CONTENTS

Volume 36

PART 1 — Ist June 1983 PAGES

ethan INGI@sacas sade os edo Roeb566 SO BS ANC Tene ae eee ee 1

VINCENT, J. R., AND P. B. TOMLINSON:

Architecture and Phyllotaxis of Anisophyllea disticha (Rhizophoraceae).............. 3-18

WAPISs K-:

Amesiodendron and Litchi (Sapindaceae): new records for the Malay Peninsula ...... 19-24

BRIGE. Mz G.:

SCG! URI TAI EIGN EINg DI EVAG) a ai eon Go oo te sO ome COS CR eee eee erie ieee 25-29

CHIN. -S;C.:

MEM BESLONCHEAIOOLalOn Wialaval(LW) ss trercienciere Siete ere ncasins no Deemed oe tees soe 31-91

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Studies in Malesian Rutaceae. III. Melicope suberosa,

a new species and new generic record for the Malayan flora........................ 93-100

STONE, BENJAMIN C-.::

Contributions to the Flora of the Solomon Islands.

PEI esneWICOIMDINALIONS INPATAIIACEAC ne acre tec a cln wienciers = oss wrevajuiels odreteys ne nea ae 101-102

KENG, HSUAN:

AMmNOMdtedulist.on Scedublantsiof sinpapore (VIN) =. ocnccs croc once ces oes cle ances 103-124

VELDKAMP, J. F., AND J. C. VAN DER HAVE:

The Genus Trisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia and Taiwan .......................4.- 125-135

KONING, R. DE, M. S. M. SOSEF AND J. F. VELDKAMP:

A Revision of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa (Gramineae)...................... 137-162

PART 2 — Ist December 1983

JARZEN, DAVID M.:

he Rossi PollensRecord, of the: Pandanaceae... <2 <2... cece cee oes sie eee eee 163-175

NG, F. S. P., AND M. JACOBS:

A Guide to King’s ‘‘Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula” ............... 177-185

KOCHUMMEN, K. M.:

Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams. XXX. Anacardiaceae............. 187-196

KURATA, SHIGEO:

A new Species of Nepenthes from Sulawesi, Indonesia................---.2.+-+-05: 197-200

WONG, KHOON MENG, AND AH LAN LIM:

On the Nature of Leaf-opposed Inflorescences in Aidia cochinchinensis.............- 201-204

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Some New and Critical Pandanus Species. 1. Supplement to Revisio Pandanacearum . . 205-212

LATIFF, A.:

Studies in Malesian Vitaceae. VII. The Genus Tetrastigma in the Malay Peninsula .... 213-228

MAXWELL, J. F.:

New and interesting Plant Records for Singapore, I]..................--.0---eeeee 229-232

GRUEZO, WILLIAM SM.:

Lobaria clemensiae Vain. (Lobariacea, Lichenes) on Halmaheira Island, Indonesia .... 233-236

BHATTACHARJEE, S. K.:

Influence of Growth-regulating Chemicals on Hippeastrum hybridum hort............ 237-242

WTI. ~ co ou cece Ga5 60d. Me Gc ee eee ee Oe ee eee ete 243-251

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1M ARNOLD ARBORETUM

3 SjAN 25 1984 ISSN 0374-7859

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CHIN, S. C.: |

MEEees One, Fill Flora Of Malaya (TV) ..05 oon. cic ce ce eee ce ev eieiniv ce meesscceeces 31-91

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Studies in Malesian Rutaceae. III. Melicope suberosa,

a mew species and new generic record for the Malayan flora ..............0.eeeeeeeee 93-100

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Contributions to the Flora of the Solomon Islands.

RU CERIEC COMIDMIALIOUS UNV ALANACCHG oc sarc c cs tcc sc. s scence eccw eee see cnaacate 101-102

WO QE OE OR

KENG, HSUAN:

mmnotated! Mist of.seed Plants of Singapore (VIM) ........6.. 0s cee cette cee tweets 103-124

VELDKAMP, J. F. AND J. C. VAN DER HAVE:

ihe Genus Trisefurn (Gramineae) in Malesia and Taiwan ..............ececeseeeceees 125-135

KONING, R. DE, M. S. M. SOSEF AND J. F. VELDKAMP:

A Revision of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa (Gramineae) .............6-2.e scenes 137-162

Published by the Botanic Gardens \)

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

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Printed by Amsterdam Type Printers, Singapore

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foe GARDENS, BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

VOL. 36 (Part 1)

CONTENTS

LEyarsorvell IN(ojwae Jee So Sse se ee ee eer eee

VINCENT, J.R. AND P. B. TOMLINSON:

Architecture and Phyllotaxis of Anisophyllea disticha (Rhizophoraceae) ....

YAP, S. K..:

Amesiodendron and Litchi (Sapindaceae): new records

Tayr Tie LY ALESIS THT EIS eege On one ORO OOOO COO ene eS arta

PRICE, M..G.:

SMC AA NUSHAlsMidlesian MIPlaziaiis seat. days etnies. kee ecslerdiels clan. ate aroc

GHIN, S:.C.;

The Limestone Hill Flora of Malaya (IV)

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Studies in Malesian Rutaceae. III. Melicope suberosa,

a mew species and new generic record for the Malayan flora .............

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Contributions to the Flora of the Solomon Islands.

LeBive new combinations: IN. AraliaCcede™ .yse<, «oc conse Stones) otaveatiwie vies wnelele cine

KENG, HSUAN:

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VIII) ..................0205.

VELDKAMP, J. F. AND J. C. VAN DER HAVE:

The Genus Trisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia and Taiwan .................

KONING, R. DE, M. S. M. SOSEF AND J. F. VELDKAMP:

A Revision of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa (Gramineae) .............

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Singapore 1025

Printed by Amsterdam Type Printers, Singapore

Ist June 1983

ee aboot or 19-24

de Met acts ett 25-29

SES a Soe 31-91

te EOC ae 101-102

Reachoman eehes 103-124

SES CRO 125-135

Soren cea 137-162

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Architecture and Phyllotaxis of

Anisophyllea disticha (Rhizophoraceae)

J. R. VINCENT and P. B. TOMLINSON

Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, U.S.A.

Conspectus

Page

ABSTRACT 3

INTRODUCTION 3

MATERIAL AND METHODS 5

RESULTS 6

Architecture 6

Leaf morphology 8

Leaf anatomy 10

Nodal anatomy 12

Internode length 13

DISCUSSION 14

Phyllotaxy 14

Adaptive considerations 16

BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

Abstract

Anisophyllea disticha does not show distichous phyllotaxis. Erect (orthotropic) shoots with + spiral

phyllotaxis and radial symmetry give rise to tiers of sylleptic branches at regular intervals. The branches

are horizontal (plagiotropic) and have marked dorsiventral symmetry. Their phyllotaxis is unique and

consists of four ranks of alternately arranged leaves, two ranks of scale leaves on the dorsal side and two

ranks of foliage leaves on the ventral side, dorsal and ventral leaves of the two ranks alternating regularly

along the stem on opposite sides. Homology between the three kinds of leafy appendage is indicated by

their constant unilacunar node, but dorsal (adaxial) scales on plagiotropic axes do not subtend axillary

buds. The leaf arrangement is assumed to maximize photosynthesis and corresponds closely to ideal

systems established by theoretical considerations.

Introduction

In the present study attention is drawn to some aspects of morphology and

anatomy of a species of Anisophyllea, A. disticha (Jack)Baillon which allows a bet-

ter comparison with its putative relatives. The genus Anisophyllea R. Br. ex Sabine

includes about 25 species of trees and shrubs distributed primarily in tropical Africa,

Ceylon, India and Southeast Asia (Ding Hou, 1958). Its relatively recent discovery

in South America (Sandwith, 1952) where 3 species are presently known (Pires and

Rodrigues, 1971) makes its known range almost pan-tropical. Species vary from

treelets of the lower forest storey to tall, canopy trees.

The taxonomic position of Anisophyllea is somewhat controversial. Most authors

have included it in the Rhizophoraceae, usually within a separate tribe

Plate 1. Anisophyllea disticha

A. Habit of sapling, obliquely from above.

B. Terminal tier of 5 plagiotropic branches from above, apex of orthotropic axis quiescent.

C. Part of plagiotropic branch tier from above, with second-order branches.

D. Detail of plagiotropic branch from above showing pronounced anisophylly.

A and C from Ektachrome transparencies provided by Dr. J. B. Fisher (Kedah collection); B

and D from Singapore collection.

Architecture & phyllotaxis of Anisophyllea disticha 5

Anisophylleae, together with Combretocarpus, Polygonanthus and Poga. These

four genera differ from other members of the family in having alternate, exstipulate

leaves (rather than opposite, stipulate leaves). The other three genera in the tribe

have more limited distribution than Anisophyllea: Combretocarpus (1 sp.) is

restricted to Sumatra and Borneo, Poga (1 sp.) to West Africa and Polygonanthus

(2 spp.) to Amazonia (Pires and Rodrigues, 1971). This tribal aggregation is strongly

supported by evidence from wood anatomy (van Vliet, 1976). A contrasted view is

to segregate a separate family Anisophylleaceae (Schimp.)Ridl. (e.g. Takhtajan,

1969; Airy Shaw, 1973), but van Vliet points out similarities of the Anisophylleae

to other Rhizophoraceae especially in its resemblance to the tribe Gynotrocheae.

It should be useful to establish the comparative phyllotaxis of members of the

family, since the contrast between the tribes in this character is extreme.

Anisophyllea disticha is significant in this respect because of the pronounced

heterophylly of some of its axes which might represent a transition between the

stipulate and exstipulate conditions, especially as the smaller leaves are often

described as ‘‘stipule-like’’.

Anisophyllea disticha, ‘‘leechwood’’, is restricted to the Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo) where it is a characteristic understorey treelet up

to 7.5 m high occurring on a diversity of soils, ranging from swampy areas to drier

granitic sands and ridges (Ding Hou, 1958). According to Hallé et a/ (1978, p. 200)

the architecture of some Anisophyllea species represents an extreme expression of

Massart’s model, which refers to trees with an orthotropic, monopodial trunk which

grows rhythmically and produces tiers of plagiotropic branches at regular intervals.

Anisophyllea disticha in particular, stands apart from most other members of the

genus in the extreme plagiotropy of the horizontal branches which are

anisophyllous, with an apparent distichous series of scale leaves superimposed on

the distichous foliage leaves (cf. Tay, 1977). This condition is occasionally found in

A. scortechinii so that there is a possible phyletic link between Anisophyllea disticha

and the rest of the genus (Ding Hou, 1958).

The present study establishes to what extent the phyllotaxis of the plagiotropic,

anisophyllous branches is primary (i.e. determined by their method of inception at

the shoot apex) or secondary (i.e. modified by later re-orientation through differen-

tial growth or torsions). Previous description has not addressed this problem (e.g.

Ding Hou, 1958) and has not described microscopic details of anatomy of different

leaf types (cf. Geh and Keng, 1974).

Materials and Methods

Two collections of fluid-preserved (FAA) material which included young or-

thotropic and plagiotropic axes were available for this study (J. B. Fisher, 5.vii.77,

Kedah Peak, Malaysia and P. B. Tomlinson, 5.viii.82, Garden’s Jungle, Singapore

Botanic Gardens).

The distal 1 to 2 cm of a number of both types of axes were embedded in

‘*Paraplast’’ and then serially sectioned at 8 » with a rotary microtome. The sections

6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

were mounted on slides and stained in safranin and fast green. In order to facilitate

investigation of leaf development and nodal anatomy the individual sections were

photographed in series through a Wild microscope with a Bolex movie camera, using

the cinematographic drawing method described by Zimmermann and Tomlinson

(1966).

Single transverse and longitudinal sections of mature leaves from these two collec-

tions were also prepared, using a sliding microtome to cut sections of 20-30 ». These

sections were mounted in glycerine and examined unstained. Finally, leaves from

these collections were cleared in 5% alcoholic NaOH and examined unstained.

Diversity in external leaf size, form, and disposition was explored by examining

the collections of A. disticha in the Harvard University Herbaria, which consisted

mainly of plagiotropic axes.

Results

Architecture. Massart’s model is well represented by this species in the orthotropic

(trunk) axis which produces a tier of horizontal plagiotropic axes (branches) at wide

regular, intervals (Plate 1A). There are usually 5 branches in each tier (Plate 1B).

Our material did not include seedlings but the older trunk axis which we studied

seems similar to the seedling axis described by Geh and Keng (1974). Germination

is described as hypogeal and the plumule bears spirally-arranged scale leaves.

Growth of the axis is rhythmic, eventually with the production of a tier of branches

at the end of each of flush. We have had no opportunity to make extensive

phenological studies but the apex of the orthotropic shoot immediately above the

tier undergoes an extended period of rest before growth is renewed and the next ver-

tical increment is made. Individuals within a population seem asynchronous with

regard to flushing since orthotropic shoots at various stages of development can be

found at any one time. Field study of marked individuals is needed, however, to

monitor events precisely.

Leaves on orthotropic shoots are spirally-arranged with = phyllotactic arrange-

ment (Fig. 1A, 2A). At maturity the leaves are separated by extended internodes at

the base of the shoot, but they are crowded towards the region of tier insertion.

Leaves are scale-like, usually appressed to the stem and each subtends a minute

lateral bud which normally undergoes no further development (Fig. 2D). Leaves

towards the end of the flush are somewhat larger than those found at the beginning.

Branches (Fig. 1A, arrows) are produced at the end of each flush by syllepsis (Hallé

et al., 1978), each branch subtended by a scale leaf. Usually five branches are pro-

duced i.e. one for each orthostichy in the phyllotactic spiral (Plate 1B). The subten-

ding leaves apparently represent the last 5 leaves of the series produced by the apex

of the orthotropic shoot before it undergoes rest. Although there is a short

hypopodium, there is something of a transition in leaf size along the axis at its base

(Plate 1B).

Branches extend almost horizontally and are markedly dorsiventral. They branch

infrequently to produce daughter axes of a second and even third order which repeat

Architecture & phyllotaxis of Anisophyllea disticha 7

the plagiotropic organization (Plate 1C). Evidence for rhythmic growth of these

plagiotropic axes is limited since the only articulations are the daughter branches

themselves, which are usually produced in pairs from adjacent internodes (Plate 1A,

C). No discrete terminal resting buds are produced and there is no regular fluctua-

tion in size of the two kinds of leaf. Direct measurement of growth frequency is re-

quired to demonstrate rhythmic growth, if it exists.

Dorsiventrality is determined by phyllotaxis, as shown in serial sections of buds,

with no secondary reorientation of leaves other than their separation by internodal

extension (Fig. 2E-F). Leaves are four-ranked (Fig. 2E) and consist of two ranks of

scale-leaves arranged alternately on the upper side of the branch (dorsal scales) and

two ranks of larger foliage leaves on the lower side of the branch (ventral foliage

leaves). The internodes between them are extended such that in an acropetal direc-

tion the sequence of leaves is - left scale - left foliage - right scale - right foliage

- left scale ... etc. (Plate 1D; Figs. 1B & 5A). In terms of the genetic spiral, the

1mm

Fig. 1. Anisophyllea disticha (Singapore collection). Morphological details.

A. Apex of orthotropic shoot; sylleptic branches forming terminal tier cut off (arrows).

B. Detail of plagiotropic axis from above to show relative position of branch scales and foliage

leaves; LS-left scale; RS-right scale; LF-left foliage leaf; RF-right foliage leaf; branch scale -

stippled (cf. Fig. 4).

C. T.S. trunk axis at level of insertion of trunk scale to show position of multiseriate gland;

vascular tissue-solid black.

D. Detail of multiseriate gland.

8 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

following values represent observed angular divergences proceeding acropetally

(n = 11):-

Sequence Angle of Divergence

Left scale - left foliage 46° + 13

Left foliage - right scale 180° +0

Right scale - right foliage 314° + 13

Right foliage - left scale 180° +0

In Figure 5B, these four sequences are indicated by the numbered sequences 4-5,

5-6, 6-7, and 7-8, respectively.

Scale leaves subtend no axillary buds (Fig. 2K) whereas foliage leaves always sub-

tend at least one bud (Fig. 21) which usually develops as an inflorescence, but occas-

sionally as a vegetative branch which grows out by syllepsis and, as stated, repeats

the construction of its parent axis.

Reiteration of the architecture in the sense of Hallé er a/. (1978) is seen in the pro-

duction of additional orthotropic shoots from the trunk axis, presumably from dor-

mant lateral buds. This most typically occurs in damaged stems with the resulting

‘‘repair’’ of the original crown. However, lower buds occasionally grow up without

obvious damage to the plant. Since the architectural crown-form is so precise and

plagiotropic shoots never produce orthotropic axes, the result is always a narrow

cluster of orthotropic axes each with its own set of branch tiers which become

somewhat internested.

Leaf morphology. Three types of leaves can be recognized on the basis of mor-

phology and position. Symmetrical scale leaves are the leaves of orthotropic shoots,

asymmetrical (dorsal) scale leaves and (ventral) foliage leaves are the two kinds on

plagiotropic shoots (Fig. 3A, C and E). These three types will be referred to as trunk

scales, branch scales, and foliage leaves, respectively. Representative dimensions

from the two fluid-preserved collections are included in Table 1 to show that the two

types of scale leaves are about the same in length. Herbarium specimens confirm

these observations in terms of relative size, but several specimens had unusually

large foliage and scale leaves, up to 80 x 35 mm and 10 x 5 mm, respectively. Ding

Hou (1958) notes that the size of leaves (referring only to foliage leaves) is

‘‘variable’’ and comments that ‘‘all specimens from the Malay Peninsula have small

leaves’’. There may be some overlap in size between leaves of different types, with

large distal scales on orthotropic shoots approaching the size of proximal foliage

leaves on plagiotropic shoots. The two contrasted leaf types on plagiotropic shoots

always retain their relative size difference, with transitional forms restricted to the

branch base.

Mean length of foliage leaves in the two collections varied from 16 mm (Kedah

collection) to 25 mm (Singapore collection) and mean length was in both cases two

to three times greater than mean width. Both types of scale leaves in both collections

were about the same mean length, 5 mm, but trunk scales were fifty percent wider

than branch scales (cf. Fig. 3C and EB).

Fig. 2. Anisophyllea disticha (Singapore collection). Phyllotaxis and nodal anatomy.

A-D. Orthotropic shoot.

A. T.S. bud 8 » below shoot apex.

B-D. T.S. three successive levels to show nodal anatomy.

B. Leaf trace with single leaf gap. C. Branch traces from margin of leaf gap. D. Level of

axillary bud.

E-F. Plagiotropic shoot.

E. T.S. bud at level of shoot apex.

F. T.S. bud 64 » below shoot apex.

G-I. T.S. three successive levels to show: G. Departure of foliage leaf trace; H. Departure of

bud trace.

J-K. T.S. insertion of branch scale to show: J. Unilacunar node; K. Absence of bud.

Vascular tissue - solid black; branch scale - stippled; axis - cross-hatched.

10 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Table 1. Comparative leaf dimensions (in mm)

Kedah Foliage 16 + 2.4 x 7.0 + 1.3 (n=42)

Branch scale 4:95 Ol6) x<eIE Ieee 0447)

Trunk scale Sy) ae Its 6 ila7/ se (45) ((N=7/)

Singapore: Foliage Jy ae 747) S< OD) Se IA) (NSS)

Branch scale So O04 x<aoleg = O!37(n—33)

Trunk scale Sys) ae Wet) Se ALS se OO (nS ily

Foliage leaves (Fig. 3A) are rhombic but asymmetrical, with an acute tip and an

acute, unequal base; branch scales (Fig. 3C) are asymmetrical, lanceolate-ovate but

somewhat falcate with an acute tip and an acuminate or rounded but unequal base.

Trunk scales (Fig. 3E) are almost symmetrical, with an acute tip and an attenuate

or rounded, unequal base. The margins of all leaves are entire, those of the foliage

leaves sometimes slightly inrolled abaxially.

The venation of foliage leaves may be described as acrodromous (Fig. 3A) with

a mid-vein which is prominent below (Fig. 3G). Two pronounced secondary (lateral)

veins originate basally from the mid-vein, with a third lateral vein originating

suprabasally from the anodic or acroscopic side of the lamina. All three secondary

veins run almost to the apex and are connected by regularly arranged cross-veins

(tertiaries) which form a scalariform pattern (Fig. 3B). Venation of both types of

scale leaf is much simpler and may be described as camptodromous and

cladodromous (Fig. 3D, F). The single mid-vein gives rise to minor secondaries

which extend towards and sometimes along the margins and interconnect only occa-

sionally to form an open reticulum.

Both leaves and stems are covered with fine, brown, apparently uniseriate hairs.

These differentiate early, when the leaf primordium is at about the fourth to sixth

plastochron. Each originates from a four-celled basal complex of cells which gives

rise to a Single elongated distal cell, which becomes thick-walled in the mature leaf.

The indumentum of the two types of leaf on plagiotropic shoots is somewhat con-

trasted, since hairs are usually absent from the scale leaves except along the leaf

margins whereas the foliage leaves are quite densely hairy, on the surface but

especially along the margins. Trunk scale leaves have frequent abaxial hairs,

especially at the base of the lamina, as well as marginal hairs.

Multicellular clavate glands, in pairs or sometimes fours occur at the base of each

type of leaf in a stipular position (Fig. 1C, D). They are not vasculated, and develop

precociously so that they are conspicuous in the buds.

Leaf anatomy. Leaves of the three types are of comparable thickness, measured

halfway between base and apex and mid-rib and margin, shown in Table 2, but

mesophyll structure varies appreciably.

1mm

Fig. 3. Anisophyllea disticha (Singapore collection). Leaf anatomy.

A-B; G-H. Foliage leaf.

C-D; I-J. Branch scale.

E-F; K-L. Trunk scale.

A, C, E. Leaf outline showing major veins, from cleared specimens.

B, D, F. Details of venation in same leaves.

G, I, K. Outline of complete leaf (half-leaf in G).

H, J, L. Detail of mesophyll anatomy.

Colourless hypodermis - lumen dotted in H and K.

12 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Table 2. Comparative Leaf Thickness (in microns) (n= 10)

Foliage 130 + 11

Branch scale 140 + 18

Trunk scale 140 + 19

All leaves have a thin, smooth cuticle. The epidermal cells have a sinuous outline

in surface view. Stomata occur on all three kinds of leaves and are restricted to the

abaxial surface, except for a few adaxial stomata towards the leaf apex in the trunk

scale leaves. As shown in Table 3, differences in stomatal distributions are greatest

between foliage leaves and branch scales. Stomata are each surrounded by 4-7

epidermal cells with somewhat less sinuous anticlinal walls.

Differences among the three leaf types occur mainly in the mesophyll. Foliage

leaves (Fig. 3G, H) have a single almost continuous, colourless abaxial hypodermal

layer and a well-differentiated mesophyll consisting of a single adaxial palisade layer

and 2-4 layers of spongy mesophyll. Trunk scale leaves (Fig. 3K, L) may also have

a single layer of colourless hypodermal cells below the abaxial surface (Fig. 3L) but

in neither type of scale leaf is the central mesophyll of 2-4 layers differentiated into

palisade and spongy tissue (Fig. 3J, L). Branch scale leaves (Fig. 31, J) are

distinguished by the numerous epidermal tannin cells, staining dark red with

safranin, which differentiate early but become less conspicuous in mature leaves.

Tannin cells are otherwise common in the mesophyll of all three kinds of leaf. The

general conclusion is that the biggest differences in leaf anatomy are between the

two types of leaf on plagiotropic axes.

Table 3. Comparison of stomatal frequency and stomatal index in different

leaf types (n=10 for each leaf type).

Foliage Leaf Branch Scale Trunk Scale

Stomatal frequencies 93 + 10 SSyebel'§ 70 + 18

(stomata/mm?)

Stomatal index .060 + .008 .049 + .012 .061 + .013

(stomata/epidermal cells)

Nodal Anatomy. Ciné-analysis shows that all leaves have a single leaf trace deriv-

ed from a single leaf gap (Fig. 2B-D; G-I; J-K). Geh and Keng (1974) report the

nodal anatomy for the family as ‘‘many-traced, trilacunar’’, and thereby imply that

this also applies to Anisophyllea disticha. This is a curious discrepancy but it is

possible that these authors refer to the two lateral traces from the upper margins

of the leaf gap which are actually traces to the axillary bud and not the leaf (Fig.

AX, IDB Jal, 10).

Architecture & phyllotaxis of Anisophyllea disticha 13

Internode length. Evidence was sought to show that the scale leaves on

plagiotropic shoots had a constant association with a foliage leaf, since this could

relate to their interpretation as stipules. Figure 4 shows that in the Singapore popula-

tion (lower histogram) there was an average greater length of the internode between

a scale leaf and foliage leaf on the same side of the axis than between scale leaf and

foliage leaf on opposite sides of the axis. However, this relationship was reversed

in the Kedah sample (upper histogram). Herbarium specimens provided further ex-

amples of variation in spacing between the two types of appendage. In many ex-

amples, spacing is about equal. This leads to the conclusion that there is no constant

association between the scale leaf and adjacent foliage leaf which might assist in an

interpretation of the distinctive phyllotaxis.

20 KEDAH

1.0

SINGAPORE

PSaeeratiemako: waikosne | || 6 RE-LS

INTERNODE

Fig. 4. Anisophyllea disticha. Histogram of average internode length along plagiotropic branch in two

collections (Kedah, Singapore); vertical lines above bars represent standard error, numbers within

bars represent sample size. Internodes are those between left scale and right foliage leaf (LS-LF);

left foliage leaf and right scale (LS-RS); right scale and right foliage leaf (RS-RF) and right

foliage leaf and left scale (RF-LS); cf. Fig. 2B.

LENGTH IN MM

es N

Ol Orel)

14 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Discussion

Phyllotaxy. Evidence from nodal anatomy demonstrates that the 3 kinds of leaves

in Anisophyllea are homologous since they all have the same unilacunar, single-trace

vascular configuration, and therefore cannot be regarded as referring to two

categories, viz. leaf and stipule, even though accounts of the branch scale leaves

have referred to them descriptively as either ‘‘stipule-like’’ (Ding Hou, 1958) or ‘‘ap-

pearing as stipules’’ (Corner, 1952). Nor are they consistently associated with foliage

leaves in a way which might suggest that they are leaf-opposed stipules (Fig. 4). Fur-

ther evidence is provided by the similar anatomy of scales on orthotropic and

plagiotropic shoots (Fig. 3). The homology between trunk scales and leafy appen-

dages is not disputed since these scales are solitary, with a normal spiral phyllotaxis

and subtend axillary buds. Morphological evidence that the branch scales are

stipules therefore comes solely from the absence of axillary buds. The suggestion

that they might be stipular can otherwise be based only on out-group comparison

since stipules are a characteristic feature of other tribes within the Rhizophoraceae

- (e.g. Rhizophoreae, Gynotrocheae). The microscopic glands at the leaf base are not

stipule homologues despite their position (Fig. 1C).

If we rule out the possibility that Anisophyllea possesses stipules, the phyllotaxis

of the different shoot systems becomes easier to interpret. The orthotropic shoots

have a regular spiral phyllotaxis (Fig. 2A) and offer no interpretative problems.

However, the four-ranked leaf arrangement of the plagiotropic shoots (Fig. 2E) is

difficult to interpret as a modification of any more regular or familiar phyllotaxis

without envisaging major rearrangement of appendages. Each of these major ar-

rangements may be considered in turn: -

1. Spiral. To accommodate a genetic spiral of the type found in spiral phyllotaxis,

in which the angular divergence between successive leaves in the spiral is some

regular Fibonacci fraction of the total stem circumference, would require modifica-

tion of each leaf postion. A change from 144° (the Fibonacci angle) for a

phyllotaxis would have to result in different displacements for each successive leaf

(cf. the values on p. 8). Such a modified spiral is a difficult interpretation to accept.

2. Distichous. A distichous leaf arrangement in the plagiotropic shoots could only

exist if it is hypothesized that two independent sets, of distichous leaves are present.

Two such arrangements can be hypothesized. Following one interpretation, one

series would consist of foliage leaves (leaves 1-3-5-7 in Fig. SA, B), and the other

series would consist of scale leaves (leaves 2-4-6-8 in Fig. 5A, B). The orthostichies

of these separate series would be set an angle of approximately 135° to each other

(Fig. 5B). The sequence of initiation of appendages which is continuously acropetal,

without any evidence for the suggested two separate series, does not support this in-

terpretation. Furthermore, this interpretation is purely descriptive, and does not ex-

plain the phyllotaxis as a modification of a more standard arrangement.

Alternatively, the two series could each consist of a scale and a foliage leaf on op-

posite sides of the stem, that is one series of left foliage-right scale (leaves 1,2,5,6

in Fig. SA, B) and the other of right foliage-left scale (leaves 3,4,7,8 in Fig. 5A, B).

The orthostichies of the two series in this case would be set at an angle of approx-

Fig. 5. Anisophyllea disticha (Singapore collection). Leaf arrangement on plagiotropic shoot

(Diagrammatic).

A. Plagiotropic axis from above, with foliar appendages (both foliage leaves and branch scales)

numbered acropetally from 1 (oldest, basal) to 8 (youngest, distal). Odd-numbered appendages

are foliage leaves; even-numbered appendages are branch scales (stippled).

B. Diagram (not to scale) of axis (cross-hatched) shown in A, with the eight numbered appen-

dages projected onto a transverse plane, in their four orthostichies. Angles between orthostichies

are approximate (see text).

imately 45° to each other (Fig. 5B). This interpretation requires that the sequence

of leaves of each series be interrupted alternately by 0,2,0,2, etc., leaves of the con-

trasted series. This is hardly a standard distichous arrangement.

3. Decussate and bijugate. Particularly difficult problems exist if the phyllotaxis

of the plagiotropic shoots is considered to be a modification of a system in which

leaves are opposite with pairs either at right angles (decussate) or some other regular-

ly repeating angle (bijugate). The last arrangement needs to be considered for com-

16 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

parative purposes because the phyllotaxis of the Rhizophoreae is of this kind

(Tomlinson and Wheat, 1979) and it seems also to occur in at least some of the non-

mangrove genera (e.g. Carallia, Crossotylis, Gynotroches, Pellacalyx). In Figure

5A, B, a bijugate arrangement would be represented by pairing a foliage and a scale

leaf in the fashion 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8. However, to accommodate such a modification

would require internodes to be separated, the bijugate angle to be changed both in

magnitude and direction and the development of anisophylly between members of

a pair.

Adaptive considerations. The conclusion is therefore that there are constant dif-

ficulties in seeking for a hypothetical ancestral form of shoot with any kind of or-

thodox phyllotaxis from which Anisophyllea disticha might be derived. The present

conclusion must be that the leaf arrangement on the plagiotropic shoots is unique

and represents a departure from those arrangements usual in angiosperms. A careful

examination of architecture in other species of Anisophyllea might throw light on

the subject.

Contrasted leaf arrangements on plagiotropic and orthotropic shoots are not

unusual in tropical trees conforming to Massart’s and Roux’s models (Hallé et ai.,

1978) but do not usually take the extreme form found in Anisophyllea disticha. It

is reasonable to interpret them as mechanisms for maximizing photosynthesis by

maximizing the surface area exposed and minimizing overlap both among leaves within

one branch complex, and, between branch complexes of different tiers. The adap-

tive success is particularly appreciated because Anisophyllea disticha is a treelet of

forest understorey and seemingly able to survive under a closed canopy under

relatively dense shade, At the same time it is, according to Ding Hou (1958), the

most widespread species of Anisophyllea, both geographically and ecologically. Giv-

nish (1979) has hypothesized that optimizing the shape of leaves in planar arrays in

order to minimize overlap will result in a leaf that ‘‘must be modified from a wedge-

shaped form to one in which the leaf margin roughly parallels the midrib over much

of the midleaf and tapers toward either end. The apical section should remain

roughly wedge-shaped’’. His diagram of such a theoretical system (Fig. 6) shows an

uncanny resemblance to the arrangement and shape of foliage leaves in

Anisophyllea disticha (cf. Fig. 1B). Givnish suggests that this modification of leaf

shape from wedge to parallelogram results in a more efficient ‘‘ribbon of photosyn-

thetic tissue along the branch’’. Anisophyllea disticha seems not only to have

brought this theoretical model to life, but to have improved upon it as well. Scale

leaves further increase the surface area of the ‘‘ ribbon of photosynthetic tissue’’

by patching the holes within it i.e. filling the gaps between the bases of the foliage

leaves as well as covering the dorsal side of the branch. This interpretation does not,

of course, rule out the possibility that the scale leaves have some other function not

associated with photosynthesis. For example, they may be involved in close-packing

of appendages within the dorsiventrally flattened shoot apex as a consequence of its

apparently continuous growth.

Although the phyllotaxis of these plagiotropic branches may be unique within the

angiosperms, the same leaf arrangement occurs in other groups. Several writers have

commented upon the considerable similarity between species of Se/aginella (section

Heterophyllum) and Anisophyllea disticha (e.g. Corner, 1952). However, in

Selaginella leaves are in pairs. Dengler (1983a, b) has recently described leaf

Fig. 6. Theoretical optimal leaf shape and display along one side of a horizontally orientated branch seen

from above; leaves shown on one side of the branch only (after Givnish, 1979).

development in plagiotropic shoots of Se/aginella martensii which shows a similar

dorsiventrality determined by primary leaf arrangement. Her studies were under-

taken to show that appendages which are ‘‘homologous’’ diverge considerably from

each other very early in ontogeny and that the development of small dorsal leaves

cannot be regarded as a simple truncating of the developmental process which oc-

curs in larger, ventral leaves.

Our initial observations lead to the same conclusion in Anisophyllea disticha since

dorsal and ventral leaves can be distinguished histologically within three to four

plastochrons of their inception. At their third plastochron primordia which will

develop into foliage leaves have six cell layers (at a point midway between

longitudinal axis and margin) versus only five layers in scale primordia at the same

developmental stage. Foliage primordia also show evidence of an abaxial ridge cor-

responding to the position of the midvein (Fig. 2E), and stain more densely with

safranin than do scale primordia. Dengler’s work (1983a, b) provides a model for

the further investigation in developmental differences between contrasted leaf types

in Anisophyllea disticha. Such an investigation would complement our initial obser-

vations and would contribute considerably to our understanding of the mor-

phological plasticity of the vegetative parts of higher plants in response to limiting

environmental circumstances.

Biblography

Airy Shaw, H. K. (1973). Jn J. C. Willis, A Dictionary of Flowering Plants and

Ferns. Ed. 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Corner, E. J. H. (1952). Wayside Trees of Malaya in two volumes. Vol. 1, Second

Edition. Government Printing Office, Singapore.

18 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Dengler, N. G. (1983a). The Developmental Basis of Anisophylly in Selaginella

martensii. I. Initiation and morphology of growth. Amer. J. Bot. 70: 181-192.

(1983b). The Developmental Basis of Anisophylly in Selaginella martensii.

II. Histogenesis. Amer. J. Bot. 70: 193-206.

Ding Hou. (1958). Rhizophoraceae. Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 5, pp. 429-493.

Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

Geh, S. Y. and Keng, H. (1974). Morphological Studies on Some Inland

Rhizophoraceae. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore. 27: 183-220.

Givnish, T. J. (1979). On the Adaptive Significance of Leaf Form. pp. 375-407 in:

O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G. B. Johnson and P. H. Raven (eds.) Topics in plant

population biology. Columbia University Press, New York.

Hallé, F., Oldeman, R. A. A. and Tomlinson, P. B. (1978). Tropical Trees and

Forests: an architectural analysis. Springer Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg and New

York.

Pires, J. M. and Rodrigues, W. A. (1971). Notas SObre os Géneros Polygonanthus

e Anisophyllea. Acta Amaz. 1: 7-15.

Sandwith, N. Y. (1952). Contributions to the Flora of Tropical America LV-

Discovery of Anisophyllea in America. Kew Bull.: 303-306.

Takhtajan, A. (1969). Flowering plants, origin and dispersal. Smithsonian Institu-

tion Press, City of Washington.

Tay, Eng Pin. Architecture and Growth Dynamics in Rhizophoraceae. Unpublished

B. Sc. Honours Thesis, 1977, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, W.

Malaysia.

Tomlinson, P. B. and Wheat, D. W. (1979). Bijugate phyllotaxis in Rhizophoreae

(Rhizophoraceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 317-321.

Van Vliet, G. J. C. M. (1976). Wood anatomy of the Rhizophoraceae. Leiden Bot.

Ser. 3: 20-75.

Zimmermann, M. H. and Tomlinson, P. B. (1966). Analysis of Complex Vascular

Systems in Plants: optical shuttle method. Science. 152: 72-73.

AMESIODENDRON AND LITCHI (SAPINDACEAE):

New Records for the Malay Peninsula

S. K. YAP

Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaysia

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983

Abstract

Two genera of Sapindaceae, previously not recorded for the Malay Peninsula, have been confirmed

to occur in local forests. They are Amesiodendron and Litchi, each represented by one species.

Introduction

A total of 16 genera of the Sapindaceae were recognised as occurring in the Malay

Peninsula by King (1893). Ridley (1922, 1925) added a further four genera, Tristira

Radlk., Curtisina Ridl. Napeodendron Ridl. and Phoenicimon Ridl., with the last

three described as new and monotypic. However, all these three genera were later

reduced as Curtisina penangensis was proved to be conspecific with Dacryodes

longifolia in Burseraceae (Lam, 1932), Napeodendron altissimum with Walsura

neuroides in Meliaceae (Symington, 1937), and Phoenicimon rubiginosus as a

species of Glycosmis of the Rutaceae (Leenhouts 1967).

In his monograph of the family, Radlkofer (1932) added two more genera for the

Malay Peninsula, Euphoria Commers. and Pseudonephelium Radlk. Subsequently

Leenhouts (1969) reduced Aphania Bl., Erioglossum Bl. and Otophora Bl. to

Lepisanthes Bl. The two genera Euphoria and Pseudonephelium were reduced to

Dimocarpus Lour. (Leenhouts, 1971) while Tristira sensu Ridley was later reduced

to Glenniea Hook. f. (Leenhouts, 1975). A new record, Ganophyllum falcatum BI.

was added by Whitmore (1969) from a specimen collected from south-east Johore.

The present study documents a further two genera that have not been previously

recorded for the Malay Peninsula viz. Amesiodendron Hu and Litchi Sonn. Each

of the two genera is represented by one species in this region.

Amesiodendron Hu

Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 7 (1937)

207. Plates 1 & 2, Fig. 1

Basionym: Paranephelium chinense Merr., Lingnan Sci. J. 14 (1935) 30 & fig 10.

Medium tree 20-30 m tall, 30-60 cm diameter; crown dense, spreading; bole fluted;

bark brown to greenish brown, slightly dippled; inner bark red, laminated.

Twigs glabrous, lenticellate; leaves paripinnate, up to 20 cm long, with 4-6 pairs of

alternate leaflets; leaflets 5-10 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, with

Fig. 1. Flowers of Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu — a: part of inflorescence with the male flower

at anthesis; b: female flower; c: the bilobed petal of the male flower; d: the bilobed petal of the

female flower; e: stamen of the female flower; f/: stamen of the male flower; g. transverse section

of the ovary.

Plate 1. Inflorescences of

Amesiodendron

chinense (Merr.) Hu.

Plate 2. Fruits of Amesiodendron

chinense (Merr.) Hu.

toothed margin, pink when young, dull green when mature. Inflorescences

paniculate, rather erect, terminal and axillary from the distal nodes, with both male

and female flowers on the same panicle. Male flowers: sepals 5, valvate; petals 5,

bilobed, outer lobe of each petal overlapping the feathery inner lobes; stamens 8(-9),

inserted on a raised disc, filaments scantily hairy and exsert; anthers dorsifixed and

extrorse. Female flowers: smaller than the male flowers, sepals 5; petals 5, bilobed

as in the male flowers; stamen short, not exert from corolla; ovary hairy with 3(-4)

locules; styles hairy. Nuts developing from 1 - 3 lobes of the ovary, usually hard,

dark brown when ripe, dehiscing longitudinally into two; seeds smooth, hard and

brown, 2 x 3 cm; germination hypogeal; seedling epicotyl with numerous scale-

leaves; seedling leaves in spiral phylotaxy, each with 2 - 3 pairs of leaflets and a

scale-like extension on the rachis tip.

The genus is distinct from others in the Malayan Sapindaceae by the combination

of paripinnate leaves and serrate leaflet margins.

22 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

SPECIMENS EXAMINED:

Kedah: Everett FRI 14145, Gunong Bungsu Forest Res. (KEP! SING; SAN; K;L; A); Kochummen

KEP 98760, Jitra, Bt. Bintang (KEP!)

Perak: Whitmore FRJ 15670, Cameron Highlands Road, 18th milestone (KEP; SING; L); Yap FRI

29392, Cameron Highlands Road, 20th milestone (KEP!)

Selangor: Kochummen FRI 16150, Genting-Gombak Road (KEP!; SING; SAR; K; A), Yap FRI 30656,

Gombak Forest Res. (KEP!)

Negri Sembilan: Yap FRI 28488, Kuala Kelawang (KEP!)

Pahang: Burgess FRI 19370, Lipis (KEP!); Kochummen KEP 97776, (KEP!), FRI 2584, Bentong

(KEP! SING; K; L; A); Whitmore FRI 229, Bt. Tinggi (KEP! SING; K; L; A)

This species occurs in valleys of hill forests, at 300 - 400 m elevation. Observation

on two individuals in the Gombak Forest Reserve, Selangor revealed that flowering

and fruit formation extended over a period of about six months. Over 40% of the

fruits were found to be viable.

Geographical distribution: Sumatra, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and South

China.

Litchi Sonn.

Litchi chinensis Sonn., Voy. Ind. Or. Chine 2 (1782) 230; Radlk., Pfl. R. Helft. 98

(1932) 914-921. Plate 3

Plate 3. Infructescence of

Litchi chinensis Sonn.

L. chinensis subsp. chinensis, Leenhouts (1978), Blumea 23: 395-403. Medium

trees 25-30 m tall, 40-70 cm diameter; crown compact; inner bark orange. Leafy

twigs up to 3 mm diameter. leaves paripinnate, 10-20 cm long, with 2-4 pairs of

leaflets; rachis glabrous; leaflets stiffly held erect, coriaceous, glaucous below, 6-13

cm long, 2-3 cm wide, midveins distinct below and slightly sunken above, secondary

veins inconspicous, petiolules dark brown to black on drying. Infructescences

paniculate, terminal and axillary from distal nodes, rather erect, 8-18 cm long.

Amesiodendron & Litchi in the Malay Peninsula 23

Fruits developing from one (rarely two) lobes of the ovary, globose 2.5 x 3 cm, in-

dehiscent; pericarp leathery and muricate (warts up to 1 mm high); arillodes thin but

succulent and easily detached; seed ovate with glossy black testa.

Germination hypogeal, seedling leaves paripinnate with one pair of leaflets and

scale-like extension of the rachis tip, dull red and limp when young.

The stiffly held coriaceous leaflets that are glaucous underneath separate this

genus from the other Malayan Sapindaceae.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED:

Kedah: Corner SFN 31543, Jitra (SING!; L) cultivated; Taib KEP 105323, Gunong Inas Forest Res.,

Kulim (KEP!); Ghazali KEP 105272, Gunong Inas Forest Res. (KEP!); Othman KEP 74976, Sik,

Enggang Forest Res. (KEP!)

Penang: Yap FRI 30652, FRI 30653, Botanical Garden, Penang (KEP!) cultivated.

Perak: Chan FRI 19124, Gunong Bubu Forest Res. (KEP!); Wyatt-Smith KEP 76728, Dindings, Lumut

Forest Reserve (KEP!)

Trengganu: Mahirden KEP 79825, 37th milestone, Jerangan, Dungun (KEP!)

Negri Sembilan: Loh FRI 17092, Tampin Forest Res. (KEP!; SING; K; L; A) Yap FRI 30451,

Bt. Tampin (KEP!), Yap FRI 30696, Bt. Tampin (KEP!)

Selangor: Motan & Sow KEP 52214, Bt. Lagong (KEP!)

Leenhouts (1978) regarded the two species of Litchi recorded in Radlkofer (1932)

as the same but recognised three subspecies viz. chinensis, javensis Leenh. and

philippinensis (Rad|k.) Leenh. Comparison with non Malayan specimens annotated

by Leenhouts (at the Singapore Herbarium) confirmed that the Malayan specimens

belonged to subsp. chinensis. In contrast to subsp. chinensis, subsp. philippinensis

has fewer leaflets (2 pairs as opposed to 3 pairs) and has more pronounced warts

on the fruit pericarp. The subsp. javensis has inflorescences with a few spike-like

branches thus differing from the subsp. chinensis. In the Malay Peninsula, L.

chinensis subsp. chinensis occurs on ridges of low hills up to 800 m elevation. With

the wild form previously only recorded from Indo-China, the present records

therefore extend the geographical range of this subspecies further south than was

previously known.

Litchi chinensis is grown for its highly favoured fruits (popularly known as

“‘lychee’’). The introduction of Litchi trees to China is recorded as far back as 100

B.C. and extensive selection for the quality of the fruits has resulted in many

cultivars. Three types of flowers are found on the cultivated lychee viz. male, her-

maphrodite but functioning as male, and hermaphrodite but functioning as female.

These flowers appear consecutively on the same panicle with a very gradual transition

from one type to another (Mustard, Liu & Nelson, 1954). The same authors also

indicated that a favourable range of temperature and humidity encourages fruit set.

This may explain the rarity of flowers and fruits on the cultivated lychee tree in the

Malay Peninsula. The discovery of indigenous Litchi chinensis in the forests of the

Malay Peninsula has important implications for the potential cultivation of this

species.

24 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Geographical distribution: Indo China and Malay Peninsula but widely cultivated

in subtropical countries.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to Mr. Wong Khoon Meng and Dr. P.W. Leenhouts for going

through the manuscript critically and for their valuable suggestions.

References

King, G (1893). Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

62: 705-739.

Lam, J.H. (1932). The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula. Bull.

Jard. Bot. Btzg 42: 281-559.

Leenhouts, P.W. (1967). Phoenicimon Ridl. (Sapindaceae) is Glycosmis Correa

(Rutaceae). Blumea 15: 452.

(1969). Florae Malesianae Pracecursores L. A revision of Lepisanthes

(Sapindaceae). Blumea 17: 33-91.

(1971). A Revision of Dimocarpus (Sapindaceae) Blumea 19: 113-131.

(1975). Taxonomic Notes on Glenniea (Sapindaceae). Blumea 22: 411-414.

(1978). Systematic Notes on the Sapindaceae-Nephelieae. Blumea 24:

395-403.

Mustard, M.J., Liu S.Y. & Nelson, R.O. (1954). Observations of Floral Biology and

Fruit Setting on the Lychee Varieties. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 66: 212-220.

Radlkofer, L. (1932). Sapindaceae. Jn A. Engler, Das Pflanzenreich 98.

Ridley, H.N. (1922). The Flora of the Malay Peninsula Vol. 1: 487-501. L. Reeve

& Co., Ltd. London.

(1925). The Flora of the Malay Peninsula Vol. 5: 301. L. Reeve & Co.,

Ltd. London.

Symington, C.F. (1937). Imperfectly Known Species Misplaced in the Flora of the

Malay Peninsula. Kew Bull: 318-320.

Whitmore, T.C. (1969). Notable New Tree Species for Malaya, 1966-1968. Malay.

Forester 32: 70-72.

Several Unusual Malesian Diplazia

M. G. PRICE

Herbarium, NUB, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A.

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983

Summary

The affinities of four small and deceptively similar species of Diplazium (Filices: Athyriaceae) are

discussed. Five names are newly reduced to synonymy and two new combinations are made.

In Genera Filicum, Copeland (1947, p. 151) said he was tempted to describe a new

genus for the Malesian diplazia with narrow dark fronds and abundant black paleae,

of which he accepted six species. He reiterated his belief that they constitute a well-

marked natural group in Fern Flora of the Philippines 3 (1961, p. 412). In 1973

(British Fern Gazette 10: 258) I added what I thought was an additional species and

expressed the opinion that my new species provided a link with Diplazium, so that

separating the group from that genus would be unjustified.

I have now examined types of what I believe are all relevant names and have seen

many other specimens from K, L, MICH, NY, P, PNH, UC, and US, finding that

only four species are involved, and that they belong in three different not very close-

ly related lines within the genus Diplazium. However, they agree in the following

characters: rhizome short-erect, with thick wiry black roots; fronds narrowly ellip-

tic, pinnate or subpinnate, apex coadunate, segments numerous, usually dark;

paleae abundant on stipe and rachis, narrow, usually dark and shiny; veins free. The

four species may be distinguished as follows:

Key to the species

1. Fronds pinnate except near apex; rachis blackish beneath paleae

2. _Pinnae lobed or incised; grooves of pinna-costae entering rachis groove; paleae strongly toothed

SR eo et i ee ae eR TS cs Be ah =, cn, = wine pore ape Ze aieie & « 1. D. egenolfioides

2. Pinnae subentire; rachis channel uninterrupted; paleae entire .......... 2. D. fuliginosum

1. Fronds pinnatifid except sometimes at the very base; rachis brownish beneath paleae

3. Paleae blackish, numerous on stipe, rachis, costae, and veins beneath, also present above

where costae meet rachis; frond narrowing gradually towards base, drying dark greenish

SAUNT a ae SOO EE ME ed niin <clevans cuevaya wava/e oa woes om 3. D. lomariaceum

3. Paleae brown, present on stipe, rachis, and costae beneath; frond not or only moderately nar-

rowed downwards, drying dull greyish brown ..................-- 4. D. porphyrorachis

1. Diplazium egenolfioides Price, Brit, Fern Gaz. 10 (1973) 258, t.1.

Type: Philippines, Luzon, Laguna, Mt Makiling, Price 1762, 29 Aug. 1971

(PNH; BM, GE, K, L, OSAK, SING, US).

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Paleae black, shiny, strongly and regularly toothed, to 8 x 0.8 mm, tapering

evenly, abundant on stipe and rachis, few on costae beneath. Stipes to 10 cm

long. Lamina to 42 x 15 cm, narrowly elliptic, fully pinnate nearly throughout.

Pinnae to 8 x 2 cm, lanceolate, the lowest on stalks to 1 mm, sessile upwards

and truncate at base, apex acute, margins cut up to % of the way to costa into

segments to 6 mm broad. Colour very dark green. Rachis groove above open

to and joining grooves of pinna-costae, the raised cartilaginous sides of grooves

of pinna-costae joining the sides of the rachis groove, not paleate. Indusia pale

brown, margin slightly undulate. Spores pale brown with a broad plane median

wing.

Distribution: Luzon, the type locality (several collections) and Nueva Vizcaya,

Sta. Fe, Mts. N. of Imugan, c. 1200 m. L.L.Co 1460 (MICH, PNH, PUH).

Notes: The prevalent type of axis architecture in Diplazium is confluent raised

cartilaginous ridges bordering the grooves of rachises and costae. Of the four

species treated here, only D. egenolfioides has this axis character, which im-

mediately links it to the bulk of the genus. Of species with which I am familiar,

fairly close to D. egenolfioides are D. banahaoense (Copel.)C.Chr. and

Diplazium symmetricum (Copel.)Price, comb. nov. (basionym: Athyrium sym-

metricum Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 81 (1952) 41. Lectotype: Philippines, Samar, Mt

Cabayanan, Edafio PNH 15148, MICH).

. Diplazium fuliginosum (Hook.)Price, Brit. Fern Gaz. 10 (1973) 260; Asplenium

fuliginosum Hook. Sp. Fil. 3 (1859) 120; C.Chr. Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1934) 280;

Athyrium fuliginosum (Hook.)Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 56 (1935) 476; Asplenium

lugubre Hook. Second Cent. Ferns (1861) t.3 (non Liebm. 1849). Type: North

Borneo, Mt Kinabalu, H. Low (K).

Diplazium acrocarpum Rosenst. Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 10 (1912) 328;

Asplenium acrocarpum (Rosenst.)Hieron. Hedwigia 61 (1919) 32; Bot. Jahrb.

56 (1920) 148; Athyrium acrocarpum (Rosenst.)Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 78 (1951)

472; Asplenium fuliginosum forma acrocarpum (Rosenst.)C.Chr. Brittonia 2

(1937) 290. Type: North-east New Guinea, Sattelberg, Keysser 27, 1911 (B?

isotypes NY, UC).

Athyrium longissimum Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 38 (1929) 139, syn. nov.; Fern

Fl. Philip. 3 (1961) 411; Diplazium longissimum (Copel.) C.Chr. Ind. Fil.

Suppl. 3 (1934) 74. Type: Philippines, Leyte, Dagami, Ramos BS 15269, Aug.

1912 (MICH).

Paleae blackish, shiny, brittle, entire, to 6 x 1 mm, abundant on stipe,

rachis, costae and veins beneath. Stipes to 16 cm long. Lamina very narrowly

elliptic, to 79 x 13 cm, fully pinnate in at least the lower a Pinnae to 8 x

2 cm, lanceolate, sessile and truncate at base, apex sharply acute, margins

subentire, very thin and translucent. Colour very dark green, when living suc-

culent with a bluish cast. Rachises above concave or channelled but without

raised cartilaginous sides, insertion of pinnae not affecting channel, not paleate.

Indusia blackish with a thin brown outer edge. Spores pale brown with broad

crisped pale anastomosing wings.

Unusual Malesian Diplazia Dil

Distribution: Bismarck Arch. (New Ireland), New Guinea (widespread), North

Borneo (Mt Kinabalu, common), Philippines (Leyte, one collection), occurring

in shaded moist ravines in montane forests, c. 1000-3000 m.

Notes: Diplazium acrocarpum has sori confined to the pinna-apices but this

character is inconstant and unreliable, as both fully fertile and only apically fer-

tile pinnae may occur on a single frond, for example as in Holttum SFN 25529

from Mt Kinabalu (US). Athyrium longissimum has narrow fronds (c. 5 cm

broad) but agrees in all essential characters. Hoogland 9323 (NY) is aberrant in

having shallowly lobed pinnae.

D. fuliginosum is one of the most unusual of all diplazia, and was not

transferred to that genus until recently. It is strikingly peculiar by the smooth

rachis channel without raised sides, uninterrupted by the insertion of pinna-

costae. In small fronds, and distally on large fronds, the rachis is almost flat

above. Other of its features unusual to Dip/azium are sori uniformly extending

from costa to margin, and thin translucent pinna-margins.

Rather than to the other three species treated here, I believe that the closest

relationship of D. fuliginosum is to D. cumingii (Presl)C.Chr., with which it

agrees in dark frond colour and black axes aging to greyish; axes without car-

tilaginous ridges; paleae on stipe abundant, dark, entire; and indusia black with

very narrow pale brown margin, curling back at maturity; even though D. cum-

ingii is very different in its conform frond apex and broadly elliptic pinnae.

However, it should be noted that almost exactly the same frond form (and even

margin structure) as D. fuliginosum was independently evolved in the Central

American D. harrisonii (Bak.)C.Chr., which otherwise differs markedly in

paleae and the architecture of the axes.

3. Diplazium lomariaceum (Christ)Price, comb. nov.; Asplenium lomariaceum

Christ, Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 11 (1895) 229. Type: Central Celebes,

Takalekadjo, F. & P. Sarasin 994, 8 Feb. 1895 (P, lectotype).

Diplazium merrillii Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 2C (1907) 128, t.2A, syn. nov.;

Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 56 (1920) 134; Athyrium merrillii (Copel.)Copel. Philip. J.

Sci. 3C (1908) 300; 56 (1935) 476; Fern Fl. Philip. 3 (1961) 411. Type: Philip-

pines, Mindoro, Mt Halcon, Merrill 5914, Nov. 1906 (Lectotype MICH; US).

Diplazium porphyrolepium v.A.v.R. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II, 20 (1915)

11, syn. nov. Type: Celebes, Soemalilah, Capt. van Vuuren’s Explor. Comm.,

Rachmat 481 (BO?; L).

Diplazium porphyrophyllum v.A.v.R. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II, 28 (1918)

18, syn. nov. Lectotype: Ceram, Wai Lantabi, L. Rutten’s Explor. Comm.,

Kornassi 1240, 4 May 1918 (L).

Athyrium altum Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 38 (1929) 138, syn. nov.; Fern FI.

Philip. 3 (1961) 411; Diplazium altum (Copel.) C.Chr. Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3 (1934)

72. Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Agusan, Mt Urdaneta, Elmer 14081, Oct.

1912 (MICH; L, NY, US).

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Paleae blackish, shiny, entire, to9 x 1 mm, gradually narrowed to a hair-tip,

abundant and persistent on stipe, rachis, costae, and veins beneath. Stipes of

fertile fronds to 15 cm long, of sterile to 9 cm. Lamina narrowly elliptic, to 50

x 9.5 cm, deeply pinnatifid, one pair of reduced basal pinnae sometimes free

and sessile. Lobes to 4.5 x 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing towards apex,

subentire, blunt. Colour dark greenish-brown, + shiny below when dry, dark

bluish-green when living. Rachises above with a channel formed by raised car-

tilaginous sides, either continuous or interrupted at each junction with a mid-

vein of a lobe, and paleate at that point whether or not interrupted. Indusia

brown, margin erose. Spores brown, with irregular short wings.

Distribution: Philippines, including Luzon (Ilocos Norte - Price 2932, Rizal,

Quezon), Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Mindanao, Basilan; Borneo, including

Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan; Celebes, Ceram, New Guinea (collected only

in North-east), in moist montane forest, 400-2000 m.

Notes: Diplazium merrillii was a small plant only partially fertile. The holotype

was destroyed in 1945 at the PNH so I here designate the MICH specimen as

lectotype. D. porphyrolepium and D. porphyrophyllum are not exceptional in

any way. The latter had a syntype purportedly from Sumatra, Brooks 322S

which I have not seen and from where this species is otherwise unknown.

I designate the specimen from Ceram at L as lectotype. Athyrium altum is a

form with narrow fronds not otherwise distinguishable. Three specimens from

eastern Kalimantan (Kostermans 9089, Meijer 577, 872 - all L) differ by having

fewer and brownish paleae but agree in distribution of paleae, and in frond

form and colour. Diplazium lomariaceum is very closely related to D. por-

Dhyrorachis and until now the name seems to have been ignored since Christ

himself reduced /omariaceum to porphyrorachis in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 15

(1898, p. 119).

. Diplazium porphyrorachis (Bak.)Diels, Nat. Pflanzenf. I, 4 (1899) 225;

Asplenium porphyrorachis Bak. J. Bot. 17 (1879) 40; Icon. Pl. 17 (1886) t.1650;

C.Chr. Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1934) 279, p.p.; Athyrium porphyrorachis (Bak.)

Copel. Philip. J. Sci. 3C (1908) 300; Polypodium subserratum Hook. Sp.

Fil. 4 (1863) 202 (non Diplazium subserratum (Bl.) Moore, 1861). Type:

Borneo, prob. W. Sarawak, A. R. Wallace s.n. 1855 (K).

Paleae dull brown, entire, to5 x 0.5 mm, rapidly narrowed to a hair-tip, pre-

sent on stipe, rachis and costae beneath but relatively inconspicuous. Stipes of

fertile fronds to 37 cm, of sterile to 13 cm long. Lamina lanceolate, to 35 x

9 cm, deeply pinnatifid with up to two free pairs of sessile opposite basal pin-

nae. Lobes to 5.5 x 1 cm, narrowly oblong with mostly parallel sides, apex

usually rounded and denticulate, bluntly acute in the largest fronds. Colour dull

greyish-brown when dry, dark green when living. Rachises above with a channel

formed by raised cartilaginous sides, continuous or interrupted at each junction

with the midvein of a lobe, not paleate. Indusia brown, margin erose. Spores

pale brown with short irregular translucent wings.

Distribution: Borneo, including Sarawak (where often common), Brunei,

Unusual Malesian Diplazia

Sabah, and Kalimantan, terrestrial on embankments and petrophytic, in forest

shade, 300-1000 m.

Notes: Christensen gave the unpublished varietal name murudense to a large

specimen narrowed towards the base with long-pointed lobes (Sarawak, Mt

Murud, Sar. Mus. Nat. Coll. 2937, PNH). Similar specimens have been found

on the nearby Gunong Mulu (M. Hotta 15188, L) and at Matang (Sinclair &

Kadim 10346, K).

The two species D. porphyrorachis and D. lomariaceum are very closely

related and some specimens show signs of apparent gene interchange. They were

combined by Christensen (1934) but seem to be amply distinct by the characters

utilized in the key. I believe that the closest relationship of these two with other

species is not at all with the other two treated in this paper, but, of the diplazia

I know, with D. sorzogonense (Presl)Presl. D. sorzogonense has similarities to

especially D. porphyrorachis in paleae, indusia, spores, frond colour and tex-

ture, and the structure of the pinna axes of the former is similar to the rachis

structure of the latter.

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The Limestone Hill Flora of Malaya IV*

S.C. CHIN

Botany Department, University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Angiosperms—Monocotyledons cont.

GRAMINEAE

. Inflorescence a series of successive nodal spikelet-clusters on a leafless axis. Bamboos ......

Inflorescence different, paniculate or spicate. Not bamboos ................0..00eeeeeeee

MRCAVESTSOM-NAILY DEDEALA, Sonic ieee aw riasiaiers SteinvevSevd eieiscecevsisie asers Dendrocalamus elegans

Meavesmousort-nairy beneath «sco en seis Fe to aero ste Odes eleaeles Dendrocalamus dumosus

. Inflorescence from the upper leaf-axis, female spikelets enclosed within a hard bead-like sheath

5.0.0 0-46, O05. COOL CIS OCOEIOTTOR CHICO CIO LA Daan AIH CAE Cie at ema emee Coix lacryma-jobi

. Inflorescence of a single unbranched spike, usually at the end of the stem; or of 2 or more spikes

radiating from or near the end of the stem; or the inflorescence compact and sparsely branched;

all prt eGs aii (etl Aol. Ue ke Oe arts POs Ne 9 ie tse ne a ee een eee

. Inflorescence of a single spike at the end of stem or upper leaf-axils; or compact and sparsely

BME lICA MDL ANGCHES EW RODIER ete ae ieee ee Schone eke ha a tere Salons oe eerie deine

Inflorescence of 2 or more unbranched spikes radiating from or close together at or near the end

DETLE SIG ‘oss Wek bese GUE co me obs toe Sto bon Geto Coen Cc Gore ae ae i item

Inflorescence hairy or bristly, the bristles from the base of spikelets or as awns from the glumes

OP WETNESS * bien d's oR DOD AG OO ORES O SORTS GOERS eREI 5 Chics Pema a eR A Fs AISI re PSR A eer AE

. Inflorescence covered with fluffy hairs ................... Imperata cylindrica var. major

MTL IGRESCET CCRC INL CLT Dern: PHI Te Lecorer rete enero te sere ovchers ashe rene cocoon ctanatane vorctete HOR RTe dette ore nets

MBS DIKELEES PEACHIL WILE DNA WISH Pavey sr evaxrorcestocclcfevs) ener sicterelsnenehore’s axthevetel ste Pogonantherum paniceum

SPIRCICES PCACHEWILE WAWTIESSOMEy WItE OU Gos taps role yore ralalave <tercusseintererayercvoters lo-slevera sete mettre ae eis

Splkcleissin, pairsiyl sessilevand Mepedicelledie a iyirsals 8c ccabottye lec aeeteve Gate aes MR orate ie Sees

APC ICESEITINOTOU Sp Olt EDL CLS tik Noy of stacey Naor 01h 0 sunt oof error Ovwh ov cndy ate) ov ove, Af oKonor A aneet av 8) OBlererore dae

Leaf-base narrowed gradually; lower glume of the pedicelled spikelet with a 3 point-tip ....

RRM Tote ere foc ince atte sic cys Sccravara\otata ciefotayeerenslarcioxs- sete ciavee Snare Dichanthium mucronulatum

Leaves usually less than 0.5 cm wide; spikelets imbricate; nodes of stem glabrous .........

MUM PTV TS Bs cs, «. s\evca. vis e.tue sieved. wiwiate; ave anes Atane stele Ghd, SPS Dichanthium caricosum

Leaves usually more than 0.5 cm wide; spikelets distantly spaced, axis visible; nodes of stem

HETEAY. 25 gua cP) cn O'S or Geeicna OME TERZ a ae AAS OCICS RRC Emer Dichanthium annulatum

Inflorescence a spike-like raceme; 1 spikelet of each group pedicelled, 2 sessile ............

PPE TTT TOTTORI. 50a) ciceve; ot cVavot oy 5 -cic TOVNG Re ae MNO else have Abe, coche Me ialatove Soave ROR YE Polytrias amaura

Inflorescence a small panicle, branches in whorls; 2 spikelets in each group pedicelled, 1 sessile

* This is the final part. Parts I, II and III appeared in the Gardens’ Bulletin xxx (1977) 165-219, xxxii

(1979) 64-203 and xxxv (1983) 137-190, respectively. The author expresses his profound thanks to Dr.

Chang Kiaw Lan for her painstaking assistance.

14.

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Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Creeping, grasses:sLeaves to sncm 1ongie eeite. ciety erased Chrysopogon aciculatus

Erect grasses: eavestmoresthan) L5icmplonge eer cee et ieee natty reine tener nen ates

Awns 2-3.5 cm long; leaves to 35 cm long; the joint beneath the 3 spikelets swollen .......

ee eine RIOR Oa cco. cto obo omertgoen wndoD.ct 6 Chrysopogon fulvus

Awns 4-5 cm long; leaves to 20 cm long; the joint beneath the 3 spikelets not swollen .....

en a eee na PTC Oo ao cole POS OCC 6 bk OU N Oe UEC Chrysopogon orientalis

Spikelets witht ws) sco. 2:02. cissneiede suanerevaperaeiieuatts couazs' ava) cwueiepel stoi coseteetaMenereles Stone ten ctiotete cotter rr seen en nen

Spikelets without @ws: cassis sccsieie ed yspseht lacie te oils nos iach vwlarelin atene oeueenegete ned oveteeetenetelesomsteke rat area teker tens

Leaves linear-acuminate, to 20 by 0.3 cm; base not cordate. Only from Langkawi .........

sev & a /5igep Sire apejeavonenieripa-eveitE She ations Gus vrareuaila wa tavon seta 80 rene: vbororenece tego Mente ee Mere Eulalia quadrinervis

Leaf bases gradually narrowed to the petiole; inflorescence of 2 often closely-opposed racemes

eocavay aud Svaes beta Ole: oie eNAT <I e SS ole oR) SA erties oe reer oe Ischaemum timorense

Leaf bases cordate; inflorescence of 2-many racemes from the end of a common peduncle

drole: aaa rales nors Wolpe ple eraabe « 7 (ales ovaha) 3 Safe alae eh ete tere ete tetera Arthraxon prionodes

Spikelets fringed with fine hairs (from the upper glume) ........... Paspalum conjugatum

Spikelets not fringed) with hains:.«..,3.sss.cccgscjoe ones orisiero mcs oie) sate rei iees ee ee ROR Ore ae

Spikelets flat, with 4-6 florets arranged alternately ....................... Eleusine indica

Spikelefs not flat, florets 2. <:¢ sitetu.o Sele eicate scott ce eteae, Weetreene stele aaceteue = aerate ee eet ae ee

Inflorescence single, from the topmost leaf axil; lemma of the upper floret thin, margin flat

Oe re eA ere ra noch osaediGacdc os Gach Aco door Digitaria violascens

Inflorescence usually 2, from the topmost leaf axil; lemma of the upper floret thickened, margin

hetge) | (2c ne ir ae REN SoG oo amo oa dD ach. com00 66 Axonopus compressus

Inflorescence with) fineisilky»hairs}from\thelspikelets) ey. eens eileen

Inflorescence! with hairs not silkysifi presenti mcrasckiciie elie raie einer eke ieee

Plant tall and reed-like; inflorescence much branched, 30-50 cm long. Florets 4-8, hairs from

13 so (1011 te ee ee Sener hemes Bite OO BG a HMS Santa cot ac.giae Neyraudia reynaudiana

Plant not reed-like; inflorescence smaller, 10-15 cm long. Florets 2, hairs from all over the

Spikelets; often, pinkish. 5, cac5%c.1rs sores orton are eee raeeS Rhynchelytrum repens

eaves withsfineslongitudinalipleats seem eiieis ciel aes ie Setaria palmifolia

Leaves Mot. Pleated seca iave:ta.é;s,cosonasauossne sorera iene ane wo shysueueres eget yeaeueouaisaelevoreiere COR a cee ae ee

Leaves: broads Siem Or MOre: WIGS, s...6.55<: scaversvopsnendvajlovevov, kecess tonsa.) oiRTeTeRe te Rete: HORE onan aera

Tu@AVES: MALTOWET .ncs 6 pss ssieve so asap esondganw sso ous faye souk soceue SNORT e ONTO tr ne a eee

Leaves elliptic, usually 20-25 by 5-6.5 cm. Lemmas with 5 or more nerves. Plant to 1 m tall

#54 6/6, Uralle carey aus ees ond, wpey atopy apectave tows egal ep el gy Oey See Gere er Oey avers, Seer cog es One cee een Leptaspis urceolata

Leaves lanceolate, usually 40-45 by 5-6.5 cm. Lemmas with 1-3 nerves. Plant to 3 m tall

we ssoarbelin faceenne sie a: tneaeye ie RUCISuc TN RO OPER EL TAL OSES SICeemie euel ere ere arene Thysanolaena maxima

Spikelets, all or some: withawns cyeticctohetcereiias crore tate ciate arenes Penn) cere ean

Spikelets) without awns,ashore bristle presen tlOmnOtmnitcerrieiericieneiieieirsiel icteric rere ieieneteentiaes

Mufted\icoarseigrass-sleaves) to lOOkcmiulongiemee eee ieee Cymbopogon calcicola

Different: leaves: shorter) s.. dcx etcetera athe SOE Seer A Set. Re OE eee

Inflorescence of 3-7 spike-like racemes arranged alternately on the axis. Spikelets in pairs

eC a ero cat CaCO oc LOO ROTO NSO ont ode Oplismenus compositus

Inflorescence different. Spikelets in ultimate groups of threes ............. Apluda mutica

Spikelets with) prominent bristles)or hairs. @uliis) CUnte den a rerererensretereteney ete tetenenet teten-f-teuetenetedeers

Spikelets without prominent bristles or hairs; glabrous or with inconspicuous bristles. Culms

scrambling - i ¢3.ci08.atieniedt dag eee ee ae ae ee Panicum sarmentosum

Leaves more than 1.5 cm wide. Spikelets with stiff, backward pointing hairs on the distal half

of thellemmayoftheluppentlorcteeeeee Ener eccentric Centotheca lappacea

Leaves narrower, 0.2-0.9 cm wide. Spikelets with soft erect hairs all over the outer surface of

the upper glime® <::.5..6. 60 vad sees OO ee Isachne langkawiensis

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 33

Apluda mutica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 82; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 273.

A. varia Hack. var. intermedia Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 196;

Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 164; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 207; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 86.

Slender grass, 1-2 m tall. Leaves pale bluish green, blade to 30 by 1.5 cm. In-

florescence as terminal panicle of numerous racemes with three spikelets each; the

lowermost spikelet with an inflated joint.

Distributed in Ceylon, India and Australia. In Malaya, only from the northern

half, not common but often on limestone.

Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy, in Andrews, Fl. Pl. Sudan 3 (1956) 399;

Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 287.

Andropogon prionodes Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 383.

Slender decumbent grass, leafy almost to the inflorescence. Blades 3-6 by 0.8-1.5

cm, lanceolate with cordate base. Inflorescence of several slender racemes to 6 cm

long. Spikelets paired, one sessile and the other pedicelled. Sessile spikelet 5.5 mm

long; the lower glume lanceolate, the upper boat-shaped, both with a wide hyaline

margin. Upper lemma with an awn 4.5 mm long. Stamens 3. Pedicelled spikelet

awnless, with a short 2-lobed lemma.

Distributed in India. Recorded once from Malaya, from limestone crevices on the

summit of Gunong Baling.

Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12 (1812) 154, 167; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 215; Burk., Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 276; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971)

187.

Paspalum platycaulon Poir., Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 125.

Probably the commonest lawn and wayside grass in Malaya. Recorded from

disturbed localities on limestone.

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris 2 (1810) 189; Ridl., Fl.

5 (1925) 253; Burk., Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 508; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971)

53.

C. latifolia Trin., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86.

Cenchrus lappaceus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1488.

All over the secondary and disturbed forests. Recorded several times from

limestone.

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. (1820) 188; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925)

207; Burk., Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 535; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 236.

Andropogon aciculatus Retz., in Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 166.

Common all over Maiaya, in lawns, by wayside and in cultivated area. Recorded

once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun.

Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov., Fl. Somala 1 (1929) 327; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3

(1971) 237.

C. collinus Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 208; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86.

34 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Recorded twice in Malaya, once from Pulau Burong in Pahang (not limestone)

on dry, sandy or stony soil and the other from limestone on Bukit Wang, Kedah

(Haniff 649).

Chrysopogon orientalis (Desv.) A. Camus, in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indochine 7 (1922)

332; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 238.

C. wightianus (Nees ex Steud.) Thw., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 208.

Andropogon wightianus Nees ex Steud., in id., Mats. 3 (1907) 167.

Recorded in Malaya from limestone in Langkawi and from sandy coastal areas

of the east coast. Like C. fulvus, this is a species of dry, well-drained, open

localities.

Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 972; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 191; Burk., Dict. Econ.

Prod. Mal. (1935) 629; Gillil., Fl. Mal., 3 (1971) 304.

Common in Malaya, in cultivation or in wasteland near villages. Recorded from

limestone near the railway station at Merapoh in Pahang, probably an escape from

nearby villages.

Cymbopogon calcicola Hubb., Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. (1941) 24; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3

(1971) 297.

Culms tufted. Blades linear, to 100 by 1.5 cm. Inflorescence a much branched

panicle, characterised by numerous brown spathes each subtending a pair of spike-

like racemes.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. Recorded in Malaya from Kedah and

Pahang; abundant on the exposed rocky slope of Bukit Chintamani. Restricted to

limestone. Faintly but distinctly scented.

Dendrocalamus dumosus (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 11 (1947) 296; id., 16 (1958)

96; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 30.

Schizostachyum elegans Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 73 (1916) 146; id., Fl. 5

(1925) 271.

Culms to 5 m long and 2.5 cm thick. Culm-sheaths to 18 cm long; auricles small,

bristly; ligule 1.5 mm tall, toothed. Blades usually 18 by 1.8 cm, sometimes larger.

Spikelets, 1-flowered, tufted at nodes of slender leafless branches. Palea 7 mm long,

7-veined, thin, not keeled. Stamens 3-6; ovary glabrous.

Distributed in the southern Thai islands. In Malaya from Langkawi and mainland

Kedah, probably restricted to limestone. Resembles D. elegans (which see).

Dendrocalamus elegans (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 11 (1947) 296; id., 16 (1958)

95; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 30.

Schizostachyum elegans Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 73 (1916) 146; id., Fl. 5

(1925) 271.

Culms to 6 m long and 2.5 m diameter. Internodes to 26 cm long; culm-sheaths

not seen. Blades to 12 by 1.2 cm, lower surface densely short hairy. Auricle small;

ligule short. Spikelets in dense tufts at nodes of infloresence branches, about 8 mm

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 35

long, glabrous. Florets 1 or 2; lemma of upper floret 7 mm long. Palea of lower

floret 2-keeled, short-hairy on the keels. Upper palea 4-veined. Anthers 6. Ovary

smooth; style slender, stigma plumose.

So far known only from Langkawi and probably restricted to limestone. (The

original plant from which the species was described is cultivated at the Penang

Botanic Gardens, but with the source unknown. Subsequent collections have all

been from limestone).

This species is very much like D. dumosus but differs in the hairy leaves, the 6

instead of 3-6 stamens, the glabrous upper half of the ovary and the frequent

presence of 2 florets with the lower palea keeled and the upper with 4 instead of

about 7 veins. However, in one specimen (Chin 523), the leaves are glabrous, the

stamens number 3-6 and the upper palea has 4-7 veins, yet the upper half of the

ovary is glabrous and there are 1-2 florets.

The position of these two species would be clearer if more specimens were

examined; there is a possibly a gradation of morphological characters from one

species to the other.

Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf., in Prain, Fl. Trop. Af. 9 (1917) 178;

Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 284.

Andropogon annulatus Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. -Arab. (1775) 173.

Slender, branched, erect grass to 1 m tall. Blades to 30 by 0.8 cm. Inflorescence

1-several spike-like racemes from almost every leaf-sheath.

Distributed in Africa, India, Burma and Borneo. In Malaya restricted to

limestone and then only found in Kedah and Selangor; the note in Gilliland, l.c.,

that it has been recorded from Singapore is an error and could have been intended

for D. mucronulatum (which see).

Dichanthium caricosum (L.,)A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27 (1921) 549;

Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 210; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 284.

Andropogon caricosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1480.

Dichanthium mucronulatum Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1953) 474; Gillil., Fl. Mal.

3 (1971) 283.

Ischaemum beccarii sensu Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 160, non Hackel; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86.

Slender grass to 75 cm tall. Blades narrowly linear to 30 by 0.3 cm, glabrous. In-

florescence a terminal spike-like raceme about 2.5 cm long. Spikelets in pairs, one

sessile, one pedicelled. Sessile spikelet with lower glume 7-nerved and margin inflex-

ed, the upper glume 3-nerved. Pedicelled spikelet with the lower glume tipped with

3 points.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya. Ridley recorded that this species appeared in the

Singapore Botanic Gardens, and, apart from this very unusual occurrence (details

not available) this species has been recorded only from Pahang and Selangor. A

plant of dry rocky and exposed or partially exposed places.

Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 229: Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 191.

D. chinensis sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 215, non Hornem.

36 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Pan-tropical. Found all over Malaya from the lowlands and hills to 1600 m.

Recorded once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun, and according to Ridley

from Gua Batu.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 8; Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 174; id., Fl. 5

(1925) 250; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 78.

Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 72.

A common grass all over Malaya in open places and a weed of cultivation.

Recorded once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun.

Eulalia quadrinervis (Hack.) Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 775; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3

(1971) 244.

Pollinia quadrinervis Hack., DC., Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 158.

Culms slender, densely tufted, 50-100 cm tall. Blades linear to 20 by 0.3 cm. In-

florescence of 3-6 racemes arranged subdigitately at the end of a peduncle.

Distributed in India, Burma, Thailand and China. (Restricted to the limestone in

Langkawi, Malaysia.)

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. (1812) 165; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971)

220.

var. major (Nees) Hubb. ex Hubb. et Vaugh., Grass. Maur. (1914) 96; Gillil., op.

Git2205

Widespread everywhere in Malaya, often on disturbed summits of limestone hills.

Isachne langkawiensis Jansen, Reinw. 2 (1953) 284; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 120.

Tufted, slender grass to 40 cm tall. Blades 2-8 by 0.2-0.9 cm. Inflorescence a ter-

minal panicle 5-12 by 4 cm, with many very fine branches. Spikelets ovate, upper

glume with many rows of hairs with bulbous base.

Endemic to the limestone in Langkawi, often abundant in open places with little

moisture and thin soil cover. Distinguished by the finely hairy leaves and the very

finely bristled upper glume.

Ischaemum indicum (Holtt.) Merr., J. Arn. Arb. 19 (1938) 320; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3

(1971) 263.

I. aristatum sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 203; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 86.

Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1830) 369; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 203;

Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 264.

I. macrurum Stapf. ex Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 203.

Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br., in Benn., Pl. Java Rar. (1838) 23; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 255; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 47.

Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 611.

Distributed in lowland and hill forest, recorded once from limestone (Gunong

Pondok, Perak, Chin 886).

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 37

Neyraudid reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitch., Amer. J. Bot. 21 (1934) 131; Gillil.,

Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 61.

Triraphis madagascariensis sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 251.

Common in the North as a grass of open wastelands. It has been collected as part

of secondary vegetation on dry summits of limestone. On the top of Gua Musang,

Kelantan, it was common (in 1971) about 1% years after a fire had destroyed the

original vegetation and on the Perak Cave Temple limestone (in 1971) it formed a

prominent part of the vegetation in the disturbed areas. Though frequently recorded

as a grass of damp ground it tolerates the dry conditions on limestone very well,

growing in soil pockets amidst boulders.

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54 (1812) 168, 169; Ridl., FI.

5 (1925) 221; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 87, Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3

(1971) 171.

Panicum compositum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 57.

A true forest grass of lightly shaded places; common in the northern part of

Malaya and recorded from limestone in Langkawi, Kedah mainland and Perlis only.

Panicum sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 311; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 227; Gillil.,

Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 139.

Paspalum conjugatum Berg., Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7 (1772) 129; Ridl., Fl. 5

(1925) 218; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 180.

Widespread in lawns, waysides and cultivated ground. Recorded from disturbed

areas on limestone.

Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamk.) Hack., Alg. Bot. Z. 12 (1906) 178; Gillil., Fl.

Mal. 3 (1971) 251.

Saccharum paniceum Lamk., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1 (1785) 595.

P. saccharoideum Beauv., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 195.

Common in Malaya by rocky streams, growing from rock crevices, on steep earth

banks and other rocky places. Recorded several times from limestone.

Polytrias amaura (Buese) Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 788; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971)

244.

Andropogon amaurus Buese, in Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1854) 360.

Eulalia praemorse (Nees) Stapf. ex Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 197.

Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb., Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. (1934) 110; Gillil., Fl.

Mal. 3 (1971) 150.

Saccharum repens Willd., Sp. Pl. 1 (1798) 322.

Tricholaena rosea Nees, in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 235; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 87.

Setaria palmifolia (Koen.) Stapf., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 186; Gillil., Fl. Mal.

3 (1971) 157.

S. plicata sensu Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 236, non Cooke.

38 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Stenotaphrum helferi Munro ex Hk.f., F.B.I. 7 (1896) 91; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 220;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 87; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 205.

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 794; Gillil., Fl. Mal.

3 (1971) 45.

Agrostis maxima Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 319.

T. agrostis Nees, in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 241.

Dubious Record

Eulalia lanipes Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 7 (1916) 56; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 196; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 243.

An endemic species and according to both Ridley and Gilliland l.c., recorded

only from Kedah Peak (not limestone). Henderson however, mentions that it is

known from Langkawi limestone. I have not seen any specimens of this plant from

limestone and believe that Henderson was mistaken.

NOTE

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Hyadrilla verticillata (L.f.) Roy.

Widely distributed in the Old World tropics and the sub-tropics, common in most

permanently wet places. Recorded from Tambun, Perak in a stream underlain by

limestone.

HYPOXIDACEAE

Curculigo latifolia Dryand., in Ait., Hort. Kew. 2 (1811) 253; Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1894)

280; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 300; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

LILIACEAE

1. Plant scandent, stem long; leaves reduced to scales and with needle-like branches (cladodes) in

1} ed i ee Tm atin Cri arco Some como mo tao Asparagus racemosus

Plant not so, stem short; leaves large, elliptic to lanceolate, cladodes absent .............. 2

2. Leaves slightly plicate with prominent longitudinally parallel veins, elliptic-lanceolate, to about

30) om LOng;, OFFER TESS i: ocicscc:ceca sacs euaite ouestotgenevareueYeusuere tenets Glos asta eae e eR me RSTO CRC Ree 3

Leave not plicate, veins not so, lanceolate, usually about 60 cm long .................... 4

3. Flowers greenish with shades of purple. Fairly common on limestone ... Peliosanthes lurida

Flowers deep purple. Rare on limestone ........+...........-.+...- Peliosanthes violacea

4. Flowers pedicelled, white, perianth lobes linear-acuminate; inflorescence a raceme or panicle.

Leaves about 60 by 5 cm; petioles not distinct ............... Chlorophytum orchidastrum

Flowers sessile, dark purple, perianth lobes broad and short; inflorescence a spike. Leaves about

60 by 10-15 cm; with a long narrowly winged petiole ................... Tupistra grandis

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 39

Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. Pl. 2 (1799) 152; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 331; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Plant, scandent. Leaves reduced to scales. Racemes solitary or fascicled,

sometimes branched. Flowers small, 0.2-0.3 cm across.

Distributed in Africa, across to India, SE Asia and southwards to Java and

Australia. A very rare plant in Malaya, and so far known only from a single collec-

tion from Langkawi on the limestone. (Curtis 1674).

Chlorophytum orchidastrum Lindl., Trans. Hort. 6 (1825) 79; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

327.

C. malayense Ridl., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Peliosanthes lurida Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. S. Br. 31 (1898) 96; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 325;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

Endemic to Malayan, not uncommon in rocky forest and on limestone, usually

in shaded spots.

Peliosanthes violaceae Wall., Cat. (1831) 5084; Bak., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17 (1880)

502; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 266; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 324.

Tupistra grandia Ridl., J. Bot. 38 (1900) 73; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 330; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81; Molesworth-Allen, M.N.J. 19 (1966) 303.

Endemic to Malaya and apparently quite rare. Molesworth-Allen reports that the

inflorescence smells strongly of male cats! It has been collected twice from limestone

(in Kedah and Kelantan).

LOWIACEAE

Orchidantha longiflora (Scort.) Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 292, nomen tantum; Keng, Gard.

Bull. S. 24 (1969) 347.

Lowia longiflora Scort., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18 (1886) 308.

Orchidantha calcarea Hend., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1933) 125; id., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80.

Endemic and uncommon; probably abundant locally, as in the forest at the

University of Malaya Field Study Centre (270 m) at Gombak, off the 16th mile

Gombak Road, Selangor. (Sporadic flowering late April and early May, 1972).

Recorded once from limestone (Henderson 26023), Lenggong, Upper Perak).

MARANTACEAE

Stemless. Petioles to more than 100 cm; flower pairs without bracteoles ..................

2) Gtet.0) Ba ty eS Bie be eels + 2 beeen es 28 ASTOR Ste eA ed ee ee Stachyphrynium cylindricum

Stems 200-300 cm. Petioles much shorter; flower pairs subtended by small bracteoles ......

PRPS Bate es te pase Sass oh tch coe Peas otays ous cgen Dok oy ancestal yoityege erect ate ays) cer~ Saree 3 Ets Donax grandis

Donax grandis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 176; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 286;

Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1951) 268.

40 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Stachyphrynium cylindricum (Ridl.) Schum., Pflanz. Marant. (1902) 49; Ridl., Fl.

4 (1924) 287; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80; Holtt., Gard. Bull.

S., 13.1951) 278:

Phrynium cylindricum Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 178.

Plants tufted; leaves from the base, at ground level; petioles to 120 cm long, blade

to 60 by 20 cm. Inflorescence on an erect scape from the base of plant, spicate with

2 rows of overlapping bracts.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya, rare; recorded from Kelantan, Perak and

Kedah.

MUSACEAE

Musa malaccensis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc.(ser. 2) 3 (1893) 383; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 294.

var. minor Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59 (1911) 205; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 294;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80.

This variety is recorded from limestone and is known only from Perlis; it is the

only Musa collected from limestone.

Cheesman in Kew Bull. 3 (1948) 17-28, has reduced M. malaccensis Ridl.,

together with M. truncata Ridl., and M. zebrina Van Houtte ex Planch. to M.

acuminata Colla. Used in this sense M. acuminata is a very widespread species in

Malesia; it is then very variable, and as yet there are no attempts to subdivide it,

apart from the original consideration of three species. M. malaccensis sensu stricto,

on the other hand, occurs only in the forest of Malacca, Selangor and Perak in

Malaya where it is common. The var. minor Ridl. however, could be specifically

distinct, but this needs more study.

M. acuminata sensu lato is, however, not to be found on precipitous cliffs or on

the pinnacled domes of hills though it has been frequently seen on the bases of hills

in partly shaded localities with accumulation of some soil and debris.

ORCHIDACEAE

An introductory key is provided. The numbers on the right hand side refer to the

Ones in the main key with which one should continue.

In the main key at lead 5 a little difficulty may be experienced in deciding whether

to go on to No. 6, ‘‘plant terrestrial or on rocks; not with a climbing stem’’, or to

No. 38, ‘‘plant epiphytic or with a climbing stem ....’’

Plants with a climbing stem pose no problems, however plants without a distinc-

tive climbing stem may prove difficult, as epiphytes have been frequently found

growing on rocks and roots at ground level, this being especially so on hill tops with

a dense herbaceous and mossy ground flora. However, if such plants are also com-

monly found as epiphytes on the limestone hills and tend to be epiphytic outside the

limestone field according to past records, then they are included under lead No. 38.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 41

There are some plants which are generally regarded as epiphytes or rockplants;

however, if on the limestone they are more frequently found on rocks, then they are

included under lead No. 6. Coelogyne asperata and Coelogyne pandurata form very

good examples in this category.

Finally there are those plants usually epiphytic which are very rare on the

limestone, having been collected only once or twice; and if they are recorded from

the limestone only as growing on rocks and roots at ground level, then, of course,

they have been included under lead No. 6.

INTRODUCTORY KEY

Pe Sastre casini ple iicd ieOr leatletS mee Ween. a oo oss cls ese ovine c.sjcines seieen eee sun vases 2

1. Plant different

2. Plant terrestrial or on rocks; not with a climbing stem

4S. LIP WaTED ALLENG EES Oa cs eee oR NO ec EES Re 6

Paphiopedilum niveum

3. Lip not so

4. Plant with a prominent tuber and erect leafy stem .................00ecceececeees 8

Habenaria

4. No tuber; pseudobulbs may be present

5. Pseudobulbs absent; growth not regularly sympodial ...................02-0000- 12

Eria vestita, Vandopsis gigantea, Thunia

alba, Goodyera hispida, Corymborchis,

Malaxis

5. Pseudobulbs present or not; growth sympodial

G@ One leation cach shoot/of, the sympodium 2c 12's ojeceie seis wei ele elere oes owas 23

6. Two or more leaves on each shoots of the sympodium

TPE SHOOLS LOEMIMNG NOME leALY “SLMS! (2 oo isie = Rayesias Sa Sain sn ey cere ie oe are elelclelc,cuieisie ete 26

Tropidia curculigoides, Dendrobium

salaccense

7. Shoots not forming long leafy stems

SeiteavesvabOUtslnCminwiG ern yiyRreisesr=blesetstove a os © wiers o.ci0 + w,srershalaie mrecacavere SySiataw 28

Eulophia keithii, Cymbidium dayanum

Seu lecavessmoOrent any lnCirpWwIde serie) cele cree a/cie a1= o« ciclciels celal. o\swtereieaie ele(evevere 29

Calanthe, Coelogyne, Spathoglottis har-

dingiana, Geodorum citrinum, Cymbidium

finlaysonianum

2. Plant epiphytic or with a climbing stem

9. Plant monopodial

10. Leaves closely 2-ranked with overlapping bases ............. ee eect eee eee eres 39

10. Plant different

11° Stem short, leaves close, laterally flattened .....-.2.....--.. cece e cece ens 41

11. Plant different

12. Flowers lasting 1 day; producing one or a few at atime .................. 44

Pteroceras, Thrixspermum, Ascochilopsis

myosurus

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

12. Flowers lasting longer; usually many opening together

1°3 “Teeaves) CEretes <2 sceacccra sc corareore eon ovale tepe cs’ obeuoue cs) ec eretsisy opehar sarah one nla) ie carer 50

13. Leaves not terete

145 Upper sepalimorejthan 2icmplong en -eeeeseeoe ea eee 52

Arachnis flos-aeris, Staurochilus fasciatus

14. Upper sepal 2 cm long or less

15. Flowers with lip at the top; on erect inflorescences ............. 54

Acampe longifolia, Camarotis apiculata,

Pomatocalpa

15. Flowers with lip at the bottom if inflorescence erect

16. Inflorescence producing 1-4 flowers .................22005- 61

Adenoncos, Uncifera tenuicaulis,

Trichoglottis

16. Inflorescence producing more than 4 flowers .............. 67

Aerides odoratum, Renanthera, Phalaenop-

sis, Sarcanthus, Schoenorchis micrantha,

Abdominea_ minimiflora, Pomatocalpa

spicatum, Malleola

9. Plant sympodial

17. Pseudobulbs or stems with 1 leaf

18. Inflorescence from the top of pseudobulbs ............... cece eee cee ee eee 82

Ceratostylis pendula, Dendrobium,

Pholidota pallida, Liparis

18. Inflorescence from the side or base of pseudobulbs or from the rhizome ....... 87

Thecostele alata, Bulbophyllum, Thelasis

17. Pseudobulbs with 2 or more leaves

19. Pseudobulbs with 2 leaves

20. Flowers solitary from the pseudobulbs, or opening singly, or 2-3 from an

inflorescence: "WF RTI SRE oe ate Sana. Sots ee RD Oe ah lei eee cara 98

20. Flowers more than 3’ opening together .......................:0-+seeee 102

19. Pseudobulbs with more than 2 leaves

2). ‘Stemvandileaves laterally flattened imei creel rericiene re erecta 104

Hippeophyllum scortechinii, Oberonia,

Dendrobium

21. Stem and leaves not laterally flattened.

Z2> CAVES HOTS t Sse zee Whe re ar erie Rte Tae a ea rats a aS DS aIeE auc tcitc to OSE OTR 117

Dendrobium setifolium

22. Leaves not terete

23. Stems with a swollen base of 2 internodes, the rest slender ......... 118

Dendrobium planibulbe

23. Stems not so

24. Stems with leaves at apex only, lower part long and bare ....... 120

24. Stems not so

25. Stems over 5 cm long

26. Inflorescence a terminal dense head ................... 123

Agrostophyllum majus

26. Inflorescence different

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

27. Lip with 1-2 appendages near its base ..............

Podochilus, Appendicula, Dendrobium

27. Lip with no appendages

28. Inflorescence terminal or subterminal ...........

Eria citrina, Agrostophyllum

Paphiopedilum lowii, Polystachya

flavescens, Phreatia secunda, Thelasis

ORCHIDACEAE - MAIN KEY

PlAanEsacitintaisMelCuIcAITOL WITNOUEMCAVES. 30. ok cccsiaieic ao Saieis npoieveen-« npavsiave erdv ve aseeae

SUPA SmDUI tm OLeIE Any Ones Cals mye ciereh ee hrc ciere cis Caio s Diaven cic ehle oak archos aa eee cee bes

Leaf present, single, heart-shaped to 2 cm long .................... Corybas mucronatus

Leaves absent, or reduced to tiny brown scales; stem very short, roots, green, long and

SPLCAMIN OME PID MYLES wae Peston. FA reiernersie roe eae eee helo eae Srcte sete tele oaks See BT

PECAN TNO T ATLAS SCT ects Peay on hoped pacar oFe fara tarayotod velo re¥ops:s eae eI RR cote ot dhs erated tr

Bracts not in 2 ranks, facing all ways, scape to 3 cm long ..... Taeniophyllum culiciferum

Anther with a short beak; lip not lobed ....................... Taeniophyllum obtusum

Anther with a long beak; lip slightly lobed .................... Taeniophyllum filiforme

Plantsiterrestrial or‘on rocks; nof with a climbing stem ...............-.0..-ccceeeccecs

Plants epiphytic or with a climbing stem, sometimes terrestrial ...................-.000-

Lip with a large pouch, lateral sepals united. From the extreme north. A slipper orchid ...

250.9 OA. ten uiolg ocean) Sao CRO ae Sie Oe ee NS te a er ae Paphiopedilum niveum

Plant with a prominent root-tuber, erect leafy stem and terminal inflorescence ...........

No tuber; but may have a prominent pseudobulb (stem structure, with scale leaves or their

GETS). Seon cbnen peop oo TCOOUO NOD CUD OC OS OCT On Cae eet See SSers erICraS Oem Orn aarrer

Spur of lip shorter than sepals and petals. Only from Langkawi .. Habenaria goodyeroides

Spimetsuprlongerst hanssepalseand. petal Se ieee exec ais tere Gye clove, «0 o:eve.o:~ olcicscueislererw. oresa:s atetoras'arave

Side lobes of lip nearly as broad as long. Only from Langkawi ........ Habenaria carnea

SIGEMODESIOLMUPEVERVAILAET OW, precios cris a Ar iavecs i iets sia voueec la Volnis: wforaiatalaversle alm pyeters afe.c sa ace: oveievernss

Upper edge of lateral sepals 6 mm wide. Only from Perak ............. Habenaria kingii

Wpper edge/of lateral sepals'8-10!mmi wide «<< 2.5520.6.- 0-5-0002 +2502- Habenaria reflexa

Pseudobulbs absent; growth not regularly sympodial ................ 00 cece cence eens

Pseudobulbs present, growth sympodial, or plant with underground rhizome bearing a succes-

SOME EB IeCAVESE ANCE OLESCENCES we ats spars ciara citiae_o cians ic eve ainian Suaieue wie) cfe oe leas ane a eels sisi eoke

LETTE GTP Oo) 2 etek S Se eb COORG ae Be Oe Be Boe a0 6 GOED ES SEO TSO CUTE ee cee arcs

Stems very fleshy, leaves strap-shaped or stems close together, to 60 cm tall, with many thin

OES: AD YT SS Gis Sepa an Obs 50 OEEO DOO E COS UBUCOSCGaS COCR E OO Ce CeO UC eee aOretnet

Stems not fleshy, if fleshy not tall and erect, not with many thin leaves .................

Leaves very fleshy, 35 by6cm. Stem very stout, erect, short or to 30 cm; sepals and petals 2.5-3

cm, fleshy. On rocks from Langkawi .............. Seco ooo pEEOoOr Vandopsis gigantea

Leaves thin 20 by 5 cm, stem fleshy, erect to 60 cm tall; flowers at the end of stems. Only from

DCL ANC DEMMINSH ArH UTALLANG tara ciate essere sro, has sera: «a0 ey nv ovate. cnn aire. ovaj & saoheretolrete Thunia alba

19.

20.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

Dili

28.

29.

30.

SHilE

323

33%

34.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Flowers: with liptatsthe bottom yeti cs « mike eth tereke enckotes oysretere sy ess wiciet crete enalsyoneiciets or otaleuavetete

Flowers*with hip atthe itop ee sersee te oniee segs oeveyaiel «cram teyatevenete aleve ecile Ve eleioney de elercteetenetree

Herbaceous, less than 20 cm tall. Leaves small, flushed with pink ...... Goodyera hispida

Woody; more: thanys0lemitallsWeavesilargerssereemime street tsrerrystelelsrenhrelet-taekeleystetieretetetete

Hepeneitee mire aenynp ye, Uae Mer tes Aer eo ate oR IB EES OC MOOS Oo Corymborchis rhytidocarpa

Sepals and petals 3-5 cm long; column about 3-4 cm long ...... Corymborchis veratrifolia

Lip ‘without: aliricles cast once ne oe eee OEE cee Malaxis latifolia

Lip with auricles: «00:5 oz sgsvojsjgusccre ts, sys eee sesnapoyeaegensls be eked voter eekegeteners ches a1 reuet ve deren

Apex of lip not toothed. Endemic and very rare, only from Perlis ....... Malaxis reniloba

Apex Of lip toothed oe sis cis cccs sie cieiwseteserayerece (olsrevete re fouls epeclorel aise tars, spe eneenaeetie ae Ren ere an

Feeths Only 2) oic.e oats soca wus eras Seats eine wleee Plein eke ee ee Malaxis calophylla

Teeth; 4-6: Once fromiPahane: .22..0eee eee coer een ene Malaxis micrantha

One: leaf onkeach shoot ofiithe sympodiumimn creer crete ian eee eer eee

Leaves) 2) or more) on!each shoot of, the’sympodiumiys:- +e eee eee ene

Bracts. in: 2:ClOS€ Opposite LAMKS) _ya.6:c6,<jcus,eceusus,sveyecereneseseneseveuousloregersisisieleseiekes Cea cee oe Re

Bractsinot in) 2)closejopposite ranks) eee ee eee eee eer eee Liparis caespitosa

Leaf to 35 by 3 cm; lip 1 cm wide. Doubtfully from Kelantan ......... Liparis compressa

Leaf to 20 by 0.8 cm; lip 3.5 mm wide. Common in Pahang and Kelantan ..............

Shoots: forming: long: leafy stemsaraapeeeeenoe asec ane eee Geen Geter eee

Shoots not forming long leafy, stems! tj..-rmctes eters cere ieee ee leeeroienere eerie eee

Inflorescence of more than 2 flowers; leaves 14-22 by 2.5-5 cm .... Tropidia curculigoides

Inflorescence of 2 flowers; leaves narrower; plant grass-like ....... Dendrobium salaccense

Leaves about 1 cm wide. Only from the extreme north .......................40+-ssees

Leaves more: than: 1 ice Wide Seve. pete roe etree ace rete heute tes eee) On ea era ere

Pseudobulbs prominent, about 10 cm long, ovoid, green and shining ..... Eulophia keithii

Pseudobulbs) notobvious | anaeienie rooereeteere orictetten: etcetera Cymbidium dayanum

Lip with a prominent-spur’ Ve Miccek cs cee oe oteiele soe e, aye ee ishe encase te erecta isecne ete ol her one reer

Lip without a prominent spur; spur sometimes not developed at all .....................

Plant flowering. when leafless: <.0.<:..55<acesse-ecavecevn wo onontie pete tener ere eee oTs GRAS ST oT EN ee rat el eet

Plant ‘never Jeafless, ...s2 sce cs cette eae Mar ae ae re oO ae tate Te ere

Flowers white, midlobe of lip as broad as the width of the side lobes ..... Calanthe vestita

Flowers pink, midlobe of lip much narrower than the width of the side lobes ............

Pee One TI Kes tad Noite Lotito D a toncdocto om0oo 3.0ti0 c Calanthe rubens

Spur less than 3 cm long; leaf blade to 50 cm long. The most common species of Calanthe on

limestone... 5: 5:5:0.<40% are NA INR es a ee are Calanthe triplicata

Spur 3-5 cm long; leaf blade about 30 cm long. On limestone, only from Pahang .......

ee Seer ned acc irc.n On nb Oloicohc eo-cci ot Logo POO cern Emcor ee OTL Calanthe ceciliae

Leaves 2. to: each pseudobul be caciracicvorteverieleee tere ercmereke IPO VOR Itech teri rcioveree tore ietae

Reayes' more than) 2itoleach) pseudobul bin aerriei eerie ereie nine arta ete serene aerate eee

Leaves less than 20 cm long. Once from limestone in Selangor ......... Coelogyne pallens

Leaves more than 20 cm long, usually more than 40 cm long .................00eeueeee

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 45

35. Flowers creamy white, with brown markings. From limestone in Kelantan ...............

2 6 Sip Cong AIG ale D.ORNe Otc ae CERTO TO OIEE.O 6 OO CPN cco DLAI ae nea EES ae Coelogyne asperata

Flowers greenish with black markings ....................eeeeeeee Coelogyne pandurata

36. Leaves to about 15 cm long, pseudobulbs, small, rounded ..... Spathogolottis hardingiana

Leaves larger, to 30 cm long and 7-10 cm wide, or longer and narrower ................. 37

37. Leaves to 30 cm long and 7-10 cm wide; pseudobulbs rounded, subterranean. On limestone only

TOM ANC KAWIME Re ie eek Seis aciobtr ie ails wile g alciels Ausiaa.« ssicisinekwleies Geodorum citrinum

Leaves more than 50 cm long, about 4 cm wide; thick and fleshy; pseudobulbs long and com-

pletely hidden by the sheathing leaf bases ................... Cymbidium finlaysonianum

38. Plants monopodial, apical growth of stem continuing indefinitely ....................... 39

Plants sympodial, apical growth of stem not continuing indefinitely, ending in a pseudobulb

MtMnCALCSHOMMIGWELSONIOOLE ee cnn ns ncaa otis oe necro onees asisias tby ties bscee as bine 80

39. Leaves to 25 by 2 cm, closely 2-ranked, with overlapping bases, blades curved outwards; sepals

and petals with crimson blotches on the outside. Once from limestone, Pahang ..........

TI eee Paynes HAA TS Ot er ave loielele arg, wlerars-onpovotas o 8 sje ave, aelayeo4 Dipodium pictum

PIA GRC Hood onaSeie Ss Naa er Gunes DO S6 COST D OCT OREO Oren ce eet: 40

40. Stem short, leaves close, fleshy and laterally flattened; flowers small, in pairs ............ 41

ELEGY DOVES) cingic'cln6 Bab 08 on OO OG Oa BC 8 OB or ID OS Cart Oa eae eee rer ae 43

41. Stem with leaves about 1 cm across; from Selangor and Pahang .. Microsaccus brevifolius

SCITIMMIENEAVES Hl es) CI OFsMOLesACLOSS ia (enyefeas «fo sees a overseer eys SIO «aie sce a aes woes o epernse 42

42. Lip much narrower than spur, petals wider than sepals; on limestone from Pahang .......

DoD OC an oO Bg OBOL DADC 6 OCRICOICTE CO OTTCTICCeInC Ciao ae ier same Microsaccus ampullaceus

Lip not much narrower than spur, petals about as wide as sepals; common on Bukit Takun,

SQELEO? Cg ode douse Sop omos DOR On OMe 26 be Sereno a Rar eta Microsaccus javensis

43. Flowers short-lived, lasting one day, produced one or few at a time at the end of the in-

EIQECSCELICC METRE PI rhe ter ole iene tie, cloleret eset iis cieim savers! > alaa e stelarsrereus, eigioweonmiliyedeeraye: arse ve cians 44

Flowers lasting longer, usually many opening together ..................0202 000 eee eeee 49

44. Lip loosely hinged, movable, distinct from the column foot .................00e ee ee eee 45

Lip not so; immovable, not distinct from the column foot ...............-.-eeecereeees 47

45. Inflorescence-scape glabrous, to 10 cm. On limestone in Kelantan and Pahang ...........

9 6 COCAB OG HS SOD COSC ACS tar TLCS S DTERCOTS IC ITER ee ei nme Pteroceras hirsutum

Mutlorescence-scape minutely prickly, 2-4 cm long ... 2... 22. nce ere cile one cles wis wisi ee 46

46. Sepals and petals spotted crimson, sepals prominently hairy ......... Pteroceras hirsutum

Sepalsrandupetalsinot spotted, not hairy .........---meei dei e+ rvs! pie Pteroceras ciliatum

47. Bracts 2-ranked, alternating; rachis to 10 cm. On limestone only from Perlis .............

S'S ASIGUG 0 Cress CRO CRC GIDC CO EL EITO Se OCI OTIS CROCE DECODER CEE RTCaE Thrixspermum amplexicaule

SLAGISMUO bye -Faniked rachis SHOILET, eon ..cees.c pore acs G ae visre ¢ slnaic 6) e eee, sveeiaia stems aise sine ajelehels 48

48. Scapes to 15 cm long, bracts 3-4 mm long, acute ................. Thrixspermum album

Scapes 2-5 cm long, bracts minute, on a thick rachis bearing very small flowers ..........

3 dd A oe Re Te Oe ee Teena Fete otro ates eA SCOCHIODSISHINYOSULUS

49 MeIEAVESICILCHIA GIN AtrANSVELSE.SECEION pie lasik eich «eb tllor« Clave fale ctavaveleve susle0ot alatciaqorat aleTatene ailslla site. 50

eaves not circularinitransVverse SCION sOOL tETeLe 1s syos)< sie sice aiel ste vlc chelele w) aleiclsio eel alele ete 51

50. Leaves grooved; midlobe of lip 6 mm wide at the base ........... Sarcanthus machadonis

Leaves not grooved; midlobe of lip narrower. Only from the extreme north ..............

SLOTS SO SOC eee OE ot 0 nic, Gon teprmacen rae! el Chace Sarcanthus sacculatus

51. Upper sepal more than 2 cm long; plant with a long climbing stem ...................-. 52

Wines agua om lGne Oven addeacco spn codcdospseopntne Ged cUS Uso OU ton coo ae Goma 53

52. Lip loosely hinged, freely movable; leaves to 17 by 5 cm. The scorpion orchid ...........

Meets APTS A LAST IEE s SENG kesS leo VOR LaU SEE aN nga lnies She. gh sm nejayaesina card QUA ee altuna Arachnis flos-aeris

Lip not so movable; leaves to 12 by 2.5 cm. Only from the extreme north ...............

JSGb0db BESO TOU EOS von DE ObE DOD ORD OEND oUt oe OCDE eC eee Tats Staurochilus fasciatus

53.

54.

55:

56.

Sil

58.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

Tle

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Flowers with the lip at the top, on erect inflorescences ..................e eee eeeeeeeee

Flowers with the lip at the bottom, if inflorescence is erect .................000-es eee

Stem stout, often branching, leaves thick and stiffly ascending to 20 by 3.5 cm. Inflorescence-

scape stout. Lip of flower not spurred. Only from Langkawi .......... Acampe longifolia

Plant different; lip) deeplyzsaccatevorsspurredi mec cre cere terete eee tee eee

Spur with a 2-lobed callus attached below the midlobe; rostellum with a long beak; leaves to

CO Fal oh ia) IS o1 Winch Per, Sirens one renee neem ner eeeee eae eR ROTO cae OOM ree PO ic Camarotis apiculata

Spur without calluses; back wall of spur with an erect tongue ....................00000-

Stem short;internodesiunderslaicmblongs rian ease eee roe een neta

Stem long-climbing,) internodes!2-sacmplongeer pacts eit etter reer tee eae

Flowers pinkish, inflorescence minutely hairy .................... Pamatocalpa kunstleri

Plowersiyellowishspinflorescence: notnalnyaeceicieeeieieieireterietter etait eee

Sepalsiandiipetalsawithsaredimarcingee er ree rere err Pomatocalpa latifolium

Sepals and petals without a red margin. From limestone of the extreme north, in peninsular

WALANG: ioe. sers odin eye xe ens axa wteceuer oye d nse uence re eae eee Pomatocalpa setulense

Inflorescence: producing I=4° flowers: c.ctrcs co oicpore cr tones erie oe eke eae ea

Inflorescence producing more! than’ 4 flowers. sees ace ae etter aeteeie sree ate sere eerie ene

Lip shallowly saccate at the base, papillose or with a callus .................0.00e0e0e0

Lip deeply saccate or spurred, entrance to the spur often hairy ...................00000-

Rachis of inflorescence zigzag, to 8 mm long, bearing 3-4 flowers .. Adenoncos sumatrana

Rachis of inflorescence not so, very short, bearing 1-2 flowers ...................0.008-

Leaves to 7 by 1 cm; slightly constricted near the acute tip; upper sepal to 5 mm long

GOO GIG ORSTOCOOOHEKTOOISDOMEDO OD GOOFS THHOOCUDNO es OSSAHDOOOOONOES Adenoncos major

Leaves and flowers smaller. Only from Selangor, at Gua Batu ...... Adenoncos parviflora

Lip, upper half of midlobe turned up, the tip with 2 small lobes...... Uncifera tenuicaulis

Kip; midlobelsimpleror si lobed: mever2-1o bed ir rererseraeeeierersreieiensi iste ricte celts events

Midlobe:of lip3-lobedta az .ossccncciaacnamec cee tee ei lee Trichogolottis winkleri

Midlobe-of lip’ simples 4.082.< occas ceegs te een See ee AOR eee

Midlobeihainy.s9)mmiplones Commoners scence arena Trichoglottis retusa

Midlobe not hairy, 5 mm long. Only in the very North ............. Trichoglottis misera

Spur turned up in front like a horn, flowers with purple markings, upper sepal about 1.2 cm

LON: ev. d esos. Eis. nravelai ih doneseranieas te vers Neca Mee tei ene Poe OR ee Se ee Aerides odoratum

Spursifepresentnotsso;susuallyssaccatemen eee teen ceit cine reiterate enn

Flowers redvor yellowiswithoredispotaes a mrten torre. ae ate eee ere nee ey

Flowers*notisOuGolOured! F536. coze8 occa apo aac tetas roe wae ean OR oars sree

Column slender, curved; leaves fleshy, stiff and sharply pointed ... Renanthera histrionica

Column short; leaves bilobed at the tip. Only once from limestone, in Kedah ............

a Oe Ror LO TEs OD OO Goo oO O OO re ooo MoDUoL ae Renanthera elongata

Lip not spurred, sometimes slightly saccate, with a forked appendage ...................

Lip)spurrediior saceate, with nosforked| appendages: jase cei areata aeiaeerenieiens

Flowers alternate, 2 ranked; rachis of inflorescence flattened; upper sepal 1.6-2 cm long. .

5snBe dicen (allave. 5 caa/folin 95hcRw) wile oy enops Cay Son een ee ene CARRE REECE PETE CORRE IG Renn ee Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi

Flowers not so, facing all ways; rachis not flattened; upper sepal 6.5-8.5 mm long ........

= seal ops semetion)ee\ cio rua sifev' (ors [stosan's: 0h seh cava for G1 oN eT Toe Roe Pe RETR ET Re RERERReR eoae Phalaenopsis decumbens

Callus present, closing the entrance to the spur of lip. ...............eeeeceeeeeeeeueees

No such callus

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 47

11h

74.

iD:

76.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

Stemmtos0;cm On more-long: leaves wellspaced!*. 20. fn ncwaeee aa vale s teeslee. ces cee cei. 74

Sie CHASHOLtensleAVeSiClOSEstOGEENEN vayer a: cxaycterereiaratarateren chet afeict anarai state svepsierate: -aierw: sl atsi ere alie'oy' 75

Leaves to 30 by 1.5 cm, fleshy, constricted at about 2.5 cm from the tip ................

5 OAS S03 OOS AE ci be Ate nts Bree bee a kek tod Bid tS ee Sarcanthus subulatus

Inflorescence pendulous, to 25 cm long; stem to 6 cm long, stout. Only from Perak ......

ea TE ey atlas ate aCarale ler atetaPeve sca resaveliave tc Weliefers 'e"sle win Yela'a'ele la ele e's eels ele Sarcanthus termissus

Inflorescence short to 1.5 cm long; stem to 15 cm long, slender. Only from Kelantan .....

| ooo en eos GO OB BR UIO DR CSREES OIE DOT OR OEE ORCC Cece tea onan Sarcanthus rugulosus

Hiei OLESCERCEFELECHAOL, HOLIZONLALL sep-tav-otetct fetal cyoreiersietetersioistaleletels)claielcletvisiete a.aluineine ene ees nate Wy

ONES cence GLOODINELOTEPENGU IOUS we cry seteaeyeiclete|escveuscicyoscs<lonsaci=ke oh ovaisiene eysssi cle: <tetersasys sueieccis) Ss 78

Leaves 5 mm wide or less. Stern to 15 cm long, much branched, tufted. Only from Gua Batu

CoO COO OCS ODOT OIOO TIO CIID CE IOI CORTES cca ena eae Schoenorchis micrantha

Leaves more than 1 cm wide. Stem very short .................. Abdominea minimiflora

Stem very short, leaves leathery to 18 by 4 cm; a tongue present on the back wall of the spur

PT CUTIER: SINE TS CTSNET a5 c5 cr gah ore) oyet schol cia) at sieve dheyat ovary abevat'e eq pleleinlone atats Pomatocapla spicatum

Stem long, climbing, 10-25 cm; no such tongue in the spur .................2 eee eeeee 79

Stem and leaf sheaths flattened, leaves green. Only from Perak ........ Malleola undulata

Stem and leaf sheaths not flattened; leaves usually flushed with purple ..................

BACHAO DU DSSOTEStCINS iWILMOlUleatians eevee tte ets alc Perens cle chslaers mnsitale eelcle ish Mae edaeleatniets 81

SENG DSEOLISLEMIS AW IEG 2TICAV ES) fire coued caste cal ois ta oue%ersqnyore'usyenyavey senses oe beya/oFoyssereuene cep creyere pou 97

SENG ODI OSEOleSeEMSiwithemOLe tare? slEAVOS a cteyaictereiclepekckeveisiese feeiaieiei-ieierelsiey evekeloneyesebocT> 103

rin OLescenceMLGMutnentOplOfnPSEUGODUI Die tetas a crsyers ss ys.2ysysienee las cicsatescho sae isisnbasls ans leis susya,e/sterctc 82

Inflorescence from the base or side of pseudobulb, or from the rhizome between pseudobulbs 87

Blawersml -severalcOn SHOT NNGIVIGUALIStAIKS oo 4. oees cposeos0rs oyn{eycio/ein © oysteies sie) sye aie cel sicle of 83

Flowers 1-numerous on an inflorescence with a distinct peduncle ....................0.. 85

Stems with pseudobulbs distinctly fleshy, not entirely covered by leaf sheaths ............ 84

Stems slender not bulbous, covered by leaf sheaths ................. Ceratostylis pendula

Blades of midlobe abruptly widened, whole lip purple-spotted ..... Dendrobium luxurians

Blade of midlobe gradually widened, side lobes and base of midlobe with purple spots ....

3 RPO OO bo Con O ) GOCE IG Oe a OOO oD CCI CN: ae Sener eet et einer Dendrobium plicatile

Bracts in 2 close opposite rows; inflorescence with 1-3 flowers opening together .......... 86

Bracts different; inflorescence with numerous flowers opening together .. Pholidota pallida

Leaf to 35 by 3 cm; lip 1 cm wide. Once doubtfully recorded from limestone ............

PORN Mette eee Fon isi Te dhs toh 201 soos: ov sb oss) so) wich, oles Susisi eleveses a. eusiase iecsle Liparis compressa

MeAtstOPZOLD YAO. SiCme lips -SeMM WIGE) eeye om gree 2) + aperb poco epsceicasyw chorus ofeas Liparis gibbosa

Lip joined at its base to an outgrowth from the column to the column-foot; inflorescence pen-

dulous with»many flowers, Leaf stalk grooved. 2.55.6... 00. saear once Thecostele alata

MNP ATI OE SO) reve A cayeccrn nyt ieee ce MRS Tere RTA Te rere are CR Le cava rel or SUONST OTE ar cia inicogutaraga voy cheievale: al onnlenere oe 88

ENO WCLSESOLIPAGN Ai Parare tte e Oise t Fore ba vey cia vi cov Sue icvael fore, v's e esaefovaioieioile 0 et S cure a1Suayay sieve) aneve veya ops a sreyegsy ate 89

BIO WEESHALNeAS Lean DEI IIIT OTESCEMCE vee reya.cicyeiere ci visisieke.slejeveletovere averers) ete epevevelajars aisle reyes svsya © «se 91

RAIZOMeRS ION Ge aMUCHHDranCHedimee aya cits, male oho ecaiere alice vaisioyorevote ya aise’ a ave) cers serene sisreisve iets 90

Rhizome different, pseudobulbs to 2 cm apart, 1.5 cm long; leaf to 16 by 2.5cm ........

mid ber Oigliaoe ShOCIDO EPEC DIDAGICEOIDINTTI TE EOI TIT ERCICE CIO EIR OI OTe Bulbophyllum pulchellum

Leaves very fleshy, usually 2 by 0.7 cm, pseudobulbs 3 mm long, appressed to rhizome ...

BYP ROPSPCN TNR R TER str t ctietek taVotict ctotelrod otct ciclo "afatar tatalis Sete) otattehatas els tateletere’ ohateratshenateere Bulbophyllum sessile

Leaves thin, usually 3.5 by 2 cm, pseudobulbs 1 cm long .. Bulbophyllum membranaceum

92.

93.

94.

95:

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

108.

109.

110.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Pseudobulbs hardly noticeable, leaves to 23 by 3.5 cm with a 6-cm stalk ................

COUT OL OC OCS COD Coan OT Ob ORoC oD DECC. oHobcocoaaae Bulbophyllum apodum

Pseudobulbs'distinct; smalliomlargema-ss sacri oe eee EOL 92

Pseudobulbs large to 6 cm long, ovoid, fleshy; inflorescence to 15 cm long ..............

a emo ot b.cn coo On un atr sca coomocoomenCedGon Bulbophyllum lilacinum

Pseudobulbsisinallene........jerecsaecso esas eee oe eee Eee 93

Leaves almost terete, to 15 cm long and 1 cm wide, rarely with a second shorter leaf .....

OO era cee COCO TORRID Coe dod T soon te rao oe Thelasis succosa

Leaves: different). c 4..0d2%.scalepentoncecrtsintts, 0 Som ecieer sees Semele, 3 \oe ee eerie: 94

Pseudobulbs broader than tall, oblong, with a terminal leaf ............. Thelasis triptera

Pseudobulbs not SO. ss... é sjecece seca ce vasare oye. cereus 020,018) 000 000g SORTER lo aa eee 95

Leaves small, about 4 by 1.3 cm, narrowed abruptly at the base and apex; rhizome slender and

long creeping 2.24%: <astectAckefnrbetarcte chSeise naka elke ex Pee Bulbophyllum concinnum

Leaves: larger,over 10cm long. t5..3 ce ssiaciccss ne eters eterna reel oe eT eee 96

Scape to 2.5 cm long, covered by sheaths, whole inflorescence 5-12 cm long .............

PT oa ora tec dan BO OSOn NOG ae ac ob Ao OAtS. Ob c Bulbophyllum flammuliferum

Scapeitorl2iemylongy dullipurples .5-4.4- see ceioeee eee Bulbophyllum fenestratum

Flowers solitary, from the pseudobulbs, or opening singly on a slowly elongating inflorescence,

or 2-3,.on'a single inflorescence» 3 «cn1.01./22eieh o(snivicl ate: cents e nel ae else he eee eee 98

Flowers more than 3 opening together on the same inflorescence .................-0005: 102

Flowers solitary from the stem below the leaves ................... Dendrobium spurium

Flowers or inflorescence from the apex of pseudobulbs ................000.0 cece ce eueee 99

Inflorescence slowly elongating, one flower opening at a time; short hairy .. Eria pulchella

Inflorescence: not ‘slowly elongating 2.7.45 ccs cteemiaer cc tenie tors arerarecn eve orn clerer sista lekev ati eneeere 100

Inflorescence with no distinct peduncle, flowers solitary ........... Dendrobium pumilum

Inflorescence with a distinct peduncle, woolly hairy, with 1-3 flowers ................... 101

Leaves fleshy, terete, slightly flat on one side; young shoots white-hairy ..... Eria pannea

Leaves elliptic-oblong; young shoots brown-hairy ..................-008- Eria leiophylla

Pseudobulbs to 12 cm long, ribbed; leaves to 30 by 4.5cm ..... Coelogyne foerstermannii

Pseudobulbs narrowly cylindrical, to 20 cm long, ribbed; leaves to 30 by ll cm ..........

a leiavpre, ene stayareihere tepals 0 oan Metabo Ghee pale eit re etaittor. aire Re toke see eters Coelogyne rochussenii

. ‘Stems’and leaves: laterally"flattened™ <icoccmcevaec sss ceveiccaieicaseas Grinch erro ene 104

Stems and leaves not laterally flattened; leaves sometimes circular in transverse section .... 117

. Inflorescence elongate, of many small flowers many opening together. ................+-- 105

Inflorescence'short, bearing 1-2" flowers at aitime ss eee ce ote nie ence cee aici ieee eee 112

Stems about 4 cm apart, leaves to 20 cm long and! ] cm wide ~- 2... 0 <n e....- sees

aa. 6: ahd’ bs wins Herbie ce roy choca te tepene UGS ane AVENEL ST oh sysitece je, aoe ahe overs) cusiezeeesancuey exe Hippeophyllum scortechinii

Stemsiclose together, forming tufts) <.ccececeie cere error cre ietete = raieret berths teiencie ere kisiee ner 106

. Leaves jointed ‘atithe base. <2 sesecsccusis ere susie ove o.s olehegeietayede rieseust overenes otorevefeasyeisKeaeie Tee rere 107

Léaves ‘not Jointed’ at: the base. s...0.. 0. scott Sacaenewasrosjetns cites caste ieTeeteie citer costo acl Oe eT eee 110

Rms 10 0) 9 ee ee Son er eR SEO ods OOO LOD LOO OF OTE COGS Oe oS 108

Stem 2:5) cmior more: LOMR? Siero. /ote re erent orese oye.creseie tw eves ogetey 1 eeeve topsloncPOL RS Se RCPS CREE RCI 109

Leaves to6cm long: ‘Only from! Mangkawili i -retteieiier tetetieletatsisieyareiei Oberonia calcicola

eaves) to Sicmior morevlongarcrem cece rene nee iste tr rier Oberonia dissitiflora

Midlobe. of lipsbilobed.ws:<)..c4 osha eect ees seer eae Oberonia flava

Midlobe of lop transversely oblong 35.22. .5...2260-0 4++ eee Oberonia transversiloba

Stem: 10 \emor MOTE ONG, s5:6ye:0;5 015-01 ereeseceterey see penederorerey suelo elkeLeVdechevsis eastexe rere Loses a evan 111

Stem! 3=5cmilonginflorescence’5 cmulong, = miseries sci arene telat Oberonia caudata

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 49

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

JN yf

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

23.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

Flowers on distinct pedicels; not completely covering rachis ......... Oberonia spathulata

Flowers lying on rachis, completely covering it ....................000. Oberonia anceps

Leaves very close together, bases overlapping. Once from limestone, Perlis ..............

I ers ee ee Settee ate Pods Mea laeaeals Sees bb heves Dendrobium excavatum

Leaves distinctly spaced; only sheathing parts overlapping .....................2..000-. 113

Meaves atiease SuInmMEapatt Stemithin, TIEXUOUS) <2. .cf2 2 sence cece cece occieccveteenset s = 114

MecAvespalraneeaicloser LOLEWIET; SEEMS |SEMTLCL fetes creiseccherte selec saree.6 ols wists wie aoe quale cetjenore 115

Leaves 3-5 cm long; flowers about 1.2 cm long .................. Dendrobium acerosum

Leaves under 2 cm long; flowers about 8 mm long .............. Dendrobium subulatum

Stem with the apical part devoid of normal leaves, floriferous .... Dendrobium aloifolium

PCIE AVAIL OUPTIOU Darr tiats, ctetere ac fepa occ te feasts .e.oc, yay s/o eae, 5 ahs w. ens wo alee wianeiarsvaie'si sidiclars ss 116

Stem with leaves to 2 cm wide; a large bilobed callus present at the base of the lip .......

PER ree act Ste ay ssc} cvs eiegsiels ats ahaha ee Bi cia s'tise wuapshays.ay2,aye's, Cae Dendrobium indivisum

Stem with leaves to 3.5 cm wide; a small unlobed callus present on the lip ...............

26 o bbe CORSE SSB OECD EGER AGNES RiGe TOOLS tte iE ern ee Dendrobium leonis

Leaves round in transverse section; stem to 40 cm long, very slender; flowers white .......

pong aca 20 ACOSO Mot D6 BODIE EGE Beene ae ee eee Dendrobium setifolium

IRCAL ESENGLALOUNGEANESECLION Marte aa ore oe ee arte Peete tec olga oa Dene 6 abe wlndlowae decals 118

Stem with a swollen base of 2 internodes, the rest slender ........ Dendrobium planibulbe

EC HINMO NSO MN sean ante a Aen a Ata rs 3 cn Sas se ste we See he ee fees Drees 119

Stem elongate, with a few leaves near the apex only (old stems may have lost all their leaves),

PandispaLmlOnecrathall the eaLyiPalts bares jercte a. oo cte eeidie o, dione nea he eles Sates Oe wee wees ae et 120

BETH OLESO MP Ey Toe a eroeiaa ay aaa av ave Ad vac ale els aware Rattan tee eee os is 122

Stem covered by red brown sheaths; flowers solitary ...................00-- Eria nutans

BrcinmMOmsorcOvered: flowers in! inflorescences... > .(2) 22 co he Secs he dee te acces tenes 121

Pseudobulbs strongly 4-angled in the upper part; inflorescence drooping to 20 cm long ....

PNM ON Far 57 fo¥.8 reve Yotetars ie tare tons a fa teviotove tole to so 10% 'nrevaie'a-erd oeetotate Dendrobium farmeri

Pseudobulbs not angled; inflorescence shorter ................... Dendrobium callibotrys

SCIMSLOVEL- 5 CIP lONP sa With SEVeLal COMMAMNYICAVES) «.<.c50.c css <seee wie aciew viciie nd oases qevac 123

Stems under 5 cm long, with a few leaves, the bases of which often cover the stem completely 138

Inflorescence a terminal dense head, 2.5-3 cm in diameter, hardly stalked ...............

2.5.0 10:0 6 BIS COREA ORO Oto Bae in Ori Sne Orin Seta Agrostophyllum majus

MLAMOENEST CS GTM gta s wi ONS B55 ODS SEI Ero 8 CHA TIE SOGo TESS O et OC OrrSe aera 124

IDEN LIB -2ea DPenGAages) MeATaILS DAS apie te reels erence ayorerel Siare isinia less ial eioiis «mee ae. saiciave 125

MIPRWItHENOrapPEHGAGES\e ere er. She Maes Peta d PRT a oe eee Reel Cowen sueeesaeees 133

BIO WersrsmidllemunGehal, Cir AGkOSS seine Aes) <P ween nic Deh Se kiew este da Seat clon ehlarheleels'er 126

FR OMCESBIELE CopILLOLG aM MINCMLACKOSS) stecssssave oisicicievorcyec Vac i) sresaysge Ovens eels: yioveveve « Syar aye aleve whys 132

Meavesmlessmnanwled Cm slONe =p POM imas Alc -.- seye: oterrs Roe os oys,ov cued Sieyd = tefere ia leat sevouer oimantels, c/Syete cloves ars 127

ILGAVES THORS TEMES ETI OTES fo ITE iio? i SSB Be a paes decon comer cero nn acer nemn dene 129

MeAVeSMOB Tn Widessacutel Seay ok cc focrreee i. «oes hes Nek «6 Seie%is 2 Cees Seale cit BINS 128

REAM ESEWIGET a CNUSELOUNGEG! ceicktsisic cisieiciciereicie.c # a-06 2% Gis s srarcievoiiatea Podochilus lucescens

Leaves about 6 by 1 mm, at a very acute angle to the stem; lip with 2 narrow appendages

AO yO NO NTE OC aC ee Reh PROCITE CECI COOTER RCE teen ane Podochilus tenuis

Leaves about 8 by 2 mm, spreading; lip with a simple broad appendage .................

= pelo 2 NS ES Oo DO Gy 5 oR © CITGO cRE RIS EARNERS O PRCIS Ie oer ieee cena Podochilus microphyllus

Floral bracts leaf like, closely overlapping, the inflorescence terminal ... Appendicula torta

BlOralbractseGinerentme irre. A. a.c tee See ea ccintale clavate titel sleyate/eioabe Moses cue lslelestele cues Oe tee 130

Stemandjleafssheaths) strongly flattened::.; i< sac. soja. foci) fue «fe Appendicula anceps

Srtembanlcsleatesheatnsenoteilatteme cn. titnce ea Secs ates, spasvenentper spore ovens) cbepncaxctamn yd voretetane ska 131

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Inflorescence lateral, slender, the scape as long or longer than the leaves ................

asta ery ofaNaSareYSNGLEL GW asi idiaqevayeel Se (a. @yRlicteage Mums Us we SHOE STSREI TET Hie ee ees Appendicula undulata

Inflorescence usually terminal, shorter than the leaves .............. Appendicula cornuta

Flowers numerous and densely arranged on one side of the inflorescence. Stems, 50 cm or more

LONG. 220.6 Few cee a cawlonn Gerke ees Se ee ee ee eee Dendrobium secundum

Flowers different, apparently solitary. Stems to 30 cm long. Only from Langkawi ........

a iat amataciaxhianie spa ondcve she aveoueneraherseatcter ore eu ate tanoreretaiezsversie tetera tere retens Dendrobium langkawiensis

Inflorescence}terminallionsub-terminallasce eee Cee eee reece eee EEE rer arncrn 134

Inflorescence ‘lateral = airocsssa ssccevory onties Cees Vetere, areies roy ToLet TORTOER eh Te Reena 136

Inflorescence!short;s1-2) cm withicloser2 ranked: bractSmr eee eee errr een ener 135

Inflorescence to 20 cm long. Only from Kelantan .......................-5- Eria citrina

Leaf sheaths with slender appendages on either side, at the base of the blade ............

To ae roe OT Eas IO OS Gals ABS OS CUO GOO dine Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum

Leaf sheaths without such appendages .....................-.. Agrostophyllum hasseltii

Inflorescence slender, 1 cm long, with 3-4 flowers, each less than 5 mm across ...........

a saan tneil' an anche evarat san edaee ou ateyetscays ener eT: Caen Tete Ic eRe one Pe eke Poaephyllum pauciflorum

Inflorescence! different;) flowers) larger, about. les! Cmracross) ei eesti eee 137

Stem erect, leaves thin, to 20 by 2 cm; inflorescence of 4-6 flowers ....... Eria leptocarpa

Stem pendulous, leaves thick, to 12 by 1 cm; inflorescence usually of 1 flower Eria rigida

Flowers' small; sepalsitoyabout;4ommi longi cere ciseireeiernisictercnsie cis cictcreiaicrie arene nee 139

Flowers much larger, lip) pouch=shaped) j.5- eee cniieeieeie eis ae Paphiopedilum lowii

Column-foot- well developed) 22.c.45.5 sins seen eels oe SOE IAS ae eee eee 140

Column-foot not developed: ..5:5 0.5 sysi0:6,0 ssjparnaiesoiery ney ues epee cxrareia accent eater en nee 141

Leaves 3-4; to 20 by 3 cm or smaller; scapes about 5 cm long or more Polystachya flavescens

Leaves to 9; to 5 cm by 4 mm; scapes to 2 cm long ................... Phreatia secunda

Rachis of inflorescence to 15 cm long. Stem tufted bearing about 5 leaves, the lower leaves

muchishorterithanithewuppern ....1ac. cee eerie eek Thelasis carinata

Rachis of inflorescence about 1.5 cm long; plant like the above but smaller ..............

se ays ce atte es aca cw Sates Moparre ageNa Pate tam odiane ote oMey orale Toren iohete aktene cP ohcic eee eRe renee Thelasis micrantha

Abdominea minimiflora (Hk.f.) J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 2) 25 (1917) 98. Carr, Gard.

Bull. S.S. 5 (1929) 20. Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75. Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 640.

Saccolabium minimiflorum Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 166.

A small plant, leaves to 5.5 by 1.7 cm, elliptic. Flowers reddish brown.

This us a rare plant in Malaya, which is also found in Java; it has been collected

mainly from the limestone hills usually as epiphytes but also on rocks.

Acampe longifolia Lindl., Foi. Orch., Acampe (1853) 1; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

625.

Saccolabium longifolium Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1980) 62.

Acampe penangiana Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 155.

Adenoncos major Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 350; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 154. Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 597.

A species found in many lowland localities. It has been collected a number of

times over limestone as epiphytes, and possibly once on rocks.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 51

Adenoncos parviflora Rild., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 350; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 154;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 598.

Recorded in Malaya from Perak and Selangor, uncommon. On limestone in

Selangor and also from Telok Forest Reserve (freshwater swamp).

Adenoncos sumatrana J.J.S., Bull. Dep. Ag. 22 (1909) 44; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

596.

A. virens Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 154; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 75.

In Malaya, found in many localities from the lowlands up to 1300 m. It is a com-

mon epiphyte on the dry summit of Bukit Takun in Selangor.

Aerides odoratum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2 (1790) 525; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 182; Carr,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 6 (1928) 65; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 698.

Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum J.J.S., Ic. Bog. 2 (1903) 55; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 108;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 487.

Agrostophyllum hasseltii (B1.) J.J.S., Ic. Bog. 2 (1903) 55. Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 108;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 488.

Agrostophyllum majus Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1890) 824; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 107; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 489.

Appendicula anceps Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 299; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 195; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 50S.

Appendicula cornuta Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 302; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 196; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

(1964) 505.

Common in Malaya in the lowlands. However, it has been collected from the

limestone only from Bukit Takun in Selangor, usually as epiphytes but also on

rocks.

Appendicula torta Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 303; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 198; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 50S.

Stems to 25 cm long, leaves to 1.6 by 0.5 cm; nearly at right angles to the stem,

oblong-elliptic, tips rounded. Inflorescence terminal, bracts leaf-like and closely

overlapping.

Distributed in Java, Sumatra and Borneo. In Malaya, chiefly found as epiphytes

on limestone hills; also on Taiping Hills (not limestone).

Appendicula undulata Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 301; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 505.

A. purpurascens De Vr., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 195; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75.

52 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Arachnis flos-aeris (L.) Rchb.f., Bot. Cent. 28 (1886) 343; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 616.

A. moschifera Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 159.

Stems long and stout, climbing; leaves to 17 by 5 cm; apex bilobed. Inflorescence

large, over 100 cm long; flowers about 10 cm across; with broad dark purple brown

streaks.

This scorpion orchid is distributed in Java, Sumatra and Borneo. In Malaya, it

is chiefly found on the limestone, growing from organic debris and climbing over

rocks and on trees stems.

Ascochilopsis myosurus (Ridl.) Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 5 (1929) 21; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 707.

Saccolobium myosurus Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 39 (1903) 84; id., Fl. 4 (1924)

M73:

Bulbophyllum apodum Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1890) 766; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 73; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 466.

Bulbophyllum concinnum Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1890) 189; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 70; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 454.

In Malaya, apart from the limestone field, found only in Johore and Singapore.

Collected from the limestone in Selangor and Kelantan from rather dry situations.

In Singapore and Johore found as epiphytes on old mangrove trees and by rivers.

Bulbophyllum fenestratum J.J.S., Bull. Dep. Ag. 13 (1907) 48; Carr, Gard. Bull.

S.S. 7 (1932) 33; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 411.

B. punctatissimum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 77.

B. rupicolum Ridl., |.c.; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75.

Rhizome creeping, pseudobulbs to 3.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, 4-angled. Leaves

fleshy 18 by 3 cm. Scape to 12 cm, dull purple. Sepals with purple spots.

Distributed in Java, Borneo and Sumatra. In Malaya, found mainly on the

limestone as epiphytes and also on rocks.

Bulbophyllum flammuliferum Ridl., J. Bot. 36 (1898) 211; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 74;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 451.

Rhizome creeping, stout. Pseudobulbs 3-6 cm or more apart, to 4.5 cm high.

Leaves about 12 by 2.8 cm, or more. Flowers yellow with orange tips.

Endemic and rare, chiefly from limestone; recorded from Kota Glanggi, Pahang,

and Gua Batu and Bukit Takun, Selangor.

Bulbophyllum lilacinum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 276; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 68;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 460.

Rhizome creeping, pseudobulbs to 6 cm long, narrowly ovoid and slightly

4-angled. Leaves fleshy, to 27 by 3.5 cm. Flowers pale mauve or nearly white.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 53

Distributed in peninsular Thailand and northern Malaya. In Malaya, chiefly on

limestone as epiphytes and occasionally on rocks.

Bulbophyllum membranaceum T. et B., Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 3 (1885) 397;

Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 64; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 430.

Bulbophyllum pulchellum Ridl., Mats. 1 (1907) 83; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 80; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 415.

Bulbophyllum sessile (Koen.) J.J.S., Fl. Btzg 6 (1905) 448; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

451.

Epidendrum sessile Koen., Retz. Obs. 6 (1791) 60.

B. clandestinum Lind; in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 69.

Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1 (1833) 432; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 119;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 153.

Calanthe rubens Ridl., Gard. Chron. 1 (1890) 576; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 151.

Preptanthe rubens Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 123.

Pseudobulbs ovoid and angled, about 8 cm long. Leaf blades to 40 by 15 cm.

Scape hairy, to 50 cm long; rachis many flowered. Flowers pink with crimson.

Distributed in Thailand and northern Malaya, terrestrial and restricted to

limestone.

Calanthe triplicata (Will.) Awes, Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 2 (1907) 326; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 154.

C. veratrifolia R. Br. in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 119.

Orchis triplicata Will., Usteri Ann. Bot. 6 (1796) 52.

Found in the lowlands, especially in freshwater swamp-forest, and extending on

to the hills to almost 1600 m. It is also the commonest species of Calanthe on

limestone; being frequently found in partly to completely shaded areas with deep or

shallow soils, especially where there is a slight accumulation of decaying litter.

Calanthe vestita Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1833) 250; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 151.

Preptanthe vestita Rchb.f, in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 123.

Pseudobulbs large, ovoid and angled to 10 cm long; leaves to about 45 by 12 cm.

Scape to 70 cm long hairy; flowers, well-spaced; bracts broad, 1.5 cm long.

Distributed in Thailand, Borneo and Celebes; in Malaya, collected only once.

This specimen was growing as an epiphyte on the top of Gua Batu in Selangor

(Ridley s.n. Dec. 1896).

Camarotis apiculata Rchb.f., Bonpl. 5 (1857) 39; Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1932) 54;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 633.

Saccolabium saxicolum Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1893) 374; id., Fl. 4 (1924)

172; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 78.

54 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Ceratostylis pendula Hk.f., F.B.1. 5 (1890) 826; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 111; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 496.

Endemic to Malaya, widely distributed in the lowlands but not very common, col-

lected only once over limestone (UNESCO 455 from Gua Musang, Kelantan).

Coelogyne asperata Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. 4 (1849) 221; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 131;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 253.

Coelogyne pallens Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 39 (1903) 81; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 135;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 248.

This species is known from Kedah Peak, Taiping Hills and one limstone locality

(Bukit Takun in Selangor).

Coelogyne pandurata Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne (1854) 7; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 133;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 254.

Coelogyne rochussenii de Vr., III. Orch. (1954) t. 2; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 131;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 257.

Corbyas mucronatus (Bl.) Schltr, Fed. Rep. 19 (1923) 20; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

93.

Corysanthes mucronata Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 205;; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75.

Corymborchis brevistylis (Hk.f.) Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1953) 144, op. cit. (3rd ed.)

(1964) 146.

Corymbis brevistylis Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1890) 91.

Stem to 60 cm tall. Leaves 12-15 by 5-7.5 cm. Inflorescence with few flowers, col-

umn 8 mm long.

Endemic and known from a single record made on limestone at Kuala Dipang,

Perak.

Corymborchis rhytidocarpa (Hk.f.) Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1953) 144, op. cit. (3rd ed.)

(1964) 146.

Corymbis longiflora Hk.f., in Ridl., 4 (1924) 208.

C. rhytidocarpa Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1890) 92.

This is a lowland plant. It has been recorded only once from limestone, growing

from rock crevices. (Molesworth-Allen 4435 from Gunong Tempurong, Perak)

Corymborchis veratrifolia Bl., Fl. Jav. N.S. (1858) 105; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

144.

Corymbis longiflora Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1890) 92; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 208; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. R. As. Spc. 17 (1939) 75.

Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. (1869) 710; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 146;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 75; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 519.

C. acutum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 334.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 55

Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1833) 164. Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

145; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 520.

Dendrobium acerosum Lind., Bot. Reg. 30 (1841) 86; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 38; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 338.

Dendrobium aloifolium (Bl.) Rchb.f., Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 279; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 330.

D. serra Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 35.

Dendrobium excavatum (Bl.) Miaq., Fi. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 644; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 336.

D. atropurpureum quoad Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 39.

Dendrobium farmeri Paxt., Mag. 15 (1849) 241; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 282.

Dendrobium indivisum (Bl.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 630; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 322.

D. eulophotum Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 35; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 76.

Dendrobium langkawiense Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54 (1909) 49; Holtt., Fi.

Mal. 1 (1964) 320.

Stem to 30 cm long; leaves about 5 by 0.6 cm. Flowers apparently solitary.

Endemic and known only from a single collection from Langkawi. A second

specimen collected by Corner in 1941 from Pulau Chupak, Langkawi is doubtfully

this species.

Dendrobium leonis (Lind.) Rchb.f., Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 280; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 37;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 334.

Dendrobium planibulbe Lindl., Bot. Reg. (1843) 54: Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 41: Holtt.,

Fl. Mal.1 (1964) 328.

Dendrobium pumilum Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 61: Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 34; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 275.

Dendrobium salaccense (Bl.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 86; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 341.

D. gemellum Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 ( 1924) 40.

Stem slender to 100 cm long. Leaves to 13 by 1.7 cm. Inflorescence of 2 flowers

at the nodes.

Distributed in Java. An epiphyte but more frequently found on rocks and roots

on shaded to semi-exposed summits on limestone, fairly common, but unknown

outside the limestone field.

56 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Dendrobium secundum (Bl.) Lind., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 81. Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

46; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 316.

Pedilonum secundum BI., Bijdr. (1825) 322.

Dendrobium setifolium Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 31 (1896) 270; Carr, Gard. Bull. S. 5

(1929) 6; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 326.

D. gracile Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1929) 41.

Dendrobium spurium (Bl.) J.J.S., Fl. Btzg 6 (1905) 343; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

Did

D. euphlebium Rchb.f. ex Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 44; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. as. Soc. 17 (1939) 76.

Dendrobium subulatum (B\.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 71; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

39; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 339.

Dipodium pictum (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Xen. Orch. 2 (1862) 15; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 147;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 513; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 513.

Ephemerantha fimbriata (Bl.) P.F. Hunt et Summ., Taxon 10 (1916) 103.

Desmotrichum fimbriatum Bl., Bijdr. (1824) 329; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 30;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76.

Dendrobium plicatile Lindl., Bot. Reg. (1840) 10: Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 267.

Ephemerantha luxurians (J.J.S.) Hunt et Summ., Taxon 10 (1961) 105.

Dendrobium luxurians J.J.S., Bull Btzg Ser. 3 (1921) 288; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 267.

Desmotrichum luxurians Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1932) 9.

Eria citrina Ridl., Kew Bull., (1924) 204; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 89; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 366.

Eria leiophylla Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 3 (1859) 57; Hkf., F.B.I. 5 (1890) 809; Ridl.,

Fl. 4 (1924) 99; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 379.

Eria leptocarpa Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1890) 805; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 88; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 370.

Eria nutans Lindl., Bot. Reg. 26 (1840) 83; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 94; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 368.

Eria pannea Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28 (1842) 64; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 99; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. as. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 380.

Eria pulchella Lindl., Bot. Reg. 27 (1841) 52; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 372.

E. pendula Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 89; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76.

E. rigida Rchb.f, in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76.

Tylostylis rigida Bl., in Ridl., op. cit. 104.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 3y7/

Eria vestita Lindl., Bot. Reg. 30 (1844) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 359.

Trichotosia vestita Krzl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 100.

Eulophia keithii Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 333; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 142; Holtt., Fl

Mal. 1 (1964) 536.

Pseudobulbs about 10 cm long, with about 5 leaves. Leaves to 30 by 1 cm, tapered

at both ends. Inflorescence 30-40 cm long; flowers greenish.

According to Holttum found only in Langkawi and mainland Kedah; but ap-

parently also found in peninsular Thailand (Ridley). Probably restricted to

limestone but the records are not conclusive.

Geodorum Citrinum Jacks., Andr. Bot. Rep (1810) t. 626; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 143;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 539.

Goodyera hispida Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 1 (1857) 183; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 123.

Plant to 20 cm tall, with 4-6 leaves. Leaves 2.5-7 by 1.2-2.7 cm, base rounded,

apex acute, flushed pink with whitish or pinkish vein-network. Inflorescence erect,

to 12 cm; flowers close together and subtended by prominent bracts.

Distributed in the southern Himalayas. In Malaya, restricted to limestone; first

found on Gua Ninek, Kelantan. Subsequently also from Selangor. Grows on

sheltered localities in small soil pockets amongst boulders.

Habenaria carnea N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. 2 (1891) 729; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 227;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 84.

Tuberous; stem erect, leaves from near the base, to 10 by 4 cm; olive green with

pale spots. Inflorescence terminal; upper sepal and petal forming a hood, lip to 3

cm long, 3-lobed.

This species is restricted to limestone in Langkawi and peninsular Thailand at low

elevation.

Habenaria kingii Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1890) 144; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 299; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 76; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 87.

Plant 30-50 cm; leaves 4-6, near the base; blade to 16 by 5 cm. Inflorescence to

30 cm long, flowers pale green, upper sepal about 6 mm long.

Endemic and restricted to the limestone in Perak and once from Kedah.

Habenaria reflexa BI., Bijdr. (1825) 403; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 85.

H. kingii Hk.f., quoad Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 228.

Plant like H. kingii Hk.f., but inflorescence to 10 cm long; upper sepal and petal

forming a hood 4 mm long.

Distributed in Java and Sumatra. In Malaya usually from limestone in Pahang,

Perak and Kedah.

58 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Hippeophyllum scortechinii (Hk.f.) Schltr, Engl. Jhrb. (1911) 45; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

18; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 255.

Liparis caespitosa (Thou.) Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11 (1825) 882; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

205.

L. comosa Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 229; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 23; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77.

Liparis compressa (Bl.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 32; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 24;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 209.

Malaxis compressa Bl., Bijdr. (1925) 390.

Distributed from Sumatra to the Philippines. Found in mountain forests in

Malaya at 1300-1600 m. Recorded once on limestone at low elevation (UNESCO 55

from Bertam, Kelantan, growing on rocks).

Liparis gibbosa Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 55 (1908) 342; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

209.

L. disticha Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 24; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 77.

Malaxis calophylla (Rchb.f.) Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 673; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 197.

Microstylis calophylla Rchb.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 11.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. Recorded in Malaya from Penang Hill and

on limestone at Baling, Kedah; now also known to be found on the limestone at Gua

Musang, Kelantan. This Kelantan record is the southernmost location for this

species.

Malaxis latifolia Sm., Rees Cycl. (1819) 22; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 195.

Microstylis congesta Rchb.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 12; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77.

Malaxis micrantha (H.k.f.) Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 673; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

197.

Microstylis flavoviridis Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 12.

Microstylis micrantha Hk.f., in Ridl., l.c.

Malaxis reniloba (Carr) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. S. 11 (1947) 263; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 195.

Microstylis reniloba Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1932) 5; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R.

As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77.

Restricted to limestone in Perlis and peninsular Thailand.

Malleola dentifera J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 3) 9 (1927) 171; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

02.

Saccolabium undulatum quoad Carr, J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 6 (1928) 64.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 59

Malleola undulata (Ridl.) J.J.S. et Schltr, Orch. Dtsch. Neu-Guin. (1914) 981;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 711.

Saccolabium undulatum Ridl., in Fl. 4 (1924) 172.

S. sylvestre Ridl., op. cit. 168.

Stem to 15 cm or more long. Leaves to 14 by 2 cm, apex unequal. Inflorescence

pendulous to 16 cm long. Flowers many, yellow.

Endemic. Recorded only twice, from Perak, as epiphytes on limestone hills.

Miscrosaccus ampullaceus J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 3) 5 (1922) 99; Carr, Gard. Bull.

S.S. 7 (1922) 52; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 594.

Microsaccus brevifolius J.J.S., Ic. Bog. 3 (1906) 63; Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1922)

52; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 594.

Microsaccus javensis Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 368; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 175; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 595.

Distributed in Java. In Malaya, recorded from the southern half. Collected from

limestone in Selangor and Kelantan. (The identification of Kelantan specimens

UNESCO 300 and 472 is doubtful). This species is common on Bukit Takun,

Selangor.

Oberonia anceps Lindl., Sert. Orch. (1838) t. 8; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 15; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 219.

Oberonia calcicola Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 248; id., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 217.

Stems very stout. Leaves about 6, spreading out evenly like a fan, to 5.5 by 0.9

cm. Inflorescence slender, to 10 cm long. Flowers in whorls of about 6.

Endemic. Known in Malaya from a single record (Henderson 21398) from the

limestone at Langkawi as an epiphyte. Also from peninsular Thailand

Oberonia caudata King et Prantl., J.R. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1897) 581; Ridl., Fl. 4

(1924) 18; Seid. et Smit. Orch. Thai. (1959) 157; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 221.

Stem 3-5 cm long with 4-5 leaves. Leaves at 45 degrees to the stem, tips incurved,

5 by 0.4 cm. Inflorescence about 5 cm long, decurved.

Stem 3-5 cm long with 4-5 leaves. Leaves at 45 degrees to the stem, tips incurved,

5 by 0.4 cm. Inflorescence about 5 cm long, decurved.

Recorded once from Thailand. In Malaya, known from a collection made by

Scortechini in Perak. More recently recorded on limestone from Kelantan

(UNESCO 337, from Gua Serai).

Oberonia dissitiflora Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 218; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

218.

O. lunata Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 14.

60 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Oberonia flava Ridl., J. F.M.S. Mus. 4 (1909) 64; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 17; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 214.

This very rare endemic, until 1962, was known only from a single collection from

Telom, to the East of Cameron Highlands in Pahang. The second known collection

(UNESCO 309) is from over limestone in Kelantan.

Oberonia spathulata Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 16; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 17;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 220.

Oberonia transversiloba Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 285; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 214.

Stems 3-5 cm long with about 6 leaves. Leaves at a very acute angle to the stem,

to 9.5 by 0.5 cm. Inflorescence erect, to 16 cm long. Flowers in whorls, yellow

orange.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya. Until 1962 known from Gua Tipus in north

Pahang (Henderson 19448). Now recorded from Kelantan. This species is probably

more common than the records suggest.

Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.) Pfitz., in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 19 (1894) 42; Ridl., Fl.

4 (1924) 232; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 73.

Cypripedium lowii Lindl., Gard. Chron. (1847) 765.

Paphiopedilum niveum (Rchb.f.) Pfitz., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19 (1894) 40; Ridl., Fl.

4 (1924) 231; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Seid. et Smit., Orch.

Thai. (1958) 10; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 69.

Plant fleshy. Leaves almost horizontal, surface with pale purple mottling on a

dark green background; undersurface purple. Inflorescence about 12 cm long with

1-2 large flowers which are 5-6 cm across.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. In Malaya, only from Langkawi where it is

restricted to limestone and often locally abundant in partly shaded situations; grow-

ing on soil and from rock crevices.

Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda) Bl. et Rchb.f., Hamb. Gartenz. 16 (1860) 116;

Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 156; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 667.

Phalaenopsis decumbens (Griff.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 286; id., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 669.

Aerides decumbens Griff., Notul. 3 (1851) 365.

Kingiella decumbens Rolfe., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 158.

Pholidota pallida Lindl., Bot. Reg. (1836) 1777; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 237.

P. imbricata sensu Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 139; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 77.

Pseudobulbs conical, 3-6 cm long. Leaves fleshy to 30 by 6 cm; plicate. In-

florescence to 30 cm long, with numerous flowers and persistent semi-circular

bracts.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 61

Distributed in Burma and southern China and southwards to Australia. Common

on the limestone in Malaya, but also found in lowland forest. This species grows

in partly shaded areas but will tolerate extreme exposure.

Phreatia secunda (Bl.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 64; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

eee

P. microtidis Lindl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 106.

P. minutiflora Lindl., in Ridl., op. cit. 105; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 77.

Poaephyllum pauciflorum (Hk.f.) Ridl., Mats. 1 (107) 109; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 109;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 511.

Agrostophyllum pauciflorum Hk.f., F.B.I. 5 (1890) 824.

Eria minutiflora Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 297.

Podochilus lucescens Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 295; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 193; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 502.

Podochilus microphyllus Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1825) 234; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

193; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 500.

Podochilus tenuis (Bl.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1833) 235; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 193;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 500.

Polystachya flavescens (Bl.) J.J.S., Fl. Btzg 6 (1905) 284; Holtt., Fl. Mal. (1964)

500.

P. penangensis Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 152.

P. siamensis Ridl., op. cit. 152; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 77.

Pomatocalpa kunstleri (Hk.f.) J.J.S., Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 72 (1912) 104.

Saccolabium pubescens Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 31 (1896) 295; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 174.

Cleisostoma kunstleri Hk.f., Ic. Pl. (1895) t. 2335.

Pomatocalpa latifolium (Lindl.) J.J.S., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. 72 (1912) 105; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 628.

Cleisostoma latifolium Lindl., Bot. Reg. 26 (1840) 60.

Saccolabium hortense Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 167.

S. latifolium var parviflorum Ridl., op. cit. 166.

Pomatocalpa naevatum J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 2) 9 (1913) 106; Seid et Smit., Orch.

Thai (1964) 653; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 630.

Saccolobium latifolium var strictum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 166.

Stem climbing. Leaves 10-18 by 1.5-2.4 cm. Inflorescence 15-40 cm, branched,

flowers greenish yellow with red brown spots.

Distributed in Thailand and Java. Restricted to limestone in Malaya. Known

from Gua Batu, Selangor and Gua Musang, Kelantan.

62 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Pomatocalpa spicatum Breda, Orch. Kuhl et Hass. (1827) t. 15; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 628.

Saccolabium hobsonii Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 167.

S. uteriferum Ridl., op. cit. 168.

Pteroceras ciliatum (Ridl.) Holtt., Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 269; Seid. et Smit., Orch.

Thai. (1964) 820.

Dendrocolla ciliata Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 188.

Sarcochilus ciliatus (Ridl.) J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 3) 8 (1926) 63; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 690.

Pteroceras hirsutum (Hk.f.) Holtt., Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 270.

Ascochilus hirsutus Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 182.

Sarcochilus hirsutus Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1890) 38; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 691.

Pteroceras tanyphyllum (Ridl.) Holtt., Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 271.

Sarcochilus tanyphyllus Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 179; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 78; Holtt., F. Mal. 1 (1964) 686.

Stems to 5 cm long. Leaves many, to 40 by 4 cm or usually less, with an unequally

bilobed apex. Inflorescence to 13 cm long; bracts spreading. Flowers pale yellow

with purple spots at the base of lateral sepals; about 3-4 cm across.

Endemic to limestone, previously known only from Kota Glanggi in Pahang.

Now known from Kelantan as well, where it is not uncommon.

Renanthera elongata Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1833) 218; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 160;

Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 634.

Renanthera histrionica Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. (1878) 74; Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai

(1962) 591; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 634.

Renantherella histrionica Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 355; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 161.

Sarcanthus machadonis (Ridl.) J.J.S., Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 72 (1912) 89; Holtt.,

Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 652.

Saccolabium machadonis Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 168.

Sarcanthus rugulosus (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 288, id., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 659.

Saccolabium rugulosum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 168.

Stem 15 cm. Leaves spreading to 13 by 1.3 cm, slightly constricted at 0.5-1.5 cm

from the apex. Infloresence 1.5 cm long with a few flowers. Flowers yellow, spotted

red.

Endemic to Malaya; formerly known only from a single collection from Kedah

Peak (not limestone). Now known from two other numbers from the Kelantan

limestone (UNESCO 38, 358).

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 63

Sarcanthus sacculatus Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 368; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

653. Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1964) 695.

Saccolabium sacculatum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 172; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 17 (1939) 78.

Sarcanthus scortechinii Hk.f., F.B.1. 6 (1890) 68; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 655; Seid.

et Smit., Orch. Thai (1964) 675.

Saccolabium scortechinii Ridl., Fl. 4 (1974) 169.

Sarcanthus subulatus (B\.) Rchb.f., Bonpl. 5 (1857) 41; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

654.

Saccolabium secundum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 169; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 78.

Sarcanthus termissus Rchb.f., Hamb. Gartenz. 16 (1860) 15; J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser.

3) 8 (1926) 367; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 657.

Stem to 6 cm long, stout, with about 10 leaves. Leaves to 23 by 1.8 cm. In-

florescence pendulous, to 25 cm, unbranched or with a few branches. Flowers pale

green; sepals and petals with dull purple-red median bands.

Distributed in Java and Sumatra. In Malaya, known only from Langkawi, and

Lenggong in in Perak; the Lenggong collection is from limestone and the Langkawi

ones are probably also.

Schoenorchis micrantha Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 362. Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1962)

612; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 663.

Saccolabium perpusillum Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 171.

Spathoglottis hardingiana Par. et Rchb.f., Otia. Bot. Hamb. 1 (1878) 45; Ridl., FI.

4 (1924) 118; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 78; Seid. et Smit., Orch.

Thai. (1961) 341; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 167.

Plant with small round pseudobulbs. Leaves to about 15 cm long; Scape to:20

cm long, rachis elongated; flowers about 2.5 cm wide; crimson to pale pinkish-

purple.

Distributed in Lower Burma and Thailand. In Malaya, it is restricted to the

limestone on Langkawi. This is a terrestrial species, growing from soil and rock

crevices in partly shaded localities, often close to the sea.

Staurochilus fasciatus (Rchb.f.) Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 351, id., Fl. 4 (1924)

157; Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1962) 600.

Trichoglottis fasciata Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. (1872) 699; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

644.

Taeniophyllum culiciferum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 176; Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1932)

73; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 592; Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai (1964) 718.

Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J.S., Bull. Inst. Bot. Btzg 7 (1900) 4; Carr, Gard. Bull.

64 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

S.S. 7 (1932) 80; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 593; Seid et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1964)

720.

T. macrorhizum Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 176.

Taeniophyllum obtusum Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 35; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 592; Seid.

et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1964) 722.

T. serrula Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 176.

Thecostele alata (Roxb.) Par. et Rchb., T. Linn. Soc. 30 (1874) 135; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

1 (1964) 558; Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1961) 514.

T. maculosa Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 191; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939)

78.

T. zollingeri Rchb.f., in Ridl. op. cit. 192.

Thelasis carinata Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 385; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 200; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 78; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 550.

Thelasis micrantha (Brongn.) J.J.S., Fl. Btzg 6 (1905) 495; Seid. et Smit., Orch.

Thai. (1961) 461; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 551.

T. decurva Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 200; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 78.

Thelasis succosa Carr, Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1932) 35; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 550.

Pseudobulbs lying on rhizome, about 1 cm diameter and 7 mm tall. Leaves fleshy,

almost terete, to 15 cm long and 1 cm wide. Inflorescence from between

pseudobulbs, scape to 15 cm long, rachis gradually elongating to about 4 cm; bracts

persistent and deflexed, overlapping. Flowers whitish.

Endemic and restricted to limestone. Previously known only from Kota Glanggi

in Pahang. Now also known from Gua Musang, Kelantan and Bukit Chintamani,

Pahang. Epiphytic.

Thelasis triptera Rchb.f., Bonpl. 3 (1855) 219; Seid. et Smit., Orch. Thai. (1961)

458; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 550.

T. elongata Bl., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 199; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 78.

Thrixspermum album (Ridl.) Schltr, Orchis 5 (1911) 2;; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964)

613.

Dendrocolla alba Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 188.

Thrixspermum amplexicaula (Bl.) Rchb.f., Xen. Orch. 2 (1867) 121; Holtt., Fl. Mal.

i (1964) 602.

T. lilacinum Rchb.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 184.

Trichoglottis misera (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 292; Seid. et Smit.,

Orch. Thai. (1962) 604; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 643.

Saccolabium miserum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 359; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 171.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 65

Trichoglottis retusa Bl., Bijdr. (1825) 360; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 162; Henders., J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 78; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 642.

Stem long-climbing. Leaves 7-12 by 1.5-2 cm; ends unequally bilobed. In-

florescence 1-flowered, 1-3 at a node. Flowers greenish yellow with red-brown spots,

2-3 cm across.

Distributed in Java, Sumatra and Borneo. In Malaya, found chiefly on limestone,

in Kelantan, Pahang and Selangor.

Trichoglottis winkleri J.J.S., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 48 (1912) 105; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1

(1964) 641.

var. minor J.J.S., Bull. Btzg (ser. 2) 26 (1918) 102; Holtt., op. cit. 642.

Stem pendulous, about 30 cm long. Leaves about 5 by 1.3 cm. Inflorescence

1-flowered, 1-3 at a node. Flowers pale yellow with brown spots and streaks.

The typical variety is distributed in Borneo and Sumatra; known in Malaya only

from Port Swettenham and Cameron Highlands. Var. minor is distributed in Java

and recorded from Malaya once only (Kota Glanggi, Pahang).

Tropidia curculigoides Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1840) 497; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 209;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 79; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 143.

Uncifera tenuicaulis (Hk.f.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 292; Seid. et Smit.,

Orch. Thai. (1962) 642; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 665.

Saccolabium tenuicaule Hk.f., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 171.

Stem to 30 cm long, more or less pendulous. Leaves well spaced, to 12 by 0.6 cm.

Inflorescence very short, from nodes, each with 1-3 flowers. Midlobe as long as the

forward curving spur, with 2 small diverging curved horns at the very tip.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand. In Malaya, found chiefly on limestone in

Pahang, Selangor, Perak and Langkawi.

Vandopsis gigantea (Lindl.) Pfitz., Nat. Pflanz. 6 (1889) 210; Seid. et Smit., Orch.

Thai (1962) 586; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 647.

Vanda gigantea Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1833) 215.

Stauropsis gigantea Benth., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 155.

Excluded Species

Tainia plicata Ridl. ex Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 78.

According to Henderson this species is known only from Gua Tipus limestone in

Pahang. I have not been able to trace this in any literature, nor have I seen any

specimens.

Notes

Dendrobium tetrodon Rchb.f. ex Lind., J. Linn. Soc. 3 (1859) 10; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

45; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 293.

66 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Endemic to Malaya, not uncommon in open places in the lowlands. Two numbers

from limestone are doubtfully identified as this species, UNESCO 444 & 456 from

Gua Musang, Kelantan.

Paphiopedilum barbatum (Lindl.) Pfitz., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19 (1894) 41; Holtt., Fl.

Mal. 1 (1964) 77.

Locally common, recorded on Gunong Blumut and G. Ledang in Johore, Penang

Hill, Kedah Peak and several other isolated small hills in westcoast. Strangely not

recorded on the main range.

Usually in shaded places with peaty or mossy substrate. What appears to be this

species has been seen on Gunong Tempurong, Perak. (I am grateful to Mr. Lee Toh

Ming for his information.)

Pomatocalpa setulense (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1947) 287; Seid. et Smit.,

Orch. Thai. (1964) 652; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 628.

Saccolabium setulense Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 167; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 78.

Stem to 5 cm long. Leaves: fleshy, at the end of stems, to 19 by 2.5 cm. In-

florescence to 15 cm with few branches. Flowers pale yellow, lateral sepals

sometimes with reddish spots at the base.

A rare plant which according to records is restricted to limestone in peninsular

Thailand and Perlis, Malaysia. The specimen thought to be from Malaya (Ridley

15226) was collected from Bukit Rajah Wang, Setul. All previous authors have im-

plicitly or explicitly expressed Setul to be within the Malayan boundary. According

to present maps, however, Setul is within Thai territory. But this plant is very likely

to be found in Malaya proper.

Thunia alba Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitschr. (1852) 764; Holtt., Fl. Mal. 1 (1964) 185.

This species has also been recorded from limestone in Setul.

PALMAE*

1. Leaves. palmate: .. .. 0.455. 2a oe Bee oo es See oes es ners. Sener ocier eee 2

Léaves-pinnaté or bipinnate .j3.3054 seca es Sea see Oe CE aerate 6

2. Major divisions of leaf reaching the insertion on the petiole; leaflets wedge-shaped ........

one Mir cnn Grn oo dao Good CO ABO ds 6 DO QADOL Oe OOO Good Licuala modesta

Major divisions of leaf notreachingsthespetioleseeeere reece oeeeriieeteiertiante 3

3. Petioles armed with stout spines; fruits 1.5-2 cm diameter, blue green .... Livistona saribus

Petioles tinarmed! '07s<5:...2 55, Hie ocak are Sire One oA ee ete mT reve ear arnt eray oreteyarer nee ere Taner 4

4. Leaves massive, petiole channelled, with very sharp edges; leaflets compound .............

sriguailayave'S wxocdlshsd « ehage'h -«: aim yehd Bye Saeko epee ees Deer eee ee eee Borassodendron machadonis

Keaves:small> petiolenotchannelledae- eee eee rere reer eer eterna 5

5. Leafsheaths formed of broad laminate fibres. Only from Langkawi ... Maxburretia gracilis

Leafsheaths formed of fine dark fibres. Only from Selangor ........ Maxburretia rupicola

* The generous help of Dr. J. Dransfield (KEW) with this family is gratefully acknowledged.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV

11.

13:

14.

ME AVCSESIIT DMMP ITITiAl Caper Sete RNP Sorcte a oe re toes. ssl atelo cPeeie siete he Sie. wig Sh hae ee ete as pe oROE EE

CARES EDIDINNALC ML riot ae Sirsa choy sista lars ape, © ios alee fee Nees «ha de e Lela’ Caryota mitis

. SITS PEUTIC eo eee Soe so SES BOSE OHSS Ge FO Uo SCE Brg O CCE Cet i aaa

PAH SENV | ALIN SERENE eee PCE Cari e So a AER ie a1) Pelein, «1 ts od eevee auaia. as vt d we aos So vee He de Ree

. Massive clustering palm with crownshaft ........................ Onchosperma horridum

Slender palms without crownshaft (rattans, 1 species acaulescent) .....................00-

. Leaflets with white indumentum below; whole leaf ending in a barbed whip (cirrus) .......

cn. SSSA 00 SQOS08 BODES p SURES O Oe COR DOCS OC Oe Inet iit Plectocomia griffithii

Leaflets concolorous; leaf without cirrus; barbed whip (flagellum) borne on leafsheath .....

meenealemeatictsels-30/Dygc4-1 SiCMs ne ce se cic ee cece gece ssc bes ac ueeihe dope bile se faae

Ge PEAS GAS TID ENSUE ee Ne SE ee Oe en Se ee ee ae

Leaflets equidistant. Leafsheaths densely covered with 2-5 cm-long spines ................

lier acted eng eee arts Bicey GR OOURE Gee eae Calamus balingensis

Leaflets grouped. Leafsheaths with spines to 2 cm long .. Calamus siamensis var malaianus

Middle leaflets 30-60 by 3-3.5 cm. Fruits 0.8-1 cm long ............... Calamus concinnus

Middle leaflets 60-80 by 5-8 cm. Fruits 3-3.5 cm long .................. Calamus ornatus

GIP GENTS GTin@ APs Behctatiige alist or gio OF c GE OCS MES CTO rere tones Areca triandra

PAMES-EIPISISCLE ALCS (PLACIN GESC) Pat tsts <b te 152s ciao < BS Oye «aye oR S SWISS a hs Te a slesios a\eetee Se

Massive palms, with, leaves; to, 10)m.Or More Ong «opera, s:chcin.,diepo¥s « oie ere 6,018 046.8 02'S © Sisie aici e ee «

Slender undergrowth palms; leaves rarely exceeding 2m ..................00ceeeeeeeeeee

. Stem solitary, monocarpic with basipetal inflorescence production; trunk covered with black

TES - ns gediat ce dhGend bg de Dene a to SOPs Gone fe AO nee eee ae Arenga pinnata

Stem clustered, polycarpic with acropetal inflorescence production; trunk eventually bare

SR Oe ne to MSc Joie aca Siojsuc tele lois eneveis''a Gia a Sieve adtares Gla aes Arenga westerhoutii

BERCERST AME ALIEESDICSEMUAT tet - everson ties oe abuses’ ova gale bladed vadiec Arenga hookeriana

“ERRATTEN TEER CECI SUTTER Se ede US GLE ORCS OG cL Gene OPEC eM Germ ne ae ee

. Inflorescence unbranched; fruits elongate with a pronounced hook at the tip .............

+ aor Sty SoBe oeneigh fe Se ikoc 0 IOS OCR CIE ats, Ceo a eee ie ee Iguanura corniculata

Inflorescence branched (rarely unbranched); fruits curved, with no pronounced hook at the tip

ee Te TN. IL AP yos AMES SS ft Nek aide wisiel slaves Bre FS Sue 0 a's Iguanura polymorpha

Areca triandra Roxb., (Hort. Beng. (1814) 68, nom. nud.), Fl. Indica 3 (1832) 617;

Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 4; Henders., Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85; Whitmore,

Palms Mal. (1973) 35.

Common palm at 700-1300 m, uncommon in the lowlands. Recorded from

limestone in Langkawi at near sea-level.

Arenga hookeriana (Becc.) Whitmore, Principes 14 (1970) 124; id., Palms Mal.

(1973) 37.

Didymosperma hookerianum Becc., Malesia 3 (1889) 186; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 20;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85.

South Thailand. In Malaya only from the east coast; not uncommon in lowland

forest, recorded several times from limestone.

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr., Int. Herb. Amb. (1917) 119; Whitmore, Palms

Mal. (1973) 37.

68 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Recorded once from limestone in Malaya (Whitmore FRI 4267 from Gua

Musang, Kelantan).

Arenga westerhoutii Griff., Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1845) 475; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 19;

Whitmore, Palms Mal. (1973) 38.

Locally gregarious in lowland forest. Not uncommon on the lower slopes and

gullies of limestone hills.

Borassodendron machadonis (Ridl.) Becc., Webbia 4 (1914) 361; Whitmore, Palms

Mal. (1973) 39.

Borassus machadonis Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 71; Molesworth-Allen, M.N.J. 18 (1964)

168.

Peninsular Thailand. Recorded from limestone at Gua Musang, Kelantan; con-

spicuous on Gunong Datok, Perak. Rare in the wild.

Calamus balingensis Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 15 (1956) 240.

Calamus sp. in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85.

Solitary. Leaf-sheaths densely covered by 2-5 cm long spines. Leaves 1.6-2 m

long. Male spadix slightly longer than the leaves, with about 6 branches. Female

inflorescence unknown.

Endemic and known from only one collection (Furtado 33073, Gunong Baling,

Kedah).

Calamus concinnus Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 208; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 50;

Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 15 (1956) 211.

Plectocomiopsis ferox Ridl., op. cit. 66.

Peninsular Thailand. Rare; in Malaya known from only three collections, one of

which is from limestone (Haniff & Nur 7087, Telok Apau, Langkawi).

Calamus ornatus Bl. var horridus Becc. in Hk.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 6 (1893) 460; Furt.,

Gard. Bull. S. 15 (1956) 202.

C. ornatus Bl. sensu Griff., Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 37; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 54.

Endemic; in lowland forest. Recorded on limestone from Gua Musang and from

the small outcrops in Johore.

(Dransfield, J. (pers. com.) does not regard C. ornatus var. horridus as distinct from

the typical variety C. ornatus var. ornatus.

Calamus siamensis Becc. var. malaianus Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 15 (1956) 215.

C. densiflorus Becc., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 53.

C. siamensis Becc., in Ridl. op. cit. 59.

The species is described from Thailand and the variety is found only in Kedah

and Perlis; once from limestone (Henderson 23028, Tebing Tinggi, Perlis).

Caryota mitis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 569; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 20; Whitmore,

Palms Mal. (1973) 44.

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 69

Iguanura corniculata Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 187; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 15; Whitmore,

Palms Mal. (1973) 63; Kiew, Gard. Bull. S. 28 (1976) 205.

Plant similar to J. polymorpha. Rare; known from two collections only, one from

limestone (Henderson 25059, Bukit Serdam, Pahang).

Iguanura polymorpha Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 189; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 15; Whitmore,

Palms Mal. (1973) 64; Kiew, Gard. Bull. S. 28 (1976) 213.

Not uncommon on limestone.

Licuala modesta Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 195; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 28; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85; Furt., Gard. Bull. S.S. 11 (1940) 60.

L. wrayi Becc. ex Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 28.

Endemic, from the lowlands to 1600 m. Recorded from the limestone at Gunong

Pondok, Perak.

Livistona saribus (Lour.) ex Chev., Bull. Econ. Indochine (ser 2) 22 (1919) 501;

Whitmore, Palms Mal. (1973) 72.

L. cochinchinensis Mart., Hist, Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 242; Henders., J. Mal. Br.

R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 85.

Indochina, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. Widely distributed in

Malaya, except in the South. Recorded once on limestone (Henderson s.n. 7th June

1930, from Gunong Pondok, Perak).

Maxburretia gracilis (Burr.) Dransfield, Gentes Herb. 11 (1978) 194.

Liberbaileya gracilis (Burr.) Burr. & Potztal, Willdenowia 1 (1956) 530; Whit-

more, Principes 14 (1970) 97; id., Palms Mal. (1973) 67.

L. langkawiensis Furt., Gard. Bull. S. S. 11 (1940) 238.

Symphyogyne gracilis Burr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl. 15 (1941) 317.

Endemic and known only from the limestone at Dayang Bunting, Langkawi.

Very likely to be found on the limestone islands of southern Thailand too.

Maxburretia rupicola (Ridl.) Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 11 (1940) 240; Whitmore, Palms

Mal. (1973) 76.

Livistona rupicola Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 23; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 85.

Stem to Im. Petiole 50-90 cm, lamina 50-60 cm across with 30-35 segments. In-

florescence to 60 cm with a strong musty-sweet fragrance. Fruits ovoid, 0.8-0.9 cm

long; ripening black.

Endemic and restricted to the limestone in Selangor.

Onchosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff., Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 32 (1871) 191; Ridl.,

Fl. 5 (1925) 16; Whitmore, Palms Mal. (1973) 82.

Areca horrida Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1845) 465.

70 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

There is a clump of this palm on the top of the Gua Batu limestone growing in

a broad gully amongst tangled shrubby vegetation.

Plectocomia griffithii Becc. ex Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1893) 478; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 70;

Furt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1951) 346; Whitmore, Palms Mal. (1973) 94.

Thailand, Peninsular Malaya. Common especially in mountain forests and

coastal hills. Once from limestone (Chin 1273, Gua Batu, Selangor).

PANDANACEAE

1. Plant of sandy or rocky shores, spines on leaves white ........... Pandanus odoratissimus

Inland'plant; 1f by shoresispines. not white! ee eeEeeeGe crac cer eee 2

2. Leaf apex very abruptly acuminate-caudate, boat-shaped, when older, splitting and appearing

bilobed «.:'e isto Peta tases ake ae eter cna aia eee serene enor eae isteneeer serene Pandanus irregularis

Leaf apex Ot SO. wis c cnalaccicheececeie sie engid ovenese gueveter ale areyereieresecelaiele Gal oer aera ree ere 3

3. Leaf less than 2.5 cm wide, usually less than 150 cm long; stem slender, less than 5 cm in

Giameter® «2 o..460 teed enw eae hole ae S Se SO OG Pee race a EE TOT ee oe ere eee 4

Leaf more than 2.5 cm wide, usually more than 4 cm wide, and often more than 200 cm long;

stem\stout,, more than) 5) cm diameter aac eee er ecreeecricr eae Cie ieee ene 5

4. Plant much branched; stems 1-5 m tall, thorny; older parts devoid of leaf bases; very rare on

limestone,a fOreSt SPeCleS’ ssclscuac ite recreeisie icin cise eee Pandanus recurvatus

Plant seldom branched; often forming dense clumps; stems about 30 cm or more long; all

covered by/persistentaleaf bases! ia -rciertaecraee eieits siesta ae Pandanus alticola

5. Drupes all simple, one-celled. Plant large; leaves to 4 m long and 9-12 cm wide (on younger

plants with stem less than 1 m tall); older plants with leaves smaller, about 3 m long; tip of apical

leaves filiform and 10-15 cm long. Common on Gua Batu, Selangor ... Pandanus calcicola

Drupes connate, 1-4 celled. Plant large; leaves smaller, to 4-7 cm wide; tip 4-5 cm long. So far

onlysknown) from) the» eulamareay herd kerries ieee Pandanus piniformis

Pandanus alticola Holtt. & St. John, Pac. Sci. 16 (1962) 218; Stone, M.N.J. 21

(1968) 136.

A fairly common endemic epiphyte in Malaya. Recorded from limestone; seen on

Bukit Anak Takun, Bukit Takun, and Gua Batu in Selangor, and Gua Musang in

Kelantan. They are always fround growing on rocks and from rock crevices, often

forming large dense clumps. Common on Bukit Takun, in very exposed to partly

shaded situations. Distinguished by its linear, narrow leaves and its often clump-

forming habit.

Pandanus calcicola Holtt. & St. John, Pac. Sci. 16 (1962) 230; Stone, M.N.J. 21

(1962) 128.

Plants to 5 m tall, 2-3 times branched when old. Stem 10-20 cm in diameter at

the basal part. Leaves about 3 m long and 9 m wide; often larger in young plants

when stems are as yet unbranched. Fruits terminal, either a single syncarp to 20 cm

by 10 cm, or with 2-3 laterals which are smaller, about 12 by 9 cm each. (Dimensions

all refer to mature fresh fruits.)

Endemic to limestone in Malaya. Recently found to be common on the slopes of

Gua Batu in Selangor, on rocky localities with soil pockets. Originally described

from a Perlis specimen.

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 71

Pandanus irregularis Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 76; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17

(1939) 82; St. John, Pac. Sci. 17 (1963) 344; Stone, M.N.J. 21 (1968) 6.

Erect plant, when old to 5 m tall, 2-3 times branched, lower half of stem 5-10

cm in diameter. Leaves 100-150 by 6-10 cm, tip abruptly acuminate-caudate, boat-

shaped, but this is lost in older leaves which are split at the tip and apparently bilob-

ed. Peduncle to 30 cm long, bearing 3-7 syncarps each of which globose to sub-

globose, about 6 cm in diameter when mature.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya. Common on some of the limestone hills around

Gua Musang in Kelantan; often a conspicuous feature of the precipitous, pinnacled

ridges.

Pandanus odoratissimus L.f., Suppl. (1781) 424; Stone, M.N.J. 21 (1968) 3.

P. fascicularis Lam., in Ridl. Fl. 5 (1925) 72; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 82.

P. tectorius Sol. ex Balf.f., J. Linn. Soc. 17 (1878) 63.

Pandanus piniformis Holtt. & St. John, Pac. Sci. 16 (1962) 224; Stone M.N.J. 21

(1968) 130.

Plant forming clumps, stem 3-4 m tall. Leaves about 3 m long and 4-7 cm wide;

glaucous beneath. Penduncle about 30 cm long, bearing up to 7 heads of syncarps,

each ovoid and 6-11 cm long.

Endemic to limestone in Malaya, and so far known only from limestone in the

Pulai area in Perak.

Pandanus recurvatus St. John, Pac. Sci. 19 (1965) 227; Stone, M.N.J. 19 (1965) 210;

id., 21 (1968) 136.

STEMONACEAE

Stemona tuberosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 404; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 320;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 82; Hutch., Fam. Fl. Pl. 2 (1959) 656.

S. curtisii Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 298.

TACCACEAE

Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 704.

T. pinnatifida Forst., Char. Gen (1776) 70; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 309; Henders., J.

Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81.

TRIURIDACEAE

Sciaphila asterias Ridl., J.F.M.S. Mus. 6 (1915) 188; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 365; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 82.

Endemic to Malaya, uncommon; often on limestone but also on the mountains.

Recorded from Langkawi, Gua Ninek, and Batu Bayan in Kelantan, and on Gua

Tipus in Pahang.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

NOTE

TYPHACEAE

Typha angustifolia L.

A very widely distributed plant found throughout the world between the arctic cir-

cle and lat. 35 degrees South; in marshy places; not uncommon in Malaya in such

places. Recorded from swampy ground at the base of limestone cliffs near Ipoh,

Perak.

ZINGIBERACEAE

Ii; WLeaves spirally arranged; sheathsitubularn) “epee eerie eee eile ete eee

Leaves arranged in 2 opposite vertical rows; sheaths open on the side opposite the blade ...

2 sinflorescencerat theyapexcols leatyaSDOOtS meee ene eer ere renee nee Costus speciosus

Inflorescence on short leafless shoots at ground level .................... Costus globosus

3. Staminodes (infertile stamens) on either side of the lip petaloid, conspicuous; free or adnate to

tHE: LP) oss cisterns S) pirates wrsitns eb ae Sue ole. DE Slate eteae eS TOOT oe no eT

Staminodes (infertile stamens) never petaloid, usually reduced to short, linear appendages or

small teeth ‘atithe baseiof the lips aaa ene oe or enor nOr cee er iene

4. Lip and filament joined for some distance above the insertion of petals and staminodes; filament

10.

12.

13)

much longer than lip’ s.. 2.6 sc5 een coetns clei cee ovoleere o cucene ere oetsenete Tciche anise erent eens

Lip and filament not so joined, filament usually shorter than lip .....................05-

I eee Mee Farrel erecta Glc Hiarol OA CCIE iO) Read rc CHGS SORENSON che cho EOI Globba patens

Anthers with 2 appendages; leaves usually more than 7, narrowly elliptic, 19-29 by 3-5.5 cm

. Appendages of anther attached to the base of anther, their bases extending up along the side

(0) i 04 (=) Galen eee eee ae chs one Oe A Cola CO Ae OO. cThOD Of Dodo omo ote Globba fasciata

Appendages of anther spreading from about the middle of each side of the anther; their bases

spreading along the whole length of each side of the anther .............. Globa albiflora

= (Leafy stemsito:2smi tallies. ...a,.cck eae earn eee eine Zingiber spectabile

Leafy, ‘stems. short, less) than 15cm) s.-5-..:cr prcite ution ae en eta Tae een

. Bracts in 2 opposite rows, alternate and overlapping ................ Boesenbergia curtisii

Bracts not in 2:OppOSitE TOWS. %ccc.cc.c/scccmtesstopsiale a = atevertorenetay ater etate ee teha eed ereue key cele evel Si eROrey Nene

. Petiole and sheath to 6 cm long, scape enclosed by leaf-sheaths; anther-crest narrow, spathulate

ee ae eee ee ee nent Oo Fact bond TAdot. 7 oeae mo uRdaueaD Kaempferia pulchra

Petiole and sheath longer, scape exerted beyond leaf-sheaths; anther-crest as wide as long, or

Nearly SOnsjascsa acc ee eee Ee ae OSI ort oon Ob ao b Kaempferia elegans

Inflorescence)terminallion! ai leafysstem=s sae eee eee iene ree Catimbium speciosum

Inflorescence not terminal but on a leafless peduncle from the rhizome or from the base of a

C0) 1010) ee ee nnn on ano as loyeoen oddncod doocosdabe ands veoLdac

Inflorescence surrounded at the base or covered all over by large overlapping sterile bracts; the

floral bracts ‘smaller: «0... 6.0 53 we. nende ret eae aE tere are iotessitiesy Ae meer ic heereen toe

Inflorescence on a long erect peduncle 40-80 cm, a common forest species, very rare on limestone

er cnr a nar Go cnr On oan'S OF nocd 66.00 bamela Soo Phaeomeria maingayi

Inflorescence on a submerged short peduncle; inflorescence at ground level ...............

Bracts: large, tov8:by S.cmy ac ccw.ciics caicn ee ee eee oO eee Achasma triorgyale

Bractsrsmallers usually,less: thant 2.oicimewides-wereme creel teicheriieierereicieie erties reentrant

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 73

14. Petals longer than sepals, dorsal petal about 1 cm wide ........... Achasma macrocheilos

Petals as long as sepals, dorsal petal about 0.5 cm wide. ......... Achasma megalocheilos

15. Inflorescence with only 2 to 3 flowers, short. Fairly common in forest and waste grounds but

MeTMaFALCTOMPUIMIESEONG Fis fe > cise. -eisteid- seiacieie = ode ciein« Bldem tans wie's Amomum biflorum

Inflorescence with numerous flowers, elongate, narrowly cylindric when old, with persistent,

buff-coloured, papery bracts. Not uncommon on northern limestone .. Amomum testaceum

Achasma macrocheilos Griff., Notul. 3 (1851) 429; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950)

188.

Hornstedtia macrocheilos Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 271.

H. metriocheilos Ridl., op. cit. 271; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939)

80.

A common species in lowland forest. According to Henderson l.c., recorded from

limestone in the Ipoh area, Perak.

Achasma megalocheilos Griff., Notul. 3 (1851) 426; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950)

191.

Hornstedtia megalocheilos Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 270.

Achasma triorgyale (Bak.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 186.

Amomum triorgyale Bak., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 237.

Hornstedtia triorgyalis Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 269.

Endemic to Malaya, not common; recorded from limestone in Perak.

Amomum biflorum Jack, Mal. Misc. 1 (1820) 2; Bak., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 240; Holtt.

Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 199.

Elettariopsis pubescens Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 275.

Endemic and fairly common in Malaya in lowland forest and waste grounds.

Once recorded from limestone.

Amomum testaceum Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 135; id., Fl. 4 (1924)

266; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 79; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13

(1950) 205.

Leafy shoots 2-4 m tall. Leaves to 60 by 10 cm, base narrowly cuneate, sessile. In-

florescence elongating, narrow cylindrical, bracts persistent, papery, and buff-

coloured.

Distributed in Borneo; in Malaya common especially in the North, very often on

or near limestone, but not confined to it.

Boesenbergia curtisii (Bak.) Schltr. Fed. Rep. 12 (1913) 316; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.

13 (1950) 112.

Gastrochilus curtisii Bak., Bot. Mag. (1894) t. 7363; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 249;

Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 79.

Leafy stems short, to about 5 cm tall. Leaf to 40 by 12 cm, slightly asymmetric,

elliptic; base cuneate. Bracts numerous, 4-5 cm long, narrow.

74 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Endemic to limestone in Malaya; common in the North, growing on soil and from

rock crevices in part shade.

Catimbium speciosum (Wendl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 152.

Alpinia nutans Andr., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 277.

Costus globosus Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. (1827) 62; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 256; Holtt., Gard.

Bull. 13 (1950) 243.

C. kingii Bak., in Ridl., sp. cit. 257.

C. velutinue Ridl., op. cit. 257.

Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm., Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 (1800) 249; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924)

256; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 79.

Globba albiflora Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 96; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 237.

Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 31; Lim, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edin. 31 (1972)

263.

Plant to 80 cm tall. Leaves 10-16, narrow, to 24 cm by 3-3.5 cm. Inflorescence

20-30 cm long; flowers with white corolla.

Endemic and found only on Penang Hill.

var aurea Holtt., l.c.

This differs from the typical form by having orange flowers and the longer lip

1 cm instead of about 0.6 cm long. Recorded once from Gua Lambok limestone,

Kelantan (Henderson 29115).

Globba fasciata Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 57 (1910) 101; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 136;

Holtt., Gard. Bull. S.\13 (1950) 28; Lim, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edin. 31 (1972)

263.

Plant 30-50 cm tall. Leaves 5-8; 6-21 by 1.5-6 cm. Inflorescence 20-60 cm long.

Flowers with orange corolla.

Endemic. Until recent collections from limestone, this species was known only

from the type collection, Ridley 14415, from ‘banks of woods by the Temengoh

river’. The correct spelling of Ridley’s ‘Temengoh’ is —Temengor’. This is in Upper

Perak and as far as I know is not a limestone locality.

Recently (1970 & 1971) this species was collected from Gua Musang and Batu

Neng (about 2 miles to the south west of Gua Musang), both limestone hills in Ulu

Kelantan. The Gua Musang collections (Chin 1420 & Stone 9524) were from a small

population of 6-10 scattered plants at and around the opening of the large cave half-

way up the hill, on the side facing Gua Musang town. They were growing in small

pockets of accumulated soil and humus and from crevices in limestone ledges in this

fairly sheltered locality which is at about 100 m elevation. The Batu Neng specimen

(Chin 1543) was solitary and growing in a similar sheltered situation in a small

shallow gully on the lower half of the outcrop.

It may be interesting to note that this new locality for the species is about 50 miles

to the south-east of the type locality in Upper Perak and separated from it by the

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 75

main range of mountains which are all well above 1500 m. This species is probably

more common than originally thought.

Globba patens Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 613; Lim, Notes R. Bot. Gard.

Edin. 30 (1972) 259.

G. aurantiaca Miq., in Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 239; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc.

17 (1939) 80; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 36.

Plant to 60 cm tall. Leaves 3-6, broadly elliptic, 19-24 by 6.5-10 cm. Inflorescence

15-30 cm long; flowers with orange corolla.

Distributed in Sumatra; not uncommon in lowland and mountain forest and with

only one record from limestone.

Kaempferia elegans Wall., Cat. (1832) 6593; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1890) 222; Ridl., Fl.

4 (1924) 245; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. (1939) 80.

Kaempferia pulchra Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 107; id., Fl. 4 (1924)

245; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80.

Stem short, leaves 2-3, 8-4 cm, asymmetric, elliptic. Scape of inflorescnce enclos-

ed by leaf-sheaths.

Distributed in peninsular Thailand; in Malaya apparently restricted to limestone

in the extreme North. Very similar to K. elegans, but slightly smaller in size. There

is supposedly some floral differences but this is referred to with some doubt. More

specimens are needed for verification.

Phaeomeria maingayi (Bak.) K. Schum., Pflzr. Zingib. (1904) 266; Ridl., Fl. 4

(1924) 272; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 180.

Amomum maingayi Bak., F.B.I. 6 (1892) 180.

Zingiber spectabile Griff., Notul. 3 (1853) 414; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 258; Henders.,

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1950) 56.

Endemic to Malaya, found throughout in lowland forest, recorded once from

limestone.

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78 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Index to Specimens

The Index to Specimens is a list of all specimens examined. Species names are arranged in the

alphabetical order of the genus and then of their epithets. The order of citation is: species, collector(s)’

name(s) and collection number(s), all printed in italics. A full list of collectors in this index is found in

Part I of this paper (Gard. Bull. vol. xxx (1977) 168-170). Where a species is represented by more than

one specimen and collected by different persons, the collectors’ names are arranged alphabetically. Only

collectors’ surnames or, in their absence, their principal names are cited. A name, if followed by ‘er a/.’,

indicates that the specimen has been collected by more than two individuals. When a collecting number

is absent, the date of the collection, which is printed in roman is cited instead. Months are indicated in

Roman numerals; Twentieth Century years are abbreviated to, e.g. ‘41 (= 1941) but Nineteenth Century

ones are in full. The few specimens with neither number nor date are listed as ‘s.n. & s.a.’ (since numero

& sine annum), followed (if available) by an accession number prefixed by the code of the Herbarium

which houses them. KEP and FRI are herbarium codes for the Forest Research Institute, Kepong, KLU,

for the University of Malaya, and SING, for Singapore.

Abacopteris urophylla (Wall.)Ching: Chin 588,710. Abdominea minimiflora (Hk.f.)J.J.S.: Carr 9;

Ridley xii 1896. Abutilon indicum (L.)Sweet: Henderson 22994. Acalypha lanceolata Willd.:

Molesworth-Allen 4847. Acampe longifolia Lindl.: Corner 19 xi 41. Achasma megalocheilos Griff.:

Burkill 6292. A. triorgyale (Bak.)Holtt.: Curtis 3317. Acrotrema costatum Jack.: UNESCO 202.

Actephila excelsa (Dalz.)M.A.: Henderson 19521; Ng FRI 1799; Whitmore FRI 4239. A. ovalis

(Ridl.)Gage: Best 21204; Corner 28 xi 41; Henderson 23005, 29111; Kiah 35247; Stone 6937. Adenia

nicobarica (Kurz)King: Boey 541; Chin 525, 1745; Stone 6991. Adenoncos major Ridl.: Henderson

22257, 22570; UNESCO 291, 433. A. parviflora Ridl.: Chin 418 A; Kelsall i 1891. A. sumatrana J.J.S.:

Chin 418 B; Dransfield 914; Henderson 22447, 22576; Nur 34401; Ridley 1891. Adenosma capitatum

Benth. ex Hance.: Corner 37825; Henderson 29103. Adiantum malesianum Ghatak: Burkill 13933; Chin

84; 319; Corner & Henderson 23009; Curtis xii 1895; Evans 266; Haniff 4048; Henderson vii 29; Johnson

s.n. KLU; Kiah 35240; King’s coll. 8351; Merton 4102; Samat 128; Shimizu & Fukuoko M14134; Sinclair

40058; Stone 5912, 6572, 7299, 8979. A. soboliferum Wall. apud HK.: Haniff & Nur 7523; Holttum

15145; Kiah 35241. A. stenochlamys Bak. Corner 21 xi ‘41, 22 xi ‘41; Henderson 29706. A. tenerum

Sw.: Chin 357, 812. A. zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn.: Corner & Henderson 22818. Aerides odoratum Lour.:

Chin 1274A; Gimlette 12 viii ‘17. Aeschynanthus parvifolia R.Br.: Chin 1441, 1812; Stone 5889;

UNESCO 239, 440. A. radicans Jack: Nur 34400; UNESCO 440A. Agathis dammara

(Lambert)L.G.Rich.: Loh FRI 17201. Aglaia argentea Bl\.: Stone 9139; UNESCO 503. A. odoratissima

Bl.: Henderson 19553; King’s coll. 10710; UNESCO 64. Aglaonema costatum N.E.Br.: Henderson 21

xi 734. A. oblongifolium Schott.: Burkill 6301; Chin 1767; Henderson 22879, 29145; UNESCO 510.

Agrostistachys gaudichaudii M.A.: Chin 895, 897; Ogata 110194; Samsuri & Mahmud 612.

Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum J.J.S.: Chin 90, 453, 1142; UNESCO 327. A. hasseltii (Bl.) J.J.S.: Chin

1160. Alchornea rugosa (Lour.)M.A.: Stone 6945. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: Chin 560. Allophylus

cobbe (L.)Raeusch. var. glaber Corner: Chin 109, 1398A, 1590; King’s coll. 8206. A. cobbe (L.)Raeusch.

var. villosus Corner: Chew 189; Kiah 35316. Alocasia denudata Engl.: Chin 694; Henderson 23836;

UNESCO 481. A. lowii Hk.f. Boey 530; Chin 485, 834; Curtis x 1894; Henderson 22851, 23024; Ridley

1897; Sinclair 40071. Alstonia scholaris (L.)R.Br.: Chin 977. Alyxia anqustifolia Ridl.: Chin 385, 571.

A. pumila Hk.f.: Chin 1616; Henderson 19466; UNESCO 305. A. selangorica K. & G.: Ridley 8558.

Amaracarpus saxicola Ridl.: Chin 1035, 1180, 1181, 1457; Ridley 11884. Amomum biflorum Jack.: Chin

730. A. testaceum Ridl.: Kiah 35236, 7 v ’38; Ridley 13122. Amorphophallus carnosus Ridl.: Curtis s.n.

& s.a. (SING); Ridley 15200. A. haematospadix Hk.f.: Corner 19 xi ’41; Holttum 23 viii ’25. A. prainii

Hk.f.: Chin 22; Henderson 19467; UNESCO 438. A. variabilis Bl.: Curtis 2815. Amydrium humile

Schott: Chin 395, 1143; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Furtado B. 4 vi ’37; Henderson 22995; Nur 3 xi ’37;

UNESCO 360, 686. Anadendrum latifolium Hk.f.: Henderson 19600. A. marginatum Schott: Henderson

25013; Ridley 20 vi 1889, 23 vi 1889. A. montanum Schott: Chin 727; Ridley 8172, 23 vi 1889, 13 xii ’20.

Anaxagorea javanica Bl.: Cockburn FRI 10563; UNESCO 42. Andrographis tenuiflora T. Anders.: Cor-

ner 19 xi ’41; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Curtis 2578; Henderson 21370; Holttum 15120. Aneilema

nudiflorum Br.: Samat 3. Antidesma japonicum Sieb. et Zucc.: Chin 1509 A; Corner 30 xi ’41; Kiah

35233; Sinclair 9865. A. montanum Bl.: Stone 6944. A. tomentosum BI.: King’s coll. 4808; Loh FRI

17195. Antrophyum callifolium Bl.: Chin 1613; Henderson 22466; UNESCO 247, 579. A. parvulum Bl.

Burkill 13932; Chin 143, 688, 358, 1116, 1182, 1475; Henderson 19699, 22248, 22260, 23890, 25024,

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 79

29681; Holttum 8924; Molesworth-Allen 1504; Nauen 38013; Samat 522; Shimizu & Stone M 13724;

Stone 6571, 7456, 8822A; Whitmore FRI 4041. A. semicostatum Bl.: UNESCO 634. Apluda mutica L.:

Chin 522; Corner & Nauen 37842; Henderson 28938. Aporuellia sumatrensis C.B. Clke var. ridleyi C.B.

Clke: Allen 4339; Burkill 6370; Chin 479, 1250; Curtis 2364; Ridley 8213, 23 vi 1889, xii ’20; Stone &

Wycherley 8986. Aporusa stellifera Hk.f.: King’s coll. 7102. Appendicula anceps Bl|.: Ridley 8130. A.

cornuta Bl.: Chin 361; Stone 5919. A. torta Bl.: Chin 549, 1566; Kadim & Mrs. Molesworth-Allen K506;

Stone 9514; UNESCO 36. A. undulata Bl.: Henderson 22457. Arachnis flos-aeris (L.)Rchb.f.: Hender-

son 22452; UNESCO 160. Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq.: UNESCO 79. Arcypteris irregularis (Pr.)Holtt.:

Chin 589. Ardisia andamanica Kurz: Chin 763; Samsuri 547. A. biflora K.et G.: Ridley 11933, ii ’04.

A. colorata Roxb.: Chin 477. A. crenata Sims: Chin 532. A. fulva K.et G.: Nauen 38119. A. kunstleri

K.et G.: Corner 38145. A. lanceolata Roxb.: Burkill 6352; UNESCO 665. A. oxyphylla Wall.: Henderson

29712; Kiah 35420; UNESCO 411, 508, 590. A. pendula Mez: Ridley 14935. A. platyclada K.et G.: King’s

coll. 8136. A. solanacea Roxb.: Henderson 21394. A. tahanica K.et G.: Henderson 19692. A. vaughani

Ridl.: Best 21226; Kiah 35383, 2 v ’38. Areca triandra Roxb.: Henderson 29081. Arenga hookeriana

(Becc.) Whitm.: Chin 1547, 1600, 1601; Cockburn FRI 10580; Henderson 29673; Whitmore FRI 4032.

A. pinnata (Wurmb.)Merr.: Whitmore FRI 4267. A. westerhoutii Griff.: Chin 1463; Stone 8825.

Argostemma diversifolium Ridl.: Ridley 14479. A. inaequilaterum Benn.: Chin 2108; Ridley 8233; Stone

8949. A. pictum Wall.: Holttum 17402. Argyeia maingayi (C.B.Clke)Hoogl.: Chin 1544; Stone 7313;

UNESCO 28, 496. A. mollis (Burm.f.)Choisy: Chin 1735, Henderson 29108, Nauen 37953. Arisaema

fimbriatum Mast.: Corner 13 xi ’41, 19 xi 41, 20 xi ’41; Ng FRI 1605; Nur 25160, 34376; Stone 8936;

UNESCO 427. A. roxburghii Kunth: Chin 394, 1614; Henderson 25214; Nur 34394. Artabotrys gran-

difolius King: King’s coll. 7222. Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.)Dandy: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41.

Ascochilopsis myosurus (Ridl.)Carr: Henderson 25246. Asparagus racemosus Willd.: Curtis 1674.

Asplenium adiantoides (L.)C. Chr.: Chin 108, 1451, 1607, 1768; Corner & Henderson 22842, 23089;

Henderson 22266; Molesworth-Allen 4429; Ridley 14756; Sinclair 9873; UNESCO 246, 261. A.

macrophyllum Sw.: Chin 4, 320; Henderson 6 x ’31; Mahmud 29 v ’70; Poore 347; Ridley xii 1896; Samat

523; Samsuri & Mahmud 580; Shimizu & Stone M 13719, T 14376; Stone 7294, 8833. A. pellucidum

Lamk.: Chin 544, 1075, 1450; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Henderson 19529, 19693, 25236. A. phyllitidis

Don: UNESCO 244, 471, 656. A. salignum Bl.: Chin 3; Henderson 19455, 25207; King’s coll. 8130, 8424;

Ng FRI 1612; Samat 521; Stone 8831; UNESCO 256, 526. A. squamulatum Bl.: Chin 8, 137, 321, 1415;

Henderson 25076; Ridley xii 1896; Shimizu & Stone T 14354; Stone 7296, 8843. A. unilaterale Lamk.:

King’s coll. 7188; Molesworth-Allen 1505A; Ridley vii 1897. Atalantia monophylla DC.: Chin 516; Cor-

ner 37816; Henderson 29161; Kiah 35570; Stone 9085. A. roxburghiana Hk.f.: Chin 535, 1680, 1807;

Chin & Mahmud 1308; Loh FRI 17197; Stone 8796, 9388; Symington KEP 37404. Athyrium cordifolium

(Bl.)Copel.: Chin 682. A. esculentum (Retz.)Copel.: Chin 529. A. montanum (v.A.v.R.)Holtt.: Chin

607. A. pinnatum (Blanco)Copel.: Henderson 22422. Athyrium prescottianum (Wall.)Holtt.: UNESCO

517. Axonopus compressus (Sw.)Beauv.: Chin 106.

Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) M.A.: Henderson 23767. Balanophora fungosa Forst.: Henderson 22810.

Barleria siamensis Craib.: Henderson 29150. Barringtonia asiatica (L.)Kurz: Henderson 29149. B.

fusiformis King: Henderson 23796; Ridley 8284. Bauhinia acuminata L.: King’s coll. 8288. B. pottsit

G.Don: UNESCO 139, 653. Becheria parviflora Ridl.: Ridley 8250. Begonia foxworthyi Burk.: Hender-

son 25249, 29672; UNESCO 29, 234, 365. B. guttata Wall.: Holttum 15127. B. kingiana Irmsch.: Burkill

6300; Burkill & Haniff 13922; Chin 845, 1958; Curtis s.n. & s.a. (SING); Henderson 29705; UNESCO

395. B. nurii Irmsch.: Chin 153, 1121, 1406. B. phoeniogramma Ridl.: Burkill 6362, 6366, 6367; Chin

1668, Kho | vii ’74; Ridley 2882, 8281; Stone 8971; UNESCO 26. Beilschmiedia lumutensis Gamble:

UNESCO 504. Berrya cordifolia (Willd.)Burret: Henderson 29148. Bidens pilosa L.: Chin 1093.

Biophytum adiantoides Wight ex Edgew. et Hk.f.; Kiah 35246. Blechnum finlaysonianum Hk. et Grev.:

Chin 672. Boea acutifolia Ridl.: Chin 1769; Henderson 23014; Stone 6916. B. brachycarpa Ridl.: Hender-

son 19668; UNESCO 303, 560, 593. B. caerulescens Ridl.: Chin 441, 1066; Henderson 25048; King’s coll.

7062, 7175, 8276; Mills & Henderson 15062, 15068a, Ng FRI 1610; Stone 7449; UNESCO 154, 264, 339,

429; Whitmore FRI 4253. B. divaricata Ridl.: Corner 20 xi ’41; Stone 6915. B. lanata Ridl.: Alphonso

& Samsuri 89; Chin 1727; Henderson 21400; Holttum 15139; Nauen 37894. B. minutiflora Ridl.: Hender-

son 22392. B. paniculata Ridl.: Alphonso & Samsuri 88; Chin 327, 393, 1251; King’s coll. 7026, 8271;

Mills & Henderson 15068; Sinclair 9872, 40072. B. parviflora Ridl.: King’s coll 7108..B. suffrutocosa

Ridl.: Corner 37811. B. treubii Forbes: Henderson 19459, B. verticillata Ridl.: Best 21280; Chin 33, 326,

411, 1252; Henderson 19459, 2 vi ’30; Kiah 9 v ’38; Nauen 38021; Ng FRI 1628; Nur 34366; Stone 8935;

Stone & Mahmud 9399. Boehmeria nivea Hk. & Arn.: Kiah 35427. Boerhaavia chinensis (L.)Aschrs. &

80 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Schweinf.: Henderson 23115, Ridley 15153. Boesenbergia curtisii (Bak.)Schl.: Best 21259; Chew 133;

Chin 512; Corner 13 xi ’41; Curtis 2678; Haniff & Nur 7494; Henderson 22874, 25015, 25086, xi ’29.

Bombax anceps Pierre: Corner 19 xi ’41; Henderson 29098. Borassodendron machadonis (Ridl.)Becc.;

Whitmore FRI 4031. Brassaiopsis polycantha (Wall.)R.N. Ban.: Henderson 25212. Breynia vitis -idaea

(Burm.f.)Fisher: Chin 1385; Stone 7464. Bridelia ovata Decne: Henderson 21395; Stone 9079. B.

stipularis (L.)Bl.: Corner 38131. B. tomentosa Bl.: Best 21273; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Stone &

Wycherley 8978. Buchanania sessilifolia Bl.: UNESCO 201. Bulbophyllum apodum Hk.f.: Chin 121,

458; UNESCO 212. B. concinnum Hk.f.: Allen xii 56; UNESCO 297. B. fenestratum J.J.S.: Carr 263;

UNESCO 133, 362. B. flammuliferum Ridl.: Allen xii ’56. B. lilacinum Ridl.: Corner 38133; Henderson

22804, 29088. B. membranaceum T.et B.: Chin 548, 1115. B. pulchellum Ridl.: Stone 7455. Burmannia

championii Thw.: Chin 1829; UNESCO 50. B. lutescens Becc.: Henderson 21383. Buxus holttumiana

Hatusima: Chew 181; Kiah 35239. B. malayana Ridl.: Allen 5 ii °57; Chin 54, 376, 1162; Loh FRI 17226;

Mills & Henderson 15078; Nur 34382; Stone 5906, 8944; UNESCO 12 & 180. B. rupicola Ridl.: Curtis

2662.

Caesalpinia crista L.: Henderson 29110. Calamus balingensis Furt.: Furtado 33073. C. concinnus

Mart.: Haniff & Nur 7087. C. ornatus Bl. var. horridus Becc.: Chin 605. C. siamensis Becc. var.

malaianus Furt.: Henderson 23028. Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f.: Carr 14; Henderson 22354, 25002. C.

rubens Ridl.: Corner 20 xi ’41; Curtis 2182, 1890; Ridley 14976. C. triplicata (Will.)Ames.: Chin 893,

1033; Henderson 22275, 23761; UNESCO 227. C. vestita Lindl.: Ridley xii 1896. Callicarpa angustifolia

K. & G. Chin 341, 443, 1067; Corner 38127; Henderson 19597, 22265, 23757, 23805, 25049, 29152; Ng

FRI 1637, 1798; Nur 34369; Ridley 8207; Stone 5896, 6926; UNESCO 146, 605. C. lanata L.: Chin 809;

Henderson 23754; UNESCO 63. Camarotis apiculata Rchb.f.: Haniff 10331; Henderson 22449; Ridley

1891. Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hk.f. et Th.: King’s coll. vii 1883. Canarium perlisanum Leenh.: Kiah

35311. C. pilosum Benn.: Loh FRI 17208. C. pseudodecumanum Hochr.: Loh FRI 17257. Canscora pen-

tanthera C.B. Clke: Burkill 2554; Chin 340, 437, 803, 1534; Hardial & Sidek 476; Henderson 19458,

21380, 23118; Kiah 35371; Nauen 38026; Ng FRI 1632; Nur 34396; Sinclair 9868, 40065; Spare 36318,

Stone 7460; UNESCO 285, 446. Canthium aciculatum Ridl.: UNESCO 388. C. didymum Roxb.: Chin

27, 1377. Stone 6923. Capparis diffusa Ridl.: Chin 870, 1069, 1104; Ridley 15174; Stone 6988. C.

pubiflora DC.: Henderson 22319. Capsicum frutescens L.: Chin 939, 1100. Carallia brachiata

(Lour.)Merr.: Chin 980; Kiah 35377; Soepadmo ix 68. Cardiopteris javanica Bl.: Henderson 22820.

Carex breviscapa C.B. Clke: UNESCO 56. C. malaccensis C.B. Clke: Chin 1712, 1724. C. perakensis

C.B. Clke: UNESCO 277. C. speciosa Kunth: Chin 436, 1378; UNESCO 314, 568. Caryota mitis Lour.:

Chin 553; Chin & Badaruddin 1691; Henderson 22486, 29068; Ridley 13452. Casearia capitellata Bl.:

Chin 755; Samsuri 543. C. grewiaefolia Vent.: UNESCO 538. Cassia timoriensis DC.: Best 21276. Catim-

bium speciosum (Wendl.)Holtt.: Ridley 14776. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.)Gagn.: Nur 3 xi 737. C.

mollissima(Wall.)Gagn.: Chin 1428, 1513; Henderson 23751. Celtis philippensis Blanco: Chin 1758,

1783; Corner 17 xi ’41; Kiah 35413; Loh FRI 17176; Stone 6982; UNESCO 214. Centotheca lappacea

(L.)Desv.: Chin 58, 105, 1380; Corner 22 xi’41; Henderson 29189. Centranthera hispida R.Br.: Hender-

son 29057. Ceratostylis pendula Hk.f.: UNESCO 455. Cheilanthes farinosa (Forsk.) Hk.f.: Chin 433;

Nauen 38027. Chionanthes calcicolus (Kerr)Kiew: UNESCO 346. Chirita caliginosa C.B. Clke: Burkill

2253, 2258; Chin 331, 390; Corner 37832; Curtis 3109; Hardial & Sidek 477; Henderson 22419, 25033,

25223; King’s coll. 7028; Ng FRI 1629; Nur 34389; Samsuri & Mahmud 560; Sinclair 10732, 40066; Smith

435; Stone 5897, 6570, 8934; Wycherley & Stone 8988. C. hamosa R.Br.: Henderson 29185. C. rupestris

Ridl.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi’41; Henderson 22816; Nauen 38120A. C. sericea Ridl.: Burkill 2552, 6284;

Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Curtis 3131; Sinclair 9844. C. viola Ridl.: Chin 505; Corner 13 xi ’41; Curtis

2570; Henderson 28931, 29185; Holttum 17433; Keng et al. 6142 & 6239; Molesworth-Allen 15 xii ’50;

Nauen 38120B; UNESCO 268. Chloranthus elatior R. Br. ex Link: Chin 585, 676, 1666. Chlorophytum

orchidastrum Lindl.: Burkill & Haniff 13910; Chew 177; Curtis 3211. Chrysopogon aciculatus

(Retz.)Trin.: Chin 377. C. fulvus (Spreng.)Chiov.: Haniff 649. C. orientalis (Desv.)A. Camus: Corner

& Nauen 37840; Henderson 29058. Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41;

UNESCO 487. Cissus discolor Bl.: Chin 1755; Corner 38138; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Henderson

21472. C. glaberrima (Wall.)Steud.: Henderson 29067; Ng FRI 1631; Nur 34399. C. hastata Miq.: Chin

110, 404; Henderson 22256, 23807, 25050; Nur 8472; Stone 5909, 7306, 9493; UNESCO 141, 236, 558.

C. novemfolia (Wall.)Planch.: Burkill & Haniff 13938. C. pyrrhodasys Miq.: Chin 490; Corner 20 xi ’41;

UNESCO 242. C. repens Lamk.: Chew 188; Chin 1741; Corner 37804; Henderson xi ’34; Holttum 22

viii ’25. C. rostrata (Miq.)Planch.: Chin 398, 1384; Corner 38139; Stone 8836. Citrus macroptera

Montr.: Loh FRI 17183. C. medica L.: UNESCO 1017. Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex Span.: Chew 132;

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 81

Chin 907, 1487, 1561; Henderson 29678; Loh FRI 17163; Whitmore FRI 4236. Claoxylon longifolium

(Bl.)Endl. ex Hassk.: Henderson 21391; Kerr 21700. Clausena excavata Burm.f.: Chin 345, 438, 818,

1086; Corner & Nauen 25 xi 41. C. harmandiana (Pierre)Guill.: Henderson 23820. Cleidion javanicum

BI.: Chin 57; Mahmud 9 v ’70; Whitmore FRI 4240. Cleistanthus decurrens Hk.f.: King’s coll. 11285;

Loh FRI 17162. C. gracilis Hk.f.: Chew 186; Chin 103, 826, 898, 1057; Corner 20 xi ’41; Henderson

23830; Holttum 15119; Loh FRI 17165; Molesworth-Allen 4292. C. hirsutulus Hk.f.: King’s coll. 5870.

C. kingii Jabl.: Burkill 6270; Henderson 23789, 23801. C. macrophyllus Hk.f.: Chin 859; Samsuri &

Mahmud 603. C. polyphyllus Wall.: Chin 25. Clerodendron paniculatum L.: Best 21281; Corner &

Nauen 25 xi ’41; Nauen viii ’41. C. penduliflorum Wall.: Chin & Mahmud 1278; Henderson 19445. C.

serratum Spr.: Chin 29, 796; Chin & Badaruddin 1709; Samsuri & Mahmud 569; UNESCO 330.

Clidemia hirta (L.)Don.: UNESCO 600. Cnesmone javanica B\.: Whitmore FRI 751. C. subpeltata Ridl.:

Chin 330, 1247. Coelogyne asperata Lindl.: Chin 138, 1440; UNESCO 48, 218. C. pallens Ridl.: Allen

27 i ’57. C. pandurata Lindl.: Chin 552; King’s coll. 7176. Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner: Chin

914; Samsuri & Mahmud 617. C. malayana Ridl.: Henderson 23808. Coix lacryma-jobi L.: Chin 1520.

Colocasia esculenta (L.)Schott: Mahmud 9 iii’71. C. gigantea (Bl.)Hk.f.: Burkill 2266, 6275; Chin 831A;

Henderson 22331, 22359; Stone 9495. Colona merguensis (Planch. ex Mast.)Burr.: Boey 521; Chin 1763;

Corner 38137; Henderson 21387, 23026; Soepadmo & Mahmud 1216; Whitmore FRI 15065. Colubrina

asiatica (L.)Brongn.: UNESCO 570. Combretum latifolium Bl\.: Chin 832; Samsuri & Mahmud 583. C.

porterianum (C.B. Clke)Wall ex Craib: Burkill 6288. Connarus sp.: Chin 1424; Everett FRI 14391;

Whitmore FRI 4268. Congea vestita Griff.: UNESCO 606. Cordia griffithii C.B. Clke: Henderson 29155.

C. obliqua Willd.: Henderson 29155; Kiah 35418. Corybas mucronatus (Bl.)Schltr: Allen s.n. & S.a.

(SING); Chin 94, 355. Corymborchis rh ytidocarpa (Hk.f.)Holtt.: Molesworth-Allen 4435. C. veratrifolia

BI.: Burkill 6345; Chin 1588. Costus globosus Bl\.: Chin 134, 606, 709. C. speciosus (Koen.)Sm.: Chin

1581, 1754. Cotylelobium malayanum V.S\.: Chin 774. Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer: Chin 113, 1398,

1459; Stone 9496; UNESCO 321; Whitmore 4271. Crinum defixum Kerr.: Henderson 26 xi ’34. Croton

cascarilloides Raeusch.: Chin 150, 815, 1050; Corner 37802; Henderson 23012, 28930; Kiah 35242; King’s

coll. 8419; Ng FRI 5536. Samsuri & Mahmud 576; Stone 6936, 7450. C. laevifolius Bl.: Chin 926; Samsuri

& Mahmud 618. Crypsinus enervis (Cav.)Copel.: UNESCO 103. Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight: Chin

1246. Cryptocoryne affinis N.E.Br.: Chin 1480. C. minima Ridl.: UNESCO 279. C. purpurea Ridl.:

UNESCO 607. Ctenopteris alata (Bl.)Holtt.: Chin 147; UNESCO 59, 361. C. moultoni (Copel.)C.Chr.

et Tard.: Henderson 22253. Curanga amara JSuss.: Burkill 13925. Curculigo latifolia Dryand.: Mill &

Henderson 15074. Cyathula prostrata (L.)Bl.: Chin 869, Stone 8818. Cycas rumphii Miq.: Chin 799,

1148; Stone 9531-A; Whitmore FRI 4232. C. siamensis Miq.: Chin 1788; Henderson 23826; Nauen 38032;

Ng FRI 1606; Ridley iii ’10 (= SING 503403). Cyclea laxiflora Miers: Chin 985; Stone 7451; Whitmore

759. Cyclopeltis crenata (Fee)C.Chr.: Chin 478, 876, 1416; Corner & Nauen 25 xi 41; Holttum 15141;

King’s coll. 8282; Nur 3 xi ’37; Samat 415; Shimizu & Stone T 14391. Cyclosorus extensus (Bl.)Ching:

Sinclair 9869. C. interruptus (Willd.)Ching: Kiah 35250. C. megaphyllus (Mett.)Ching: Phang 15 xi 68.

C. unitus (L.)Ching: UNESCO 262. Cymaria dichotoma Benth.: Fox 10686; UNESCO 555. Cymbidium

dayanum Rchb.f.: Kiah 13 iv ’38. C. finlaysonianum Lindl.: Chin 1814; Corner 19 xi’41. Cymbopogon

calcicola Hubb.: Chin 434, 559, 1106; Henderson 21906, 25224; Kiah 13 v ’38; Mat 36256; Nauen 38031:

Cynoctonum mitreola (L.)Britt.: Curtis 2114; Henderson 28932; Nauen 37954. Cynometra malaccensis

Meeuwen: Chin 835; Loh FRI 17234. Cyperus kyllingia Endl.: Molesworth-Allen 4271. C. trialatus

(Boeck.)Kern.: UNESCO 190. Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl.: Loh FRI 17261. C. lanceolata Ridl.: UNESCO

547. Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff.: Henderson 22506.

Dacryodes kingii (Eng|.) Kalkman ex Leenh.: Henderson 23800. Dalbergia phyllanthoides Bl\.: Hender-

son 25054. D. scortechinii Prain: Henderson 29694; UNESCO 322. Davallia denticulata (Burm.)Mett.:

Chin 518, 1076; UNESCO 15, 627. D. solida (Frost) Sw.: Chin 1603. Debregeasia squamata King ex

Hk.f.: Molesworth-Allen 4880; Ridley viii 1897; Samsuri & Mahmud 594. Decaspermum fruticosum J.R.

et G. Forst.: Allen xii ’56; Chin 55, 124, 374, 1164, 1255; Henderson 22272, 29695; Nur 34373; Ridley

Vii 1893; Stone 5911 & 8943; Whitmore FRI 4242, 4271. Deeringia polysperma (Roxb.)Miq.: Chin 442;

Henderson 19520; Kiah 35362; Molesworth-Allen 4286; UNESCO 271, 597. Dehaasia curtisii Gamble:

Chin 155, 328, 375, 912, 1267, 1389, 1458, 1548; Corner 34389; Stone 5901, 8940, 9515; UNESCO 124;

Whitmore FRI 753. D. longipedicellata (Ridl.)Kosterm.: UNESCO 80. Dendrobium acerosum Lindl.:

Chin 1425; UNESCO 290. D. aloifolium (Bl.)Rchb.f.: Chin 120, 1567; Stone 9507; UNESCO 375. D.

excavatum (Bl.) Miq.: Henderson 23017. D. farmeri Paxt.: UNESCO 315. D. indivisum (Bl.) Miq.: Cor-

ner 17 xi’41, 22 xi’41; Henderson 29089; Stone 6977. D. langkawiense Ridl.: Corner 19'xi ’41. D. leonis

(Lindl.)Rchb.f.: Henderson 22283. D. pumilum Roxb.: UNESCO 414. D. salaccense (Bl.)Lindl.: Chin

82 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

129, 1084; Chin & Badaruddin 1705; Henderson 23140, 25074; Nur 25156. D. setifolium Ridl.: Chin

1560. D. spurium (B1.)J.J.S.: Chin 420; Henderson 22282, 25233; Nur 34397, 14x31; Stone & Anderson

8841; UNESCO 372, 445. D. subulatum (Bl.)Lindl.: Dransfield 913. D. tetrodon Rchb.f. ex Lindl.:

UNESCO 444 & 456. Dendrocalamus dumosus (Ridl.)Holtt.: Corner 37839; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41;

Kiah 35409; Nauen 38017. D. elegans (Ridl.)Holtt.: Burkill 785; Chin 523; Henderson 29097. Dendroc-

nide sinuata (Bl.)Chew: Molesworth-Allen 4667, 4846, 4879 & 4887. D. stimulans (L.f.)Chew:

Molesworth-Allen 4493, 4718, 4878, 4880. Derris thyrsiflora Benth.: Corner 22 xi ’41. D. uliginosa

(Roxb.)Benth.: Chin 609; Stone & Wycherley 8980. Desmodium rugosum Prain: Corner 37833; Hender-

son 28935. D. umbellatum DC.: Henderson 21 xi ’34. Desmos cochinchinensis Lour.: Henderson 23762;

Molesworth-Allen 4288. D. dasymaschalus (B1.)Saff. var wallichii (Hk.f. et Th.)Ridl.: King’s coll. 4564;

Stone 7487. D. dunalii (Hk.f. et Th.)Saff.: King’s coll. 4483. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.)Stapf.:

Corner & Nauen 37859, 25 xi ’41; Nur 34367; Reid 29 x ’50. D. caricosum (L.)A.Camus: Henderson

22270, 6 x ’31. D. mucronulatum Jansen: Chin 379, 460, 1060, 1158, 1271; Ridley 8129, Stone 8938.

Dichiloboea speciosa (Ridl.)Stapf.: Chin 499; Corner 38134; Henderson 29186; Nauen 37956. Dicliptera

rosea Ridl.: Ridley 15050. Digitaria violascens Link: Chin 575. Dillenia indica L.: Henderson 29560;

UNESCO 209. Dimocarpus longan Lour. var. longan Leenh.: Henderson 23812. Dioscorea bulbifera L.:

Chin 488; Stone 8847. D. calcicola Prain et Burk.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Stone 7462. D. esculenta

(Lour.)Burk.: Haniff 641; Kiah 35416. D. filiformis Bl.: Burkill 2269, Chew 40996, Henderson 21389,

22882, 23004. D. glabra Roxb.: Corner 19 xi ’41; Henderson 23098, 28939. D. hispida Dennst.: Hender-

son 21 xi ’34. D. polyclades Hk.f.: Burkill & Haniff 13942. D. prainiana Kunth: Burkill 6308. D. prazeri

Prain et Burk.: Henderson 22884. D. pyrifolia Kunth: Burkill 2265; Chin 930; Samsuri & Mahmud 619.

Diospyros adenophora Bakh.: Chin 1154, 1167, 1168. D. buxifolia (Bl.)Hiern: UNESCO 320. D.

cauliflora Bl.: Chin 775, 1551. D. ferrea (Willd.)Bakh.: Chin 126, 1390, 1555, 1592; Corner & Nauen

25 xi ’41. D. frutescens Bl.: Chin 662. D. transitoria Bakh.: Chin 1833. D. undulata Wall. ex G. Don.:

Stone 6935. Diploclisia glaucescens (B1.)Biels: Stone 9398. Dipodium pictum (Lindl.)Rchb.f.: Henderson

22222. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl.: UNESCO 343. Dischidia benghalensis Colebr.: Chin 1438;

UNESCO 144. D. hirsuta Decne: Chew 146; Chin 132, 1037; Stone 7459; UNESCO 131, 233, 489. D.

rafflesiana Wall.: Stone 6983. D. scortechinii K.et. F.: UNESCO 681. D. tomentella Ridl.: Henderson

22802. Distyliopsis dunnii (F.H. Hemsl.)Endress: Chin 109, 1072, 1081; Stone 9492. Distylium stellare

Ktze: Spare 36326. Donax grandis Ridl.: Chin 716, 1545. Doryopteris allenae Tryon: Chin 1270; Ridley

8135. D. ludens (Wall.)J. Sm.: Chin 1726; Corner 17 xi ’41, 19 xi ’41; Corner & Henderson 22815;

Henderson 29066. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.: Chin 324; Kassim 17 viii ’62; Ng FRI 1593; Stone 7297.

D. congesta Ridl.: Chin 526; Corner 13 xi ’41, 17 xi ’41; Nur 34395. D. curtisii Ridl.: Haniff ix 1900;

Wooldridge vi 1896. D. graminifolia Wall.: Chin 764; Samsuri 548. D. nutans Ridl.: UNESCO 178. D.

porteri Bak.: Chin 1584. D. yuccaefolia Ridl.: Chin 514. Drynaria bonii Christ.: Chin 1764. D.

quercifolia (L.)J. Sm.: Chin 519; Corner 17 xi’41, 22 xi’41; UNESCO 474. D. rigidula (Sw.)Bedd.: Chin

406; Corner 19 xi ’41; Henderson 29069, 29168; Nur 34368; Stone 8925. D. sparsisora (Desv.)Moore:

Chin 1452. Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.f.: Chin 660. D. oblongifolia Dyer: Chin 620. Drypetes ner-

vosa (Hk.f.)P. et H.: Scortechini s.n. & s.a. (SING). D. oxyodonta Airy Shaw: Chin 1169, 1387, 1453,

Loh FRI 17174. Dysoxylum arborescens Miq.: Chin 954; Samsuri & Mahmud 633.

Echinodorus ridleyi Steen.: Ridley 8464. Ehretia timorensis D.C.: Chin 336, 777, 1248; Henderson

29115. Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall.: Chin 1262. Elastostema curtisii (Ridl.)H. Schrot.: Molesworth-

Allen 4652. E. latifolium (B\.)H. Schrot.: Burkill 13580; Chin 540, 597, 1611; Henderson 19503, 22329,

29083; Sinclair 9857. Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn.: Chin 573. Endospermum diadenum (Miq.)Airy Shaw:

Henderson 7 vi ’30. Enicosanthum congregatum (King)Airy-Shaw: Ridley 24 vi 1889 (= SING 1367),

xii 1896 (= SING 1368). Ephemerantha fimbriata (Bl.)P.F. Hunt et Summ.: Kiah 35365. E. luxurians

(J.J.Sm.)Hunt et Summ.: Chin 47, 1101. Epipremnum giganteum Schott: Chin 971, 1681; Corner 20

xi ’41; Henderson 23131. Epithema saxatile B\.: Burkill 4223, 6274; Chin 392, 1404, 1759; Corner 20 xi

?41; Corner & Nauen 25 xi’41; Henderson 19406, 22382, 22580, 22823, 22875, 25010, 25205, 29079; Holt-

tum 15125; Keng et al. 6140; King’s coll. 5872, 7046; Molesworth-Allen 4272, 4654; Ng FRI 1795; Sinclair

9846; Stone 8830; Stone & Mahmud 8400; UNESCO 147. Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf)DC.: Chin 572.

Eria citrina Ridl.: UNESCO 359. E. leiophylla Lindl.: UNESCO 301, 325. E. nutans Lindl.: UNESCO

453. E. pannea Lindl.: Henderson 22225. E. pulchella Lindl.: Chin 164, 421, 1144; Henderson 19465;

Stone 7480; UNESCO 217, 302. E. vestita Lindl.: Chin 1065. Eriobotrya bengalensis Hk.f.: Chin 410,

1152, 1550; UNESCO 308, 466; Whitmore 19 iv ’57. Erismanthus obliquus Wall. ex M.A.: Chin 1061

& 1090. Ervatamia peduncularis K. et. G.: Stone 6574. Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.)Kurz: Chin 1048,

1268. Eugenia chlorantha Duthie: UNESCO 157. E. claviflora Roxb.: UNESCO 204. E. pendens Duthie:

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 83

Chin 902; UNESCO 66, 71, 507. E. porphyranthera Ridl.: Chin 1031. E. spicata Lamk.: King’s coll.

4674. Eulalia quadrinervis (Hack.)Ktze: Corner & Nauen 37841; Henderson 29051. Eulophia keithii

Ridl.: Curtis 2 collections, s.n., 1892; Ridley 14973, iii ’10; Stone 6928. Euonymus cochinchinensis

Pierre: Chin 1068, 1070, 1082, 1146; UNESCO 347. E. javanicus Bl.: UNESCO 150. Eupatorium

odoratum L.: Chin 550. Euphorbia antiquorum L.: Chin 1749; Henderson 23025, 29167. E. hirta L.:

Henderson 25052. Eurycles amboinensis (L.)Loud.: Ridley 14790. Excoecaria oppositifolia Griff.:

Henderson 23794, 29164, 29675.

Fagraea auriculata Jack: Stone 5915. F. blumei G. Don: Chin 569. F. calcarea Henders.: Henderson

25036. F. carnosa Jack: Chin 367, 566, 1151; Henderson 6 x’31. F. curtisii K. et G.: Chin 910, 967, 1524;

Samsuri & Mahmud 628; Whitmore FRI 4243. Ficus annulata Bl.: Corner 37851. F. binnendykii Miq.:

Corner 31678; Henderson 29697. F. botryocarpa Miq.: Henderson 23771. F. calcicola Corner: Burkill

6283; Chin 32, 370; Chin & Badaruddin 1701; Nur 34388; Symington all KEP 37426, 37451 & 39590;

Whitmore FRI 12162. F. curtipes Corner: Chew 200; Chin 503; Corner 38143; Henderson 29073. F.

deltoidea Jack: Best 21235; Chin 423, 972, 986, 1381, 1589; Corner & Nauen 25 xi’41; Henderson 19701,

29689, 35379; Nauen 38028; Nur 25161; Stone 7465; Whitmore FRI 4258. F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.:

Curtis 3305. F. hispida L.f.: Corner 37899; Henderson 23132. F. microcarpa L.f.: Chew 205; Chin 123,

1102, 1149; Corner 38142; Henderson 21384. F. montana Burm.f.: Chew 125; Henderson 22441.

F.oligodon Miq.: Best 21227. F. parietalis Bl.: Henderson 10 x ’31. F. racemosa L.f.: Chew 197. Ficus

sagittata Vahl.: Burkill & Haniff 13945; Henderson 23753. F. scortechinii King: Best 21286. F. semicor-

date B.Ham. ex J.E. Smith: Turnau 1199. F. stricta Miq.: Ng FRI 5873. F. subulata Bl.: Chin 568, 646,

703, 712. F. sundaica Bl\.: Chin 1272, 1810 & 1827. F. superba Miq.: Chew 206; Chin 491. F. tinctoria

Forst.f.: Chew 208; Kiah 35422. F. trichocarpa Bl.: Nur 34387. F. virens Ait.: Henderson 23752, 25752.

Fimbristylis calcicola Kern: Corner 19 xi ’41. F. fusca (Nees)C.B. Clke: Corner & Nauen 37848; Hender-

son 29683; Nur 34378. F. malayana Ohwi: Corner & Nauen 37849; Henderson 29052. F. trichophylla

Ridl.: Corner 19 xi ’41; Corner & Nauen 37847; Henderson 29062, 29683; Nur 34378. Flacourtia

jangomas (Lour.)Raeusch.: Kiah 35255. Forrestia monosperma C.B. Clke: Chin & Mahmud 1275A;

UNESCO 428, 534.

Garcinia cowa Roxb.: Chin 768; Ogata FRI 110202; Samsuri 551. G. eugeniaefolia Wall. ex Anders.:

Kiah 35368; UNESCO 354. G. minutiflora Ridl.: Chin 1418, 1596, 1722; Corner 13 xi ’41, 37855; Curtis

2802; Henderson 22 xi ’34; Kiah 35319. G. montana Ridl.: Ng FRI 1600. G. murdochii Ridl.: Chin 1147,

1253; Loh FRI 17175. G. nigrolineata Planch. ex. T. Anders.: 556; UNESCO 612. G. opaca King: Chin

645; Cockburn FRI 10559; Henderson 19654. Garuga floribunda Decne: Whitmore FRI 4247. Geophila

repens (L.)Johnston: Chin 154, 1549; UNESCO 689. Globba albiflora Ridl. var aurea Holtt.: Henderson

29715. G. fasciata Ridl.: Chin 1420, 1543; Stone 9524. G. patens Miq.: Henderson 25015. Glochidion

obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.)Bl.: Chin 472; King’s coll. 4630. G. perakense Hk.f.: Chin 835A; Samsuri

& Mahmud 587. G. rubrum Bl.: Chin 350, 1256, 1682; Nur 34377; Reid 51679; Symington KEP 37413,

KEP 37453. Glossocarya mollis Wall.: Henderson 23 xi ’29. Glycosmis calcicola Stone: Chin 342, 373,

502, 959; Henderson & Symington KEP 43289; Samsuri & Mahmud 634; Stone 5907, 8789, 8846, 8937,

8977, 11004, 11078; Symington KEP 37420; Whitmore FRI 4040. G. clacicola Stone, var. kelantanica

Stone: Stone 7479, 9521, 12611; Whitmore FRI 4255. G. chlorosperma (Bl.)Spreng.: UNESCO 506, 577.

G. rupestris Ridl.: Chin 816, 904, 1491; Kiah 35229; Samsuri & Mahmud 578; Stone & Mahmud 12615;

UNESCO 120. G. sapindoides Lindl. ex Wall.: Stone 6942. Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King:

Chin 334, 473, 1261; Kiah 35405; Ridley s.n. & s.a. (SING). Gmelina asiatica L.: Chin 937; Keng 6113.

G. villosa Roxb.: Chin 793, 927. Gnetum cuspidatum Bl.: Chin 530; Chin & Badaruddin 1703; Hender-

son 19560. G. gnemon L.: Chin 652. Gomphandra quadrifida (B\.)Sleum.: Kiah 35256. Gomphia serrata

(Gaertn.)Kanis: Chin 555, 1074; Corner 37815, 37854. Gomphostemma crinitum Wall.: Burkill 6298;

Sinclair 9848. G. curtisii Prain: UNESCO 54. G. javanicum (B1.)Benth.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi 41; Kiah

35381; UNESCO 355. G. microcalyx Prain: Chin 1558; Poore 16 vii ’61. Gongylosperma lanuginosum

Ridl.: Corner 37836; Curtis 2663; Henderson 29141; Stone 11024; Symington KEP 46742.

Goniothalamus fulvus Hk.f. et Th.: UNESCO 394 & 532. G. scortechinii King: UNESCO 90. G.

subevenius King: King’s coll. 8260. G. unvarioides King: Loh FRI 17192. Goodyera hispida Lind.: Allen

xii 56; Chin 1425A; Chin & Badaruddin 1702; Stone 5925. Grewia acuminata Juss.: Stone 6930, 9175.

G. paniculata Roxb. ex DC.: UNESCO 196, 521. G. viminea Wall. ex Burr.: Chin 1765, 1832; Corner

19 xi °41; Haniff & Nur 7487; Henderson 21377, 22814; Soepadmo & Mahmud 1219; Stone 11009. Guet-

tarda speciosa L.: Chin 524, 1789; Holttum 15133; Stone 9141. Gymnanthera insularum K. et G.: Chin

506, 1743; Corner 19 xi ’41. Gymnopetalum cochinchinense Kurz.: Burkill 13937. Gymnostachyum

84 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

decurrens Stapf: Boey 267; Chin 91, 922, 1123, 1456, 1609; Corner 20 xi ’41; Spare 36329; Stone 7458.

G. diversifolium C.B. Clke: Henderson 29094; Holttum 15128.

Habernaria carnea N.E.Br.: Corner 37861, 20 xi ’41; Curtis 2104. H. kingii Hk.f.: Best 337; Curtis

3342, xii 1895; vii 1896; (Anon.) xii 1895 (SING). H reflexa Bl.: Carr 315; Corner & Nauen 25 ix ’41.

Hanguana malayana (Jack)Merr.: Chin 680; UNESCO 86, 86A. Hapaline brownii Hk.f.: Henderson

19510; Ridley 14784. Hedyotis congesta R.Br. ex Don: UNESCO 65. H. coronaria (Kurz)Craib: Hender-

son 22809; 29181; Sinclair 9858; UNESCO 155, 270, 490. H. tenelliflora Bl.: Chin 1744; Corner 13 xi

’41; Henderson 28944, 29105; UNESCO 618. Helicteres angustifolia L.: Corner 37826, 37830; Holttum

17430. H. hirsuta Lour.: Chin 1711; Whitmore FRI 12995. Helixanthera coccinea (Jack)Dans.: Stone

7474. H. pulchra (DC.)Dans.: UNESCO 170, 329. Hemigraphis ridleyi C.B. Clke: Henderson 28933. He-

mionitis arifolia (Burm.)Moore: Curtis xi 1890; King’s coll. 4174. Heritiera littoralis Ait.: Chin 1786;

Henderson 29169. H. pterospermoides Kosterm. Chin 824, 1183; Ng FRI 1790, 1792. Heterogonium

alderwereltii Holtt.: King’s coll. 465; Ridley 864; Samat 599-607; Scortechini s.n. & s.a. (SING); Smith

1966. H. pinnatum (Copel.) Holtt.: Chin 426, 584, 594, 665; Evans 265; Henderson 19400, 22303, 22376,

22420, 25004; Keng 282; King’s coll. 5871; Molesworth-Allen & Kadim 489; Ridley 13434, xii 1896;

Samat 468, 472, 525, 593-598, 608-611; Sinclair 40062; Stone 7299B, 8822. Heterostemma piperifolium

K.et G.: Burkill 2556, 6265; Burkill & Haniff 13931; Chin 28, 387, 413, 1508. Hippeophyllum scortechinii

(Hk.f.)Schltr: Henderson 25090. Holarrhena curtisii K. et G.: Holttum 17428. Homalanthus populneus

(Geisel.)Pax: Chin 781; Henderson 22301; Samsuri & Mahmud 558. Homalium dasyanthum

(Turcz.)Warb.: Chin 497; Henderson 29116; Holttum 15096; Whitmore FRI 15101. H. foetidum

(Roxb.)Benth.: Whitmore FRI 8518. H. kunstleri King: King’s coll. 7109. H. undulatum King: Corner

38132; King’s coll. 8184. Homalomena argentea Ridl.: Chin 648. H. deltoidea Hk.f.: Chin 593, 728,

1585. H. griffithii Hk.f.: UNESCO 280. H. humilis (Jack)Hk.f. var. pumila (Hk.f.) Furt.: Burkill 2559,

6304. H. rubra Hassk.: UNESCO 101. Homonoia riparia Lour.: Loh FRI 17237. Hopea ferrea Lianess.:

Corner 38149; Henderson 21 xi ’34, 29157. Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb.: UNESCO 159. Hoya cor-

onaria Bl.: Burkill 6297; Chin 107, 797; Stone 5918. H latifolia Don.: Chin 42; Stone & Mahmud 29 v

°70. H. maingayi Hk.f.: UNESCO 125. H. occlusa Ridl.: Ridley xii 1890. Hoya parviflora Wight: Corner

26 xi °41. H. revoluta Wight ex Decne: Chin 95. H. ridleyi K. et. G.: UNESCO 34, 371. Humata

heterophylla (Sm.)Desv.: Chin 1437, 1606; UNESCO 230, 670. H. pectinata (Sm.)Desv.: Chin 545, 1605;

Henderson 19538, 25247; UNESCO 657, 672. Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.)Gard. ex Thw.: Henderson

23850. Hydnocarpus castanea Hk.f. & Th.: UNESCO 6. H. ilicifolia King: Chew 194; Chin & Badarud-

din 1693; Kiah 35272; Loh FRI 17174; UNESCO 541. H. woodii Merr.: Chin & Badaruddin 1693. H

wrayi King.: Loh FRI 17191. Hydnophytum formicarum Jack: UNESCO 638. Hygrophila angustifolia

R. Br.: Samsuri & Mahmud 589. Hypserpa cuspidata Miers: Chew 190. Hyptis rhomboidea Mart. & Gal.:

UNESCO 614. H. suaveolens (L.)Point.: Chin 837.

Iguanura polymorpha Becc.: Burkill 6299; Chin 871; Henderson 22685, 23792, 25059; Samsuri &

Mahmud 604. Ilex maingayi Hk.f.: King’s coll. 8177. Illigera pulchra Bl.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41 (=

SING 645109); Henderson 23015, 29174. Impatiens cryptoneura Hk.f.: Curtis 3172. I. mirabilis Hk.f.:

Chin 1756; Enoch 8; Henderson 23023. I. opinata Craib: Chin 1312, 1495, 1610; Henderson 19509,

19558, 22374, 25087, 29677; UNESCO 5, 491, 535, 580, 602. I. ridleyi Hk.f.: Burkill 2260; Chin 332 &

1275; Henderson 22324; Sinclair 40064. I. scortechinii Hk.f.: Curtis 3115; Haniff 13904; Henderson

23839. I. tipusensis Henders.: Henderson 19339. Imperata cylindrica (L.)Beauv. var. major (Nees)Hubb.

ex Hubb. et Vaugh.: UNESCO 616. Iodes cirrhosa Turcz.: Chin 792, 953, 994; Samsuri & Mahmud 565,

653. I. ovalis Bl.: Mills & Henderson 15067; Sinclair 9875. Isachne langkawiensis Jansen: Chin 1787; Cor-

ner 37843; Corner & Nauen 37845; 37959; Henderson 28945 & 29054; Holttum 17423. Ischaemum

timorense Kunth: Corner 37844. Isonandra perakensis K. & G. var. kelantanensis Ng: Loh FRI 17179;

17212; UNESCO 654. I. perakensis K. & G. var. perakensis Ng: Ng FRI 1598, 1599, 1906, 1908, 1914,

1915, 1916, 5846. Ixora brunonis Wall. ex Don: Best 21274. I. clerodendron Ridl.: Henderson 25245;

30 vii 29, 6 viii ’29. I. congesta Roxb.: Kiah 35366; UNESCO 383. I. grandifolia Zoll. & Mor.: UNESCO

379. I. lobbii K. & G.: UNESCO 208. I. nigricans Wight & Arn.: UNESCO 40. I. nigricans Wight &

Arn. var. ovalis Pitard: Chin 1402, 1594; Stone 9179. I. pendula Jack: Chin 161; Samsuri & Mahmud

615; Stone 6575; UNESCO 96, 381. I. scortechinii K. & G.: Henderson 19518. I. umbellata Koord. et.

Valet.: Kiah 7 v ’38: Stone 9137.

Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.)Hall.f.: Henderson 28941; Ridley 14900a. Jasminum

adenophyllum Wail.: Kiah 35424. J. bifarium Wall.: UNESCO 661. J. cordatum Ridl.: Chin 366; Mills

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 85

& Henderson 15064; Molesworth-Allen 4289; Stone 5893. J. curtisii K. & G.: Henderson 23010. J. in-

sularum Kerr: Chin 454. J. wrayi K. & G.: King’s coll. iv 1884; UNESCO 19. Justicia henicophylla C.B.

Clke: Henderson 22312. J. hirticarpa J.B. Imlay: Henderson 29176. J. pectinella Ridl.: Chin 915; Kiah

35359. J. ptychostoma Nees: Henderson 29136; Nauen 38123; Nur 34391. J. robinsonii Ridl.: Henderson

29133. J. subcymosa C.B. Clke: Sinclair 9889. J. uber C.B. Clke: Chin 397; Henderson 19508, 22399;

Stone 5921. J. vasculosa Wall.: Burkill 2553; Samsuri & Mahmud 582.

Kaempferia elegans Wall.: Curtis 2637. K. pulchra Ridl.: Henderson xi ’29. Kibara chartacea Bl.:

Henderson 25070. Knema cinerea (Poir.)Warb. var. patentinervia (Sinclair) Sinclair: Loh FRI 17243. K.

cinerea (Poir.)Warb. var. rubens (Sinclair) Sinclair: UNESCO 200. K. globularia(Lamk.)Warb.: Corner

22 xi °41; Haniff & Nur 7569; Henderson 22978. K. hookeriana (Hk.f. et Th.)Warb.: Loh FRI 17188.

K. laurina (Bl.)Warb.: Kiah 35398. Knoxia corymbosa Willd.: Burkill 1392. Koilodepas longifolium

Hk.f.: Stone 6946. Kopsia macrophylla Hk.f.: Henderson 25044.

Lagerstroemia langkawienis Furt. et Mont.: Chin 486; Corner 19 xi ’41. Lantana camara L. var.

aculeata (L.)Moldenke: Chin 804. Laportea interrupta (L.)Chew: Molesworth-Allen 4643. Lasia aculeata

Lour.: Chin 836A; Henderson 22487; Kiah 35429; Ridley 23 vi 1889. Lasianthus stipularis Bl. var. hirtus

Ridl.: Ridley 8575. Lasiobema curtisii (Prain)De Wit: Corner 13 xi ’41; Kiah 35415. L. flavum De Wit:

Henderson 29146. L. strychnoideum (Prain)De Wit: Chin 840; Samsuri & Mahmud 590; Stone 9530. Leea

aequata L.: Kiah 35234; Samsuri & Mahmud 566. L. rubra B\.: Kiah 35421. L. sambucina Willd.: Chin

127, 476, 779, 1110; Samsuri & Mahmud 556; Stone 6940; Whitmore 4246. L. saxatilis Ridl.: Merton

4098; Poore 800. Lemmaphyllum accedens (B\.)Donk: UNESCO 601. Lepisorus longifolius (Bl.)Holtt.:

Chin 1414. Lepistemon binectariferum (Wall.)Ktze: Stone & Wycherley 8976. Leptaspis urceolata

(Roxb.)R.Br.: Chin 886. Leptochilus decurrens Bl.: UNESCO 27. Leptonychia glabra Turcz.: Chin 887

& 921; Henderson 23760; Molesworth-Allen 4270. Leptopus australis (Zoll. et Mor.)Pojark.: Best 21233;

Chin 879; Corner 37802, 13 xi’41; Henderson 19513, 22839; Kelsall s.n. 1891; Kiah 35249; Nauen 38012;

Ridley 8203; Samsuri & Mahmud 638. Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.)De Wit: Chin 979. Leucas

mollissima Wall. ex Benth.: Chin 1776; Kiah 35381. L. zeylanica R. Br.: Chin 846. Licuala modesta

Becc.: Chin 884; Henderson 23804. Ligustrum confusum Decne: Chin 400, 414, 440, 574; Henderson

22865, 22941; Stone 8942. Liparis caespitosa (Thou.)Lindl.: Chin 4178; Nur 14 x31; Stone 5926. L. gib-

bosa Finet: Carr 162; Chin 163, 456, 1176; Henderson 19456, 22242, 25046; UNESCO 37, 250, 366.

Lithocarpus elegans (Bl\.)Hatus. ex Soepadmo: Henderson 23806. L. urceolaris (Jack)Merr.: UNESCO

344. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)C.B. Rob.: Chin 31; Chin & Badaruddin 1689; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41;

Kiah 35372; Stone & Wycherley 8987. L. noronhae Bl.: Burkill 6289; Henderson 23810. Livistona saribus

(Lour.)Merr. ex Chev.: Henderson 7 vi ’30 (= SING 39682). Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.)A.C. Smith:

Henderson 29688. Loxogramme avenia (Bl.)Presl: Chin 1447; King’s coll. 8280. L. scolopendrina

(Bory)Presl: Chin 26, 139; Henderson 19449; Kiah 12 v ’38; Molesworth-Allen 18 i ’56; Shimizu & Stone

T 14396; Stone 7311, 8828, 8842; Stone & Mahmud 9397; UNESCO 245, 435. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.

Don)Exell.: Chin 838; Samsuri & Mahmud 588. Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz.: Keng 6174. Lycopersicon

esculentum Mill.: Chin 863. Lygodium flexuosum (L.)Sw.: UNESCO 188. L. polystyachum Wall. ex

Moore: Chin 904; Henderson 7 vi ’30; UNESCO 83. Lysimachia peduncularis Wall. ex Kurz: Henderson

21371; Keng et al.: 6211.

Macaranga tanarius (L.)M.A.: Chin 444, 577 & 1804; Samsuri & Mahmud 597. Macrosolen cochin-

chinensis van Tiegh.: Chin 398 & 447. Madhuca ridleyi Lam: Chin 1071; Henderson 25055; Stone 6924;

UNESCO 113. Maesa pahangiana K. & G.: UNESCO 410, 530. M. striata Mez, Chin 1580. Malaisia

scandens (Lour.)Planch.: Chin 857, 928; Samsuri & Mahmud 599. Malaxis calophylla (Rchb. f.)Ktze.:

Kiah 13 v ’38; UNESCO 357. M. latifolia Sm.: Henderson xi 34. M. micrantha (Hk.f.)Ktze: Henderson

22332. M. reniloba (Carr)Holtt.: Henderson xi ’29. Malleola dentifera J.J.S.: UNESCO 35, 240, 1014.

Mallotus brevipetiolatus Gage: Chew 209; Chin 753, 819, 850, 1488; Molesworth-Allen 4644; Ng FRI

1601; Ogata KEP 110159; Samsuri 542; Samsuri & Mahmud 595; Sinclair 9853, 9856. M. cuneatus Ridl.:

Chew 198; Henderson 23020; Kiah 35238. M. dispar (Bl.)M.A.: Chew 199; Chin 83, 314, 917, 1488A;

Corner 13 xi ’41 (= SING 28327); Henderson 29143; Kiah 35375; Poore 352; Samsuri & Mahmud 620;

Stone 6947, 7478, 9178; Stone & Wycherley 8974. M. eriocarpus (Thw.)M.A.: Henderson 25211. M. grif-

_fithianus (M.A.)Hk.f.: King’s coll. 4602. M. miquelianus (Scheff.)Boerl.: Chin 1552, 1597; Henderson

19543. M. oblongifolius (Miq.)M.A.: Molesworth-Allen 4269. M. peltatus (Geisel.)M.A.: Sinclair 9859.

M. philippensis (Lamk.) M.A.: Chin 830; Kiah 35423. M. repandus (Willd.)M.A.: Stone 8849. M. wrayi

King ex Hk.f.: Henderson 23803. Mammea brevipes (Craib)Kosterm.: Chin 1729; Henderson 29163.

86 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Mangifera sp.: Chin 329, 911; Ng FRI 5577; UNESCO 399; Whitmore FRI 15626. Marsdenia tinctoria

Br.: Burkill 13928; Chin 77; Kiah 35245. Maxburretia gracilis (Burr.)Dranfield: Curtis 2661; Fox xii

04; Stone 9147; Stone & Mahmud 6951; Whitmore FRI 15053. M. rupicola (Ridl.)Furt.: Chin 362, 363

& 364; Durant 56257; Nur 34370; Ridley 8285; Stone 8920; Symington KEP 39585; Whitmore FRI 699,

12167, 15173, 15174, 15560 & 15636; Wong FRI 99501. Maytenus curtisii (King) Ding Hou: Chin 1462,

1725, 1835; UNESCO 143; Whitmore FRI 4261. Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.)Bl.: Chin 528. M

scortechinii King: Chin 1595; UNESCO 629. Meiogyne virgata (Bl.)Miq.: Chin & Badaruddin 1692;

Henderson 19609; UNESCO 1007. Melaleuca cajuputi Powell: ’Students’ 45. Melanolepis multiglan-

dulosa (Reinw. ex Bl.)Rchb.f. et Zoll.: Chin 855, 951, 952. Melastoma polyanthum Bl.: UNESCO 619.

Melochia umbellata (Houtt.)Stapf: Chin 982, 989; Samsuri & Mahmud 648; Stone 9176. Melodinus

orientalis Bl.: King’s coll. 4530. Melothria affinis King: Curtis 3784; Ridley xii 1902. Memecylon

acuminatum Sm.: Corner 13 xi ’41 (= SING 54941). M. dichotomum C.B. Clke. ex King: Corner 17

xi ’41; Henderson 22 xi 34, 25064. M. edule Roxb.: Chew 207; Chin 313; Stone & Wycherley 8972. M.

floribundum Bl.: Henderson 22881; Kiah 35280. M. laevigatum Bl.: Chin 112, 371, 372, 452, 1161; Kiah

35281; Molesworth-Allen & Kadim 494. M. pauciflorum Bl.: Chin 823; Henderson 22 xi ’34; Nur

34371; Samsuri & Mahmud 579; Stone 6934. M. wallichii Ridl.: UNESCO 95, 609. Mesua ferrea L.:

UNESCO 76. Microdesmis casearifolia Planch.: Chin 346, 879; Kiah 35231; Samsuri & Mahmud 607.

Microlepia speluncae (L.)Moore: Shimizu & Stone M 13726, M 13728, T 14417. M. speluncae (L.)Moore

var. villosissima C. Chr.: Chin 427; Henderson 25210; Ridley 8641; Stone 7483. Micromelum minutum

(Forst.)W. & Arn.: Whitmore: FRI 4260. Microrphium pubescens C.B. Clke: Corner 37857; Henderson

29184; ‘Students’ 148. Microsaccus ampullaceus J.J.S.: Carr 69; Nur 25153. M. brevifolius J.J.S.: Chin

417A; Henderson 22261.M. javensis B\.: Chin 396; Nur 34402; Stone 5927; UNESCO 300. Microsorium

musifolium (Bl.)Ching: Henderson 19704; UNESCO 635. M. punctatum (L.)Copel.: Chin 786. Mikania

cordata (Burm.f.)B.L. Robins.: Henderson 23781. Miliusa amplexicaulis Ridl.: Chin 900; Kiah 35363;

Samsuri & Mahmud 614; UNESCO 516. M. longipes King: Henderson 25038. M. parviflora Ridl.: Cor-

ner 19 xi’41 (= SING 4818); Henderson 28949; Ridley 15249 & 15340. Millettia hemsleyana Prain: Loh

FRI 17238; UNESCO 195. M. pterocarpa Dunn: Fox 10788. M. sericea (Vent.)W.et Arm.: UNESCO

122. Mimosa pudica L.: UNESCO 620. Mimusops elengi L.: Chin 1737, 1782; Corner 38141; Henderson

21363, 21369; Stone 11002. Mitrephora maingayi Hk.f. et Th.: King’s coll. 4701. Moghania strobilifera

(L.)St. Hill. ex. Jacks.: Stone 9078. Momordica subangulata Bl.: Curtis 3329. Monophyllaea glabra

Ridl.: Henderson 29072. M. hirticalyx Franch.: Allen v ’46; Burkill 4222; Chin 773, 2107; Curtis 3136;

Henderson 19380, 19404, 22578, 29790; King’s coll. 7052; Spare 36324; Tomlinson ix ’55. M. horsfieldii

R.Br.: Chin 391, 546, 881, 1539; Henderson 25067, 29714; Kassim 375; Keng & Keng 70; Ng FRI 1594;

Sinclair 9848; Stone 7298; UNESCO 10, 21, 396, 533, 1001; Wray 597. Morinda elliptica Ridl.: Chin 805,

828; Chin & Mahmud 1313; Kiah 35408; Stone 6985; UNESCO 8. M. umbellata L.: Burkill 2555; Chin

53, 96, 388; Stone 5904, 7305A, 7477, 8929, 9501. Mucuna biplicata Teysm. et Binn.: Samat 417; Start

23 i ’72. Muntingia calabura L.: Chin 445. Murraya koenigii (L.)Spreng.: Henderson 28947. M.

paniculata (L.)Jack: Chin 756, 794, 822, 991, 1509; Molesworth-Allen 4647; Samsuri & Mahmud 571;

UNESCO 177, 536. Musa malaccensis Ridl. var. minor Ridl.: Ridley 15202. Mycetia malayana Craib:

Burkill 13571; Chin 760, 783; Kiah 7 v ’38; Mills & Henderson 15069; Poore 16 vii ’61; Stone 8786;

UNESCO 493, 525. Myrsine porteriana Wall.: Chin 415, 547, 1565; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Kiah

35373; Stone 5892; Whitmore FRI 12161.

Naravelia dasyoneura Korth.: UNESCO 219. N. laurifolia Wall.: Chin 128. Nauclea junghuhnii Merr.:

King’s coil. 8179. Neesia synandra Mast.: UNESCO 589. Neolitsea zeylanica Merr.: Chin 145; Stone

7474; UNESCO 284, 645. Neonauclea calycina Merr.: Chin 1481; UNESCO 206. Nephrolepis biserrata

(Sw.)Schott: Chin 135. N. dicksonioides Chr.: Allen xii ’56; Best 21236, 21284; Chin 405, 1602; Evans

202; Henderson 19528, 22263; Kiah 35407; Nauen 38023; Stone 5895. N. falcata (Cav.)C.Chr.: Chin 527,

570, 813; Henderson 19405, 22304; Poore 348; UNESCO 198, 376. N. hirsutula (Forst.)Pr.: Chin 561.

Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth)Keng ex Hitch.: Chin 974, 1421; Samsuri & Mahmud 641.

Oberonia dissitiflora Ridl.: Corner 20 xi ’41. O. flava Ridl.: UNESCO 309. O. spathulata Lindl.:

UNESCO 420, 421. O. transversiloba Holtt.: UNESCO 248, 422. Oldenlandia rosettifolia Geddes: Chin

1721; Henderson 28929; Holttum 15138. Oleandra undulata (Willd.)Ching: Kadim K491. Ophiorrhiza

communis Ridl.: Kiah 25376. O. discolor R. Br. ex Don: Chin 335, 537, 890; Chin & Badaruddin 1688;

Stone 8975. O. fruticosa Ridl.: Ng FRI 1639; Nur 34374; Ridley 8237. O. hispidula Wall. ex Don.:

UNESCO 393, 1006. O. kunstleri King: Chin 1394, 1732; Corner 38147; Henderson 21382, 29711; Kiah

35251; UNESCO 53: O. longerepens Ridl.: Chin 85, 1395, 1454, 1563; Henderson 19524; Stone 7457 &

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 87

9519. O. pallidula Rid\.: Henderson 29677; Nur 34374; Spare 36322. O. remotiflora Ridl.: Chin 1612.

Oplismenus compositus (L.)P. Beauv.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi’41; Henderson 23130, 28934. Ornithobosa

flexuosa (Ridl.) Burtt: Chew 203; Haniff 640; Kiah 35419, 18 v ’38. Orophea cuneiformis King; Haniff

10335. O. enterocarpa Maingay ex Hk.f. et. Th.: Henderson 25040; Stone 7496. O. hirsuta King: Hender-

son 35402; Kiah 35276; King’s coll. 4283; UNESCO 43, 412, 595. O. maculata King: Chin 769, 780; Chin

& Badaruddin 1687; Henderson 43281; Md. Shah & Md. Ali 2999; Samsuri 552; Samsuri & Mahmud 559.

O. polycarpa A. DC.: Chin 149; Henderson 22443; Ng FRI 1595, 5836; Ogata KEP 110158 & 110160;

Sinclair 9892; UNESCO 136. Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.)Miq.: Chin 1715; Henderson 29092. Oxymitra

biglandulosa (B1.)Scheff.: Chin 1040.

Pachycentria constricta (B\.)Bl.: Henderson 25242. Paedaria tomentosa Bl.: Henderson 29147. Palaquium

obovatum (Griff.)Engl.: Loh FRI 17207. Pandanus alticola Holtt. & St. John: Chin 1684A; Stone 5885,

5886. P. calcicola Holtt. & St. John: Chin 321A, 1274, 1663, 1664; Kiah 35285; Stone 8969; Whitmore

FRI 15625. P. irregularis Ridl.: Chin 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1617; Henderson 19468; Stone & Mahmud

7448. P. ordoratissimus L.f.: Henderson 29153. P. piniformis Holtt. & St. John: Henderson 23759;

Stone & Mahmud 9182. P. recurvatus St. John: UNESCO 47. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.: Chin 938.

Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.)Pfitz.: UNESCO 443. P. niveum (Rchb. f.)Pfitz.: Chin 1723; Curtis ’20’s;

Stone 6979. Paraboea bakeri Henders.: Henderson, 25094. P. bettiana Henders.: Henderson 25250. P.

capitata Ridl.: Burkill 6276, 13557; Chin 831; Curtis xii 1895; Henderson 22252; King’s coll. 4325; Sam-

suri & Mahmud 581; Spare 36327; UNESCO 409. P. ferruginea Ridl.: Curtis 2566. P. laxa Ridl.: Alphon-

so & Samsuri 122; Chin 1731, 1785; Corner 13 xi ’41, 17 xi ’41; Henderson 21366, 29187. Parameria

polyneura Hk.f.: Henderson 23758. Paramignya scandens (Griff.)Craib subsp. ridleyi (Burkill)Swing.:

Stone 8981. Paranephelium macrophyllum King: Chin 841, 856; Samsuri & Mahmud 598. Parashorea

lucida (Miq.)Kurz: UNESCO 377. Paspalum conjugatum Berg.: Chin 378. Passiflora foetida L.: Chin

976. Pavetta naucleiflora R.Br. ex G.Don: Henderson 21374. P. pauciflora Ridl.: Ridley 13 xii ’20, xii

’20, xii ’27. Peliosanthes lurida Ridl.: Chin 543, 564; Corner 17 xi ’41; Henderson 29180; Kiah 35426.

P. violaccea Wall.: Nur 31 xi ’37. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.)Back. ex Heyne: Stone 10994. Pen-

tacme siamensis (Miq.)Kurz: Chin 510; Henderson 29102; Stone 6990; Whitmore 10 xii ’69, FRI 12969,

15066, 15104. Peperomia dindigulensis Miq.: Chin 1172; Chin & Mahmud 1310; Henderson 22560,

25237. P. kotana C. DC.: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Stone 7454. Peperomia sp. A (= P. maxwellana

C.DC.): Chin 539, 1695; Stone 14086. Petunga hirta Ridl.: Mills & Henderson 15070. Phaeomeria ma-

ingayi (Bak.)K. Schum.: Chin 1583. Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda)Bl. et Rchb.f.: Carr 289; Hender-

son 22274, 25073; UNESCO 221, 417. P. decumbens (Griff.)Holtt.: Henderson 22235, 25244; UNESCO

413. Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.)Benth.: Chin 541. Phaseolus mungo L.: Chin 483. Pheobe lanceolata

(Wall. ex Nees)Nees: UNESCO 511. Pholidota pallida Lindl.: Best 21279; Chin 419, 459; Corner 19 xi

41; Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Henderson 25241; Holttum 15136; Nur 34386; Ridley xii 1896; Stone

7312, 7481, 7484; UNESCO 418. Photinopteris speciosa (Bl.)Presl.: Best 21237; Chin 1163, 1559;

UNESCO 266. Phreatia secunda (Bl\.)Lindl.: Carr 250; Chin 322, 416; Henderson 25235; Nur 34406;

UNESCO 288, 416. Phyllanthus columnaris M.A.: Chin 1710; Corner 38135; Henderson 22840, 29056.

P. filicifolius Gage: Henderson 29053. P. oxyphyllus Miq.: Chin 316, 348, 761; Henderson 22271; Ridley

8509; Samsuri 546; Stone 8966. P. pulcher Wall. ex M.A.: Henderson 29690; Loh FRI 17216. P.

ridleyanus Airy Shaw: Chin 114, 790, 966, 1059, 1386; Henderson 23764; King’s coll. 8219; Ogata KEP

11061; Samsuri & Mahmud 564, 627; Stone 9494; Whitmore FRI 4273. P. sikkimensis M.A.: Henderson

22872. Phymatodes nigrescens (B\.)J. Sm.: Burkill 13930; Chin 43, 88; Corner & Nauen 25pxin Ale

Henderson 22397; Nur 34393; Samat 511; Shimizu & Stone M 13721; Stone 8824. P. scolopendria

(Burm.)Ching: Chin 1150, 1604; Corner & Henderson 22801; UNESCO 434. Physalis minima L.: Sam-

suri & Mahmud 592. Pilea fruticosa Hk.f.: Burkill 2560, 6264; Burkill & Haniff 13927; Chin 24, 765,

1405; Corner & Nauen 25 xi’41; Henderson 19385, 22375, 22436, 25008, 29710; Molesworth-Allen 4015,

4432; Ng FRI 1609; Samsuri 549; Sinclair & Forman 9851; Spare 36325; Stone 7461, 8797, 8835. P.

microphylla (L.)Lieb.: Chin 975; Samsuri & Mahmud 641. Piper boehmeriaefolium Wall.: Henderson

23756. P. caninum Bl.: Kiah 35396. P. mucronatum C. DC.: Poore 801. P. nigrum L.: Ridley 8180. P.

porphyrophyllum N.E.Br.: Chin 611. P. umbellatum L.: Burkill & Haniff 13923. Pisonia aculeata L.:

Henderson 23121, 29175. P. umbellifera (Forst.)Seem.: Burkill 6291; Chin 860; Henderson 25011; Ridley

9681; Samsuri & Mahmud 600. Pistacia malayana Henders.: Chin 401, 1064, 1808. Pittosporum fer-

rugineum Ait.: Ng FRI 5572. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.)Link: UNESCO 259. Planchonella obovata

(R. Br.)Pierre: Allen 5 ii ’57; Chin 81, 339, 365, 1182; Ng FRI 1623, 1625, 1796, 1802; Stone 5898, 8937;

UNESCO 312, 369; Whitmore FRI 4248. Plectocomia griffithii Becc.ex Hk.f.: Chin 1273. Plectranthus

kunstleri Prain: Chin 1760. Plethiandra sessiliflora Ridl.: Chin 565; Stone 11081. Poaephyllum

88 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

pauciflorum (Hk. f.)Ridl.: Spare 36323. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don: Ng FRI 1634. P. polystachyus

R.Br. ex Mirb.: Chin 157, 368, 369, 538, 1811, 1260; Loh FRI 17214; Ng FRI 1634; Stone 5905.

Podochilus lucescens Bl.: Corner 20 xi ’41; Henderson 29075. P. microphyllus Lindl.: Chin 466, 1401;

UNESCO 373. P. tenuis (Bl.)Lindl.: Symington 10 x 34. Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack)BI.: Chin 30.

Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamk.)Hack.: Chin 435, 1521; Chin & Mahmud 1306A. Poikilospermum

suaveolens (Bl.)Merr.: Chew 126, 195, 210; Chin 788; Henderson 22453; Loh FRI 17199; Samsuri &

Mahmud 570. Pollia sorzogonensis Endl.: Henderson 22703, 14 vii ’35. P. sumatrana Hassk.: Burkill

& Haniff 13907. P. thyrsiflora Endl.: Chin 360. Polyalthia brunneifolia Sinclair: Chin 141, 149, 312,

1062, 1094, 1170, 1407, 1507; Ng FRI 5548; Whitmore FRI 757; Stone & Wycherley 8982. P. cauliflora

Hk.f. et Th. var. beccarii (King)Sinclair: Loh FRI 17239. P. cinnamomea Hk.f. et Th.: Whitmore FRI

468. P. hypogaea King: Mills & Henderson 15075. P. lateritia Sinclair; Chin 877; Samsuri & Mahmud

608. P. rumphii (Bl.)Merr.: Stone & Wycherley 8983. P. stenopetala (Hk.f. et. Th.)Ridl.: Loh FRI 17252.

Polygala cardiocarpa Kurz: Corner xi ’41; Henderson 29104. P. malesiana Adema: Allen 27 1’57; King’s

coll. 4814. P. triphylla Buch. et Ham. ex Don: Henderson 22254. Polygonum chinense L.: Ng FRI 1918.

Polypodium papilosum Bl.: King’s coll. 7206. Polystachya flavenscens (B1.)J.J.S.: Chin 422; Curtis ix

1890; Henderson 25075, xi’34; Ng FRI 1922. Polystichum lindsaeifolium Ridl.: Henderson 19651, 22321;

Molesworth-Allen 4105. Polytrema cupreum Ridl.: Burkill 6285. P. vulgare C.B. Clke: Burkill 6307;

Henderson 25001. Pomatocalpa kunstleri (Hk. f.)J.J.S.: UNESCO 228. P. /atifolium (Lindl.)J.J.S.:

UNESCO 215. P. naevatum J.J.S.: Kelsall i 1891; UNESCO 275. P. setulense (Ridl.)Holtt.: Ridley

15226. P. spicatum Breda: Boey 301; Chin 1499; Henderson 23825; Nur 14 x ’31; UNESCO 225A, 374.

Popowia velutina King: King’s coll. 4418. Pothos latifolius Hk.f.: Furtado 4 vi ’37. P. macrocephalus

Scort. ex Hk.f.: Chin 999; Henderson 19557, 23835; Kiah 35282; Molesworth-Allen 4116; Samsuri &

Mahmud 638; Wary 4254. P. scandens L.: Curtis 2394; Kiah 35428; UNESCO 2394. Premna pyramidata

Wall.: Henderson 23766. P. rubens Ridl. UNESCO 407. Prismatomeris malayana Ridl.: Chew 187; Kiah

35271. Procris pendunculata (J.R. & G. Forst.)Wedd.: Chin 16; Stone 8834. Pseuderanthemum

crenulatum Radlk.: Burkill 6273; Chin 667; Corner 13 xi ’41; Henderson 21 xi ’34, 23091; Stone 8821.

P. graciliflorum (Nees ex Wall.)Ridl.: Henderson 21396; Stone 6941, 9080. Pseuduvaria macrophylla

(Oliv.)Merr.: Best 21262; UNESCO 69. P. setosa (King)Sinclair: Chin 955; Henderson 29713; Ogata KEP

110156. Psychotria angulata Korth.: Nur 34372; UNESCO 323. P. cantleyi Ridl.: Burkill 6363. P. mon-

tana Bl.: Burkill 6286; Henderson 23774. P. rhinocerotis Reinw. ex Bl.: Burkill 6310; Chin 811, 1099,

1439; Stone 6939; UNESCO 163, 225. P. rostrata B\l.: Henderson 22400. P. sarmentosa Bl.: Stone 6938.

P. viridiflora Reinw. ex Bl.: Henderson 25218. Pteridium aquilinum (L.)Kuhn var. wightianum

(Ag.)Tryon: Chin 99. P. caudatum (1.) Maxon var. yarrabense Domin.: Chin 383; Corner & Nauen 25

xi ’41. Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.)C.Chr. et Ching: Best 21225; Chin 782, 849; Corner & Nauen 25 xi

’41; Henderson 22320; King’s coll. 8178. Pteris ensiformis Burm.: Chin 1174, 480; Johnson s.n. & S.a.

(KLU); King’s coll. 8334; Samat 524; Shimizu & Stone T 14389, T 14409; Stone & Wycherley 8990;

UNESCO 553. P. longipinnula Wall.: Burkill 13929; Chin 79, 428, 534; Henderson 19505; Samat 469;

Shimizu & Stone M 13722; Stone 8823. P. mertensioides Willd.: Ridley 8640. P. scabripes Wall. apud

Hk.: ‘Students’ 19. P. tripartita Sw.: Henderson 29581; Holttum 8975. P. vittata L.: Chin 100, 381, 432,

1423; Henderson 19517; Nur 3 xi’37; Samat 590; Shimizu & Stone M 13729. Pterisanthes coriacea Korth.

ex Miq.: UNESCO 87. Pteroceras ciliatum (Ridl.)Holtt.: UNESCO 298 & 415. P. hirsutum

(Hk.f.)Holtt.: Chin 1533; Stone 9509. P. tanyphyllum (Ridl.)Holtt.: Carr 142; Chin 93; Ridley 1891;

UNESCO 349, 363, 380. Pterolobium densiflorum Prain: Chin 352. Pterospermum jackianum Wall. ex

Masters: Chin 839; UNESCO 448. P. pectiniforme Kost.: Stone 9134, 10993. Pterygota alata

Roxb.)R.Br.: Chin 942. Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.)Ching: Chin 424, 448, 495, 1108; Corner 17 xi ’41, 19

xi 41, 22 xi’41; Corner & Henderson 23105; Henderson 21378; Nur 34408; UNESCO 137. P. penangiana

(Hk.)Holtt.: Best 21230; Chin 1446; Henderson 19447, 22238, 25239; King’s coll. 7083; Nauen 38035;

Shimizu & Stone T 14353; Stone 7442; UNESCO 216, 243, 639. P. stigmosa (Sw.)Ching: Chin 431, 1080,

1449; Corner & Henderson 22811; Henderson 19453, 22572; King’s coll. 8361; Stone 6573. P. varia

(Kaulf.)Farwell: Best 21231; Chin 101, 430, 1053, 1109, 1436; Henderson 19450, 22575, 25154, 29076;

Stone 9508; UNESCO 161, 628, 660.

Quisqualis parvifolia (Rid\.)Exell. Stone 9082.

Radermachera lobbii (T.&B.)Miq.: Chin 116, 1400; Ng FRI 5570; Stone 9506; UNESCO 482, 651.

Randia densiflora (Wall.)Benth.: Burkill 6290; Chin 23, 337, 489, 851, 973; Henderson 29156;

Molesworth-Allen 4656; Samsuri & Mahmud 596; Stone 6996, 8790, 8837; UNESCO 3, 515; Whitmore

FRI 12159. Raphidophora beccarii Engl.: UNESCO 281. R. korthalsii H. Schott: Chin 997. R. kunstleri

Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 89

Hk.f.: Chin 754; Samsuri & Mahmud 573; Sinclair 9852; Stone 9174. R. maingayi Hk.f.: Chin 592; Nur

8965; Ridley xii 1896. R. silvestris (Bl.)Engl.: Nur 8965; Ridley xii 1896. Rauwolfia reflexa Teys. et Binn.:

Burkill 6280. Renanthera elongata Lindl.: Best 21232. R. histrionica Rchb.f.: Carr 133; Chin 1244; Poore

12 ix 60. Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl.: Stone 5887. Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.)Stearn: Chin 806; Sam-

suri & Mahmud 557. Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.)Hubb.: Burkill 2273; Chin 848; Samsuri & Mahmud

593. Rhynchoglossum obliquum Bl.: Henderson 19402. Richeriella malayana Henders.: Burkill 6281;

Henderson 23790. Rinorea anguifera (Lour.)Ktze: UNESCO 385, 1005. R. bengalensis (Wall.)Ktze:

Burkill 6278; Chew 201; Chin 82, 861, 885, 920, 1492; Ng FRI 1804; Samsuri & Mahmud 601, 610 &

630; Stone 5923, 6933, 8848; UNESCO 610; Whitmore FRI 15078, 15167. R. horneri (Korth.)Ktze: Chin

338, 475, 758, 1030, 1096; Cockburn FRI 10569; Henderson 19495, 22277; Stone & Wycherley 8967;

UNESCO 1, 108, 596. Rostellaria procumbens Nees: Corner 37829; Henderson 28942; Holttum 17425.

Ruellia repens L.: Chin 500. Rungia minutiflora C.B. Clke: Chin 1557; Henderson 21 xi 734.

Sageraea elliptica (A. DC.)Hk.f. et Th.: Chin 469, 1266. Salacia grandiflora Kurz: Henderson 23811;

Wyatt-Smith KEP 79149. S. korthalsiana Miq.: Henderson 22565. S. macrophylla B\.: Chin 771, 874;

Henderson 19602, 22708; Samsuri 553, 605. Salomonia ciliata D.C.: Corner 19 xi’41; Henderson 29059;

Holttum 17426. Saraca delinata (Jack)Miq.: Chin 776, 872; Ogata KEP 110197. S. indica L.: Henderson

19562. S. thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain: Chin 1568; Cockburn FRI 10565; Henderson 22700; Loh FRI

17193. Sarcanthus machadonis (Ridl.)J.J.S.: Stone 9510; UNESCO 391. S. rugulosus (Ridl.)Holtt.:

UNESCO 38, 358. S. sacculatus Ridl.: Chin 1777; Henderson 22805, 29129. S. scortechinii Hk.f.: Chin

1141, 1442; UNESCO 213. S. subulatus (B}.) Rchb.f.: Chin 1505; Corner 20 xi ’41; Henderson 29170;

UNESCO 340. S. termissus Rchb.f.: Henderson 23821. Sauropus brevipes M.A.: Henderson 23022. S.

calcareus Henders.: Henderson 22316. S. suberosus Airy Shaw: Chin 827, 1522; Henderson ii vi ’30;

Molesworth-Allen 4651. S. villosus (Blanco)Merr.: Henderson 22846, 25202; Nauen 38118. Schefflera

elegans (Ridl.)Ridl.: UNESCO 432. S. junghuhniana (Miq.)Harms.: Chin 882, 970; Samsuri 609; Sam-

suri & Mahmud 610, 631. S. musangensis Henders.: Chin 1828. S. subulata (Seem.)Vig.: Chin 1257,

1258, 1259, 1518; Poore 16 vii ’61; Stone 8973; UNESCO 121. S. tomentosa (Hassk.)Vig.: Chin 757;

Sinclair 9843; Stone 13 ii’66; UNESCO 666. S. venolusa (Seem.)Harms.: Chin 7. Schismatoglottis calyp-

trata Zoll. & Morr.: Chin 595, 697; UNESCO 528. S. mutata Hk.f.: Henderson 22427. Schizaea in-

opinata Selling: Chin 455, 1378A; Henderson 19460, 22246, 25157; Nur 34379; Ridley xii 1896; Shimizu

& Stone T 14419; Stone 5908, 7310, 7463; UNESCO 451. Schoenorchis micrantha Bl.: Ridley xii 1896.

Sciaphila asterias Ridl.: Holttum 15113; UNESCO 51. Scindapsus hederaceus Schott: Kiah 35230; Ridley

1897. S. perakensis Hk.f.: Burkill & Haniff 13563; Molesworth-Allen 4273; Ridley 23 vi 1889; Sinclair

9845. S. scortechinii Hk.f.: UNESCO 437. Scleria lithosperma Swartz: Chin 1105; Corner 19 xi ’41;

Henderson 21364, 22467, 25047; UNESCO 313. S. purpurascens Steud.: Chin 969. Sclerophyrum

wallichianum Arn.: Henderson 22278; Kiah 35374. Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb.: Chin 354, 603;

Stone 8838; Stone & Wycherley 8985. S. steenisiana Sleum.: Chin 399, 2104; Ng FRI 5580; UNESCO

127, 127A. Scoparia dulcis L.: Turnau 743. Scurrula ferruginea Dans.: Henderson 21386. Scutellaria

discolor Wall. ex Benth.: Chin 905; Samsuri & Mahmud 616. Secamone micrantha Decne: Chin 351, 987;

Samsuri & Mahmud 647; Stone & Mahmud 12602; UNESCO 162. Setaria palmifolia (Koen.) Stapf.: Chin

& Badaruddin 1700. Shorea guiso (Blanco)Bl.: UNESCO 497. S. leprosula Miq.: UNESCO 498A. S.

ovalis (Korth.)Bl.: UNESCO 497A. Sida javensis Cav.: Henderson 23117. Solanum biflorum Lour.:

Henderson 22709. S. ferox L.: Stone 9497. S. nigrum L.: Burkill 13939. Sonerila tenera Royle: Hender-

son 21375, 28928. Spathogolottis hardingiana Par. et Rchb.f.: Corner 19 xi’41; Curtis 2150, xi’01. Spon-

dias dulcis Forst.f.: Loh FRI 17184. Stachyphrynium cylindricum (Ridl.)Schum.: Kiah 35410. Stauran-

thera grandifolia Benth.: Henderson 19395, 10 viii 29; Nur & Foxworthy 11813; UNESCO 44, 387. S.

umbrosa C.B. Clke: King’s coll. 7144. Staurochilus fasciatus (Rchb.f.)Ridl.: Stone 6980. Stelechocarpus

cauliflorus (Scheff.)R.E.Fr.: Henderson 23802; Loh FRI 17194. Stemona tuberosa Lour.: Ridley 14780.

Stenotaphrum helferi Munro ex Hk.f.: Kiah 35360. Stenothyrsus ridleyi CB.Clke: Curtis 3149; Hender-

son 23765. Stephania venosa (B\.)Spreng.: Chin 511, 932; Symington 46790. Sterculia lancaviensis Ridl.:

Corner 17 xi’41 (2, from different localities); Stone 7004. S. rubigniosa Vent.: Chin 798, 894; Henderson

23837, 29162; Loh 17242, 17250; Ng FRI 5858; Samsuri & Mahmud 567. Streblus asper Lour.: Chin 144;

Kiah 20 vy ’38. S. ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner: Chew 131, 41021; Chin 151, 785, 832A, 833A; Holttum

Holttum 15118; Keng et al. 6198; Loh FRI 17166; Molesworth-Allen 4789; Ng FRI 5537; Samsuri &

Mahmud 586; Stone 6931; UNESCO 13. S. laxiflorus (Hutch.)Corner: Chew 202. S. taxoides

(Heyne)Kurz: Chin 940, 962; Corner 17 xi ’41; Henderson xi ’34; Samsuri & Mahmud 629; Stone 6929.

Strobilanthes leucopogon Ridl.: Henderson 29140. Strychnos axillaris Colebr.: Chin 984; Corner 38136;

Henderson 21379, 21 xi ’34. S. ignatii Berg.: UNESCO 311. Sumbaviopsis albicans (B1.)J.J.Sm.: Chin

1088.

90 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Taeniophyllum culiciferum Ridl.: Henderson 22240. T. filiforme J.J.S.: Ridley xii 1896; UNESCO

183. T. obtusum Bl.: UNESCO 334. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.)Sw.: UNESCO 91. Tamarindus indica

L.: Stone 6950. Tarenna appressa (King)Corner: Stone 6932. T. calcarea Ridl.: Burkill 13944; Ridley i

21. T. curtisii (King)Ridl.: Allen 5 ii ’57; Chin 111, 347, 386, 403, 507, 762, 1058, 1698; Corner 37892,

38140; Henderson 29692, 22568; Holttum 15124; Kerr 21734; Kiah 35310; Molesworth-Allen 4293; Ng

FRI 1597, 5576; Nur 34383; Ogata KEP 110162, KEP 110171; Ridley 8241; Stone 5902, 5903, 7476, 8927,

8928, 9522; UNESCO 164, 331. T. pulchra Ridl.: UNESCO 16, 272, 545. T. ridleyi (Pears.)Ridl.: Chin

451; Henderson 23827. Tectaria amplifolia (v.A.v.R.)C.Chr.: Burkill 13940; Chin 2, 770; Chin &

Mahmud 1309; Curtis 3374; Henderson 19394, 19511, 22276, 22379, 23755, 29708; King’s coll. 4713,

5908; Nur 3 xi ’37; Sinclair 9867; UNESCO 551. T. barberi (Hk.)Copel.: Chin 650. T. devexa

(Ktze)Copel.: Chin & Mahmud 1307; Curtis 3375; Henderson 22432; Keng 281; Shimizu & Stone T

14377, 14382, 14383; UNESCO 253, 260. T. griffithii (Bak.)C.Chr.: Chin 425; Shimizu & Stone M 13730.

T. macrodonta (Fee)C.Chr.: Curtis 3376. T. variolosa (Wall.)C.Chr.: Chin 517, 1739; Corner 19 xi ’41;

Corner & Henderson 22807; Holttum 15123; Kiah 35315. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco)Rolfe: Cor-

ner 29399; Henderson 28946. T. triptera Stapf.: Chin 515; Corner 38128; Keng 6214; Kiah 35414.

Tetracera scandens (L.)Merr.: UNESCO 194. Tetrastigma kunstleri (King)Craib: Chin 494, 787, 833,

1254; Henderson 25201; Stone 8827. T. lanceolarium (Roxb.)Planch.: Kiah 35243. T. peduncularis

(Wall.)Planch.: Chin 789, 810; Samsuri & Mahmud 562. T. scortechinii (King)Gagn.: Henderson 23793.

T. wrayi (King)Craib: Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Ridley 27 xii ’20. Thecostele alata (Roxb.) Par. et

Rchb.: Henderson 22251; UNESCO 169. Thelasis carinata Bl.: Henderson 22255. T. micrantha

(Brongn.)J.J.S.: Chin 162, 457, 1399; Henderson 22460, 25248, 29684; Ng FRI 1911; UNESCO 67, 158.

T. succosa Carr: Chin 429, 1403. T. triptera Rchb.f.: Chin 467; Dransfield 912; Henderson 22249. 22461;

Nur 25155; UNESCO 145, 294, 295. Thelypteris immersa (Bl.)Ching: Carr 22382, 22384; Chin 80, 1805;

Corner & Nauen 25 xi ’41; Henderson 22357; Phang 15 xi ’68. Thespesia populnea (L.)Sol. ex Corr.:

Chin 520. Thrixspermum album (Ridl.)Schltr: Stone 6989. T. amplexicaula (Bl.)Rchb.f.: Henderson

22944. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.: Chin 1740. Timonius atropurpureus Craib: Chin 1834; Corner 37852;

Henderson 29101; Holttum 15129; Spare 36328; Stone 6993, 9143. Tinomiscium petiolare Miers: ex Hk.f.

et Thoms.: Whitmore FRI 4241. Tinospora crispa (L.)Miers ex Hk.f. et Thoms.: Chin 960; Samsuri &

Mahmud 636. Toxocarpus curtisii K.et G.: Chin 402; Stone 6925; UNESCO 237; Whitmore FRI 12163.

T. pauciflorus Henders.: Chin 353, 791; Stone & Mahmud 12620; UNESCO 184. Trema orientalis

(L.)BI.: Chin 382. T. tomentosa (Roxb.)Hara: Chin 1379. Trichoglottis misera (Ridl.)Holtt.: Henderson

21 xi ’34. T. retusa Bl.: Carr 87; Chin 115, 1253, 1540, 1599; Henderson 22243, 22573, 29685; Kelsall

i 1891; UNESCO 168, 292. T. winkleri J.J.S. var. minor J.J.S.: Carr 423. Trichomanes bipunctatum

Poir.: Chin 89, 554, 693, 1044, 1124, 1465; Henderson 19512; Ridley 8143; UNESCO 81, 186, 591. T.

christii Copel.: UNESCO 39. T. humile Forst.: Chin 687. T. motleyi Bosch: Chin 695. Trichosanthes

tricuspidata Lour.: Corner 20 xi ’41; Henderson 25225; Stone 9077. Tridax procumbens L.: Chin 978.

Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. et Binn.) Boerl.: Burkill 6302, 6311; Chew 40995; Hender-

son 29080; Nauen 38124. T. villosus Hk.f.: Whitmore FRI 752. T. viridissimus (Kurz)Airy Shaw: Chin

1034, 1097, 1179; Strugnell KEP 20275. Tristania merguensis Griff.: Nur 25100. T. subauriculata King:

King’s coll. 8253. Trivalvaria macrophylla (B\.)Miq.: Burkill 6342; Chin 470, 531, 998; Chin & Badarud-

din 1697, Sinclair 40060. Tropidia curculigoides Lindl.: Kiah 35400. Tupistra grandis Ridl.: Henderson

29179; UNESCO 565. Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer: UNESCO 683. Tylophora calcicola Henders.: Hender-

son 19583, 25204. T. perakensis K.et G.: Haniff 635. T. tenuis Bl.: Burkill 6351; Henderson 22916.

Typhonium filiforme Ridl.: Henderson 22824; Ridley 9620. T. fultum Ridl.: Henderson 25041; Ridley

8165.

Uncifera tenuicaulis (Hk.f.)Holtt.: Carr 233; Chin 1665; Henderson 21399, 22236. Urena lobata L.:

Chin 579. Urophyllum corymbosum Korth.: UNESCO 546. U. glabrum Wall.: Stone 7495; UNESCO

94. Utricularia minutissima Vahl: Holttum 17427. Uvaria javana Dunal: King’s coll. 5945; Whitmore

FRI 700.

Vaccinium littoreum Miq.: Chin 56; UNESCO 644A. Vandopsis gigantea (Lindl.)Pfitz.: Ridley ii 1897;

Stone 6981. Vatica cinerea King: Kiah 35257, UNESCO 174, 307. Ventilago gladiata Pierre: Chin 981;

UNESCO 138. V. oblongifolia Bl.: Chin 533; Ridley 13349. Vernonia cinerea (L.)Less.: Samat 5. V. cur-

tisii Craib & Hutch.: Chin 508. V. rupicola Ridl.: Corner 37828; Henderson 28927; Ridley 15863. Vibur-

num sambucinum Bl.: UNESCO 117. Villebrunea sylvatica (Miq.)Bl.: Burkill 4419; Chin 78; Stone 8816;

Whitmore FRI 12155. Viscum orientale Willd.: Chin 1747. Vitex pubescens Vahl: Henderson 28943. V.

siamica Willd.: Best 21283; Chew 191; Chin 46, 1388; Corner 38148, 13 xi’41; Henderson 22269, 22464,

Limstone hill flora of Malaya IV 91

25053, 29696; Holttum 15095; Keng et al. 6223; Kiah 35309, 35380; Nur 25151, 34381; Ogata KEP

110180; Ridley 8535; Smith FRI 72558; Stone 5894, 6922, 6994, 8931; Turnau 773, UNESCO 173, 319;

Whitmore FRI 12158. Vitis martinelli Kew ex Planch: Kiah 35392. Vittaria angustifolia Bl.: Corner &

Henderson 22813, 23131; Henderson 29070. V. elongata Sw.: Chin 1705, 1762A.

Wikstroemia androsaemifolia Decne: Chin 146, 412, 1159; Stone 5888, 7308; Whitmore FRI 12164.

W. indica (L.)C.A. Mey.: Chin 521, 1748, 1837; Corner 37837, 37856; Hashim Jaafar 238; Henderson

25093, 29055; Ridley xii 1896; Symington FMS 46733; Whitmore FRI 15063. W. polyantha Merr.:

UNESCO 338. Wrightia dubia (Sims)Spreng.: Kiah 11 iv ’38. W. laevis Hk.f.: Henderson 19599; Kiah

35275.

Xylocarpus granatum Koen.: Henderson 29159.

Zingiber spectabile Griff.: Henderson 23818. Zippelia begoniaefolia Bl.: Henderson 19556. Zizyphus

oenoplia Mill.: Allen 3 iii °57; Henderson 28940, 7 vi ’30; Kerr 21742; Molesworth-Allen 4291; Samsuri

& Mahmud 591; Stone 7471, 9527; Stone & Lewis 9574; UNESCO 468. Z. pernettyoides Ridl.: Chin 343.

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STUDIES IN MALESIAN RUTACEAE

III*. Melicope suberosa, a new species and new generic

record for the Malayan flora

BENJAMIN C. STONE

Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983

Abstract

The genus Melicope, previously believed not to be represented in the flora of Peninsular Malaysia, has

been found, in the form of a new species, occurring in montane rainforest on the upper slopes of Gunung

Ulu Kali, Genting Highlands, Pahang, in Malaysia. The only known locality, a densely wooded gully at

1550 m alt., is in the midst of a zone rapidly being cleared by bulldozing and two of the only five trees

found have been felled. The new species, M. suberosa Stone, is apparently related to Bornean species of

Melicope, particularly an as yet undescribed unifoliolate species known from Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The

addition of Melicope to the Malayan flora brings the number of Rutaceous genera known to occur in

Peninsular Malaysia up to seventeen.

Introduction

The family Rutaceae as represented in Peninsular Malaysia was last revised in

1972 (Stone, 1972) with sixteen genera and 58 species known to occur in the area.

Since that time, further work on the family by T.G. Hartley (1974, 1979, 1982) and

myself (Stone, Lowry, Scora, and Jong 1973; Stone 1978a, 1978b) improved our

understanding of the Malayan members of the family and resulted in several changes

of name and descriptions of new taxa. Continuing field work in the Peninsula in

recent years has widened our knowledge of the distribution of various taxa. The ex-

ploration of the summit areas of the Genting Highlands, along and just past the

Selangor border in Pahang, with particular concentration on the flora of Gunung

Ulu Kali, the fourth highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia (almost 1800 m) was

recently summarized in a checklist of the flora (Stone, 1981). This flora was already

known to include several endemic taxa (including another species, Maclurodendron

magnificum Hartley, of the Rutaceae, which was only discovered a few years ago),

and all indications were that further exploration would likely result in an increase

in the number of species including novelties in various genera. This conclusion is

demonstrated by the discovery documented here, which not only proves to be an

undescribed species but, in addition, to be a representative of a genus hitherto

unreported from Peninsular Malaysia. This genus, Melicope J.R. & G. Forst., has

long ago been recorded from India (M. indica R. Wight), China, Taiwan, Borneo,

Philippines, Okinawa, New Guinea, Australia, and various Pacific Islands.

As the genus Melicope is being revised currently by Hartley, along with the closely

related genera such as Euodia, specimens of the new species described below were

* Parts I and II of this series appeared in Federation Museums’ Journal (Kuala Lumpur), N.S., 23:

75-116, 1978.

94 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

sent to Canberra for his examination. He has confirmed (in /itt.) that the species

belongs to Melicope sensu stricto, in the original sense of the Forsters and therefore

also to the more restricted diagnosis which will be using in his restructuring of the

generic division of the tribe Zanthoxyleae. Dr. Hartley has also indicated some rela-

tionships of the new species particularly to Bornean plants, as detailed below.

With the addition of Melicope, the Malayan flora now is known to possess

members of 17 genera of Rutaceae.

RUTACEAE — Zanthoxyleae — Euodiinae

Melicope suberosa B.C. Stone, sp. nov. Plate 1; Figures 1, 2.

Arbor parva etecta usque ad 10 m alta, ramis majoribus fragilibus oppositis, trunco usque ad 15 cm

diametro, cortice crassiter rugososuberoso, partibus glabris floribus et innovationibus primo

ephemeraliter minute sparseque puberulentis exceptis; foliis simplicibus oppositis integris ellipticis,

petiolis ad 55 mm longis, laminis vulgo 10-15 cm longis, 4-8 cm latis (maxime ad 22 x 11 cm), tenue

subcoriaceis, minute glanduloso-punctatis non-aromaticis, costa infra elevato, nervis 7-12-paribus; in-

florescentiis axillaribus, 15-30 mm longis, pedunculo 10-20 mm longo, cymulis 3-4 congestibus

trifloriferis; floribus pallide albo-viridibus, tetrameris; sepalis c. 1.3 mm longis deltoideis scarioso-

marginatis, extus minute puberulentis; petalis imbricatis galndulosis, 4.3 mm longis, anguste ovatis, apice

cucullato, extus subglabris vel minute sparseque puberulentis; staminibus 8 (in specimine viso infertilibus)

inaequalibus albis glabris, filamentis 1-1.5 mm longis, antheris 0.75 mm longis connectivo dorso minute

glanduloso, apice apiculato; disco albo, 1 mm alto; ovario 4-lobato, viridi, 1.4 mm lato, minute

puberulento; stylo 1.25 mm longo, in parte dimidio inferiori minute puberulento; stigmate obscure

4-lobato- capitato; fructibus 4-lobatis, stellato-radiatis, ad 20 mm latis, folliculis ad 9 mm longis, 8 mm

latis, 9 mm altis, uniseminatis, dehiscentibus; endocarpio cartilagineo glabro; seminibus ovoideis c. 7 mm

longis, nitide nigris, endospermio albo.

Type: Stone & Lowry 15338 (KLU, holo: isotypes A, BISH, BO, K, L, SING,

etc.), from Ulu Kali, Pahang, Malaysia.

A small glabrous tree up to 10 m tall, the trunk straight, to c. 15 cm diameter,

branched laxly above with opposite, elongated branches; innovations at first very

minutely sparsely puberulent (hairs simple, clear, 0.15-0.1 mm long, densest on leaf

margins) but quickly glabrate; bark of trunk and older branches becoming thickly

rugose-corky, 2-8 mm thick (or more), spongy, light brown; bark of youngest bran-

chlets 0.5 mm thick, pale tan, sparsely and coarsely fissured; inner bark green; only

the youngest 1 or 2 internodes green and as yet not corky; wood white, very brittle;

leafy branchlets mostly 3-9 mm diameter. Leaves opposite, simple, elliptic, the

petioles to 5.5 cm long, but usually 1.5-3.5 cm long, 3.5 mm diameter, thickened

at base and apex and there later becoming pale corky-barked, the rest remaining

green, subterete, distally shallow-channelled above, not articulated, abscissing at the

base; blade to about 22 x 11 cm but commonly smaller, usually 10-15 x 4-8 cm,

acute or obtuse at apex and at base, thin and rather delicately coriaceous, rather

rapidly wilting; margins entire to somewhat sinuous or shallowly irregularly crenate

distally; upper surfaces medium-dark glossy green, lower surfaces paler apple-green,

somewhat duller; glands pellucid or green but minute, numerous but not evident

without a lens; midrib slightly raised or flat above, well raised beneath; main secon-

dary nerves about 7 to 12 pairs, looped well within (3-5 mm) the margin; tertiary

BCS 15338

Fig. 1. Melicope suberosa B.C. Stone, sp. nov. Details of holotype — a: flowering branch; b: older

branch showing rugose corky bark; c: functionally pistillate flower, side view; d: the same, with

petals removed, stamens sterile; e: capsule in top view; f. capsule in side view; g- capsule in top

view, enlarged; A: one ripe carpel with extruded seed. (From Stone 15338; b,e-f, to same scale

as @.).

Fig. 2. Melicope suberosa B.C. Stone, sp. nov. Some details of the seedlings — a: simple leaf; b:

bifoliolate leaf; c: trifoliolate leaf; d: petiole apex from the trifoliolate leaf; e: leaflet, margin

showing glands and crenulation. (From Stone 15349).

nerves and reticulations rather obscure in life, fine but evident in sicco; fresh blades

very slightly scented on bruising.

Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate, up to 15-30 mm long, the peduncle somewhat

compressed, 10-20 mm long, to 2.5 mm wide when fresh, channelled and somewhat

shrunken when dry, subglabrous, but at first with minute and rather scattered con-

ical 1-celled whitish hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bracts and bracteoles early caducous, c.

1 mm long, deltoid, scurfy; cymes congested, usually 3-flowered, or up to 3 or 4 par-

tial cymes crowded near apex of inflorescence, with very short pedicels c. 1 mm

long. Flowers greenish-white, the calyx about 2 mm high, the 4 deltoid lobes c. 1.3

mm long, green with pale or white scarious margins, minutely puberulent externally;

petals 4, imbricate, folded, white tinged green, glandular, c. 4.3 mm long, narrowly

ovate, the margins pale, the apex cucullate, glabrous within and subglabrous to

minutely sparsely puberulent externally; staminodes in pistillate flower 8, glabrous,

white, small, thin, with 4 slightly longer, anthers devoid of pollen, filaments 1-1.5

mm long, tapered, anthers 0.75 mm long, the connective dorsally with several small

pale glands, the apex minutely apiculate; disk white, 1 mm high, slightly wider than

the ovary; ovary 4-lobed, green, to 1.4 mm wide, minutely puberulent; style 1.25

mm long, pale green, puberulent in lower half; stigma pale, capitate but 4-lobed,

minutely papillose, glabrous. Pedicels in fruit pale, corky, 3-4 mm long, 2.5 mm

diameter. Fruits 4-lobed, or by abortion 3- to 1-lobed, dark green, radiate, dehis-

cent and turning brown, to 20 mm wide, each lobe ovoid, to 9 mm long, 8 mm wide,

9 mm tall, glabrate, glandular, 1-seeded. Endocarp thin, horny, glabrous,

detaching. Seed ovoid, c. 7 mm long, testa thin, glossy black; endosperm white.

Melicope, new for Malaya 97

MALAYSIA: Pahang: Genting Highlands, Gunung Ulu Kali, 1550 m alt., below hotel complex in rem-

nant patch of montane forest; small tree to 10 m tall, trunk and all branches with thick, rugose, softly

corky bark and brittle wood; leaves all simple, opposite, as are the branches; flowering and fruiting

simultaneously; 17 November 1982, B.C. Stone & J.B. Lowry 15338 (KLU and to be distributed).

A very characteristic species. The most remarkable features are the thick, deeply

corrugated but soft and corky bark, which is a light or medium brown and covers

all the trunk and main branches and even twigs, except the youngest; and the

uniformly simple, non-articulate leaves, which are very slightly undulate-subcrenate

toward the tips, glossy on both sides, somewhat paler below, with rather con-

spicuous nerves. The leaves when crushed are only very slightly scented, and the

fruit pericarp is also but faintly odorous. The capsular follicles dehisce, the seed is

extruded but remains attached on its placenta, and the pericarp quickly withers and

turns brown. Fruits with 1-4 ripening lobes are found, but the lobes seem to be

uniformly 1-seeded. Only pistillate flowers were seen, and the number of staminodes

was uniformly 8, with no fertile anthers even in the youngest buds examined. The

minute hairs on the ovary are rather ephemeral and the fruits appear quite glabrous

when ripe.

Ecology: Five or six apparently full-grown individuals were found, all close

together in a moist, originally well-shaped gully with dense vegetation and granite

boulders, at 1550 m altitude on the uppermost slopes of G. Ulu Kali (the location

is about 50 m higher than the Sri Genting Villa, and is on the SE. side of the road

leading up to the Genting Hotels complex). The gully is rich in bryophytes but lacks

Sphagnum. Currently it is being cut, the upper end opened and the understorey now

largely exposed to much more insolation than originally must have been the case.

So far, this species has not been found elsewhere; this small gully population is clear-

ly threatened. (Seeds, seedlings and cuttings have been taken for cultivation, and it

is hoped to distribute this species widely). Fruiting was rather abundant in the

population and ripe seeds were visible on most of the trees at the time of collection

(November). In addition, there were numerous seedlings underneath, especially on

the rich organic matter.

All the individuals found were pistillate; the flowers, though possessing stamens,

do not produce pollen, the anthers being somewhat rudimentary. It seems possible

that the seeds found, and perhaps the seedlings as well, are the result of a non-sexual

process of reproduction. Further exploration is required in the hope of finding addi-

tional individuals and particularly to find staminate (or perhaps bisexual)

individuals.

The canopy trees in the area include Eugenia, Garcinia, Symingtonia, Lithocar-

pus, Litsea, and various other genera (see Stone, 1981), forming a canopy about

18-26 m tall, i.e. about twice as tall as the Melicope trunks. It is clear that this species

is essentially an understorey species of the primary montane forest, and seems not

to be a pioneer or colonizer species like the Euodias. The very brittle, easily broken

wood, and quick wilting character of the Melicope is very noticeable and somewhat

unusual in this forest. Other members of the substorey stage which reach about the

same dimensions as the Melicope are Polyosma parviflora King, Prunus arborea

(Bl.) Kalkm., Casearia capitellata Bl., and somewhat smaller shrubs include

98 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Chasalia minor Ridl., Pinanga polymorpha Becc., and Arthrophyllum stonei Lim.

Relationships: The most similar species is one found on Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah,

represented by J. & M.S. Clemens 51077, 51184, G. Mikil SAN 46579, Chew, Corner

& Stainton 197, and RSNB 4547 and 4558. This species, as yet undescribed, has

unifoliolate leaves. It differs from M. suberosa in having smaller flowers (with

petals about 2.5 mm long), a glabrous perianth, and a glabrous gynoecium. There

are also on Mt. Kinabalu plants which are very similar, grading to a taxon with

trifoliolate leaves (e.g. J. & M.S. Clemens 29810, 31048, 32562, 51052, Carr 27490,

and Stone 11398). The latter taxon with trifoliolate leaves (represented by J. & M.S.

Clemens 29477, 33623, Carr 27663, and Ding Hou 232) is in turn highly similar and

may grade into a Sarawak taxon also with trifoliolate leaves (represented by Sibat

ak Luang S. 22129 and Banying ak Nyudong S. 19031), which has smaller leaves,

more delicate and longer inflorescences, and smaller fruits.

Amongst the already described species of Melicope, there do not appear to be any

strikingly close to the new species. Some, such as M. mindanaensis Elmer, have

unifoliolate leaves, but differ in important floral features. M. indica Wight differs

in its more oboval leaves, pubescent stigma, and blunt anthers. M. monophylla

Merr. differs in its hirsutulous branches, villous ovary, very short style and rugose

cocci. M. curranii Merr. differs in its smaller flowers, oblong-obovate to oblong-

lanceolate leaves, and very long petioles. M. unifoliolata Merr. and M. helferi

Hook. fil., of Borneo and Burma respectively, are not true Melicopes and have been

reduced to Maclurodendron by Hartley (1982). The others mostly have trifoliolate

leaves, or differ in other important respects.

In Engler’s treatment (1931) Melicope was subdivided into four sections, of which

nowadays the last, Tetractomia, is best regarded as a well-defined genus of its own,

as J.D. Hooker had originally ranked it. The other three are Entoganum (Banks ex

Gaertn.) Engl., to which most of the species pertain; Astorganthus (Endl.) Engl.,

including only M. simplex A. Cunn. of New Zealand; and Brombya (F.v.Muell.)

Engl. with only M. platynema (F.v.Muell.) Engl. of Queensland. The latter two are

remote from the present new species.

Thus the relationships of M. suberosa appear so far to be with a complex of taxa,

mostly undescribed, which occur in Borneo, especially on Mt. Kinabalu.

Seedlings: The seedlings of Melicope suberosa are noteworthy in that they occa-

sionally produce some trifoliolate, or intermediate (bifoliolate) leaves. These seem

always to be among the first four or five true leaves produced by the seedling. Later

stages appear to have only simple leaves. These, as in the adult plants, are not ar-

ticulated and can scarcely be called unifoliolate. Details of these seedling leaves are

shown (Fig. 2).

Plate 1. Melicope suberosa B.C. Stone, sp. nov. a: leafy shoot with fruits. b: older stem, showing corky

rugose bark. c: leafy stem with inflorescences; flowers at anthesis. d: ripe capsules. (All from

the holotype; photographs by the author).

100 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Acknowledgements

Thanks are expressed to Dr T.G. Hartley (CSIRO, Herbarium Australiense,

Canberra) for his very helpful and encouraging remarks and his indication of the

specific relations of M. suberosa. I am also grateful to Dr Brian Lowry for compa-

nionship in the field and for the good luck he always seems to bring.

References

Engler, A. (1931). Rutaceae. Jn Engler, A., and H. Harms, Die Natiirlichen

Pflanzenfamilien. Bd. 19a: 187-357. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.

Hartley, T.G. (1974). A Revision of the Genus Acronychia (Rutaceae). J. of the Ar-

nold Arb. 55: 469-523, 525-567.

(1979). A Revision of the Genus Tetractomia (Rutaceae). J. of the Arnold

Arb. 60: 127-153.

(1982). Maclurodendron: a new genus of Rutaceae from Southeast Asia.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 35: 1-19.

Stone, B.C. (1972). Rutaceae. Jn Whitmore, T.C. (ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya. Forest

Department, Malaysia. Vol. 1: 367-387. Kuala Lumpur: Longmans.

(1978a). Studies in Malesian Rutaceae, I: Notes towards a revison of the

genus Glycosmis Correa. Fed. Mus. J., new ser., 23: 75-110.

(1978b). Studies in Malesian Rutaceae, II: New records and new taxa of

Aurantioideae from Borneo. Fed. Mus. J., new series., 23: 111-116.

Stone, B.C., J.B. Lowry, R.W. Scora, and K. Jong. (1973). Citrus halimii: a new

species from Malaya and peninsular Thailand. Biotropica 5(2): 102-110.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF

THE SOLOMON ISLANDS

II. Five new combinations in Araliaceae

BENJAMIN C. STONE

Department of Botany, University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983

Abstract

Five species of Boerlagiodendron (Araliaceae), including four from the Solomon Islands and one from

the New Hebrides, are transferred, according to nomenclatural necessity, to Osmmoxylon.

Some years ago I revised briefly the East Melanesian species of Boerlagiodendron

Harms, describing two new species and demonstrating that four species could be

found in the Solomon Islands and another in the New Hebrides. Since then it has

been shown that the generic name Osmoxylon Miq. must be used for this very

distinctive group of plants. As the Araliaceae, apart from Schefflera, has now been

published in the Flora Malesiana (Philipson, 1979), it is appropriate to prepare a

correct nomenclatural list of the East Melanesian species to supplement my original

paper (Stone, 1962). This list follows.

Osmoxylon Miq.

Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. 1 (1863) 5. Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 99; Fl. Males.

ser. I, 9(1) (1979) 31-53. -- Eschweileria Zipp. ex Boerl. Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6

(1887) 112, non Eschweilera Mart. 1828. -- Pseudo-sandalum O.K. Rev. Gen. PI.

1 (1891) 271, as ‘‘Pseudosantalum’’, nom. illegit. -- Boerlagiodendron Harms, E.

& P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 8 (1894) 31; Hutchinson, Gen. Fl. Pl. 2 (1967) 72.

1. Osmoxylon puniceopolleniferum (Stone) Stone comb. nov.

Boerlagiodendron puniceopolleniferum Stone, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. DC. 75

(1962)"27, f. 1.

SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita, Stone 2450 (BISH holo, A, K, US iso).

2. Osmoxylon tetrandrum (C.T. White) Stone comb. nov.

Boerlagiodendron tetrandrum C.T. White, J. Arn. ARB. 31 (1950) 102;

Walker, For. Brit. Sol. Is. Prot. (1948) 98.

SOLOMON ISLANDs: San Cristoval, Wa/ker BSIP 260 (K).

3. Osmoxylon orientale (Guill.) Stone comb. nov.

Boerlagiodendron orientale Guillaumin, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 51 (1938) 554.

NEW HEBRIDES: Espiritu Santo, J. & Z. Baker 258 (K).

101

102 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

4. Osmoxylon reburrum (Stone) Stone comb. nov.

Boerlagiodendron reburrum Stone, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. DC. 75 (1962) 30,

fees

SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita, Stone 2397 (BISH holo, US iso).

5. Osmoxylon russellense (Philipson) Stone comb. nov.

Boerlagiodendron russellensis Philipson, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 1(1)

(1951) 12.

SOLOMON ISLANDS: Russel Islands, R.7. Brice 18 (A holo).

References

Philipson, W. R.(1979). Araliaceae, part 1. Flora Malesiana ser. I, 9 (1): 1-105.

Stone, B. C.(1962). Boerlagiodendron (Araliaceae) in Eastern Melanesia. Proc.

Biol. Wash. DC. 75: 25-32.

Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (VIII)*

HSUAN KENG

Department of Botany, National University of Singapore

Index to Families

Page Page

Apocynaceae 112 Myrsinaceae 117

Asclepiadaceae 123 Oleaceae 121

Ebenaceae 106 Plantaginaceae 111

Epacridaceae 103 Plumbaginaceae 110

Ericaceae 103 Sapotaceae 103

Gentianaceae 112 Styracaceae 115

Loganiaceae 111 Symplocaceae 116

II. Angiospermae-Dicotyledons (cont’d)

111. Ericaceae

Rhododendron indicum Sweet

A densely branched shrub; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1.8-3.5

cm long, red-brown hairy. Flowers rose-red to scarlet, with round lobes, borne

in short clusters at branch-tips. A pot plant introduced from Japan, has never

set fruit here.

Rhod. longiflorum Lindl.

An epiphytic shrub with bright red flowers, formerly collected from lofty

Hopea trees near the top of Bukit Timah, Ridley 2030 in 1891, now extinct.

112. Epacridaceae

Styphelia malayana Spr. (= Leucopogon malayanus Jack)

A shrub; leaves narrow and stiff with a sharp-pointed tip. Flowers white, in ax-

illary clusters. Fruit red, baccate, Formerly found on the sea-shore near Changi,

Tanah Merah, Ridley 1832, now extinct.

113. Sapotaceae

Key to the genera

APR SEDAIRTS WINE WORWROLIS: Bitet:. Sate vce sac oareis a octhee Sales Soe ae oboe Ganua, Madhuca, Payena

1. Sepals 5, 6 or 8, in one or two whorls

* continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 35: 103, 1982.

103

104 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

2. Sepals 5, in one whorl

3. SStaminodesiS: 3. .005 setorsce rele toraist ee eres tavedeee ey terreleitere mieieene Planchonella, Pouteria

3. Staminodes absent: aacncwc ssc este eee ea Oe ROO ace eee Chrysophyllum

2. Sepals 6 or 8, in two whorls

4. Sepals 6

§ Stamens:6- ccc arouses ete rautavalecars evstere er ekeue ate nieneereurte eletelorertere rarer orers ree onenetate Manilkara

§:Stamens’ about HQ) 2505065: afs ois savaievare siesta, acuta aber ereravale tate el @kayoiaie: a/aiere sie tarelevsieasiats Palaquium

As Sepals:8 ..cicrsicsiwiw stevens drones We en Sees Sete: ee tint. ee aera Mimusops

Chrysophyllum cainito L.

A tree with elliptic, drooping leaves. Leaf-blades coppery-silvery beneath.

Corolla purplish white. Fruit large, broadly ellipsoid to spherical, 5-7 cm across,

white or purple, with a star-like core in transverse section (hence Star-apple).

Native of tropical America, occasionally planted.

Chrys. lanceolatum DC. (= C. roxburghii G. Don)

Tree; leaves dark green, with numerous pairs (12-35) of parallel secondary

veins. Corolla yellow, 5-merous; staminodes absent. Fruit globose, 5-lobed.

Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Sinclair SF 40200).

Ganua kingiana (Brace) v.d. Assem (= Madhura kingiana (Brace) Lam)

Large tree; leaves closely clustered. Flowers white, 1-6 per cluster, above the leaf

scars. Bukit Timah, Ridley 6294, type of Bassia kingiana.

Ganua motleyana Pierre ex Dubard

Tree; leaves spiral, glabrous. In freshwater and peat swamps, Seletar, Jurong,

Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Changi (Ridley 5645).

Ganua sessilis (K. & G.) Lam (= Payena sessilis K. & G.)

Leaves obovate, the base gradually tapered downward, hence appearing sessile.

Tuas, Goodenough 5076, type.

Madhuca malaccensis (Clarke) Lam

Small or medium tree; leaves loosely clustered. Flowers white or yellow, many

in axillary clusters. Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley 6521.

Madh. sericea (Mig.) Lam

Medium tree; leaves yellowish brown to silvery, velvety below. MacRitchie

Reservoir, Sinclair SF 39656.

Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (= Achras zapota L.)

Small tree; leaves glabrous, dark green below. Fruit roundish ovoid, up to 9 x

7 cm, the rind thin, brown; flesh pinkish, juicy, in which are embedded about

10 black seeds. The milky latex tapped from the trunk is known as Chicle or

Chicle gum, the main ingredient of chewing gum. A native of tropical America,

locally grown for its edible fruit, Chicku. Aux

Mimusops elengi L.

Small or medium tree; leaves alternate or laxly spirally arranged, margin wavy

and curled; flowers white, with 8 flat and hairy staminodes. Native to India and

Thailand, often cultivated as an ornamental and roadside tree.

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 105

Palaquium gutta (Hook. f.) Baill.

Medium-sized tree, buttressed; leaves obovate to oblong-elliptic, spirally ar-

ranged, golden brown velvety below. Flowers pale green, in small axillary

clusters. Fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm across. This species furnishes the top grade of Gut-

ta Percha which was an important commodity for insulation material during the

last century. Probably introduced from the Malay Peninsula, formerly widely

planted; a small patch can still be found at the foot of Bukit Timah Nature

Reserve.

Pal. hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.

Large tree; leaves obovate or oblong-elliptic, to 20 cm long; petioles glabrous,

narrowly grooved above. Bukit Timah, Ridley 11373.

Pal. microphyllum K. & G.

Large tree; leaf-blades spathulate, less than 11 cm long; petioles finely hairy.

Bukit Timah, Sinclair SF 38245.

Pal. obovatum (Griff.) Engl.

Medium-sized or large tree; leaf-blades obovate, leathery, to 35 cm long;

flowers green, crowded along the twigs behind the leaves. Tanglin, Changi,

Pulau Senang (Burkill & Kiah HMB 503). Vern. Nyatoh.

Pal. oxleyanum Pierre

Small to medium-sized tree; leaf-blades obovate, to 28 cm long; petioles strong-

ly grooved above; very similar to P. gutta. Pulau Dammar Darat, Goodenough

in 1892.

Pal ridleyi K. & G.

Large tree; leaf-blades obovate to elliptic, to 12 cm long. In swamps; Kranji,

Ridley 4796.

Pal. rostratum (Mig.) Burck (= P. bancanum Burck)

Large tree; leaf-blades obovate to spathulate, to 80 cm long. Gardens’ Jungle,

Bukit Timah (Mat 6/34).

Pal. xanthochymum Pierre

Large tree; leaves obovate to spathulate, to 15 cm long. In freshwater swamps,

Changi, Ridley 3639a.

Payena lucida (G. Don) DC.

Small or medium tree; leaves oblong, to 25 cm long; flowers in small axillary

clusters; sepals 4, in two pairs; corolla white, mostly 8-lobed; stamens 16; fruit

ovoid to ellipsoid, 2 cm across. Seletar, Ridley 5644, type.

Pay. maingayi Clarke

Medium-sized or large tree; leaves oblong, to 30 cm long, velvety beneath.

Flowers white or pale yellow. Chua Chu Kang, Ridley 6696, Mandai Road.

Pay. obscura Burck (= P. havilandii K. & G.)

Leaves elliptic, to 15 cm long, glabrous beneath. Bukit Timah, Ngadiman SF

35800.

106 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Planchonella maingayi (Clarke) Van Royen (= Sideroxylon maingayi Clarke)

Tree; leaves obovate. Like the next species, but leaves glabrous below, tertiary

veins transverse. Less common; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Liew 36465).

Planch. obovata (R.Br.) Pierre (= Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. & Arn.)

Small or medium-sized tree; leaves obovate, usually velvety below, tertiary veins

reticulate; flowers small, 5-merous; staminodes tongue-shaped, alternate with

corolla-lobes; fruit obovoid, small. In mangroves and on the sea-coast; Pulau

Dammar Darat, Goodenough 2763.

Pouteria malaccensis (Clarke) Baehn. (= Lucuma malaccensis Dubard)

Large or medium-sized tree; flowers small, in leaf-axils, 5-merous; staminodes

5, alternate with corolla-lobes. Seletar, Mat 6499.

114. Ebenaceae

Diospyros argentea Griff.

Small tree with dense golden-yellow hairs on various parts; leaves oblong, 15-32

cm long; flowers 4-5 merous, in axillary cymes, usually dioecious; fruit round,

about 5 cm across, covered with red hairs. In dense jungle, Bukit Timah,

Changi (Hullett 410), Chua Chu Kang.

Diosp. buxifolia (Bl.) Hiern. (= D. microphylla Bedd.)

Tree; leaves small, ovate, 1.2-5 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.1 cm across, 1-seeded.

Producing black heartwood, the Malacca Ebony. Bukit Timah, MacRitchie

(Sinclair SF 39482).

Diosp. clavigera Clarke

Large tree; leaves obovate, 5-13 cm long. Fruit round, 1.2 cm across. Sungei

Morai, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman SF 36396).

Diosp. diepenhorstii Mig. (= D. pyrifera Ridl.)

Leaves oblong, 15-30 cm long. Fruit obovoid or oblong, 8 cm across. Bukit

Timah, Ridley 8101.

Diosp. discolor Willd.

Small, densely crowned tree; leaves lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 8-30 cm long,

densely hairy below; fruit depressed globose, 5-12 cm across, densely hairy.

Native to the Philippines, occasionally planted for the edible fruits (Buah

Mentega). #4%

Diosp. ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. (= Maba buxifolia Pers.)

Leaves small, elliptic or obovate, 1.6-6 cm long. Fruit globose, 0.8 cm across.

Often near the sea, Tempinis, Kranji (Ridley 6703).

Diosp. kaki Thunb.

Fresh fruits of the Chinese persimmon ( ## ) are imported from China, Japan

and Java usually during the end of the year. Compressed dried ones are sold

in stores almost throughout the year.

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 107

Diosp. lanceifolia Roxb. (= D. lucida Wall.)

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 4.5-15 cm long. Fruit globose, about 2 cm

across, beaked. In the forest, sometimes near the sea, Bukit Timah, Changi,

Loyang, Tempinis.

Diosp. maingayi (Hiern.) Bakh. (= D. bilocularis Oliv.)

Leaves elliptic, 6-17 cm long. Fruit oblong, 3.5 cm across. Gardens’ Jungle,

Changi (Goodenough s.n. in 1890).

Diosp. pilosauthera Blanco var oblonga (Wal. ex G. Don) Ng

Leaves oblong, 15-33 cm long. Fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm across, Bukit Timah, Tan-

jong Gul, Gardens’ Jungle (Abu Kassim 267).

Diosp. styraciformis K. & G.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong, 5-13.5 cm long. Fruit globose, to 2.5 cm across,

pointed. MacRitchie, Samsuri 1463.

Diosp. venosa Wall. ex A. DC. (= Maba venosa (Wall.) K. & G.

Leaves lanceolate to elliptic. Fruit globose to oblong, 1.3-1.7 cm across.

Changi, Ridley 4667.

115. Styracaceae

Styrax benzoin Dryand

Medium-sized tree; buttressed. Leaves ovate to elliptic, 6-20 cm long, glaucous

beneath; corolla white, fragrant; fruit depressed-globose to globose, 2-3.8 cm

across. Gum benzoin is a fragrant resin, tapped from deep incisions into the

bark. It is used as incense and in medicine. Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley 2650),

Chua Chu Kang, Gardens’ Jungle. Vern. Kemenyan. £8.&

Styr. crotonoides Clarke

Leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, 8.5-20 cm long, densely rust-hairy below; fruit

ovoid to round, to 3 cm across. Recorded in Singapore by a single collection,

Wallich 7848.

116. Symplocaceae

Symplocos adenophylla Wall, ex D. Don

Shrub or small tree; young twigs and undersurface of leaves covered with red

brown hairs. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-14 cm long; flowers white; fruits ellip-

soid, to 0.8 cm long. The fruits of Symplocos are drupes, usually bluish when

ripe, crowned with a persistent calyx, and have a ribbed stone. Seletar (Ridley

2752b), Tuas.

Sympl. barringtonifolia Brand (= S. rigida Clarke)

Small tree; leaves oblong or elliptic, 26-31 cm long; flowers white; fruit oblong,

pointed, to 3 cm long. Changi, Ridley 5960.

108 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Sympl. celastrifolia Griff. ex Clarke

Leaves elliptic to ovate, 5.5-12 cm long; fruit ovoid, to 1 cm long. Jurong,

Ridley 8423.

Sympl. fasciculata Zoll.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-11 cm long; fruit ovoid, with a short beak, blue,

6 mm long. In the forest and belukar, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang, Tanglin,

Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3626a).

Sympl. odoratissima (Bl.) Choisy ex Zoll.

Leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, 7.5-17 cm long; fruit ovoid, 0.8-1.5 cm

long. Bukit Timah, Ridley 4428.

Sympl. rubiginosa Wall. ex DC.

Leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, 15-35 cm long; fruit ellipsoid, 0.8-1 cm

long. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman SF 36363).

117. Myrsinaceae

Key to the genera

1. Woody climbers

2. Ovary and fruitssuperior, seedisolitanys elOOOSe mere aeianeeieieiee rere eters Embelia

2. Ovary and fruit half-inferior, seeds numerous, angular ...................-.0eeeeeee Maesa

1. Erect subshrubs, shrubs or small trees; fruit 1-seeded

3. Herbaceous subshrubs, rhizomatous; flowers in small fascicles along the rachis of a racemose in-

5100) ¢ Cielo | 6 a ee Io i hi a ani aiden ctheitow toi Ga cic Labisia

3. Shrubs or small trees, not rhizomatous; flowers in umbellate or other inflorescences, but not as

above

4. Fruit cylindric; curved; acute; pericarpidry. leathenys .-r1e ele terete Aegiceras

4. Fruit globose, pericarp fleshy

5. Corolla-lobes contorted in bud, flowers perfect, style and stigma tapering to a point

ee ete ner te i Oe ono SOO Aa. oe ROU aD Anns GOOD Elo ot O06 Ardisia

5. Corolla-lobes imbricate or valvate, stigma tongue-shaped ..................... Rafania

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco

Shrub; leaves thick-leathery, obovate, 4-8 cm long; flowers pale pinkish, 10-20

in terminal and axillary umbels. Fruit cylindric, acute, curved, pericarp

leathery. In mangroves, Tuas, Changi (Ridley s. n. in 1890), Lim Chu Kang,

Pulau Ubin.

Ardisia corolata Roxb. (= Ard. stylosa Miq.)

Shrub or small tree; leaves papery, oblong-lanceolate, 12-25 cm long, variable,

reddish-brown beneath. Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, Changi Road, Jurong

Road (Ridley 11342).

Ard. crassa Clarke

Shrub or small tree; leaves leathery, narrowly oblong; panicles rusty pubescent,

flowers pink. Rare, Seletar, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 3844).

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 109

Ard. crispa DC. (= A. crenata Roxb.)

Glabrous shrub; leaves thinly leathery, lanceolate, with a crenate margin, 5-10

cm long; flowers pink, in short umbellate racemes. In open places, Alexandra

Road, Changi, Sentosa Island (Samsuri 1347).

Ard. lanceolata Roxb.

Shrub or small tree; leaves leathery, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, 15-28 cm

long, petioles winged; panicles terminal. Seletar, Bukit Timah (Ridley 6436).

Ard. littoralis Andr. (= A. elliptica)

Large shrub; leaves leathery, obovate, 8-12 cm long, nerves nearly invisible;

flowers rose pink, 6-8 in an umbel, corolla gland-dotted. Drupe flattened,

globose, red then black. In tidal swamps and muddy river banks. Changi,

Ridley 20115.

Ard. ridleyi K. & G.

Slender spreading shrub; leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm

long. Sole record in Singapore: Ang Mo Kio. No specimens available.

Ard. singaporensis Rid.

Small tree, young parts densely red-scurfy; leaves thinly leathery, elliptic-

lanceolate, gland-dotted, 10-18 cm long. Rare, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 2816, type),

and Changi Road; probably extinct.

Ard. teysmanniana Scheff. (= Pimelandra wallichii DC.)

Shrub or small tree; branches rusty tomentose; leaves papery, oblong or

oblanceolate, 30-45 cm long, margin entire; flowers in branched short racemes.

Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Corner s.n. in 1940), Changi, Nee Soon.

Ard. tuberculata Wall.

Glabrous shrub; leaves leathery, elliptic, 8-15 cm long, coppery scaly beneath;

flowers pink, in a lax terminal panicle. In forests, Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley

432), Jurong, Gardens’ Jungle.

Ard. villosa Roxb.

Small shrub; leaves papery thin, oblong-lanceolate, villose beneath, 10-20 cm

long. In dense forests, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 2809).

Embelia amentacea Clarke

Slender climber, branches brown velvety; leaves papery, oblong, 3-8 cm long,

pubescent beneath; flowers small, in panicles of slender hanging racemes. In

secondary forests and their edge; Bukit Timah Road, Changi Road.

Emb. canescens Jack (= E. garcinifolia)

Slender woody climber; inflorescences terminal, red-hairy; fruit small, black.

Catchment forests (Goodenough 1822), Changi (Ridley 5927).

Emb. coriacea DC.

Large liana; leaves stiff, coriaceous, oblong, 16-25 cm long; panicles very large,

pendent, corolla white; fruit black. In secondary forests, Seletar, Bukit Mandai,

Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 2812).

110 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Emb. lampani Scheff.

Woody climber; leaves oblong, 4-8 cm long. In forest edge, Changi, Bukit

Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, Catchment forests (Ridley s.n. in 1906).

Emb. ribes Burm.

Slender woody climber; in forest edge, Changi, Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in

1889), Gardens’ Jungle.

Emb. ridleyi K. & G.

Large climber; leaves thinly papery, oblong-acute, 10-18 cm long; panicles ax-

illary. Forest edge; Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. Probably extinct.

Labisia pumila (Bl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (= L. pothoina Lindl.)

A shrublet; leaves variable, usually lanceolate-elliptic, crenulate, petioles short

or long, sometimes winged (var. alata). Corolla pink, flowers in small clusters

on a spike-like inflorescence; fruit globose, bright red, 3-4 mm across. In dense

forests; Sungei Bajau, Bukit Timah, Kranji (Ridley 1799a), Changi. Vern. Akar

Fatimah.

Maesa ramentacea Wall.

Scandent shrub or small tree; branches often bearing masses of abortive branch-

lets; leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, 8-20 cm long; flowers with a white

corolla, very small, in axillary panicles. In secondary forests, Catchment

forests, Bukit Timah (Ridley 2064).

Rafania avensis (Bl.) Mez (= Myrsine avensis DC.)

Small tree; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm long, nerves obscure; flowers in

compact, few-flowered umbels. Drupe globose, 3-4 mm across. In mangrove

forests, Bajau, Tanjong Gul (Sinclair SFN 39637).

Raf. umbellulata (Wall.) Mez (Myrs. umbellulata A. DC.)

Shrub or small tree; leaves oblanceolate, 4-8 cm long, nerves visible; flowers 3

or more in an umbel; drupe globose, 7-8 mm across. Near the sea, Changi, Chua

Chu Kang (Ridley 6827).

118. Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago auriculata Lamk. (= P. capensis Thunb.)

A dwarf shrub, much branched; flowers in umbel-like clusters, corolla tubular,

light blue. Native of S. Africa, planted as an ornamental or hedge. # it ©

Plumb. indica Linn. (= P. rosea L.)

Corolla rose-pink or red. Native of India.

Plumb. zeylanica Linn.

Corolla white. Native of tropical Asia; cultivated or as garden escape on road-

side, waste ground or near villages.

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 111

119. Plantaginaceae

Plantago major L. (or as P. asiatica Michx)

A herb with thin or thick rhizomes; leaves lanceolate to ovate, in a radical

rosette; flowers small, white, in a spike-like inflorescence. A cosmopolitan

weed, used in herbal medicine. 227% -

120. Loganiaceae

Key to the genera

1. Leaves with one main vein from the base; tendrils often present ............-....... Strychnos

1. Leaves with 3-5 basal veins; no tendrils

2. Goerolia-lobes imbricate or contorted; fruit baccate ........2..-....2..-0.022..0005- Fagraea

Za eormmlalopes valvate m bud; Capsules 2-valved .. 2. 2-222. .c. oes cece ccc ese scces Norrisia

Fagraea auriculata Jack

Epiphytic or climbing shrub; leaves stalked, with auricles present at the base of

stalk; corolla tubular, large, to 30 cm long. Pulau Pawai (Sinclair SF 38900).

Fagr. crenulata Maingay ex Clarke

Large tree, trunk and branches often thorny; leaves obovate, 18-35 cm long,

sessile, like those of the cabbage plant (hence Cabbage Tree). Native to the

swamp-forests in S. Malaya, cultivated in large gardens or along roadsides.

Superficially it resembles the Ketapang tree (Terminalia catappa), but the leaves

are green and larger. Vern. Birah.

Fagr. fragrans Roxb.

Medium-sized tree; leaves elliptic, 5-13 cm long; flowers cream-white, becoming

yellow, fragrant, 2 cm across; berry orange, round, 8 mm across. Usually found

in open places and belukar, also widely planted. A form with a wavy leaf-

margin and reddish brown bark, found in the primary forest, is sometimes con-

sidered as a separate species, namely Fagr. gigantea Ridl. Vern. Tembusu.

Fagr. racemosa Jack ex Wall.

Shrub or small tree, rarely climbing; leaves elliptic, 15-30 cm long, without

distinct auricles, but stipules united around the twig into a short ocrea. In secon-

dary forests, Changi (Goodenough 2783), Kranji.

Fagr. ridleyi K. & G.

Climbing or straggling shrub or small tree; leaves obovate, 15-25 cm long,

secondary veins prominent below. Very rare, Bukit Timah (Ridley 11363),

Sungei Karang.

Norrisia major Solered. (= N. malaccensis Gardn.)

Small tree; leaves oblong to elliptic,6-10 cm long; flowers cream-yellow, in ter-

minal corymbs, branched; capsules opening by parting of 2 valves. Mandai

Road (Corner s.n. in 1937).

112 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Strychnos axillaris Colebr. (= S. malaccensis Benth. & S. pubescens Clarke)

A liana, sometimes a shrub or small tree; twigs pubescent; leaves lanceolate to

suborbicular, 9-12 cm long, 3-5 nerved from the base; flowers less than 0.5 cm

long, corolla-tube nearly as long the limb; fruit ovoid, oblique, 1-1.5 cm across.

Bukit Timah (Ridley 6317), Gardens’ Jungle.

Strychn. ignatii Berg. (= S. ovalifolia Wall, ex G. Don)

Large liana; leaves ovate to elliptic, 8-12 cm long; flowers in axillary cymes,

salver-shaped, 1-1.5 cm long, the corolla-tube longer than the limb; fruit

globose, 5-8 cm across, on thickened branches. The seeds contain strychnine

(Saint Ignatius’ Bean); the roots are used for poison arrows and as fish poison.

Changi, Gardens’ Jungle, MacRitchie (Whitmore 68).

Strychn. ridleyi K. & G.

Climbing shrub; leaves oblong, 8-10 cm long; flowers 0.5 cm long, corolla-tube

longer than the limb. Rare, once collected at Tuas, Ridley 6313 (type).

121. Gentianaceae

Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze (= Limnanthemum indicum Griseb).

Aquatic plant; leaves broadly ellipsoid or rounded, solitary at the top of stem

or branches, floating; lowermost leaves submerged; flowers in fascicles, at the

top of the petiole-like stem; corolla white, the lobes densely covered with long,

white hairs. In shallow stagnant water at the margin of the Catchment Area,

Haviland & Lim 5741.

122. Apocynaceae

Synoptic key to the genera

I) Herbs: leaves opposite (introduced! and maturalised)ie cre rise cre sere ctersiereieieneeteeneisters Catharanthus

1. Trees, shrubs or woody climbers

2. Erect trees or shrubs

3. Leaves alternate and spiral

4. Native plants; both) wildvandiplanted ses een eis eects Cerbera

4. Introduced: plants) ...cnin26 casas en Oar Ce Thevetia, Plumeria, Adenium

3. Leaves opposite or in whorls

5. Leaves opposite

6:Native plants= 7). 3.0.2. eee eee eae Kibatalia, Kopsia, Tabernaemontana

6= Introducedvandicultivatediplantsmem eee ee Carissa, Tabernaemontana

5. Leaves usually in whorls of 3-8

fie Native plants* smalll toillargeritreesy sere eerie eee eee Alstonia, Dyera

7. Introduced cultivated plants, small trees or shrubs .. Nerium, Ochrosia, Strophanthus

2. Climbers or scramblers,

8. Leaves opposite

9. Native plants Anodendron, Leuconotis, Melodius, Parameria, Strophanthus, Willughbeia

9. Introduced cultivated plants ...... Allamanda, Beaumontia, Chonemorpha, Odontadenia

8. Leaves in whorls of 3-4

10. Native: plants: ocis5.05,.:2tigetye oc sare a io eae ene ee Alyxia

LOS Introducedicultivatediplantss...-5..c cee eee eee eee een Allamanda

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 113

Adenium obesum Balf. (= A. coetaneum Stapf)

A bushy shrub; 1-1.5 m tall; stem and branches thick, succulent; leaves ovate,

5-10 cm long, spirally arranged in tufts. Flowers purple or pink, funnel-shaped,

4-5 cm long, in small clusters. Native to E. Africa. A pot plant.

Allamanda cathartica L.

Climbing shrub; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-4, oval-shaped, tapering at

both ends, 10-15 cm long. Flowers broad-tubular, 4-5 cm long and across, in

small clusters at branch-tips. A large flowered form, sometimes called A.

hendersoni Rafill., native to Brazil, is often planted in gardens. *x##3% -

Allamanda violacea G. & E.

A climbing shrub also from Brazil. Differs from the above species in having

flowers 5-7 cm across and a reddish-purple corolla. Less commonly planted.

Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC.

Small tree, to 10 cm tall; leaves in whorls of 3, oblanceolate, 6-14 cm long. Fruit

of 2 long, slender, woody follicles. Seeds small, numerous, flat, with a tuft of

silky hairs at both ends. In the forest, Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah, Jurong

(Corner s.n. in 1933), Pasir Panjang.

Alst. angustiloba Miq.

Big tree, buttressed; branches in distinct whorls; leaves in whorls of 5-8, oblong-

elliptic, 8-16 cm long. In the forest; Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley s.n in 1890), Sen-

tosa Island. Vern. Pulai.

Alst. scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Small or big tree; leaves in whorls of 5-8, elliptic, 7-17 cm long. Native to the

Malay Peninsula, sometimes planted.

Alst. spathulata BI.

Small to big tree; leaves in whorls of 4-6, obovate, 7-10 cm long. In wet forests

or swamps; Cluny road, Bukit Mandai, Changi (Sinclair SF 40541).

Alyxia reinwardti Bl. var. lucida (Wall.) Markgr. (= A. /ucida Wall.)

Woody twiner; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic or obovate, 4-8 cm long, in whorls

of 3-4. Flowers white, with an orange throat, fragrant. Drupe ellipsoid, pulpy,

black. On the sea-coast; Kranji, Sungei Morai (Ridley 4427 ).

Anodendron candolleanum Wight

Big climber; leaves opposite, leathery, elliptic or ovate, 12-20 cm long. Flowers

cylindric, yellow, very small, in panicles. Follicles dagger-shaped, 15-18 cm

long. In swampy forests. No specimens available.

Beaumontia multifora T. & B.

Woody climber, leaves opposite, oblong, 10-25 cm long, wavy-margined.

Flowers funnel-shaped, 5-7 cm long and 8-10 cm across, white, fragrant,

clustered at the end of branches. Native to SE. Asia; cultivated.

114 Gard. Bull. Sing, 36(1) (1983)

Carissa carandas L.

A much branched shrub; small branches zigzag and with opposite, sharp, bifid

spines to 3 cm long. Leaves opposite, oblong, 3-7 cm long. Flowers in terminal

cymes, solitary, salver-shaped, white, 3-4 cm across. Fruit a black berry. Native

to S. Asia, sometimes grown as a hedge plant or for its edible fruit.

Catharanthus roseus G. Don (= Lochnera rosea Rchb. ex Steud.)

A perennial herb, 30-60 cm tall, ever blooming; leaves opposite, oblong, 3-8 cm

across, rose-purple or white (var. a/bus Sweet) with a slender tube 2-3cm long.

Native to tropical America; cultivated as an ornamental, often wild. K#it ©

Cerbera manghas L.

Small tree; leaves spirally arranged, obovate, 12-30 cm long. Flowers large,

fragrant, white, with a pink eye in the throat of the corolla tube )2.5-4 cm long).

Drupes solitary or in pairs, oblong, slightly compressed, 5-7 cm long. Rare, at

Pasir Panjang and Katong. Vern. Pong Pong. Pinked-eyed Cerbera. i#+¢ 4 »

Cerb. odollam Gaertn.

Like the above species but the corolla-tube is shorter (1.5-2 cm long), the eye

yellow, and the drupe is roundish, 5-10 cm across. Common on sea-shores and

mangroves, and planted along roadsides. Vern. Pong Pong. Yellow-eyed

Cerbera.

Chonemorpha fragrans Alst. (= Ch. macrophylla G. Don)

Large liana with milky sap; leaves opposite, elliptic with a heart-shaped base,

pubescent, 10-15 cm long. Flowers in cymes, bell-shaped, white, fragrant, 3-4

cm long. Native to the Malay Islands, sometimes found in gardens.

Dyera costulata (Miqg.) Hook.f.

Huge tree, to 60 m tall, the bark dark grey, not buttressed; branches in whorls;

leaves in whorls of 6-8, ovate-oblong, 7-18 cm long. Flowers in branched cymes.

Fruit a pair of massive woody follicles, 20-30 cm long, a commercial timber

tree, the latex used to be tapped for chewing gum. Vern. Je/utong.

Kibatalia maingayi (Hook.f.) Woodson (= Vallaris maingayi Hook.f.)

Medium tree, to 20 m tall; leaves decussate, elliptic, 7-10 cm long; flowers

white, in axillary cymes or fascicles. Follicles oblong, slender, to 15 cm long.

Seeds plumed. In the forest, Tanglin, Gardens’ Jungle (Hassan SF 36262).

Kopsia fruticosa (Ker) DC.

Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 16-23 x 5-9 cm; flowers pink with

a dark eye, grouped in a much-branched sessile cyme. Native to Burma,

sometimes planted.

Kops. singaporensis Rid.

Shrub or:small tree; leaves oblong-ovate, 14-26 x 7-11 cm; flowers in large ter-

minal dense cymes; corolla white, with a crimson eye. In forests, Chua Chu

Kang, Seletar (Md Noor 17).

Seed plants of Singapore VIII mS

Leuconotis griffithii Hook.f.

Climber; leaves leathery, elliptic-oblong, 8-10 cm long; corolla yellow, 0.75 cm

long; calyx thin, dry. In the forest, Serangoon Road (Ridley 9166), Seletar,

Bukit Mandai, Jurong.

Leuc. maingayi Dyer

Leaves leathery, often in whorls of 3; corolla smaller and shorter (0.5 cm long)

than the above species, calyx fleshy. In forest edge, Bukit Timah, Changi,

Jurong (Ridley 3868).

Meiodinus micranthus Hook.f.

Climber; leaves leathery, oblong-lanceolate, with 10-15 slender parallel nerves;

flowers in axillary cymose panicles; corolla-tube slender, with bifid scales in the

mouth. In the forest, Jalan Bray, Mat 5999.

Nerium indicum Mill.

Erect shrub; leaves leathery, narrowly lanceolate, 10-30 cm long, usually 3 in

a whorl; flowers red, pink or white (often double), fragrant, 4-5.5 cm across.

This is a native to South Asia, easily differentiated from the European Oleander

(N. oleander L). by its scented flowers. #*+#& <

Ochrosia borbonica Gmel. (= Calpicarpum oppositifolium Boireau)

Small tree with stout branches; leaves fleshy, 3-4 in a whorl, obovate, 10-25 cm

long; flowers white, in short cymes; drupe ovoid, oblique. Serimbum, Ridley

s.n. in 1894.

Odontadenia macrantha Markgr. (= O. speciosa Benth.)

A woody climber; leaves opposite, oblong, 10-25 cm long; flowers yellow or

orange, many in terminal or upper axillary cymes; corolla salver-shaped, 6-10

across, the tube 3-4.5 cm long, 5-lobed. Native to tropical America.

Parameria glandulifera Benth.

Large climber; leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl, elliptic to obovate, 8-12 cm long;

flowers white, bell-shaped, fragrant, very small (0.3 cm long), in terminal

corymbose panicles, glabrous; follicles slender, 25-30 cm long. Locality

unstated in Cantley’s collection.

Param. polyneura Hook.f.

Like the above, but flowers pink, and, follicles much longer, 50-60 cm.

Garden’s Jungle, Changi. No specimens available.

Parsonia helicandra Hook. & Arn. (= P. spiralis Wall.)

Slender twiner, glabrous; leaves membranaceous, ovate-oblong, 7-15 cm long;

flowers pinkish yellow, with a pink eye, very small. Follicles cylindric, linear-

lanceolate, 8-15 cm long. Climbing up bushes, usually near the sea. Seletar,

Tuas, Pulau Brani, Tempinis (Rid/ey s.n. in 1891).

Plumeria acuminata Ait.f. (= P. acutifolia Poir.)

A broad-crowned tree; branches thick, succulent; leaves oblong, pointed, 20-40

cm long, alternate and spiral, congested at branch ends; flowers funnel-shaped,

116 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

4-5 cm across, waxy, white with a yellow centre. The Frangipani is a native of

tropical America. ##it °

Plum. alba L.

Like the above, but the leaf-tips blunt, and the white flowers much longer (the

spread corolla 8-15 cm across). Other species and hybrids are also planted, one

of them, P. rubra or the Red Frangipani with leaves having a pointed tip and

flowers pink to red, also from tropical America.

Strophanthus brevicaudatus Wight (= ? S. singaporianus Gilg)

Erect shrub; leaves opposite, membranaceous, oblong-elliptic, 5-10 cm long;

flowers small, purple, corolla-lobes not tailed; terminal cymes much branched;

follicles cylindric, to 20 cm long. In damp, open places; Holland Road, Jurong,

Balestier Plain (Ridley 9149), probably extinct.

Stroph. dichotomus DC. (= ? S. caudatus Kurz)

Stout shrub with long, slender trailing shoots; leaves obovate-oblong, 7-12 cm

long; flowers white, corolla-lobes ovate, with long, slender tails, 7-10 cm long,

purple; the follicles cylindric, twinned, stout, divaricate, each 20 cm long and

5 cm across. In open places and edge of forests; Changi (Ridley s.n. in 1890)

Seletar. Vern. Sembrong, Seram.

Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. (= Ervatamia corymbosa K. & G.)

Shrub or small tree; leaves leathery, elliptic, 15-40 cm long; petiole-base enlarg-

ed, clasping stem; corymbs in upper axils, much branched; follicles often twinn-

ed, ovoid, curved, beaked, 3.5-4 cm long. Mandai Road, Corner 30668.

Tabern. divaricata Roxb. (= T. coronaria Willd., Ervatamia divaricata Burke)

Cultivated shrub, less than 60 cm tall; corolla white, often in double form;

flowers 2-3 in a cyme. Probably native to N. India. 4 it °

Tabern. malaccensis Hook.f. (= Ervatamia malaccensis K. & G.)

Slender shrub; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, 4-10 cm long; cymes terminal

and axillary; corolla white with a yellow throat; follicles oblong, falcate, beak-

ed, orange, 2.5-3 cm long. Gardens’ Jungle (Hullet 521), Changi.

Thevetia peruviana K. Schum.(= T. neriifolia Juss.)

Much branched shrub; leaves leathery, alternate and spirally arranged, narrow-

ly lanceolate, 8-14 cm long; flowers, many together in cymes, 1-2 blossoming

at a time; corolla bright yellow, 6-7 cm long; drupe compressed-globose, 4-5.5

cm across. Native of Central America. Yellow oleander. 3% ii R41

Urceola brachysepala Hook.f.

Large climber; leaves papery, elliptic, 10-14 cm long; panicles terminal and ax-

illary; flowers white, small, corolla globose, short; follicles cylindric, slender,

15-18 cm long. Jurong, Bukit Timah (Ridley 8397), Bukit Mandai.

Ure. lucida Benth.

Stout liana; leaves papery, elliptic, 7-12 cm long; follicles dagger-shaped below,

recurved. Jurong, Changi, P. Ubin (Ridley s.n. in 1894).

Seed plants of Singapore VIII LY)

Ure. maingayi Hook.f.

Large climber; leaves leathery, elliptic, 6-8 cm long; follicles terete, 15 cm long,

the tip hooked. In the forest, Kranji, Goodenough 2717.

Ure. malaccensis Hook.f.

Climbing shrub; leaves leathery, ovate, 5-12 cm long; follicles terete, recurved,

20 cm long. Gardens’ Jungle, Changi (Hullet 398), Bukit Timah, Bedok.

Ure. torulosa Hook.f.

Climber; leaves leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 10-17 cm long; follicles very

slender, constricted at intervals. Gardens’ Jungle, Tempinis (Ridley 3602a),

Seletar, Nee Soon.

Willughbeia apiculata Miq. (= W. flavescens Dyer)

Differs from W. coriacea in the flowers being in slender-peduncled, lax cymes

and in the smaller, spherical fruit (2-5 cm across). Chua Chu Kang (Ridley

6143), Changi.

Will. coriacea Wall. (= W. firma BI.)

Large woody climber with tendrils (modified peduncles); leaves leathery, op-

posite, distichous, oblong-elliptic, 8-14 cm long; cymes sessile, axillary; flowers

white; berry pear-shaped, orange to dull red, to 10 cm across. In the forest,

common; Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, P. Ubin, Tanjong Gul (Ridley 3594a).

Will. tenuiflora Dyer

Like W. coriacea, but leaves thin, leathery, oblong, 10-12 cm long; fruit larger,

to 14 cm across. In the forest; Bukit Timah, Catchment Reserve forest (Corner

S.n. in 1937).

Wrightia religiosa (T. & B.) Hook.f.

Shrub, less than 1 m tall, with many short and slender branchlets; leaves op-

posite, oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm long; flowers in terminal cymes; corolla white,

salver-shaped, less than 0.5 cm long and 2 cm across. native to Thailand, a

popular bush planted for training as bonsai or miniature plant. #4 ©

123. Asclepiadaceae

Synoptic key to the genera

1. Erect herbs, shrubs or small trees

At. TSIRETID GES 65 6 ak ale SO OEE Oe OES DOR GEO oe ae Teac aoe ee Stapelia, Asclepias

PPE SHEM ES SHOMESIN ALLELE COSI Lire tere ie eke late ver vate cenek ss cs yas ers) 67 6) Sle 0 6S eysieustes oy Steifore, che euers.cusysrepesdjave eva evs Calotropis

1. Climbers

2. Corolla-tube very short or almost none, or corolla wheel-shaped .... Cynanchum, Finlaysonia,

Genianthus, Hoya, Sarcolobus, Tylophora

2. Corolla with a distinct tube

2) COPGIE TES ees apo. on ed adoo CeO GaES Oe SEO DE CONG OA TAO MRS NOOSE ORS Dischidia

Sy (Cla TEMS IEG Te oes lenge Gta Oaes OO Tere enn be teaches o Reece me Physostelma, Telosma

3. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped .............. Ceropegia, Stephanotis, Toxocarpus

118 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Asclepias curassavica L.

Perennial herb, 50-60 cm tall; leaves opposite, narrowly oblong, both ends

pointed, 5-12 cm long; flowers umbellate; corolla red; corona orange, pro-

truding; fruit a pair of follicles, erect; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs. The

milkweed is a native to tropical America, occasionally planted as an

ornamental. #44: it «

Calotropis gigantea (Willd.) Dryand ex Ait.f.

Bushy shrub or sometimes a small tree, to 5 m tall; young parts woolly-greyish;

leaves elliptic, 10-35 cm long, fleshy; flowers in umbellate clusters; corolla white

to pale lilac, 2.5-3.5 cm across; corona prominent. Native to India and the

Malay Islands.

Ceropegia woodii Schlecht.

Slender tuberous vine; leaves heart-shaped, mottled with dark green; flowers 2-3

together, pinkish; corolla tube 1.5-2 cm long, with swollen base. Native to S.

Africa, occasionally planted in hanging baskets.

Cynanchium ovalifolium Wight

A slender twiner; leaves thin, oval or oblong, 6-10 (-15) cm long, tip pointed;

flowers 5-15 in a bundle; corolla 5-6 mm across, yellowish, tipped red; follicles

narrow oval, 8-10 cm long, pointed. Cluny Road, Balestier Plain, Bukit Timah

Road, Holland Road (Ridley 11456).

Dischidia albiflora Griff. (= D. collyris Wall.)

Slender creeper, epiphytic; leaves rounded or kidney-shaped, buff-yellow

above, purple beneath, lying flat on the trees; flowers white. Ants often nesting

between the leaves of the epiphyte and the branches of the host tree. Tanglin,

Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 2928), Bukit Timah, Kranji.

Disch. bengalensis Colebr.

Large creeping epiphyte; stem glaucous green, long and nearly leafless, or with

a few narrow oblong leaves, 2-3 cm long; flowers creamy white. In the forest

near the sea; Bajau, Kranji, Ridley 2729.

Disch. cochleata Bl. (= D. coccinea Griff.)

Stem slender; leaves fleshy, rounded (1.5-2 cm across), crowded together, the

edges pressed close to the bark of the host tree, harbouring ants and roots;

flowers scarlet, tipped blue. Usually on lofty trees; Bukit Timah, (Ridley s.n.

in 1896), Seletar, Chua Chu Kang.

Disch. hirsuta Decne

Stem slender; leaves small (1-2.5 cm long), purple green, hairy; flowers red. In

the forest; Seletar, Chua Chu Kang (Goodenough s.n. in 1889), Kranji.

Disch. major Merr. (= D. rafflesiana Wall.)

Epiphytic twiner; leaves opposite, of two forms: the smaller ones rounded (2-2.5

cm across), the pitcher leaves oblong, pouch-like (7-12 cm long), outside

yellowish green, inside purple, with holes at the base for ants and aerial roots.

Flowers golden yellow, in small umbels. Common on trees all over the Island

especially near the sea. Berlayer (/.H. Burkill 239).

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 119

Disch. nummularia R. Br. (= D. gaudichaudii Decne)

Creeping epiphyte; stem very slender; leaves small (5-6 mm long), thick and

fleshy; flowers pale yellow or white, 2-3 in leaf-axils. In open places often in

masses closely covering the tree trunk and limbs and causing damages to the

host trees, throughout the Island. Tyersall Road Ridley 5746.

Disch. singaporensis Rid.

Leaves ovate, flat, 1.5-2.5 cm long. Collected only once at Changi by Ridley

(Ridley s.n. in 1908, type).

Finlaysonia obovata Wall. (= F. maritima Backer)

Woody climber; leaves fleshy, green, broadly obovate, 5-10 cm long; flowers in

branched axillary cymes; corolla 1 cm across, yellowish green, purplish in the

centre; follicles pear-shaped, oblique, 3-4 ribbed, 8-10 cm long. In mangroves

and on tidal river banks, Kranji, Geylang (Ridley s.n. in 1893).

Genianthus maingayi Hook.f.

Slender climber, with a purply pubescence; leaves leathery, oblancecolate to

obovate, 6-9 cm long; flowers reddish white, very small (2-3 mm long), in long

spikes. Bukit Timah, Cantley s.n. (not seen).

Hoya coriacea Bl.

Epiphytic climber; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, 12-15 cm long; flowers

yellowish white, tipped purplish. Collected once at Tempinis (D’A/meida s.n.

in 1893).

Hoya coronaria BI.

Densely hirsute; stem stout; leaves coriaceous, elliptic, 8-10 cm long. Flowers

waxy, 2-3.5 cm across, the largest of all the species; when opened, white, with

a yellow tint, then becoming pink. Common near the sea, Serangoon, Changi,

Kranji, P. Tekong, Ulu Berih U.H. Burkill 4336).

Hoya diversifolia Bl.

Leaves fleshy, elliptic-obovate with narrowed base, 10-13 cm long; umbels 1-20

flowers; flowers pink. Often densely covering trees; Jurong, Chua Chu Kang,

Kranji, Serangoon (Ridley 2733).

Hoya finlaysonii Wight

Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong. Collected once from Singapore (Wallich

2724).

Hoya lacunosa BI.

Creeping epiphyte; leaves thick-fleshy, lanceolate to ovate, 2-4 cm long; corolla

white. On trees; Tanglin, Seletar, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah

(Ridley s.n. in 1892).

Hoya latifolia G. Don

Stem deep red young; leaves fleshy, ovate with a heart-shaped base, up to 25

cm long; flowers small, pink. On trees in dense jungles; Kranji, Seletar, Pong-

gol, Changi, P. Tekong, Changi U/.H. Burkill 10013).

120 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Hoya obtusifolia Wight

Stout climber; leaves oblong thick, 12-15 cm long; umbels 1-20 flowers; flowers

yellow, with a pinkish centre. Serangoon (Ridley 8932), Changi, Bukit Timah.

Hoya parasitica Wall (= H. ridleyi K. & G.)

Leaves fleshy, elliptic with cuneate bases, 8-10 cm long; umbels 1-40 flowered;

flowers pink or white. Often near the sea, Changi, Chua Chu Kang, Tuas, Kran-

ji, Pulau Tekong (Ridley 1796).

Physostelma wallichii Wight

Slender climber; leaves oblong to elliptic, abruptly pointed, 5-12 cm long;

flowers large, in axillary bundles; corolla bell-shaped, 2-2.5 cm across, thin,

cream-white, with a purple centre; fruits long and narrowly cylindric, 15-20 cm

long. Tempinis River (Ridley s.n. in 1894), Kranji, Tuas.

Sarcolobus globosus Wall.

Small twiner; leaves fleshy, oblong, pointed, 7-10 cm long; flowers small in

umbels, light purple with brown streaks; follicles nearly globose, ridged on one

side, greyish brown; seeds not plumed. On edges of mangroves and river banks.

Changi, Seletar, Serangoon (Ridley 11640). Pulau Ayer Chawan.

Stapelia nobilis N.E. Br.

Small leafless herb; stem cactus-like, succulent, bluntly 4-angled, 5-20 cm long,

with soft spines; flowers star-shaped, dark purple, 3-5 cm across, hairy. Native

to Africa, sometimes planted.

Stephanotis floribunda Brongn.

Climber; leaves oval, leathery, shiny, 5-10 cm long; flowers in axillary clusters,

tubular, waxy, white, 2.5-5 cm long, fragrant. Native to Malagasy

(Madagascar).

Steph. maingayi Hook.f.

Climber; flowers white, bigger than the above species. Once collected at Changi

(Aullett 147).

Telosma cordatum Merr. (= Pergularia minor Andr.)

Slender vine; branches downy; leaves cordate, 4-11 cm long, pubescent below;

flowers yellowish green, bell-shaped, about 1 cm long, in axillary clusters. Pro-

bably a native to E. Asia, occasionally cultivated. 4°

Toxocarpus griffithii Decne

Slender twiner; leaves papery, elliptic-oblong, 5-10 cm long; flowers in small

clusters; corolla-lobes pinkish-crimson outside, yellow inside; follicles cylindric,

25-30 cm long. Jurong, Corner s.n. in 1933.

Tylophora asthmatica W. & A.

Slender twiner; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 cm long; flowers small

in compound umbels, yellow or pink; follicles narrowly lanceolate, 8-10 cm

long. In sandy places by the river or sea; Changi, Ridley s.n. in 1891.

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 121

Tyl. squarrosa Ridl.

Slender twiner; leaves ovate, 5-8 cm long; flowers in racemes. Tanah Merah

(Ridley 2737). Probably synonymous with T. wallichii.

Tyl. tenuis Bl.

Slender climber; leaves small, lanceolate, tip pointed, 2-6 cm long; flowers

small, purple, in axillary, spreading inflorescence. In open places or on banks

of tidal rivers; Alexandra Road. (Ridley 5746), Sentosa, Tanjong Rhu.

124. Oleaceae

Key to the genera

Ie Scranipline scandent Or Climbing ‘SHTUDS 2.1.2.6 6cra 0:00 1s. + oy. cres ayes wie e oinyeresiasea vein ee as Jasminum

1. Erect shrubs or trees

2. Flowers 4-merous

Seebreesscorolla-lobes nearly free tonthe base )...e5 50) lal ee cleave eee bes Linociera

Ba SHENDS-ACOrolla-lobes contates below . cas. <tc iesie oie, > « isis sis so isle SSMS s Sees chee ore Olea

PERO WEES?S-INCEOUS:) CUEIVALCE SHTUDS) e:0../:-0 oe cccc cae dae cece sevens eee esate eens Nyctanthes

Jasminum bifarium Wall.

Scrambling or climbing shrub; leaves simple, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 cm

long; flowers 3-5 in axillary clusters higher up; calyx 5-7 lobed; corolla-tube

1.5-2.5 cm long, 5-7 lobed, the pointed; drupe black. In open country and

hedges; Tanglin, Balestier Plain, Mandai Road (Sinclair SF 40007), Changi,

Vern. Melor Hutan.

Jasm. griffithii Clarke

Scandent or climbing shrub; hairy; leaves ovate or elliptic, 10-15 cm long; cymes

densely hairy; corolla-tube 1.5-2 cm long, drupe white. In forests, Gardens’

Jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Goodenough s.n. in 1893).

Jasm. longipetalum K. & G.

Slender climber; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, 3-nerved from the

base; flowers in short cymes; corolla-tube 2 cm long, 9-lobed, the lobes linear-

oblong, acute, 2-2.5 cm long; fruit glabrous, black. In forests, Mandai, Ridley

10937.

Jasm. rex Dunn

Climbing shrub, glabrous; leaves simple, 3-5 nerved at the base; flowers white,

often tinted violet, odourless; corolla-tube 2.5-3 cm long, 5-11 lobes, the lobes

oblong-obovate. The Royal Jasmine is native to Thailand, often cultivated.

Jasm. sambac Ait.

Scandent or climbing shrub; leaves oval or rounded, 2.5-5 cm long; flowers

white, often violet outside, fragrant; corolla-tube 0.7-1.5 cm long, 8- or more

lobed, the lobes oblong to oval, blunt, or often the corolla double. Native to

India, often planted in gardens. #€# #

122 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Linociera ramiflora (Roxb.) Wall (= L. pauciflora Clarke)

Small tree; leaves coriaceous, elliptic oblong, 10-20 cm long; flowers in panicles;

petals oblong. In wet forests, Jurong, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai

(Goodenough 5079), Seletar.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.

Shrub, much-branched, the branches 4-angled, hairy; leaves ovate, 4-11 cm

long, flowers 3-7 in an axillary head; corolla-tube orange, 1-2 cm long, the lobes

white; capsule dark brown, 2-seeded. Night blooming, strongly fragrant; native

to India, one of the sacred plants of that country; occasionally cultivated. (The

genus Nyctanthes is sometimes classified under Verbenaceae). Vern. Seri

Gading.

Olea brachiata Merr. (= O. maritima Wall.)

Much-branched shrub; young parts pubescent; leaves leathery, elliptic or ovate-

lanceolate, 7-10 cm long; flowers in cymose panicles; corolla globose or cam-

panulate, yellow, very small; drupe pear-shaped, 7-8 mm long, black. In open

places near the sea, Changi (Sinclair SF 40017), P. Ubin.

ADDENDA, CORRIGENDA ET EMENDANDA

A) MALPIGHIACEAE

Through an oversight the family Malpighiaceae was left out in the previous treat-

ment. The following is to be read after 85. Erythroxylaceae and before 86. Ox-

alidaceae on page 341, in Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 33(1980).

85 A. Malpighiaceae

Key to the genera

1. Erect shrubs; fruit smooth, neither winged nor horned

2. Leaves membranous; entire; with’ 2)elanasrat tie) bDaScu a eecirerersielieiieireierenarerarate Galphimia

2; eaves leathery,-usually with’spiny teeth. elandless: s-eisa-jpieiecrsiersie sie crerererserereierent Malpighia

1. Scandent or twining shrubs; fruits winged or horned

3. Petals yellow

4. Flowers)in) racemes; petals) = equals, Keeledis sermon ieee Tristellateia

4. Flowers in umbellate clusters; petals unequal, not keeled .................. Stigmaphyllon

3. Petals white or pink

5. The central mericarp surrounded by a large oblong wing, and the 2 lateral by smaller and narrow

WINGS ohh a oar ctate e eeatlatecera dl a. 24re Koel eeelere tenets RRL eM estas te cntec ay tte is tee lererees cece oe eee Hiptage

5. Mericarps surrounded by broad, oblong to orbicular wings ................. Aspidoptreys

Aspidoptreys concava (Wall.) Juss.

Liana to: 20 m tall; young parts dark-red hairy; leaves ovate-elliptic, opposite;

panicles axillary, flowers white, ovary glabrous, with 3 winged sides; samara of

3 membranous, ovate to oribular, winged mericarps. In forests, Bukit Mandai,

Seletar, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Ridley 3583a), Nee Soon.

Seed plants of Singapore VIII 123

Galphimia glauca Bartl.

Shrub, to 2 m high; young parts reddish hairy, older twigs brown, glabrous;

leaves oblong, 2.5-5 cm long, with 2 small glands at the base of the blade;

flowers yellow, in terminal racemes. Native to Central America, cultivated in

gardens.

Hiptage sericea Hook.f.

Climber; young twigs densely brown hairy; leaves oblong, 4-6 cm long; flowers

pink and white, in axillary racemes; samara 3-winged, the central wing 3-4 cm

long, and 2 lateral wings 1.5-2 cm long. In open places, Changi (Ridley 3989),

Bukit Mandai.

Malpighia coccigera L.

Small shrubs, 1-2 m high; leaves leathery, elliptic, 1-2 cm long, entire or with

a few spiny teeth; flowers axillary, single or in pairs; petals pinkish, fringed,

abruptly narrowed at the base. From the West Indies, planted as hedges or in

pots as a miniature plant or bonsai.

Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) Juss.

A slender woody vine; leaves heart-shaped, 2.5-6 cm long, with hairy edge;

flowers 3-7 in a cluster; petals yellow, wavy. Native from the West Indies to

Brazil, occasionally planted.

Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.

Liana to 10 m tall; twigs purple, lenticellate; leaves oblong-ovate, 7-12 cm long;

petioles with 2 small stipules at the base; racemes terminal; flowers bright

yellow; samara of 3 mericarps, the lateral wings of the mericarp 4-10 lobed or

horned, expanding in one plane, star-shaped. In mangroves, tidal swamps or in

forests; often cultivated in gardens. Jurong, Ridley s.n. in 1894.

B) VITACEAE (Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 35: 86-88, 1982)

Dr. Abdul Latiff Mohamed of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, in a letter dated

19th January 1983, kindly informed that the following 8 species should be included

in this family.

1. Pterisanthes cissoides Bl.

Nee Soon, Enoch s.n. in 1955.

2. Pter. eriopoda (Miq.) Planch.

Chua Chu Kang, Ridley 425.

3. Ampelocissus ascendiflora Latiff

Catchment Reserves, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5846).

4. Ampel. polystachya (Wall.) Planch.

Bukit Timah, Sinclair SF 39649.

5. Ampel. thrysiflora (Bl.) Planch.

Changi, Ridley s.n. in 1893.

124

Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Tetrastigma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Planch.

Bukit Timah, Ridley s.n. in 1894.

Tetr. curtisii (Ridl.) Suesseng.

Bukit Timah, Ridley s.n. in 1894.

Cissus quadrangularis L. (alt. names: Vitis quadrangularis Wall.)

Native to Bengal, India; sometimes cultivated as a hedge plant, also used

in local herbal medicine

Dr. Latiff also mentioned that he has elevated Vitis macrostachya Miq. or

Ampelocissus spicifera Planch. to a generic status, namely Nothocissus, recent-

ly published in Mus. J. (N.S.), 27, 1983.

The Genus Trisetum (Gramineae) In Malesia And Taiwan

J. F. VELDKAMP & J. C. van der HAVE

Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the Netherlands

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983

Summary

In Malesia and Taiwan there are three taxa of Trisetum Pers. (Gramineae): T. bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi

in Taiwan and New Guinea, 7. spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. kinabaluense Chrtek in Sabah and the ssp.

formosanum (Honda) Veldk., comb. nov., in Taiwan. Trisetum flavescens (Linné) Beauv. must be the

conserved type of the generic name. Some subspecific epithets proposed by Hultén (1959) under T.

spicatum are validated.

Introduction

The genus Trisetum Pers. belongs to the Aveneae and is characterised by the lem-

ma, which is awned in the distal half and has a bifid to bisetose apex. It is very close

to Koeleria Pers., in which the lemma has a (sub-) apical awn and an entire apex. Some

species are intermediary in these characters, as could be expected, but since they are

annuals, the life-cycle has been used to place them conveniently in separate satellite

genera. Thus we have Parvotrisetum Chrtek and Trisetaria Forssk. next to Trisetum

and what is generally called Lophochloa Reichenb. next to Koeleria. Life form

seems a very weak character, especially when it is the only one to base genera on,

and it is then not surprising that some authors, e.g. Paunero (1950), Jacques-Félix

(1962) have united Trisetum with Trisetaria, the latter name being the oldest. Jonsell

(1978, 1980) has kept them separate, but retained some annuals in Trisetum. Unfor-

tunately he has not yet explained the exact reasons for doing so. As we intended tp

study only the Malesian and Taiwanese taxa, we did not want to get involved in the

problems of generic delimitation and have here used the more usual generic name

Trisetum.

There is yet another problem about the application of the name T7risetum,

however. The generally accepted lectotype of this is 7. pratense Pers., a superfluous

name for T. flavescens (Linné) Beauv. (cf. Hitchcock, 1920; Kerguélen, 1975); the

Index Nominum Genericorum erroneously followed Britton & Brown’s (1913) ar-

bitrary typification, which must be rejected. They appointed 7. striatum (Lamk.)

Pers., but that is a taxonomic synonym of Helictotrichon sempervirens (Vill.) Pilg.,

the lectotype of Helictotrichon Besser! (See Sevenster & Veldkamp, 1983). It has not

been realised, however, that as early as 1827, Besser (between July and December)

and Link (in October or November) restricted Trisetum to the annual species, and

by retaining 7. parviflorum (Desf.) Pers. as the only species in it, Link made that

the obligatory type! Jonsell has kept that species in Trisetum but Holub (1974) has

included it in Rostraria Trin., which he claimed is the correct name for Lophochioa,

but which then rightfully would be the ‘true’ Trisetum. What everyone else has call-

ed Trisetum must then be named Acrospelion under which name Besser placed the

perennial species including 7. flavescens. This is of course most undesirable and

125

126 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

therefore Veldkamp (1983) has proposed to make T. flavescens the conserved type

of both Trisetum and Acrospelion, whereby the latter name becomes superfluous.

Various attempts have been made to distinguish infra-generic entities in Trisetum.

For America, Louis-Marie (1928) has proposed a system which was based on mor-

phological characters; for Europe, Chrtek (1965) made another using the anatomy

of the leaves and roots. The two systems are incompatible: Louis-Marie’s subgenus

Heterolytrum (= Trisetum) includes all of Chrtek’s subgenera, while sections of the

latter were not recognised by Louis-Marie at all.

The species under study here belong to the subgenus Trisetum, with T. bifidum

in the sect. Sibirica Chrtek (1968), reduced to a subsection of sect. Trisetum by Pro-

batova (1978), and 7. spicatum in sect. Trisetaera Aschers. & Graebn.

Ridley (1916) described 7. /atifolium from New Guinea and mentioned the

presence of 7. spicatum [as T. subspicatum (Linné) Beauv.] there. The type of the

first name belongs to Arundinella furva Chase, the material of the second to An-

thoxanthum angustum (Hitche.) Ohwi.

Some 18th century collections labeled ‘Timor’ represent T. antarcticum (Forst. f.)

Trin. This locality is no doubt erroneous, for this species is otherwise only known

from New Zealand and some Antarctic islands. If it really occurred in Timor, it

could only have been found in the mountains, but the collectors at that time had

not yet penetrated so far inland. This species is certainly not the same as T. spicatum

spp. australiense Hultén, although the name is cited in the latter’s synonymy by

Hultén (1959). It is a ‘good’ Trisetum and certainly not a Hierochloé as stated by

the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1975)! Here its basionym, Aira

antarctica, is cited as the basionym of Disarrenum antarcticum Labill., the type of

Disarrenum Labill. a name rejected against Hierochloé. De Labillardiére in fact did

mention Forster’s name as possibly belonging to what he described and depicted,

but his doubts were soon validated when Forster’s material turned out to belong to

Trisetum and his own, to what now is known as Anthoxanthum redolens (Vahl)

Royen. The reference to Forster must therefore be deleted from his protologue and

the Code emended. If it is maintained that Aira antarctica must nevertheless be

regarded as the basionym, the whole entry of Disarrenum must be deleted, as that

name then be regarded as a later, heterotypic synonym of Trisetum!

Acknowledgements

This study was initiated by the second author during a course in advanced

Angiosperm taxonomy at the Rijksherbarium and finished by the first author. The

descriptions are mainly based on material present in L, specimens of the 7.

spicatum-complex seen by Hultén were kindly sent on loan from S by Dr. K.

Bremer, making possible the validation of some of Hultén’s combinations, while

Veldkamp was able to annotate specimens in BO and SING during a visit to these

Institutes. The latter also made the drawings, which were carefully inked by Mr. J.

van Os, Leiden.

Trisetum in Malesia & Taiwan Wil

Literature

Besser, W.S. J. T. von (1827). In: J. A. Schultes & J. H. Schultes, Mantissa 3: 526

(‘326’). Stuttgart.

Britton, N. L. & A. Brown. (1913). An illustrated flora of the northern United

States, Canada and the British possessions, ed. 2, 1: 216. New York.

Chrtek, J. (1965). Bemerkungen zur Gliederung der Gattung Trisetum Pers. Bot.

Not. 118: 210-224.

(1968). Bemerkungen zu einigen Arten der Gattung Trisetum aus dem

Sikkim-Gebiet. Acta Univ. Carol., Biol. 1967: 103-107.

Hitchcock, A. Si: (1920). The genera of grasses of the United States. U. S. Dept.

Agric. Bull. 772: 107-109.

Holub, J. (1974). New names in Phanerogamae 3. Folia Geobot. & Phytotax. 9:

271.

Hultén, E. (1959). The Trisetum spicatum complex. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53:

203-228.

Jacques-Félix, H. (1962). Les Graminées d’Afrique tropicale 1: 187. Paris.

Jonsell, B, (1978). Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Notes on Trisetum Pers. and

Lophochloa Reichenb. (Gramineae). J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 76: 320-322.

(1980). Lophochloa, Trisetum, Trisetaria, in: T. G. Tutin et al/., Fl. Eur.

5: 121-123, 220-224. Cambridge.

Kerguélen, M. (1975). Les Gramineae (Poaceae) de la Flore Frangaise. Essai de mise

au point taxonomique et nomenclaturale. Lejeunia n.s. 75: 275.

de Labillardiere, J. J. H. (1806). Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen 2: 82.

Paris.

Link, H. F. (1827). Hortus Regius botanicus Berolinensis 1: 120. Berlin.

Louis-Marie. (1928). The Genus Trisetum in America. Rhodora 30: 209-223,

237-245.

Paunero, E. (1950). Las Especies espafiolas del Género Trisetaria Forsk. Anal. Jard.

Bot. Madrid 9: 503-582.

Probatova, N. S. (1978). De Generum Trisetum Pers. et Koeleria Pers. Speciebus

Caucasicis Notulae Systematicae. Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 15: 17-22.

Ridley, H. N. (1916). Report on the Botany of the Wollaston Expedition fo Dutch

New Guinea, 1912-13. Trans. Linn. Soc., London (Bot.) 9, 1: 250.

Sevenster, J. G. & J. F. Veldkamp. (1983). A Revision of Helictotrichon

(Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 28: 329-342.

Veldkamp, J. F. (1983). Proposal to Conserve Trisetum (Gramineae) and its Type

Species. Taxon 32: 487-488.

128 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Trisetum

Trisetum Pers., Syn. 1 (1805) 97; Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30 (1928) 209, 237; C. E.

Hubb., Fl. Trop. E. Afr. 10 (1937) 99; Hitchc. & Chase, Man. Grasses U. S.,

ed. 2 (1951) 287; Bor, Grasses (1960) 447; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. (1965) 148; Chrtek, Bot.

Not. 118 (1965) 210; Hsu, Fl. Taiw. 5 (1978) 422; Nicora, Fl. Patag. 3 (1978) 238;

Jonsell, Fl. Eur. 5 (1980) 220. — Acrospelion Bess. in Schult. & Schult. f., Mant.

3 (1827) 526 (‘326’), nom. superfl. — Lectotype: Avena flavescens Linné =

Trisetum pratense Pers., nom. .superfl., = Trisetum flavescens (Linné) Beauv.,

typ. cons. prop. (see introduction).

Graphephorum Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2 (1810) 189. — Lectotype:

Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Desv. [= Trisetum melicoides (Michx.)

Scribn.].

Trichaeta Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 86, 179, t. 17, f. 8. — Type: Trichaeta ovata (Pers)

Beauv. [= Trisetum ovatum Pers.; the basionym of this is Bromus ovatus Cav.,

1801, non Gaertn., 1770, so Persoon is the validating author].

Rupestrina Provancher, Fl. Canad. (1862) 689. — Type: Rupestrina pubescens Pro-

vancher, non. superfl. [= Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt.].

Perennials. Innovations folded or involute. Ligule membranous. Panicle lax to

densely contracted. Spikelets laterally compressed, (1-) several-flowered, disar-

ticulating above the glumes and between the lemmas (rarely below the glumes in

some N. Am. spp.), all florets bisexual except for the variously reduced uppermost

one(s). Glumes in situ shorter to longer than the lemmas, of + the same consistency

or thinner, unawned, keeled; lower glume usually 1-nerved; upper glume usually

3-nerved, equal to or longer and wider than the lower one. Rachilla prolonged,

nodes puberulous to pubescent. Lemmas usually awned above the middle, apex

usually bifid and bi-aristate, 3-5-nerved; callus usually shortly hairy. Palea

2-nerved, not enclosed by the lemma in fruit. Lodicules 2, membranous, bilobed,

margin puberulous to glabrous. Anthers 3. Ovary apically glabrous or with only a

few hairs; styles free at base, protruding laterally. Caryopsis fusiform, + terete, not

furrowed; hilum subbasal, punctiform to elliptic, inconspicuous; embryo small; en-

dosperm + liquid.

Distribution. Temperate regions, in the tropics in the high mountains. Depending

on the classification, 50-75 species, 2 in Malesia and Taiwan.

Key

1. Peduncle densely pubescent below the contracted panicle. Axis densely pubescent. Lower glume

0.6-1 times as long as the first lemma, Apical teeth of the first lemma 0.4-0.7 mm long ... 2

1. Peduncle and axis glabrous, panicle lax, nodding. Lower glume 0.5-0.6 times as long as the first

lemma. Apical teeth of the first lemma 1.5-2 mm long.—Lower glume 2-5 mm long. Upper

glume 4.5-6.5 mm long. First lemma 5-7.5 mm long. Anthers 0.9-1.3 mm long. Taiwan, New

Guinea: 2,25. cee Sie sis BORIS coe haa ree eee ee Bee 1. T. bifidum

2. Lower glume 3.5-5 mm long, 0.6-0.8 times as long as the first lemma. Upper glume 5-7 mm

long. First lemma 4.5-6 mm long, apical teeth + 0.4 mm long. Taiwan ..................

siete: ei6ye) ayerleves soueive Ings] eceeneue cei ehel one Lene isocvaKe ORs rece PekereR rR Kote RRC 2a. T. spicatum spp. formosanum

2. Lower glume 6-7 mm long, + as long as the first lemma. Upper glume + 8 mm long. First lem-

ma 6-6.5 mm long, apical teeth + 0.7 mm long. Sabah.. 2b. T. spicatum ssp. kinabaluense

Trisetum in Malesia & Taiwan 129

1. Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 191; Acta Phytotax.

& Geobot. 3 (1934) 81; J. Jap. Bot. 17 (1941) 444; Fl. Jap. (1965) 149; Chung,

Korean Gr. (1965) 89; Lee, Man. Korean Gr. (1966) 121, f. 90; Hsu, Taiwania

16 (1971) 235; Taiwania 17 (1972) 54, f. 62; Anon., Icon. Corm. Sin. 5 (1974)

91, 845, f. 7012; Hsu, Taiwan Gr. (1975) 285, fig.; Tateoka, Bull. Nat. Sc. Mus.

Tokyo B 4 (1978) 1; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5 (1978) 422, f. 1384. — Bromus bifidus

Thunb., Fl. Jap. (1784) 53. — Trisetum flavescens (Linné) Beauv. var. bifidum

Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 26 (1912) 215. — Type: Hb. Thunberg 2576 (UPS,

holo, n.v., IDC 1036 seen; L), Japan, Nagasaki, 1774.

Bromus avenaeformis Steud., Syn. 1 (1854) 326. — Lectotype: Burger s.n. (L, holo,

908.98-239, here proposed), Japan.

Trisetum flavescens (Linné) Beauv. var. papillosum Hack., Bull. Hb. Boiss. 7 (1899)

702; Honda, J. Fac. Sc. Univ. Tokyo III, 3 (1930) 126; Chase, J. Arn. Arb. 24

(1943) 83; Henty, Bot. Bull., Lae 1 (1969) 189; Royen, Alp. Fl. N. G. 2 (1980)

1158, f. 375. — Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. ssp. papillosum Roshev., Bull. Jard.

Bot. Russ. 21 (1922) 2. — Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi var. papillosum

Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17 (1941) 445. — Lectotype: Faurie 2359 (G, holo; P, n.v.)

(cf. Van Royen, 1980), Japan, Tokyo.

Trisetum flavescens (Linné) Beauv. var. macranthum Hack., Bull. Hb. Boiss. 7

(1899) 703; Honda, J. Fac. Sc. Imp. Univ. Tokyo III, 3 (1930) 126. — Trisetum

bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi var. macranthum Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17 (1941) 445. —

Type: Faurie 7171 (G, holo, n.v.), Japan, Prov. Ishikari, Sapporo.

Trisetum taquetii Hack. in Fedde, Repert. 12 (1913) 386; Honda, J. Fac. Sc. Imp.

Univ. Tokyo III, 3 (1930) 128. — Type: Taquet 3403 (W, holo; US, n.v.), Korea,

Quelpaert, Hallaisan, July 1909.

Trisetum biaristatum Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 35 (1921) 150; Honda, J. Fac. Sc.

Imp. Univ. Tokyo III, 3 (1930) 125. — Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi var.

biaristatum Honda, fide Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17 (1941) 445. — Type: Matsuzaki

s.n. (n.v.). Japan, Prov. Izo, Aogashima, 1920.

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi forma contractum Ohwi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45

(1931) 192. — Types: Faurie 883, 2288 (n.v.), Korea.

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi var. oshimense Honda, Bot Mag. Tokyo 49 (1935)

697. — Type: Jotani s.n. (TI, holo, n.v.), Japan, Prov. Izu, Oshima, Sashikiji,

1933.

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi var. viride Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49 (1935)

697. — Type: Jotanis.n. (TI, holo, n.v.), Japan. Prov. Izu, Oshima, Motomura,

1932.

130 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Tussocky perennial, up to 90 cm high, with a shortly creeping rhizome. Culms

densely pubescent at base, becoming glabrous upwards. Ligules collar-shaped, 0.5-2

mm long, margin usually glabrous. Blades flat, up to 20 cm by 5 mm, + appressed

pubescent to glabrous above, glabrous beneath. Peduncle glabrous. Panicle + lax,

nodding, 10-20 by 2-5 cm across, axis glabrous, lower branches 2 or 3 together,

longest one up to 5.5 cm long with 20-25 spikelets, scabrous. Spikelets 5-9 mm long,

2-4 flowered, at least the lower two florets bisexual. Glumes acuminate, scabrid on

the nerves; lower glume 2-5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 times as long as the first lemma,

l-nerved; upper glume 4.5-6.5 mm long, 0.6-0.75 times as long as the second lem-

ma, 3-S-nerved. Rachilla nodes 1.5-2 mm long, process 2-2.7 mm long, hairs

0.2-0.5 mm long. First lemma lanceolate, 5-7.5 mm long, scabrid-punctate,

somewhat shiny at base, 3-nerved, callus hairs + 0.3 mm long, apical teeth 1.5-2

mm long; awn L-shaped, inserted in the apical quarter, usually horizontally patent,

column 2-4 mm long, arista 5-7 mm long. First palea 3-5 mm long, keels ciliate,

apex bifid, brown-suffused. Lodicules 0.8-1 mm long, oblong, bidentate. Anthers

0.9-1.3 mm long. Caryopsis fusiform, + 2.75 mm long.

Distribution. China (E. of Szechuan-Kwantung), Korea, Japan, Taiwan,

Malesia: New Guinea (Snow Mts., Lake Habbema, Brass 9118; W. Sepik, Star Mts.,

Tel Besin, Veldkamp 6248; Central, Iwan Swamp, Van Royen 10867).

Ecology. Banks of rivulets, well-drained slopes, on limestone, old native camps,

2660-3225 m in New Guinea, at around 2000 m in Taiwan (Hsu, 1978).

Collectors’ notes. Tussocks to 30 cm across, culms divergent, to 60 cm long.

Leaves bright green. Inflorescence pendulous, spikelets green to silvery purple, awns

divergent in fruit. Anthers and stigmas white.

Chromosome numbers. 2n = 28 (Lee, 1966; Hsu, 1971; Tateoka, 1978), 42 (Hsu,

1972).

Notes. This species is not as closely related to Trisetum flavescens as is sometimes

thought. In Probatova’s system it belongs to subsection Sibirica (Chrtek) Pro-

batova, while the other species, being the generic type, belongs to subsect. Trisetum.

As the latter is a good forage grass, it has been introduced in many parts of the

world, and may perhaps sometime appear in Malesia and Taiwan also. It differs

from 7. bifidum by having at most only a slightly scabridulous lemma with an S-

shaped awn, white to silvery paleas, and anthers 1.5-3 mm long (for the con-

noisseurs: xX = 6, not 7).

Thunberg’s specimen is filed under Avena antarctica in UPS. It is annotated

Bromus bifidus and Aira antaractica and under that latter name there is a collection

by Forster f. marked Bromus bifidus, but with the ‘bifidus’ partly crossed out.

Schweickerdt (Bothalia 3, 1937, 198) who personally studied these specimens noted

that the last one matches another in K, which, we may add, is 7risetum antarcticum

(Forst. f.) Trin. In L there is a specimen given by Thunberg to D. van Royen, which

we assume is an isotype of Bromus bifidus.

The Code errs where it cites, under the nomen conservandum 206 Hierochloé,

Trisetum in Malesia & Taiwan 131

Aira antarctica Forst. f. as the basionym of Disarrenum antarcticum Labill. De

Labillardiére only doubtfully included the reference to Forster’s plant, which is

Trisetum antaracticum (Forst. f.) Trin., while his own is Anthoxanthum redolens

(Vahl) Royen. (See introduction here and R. Brown, Prodr., 1810, 209).

This species has a very curious distribution, ‘jumping’ from Continental Asia and

Taiwan to New Guinea, while it is not found anywhere else in Malesia. Comparable

patterns are known for only a few other species: Carex bilateralis Hayata, C.

brachyathera Ohwi, C. curta Gooden., C. duriuscula C. A. Mey., C. finitima Boott

(also in Sumatra), C. michauxiana Boeck, Eleocharis attenuata (Franch. & Sav.)

Palla, Fimbristylis dictyocolea S. T. Blake (Cyperaceae), Drosera rotundifolia Linné

ssp. bracteata Kern & Steen. (Droseraceae), Germainia capitata Balansa &

Poitrasson, Hemarthria pratensis (Balansa) Clayton (Gramineae), Myriophyllum

propinquun Cunn. or M. verticillatum Linné (Haloragaceae) to which a sterile col-

lection from the Wissel Lakes is thought to belong; Hypericum gramineum Forst.

(Hypericaceae), Utricularia minor (Lentibulariaceae). It is remarkable that, but for

the savannah grasses, all these species are montane to subalpine and rare to very rare

(Germainia ranges from 0-2000 m). The cause of this phenomenon can only be

speculated on. Some also occur in Australia.

2. Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt.

Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt., Fl. Eur. 1 (1890) 59; Hultén, Svensk Bot. Tidskr.

53 (1959) 203; Bor, Grasses (1960) 448, 701; Chrtek & Jirasek, Webbia 17 (1963)

569; Chrtek, Acta Univ. Carol., Biol. 1967 (1968) 95; C. L. Hitchc. et a/., Vasc.

Pl. Pacif. N. W. (1969) 721; Chrtek, Folia Geobot. & Phytotax. 5 (1970) 447;

Tzvel., Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 7 (1970) 59; Kerguélen, Lejeunia n.s. 75 (1975) 277;

Jonsell et al., Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 69 (1975) 113; Petrovsky, Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc.

15 (1979) 22; Jonsell, Fl. Eur. 5 (1980) 222. — Aira spicata Linne, Sp. Pl. 1 (1753)

64, non Linné, l.c., p. 63. — Aira subspicata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2 (1759)

873, nom. superfl. — Trisetum subspicatum Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 88, 149, 180,

nom. superfl. — Type: Linné s.n. (LINN, holo, no. 85-7, seen on IDC micro-

fiche; S, iso, n.v., depicted by Hultén, 1959, f. 1), Sweden, Lapland, 1732.

For further synonymy see Hultén (1959) and Kerguélen (1975).

This species has one of the widest natural distributions of flowering plants known

(Hultén, 1959): Eurasia, North and South America, New Zealand and Australia. It

is no wonder that it is very variable and so Hultén thought he could distinguish at

least 14 subspecies in it. Chrtek (1968, 1970) added two more and Petrovsky (1979)

another. Unfortunately Hultén gave no key, while his diagnoses are often incom-

patible and vaguely worded; several of his names are moreover invalid as he did not

indicate types. Opinions on the acceptance of these subspecies differ widely. Hit-

chcock ef a/. (1969) remark that at least for their area ‘well marked geographical

races are not delimitable ... (and) serve(s) no useful purpose’, while Bor (1960)

remarked that for the taxa in the Himalaya ‘it is by no means possible to make any

clear-cut division ... (It) is a polyploid complex which cannot be worked out by the

examination of even a large number of dried specimens.’ Chrtek (1970), however,

‘is inclined to accept’ them. Undoubtedly the best guide for identification at present

132 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

is provided by the provenance, but at least the plants from Sabah and Taiwan ap-

peared to be really distinct from each other and from material identified by Hultén

as ssp. alaskanum in S, although that does not seem to be homogenous and can

possibly be split up further. Therefore, although a much clearer account of the com-

plex is necessary to clear up the difficulties, we have decided to follow Hultén and

Chrtek. The plants from Taiwan must therefore be regarded as a subspecies to avoid

the suggestion that they might represent a taxon subjugated to one of Hultén’s, e.g.

ssp. alaskanum.

2a. Ssp. formosanum (Honda) Veldk., comb. & stat. nov. — Fig. 1b.

Trisetum formosanum Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 41 (1927) 636; J. Fac. Sc. Imp.

Univ. Tokyo III, 3 (1930) 128. — Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. var. for-

mosanum Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17 (1941) 443; Chen & Hsu, J. Jap. Bot. 37 (1962)

301; Hsu, Taiwania 17 (1972) 54, f. 63; Taiwan Gr. (1975) 287, f. 38; Fl. Taiwan

5 (1978) 424, f. 1384. — Type: Matsuda 29 (TI, holo, n.v.), Taiwan, Mt.

Nokozan, 1919.

Trisetum spicatum auct. non Richt., e.g. Anon., Icon. Corm. Sin. 5 (1976) 92, 845,

pro specim. taiw.

Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. alaskanum auct. non Hultén, e.g. Hultén,

Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53 (1959) 212, pro specim. taiw.

Trisetum subspicatum auct. non Beauv., e.g. Honda, J. Fac. Sc. Imp. Univ. III, 3

(1930) 129, pro specim. taiw.

Tussocky perennial, up to 50 cm high. Culms glabrous at base, becoming pubes-

cent upwards to villous under the panicle. Ligules lingular, 1.5-3 mm long, margin

sometimes erose, glabrous. Blades flat, up to 15 cm by 5 mm, glabrous,

scabridulous. Peduncle villous. Panicle contracted, erect, 8-15 by 0.5-1.5 cm

across, axis villous. Spikelets 5-7 mm long, 3-flowered, the uppermost florets

sometimes variously reduced. Glumes acute, scabrid on the nerves, greenish, rarely

purple; lower glume 3.5-5 mm long, 0.6-0.9 times as long as the first lemma,

1-nerved; upper glume 5-7 mm long, + 0.9-1 (or more) time as long as the second

lemma, 3-nerved. Rachilla nodes + 1.2 mm long, process + 1.5 mm long, hairs

0.8-1.1 mm long. First lemma 4.5-6 mm long, scabridulous, 3—-5-nerved, callus hairs

0.2-0.5 mm long, apical teeth + 0.4 mm long; awn nearly straight to S-shaped, in-

serted in the upper>-=th, column 1-2 mm long, arista + 4 mm long. First palea

3-5 mm long, keels scabridulous, apex bidentate. Lodicules + 0.5 mm long, biden-

tate. Anthers + 1.75 mm long. Caryopsis not seen.

Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan [Van Steenis 20698, 20937 (L), Tamura et al.

20823, 22135 (S) }.

Ecology. Subalpine grasslands, roadsides in Pinus forest, 3000-3950 m.

Chromosome number. N = 14 (Chen & Hsu, 1962).

Note. The ecological data have been taken from the numbers cited above as other

records are scanty, at most stating ‘alpine grass’.

Fig. 1. Spikelets of Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. — a. subsp. kinabaluense Chrtek, J.M.B. Smith

512; b. subsp. formosanum (Honda) Veldk., Tamura et al. 20823; all x 6.

2b. Ssp. kinabaluense Chrtek — Fig. la.

Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. kinabaluense Chrtek, Folia Geobot. &

Phytotax. 5 (1970) 447. — Type: Clemens 51668 (BM, holo, n.v.; L), Sabah, Mt.

Kinabalu, Donkey’s Ears and Giant Saddle near Low’s Peak, over 3960 m,

January 1934.

Deschampsia sp.: Steen., Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg. III, 13 (1934) 214.

Trisetum spicatum auct. non Richt.: J. B. M. Smith, New Phytol. 84 (1980) 563,

565, 566.

Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. alaskanum auct. non Hultén: Hultén, Svensk

Bot. Tidskr. 53 (1959) 212, pro specim. born.

Tussocky perennial, up to 40 cm high. Culms pubescent at base, becoming villous

upwards. Ligules lingular, 2-3 mm long, margin sometimes incised, ciliolate. Blades

flat, up to 15 cm by 5 mn, slightly to moderately pubescent. Peduncle villous. Pani-

cle contracted, 8-10 by 1-2.5 cm across, axis villous. Spikelets 6-9 mm long,

3-flowered, the uppermost floret variously reduced. Glumes acute, slightly scabrid,

with distinct brown, green and purple areas, sometimes green all over; lower glumes

6-7 mm long, about as long as the first lemma, 1(-3)-nerved; upper glume + 8 mm

long, + 0.8 times as long as the second lemma, 3-nerved. Rachilla nodes 1.5-2 mm

long, process + 1.2 mm long, hairs + 0.7 mm long. First lemma 6-6.5 mm long,

scabridulous, 5-nerved, callus hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long, apical teeth + 0.7 mm long;

awn L-shaped, horizontally patent, inserted in upper th, column 2-3 mm long,

arista + 4 mm long. First palea + 5 mm long, keels scabridulous, apex bidentate.

Lodicules + 0.3 mm long, bifid. Anthers + 1.5 mm long, yellow. Caryopsis not

seen.

133

134 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Distribution. Endemic to Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah. (Clemens 30261, 51668, SAN

29281 Meijer, 82997 Cockburn & Aban, Rao et al. 56, Sinclair et al. 9185, J. M.

B. Smith 459, 512, B. C. Stone 11342, Wong 30).

Ecology. Seepage fens, disturbed places, sometimes weedy, 2650-3760 m alt.

Excluded Taxa

1. Trisetum antarcticum (Forst. f.) Trin. var. densum Ridl. in Forb., A naturalist’s

wanderings (1885) 522, nomen. — Lectotype: Wiles & Smith s.n. (BM, holo;

L), Timor, Kupang, October 1792.

Although this combination was not validly published, it represents the pur-

ported occurrence of the species for Malesia. The plants on which it was based

belong to a form of 7. antarcticum. At BM there are two collections from

Timor, one by Nelson, who accompanied Capt. Bligh on the expedition of the

Bounty, and one by Wiles & Smith, who joined the Captain on his voyage with

the Providence. Trisetum antarcticum, however, Occurs only in New Zealand

and some Antarctic Islands. It is, moreover, doubtful whether Nelson collected

any plants in Timor, as Bligh (Voyage to the South Sea, 1792, 240, fide Britton,

J. Bot. 54, 1916, 352) reported that he was too ill to move around. If the species

indeed did occur in Timor (it has not been collected since), it could only have

grown in the mountains, where none of these collectors could have gone. It is

obvious that mislabeling must have taken place.

2. Trisetum latifolium Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 9, 1 (1916) 250. —

Lectotype: Kloss s.n. (BM, holo; L), New Guinea, Mt. Carstensz, Camp 1x-x,

1710-1950 m, 26 January 1913. = Arundinella furva Chase, non A. latifolia

Fourn. (1886).

3. Trisetum subspicatum auct. non Beauv.: Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 9,

1 (1916) 250; Steen., Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg. III, 13 (1934) 217. — Trisetum

spicatum auct. non Richt.: Henty, Bot. Bull. Lae 1 (1969) 189. — Anthoxan-

thum horsfieldii auct. non Mez: Royen, Alp. Fl. N. G. 2 (1980) 1188. = An-

thoxanthum angustum (Hitche.) Ohwi.

Ridley’s original speciments (Kloss s.n., Mt. Carstensz, camps xiii-xiv) were

seen at BM. Van Royen equated it with Anthoxanthum horsfieldii, but that is

an endemic Javanese species. Henty, who had no access to the specimens, mere-

ly corrected the name used by Ridley.

Appendix

(by J. F. Veldkamp)

Hultén did not validly publish all his new taxa because he forgot to indicate their

types. Now that we have seen some of his specimens in S which were mentioned by

him and sometimes even depicted, these names can be validated:

Trisetum in Malesia & Taiwan 135

1. Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. australiense Hultén, Svensk Bot. Tidskr.

53 (1959) 220, f. 3-e, 4-1, 10, excl. syn., quae ad T. antarcticum (Forst. f.) Trin.,

speciem diversam pertinent. — Lectotype: S. Helms (not ‘Helmes’) 847 (S,

holo; C, n.v.), Australia, N. S. Wales, Mt. Kosciusko, 2135 m, 15 April 1922.

2. Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. himalaicum Hultén, Svensk Bot. Tidskr.

53 (1959) 213, f. 2-e, 4-1, 7, 9. — Lectotype: Polunin 1175 (S, holo; BM, n.v.),

Central Nepal, Chilime Kharka, 4570 m, July 1949.

3. Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. mongolicum Hultén, Svensk Bot. Tidskr.

53 (1959) 214, f. 6, 9. — Lectotype: Roborovsky s.n. (S, holo; LE, n.v.), Tibet,

Kuen-Lun, Ulan Bulak, 5 July 1894.

4. Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. tol/uccense (Kunth) Hultén var. bar-

batipaleum Hultén, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53 (1959) 223. — Lectotype: Pringle

10032 (S, holo; L; C, n.v.), Mexico, Hidalgo State, Trinidad Iron Works, 1770

m, 21 August 1905.

Trisetum spicatum (Linné) Richt. ssp. ovatipaniculatum Hultén was validated by

Jonsell, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 69 (1975) 132 with its lectotype represented by Hoppe

s.n. (S, holo, n.v.: L), Austria, Karinthia, summit of Mt. Glockner, mistakenly cited

by Hultén (f. 2b) ‘Tirol, Treffer’. Jonsell suggested that Hultén had indicated types

on the sheets, but the ones seen by us were not so designated. Some had remnants

of a red label which had been torn up.

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A Revision of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa (Gramineae)

R. de KONING, M. S. M. SOSEF & J. F. VELDKAMP

Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the Netherlands

EFFECTIVE-PUBLICATION DATE: 14TH OCT. 1983.

ABSTRACT

Heteropholis C. E. Hubb. (Gramineae, Rottboelliinae) has 4 allopatric species in Central Africa,

Madagascar, Sri Lanka and from India to central Malesia. For Taiwan H. cochinchinensis (Lour.)

Clayton var. chenii (Hsu) Sosef & Koning is here distinguished. The related genus Thaumastochloa C.

E. Hubb. has 7 species mainly in Australia of which 3 are newly described here: T. monilifera Sosef &

Koning, T. rubra Sosef & Koning, T. striata Sosef & Koning. T. major S. T. Blake also occurs in the

Aru Islands off the south-west of New Guinea, and T. rariflora (F. M. Bailey) C. E. Hubb. in Papua

New Guinea. A suspected hybrid between T. major and T. pubescens (Benth.) C. E. Hubb. is reported.

A cladistic study indicates that the two genera may be paraphyletic.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

When C. E. Hubbard (1936) described Thaumastochloa (Gramineae, Rott-

boelliinae) he included T. cochinchinensis (Lour.) C. E. Hubb. from SE. Asia and

for Australia T. brassii C. E. Hubb., 7. pubescens (Benth.) C. E. Hubb., T.

rariflora (F. M. Bailey) C. E. Hubb. and an unnamed, insufficiently known species.

Ohwi & Odashima (1937) included 7. shimadana (Ohwi & Odashima) Ohwi &

Odashima from Taiwan, which was soon reduced to a form of 7. cochinchinensis

by Ohwi (1942). In 1941 S. T. Blake added T. major S. T. Blake and T. constricta

S. T. Blake from Australia, while Hsu (1971) proposed 7. chenii Hsu for Taiwan.

Heteropholis as described by C. E. Hubbard (1956) originally included the

African H. sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubb., the Ceylonese H. nigrescens (Thw.) C. E.

Hubb. and an unnamed species from Madagascar, which he graciously left to Miss

Camus to describe. She described it in 1956 as H. benoistii.

Clayton (1981) transferred 7. cochinchinensis to Heteropholis and remarked that

as a result Thaumastochloa would be restricted to Asutralia. This aroused our

curiosity as Jansen in his unpublished treatment of the grasses of Malesia, Chase

(1939), Reeder (1948), Henty (1969), and Lazarides (1980) had recorded at least two

other species for Malesia. As the identification of these collections had turned out

to be difficult, a full survey of all material became necessary, and as we were not

quite satisfied about the generic delimitation of the two genera, Heteropholis was

also completely revised.

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENERA

Both genera can be placed without any problem in the Roftboelliastrae sensu

Clayton (1973), but the generic delimitation within this group and its distinction

137

138 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

from related genera is far from clear, as was also indicated by Clayton. The use of

fused versus free stipes of the pedicelled spikelets to distinguish the Rottboelliastrae

from the Coelorachidastrae, respectively, makes the species with partly fused ones

difficult to place, e.g. Rottboellia coelorachis Forst.f., Robynsiochloa purpurascens

(Robyns) J.-Fél. of the Rottboelliastrae and Coelorachis striata (Steud.) Camus, oc-

casionally of the Coelorachidastrae.

The presence of two sessile and one pedicelled spikelet per joint is supposed to

be the character that distinguishes Mnesithea Kunth from Coelorachis Brongn. The

expression of this feature, however, is variable even within a single inflorescence of

M. laevis (Retz.) Kunth, the type, while on account of the presence of stipes that

are at least apically fused to the rachis, the species should not have been included

in the Coelorachidastrae. Other species sometimes regarded as belonging to

Mnesithea often have only a few triads at the base of the inflorescence and with their

free stipes are better accommodated in Coelorachis (Heidweiller & Van der

Klaauw, MS). One collection of 7. major (q.v.) also had such triads and fused

stipes.

Several species of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa have been included in

Ophiuros Gaertn., which differs mainly by having the sessile spikelets in two oppos-

ing rows while the lower floret of the sessile spikelet is usually paleate and male, but

may also become epaleate and sterile or paleate and female or bisexual with lodicules

present whenever the sexual organs are developed (Avé, MS). In other Rott-

boelliinae the pedicelled spikelets alternate from the right hand side to the left, joint

for joint, throughout the raceme.

Close to Heteropholis seems to be Robynsiochloa purpurascens of which we have

seen no material. Here the lower floret of the sessile spikelet is paleate and male,

while the pedicelled spikelet is well-developed, 1- or 2-flowered with the lower floret

male and the upper male or sterile (apparently without lodicules). Although this

species resembles especially H. su/cata, it is an annual and thus does not fit the trans-

formation series thought to be represented in Heteropholis.

The distinction between Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa is at first rather ob-

vious: Heteropholis comprises perennial plants with a persistent peduncle and com-

pletely fragmenting spikes or racemes, the species allopatrically distributed in the

Afro-asian tropics, while Thaumastochioa contains annual plants in which the

peduncle breaks off at its base and remains attached to the lowermost joint of the

fragmenting spike (of course not fragmenting when only one joint is developed), the

species being found more or less sympatrically in tropical Australia.

On the other hand there appears to be a gradual transition in the reduction of the

various parts from West to East and we have tried to test the hypothesis that the

present situation would be the result of a West-East migration with an ultimate cen-

tre of speciation in Australia from an ancestor which had become annual and had

evolved this peculiar diaspore.

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 139

DIFFERENTIATING CHARACTERS FOR GENERA

When looking at the differentiating characters singly they seem not to be too im-

pressive at the generic level.

Life form has occasionally been used to distinguish between genera, e.g. in Euro-

pean literature, but even for Europe this is not very satisfactory: Avena L. would

include annual species only, but Baum (1977) grudgingly had to include one peren-

nial, which renders a distinction against Helictotrichon Besser and Avenula (Dum.)

Dum. very vague (see also Sevenster & Veldkamp, 1983). A similar situation where

life form is apparently the single distinctive and thus an unsatisfactory feature is pre-

sent in TJrisetum Pers., Koeleria Pers. (perennials), and Rostraria Trin., and

Trisetaria Forsst. (annuals) (see Veldkamp & Van der Have, 1983). On the other

hand many genera are generally accepted to contain both annual and perennial

species, a distinction which in the humid tropics becomes difficult to maintain

anyhow. The species of Thaumastochloa are apparently annual, but a few collec-

tions of 7. major have been annotated ‘biennial’ and ‘short-lived perennial’, so

whatever the latter may be, doubt creeps in whether under favourable situations an

extended longevity would not be possible in at least that species.

Is mode of dispersal a ‘dependable’ generic character? Apart from the fact that

in taxonomy no a priori value can be given to any feature, although some act as if

it were otherwise, and that evaluation depends on the situation and the careful con-

sideration of the revisor, it is frequently employed in this alliance, Clayton (1981),

for instance, distinguished Manisuris L. from Glyphochloa Clayton on the mode of

disarticulation of the raceme. In many cases, however, the form of the diaspore

depends more on the degree of modifications of structures already present in the

related taxa than on the presence of really different ones. In Heteropholis the lowest

point of breakage in the inflorescence is below the lowest joint of the rachis, and

in Thaumastochloa this is at the base of the peduncle, but it seems illogical to confer

a separate generic status to 7. rariflora where the articulation often takes place at

the one but last vegetative node, so that the diaspore is composed of the uppermost

internode and its leaf, the peduncle and the single or double joints of the rachis.

It should be obvious that distribution by itself cannot be considered as a generic

character, and even its employment at the infra-specific level may not be absolute.

Theoretically, disjunctions and isolation may cause distinct forms to evolve into

distinct species and in the end, perhaps, genera, but in the present case the ‘unit’

Thaumastochloa fits in very well with the allopatric pattern shown by the species

of Heteropholis. If there was but one species in Australia, how great would then be

the inclination to distinguish it at generic level? The fact that there are several in-

stead should not be an inducement to do so, tempting as it may be. Distribution

should be correlated with other characters and can then at most be regarded as a

confirmation of a conclusion already reached.

The correlation between life form, diaspore and distribution shown by the present

twe genera is of course interesting, but do three rather weak characters constitute

proof when found together? At most they are very suggestive, but the alternative

possibility that only a single genus with radiate speciation in Australia is involved

could not be overlooked.

1 10

4 1

5 4

6 5

14 6

10 10

11 14

12 11

14 12

7 7

9 9

8 8

12 12

13 13

2 2

3 3

1 1

2 P 2 P

3 3

4 4

: : \

6 6

7 © P 7 @) P

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 P 11 P

12 P 12 P

13 P 13 P

14 (P) 14

H1 H2 H3 H4 F172 1374 157617 H1 H2 H3H4 11 T2 73 14 15 T6T7

Fig. 1. Alternative models of phylogenetic relations in Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa.— @ © a:

different apomorphous character-states. — p: parallel apomorphous states. — 1-10: character-

states according to Table 1. — H1-4, T1-7: species of Heteropholis and Thaumastochloa. For

further explanation see text.

Table 1. Survey of characters

1. Plants perennial yes / no

2. Sheaths longer than 0.5 times the internodes yes / no

3. Peduncle falling of with the uppermost

internode and its leaf no / yes

4. Peduncle articulating at base no / yes

5. Peduncle adnate to the lower-most joint of the spike no / yes

6. Peduncle smooth yes / no

7. Number of spikelets per spike 11--more / 4--10 / 1--3

8. Spikes homomorphous yes / no

9. Articulation of joints straight yes / no

10. Lower glume distinctly winged yes / narrowly / no

11. Margin of lower glume puberulous at base yes / no

12. Nerves of lower glume UH SY Ml

13. Anthers (length in mm) 2--more / 1--2 / up to 1

14. Pedicelled spikelet male / 2 glumes only / | glume / 0

It is presumed that the character state on the left hand side is plesiomorphous, except for 2, /2 and /3,

where the sequence is arbitrary.

140

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 14]

We disagree with the views of Roberty (1960), who regarded all species of

Thaumastochloa as subvarieties of Rottboellia corymbosa L.f. (now Ophiuros ex-

altatus (L.) O. Ktze) and those of Heteropholis as varieties of Rottboellia myuros

(L.) Benth. (now Manisuris myuros L.).

A CLADISTICAL APPROACH

The use of cladistics causes one to look very carefully at the characters employed

in a taxonomic study and may reveal certain erroneous preconceptions. We have

employed this method in an attempt to shed some light on the present situation.

After extensive descriptions of all the taxa were made, at least fourteen characters

seemed to be of some significance (Table 1) from which two alternative models

could be deduced, having as few parallel apomorphies as possible (Fig. 1). In order

to estimate the probable polarity of a character-state, the account of Clayton (1973)

was used where numerical taxonomy was applied to the awnless genera of the An-

dropogoneae. The Rottboelliastrae as distinguished by him, excluding our genera,

has been used as the out-group.

Characters 4, 5 and 6 should be regarded as belonging to the complex that makes

an effective pseudo-awn possible and are probably best considered as a single

character; they have therefore been enclosed by a broken line.

To characters 12 and 13 no polarity could be attributed, but the arbitrary choice

made here does not seem to have much effect on the models.

For T. major, character 7 has been placed between brackets in the lower part of

fig. 1 (summation of features) because of the heteromorphous spikes. Characters 3

and 8 might have been omitted because of their uniqueness for which reason the

creeping habit of H. nigrescens was not mentioned, although these features set the

various species apart.

In model A one can decide that a single genus is represented, if no generic value

is accredited to the set of characters offered by 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 14. These divide

the taxa into two groups which correspond with the two original genera. When,

however, the correlation of these, perhaps minor characters is considered as

evidence for a generic status, the old situation is maintained.

In model B a single genus can also be accepted, the extent of which remains uncer-

tain; it is more easy here to envisage further steps ‘upwards’, whereby more taxa

would be included. No infra-generic groups can formally be distinguished, however,

because of the paraphyly involved, although the Thaumastochloa-alliance remains

distinct. To do so would require the creation of three or four distinct taxa, which

seems highly unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, because of one lesser partial parallelism

between Heteropholis and Thaumastochioa, this model has a slight advantage. This

model corresponds with a clinal variation coupled with the reduction of the pedicell-

ed spikelet terminating in a secondary radiative speciation in Australia, which was

the alternative explanation outlined above before the cladistics were done. It should

142 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

be noted that in neither model there is a complete correlation with the geography:

the pedicelled spikelet is more reduced in H. benoistii from Madagascar than in H.

nigrescens from Sri Lanka.

To make an educated guess as to which model should have preference, the out-

group must be known in more detail. Only then a good insight can be obtained of

the evolutionary tendencies within it. At present it seems therefore irresponsable to

choose in favour of either model with any certainty. Hence, for the present, matters

are better left as they were, and so we have kept the genera distinct.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This survey was started during a course in advanced Angiosperm taxonomy by the

first two authors based on the material present in L. Subsequently other material

was kindly sent on loan from A, BM, BO, BRI, K, KYO, P, PERTH, SING, TAI,

TI, and W, to the Keepers of which we are very grateful. The last author guided

the process, edited and translated the final report. The Director and Staff of the

Rijksherbarium are much thanked for the opportunity and assistance, especially Mr.

J. H. van Os who prepared the fine drawings and advised on the graphical presenta-

tion. Advice rendered by Dr. M. Zandee, Laboratory of Experimental Plant

Systematics, Leiden, and Dr. R. van der Meijden (L) on the intricacies of cladistics

are much appreciated. Finally, the authors wish to thank Mr. Wong Khoon Meng,

Forest Botanist, Forest Research Institute in Kepong, for his critical comments on

the orginal manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Avé, W. Ophiuros exaltatus (Linné) O. Ktze (Gramineae). Manuscript. Rijksher-

barium, Leiden.

Baum, B. R. (1977). Oats: wild and cultivated: 25. Ottawa.

Camus, A. (1956). Une nouvelle espéce du genre Heteropholis Hubbard

(Graminées). Bull. Soc. Bot., France 103: 476.

Chase, A. (1939). Papuan grasses collected by L. J. Brass. II. J. Arn. Arb. 20:

314-315.

Clayton, W. D. (1973). The awnless genera of Andropogoneae. Studies in the

Gramineae: XXXIII. Kew Bull. 28: 49-57.

(1981). Notes on the tribe Andropogoneae (Gramineae). Kew Bull. 35:

813-818.

Heidweiller, J. & M. A. F. van der Klaauw. Differences between Mnesithea and

Coelorachis (Gramineae) in South East Asia. Manuscript. Rijksherbarium,

Leiden.

Henty, E. E. (1969). A Manual of the Grasses of New Guinea. Bot. Bull., Lae 1:

181.

Hsu, C. C. (1971). A guide to the Taiwan grasses, with keys to sub-families, tribes,

genera and species. Taiwania 16: 216-218, 335, f. 2, 2a.

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 143

Hubbard, C. E. (1936). Thaumastochloa C. E. Hubbard, in W. J. Hooker, cones

plantarum 34: t. 3313, 3314.

—— (1956). Heteropholis sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubbard, in W. J. Hooker,

Icones plantarum 36: t. 3548.

Jansen, P. Gramineae of Malesia. Manuscript. Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Lazarides, M. (1980). The Tropical Grasses of Southeast Asia: 74-75. Vaduz.

Ohwi, J. (1942). Gramina japonica. IV. Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 11: 178.

— &K. Odashima. (1937). In J. Ohwi, Symbolae ad Floram Asiae orientalis.

15. Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 6: 151.

Reeder, J. R. (1948). The Gramineae-Panicoideae of New Guinea. J. Arn. Arb. 29:

354-355.

Roberty, G. (1960). Monographie systématique des Andropogonées du Globe.

Boissiera 9: 65-66, 81-82.

Sevenster, J. G. & J. F. Veldkamp. (1983). A Revision of Helictotrichon (Grami-

neae) in Malesia. Blumea 28: 329-342.

Veldkamp, J. F. & J. C. van der Have. (1983). The Genus Trisetum (Gramineae)

in Malesia and Taiwan. Gard. Bull. Sing 36: 125-135.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Perennials. Peduncle smooth, not articulating at base. All joints of the spike articulating in fruit.

Central Africa to Micronesia, not in New Guinea. .................-0e0 000s Heteropholis

1. Annuals. Peduncle scabrous, articulating at base or with the uppermost internode and its leaf.

Lowermost (or the only) joint of the spike persistent in fruit. Australia, New Guinea. .....

25 66 050 (ACRE BOOT 6 GUIS BEUISE RTO IRR Ce eI ee eee ean ieee ioe Thaumastochloa

HETEROPHOLIS

HETEROPHOLIS C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 36 (1956) t. 3548; Camus, Bull. Soc.

Bot., France 103 (1956) 475; Clayton, Kew Bull. 35 (1981) 816. — Type: H.

sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubb.

Perennials, branching intra-and/or extra-vaginally at base. Ligules collar-shaped,

membranous, margin ciliolate. Peduncle glabrous, smooth, not articulating at base.

Spikes + terete, dehiscing transversally into swollen joints, which bear a sessile

spikelet and a more or less reduced pedicelled one, with a ‘knob’ at base (remnants

of the vasculature). Spikelets unilaterally in 1 or 2 slightly alternating rows, un-

awned. Sessile spikelets sunken into the joints, with 2 florets, the lower one reduced

to a lemma, the upper one bisexual. Callus short, glabrous. Lower glume slightly

convex, indurated, 5-11-nerved, smooth or with longitudinal rows of small pits be-

tween the nerved or rugose, 2-keeled, glabrous or margins at base puberulous, mar-

gins narrow, stiff, infolded, apex more or less winged, acutish. Upper glume boat-

shaped, slightly keeled, 3-7-nerved, scarious to membranous. Lemmas and paleas

obtuse, scarious to slightly membranous. First lemma 2-nerved. Second lemma

0-3-nerved. First palea absent, second palea present, 0- or 2-nerved. Lodicules pre-

Fig. 2. Sessile spikelets of Heteropholis. — a. H. sulcata (Quarré 137); b. H. benoistii (Bosser 15241);

c. H. nigrescens (Davidse & Sumithraarachchi 7961). x 15.

Map 1. Solid stars: Heferopholis sulcata; diamond: H. benoistii; open star: H. nigrescens; circles: H.

cochinchinensis, s.l.; triangles: Thaumastochloa spp.

144

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 145

sent in the upper floret, broad- to oblong-cuneate, truncate, glabrous. Anthers 3,

purple. Styles 2, free; stigmas purple. Caryopsis ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, dorsally

flattened; hilum (sub-)basal, punctiform; embryo 0.5-0.8 times as long as the

caryopsis. Stipe of the pedicelled spikelet partly to entirely adnate to the joint.

Pedicelled spikelet much reduced to absent, 1-flowered, male or neuter. Glumes,

when well-developed, herbaceous to indurated, the lower one keeled, 5-9-nerved,

not sculptured, the upper one boat-shaped, sometimes with an infolded margin,

3-5-nerved. Lemma and palea much reduced. Lodicules present or not. Anthers 0

or 3.

Distribution. Four species allopatric in E. Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, or

from SE. Asia to S. China, E. Malesia and Micronesia.

Ecology. Savannahs, dry grasslands, forest edges, up to 1800 m alt.

Chromosome numbers. N = 18 [H. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton var. cochin-

chinensis, H. nigrescens (Thw.) C. E. Hubb.].

Note. Hubbard described the sessile spikelets as 2-flowered with the lower floret

being male or sterile and with a palea equal to the lemma or shorter to absent. Hsu

(1971) also described and depicted a first palea for H. cochinchinensis (Lour.)

Clayton (q.v.). However, in all specimens seen by us this floret was always reduced

to an empty lemma.

MELCICEHEGESDI KCletS7ADSETIT AS Ee ASIAL Root ec rvel a: als Spee aie SSS Stee a0 1S a) e Visieicw)siercie Ve eiyeyere oS. 2

1. Pedicelled spikelets more or less developed. Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka. .............. 3

2. Sessile spikelets 2.7-4 mm long. Lower glume narrowly winged. Anthers 1.5-1.7 mm long. .

» os tho can thOOOthe DU ORO Ce OCD Tae eC aera 4a. H. cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis

2. Sessile spikelets 4-4.5 mm long. Lower glume distinctly winged at the apex. Anthers + 2.8 mm

[One "TERE -Aseslou oe cc SC BS OCU ett ane ee 4b. H. cochinchinensis var. chenii

3. Blades 4-10 mm wide, at least the margins pubescent. Pedicelled spikelets 4-5 mm long. ... 4

Blades 1.5-2 mm wide, glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets 2-3 mm long. Madagascar. .........

Deak e oo SLOG Ho OAD oer OEE nec ee aaa ee ae eee Eb adeeb dat ena, = Eds }DENOISHE

4. Blades up to 12 cm long. Spike 6-10-jointed. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet with small pits.

Rediceledispikelet neuter: pon Malka pa fey aye tant cor oayey ets tS eae seks Stelahe’s lekead nish ls 3. H. nigrescens

4. Blades up to 60 cm long. Spike 20-30-jointed. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet areolate.

Pesiccledispikelen males Central Bo AUmICA. Sieh © naseceus 65) of < Gye sole jopsyere ee ae 1. H. sulcata

1. Heteropholis sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubb. — Map 1, fig. 2a

Heteropholis sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 36 (1956) t. 3548, p. 2;

J.-Félix, Gram. Afr. Trop. 1 (1962) 282, f. 218; Clayton & Renvoize, Fl. Trop.

E. Afr., Gram. 3 (1982) 849. — Peltophorus sulcatus Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9

(1917) 59, comb. ill.; Robijns, Fl. Agrost. Congo Belge 1 (1929) 63. — Manisurus

sulcata Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 54. — Rottboellia myuros (L.) Benth. var.

sulcata Roberty, Mon. Androp. (1960) 82. — Type: Homblé 56 (K, holo; BR),

Zaire, Katanga, Lubumbashi (Elisabethville), February 1912.

146 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Culms 60-150 cm high. Nodes 3-5, glabrous, rarely hairy. Sheaths 8-12 cm long,

0.4-0.75 times as long as the internodes, subglabrous to hirsute. Blades linear, flat

to involute, up to 60 cm by 4-10 mm, subglabrous to hirsute. Peduncle 12-25 cm

long. Joints 20-30. Sessile spikelets slightly alternating, 3.5-5 mm long. Lower glume

5-9-nerved, areolate because of longitudinal and transverse ribs, margins

puberulous at base, apex winged, acuminate. Anthers 2.4-2.5 mm long. Pedicelled

spikelet more or less well-developed; stipe adnate in the lower half to completely so

with the joint and approximately as long as the joint; spikelet 4-5 mm long, male,

lodicules present.

Distribution. Zaire (Katanga: Bianos, Kalule, Kienge, Kivilolo, Kundelungu

Plateau, Lubumbashi, Manika Plateau, Musoka-Tanda, Tumbwe), Zambia (Aber-

corn, Chishinga, Lundazi, Ndola, Solwezi), Malawi (Mzimba, Mzuzi), Tanzania

(Songea).

Ecology. Open woodland dominated by Brachystegia (e.g. B. boehmii, B.

floribun—., B. microphylla) and with Andropogon schirenzis, Isoberlinia sp.,

900-1830 m alt.

Collector’s notes. Loosely tufted, to 1.5 m high. Rhizome creeping, roots brown,

wiry. Lower sheaths reddish purple. Culms bright green. Leaves erect, apex + pen-

dulous. Sessile spikelets yellowish green. Pedicelled spikelets pale green with dark

green nerves. Anthers, stigmas dark purple. Entire plant turning black. (Mainly after

Milne-Redhead & Taylor 9058, BR).

Vernacular name. Kipolo (Katanga: Kibemba).

Note. The plants are nigrescent with a greyish hue when dried, as was also noticed

in the field.

2. Heteropholis benoistii Camus — Map 1, fig. 2b

Heteropholis benoistii Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot., France 103 (1956) 476. — Type:

Benoist 1639 (P, holo), Madagascar, Domaine Central, Manjakatompo,

Ankaratra, 1700 m alt., 20 December 1951.

Culms 35-50 cm high. Nodes 6-more, glabrous. Sheaths up to 7 cm long, shorter

than the internodes, margins distally pilose, otherwise glabrous. Blades linear, flat

to involute, up to 25 cm by 1.5-2 mm. Peduncle up to 13 cm long. Joints 12-more.

Sessile spikelets slightly alternating, 3-4.35 mm long. Lower glume 5-7-nerved, with

rows of small pits, margins glabrous at base, apex minutely winged, acuminate. An-

thers + 2.1 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets reduced, to the lower glume; stipe adnate

with and + 0.8 times as long as the joint; spikelet 2-3 mm long.

Distribution. Madagascar (Domaine Central).

Ecology. Savannahs, up to 1700 m alt.

Note. Only two collections seen (Benoist 1639, Bosser 15241, P).

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 147

3. Heteropholis nigrescens (Thw.) C. E. Hubb. — Map 1, fig. 2c

Heteropholis nigrescens (Thw.) C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 36 (1956) t. 3548, p.

4; Bor, Grasses (1960) 162. — Rottboellia nigrescens Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl.

(1864) 364; Hack., Mon. Androp. (1889) 296; Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 7 (1896) 157;

Hook. in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 5 (1900) 207; Senaratna, Gr. Ceylon (1956)

180; Gould & Soderstrom, Can. J. Bot. 52 (1974) 1085, 1088, f. 71. — Manisurus

nigrescens O. Ktze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 780. — Rottboellia myuros (L.) Benth.

var. nigrescens Roberty, Mon. Androp. (1960) 81. — Type: Thwaites CP 867

(PDA, holo, K. n.v.; BM, BO, SING), Ceylon, Central Prov., Bagavantalawa,

1220 m alt.

Culms up to 60 cm high. Nodes 10-15, glabrous. Sheaths 3-6 cm long, 0.45-0.75

times as long as the internodes, pilose along the margins, otherwise subglabrous.

Blades linear, flat, up to 12 cm by 6-11 mm, margins hairy at base, otherwise

glabrous. Peduncle up to 5 cm long. Joints 6-10. Sessile spikelets + in 1 row, +

4.5 mm long. Lower glume 11-nerved, with rows of small pits, margins puberulous

at base, apex narrowly winged, acute. Anthers + 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelet

reduced to the glumes; stipe entirely adnate to and + 0.67 times as long as the joint;

spikelet up to 4 mm long.

Distribution. Sri Lanka: Central and Trincomalee Prov.

Ecology. Cracks of cliffs, forest edges, 1200-1560 m alt.

Chromosome number. 2n = 36 (Gould & Soderstrom, 1974; ‘60’ sphalm. p.

1088).

Collector’s notes. Plants scandent, base long-decumbent, rooting at the nodes.

Note. Plants nigrescent.

4. Heteropholis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton — Map 1.

a. var. cochinchinensis. — Fig. 3a

Heteropholis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 35 (1981) 816. — Phleum

cochinchinense Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 48. — Paspalum ? cochinchinense R.

& S., Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 317. — Ophiuros cochinchinensis Merr., Trans. Am.

Philos. Soc., n.s. 24, 2 (1935) 72. — Thaumastochloa cochinchinensis C. E.

Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 34 (1936) t. 3313, 3314, p. 2; Ohwi, Bot. Mag., Tokyo

55 (1941) 551; Raizada et al., Ind. For. Rec., n.s. 4 (1957) 211; Bor, Grasses

(1960) 247; Dansk Bot. Ark. 23 (1965) 165; Koyama in Walker, Fl. Okinawa

(1976) 238; Anon., Ic. Corm. Sin. 5 (1976) 195, t. 7219. — Rottboellia corymbosa

L.f. subvar. cochinchinensis Roberty, Mon. Androp. (1960) 65. — Thaumasto-

chloa cochinchinensis forma cochinchinensis: Hsu, Taiwania 16 (1971) 335, f. 2a;

Fl. Taiwan 5 (1978) 701, f. 1481. — Type: Hb. Loureiro (BM, holo, n.v.),

Cochinchina.

148 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Ophiuros monostachyus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 330; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3

(1857) 405; Hack., Mon. Androp. (1889) 318; Camus, Fl. Gén. I.-C. 7 (1922) 373,

f. 38; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 1 (1925) 41. — Rottboellia monostachya

Schmid, l’Agron. Trop. 13 (1958) 193, nom. inval. — Type: Haenke s.n. (PR,

holo, n.v.), Philippines, Luzon.

Ophiuros undatus Nees in Hook., J. Bot. Kew 2 (1850) 100; Steud., Syn. 1 (1854)

360 (‘undulatus’); Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 405 (id.); Benth., J. Linn. Soc.,

London, Bot. 19 (1881) 69 (id.). — Type: Cuming 1339 (BM, L, P, W; K, n.v.).

Ophiuros shimadanus Ohwi & Odashima, Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 5 (1936) 185.

— Thaumastochloa shimadana Ohwi & Odashima, Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 6

(1937) 151. — Thaumastochloa cochinchinensis C. E. Hubb. forma shimadana

Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 11 (1942) 178; Hsu, Taiwania 16 (1971) 335;

Taiwan Gr. (1975) 779, f. 285; Fl. Taiwan 5 (1978) 701. — Type: Shimada 4852

(KYO, holo, n.v.), Taiwan, Hsinchu.

Thaumastochloa chenii auct. non Hsu: Hsu, Taiwania 16 (1971) 335, pro Chen 123.

Thaumastochloa cochinchinensis auct. non C. E. Hubb.: Chen & Hsu, J. Jap. Bot.

37 (1962) 306, 313, f. 28, 29, pro Chen 123.

Culms up to 60 cm high. Nodes 3-4, glabrous. Sheaths 3-6 cm long, 0.25-0.75

time the length of the internodes, margins at the top with the long hairs, otherwise

glabrous. Blades linear, flat to involute, up to 45 cm by 2-5 mm, margins at base

with long hairs, otherwise (sub-)glabrous. Peduncle up to 10 cm long. Joints

12-more. Sessile spikelets + in 1 row, 2.7-4(-4.5) mm long. Lower glume 7-nerved,

smooth to minutely pitted in longitudinal rows, margins glabrous at base, apex nar-

rowly winged, obtuse to acute. Anthers 1.5-1.75 mm long. Pedicelled spikelet re-

duced to a small scale; stipe entirely adnate to and + as long as the joint.

Distribution. India (e.g. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, no doubt elsewhere), Thailand

(Northern: Sukhotai, Nakhon Sawan; Southwestern: Ratchaburi), Vietnam (Tu

Phap, Hué, Hanoi, Phocam), China (Canton, Hainan, Hong Kong, Putien),

Taiwan, Ryu Kyu Isl. (Iriomote, Okinawa), Malesia: Java (Banjumas), Lesser Sun-

da Isl. (Bali, fide Jansen MS), Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Moluccas (Buru),

Carolines (Palau, Yap), Marianes (fide C. E. Hubbard).

Ecology. Savannahs, disturbed places, e.g. roadsides, bunds of rice fields, in rice

fields, grass fields, up to 600 m alt.

Collectors’ notes. Very few: caespitose.

Chromosome numbers. N = 18 (Chen & Hsu, 1962, at least pro Chen 123, TAI).

Notes. The only record for Java (not mentioned in the Flora of Java!, Kievits

1543, L) probably constitutes an introduction. It has relatively large lower glumes

and anthers. Jansen (MS) mentioned an unnamed collection present in BO, purported

from Bali but Veldkamp could not find any trace of it there. The record for the

Fig. 3. Sessile spikelets of Heteropholis cont. — a. H. cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis (Merrill

9875); b. H. cochinchinensis var. chenii (Hsu 511, type). x 15.

Marianas could not be verified with the loan from K.

Although the types of ‘cochinchinensis’, ‘monostachyus’ and ‘shimadanus’ have

not been seen, there is enough evidence from the descriptions, later remarks and

subsequent material for the authors to be certain of their identities. The last epithet

was employed by several authors for specimens with pitted lower glumes, but some

collections (e.g. Balansa 503, L; Chuang 1560, Hsu & Kuoh 13658A, Suzuki s.n.,

Tanaka & Shimada, TAI, etc.) were seen to have both pitted and smooth lower

glumes even within the same inflorescence, from which we conclude that this

character has no great taxonomic significance. However, specimens with both pitted

lower glumes and distinctly larger spikelets and anthers have been tentatively kept

distinct by us as the next variety.

Hsu (1971) described, compared and even depicted lower paleas for both varieties,

but in all the materal seen by us, also that from TAI, we have not even encountered

a trace of them.

b. var. chenii (Hsu) Sosef & de Koning, stat. & comb. nov. — Fig. 3b

Thaumastochloa chenii Hsu, Taiwania 16 (1971) 216, 335, f. 2; Taiwan Gr. (1975)

777, f. 284; Fl. Taiwan 5 (1978) 700. — Type: Hsu 511] (TAI, holo; TI), Taiwan,

Pingtung Co., O-luan-pi, + at sea level, 21 September 1959.

Differs from var. cochinchinensis by the lower glumes of sessile spikelets being

(3.5-)4-4.5 mm long, apex somewhat more broadly winged, always with pits in

longitudinal rows, and especially by the + 2.8-mm long anthers.

149

150 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Distribution. Taiwan (Pingtung Co.).

Ecology. Littoral grasslands.

Chromosome number. Chen 123 on which a count of n = 18 was based and which

was included in this taxon, has + 3.8-mm long sessile spikelets and + 1.7 mm-long

anthers and obviously belongs to the typical variety (q.v.).

THAUMASTOCHLOA — Map 1

THAUMASTOCHLOA C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 34 (1936) t. 3313, 3314; Simon,

Techn. Bull. Bot. Br. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978) 13. — Type:

Thaumastochloa pubescens (Benth.) C. E. Hubb.

Annuals (or short-living perennials?), branching intra-vaginally at base. Ligules

collar-shaped, membranous, margin ciliolate. Peduncles scaberulous, articulating at

base or breaking off with the uppermost internode and its leaf, gradually narrowing

to base, at least in the lower third. Spikes + terete, the lower joint (or the only one)

+ persistently adnate to the peduncle, the others (if any) dehiscing transversely to

obliquely into swollen to inflated joints which bear a sessile spikelet and the remnant

of a pedicelled one, with a ‘knob’ at base (remnants of the vascularity). Spikelets

unilaterally in 1 or 2 somewhat alternating rows, unawned. Sessile spikelets sunken

into the joints, with 2 florets, the lower one reduced to a lemma, the upper one

bisexual. Callus short, glabrous. Lower glume convex to slightly concave, in-

durated, 7-9-nerved, smooth or variously longitudinally and/or transversely

sculptured, 2-keeled, margins at base puberulous, otherwise usually glabrous,

margins narrow, stiff infolded, apex somewhat acute, unwinged. Upper glume con-

vex, slightly keeled, 3-5-nerved, scarious to slightly indurated. Lemmas and paleas

obtuse, scarious. First lemma 2-nerved, second one 0-3-nerved. First palea absent,

second one present, 0-nerved. Lodicules present in the upper floret, cuneate, trun-

cate, glabrous. Anthers 3, purple. Styles 2, free; stigmas purple. Caryopsis broadly

ovoid, dorsally flattened; hilum sub-basal, punctiform; embryo 0.5-0.67 times as

long as the caryopsis. Stipe of the pedicelled spikelet adnate to the joint; spikelet

absent or reduced to a miniscule scale.

Distribution. Seven species (and a possible hybrid) more or less sympatric in Nor-

thern Australia (W. Australia, N. Territory, Queensland) and Malesia (Aru Isls,

New Guinea, each with 1 sp.).

Ecology. Savannahs, sandy places, up to 1000 m alt.

Notes. The spikes of most species are homomorphous, but in 7. major S. T. Blake

two different types may be present even on the same plant: long ones with 4-10

relatively broad joints, and short ones with 1-3(-4) relatively narrow joints.

As these plants grow in often nearly inaccessible places and may not be evident

because of their annual life cycle, a wider distribution, certainly in Malesia, may be

expected with increase of the variability as more material is acquired, while

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 151

undescribed species may well turn up. Compare for instance the supposedly mono-

typic genus Micraira F.v.M., which now has at least 8 species (Lazarides, Brunonia

2, 1979, 67-84)!

KEY

Peete CASEESOMECISPIKES WITHA —INOLE YOUNES co ace wee ws 0 woe cis 5 nie cero ayer ayeie sieeve e geisie weee ee e,s 2.

REE MBS PIR CS avi tlle —3 OMNES ere eerie acc ecs creer eie 2 oc eyes So) 6ib esi aoleree cave « Geidee srees o < 5

2. Ali joints 1-1.8 mm across — Lower glumes areolate to weakly rugulose, at least in some spikes

209504 CC ORAORB AS SIIORRS oniieeiaies Scioto ect ACIS Re eens a gO a 3

2. At least some joints 2-3.5 mm across — Lower glumes usually smooth to at most weakly

PLORIUTS? = snot cossddcessct cad Outed OOO CED COM TOES SO OeR Oe Og aCe as eT 4

3. Spikes homomorphous, joints 4-9. Lower glumes all weakly rugulose to areolate, but the basal

sometimes smooth. Anthers 0.75-1 mm long ....................2-2-05- 1. T. pubescens

3. Spikes heteromorphous, some 4-9-jointed and lower glumes areolate, others 1-3-jointed and

lower glumes smooth. Anthers + 1.1 mmlong ................. ? T. major x pubescens

4. Culms up to 70 cm high. Spikes homomorphous. Joints inflated. Anthers 0.5-1 mm long

bout cor oar eoatey So FeO CeO BOO E GEL oo 8 oo SOO TGC 2 eee nae ea ae 2. T. monilifera

4. Culms up to 35 cm long. Spikes homo- or heteromorphous. Joints cylindric. Anthers 1.4-1.7

TH OE oaceeonbdodc eee eaauneeocen 4hct Sp SS 3. T. major

SD. DG? GUMS COIN weed aones oapnde 5.505. cso et oe cee eee eae ee ee 6

5. Lower glume longitudinally grooved or transversely rugose ...................-2-.000-- 7

6. Well-developed sheaths 0.17-0.33 time length of internode. Peduncle 0.5-3 cm long, usually

falling off with the uppermost internode. Joints 2.5-3 mm long ........... 7. T. rariflora

6. Well-developed sheaths 0.5->length of internodes. Peduncle 1.5-18 cm long, articulating at

AS. OS SG WIA Gaon os On OB an OR ee se eae eee eee 3. T. major

7. Culm-nodes 4-8. Lower glume longitudinally grooved. Anthers 1.1-1.7 mm long ......... 8

7. Culm-nodes 10-15. Lower glume transversely rugose. Anthers 0.6-0.7 mm long 6. T. brassii

8. Well-developed sheaths 0.17-0.33 time length of internode. Peduncle 0.5-2 cm long, glabrous

cant todas SORE AAO Por Be OO SOOO. TT ote Mec Cee ee eee 5. T. rubra

8. Well-developed sheaths 0.5-same length as internode. Peduncle 4-18 cm long, with rows of

THT TES CAPD in ie Tip oS Ol UE ee ee ee ee 4. T. striata

1. Thaumastochloa pubescens (Benth.) C. E. Hubb. — Map 2, fig. 4

Thaumastochloa pubescens (Benth.) C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 34 (1936) t. 3313,

p. 2; Chippendale, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 96 (1972) 223; Simon, Techn. Bull.

Bot. Br. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978) 13; ibid. 4 (1980) 84. — Ophiuros

corymbosus (L.f.) Gaertn. var. ? pubescens Benth., Fl. Austr. 7 (1878) 512;

Hack., Mon. Androp. (1889) 318. — Ophiuros pubescens Dom., Bibl. Bot. 85

(1915) 262. — Ophiuros pollockii Marquand, Kew. Bull. (1925) 284, nom.

superfl. — Rottboellia corymbosa L.f. subvar. pubescens Roberty, Mon. An-

drop. (1960) 66, excl. Mnesithea pubescens Ridl. — Type: F. v. Mueller s.n. (K,

holo, n.v.), Australia, N. Territory, sources of Hooker’s Cr., + 18° S, 130° E.

Thaumastochloa constricta S. T. Blake, Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensl. 1, 18

(1941) 19; Simon, Techn. Bull. Bot. Br. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978);

ibid. 4 (1980) 84. — Type: S. T. Blake 12460 (BRI, holo, n.v.; L), Australia,

Queensland, Burke Distr., Croydon, 18° 12’ S, 142° 15’ E, 110 m alt., 8 August

1936.

152 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Ophiuros corymbosus auct. non Gaertn.: R. Br., Prodr. (1810) 207.

Culms 12-30 cm high, rarely more. Nodes 5-9. Sheaths 1-3 cm long, 0.5-same

length as internode, pilose. Blades linear, flat, 2-9 cm by 1.5-4 mm, pilose. Pedun-

cle erect, + straight, gradually narrowed towards the base where it articulates, up

to 10 cm long, glabrous. Spikes homomorphous, cylindric to constricted, 1.5-3.5

cm by 1-1.8 mm across. Joints 4-9, articulation straight to oblique, 3-4 mm long,

glabrous, rarely puberulous. Spikelets somewhat alternatingly in 2 rows, 2-3 mm long.

Lower glume ovate-oblong, flat to convex, the lowermost usually smooth, the others

weakly transversely rugulose to areolate by longitudinal and transverse ribs, 7-9-

nerved. Upper lemma 2-nerved. Anthers 0.75-1 mm long.

Fig. 4. Sessile spikelets of Thaumastochloa — T. pubescens (McKee 9183). x 15.

Map 2. Stars: Thaumastochloa pubescens; circles: T. major x T. pubescens.

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 153

Distribution. Malesia: New Guinea (Western Distr.: Arufi, Rouku); Australia:

W. Australia (N. of Broome, Karunjie St., Kimberley Res. St.), N. Territory (Hoo-

ker’s Cr., Katherine, Mittibah St.), Queensland (Atherton, Batavia, Burra, Cam-

paspe R., Cheltenham, Conjuboy St., Cooktown, Croydon, Doomagee, Endeavour

R., W. of Ingham, Jericho, Lizard Isl., Mungana, Mareeba, Normaton, Pentland,

Poison Cr., Port Douglas, Torrens Cr., Townsville, Yarromeere).

Ecology. Low lying, damp sandy places, gullies, exposed coastal sand dunes,

weedy in fields and disturbed places, open savannah forests with e.g. Acacia cow-

leana, Erythrophloeum sp., Eucalyptus calleni, E. dichromophloia, E. miniata, E.

polycarpa, Grevillea glauca, Petalostigma sp., Spinifex sp., Triodia pungens, up to

840 m alt.

Collector’s notes. Tufted, culms prostrate to erect, up to 30 cm high or radiating

to 1.5 m in diam., subglaucous, dull green, brown, or reddish. Racemes green,

spikelets paler to purplish.

Notes. Although Hubbard and many others cited Domin as the author of the ba-

sionym, it should be Bentham. The presence of a question mark does not invalidate

the latter’s publication (Art. 34.2).

Roberty included Mnesithea pubescens Ridl. in his synonymy, but that species has

little to do with the present genus; the correct name for it is Coelorachis mollicoma

(Hance) Bor (Heidweiler & Van der Klaauw, MS).

S. T. Blake distinguished 7. constricta because of its puberulous and constricted

joints. As several intermediate collections were available these distinctions could not

be upheld.

Four collections (S. T. Blake 13604, 13738, Clarkson 3146, Symon 4883 from

Queensland, BRI) possess heteromorphic spikes, with one type similar to those of

T. pubescens and the other to the small form found in 7. major. The anthers are

1.1 mm long. These collections may be of hybrid origin (7. major x T. pubescens),

or represent an infraspecific taxon (but of which species?), or belong to a distinct

species altogether (see Map 2). At present we cannot offer a satisfactory solution.

On the other hand there are mixed collections of both species, which may confuse

those unaware of the heteromorphy of the spikes of 7. major, e.g. Bailey s.n. (K)

from Thursday Isl., which led Hubbard to observe that it might represent ‘probably

a new species related to 7. pubescens.’.

2. Thaumastochloa monilifera Sosef & Koning, sp. nov. — Map 4, fig. Sa

Thaumastochloa sp.: Simon, Techn. Bull. Bot. Br. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane

3 (1978) 13; ibid. 4 (1980) 84, pro Symon 4795S.

Culmi ad 70 cm alti. Spicae homomorphicae, articulis 4-8 inflatis 2-3.5 mm in diam. Glumae inferiores

modice rugulosae. Antherae 0.5-1 mm longae. — Type: Brass 19712 (L, holo; A), Australia, Queensland,

Cook Distr., Wenlock R., 12° 11’ S, 141° 53’ E, 150 m alt., 27 July 1948.

ae b

Fig. 5. Sessile spikelets of Thaumastochloa cont. — a. T. monilifera (Latz 1509); b. T. major (Collins

87) xaos

Culms up to 70 cm high. Nodes 5-9. Sheaths 2.5-4 cm long, 0.33-0.68 times as

long as the internodes, pilose. Blades linear, flat, 4-11 cm by 2-5 mm, pilose.

Peduncle + erect, straight, gradually narrowed towards the base, where it ar-

ticulates, 1-8 cm long, glabrous. Spikes homomorphous, moniliform, 1-1.5 cm by

2-3.5 mm across. Joints 4-8, articulation oblique, 1.7-5 mm long, glabrous.

Spikelets alternatingly in 2 rows, 1.6-3.5 mm long. Lower glume triangular-ovate,

slightly convex, weakly rugulose, 7-nerved. Upper lemma not nerved. Anthers 0.5-1

mm long.

Distribution. Australia: Queensland (Batavia, Bing Bong, Koolburra, Laura, S.

of N. Kennedy R., Wenlock R.).

Ecology. Dry sandy banks of gullies, road-sides, savannah forest with e.g. Acacia

sp., Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Melaleuca sp., Callitris intratropica-heath.

Collector’s notes. Plants semi-prostrate, culms weak, 40-60 cm long.

Note. Named for the bead-like joints of the spike.

3. Thaumastochloa major S. T. Blake — Map 3, fig. Sb

Thaumastochloa major 8. T. Blake, Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensl. 1, 18 (1941)

20; Chippendale, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 96 (1972) 223; Simon, Techn. Bull.

Bot. Br. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978) 13; ibid. 4 (1980) 84. — Type:

S. T. Blake 13360 (BRI, holo, n.v.; L), Australia, Queensland, Cook Distr.,

Cairns, 16° 55’ S, 145° 46’ E, + 1.5 m alt., 24 March 1938.

Thaumastochloa pubescens auct. non C. E. Hubb. and Th. rariflora auct. non C.

E. Hubb.: Gardn., Fl. W. Austr. 1, 1 (1952) 309, 310, f. 91 A-E.

154

Map 3. Thaumastochloa major.

Culms up to 35 cm high. Nodes 6-10. Sheaths 1-4 cm long, (0.33-)0.5-> length

of internode, pilose at least along the margins. Blades linear, flat to involute, 2-12

cm by 1.5-5.5 mm, pilose, rarely glabrous. Peduncle erect to recurved, usually

gradually narrowed towards the base, where it articulates, 1.5-18 cm long, glabrous.

Spikes hetero- or homomorphous: some 1.5-3 cm long, rarely with a small secon-

dary branch at base, joints 4-10, relatively broad, 4-5.5 by 2-3.5 mm across, ar-

ticulation straight to oblique, spikelets alternating in 2 very distinct rows, but still

secund, others 0.35-1.6 cm long, joints 1 or 2 (or 3), relatively narrow, 3.5-10 by

1-1.5 mm across, articulation straight, spikelets + in 1 row. Joints cylindric,

glabrous. Spikelets 2.3-4 mm long. Lower glume triangular to ovate-oblong, convex

to flat, rarely concave, smooth, rarely rugulose or pustulate and with some hairs,

9-nerved. Upper lemma 2-nerved. Anthers (1.1-)1.4-1.7 mm long.

Distribution. Malesia: New Guinea (Aru Islands, P. Trangan); Australia: W.

Australia (Camden Sound, Cape Domett, Cockburn Ra., Elcho Isl., Giddy R.,

Glenelg R., Groote Eylandt, Kalumbara, Kimberley Res. St., Oobagooma, Prince

Regent R. Res., NE. of Tableland St.), N. Territory (Batchelor, Borroloola, Coastal

Plains Res. St., Cooinda, Kapalga Ref., Katherine Gorge Nat. P., Maranboy Pol.

St., McMillan’s Rd., Mudginbarry, Mummalary St., Nourlangie Safari Camp, Port

Bradshaw, Twinn Falls, Wessel Isl., Yirrkala), Queensland (Ayr/Bowen Rd.,

Cairns, S. of Cape York, Chillagoe, Coalbrook, S. of Coen, Cooktown, Croydon,

Einasleigh, Endeavour R., Glenore, Jardine R., Kennedy Rd., Mapoon Res., Nor-

manby R., St. George R., Thursday Isl., Wrotham Park).

155

156 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Ecology. Low-lying, damp, sandy places, coastal dunes, open woodland with e.g.

Allosyncarpia ternata, Aristida hygrometrica, Erythrophloeum sp., Eucalyptus

crebra, E. dichromophloia, E. ferruginea, E. latifolia, E. miniata, E. papuana, E.

polycarpa, E. tetrodonta, Melaleuca viridiflora, Perotis rara, Petalostigma banksii,

Plectrachne pungens, Sorghum sp., locally gregarious, up to 600 m alt.

Collector’s notes. Solitary or tufted annual, biennial (!), or short-lived perennial

(!), suberect to diffuse and spreading, bent over as if to bury the rigid tips into the

soil, culms up to 45 cm high, tufts up to 45 cm in diam., rather pale to bright green

to pale or reddish brown, but spikes green, spikelets paler to whitish.

Notes. Most remarkable for its heteromorphic spikes which, if not found on the

same plant, would never have prompted the suggestion that one species was involv-

ed. It is no wonder that Gardner was led astray, thinking that Holmes ex Black

5000.033 (PERTH) was a mixture of 7. pubescens and T. rariflora.

Occasionally a secondary basal branch is present in the spike, but although we

have seen the material from PERTH where Gardner worked, we have not seen this

as well-developed as depicted by him. It is more likely that two spikes were placed

one above the other; the heteromorphy is then evident.

As stated in the introduction, some spikes of Brass 18880 (A, L) have some lower

joints with 2 sessile spikelets and the stipe of a pedicelled one, reminiscent of the

apparently single feature that characterises the genus Mnesithea. One of these

spikelets may be regarded as a very short lateral branch as described above.

The confusion that results when a mixture is made in collecting this species with

another is mentioned under 7. pubescens.

4. Thaumastochloa striata Sosef & Koning, sp. nov. — Map 5, fig. 6a

Thaumastochloa sp.: Simon, Techn. Bull. Dept. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978)

13.

Nodi culmi 5-8. Vaginae bene evolutae internodiis 0.5-1-plo breviores. Pedunculi 4-18 cm longi,

minute puberuli (20x!) in parte tertia superiore. Internodia (1 vel) 2 vel 3. Gluma inferior longitudinaliter

inter nervos 7 sulcata. Antherae 1.1-1.7 mm longae. — Type: Lazarides & Adams 10 (L, holo; BRI,

CANB, DNA, E, K, NSW, NT, US, 7.v.), Australia, N. Territory, 25 m N.N.E. of Maranboy Pol. St.,

14° 40’ S, 132° 39’ E, 3 March 1965S.

Culms 15-25 cm high. Nodes 5-8. Sheaths 1.2-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1 imes as long

as the internodes, shortly soft-hairy to nearly glabrous with densely hairy margins.

Blades linear, usually somewhat involute, 2-6 cm by 1.5-3.5 mm across, hairy

behind the ligule and along the margins, otherwise glabrous. Peduncle erect,

straight, narrowed in the lower half towards the base, where it articulates, 4-18 cm

long, upper third with rows of minute hairs (20x!). Spikes homomorphous, (0.45-)

1.1-2 cm by 0.6-1.5 mm across. Joints (1 or) 2 or 3, articulation straight, glabrous.

Spikelets slightly alternating, 3-4 mm long. Lower glume triangular-oblong, slightly

convex, grooved.between the 7 nerves. Upper lemma 2-nerved. Anthers 1.1-1.7 mm

long.

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa I Si7/

Distribution. Australia: N. Territory (Maranboy Pol. St., Elcho Isl.).

Perri tere noes Coad

Fig. 6. Sessile spikelets of Thaumastochloa cont. — a. T. striata (Lazarides & Adams 10, type); b. T.

rubra (S.T. Blake 17636, type). x 15.

Ecology. Sandy soil in open Eucalyptus tetrodonta forest with Plectrachne

pungens, alt. low.

Collector’s notes. Tufted, erect annual, culms spreading from base, inflorescence

erect.

Note. Named for the conspicuously striate joints and lower glumes.

5. Thaumastochloa rubra Sosef & Koning, sp. nov. — Map 5, fig. 6b

Thaumastochloa striata similis, sed in vaginis internodiis 0.17-0.33-plo brevioribus, pedunculis 0.5-2

cm longis glabris differt. — Type: S. T. Blake 17636 (BRI, holo; L), Australia, N. Territory, 16° 28’ S,

134° 59° E, 198 m alt., 4 May 1947.

Culms up to 45 cm high. Nodes 4-6. Sheaths 0.8-1.6 cm long, 0.17-0.33 time the

length of the internode, pilose. Blades linear, flat to involute, 1.5-5 cm by 1-2 mm,

pilose. Peduncle + erect, + straight, gradually narrowed towards the base, where

it articulates, 0.5-2 cm long, glabrous. Spikes homomorphous, 0.9-2.7 by + 0.7

mm across. Joints (1 or) 2, articulation straight, 4-5 mm long, glabrous. Spikelets

(see note) 3-4 mm long. Lower glume triangular-oblong, flattened to convex,

7-nerved, grooved between the nerves. Upper lemma 2-nerved. Anthers + 1.1 mm

long.

158 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Distribution. Only known from the type.

Ecology. On flagging sandstone ridges with Eucalyptus dichromorphloia, 198 m

alt.

Collector’s notes. Green to reddish, + erect tufts to 45 cm.

Notes. The exact position of the spikelets could not be ascertained, because all

spikes were either 1-jointed or the second joints had dropped off; a unilateral posi-

tion seems most likely. The joints are + reddish-brown, hence the epithet.

6. Thaumastochloa brassii C. E. Hubb. — Map 4, fig. 7a

Thaumastochloa brassii C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 34 (1936) t. 3314, p. 3;

Simon, Bull. Bot. Br. Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978) 13; ibid. 4 (1980) 84 —

Rottboellia corymbosa L.f. subvar. brassii Roberty, Mon. Androp. (1960) 65. —

Type: Brass 370 (K, holo, n.v.; BRI), Australia, Queensland, Burke Distr., Set-

tlement €r.;-18°%S; 138° 77 E, Junesi9237

Culms 7-35 cm high. Nodes 10-15. Sheaths 0.5-1.5 cm long, 0.25-1 times as long

as the internodes, sparsely pilose to subglabrous. Blades linear, flat to involute, 1-3

cm by + 3 mm, sparsely pilose to subglabrous. Peduncle slightly curved, gradually

narrowed towards the base, where it articulates, 0.8-6 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets

erect to erecto-patent, homomorphous, 0.3-0.8 cm by 0.8-1 mm across. Joints

1(-3), articulation straight, 3-4 mm long, glabrous. Spikelets in + 1 row, 2-2.7 mm

long. Lower glume oblong, flat, transversely rugose, 7-nerved. Upper lemma

2-nerved at base. Anthers 0.6-0.7 mm long.

a ‘ote

Fig. 7. Sessile spikelets of Thaumastochloa cont. — a. T. brassii (Craven 4103); b. T. rariflora (Brass

18956). X 15.

Distribution. Australia: N. Territory (Bing Bong, Cooinda, Maria Isl., McArthur

R., Katherine), Queensland (N. of Chillagoe, near Croydon, Dunbar, Esmeralda,

Guthalungra, Musgrave, Settlement Cr., Wenlock R.).

Map 4. _ Triangles: Thaumastochloa brassii; circles: T. monilifera.

Map 5. Squares: Thaumastochloa striata; circles: T. rariflora; triangle: T. rubra.

159

160 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

Ecology. Wet sandy soil, Callitris intratropica-heath, open savannah forest with

e.g. Eucalyptus sp., Melaleuca viridiflora, Petalostigma sp., Pheidochloa gracilis,

road-sides, up to 300 m alt.

Collector’s notes. Solitary or tufted, pale green, reddish, brownish, or purplish,

to 35 cm diam. Culms sprawling to erect.

Note. Hubbard described the upper lemma as 1-nerved, we saw it consistently

with 2 short nerves at the base only.

7. Thaumastochloa rariflora (F. M. Bailey) C. E. Hubb. — Map 5, fig. 7b

Thaumastochloa rariflora (F. M. Bailey) C. E. Hubb. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 34 (1936)

t. 3313, p. 4; Chase, J. Arn. Arb. 20 (1939) 314; Reeder, J. Arn. Arb. 29 (1948)

355; Henty, Bot. Bull., Lae 1 (1969) 181; Simon, Techn. Bull. Bot. Br. Dept.

Prim. Industr., Brisbane 3 (1978) 13; ibid. (1980) 84. — Rottboellia rariflora F.

M. Bailey, Queensl. Dept. Agric. Bull. 8 (1893) 86; Rept. Austr. Ass. Adv. Sc.

7 (1898) 446; Compreh. Cat. Queens]. Pl. (1912) 617. — Rottboellia corymbosa

L.f. subvar. rariflora Roberty, Mon. Androp. (1960) 66. — Type: F. M. Bailey

15 (BRI, holo, n.v., see note, K, n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Cook Distr.,

Somerset, 10° 45’ S, 142° 35’ E, June 1897.

Ophiuros pubescens auct. non Dom.: Hitchce., Brittonia 2 (1936) 128.

Culms 10-60 cm high. Nodes (4-)8-12. Sheaths 0.8-2.2 cm long, 0.17-0.33(—more

than 1 in apparently juvenile plants) times as long as the internodes, pilose, rarely

subglabrous. Blades linear, flat to involute, 2-10 cm by 2-4 mm, pilose, rarely sub-

glabrous. Peduncle erect, straight to curved, gradually narrowed towards the base,

usually falling off with the uppermost internode and its leaf, 0.5-3 cm long,

glabrous. Spikes homomorphous, cylindric, 0.35-0.9 cm by 0.7-1 mm across. Joints

1 (or 2, then the lower one usually without a spikelet), articulation + straight, 2.5-3

mm long, glabrous. Spikelets slightly alternating in 1 row, 2-3 mm long. Lower

glume ovate-oblong, somewhat concave, smooth, 9-nerved. Upper lemma

0-3-nerved. Anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long.

Distribution. Malesia: New Guinea (Western Distr.: near Morehead Patrol Post,

Mabaduan, Wuroi); Australia: Queensland (Andoom, Batavia, Cooktown, Locker-

bie, Mareeba, Musgrave, Mt. Mulligan, Portland Roads, Somerset, Thursday Isl.,

Townsville, Vallack point, Weipa).

Ecology. Sandy patches in savannah woodlands, e.g. with Eucalyptus, Melaleuca

cunninghamii, Themeda sp., clearings, sometimes gregarious, up to 1000 m alt.

Collector’s notes. Erect to spreading, tufted or not, sometimes densely mat-

forming, up to 30 cm high, green to rather dull green, culms oblique to erect, red-

dish. A troublesome spear-grass.

Notes. The type, presumed to be in BRI, was not among their material although

all was sent. The specimen in K cited by Hubbard was not lent to the authors; it

Heteropholis & Thaumastochloa 161

may be the holotype.

Brass 18554 (A, L) has glabrous blades and pedicelled spikelets reduced to a

minute scale, otherwise it seems to belong here.

INDEX OF COLLECTORS

Only numbered collections have been included. The ‘H-’ and ‘T-’ -numbers refer to the sequence of

the taxa as employed above. Specimens cited in literature but not seen have been included with their iden-

tifications between brackets when these seemed acceptable, otherwise they have been deleted.

Alcorn 8160: T7, Alston 1046: (H3), Aplin 5136: T3, Astle(?) 1354: H1.

Bailey 15: (17), Balansa 503: H4a, 1776: H4a, 1777: H4a, 1778: H4a, Beeston 15: T3, 77: T3, Benoist

1639: H2, Bequaert 282: H1, Bishop 266: T3, S. T. Blake 8571: T1, 9540-A: T1, 11678: T1, 12459: T3,

12460: T1, 12461: T1, 12612: T6, 13360: T3, 13386: T7, 13387: T1, 13591: T6, 13604: T1x3, 13605: T3,

13689: T1, 13716: T3, 13738: T1x3, 13739: T1, 17474: T6, 17480, p.p.: T6, 17636: TS, 18600: T3, 18624:

T6, 19520: T3, 19637: T6, 21803: T1, 21804: T3, 21812: T1, 21866: T7, 23217: T3, S. T. Blake & Webb

15720: T1, 15767: T7, 15768: T1, Bosser 15241: H2, Brass 370: T6, 1904: (T1), 6014: T7, 6554: T7, 18829:

T3, 18554: T7, 18803: T7, 18880: T3, 18956: T7, 19712: T2, 19713: T1, Bredo 2342: H1, 4155: H1,

Brynaert 648: H1, BS 19978 (McGregor): (H4a), 32781 (Ramos): (H4a), 37450 (Ramos & Edano): (H4a),

39203 (id.): H4a, 85252 (id.): H4a, Burbidge 5712: (T1), 5719: T3, But 51: H4a, Buwalda 5519: T3, 5554:

T3, Byrnes 693: T3.

Chang 2130: (H4a), Chatterjee 551: H3, Chen 87: (H4b), 123: H4a, Chippendale 7737: T3, Chuang

1560: H4a, C. B. Clarke 33807: (H4a), Clarkson 3100: T2, 3146: T1x3, 3146-A: T2, 3176: T3, 3198: T3,

- 3285: T1, Clemens 156: (H4a), 17093: H4a, 18224: H4a, 21234: H4a, Collins 377: T3, Craven 4103: T6,

Cuming 1339: H4a.

Davidse & Sumithraarachchi 7961: H3, 8698: H3, Distr. Off. Atherton 19: T1, Dujardin 342: H1,

Dunlop 2882: T6, 3787: T6.

Edwards 25: H1, Evrard 7027: H1.

Fanshawe 3073: H1, Flecker 477: (17), Flecker Qid. Nat. Club 13189: T6, 13190: T2, Fosberg 55015:

ive

Gardner 9651: T3, Gathy 289: H1, George 12559: T3, Gould & Cooray 13740: H3.

Hance 1248: H4a, Hartley 14632: T3, 14757: T3, Henry 1201: H4a, Holmes ex Black 5000.033: T3,

Homblé 56: H1, Hosokawa 8868: H4a, Hsu 287: H4a, 511: H4b, 1170: H4a, 5300-1: H4a, 12101: H4a,

13555: H4a, Hsu & Kuoh 13658-A: H4a, Hu 10365: H4a.

Jackson 444: (H1), 731: H1, Jacobsen 21: (17).

Kanehira & Hatusima 4425: H4a, 4428: (H4a), 4688: (H4a), Kenneally 5969: T1, Kievits 1543: H4a,

Kneucker 789 (Merrill & Robinson): H4a.

Larsen 8113: (H4a), Latz 1461: T3, 1507: T6, 1509: T2, 3539: T3?, 3736: T3, 6071-A: T3, 6071-B: T4,

7761: T3, Lazarides 3663: T1, 3804: T1, 3929: T6, 4503: T3, 4564: T1, 4746: T6, 4766: T3, 6404: T3,

6823: T3, 7564: T3, 7801: T3, 8850: T6, 8851: T3, 8981: T3, Lazarides & Adams 10: T4, 11: T3, 76: T3,

295: T3, Lin Pin 6226: H4a, Lisowski 208: H1, 539: H1, 540: H1, 1120: H1, 2661: H1, 8892: H1, Lynes

645-A: H1.

Maconochie 2594: T1, Malaisse 17538: H1, McCallum Webster T 204: (H1), McDonald 2628: T1,

McKee 9183: T1, 9505: T7, Melville et al. 3731-C: T1, Merrill 236: H4a, 9875: H4a, Merrill Philip. Pl.

162 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983)

124: (H4a), Milne-Redhead & Taylor 9058: H1, Morain 307: T1, Morton 601: T7, 1707: T3, Murata et

al. T-16580: H4a, 16988: H4a.

NGF 38699 (Henty & Katik): T1, 49393 (Henty & Forman): T7, 49686 (Henty & Carr): T1.

Odashima 129: (H4a), 562: H4a, Oersipuny 18: H4a.

Perry 1974: T1?, Pedley 2637: T3, 2648: T6, 2716: T3, 2745: T2, Peterham 389: T3, Pollock 32: T1,

Pullen 7088: T7, 7173: T7.

Quarré 137: H1.

Rust 33: (T1).

Salesiéns 832: H1, Santos 4055: H4a, 4986: H4a, Schmitz 1009: H1, Schrooten 1091: H1 (wrong label),

Scribner 3: (H4a), Shantz 543: (H1), Shimada 4852: (H4a), Simon & Williamson 1872: H1, L. S. Smith

04364: T1, Specht 93: T3, 190: T3, 683: T3, 731: T3, Squires 165: H4a, Staples 010572/12: T1, Suzuki

20066: H4a, Symoens 3341: H1, 8267: H1, 12237: H1, 12285: H1, Symon 4785: T2, 4845: T3, 4883:

M1x354926:5655022- Tie 76le nS:

Thwaites CP 867: H3, Trapnell 1522: H1, 1706: (H1).

Vanoverbergh 2802: H4a, Vesey-Fitzgerald 1628: H1, 2975: H1.

Wang 12768: H4a, C. T. White 8674: T1, Wiehe N. 182: (H1).

Yamamoto et al. 11: H4a, Yamamoto & Suzuki 579: H4a.

Zerny 479: H1.

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IE IYER IE EERE EE EEE EEE}

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

‘a SINGAPORE -

; VOL. 36 (Part 2) lst December 1983

i) | CONTENTS aX

4 i

PAGES >

JARZEN, DAVID M.: \

Meese Polliensmecord of the Pandanaceaé .........52... 008s cesses ee eeeeetens 163-175

NG, F. S. P. AND M. JACOBS: :

A Guide to King’s ‘‘Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula” ................ 177-185 >

KOCHUMMEN, K. M.:

_ Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams. XXX. Anacardiaceae ............. 187-196

KURATA, SHIGEO:

A new Species of Nepenthes from Sulawesi, Indonesia ..................00.0-00eeees 197-200

WONG, KHOON MENG AND AH LAN LIM: ()

On the Nature of leaf-opposed Inflorescences in Aidia cochinchinensis ..............- 201-204 X

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Some new and critical Pandanus Species. I. ()

EMMI SLOMRCVIRIONEANGANACCATUIN 5 <<<: 210s 022 een an ce eee eee nese eeeeeseess 205-212 ‘

LATIFF, A.: ()

q Studies in Malesian Vitaceae. VII. The genus Tetrastigma \

gl ERTL OM 8 ie i et 213-228 e

" X

-MAXWELL, J. F:: ‘)

New and interesting Plant Records for Singapore, II ...........-2-.eeeeeeeccceeeees 229-232 \

~ GRUEZO, WILLIAM SM.: ¢

_ Lobaria clemensiae Vain. (Lobariaceae, Lichenes) \

MTC HITE ESI ATCT SIMGGHESIR Vile ction sc nce sonic cle ee cle cote a ae nicce ene ewcedccecess 233-236 ()

j yy

BHATTACHARIEE, S. K.:

Influence of growth-regulating Chemicals on Hippeastrum hybridum hort. ..........-- 237-242

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Parks and Recreation Department

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

VOL. 36 (Part 2)

lst December 1983

CONTENTS

JARZEN, DAVID M.:

iunesbossileollen Record of the Pandanaceae: 22 ..02 0502 sce. oe ene see cs

NG; F.S. P. AND-M. JACOBS:

A Guide to King’s ‘‘Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula”’ ...

KOCHUMMEN, K. M.:

Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams. XXX. Anacardiaceae

KURATA, SHIGEO:

A new Species of Nepenthes from Sulawesi, Indonesia .................

WONG, KHOON MENG AND AH LAN LIM:

On the Nature of leaf-opposed Inflorescences in Aidia cochinchinensis_ ..

STONE, BENJAMIN C.:

Some new and critical Pandanus Species. |.

SepmementtanRevisio PandanacearuMm Aca <sccuccee seve soe e ds eelda eee

RATIFF, A.:

Studies in Malesian Vitaceae. VII. The genus Tetrastigma

MMHCRVIAIAVRRCHINSU LAs nt torrerte rte eels crates Sock MascnieG singe sae ee

MAXWELL, J. F.:

New and interesting Plant Records for Singapore, II ................-.

GRUEZO, WILLIAM SM.:

Lobaria clemensiae Vain. (Lobariaceae, Lichenes)

LEAMIIA CH As SIANG CINIGONESIAn. 5 35 cc ele cs: 6s ele die he nae nprutatie n EE

BHATTACHARJEE, S. K.:

Influence of growth-regulating Chemicals on Hippeastrum hybridum hort.

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