as the spathe.

Rare, endemic to the limestone. Recorded from Langkawi, Selangor and Pahang

in shady moist localities.

Dubious record

Homalomena argentea Ridl., J. Bot. 49 (1902) 35, Fl. 5 (1925) 107; Furt., Gard.

Bull. S.S. 10 (1939) 186.

A small plant, stem about 2 cm long. Petioles pinkish red, leaves elliptic. Spathe

1.2-1.3 cm long, spadix slightly shorter.

A rare endemic found in the South of Malaya, previously recorded only from

Malacca, now known from Johore (Chin 648), growing in a small pocket of soil on a

small limestone outcrop. This soil appears to be derived from sandstone and is not

of calcareous origin.

BURMANNIACEAE

1. Ovary uni-loculate; placentation parietal, flowers pale violet .............. Gymnosiphon aphyllus

Ovary tri-loculate; placentation axile, flowers White .................cccceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneneeeueeeneenes 2

2. Perianth tube winged, flowers numerous

Perianth tube not winged, flowers 4-5

184 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Burmannia championii Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5 (1864) 325; Hk.f., F.B.1. 5 (1893)

666; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 306; Jonker, Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1948) 17.

Rare and known from only 3 records in Malaya. The first (Ridley, l.c.) was from

Selangor forest by the Labu River; ‘in damp woods deeply buried in decaying

leaves.”’ (This record is not noted by Jonker l.c.). Recently this species has been

collected over limestone, in shady hollows with rich humus, in Kelantan (UNESCO

50) and Selangor (Chin 1829). I collected the Selangor specimen in flower on 23rd

July 1972; in November 1972, I saw no flowering shoots above ground level. This

periodic appearance of above-ground parts and the relatively inconspicuous plant

body have probably played an important part in the apparent rarity of this species.

Burmannia lutescens Becc., Malesia 1 (1877) 246; Jonker, Fl. Mal. 1, 4 (1948) 19.

B. gracilis Ridl., J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 22 (1890) 335, Fl. 4 (1924) 305; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 74.

Gymnosiphon aphyllus B1., Enum. Pl. Jav. 1 (1827) 29. Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 306;

Jonker, Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1928) 20.

Throughout the lowland forests but uncommon. Recorded from over limestone

once (Batu Hayan, Kelantan, UNESCO 73).

NOTE

BUTOMACEAE

Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau.

Native of tropical America, now naturalised and common in SE. Asia; in wet

places. Recorded from Lenggong, Perak, near padi fields, growing in streams

underlain by limestone.

COMMELINACEAE

1, Inflorescence termimall 9, 004i nasaece* opapintyetiahs Mane vadacesanSl rca efiy ha Dearie star eke een 2

Inflorescence axillary 2.05... 5.scsescoscenehesddaaiinr neo ved beeing Nas 01 tp adgt ek that saat ae een 7

2. Plant a small slender creeping herb to 20 cm tall. Fruits, dehiscent capsules, not blue. Rare

on limestone and recorded only from Langkaw! ....02.s002.:00000+s00se00edessonsns eremneyo nents tase eae 3

Plant larger, often erect to 60 cm or more tall (except for Pollia sumatrana which is +30 cm tall

but which is densely rusty-red pubescent). Fruits indehiscent, blue. Uncommon on limestone

and not.recorded from Langkawi 03. 2...4..¢si sedef or tii Uilersneswesssases vanes a) esse 00 0ney enna 4

3. Leaves pubescent beneath; ovary with a single locule and ovule. Very rare, recorded from

Malaya only once; on limestone in Langkawi ..................sceceseseeeeeseseees Aneilema subovatum

Leaves not pubescent beneath; ovary with 3 locules and 3-6 ovules. Common weed, recorded

from limestone in Langkawi ......2).d.s.02.scsveuntevts rovers roasted eee Aneilema nudiflorum

4. Inflorescence with flowers densely clustered in heads, leaves 25-40 by 7-10 cm. Pollia thyrsiflora

Inflorescence with flowers spaced out; not in heads ....¥..).../d0 2.00050) Ae ee 5

Malayan Limestone Flora 185

5. Inflorescence with peduncle, 4-9 cm long; flowers few. From Perak and the North .................. 6

Inflorescence with peduncle, 13-20 cm long; flowers numerous. Recorded only from Kelantan

ae emer ie Pee, We) aes I SS Oe 6b an ee Ds ao aos gence pres oe PNG on PGC oeR Toes Pollia sorzogonensis

6. Leaves pubescent beneath; sepals pubescent. Inflorescence to + 5 cm long. Very rare, re-

Poe e Om MINeStONC OMY IN PELAK 22......cpscecae cs son cae otnagergueamgssiecgattesesnctns Pollia sumatrana

Leaves glabrous beneath, sepals glabrous. Inflorescence + 8 cm long. Recorded from lime-

emer NeKI aOR. cee. Ate ode ss.). Un BANU AR: Pollia subumbellata

7. Stem herbaceous, succulent, erect, short or to 30 cm tall; leaves linear lanceolate. Inflore-

scence subtended by spathe-like leafy bract. An escape from cultivation ......... Rhoeo spathacea

stem semi-woody, creeping ascending, to 100 cm long; leaves broadly elliptic. Inflorescence

Men sumnenicded ty lcaly bract .2.5.v.. SA tel Sats, a ee eh peel Bk. Forrestia monosperma

Aneilema nudiflorum Br., Prodr. (1810) 271; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 355.

A common and widely distributed weed in waste ground and on sandy places.

Collected once, growing from limestone crevices. (Kuah, Langkawi Samat 3).

Forrestia monosperma C1., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 359; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 360.

Endemic to Malaya; found in rocky forests, in moist places under shade. Re-

corded from limestone in Kelantan and Pahang.

Pollia sorzogonensis Endl., Gen. P1. 13 (1840) 1029; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 350.

Pollia subumbellata Cl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9 (1866) 451; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 350;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 82.

Herb, stem ascending to 90 cm. Leaves thin, glabrous, 8-10 by 2.5 cm. Infloresc-

ence with a 5-cm peduncle, the whole about 9 cm long.

Distributed in the eastern Himalayas and Burma. Confined to the limestone of

Kedah and Perlis in Malaya, except (according to Henderson I.c.) for a doubtful

specimen from Tembeling in Pahang.

Pollia sumatrana Hassk., Commel. Ind. (1870) 57; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 350.

Very rare in Malaya, once from limestone. (Gunong Pondok, Perak, Burkill &

Haniff, 13907).

Pollia thyrsiflora Endl., Gen. Pl. 13 (1840) 1029; Ridl., Fl. 3 (1924) 350; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1979) 82.

Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn, Baileya 5 (1957) 198; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970)

105.

R. discolor (L’Heritier) Hance, Ann. Bot. Syst. 3 (1852) 660.

This plant, a native of Central America, is commonly found cultivated in gardens

in Malaya. Recently it has been found growing abundantly on one of the western

cliff faces on Gunong Rapat in Perak. The plants were growing from cracks and

crevices on the ground and up the cliff face. These probably originate from nearby

Chinese gardens where they are cultivated for use in local medicine.

186

Dubious record

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982) :

Aneilema subovatum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 357; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

10.

it,

(1939) 82.

Uncommon, recorded only from Langkawi and Perlis. According to Henderson

l.c., a doubtfully determined specimen (Henderson 22822) is from limestone in

Langkawi.

CYPERACEAE

MO i es ee ee

Flowers unisexual, female flowers usually below the male ..................ccccceceeceneeeseeeeeeereneencs

. Inflorescence always subtended by a whorl of leaflike bracts; bracts more than 5 cm long,

narrow, the inflorescence then a single head of spikelets or wide: + 1 cm, then inflorescence

an umbel with many unequal radiating branches. Styles persistent and not thickened at the base

Inflorescence not always subtended by a whorl of leaflike bracts; bracts usually < 5 cm

~ long. Inflorescence not with the above combination of characters. Styles deciduous, thickened at

the base and.articulated: with the turt, 6.6.< do 55 css dsie'eiaeic sxe esdeassaceseds nanohole cok vie tesa oll ese ane

Inflorescence a single head of spikelets at the end of stems. Leaves narrow ..... Cyperus kyllingia

Inflorescence an umbel of many unequal branches. Leaves broader: to 1 cm .... Cyperus trialatus

. Glumes spirally arranged. Plant densely tufted. Inflorescence, an umbel of 4 or 5 branches,

each with 1 spike. Central sessile spike present at the base of the umbel Fimbristylis trichophylla

Glumes in 2 raws, distichous; not as pronounced in mature spikelets ...................ceeceeeeeeeeeeees

. Leaves very narrow: 0.5-1 mm. Glumes densely gland-dotted and nuts smooth or if glumes

not gland-dotted then nuts finely striate with faint transverse limes ..................ececeeeee eens en enees

Leaves wider: 1.5-2.4 mm. Glumes not densely gland-dotted, nuts differently marked or smooth

. Glumes densely gland-dotted; styles hairy at the base; nuts smooth. Plant densely tufted,

leaves rigid, tips acute, scabrid.at the topG, (ase. cisaiaegse agent ae aes Fimbristylis fuscoides

Glumes not gland-dotted; styles glabrous; nuts longitudinally striate. Plant slender, tufted,

leaves not rigid. Endemic to the Langkawi limestone ..................:0000000 Fimbristylis calcicola

. Nuts densely warty; leaves abruptly. pointed ic.n.,.5. Av.a,.se- orden eyOwa: tyne eects Fimbristylis fusca

Nuts completely smooth; leaves obtuse. Endemic to Langkawi limestone Fimbristylis malayana

. Plant with leaves mainly from the base. Carpellate flowers and nuts enclosed by a modified

glume (utricle)*,.....sc70. Basia). Leal eer ee eet ee

Plant with leafy stems. Carpellate flowers and nuts not enclosed by a modified glums ..............

. Inflorescence a narrow oblong panicle, occupying the upper third of stem. Stems 60-120 cm tall

dh ielce'vin' nin spits lp » de xStack <b oo ee RUNS Mah ely aie Ai Seo Pee Carex perakensis

Spikes forming ovoid or globose heads, 0.5-1 cm long by 0.8-1.5 cm broad. Leaves very few,

0,2-0.6 CMA. WIDE: |. sc2etshe as sid ah bi Ria bteaiaens a as oo tea pete ene ae Carex malaccensis

Spikes 1-3, singly at nodes, well spaced mixed (androgynous), female below and male above .....

nia viene 0 euasyub-vessngiesa on o¥ieipiitx tne ebiple aéidsle hare as-a op i emia e te tngiN aia tatiana staan Carex speciosa

Spikes 5-7; spaced or sometimes close together; rarely to 20 through branching. Terminal:

male, remainder: feshale or mised ...4%.5.6 addn< »siavgsscccecedenreds ceteoeneee Carex breviscapra

Plant slender, stem 0.1-0.2 cm thick, less than 60 cm tall. Leaves singly on stems ..............0006

oo aé 46s aie aiauniviiee stones esine e's scoisitnss oiahisss> kien nih ea ak tie Haasan tnaie atin an Scleria lithosperma

Plant fairly stout, stem + 0.5 cm thick, and + 100 cm tall. Upper leaves in groups of 2-6, about

Sem apart 2. ALR eee Scleria multifoliata

Malayan Limestone Flora 187

Carex breviscapa C.B. Cl., in Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 736; Nelmes, Reinw. | (1961)

369.

C. curtisii Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 183.

Very rare in Malaya. Known from two collections (non-limestone). A further

recent collection from Batu Hayan, Kelantan (UNESCO 56) is referred to this

species with some doubts.

Carex malaccensis C.B. Cl., in Hk.f., F.B.1I. 6 (1894) 722; Nelmes, Reinw. 1 (1951)

257; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 183; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85.

Tufted. Stem to 50 cm tall, slender. Leaves few, 2-6 mm wide. Inflorescences of

1-4 crowded sessile spikes, each forming subglobose or ovoid heads, whitish;

bracteoles aristate.

Endemic to the limestone in Langkawi, not uncommon in partially sheltered

localities, growing from rock crevices and on soil.

Carex perakensis C.B. Cl., in Hk. f., F.B.1. 6 (1894) 720; Nelmes, Reiw. 1 (1951)

253; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 184.

Carex speciosa Kunth., Enum. Pl. 2 (1837) 504; Nelmes, Reinw. (1951) 390.

Tufted. Stems slender, 5-50 cm tall, 0.5-1.5 mm thick. Leaves numerous, longer

than stems, 3-11 mm wide. Inflorescence with 1-3 spikes well spaced out on the

stem, singly from nodes. Each 1-4 cm long, with female flowers in the lower half

and male flowers in the upper. Utricles trigonous, ventral face wider than each half

of the angled dorsal face.

A new record for Malaya. Distributed in Sumatra and Java. In Java this species

has been extensively and frequently collected from calcareous marl. Found in the

lowlands and up the hills to more than 1000 m. The Malayan records are all from

limestone and so far only from Kelantan and Pahang. It is not an uncommon plant

on the Kelantan limestone. Two numbers, Chin 436 and 1378 are referred to this

species with some doubt: their spikes are longer, to 7 cm, and they bear leaves

towards the narrow range of its variation, being 3-4 mm wide; in these respects

more like C. stenura Nelmes which is a rare endemic in the southern division of

Borneo. Apparently C. speciosa Kunth and C. stenura Nelmes, which are the only

two species in section Radicales Nelmes, are very similar. Further, Nelmes I.c., has

also stated that C. speciosa is very polymorphic throughout its range, so perhaps

examination of plants from its former geographical range and of recent collections

from its new distributional extension would throw additional light on the taxonomy

of the section Radicales.

The Malayan records were material growing from rock crevices which had some

accumulation of dark red calcareous soil, under partially sheltered conditions. All

were from less than 250 m elevation: Gua Serai, Kelantan UNESCO 314; Gua

Panjang, UNESCO 508 & Gua Musang, Chin 1378; Pahang; Bukit Chintamani,

Chin 436.

188 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Cyperus kyllingia Endl., Cat. Hort. Acad. Vindob. 1 (1842) 94; Back. & Bakh. f,

Fl. Java 3 (1968) 469; Stone, Micronesica 6 (1970) 170.

Kyllingia monocephala Rottb., Desc. Ic. Rar. Pl. (1773), 13, t. 4, f. 4; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 138.

Distributed all over the tropics; in Malaya a common weed of wayside and waste

ground, tolerating extreme exposure and poor soils. Once recorded from limes-

tone, (Gunong Rapat, Perak, Molesworth-Allen 4271.).

Cyperus trialatus (Boeck.) Kern., Reinw. 3 (1954) 32.

C. bancanus Migq., Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 143.

C.. turgidulys C.B..Cl. ex Hk. f.,. FB 61893) Gor

Fimbristylis calcicola Kern, Blumea 8 (1955) 129, ibid., 15 (1967) 439.

Tufted. Stems very slender, to 20 cm tall. Leaves 0.5-1 mm wide. Inflorescence

with 3-9 spikelets, bracts setaceous. Nut oblong-ovoid, + 0.6 mm long.

Endemic to the limestone on Pulau Langkawi and so for known only from a

single collection (Corner s.n. 19th Nov. 1941).

Fimbristylis fusca (Nees) C.B. Cl., F.B.I. 6 (1893) 649; Kern, Blumea 15 (1967)

435.

Fimbristylis fuscoides C.B. Cl., Kew Bull. add. ser. 8 (1908) 25; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925)

160; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86.

Rare in Malaya and only known from Langkawi and Perlis. The Perlis specimens

are from open ‘heath’ country (not limestone), and according to Henderson l.c.

the ones in Langkawi are from limestone.

Fimbristylis malayana Ohwi, Blumea 8 (1955) 96; Kern, Blumea 15 (1967) 438.

Tufted. Stems slender, 20-40 cm tall. Leaves much shorter than the stems, tips

obtuse, 1.5-2 mm wide. Inflorescence simple sub-compound, with 2-7 spikelets.

Spikelets 8-10 by 2-2.5 mm. Nut smooth, obovoid.

Endemic in Pulau Langkawi, on the limestone, known only from 3 collections.

Fimbristylis trichophylla Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 155; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 86.

Tufted. Stems slender, 15-30 cm tall, leaves slightly shorter, filiform linear.

Inflorescence an umbel of 4-5 branches, each with 1 spike, and a sessile spike in the

centre of the umbel. Spike ovate, 0.2 cm long.

Thailand and Malaya. Growing from limestone rock crevices, tolerating rather

exposed conditions.

Scleria lithosperma Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. (1788) 18; Clarke in HK.f.,

F.B.1. 6 (1893) 685; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 176; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 86.

Scleria purpurascens Steud., Syn. Pl. Cyp. (1855) 169; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 3

(1968) 485.

S. multifoliata Boeck. ex Hk. f., F.B.I. 6 (1984) 693; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 178.

Malayan Limestone Flora 189

DIOSCOREACEAE

1. Stems twining to the left, the tip growing in a clockwise direction; the stem with a clockwise

SE Be nisin oh he inn. sine Snags ote eee vac dat Gogh wai atid aagavasynicasenies sebus Zz

Stems twining to the right, the tip growing in an anti-clockwise direction; the stem with an

NS NN gee Soria te a fuels: fang Pr uy tice cae eed Ree FREE maho oa Bisnd dg x sbaid rabsale aa eaweauiends 6

2. Leaves compound; 3-foliolate, middle leaflet largest, to 30 by 28 cm ............ Dioscorea hispida

eres Sate, PATCH IODC CW J. 8. 8..2 sete ts ae Fed ch a Rd OR bret vo T LEER adda de nved covet ooebeds 3

3. Capsules as broad or broader than long, male flowers with an enlarged torus ....................0008. 4

Capsules longer than broad, torus of male flowers not enlarged, leaves usually broadly cor

Beareesppersittace shiohtly bulllate en ceti) sels sip cmnsqaigs viwewink ds apengeals + oilmenn dss Dioscorea bulbifera

een ame PMTs, PTIOTESCCHICC USUAILY CYIMOSE 0... te, ccleccctccsecbecect foesenslvcesuvcesccccecrssrstebestes 5

Plant pubescent with T-shaped hairs; inflorescence usually spicate or racemose ................000005

ee ear cea cen dah ord aR aot fms ak Fn.s's uke Va Meee see va swensg Shea yy Dioscorea esculenta

5. Leaves trifid above a cordate base; male flowers in small cymes; capsule wings nearly twice as

ULES PS Sete a cee nee a Dioscorea membranacea

Leaves not lobed, cordate; male flowers usually solitary; capsule wings 2! times as long as wide

Gee Soa Ree oh! Bet Bee SAAN eee men ce ane Bits Ce ee es Ree emer I Dioscorea calcicola

Leaves ovate, elliptic or rounded, much more than 1.5 cm Wide .................ceceececeecereeceeeeneess Z

7. Base of leaves on mature plants narrowed or rounded, not cordate or sagittate, male spikes

SS Le SR Ee es Vee DP AS eee PASE ey RL eee Or Pe DEP) Eee tinge: They er eT ae ee 8

Base of most leaves on mature plants cordate or sagittate, male spikes horizontal or pendulous 9

8. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate-ovate to 16 by 5 cm, frequently less ............. Dioscorea laurifolia

Leaves herbaceous, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, to 15 by 7cm..................068. Dioscorea prainiana

9. Leaves pubescent, at least on the petioles and the lower surface ................ccecececececeeeeeeeeeeenes 10

MN PR ENROMELAS tO Noor NAA ok Fast wt ss Sods mea ve NNd SCAM DL ROR petitsand SAP bas Soda x wand bn ndbp ocencclesn seh 11

10. Leaves ovate-elliptic, base slightly cordate; to 11 by 8cm ................ cece Dioscorea pyrifolia

Leaves rounded, as broad as long, base cordate, usually 12 by 12 cm, often larger ...................

NP aa a hae ad PAN a Fos 2) iy 2 Sain whe sen Bn ona Goes Ot ego Low Pete Dioscorea polyclados

11. Leaves longer than broad, +10 by 6 cm; axis of male spikes zig-zag ........... Dioscorea filiformis

Leaves as broad as long, + 10 by 10 cm; axis of male spikes not zig-zag .......... Dioscorea glabra

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1033; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 315; Henders. J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 311.

Dioscorea calcicola Prain et Burk., Kew Bull. (1925) 64; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 341

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81; Burk., Fl. Mal. I. 4 (1951), 327.

Slender climber; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate-acuminate, base round-

ed or cordate, to 12 by 1.5 cm. Male spikes from the upper leaf axils.

Distributed in Peninsular Thailand; in Malaya nearly always from limestone;

recorded from Langkawi, mainland Kedah and Kelantan. The only non-limestone

record is from Kedah Peak.

Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk., Gard. Bull. S. S. 1 (1917) 396; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 307.

D. aculeata Linn., Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 315.

Widely cultivated in Malaya and over most of the tropics. Recorded from

limestone in Kedah.

190 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Dioscorea filiformia Bl., En. Pl. Java 1 (1827) 22; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1915) 329.

D. gibbiflora Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1892) 294; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 81.

D. myriantha Kunth, Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 82.

Dioscorea glabra Roxb., FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 803; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 294; Ridl., Fl.

4 (1924) 318; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Dioscorea hispida Dennst. in Schluss. Hort. Malab. (1818) 15; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4

(1951) 318.

D. triphylla Linn. Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 314; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 82.

Dioscorea polyclades Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 294; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 315; Burk., FI.

Mal. I, 4 (1951) 334.

Dioscorea prainiana Kunth, Pfl. R. 87 (1924) 286; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 324.

D. deflexa Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1892) 293.

Dioscorea prazeri Prain et Burk., J. As. Soc. Beng (1904) 73; Burk., Fl. Mal. I, 4

(1951) 307.

Recorded from limestone in Perlis. Referred to by Henderson I.c. as doubtfully

D. membranacea Pierre ex Prain et Burk.

Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth, En. Pl. 5 (1850) 384; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 292; Ridl.,

Fl. 4 (1924) 316; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 82; Burk., Fl. Mal.

I, 4 (1951) 332.

Note

Dioscorea membranacea Pierre ex Prain et Burk., J.. As. Soc. Beng 10 (1914) 13;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

The specimen (Henderson 22884) doubtfully referred to as this species by Hen-

derson l.c. is actually D. prazeri Prain et Burk. (which see).

This species is distributed in Thailand, Burma and Indochina and so far has not

been recorded from Malaya.

FLAGELLARIACEAE

Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 10. (1915) 3; Back. & Bakh f.,

Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 249.

Susum malayanum (Jack) Pl. ex Hk. f., F.B.1. 6 (1892) 391; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

369.

New and Interesting Plant Records for Singapore

J.F. MAXWELL

Botanic Gardens

Parks & Recreation Department

Singapore

Abstract

Botanical collecting trips in Singapore from 1976 to end 1982 resulted in 5 new records and 15 other

taxa which are rare and have not been collected here in recent years. Brief notes on these species,

including their collecting localities and overall distribution, are included.

Introduction

Since the publication of Ridley’s Flora of the Malay Peninsula (Ridley, 1922-25)

which includes that of Singapore, only Keng’s ““Annotated List of Seed Plants of

Singapore” (Keng, 1973-82, incomplete) is available. Although the Flora of Singa-

pore is quite well-known and was updated by Sinclair (1953, 1956), I have had the

opportunity since 1976 to collect and identify many local plant species — 5 of which

have not been previously recorded for Singapore and 15 others which are either

rare, flower or fruit infrequently, or have not been collected locally for many years.

The information presented here is compiled from my own observations and sear-

ches in the herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Singapore. It is anticipated that further

collecting in Singapore will result in additions to this paper.

Agavaceae

1. Dracaena maingayi Hk. f.

This spectacular tree, the height of which I have seen reaching 25-30 m, is

perhaps the tallest species for the genus. Although there are several specimens

in the Herbarium, collected in Singapore between 1885-1899 by Hullett, Ridley,

and Mat, only a few of these trees at Bukit Timah and Labrador Nature

Reserves and one from Bukit Kallang from which I collected fruits, are pre-

sently known. Dracaena maingayi Hk. f. is also known from Pahang, Perak,

Malacca, and Johore. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-75, 2 Feb. 1982. Plate 1.

Anacardiaceae

2. Mangifera macrocarpa Bl. New Record

This very interesting species was first brought to my attention by my col-

league, Mr. Tay Eng Pin, who noticed it at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

early September 1982. I later went with him and another colleague, Encik

Sidek bin Kiah, and found several vegetative juvenile specimens 1-4 m tall

along Lower Path (Taban Path) in this forest. Subsequent searches in the

Herbarium by Encik Mohd. Shah bin Mohd. Noor revealed the identity of this

species. The latter has also been observed in the Labrador Nature Reserve.

19]

192 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Mangifera macrocarpa B1. is, apparently, a very rare species throughout its

range and has been found in Cambodia, peninsular Thailand, W. Malaysia

(Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, and Malacca), Sumatra, Java, Sabah, Kali-

mantan, and the Anambas and Nunukan Islands. Almost all of the known

collections of this species are vegetative, including the few we have here, and,

according to several reports, this species rarely produces flowers and fruits

(Hou, 1978). Voucher specimen: Sidek 607, 9 Sep. 1982.

Apocynaceae

. Epigynum forbesii King & Gamble New Record

Originally described from Sumatran material, this species is also known from

a few collections from Sarawak and W. Maiaysia (Kemaman and Johore). It

was, therefore, surprising to find this species, a woody climber, along the

margins of the swamp forest at Nee Soon. So far I have been unable to find

other specimens of this rare species at Nee Soon or any other place in Singa-

pore. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-148, 23 Apr. 1982. Plate 2.

Araceae

. Raphidophora sylvestris (B\.) Engl. var. montana (B1.) Nicols.

This variety is frequently seen creeping up tree trunks in the evergreen forest

at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and in the swamp forest at Nee Soon. It has

been collected at Chua Chu Kang by Goodenough in 1890 and by Ridley at the

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in 1899 and Bukit Panjang in 1905. My collection

from the Nee Soon swamp forest is a flowering specimen and is, apparently

the most recent addition of flowering/fruiting material to our herbarium since

Ridley’s collection in 1905. This variety is also found in Perak, Penang, and

Malacca. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-149, 23 Apr. 1982.

Euphorbiaceae

. Neoscortechinia kingii (Hk. f.) Pax & Hoffm. New Record

This inconspicuous tree is known from scattered locations throughout W.

Malaysia and has often been collected in swamp forests. The first record of this

species from Singapore was fruiting material found at the Nee Soon swamp

forest in December 1981 by two of my colleagues (Shah and Ali MS 4157). |

later found fruiting material of this tree in the same area on 17 February 1982

(Maxwell 82-44) and female flowers were collected from the same tree on 23

April 1982 (Maxwell 82-150). This species is also known from Sarawak and

Kalimantan. Plate 3.

Fagaceae

6. Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lind. ex Hance) Rehd.

Although this species is common in peninsular Thailand and W. Malaysia, it

Plate 2: Epigynum forbesiti K. & G., part of in-

florescence showing the cream-coloured corollas.

Photo by Mr. Hugh Tan.

Plate 1: Dracaena maingayi Hk. f., branch full of

orange-red fruits. Photo by Mr. Hugh Tan.

Plate 3: Neoscortechinia kingit (Hk. f.) Pax &

Hoffm.. fruiting branches at Nee Soon. Photo by

Dr. B..C. Stone, 24 Aug. 1982.

Plate 4: Aeschynanthus wallichii R. Br., upper part

of plant showing the bright red corolla; photo by

Mr. Hugh Tan.

Plate 5: Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.,

showing buds, open flowers, and

fertilized flowers where the petals

and stamens have fallen off. The

white calyces and vivid blue of the

petals and filaments, are quite

attractive. Photo by Mr. Hugh

Tan.

Plate 6: Memecylon excelsum BI., branch with flow:

ers and developing fruits. Photo by Dr. Ivar;

Polunin.

Plate 7: Stephania capitata (B\.) Spreng., leafless

lower stems with inflorescences and with leaves on

the upper part. Photo by Dr. B.C. Stone.

Singapore Plant Records 195

10.

has only been collected on a few occasions in Singapore. There are several

specimens of this small tree in the herbarium — all collected by Ridley between

1889-1898 from Pulau Ubin, Changi, and Jurong. The material that I collected

from Seletar Reservoir, near the Singapore Zoological Gardens on 26 August

1982, is apparently the only other collection of this rare species from Singa-

pore. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-241.

Gesneriaceae

. Aeschynanthus wallichii R. Br.

The earliest collection we have of this species from Singapore was gathered

by Ridley at Kranji in 1889. The few other specimens from Singapore were

collected at Chua Chu Kang (Mandai), Bukit Timah forest, and Jurong. Up to

now, the most recent collection is from the swamp forest at Nee Soon and was

made by Sinclair in 1948. This species is known from Trengganu, Perak,

Malacca, and Johore, as well as Sarawak and Sumatra. This is a very rare and

colourful species on account of is bright red corolla, and was found by me as a

creeping/climbing vine on a tree trunk on 19 March 1982 (Maxwell 82-80) in the

swamp forest at Nee Soon. Plate 4.

Lauraceae

. Litsea lancifolia (Roxb.) Hk. f.

This understorey tree is known from southern Thailand and W. Malaysia

(Perak, Pahang, Kelantan, Selangor, and Johore) where it is, apparently, very

rare. The species is in record for Singapore by specimens collected by Mat at

Seletar in 1894 and by Ridley at Bukit Panjang in 1900. My specimen was

collected on 19 March 1982 in the evergreen/swamp forest at Nee Soon near

the Rifle Range. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-78.

. Litsea ridleyi Gamb.

This species, apparently only known from Singapore, is an understorey tree

which has been collected at Changi by Goodenough in 1892 and in the Reser-

voir woods in 1983, along Holland Road by Hullett in 1893, and at Bukit

Mandai by Ridley in 1892 and 1900. It was not until 1976 that another flowering

or fruiting collection was made (Shah & Samsuri 3946) followed by a staminate

collection which I made on 28 February 1982 (Maxwell 82-61) at the Bukit

Timah Nature Reserve. This species is undoubtedly very rare and probably can

only be found in the Bukit Timah forest and perhaps in the Catchment Area

since its other collecting habitats have been destroyed.

Malpighiaceae

Aspidopteris concava (Wall.) Juss.

This woody climber, known from southern Burma, W. Malaysia (Kedah,

Penang, Perak and Malacca) and Sumatra; is known from Singapore by two

collections made by Ridley at Bukit Mandai (in 1892, fruits) and at Chua Chu

196

ra.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Kang (in 1894, flowers). The specimens that I collected in the open, disturbed

undergrowth bordering the swamp forest at Nee Soon were in flower. I have

been unable to find fruits of this very rare species on return visits. Voucher

specimen: Maxwell 82-46, 17 Feb. 1982.

Melastomataceae

Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.

This small understorey tree is only known in Singapore from the evergreen

forest at the Botanic Gardens, where it was first collected and described by

Ridley in 1907. Our herbarium has several collections from the type locality of

this species but it wasn’t until earlier this year that I was able to collect material

in flower (15 March 1982, Maxwell 82-68) and in fruit (19 April 1982, Maxwell

82-139) of this very rare species and from the same tree. I know of only two

individuals of this species here.

Memecylon cantleyi Ridl. is known from Thailand, throughout W. Malaysia,

and Simeul6ee Island near Sumatra. Plate 5.

Memecylon excelsum Bl. New Record

A single individual of this elegant tree species, one of the tallest in the genus

in the Malay Peninsula, was found near Bukit Kallang on 27 August 1981 and

has been observed to produce either flowers or fruits throughout most of the

year. This species is also known from Nicobar Island, throughout the Malay

Peninsula, Simeuldee Island, Mentawai Island (west of Sumatra), Sabah, and

Kalimantan. It is well-represented in our herbarium and it seems unusual that

it should be so rare in Singapore (Maxwell, 1980). Voucher specimen: Maxwell

81-202. Plate 6.

. Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw.

This epiphytic shrub, with swollen, myrmecophylous (ant-inhabited) roots

has been collected on a few occasions in Singapore by Maingay, Goodenough,

and Ridley from Kranji, Bukit Timah forest, and a few other locales. Prior to

my collection from the Singapore Zoological Gardens on 28 December 1976,

the most recent specimen in the Herbarium was collected by Ridley in 1894

from Chua Chu Kang. Unfortunately, the plant at the zoo has since been

destroyed due to “‘development” of the area. I do not know of any other place

in Singapore where this species can be found, it is however, known from many

scattered locales throughout W. Malaysia. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 76-825.

. Sonerila heterostemon Naud.

Even though I have noticed a few small, immature specimens of this very

colourful herb along the streams at the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, I did not

see flowering or fruiting material of this species until 21 October 1982. Sonerila

heterostemon Naud. is very common throughout the Malay Peninsula and is

also known from Sarawak and Sumatra. The plant is readily distinguished by

Singapore Plant Records 197

Ly:

16.

18.

having six stamens and asymmetric leaf blades which are dark green with

whitish dots on the upper surface and pale green with purple veins on the

underside. Specimens of this species were collected at Bukit Timah in 1885

(Hullett), 1889 (Ridley), and 1928 (Holttum) as well as at Changi in 1892

(Ridley). My collection (Maxwell 82-277) is the most recent of this rare species

in Singapore that our herbarium has.

Menispermaceae

Stephania capitata (B1\.) Spreng.

This inconspicuous and very rare, cauliflorous vine was collected in Singa-

pore on several occasions by Ridley and Goodenough between 1889 and 1905

at Bukit Mandai, Seletar, Chua Chu Kang, and along Sungei Jurong.

Apparently, my specimen collected in the Nee Soon swamp forest is the only

collection we have from Singapore since 1905. This species is well-represented

in our herbarium and is known from southern Thailand, throughout W.

Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Sarawak, Sabah, and the Philippines. Voucher speci-

men: Maxwell 82-234, 24 Aug. 1982. Plate 7.

Myristicaceae

Myristica cinnamomea King.

Although this tree species is known from throughout the Malay Peninsula,

the East Coast of Sumatra, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan, and Minda-

nao; it is very rare in Singapore. The only specimens of this species from

Singapore in the Herbarium are four collections (three with flowers and one

with fruits) which were gathered by Ridley and Goodenough between 1981 and

1894 from Bukit Mandai, Changi, Sembawang, and Sungei Buloh. The speci-

mens of this species that I collected in the evergreen forest of the Bukit Timah

Nature Reserve along the Boundary Path below the Hindhede Hut on 11

November 1982 were in fruit. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-288.

Piperaceae

Piper malaccense C. DC. New Record

This inconspicuous species, with an erect growth form, was found in the

shaded swamp forest at Nee Soon on 29 July 1982 (Maxwell 82-199). There are

in the Herbarium only a few collections of this apparently uncommon species

from Negri Sembilan, Malacca, and Johore. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-

199.

Piper pedicellosum Wall. ex C. DC.

This species was described from material collected in Singapore in 1822 and,

apparently, has not been gathered here since. None of the original specimens is

at our herbarium but there is material from Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca,

and Johore. It is also found in Assam and the Andaman Islands.

198 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Piper pedicellosum is a climbing species and was found in fruit along the

margins of the secondary forest at Bukit Kallang on 23 August 1981. Voucher

specimen: Maxwell 81-201.

Rubiaceae

19. Hedyotis trinervia (Retz.) Roem. & Schult.

Ridley collected the only known specimen of this prostrate herb from Singa-

pore at Gelang (Geylang) in 1896. I found this attractive species in an open,

sandy area on Pulau Sudong on 28 November 1982. There are in the Herbar-

ium a few collections of this apparently uncommon/rare species from Pahang,

Perak, Province Wellesley, Penang, Sabah, and Sarawak; with further distribu-

tion in Sri Lanka, India, Sumatra, and Java. Voucher specimen: Maxwell

82-295.

Sterculiaceae

20. Byttneria maingayl Mast.

A common woody climber in Singapore in the past, as evidenced by the

collections made by Cantley, Hullett, Goodenough, and Ridley between 1885

and 1894, this species has not, apparently, been recorded from Singapore since :

that time. Flowering collections were made at the swamp forest at Nee Soon on :

26 February 1982, but fruits were not seen during subsequent visits on any of |

the plants originally observed. This species is also known from Penang, Malac- |

ca, and Johore. Voucher specimen: Maxwell 82-59.

References

Hou, Ding (1978). Anacardiaceae in van Steenis, ed. Flora Malesiana 8:3, 439-440.

Keng, H. (1973-82). Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore, I-VII. Gard.

Bull. Sing. 26, 233-237; 27, 67-83 and 247-266; 28, 237-258; 31, 84-113; 33,

84-113; 33, 329-367; and 35, 83-103.

Maxwell, J.F. (1980). Revision of Memecylon L. (Melastomataceae) from the

Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Sing, 33, 31-150.

Ridley, H.N. (1922-25). Flora of the Malay Peninsula, 5 vols. London, Reeve &

Ga.

Sinclair, J. (1953). Additions to the Flora of Singapore and New Localities in

Singapore for Some Plants Thought to be Extinct. Gard. Bull. Sing. 14, 30-39.

(1956). idem. Part Il. Gard. Bull. Sing. 15, 22-30.

The identity, affinities, and staminate floral structure of Pandanus

pendulinus Martelli (Pandanaceae)

BENJAMIN C. STONE

Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

and

Kim-Lanc HUYNH

Botanical Institute, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland

Abstract

The leaves and male flower of Pandanus pendulinus, an obscure species known so far only from one

collection (the type), have been studied from both gross and micromorphological viewpoints using both

light and scanning electron microscopy. The species, which was originally placed in section Acrostigma,

is reassigned on the basis of the characters observed, to subgenus Lophostigma, but it still remains

uncertain in its closer relationships and cannot yet be assigned to a particular section within this

subgenus.

Introduction

In 1925-26 the Arnold Arboretum sponsored a botanical expedition to New

Guinea. The collector was Leonard J. Brass, who continued in later years and

became perhaps the most capable, persistent and knowledgeable field botanist ever

to have worked in New Guinea. On this early trip, Brass collected chiefly in the

Gulf district of Papua, in the region of the Vailala River about 150 miles north-west

of Port Moresby, and also in the Laloki River area along the coast between Port

Moresby and Redscan Bay. C.T. White, the government botanist in Brisbane,

undertook the identification of the materials collected, assisted by various special-

ists, and the Pandanaceae were consigned for study to the then authority, U.

Martelli. In his report, Martelli (1929) described six new species of Pandanus from

the collections made by Brass. All but one of these have subsequently been

collected again, if only once or twice. One of them, however, Pandanus penduli-

nus, has never again been collected.

During 1971 when the senior author (B.C.S.) was studying the New Guinea

pandans in the field through the courtesy of the Lae Herbarium, the opportunity

was taken to work around [hu, on the Vailala River, in the hope of obtaining this

and other species in the area originally explored by Brass. During this visit many

collections were made and one new species (Pandanus columbiformis) was disco-

vered (Stone 1974a). Three of Martelli’s species were recollected (Pandanus lepto-

carpus, P. scabribracteatus, both from Ihu, and P. brassii, from another locality),

but P. pendulinus was not found and is still known only from the original type

collection.

100

Plates 1-4, Pandanus pendulinus: | (top left) — leaf, papilla of polar cell from abaxial face, with lobulate

apex at centre, x 2263; 2 (top right) — leaf, abaxial face (the darker, narrower bands are the

non-stomatiferous zones, x 31); 3 (bottom left) — leaf, abaxial face (in centre stomate with branched

apices of papillae of polar cell, flanked by a lateral cell revealed by its five simple papillae; in periphery,

dentritic papillae from neighbouring cells forming a “‘roof’’, x 1293); 4 (bottom right) — leaf, transverse

section, abaxial side (in right-hand third, epidermis and hypodermis, with two transversely cut stomata

respectively at top and bottom, each with guard cells, lateral cells with simple papillae, and at left the

branched apex of papilla from polar cell; in left side two-thirds, abaxial face with lobulate papillae of

non-stomatic epidermal cells, x 1422).

Pandanus pendulinus 201

Thus Pandanus pendulinus has remained an enigma, particularly because the

sole collection was a staminate flowering specimen, with the spikes and flowers in a

meagre and rather poor state of preservation, and with inadequate materials of the

vegetative parts. Martelli (1929) assigned this species to section Acrostigma.

However, his description of the stamens as separately standing on bulbils of the

spike axis and with “‘filamento longissimo, tenuissimo, 2.5 mm longo” reveals that

there could be no affinity with this or any other section of subgenus Acrostigma.

An examination of the type specimen, preserved in the herbaria of the Arnold

Arboretum of Harvard University and the Botanical Institute of the University of

Firenze, showed that the spikes were heavily damaged and most stamens broken,

only a few anthers being found still bearing the apiculus. Luckily a few intact

stamens still attached to the spike axis were found, these permitting a more

complete understanding of their structure. Tangential microtome sections of por-

tions of the spike made it possible also to ascertain the arrangement of the stamens,

and thus the identification of the floral unit on the spike axis. Anatomy of the

stamens as well as of the leaf was investigated. For a better comprehension of the

taxonomic value of leaf micromorphology, see Huynh (1974).

Description of the species

Pandanus pendulinus Martelli, J. Arn. Arb. 10: 142, pl. 18B, 1929. Kanehira,

Bot. Mag. Tokyo 54: 258. 1940.

A tree 7-8 m tall, the trunk spiny, 20 cm in diameter, at base with proproots to 3

m long, 5 cm thick, stilt-like, fibrous, densely spiny with antrorse spines. Leaves

broadly linear, 300-350 cm long or more, to 11.5 cm wide, gradually attenuate and

slightly acuminate toward the apex, there almost flat but toward the base deeply

channelled, thickly and rigidly coriaceous, the undersurface glaucescent, the longi-

tudinal veins scarcely to somewhat prominent, smoother than the inter-vein bands

(zonate). Leaf margins prickly; toward the base ... (no data); above the base but

below the middle, with prickles 1.5-2 mm long, 4-9 mm apart, all antrorse, the

prickle-base broad, its distal edge straight and perpendicular to the leaf-margin, at

apex abruptly deflected forward as a dark, sharp tip; near the leaf middle, the

marginal prickles 1-1.4 mm long, 5-11 mm apart, antrorse; near the apex, the

prickles more appressed, more deltoid, 0.5-1 mm long, 1-3 mm apart. Midrib

dorsally carinate, acute, near the base ... (no data); above base but below middle,

with very small antrorse depressed prickles 0.25-0.4 mm long, 2-8 mm apart; near

but below the apex, the prickles yet smaller and more appressed; along apex, the

prickles absent or reduced to minute nubs less than 0.1 mm high, blunt. Apical

ventral pleats of leaf rounded, unarmed in our scanty material. Longitudinal nerves

about 150 per leaf, 0.4 mm apart nearest margins, to 1.1 mm apart near the midrib,

light brown. In microscope: abaxial epidermis divided into broad stomatiferous

zones and very narrow non-stomatiferous zones, stomates about 18 yu long, of class

VII (polar cells each with an apically dendritic papilla), papillae of polar cells c. 16

pt long; lateral cells with 5 or 6 simple papillae in line, nonstomatic cells each with a

dendritic (Class VII) or branched or lobed (Class VI) papilla, the latter about 15 uw

in diameter; chlorenchyma (on both sides) almost uninterrupted at the longitudinal

202 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

nerves, hypodermis with 3 or 4 cell-layers, spongy tissue with 0 or 1 cell-layer; first

cell-layer of hypodermis with crystal cells in both sides, but these most dense at the

longitudinal nerves in the abaxial side. (Plates 1, 2, 3 & 4).

Staminate inflorescence pendulous, over 1 m long, with many narrow spathes;

main rachis to 3 cm diameter; upper internodes 7 cm long or less; lower spathes

over 50 cm long, over 3 cm wide; lanceolate; upper spathes linear-lanceolate,

gradually acuminate, navicular, narrow, coriaceous, margins apparently (distally)

minutely prickly; apical ventral pleats with a few prickles; coloration red. Spikes

5-7, up to 20 cm long, 4 cm broad at base, narrowed to apex, somewhat flattened,

covered with the very numerous crowded stamens, subsessile. Stamens arranged in

floral units of elliptical form consisting of 7 to 9 stamens without a column, each

stamen with a bulbilliform filament (brown in our material) about 1 mm long and 1

mm broad, rounded at the apex, variously subangular in section, connate at base,

with a single vascular bundle and 3-5 raphid cells around it; anthers c. 3 mm long,

0.5 mm wide, oblong, rounded at base and apex, 2-celled when mature, linked to

the filament by an extremely slender basal prolongation of the connective about 2.5

mm long, about 0.05 mm thick, smooth translucent, devoid of both raphid cells and

crystal cells and without endothecial sclerification; walls of loculi devoid of both

raphid cells and crystal cells, completely opened at full dehiscence, with an en-

dothecium generally 2-layered at the middle and an extremely thin epidermis with

elongate cells; connective endothecially sclerified throughout except for a thin

portion around the vascular bundle, devoid of raphid cells and crystal cells or rarely

with 1 or 2 raphid cells; apiculus flagelliform, to 2.5 mm long, 0.05 mm thick,

smooth translucent, vascularized in the lower half, endothecially sclerified very

slightly at base, with 1 or rarely 2 raphid cells; pollen smooth, about 17 x 12 x

10u, pore apical, tectum complete. (Figs 1-6).

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: fhu, on the Vailala River, 24 February 1926, L. J.

Brass 1053 (A! holotype, FI! isotype).

Observations on the structure of the staminate flower

When observed from above, the stamens of P. pendulinus appear to be free on

the spike axis. However, serial tangential sections reveal that they are arranged in

distinct floral units, which we presume to be the staminate flowers. In the lower-

most sections, vascular bundles are horizontal and belong to the spike axis. From

sections close to the surface of the spike axis, all vascular bundles appear distinct

and vertical and belong to the staminate flowers. In the next section above, several

gaps more or less parallel with the spike axis appear, each marking a lateral

boundary of the flower. In the next higher section these gaps are wider; and shorter

gaps, more or less parallel with them, occur between them. Thus there is a more or

less elliptic uninterrupted structure with 7 to 9 vascular bundles (Fig. 7, where 8

such bundles are visible); this is formed by the connate bases of the filaments of a

single floral unit. In the next section above, the filaments appear between radial

gaps in the elliptical area (Figs. 8-10). The filaments are variously connate basally,

but become separate at a point about 80-300 mu from the surface of the spike axis.

Figs. 1-12: Pandanus pendulinus.

Figs. 1-6: Details of staminate spike and stamens; — /:

staminate spike; — 2: detail of portion of the surface of

the spike, with only the filaments shown; — 3, 4: sta-

mens; — 5: stamen with filament in |.s. (RC = raphid

cells); — 6: filament in t.s.

Figs. 7-10: T.s. of staminate flower at distances of 45 yw,

90 w, 120 w and 255 yw from surface of the spike axis

(dark points = each a vascular bundle; sections, 15 uw

thick).

Fig. 11: T.s. of an anther (sections, 15 yw thick; dotted

areas = endothecially sclerified parts; /arge ellipse =

vascular bundle; smaller ellipses = pollen grains).

Fig. 12: Apex of anther showing apiculus (dotted area =

endothecially sclerified part; middle dark line = vascu-

lar bundle; note raphid cell at apex of apiculus).

203

204 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Transverse sections of the anthers show them to be elongated and to consist of

four walls in two pairs, each pair lying close together and enclosing several pollen

grains (Fig. 11, in which only one pair of walls is shown). This structure could be

mistaken for a loculus, but in reality, because the loculi open completely in later

dehiscence,the locular walls recurve so far that each almost touches the corres-

ponding wall of the other loculus, thus forming a “‘false” chamber in which pollen

grains may be trapped. In the same figure, the pollen grains are shown trapped in

the ‘‘false’’ chamber. This can be established by locating the thickest cell-layer of

the endothecium in each wall, which is always at the inner side. The outermost

cell-layer of the endothecium (i.e. the layer immediately beneath the epidermis) is

always the thickest in Pandanus (e.g. Plate 5), as has been ascertained in numerous

species which have been studied (Huynh, 1982) and in which the epidermis can be

identified by the presence of a thick visible cuticle. In the case of P. pendulinus, the

anther wall cuticle is imperceptible in light microscopy; in fact, even the epidermis

is invisible, as it is very thin and closely applied to the endothecium (Plate 6).

On the taxonomic position of Pandanus pendulinus

In a comparative survey of the very variable staminate flowers of Pandanus, we

have studied most species of which staminate collections have been obtained, these

pertaining to 49 different generic sections (Stone, 1974b; Huynh, 1982).

Generally speaking, each natural section has a characteristic staminate flower,

and in those sections which are closely related, a similar floral structure has been

observed. This general survey provides grounds for a confident decision on the

taxonomic position and affinities of Pandanus pendulinus, and also permits us to

homologize the different parts of the staminate flower of this species with those of

other species.

An outstanding feature of the staminate flower of Pandanus pendulinus is the

arrangement of the 7 to 9 filaments in units of elliptical outline which are attached

to the spike axis directly, that is without the usual intervening column (stemo-

nophore). Moreover the filaments are bulbilliform and connate at the base, and

each is linked to the anther by a filiform, flexible, translucent basal prolongation of

the connective. Staminate flowers of this configuration have until now only been

observed in section Maysops of subgenus Lophostigma.

Another important feature of the staminate flower of P. pendulinus is the very long

anther apiculus, which may reach a length of 2.5 mm. Apiculi of this length are

rather unusual in the genus, although they are known in section Karuka (subgenus

Lophostigma) and in one or two species of section Rykia (subgenus Rykia). Other

characteristics clearly eliminate the possibility of a close relationship of P. penduli-

nus with any species or section outside subgenus Lophostigma, however. The

staminate flower structure of P. pendulinus strongly indicates that its taxonomic

position should be in subgenus Lophostigma, near to but not within section

Maysops.

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206 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Other facts corroborate this conclusion. The pollen of P. pendulinus is provided

with a smooth and complete tectum (terminology according to the International

Conference on Palynology, Paris, 1975) (Plate 8). Pollen of this type has been

observed in the following subgenera: Acrostigma, Kurzia, and Lophostigma. It

occurs most frequently, however, in the sections Lophostigma, Barrotia, Maysops,

Karuka, and Asterostigma, all of subgenus Lophostigma.

Characters of other organs also support the assignment of P. pendulinus to

subgenus Lophostigma. For example, the leaves have an obscurely zonate abaxial

face, stomates of class VII, and almost uninterrupted chlorenchyma in both adaxial

and abaxial faces. Such leaves have been observed also in subgenus Lophostigma,

e.g. in species of section Maysops (Huynh, 1976). Finally there is the biogeographic

association: New Guinea is richest in sections of subgenus Lophostigma (Stone,

1974b).

Despite the evident affinity of P. pendulinus with sections Maysops and Karuka,

it cannot be assigned to either of these. Nor is there any more likely section for it

among those belonging to subgenus Lophostigma. Of the distinctive characters of

P. pendulinus, the long filiform translucent anther apiculus is particularly notewor-

thy. It suggests some isolation of the species. The filiform translucent part between

the anther and the bulbilliform process of the stamen provides another peculiarity

of the species. That part should be regarded as the basal prolongation of the

connective, since it is also filiform and translucent. Therefore the bulbilliform

process is the filament, and this is also indicated by its colour (brown, in dry

material) and its solitary vascular bundle, characters of filaments of Pandanus in

general. In P. pendulinus this basal prolongation of the connective may be up to 2.5

mm long, which is a most unusual feature. The connective is quite, or almost,

devoid of raphid cells, another unusual feature, like the apiculus, which has only a

slight amount of endothecial sclerification at the base.

In contrast, in section Maysops the basal prolongation of the connective only

extends to 0.4 mm (so far as yet known); the connective is rich in raphid cells; the

apiculus likewise is rich in raphid cells and moreover is endothecially sclerified from

base to apex (Huynh, 1982).

Of the other sections of subgenus Lophostigma, those which are endemic to New

Caledonia can probably be eliminated as potential allocations for P. pendulinus,

since it is known only from Papua New Guinea, and also because in those New

Caledonian species of the subgenus in which the staminate flowers are known, the

floral structure is quite different (the stemonophore terminates in a peltate apex,

the stamens have no filaments and are subracemosely attached to the stemo-

nophore: Stone, 1974b; Huynh, 1982). Therefore on biogeographic grounds only the

sections Perrya, Metamaysops, Megastigma, Karuka and Liniobtutus appear to be

possible taxonomic sites for P. pendulinus. (Section Paralophostigma, originally

included in subgenus Lophostigma, is now assigned to subgenus Kurzia). Of the

sections mentioned, Karuka and Liniobtutus can be ruled out. In section Karuka,

the staminate flower is normally provided with a central staminode (or pistillode;

its nature is not quite certain); the filaments are fused from base to apex and lack

raphid cells; the connective and apiculus are rich in raphid cells; and the dorsal face

Pandanus pendulinus 207

of the distal part of the apiculus is papillate, whereas the ventral face has some

epidermal cells with thick lignified walls (Huynh, 1982). Moreover, the leaves have

abaxial stomates of Class V (Huynh, 1976). In section Liniobtutus, the staminate

flower has a stemonophore, the stamens have no basal prolongation of the connec-

tive, the anther loculi are not completely opened out by dehiscence, and the pollen

is spinulose (Huynh, 1982). Morever, the leaves have abaxial stomates of Class II

or III (Huynh, 1976). As to sections Perrya, Metamaysops, and Megastigma, the

staminate plants remain unknown.

Thus it appears that Pandanus pendulinus represents a previously unrecognized

and still undescribed section of subgenus Lophostigma.

Acknowledgements

We expressly thank the directors of the herbaria of the Arnold Arboretum,

Harvard University (A) and the Botanical Institute, University of Firenze (FI) for

access to the specimens studied, and both the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University, and the Zoological Institute, University of Neuchatel, for the

use of the scanning electron microscope facilities. The SEM operator in the former

institute, Ed Seling, is particularly thanked for his skilful assistance (resulting in our

Plates 1-4, 7&8). The Arnold Arboretum is thanked for its support of this project

which was carried out while the senior author was on sabbatical leave and based at

the Arboretum as a Mercer Fellow.

References

Huynh, K.-L. 1974. La morphologie microscopique de la feuille et la taxonomie du

genre Pandanus. |. Apercu général sur les caractéres micromorphologiques de la

feuille du genre Pandanus et leur valeur taxonomique. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 94:

190-256.

1976. La morphologie microscopique de la feuille et la taxonomie du

genre Pandanus. III. Le sous-genre Lophostigma. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 97: 72-119.

1982. La fleur male de quelques espéces de Pandanus subg. Lophostigma

(Pandanaceae) et sa signification taxonomique, phylogénique, et évolutive.

Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 57 (in press).

Martelli, U. 1929. The Pandanaceae collected for the Arnold Arboretum by L. J.

Brass in New Guinea, J. Arn. Arb. 10: 137-42.

Stone, B.C. 1974a. Studies in Malesian Pandanaceae XIII. New and noteworthy

Pandanaceae from Papuasia. Contrib. Herb. Austral. 4: 7-40.

1974b. Towards an improved infrageneric classification in Pandanus

(Pandanaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 94: 459-540.

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Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on Oxyspora DC..,

Anerincleistus Korth., Poikilogyne Baker f., and Allomorphia BL.

(Melastomataceae, tribe Oxysporeae)

J.F. MAXWELL

Botanic Gardens

Parks & Recreation Department, Singapore

Abstract

Four genera of Tribe Oxysporeae, Fam. Melastomataceae, have been revised; Oxyspora DC.,

Anerincleistus Korth., Poikilogyne Baker f., and Allomorphia Bl. The concept of Oxyspora DC. has

been extended so as to include Allomorphia, which thus becomes a synonym. This paper consists of

three taxonomic sections: Oxyspora, as amended; Anerincleistus; and Poikilogyne. An index to the

previously described species of Allomorphia, with their revised names, is also provided. There are 5 new

species described in Anerincleistus, and 7 in Poikilogyne; 1 new variety in Anerincleistus, 3 in Oxyspora,

and 1 in Poikilogyne; 2 new names in Oxyspora; 10 new combinations in Anerincleistus, 15 in Oxyspora;

and three names raised to a new status in Anerincleistus, 5 in Oxyspora, and 1 in Poikilogyne. Three

species originally in Allomorphia are transferred to Phyllagathis.

Contents

1. Taxonomic notes on Anerincleistus Korth. Ziz

2. Taxonomic notes on Oxyspora DC. 216

3. Index to taxa of Allomorphia B1. with original and revised names 218

4. Taxonomic notes on Poikilogyne Baker f. 223

Introduction

The genera Anerincleistus Korth., Oxyspora DC., and Poikilogyne Baker f. have

been revised, and are accepted as distinct. Allomorphia BI. has also been revised,

but is regarded as coming within the taxonomic concept of Oxyspora; hence it is

reduced to a synonym of that genus. Because of the considerable number of species

which had been described under or transferred to Allomorphia, a separate index of

its taxa, with their revised equivalent names, is here provided. Some species

originally attributed to Allomorphia belong to genera other than Oxyspora, for

example Anerincleistus and Phyllagathis. In Anerincleistus and Poikilogyne, several

new species have been discriminated and are here published. For some of the new

taxa, and certain other critical ones, illustrations are provided herein.

Due to the length and detail of the actual revision of Anerincleistus (30 spp., 5

var.), Oxyspora (24 spp., 9 var.), and Poikilogyne (20 spp., 2 var.), along with the

numerous notes concerning the species and varieties presented here, I have found it

necessary to include only the most essential information concerning each entry

here. The specimens cited in the distribution for each taxon have been examined

personally, however the herbaria where these can be found have only been listed

209

Plate 1

Plate 1. Anerincleistus bullatus Maxw. Nooteboom

& Chai 1706, holotype (L). Photo: Rijksherbarium,

Leiden.

Plate 2. Pseudodissochaeta roseus (Guill.) Maxw.

Eberhardt 1769, from Lang-Bian, Nunh-Thuan Pro-

vince, Annam, Vietnam; holotype (P). This speci-

men was originally described by the French botanist

A. Guillaumin as Anerincleistus roseus Guill. in

1921. This is the sixth known species of Pseudodis-

sochaeta. Photo: Mr. Wan Ah Kiong.

Plate 3. Phyllagathis longifolius (Cogn.) Maxw.

Beccari 3837 from Sarawak, holotype (FI), which

was originally described by Cogniaux in 1891 as

Allomorphia longifolia Cogn. Photo: Rijksherbar-

ium, Leiden.

Plate 3

Plate 2

Plate 4

Plate 6

Plate 5

Plate 4. Phyllagathis longispicatus (Cogn.) Maxw.

Beccari 3861, from Sarawak, which was collected in

1867, and described by Cogniaux as Allomorphia

longispicata Cogn. in 1891; holotype (FI). Photo:

Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Plate 5. Phyllagathis multinervis (Cogn.) Maxw.

Beccari 3441, holotype (FI). The original label has

“affine Phyllagathis’’, however the specimen was

described by Cogniaux as Allomorphia multinervia

Cogn. in 1891. Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Plate 6. Poikilogyne carinata Maxw., holotype (L).

Photo: Mr. Wan Ah Kiong.

212 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

for types. The completed manuscript, it is hoped, will be published in the near

future.

1. Taxonomic Notes on Anerincleistus Korth.

NOTE: One species originally attributed to this genus, A. roseus Guill., is herein

transferred to the genus Pseudodissochaeta; see last item in this section.

1. Anerincleistus angustifolius (Stapf) Maxw., comb. nov.

Pomatostoma angustifolium Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1895) sub plate 2420.

2. Anerincleistus bullatus Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 1, A-G & Plate 1).

A partibus pluribus indumento setoso, foliis prominenter bullatis, inflorescentiis umbellatis,

lobis calyxis lateraliter complanatis setosisque distincta.

Typus: Nooteboom & Chai 1706 (holotypus L).

Distribution — Sarawak: 3rd Division, Hose Mountains, Bukit Kanang Cara-

pa: Ashton 19064; Kapit District, Bukit Tibang: Paie 28449; Sth Division,

Kalabit Highlands, Bario: J.A.R. Anderson 20145, Nooteboom & Chai 1706

(type).

3. Anerincleistus cornutus Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 2, A-G).

A calycis lobis longis cornutis lateraliter complanatis distincta.

Typus: Shah, Samsuri, Shukor, MS 3497 (holotypus SING, isotypi: KEP,

KLU)

Distribution — W. MALAYSIA, Trengganu, Gunong Lawit: Shah, Samsuri,

Shukor MS 3489, 3497 (type), Ng 022073.

4. Anerincleistus cyathocalyx Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 3, A-E).

A speciebus ceteris Anerincleisti distincta quod herba caule setis laevibus ad 4 mm longis. Petioli

villosi, nervi pagina inferiore laminis dense setosi. Inflorescentiae umbellato-cymosae plus minusve

scorpioideae. Calyx tubo cyathiformi furfuraceo lobis lateraliter complanatis cuspidatis. Stamina

equalia inter se.

Typus: W.M.A. Brooke 10122 (holotypus L).

Distribution — Sarawak: 5th Division, Maputi: W.M.A. Brooke 10122

(type).

5. Anerincleistus echinatus Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 4, A-H).

Ramuli, petioli, costae primariae pagina inferiore foliorum, axes inflorescentiarum tomento

appresso strigoso ca. | mm crasso obtecti. Inflorescentiae axillares anguste thyrsoideo-racemosae

3.5-7 cm longae, florubus pluribus tantum in alabastro vidi. Calyx campanulatus ca. 3 mm longus,

appendicubus echinatus patentibus 2-2.5 mm longis laevibus dense obtectus, lobis linearibus ca. 0.5

mm longis. Capsulae subglobosae echinatae ca. 3 mm diam., apicibus valvarum parum supra

marginem aeroli.

Typus: Endert 3686 (holotypus L, isotypus K).

Distribution

Sarawak: 3rd Division, Hose Mountains, Mujong, Ulu Amau, Bukit Lumut:

Ashton 21261.

Kalimantan: W. Koetai, near Mt. Kemoel: Endert 3686 (type).

‘7

P mm

1st

] 2 3

0.5 1 7

1.5 2mm

Fig. 1. Anerincleistus bullatus Maxw. A: calyx showing the

gland-tipped hairs, indumentum incomplete; B: mature

petal, C: ovary, D: oppositipetalous stamen with thickened

connective, E: base of anther, F: alternipetalous stamen

with thickened connective, G: capsule with gland-tipped

hairs, indumentum incomplete. A-G: Nooteboom & Chai

1706 (holotype).

‘ LS

= 1.5 e

: 3 mm

ah |

1 e 3 mm

mm E

. 3. Anerincleistus cyathocalyx Maxw. A: calyx with

rally flattened lobes and tube with 8 vertical lines; B:

ture petal, C: mature stamen with thickened connective

spur, D: details of the connective and spur, FE: ovary.

: W.M.A. Brooke 10122 (holotype).

? 3

4 6

6 -

8 9

mm 8

ee ee

Pea ag

Cc D E G

Fig. 2. Anerincleistus cornutus Maxw. A: calyx with later-

ally flattened, horn-like calyx lobes and 4-angled calyx

tube; B: mature petal with thinner margins, C: opposi-

tipetalous stamen with thickened connective, D: details of

the thickened connective, E: alternipetalous stamen with

thickened connective, F: details of the thickened connec-

tive, G: ovary. A-G: Shah, Samsuri, Shukor, MS 3497

(holotype).

0.25

Fig. 4. Anerincleistus echinatus Maxw. A: calyx with

echinate indumentum, incompletely drawn (in bud); B:

immature petal, C: ovary, D: oppositipetalous stamen,

adaxial (immature); E: abaxial tip of anther showing the

pore; F: alternipetalous stamen, adaxial (immature); G-

capsule with echinate indumentum (indumentum incom-

plete), H: seeds with flattened, thickened top and papillose

testa. A-G: Hallier 3686 (holotype).

2 SF 6mm

Fig. 5. Anerincleistus microphyllus Maxw. A: infloresc-

ence (solitary flower) showing the calyx with gland-tipped

setae/papillae (incompletely drawn), unequal leaf pairs,

and branchlet with glandular indumentum; B: ovary, C:

capsule, long. sect., showing the valves with gland-tipped

setae; D: seed with papillose testa. A, B: Lee S. 38060

(holotype), C, D: Hotta 14499.

wu ¢€

Fig. 6. Poikilogyne carinata Maxw. A: calyx with a thick-

ened, submarginal keel on the dorsal side of each lobe; B:

mature petal with an eccentric cusp, C: ovary and style, D:

mature stamen with thickened connective and spur. A-D:

Craven & Shodde 1397 (holotype).

6. Anerincleistus esquirolii (Lév.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Sonerila esquirolii Lév., Bull. Soc. France 54 (1907) 368.

Plagiopetalum esquirolii (Lév.) Rehd., J. Arnold Arbor. 15 (1934) 110.

7. Anerincleistus phyllagathoides (Stapf) Maxw., comb. nov.

a. var. phyllagathoides

Pomatostoma phyllagathoides Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1895) Plate 2421.

214

]

, BY

min

E f

Fig. 7. Poikilogyne multiflora Maxw. A-C: calyces with {

furfuraceous indumentum and setae (gland-tipped in C), —

thickened keels on the back of the calyx lobes, insert of C

is a profile of this keel; and tubes with 10 vertical lines |

(wing-like in C). D: ovary and style; E-G: mature petals

with eccentric cusps, H: mature stamen with thickened

connective and spur, /: mature capsule and part of in- |

fructescence showing furfuraceous indumentum and gland-

depicted). A, D, E, H: Streimann & Kairo 47541 (holoty-—

pe), B & F: Coode & Lelean 29918; C, G, I, J: Henty &

Foreman 42513.

5 |

}

Fig. 8. Poikilogyne velutina Maxw. A: calyx with a dense |

indumentum of puberulous hairs and subulate calyx lobes |

which are glabrous on the inside (indumentum incomplete- }

ly drawn), B: mature petal, C: mature stamen with termin- |

al pore and thickened connective and spur, D: ovary and}

style. A-D: Hartley 12774 (holotype). |

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae 215

10.

13,

14.

1S:

16.

17.

b. var. inaequalis (Stapf) Maxw., comb. & stat. nov.

Pomatostoma inaequalis Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1895) sub plate 2421.

Anerincleistus microphyllus Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 5, A-D).

Species distictissima per folia in partibus inequalissimis inedque minima in Anerincleisto nota,

quoum majora 13-15 mm longa, 4.5-5 mm lata; minora ca. 4 mm longa ca. 2.5 mm lata. Partes

pleraeque plantae setis papillisve minutis apicibus glandulosis obtectae. Flores axillares solitarii

minimi in genere cogniti; calyx tubo infundibuliformi ca. 1 mm longo, lobis triangulatis ca. 0.5 mm

longis.

Typus: B. Lee S.38060 (holotypus L; isotypi: K, KEP, MO, SAR).

Distribution: Sarawak: 4th Division, Gunong Mulu: B. Lee $.38060 (type)

Hotta 14499, Lewis 283, Stone 13637.

. Anerincleistus purpureus (Stapf) Maxw., comb. nov.

Creaghiella purpurea Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1896) plate 2455.

Anerincleistus quintuplinervis (Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia quintuplinervis Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 466.

Anerincleistus rupicola (Nayar) Maxw., comb. nov.

Perilimnastes rupicola Nayar, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 71 (1974) 173 and fig. 1.

Anerincleistus sertuliferum (Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia sertuliferum Cogn. in Boerlage, Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. I:2 (1890)

531 (nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 465.

Pomatostoma sertuliferum (Cogn.) Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1895) plate 2420.

Anerincleistus setosus (Nayar) Maxw., comb. nov.

Creaghiella setosa Nayar, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 260.

Anerincleistus setulosus Schwz. var. floccosus Maxw., var. nov.

A var. setuloso in setis eglandulosis, ramulis et paginis inferioribus laminum triste rubellis in

sicco, inflorescentiis ad 2 cm longis 1-3 floribus, calyce setis patentibus 2-3 mm longis dense obtecto

itaque facie floccosa, lobis subulatis ca. 0.75 mm longis differt.

Typus: Clemens 27403 (holotypus L, isotypi: B, K (2).

Distribution

Sabah: Mt. Kinabalu, Dallas: Clemens 26363, 27403 (type);

Tenompok: Clemens 28493 (aff.).

Sarawak: 3rd Division, Hose Mountain, Bukit Temendu: Ashton 19016;

Sadong: Haviland 3141.

Anerincleistus setulosus Schwz. var. pallidifolius (Nayar) Maxw., stat. nov.

Anerincleistus pallidifolius Nayar, J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 48 (1969) 264 and fig. 1.

Anerincleistus setulosus Schwz. var. suffruticosus (Schwz.) Maxw., stat. nov.

Anerincleistus suffruticosus Schwz., Mitt. Inst. Bot. Hamburg 7 (1931) 243.

Anerincleistus stipularis (Rid|l.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Phaulanthus stipularis Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 43.

216 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Excluded Species

Anerincleistus roseus Guill., Bull. Bot. Soc. France. 68 (1921) 4 and Fl. Gen.

Indo-Chine II (1921) 906.

= Pseudodissochaeta roseus (Guill). Maxw., comb. nov. (Dissochaeteae)

(Plate 2).

2. Taxonomic Notes on Oxyspora DC.

1. Oxyspora auriculata (Ridl.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia auriculata Ridl., Kew Bull. (1946) 37.

Campimia auriculata (Ridl.) Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14 (1972) 189.

2. Oxyspora balansaei (Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov.

a. var. balansaei

Allomorphia balansaei Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 1183.

b. var. baviensis (Guill.) Maxw., comb. & stat. nov.

Allomorphia baviensis Guill., Notulae Syst. 2 (1913) 324.

c. var. setosa (Craib) Maxw., comb. & stat. nov.

Allomorphia setosa Craib, Kew Bull. (1913) 68.

3. Oxyspora beccarii (Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Anerincleistus beccarii Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 478.

4. Oxyspora bullata (Griff.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Sonerila bullata Griff., Notulae Pl. As. ITV (1854) 675.

5. Oxyspora cordata (Stapf) Maxw., comb. nov.

Anerincleistus cordata Stapf, Icon. Pl. 4 (1894) plate 2310 and Trans. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 2 (1894) 154.

6. Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw., comb. nov.

Melastoma exigua Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1825) 10 and tab. 1, fig. 2 (a-f).

7. Oxyspora longisetosa (Ridl.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia longisetosa Ridl., Kew Bull. (1926) 471.

Tayloriophyton longisetosum (Ridl.) Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1968) 92

and fig. 2.

8. Oxyspora microflora Maxw., nom. nov.

Tayloriophyton glabrum Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1968) 92 and fig. 1.

I have reduced Tayloriophyton Nayar to a synonym of Oxyspora. The

specific epithet of 7. glabrum Nayar cannot be used with Oxyspora since the

name is occupied by Oxyspora glabra Li (J. Arnold Arbor. 25 (1944) 13). The

specific epithet microflora has been selected since this species has the smallest

flowers of all the known species and varieties of Oxyspora.

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae 217

10.

Lh.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Oxyspora montana (Diels) Maxw., comb. nov.

Cyphotheca montana Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 65 (1932) 103.

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. bracteata Maxw., var. nov.

Varietate vaganti (Roxb.) Maxw. proxima. Ramuli petioli indumento dense stellato-tomentose

setis sparsis glabris eglandulosis 1-1.5 mm longis includenti. Laminae chartaceae oblongae ad

ovato-oblongae 9-16 cm longae 3.5-5 cm latae, basi angustata ad parum rotundata, apice acumina-

to infra venatione secondaria non excurrenti setis plurimis obtectae supra setis sparsis. Axes

inflorescentiae stellato-furfuracei, esetosi. Bracteae bracteolique prominentes lanceolati 4-7 mm

longi 1-1.5 mm lati stellato-furfuracei setis dispersis. Tubus calycis infundibularis c. 6 mm longus,

margine truncata cuspis marginalibus dorsaliter carinatis, c. 0.5 mm longis. Calcar antherae

alternipetalae ligulatum c. 1 mm longum.

Typus: A.S. Rao 47967 (holotypus CAL).

Distribution — INDIA: Assam, Lohit District, Shillong, Tezn-Denning Road:

A.S. Rao 47967 (type).

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. campanulata Maxw. var. nov.

A var. glandulosa in pedicellis 8-10 mm longis, tubo calycis ca. 2 mm longis lobis triangulatis ca.

0.75 mm longis cuspidatis dorso carinatis, petalis elliptico-oblongis leniter asymmetricis, stylo

stellato-piloso differt.

Typus: Keenan, Tun Aung, Hla 3634A (holotypus EDIN, isotypus K).

Distribution — Burma: Kachin State, Sumprabum Subdivision, Sumprabum to

Kumon Range, NW. of Hpuginkhu: Keenan, Tun Aung, Hla 3634A (type).

isotype).

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. glandulosa W.W. Sm. ex Maxw., var.

nov.

A var. paniculata praecipueque var. vagante ramulis petiolis axibus setis glabris glanduloso-

capitatis strictis 1-2 mm longis plerumque dense vestis, tubo calycis idemque sparsioribus, margine

cuspidibus 4 lateraliter compressis ca. 0.5 mm longis differt. Var. vagans proxima quae praeterea

inflorescentias infrutescentiasque minores gaudet.

Typus: Toppin 4044 (holotypus EDIN).

Distribution — BURMA, Kachin State: Sumprabum Subdivision, Sumprabum

to Kumon Pange, Hpuginkhu: Keenan, Tun Aung, Hla 3682; west of Tang-

Hpre: Keenan, Tung Aung, Hla 3989; Kachin Hills: anon. 5584 (EDIN); S.

Shan States, Keng Tung: MacGregor 1047; upper Burma: Toppin 4044

(type).

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. rupicola (Lace) Maxw., stat. nov.

Oxyspora rupicola Lace, Kew Bull. (1915) 402.

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. vagans (Roxb.) Maxw., stat. nov.

Oxyspora vagans (Roxb.) Wall., Pl. As. Rar. I (1830) 78.

Melastoma vagans Roxb., Hort. Bengal. (1814) 33.

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. var. yunnanensis (Li) Maxw., stat. nov.

Oxyspora yunnanensis Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 25 (1944) 12.

Oxyspora sagittata (Bakh. f.) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia sagittata Bakh. f., ““Thesis’’ (1943) 291, Med. Mus. Bot. Utrecht

91 (1943) 291, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 291.

218 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

17. Oxyspora spicata Maxw., nom. nov.

Anerincleistus caudatus Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 65 (1932) 101.

Styrophyton caudatum (Diels) S.Y. Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 33 (1952) 176 and

plate 1.

The specific epithet caudatus cannot be used for this species with Oxyspora

since Oxyspora caudata Gedd. (Kew Bull. 1930, 313) has already been de-

scribed. The specific epithet spicata has been chosen to indicate the spicate

inflorescence of this species — one of its most obvious traits.

18. Oxyspora sublepidota (King) Maxw., comb. nov.

Anerincleistus sublepidotus King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 17 (Mat. FI.

Mat:;Pen. TIT, 425).

19. Oxyspora umbellata (Hk. f. ex Triana) Maxw., comb. nov.

a. var. umbellata

Allomorphia umbellata Hk. f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 74 and

Tab. 6, Fig. 66 a.

b. var. setosa (Craib) Maxw., stat. nov.

Oxyspora setosa Craib, Kew Bull. (1930) 315.

20. Oxyspora wrayi (King) Maxw., comb. nov.

Allomorphia wrayi King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 11 (Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. III, 419).

Campimia wrayi (King) Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 40.

3. Index to taxa of Allomorphia B1. with original and revised names

During the course of the revision on Oxyspora DC., Allomorphia Bl., Anerinc-

leistus Korth., Poikilogyne Baker f., and related genera, it was found that Allomor-

phia is synonymous with Oxyspora, while Anerincleistus and Poikilogyne are dis-

tinct.

Oxyspora was established by A. De Candolle in 1828 on the basis of Arthrostem-

ma paniculatum D. Don, from India, which was described in 1823. In 1831 Blume

founded Allomorphia with Melastoma exigua Jack, from Penang, which was origi-

nally described in 1825. The two species appear distinct and since Blume’s time an

additional 57 taxa of Allomorphia have been included in this genus. As more

species of Oxyspora and Allomorphia became known, botanists began to find

difficulty in distinguishing the two genera. By 1860 three more genera had been

described by Naudin (1851) (Homocentria Naud. and Allozygia Naud.) and Miquel

(1860) (Hylocharis Miq.) since the species on which these genera were based did

not seem to belong to Oxyspora or Allomorphia. These three genera have since

been reduced to synonyms of Oxyspora.

King (1900), in his treatment of the Melastomateceae of the Malay Peninsula,

attempted to solve the problem by expanding the description of the two genera. He

was followed by Ridley (1908 and 1911) who described two more genera (Orit-

rephes Ridl. and Campimia Ridl.) which further confused the distinctions between

Oxyspora, Allomorphia, and Anerincleistus.

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae 219

Oxyspora was envisioned to have large, spreading inflorescences; large flowers;

dimorphic anthers with a connective appendage; and large, ellipsoid capsules.

Allomorphia was considered as having smaller inflorescences and flowers; equal or

subequal anthers which are unappendaged; and smaller, urceolate capsules.

King (1900), Ridley (1911 and 1918), Bakhuizen f. (1943, 1943-45), and Nayar

(1973 and 1978) were aware of the problems concerning Oxyspora and Allomor-

phia, and even considered the possibility of combining the two genera; however all

these authors kept the two genera apart. Baillon (1881), in a short note, considered

Allomorphia as a section of Oxyspora. Various botanists concerned with regional

treatments of Oxyspora and Allomorphia have been able to keep the two genera

separate, in addition to founding several new genera based on species that did not

seem to belong to either genus. This is because the species found in India (Clarke,

1879), Burma (Kurz, 1877), Thailand (Craib, 1931), Indo-China (Guillaumin 1913

and 1921; Diels, 1932), China (Li, 1944), the Malay Peninsula (King, 1900; Ridley,

1922), and the Malay Archipelago (Bakhuizen f., 1943 and 1943-45) are few and

easier to delimit. The most recent monographers of the Melastomataceae (Cog-

niaux, 1891; Krasser, 1893; Gilg, 1897) have also kept the two genera separate.

Oxyspora and Allomorphia, in fact the entire Oxysporeae, have required a thor-

ough revision for many years, thus a very interesting and rewarding project de-

veloped in which much convincing evidence was found to confirm the synonomy of

Allomorphia with Oxyspora. Due to the length of the actual revision a preliminary

prospectus of Allomorphia is presented here.

Allomorphia Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 522 and Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 262 =

Oxyspora DC. sect. Allomorphia (Bl.) Baill., Nat. Hist. Pl. 7 (1881) 13. Type:

Allomorphia exigua (Jack) BI.

Basionym: Melastoma exigua Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1825) 10 and tab. 1, fig. 2

(a-f).

NOTE: Taxa printed in bold are the accepted ones, those in italics have been reduced, and those in

roman are new synonyms.

1. Allorphia acutangula (King) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 87 =

Oxyspora acutangula King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, IT (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. III, 417).

2. Allomorphia alata Scort. ex King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 12 (Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. III, 417) = Oxyspora curtisii King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, Il (1900) 9

(Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III, 417).

3. Allomorphia albiflora Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 4 (1909) 15: Oritrephes

albiflora (Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. Il (1922) 772; = Oxyspora acutangula

King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III, 417).

4. Allomorphia arborescens Guill., Notulae Syst. II (1913) 323 = Oxyspora

balansaei (Cogn.) Maxw. var. setosa (Craib) Maxw.

5. Allomorphia asperifolia Manstf., Nova Guinea 14 (1924) 201 = Poikilogyne

arfakensis Baker f. (var. arfakensis) in Gibbs, Contr. Fl. Arfak Mtns. (1917)

157; Mansfeld, Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 110, pro syn.

220

10.

EZ:

13:

14.

135

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

. Allomorphia auriculata Ridl., Kew Bull. (1946) 37 = Oxyspora auriculata

(Ridl.) Maxw.

. Allomorphia balansaei Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 1183 = Oxys-

pora balansaei (Cogn.) Maxw. var. balansaei.

. Allomorphia baviensis Guill., Notulae Syst. I] (1913) 324 and Bull. Soc. Bot.

France 60 (1913) 89 (in key) = Oxyspora balansaei (Cogn.) Maxw. var.

baviensis (Guill.) Maxw.

. Allomorphia beccariana Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. I:2 (1890) 531

(nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 467 = Phyllagathis beccariana

(Cogn.) Nayar, J. Jap. Bot. 51 (1976) 231.

Allomorphia blini (Lév.) Guill., Bull. Bot. Soc. France 60 (1913) 87 = Aner-

incleistus esquirolii (Lév.) Maxw.

Allomorphia bodinieri (Lév.) Lév., in Fedde, Repert. Nov. Sp. 5 (1908) 100 =

Blastus cavaleriei Lév., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 35 (1906) 395; Li, J.

Arn. Arbor. 25 (1944) 17, pro syn.

Allomorphia bullata (Griff.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 465 =

Oxyspora bullata (Griff.) Maxw.

Allomorphia capillaris Cogn. ex Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 38 =

Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

Allomorphia caudata (Diels) Li, J. Arn. Arbor. 25 (1944) 11.

Styrophyton caudatum (Diels) S.Y. Hu, J. Arn. Arbor. 33 (1952) 176 and plate

I: = Oxyspora spicata Maxw., nom. nov. The specific epithet of this species

cannot be transferred to Oxyspora since the name is occupied by Oxyspora

caudata Gedd.

Allomorphia cavaleriei Lév. & Van., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 35 (1906)

394 = Phyllagathis cavaleriei (Lév. & Van.) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60

(1943) 273,

Allomorphia chevalierii Guill., Fl. Gen. Indo-China II (1921) 901, nomen (in

key); probably in reference to Allormorphia cavaleriei Lév. & Van. (q.v.).

Allomorphia cordifolia Cogn. in K. Sch. & Hollr., Fl. Kais.-Wilhelmsl. (1889)

87 = Poikilogyne cordifolia (Cogn.) Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 111 (var.

cordifolia).

Allomorphia curtisti (King) Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 40 =

Oxyspora curtisii King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.

III, 417).

Allomorphia curtisii (King) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 87 =

Oxyspora curtisii King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.

Ill, 417). |

Allomorphia eupteron Guill., Notulae Syst. II (1913) 323 = Oxyspora curtisii

King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III, 417).

Allomorphia exigua (Jack) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 523 and Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6

(1831) 262 = Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae Zan

22.

2).

24.

Za.

26.

2d.

28.

29.

St;

De:

33:

34,

36.

a8.

38.

Allomorphia exigua (Jack) Bl. var. capillaris (Cogn. ex Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Mal.

Pen. I (1922) 770 = Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

Allomorphia exigua (Jack) Bl. var. minor King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II

(1900) 11 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III, 419) = Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

Allomorphia flexuosa Hand.-Maz., Sinensia III (1933) 195 = Anerincleistus

esquirolii (Lév.) Maxw.

Allomorphia griffithii Hk. f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 74 =

Phyllagathis griffithii King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 45 (Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. ll, 453).

Allomorphia hirticalyx Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 6 (1915) 46 = Oxyspora

acutangula King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III,

417).

Allomorphia hispida Kurz, J. As. Soc. Bengal 40, II (1871) 53; Ridley, J. Str.

Br. Roy. As. Soc. 79 (1918) 69, excluded from Allomorphia.

Allomorphia howelti (Jeff. & W.W. Sm.) Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 65 (1932) 102 =

Oxyspora balansaei (Cogn.) Maxw. var. setosa (Craib) Maxw.

Allomorphia laotica Guill., Notulae Syst. II (1913) 324 = Oxyspora curtisii

King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III, 417).

Allomorphia longifolia Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1:2 (1890) 531

(nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 466 = Phyllagathis longifolius

(Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov. (Plate 3).

Allormorphia longisetosa Ridl., Kew Bull. (1926) 471; Tayloriophyton lon-

gisetosum (Ridl.) Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1968) 92 and fig. 2 =

Oxyspora longisetosa (Ridl.) Maxw.

Allomorphia longispicata Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. I:2 (1890) 531

(nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 46 = Phyllagathis longispicatus

(Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov. (Plate 4).

Allomorphia macrophylla Cogn. in K. Sch. & Hollr., Fl. Kais.-Wilhelmsl.

(1889) 87 = Poikilogyne macrophylla (Cogn.) Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926)

111.

Allomorphia magnifica (Miq.) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 88 =

Oxyspora bullata (Griff.) Maxw.

Allomorphia malaccensis Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 79 (1918) 69 =

Oxyspora bullata (Griff.) Maxw.

Allomorphia multiflora Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 1183 = Blastus

multiflorus (Cogn.) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 90.

Allormorphia multinervia Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1:2 (1890) 531

(nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 468 = Phyllagathis multinervis

(Cogn.) Maxw., comb. nov. (Plate 5).

Allomorphia ovalifolia (A. Gray) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 74 =

Medinilla ovalifolia (A. Gray) A.C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 37 (1976)

85.

222 ) Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

39. Allomorphia parvifolia Mansf., Nova Guinea 14 (1924) 201.

Dicerospermum parviflorum (Mansf.) Bakh. f., ‘“Thesis’” (1943) 280, Med.

Mus. Bot. Utrecht 91 (1943) 280, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 280 =

Poikilogyne parviflora (Mansf.) Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 110.

40. Allomorphia pauciflora Benth., Lond. J. Bot. 1 (1842) 485 = Blastus pauciflor-

us (Benth.) Guill., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60 (1913) 90.

41. Allomorphia perakensis Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15 (1973) 170 = Oxys-

pora curtisii King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. III,

417).

42. Allomorphia porphyranthera Ridl., J. St. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 39 =

Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

43. Allomorphia procursa Craib, Kew Bull. (1930) 315 = Oxyspora curtisii King,

J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 9 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. HI, 417).

44. Allomorphia quintuplinervia Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. I:2 (1890)

531 (nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 466 = Anerincleistus quintu-

plinervis (Cogn.) Maxw.

45. Allomorphia racemosa (Ridl.) Bakh. f., ““Thesis’ (1943) 289, Med. Mus. Bot.

Utrecht 91 (1943) 289, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 289 = Oxyspora

racemosa Ridl., J. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 1 (1923) 60.

46. Allomorphia robusta Mansf., Nova Guinea 14 (1924) 201 = Poikilogyne robus-

ta (Mansf.) Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 111.

47. Allomorphia roemeri Mansf., Nova Guinea 14 (1924) 201 = Poikilogyne

roemeri (Mansf.) Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 110.

48. Allomorphia rosea Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1893) 301 = Oxyspora rosea

(Ridl.) Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 35.

49. Allomorphia rosea Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 4 (1909) 14 = Oxyspora

sublepidota (King) Maxw.

50. Allomorphia sagittata Bakh. f., ‘“Thesis’’ (1943) 291, Med. Mus. Bot. Utrecht

91 (1943) 291, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 291 = Oxyspora sagittata

(Bakh. f.) Maxw.

51. Allomorphia sertulifera Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1:2 (1890) 531

(nomen) and in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 465.

Pomatostoma sertuliferum (Cogn.) Stapf, Icon. Pl. 25 (1895) plate 2420 =

Anerincleistus sertuliferum (Cogn.) Maxw.

52. Allomorphia setosa Craib, Kew Bull. (1913) 68 = Oxyspora balansaei (Cogn. )

Maxw. var. setosa (Craib) Maxw.

53. Allomorphia subsessilis Craib, Kew Bull. (1913) 69 = Pseudodissochaeta sub-

sessilis (Craib) Nayar, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 65 (1965) 561 and fig. 2.

54. Allomorphia sumatrana Boerl. & Koord. in Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz.

(1911) 46 = Oxyspora exigua (Jack) Maxw.

55. Allomorphia sylvarum Gedd., Kew Bull. (1930) 316 = Oxyspora balansaei

(Cogn.) Maxw. var. balansaei.

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae 225

56. Allomorphia umbellata Hk. f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 74 =

58.

Oxyspora umbellata (Hk. f. ex Triana) Maxw. var. umbellata.

Allomorphia urophylla Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 65 (1932) 102 = Oxyspora balansaei

(Cogn.) Maxw. var. balansaei.

Allomorphia wrayi King, J. As. Soc. Bengal 69, II (1900) 11 (Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. III, 419).

Campimia wrayi (King) Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 57 (1911) 40 =

Oxyspora wrayi (King) Maxw.

4. Taxonomic Notes on Poikilogyne Baker f.

. Poikilogyne arfakensis Baker f. var. glabra Kosterm. ex Maxw., var. nov.

A var. arfakensi differt, quoniam glaberrima vel ramulis axibusve minute brevissime furfuraceo-

puberulis.

Typus: Kostermans 2299 (holotypus L, isotypes BO,K).

Distribution — NEW GUINEA, IRIAN JAYA, Vogelkop Peninsula, Man-

okwari Subdistrict, Arfak Mountains, Angi Gita Lake: Kostermans 2299

(type), Sleumer & Vink 14064.

Poikilogyne bicolor Maxw., sp. nov.

Frutex epiphyticus c. 1 m altus. Ramuli petioli axes inflorescentiae tereti furfuracei setis

patentibus glabris c. 2 mm longis dense obtecti. Laminae late ovate 10.5-23 cm longae 5-15 cm latae

tenues superne sparse setaceae infra in costis dense setaceae. Inflorescentiae terminales panicula-

tae compacte. Flores 5-meri. Tubus calycis campanulatis c. 4 mm longus sparse furfuraceus ad

glaber aliquot setis patentibus, lobis late rotundatis c. 1 mm longis dorsaliter cristatis cuspidatis.

Filamenta pilis minutis glandulosis. Petalis alba vel pallidae caeruleus.

Typus: van Royen & Sleumer 7777 (holotypus L).

Distribution — IRIAN JAYA, Vogelkop Peninsula, Ije River Valley, Central

Tamarau Range, south slope, path from Sudjak to Mt. Kusemun near Aiwa

River; 850 m: van Royen & Sleumer 7777 (type).

. Poikilogyne carinata Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 6, A-D & Plate 6).

Ramuli petiole axes inflorescentiae quadrangulati sparse furfuracei glabrescentique lenticellis

pusticulatis asperi. Laminae suborbiculares c. 23 cm longae c. 19.5 cm latae subcoriaceae, basi

cordata. Inflorescentiae terminales paniculatae pluriflorae c. 30 cm longae. Flores 5-meri. Tubus

calycis glaber laevis c. 6 mm longus, lobis late rotundatis c. 1 mm longis, crista dorsali submarginali

c. 1.5 mm longa incrassata.

Typus: Craven & Schodde 1397 (holotypus L, isotypi CANB, LAE).

Distribution — PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe District, Aseki Patrol Area,

near Kwaimengu: Craven & Schodde 1397 (type).

. Poikilogyne cordifolia (Cogn.) Mansf. var. ledermannii (Mansf.) Maxw., stat.

nov.

Poikilogyne ledermannii Mansf., Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1926) 111.

. Poikilogyne diastematica Maxw., sp. nov.

Per ramulos acute 4-angulatis ad 4-alatos laeves glabros, flores 4-meros, stamina diastemate

inter basim loculorum antherae filamentumque distincta.

224 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Typus: Carr 15101 (holotypus SING, isotypi: SING, L, AAU, K)

Distribution — PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Central Division: Owen Stanley

Range, NW. of the Gap: Carr 15101 (type).

6. Poikilogyne grandiflora Maxw., sp. nov.

Omnino laevis et quasi glabra, laminibus suborbicularibus, floribus fructibusque maximis in

genere cognita distincta. Tubus calycis infundibuliformis ca. 8 mm longis undis marginalibus 5 ca.

0.5 mm altis coriacues. Petala perinde incrassata asymmetrice obovata in alabastro ca. 14 mm

longa 7 mm lata. Capsulae subgloboso-urceolatae incrassatae prominenter cristata 11-12 mm

longae 8-9 mm diam. in sicco apicibus conicis 5-porcatis margini areoli complanis.

Typus: Brass 22835 (holotypus L, isotypus A).

Distribution — PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Milne Bay District: Maneau Range,

north slope of Mt. Dayman, 2100 m: Brass 22835 (type), Mt. Suckling: Stevens

& Veldkamp 54118.

7. Poikilogyne multiflora Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 7, A-J).

Ramuli inflorescentiae infrutescenciaeque dense furfuracei cum vel sine setis glabris 1-2 mm

_longis. Laminae suborbiculares 15-24 cm longae 12-19.5 cm latae tenues plerumque superne

glabrae, infra minute scabrae, apice acuto, basi cordata. Inflorescentiae terminales paniculatae

pluriflorae ad c. 30 cm longae. Flores 5-meri. Tubus calycis 3-4 mm longus sparse furfuraceus saepe

setis dispersis, lobis late rotundatis c. 0.5 mm longis cuspidatis dorso carinatus vel crista lateraliter

complanata. Capsulae 6-7 mm longae prominenter 10-porcatae. Semina cuneata papillata c. 0.5

mm longa. ;

Typus: Streimann & Kairo 47541 (holotypus L, isotypi LAE, BRI, CANB, A, .

K;, ‘BO, SING; SYD);

Distribution — PAPUA NEW GUINEA: West Sepik District, Telefomin

Subdistrict, Prospect Creek near Frieda River: Henty & Foreman 42513; Pros-

pect & Kokoma Creeks: Henty & Foreman 42677; Eastern Highlands District,

Okapa to Wanitabi: Coode & Lelean 29918; Morobe District, Wau Subdistrict

— Kulai Creek, 5 miles south of Wau: Hartley 11489; Mt. Kaindi: Whiffin et

al. 60317; New Uamap, head of Bamie Creek: Streimann & Kairo 47541

(type); Milne Bay District, Normanby Island, Mt. Solomonai: Croft et al.

68934.

8. Poikilogyne velutina Maxw., sp. nov. (Fig. 8, A-D).

A indumento pilorum puberulorum ad 0.75 mm longorum dense velutino in ramulis foltis

inflorescentiisque lobis calycis subulatis, ca. 7 mm longis distincta.

Typus: Hartley 12774 (holotypus L)

Distribution — PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe District: above Bakaia,

moss forest, c. 2700 m: Hartley 12774 (type).

9. Poikilogyne villosa Maxw., sp. nov.

Ramuli, folia, axes inflorescentiarum et infructescentiarumque, calyces, capsulaeque villosi pilis

mollibus glandulosis eglandulosisque. Inflorescentiae axillares terminalesque. Flores 4-meri. Lobi

calycus prominentes 1-4 mm longi.

Typus: Gillison 25350 (holotypus L; isotypi: BRI, CANB, AK, K).

Distribution PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Milne Bay District: Mt. Ne near

Ulanga Bay: Gillison 25350 (type), Rossel Island, Kwa Mountain: Henty

27067, Sudest Island, Mt. Riu (west slope): Brass 27883, 27923.

Tribe Oxysporeae, Melastomataceae py ns

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Drs. R. Geesink and Dr. J.F. Veldkamp of the Rijksher-

barium, Leiden for their valuable assistance in arranging for numerous specimens

that were made available to me on loan and for various important technical

matters, and Dr. J.F. Veldkamp for the Latin diagnoses and for various comments

on my original descriptions. Thanks are due to Dr. B.C. Stone of the University of

Malaya for his valuable comments on my manuscript and drawings. My visit to

Leiden was made possible with the financial assistance of Prof. Dr. C.G.G.J. van

Steenis, Director of the Flora Malesiana Foundation and Prof. Dr. C. Kalkman,

Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. I am also indebted to Dr. Kare Bremer

(Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm) who located several valuable

specimens in Paris for me which were subsequently sent to Singapore. Finally, I

must express my sincere thanks to the curators and staff of all the herbaria who sent

me specimens to study or welcomed me during my visits: A, AAU, ABD, B, BK,

Pee om, bo on. bint, Cal COIN: PIG; HBGY KO REP, KLU/LCLWG,

MO, National University of Singapore, NY, P, SAN, SAR, U, UC, US, W and Z

(abbreviations from Holmgren & Kruken, 1974).

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IN MEMORIAM

Encik Kiah bin Haji Mohamed Salleh (1902-1982)

It is with regret that I heard of the death of Encik Kiah bin Haji Mohamed Salleh

on 12 September 1982 in Singapore. Kiah was appointed as a plant collector in the

herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Singapore in 1920 and retired at the end of 1957 after

over 37'2 years of dedicated service. He was already on the staff when I first went

to Singapore in July 1922 and my first close acquaintance with him was in Novem-

ber of that year when Mr. I. H. Burkill arranged for me to do some collecting in

Johore and Negri Sembilan accompanied by Mohamed Nur and Kiah. At Mr.

Burkill’s request, I paid special attention to ferns, of which I had already acquired

some knowledge; Kiah and I learned much about other plants from Mohamed Nur.

Afterwards Kiah went with me to many other places, including Mt. Kinabalu, to

which I will refer later.

Kiah accompanied the senior members of the Gardens staff on most of the

collecting journeys in the Malay Peninsula during his time and I regret that I have

not a complete list of them. The value of the herbarium specimens preserved in

Singapore and distributed as duplicates during many years is largely due to his care

and skill in handling and drying them in the field; on that material much of our

current knowledge of Malayan plants depends.

In addition to the journeys arranged by the Gardens, Kiah accompanied expedi-

tions organized from other institutions on several occasions. In 1924 he went with

Boden Kloss, then Director of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, to the Mentawai

Islands, and again with F. W. Forworthy, Forest Research Officer, to peninsular

Thailand in 1930, also helping two other forest botanists on other occasions: E. J.

Strugnell in Pahang in 1930 and C. F. Symington on Gunong Tapis in 1937. He was

responsible for the collecting on an expedition to Gunong Padang in Trengganu

organised by L. Moysey in 1937. The principal collecting journey undertaken

independently by Kiah was to Kedah and Perlis in March and April 1938, including

Gunong Liang, the Koh Moi Forest Reserve, and the limestone hill at Baling.

There can have been few people who travelled more widely in Malayan forests than

Kiah.

Between collecting expeditions, Kiah helped in the routine work of the herbar-

ium, undertaking the poisoning of all specimens and preparing them for mounting

or despatch to other herbaria. As his knowledge grew, he helped Mohamed Nur in

sorting specimens for identification.

In 1931 Kiah went with me to Mt. Kinabalu. There was no road in those days.

We landed our baggage at Usukan Bay near Kota Belud, where the District Officer

was very helpful in recruiting a team of carriers with whom we walked to Dallas,

where we joined Joseph and Mary Clemens who were spending a prolonged period

for collecting on the mountain. They had a base at Tenompok, from which we

climbed the the top of the mountain, later visiting Kiau and then climbing the

Marei Parei Ridge. I concentrated my attention on ferns, which had been my

227

Kiah bin Haji Mohamed Salleh

On Mt Kinabalu at 11.000 ft altitude, November 1931.

Photograph by R.E. Holttum

Kiah bin Haji Salleh 229

principal objects of study during the preceding years. Collection of other plants

was largely due to Kiah; among them were palms, which Dr Furtado was then

studying, and three palms, previously unknown, were named in honour of Kiah,

namely Pinanga keahii Furt., Calamus kiahii Furt. and Licuala kiahii Furt. Kiah

was an excellent colleague, always at hand when needed. He was an expert in

drying specimens over an open fire without burning them, often under trying

conditions; it was the only available method except for some ferns which would dry

quickly without heat.

Later, when Mr M.R. Henderson was writing his monograph on the genus

Eugenia in Malaya (Gard. Bull. vol. 12, 1949) he based two new species on

specimens collected by Kiah, namely E. kiahii Hend. from Sungei Kayu, Johore,

and E. pseudoclaviflora Hend. from Gunong Tahan. Kiah’s collection of the orchid

Calanthe masuca (Don) Lindl. in Kedah was the only one known from the Malay

Peninsula when I wrote my book on the orchids of Malaya.

Kiah was a responsible and reliable person as well as a very observant collector and

during his long service acquired a very wide knowledge of local plants. He had a

very even temperament and I never saw him put out by trying circumstances. I

salute his memory and remember him with thankfulness.

R. E. HOLTTUM

Ed. note: From 1949 until 1957 Kiah continued to work in the herbarium and

during his later years of service worked closely with Mr. James Sinclair and with

Dr. Chew Wee Lek. After his retirement, Encik Kiah remained mostly at home

tending his garden and enjoying his pension. Further details concerning Kiah’s

collecting trips can be found in Fl. Males. I, vol. 1 (1950) 280 and I, vol. 8 (1974)

LV.

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Book Review

HANDBOOKS OF THE FLORA OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Volume II.

Edited by E. E. Henty, Senior Botanist, Office of Forests. Melbourne University

Press (on behalf of the Government of Papua New Guinea) Pp. x + 276, text

figures 62, I fold-out map, 1981. ISBN 0 522 84204. 6. Recommended retail price:

A$ 30.00.

This volume, the second in a new series (of which the first was edited by J.S.

Womersley) continues the pattern of the first volume. Identical in size and only 2

pages shorter, attractively cloth-bound in green, and with a white dust-jacket with

black print and a plant drawing in green (each drawing unique to a volume), the

“Handbooks” series is both practical and good-looking. Taxonomic treatments of

various families as they occur in Papua New Guinea are included, in alphabetical

order within each volume, in no particular systematic order, but rather in the

practical order of publication as and when research is completed. In volume 11, six

authors contribute treatments of 14 families, these being BIXACEAE, BOMBA-

CACEAE, COCHLOSPERMACEAE, HAMAMELIDACEAE, HERNAN-

DIACEAE, and STYRACACEAE, by J.R. Croft; CHENOPODIACEAE by A.

Kanis; CORIARIACEAE by B. J. Conn; DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE, JUGLAN-

DACEAE, STACKHOUSIACEAE, and STAPHYLAEACEAE by W. R. Bar-

ker; and ELAEOCARPACEAE by M.J.E. Coode; and LORANTHACEAE by

B.A. Barlow. The treatments vary greatly in length, that of the Elaeocarpaceae by

Coode being about 150 pages long, i.e. over half the length of the book. The

Loranthaceae, by Barlow, is a treatment of 48 pages and the second in length in the

volume. Several of the treatments therefore are extremely short, treating one or

only a few species. However, the formats are identical. A considerable part of the

value of the book is the relative abundance and generally high quality of the

illustrations, which are by several artists, including Faye Owner, Terry Nolan, S.

Hitingnuc, Taikika Iwagu, and Bore Doviong. The absence of photographs,

however, seems odd; the line-drawings are the best presentation of botanical detail,

but the inclusion of some habit/habitat photos would have enhanced the utility of

the book.

The treatment of Elaeocarpaceae is the “‘main course”’ and in it five genera are

revised for Papua New Guinea: Sloanea, Dubouzetia, Sericolea, Aceratium, and

Elaeocarpus. In Aceratium, there are 12 species; in Dubouzetia, 4; (possibly a 5th,

undescribed, exists also); in Elaeocarpus, 69 species, plus 8 more mentioned but

unnamed and not yet described (as well as a plethora of unknowable names based

on type materials destroyed in the Berlin herbarium during World War II); Sert-

colea, 9, plus 2 unnamed but described species; Sloanea, 18 species. Thus there are

at least 102 species, as well as those unnamed which would total another eleven,

giving a grand total of 113 species. This is a thorough treatment (the outcome of

long study by Coode, both in Papua New Guinea and later at Kew). It should be

noted that a revision of Sericolea by M.M.J. van Balgooy of Leiden has recently

appeared (Blumea 28: 103-141, 1982). In this work, van Balgooy supplements

231

252 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Coode’s treatment with the addition of two new species (one of this is the “Species A”

of Coode, the other being the E. Highlands (Mt. Piora) specimen referred

tentatively to S. ridleyana (Wernham) Schlechter by Coode. Balgooy also describes

some other subspecies, and in a few minor ways further differs from Coode’s

treatment.

Barlow’s treatment of Loranthaceae is the other larger component of the

volume, with 12 genera and 55 genera and 55 species. The bulk of the species (27)

belong to one genus, Amyema.

The volume includes an Appendix, listing (‘‘Census’’) of the families of Flower-

ing Plants and Gymnosperms known in Papua New Guinea. There are 210 families

listed. There is good index to both scientific and vernacular names.

For each species text material is organized under several headings: name and

nomenclature; description; field characters; distribution; ecology; and additional

notes.

In general the standards displayed in the book are high, including the botanical

research and the physical characters of the volume itself.

Undoubtedly it will play a useful role in Papua New Guinea, a developing

country with a vast array of plant resources but which are often very poorly known,

and with many insufficiently explored regions.

It can be expected that many of the species which occur in Papua New Guinea

will also occur in West Irian, as the dividing line between these two political entities

is entirely artificial. In addition, many Papua New Guinea species occur to the East

in the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands; indeed, the former area is

included in the flora (as it is politically).

The Handbooks series is a cooperative effort, well edited, and we look forward

to further volumes in the series.

B.C. STONE

Department of Botany

University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Review

THELYPTERIDACEAE by R. E. Holttum. Flora Malesiana, Series II, Volume

1, part 5: 1-xx, 331-599 (total 288 pp), 20 figs., publ. date 1 March 1982. Sold by

Martinus Nijhoff, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, Netherlands, price not

indicated.

Malesia is the centre of diversity for Thelypteridaceae. Studies of this fern family

were until now limited by lack of information for Malesia, the area from which,

after fourteen years of concentrated research and many preliminary and related

papers, Professor Holttum has classified, named, keyed and described 440 species.

Thelypteridaceae may contain the most individuals, the greatest biomass, and

the largest number of species of all ferns. In some habitats they are the dominant

herbaceous vegetation. The family contains relictual species living in mountain

forests threatened with extinction as well as spreading pantropic weeds that hybri-

dize frequently. They range in size from delicate dwarfs, fertile when less than 5 cm

high, to coarse bristly giants bearing fronds 3 m long.

One can quickly learn to recognize the family at a glance, even from fronds

without sori, by the terrestrial habit and mostly pinnate fronds with narrow pinnae

often regularly lobed. The cartilaginous reinforcements between lobes, the pinnate

venation plan, the axes not being grooved where pinnae meet rachis, and the

needle-pointed hairs, all contribute to a characteristic appearance, and the use of a

hand lens for absolute confirmation is rarely necessary.

But although the family itself is very distinctive, problems in distinguishing

genera and species were, until Holttum’s work, probably more difficult than in any

other fern family, so that everything was often lumped into a single genus, Thely-

pteris. Holttum catalogued the species of the Old World, discovering natural

groups and characters that would serve for their recognition. Some key characters

are conspicuous, such as whether or not the lower pinnae of a frond are reduced in

size, others technical, such as type of paraphysis structure. Only after the diversity

had been sorted out satisfactorily, in detail, was it practical to consider dividing the

family. Only now do we have the option of whether to place all one thousand

species of Thelypteridaceae in one genus, and then be often obliged to also cite a

subgeneric or sectional name to indicate more precisely the meaning of a binomial,

or, to divide Thelypteridaceae into smaller and distinctive genera. For choosing to

divide, into 22 genera for Malesia, Holttum is not to be considered a “‘splitter.”’ In

previous revisions for Flora Malesiana of families Gleicheniaceae and Cyath-

eaceae, he decided to recognize fewer genera than many pteridologists writing

afterwards. He has consistently attempted to use the genus, the first part of the

latin binomial that is the name of a plant, in a way to accord it the optimal

taxonomic significance between family and species, while thinking on a world scale.

For defining species of thelypterids, information about the characteristics and

distribution of hairs and glands was discovered by Holttum to be very valuable.

233

234 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Such details were dismissed by many previous botanists as unimportant, or were

unobserved. At the species level alone, how much an advance of knowledge this

revision represents can be indicated by comparing it with a work from an area

thought to be well-studied, Copeland’s Fern Flora of the Philippines (1960), in

which 100 species now considered thelypterids were included. Holttum accounts for

116 Philippine species, but more than half of these are not the same as Copeland’s,

many of which had to be reduced to synonymy or were misinterpretations.

As Holttum states, ‘‘no classification can be final.”’ Some species will be found to

require remodeling. New species remain to be collected; only now can they be

recognized as such. Probably some generic boundaries will have to be adjusted, and

at least one relationship with a New World group needs clarification. But this may

well be the final synthesis, for this subject, of such a vast amount of information. I

think it very unlikely that ever again anyone will, with comparable talent, expe-

rience, energy, and facilities, attempt to address this family in detail at its centre

of diversity. However, a great amount of local work remains to be done in most

parts of Malesia, work that will be given impetus by this publication.

This part five completes volume one of the Pteridophyta for Flora Malesiana. It

begins with an elegant discourse on the history of fern classification, also by

Holttum, emphasizing the towering role of Carl Christensen, to whom the volume

is dedicated.

M.G. PRICE,

Herbarium, NUB

University of Michigan

Ann Abor, MI 48109, U.S.A.

OBITUARY

Murray Ross Henderson, Director 1949-1954

Mr. Henderson was born at Banchory, Aberdeenshire, in 1899 and died at

Aberdeen in October 1982, a few days after his 83rd birthday. Immediately after

World-War I he studied botany at the University of Aberdeen, where W.G. Craib

was Professor. Craib had then already made considerable progress in his studies of

the flora of Thailand, and thus Henderson became interested in the botany of

tropical Asia. This led in 1921 to his appointment as botanist in the Museums

Department of the Federated Malay States. He was at first stationed at Taiping,

within the area whence a large part of the collections which formed the basis of

King & Gamble’s Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula had been made, so

that he had a good guide to local plants. He later transferred to the Museum at

Kuala Lumpur and collected in that area, visiting Fraser’s Hill in 1923. In 1924 he

was appointed Curator of the Herbarium in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, a post

which he retained until he was appointed Director in 1949.

In subsequent years Mr. Henderson organized many of the collecting expeditions

in the Peninsula which were undertaken each year from the Gardens, adding

greatly to knowledge of the flora of what was then known as British Malaya; details

of his travels are recorded by Mrs van Steenis in her Cyclopaedia of Collectors in

the first volume of Flora Malesiana (1950) p.225. He developed a special interest in

plants of the limestone and made collections on most of the limestone hills in

Selangor, Pahang, Kelantan, Perak and Kedah, including the Langkawi Islands. In

1939 he collated the information so obtained in an important paper published in the

Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (vol. 17: 13-87, with plates

3-12). His other major original publication was his monograph of the genus Euge-

nia (sensu lato) in Malaya (Gard. Bull. Singapore 12: 1-293; 1949). In this he

showed clearly that a subdivision of Eugenia cannot be based on characters of seeds

and seedlings, as proposed by some authors, and specified aspects of floral mor-

phology which he believed could be the basis of a subdivision, though he preferred

to retain a broad concept of the genus.

Henderson’s main work throughout was the identifying of specimens, collected

by himself and others, which were added to the Herbarium, duplicates of many

being distributed (on an exchange basis) to other herbaria, thus enriching the

Singapore Herbarium in two ways and adding to the permanent records available

for specialists to study. He corresponded frequently with botanists at Bogor and

elsewhere, and arranged for loan of specimens to them, thereby helping to corre-

late knowledge across political boundaries.

He left Singapore towards the end of 1941, returning in December 1945 to help in

the post-war rehabilitation of the Gardens. During part of his absence he lived in

South Africa and studied some plants of that country, especially Cycads, based on

the National Botanic Garden at Kirstenbosch.

Murray Ross Henderson (1899-1982)

Photograph taken in 1955.

After World-War II he performed a useful service to Malaya by compiling his |

fully illustrated popular works on Malayan Wild Flowers, which have done so much |

to promote an understanding of local plants. His account of the Dicotyledons |

appeared in three issues of the Malayan Nature Journal in 1949-1951; these were

reprinted in one volume by the Malayan Nature Society in 1959 and again in 1974.

The Monocotyledons form the subject of a separate volume published by the

Malayan Nature Society in 1954 and was reprinted in 1974.

R.E. HOLTTUM

236 -

INDEX

Vol. XXXV

Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Names of fauna are in large and small caps. Page numbers

in italics indicate the presence of illustrations.

Acacia auriculaeformis 56, 57 longifolia 221

Acranthera 21, 27, 28, 29, 30 longisetosa 216, 221

didymocarpa 30 longispicata 221

“magnifica” nom. prov. 15 macrophylla 221

obovata 1, 12, 13 magnifica syn. nov. 221

oligophlebia t 2. 4 malaccensis 221

porteri 1,8, 11 multiflora 221

pulchella 29, 30, 3/ multinervia 221

Acronychia 1, 2,3 ovalifolia 221

Actinorhytis calapparia 57 parvifolia 222

Adenosma capitatum 157 pauciflora 222

Adenosacmi malayana 145 perakensis syn. nov. 222

ADORETUS 56 porphyranthera syn. nov. 222

COMPRESSUS 56 procursa syn. nov. 222

Aeschynanthus wallichii 193, 195 quintuplinervia 222

Agavaceae 174 racemosa 222

Aglaonema costatum 178 robusta 222

nitidum 178 roemeri 222

oblongifolium 178 rosea syn. nov. 222

Alangium ebenaceum var. tutela 101 sagittata 217, 222

nobile 101 sertulifera 215, 222

ridleyi 101 subsessilis 222

Allomorphia 209, 218, 219 setosa 216, 222

acutiangula 219 sumatrana syn. nov. 222

alata syn. nov. 219 sylvarum syn. nov. 222

albiflora syn. nov. 219 umbellata 218, 223

arboresens syn. nov. 219 urophylla syn. nov. 223

asperifolia 219 wrayi 218, 223

auriculata 216, 219 Allophylus cobbe 89, 154

balansae 216, 220 var. glaber 154

baviensis 216, 220 var. villosus 154

beccariana 220 Allozygia 218

blinii 220 Alocasia denudata 179

bodinieri 220 longilobia 178

bullata 220 lowii 178

capillaris syn. nov. 220 Alsodeia capillata 170

caudata 220 comosa 170

cavalerie 220 dasycaula 170

chevalierii 220 echinocarpa 170

cordifolia 220 hirtella 170

curtisii 220 langkawiensis 170

eupteron syn. nov. 220 wallichiana 170

exigua syn. nov. 219, 220, 221 Amaracarpus saxicola 141

var. capillaris 221 Amaryllidaceae 175

var. minor 221 Amorphophallus carnosus 179

flexuosa syn. nov. 221 elatus 179

griffithii 221 haematospadix 179

hirticalyx syn. nov. 221 prainii 179

hispida 221 variabilis 179

howelii syn. nov. 221 Ampelocissus cinnamomea 87

laotica syn. nov. 221 elegans 87

237

238

Ampelocissus cont.

gracilis 88

spicifera 88

Amydrium humile 179

Amylotheca duthieana 99

Anacardium occidentale 93

Anadendrum latifolium 179

marginatum 179

medium 180

montanum 179

Andira inermis 57, 59, 60

Aneilema nudiflorum 185

subovatum 186

Anerincleistus 209, 212, 218

angustifolius comb. nov. 212

beccarii 216

bullatus sp. nov. 212

caudatus 218

cordata 216

cornutus sp. nov. 212

cyathocalyx sp. nov. 212

echinatus sp. nov. 212

esquirolii comb. nov. 213, 220, 221

microphyllus sp. nov. 213

pallidifolius 213

phyllagathoides comb. nov. 213

var. inaequalis comb. nov. 213

var. phyllagathoides 213

purpureus comb. nov. 213

quintuplinervis comb. nov. 213, 222

roseus 212, 216

ruticola comb. nov. 213

sertuliferum comb. nov. 213, 222

setosus comb. nov. 213

setulosus var. floccosus var. nov. 213

var. pallidifolius stat. nov. 213

var. suffruticosus stat nov. 215

stipularis comb. nov. 216

sublepidotus 218

suffruticosus 216

Antidesma bunius 57, 58, 59

APOGONIA CRIBICOLLIS 56

Araceae 176

Aralidium pinnatifidum 101

Arfeullea arborescens 89

Argostemma 27, 28

diversifolium 141

inaequilaterum 142

Arisaema fimbriatum 179

roxburghii 180

Arthrophyllum diversifolium 101

Arthrostemma paniculatum 218

Arytera littoralis 89

ASERICA 53

MOLLIS 53

Aspidixia articulata 100

Aspidopteris concava 195

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Asplenium 65

prescottianum 65, 66, 67

Atalantia kwangtungensis 151

monophylla 151

roxburghiana 151

spinosa 151

Athyrium 65

AUTOSERICA RUFOCUPREA 51-53, 54-56, 57-62

Axonopus compressus 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41

chlorosis 35, 37

necrosis 35, 39

nutrient deficiency symptoms

Iron 37, 39, 40, 41, 42

Magnesium 37, 39, 40, 42

Nitrogen 35, 36, 39, 41, 42

Phosphorus 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42

Potassium 37, 38, 39, 41, 42

omission of all nutrients 35, 38, 39, 42

Bacheria parviflora 142

Barclaya 69

kunstleri comb. nov. 69, 70, 71

longifolia 69, 71

motleyi 69, 71

var. kunstleri 69, 71

Bauerella 1

Bauhinia purpurea 56, 57

Berrya ammonilla 162

cordifolia 162

Bhesa paniculata 84

robusta 84

Blastus cavaleriei 220 :

multiflorus 221 :

pauciflorus 222

Boehmeria nivea 165

Bouea macrophylla 93

microphylla 93 |

oppositifolia 93

Brassaia actinophylla 102

Buchanania arborescens 93

lucida 93

sessilifolia 93

Burmannia championii 184

gracilis 184

lutescens 184

Burmanniaceae 183

Butomaceae 184

Byttneria maingayi 198

Callicarpa angustifolia 168

arborea 168

lanata 168

Campimia 218

auriculata 216

wrayi 218, 223

Campnosperma auriculatum 93

minor 93

squamatum 93

Index

Canna Primrose 57

Cansjera rheedii 99

zizyphifolia 99

Canthium aciculatum 142

didynum 142

Cantranthera hispida 157

Capsicum frutescens 159

Cardiospermum halicacabum 90

Carex malaccensis 187

perakensis 187

speciosa 187

stenura 187

Cassia fistula 57

nodosa 57

spectabilis 57, 58, 59

Cassine viburnifolia 84

Cayratia japonica 173

mollissima 88, 171

novemfolia 88

trifolia 88

Celtis collinsae 164

orientalis 164

philippensis 164

wightii 164

Centella asiatica 103

Champereia manillana 99

Cissus diffusa 87

discolor 171

glaberrima 87, 172

hastata 87, 172

novemfolia 172

pyrrhodasys 172

repens 172

rostrata 172

Citrus macroptera 151

medica 153

Clausena excavata 151

harmandiana 153

Clerodendron paniculatum 168

penduliflorum 168

serratum 168

Cochlospermum religiosum 57

COcKCHAFER 51, 52, 53, 62

Coffea canephora 142

malayana 143

robusta 142

Cola acuminata 57

Colocasia antiquorum 180

esculenta 180

gigantea 180

Colona javanica 163

merguensis 163

Colubrina asiatica 85

Columbia curtisii 163

diptera 163

integrifolia 163

Commelinaceae 184

Congea tomentosa 168

vestita 168

Conocephalus amoenus 166

suaveolens 166

Creaghiella purpurea 213

setosa 213

Crinum defixum 175

Cryptocoryne affinis 180

minima 180

purpurea 180

Curanga amara 157

Cyperaceae 186

Cyperus bancanus 188

kyllingia 188

trialatus 188

turgidulus 188

Cyphotheca montana 217

Cyrtosperma lasioides 180

Debregeasia squamata 165

Delonix regia 57, 59, 60

Dendrocnide sinuata 165

Dendrotrophe buxifolia 98

Dendrophthoe pentandra 99

Dicerospermum parviflorum 222

Dimocarpus longan 90, 154

subsp. longan 154

var. longan 154

Diplazium 65, 66, 68

crenato-serratum 66

malaccense 65

prescottianum 65, 67, 68

sylvaticum 65

var. prescottianum 66

Dipteris 68

conjugata 68

Dioscorea aculeata 189

bulbifera 189

calcicola 189

esculenta 189

filiformis 190

gibbiflora 190

glabra 190

hispida 190

membranacea 190

myriantha 190

polyclades 190

prainiana 190

prazeri 190

pyrifolia 190

triphylla 190

Dioscoreaceae 189

Dracaena angustifolia 174

congesta 174

curtisii 174

finlaysonii 174

graminifolia 174

maingayi 191, 1/93

nutans 175

239

240

Dracaena cont.

pachyphylla 174

porteri 175

yuccaefolia 175

Echinodorus ridleyi 175

Elaeodendron subrotundum 84

Elatostema curtisii 166

latifolium 166

Elytranthe albide 100

arnottiana 100

globosa 100

maingayi 100

retusa 100

Epigynum forbesii 192, 193

Epipremnum giganteum 180

humile 179

Epiremnopsis media 180

Erioglossum rubiginosum 90

Eryngium foetidum 103

Erythrina fusca 57, 58, 59

variegata 57, 58, 59

Erythropalum scandens 97

Erythrophleum suaveolens 57, 59, 60

Erythropsis fulgens 160

Eucalyptus pellita 57

Eugenia grandis 57

polyantha 57, 59, 60

Euonymus javanicus 84

Euphoria malaiensis 90

Eurycles amboinensis 175

sylvestris 175

Fimbristylis calcicola 188

fusca 188

fuscoides 188

malayana 188

trichophylla 188

Firmiana colorata 160

fulgens 160

malayana 160

Flagellariaceae 190

Fleurya interrupta 166

Forrestia monosperma 185

Gardenia 21, 25, 29

campanula 25, 26

carinata 25, 26, 57, 58, 59

comp. gen. char, 28

coronaria 25, 26, 27

didymocarpus 27, 28, 29, 30

elata 21, 22, 23

griffithii 25, 26

key 25

lobbii 21, 22

pterocalyx 25. 26, 27

pulchella 27, 28, 29

resinifera 21, 22

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

species trsf to Acranthera 27

speciosa 21, 22

tentaculata 25, 26, 29

tubifera 21, 22, 23, 25

var. subcarinata 22, 26

var. tubifera 22, 26

forma elata 22, 26

forma tubifera 22, 26

virescens 27, 28, 29, 30

Gardeniella 21, 29, 30

Geophila pulchella 30

herbacea 143

reniformis 143

repens 143

Gleichenia 110

Glossocarya mollis 168

Gluta renghas 93

wallichii 93

Glycosmis calcicola 152

var. kelantanica 152

chlorosperma 152

malayana 152

parkinsonii var. ovatofoliolis 152

puberula 152

rupestris 152

sapindoides 152

Gmelina asiatica 169

villosa 169

Gomphandra affinis 96

quadrifida var. lanceolata 96

Gonocaryum gracile 96

longiracemosum 96

Grewia acuminata 163

paniculata 163

polygama var. curtisii 163

tomentosa 163

umbellata 163

viminea 163

Guettarda speciosa 143

Guioa pubescens 90

Gymnosiphonaphyllus 184

Hanguana malayana 190

Hapaline brownii 180

Hedyotis congesta 143

coronaria 143

coronata 143

hispida 143

tenelliflora 143

trinervia 198

verticillata 143

Helicteres angustifolia 160

hirsuta 160

lanceolata 160

Helixanthera coccinea 100

Henslowia buxifolia 98

Heritiera littoralis 160

pterospermoides 160

Index

Hippocratea indica 84

Homalomena argentea 183

coerulescens 181

deltoidea 181

griffithii 181

humilis var. pumila 181

johorensis 181

pumila 181

purpurascens var. pumila 181

rubra 181

singaporensis 181

Homocentria 218

Hopea sangal 57

Hydnophytum formicarum 143

Hydrocotyle asiatica 103

rotundifolia 103

sibthorpioides 103

Hydrostemma 69

kunstleri 71

longifolium 69

motleyi 69

Hylocharis 218

Ilex cymosa 83

macrophylla 83

maingayi 83

Impatiens balsamina 92

sultani 92

Iodes oblonga 96

ovalis 96

velutina 96

Isonandra perakensis 155

var. kelantanensis 155

var. perakensis 155

Ixora brunonis 143

clerodendron 144

congesta 144

crassifolia 144

elliptica 144

finlaysoniana 56, 57

fluminalis 144

globbii 144

var. stenophylla 144

grandifolia 144

humilis var. scortechinii 144

javanica 57

multibracteata 144

nigricans 144

var. ovalis 144

pendula 144

var. opaca 144

scortechinii 144

stenophylla 144

umbellata 144

var. bracteata 144

Jambolifera porteri 8

Knoxia corymbosa 144

Kokoona littoralis 84

Kopsia flavida 57, 59, 60

Kurrimia paniculata 84

robusta 84

Kyllingia monocephala 188

Lagerstroemia speciosa 57, 59, 60

Lannea coromandelica 94

grandis 94

Lantana aculeata 169

camara 169

var. aculeata 169

Laportea interrupta 166

pustulosa 165

stimulans 166

Lasia aculiata 181

heterohylla 181

spinosa 181

Lasianthus stipularis 145

var. hortus 145

Leea aequata 172

angulata 87

indica 87

rubra 87, 172

sambucina 87, 172

saxatilis 172

Lepionurus sylvestris 99

Lepisanthes rubiginosa 90

Leptonychia glabra 160

Lijndenia 45

laurina 45

Limnocharis flava 184

Litchie chinensis 90

Lithocarpus wallichianus 192

Litsea lancifolia 195

ridleyi 195

Lophopetalum fimbriatum 84

littoralis 84

wightianum 84

Loranthus coccineus 100

duthieanus 99

ferrugineus 100

pentandrus 99

Luvunga eluthetandra 152

Lycianthes biflora 158

241

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme 159

Lycopodium argenteum 121

atro-viride 124

caulesens 121

ciliare 122

delicatulum 122

intermedium 124

ornatum 127

planum 128

repandum 129

roxburghii 130

stipulatum 132

242

Lycopodium cont.

wallichii 133

willdenowii 133

Maclurodendron gen. nov. 1, 4, 5

distinguishing characters 3

index of collections 17

magnificum sp. nov. 5, 7, 15, 18, 19

obovatum comb. nov. 6, 7, 8, 12, 14

oligophlebium comb. nov. 5, 7, 12

parviflorum sp. nov. 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15

porteri comb. nov. 6, 7, 8,9, 11, 12

pubescens sp. nov. 7, 11

species-distribution map 2

Macrosolen cochinchinensis 100

retusus 100

Madhuca calcicola 156

ridleyi 156

MALADERA 53

Mangifera caesia 94

foetida 94

griffithii 94

indica 94

lagenifera 94

macrocarpa 191

microphylla 94

odorata 94

Mastixia maingayi 101

trichotoma var. maingayi 101

Medinilla ovalifolia 221

Melanochyla auriculata 94

kunstleri 94

Melanorrhoea wallichii 93

woodsiana 93

Melastoma exigua 216, 218, 219

vagans 217

Melicope 11, 19

? helferi 8, 11

unifoliolata 8, 11

Meliosma elliptica 95

lanceolata 95

pinnata ssp. ridleyi 95

ridleyi 95

simplicifolia 95

Melochia umbellata 160

velutina 160

MELONTHINAE 51

Memecylon 45, 46

acuminatissimum 45, 46, 47

acuminatum 46

ambiguum 45, 47

amplexicaule 46

argenteum 46

beccarianum 45, 46

borneense 46

calyptratum 46

campanulatum 46

cantleyi 46, 194, 196

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

cinereum 46

coeruleum 45, 46

confertifolium 46

corticosum 46

depokkense 45, 46

dichotomum 46

durum 46

edule 45, 46, 47

var. ovatum 45, 47

excelsum 46, 194, 196

floribundum 45, 46

floridum 46

fruticosum 45, 46

garcinioides 46

gibbosum 46, 47

globosum 45, 46

horsfieldii 47

hullettii 47

intermedium 47

kunstleri 47

lancifolium 47

larui 47, 48

lilacinum 45, 47

longifolium 47

malaccense 47

megacarpum 47

minutiflorum 47

monchyanum 47, 48

myrsinoides 45, 47

var. latifolia 47

var. subquadrialata 47

ochroleucum 45, 47

~ oleifolium 45, 46, 47

oleigoneurum 45, 46

ovatum 45, 47

paniculatum 47, 49

pauciflorum 47

pergamentaceum 47

pseudo-nigrescens 45, 47

pubescens 49

ruptile 49

scolopacinum 47

subcordifolium 45, 49

sumatrense 45, 49

wallichii 49

Micromelium minutum 152

MICROSERICA 53

Millettia atropurpurea 57, 59, 60

Mimusops elengi 156

Mischocarpus pentapetalus 90

sumatranus 90

Morinda elliptica 145

umbellata 145

Muntingia calabura 164

exotica 152

koenigii 152

paniculata 152

Mycetia malayana 145

ar. 2

Index

Myristica cinnamomea 197

Nauclea junghuhnii 145

purpurascens 145

Neonauclea calycina 145

purpurascens 145

Neoscortechinia kingii 192, 193

Nephelium echinulatum 154

glabrum 90

lappaceum 91

litchie 90

malaiense 90, 154

mutabile 91, 154

rubescens 91

setosum 154

Neurocalyx 27, 28, 29

Nothopanax guilfoylei 102

fruticosum 101

scutellarium 102

Ochanostachys amentacea 97

Oldenlandia alata 146

nudicaulis 145

ovatifolia 145

pterita 146

rosettifolia 146

verticillata 143

Ophiorriza communis 146

discolor 146

fruticosa 146

fruticulosa 146

hispidula 146

kunstleri 146

longerepens 147

major 147

pallidula 147

remotiflora 147

Oreocnide sylvatica 167

Oritrephes 218

albiflora 219

Oxyspora 209, 218, 219

acutangula 219, 221

auriculata comb. nov. 216, 220

balansaei comb. nov. 216

var. balansaei 216, 220, 222, 223

var. baviensis comb. & stat. nov. 216, 220

var. setosa comb. & stat. nov. 216, 219, 221, 222

beccarii comb. nov. 216

bullata comb. nov. 216, 220, 221

caudata 220

cordata comb. nov. 216

curtisii 219, 220, 221, 222

exigua comb. nov. 216, 220, 221, 222

longisetosa comb. nov. 216, 221

microflora nom. nov. 216

montana comb. nov. 217

paniculata var. bracteata var. nov. 217

var. campulata var. nov. 217

243

var. glandulosa var. nov. 217

var. rupicola stat. nov. 217

var. vagans Stat. nov. 217

var. yunnanensis stat. nov. 217

racemosa 222

rosea 222

rupicola 217

sagittata comb. nov. 217, 222

setosa 218

spicata nom. nov. 218, 220

sublepidota comb. nov. 218, 222

umbellata comb. nov. 218

var. setosa stat. nov. 218

var. umbellata 218, 223

vagans 217

wrayl comb. nov. 218, 223

Pachycentria maingayi 196

Paediria tomentosa 147

Palaquium clarkeamum 156

obovatum 156

ottolanderi 156

Pandanus 199, 204, 206

subgen. Acrostigma 201, 206

sect. Acrostigma 201

subgen. Kurzia 206

subgen. Lophostigma 204, 206, 207

sect. Asterostigma 206

sect. Barrotia 206

sect. Karuka 204, 206

sect. Liniobtutus 206, 207

sect. Lophostigma 206

sect. Maysops 204, 206

sect. Megastigma 206, 207

sect. Metamaysops 206, 207

sect. Paralophostigma 206

sect. Perrya 206, 207

subgen. Rykia sect. Rykia 204

brassii 199

columbiformis 199

leoptocarpus 199

pendulinus 199-207

scabribracteatus 199

zea 205

Paramignya griffithii 153

scandens 153

Paranephelium macrophyllum 91, 154

Parishia insignis 94

paucijuga 95

pubescens 94

Paulownia taiwaniana 57

Pavetta indica 147

naucleiflora 147

pauciflora 147

Payena dasyphylla var. glabrata 156

lucida 156

Pellonia curtisti 166

javanica 166

244 Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Peltophorum pterocarpum 53, 57, 59, 60 macrocephalus 182

Petunga hirta 147 maingayi 181

Phaulanthus stipularis 215 scandens 182

Phyllagathis 209

beccariana 220

cavalieri 220

griffithii 221

longifolius comb. nov. 2/0, 221

longispicatus comb. nov. 2//, 221

multinervis comb. nov. 2//, 221

Physalis minima 158

Phytocrene bracteata 96

Pilea calcarea 166

fruticosa 166

Pilea microphylla 166

muscosa 166

Piper malaccense 197

pedicellosum 197

Plagiopetalum esquirolii 213

Planchonella obovata 156

Platea latifolia 97

Pleomele angustifolia 174

nutans 175

porteri 175

Poikilogyne 209, 218

arfakensis 219

var. glabra var. nov. 223

bicolor sp. nov. 223

carinata sp. nov. 2/1, 223

cordifolia 220

var. ledermannii stat. nov. 223

diasstematica sp. nov. 223

grandiflora sp. nov. 224

ledermannii 223

macrophylla 221

multiflora sp. nov. 224

parviflora 222

robusta 222

roemeri 222

velutina sp. nov. 224

villosa sp. nov. 224

Poikilospermum suaveolens 166

Pollia sorzogonensis 185

subumbellata 185

sumatrana 185

thyrsiflora 185

Polyscias fruticosa 101

guilfoylei 102

scutellaria 102

Pomatostoma angustifolium 212

inaequalis 213

phyllagathoides 214

sertuliferum 213, 222, 224

Pometia alnifolia 91

pinnata 91

Pothos kunstleri 181

latifolius 181

lorispatha 181

Perlimnastus rupicola 215

Premna flavescens var. rubens 169

pyramidata 169

rubens 169

Prismatomeris albidiflora 147

malayana 147

Procris pendunculata 167

Pseudodissochaeta 212

roseus comb. nov. 2/0, 216

subsessilis 222

Psychotria angulata 148

cantleyi 148

griffithii var. angustifolia 148

montana 148

rhinocerotis 148

rostrata 148

sarmentosa 148

viridiflora 148

Pterisanthes coriacea 87, 172

pilita 87

Pterocarpus indicus 57, 59, 60

Pterospermum jackianum 160

pectiniforme 160

Pterygota alata 161

Ranalisma rostrata 175

cochinchinensis 148

densiflora 148

var. parvifolia 148, 149

oppositifolia 148

speciosa 21

Raphidophora beccarii 182

gigantea 180

korthalsii 182

kunstleri 182

maingayi 182

sylvestris var. montana 192

Reissantia indica 84, 85

Rhamnaceae 85

Rhoeo discolor 185

spathacea 185

Rinorea anguifera 170

bengalensis 170

dasycaula 170

horneri 170

kunstleriana 170

macrophylla 170

wallichiana 170

Rondeletia repens 143

Rubiaceae 137, 138

Rutaceae 150

RUTELINAE 51

Sabia erratica 95

Saintpaulia

Index

propagation

by leaf culture 73, 74, 75, 79

by leaf cuttings 73, 79, 8/

by petiole culture 73, 74, 79

media 73, 74, 76, 79

micropropagation 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81

technique 73, 76, 77, 78

varieties 73, 74, 76, 77

Salacia chinensis 85

exsculpta 85

flavescens 85

grandifolia 85

korthalsiana 85

latifolia 85

macrophylla 85

rubra 85

viminea 85

Samanea saman 57, 59, 60

Santalaceae 153, 154

Sapindaceae 88

Sapotaceae 155

Saraca thaipingensis 56, 57

Sarcocephalus junghuhnii 145

Sarcomeliope 1, 2, 3

Saurauia cauliflora var. calycina 173

Schefflera actinophylla 102

cephalotes 102

elliptica 102

hullettii 102

lanceolata 102

micrantha 102

oxyphylla 102

ridleyi 102

subulata 102

Schima noronhae 173

Schismatoglottis calyptrata 182

longipes 182

mutata 182

Scindapsus hederaceus 183

perakensis 183

scortechinii

Scleria lithosperma 188

multifoliata 188

purpurascens 188

Scleropyrum ridleyi 98

wallichianum 153

var. ridleyi 98

Scoparia dulcis 157

Scorodocarpus borneensis 98

Scrophulariaceae 156

Scurrula ferruginea 100

Selaginella 107, 773, 115

sect. Heterostachyeae 117

sect. Homostachyeae 117

subgen. Heterophyllum 107, 117

subgen. Heterostachys 117

subgen. Selaginella 107

subgen. Stachygynandrum 117

adunca 110

alutacia 107, 7/09, 114, 115. 116. 117. 118, 120, 130,

131, 134

Var. curtisii syn. nov. 116, 121, 122

var. pensile 131, 134

var. scabrida syn. nov. 116, 121, 131

argentea 108, 109, 171, 117. 121

ascendens 107, 124, 125

atro-viridis 124, 125

atroviridis 107

var. b 126

var. ciliata 126

brachystachya var. ornata 116

caulescens 107, 108, 709, 117, 120

ciliaris 115, 117, 122

cuprea 108, /09, 110, 117, 122

var. major 124, 125

curtisii 116, 117, 122

delicatula 115, 117, 122

frondosa 108, 709, 117, 123

griffith 117, 123, 131

intermedia 107, 108, 109, 110, 777, 114, 115, 117,

118, 124, 125, 126

var. dolichocentrus var. nov. 125

var. intermedia 124, 126

var. dolichocentrus //2

longiaristata 107, 117, 126

mayeri 107, 108, 109, 111, 117, 126

microdendron 131

minutifolia 117, i27

montana 120

morgani 107, 115, 116, 117, 127

oligostachya 120

ornata 172, 115, 116, 117, 127, 128, 129

sensu Alston p.p. 127, 129

padangensis 115, 117, 128

peltata 107, 121

pensile 134

permutata sensu Alston 107, 116, 132

plana /09, 115, 117, 128

plumea 124

polita 772, 115, 116, 117, 128, 129

polystachya 107, 132

repanda 117, 129

ridleyi 117, 129, 130

rivalis 117, 130

roxburghii 107, 709, 114, 115, 117, 126, 130, 131

var. roxburghii 130

var. strigosa comb. nov. 131

scabrida 116, 117, 131

selangorensis 117, 124, 131

var. ciliata 132

stipulata 107, 108, 709, 114, 115, 116, 117, 132

strigosa 107, 117, 133

trichobasis var. strigosa 131

wallichii 108, 709, 712, 114, 115, 117, 133

246

Selaginella cont.

willdenowii 107, 108, 109, 110, 777, 114, 115, 117,

133

SERICA 53

Sideroxylum ferrugineum 156

Smythea lanceata 85

pacifica 85

Solanaceae 157

Solanum biflorum 158

decemdentatum 158

ferox 158

nigrum 158

torvum 158

Sonerila bullata 216

esquirolii 213

heterostemon 196

Spondias pinnata 95

cytherea 95

Staphylleaceae 91, 159

Steenisia 27, 28, 29

Stemonurus capitatus 97

malaccensis 97

scorpioides 97

Stephania capitata 194, 197

Sterculia alata 161

angustifolia 161

lancaviensis 161

rubiginosa 161

Sterculiaceae 159

Stereospermum fimbriatum 57, 59, 60

Strombosia ceylanica 98

javanica 98

rotundifolia 98

Stylocoryna angustifolia 149

appressa 149

Styrophyton caudatum 220

Susum malayanum 190

Tabebuia pallida 56, 57, 59, 60

rosea 57, 59, 60

Tamarindus indicus 57, 59, 60

Tarenna adangensis 149

angustifolia 149

appressa 149

calcarea 149

curtisii 149

papillosa 149

pulchra 150

ridleyi 150

Tayloriophyton glabrum 216,

longisetosum 216, 221

Terminalia catappa 57

Tetrastigma kunstleri 173

lanceolarium 173

lawsonii 88

peduncularis 173

scortechinii 173

wrayi 173

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35(2) (1982)

Thymelaceae 161

Tiliaceae 162

Timonius atropurpureus 150

hirsutus 150

Trema amboinensis 164

orientalis 164

tomentosa 164

Trevesia burckii 102

cheirantha 102

Trigonachras acuta 91

Turpinia latifolia 91

ovalifolia 159

sphaerocarpa 91

trifoliata

Typhonium filiforme 183

fultum 183

Ulmaceae 164

Urophyllum corymbosum 150

glabrum 150

macrophyllum 150

Urticaceae 165

Ventilago malaccensis 86

Verbenaceae 167

Villebrunea sylvatica 167

Violaceae 169

Viscum articulatum 100

orientale 100

ovalifolium 100

Vitaceae 170

Vitex pubescens 169

siamica 169

Vitis cinnamomea 87

diffusa 87

discolor 171

elegans 87

furcata 87, 172

glaberrima 87, 172

gracilis 88

hastata 87, 172

Japonica 173

kunstleri 173

lanceolaria 173

lawsoni 88

macrostachya 88

martinelli 173

mollissima 88, 171

novemfolia 88, 172

peduncularis 173

pyrrhodasys 172

repens 88, 172

scortechinii 173

trifclia 88

vinifera 88

wrayi 173

Warzewiczia coccinia 57

Index

Webera curtisii 149

pulchra 150

ridleyi 150

Wikstroemia androsaemifolia 161

indica 162

polyantha 162

viridiflora 162

247

Xerospermum intermedium 91

wallichii 155

Ximenia americana 98

Ziziphus calophylla 86

jujuba 86

oenoplia 86

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Medinilla alternifolia B\., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1:2 (1849) 19.

Sterculia acuminatissima Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 21 (1922) 524.

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