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ISSN 0374-7859

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Volume 38

(1985)

A periodical reflecting the interests and

activities of the Botanic Gardens

Singapore

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Cluny Road, Singapore 1025.

Printed by Eurasia Press

CONTENTS

Volume 38

PART 1 — Ist June 1985 Pages

CORNER,.E.J.H:

waeettowny Gr seme Isicts Fast of Pahane afd JOROTE ooo. 5... 12. on 5 ence ce ewe sneecseesnbessenceenees 1-42

HOTTA, Mitsuru:

New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on the

ieee PREMARIN © 2 PER SOM re eg al ol be ni sn eRe Wd ad PSD TET,“ GE ND, Fe AS 43-54

WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ..............c cece eee eee eee ee nes 55-144

PART 2 — Ist December 1985

HOLTTUM, R.E.:

Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments

OO OS Se eee on RRORE SER 50 oe La or: | (need a ne 145-148

KENG, Hsuan:

Seen ee hE PERE E TANANS (ESM AROSE (0G) ) 25. ores oe cs detec Leela das. ed vagecacabeccees en 149-174

LIM-HO CuHEE LEN and LEE SING Kona:

Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. .............ecececececenenceceeeeeceneneeeeenees 175-184

WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 3 .............. 0. ccc ececeeeeeeeeee ences 185-225

BIDIN, Aziz, and TREvoR WALKER:

Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. ...................00000e0e0e02+. 227-233

gE GES ae at, pe te ee gt ge oe es 8 oc. 2 a 235-242

— a

= | rood, tong eves Ato oa

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\oe . FRET TE end

pe eer ass a me ~

INDEX

Volume 38

Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Page numbers in italics indicate the presence of illustra-

tions. ‘Vernacular Names’ is a new entry.

Acanthospermum australe 167 Artemisia lactiflora 168

brasilum 167 vulgaris 168

Acrostichum aureum 10 Arthrophyllum ovalifolium 17

Adenanthera pavonina 4, 9, 17 Aspidium 147

Adenosacme malayana 159 Asplenium glaucophyllum 25

Adenostemma lavenia 168 macrophyllum 25

viscosum 168 nidus-avis 12, 24

Adiantum see also under ‘Anatomical structure Atalantia 12, 14

< Atalantia forest 36

Adiantum stenochlamys 25 Atalantia monophylla 6, 9, 17, 35

Adina rubescens 150 Atalantia wood 6, 8, 9

Aganosma 9 Baeckia 16

marginata 10, 21 Barringtonia 39

Agathis forest 94, 106, 186 asiatica 17

Agathis-Casuarina forest 224 macrostachya 14, 17

Ageratum conyzoides 168 Bidens pilosa 168

Aidia cochinchinensis 162 Blechnum orientale 25

corymbosa 162 Blumea balsamifera 168

Allophyllus cobbe 8, /0, 14 lacera 168

var. glaber 14 Borreria alata 150

var. limosus 14, 17 articularis 150

var. marinus 11, 14, 17 hispida 150

var. velutinus 14, 17 laevicaulis 150

javanicus 14 latifolia 150

longipes 14 setidens 150

racemosus 14 Breynia coronata 14

ternatus 14 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 4, 5

timorensis 14 Bucephalandra 43

Anatomical structure of stipes in ferns 227 Buchanania arborescens 17

in Adiantum 228 Bulbophyllum vaginatum 23

formosum 232 Caelospermum 151

species list 230, 231 Calamus burkillianus 15

stelar types 228 chibehensis 6, 7, 15, 21

xylem shape in: Callicarpa longifolia 11, 17

Adiantum capellis-veneris 232 Calophyllum-Ficus forest 67

A. Capellis-Veneris Group 232 Canavalia turgida 23

A Caudatum and Reniform Groups 228 Cansjera zizyphoides 23

A. formosum 232 Canthium confertum 150

A. hispidulum, cunninghamii, affine, dicoccum 150

whitianum, sylvaticum & pedatum 232 glabrum 150

A. lucidum and tetraphyllum 228 horridum 150

A. lunulatum 228 molle 150

A. macrophyllum & serratocristatum 232 Caprifoliaceae, key to genera 166

A. patens 232 Caryota mitis 6, 17

A. reniforme 232 Cassytha filiformis 22

A. tetraphyllum 232 Castanopsis forest 86, 94

illustrated 229 Castanopsis-dominated forest 67

Aneilema 3 Castanopsis-dominated ridge 111

Aneilema sp. 23 Castanopsis-Lithocarpus forest 134

Anisoptera-Hopea-dominated forest 111 Casuarina 3

Anisoptera-mixed forest 122 equisetifolia 14, 17

Antidesma cuspidatum 17 Cedrela 17

Aporosa? 15 Celastrus 15, 17

Ardisia crispa 17 Centipeda minima 168

elliptica 17 Cephaelis singaporensis 151

Aridarum 43 Cerbera manghas 17

235

236 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)

Chassalia 151 Diplospora malaccensis 18, 152

chartacea 151 Dipterocarp forest 209, 217

curviflora 23, 151 Dischidia rafflesiana 24

pubescens 151 Dracaena maingayi 18

Chionanthus ramiflorus 17 Drynaria quercifolia 24

Chrysanthemum indicum 168 Dryobalanops forest 209

morifolium 168 Dryobalanops fusca-dominant forest 215

Chrysopogon 12 Dryopteris glabrior 148

fulvus 11, 15, 38 Eclipta alba 169

Cissampelos? 14 prostrata 169

Cissampelos sp. 4 Ehretia 22

Cissus repens 22 Ehretia sp. 15

Clerodendron inerme 4 Elaeocarpus floribundus 18

Cocculus ovalifolius 17 Elatostema 4

Coelorrachis glandulosa 23 Elatostema sp. 4

Coelospermum scandens 151 Elephantopus scaber 169

Coffea canephora var. 151 Eleutheranthera ruderalis 169

liberica 151 Emilia sonchifolia 169

robusta 151 Endocomia 75

Colubrina asiatica 4 macrocoma 106

Commersonia platyphylla 23 rufirachis 210

Compositae, key to genera 167 Enydra fluctuans 170

Connarus monospermus var. malayana 22 Erechtites hieracifolia 170

Coptosapelta flavescens 152 valerianifolia 170

griffith 151 Erigeron sumatrense 170

parviflora 151 Erioglossum rubiginosum 18

tomentosa 152 Erythrina indica 18

Cordia subcordata 18 Erythroxylon cuneatum 18

Coreopsis lanceolata 169 Eucalyptopsis-dominated forest 94

tinctoria 169 Eculina longiflora 162

Cosmos sulphureus 169 Eugenia claviflora 18

Crassocephalum crepidioides 169 glauca 18

Crepis japonica 174 grandis 2, 3,5, 6,6, 7,9, 11,12; ty Eee

Croton heterocarpus 18 Eugenia grandis forest 12

Ctenitopsis 146 Eugenia grandis zone 4

Cycas 2,4 longiflora 18

rumphii 18 palembanica 18

Cyclophorus adnascens 25 polita 18

Cymbidium finlaysonianum 24 subdecussata 18

Cynometra ramiflora 18 Eulalia ridleyi 23

Cyperus cyperinus 3, 23 Eupatorium odoratum 170

diffusus 23 Eurycoma longifolia 6, 18

dubius 3, 23 Excoecaria agallocha 18

javanicus 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 23 Fagraea auriculata 24

kyllingii 23 Ficus 15, 34

radians 23 caulocarpa 6, 6, 7, 18

Cystopteris 148 crassiramea 18

Dahlia pinnata 169 deltoidea 18

Davallia solida 24 drupacea 18

Decaspermum paniculatum 18 fistulosa 19

Dendrobium crumenatum 24 grossulariodes 19

serra 24 hispida 15, 19

Dentella repens 152 kurzii 6, 70, 11, 15, 19

Derris scandens 4, 22 microcarpa 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19

thyrsifolia 22 parietalis 22

uliginosa 9, 22 stricta 6, 15, 19

Desmodium umbellatum 18 sundaica var. beccariana 19

Dianella ensifolia 23 superba 6, 7, 8, 9; 10:10, 1,45) 19pnae

Digitaria ciliaris 23 tinctoria ssp. gibbosa 6, 6, 7, 19

Diodia ocymifolia 152 variegata 4, 7, 19

sarmentosa 152 Fimbristylis dichotoma 3, 25

Diospyros 14 Flacourtia 15

ferrea 6, 15, 18 Flagellaria indica 22

Diospyros-Premna scrub 6 Furtadoa 53

Index to Volume 38

Furtadoa cont.

mixtum comb. nov. 53

sumatrensis 53

Gaertneria acuminata 152

grisea 152

obesa 152

vaginans 152

viminea 153

Gaillardia pulchella 170

Garcinia hombroniana 19

nigrolineata 14, 19

angusta 153

carinata 153

florida 153

griffithii 153

jasminoides 153

tubifera 153

Gardeniopsis longifolia 153

Gelonium glomerulatum 19

Geophylla pilosa 153

Gerbera jamisonii 170

Glochidion littorale 19

Gnetum gnemon 6, 15, 19

latifolium var. funiculare 22

Grewia paniculata 19

Guettarda speciosa 19, 153

Guioa pleuropteris 19

Gymnacranthera 83

bancana 201, 207

paniculata var. zippeliana 83

Gynochthodes coricea 22, 154

sublanceolata 154

Gynura procumbens 170

sarmentosa 170

Hedyotis auricularia 154

biflora 154

capitellata 154

congesta 154

corymbosa 154

dichotoma 154

diffusa 154

herbacea 155

pinifolia 155

trinervia 155

verticillata 23

Helianthus angustifolium 170

annuus 171

tuberosus 171

Hemiscolopia trimera 14, 15

Heritiera littoralis 19

Hernandia nymphaeifolia 19

Heteroaridarum 43

Hibiscus tiliaceus 19

Homalomena 43

gadutensis sp. nov. 45. 46, 48, 48

gigantea 45

egriffithii 50

hastata sp. nov. 50. 5/

humilis 53

megalophylla sp. nov. 43. 44, 45, 47, 48

minutissima 53

mixta 53

padangensis sp. nov. 48, 49

paucinervia 53

237

pendula group 48, 48

rubescens 45

rusdii sp. nov. 50, 52

sagittifolia 47, 47, 48

var. sumatrana 48

Hopea-dominant forest 94

Horsfieldia 69, 71

affinis sp. nov. 210, 217, 219

amklaal 80

ampla 95, 97

ampliflormis sp. nov. 95, 96

amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. 188

angularis sp. nov. 64, 65, 78, 97, 119

angulata 110

ardisiifolia 72, 73, 78

aruana comb. nov. 100

atjehensis sp. nov. 186

australiana auct. 112

australiana S.T. Blake 87, 88

basifissa sp. nov. 64, 65, 98, 99, 109, 123

borneensis 206

brachiata var. sumatrana 75

bracteosa 188, 195

var. microcarya 191, 193, 225

carnosa 198, 222, 223

clavata sp. nov. 9/, 92, 95, 225

corrugata 130, /3/, 134

crassifolia 219, 220

crux-melitensis 90, 91, 97, 225

decalvata sp. nov. 125

erubescens (in sched.) 112

flocculosa 204, 207, 211,216, 219

fulva 198, 199, 209, 222

glabra (BI.) Warb. 64, 188, 198, 224

glauca 188

globularia var. minahasae 70

gracilis sp. nov. 211

grandis 203, 207, 208, 211, 213, 216, 219

hellwigii 87, 121, 136, 138, 740, 142, 144

hellwigii complex 137, 138

key to the varieties 141

hellwigii var. brachycarpa var. nov. 142

var. hellwigii 121, 137, 138, 141, 740, 143,

144

var. hellwigii hybrid 141

var. hellwigii X var. pulverulenta 137

var. lignosa var. nov. 142

var. novobritannica 121, 141

var. pulverulenta 141

inflexa sp. nov. 62, 63

iriana sp. nov. 99, 101, 110, 119

irya 55, 56, 78, 80, 102, 115, 121, 197, 198

iryaghedhi 87

laevigata 71, 97,99, 100, 101, 110, 112, 113,

115, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 133, 134, 138,

141

key to varieties 117

var. laevigata 117, 1/8, 120

var. novobritannica comb. nov. 110, 117,

118, 119, 120

lancifolia sp, nov. 123, 1/24

leptantha sp. nov. 137, 144

macrocoma var. rufirachis 210

macrocoma 75

238

Horsfieldia cont.

macrothyrsa 188

moluccana sp. nov. 65, 126

var. moluccana 63, 66, 78

var. petiolaris var. nov. 63, 67, 69

var. pubescens var. nov. 68

var. robusta var. nov 66, 68

motleyi 206, 209, 211, 213

novae-lauenburgiae 121

novo-guineensis Warb. pro lectotype 100,

101, 110

novo-guineensis Warb., p.p. 110

nunu 80

obscurinervia 71

olens sp. nov. 64, 80, 83

olivaeformis 66

pachycarpa 120, 130, 131, 133

palauensis 78, 79

pallidicaula sp. nov. 191, 225

key to varieties 192

var. macrocarya var. nov. 193

var. microcarya comb. nov. 193

var. pallidicaula 192, 193

parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair 65, 67, 69, 71, 72,

74, 76, 78, 110, 115, 123, 125, 126

paucinervis 212

pilifera 101, 102, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121

polyantha Warb. 99, 100, 101, 110

praetermissa 132, 135

psilantha sp, nov. 112, 115

pulcherrima sp. nov. 202, 206

pulverulenta 135, 137, 138, 144, 197

punctatifolia 64

ralunensis 87, 141, 143

reticulata 213, 215, 216, 217, 218

ridleyana 197

rostrata 106

roxburghii 67

rufo-lanata 213, 216, 218

sabulosa 185, /87

salicifolia 87

Samarensis sp. nov. 76

schlechteri 95, 106, 107, 109

sect. Orthanthera 87

speikensis 64, 68, 81, 82

ser. Punctatae 64

sessilifolia sp. nov. 201

sinclairii sp. nov. 90, 110

smithi 74, 77, 80, 101, 102

sparsa sp, nov. 188, 194

spicata 59, 60, 66, 67, 74, 78, 80, 84, 101, 102,,

115, 119, 120, 121

var. sepikensis 64, 68, 69, 81

var. spicata 68, 123, 132, 135

splendida sp, nov. 202, 213, 217, 219, 213 2/4,

217

squamulosa sp. nov. 9/, 92, 93

sterilis sp. nov. 191, 192, 197, 224

subtilis 102, 196, 107, 109

key to varieties 103

var. aucta var. nov. 105, 106

var. calcarea var. nov. 104

var. rostrata 106

var. schlechteri 95, 104, 109

var. subtilis 103, 105, 106, 107

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)

sucosa auct. 195

sucosa (King) Warb. 188, 192, 195, 225

key to varieties 189

subsp. bifissa subsp. nov. 190

var. microcarpa 191

var. sucosa 189, 190

superba 200, 202, 206, 207, 208

sylvestris 84, 85, 87, 202

var. villosa 87

talaudensis sp. nov. 75, 77

tomentosa 201, 213, 216, 219

triandra sp. nov. 195, 196

tristis sp. nov. 197

tuberculata 66, 68, 113, 115, 126, 127, 130,

129, 133, 134, 141

key to varieties 128

var. crassivalva var. nov. 130

var. tuberculata 128, 133, 134

wallichii 186, 204, 207

warburgiana 74

whitmorei 113, //6

Hottarum 43

Hoya diversifolia 11, 21

Hydnophytum formicarium 24, 155

Hypobathrum coniferum 155

Hypodematium 148

crenatum 148

glabrious comb. nov. 148

Ipomoea illustris 22

pes-caprae 23

Ischaemum muticum 23

Isotoma longiflora 166

Ixora chinensis 155

coccinea 155 —

congesta 19, 155

finlaysoniana 155

grandifolia 156

javanica 156

lobbii 156

pendula 156

Jackia ornata 156

Kleinhovia hospita 19

Knema globularia 6, 6, 9, 19

laevigata 110

malayana 20

Lactuca indica 171

sativa 171

Lasianthus appressus 156

attenuatus 156

chryseus 156

constricta 156

cyanocarpus 23, 157

densifolius 156

ellipticus 157

griffithii 157

maingayi 157

ridleyi 157

scabridus 157

singaporensis 157

stipularis 157

tomentosus 157

Lastrea syrmatica 147

Lastreopsis 148

Laurentia longiflora 166

Lecananthus erubescens 157

Index to Volume 38

Leea indica 20

Lepisanthes fruticosa 20

Litsea glutinosa 20

Lobelia affinis 166

zeylanica 166

Loeseneriella pauciflora 22

Lucinaea membranacea 158

morinda 158

Lumnitzera 3

Lygodium 7, 9

flexuosum 25

Macaranga javanica 20

Mallotus tiliaefolia 20

Manikara 12

kauki 6, 7, 15, 20

Medinilla hasseltii 24

Melampodium divaricatum 171

Melastoma sanguineum 20

Memecylon coerulum 6, 20

ovatum 20

myrsinoides 20

Messerschmidia (Tournefortia) 12

argentea 20

Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia species:

choice of nodal segments 177

growth response to MS salt, IAA & Kinetin

176, 177

effect on shoots 178

using nodal segments and shoot tips 180

effect on rooting

of IBA concentrations 177-179

effect on shoot induction

of BAP 117

of BAP and 2ip treatments 176, 177, 178

effect on rooting of excised shoots

in agar medium with IBA & MS salt 178

in sand medium with IBA & MS salt 179

Mikania cordata 171

micrantha 171

scandens 171

~ Morinda citrifolia 12, 13, 73, 20, 158

ridleyi 158

rigida 158

umbellata 22, 158

Mussaenda erythrophylla 158

flava 158

glabra 158

luteola 158

mutabilis 159

philippica 159

x Alicea, x Dona Aurora, x Dona Luz, 159

Mussaendopsis beccariana 159

Mycetia malayana 159

Myristica aruana 100, 101

guatteriifolia 6, 7, 16, 20

laevigata 120

nesophylla 101

tomentosa 211

Myrmecodia armata 159

tuberosa 159

Myrsine porteriana 20

Myrtaceae-Vatica-Camnosperma forest 81

Nauclea officinalis 159

subdita 159

Neolitsea zeylanica 20

Nephrolepsis 6

biserrata 11, 25

Ochrosia 4

oppositifolia 3, 16

Oldenlandia biflora 154

corymbosa 154

dichotoma 154

diffusa 154

paniculata 3, 23, 154

trinervia 155

Oncosperma filamentosa 20

Ophiorrhiza singaporensis 159

Oxyceros fragrantissima 162

longiflora 162

penangianus 162

scandens 162

Paederia foetida 160

scandens 160

verticillata 160

Pandanus 4

dubius 5, 6, 6, 7,9, 12, 16, 20

epiphyticus 16

odoratissimus 20

odoratissimus var. laevis 14

spurius 14

Panicum repens 23

Paramignya umbellata 22

Parinaria corymbosa 6, 6, 13, 13, 20, 41

Parsonia spiralis 22

Paspalum conjugatum 24

Pavetta indica 160

var. canescens 160

Pedicellarum 43.

Pemphis 3, 27

acidula 3, 14, 20

Pentaphragma x elliptica 167

Pentaphragma horsfieldii 166

ridleyi 167

scortechinii 166

Pentas carnea 160

lanceolata 160

Pertusadina eurhyncha 150

Petunga conifera 155

Phlebigonium impressum 147

Phoebe declinata 20

Phyllanthus? 16, 22

Phyllanthus sp 6, 22

Phymatarum 43

Piper retrofractum 4

Pisonia aculeata 22

excelsa 16

grandis 6, 9, /0, 11, 16, 20, 33

grandis forest 36

grandis wood 6, 8, 9

Pithecellobium contortum 20

ellipticum 20

Pittosporum ferrugineum 21

Planchonella firma 16, 21

linggensis 16

obovata 9, 21

Plocoglottis porphyphylla 24

Pluchea indica 171

Podocarpus 4

polystachyus 21

Polyalthia sclerophylla 16, 21

239

240

Polypodium scolopendria 13, 24

Pometia 86

Pometia-Intsia Forest 109

Pongamia pinnata 21

Porterandia anisophylla 161

Premna corymbosa 16

integrifolia 16

obtusifolia 6, 11, 16, 21

Prismatomeris malayana 160

tetrandra 160

Pseuderanthemum 7

crenulatum 24

Psidium 15

Psychotria angulata 160

cantleyi 160

griffith 160

helferiana 160

maingayi 161

malayana 161

obovata 161

ovoidea 161

penangensis 161

ridleyi 161

rostrata 161

sarmentosa 22, 161

stipulacea t61

Pteridium aquilinum 25

Pteridris acutissima 147

syrmatica 147

Pteris ensiformis 25

Randia anisophylla 161

auriculata 162

cochinchinensis 162

exaltata 4

fragrantissima 162

longiflora 162

macrantha 162

macrophylla 162

penangiana 162

scandens 162

schoemannii 4

Rhizophora 4, 5

conjugata 9

Rothmannia macrophylla 162

Rubiaceae, key to genera 149

Rudbeckia serotina 172

Sagenia 146

Salacia chinensis 22

Sambucus canadensis 166

javanica 166

Saprosma glomerulatum 163

Sarcocephalus junghuhnii 159

Sauropus albicans 22

Sauropus sp. 22

Scaevola 3, 6

frutescens 167

sericea 167

taccada 21, 167

Schefflera venulosa 11, 22

Schizachyrium sanguineum 14, 24

Scindapsus sp. 25

Scleria lithosperma 24

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 163

Sigesbeckia orientalis 172

Solidago altissima 172

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)

Sparganophorus vaillantii 172

Sphaeranthus africanus 172

Spilanthes acmella 172

Spinfex littoreus 14, 24

Sporobolus virginicus 3, 24

Stenochlaena 7, /3

palustris 9, 13, 25, 36

Sterculia foetida 6, 12, 21

Stereospermum fimbriatum 21

Streblus ilicifolius 4

Stylidium tenellum 167

Stylocaryna adpressa 163

Styphelium 16

Syndrella nodiflora 172

Tacca leontopetaloides 5

Taeniophyllum serrula 24

Tagetes erecta 172

patula 172

Tarenna adpressa 163

fragrans 163

grandifolia 163

lancifolia 163

mollis 163

ridleyi 163

stellulata 163

Tectaria 146

key to species 147

brachiata 146, 146, 147

brachiata 146

cherasica 146

coadunata 145, 146, 147

crenatum 148

curtisil sp. nov. 145, 146

fulcipes 146

subtriphylla 147

translucens sp. nov. 145

variolosa 146, 146, 147

Timonius compressicaulis 163

finlaysonianus 163

flavescens 164

peduncularis 164

wallichianus 164

wrayi 164

Tithonia diversifolia 173

Tridax procumbens 173

Ucaria attenuata 164

cordata 164

gambir 164

glabrata 164

jasminiflora 164

longiflora 164

ovalifolia 165

pedicellata 164

pteropoda 174

roxburgiana 165

sclerophylla 165

Urophyllum glabrum 165

griffithianum 165

hirsutum 165

macrophyllum 165

streptopodium 165

trifurcum 165

VERNACULAR NAMES

Abuino’o 129

Index to Volume 38

Vernacular Names cont.

Aininiu, Ainynu 58, 129

Airawikoepata 104

Aitobi 104

Akar subiak 170

Ambuino’o, Ambuynor 129

Amklaal 58

Anunu magilioro 61

Apaap 139

Aragay 74

Asem-asem 205

Baa 134

Babijag 98

Baiwach 105

Bale bale 129

Bangera 83

Bendoei 104

Bepoes 98

Berambong 150

Betelohoi 98

Beterohooi 67

Boskomok 104

Bunga china, Bunga susu 153

Camarngur 139

Cengan 163

Cheem 108

Cheeweng 124

Dagoan 74

Duguan 72

Duria 225

Euoe 110

Fohja 139

Gaben 122

Gaigihab 111

Gefrah 122

Gosora 67

Guma 97, 108, 122, 139

Gumaga 136

Hafringee 105

Hamana 93, 111

Hota 139

Ibuumkwaraf 136

linapo 104

Ilis 110

Isasir 81

Jangkang paya 221

Jesasir, Jisasir 81

Kajoe darodong lomba 198

Kajoe haroeja 221

Kajoe penara 198

Kamojer 67, 119

Kamopi 64

Kamore, Kamorei 68, 69

Katumbi jantan 169

Kawok-kawoe 119

Kokotetepina 129

Kolantie 70

Krabo 172

Kuleman, Kuleman 61, 67

Kumpang balau 192, 218

Kumpang ensuliue 221

Kumpang sadara 221

Kumpang tembaga 202

Kumpang-perawan 186

Kumpung 204

Kupgne 134

La gele kuku, Lagele kuku 121, 139

Lagasi 74

Laran’a 75

Luhakon 119

Madak 64

Mag 104

Mamasoh 139

Mamgananieproi 122

Mangaifa 104

Ma-tak 81

Mbowak 67

Medak 69

Medal 108

Mengkudu 153

Merambong 173

Merampat 190

Mong-mong 134

Naufora 139

Ngai camphor 168

Niniwo 70

Njet 104

Numba 110

Nungan 121

Nunu 58

O’hénga 139

Oara 104

Onguaka 61

Oriomo 104

Pala hutan, Pala utan 67, 78

Patepa 136

Peh (begie) 104 ©

Peita 119

Penarahan 204

Pérédah bésar 190

Piangu, Pijangu 205

Pive’ar 129

Pohon lobi-lobi 78

Poi 136

Pokok beluntas 171

Pokok german 170

Posiposi 111

Rengkéferék 104

Rewwoh 104

Roman 104

Sabobo 136

Saksak 111

Samgoot 119

Satim 205

Sebohonggwa, Sebohongwa 67, 68

Sekukumailor 126

Selamae 81

Sémies 69

Serenai Laut 173

Sodowa 132

Simies 69

Soemarallah oeding 205

Soemarallah-falah 205

Sumbong Jantan 170

Sumbong 168

Suri 104

Ta’dara 221

Tabenoe benoe 125

241

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Vernonia arborea 173

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var. javanica 173 : - ) earn “it

chinensis 173 -0t domea

cineria 173 . . ott aiid aie

patula 173 Pore

Warszewiczia coccinea 165

Wedelia biflora 173

trilobata 173

Woodsia 148

Xanthium inequilaterum 173

strumarium auct. 173

Youngia japonica 174

Zinnia elegans 174

linearis 174

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al AJAN 17 1986 ARNO

LD ARBORETUM ISSN 0374-7859

“\

( THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

, SINGAPORE

ee i ee

X VOL. 38 (Part 1) Ist June 1985

e CONTENTS

PAGES N

30) ey TSS Sap ES: eee

The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore .............:2.--+ssseeeeeeereeeenneeetess 1-42

HOTTA, Mitsuru:

New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on 43-54

the Genus Furtadoa

eee veka nea an en ia he sae be hee see ee pee ee oe OP PRN AEE eee ae Pas 2 Ch RRR Peco ses oe we

WILDE, W. J.J. O. DE:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ............-seseeeeeee eee eeeee 55-144 Y,

Published by the Botanic Gardens

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOL. 38 (Part 1) Ist June 1985

CONTENTS

PAGES

CORNER, E. J. H.:

The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore .................0. cece eee eee 1-42

HOTTA, Mitsuru:

New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on 43-54

ie Genus uriadogs. 2:6. 62.0.8 2251.8. We AS RESET at LIK Pat Khare EP nL ak fda Sak ago

WAIRDE AW is JcOrpe:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ..............0.. cece eee ee eee. 55-144

Published by the Botanic Gardens

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The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore

Ba fi. Comer

91 Hinton Way, Great Shelford

Cambridge CB2 5AH, England

Abstract

The appearance and vegetation of the islets Babi Tengah, Baru, Berhala, Chibeh, Duchong, Gup,

Labas, Pyah, Rengis, Sepoi, Setindan, Tokong Burong, and Tulai are compared with Tanjong Ruit in

Tiuman, as they were in 1932-1936. Their status as degenerate headlands in the Riouw Pocket is

considered. The islets belong to three geological formations. Remains of the giant clam, Tridacna, were

found on Pulau Tulai.

This is a historical account of the vegetation of the small islands to the west and

south of Pulau Tiuman (Tioman) and off the Mersing coast, as I found them fifty

years ago. In June 1932 and August 1935 I accompanied Mr William Birtwistle,

Officer-in-charge of Fisheries F.M.S., on his inspection of fishing boats and fishing

villages on the Pahang coast. We visited most of the islets on one or other day from

early morning till 1 p.m. The ocean swell would then rise and squalls descend, and

we would have to return in the rowing boat to the launch, either the Sri Gala in

1932 or the Sri Pekan in 1935; generally, the shore was too rocky for safe approach

except in calm sea. The first trip was exploratory, for no one could tell me what the

islands looked like or what vegetation they had; the second was more thorough.

There was usually time to investigate fully in the one morning the vegetation of one

islet. Collections were made of plants that I could not identify for certain and they

have been deposited in the Singapore herbarium. Uncertainty of names has de-

layed publication but, now, with many revisions in the Flora Malesiana, edited by

Professor C.G.G.J. van Steenis, most problems have been resolved. I have fol-

lowed that botanical nomenclature and have, accordingly, omitted the burden of

citation of authors.

On the second trip I realised that most of these islands corresponded with granite

headlands of Tiuman in various degrees of disintegration. I have used, therefore,

the headland of Tanjong (Tanjung) Ruit at the north end of Juara Bay, on the east

side of Tiuman, as the standard for comparison.

At the end of this article I have given notes, mainly geographical, on some of the

more characteristic plants. The whole region is the northern part of the Riouw

(Riau) Pocket (Corner 1978); the plants are vestiges of its history. If their ex-

traneous distribution is plotted, not as circular or elliptical areas but as outline

tracks, more in the manner of Croizat’s Panbiogeography, it will be seen that they

enter the region from all points of the compass, as if they were comets orbiting

about it.

Tanjong Ruit, Juara Bay, Pulau Tiuman

Figure 1, plates 1 & 2

Tanjong Ruit ends in a low rocky point, about 30 ft high, of granite boulders. It is

connected with the main island by a neck or isthmus, about 50 yards long, com-

Editorial Note. Current spellings of place names, if different, are inserted in parentheses following the

old spelling on first mention in the main text.

= die oe

R = 19 Ta

Fig. 1. Map of the islands about Pulau Tiuman: scale, 1.5 in = 10 miles. B, P. Berhala; Ba, Baru Rock;

Be, Bebar; C, P. Chibeh; D, P. Duchong; E, Endau; G, P. Gup; J, Juara Bay; L, P. Labas; P,

P. Pyah; R, Rompin; S, P. Sepoi; Sr, P. Sribuat; T, P. Tulai; TB, P. Tokong Burong.

posed of small water-worn granite boulders just above high tide level, but probably

awash at the highest tides and in storms. The island here descends into a steep

granite face plunging into the sea. It leads westwards for about a third of a mile to

meet the sandy bay where it turns, as it were, inland. I explored the forest that

bordered on to this steep face, the isthmus, and the rocky point.

The bare granite face varied 12-35 ft high between the high tide level and the

edge of the forest. It consisted of steeply sloping blocks of granite, broken up in

places into irregular ledges and, where the face was breaking up, there were big

boulders piled precariously on one another. At the foot of the face there was a talus

of water-worn boulders exposed at low tide; a few big isolated boulders stood as

rocks in the sea. Above the face the forest stretched inland on the steep hillside,

with a moderately thick layer of earth and humus. The granite face, itself, swept by

waves during the north-east monsoon, was bereft of vegetation except for some

ledges and rock hollows in its upper part, and they supported small grasses, sedges,

and other herbs. This bare granite face was a feature of most of the granite islets

which plunged into the sea, its depth ranging from 17 fathoms off P. Sepoi to 20

fathoms off Tg Ruit. I limited my exploration to the Terminalia-zone which was the

front of the forest at the top of the granite face, and to the zone of Eugenia grandis

immediately behind. There was no time to explore further inland.

The Terminalia-zone was a broken and almost single file of trees and climbers

with some shrubs and herbs, typical of the Terminalia-Barringtonia formation on

the rocky east coast of Malaya. Here and there, in sheltered places, there were

intrusions of the inland forest. The seeds and fruits of many of these plants are

water-borne and, presumably, are splashed up the granite face by waves. The list of

plants in this zone is given in Table 1. It will be seen that there were no Cycas,

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 3

Lumnitzera, Peltophorum, Scaevola, or Casuarina, which belong to the sandy or

less boisterous coasts.

A striking feature of this Terminalia-zone, as on other rocky parts of the east

coast, was the great abundance, often thick masses, of such epiphytes as orchids,

aroids, and ferns growing on the rocks. Conditions of insolation, drainage, and

intermittent rain seem comparable with those of the limbs of trees, and the epiphytes

which can stand the sea-spray become truly saxicolous. Climbers, also, where they

could root into a crevice between the exposed boulders, spread thickly over them in

a mat or carpet that hid the boulders, curtained the sides, and could be lifted off.

Similarly, several species of strangling fig, normally beginning as epiphytes, car-

peted the exposed rocks without developing erect branches; such carpets were

mostly sterile and it was not till many years later that I managed to identify the

species more or less satisfactorily.

Another feature of the granite face was a special habitat for small herbs where

some humus and rain-water could collect in crevices and small hollows, especially

where shaded by trees. Some of the hollows were merely little basins in the rock

from which the plants could be scooped, as if from a pot. Such plants were

Aneilema (SFN 29794), Cyperus cyperinus, C. dubius, C. javanicus, Fimbristylis

dichotoma, Oldenlandia paniculata, Sporobolus virginicus, and Vandellia hirsuta.

This habitat was noticeably absent from the granite islets around Tiuman; the

granite face might have been too wave-swept or have been unable to accumulate

enough soil or rain. .

Immediately behind the Terminalia-zone there was that of Eugenia grandis,

mostly 1-2 trees deep. The trees did not actually front the coastal forest but

occurred where there was shade enough for their roots. The seeds of E. grandis

germinate in the open or in shade but seem unable to establish themselves in high

forest or in the shade of their own kind. Thus, the trees start in the open and come

slowly to overshadow the Terminalia-zone. However, this coastal fringe of forest

was retreating, as witnessed by the fallen boulders, and the interaction between E.

grandis and the Terminalia-zone was by no means clear. The inland forest intruded

with seedlings and saplings into the zone of E. grandis. The coastal forest at Tg Ruit

was thinned to a strip and, on the islets around, it was variously disrupted as they

were disintegrated. The headland had two special features.

The point itself carried the Terminalia-Barringtonia formation which stopped

abruptly at the isthmus of water-worn boulders. These were mixed with coral debris

and sandy detritus, heaped together by the waves as a low barrier. It carried an

almost pure stand of Pemphis acidula, which did not occur elsewhere at the

headland. It formed twiggy gnarled bushes, up to 12 ft high, the leaning and twisted

trunks rooting in the debris. This sort of junction of a headland with a spit of talus

seems to be a favourite habitat of Pemphis. On the rocky mainland coast of east

Johore, with haematite quartzite shale, Pemphis forms prostrate sprawling mats,

scarcely a foot high, and rooted in the crevices, but I did not see it in this manner on

the granite boulders of the Tiuman complex.

Then at the landward end of the isthmus, where the granite face rose steeply.

there was a little wood of Ochrosia oppositifolia, about 50 yards long and 30 yards

wide, between the Terminalia-zone and that of E. grandis. The trees, up to 50 ft

tall, were thickly placed, rather slender, and together with many of their seedlings

and saplings formed an almost pure stand. The ground was a mixture of small

boulders and sand at the foot of the cliff. It was difficult to see why such a stand

should have developed. The species did not occur in the Terminalia-zone on the

granite face; on the east coast of Johore it frequented sandy shores. It seemed to be

the result of a freak current or storm which had washed up the fruits on this part of

the beach at a time when it was bare of vegetation, and that the colony had

persisted while the Terminalia-zone took over the frontage.

Pulau Tulai

Figure 1

This is the largest of the small islands off Tiuman and lies about 3 miles WNW. of

its north end. In 1935 it was largely covered with inland forest. I was able to explore

in detail only the NW. coast and the bay on the west of the island. The whole coast,

except for this bay, is rocky and composed of granite blocks c. 20 ft high in situ and

others tumbled on top of them, and on the NW. side, at least, there was the talus of

water-worn boulders plunging into the sea without foreshore. The coastal flora was

essentially the same as at Tg Ruit but without Ochrosia; there was the fringing

Terminalia-zone along the top of the granite face with an interrupted zone of E.

grandis connecting with the inland forest. There were, however, the following

additions:—

Adenanthera pavonina (strangely none seen at Tg Ruit),

Cissampelos sp.,

Clerodendron inerme,

Colubrina asiatica,

Derris scandens,

Elatostema sp. (on rocks in the shade),

Ficus variegata (in E. grandis zone),

Hemiscolopia trimera (common on rocks in the Terminalia-zone),

Piper retrofractum (on shaded rocks with Elatostema, often in thick carpets

sweeping up vertical sides of rocks),

Randia schoemannii (R. exaltata),

Streblus ilicifolius (not on exposed rocks),

Xylocarpus (Carapa) moluccensis (a frequent spreading tree).

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia was abundant as a small tree to 30 ft high both in the

coastal fringe and in the inland forest. There were no Cycas, Pandanus, or Podo-

carpus.

The main bay, as a bight on the west side of P. Tulai, had a mangrove forest of

considerable extent. Here the granite face receded inland and, at the SE. corner of

the bay, a small sluggish stream flowed over a shallow flat of coral detritus, exposed

at low water, before emptying into the bay. The shallow flat was roughly semicircu-

lar and about 200 yards in diameter. Here was the mangrove forest composed of

Rhizophora conjugata, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, on clean firm

ground without the usual mud and slime. There were many coral fragments mixed

with the sand and in places lumps of dead coral more or less buried in situ. R.

mucronata was by far the commonest, occupying most of the flat and all the

seaward front, but scarcer inland. R. conjugata occurred sparingly on the landward

side. B. gymnorrhiza was scattered in the central part of the flat and abundant on

its landward side, even in places to the exclusion of Rhizophora. Some trees of B.

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 5

gymnorrhiza stood 60-70 ft high, those of R. mucronata being somewhat smaller.

Pneumatophores were present in great abundance and, at low water, it could be

seen that a tangle of Rhizophora roots flanked the stream; at high water a prahu

could float down it. The mangrove was advancing into the bay which was sheltered

from the NE. monsoon and from the SE. tenggara*. How old this mangrove was, I

could not determine, but it was growing on a fringing reef that must have been

raised in fairly recent times.

Immediately behind the mangrove flat, there was a sandbank 4-5 ft high,

stretching inland, and evidently a former beach. It was largely planted with coco-

nuts but had clearly been covered originally with the Terminalia-Barringtonia

formation and that of E. grandis; there were many plants of Tacca leontopetaloides.

The sandbank led to the granite slope with inland forest.

Just north of the mangrove flat, by some large rocks at high tide level, there were

several large shells of the giant clam Tridacna, 2-3 ft across, in situ and upright but

almost completely buried in sand; the wavy outline of the valves was more or less

visible. Out in the bay we saw through its clear water smaller living clams about a

foot wide at depths of 8-10 ft; we also met them in our early diving efforts with

helmet and air-pump in this bay. They lived close to the rocks, neither in the sand

of the bay nor in the living coral. Here was further evidence that P. Tulai had been

raised or tilted, perhaps some 20-30 ft, to uplift and expose the giant clams.

Previously there could have been no mangrove there, and where the stream flowed

there might have been a narrow strait separating the SW. part of the island from the

rest. As this part was raised, so the bay silted up to give the sandy padang with

coconuts. In other words, the age of the mangrove must be connected with the

raising or tilting of the island.

No one lived on P. Tulai but it was frequented by fishermen and, doubtless, the

owner of the coconuts. There was a well, supplying fresh water, on the south side of

the mangrove. From the general appearance of the forest, it seemed that the island

had never been inhabited.

The broad-leafed and tree-like Pandanus dubius was abundant on the west side

of P. Tulai. It grew on the sandy shore of the bay in the Terminalia-zone and in the

hillside forest somewhat inland, but not on the rocky coast. The biggest plants had

stems up to 25 ft high and were not so large as those on P. Chibeh (Cibeh). I saw it

at the north end of Tiuman and on the south side of Juara Bay, but not at Tg Ruit,

and I did not see it on the south and west of Tiuman. | found no flower or fruit

anywhere in August 1935, but its seedlings were abundant.

Pulau Chibeh

Figures 1 & 2, plates 3-6

This small island, about 250 ft high, lies a mile or so north of P. Tulai. It consists

of immense granite blocks more or less in situ, immense fallen boulders, a bare

granite face above tide level, and more or less of a submerged talus of boulders and

pebbles. It resembled a disintegrated headland of Tiuman and its vegetation was

that of Tg Ruit on a diminished scale, but without regular formation (Table 1). I

visited it on 19 August 1935 from 7 a.m. till 1 p.m. when the swell forced me to

*Tenggara”’ means south-east but as used by the fishermen of the East Coast, the use is transferred

from the direction to the afternoon wind itself on which they sailed home. Ed.

6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1)(1985)

return to the launch. I explored most of the island but did not cover the whole of

the exposed east side where the immense boulders made passage very difficult.

However, they were largely bare of vegetation and I did not miss any plant of

importance.

The north and south ends of the island were steep with the boulders exposed and

hot, but on some of them there were mats of saxicolous strangling figs with tufts of

~ Cyperus javanicus and Nephrolepis in crevices, as the only vegetation. The speci-

mens which I collected resolved into F. kurzii, F. stricta, and F. tinctoria ssp.

gibbosa, not F. microcarpa as I had supposed; all occur, together with F. microcar-

pa, on rocky parts of the east coast of Malaya and they show no obvious ecological

preferences. Higher up on the north end of the island there were scrubby patches of

Diospyros ferrea, Memecylon coeruleum, and Premna obtusifolia. Then, in shel-

tered nooks on the north and west sides, near to the sea-level, there were a few

bushes of Scaevola.

Fig. 2. Sketch map of the main vegetation on P. Chibeh (left) and P. Sepoi (right). A, Atalantia wood;

EP, Eugenia grandis and Pandanus dubius; Fc, Ficus caulocarpa; Fs, Ficus superba; Ft, Ficus

tinctoria ssp. gibbosa; f, Diospyros-Premna scrub; Ma, Manilkara kauki; My, Myristica guatter-

iifolia; Pa, wood of Parinari corymbosa; Pi, Pisonia grandis wood; R, Calamus chibehensis; Y.

Phyllanthus sp., SFN 29848; +, Knema globularia.

On the east side, above the bare granite face, there was a rather open wood of

Eugenia grandis with other trees of the Terminalia-zone and abundant Pandanus

dubius. On the west side, which was sheltered and not so steep, this kind of

woodland with trees up to 50 ft high was better developed and had a frontage of

Pisonia grandis, the white branches of which were conspicuous from out at sea. The

woodland extended over the centre of the island and consisted mainly of tall trees

of E. grandis, Parinari corymbosa, Sterculia foetida, Vitex pubescens, and Ficus

caulocarpa with F. stricta; the smaller trees were Atalantia monophylla, Caryota

mitis, Eurycoma longifolia, Gnetum gnemon, Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, Knema globu-

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 7

laria, and Pandanus dubius (up to 40 ft high with stilt-roots up to 12 ft high).

Surprisingly, the herb Pseuderanthemum was very abundant in this woodland.

There were three plants of special interest in the upper part of the island. At the

north end there were two trees of Manilkara kauki, up to 30 ft high, standing apart

from the woodland. In the woodland in the centre of the island there were one or

two trees of Myristica guatteriifolia. Then, in the north-west corner of the woodland

and in the south part, there were two clumps of the rotan which C.X. Furtado

called Calamus chibehensis. Beside the northern clump of rotan there stood two

big trees of Ficus tinctoria ssp. gibbosa and one of F. caulocarpa which had a nest of

the sea eagle. Another big tree of F. caulocarpa stood on the outside of the

southern clump of rotan. I noted two trees of Ficus variegata in the woodland. It

was an extraordinary association of forest relics.

The trunks of the strangling fig-trees stood directly on the boulders over which

their roots spread and entered into crevices, possibly down to the water-table (?

brackish) in the centre of the island. The roots were so numerous and strong that

they undoubtedly helped to basket the loosening boulders and hold them up. How

the fig-trees had started was not evident. If they had begun as epiphytes, which

their trunks suggested, there was no trace of the host-tree. I did not meet Man-

ilkara anywhere else on the islets off Tiuman; it was not likely to have been

overlooked because of its appearance like a chiku tree with dark fissured bark and

white undersides to the stiff shiny leaves. At the time of my visit in August, the

trees of F. caulocarpa and Pisonia were getting new leaves.

The climbers and ferns mostly formed carpets on the boulders, both in the open

and in the lighter shade of the woodland. Their variety added to the peculiar

composition of the flora.

I concluded that P. Chibeh had a woodland made largely of plants of the E.

grandis forest of rocky coasts, with a few relics of inland forest, as shown by

Manilkara, Myristica, and F. variegata.

I noted that ants were very abundant, especially the red keringga with fiery bite.

There were several large ant-hills or mounds up to 3 ft high.

Pulau Sepoi

Figures 1-4, plates 7-13

This is a single rounded hill-top, 230 ft high, three miles due west of P. Tulai, and

the sea-depth around is given as 17 fathoms. It is a mass of granite blocks and

boulders similar to P. Chibeh and rather smaller. Its vegetation was also similar but

with still fewer species (Table 1). I visited it in June 1932 and on 20 August 1935. It

was tenanted by many terns which nested on the higher rocks where the vegetation

began; they laid their eggs, apparently one to a nest, on bare ground under a

projection of the rock without any sticks or leaves. There were numerous rocky

caves round the foot of the island, as on P. Pyah (Paya), but which I did not note on

P. Chibeh. The upper part of the island was covered with a low wood, 30-40 ft high,

from which some large fig-trees projected, notably Ficus superba. The top con-

sisted of large and small boulders with very little, if any, soil. The trees were well

spaced, mostly on the boulders, with little or no undergrowth so that it was easy to

walk among them. The granite face between the sea and the vegetation had

scattered tufts of Cyperus javanicus and some sprawling patches of Lygodium and

Stenochlaena.

\ :

Fig. 3. Sketch of a transect from west (left) to east across P. Sepoi. A, Atalantia wood; C, mats of

climbers on the rocks; Fs, Ficus superba; Pi, Pisonia grandis wood; V, Vitex pubescens.

Fig. 4. Sketch of a transect from south (left) to north across P. Sepoi. Letters as in Fig. 3; Ac,

Allophylus cobbe.

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 9

The woodland had two very different parts. That covering the upper part of the

island I called the Atalantia wood because of the abundance of A. monophylla. The

other was the Pisonia wood on the west and south-east parts of the island, on the

lower slopes where there was some shelter from the NE. monsoon and the slopes

were less steep. The Atalantia wood had also abundant Hydnocarpus ilicifolia,

Planchonella obovata, and Ficus superba, the many roots of which clasped the

rocks and descended into the depths of the granite. The fluted trunks of A.

monophylla, set with thorny twigs, were easily recognisable. Near the top, in the

Atalantia wood, there were numerous trees of Knema globularia. At its outskirts in

the south-west, Derris uliginosa formed close mats on the rocks. Several large trees

of Vitex pubescens, up to 50 ft high, occurred on the east side of the wood where

there was the one patch of the small climber Phyllanthus? (SFN 29848). In contrast,

the Pisonia woods were almost pure stands of P. grandis with an undergrowth of

Stenochlaena palustris and a few trees of Adenanthera pavonina, Ficus microcarpa

(with many aerial roots from the branches), and some stray Atalantia. The smooth

grey trunks of Pisonia were seated on the rocks, with roots spreading over them in

the manner of fig-roots. All the Pisonia trees were, in August, getting new leaves

and beginning to flower, as on P. Chibeh; their white branches rendered them

conspicuous. The trees of F. superba were also getting new leaves.

In many places there appeared to have been landslips or, at least, the fall of

boulders which had destroyed parts of the Atalantia wood, and masses of creepers

were covering the fallen rocks. Remarkably, there were no Eugenia grandis, palms

of any kind, Pandanus dubius, Terminalia catappa, Apocynaceous climber Aganos-

ma, or epiphytes. In fact, there was no vestige of either the formation of E.

grandis or of Terminalia.

In August 1935, many of the trees showed signs of wilting. What little soil there

was between the boulders was dry; fallen leaves crackled under foot. Patches of

Lygodium and Stenochlaena in the open were brittle. The leaves of many smaller

trees and their saplings were drooping, wilting or dried out. At first, I thought that

this might be due to a landslip upsetting and breaking roots, but there was no actual

indication of a recent fall. Then, I thought that the wilting might have been caused

by the abundance of guano round the nests of the terns, but I could discover no

relation between the nests and the wilting trees. The only cause seemed to be,

simply, the lack of rain. The roots of the fig-trees, of Pisonia, and of Vitex

pubescens penetrated deeply into the mass of boulders and their leaves showed no

signs of wilting.

There were many old and rotting trees, standing and fallen, in both the Atalantia

and the Pisonia woods, where there were also plenty of seedlings and saplings.

Hence I concluded that the vegetation of the island must have been of long

standing. Landslips, boulder-falls, and periods of excessive drought evidently killed

some of the trees and enabled a new generation to arise. Pigeons and fruit-bats,

even the large hornbills, visiting the island from Tiuman or P. Tulai, might carry

seeds to re-stock, but all the evidence that I could gather pointed to the conclusion

that P. Sepoi was a degenerating headland of ancient coastal forest. Indeed, this

cluster of islets about P. Tulai probably made long ago one hill or mountain which,

in its turn, may have been part of Tiuman itself. I was thinking of subaerial

denudation. Lowering of the sea-level during glaciations would have exposed the

base of the hills without necessarily a connection.

10 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Pulau Labas

Figure |

This is the fourth and smallest island of the P. Tulai group. It lies about two miles

SW. of P. Tulai and about one mile SE. of P. Sepoi. I visited it also on 20 August

1935. It is a collection of large and enormous granite boulders raised about 30 ft

above the sea-level. There were scattered trees of Ficus superba, mats of F.

microcarpa and Aganosma marginata on some rocks, and scattered clumps of

Cyperus javanicus and the mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum. Otherwise, the

only other ‘higher plant’ on the island was a tall fruiting coconut palm, evidently

planted, with several seedlings around it. The island seemed to represent the stump

of a headland to which, in time, P. Sepoi would be reduced. However, the presence

of Acrostichum brought in another factor to suggest that P. Labas might be the

remains of a small granite headland, such as at Tg Ruit, beside a mangrove forest

such as on P. Tulai. Indeed, this mangrove at P. Tulai was probably the vestige of a

much more extensive mangrove forest when all four islands were joined in periods

of glaciation.

All four islands were, and should be allowed to remain, historical sanctuaries.

: me

~as—0 a ye te

Fig. 5. Sketch of a transect of P. Rengis. Ac, Allophylus cobbe; C, climbers on the rocks; Fk, Ficus

kurzii; Fs, Ficus superba; Pi, Pisonia grandis; V, Vitex pubescens.

Pulau Rengis and P. Pyah

Figure |

The very small island P. Rengis (Renjis), about 80 yards, across lies about a third

of a mile from the west coast of Tiuman in Telok (Teluk) Tasek. I visited it on 16

August 1935. It was a mass of granite boulders piled on top of one another as P.

Labas, and with water-worn boulders strewn at the base. The island was tenanted

by frigate birds, not nearly so numerous as the terns on other islets, and the guano

was not so persistent; nevertheless, many trees were white with guano. The flora

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 11

was very limited to 11 species. There was no Terminalia-zone or Eugenia grandis,

and I saw no herbs, grass, or sedge. It consisted of:—

Allophylus cobbe var. marinus, common by the shore,

Callicarpa longifolia, as a few scattered bushes,

Ficus kurzii, as a few small spreading trees at the south end, with copious aerial

roots, starting as a bush on the rocks; (easily mistaken for F. microcarpa),

Ficus superba, as frequent big trees in the centre of the island, never as a

prostrate mat,

Hoya diversifolia, very common on trees and rocks,

Nephrolepis biserrata, a single clump,

Pisonia grandis, as the commonest tree by the shore,

Premna obtusifolia, as a scraggy subscandent bush,

Schefflera venulosa, abundant on trees and rocks, all its leaves white with guano,

Trema amboinensis, as a few scraggy treelets,

Vitex pubescens, as a single tree SO ft high.

On 11 June 1932, when we had anchored for the night in Ayer (Air) Batang bay,

I visited the islet P. Pyah, just off the south headland of the bay, but I failed to

make an inventory of its flora. It was, as P. Rengis, a cluster of granite boulders on

which the chief tree was Ficus superba. There were many caves round the foot

where I spent most time looking for algae, but with little success.

Pulau Tokong Burong, Baru Rock, and P. Gup

Figure 1, plates 14 & 15

A cluster of three steep islets of haematite shale or laterite-looking rock, about

10 miles SW. of P. Sepoi and some 17 miles from Tg Penyabong on the mainland,

make the group of Tokong (Tukong) Burong. I visited them on 16 August 1935.

The largest rises to 160 ft high and the base, strewn with large boulders, reminded

me of Tg Sedili. There was no forest. The islands were tenanted by thousands of

terns which nested under tussocks of the grass Chrysopogon fulvus, as the only

vascular plant on the islands. It grew from high tide level on the south face on

terraces or niches in the rock, and right over the summit. There was no sward

because the runways of the terns kept the tussocks more or less apart. There were

no seedlings of other plants, stumps, or traces of others, from which it seemed that

the islands, as they now stand, might never have been forested. The top of the large

island had the appearance of having been burnt but, if so, the effect had merely

halted the grass temporarily.

Baru Rock, or P. Baru, and P. Gup are islets of roughly the same size, compara-

ble with the largest of the Tokong Burong group. Baru Rock, 190 ft high, lies about

11 miles south of Tokong Burong. P. Gup, 140 ft high, lies to the east in the same

latitude and about 4 miles south of Tiuman. I was never able to visit either of them

but, on a voyage to Kemaman in October 1935 in S.S. Mahidol of the Danish East

Asiatic Company, I persuaded the captain to pass as close as possible to the islands

so that I could have a look at them. He enjoyed the manoeuvre and handed me his

telescope. The difference between the islands was as astounding as that between

Tokong Burong and Sepoi. Baru Rock was a firm consolidated mass of rock,

probably the haematite shale, with precipitous sides, serving as a ternery, and rising

straight from the sea with few or no boulders at the foot. The upper two-thirds were

covered with a tussock grass, presumably the same as on Tokong Burong. At the

12 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

north end, half-way up the island, there were a few small stunted trees with rather

large leaves, which could have been Morinda citrifolia. Thus Baru Rock may have

been less degraded than Tokong Burong. Perhaps both were originally forest-clad

like P. Duchong (Ducong).

In complete contrast, P. Gup was a mass of granite boulders with the upper part

rather closely wooded, very similar to P. Sepoi. I could not distinguish any floristic

details but looked unsuccessfully for the white branches of Pisonia.

Pulau Duchong

Figure 1, plate 16

Two small islands lie near the mainland just south of Pontian. The larger, P.

Duchong Darat, 80 ft high, is about a mile off the coast. The smaller, P. Duchong

Laut, is about half a mile SE. of the larger. I visited Duchong Darat on 22 August

1935, but had no time to visit the smaller, which did not appear to differ floristical-

ly. They are steep craggy masses of haematite shale, similar to P. Setindan off

Mersing and to Tg Sedili. The flora was that of the Terminalia-Barringtonia zone

and of Eugenia grandis forest with some additions as relics, perhaps, of inland

forest. Thus, in a general way, it resembled the coastal flora of Tiuman but several

conspicuous plants were missing, namely the trees Atalantia, the strangling figs,

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, Manilkara, Pandanus dubius, Pisonia, and Sterculia foetida,

the climber Aganosma, and the sedge Cyperus javanicus. The floristic list is given in

Fable 1.

Round the foot of the island there was the Terminalia-zone. The rest was covered

with rocky forest with trees up to 60 ft high, though those of the upper part were

merely 15-20 ft. Exposed rocks were covered with masses of sprawling climbers and

epiphytes among which Asplenium nidus-avis was conspicuous. There was no

evidence that the forest had been cut over. Various herbs and grasses of the sandy

shore of the mainland occurred in small sandy places among the lower rocks. The

Chrysopogon of Tokong Burong did not occur.

Pulau Setindan

I visited this island off Mersing on 15 August 1935 and on 30 January 1937.

Geologically and floristically it was similar to the headlands of the east coast of

Johore and to P. Duchong. There were the formations of Terminalia-Barringtonia

and of Eugenia grandis, but where there had been inland forest, I found mostly

scrub; at some time the island had been extensively cut over. The plants which I

found are given in Table 1, for comparison with P. Duchong. The islands were

generally similar but Setindan is larger and more representative; yet, there were

unaccountable differencees. Certainly, Setindan relates more with the flora of the

Riouw Pocket, as shown by the abundance of the southerly Tristania obovata. The

lists in Table 1 largely repeat what I have written about the Sedili coast, but I

decided to include it as a record what deforestation is likely to obliterate. It

reminds one of what might be expected.

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 13

Pulau Berhala

Figures 1 & 6, plates 17-21

This islet lies north-west of Tiuman and about 20 miles north-east from Bebar on

the Pahang coast. It is a flat granite platform, roughly circular, about 400 ft wide,

raised a foot or more above sea-level and, probably, awash at highest tides or in

storms. The platform is dissected radially by deep gullies plunging into the sea

(12-13 fathoms deep). In the centre there was a sandstone mass, about 80 ft high,

shaped like the crown of a hat to which the granite platform was the brim. It was

neither the mass of granite boulders of the Tiuman islets nor the compact haematite

of the coastal islets. The sandstone was fairly hard and distinctly, though not

deeply, undercut round the granite platform. The islet clearly belonged with

another geological formation and recalled Gunong Panti in east Johore.

The vegetation was confined to the upper half of the sandstone hillock where it

was rather evenly dense, but the granite platform was destitute of any plants

except, perhaps, some lichens and microscopic algae. The flora consisted of merely

5 species, thus:

Stenochlaena palustris and Polypodium scolopendria in a low tangle, with tufts of

Cyperus javanicus, forming the lowest fringe of vegetation;

Morinda citrifolia as bushes up to 10 ft high, mostly higher up the hillock from

the fern tangle;

Parinari corymbosa as a cluster of several much branched trees up to 20 ft high,

at the top beside the Survey Beacon.

I remember, but have failed to note, rather numerous large and metallic green

‘rose-beetles’ buzzing about on the summit as if they were bees. On the west side of

the summit, which was actually a slight ridge running north and south, there was a

large nest of the sea-eagle, surrounded by fish-bones and the skeletons of sea-

snakes.

Half a mile north of P. Berhala, roughly in line with its slight ridge, there was a

skerry of granite rocks just breaking the surface of the sea, about 40 yards across,

and devoid both of sandstone and vegetation. It indicated another such islet worn

down to the granite platform that was itself disintegrating.

bE. ye stelle

ee ae ee

——

Fig. 6. Sketch of a transect across P. Berhala, with granite platform and sandstone hill. M, Morinda

citrifolia; Pa, Parinari corymbosa; S, Stenochlaena.

14 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Pulau Babi Tengah

I visited this island off the Johore coast on 10 June 1932, 27 September 1936 and

29 October 1936. It is a granite island with an accumulation of granite boulders on

the points with sandy bays between them. It had been largely deforested but

retained on the north and east shores a Terminalia-zone with its backing of Eugenia

grandis, typical of the east coast of Johore. Coconut palms had been planted over

most of the island. At the north-east end the small headlands or spits of granite

boulders were connected with the main island by necks of small water-worn

boulders and coral detritus on which Pemphis acidula formed elfin woods, almost

pure stands, as at Tg Ruit. Between these spits, the sandy bays had small stands of

mangrove as at P. Tulai. A sandy spit at the north-west end had a natural growth of

Casuarina equisetifolia and some tufts of Spinifex littoreus on the growing front.

It will be seen from the list in Table 1 that none of the plants characteristic of the

granite islets of Tiuman occurred, unless the rather ubiquitous Atalantia and

Diospyros. \ failed to record the ferns and coastal aroids and orchids. Hence there

are many apparent absentees in Table 1, which account for its low total of species.

It could have been that, before deforestation, the island had much of the flora of

the granite islets off Tiuman.

I make the following observations on a few of the plants:- Atalantia was very

abundant. Barringtonia macrostachya and Garcinia nigrolineata were common

inland. Pandanus odoratissimus var. laevis (P. spurius, as the thornless variety)

grew under the coconut palms and might have been planted. The record of

Schizachyrium sanguineum is the only one for the Malay Peninsula according to

Gilliland. The shrub Timonius compressicaulis was common on rocky headlands on

the north-east side of the island. Concerning Messerschmidia (Tournefortia) one

would like to know its distribution in the Peninsula.

Notes on special plants

Allophylus cobbe — I made several varieties for this species in the Malay

Peninsula (Corner 1939a). They have been recognised by Leenhouts (1967) who

equates them as follows:—

var. glaber as A. javanicus and A. longipes,

var. limosus as near to A. ternatus,

var. marinus as A. timorensis,

var. velutinus as A. racemosus,

var. villosus as A. villosus

but he agrees with me that there is, practically, only one species. It would be

interesting to pursue this problem experimentally, by raising seed of the varieties

and by hybridisation.

Breynia coronata ?, SFN 29853. — This was a straggling climber on P. Duchong,

22 August 1935, common on rocks near the top of the island. The leaves were

glaucous beneath. All the plants were sterile.

Cissampelos ?, Corner s.n., P. Tulai, 18 August 1935; common climber in the

Terminalia-zone, with yellowish leaves.

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 15

Calamus chibehensis, SFN 29842. — Furtado (1956) attributed this collection to

M.R. Henderson, which is an error. I saw what I took to be the same plant also at

P. Tulai and Juara Bay. It is probably no other than a variety of C. burkillianus

which occurs on Tiuman.

Celastrus ? SFN 29829, P. Chibeh, 19 August 1935. — This was a frequent small

tree on rocks at the top of the island and on the west slope. It resembled the

guava-tree (Psidium) in shape, leaf, and pale brown, slightly papery-flaky, bark. I

collected it as Aporosa ?, but it was referred to Celastrus by M.R. Henderson. It is

not listed by Ding Hou (1965).

Chrysopogon fulvus. — This tussock grass occurs in Africa, India, and Thailand,

but in Malaya it is known only from Kedah (Bukit Wang) and P. Tokong Burong

(Gilliland 1971). It would seem to be carried somehow by terns, but that would not

explain its strange distribution.

Diospyros ferrea. — Concerning the variation in this very widespread species

there is the article by Fosberg (1939). Recently, however, doubt has been thrown

on the use of this name (Smith 1981).

Ehretia sp., SFN 29827, P. Chibeh, 19 August 1935; SFN 29845, P. Sepoi, 20

August 1935; straggling climber on more or less exposed rocks; berries small, dull

orange.

Ficus. — When I visited the islets, the identification of the strangling figs was in a

state of confusion. I believe, now, that I mistook several records which I made on

the spot as F. microcarpa. Certainly some, for which I made specimens, have

turned out to be F. kurzii and F. stricta. Careful study of the venation of the dried

leaves is necessary to identify these sterile saxicolous fig-plants. I note that F.

hispida, abundant in the northern half of the Peninsula, was absent from the

southerly islands, just as from the south of the Peninsula.

Gnetum gnemon. — There are notes on the wild occurrence of this tree in Malaya

(Corner 1939b).

Hemiscolopia trimera. — The strange distribution of this small tree, resembling

the rukam (Flacourtia), is given by Sleumer (1954), to whose account must be

added his later records from Malacca and Ulu Sedili. It suggests a north-south line

from Indo-China to the Sunda Straits. On P. Tulai it must be a relic. It may have

had the wider distribution of Hydnocarpus ilicifolia in the northern part of the

Peninsula from Langkawi across Kedah to Pahang. The tragedy is that with such

intensive deforestation the Peninsula has lost much of its botanical history.

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, SFN 25762, P. Sepoi, 13 June 1932; SFN 29826, P.

Chibeh, 19 August 1935. — Tree - 30 ft high; trunk cylindric or slightly fluted

downwards; bark light brown to greyish brown, slightly flaky with thin angular

pieces but appearing smooth, becoming shortly and finely fissured, not pustulate or

rugose; inner bark pallid white, greenish below the outer bark; fruits 3-5 cm wide,

subglobose, velvety black; seeds with thin oily sweet pulp round them.

Manilkara kauki. — This tree, widely spread from Burma and Indo-China to

north Australia, occurs in the Malay Peninsula only ‘on rocky headlands and

16 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

islands off the east coast of Johore and Pahang’ (Ng 1972). I found it only on P.

Chibeh. Like Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, it seems to be a relic of the monsoon climate

at the north of the Riouw Pocket (Corner 1978).

Myristica guattertifolia. — The remarkable and almost coastal distribution of this

‘very distinct species’ is given by Sinclair (1958, 1968). It is surely connected with

the northerly shore-line of the Riouw Pocket as it impinged on the China Sea and

extended along the east coast of Malaya to Sumatra and Java; in fact, it circums-

cribes the Riouw Pocket. In Malaya it is known from P. Tenggol (Dungun), P.

Tiuman, P. Chibeh, P. Setindan, and the coast of Johore from Mersing to the Sedili

rivers (Corner 1978).

Pandanus dubius. — As | have noted (Corner 1978), this tree-like species with

stout stilt-roots and broad leaves reaches its western limit of distribution on P.

Tenggol (Dungun), P. Tiuman and some of its islets, and Tanjong Sedili Kechil

(Kecil). It is another indication of the northern limit of the Riouw Pocket. It is

common on the rocks at Bako National Park in Sarawak where it is accompanied by

the saxicolous state of Pandanus epiphyticus. That species occurs in the south-east

of Malaya and indicates the more central part of the Riouw Pocket. Strangely, it

seems never to occur on coastal rocks in the Peninsula (Corner 1978).

Phyllanthus ?, SFN 29848, P. Sepoi, 20 August 1935; sprawling climber on rocks

half-way up the island and at the south end; leaves subglaucous beneath; berries

pinkish purple, small.

Pisonia grandis. — This seashore tree, which I used to call P. excelsa, is widely

distributed on rocky coasts in the west Pacific but, in Malaya, only on the granite

islets about Tiuman and at Kuala Trengganu. Its sticky fruits adhere to the feathers

of birds which distribute it, and it is thought to succeed only in soil enriched with

guano. It appears, like Pandanus dubius, to have come westwards; yet, unlike that

pandan, it has not been recorded from the China Sea coast of Borneo. There is a

photo of it, which I took on P. Sepoi, in the Flora Malesiana (Stemmerik 1964).

Concerning the general occurrence of Pisonia forest and its competition with

Ochrosia oppositifolia, there is the article by Fosberg (1976).

Planchonella firma. — This is said to be a tree of mossy mountain forest in

Malaya, with P. Setindan as the only lowland record (Ng 1972). There are other

plants, such as Baeckia, Styphelium, and Vaccinium bracteatum, which move from

mountain to lowland, but none of these occurred in the islets around Tiuman. It

may be a relic of the mountain flora of P. Aor and P. Tinggi, and it should be

looked for on Gunong Panti. See, also, the following note.

Planchonella linggensis. — This species is distributed throughout Malesia to

Australia and the Pacific islands, but in the Malay Peninsula it appears to be

restricted to the rocky sea-coast of Penang, Pahang, and east Johore, except for

records from Penang Hill and Mt Ophir (Ng 1972). I found it on P. Chibeh, P.

Tulai, and P. Duchong. It is a remarkable relict occurrence.

Polyalthia sclerophylla. — Concerning the identity of the collection from P.

Duchong, I have already published a note (Corner 1978).

Premna obtusifolia. — This name supplants those of P. corymbosa and P.

integrifolia, which have been widely used for this common plant (Fosberg 1953).

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 17

Tristania obovata — Tanjong Penyabong and P. Setindan appear to be the

northern limits, on the east coast of Malaya, of this species of the Riouw

Archipelago.

Table 1. List of flowering plants and ferns at Tanjong Ruit (R), Pulau Chibeh (C).

P. Sepoi (S), P. Duchong (D), P. Setindan (St), and P. Babi Tengah (B).

(+ means present; — means absent or not found)

BR mGalc§ns Dri Sou.B

TREES. SHRUBS. PALMS. PANDANS

Adenanthera pavonina ee ee ee, ee

Allophylus cobbe v. limosus 25. SPs yolhss wicetoin¥

V. marinus +. (ee SASS Hee Oo

v. velutinus en ene Se

Antidesma cuspidatum nai MATER ier Sols

Ardisia crispa 6 See ee ee

Ardisia elliptica oo a ee ee on ee

Callicarpa longifolia eth A? egtion gage

Caryota mitis Ee San Se ee

Casuarina equisetifolia Ses ofclianit apes el

Cedrela ? fe ae ee

Cerbera manghas - = =eeeietes iis

Chionanthus ramiflorus — so epighaatn ides 3

Cocculus ovalifolius eS

Trees, etc., cont.

Cordia subcordata

Croton heterocarpus

Cycas rumphi

Cynometra ramiflora

Decaspermum paniculatum

Desmodium umbellatum

Diospyros ferrea

Diplospora malaccensis

Dracaena maingayl

Elaeocarpus floribundus

Erioglossum rubiginosum

Erythrina indica

Erythroxylon cuneatum

Eugenia claviflora

Eugenia glauca

Eugenia grandis

Eugenia longiflora

Eugenia palembanica

Eugenia polita

Eugenia subdecussata

Eurycoma longifolia

Excoecaria agallocha

Ficus caulocarpa

Ficus crassiramea

Ficus deltoidea

Ficus drupacea

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

- =~ = +

._ a

- = = +

in fact ee

- + + +4

- = = +

yer re

=, th~ .e

Seyuey 1978}.-

=. aaah olla eee

- - + = +

+ = + $+ =

Lie aah Ulpetanaai

2 vena Ay ee

+ = + + +

meeer ee te

x. eheiuely ene a

1. «nda

wee

L appa

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets

Trees, etc., cont.

Ficus fistulosa

Ficus grossularioides

Ficus hispida

Ficus kurzii

Ficus microcarpa

Ficus stricta

F. sundaica v. beccariana

Ficus superba

F. tinctoria ssp. gibbosa

Ficus variegata

Garcinia hombroniana

Garcinia nigrolineata

Gelonium glomerulatum

Glochidion littorale

Gnetum gnemon

Grewia paniculata

Guettarda speciosa

Guioa pleuropteris

Heritiera littoralis

Hernandia nymphaeifolia

Hibiscus tiliaceus

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia

Ixora congesta

Kleinhovia hospita

Knema globularia

Trees, etc., cont.

Knema malayana

Leea indica

Lepisanthes fruticosa

Litsea glutinosa

Macaranga javanica

Mallotus tiliaefolia

Manilkara kauki

Melastoma sanguineum

Memecylon coeruleum

Memecylon myrsinoides

Memecylon ovatum

Messerschmidia argentea

Morinda citrifolia

Myristica guatteriifolia

Myrsine porteriana

Neolitsea zeylanica

Ochrosia oppositifolia

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985) |

Oncosperma filamentosa

Pandanus dubius

Pandanus odoratissimus

Parinari corymbosa

Pemphis acidula

Phoebe declinata

Pisonia grandis

Pithecellobium contortum

Pithecellobium ellipticum

= Jyh

ashivitn hee

= 2 yyeeee

—

= + ,obneae

=. Syn

+ + + =

= —?wieseaueane

nonoleseee

- = = +

- + + +

a\3 weil wel

= ete eee

= yin

yo ee

- + + +

4: yabaiihaeotel

- = = +

= yriopmepete

so\iqaed eet

~ vinokerdolaantins

ao.

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets

Trees, etc., cont.

Pittosporum ferrugineum

Planchonella firma

Planchonella linggensis

Planchonella obovata

Podocarpus polystachyus

Polyalthia sclerophylla

Pongamia pinnata

Premna obtusifolia

Scaevola taccada

Sterculia foetida

Stereospermum fimbriatum

Terminalia catappa

Thespesia populnea

Timonius compressicaulis

Trema amboinensis

Trigonopleura ?

Tristania obovata

Vitex pubescens

Wendlandia ternifolia

CLIMBERS

Aganosma marginata

Caesalpinia bondhuc

Caesalpinia crista

Calamus chibehensis

Calamus perakensis

Canthium confertum

Climbers cont.

Cassytha filiformis

Cissus repenns

Comsants monospermus Vv. malayanus

Derris scandens

Derris thyrsiflora

Derris uliginosa

Ehretia SFN 29827, 29845

Ficus parietalis

Flagellaria indica

Gnetum latifolium v. funiculare

Gynochthodes coriacea

Hoya diversifolia

Ipomoea illustris

Loeseneriella pauciflora

Morinda umbellata

Paramignya andamanica

Parsonsia spiralis

Phyllanthus ?:‘SFN 29848

Pisonia aculeata

Psychotria sarmentosa

Salacia chinensis

Sauropus albicans

Sauropus sp. (s.n.)

Schefflera venulosa

Tetracera assa

Tristellateia australasica

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

- - = +

xy vodey oleae

von ig Se

+ + + =

+ xeon eee

i\ cipal

2” oka ei

_- 2s eee

Aout) ate

- + + +

a. yell aa

oi 7 pral cee

See

tj ee

4. cynical

a a

aside lean

+ £f + =

<viiveieacee

- + + +

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets

Climbers cont.

Vitis japonica

Yellow, cordate-leafed climber

HERBS, SEDGES, GRASSES

Aneilema sp. SFN 29794

Bulbophyllum vaginatum

Canavalia turgida

Cansjera zizyphoides

Chasalia curviflora

Coelorrachis glandulosa

Commersonia platyphylla

Cyperus cyperinus

Cyperus diffusus

Cyperus dubius

Cyperus javanicus

Cyperus kyllingii

Cyperus radians

Dianella ensifolia

Digitaria ciliaris

Eulalia ridleyi

Fimbristylis dichotoma

Hedyotis verticillata

Ipomoea pes-caprae

Ischaemum muticum

Lasianthus cyanocarpus

Oldenlandia paniculata

Panicum repens

Herbs, etc., cont.

Paspalum conjugatum

Plocoglottis porphyrophylla

Pseuderanthemum crenulatum

Schizachyrium sanguineum

Scleria lithosperma

Spinifex littoreus

Sporobolus virginicus

Taeniophyllum serrula

Themeda villosa

’ Vandellia crustacea

Vandellia hirsuta

Vigna marina

Wedelia biflora

Zoysia matrella

EPIPHYTES ON EXPOSED ROCKS

Asplenium nidus-avis

Cymbidium finlaysonianum

Davallia solida

Dendrobium crumenatum

Dendrobium serra

Dischidia rafflesiana

Drynaria quercifolia

Fagraea auriculata

Hydnophytum formicarium

Medinilla hasseltii

Polypodium scolopendria

Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

= -b <= =

—— = 4 2

- = = +

—_ oe = a

ws — =< =

= oe = =

- + + +

che 2s + =

- + + +

as — + ag

- = + +

— = + —

aed <= 4 =

as + = =

+ + + =

Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 25

Epiphytes cont. RovoC S DH Seni B

Scindapsus sp. eee, Seer se a

SFN 29816 : eee era ae

FERNS (OTHER THAN EPIPHYTES)

Adiantum stenochlamys Bue) Re aC tigen

Asplenium glaucophyllum 2B eee eae = a

Asplenium macrophyllum ED 30, SER ee 2 Se a

Blechnum orientale ES ees oe ee

Cyclophorus adnascens Ss ee i

Lygodium flexuosum Ppa 2 C2. a/R i a

~ Nephrolepis biserrata 2 Ur: are Rens Set dee

Pteridium aquilinum aS gine by aes Came © VC as ee

Pteris ensiformis EE pee + nee oe

Stenochlaena palustris ts Ay ee 5 me tag et ale

Vittaria elongata SSA Sears a en

Reem et ee Ge. 65 83-94 40

References

Corner, E.J.H. (1939a). Notes on the systematy and distribution of Malayan

phanerogams, I. Gdns’ Bull, Singapore 10: 1-55.

. (1939b). Notes on the systematy and distribution of Malayan phanero-

gams, III. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 10: 239-329.

. (1978). The Freshwater Swamp-forest of South Johore and Singapore.

Gdns’ Bull. Singapore, Suppl. n. 1.

Ding Hou (1965). Celastraceae. Identification List 24. Flora Malesiana Foundation,

Leiden.

Fosberg, F.R. (1939). Diospyros ferrea (Ebenaceae) in Hawaii. Occas. Papers

Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Hawaii, 15 n. 10: 119-131.

. (1953). Nomenclature of Premna obtusifolia R. Br. Taxon 2: 88-89.

. (1976). Coral island vegetation. Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs vol.

III, Biology 2: 256-277. Academic Press Inc.: New York, London.

%6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Gilliland, H.B. (1971). Grasses of Malaya. Revised Flora of Malaya vol. III.

Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Leenhouts, P.W. (1967). A conspectus of the genus Allophylus (Sapindaceae).

Blumea 15: 301-358.

Ng, F.S.P. (1972). Sapotaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya vol. I. Longman Group Ltd.

London.

Sinclair, J. (1958). A revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore

16: 205-472.

. (1968). Florae Malesianae Praecursores — XLII. The genus Myristica in

Malesia and outside Malesia. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 23: 1-540.

Smith, A.C. (1981)). Flora Vitiensis Nova vol. 2. Pacific Tropical Botanical Gar-

den: Kawai, Hawaii.

Stemmerik, J.F. (1964). Nyctaginaceae. Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 6: 464.

‘Ol 94] UO DIUadNT pure VIPVUIUAA] JO \SIIOJ [PISPOD

oy) pur ‘osjuso oy) Ul srydudag YW SNUY)SI AYSOI OY) “JYSII OY) UO SI puR[pRoY YIPUIWAA | OUT

‘TEH] Ul SuPUNTy Neng ‘ying dsuoluey “| eI “

‘CEOL

‘uRWINIT “dg ‘NY 3] JO snumyjst AYO dy} UO BjNpiIv siydwag

C Meld

Plate 3. Pulau Chibeh from the south-west, 1935.

Plate 4. P. Chibeh, north end, 1935.

ME hee

Plate 5. P. Chibeh from the north-east, 1935.

Plate 6. P. Chibeh, rocks at the south end, with the plant-collector Kiah bin Mohd. Salleh; 1935.

‘TEST “You ay Wor 1odag neing “/ a1eIg

Pi Measksncmipamastcmce

Weare

oe eae e

ope

Plate 8. P. Sepoi from the east, 1932.

Plate 9. P. Sepoi at the north-west end, 1935.

“SOYOURIG “IIL JSOWR “ITYM YIM SIPUDAS DIUOSI JO SId1 J.

‘SE6l ‘Pud Jsvd-YINOS dYI Iv IOdI|Sg “g

‘OT eld

“SyYUNI}-991] pue SIOp[nog dy} SuIdseyd s}OOI-sIJ Jo ajsue} dU].

“SGI “ISA10} ay} UI 1odag “gq

‘TT Id

35:

de the forest, 19

1 1nsl

P. Sepo

Plate 12.

oe)

The fluted trunks of Atalantia monophylla. among the fig-roots (mainly of Ficus superba).

The plant-collector Kiah bin Mohd Salleh in the middle distance to the right.

naige

1933:

Mohd Salleh

ith undergrowth of Stenochlaena palustris and the

is W

ant-collector Kiah b

isonia grandi.

the pl

P. Sepoi in the forest of P

Atalantia-forest behind

Plate 13.

[SI URL SY} JO JUWUWINS 9Y} WOIJ UDIS se spUP]sI []eUIS OM) OUT,

uoINg SUOYO] Neng ‘pl Meld

“SC6l ‘SuoINng

SUOYOL “d JO puvjsi urew sy) Jo doy ayi uo snaynf uoSodosduyD sse13 dy) JO sydossnq ay]. “ST eld

‘VJO] 94) 0} ‘pue

‘SC6l “DIUO]sUlDg

DIYUIUAIT JO IBLIUOIJ JY} BUIMOYS ‘jsed 94} WOIJ ne] BuOyoONG Neng

‘OL Id

oe,

‘ZEST SONSIMUIG “AA “YB ay) UO andy

pods SY} {90UR}SIP 94} UI eTRD LS youne] sy} YIM ‘WOH ed o}1UeIs oY} SuIMOYs ‘eTeYyIIg “dq

“LI Id

‘TET -3eY 94) UO

IPPYOOI P SE BUIMOYS DSOqUIA10) LIDULAD JO SUMOID JY} YIM ‘YOU dy) Wo E[RYIOG Neng ‘RT WeId

Plate 19.

‘The rocks to the north

of P. Berhala; 1932.

Plate 20.

P. Berhala, the

granite platform

with the base of the

right, and in the

distance the low

rocky island to the

north; 1932.

Plate:21; |

P. Berhala, showing:

the granite platform

from the summit of

the hill; 1932.

New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with

a Short Note on the Genus Furtadoa

Mitsuru HOTTA

Biological Laboratory, Yoshida College

Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 31 AUG. 1985

Abstract

Five new species of the genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra are described and their

relationships and chromosome numbers briefly discussed. Among them, Homalomena rusdii sp. nov.

stands out by its free ligule at the petiole base and by its (usual) basal placentation of ovules.

Homalomena mixta is transferred to the genus Furtadoa on the basis of the floral characters.

From 1980 to 1984, I had several opportunities to visit West Sumatra as a

member of the Sumatra Nature Study (SNS) Project, cooperating in field studies of

Andalas University (Indonesia) and Kyoto University (Japan). Members of the

Botany Group of the Project had been gathering many herbarium specimens

including a rich and good aroid collection (Hotta, 1984), and during those travels I

had opportunities to work on the taxonomy of Sumatran flora at the Herbarium

Bogoriense and the Singapore Botanic Gardens’ Herbarium.

The aroid flora of Sumatra is characterized by a slightly poorer diversity than that

of Borneo, especially among those elements that have a limited distribution in the

wet tropical region of Malesia. Borneo has 6 endemic genera of Araceae: Arid-

arum, Bucephalandra, Heteroaridarum, Hottarum, Pedicellar'um and Phymatarum

but Sumatra does not have endemics since Furtadoa once believed to be endemic to

Sumatra, has now been found in Malaya (see end of article). On the other hand,

in Sumatra, the genus Homalomena is rich in species and shows much variation. In

this paper, new and interesting species from our Sumatran material of Homa-

lomena are described.

Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Homalomena) Fig. 1,2 &4A

Herba maxima caudiculo erecto 0.5-1.5 m longo, 8-15 cm crasso. Foliorum petiolus crassiuscule quam

lamina 2-plo longior, 1-1.6 m longus, ad 13-4, longitudinis vaginatus, lamina subcoriacea, supra obscure

viridis, subtus pallide viridis, ovato cordata, 50-80 cm longa, 35-50 cm lata, lobis posticis rotundato-

oblongis usque 20 cm longis, lobo antico ovato, acuminato, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque cire. 3

basalibus, 5-6 costalibus adscendentibus prope marginem sursum curvis. Pedunculi plures usque 25-30

cm longi. Spathae pars inferior oblongo-ovoidea (4)5-6.5 cm longa, 1.5-2.5 cm ampla, pars superior

convoluta 7-10 cm longa. Spadicis stipite 3-5 mm suffulti inflorescentia feminea (2.5)3.5-4(4.8) cm

longa, 1.5(-2) em crassa, mascula 6.5-8 cm longa. Flores masculi 4-5(-6) andri. Pistilla oblongo-

obovoidea virescentia, stigmate discoideo instracta; ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in quoque

loculo a centro prominentibus, superne unilocularia, placentis parietalibus, ovulis numerosis alfixa.

Staminodia claviformia. Baccae obovoidea 7 mm longa; semina ellipsoidea 1.5 mm longa.

WEST SUMATRA: Airsirah pass, 850-900 m, July 28, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 8

(KYO); between Sungai Dareh and Sijunjung, steep-rocky cliff off the road side, alt. 100-200 m, Aug.

20, 1981, M. Hotta, H. Okada & R. Tamin 104 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO); Harau,

Pajakumbuh, rocky open place at the foot of the hill, alt. 600 m, Aug. 27, 1983, M. Hotta & R. Tamin

299 (KYO).

M.Umebayash

Fig. 1. Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta

Leaf, X *%; and habit, x Mo.

Fig. 2. Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta

A: spathe (right) and fruiting spadix (left), x 12; B: fruit (right) and its longitudinal section

(left), X 5; C: cross-sections of upper (above) and lower (below) parts of ovary, x 5; D:

close-ups of two male flowers, front view (right) and a stamen, side view (left), x 10; E: seed, x

10.

This new species is one of the largest plants found among the species of the genus

Homalomena. It seems to be related to H. rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth, the rela-

tionship being indicated by the male flower, which has large ovoid pollen sacs

attached directly to the surface of the spadix axis (cf. Engler 1912: p. 64, fig. 39, D

& E). However, my new species is distinctively different in that it has a constricted

spathe and is an extremely large plant. In the latter respect it is like H. gigantea

Engler but differs from that by the shape of the stamen and that of the spathe.

H. megalophylla is a common and conspicuous aroid on open, wet, rocky slopes

in West Sumatra. It is therefore strange that specimens are not found in the Bogor

or Singapore herbaria. The chromosome number of this species is 2n=40 (based on

counts in Airsirah clones made by H. Okada, unpublished).

Homalomena gadutensis M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Homalomena). Fig. 3,4D

Herba majuscula caudiculo erecto 10-40 cm longo, 1.5-2 cm crasso. Foliorum petiolus quam lamina

1.5-2-plo longior, 30-50 cm longus, ad 13-2 longitudinis vaginatus, lamina supra viridis, subtus pallide

viridis, ovato cordata, 13-25 cm longa, 10-15 cm lata, lobis posticis ovato-triangularis usque 5 cm longis,

lobo antico ovato, acuminato, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque circ. 3 basalibus, 5-6 costalibus adscendenti-

Fig. 3.

Homalomena gadutensis M. Hotta

A. habit, x 2; B: spathe (left) and spadix (right), x */4; C: close-up of female part of spadix, x

7; D: close-up of male part of spadix, x 7; E: female flower (/eft) and staminode (right), « 9; F:

longitudinal section of ovary, X 9; G: cross-section of ovary, X 15; H: ovule, x 40; J: side view

(above) and longitudinal section of male flower (below), x 10.

Homalomena and Furtadoa 47

bus prope marginem sursum curvis. Peduncli plures usque 8-15 cm longi. Spathae pars inferior oblongo-

ovoidea 2.5-3.8 cm longa, 1.2-1.5 cm ampla, pars superior naviculiformia, 5-7.5 cm longa. Spadicis

stipite 10 mm suffulti inflorescentia feminea 2-2.5 cm longa, 0.5-0.6 cm crassa, mascula 4.5-6 cm longa.

Flores masculi (3-)4(-5) andri. Pistilla oblongo-obovoidea virescentia, stigmate discoideo instracta;

ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in quoque parietalibus, ovulis numerosis affixa. Staminodia

superne obconica, inferne filiformia.

WEST SUMATRA: Ulu Gadut, in forest floor near hill ridge, alt. 500 m, Nov. 29, 1980, M. Hotta

25091 (KYO, BO), alt. 550 m, Nov. 29, 1980, H. Hotta 25105 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO);

Pinang Pinang, Ulu Gadut, common on forest floor, alt. 400-800 m, Dec. 17, 1982, M. Hotta, H. Okada

& M. Ito 88 (KYO); G. Kambot, alt. 400-650 m, Jan. 23, 1981, M. Hotta & R. Tamin 255 (KYO), 262-b

(KYO), 270 (KYO); Gajabuih, common on forest floor, alt. 400-650 m, Jan. 5, 1981, M. Hotta 25830

(KYO, chromosome number 2n=38, cited by Dr. H. Okada, 1984 as Homalomena sp. nov. 1), 450-700

m, July 31, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 101 (KYO); Batu Bajolang, forest floor near

ridge, alt. 400-600 m, M. Hotta, H. Okada & M. Ito 1132 (KYO, BO, AND%).

Fig. 4. Leaf shape variation of allied species of Homalomena in Mt. Gadut area

A: H. megalophylla; B: H. sagittifolia; C: H. pendula; D: H. gadutensis.

H. gadutensis is closely related to H. sagittifolia, one of the very variable species

in Malesia. Collections of the latter related species in the same group (H. pendula

group, H. megalophylla and H. gadutensis) from Mt. Gadut area vary a great deal

in shape and size of the leaves (Fig. 4), and in the spathe (Fig. 5). Precise

identification of each species in the group could not have been achieved without

examining the characters of the spathe and the male flower. The leaf size shows a

tendency to decrease as the elevation increases. This tendency is illustrated by

measurements of the largest leaf of each collection, after classification using spathe

*AND = Herbarium of Andalas University, Ulu Gadut, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

G. Kambot

6 5

B 4

foe)

g Ulu Gadut

ie)

& 5

n 4

= 3

as) 1

oO.

Lol

)

7 Karang Puteh

= 5

Z 3

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Ratio of spathe-lamina length to total spathe length

Fig. 5. Variation of spathes of four Homalomena taxa in Mt. Gadut area

Ratio of the length of spathe lamina to the total length of spathe (horizontal axis), and number

of specimens from three local populations (vertical axis); ratio 0 = H. pendula group (spathe

without constriction and undifferentiated into the basal (=tube) part and apical lamina),

02-0.6 = H. sagittifolia, and over 0.6 = H. gadutensis.

characters (see Fig. 5), i.e., (a) spathe unconstricted — H. pendula species group,

(b) spathe constricted and separable into the spathe tube and the lamina. Group (b)

is subdivided into (1) ratio of lamina/total length of spathe 0.2-0.6 — H. sagittifolia,

and (2) ratio of lamina/total length of spathe 0.6 or more — H. gadutensis. From

the analysis, it is seen that H. gadutensis also has smaller leaves and is a compara-

tively smaller plant. Besides, the lamina of its spathe is white and boat-shaped,

spreading open widely at the time of flowering. The chromosome counts for H.

pendula group, H. megalophylla and H. sagittifolia of Mt. Gadut area are in all

cases 2n=40 or 80, but is 2n=38 for H. gadutensis, a number peculiar for the genus

(H. Okada 1984 & unpublished).

A variety, H. sagittifolia var. sumatrana v. Ard. v. Rosen., may at first seem to

be H. gadutensis on account of the smaller size of the entire plant and its occurrence

in a locality at a higher altitude (Talu, Ophir, 950 m, Biinnemeijer 1299, lectotype

in BO), but this specimen, to my mind, represents a mountain ecotype of H.

sagittifolia with a spathe-lamina which is rather short; and furthermore, H. sagittifo-

lia occasionally does occur on mountains above 1000 m in West Sumatra. This

mountain ecotype usually has a tetraploid chromosome complement, 2n=80, cited

by Dr. H. Okada (unpublished).

Homalomena padangensis M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 6

Herba majuscula rhizomate obliquo 3-8 cm longo, 1-1.5 cm crasso, pauce (2-4) foliato. Foliorum

petiolus quam lamina 1.5-2-plo longior, 30-40 cm longus, ad % longitudinis vaginatus, lamina sub-

coriacea, supra vertinus nitida, viridis, subtus pallide viridis, cordata, paullum inaequilatera, 15-25 cm

longa, 10-15 cm lata, apice breviter acuminata, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque 5-8 adscendentibus leviter

arcuatis, nervis secundariis inter primarios numerosis interjectis. Pedunculi usque 3-4 cm longi. Spathae

oblonga breviter apiculata, viridis, 2 cm longa, 6-8 mm ampla. Spadicis sessilis oblongi inflorescentia

feminea 4 mm longa, quam mascula 4-plo brevior. Flores masculi (1-)3 andri. Pistilla ovoidea virescen-

tia, stigmate discoideo coronata; ovaria bilocularia, ovulis medio affixis. Staminodia crassa claviformia

quam ovaria duplo brevior.

Fig. 6 Homalomena padangensis M. Hotta

A: habit, x 42; B: spathes x 1; C: spadix, x 1; D: male flower, front (below) and side views

(above) X 12; E: cross-section (lower left) and longitudinal (lower right) sections of female

flower with staminode (above), x 8.

50 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

WEST SUMATRA: Karang Puteh, on wet and open limestone cliff, alt. 150-300 m, Feb. 16, 1981, M.

Hotta & H. Okada 344 (KYO, chromosome number 2n=40, cited by H. Okada 1984 as Homalomena

sp. nov. 2), alt. 100-200 m, Aug. 14, 1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 476 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in

BOD, AND, SING & L).

H. padangensis seems to be related to H. griffithii, a common and widely

distributed species in western Malesia, but distinctly differs from the latter by its

coriaceous leaf with a velvet-like gloss, cordate leaf base, and the decumbent stem

with many strong roots growing out from the nodes.. H. padangensis is characte-

rized by the very short filament of the stamen of the male flower (the pollen sac

being attached directly to the spadix axis), and the relatively fewer female flowers

in the lower part of the inflorescence. This species occurs in a limited area on the

limestone hill of Karang Puteh and needs careful protection.

Homalomena hastata M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 7

Herba majuscula caudiculo obliquo 3-5 cm longo, 1 cm crasso, 1-2 foliato. Foliorum petiolus laminae

subaequilongus vel ea 2-plo longior, 40-60 cm longus, vagina 4-5 cm longa instructus, lamina supra

opaca viridis, subtus pallide viridis, triangulari-oblonga inaequilatera, leviter curvata, basi hastata, apice

acuminata, 25-35 cm longa, 10-15 cm lata, lobis posticis triangularis usque 5-8 cm longis, nervis

lateralibus I. utrinque circ. 2 basalibus, 4-5 costalibus adscendentibus. Pedunculi usque 5-6 cm longi.

Spathae ovoidea 2 cm longa, 0.8 cm ampla, apice cuspidata. Spadicis sessilis inflorescentia feminea 0.7

cm longa, 0.4 cm crassa, mascula 0.8 cm longa. Flores masculi 3 andri. Pistilla oblongo-obovoidea

virescentia, stilo cylindrici et stigmate discoideo instracta; ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in

quoque locullo a centro prominentibus, superne unilocularia, placentis parietalibus, ovulis numerosis

affixa. Staminodia elongato claviformia inferne filiformia, pistilla aequantia.

WEST SUMATRA: Along road between Lubuksikaping and Bondjor, Lurah Berangin Nature

Reserve, 400-500 m, Sept. 21, 1984, M. Hotta 30231 (KYO); Pinang Pinang plot, Ulu Gadut, in dense

forest floor of limestone area, alt. 500 m, Aug. 25, 1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 624 (KYO), Aug. 27,

1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 689 (KYO), Sept. 2, 1981, M. Hotta 26670 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in

BO),, Feb. 6, 1983, M. Hotta, H. Okada & M. Ito 1082 (KYO, BO); upper part of Pinang Pinang ridge,

700 m, Aug. 1, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 221 (KYO); G. Kambot, alt. 400-600 m, Jan.

23, 1981, M. Hotta & R. Tamin 269 & 291 (KYO).

In general H. hastata can be regarded as a plant well adapted to the habitat on

the forest-floor. There are few leaves (usually 1 to 2) with thin and dark green

lamina. The petiole is slender and very shortly sheathed at the base. The stem is

somewhat decumbent and branches underground. The hastate leaf blade and the

long filament of the male flower, both distinctive characters for the section Cha-

maecladon, are also found in this species. The chromosome number of this species

is 2n=40 based on a clone of Pinang Pinang ridge (H. Okada, unpublished).

This new species occurs commonly in and around the Pinang Pinang Plot (one of

our study sites for forest ecology on the gentle ridge of Pinang Pinang Hill), and we

also found it in a few other places of the Mt. Gadut area and once in northern W.

Sumatra (Lurah Berangin). It seems to have a limited distribution in and around

the limestone areas of West Sumatra.

Homalomena rusdii M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 8

Herba parvula, rhizomate repente, 3-10 cm longo, 1-1.5 cm crasso, dense foliato. Foliorum petiolus

quam lamina 1.5-plo longior vel ei aequilongus, 8-13 cm longus, basi late vaginatus, vagina ovato-

triangulare (2.5-3 cm) liguliformi-producta, lamina coriacea, supra nitida viridis, subtus pallidior,

lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 8-11 cm longa, 2-3.5 cm lata, apiculo 2 mm longo cylindriformi,

nervis lateralibus I. utrinque 3-4 angulo acuto adscendentibus leviter arcuatis. Pedunculi tenui usque 4-5

cm longi. Spathae oblonga breviter apiculata, viridis, 1.5-2 cm longa, 6-8 mm ampla. Spadicis sessilis

Fig. 7.

Homalomena hastata M. Hotta

A: habit, x 2 (Hotta, Okada & Ito 1082); B: spathe (left) and spadix (right), 1%; C: fruiting

inflorescences, X 2 (Hotta & Tamin 291); D: close-up of female part of spadix, x 10; E:

close-up of male part of spadix, x 10; F: female flower with staminode, x 15; G: staminode

from base of spadix, x 15; H: longitudinal section of ovary (left), cross section of style (right),

x 15; J: cross-sections of ovary at upper (left) and lower (right) parts, x 15; J: ovule (right) and

seed, X 40 (left); K: male flower (side view), x 15; L: stamen, x 15.

Fig. 8.

Homalomena rusdii M. Hotta

A: habit, x 2; B: leaf apices, x 4; C: petiole bases with free ligule, x 112; D: inflorescences, x

2; E: spathe (left) and spadix (right), x 1; F: female part of spadix, x 8; G: longitudinal

sections of 3 ovaries, X 13; H: ovule, x 40; J: stamens (front view), J: stamen (side view), X 40;

and K: male flower (front view), x 40.

Homalomena and Furtadoa 53

oblongi inflorescentia feminea 2 mm longa, quam mascula 5-plo brevior. Flores masculi (1-)3 andri.

Pistilla late ovoidea virescentia, in stilum brevissimum stigmate discoideo instructa; ovarium unilocu-

lare, placentis 1, ovulis hemianatropis medio vel basi-affixis. Staminodia claviformia quam ovaria duplo

breviora.

WEST SUMATRA: Fort de Kock, Harau, Aug. 5, 1931, Frey Wyssling 154 (BO); Arau (Harau)

Nature Reserve, Pajakumbuh, on wet rock near waterfall, 600 m, Aug. 27, 1983, M. Hotta & R. Tamin

300 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO & L).

H. rusdii has the distinct characters of the genus Homalomena, such as the free

ligule of the petiole-sheath, and a uniloculate ovary with parietal-basal placenta-

tion. It is undoubtedly also closely related to H. paucinervia by the coriaceous,

lanceolate leaf blade with a few primary lateral veins (usually 3-4 on each side). H.

paucinervia is a typical rheophytic aroid which is widely distributed in West Malesia

(Borneo, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra), and two Sarawak collections (Hirano &

Hotta 1284, and Hotta 15380) and one from southern Thailand (collection of Dr. T.

Yahara and cultivated in the green-house of Kyoto University) have uniloculate

ovaries with basal placentation. This type of unicarpellate ovary in Homalomena

with parietal or basal placentation, has been reported on in H. minutissima (Hotta

1967), closely related to H. humilis that has no direct relationship with the present

species. The peculiar character of the uniloculate ovary in Homalomena might have

been evolved in a parallel way within two groups. On the other hand, the genus

Furtadoa of the subtribe Homalomeninae has a uniloculate ovary with basal pla-

centation, but this genus differs from the genus Homalomena by the sterile pistil in

the male portion of spadix, i.e., a male flower formed by a stamen and a sterile

pistil. This interesting floral character is found in Homalomena mixta col-

lected from the Malay Peninsula, the second species now assigned to the genus

Furtadoa.

Furtadoa mixtum (Ridley) M. Hotta, comb. nov.

Homalomena mixta Ridley in Jour. Bot. 40: 36 (1902); Engler in Pflanzenr. ITV. 23 Da: 80 (1912);

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10: 209 (1939).

MALAYA. PAHANG: Tahan woods, 1891, Ridley s.n. (SING, holotype of H. mixta Ridley).

This species has elliptic and wider leaf lamina than Furtadoa sumatrensis and

seems to be a forest-floor aroid.

Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to record my thanks to the many persons who helped me in my

work. I am grateful to Dr. Kuswata Kartawinata of Herbarium Bogoriense and Dr.

Chang Kiaw Lan of the Singapore Herbarium for the use of facilities under their

care and for kindly helping with my herbarium work; Dr. Amsir Bakar, Head of

Indonesian counterparts of SNS, Andalas University, and Dr. S. Kawamura,

Leader of the SNS project, Kyoto University for their encouragement. Mr. Rusjdi

Tamin and students of Andalas University kindly co-operated during my recurrent

field work in West Sumatra. Dr. H. Okada has carefully made chromosome counts

of the new species of Homalomena.

References

Engler, A. (1912). Araceae-Philodendroideae-Homalomeninae und Schismato-

glottidinae. Engler’s Pflanzenr. IV. 23 Da: 1-82.

54 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Furtado, C. X. (1939). Araceae Malesicae II: Notes on some Indo-Malaysian

Homalomena species. Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10: 183-238.

Hotta, M. (1967). Notes on Bornean plants, Il. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22: 153-

162.

(1984). Check list of Araceae in Sumatra. Hotta (ed.): Forest Ecology and

Flora of G. Gadut, West Sumatra, 91-114. Kyoto Univ., Kyoto.

Okada, H. (1984). Chromosome counts of some plants collected from W. Sumatra.

Hotta (ed.): Forest Ecology and Flora of G. Gadut, West Sumatra, 89-90. Kyoto

Univ., Kyoto.

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2*

W.J.J.O. de WILDE

Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 31 AUG. 1985

Contents

Enumeration and description-of the species 6-45 .....................2..0ceseccsecncceeceteceeceescnscescceess page 55

6. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. Fig. 1A(6); 2 II; 6

Myristica irya Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 195, tab. 41; Hook.f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind. (1855) 159; A. DC.,

Prod. 14 (1856) 202 (excl. M. exaltata, p.p., see under Endocomia, Blumea 30 (1984) 173; King, Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 308, pl. 141, 141-bis. — H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897)

317 (incl. vars. or forms ceylanica, javanica, malayana, wallichii, moluccana, siamensis), t. 22 fig. 1-4;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 382, fig. 33, Pl. IX-A; 28 (1975) 61; Back. & Bakh. van den

Brink, Fl. Java 1 (1963) 138. — Type: Gaertner’s drawing.

M. javanica B1., Bijdr. (1825) 576; Rumphia 1 (1835) 190, t. 62. — Type: authentic Blume’s specimens

not found in L; tab. 62 (C fl., fr.).

M. spherocarpa Wall., Pl. As. Rar. (1830) 79, t. 89. — M. irya var. wallichii King, Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 309, pl. 141-bis, 3-5. — Type: Wallich Cat. 6796 (K-W).

M. micrantha Wall., Cat. 6807 (1832), nom. nud. — Type: Wallich 6807 (K).

M. lemanniana A. DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. Sér. 4, 4 (1855) 31, t. 4; Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 203. — H. lemanniana

(DC.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 326. — Type: Lemann s.n. (G, n.v.).

M. subglobosa Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1 (1861) 383. — M. globularia Bl. var. subglobosa (Miq.)

Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1864) 206 — H. subglobosa (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 328

(for the original syntype only) — Type: Sumatra, Diepenhorst Hb. 2148 (U), Teysmann Hb. 3189 (VU).

M. vrieseana Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. — Bat. 2 (1865) 49. — M. irya var. longifolia King, Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 309, pl. 141-bis, 1-2. — Type: de Vriese s.n. (L).

H. labillardieri Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 283, t. 21 f. 1-2. — M. labillardieri (Warb.) Boerl., Hand.

Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85. — Type: Java, Hb. — Labillardiere s.n., male flowers (B, +; iso; FI, see

note by Sinclair p. 89).

H. acuminata Merr., Phil. J. Sc. 17, 1920 (1921) 253; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 181. — Type: de Mesa FB

27507 (PNH, n.v., probably destroyed).

H. nunu Kanehira, Trop. Woods 29, 5 (1932) nom. nud.; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 451; Fl. Micr.

(1933) fig. 32; Enum. Micron. Plants, in J. Dept. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 4, 6 (1935) 319. — Type:

Kanehira 1303, 1304 (n.v.).

H. amklaal Kanehira, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (1933) 670; Fl. Micr. (1933) 109, fig. 31, pl. 16. — Type:

_Kanehira 1944 (FU, n.v.), 1978 (FU, n.v.), 2058 (FU, n.v., iso: K & P), 2059 (FU, n.v.).

H. congestiflora A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 64. — Type: Brass 8010 (A, n.v.; iso: BM & L).

Tree 10-25(-40). Twigs terete or often drying flattened towards apex, usually

thinly ridged, (2-)3-10(-30) mm diam., glabrescent, tomentum minute to conspi-

*Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 37(2): 179.

Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.

a, leafy twig apex, note whitish blotched leaves, x 1%; b, twig portion with male inflorescence,

note ridged twig, X 42; c, mature male flower bud, lateral view, x 12; d, male flower,

longitudinal section, showing androecium, X 25; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-

tic, X 25; f, twig portion with female inflorescence, X 12; g, mature female flower, x 6; h,

ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with minute 2-lipped stigma, X 12; i, twig portion with

infructescence, note spherical fruits. — a & b from NGF 22319; c-e from Kostermans 24385; f-i

from FRI 3044.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 . SF

cuous (New Guinea and Pacific Isls.), grey to rusty, of mixed dendroid hairs

0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm; bark often coarsely striate, often + blackish, when older not

flaking; lenticels usually conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, abaxially often + curved

especially towards the tip, membranous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 10-30(-35)

x 3-7(-9) cm, base rounded to attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface

drying dull greenish-brown to blackish-brown, usually finely pustulate with paler

stipples and almost always with larger irregular whitish marks of unknown origin,

lower surface early glabrescent to glabrous, without dark dots; midrib slender

above, flattish; nerves 10-20 pairs, very thin and flattish above, inconspicuous, the

marginal arches usually not distinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network, faint

above, thin though distinct beneath; petiole 7-16 x 1.5-3(-4) mm; leaf bud c.

10(-15) x 2-3 mm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm. Inflorescences densely

tomentose with hairs 0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm long, persistent or glabrescent, in GC: 3-4

times ramified, many-flowered, c. 4-18 x 3-7(-10) cm; in Q: c. 2-6(-8) cm long,

2(-3) times ramified; common peduncle 0.5-4.5 cm long; bracts acutish, 1.5-4 mm

long, caducous. Flowers in CO in clusters of 3-10, in 9 usually solitary or a few

together, perianth glabrous or at base glabrescent, perianth 2-valved; pedicel

pubescent or glabrescent, at base not articulated. Male perianth subglobose or +

transversely ellipsoid, somewhat laterally compressed or not, c. 1.0-1.3(-1.5) x

(1.0-)1.2-1.5(-2.0, Indo-China) mm, apical part broadly rounded, at base rounded

or short-tapering; pedicel slender, (0-)0.1-1(-1.5) mm, inarticulate at base; perianth

at anthesis cleft to c. 42-7, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium broadly obovoid, +

broadened transversely, c. 0.8-1.2 xX 1.0-1.5 mm; anthers 6-9(-10), Indo-China),

not closely touching, c. 0.5-0.8(-1.0) mm long, towards apex incurved and free for

c. 0.2-0.3 mm, dorsally attached to the broadly concave, often + saucer- or

cup-shaped androphore c. 0.4-0.5 x (0.5-)0.6-1.0 mm, tapered towards the base.

Female perianth obovoid or ellipsoid, c. 1.5-2.3 x 1.3-2.0 mm, at anthesis cleft to c.

4-13, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-4 mm long; ovary broadly obovoid,

glabrous c. 1.2-1.5 X 1.0-1.3 mm, stigma minute, c. 0.05 xX 0.1 mm. Fruits 2-8 per

infructescence, globose, 1.5-2.2 cm diam., glabrous, with the surface finely granu-

lar, without larger tubercles or lenticels, drying dark brown to blackish, dry

pericarp c. 1-2 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long, perianth not persisting.

Distribution. From Ceylon through Malesia to the Solomon Isls.: Ceylon, Bur-

ma, Andaman Isls., Nicobar Isl., S. Indo-China (Cochin-China), Cambodia, Thai-

land, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, C.(?) & S.

Philippines, New Guinea, Caroline Isls., Solomon Isls.; no collections seen from

the Lesser Sunda Isl. and N. Philippines.

CEYLON: Davidse & Sumithraarachi 8119; Gardner (Hb. Hooker) 748; King’s Coll. (1884); Koster-

mans 24385, 27202; Thwaites C.P. 221, 2620; Walker s.n.; Wall., Cat. 6804 (C’, part of the material of

M. exaltata, not the lectotype); Waas 1272; Worthington 487, 517, 576, 686, 1848, 6351.

ANDAMAN Isls.: Balakrishnan & Bhargava 3622; Kurz s.n.; Parkinson 1050.

NICOBAR Isl.: Nair 3512.

BURMA: Wallich 6804 C (Moulmein, C fls.; part of the original material of M. exaltata, not the

lectotype).

THAILAND: Kerr 4108 (A, B, C), 11419, 13883, 14252, 18599, 18907, 19036; Lakshnakara 615;

Larsen c.s. FHB. 31253; Marcan 232, 720, 971, 1978; Maxwell 75-61; 75-1026; Put 623, 1580; Rabil 218,

273; Smith 348; see further Sinclair’s list (1975, p. 62).

CAMBODIA: Poilane Ch. 158.

58 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

VIETNAM (SOUTH): Miiller 1020; Pierre 5745; Poilane 769, Thorel 1186 (p.p., other specimens of

the same number are the type of H. thorelii).

MALAYA: Griffith 4357; Kep. FN 94710; Ridley 4957; Wallich 6807 — Kedah: Wyatt-Smith KFN

71179 — Perak: FRI 3044; King’s coll. 7447; Ridley 3043; SFN. 33240 — Kelantan: Ridley 7206; Shah &

Kadim MS 550 — Trengganu: SFN 40739. — Pahang: Evans s.n. — Selangor: SFN 34145. — Malacca:

Kep. FN 94710; Maingay 1292, 2944, 3075. — Johore: Corner 25856, 25964, 28493; Maxwell 80-142;

Ridley 897, 11328. — Penang (etc.): Curtis 936; Kep. FN 80999; Ridley s.n.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 4814, 8957; SFN 339448, 40202; Sinclair s.n. (1953).

SUMATRA: Ashton 15361; b.b. E. 868, 5208, 21463, 28460; Buwalda 6804; Forbes 3197; Grashoff

1088; Horsfield s.n.; Praetorius s.n.; Rahmat si Toroes 3961 — Simeulué Isl.: Achmad 60, 362, 830, 1732

— Mentawai Isls. (Sipora): [boet 487, Ridley 14760 — Riau: b.b. 20382.

JAVA (W, C & E): Backer 27971; b.b. 1177, Boerlage s.n.; Buwalda 3001A, 3076 (= FRI. Ja. 4214);

Coert 1489; Hoogerwerg a 1954; Junghuhn s.n., 33, 49, 875; Koorders 5211 fB, 5213 8, 5215 8, 5224 f,

5265 f, 12274 B, 13493 B, 15521 8, 24784 B, 25392 B, 27479 B, 28353 B, 38882 8; Kostermans (Unesco) 52,

19281; Soepadmo 279; Van Steenis 5274; Nengah Wirawan 429.

BORNEO. Sarawak: Haviland & Hose 3305, 3305B; S. 16805, 18120, 18864, 34153, 36084 — Brunei:

(Ashton) BRUN 5553 — Sabah: Amdjah 1, 94, 846; Elmer 20013, 21032; Rajuyap A 463; SAN. 31,

18726, 21768, 30297, 34497, 47151, 75131, 84575, 90864 — W. Kalimantan: Hallier 1021, 1043;

Teysmann 8676, 8680, 8683 — C. Kalimantan: Veldkamp 8256 — S. Kalimantan: Korthals s.n. —E. &

SE. Kalimantan: b.b. 2114, 19042, 25129, 29415, 34244; Kostermans 4006, 5047, 21226, 21456.

CELEBES: b.b. 22986; Forster (?) 329; Koorders 18157 8; Meijer 10139; Noerkas 305; Prawiroat-

modjo & Soewoko 1777; Teysmann (11897).

MOLUCCAS: Aupjé 33, 50; de Vogel 3807; de Vriese s.n., s.n. (87).

PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Elmer 12682, 12684; Merrill 9208 — (Luzon, Mindanao): Cenabre FB

29146, 29176; Cruz FB 23887; Natividad FB 25751; (Ramos & Edano) BS 36770, 41198; Vidal 3567;

Wenzel 3023.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya (West New Guinea): Zippel s.n.; b.b. 22530, (Kostermans 127) 33354;

BW 393, 873, 3288, 4436, 5165, 5348, 5838, 5840, (Schram BW) 6082 (in K), 6563, 6595, 7258, 10827,

11870; van Royen 4675, 5101 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 8010; Craven & Schodde 776; Hartley (TGH)

9738; Hollrung 657 (in P, not in K); Hoogland 4213, 4650; LAE 74298; NGF 16320, 22319, 25577,

35309, 37574, 47300.

CAROLINE Isls.: Kanehira 1303, 2058; Masahiko Takamatsu 392; St. John 21446; Stone 1901.

SOLOMON Isls.: BSIP 39, 909, 910, 1663, 1664, 2014, 3668, 4743, 5286, 5788, 5855, 6037, 6119,

6948, 10614, 13211, 15441, 15806, 17057, 17275; Comins 355; Kajewski s.n., 2444.

Ecology. A tall tree in primary and (old) secondary forest. Most frequent coastal

or riverine, on alluvial (sandy, loamy, or clayey) soils, but also found more inland;

0-450 m. Mentioned mostly from wet or marshy localities at low altitudes, e.g.,

coastal swamp forest, sandy alluvium behind the beach, open, low marshy ground

(with sago-palms), swamp forest, river banks below tidal limits, seasonal swamps,

periodically inundated forest, coastal shrubberies (on limestone), river flood-plains

with mud soil, etc., but also recorded from undulating country, and well-drained

soils (e.g., in Ceylon and Solomon Isls.). From Ceylon recorded from the “dry

zone’. In Thailand in riverine evergreen forest. Flowers and fruits apparently

throughout the year, but this is likely correlated with regional and local climatic .

conditions.

Vernacular names. Amklaal, Nunu (Palau Isls.); Aininiu, Ainynu (Kwara’ae

lang., Solomon Isls.); more vernacular names will be published in Flora Malesiana.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 59

Uses. Rare in record that fruits are edible; fruits recorded as eaten by monkeys in

Ceylon.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. A tall tree with straight bole; crown described as with several big

limbs each monopodially branched, or narrow and with slender drooping branches

near the top; bole often recorded as fluted, or with prop roots, or, usually, with

buttresses up to 3 m high, 2 m out, and up to c. 10 cm thick, but also recorded as

without buttresses. Bark sometimes noted as smooth, often as fissured or cracked,

or mostly as flaking or peeling off in small pieces; inner bark cream or whitish, to c.

7 mm thick; sapwood cream or whitish, ochreish, straw-coloured, or pinkish;

heartwood absent or only slightly darker, pale brown; wood rather soft. Flowers

yellow, dark yellow, or orange-yellow, once recorded as reddish; strongly sweet-

scented, once recorded as unscented. Fruit yellowish, greenish orange, to orange-

red, or red; the aril usually orange or orange-red, rarely recorded as red. Fresh fruit

recorded as large, up to c. 2*%4 cm diam. The seed is reported to contain an air

chamber, facilitating dispersal by floating.

2. Variability. H. irya is a homogeneous species, well characterized by its small

subglobose male flowers of c. 1 mm diam. (in Indo-China up to 1.6 mm diam.),

with typical broad and deeply concave androecium with tapered, distinct (i-e.,

relatively large) androphore. The fruits (and seeds) are perfectly spherical, glab-

rous (ovary glabrous). The twigs are usually thinly ridged from petiole to petiole.

Very characteristic are irregular whitish marks of unknown origin, almost always

present on the older leaves. The leaves have a lax reticulation. Variation abounds

in the tomentum: short-haired; sometimes seemingly glabrous specimens are pre-

dominant in Ceylon, SE. Asia, and W. Malesia and the Moluccas; in New Guinea

and the Solomon Isls. most specimens have a conspicuous, often wooly, tomentum

of hairs to c. 1 mm long on the twig apex, leaf bud, and inflorescences.

7. Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair Fig. 1A(7); 7

Myristica spicata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847; (ed. 1874) 744; Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271 in obs.

sub H. smithii Warb. — H. spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair var. spicata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 112, 113,

p.p. — Type: Roxburgh’s description.

M. canariformis B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 190 — H. canariformis (Bl.) Merr., Interpret. Rumph. (1917)

230 — Based on: Palala quarta, P. canariformis, P. dentaria Rumph., Hb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 27 t. 8;

see Sinclair, 1975, 162-165.

H. batjanica Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 275, tab. 21, 1-4 — M. batjanica (Warb.) Boerl., Hand. FI.

Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Introduced by Teysmann in hortus Bogor. (B, lost; iso: FI, n.v.;

original tree still cultivated in Bogor, and collected sub Kostermans 11186, Rastini (220), Sinclair

10035).

H. roxburghii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 277, tab. 21, 1-2. — M. roxburgii (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl.

Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Smith in Hb. Roxburgh (BM; B, BR, n.v.; Q fl., orig. Ternate);

Culta in hortus Bog. (C fl., orig. Ambon) (B, FI, n.v.; lecto: P, tree still in cultivation in Bogor sub

no. IV. G. 90, collected under Sinclair 10037).

H. parviflora auct. non (Roxb.) Sinclair: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 82, p.p.

Tree 2.5-20 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 2-4 mm diam.,

tomentum greyish, with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, early glabrescent; bark striate, pale

brown to whitish brown, usually contrasting with the blackish colour of dried

Fig. 7.

Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair

a, leafy twig with male inflorescences, x 12; b, mature male flower, lateral view, X 6; c, male

flower, opened, showing androecium, x 6; d, male perianth, inner side, showing impression of

androecium, X 6; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x 6; f, twig portion with

female inflorescence, X 12; g, mature female flower, lateral view, < 6; h, ditto, opened,

showing glabrous ovary and 2-lipped stigma, 6; i, twig portion with infructescence, x 2. —

a-d from Beguin 1407; e from Teysmann s.n. (Ambon); f-h from Kostermans s.n. (Hort. Bog.

sub IV.H. 13); i from de Vogel 3206.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 61

petioles and inflorescences, when older not flaking, usually with few coarse len-

ticels. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, 8-30 x 2.5-10 cm,

base attenuate, top acute-acuminate, often densely speckled by paler irregular

pustules of unknown origin, especially beneath; upper surface drying dull greenish

brown to brown, lower surface with very minute scales as on the leaf bud, very

early glabrescent, i.e., glabrous; without larger blackish dots, but often with dense,

very minute, blackish dots; midrib flattish above; nerves 11-17 pairs, thin and

flattish above, tertiary veins very thin, distinct or not on both surfaces; petiole

10-20 x 1.5-3 mm, drying blackish; leaf bud slender, c. 10 xX 1.5-2 mm, densely

pubescent with grey-brown hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences drying

blackish, usually slender, spike-like, early glabrescent, not ramified or the lateral

branches only up to c. 2(-5) mm, common peduncle c. 1-3 cm, not many-flowered,

in CO: 4-10 X c. 1 cm, in Q: c. 2-3 cm long; bracts bluntish, 0.5-1 mm, caducous.

Flowers solitary or 2 together in 9, up to 3 together in ©’, very early glabrescent;

perianths 2-valved; pedicel glabrous (glabrescent), at base inarticulate. Male

perianth + obovoid or short-pear shaped, in lateral view the upper part subcircular

to reniform, laterally rather compressed, about as long as broad or slightly broader

than long, 2.3-3 x 3-3.5 mm, the upper part broadly rounded, base + tapering into

the much tapered pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis split to or nearly to

the base, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium reniform, rather well compressed,

upper part broadly rounded, at base broadly attached, 1.5-1.8 x 2.5 mm,

androphore + absent; anthers (12-)16-22, closely set, + septate only in young state,

free apices 0.1-0.4 mm, little to strongly incurved into the apical cavity which

reaches to c. %4-'4(-%4, see notes). Female perianth subglobose, 2-2.5 x 2.2-2.8

mm, at base passing into the somewhat tapered pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm, at anthesis split

to c. 2-%, valves 0.4-0.5 mm thick; ovary broadly ovoid, glabrous, c. 1.5 x 1.5

mm, stigma minute, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits 1-5 per infructescence,

short-ellipsoid, apex and base rounded, 1.5-2.0 xX 1.2-1.8 cm, glabrous, drying

blackish, without pustules, pericarp c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 4-10 mm long; perianth

not persisting.

Distribution. Moluccas: Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan Isl., Ambon.

Cultivated (origin Bacan Isl., Ambon): Kostermans 11186; Rastini (220); Sinclair 10035, 10037; Hb.

Hasskarl s.n. (Teysmann s.n., 1868, orig. “E. Java’’).

MOROTAI: Kostermans 1014, 1157, 1218, 1256; Lam 3499.

HALMAHERA: Pleyte 409, p.p.; de Vogel 3206, 3289, 3334, 3367, 3434, 3490, 3496, 4391, 4467.

TERNATE: Beguin 1407.

BACAN: b.b. 32787; Hb. Hance s.n.; de Vogel 3529, 3531, 3748.

AMBON: Buwalda 6141; Robinson 240, 1885; Teysmann s.n. (1867).

Ecology. Alluvial soils, deep clay, soil rich in humus, and porous volcanic soil

over schists; 0-1000 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Anunu magilioro (Halmahera), Onguaka (Tobaro lang.,

Halmahera).

Uses. According to the label of de Vogel 3206, the outer bark, mixed with

“Kuleman” (a different species of Horsfieldia), is used for curing hepatitis.

Fig. 8.

Horsfieldia inflexa de Wilde

a, twig portion with male inflorescences, note lined twig, X 12; b, mature male flower, opened,

showing androecium, X 12; c, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x 12; d, twig

portion with female inflorescences axillary to fallen leaves, x 1%; e, mature female flower,

lateral view, X 12; f, ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with broad-lipped stigma, x 12; g,

twig portion with infructescences, X 12; h, portion of lower leaf surface with scattered

dark-coloured non-traumatic cork warts as blackish dots, X 12. — a-c from LAE 52866, type;

d-f from van Royen 3166; g & h from LAE 52862.

:/ he

New account of Horsfieldia 2 63

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers greenish-yellow or ochreish yellow. Mature fruit orange;

aril bright red. Bark often recorded as unfissured, peeling off. Exudate watery, not

or only slightly reddish coloured. Sapwood usually creamish, gradually passing into

the darker coloured heartwood. Buttresses recorded as present and up to 50 cm out

and high, or as absent.

2. This species is clearly recognizable at first glance by its spike-like infloresc-

ences drying blackish, and by the pale twigs rather contrasting with the blackish

colour of the dried petioles and the inflorescences. As presently circumscribed by

me this species is used in a much narrower sense than accepted by Sinclair, who

included also specimens from Celebes, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls., and Banda

and Aru Isls., now referred by me to various different species.

3. Possibly its most closely related species is H. moluccana. Apart from the

characters as used in the key, and pointed out in note 2, H. spicata differs from H.

moluccana by its more membranous leaves. See also note 4.

4. Intermediate specimen. Teysmann s.n. (in L), from Ambon, is intermediate

between H. spicata and the related H. moluccana. It has the diagnostic conspi-

cuously pale twigs, contrasting with the blackish petioles and inflorescences, but

these latter structures are rather ramified, not spicate, with ramifications at the

base c. 6 mm long. The androecium of the flowers of this specimen are hollow for

c. ¥4 and the anthers at one side of the androecium curve into this apical cavity.

Possibly the specimen is a hybrid.

5. Sinclair (1975, p. 122) discussed elaborately the typification of Roxburgh’s

name which is accepted here.

8. Horsfieldia inflexa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(8); 8

Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis usque ad basin 2-valvibus atque antheris inflexis, ex affinitate

gregis H. sepikensem et H. moluccanam amplectens, sed differt virgis valde porcatis atque foliis subtus

punctatis. — Typus: Streimann & Martin LAE 52866 (L).

Tree 10-21 m. Twigs distinctly ridged from petiole to petiole and distinctly

angular especially in the apical portion, 2-5(-7) mm diam., early glabrescent,

tomentum grey-brown, of hairs up to 0.1 mm; bark indistinctly striate, when older

not flaking, lenticels abundantly present but usually not very conspicuous. Leaves

in 2 rows, thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, broadest at about or +

above the middle, 8-20 x 2.5-7.5 cm, base attenuate, tip bluntish to acute-

acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to blackish brown, not or indistinctly

pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent and with + regularly scattered dark

brownish dots (lens X 10!); midrib above slender, flattish or slightly raised; nerves

8-13 pairs, above thin and flat, indistinct, beneath with the marginal arches fairly

regular but indistinct; tertiary venation forming a rather lax network indistinct on

both surfaces; petiole 14-30 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud 10-14 x 1.5-2 mm, with

tomentum, hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences glabrescent or with scat-

tered minute scale-like hairs less than 0.1 mm; in CG: 2(-3) times ramified, the

primary branches rather spike-like, c. 3-10 x 1.5-4.5 cm, in 9: 3-5 cm long;

common peduncle 1-12 mm long; bracts elliptic, 1-3 mm long, with fimbriate

margin, caducous. Flowers solitary or up to 4 together, glabrous; perianth 2-valved;

pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulated. Male perianth subglobose, generally slightly

64 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

broader than long, not or but little laterally compressed, sometimes (together with

the pedicel) slightly pear-shaped, c. 2.2-2.5 x 2.5-3 mm, upper part broadly

rounded, lower part rounded or slightly tapering; pedicel 1-2 mm long, glabrous;

perianth at anthesis split to almost reaching the base (c. 10), valves 0.2-0.5 mm

thick, not collapsing on drying. Androecium bluntly quadrangular in outline,

sometimes broader than long, broadly rounded above, laterally compressed, c. 1.5

x 1.5-2.0 mm; anthers 10-12(-14?), septate when young, c. 1.5-2 mm long, free

apices c. 0.7-1.0 mm (i.e., anthers upper half free), at one side of the androecium

strongly incurved into the hollow almost reaching the base; androphore 0-0.1 mm

long. Female perianths ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2.0-2.5 x 2 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. %,

valves c. 0.5 mm thick; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5 x 1.2 mm,

glabrous, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm broad. Fruits solitary or up to

6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded to subacute, base + rounded, c. 2.0 x

1.4-1.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, without or with small tubercles or

lenticels only; dry valves c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 2-6 mm long; perianth not per-

sisting.

Distribution. Northern part of New Guinea. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop, Geelvink

Bay, Jayapura; Northern Papua New Guinea: West Sepik.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya (northern) (incl. Vogelkop, Japen Isl., Meos Noem): Aet & Idjan (exp.

van Dijk) 389; b.b. 21812, 25724, 30376, 30617, 30945; BW (Schram) 6046, (Iwanggin) 10021, (Moll)

11672; Pleyte 736; van Royen 3166. — Papua New Guinea (northern), West Sepik: (Streimann &

Martin) LAE 52862; 52866.

Ecology. Primary and old secondary forest on alluvial soils, e.g., sandy clay, also

in hilly forest, swamp forest; 0-400 m alt. Flowers throughout the year, fruits from

September to November.

Vernacular names. Kamopi (Roberbai, Japen Isl.), Madak (Mooi lang., Vogel-

kop), Teenjak (Tehid lang., Vogelkop).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, buttresses absent. Bark shallowly longitudinally

fissured, not or slightly peeling off; slash reddish brown, sapwood whitish red or

cream, heartwood not differentiated. Flowers green, turning yellow, fragrant.

Fruits yellowish-orange.

2. Besides a few species like H. glabra and H. punctatifolia from Western Malesia

this is the only other Horsfieldia but the only one in New Guinea with specifically

typical largish blackish dots on the lower leaf surface. These dots are apparently of

the same nature as those in series Punctatae of the genus Knema, and have been

identified as cork warts of non-traumatic origin.

3. Specimens of the present new species were included by Sinclair in his H.

spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which is presently regarded as

representing several distinct species, among which H. sepikensis, H. moluccana

(var. petiolaris) and H. olens.

4. H. inflexa is obviously closely allied with H. moluccana, and can also be

confused with the closely related species H. angularis and H. basifissa.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 65

H. moluccana has generally rather pear-shaped male flowers (incl. pedicel), which

may also be the case in certain specimens of our present H. inflexa, e.g., BW 6046

from Vogelkop; H. moluccana differs, however, by its terete or only faintly lined

twigs, and its non-punctate leaves. H. inflexa may resemble H. moluccana very

much in the general shape and texture of the leaves, including the relatively long

petioles. H. angularis differs by its non-punctate leaves, hairy flowers, the

androecium with a central narrow crevice and its straight anthers. H. basifissa has,

in contrast, terete or only faintly ridged twigs, differing further by various charac-

ters of the male flower including the androecium.

5. The specrments BW 10021 and b.b. 30617 from Japen Isl. resemble H.

parviflora in their rather unbranched spike-like inflorescences; H. parviflora has

more pronounced pear-shaped flowers and twigs which are paler and not angular.

In most of the specimens of H. inflexa, the male inflorescences are distinctly

ramified whereas the lateral branches are almost unbranched and are spike-like.

9. Horsfieldia moluccana de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(9)

Horsfieldia olivaeformis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 352, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2

(1935) 152, p.p. — Myristica olivaeformis (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 —

Type: Irian Jaya, Sorong (Vogelkop), Beccari 17] (FI, n.v., identity not sure, see notes).

Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvibus pyriformibus atque antheris inflexis, eis H.

spicatae similibus, ab eo differt virgis in sicco dense brunnescentibus atque inflorescentiis valde ramosis

non spicatis. — Typus: Kostermans 673 a (L).

Tree, 8-20(-30) m. Twigs terete, not ridged, or sometimes slightly angular,

towards the apex 2-5 mm diam., early glabrescent; tomentum with hairs 0.1-0.3

mm; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels conspicuous to inconspicuous.

Leaves in 2 rows, thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, (6-)8-25 x

2.5-8.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous

to brown, usually minutely pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent, without

dark brown dots; midrib slender above, flat; nerves 6-15 pairs, above thin, flat,

indistinct, beneath with the marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation + fine,

indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 10-26 x 1-2 mm; leaf bud 6-12 x 1-2 mm, with

hairs 0.1-0.3 mm. Inflorescences sparsely pubescent, hairs stellate, c. 0.1 mm or

less, in CG: (1-)2-3 times ramified (sometimes not or hardly ramified, i.e., spike-

like, see notes), 5-11 x 2-5 cm, in 9 up to 5 cm long; common peduncle 5-20 mm;

bracts + oblong, 1.5-4 mm long, thinly pubescent, caducous. Flowers from solitary

to 4 together, glabrous; perianths 2-valved; pedicels glabrous, inarticulate at base.

Male perianth (incl. pedicel) pear-shaped, laterally much to little compressed,

about as broad as long to slightly broader than long, 1.5-2.5(-3) « 2.2-3.8 mm,

upper part broadly rounded, the lower 3 tapering into the tapered pedicel 2-3(-

3.5) mm; perianth at anthesis split to c. 74-5, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium

laterally compressed, broadly transversely ellipsoid or kidney-shaped in outline,

broadly rounded above, c. 1.1-1.5 1.4-2.8 mm; anthers (7-) 10-18, not septate, c.

1.5-2.0 mm long, free apices 0.1-0.5 mm, only at one side of the androecium

strongly incurved; androecium hollow for at least 73; androphore 0-0.1 mm long.

Female perianths broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.8-2.2 x 2.0-2.2 mm, cleft at anthesis to

Y2-¥5, valves c. 0.3 mm thick; pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, glabrous, c. 1-1.5

x 1 mm, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits solitary or 2-6 per

infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded to subacute, 1.3-2.8 x 1.1-1.7 cm, glabrous,

drying brown or blackish, without or with sparse tubercles; dry valves 1-2 mm

thick; stalk 2-5 mm long; perianth not persisting.

66 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Distribution. Northern Moluccas, West New Guinea.

NOTES

1. A variable species with 4 varieties, closely related to H. spicata and H.

tuberculata. With H. spicata there occur a few specimens intermediate to var.

moluccana discussed in the notes. H. spicata has the generally deeply asymmetrical-

ly incurved anthers in common with H. moluccana, but the former differs in the

pale twigs and the (almost) spike-like male inflorescences. H. tuberculata has

largely a solid staminal column, hollowed at the apex only for the upper 5-4. See

further notes under the varieties.

2. Unfortunately I have not seen the type of H. olivaeformis. If it turns out to be

identical with the present new species, it would then have priority. Sinclair lumped

this name in his large concept of H. spicata, from which the present new species is

segregated.

The type of H. olivaeformis, Beccari 171, has been described as having a glabrous

ovary, the fruits rather narrow, c. 2.3 cm long and its pericarp thin, the leaf blades

10-15 cm and petioles almost 10-15 cm long. In fruit size it agrees with var. robusta,

known from the same area, but the petioles in that are distinctly longer than those

described for H. olivaeformis.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES

la. Hairs of leaf bud rather woolly-rust pubescent, hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long. Vogelkop: Fak-Fak

Sim H Paphagin dy bint «ed amin guia dp a hile s Wbediad ee ao bpeatebae vaerad REECE idk etcetera d. var. pubescens

b.’ Hairs of leaf bud up-toc. 0. Bina oi as 02S 500, con apne gore toned eae er eae oe 2

2a. Petioles 10-15 mm long. Male perianth 2.5-3 mm wide. Morotai, Obi Isls. .......... a. var. moluccana

b. Petioles (10-) 15-25 mm long, generally longer in proportion to the smaller blade. New Guinea .... 3

3a. Leaf blades 7-15 cm long. Fruits 1.3-1.8 cm long. Male perianth 2-2.5 mm wide ..... b. var. petiolaris

b. Leaf blades 13-23 cm long. Fruits 2.2-3.0 cm long. Male perianth 3.5-3.8 mm wide ... ¢. var. robusta

a. var. moluccana Fig. 1A(9)

Leaf blades 9-22 x 4-8 cm; petioles (8-)10-20 mm. Tomentum of leaf bud

composed of hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Male perianths 2.0-3.0 x 2.7-3.3 mm,

pedicel 2-3 mm long. Fruits c. 1.5 cm long.

Distribution. Northern Moluccas: Morotai, Obi Isls.

MOLUCCAS (Northern). Morotai: Tankilisan (exp. Kostermans) 250 (= b.b. 33920); Kostermans

673a, 899, 1513, 7888; Lam 3459, 3510. — Obi Isls.: de Vogel 4099, 4105, 4111, 4121, 4137, 4193, 4240,

4253, 4298, 4303.

Ecology. Well-drained forests on clayey soil, volcanic soil, alluvial soil rich in

humus, also flat land just behind the mangrove; recorded from over limestone, or

at base of serpentine-rock, or on very porous nickel-containing soil; 0-600 m alt.

Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 67

Vernacular names. Gosora (Ternate lang.), Kuleman (Morotai), Pala hutan

(Malay lang.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Recorded as a straight tall tree, to 30 m. Bark peeling off or not.

Once reported to have prop roots up to 1.5 m. Exudate from bark watery, turning

pink, later turning brownish. Flowers yellow, once recorded as red.

2. Sinclair included a large part of the present taxon in his concept of H.

parviflora. In the present revision H. parviflora is accepted in a narrower sense,

and is mainly characterised by more roundish (not pear-shaped) male perianths,

and by shorter petioles. H. spicata is closely related but differs in the paler colour of

the dried twigs, the generally spike-like male inflorescences and the more membra-

nous leaves. See also note 3.

3. Specimens intermediate to H. spicata. The male inflorescences of de Vogel

4253, from Obi Isls at sea level, are spike-like. In all other aspects, including

chartaceous leaves, short and robust male perianths and brown twigs, it is identical

with other material from there. De Vogel 4193, also from the same source, has the

inflorescences almost spike-like and are thus reminiscent of those in H. spicata. Its

leaves are membranous and it may be a hybrid; it was collected from a secondary

regrowth at c. 200 m. alt. One should note that the lectotype of H. roxburghii

Warb. (in this treatment, a synonym of H. spicata) is from a tree cultivated in

Bogor Botanic Gardens, with Ambon as its provenance; it has inflorescences which

are rather branched, not strictly spike-like and thus it looks intermediate between

H. moluccana and H. spicata.

b. var. petiolaris de Wilde, var. nov.

Gemmae indumentum brevissimum, maxime c. 0.1 mm longum, petiolo proportione longo, 1-2 cm

longo, foliorum pagina c. 7-15 cm longa, perianthiis masculis 2-2.5 mm latis, fructibus c. 1.5 cm longis.

— Typus: van Royen 5388 (L).

Leaf blades 6-15(-19) x 2.5-6.5(-7) cm; petioles proportionally long, 10-20 mm.

Tomentum of leaf bud composed of hairs up to 0.1 mm long. Male perianth 1.5-2.2

x 2.2-2.4 mm and pedicel 2-3.5 mm long. Fruits 1.5-1.8 cm long.

Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop; Islands in Geelvink Bay (Noemfoer, Meos

Waar, Japen Isl.); Waigeo Isl.

IRIAN JAYA: b.b. 30587, 32987; (Koster) BW 1018, 1201, 1283; BW 1295; (Kalkman) BW 6255;

(Koster) BW 13535; van Royen 5388, 5396.

Ecology. Locally common in forests on sandy or stony-clayey soils; Calophyllum-

Ficus forest; 0-100 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Beterohooi (Manikiong lang.), Kamojer (Noemfoer lang.),

Mbowak (Tehid lang.), Sebohongwa (Manikiong lang. ).

Uses. Fruits once reported as edible and sour.

68 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark flaking. Flowers greenish. Fruits yellow or orange-yellow,

seed aril red.

2. Sinclair included the specimens of var. petiolaris in his H. spicata var.

sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair; here I have, however, kept H. sepikensis as a separate

species, characterized by a 3-valved perianth.

c. var. robusta de Wilde, var. nov.

Gemmae indumentum c. 0.1 mm longum, petiolis c. 1.5-2.5 cm longis, foliorum pagina 13-23 cm

longa, perianthiis masculus c. 3.5 mm latis, fructibus c. 2.5 cm longis. — Typus: van Royen & Sleumer

6682 (L).

Leaf blades 12-22(-25) x 3.5-8(-9) cm; petioles 12-26 mm. Tomentum of leaf bud

consisting of hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Male perianths 2.5-3 xX 3.5-3.8 mm, pedicel c. 3

mm. Fruits 2.2-3.0 cm long.

Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop Penins.; Batanta Isl.

IRIAN JAYA: (Moll) BW 9775; van Royen 3548; van Royen & Sleumer 6682.

Ecology. Secondary and coastal forest, on limestone; 0-15 m. Flowers and fruits

throughout the year.

Vernacular name. Kamore (Biak dial.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark flaking. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Fruits yellow.

2. Sinclair included the present variety in his H. spicata var. spicata. He has

annotated on the type sheet (van Royen and Sleumer 6682) that it looked to him

intermediate to H. sepikensis (in Sinclair’s sense).

3. Var. robusta is a form similar to var. petiolaris but is coarser in all aspects: the

leaves, flowers and fruits are all larger. It superficially resembles H. tuberculata,

which differs in the generally shorter petioles, the androecium — the anthers not

strongly inflexed into the cavity — as is the case in the present var. robusta.

d. var. pubescens de Wilde, var. nov.

Gemma lanata, e pilis c. 0.3 mm longis composita. — Typus: Vink BW 15370 (L; iso: K).

Leaf blades (6-)8-14 x (2.5-)3-5 cm; petioles (9-)11-18 mm long. Tomentum of

leaf bud + woolly, composed of hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruits c.

1.3 cm long.

Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop Penins.

IRIAN JAYA. Vogelkop Penins.: BW (Iwanggin) 5640, (Schram) 6153, (Iwanggin) 10153, (Vink)

15370. |

New account of Horsfieldia 2 69

Ecology. Common in primary and secondary forest on clayey soil or sandy clay

over limestone; 50-300 m. alt. Fruits in March and May.

Vernacular names. Kamorei (Biak lang.), Medak (Mooi lang.), Sémies, Simies

(Maibrat lang.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Tree to 16 m; buttresses up to 1 m high, 0.5 m wide; bark strongly

peeling. Inner bark reported as with much red and clear exudate. Wood white.

Fruits light green. Most collections are from limestone.

2. This variety appears to be almost identical with the var. petiolaris, except for

the more woolly tomentum. In Horsfieldia, usually the nature of the tomentum has

appeared to be of taxonomic significance. Flowers are not known.

3. The bark of the older wood in the Kew duplicate of BW 15370 is one that

flakes strongly; that in the Leiden specimen and some other collections, of older

twigs behind the leaves, is one that does not or flakes minimally.

4. Sinclair included the specimens of the present variety in his H. spicata var.

sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, as those of the preceding variety.

10. Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair Fig. 1A(10)

Myristica microcarpa Willd. in Roem. & Usteri, Bot. Mag. 3, 9 (1790) 27; Sp. Pl. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 871 (excl.

var. 8 = 7. H. spicata, incl. var. Y ). — Based on Palala ‘‘kitjil”, P. minima Rumph.; var. Y based on

P. globularia Rumph.; identity doubtful, see Sinclair 1975, p. 168-170.

M. parviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847; (ed. 1874) 744; Icones 2574. — H. parviflora (Roxb.)

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 82. — Type: Roxburgh’s description and figure.

M. tingens Bl., Rumph. 1 (1837) 190 — Horsfieldia sp. Merr., Int. Rumph. (1917) 231 — Based on

Palala minima, P. tertia, P. tingens Rumph., Herb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 27, t. 7 f. A-B; see Sinclair

1975, p. 161.

M. globularia B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 191, t. 64, fig. 2 (non Lamk.) — Pyrrhosa globularia (B1.) Hassk..

Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. (1844) 174 — H. globularia (B|.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 288, t. 21 (1-4). —

Palala globularia (= P. quinta) Rumph., Herb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 28, t. 9 f. a-b (see Sinclair 1975, p.

165-167). — Type: Blume’s figure, and Zippel s.n. (Ambon, ‘“‘mas’’), a sterile specimen.

M. bivalvis Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 107; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 307, pl. 139.

— H. bivalvis (Hook.f.) Merr., Phil. J. Sc. Bot. 2 (1916) (issued Jan. 1917) 271; Sinclair, Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 379, fig. 32, pl. VIII B. — Type: Murton 149 (K).

H. globularia var. minahassae Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 617. — H. minahassae (Warb.) Koord., FI.

N.O. Cel. (1898) 70 — Type: Koorders 18123 8 (BO), 18124 6 (BO), 18146 8 (BO, L), 18164 6 (BO:

L, lecto).

Tree 10-20 m. Twigs in apical portion somewhat flattened but not angular, lower

down terete, not ridged, 2-5(-10) mm diam., glabrescent from a minute tomentum

composed of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, brown when older not flaking,

lenticels smallish, abundant, not very conspicuous. Leaves in two rows, membra-

nous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest at or slightly above the middle,

8-23 x 2.5-7.5 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying

olivaceous to dark brown, dull, faintly finely paler punctate-pustulate or not (rarely

with pale, irregularly shaped marks as in H. irya), lower surface early glabrescent,

70 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

without blackish dots; midrib flat above; nerves 10-15 pairs, flattish and inconspi-

cuous above, marginal arches not distinct; tertiary venation indistinct, forming a

rather fine network; petiole 6-16 X 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud slender, c. 6-13 x 1-2 mm,

with hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences with sparse to dense tomentum of

hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in both CO and Q 3-4 times ramified, many flowered, (4-)6-10 x

4-8 cm, common peduncle 1-2 cm long; bracts pubescent, elliptic to oblong, 2-5 mm

long, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 2-4 each, perianths 2-valved, glabrous

or in sometimes minutely pubescent at base, pedicels sparsely pubescent with the

hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, at base inarticulate. Male perianth + obtriangular to

transversely ellipsoid, somewhat laterally compressed, 2.2-3.0 x 2.5-4 mm, upper

part broadly rounded, at base short-attenuate, rather firm, on drying not collaps-

ing, often bright brown or with a grey-blue tinge; pedicel slender, 1-2 mm long.

Perianth at anthesis cleft to c. /2-way, valves (0.1-)0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium

transversely ellipsoid or + obtriangular, only slightly or not laterally compressed,

largely hollow, (1.0-)1.6-2.2 x 1.6-3.0 mm; anthers (18-)20-25, mutually complete-

ly connate, forming a thin-walled cup, the anthers (sometimes only of one side of

the androecium) completely inflexed from their middle and reaching nearly to the

bottom of the cup; free apices of anthers 0-0.1 mm; androphore rather narrow,

(O-)0.1-0.3 mm long. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. (2.5-)3-3.5 x 2.5 mm, at anthesis

cleft to c. 4%, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm, thinly pubescent with the

hairs c. 0.1 mm; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2-2.3 x 1.5 mm, glabrous, style and

stigma minute, 2(-3)-lobed, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits 2-10 per infructescence, ellip-

soid to nearly globose, 1.1-1.6 x 1.0-1.3 cm, glabrous, finely granulate, not or

hardly tuberculate, drying brown; dry valves 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 2-4 mm;

perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Celebes (incl. Kabaéna Isl.); Moluccas: Ceram, Ambon; running

wild in the Gardens Jungle of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.

Cultivated. Java (Bot. Garden Bogor): Forbes 1184a; Rastini 105, (206), (223); Woerjantoro 99. —

Singapore (Bot. Garden): Ding Hou 134; Murton 149; Ridley s.n., 393; Furtado SFN 34818; Sinclair

7493.

CELEBES: b.b. 5432, 8459, 13748, 20754; Elbert 3457; Koorders 18146 fB, 18164 B; Meijer 11286.

CERAM: Kuswata & Soepadmo 86, 236.

AMBON: Kuswata & Soepadmo 292; de Vriese & Teysmann s.n.; de Vriese s.n.; Zippel s.n. (“‘mas’’).

Ecology. Forests; once recorded from sandy loam; 0-600 m alt. Flowers and

fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Kolantie, Niniwo (Celebes).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Tree without buttresses. Bark smooth or fissured. Wood whitish.

Flowers yellow, fragrant; anthers yellowish-white. Fruits ramiflorous, yellow to

light brown. Aril bright red, once recorded as yellow (unripe?).

2. Variation. The male flowers of Koorders 18146 f (syntype of H. globularia var.

minahasae), and those of e.g., Ding Hou 134 (Bot. Garden Singapore) are

relatively large, the perianths being as wide as c. 4 mm.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 at

The androecium of b.b. 13748 (N. Celebes) is relatively short, measuring c. 1 Xx

2.5 mm; its flower are small, c 3 mm in width.

Kuswata & Soepadmo 236, W. Ceram, has comparatively small fruits, c. 1.1 x

1.0 cm.

Elbert 3457 (Kabaéna Isl., limestone; S. Celebes) has rather large fruits, c. 1.6

cm long, with a distinct pseudo-stalk 1.5-2 mm long.

3. H. parviflora is easily distinguished by the smooth and rather inflated male

perianths, which do not collapse on drying, are + obtriangular to transversely

ellipsoid in lateral view, and usually dry to a bluish or reddish-brown tinge. The

androecium is largely hollow, inflated, cupshaped, composed of anthers connate

along the whole length; the distal end from approximately 12-way curved into the

androecium, almost reaching the bottom.

4. In Sinclair’s sense, H. parviflora has a much wider circumscription than is

accepted here. The material he included is here referred to various different species

such as H. obscurinervia and the variable H. laevigata.

5. Typification. H. parviflora was described on a female specimen cultivated in

the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, and apparently no authentic material is pre-

served. Sinclair (p. 88, 122) discussed elaborately the identity of Roxburgh’s

descriptions.

Although named ‘parviflora’ because of the female flowers, our present species

has male perianths of 2.5-4 mm wide, which is among the largest in Horsfieldia.

11. Horsfieldia obscurinervia Merr. Fig. 1A(11)

H. obscurinervia Merr., Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 12, 5 (1917) 265; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182. — Type: de

Mesa & Magistrado FB 26503 (iso: K).

Hi. ramosii Merr., Phil. J. Sc. 17, 3 (Sept. 1920) (1921) 254; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182. — Type:

Ramos BS 35047 (PNH, n.v. (iso: K).

Tree c. 11 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1.5-4 mm diam., glabrescent from a

minute tomentum of greyish hairs less than 0.1 mm long; bark finely striate, when

older not flaking; lenticels present, rather distinct. Leaves in two rows, char-

taceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-14 x 2-4 cm, broadest at or slightly

above the middle, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying

olivaceous to brown, + glossy, lower surface early glabrescent, without larger dark

dots; midrib flat above to slightly raised; nerves 7-15 pairs, slender, very inconspi-

cuous on both surfaces, marginal arches very inconspicuous; tertiary venation

hardly visible; petiole 6-15 x 1-1.5 mm; leafbud c. 6-10 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1

mm long or less. Inflorescences sparingly pubescent or subglabrous with hairs c.

0.1-0.3 mm long; in GC: 2-3 times ramified, rather few-flowered, c. 3-4 x 2-3 cm,

common peduncle 5-10 mm; bracts and bracteoles not seen, caducous; 9 infloresc-

ences not seen. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, perianths 2-valved, glabrous;

pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subobtriangular, broadly

rounded above, + cuneate at base, c. 2 X 2.2 mm, rather firm, on drying not

collapsing, bright brown, pedicel slender, c. 1 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to

c. ¥2-way, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium + obtriangular or obovoid,

72 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

narrowed to the base, only slightly laterally compressed, thickish, c. 1.5 X 1.2 mm,

largely hollow; anthers 11 or. 12 (1.e., 11 or 12 thecae on each side), almost

completely connate, forming a firm thick-walled cup reaching to c. % of the

androecium, the anthers at one side deeply inflexed into and almost completely

filling the cup; free apices of anthers 0-0.1 mm; androphore narrow, short, c. 0.1

mm long. Female perianths not seen. Fruits 2-5 on once or twice ramified stalk,

infructescences 2-3 cm long; fruits short-ellipsoid, 1.1-1.3 x 0.9-1.1 cm, almost

glabrescent but with minute dendroid hairs at base (hence ovary pubescent), finely

granulate, not tuberculate, drying (reddish) brown; dry valves 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk

2-5 mm; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Philippines: Luzon.

PHILIPPINES: de Mesa & Magistrado FB 26503; Ramos & Edano BS 33693; Ramos BS 35047.

Ecology. On low hills at c. 20 m. Flowers in July, fruits November and De-

cember.

Vernacular name. Duguan.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Small tree; flowers yellow.

2. Related to H. parviflora from the Moluccas on account of the a!most similar

flower structure; H. parviflora differs by its larger membranous leaves, larger male

perianths of 2.5-4 mm width, more (18-25) anthers, thinner-walled and deeper

androecium-cup, with the anthers usually inflexed at both sides of the androecium,

and the glabrous ovary and fruit.

3. Sinclair (p. 83, 90) treated H. obscurinervia as a synonym of H. parviflora.

12. Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (DC.) Warb. Fig. 1A(12); 9

Myristica ardisiifolia A. DC., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (1855) 31, t. 4; Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203

(ardisiaefolia). — H. ardisiifolia (DC.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 274; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28

(1975) 3. — Type: Cuming 1702 (iso: L).

H. warburgiana Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3 (1911) 1061; Merr., En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 183. — Type:

Elmer 12297 (iso: K & L, only the fruits, see the notes).

H. gigantifolia Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 9, 123 (1925) 3120, 3129; 10, 136 (1939) 3763, nom. nud. —

Type: Elmer 17220 (iso: L).

Tree 5-10 m. Twigs flattened in the apical part, 2-angular, lower down terete with

two distinct ridges from petiole to petiole, 3-6(-13) mm diam., early glabrescent

from the bright rusty tomentum composed of hairs 0.3-0.5(-0.8) mm long; bark

rather smooth to striate, distinctly lenticellate; not flaking when older. Leaves in 2

rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, 20-40 x 5.5-15 cm, base nearly

rounded to attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to

blackish-brown, finely minutely paler pustulate or not, lower surface early glabres-

cent except for some tomentum remaining on the midrib, consisting of rather

coarse hairs 0.3-0.5 mm; larger dark dots absent; midrib fairly broad, flattish

above; nerves 18-28 pairs, slender above, flattish, the marginal arches rather

Fig. 9.

Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (A. DC.) Warb.

a, leafy twig apex, note ridged twig, x 2; b, twig portion with male inflorescence in axil of

fallen leaf, x %; c, mature male flower, lateral view, X 6; d, ditto, opened, showing

androecium, X 6; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, X 12; f, mature female

flower, lateral view, X 6; g, ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with minute stigmas, X 6; h,

twig portion with infructescence with ripe fruits. — a, Ramos BS 39770; b, Sulit PNH 6236; c-e,

Elmer 12337; f & g, Elmer 17220; h, Conklin PNH 17461.

74 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

regular and distinct beneath; tertiary venation forming an inconspicuous lax net-

work; petiole 13-16 x 3-4.5 mm. Leaf bud 10-20 x 3-4 mm, pubescent with hairs

0.3-0.8 mm long. Inflorescences thinly pubescent with stellate-dendroid hairs c. 0.3

mm; in ©: 3-4 times ramified, rather many-flowered, broadly pyramidal, c. 7-16 x

6-14 cm, common peduncle 5-10(-20) mm; in @: 4-8 cm long. Bracts broadly ovate,

pubescent, c. 3-4 mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or 2-4 together, perianths

2-valved, glabrous, pedicels glabrous or glabrescent from sparse hairs, slender, at

base inarticulate. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid or reniform, moderately

laterally compressed, drying dull, + collapsed on drying or not, 2.5-3 x 4-4.5 mm,

above broadly rounded, below broadly rounded to sometimes with a basal sinus;

pedicel 1-2(-4) mm, glabrous or with few scattered hairs 0.2-0.3 mm; perianth at

anthesis cleft to c. Y5-%, valves c. 0.2(-0.3) mm thick. Androecium broadly trans-

versely ellipsoid, slightly laterally flattened, hollow, c. 1.5 x 3-3.5 mm, anthers

(18-)20-24, for c. '2-way connate and forming a cup in which the anthers from one

side are deeply inflexed, the anthers from the other side for a large part overarching

the former; anthers sometimes slightly sagged at base, hiding the rather narrow

androphore c. 0.2-0.3 mm long. Female perianth subglobose-ovoid, c. 2.5 mm

diam., at anthesis cleft to c. /2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 2(-2.5) mm

long, (sub)glabrous; ovary broadly ovoid-subglobose, 1.5-1.7 mm diam., glabrous,

stigmas sessile, as 2 minute lobes c. 0.1-0.2 mm. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence,

broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 20-25 x 17-20 mm, glabrous (or possibly with few

minute hairs at base), finely rugulose, without marked tubercles, drying (reddish-

)brown; dry valves 1.5-2 mm thick; stalk 3-6 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Philippines: Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Samar, Leyte.

PHILIPPINES: Brass 1220; BS (Bermejos) 1518, (Ramos) 39770, 40823, 46414; Cuming 1702; Elmer

7094, 12067, 12297, 12337, 17220; For. Bur. (Parras & Aduviso) 28297; Gaudichaud s.n.; PNH

(Celestino & Castro) 1925, (Sulit) 6236; (Conklin) 17461.

Ecology. Lowland forest in moist valleys. Flowers and fruits throughout the year;

0- c. 400 m.

Vernacular names. Aragay (Mangalang, Mindoro), Dagoan (C. Biscuay), Tapol

(Tagbilaran), Lagasi (Biscuay Isl.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers reported as yellow or lemon yellow, fragrant. Fruits

orange-red.

2. According to Sinclair (p. 5) this species is closely related to H. spicata.

Sinclair’s idea of H. spicata embodied several taxa, which are presently regarded as

different species because of differences in the androecium. As can be seen from the

present key to the species it is now considered as being close to species like H.

parviflora and H. smithii from the Moluccas, i.e., of the group with anthers strongly

incurved or inflexed into the androecium-cup. H. ardisiifolia is quite distinct by its

stout habit, with thick twigs which are winged or ridged, large leaves, coarse

tomentum on the leaf bud, large male perianths (4-4.5 mm wide), broad

androecium with the anthers deeply incurved and clasping each other.

3. Of the type of H. warburgiana, Elmer 12297, | have seen only two isotypes, in

K and L. They are conspecific and consist of a leafy twig, and fruits in an attached

New account of Horsfieldia 2 75

envelope. The fruits belong to H. ardisiifolia, but the leafy twigs are most likely H.

macrocoma, a species which is recently referred by me to a new genus Endocomia

(1984).

In 1959 Sinclair identified Elmer 12297 in L as H. ardisiifolia but later he

regarded that name a synonym of H. brachiata var. sumatrana, a taxon of which the

Philippine specimens are presently referred by me to various other species.

13. Horsfieldia talaudensis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(13)

Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvatis atque antheris inflexis, ex affinitate H. ardisiifoliae,

ab ea differt virgis teretibus non-angularibus, perianthio minore c. 2.5 mm diam. atque pedicellis

pubescentibus. Typus: Lam 2628 (L).

Tree 15-35 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 2-4(-7) mm diam., early

glabrescent, tomentum scarce, composed of hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark striate, not

flaking when older, lenticels rather inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous

to chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 8-30 x 2.5-10 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-

acuminate, finely paler pustulate on both surfaces; upper surface drying greenish to

dark brown, lower surface bright brown, early-glabrescent, hairs minute, stellate-

scaly, 0.1 mm long or less, dark dots absent; midrib flat above; nerves 12-20 pairs,

above slender, flat, inconspicuous, marginal arches not distinct, tertiary veins thin,

indistinct on both surfaces; petioles 10-18 x 1.5-3 mm, leaf bud c. 10 X 2 mm, with

hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, c. 3 times

ramified, in & and Q c. 4-8 x 3-4 cm, rather many-flowered, common peduncle

1.5-2 cm; bracts broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, densely pubescent, 1.5-3 mm long, cadu-

cous. Flowers in © in clusters of 2-3 each, perianths 2-valved, glabrous; pedicel

pubescent, at base inarticulated. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid, only little

laterally compressed, c. 2-2.2 X 2.5-3 mm, broadly rounded above and at the base,

glabrous, drying brown, not collapsing; pedicel slender, 1-1.5 mm, rather densely

pubescent with grey or pale brown hairs c. 0.1 mm; perianth at anthesis cleft to

*/3-Y5, valves rather firm, c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium transversely ellipsoid to

reniform, not much compressed, c. 1.5 X 2 mm; anthers c. 18, closely set, connate

for about ’2-way and forming a + saucer-shaped cup or cavity into which the free

apical halves of the anthers are inflexed; young anthers septate; androphore

slender, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Female flowers not seen. Fruits 3-10 per infructescence,

short-ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.5-1.6 x 1.3-1.4cm, glabrescent, tomentum

of stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm or less (hence ovary pubescent), drying brown, without

conspicuous tubercles, dry valves c. 1.5 mm thick, stalk 3-4 mm long; perianth not

persisting.

Distribution. Moluccas: Talaud Isls. (Karakelong); possibly Celebes: Minahassa

(see notes). ;

CELEBES. Minahassa: Koorders 18136 8 (doubtful, see notes).

MOLUCCAS. Talaud Isls.: Lam 2638, 2650, 2811, 2929.

Ecology. Old forest on mountain slopes; 70-200 m alt. Flowers in April, fruits in

April and May.

Vernacular name. Laran’a.

76 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Tree to 35 m. Ripe fruits orange or brownish yellow.

2. Possibly endemic on the Talaud Isls. A species of the group with the

androecium having strongly inflexed anthers, characterised by the firm, transverse-

ly ellipsoid to subglobose male perianth, by the anthers connate to c. 12-way, by

hairy, short but slender pedicels, and by the pubescent ovary (thinly pubescent

young fruit).

3. The specimen from the Minahassa (Celebes; Koorders 18136 8) is sterile but

agrees vegetatively, in the leaf colour and texture, and very well with the fruiting

specimens from Talaud Isls.

4. The specimens belonging to the present new species were included by Sinclair

in H. parviflora, a species presently accepted in a much narrower sense.

14. Horsfieldia samarensis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(14)

Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvibus et antheris profunde inflexis, ex affinitate H.

ardistifoliae atque H. talaudensis, ab H. ardisiifolia differt virigis non-angularibus et floribus minoribus,

ab H. talaudensi antheris inflexis solum ad umum androecii latus atque pedicellis perianthio longioribus.

— Typus: Gutierrez PNH 147374 (L).

Tree 5 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1.5-3.5 mm diam., early

glabrescent, tomentum minute, of greyish hairs less than 0.1 mm; bark finely

striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows,

membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 7-11 x 2-3 cm, base attenuate,

tip acute-acuminate, not finely, paler pustulate: upper surface drying dull olli-

vaceous, lower surface bright brown, early glabrescent, hairs sparse, less than

0.1 mm, without dark dots; midrib slightly raised above; nerves 10-13 pairs, above

slender, flat, rather contrasting in colour; marginal arches on lower surface faint but

rather regularly looping; tertiary venation inconspicuous on both surfaces; petioles

c. 8-10 x 1-1.5 mm, leaf bud c. 10 X 1 mm, with hairs less than 0.1 mm.

Inflorescences glabrescent or thinly pubescent by stellate scales c. 0.1 mm or less,

rather slender, in CG’: 2-3 times ramified, 3-4 xX 1.5-2.5 cm, rather few-flowered,

common peduncle c. 1-1.5 cm; bracts not seen, caducous. Male flowers solitary or

in loose clusters of 2 or 3 together; perianths 2-valved, glabrous, pedicels glabrous,

at base inarticulate. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid, only slightly laterally

compressed, 2-2.2 2.5-2.7 mm, above and below broadly rounded, drying brown,

firm, not collapsing, glabrous; pedicel slender, (1.5-)2-3 mm long, glabrous;

perianth at anthesis cleft to 73-%, the valves rather firm, 0.2(-0.3) mm thick.

Androecium broadly obovoid to transversely short-ellipsoid, 1.2-1.3 x 1.4-1.5 mm,

thickish, 0.8-0.9 mm thick; anthers 14 or 15, closely set, septate when immature,

largely connate and forming a rather thick-walled saucer-shaped cup into which the

anthers at one side inflect deeply nearly to the base, clasping and covering the

other anthers, the inflexed parts of the anthers mutually free; androphore narrow,

(0-)0.1 mm long. Female flowers and fruits not seen.

Distribution. Philippines: Samar Isl. (only known from the type).

Ecology. North slope, 600-800 ft. Flowers in May.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 77

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Tree c. 5 m tall, dbh c. 6 cm. Inflorescence (flowers) green.

2. According to the flower structure related to H. talaudensis, but differing in

several points. H. talaudensis is stouter, with male inflorescences stouter, more

densely pubescent; its pedicels are shorter (shorter than the perianth) and densely

pubescent, the perianth somewhat larger, the androecium with the anthers inflexed

from both sides into the cavity.

3. The specimen on which the present new species is based was collected after

Sinclair’s revision.

15. Horsfieldia smithii Warb. Fig. 1A(15)

H. smithii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 270, t. 21, 1-3. — Myristica smithii (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. FI.

Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 — Type: Smith s.n. (1797, in BM sheet numbered 296) (iso: BM, K, L;

LINN, B+, BR & G, n.v.).

Tree 10-20 m. Twigs in apical portion flattish and 2-angled, often somewhat

yellowish, lower down subterete, with two distinct or faint ridges or lines from

petiole to petiole, 2.5-5(-8) mm diam., glabrescent, minute tomentum with hairs

0.1 mm long or less; bark finely striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather

small and inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, (10-)

15-30 Xx (4-) 5-10 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying

olivaceous to brown, with fine minute paler pustules or not, almost always with

larger irregular whitish marks, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs 0.1 mm long

or less; without dark dots; midrib above slender, flat; nerves 10-18 pairs, above thin

and flat or slightly raised, inconspicuous, marginal arches not distinct; tertiary

venation forming a rather lax network, indistinct; petiole 10-16 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf

bud c. 10 X 2 mm with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less. Inflorescences with sparse to dense

tomentum of hairs c. 0.1 mm or less; in CG: (2-) 3-4 times ramified, many-

flowered, c. 5-8 X 4-8 cm; in 9: c. 2-3 cm long; common peduncle 5-15 mm; bracts

not seen, caducous. Flowers 2-4 together, perianths and pedicels glabrous,

perianths 2-valved; pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subcircular

to distinctly transversely ellipsoid or slightly reniform, laterally compressed, dull

and usually + collapsed on drying, 2.5-3.0 X 3-4 mm, above broadly rounded, at

base rounded, or subtruncate, or shortly tapering; pedicel slender, 1.5-2 mm;

perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 74-%4, valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium as

viewed laterally from the broad side transversely ellipsoid, inflated, consisting of a

bunch of anthers 1-1.5(-2.0) x 2.5-3.5 mm, and a sterile basal part or androphore,

rather tapering, 0.5-0.8 mm long; anthers 12-15 (i.e., 12-15 thecae at both sides of

the androecium), the thecae slender, mutually almost free, c. 1.5-2 mm long, their

upper halves deeply curved into the cavity, which extends almost to the base of the

androecium, the thecae subdorsally attached to the rim of the androphore only at

the base. Female perianth ovoid-ellipsoid, 2-3 mm diam., at anthesis cleft to c.

Y2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 2 mm long, thinly pubescent; ovary

globose-ovoid, c. 2 X 1.7 mm, glabrous, stigma c. 0.1 mm long or less. Fruits 1-3

per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.5-2.0 (-3.0) x 1.4-1.6 cm, glabrous, drying brown,

with scattered small tubercles or lenticels; dry valves 1.5-2 mm thick; stalk 3-5 mm

long; perianth not persisting.

78 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Distribution. Moluccas: Ceram, Banda, Damar Isls., possibly Ternate (see

notes).

CERAM: Kornassi (exp. Rutten) 2/8; Rutten 1776.

BANDA: Cult. hort. Bogor: Anon. 270 (anno 1901); Forbes 1158 (anno 1880); Koerniasih 42; Banda,

Chr. Smith s.n. & 296 (May 1797).

DAMAR Isls.: Riedel s.n. (syntype H. novoguineensis, not the lectotype).

TERNATE: ? Smith s.n. (see the notes).

Ecology. Nothing known.

Vernacular names. Pohon lobi-lobi (Banda, Ceram), Pala oetan (Ceram).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellow, in May and October; fruits yellow with whitish

dots, in October; 0-100 m alt.

2. Closely related to H. palauensis, H. parviflora and H. ardisiifolia, with which

it shares the character of largely free thecae which are curved into the hollowed

+ cup- or saucer-shaped androphore; the more or less incurved anthers of H. irya

are reminiscent, but in this latter species the perianth is much smaller and the

anthers are shorter and free at the apex for only c. 0.2 mm; in H. moluccana the

male perianth is + pear-shaped and the anthers are largely inter-connate.

3. The present species as well as related species like H. parviflora, H. ardistifolia,

and also H. irya and H. moluccana may have somewhat ridged or angular twigs,

and in sterile or fruiting stages may be confused with species with typically ridged or

winged twigs, e.g., H. angularis, and a few species confined to West Malesia.

4. With Warburg’s key, H. smithii is keyed out (p. 262) in a group (series Smithii)

which is characterized by 2-valved perianths, ridged twigs and interconnate

anthers. However, in reality the anthers appear to be almost entirely or largely

mutually free, with the long free portions of the thecae deeply curved into the +

bowl-shaped androecium.

5. Sinclair included the present species in his broad concept of H. spicata, the

latter presently accepted by me in a much narrower sense, and regarded as distinct

by the spicate male and female inflorescences, pear-shaped male perianths, erect

uncurved anthers, etc.

6. The specimen from Damar Isls. (Riedel. s.n.) was determined by Sinclair as H.

parviflora which in his notion is also a broad species and which I accept in a

narrower sense. H. parviflora differs from H. smithii by the less distinctly ridged or

lined twigs, the thicker male perianths which do not collapse on drying, the

more rigid and broader (wider) androecium with the thecae only mutually free in

the long incurved portions, and by the absence of irregularly shaped whitish marks

on the leaves.

7. The specimens from Ternate (possible collected by Smith, Oct. 1801; in BM).

bears immature female flowers with glabrous ovaries. The indumentum of the

inflorescences is rather thick and woolly, and the specimen could well be H. irya, a

species usually with similar whitish markings on the leaves.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 79

16. Horsfieldia palauensis Kanehira Fig. 1A(16)

H. palauensis Kanehira, New Trees Micronesia I, in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 452 (‘palauense’); FI.

Micronesica (1933) 111, Fig. 33; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (1933) 670, in the notes to H. amklaal; An

Enumeration of Micronesian Plants, in J. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 4, 6 (1935) 319. — Type:

Kanehira 270 (Q), Palau Isls. (FU, n.v.; iso: BISH, FI; NTS, n.v.).

H. glabra auct. non (Bl.) Warb.: Kanehira, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 280.

Tree 7-15 m. Twigs terete, lined from petiole to petiole, c. 3-4(-8) mm diam.,

early glabrescent, tomentum minute, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark striate, when older

not flaking, lenticels minute and rather indistinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to

subchartaceous, oblong(-lanceolate) to lanceolate, 10-22 x 3.5-7 cm, base short-

attenuate to rounded, tip obtuse to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying oli-

vaceous brown to dark brown, not finely pustulate, sometimes with a few paler

marks of irregular shape, lower surface early glabrescent from hairs 0.1 mm or less,

without dark dots; midrib slender above, flat or slightly raised; nerves 10-20 pairs,

thin and flat above, inconspicuous, marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation

forming a rather lax network, indistinct or invisible; petiole 10-16 x 1.5-2 mm; leaf

bud c. 10 X 2 mm, with tomentum of hairs c. 0.1 mm or less. Inflorescences with

sparse to dense woolly rusty tomentum with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in O and Q: 2-3

times ramified, rather few- to many-flowered, + short, c. 3-6 X 2-4 cm; common

peduncle 5-15 mm; bracts broadly ellipsoid, 2-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers 3-6

together, perianths glabrous, 2-valved, pedicels glabrescent or with sparse to +

dense tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, inarticulate at base. Male perianth sub-

obtriangular to transversely ellipsoid or kidney-shaped, rather distinctly laterally

compressed, dull dark brown, c. 1.7-2.0(-2.3) xX 2-2.5(-3.0) mm, above broadly

rounded, at base subtruncate to short-cuneate; pedicel 0.5-1.0(-1.5) mm; perianth

at anthesis cleft to c. 73-%, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium subellipsoid, c.

1.0-1.5 x 1.8-2.0(-2.5) mm, with a sterile basal part mainly consisting of the

androphore, + hollowed out and rather tapering, c. 0.5-0.6 mm long; anthers c.

8-13, i.e., c. 16-26 thecae and these mutually free for the upper *4 or more, c.

0.7-1.5 mm long, strongly incurved, the ones at one side of the androecium usually

covering those of the other side. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid, c. 2.5-3.0(-3.5)

x 2.2-3.0 mm, at anthesis cleft to c. '2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm

long, + sparsely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm; ovary globose-ellipsoid or obo-

void, c. 1.6-2.0 mm long, glabrous, stigma very minutely 2-lobed. Fruits 2-5 per

infructescence, ellipsoid, 2.5-3.0 x 1.5-2.0 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, with-

out tubercles; dry valves c. 2-3 mm thick; stalk 2-5 mm; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Caroline Isls.: Palau Isls.

PALAU ISLS.: Hosokawa Takahide 6756; Kanehira 270, 1847, 1958, 1960, 2371; Masahiko Takamat-

su 1205, 1668, Shearard & Spence 94; Tuyama s.n., 10 Sept. 1937, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, s.n. Aug. 1939.

Ecology. Locally abundant in primary lowland forest, usually not in the wetter

localities and usually at somewhat higher altitudes; apparently not or only rarely in

mangrove forest. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Uses. Pericarps edible, eaten by the natives.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers recorded as yellow or orange.

80 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

2. Closely related to H. smithii from the Moluccas, which differs chiefly by the

larger male perianth, c. 3-4 mm wide, by the anthers which are all (i.e., not only

from one side of the androecium) incurved towards the centre of the androecium,

and by the generally somewhat thinner leaves with the lateral nerves on the upper

surface flat or slightly raised. In H. palauensis the older leaves are somewhat

chartaceous, above with the lateral nerves flat or sunken, and the tertiary venation

very indistinct or even invisible.

3. Sinclair (pp. 112, 119, 124) treated the present species as a synonym of H.

spicata. However, as understood by Sinclair, H. spicata appears to be a heter-

oOgeneous species which is in my present treatment divided among various different

species. H. spicata, in the restricted and original sense, is a species presently

regarded as confined to Celebes and the Moluccas.

4. As far as I know, only two species occur on the Palau Isls., viz. the wide-

spread H. irya (syn. H. amklaal, H. nunu), and H. palauensis, an endemic species

closely related to H. smithii from the Moluccas.

5. Doubtful specimens. Two sheets of Takamatsu 1205, in BISH, one female

flowering and the other a fruiting specimen, somewhat deviate by the membranous

leaves with rather distinct, slightly raised lateral nerves and venation.

17. Horsfieldia olens de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(17)

Horsfieldia species perianthio masculo glabro fere ad basin 3-valvi, androecio elongato, ex affinitate

H. sepikensis, ab ea differt virgis angularibus, perianthio minus elongatis, atque antheris haud profunde

inflexis. — Typus: NGF 31966 (L).

Tree 10-35 m. Twigs in apical portion distinctly quadrangular through ridges

from both sides of the bases of the petioles, lower down stem merely ridged or

lined, 2-4(-8) mm diam., early glabrescent from greyish to brown tomentum of

hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually distinct.

Leaves in 2 rows, chartaceous, oblong (to oblong-lanceolate), broadest at or above

the middle, 7-14 x 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip either rounded, or obtuse, or

bluntly short-acute-acuminate, upper surface drying brown to blackish, without or

with few whitish minute dots or pustules, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs

minute, c. 0.1 mm or less, without blackish dots but irregularly shaped pustules of a

different nature present; midrib raised above; nerves 7-10 pairs, above and

below thin, flattish, and inconspicuous, the submarginal arches rather regularly

shaped; tertiary venation forming a lax network, very faint on both surfaces;

petioles relatively long and slender, 12-20 * 1.5-2 mm; leaf bud 6-10 X c. 1.5 mm,

with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences glabrescent or with sparse tomentum of

stellate hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm, rather short and stout, 2-3 times ramified, common

peduncle 1-10 mm long, rather many-flowered, in C&’ and @ (according to the

infructescences): 2-6 xX 1.5-4 cm, bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in loose

clusters of 3-5(-7) together; perianths 3-(or 4-) valved, glabrous; pedicels slender,

glabrous, at base + articulated or not. Male perianth broadly ellipsoid to globose,

not angular, c. 1.8-2.3 mm diam., top and base rounded, pedicel not tapering, 2.5-4

mm long, glabrous; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. % or nearly to the base, valves c.

0.2 mm thick. Androecium + obovoid, blunt-triangular, c. 1.5 x 1.0 mm (hence

not completely filling the perianth); anthers c. 10-12, free apices c. 0.3-0.8 mm,

incurved, those of one side clasping the others; column rather broad and solid,

hollowed for the upper 4 to 4; androphore rather broad, up to 0.1 mm long.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 81

Female flowers not seen. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.0-1.6 x 0.8-1.2

cm, top minutely pointed, base sub-attenuate, glabrous, without or with sparse

small tubercles or lenticels, dry valves c. 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long;

perianth not persistent.

Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Digul (SE. New Guinea); Papua New

Guinea, Western Prov.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Bouman) BW 3234, (Nautje) 6530, 6608; Soegeng 413. — Papua New

Guinea, Western Prov.: Lae 51821; NGF 8297, 31770, 31966.

Ecology. Swamp edges, in fringes (with Acacia) of savanna and rain-forest; ridge

forest, primary forest on level land inundated in the wet season, swampy forest on

peaty soil; also in Myrtaceae-Vatica-Campnosperma forest on well-drained podsol-

ground; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in June, fruits from February to August.

Vernacular names. Isasir, Jisasir, Jesaser (Asmat lang.), Selamae (Kunga dial.),

Ma-tak (Kinuga Dist.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Once reported to have small stilt roots. Bark longitudinally fis-

sured, brown or red-brown, or blackish brown, inside reddish, with some reddish

exudate; reported to have a very offensive smell, or a strong disinfectant smell.

Wood whitish to yellow. Leaves + leathery, once recorded as bluish-green above.

Flowers yellow. Fruits orange-yellow or orange, seeds orange or red.

2. Apparently closely related to H. sepikensis, one of the few other New Guinean

species with 3-merous perianths. That species differs in its non-angular twig-apices,

more elongate perianth, more slender inflorescences, membranous leaves, and

apparently a different ecology. The present new species is mostly found in dry or

wet habitats on poor peaty or podsolic soils.

3. Specimens of the present species were included by Sinclair (p. 125, 126) in H.

spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which appears to be a heterogenous

entity.

18. Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(18); 10

Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 147. — Horsfieldia spicata var. sepikensis

(Mkgf) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 125, p.p. — Type: Ledermann 8016 (B*; iso: SING,

n.v.).

Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm

diam., early glabrescent, tomentum of hairs greyish brown, c. 0.1 mm long or less;

bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather small but distinct. Leaves in 2

rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or above the

middle, 8-17 x 3.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate with the very tip

usually bluntish; upper surface drying dark brown, without minute whitish pus-

tules, lower surface early glabrescent, minute hairs less than 0.1 mm, without

blackish-brown dots; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 8-12 pairs,

above thin and flat; tertiary veins forming a lax network, very faint on both

surfaces; petiole relatively long, 15-24 x 1-2 mm, leaf bud c. 10 k 1 mm, with hairs

ere

Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf

a, twig portion with male inflorescence, X '2; b, mature male flower, lateral view, Xx 12; c,

ditto, opened, showing androecium, Xx 12; d, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x

12; e & f, portions of female flowering twig, inflorescences axillary to leaves and fallen leaves,

x 12; g, mature female flower bud, x 12; h, ditto, at full anthesis, showing glabrous ovary and

large broadly 2-lipped stigmas, x 12. — a-d, from Hoogland & Craven 10255; e-h, Hoogland

& Craven 10237.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 83

less than 0.1 mm. Inflorescences glabrescent or with sparse hairs c. 0.1 mm, 2-3

times ramified, many-flowered, in CG: 7-12 x 4-6 cm, in Q: 2-4 x 1.5-2 cm,

common peduncle c. 0.5-1.5 cm long; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in loose

clusters of 2-7 together; perianths 3-(or 4-) valved, finely punctate, in mature bud

rather angular (though perianths never tightly clustered), glabrous; pedicels glab-

rous, at base not articulated. Male perianth broadly ellipsoid-obovoid, + 3-

angular, c. 1.5-2.0 x 1.4-1.6 mm, at apex acutish, base + attenuate, pedicel

slender, not tapering, 2-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. %, valves c. 0.1

mm thick. Androecium + obovoid, + bluntish 3-angular, c. 1.5 x 1-1.2 mm;

anthers 12-14, tightly set, septate before maturity, free apices c. 0.2-0.5 mm long

and these + curved into the hollowed upper '3 part of the rather broad anther

column (anthers at one side of the androecium in Hoogland & Craven 10255

mutually touching each other in a fish-bone pattern, see fig. 10) androphore 0-0.1

mm, rather narrow. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 2.0 x 1.6-1.8 mm, 3- or 4-valved,

cleft at anthesis almost to the base, valves c. 0.1-0.2 mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm

long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5-1.8 X 1.2-1.5 mm, glabrous, style absent, stigmas relative-

ly very large, consisting of two broad fleshy lobes c. 1.0 X 0.2 mm, only c. 0.1 mm

high. Fruits not seen.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: East Sepik Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. East Sepik Prov.: Hoogland & Craven 10237, 10255; Ledermann 6738.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, riverine forest; ridge forest; 0-50 mm.

Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular name. Bangera (Waskuk lang., Sepik).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellow.

2. A noteworthy species because of its predominantly 3-merous flowers, the only

other species with 3- or 4-merous flowers in New Guinea being the + related H.

olens. Furthermore, the present species stands apart by its thick, conspicuous

stigmas. It is in many cases reminiscent of a species of Gymnacranthera, but the

New Guinean G. paniculata var. zippeliana differs in the nature of the hairs (on leaf

bud, and flowers), by the hairy perianths, split at anthesis to only c. /2-way deep,

by a hairy ovary, and a different texture and colour of the leaves (whitish below).

3. The fruits are reported by Markgraf in the original description as globose, c.

13-15 cm diam., the dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick; seed globose, c. 1 cm diam. I have

not seen fruits of our present species, and the fruiting Ledermann-specimens

formerly in the Berlin herbarium have probably all been destroyed.

4. | have not seen the isotype Ledermann 8016 (C), in SING. The flowers are

described by Markgraf in the original description as being cleft to c. /2-way deep at

anthesis. However, in the male and female specimens I saw have the perianths

split to almost the base. Ledermann 6738, in K, a duplicate of one of the authentic

collections cited by Markgraf, has good male flowers. See further under note 5.

5. Sinclair, who examined a duplicate of the holotype Ledermann 80/6 in SING,

84 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

accepts the present species as a variety under H. spicata, including specimens with

2-valved as well as with 3-valved perianths. In my opinion the 3-merous perianths

are typical for the present species, which are endemic in the Sepik area, one which

has no close relationship with H. spicata from the Moluccas.

6. Hoogland & Craven 10255 contains one flower with a ‘double’ androecium;

the perianth is somewhat larger and has 4 valves. Female flowers are either 3- or

4-valved.

19. Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. Fig. 1A(19); 11

Myristica sylvestris Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2, 3 (1774) 340 — Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb., Mon.

Myrist. (1897) 337, t. 22 fig. 1-6; Sinclair Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 142. — Type: not indicated.

M. salicifolia Willd. in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 26; Sp. Pl. (4th ed.) 4, 2 (1806) 871;

Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Carey (1832) 846 — Type: not known.

M. pinnaeformis Zipp. (msc.) ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 49 — Type: Zippelius s.n.

(180) (L).

M. pendulina Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 859; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 329, pl.

170 — Type: Cantley s.n. (A, CAL, n.v.; K).

M. edulis F.v.M., in sched. (Hb. v. Miller, d’Alberis 11, MEL, not seen).

H. sylvestris var. villosa Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 341 — Type: Beccari 696 (Fl, n.v.), Warburg 20708

CA;, Bt, 'n.v2):

Tree 7-40(-60) m. Twigs stout, terete, hollow, in young innovations when dry +

angular or flattish, usually thinly ridged, 4-14(-20) mm diam., glabrescent from

rusty + woolly tomentum composed of hairs 0.3-1.0(-1.5) mm; bark faintly striate,

when older not flaking, with coarse lenticels. Leaves in 2 rows, (thinly) char-

taceous, lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, parallel-sided, (17-)20-45 x 3-7(-9) cm,

base rounded to short-attenuate, tip long acute-acuminate; upper surface drying

usually dull, greenish brown to dark brown, minutely pustulate or not, lower

surface late glabrescent or with (partially) persistent or sub-persistent tomentum of

mixed hairs 0.1-1(-1.5) mm; without dark brown dots; midrib flattish above,

late-glabrescent; nerves 30-42 pairs, thin, above flat or sunken, beneath with

distinct marginal arches; tertiary venation forming a lax network, distinct (and then

the leaves + bullate) or usually not distinct above; petiole short, 2-7 x (2-)3-5 mm,

usually shortly winged, the lamina being decurrent; leaf bud generally stout, up to

8 cm long, densely woolly-pubescent. Inflorescences pubescent or late-glabrescent,

hairs woolly, 0.5-1 mm long, in CO: large, many-flowered, 3-5 times ramified,

paniculate, 7-20(-30) x 4-10(-14) cm, in 9: 4-10(-15) cm long; common peduncle

2-7 cm X 2-5 mm, at base with a few persistent bluntish cataphylls 2-4 mm long;

bracts rather late-caducous, + concave, (2-) 4-8(-16) mm long. Flowers in C in

loose clusters of 4-10 each, in 2 up to 5 only; perianths 2-(or 3-) valved, often

somewhat angular, glabrous or at base glabrescent, pedicels slender, glabrescent or

with persistent tomentum of hairs c. 0.3 mm, at base inarticulate; flowers before

anthesis, especially in 0’, densely packed into subglobose or ellipsoid glomerules

4-7 mm diam. wrapped in bracts. Male perianths obovoid to narrow-obovoid, or

clavate, irregularly shaped and angular by being closely packed in bud, c. 1.5-2.1 x

Q.5-1.3(-1.5) mm, at apex obliquely obtusish, towards base usually + tapering into

pedicel c. 0.2-1.5(-2) c. 0.3 mm; perianth at anthesis split to c. %3-'2-way, valves

0.1-0.3 mm thick, sometimes with a few pale dots. Androecium ellipsoid-oblong, c.

Mme he,

fae

Fig. 11.

a bss

Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb.

a, leafy twig apex, x 2; b & c, twig portions with respectively immature and full-grown male

inflorescences, note bracts in b, X %; d, male flower, X 6; e, ditto, opened, showing

androecium, X 12; f, twig portion with female inflorescence axillary to fallen leaf, x 2; g,

female flower, lateral view, opened, showing glabrous ovary, note much larger size as

compared with the male flowers, x 6; h, twig portion with infructescence with mature fruits.

— a, f, g, de Vogel 3069; b, de Vogel 3094; c-e, Craven 739; h, de Vogel 3370.

86 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

1-1.2 X 0.5-0.6 mm, broadly rounded at apex; anthers 4-8, septate (at least before

full maturity), c. 0.8-1.5 mm long, connate (without free apices); androphore

rather broad, c. 0.1-0.4 mm long. Female perianths ellipsoid to broadly ovoid,

stout, + coriaceous, c. 3.5-5 * 3-4.5 mm, split at anthesis to c. 14, valves 0.7-1 mm

thick; pedicels stout, 1.5-5.5 mm long; ovary broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2.5-3 x 2.5

mm, glabrous, stigma sessile, not-lobed, c. 0.1 x 0.5 mm. Fruits 2-10 per in-

fructescence, ellipsoid, at base and apex rounded or sometimes subacutish after

drying, 3.4-5.5 x 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, without or with few

coarse tubercles, dry valves 2-4(-5) mm thick; stalk 5-13 mm; perianth not persis-

TEN.

Distribution. Moluccas (Morotai to Kai Isls.), Aru Isls., New Guinea (not in

Morobe and Milne Bay Prov. of Papua New Guinea), not in Bismarck Arch. and

Solomon Isls.

MOLUCCAS: b.b. s.n. (April 1920), 16468, 23187, 23749, 24864, 24879, 25176, 25825, (Buwalda

636) 25981; Beguin 1400; Buwalda 5628, 6112; Idjen & Mochtar 362; Jaheri 710; Kostermans (b.b.

33725) 13, (b.b. 33921) 251, 767 (p.p.), 1123, 1685; Kuswata & Soepadmo 3; Lam 3463, 3538; Pleyte

379; Robinson 235; de Vogel 3069, 3094, 3114, 3370, 3491, 3713, 3765, 3815, 3857, 3930, 4164, 4518;

Teysmann & de Vriese s.n.; de Vriese s.n.

ARU Isls.: (Buwalda 249) b.b. 25282; Buwalda 4994.

IRIAN JAYA (incl. Vogelkop): Aet & Idjan 487; b.b. 15901, 22268, 22532, 32682; BW 24, 343, 498,

533, 536, 1151, 1280, 1366, 1433, 1733, 1754, 1766, 1812, 1838, 1839, 2131, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211,

2227, 2428, 2535, 2687, 2699, 2948, 2950, 3985, 4089, 4369, 4446, 4460, 5191, 5413, 5844, 5923, 6002,

6539, 6964, 7404, 7689, 7836, 8174, 9194, 9868, 10160, 10835, 10870, 11844, 11869, 11900, 11905, 12409, »

12990, 13032, 13795, 14929, 15628, 15648, 15653; Gjellerup 180, 180b, 407; Kostermans (b.b. 33355)

128, (b.b. 33414) 201; (b.b. 33664) 2652, 2669; Kostermans & Soegeng 103, 485; Pleyte 686; van Royen °

4510; van Roygen & Sleumer 6193, 7051; Soehoed 31; Zippelius s.n. (180) — Biak & Japen Isl.: Aet &

Idjan 396, 749; b.b. 1009, 30272, 30393, 30570.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Baldwin UPNG 5752; Brass 7068; Craven & Schodde 739; Darbyshire 908;

Hart 5007; Hoogland 5021; Jacobs 9052; LAE 73978; NGF 7153, 8214, 10353, 13267, 27471, 34366,

35623, 36015, 48157, 48467; Pullen 8181; Saunders 920, 1104; Schodde & Craven 4289, 4470; Schodde

4506; Womersley 3694, 3743.

Cultivated: (Singapore) Cantley s.n. (1886), Ridley 186, (Furtado) SING 34863 — (Sumatra) Forbes

1155 A; Teysmann s.n. — (Java) Forbes 1218 c, e; Rastini 90; Sutrisno 66.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, on alluvial soils (sandy and clayey soils),

especially common in the coastal plains of Vogelkop; also in swampy forest (with

Pometia), in forest inundated by heavy rains or in stagnant water; also on well-

drained porous volcanic soils, or close to limestone outcrops, in ridge forest, or in

Castanopsis forest (at 530 m., in Vogelkop); 0-700 m alt. Sometimes recorded as a

solitary emergent tree. Flowers and fruits throughout the year. The trees may bear

flowers and fruits simultaneously..

Vernacular names. See Sinclair, p. 147.

Uses. The wood is heavy, easily worked (easy to cut), not very durable. Fruits

taste sour, and are edible (Sepik Dist.). The fruit wall is used in rodjak, and in

manisan (a sweet pickle) (Moluccas). Extract of bark is used as a drug against

‘““nenyakit keputihan’’ by expecting women, also against hepatitis (Moluccas). The

fruits are gathered and eaten by the Gogodala tribe, Western Distr., Papua; once

reported as found planted at a former village site. Fruits eaten by birds (e.g.,

pigeons, parrots), apparently swallowed whole.

——.. J

New account of Horsfieldia 2 87

The trees are several times recorded as beautiful, and recommended as an

ornamental.

The many vernacular names indicate that the tree is widely known by local

people.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Recorded as a striking tree, with pendulous branches (twigs up to

2m), and leaves drooping and distichous (resembling compound pinnate leaves),

glossy above. Bole often mentioned as very straight, in old specimens with rotten

core. Recorded as with or without buttresses; these low or up toc. 1.5(-2.5) m high,

up to 1.5 m out, up to 8(-20) cm thick, sometimes recorded as having small stilt

roots. Bark brownish, smooth or usually recorded as shallowly fissured, or often as

slightly to strongly peeling off in small scales; exudate pale red-brown, watery.

Sapwood colour usually pale yellowish or straw, usually gradually passing into the

slightly darker or reddish-cream heartwood. Fruits pinkish, pink-orange, pink-

brown, orange, red-brown, or deep red; aril orange-red or bright red. Flowers

bright yellow, dark yellow, or orange-yellow, slightly fragrant or not; pollen pale

yellow or whitish.

2. Variation and resembling species. Horsfieldia sylvestris is a homogenous

species; it only rather varies in the hairiness of twigs, leaf-bud, and (juvenile)

leaves. Very hairy specimens were described as var. villosa by Warburg, but many

forms intermediate to the typical occur. Wildenow’s H. salicifolia has the leaves

woolly beneath. A comparatively slightly hairy (i.e., short-haired) specimen is,

e.g., BW 10835, from the vicinity of Manokwari (Vogelkop); very much hairy

forms are, e.g., BW 536, 2535, 7836, 11905, 13795, b.b. 32682, or Kostermans 128

(b.b. 33355), material which partly came from the same area.

Sterile specimens may be confused with certain forms of H. hellwigii, sometimes

with similarly hairy twigs and almost similarly long leaf-buds. In that species the

leaves are usually narrower, the perianth subglobose, not clavate, and the fruits

smaller and hairy; in the present species the fruits are generally larger, and always

glabrous.

In H. sylvestris the number of anthers constituting the elongate androecium is

rather difficult to ascertain; I counted 4-8 (8-16 thecae), Sinclair had it as 8-10.

3. Warburg placed H. sylvestris and H. ralunensis in his sect. Orthanthera, which

also included H. iryaghedhi from Ceylon, because all three species have rather

elongated and angular male perianths clustered into flower heads. The first two

named species, however, have the flowers only clustered in immature infloresc-

ences, and are here not considered closely related to H. iryaghedhi on various

grounds.

20. Horsfieldia australiana S.T. Blake Fig. 1A(20); 12

Horsfieldia australiana $.T. Blake, Austr. J. Bot. 2 (1954) 124, Pl. 5; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28

(1975) 6, pp., for the Australian specimens only. — Type: S.7. Blake (BRI; iso: SING, n.v.).

Tree 6-25 m. Twigs terete or lined or ridged towards the top 2-5(-12) mm diam.,

early glabrescent, tomentum pale brown to grey-brown, with minute hairs 0.1 mm

Fig. 12.

Horsfieldia australiana §.T. Blake

a, twig portion with male inflorescences, twig not ridged, x 12; b, ditto, twig lined or ridged,

x 42; c, opened male flower, showing androecium and schematic longitudinal section of

androecium, x 6; d, ditto of different specimen, mature male flower closed, opened, and

schematic longitudinal section of androecium, 6; e, portion of twig with female inflor-

escences axillary to fallen leaves, x 2; f, mature female flower and longitudinal section of the

same, note pubescence at base of ovary, X 6; g, portion of twig with infructescence, x ¥2.—a

& c, from Dunlop 3585; b & d, from Hyland 2724; e & f, from Smith 11913; g, from Hyland

2d51;

New account of Horsfieldia 2 89

or less; bark faintly striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually conspicuous.

Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or chartaceous, elliptic oblong to lanceolate,

broadest at about the middle, or more or less parallel-sided and broadest below or

above the middle, 10-24 x 3-7 cm, base attenuate, tip obtusish or acutish to

acute-acuminate, often with bluntish tip; upper surface drying dull olivaceous to

bright brown, not finely pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs

minute 0.1 mm or less, the midrib often rather reddish-brown and usually remain-

ing sparingly minutely scaly-stellate hairy, lower surface without brown-black dots;

midrib flattish to slightly raised above; nerves 10-17 pairs, above thin, sunken or

flat, or slightly raised, beneath with the submarginal arches rather regularly looping

but inconspicuous; tertiary veins forming a lax network, inconspicuous; petiole 3-7

x 1.5-2 mm, leaf bud 8-15 x 1-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences sparsely

to densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long hairs, in C&’ and Q: 2 or 3 times

ramified, (1.5-) 3-8 x 2-5 cm, common peduncle 0.5-1.0 cm long; bracts elliptic to

broadly triangular, acutish, 2-6 mm long, short-pubescent, caducous. Flowers in

loose clusters of 2-6 (in Q: 1-3) each; perianths 2-valved, rather sparsely pubescent

with hairs 0.1 mm or less long, pedicels slender, thinly pubescent, at base inarticu-

late. Male perianth ellipsoid or subglobose, slightly laterally compressed, (2-)2.5-

3.3 X (1.5-) 2-3.0 mm, above and below rounded, pedicel not tapering, 1-2 mm

long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. ¥2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium

moderately laterally compressed, above subtruncate to broadly rounded, below

somewhat attenuate, (1.8-) 2.0 x 1.5-2.0 mm; anthers (10?-) 12-14, almost straight,

the free portions at apex c. 0.1-0.2 mm long and these slightly or much incurved;

the column rather wide, spongy, the apical “4-2 broadly hollowed out but the basal

portion more or less protruding into the upper part of the hollow; androphore

rather narrow, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 2.5(-3) xX 2.0(-2.5)

mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm long;

ovary ovoid, c. 2.0 X 1.5 mm, towards base with dense tomentum of minute hairs

0.1 mm or less, style minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm broad. Fruits 3-8 per infructesc-

ence, ellipsoid, top rounded or faintly pointed, 1.8-2.2 x 1.1-1.4 cm, with the

surface granulate and with or without a few coarse tubercles, glabrous except at the

very base; dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick; stalk 2-4 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Australia: Northern Territory, northern Queensland.

AUSTRALIA. Northern Territory: Byrnes NB 1259 (NT. 14918); Dunlop 3585; Must & McKean B

687 — Queensland: Hyland 2551, 2557, 2724, 3123, 5516; Smith 11762, 11913; Stocker 1043.

Ecology. Riverine forest, gallery forest in gullies of sandstone areas, sheltered

gorge forest, monsoon forest on sandy soils; 0-200 m alt. Flowers from August to

October, fruits from September to January.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark fissured or tessellated, usually flaky, stem often recorded as

+ fluted, buttressed. Blaze exudate watery, red; blaze smells like ants. Wood

whitish. Flowers yellow or orange, the female noted as strongly and sweetly scented

(as the flowers of Alocasia macrorhiza or the fruits of Passiflora edulis); the males

recorded as scentless.

90 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

2. Possibly two forms can be recognized, but the material at hand prevents a final

decision. Specimens from Northern Territory, incl. the type and Must & McKean B

687 (C'), Dunlop 3585 (CC), Byrnes NB 1259 (fr.), have the twigs not or only

indistinctly ridged, the leaf blades rather elliptic-oblong (not oblong-lanceolate),

possibly relatively longer petioles, the blades more of a membranous texture with

+ prominent lateral nerves, and possibly the male perianth broader, i.e., broadly

ellipsoid or subglobose. Specimens from Queensland have usually rather leathery

leaves, usually with flattened or sunken lateral nerves, the blades usually more

oblong-lanceolate, with shorter and broader petioles, and the twigs apparently

more distinctly ridged or even winged. However, specimens which distract from

this image exist, e.g., the sterile specimen Hyland 3123 from Northern Terr. has an

‘easternly’ habit, or the sterile specimen Smith 11762, from Queensland, which has

the leaves rather membranous and nerves prominent.

3. Sinclair accepted the present species as including specimens from New Guinea

which are presently regarded as representing a separate new species, H. sinclairii.

21. Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(21); 13 a-c

Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 148; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975)

26 (cruxmilitensis) — Type: Schlechter 19246 (B, n.v.; iso: K, L; E, G, NY, S, Z, n.v.).

Shrub or treelet 2-4 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1.5-3(-4) mm

diam., glabrescent, tomentum rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, when

older not flaking, lenticels absent or inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-

nous, elliptic to obovate-oblong, broadest usually above the middle, 12-27 x

5.5-11.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dark

brown, without or with very minute paler dots, lower surface with persistent

tomentum of rather sparse hairs (c. 0.1 mm) especially on the midrib, or late

glabrescent, without dark dots, the nerves not contrasting in colour; midrib above

slightly raised; nerves 10-15 pairs, sometimes with additional intercalary nerves,

thin and flat above, much raised beneath, the submarginal arches distinct but not

very regularly shaped; tertiary veins forming a lax, rather indistinct network;

petiole 10-16 X 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud 7-12 x 1-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm.

Inflorescences situated in between the leaves, woolly-pubescent with stellate-

dendroid hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, 2(-3) times ramified, in CG’ and 9: rather few-flowered,

c. 1.5-5 xX 1.5-4 cm, common peduncle 0).6-1.5 cm long; bracts c. 0.5 mm, pubes-

cent, early caducous. Flowers solitary or up to 3 together; perianths 2-valved, with

scattered stellate hairs c. 0.1(-0.2) mm, densest towards base, pedicels tapering,

pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subglobose, gradually passing into

the strongly thickened and tapered pedicel, together forming the long-clubshaped

flower c. 9-11 xX 2-3.2 mm; perianth broadly rounded above, somewhat laterally

compressed, c. 2-3 X 2-3.2 mm, pedicel c. 7-8 X 2-3 mm, + obconical, rather

densely pubescent; perianth at anthesis split to c. 4%-'%, i.e., to 0.3-0.6 mm deep,

valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, the perianth-wall lower down c. 0.6-0.8 mm thick.

Androecium a club-shaped body, the top + rounded, c. 1.5-2.5 x 0.7-1.2 mm,

with 3-5 stellately arranged, connate anthers at the apex, c. 0.2-0.3 mm long,

androphore thick, subcylindrical, the surface + wrinkled-bullate and more striate

towards the base, glabrous; central column up to the apex solid. Female perianth

and pedicel together forming an obconical flower similar to O’ flowers, c. 8 xX 3

Fig. 13.

Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf: a, leaf, x ‘2; b, opened male flower, showing club-

shaped androecium, X 6; c, female flower, opened, showing pubescent ovary with minute

narrow bilobed style, x 6. — H. clavata de Wilde: d, portion of twig with infructescence with

mature fruit, x 2; e, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; f, ditto, opened, showing

club-shaped androecium, x 6. — H. squamulosa de Wilde: g, habit of leafy twig with male

inflorescences. —a & c, from LAE 73830; b, from Schlechter 19246 (type); d, from Hoogland

3623; e & f, from Hoogland 3663 (type); g, from Brass 7221.

92 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

mm; perianth c. 2.2 x 3 mm, split at anthesis for c. 0.2-0.3 m deep; pedicel broadly

obconical, c. 6 X 2.6 mm; ovary obvoid, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, densely pubescent through

hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, style together with the 2-lobed stigma c. 0.2-0.3 mm .

long. Fruits (according to young infructescences in LAE 73830) 1-4 each, possibly

becoming more than 1.6 cm long, pubescent; stalk much elongated, and thickened

towards the fruit, 10-14 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe Prov.: LAE 73822, 73830; NGF. 24092; Rau 550; Schlechter

19246.

Ecology. Mixed rain forest, lowland forest, common in wet areas; 0-50 m.

Flowers from January to May; fruits in March.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Shrub or treelet, 2-4 m; bark grey or dark green, wood cream or

white. Flowers cream or orange. Fruits yellowish or red.

2. Fruits ripening red are said to have been mentioned on the label of LAE

73530; in L only female flowers and young fruits are present. Mature fruits have not

been seen by me.

3. Specimens from the Northern Province, presently assigned to a new species H.

clavata, were included by Sinclair in the present species.

4. | have not seen the duplicates of the para-type, Schlechter 17408 (G, NY).

According to Sinclair’s notes on p. 27, its leaves are rather narrowly elliptic or

elliptic or elliptic, not broadly elliptic. This means the specimen could belong to different

related species, e.g., H. clavata, or rather H. squamulosa, which is also known

from the Morobe Province.

22. Horsfieldia clavata de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(22); 13 d-f

Horsfieldiae crux-melitensis atque eodem modo Horsfieldiae squamulosae affinis quoad androecium

clavatum, sed differt a H. squamulosa floribus masculis multo minoribus, a H. crux-melitensis pedicellis

attenuatis. — Type: Hoogland 3663 (L; iso: BM, K; CANB, n.v.).

Shrub or tree, 3-6 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1.5-3 mm diam., glabrescent,

tomentum grey-rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark finely striate, when older not

flaking, lenticels absent or inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic

to oblong, broadest at or somewhat above the middle, 7-18 x 3-6 cm, base short- to

long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate (in Hoogland 3523 c. 2 cm, caudate); upper

surface drying olivaceous, without minute paler dots, lower surface with persistent

tomentum of rather scattered stellate-dendroid, scale-like hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm

especially on midrib, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves not much contrast-

ing; midrib slender above, raised; nerves 10-20 pairs (including some weaker

intercalary nerves), above thin and flat or slightly raised, beneath much raised, with

distinct, rather regularly looping submarginal arches; tertiary veins forming a lax,

rather indistinct network; petiole 7-14 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud 7-10 x 1-1.5 mm, with

hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences situated in between the leaves, delicate 1-2(-3)

times ramified, lowest side branch from near the base, in CO’ rather many-flowered,

New account of Horsfieldia 2 93

2-3 x 1.5-2 cm, in Q: 2-3-flowered, 1-2 cm long; axes finely scaly-pubescent with

hairs c. 0.1 mm or less; bracts densely pubescent, c. 1-1.5 mm long, caducous.

Flowers solitary or 2-3 together; perianths 2-valved, rather densely pubescent with

stellate-dendroid hairs c. 0.1 mm; pedicels at base inarticulate. Male perianth

subglobose, gradually passing into the strongly tapering pedicel, together forming a

club-shaped flower c. 4-5.5 xX 1.5-2.2 mm; perianth rounded above, c. 1.5-2 xX

1.5-2.2 mm, pedicel c. 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 mm, rather densely pubescent; perianth at

anthesis split to c. Mio (i.e., for c. 0.2 mm only), valves c. 0.2 mm thick, the

perianth-wall lower down c. 0.5-0.7 mm thick. Androecium a club-shaped body c.

1.5 x 0.7 mm, at apex consisting of 3 anthers (or c. 6 thecae;; c. 0.3 mm long, +

arranged into a star shape, without free apices; the androphore thickish sub-

cylindrical, slightly bullate-striate, glabrous; central column not hollowed out at

apex. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 1.8(-2) x 1.2 mm, split at anthesis to c. 4%,

valves c. 0.2 mm thick; pedicel + slender, c. 2 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.0 x 0.6

mm, densely pubescent with stellate-scaly hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style c. 0.4 mm

long, stigma 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits 1 (or 2) per infructescence, broadly

ellipsoid-ovoid, base broadly rounded, top + acuminate, c. 2 mm beaked, excl. the

1.5-2 mm long pseudo-stalk c. 1.3 X 1.0 cm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm long,

drying brownish, without lenticels; dry valves c. 1 mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk

6-10 mm long; perianth not persistent.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Northern Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Northern Prov.: Hoogland 3523, 3623, 3663.

Ecology. Locally common in regrowth in tall lowland forest, on well-drained soil;

0-50 m. Flowers and fruits in August.

Vernacular name. Hamana (Orokaiva lang., Mumuni).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Shrub or treelet; flowers yellow; fruits orange or red, aril red.

2. Related to H. squamulosa and H. crux-melitensis which have a similar club-

shaped androecium. H. squamulosa differs by its slender, male pedicels. The

pedicel, and hence the whole male flower of H. crux-melitensis is similarly club-

shaped as in the present species, but about twice as large; its leaves are also larger,

drying to a darker colour. In H. crux-melitensis both male and female flowers have

much thickened pedicels.

3. Sinclair included the specimens of the present species in H. crux-melitensis.

23. Horsfieldia squamulosa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(23); 13 g

Horsfieldia species androecio clavato, H. crux-melitensis atque eodem mode H. clavatae affinis,

differt pedicellis gracilibus non-attenuatis — Type: Henty & Barlow NGF 42995 (L; iso: K; A, BRI,

CANB, n.v.).

Shrub or tree, 1-10 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1-3 mm diam.,

glabrescent, tomentum of minute rust-coloured hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bark finely

striate, when older not flaking, lenticels fine and inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows,

94 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

membranous, elliptic to lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle or + parallel-

sided, 4-20 x 0.7-5 cm, base attenuate, tip up to 3.5 cm long, acute-acuminate,

upper surface drying dark brown, with or without very minute paler dots, lower

surface with persistent tomentum (especially on the midrib) or glabrescent, hairs

0.1-0.2 mm long or less, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves not contrasting

in colour; midrib slender above and slightly raised; nerves 10-25 pairs, including

some weaker intercalary ones, thin and flat above, much raised beneath, with the

submarginal arches regularly looping or not, distinct or not; tertiary veins forming a

lax network, distinct or indistinct; petiole 6-13 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud c. 10 xk 1 mm

with dark rust-coloured hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long. Inflorescences in between the

leaves, 2(-3) times ramified (lowest branch 0-5 mm from the base), few to rather

many-flowered, in G&: c. 1.5-3 X 1-2 cm, in 9 few-flowered, c. 1-3 cm long; axes

woolly pubescent through stellate scaly or dendroid hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bracts

pubescent, 0.5-1.5 mm long, caducous. Flowers 1-3 together; perianths 2-valved,

stellate-scaly hairs scattered, densest towards the base; pedicel + densely scaly-

pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, 2.0-3.0.

x 1.5-2.2(-2.4) mm, upper part rounded, at base long- to short-attenuate; pedicel

2-3.5(-6) mm, slender; perianth at anthesis split to c. “%-% (c. 0.1-0.4 mm deep

only), valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick, the perianth-wall lower down 0.5-0.8 mm thick.

Androecium a cylindrical club-shaped body 1.5-2.5 x 0.5-0.8 mm, at apex consist-

ing of 3-4 anthers (or 6-8 thecae) 0.3-0.5 mm (the anthers + stellately arranged,

with free apices 0-0.2 mm), and lower down a thickish sub-cylindrical androphore,

in the upper '3-%4 wrinkled-bullate or warted, in the lower 2-74 either minutely

scaly-hairy or surface striate but glabrous; central column not hollowed out at

apex. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid, 2-2.5 x 1.5-2.1 mm, split at anthesis to c.

4-3, valves c. 0.2(-0.3) mm thick; pedicel 2-3.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5 X

1.2-1.4 mm, densely pubescent through stellate-scaly hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style

c. 0.2 mm long, stigma distinctly 2-lobed, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits 1-3 per in-

fructescence, broadly ellipsoid-ovoid, base rounded, top rounded to acutish, ros-

trum if present 1-3 mm, excl. the 1.5-5 mm long pseudostalk c. 1.0-1.6 0.7-1.1

cm, sparsely to densely pubescent through hairs c. 0.1 mm long, drying blackish,

without lenticels; dry valves c. 0.5(-1.0) mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk 10-12 mm;

perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov., Northern Prov., Milne Bay

Prov. (incl. Normanby Isl.), Western Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Brass 7221; Carr 16192; LAE 67148, 70239, 71160; NGF 23574, 28894,

31751, 31888, 34088, 38093,.42995, 46892; Pullen 8287; Schlechter 17408 (n.v.)

Ecology. Scattered or locally plentiful shrub or small understorey tree, 1-6(-10)

m in rain forest; on slopes and ridges, creek banks, edges of (sago) swamp forest. In

Normanby Isl. in Eucalyptopsis-dominated forest, in New Guinea found associated

in forest with dominant Castanopsis, or with Lithocarpus, Anisoptera and Hopea-

dominant; 0-500 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Shrubs or treelets, recorded with the branches + whorled, or

horizontal. Bark smooth, grey-brown; red exudate; wood cream to straw. Flowers

yellow. Ripe fruit orange to orange-red, aril bright red.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 95

2. By the similar shape of the androecium closely related with H. clavata and H.

crux-melitensis. Most collections were acquired after Sinclair's time. Only one

specimen was included by Sinclair in H. subtilis var. schlechteri, which is presently

again accepted as a separate species, H. schlechteri.

3. The androphore in Pullen 8287, from Milne Bay Prov., is glabrous, whereas

those of the type specimen, and other specimens from Western Prov. are densely

minutely scaly-hairy on the lower part of the androecium. It is possible that this

difference has a taxonomical significance, but more material is needed to decide on

it.

24. Horsfieldia ampla Markgraf

Horsfieldia ampla Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 148 — Type: (Sepik) Ledermann 9639 (B, +, n.v.).

Small tree, 4-5 m. Twigs terete. Leaves large, cuneate-obovate, up to 40 x 16

cm, base + attenuate, tip short-acuminate; nerves 16-18 pairs, straight, sharply

raised beneath and connected before the margin. Petiole, 1 cm long. Inflorescences

on the older wood, large, to 25 cm long and 10 cm wide, glabrescent, loosely

flowered. Male flowers yellow, clavate, 4 x 2 mm (excl. pedicel?), the perianth

2-valved, split at anthesis to hardly 4. Staminal column thick; anthers to c. 10, the

androphore about as long as the anthers or slightly shorter.

Distribution. NE. New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Aprilfluss. Mountain slope near

camp 18. Known only from the type.

Ecology. Dense, very humid forest, on mountain slope at 200-400 m alt. Male

flowers date 12 November, 1912.

NOTES

1. This species is known only from the type. It is keyed out by Markgraf against

H. crux-melitensis, with which it has in common the clavate flowers. In the key is

mentioned that the perianth, other than the androecium, is largely hollow. He

mentions in a note that the species is peculiar amongst the New Guinean Horsfiel-

dias because of its large male flowers, which in other species are smaller and almost

always broader than long, and hence that it is without close relatives.

2.. H. ampla was not mentioned by Sinclair.

25. Horsfieldia ampliformis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(25); 14

Horsfieldia species inflorescentiis masculis grandis, c. 30 cm longis, attamen pubescentibus, a H.

ampla Markgraf differt perianthiis latioribus (c. 3 mm latis) atque antheris 7. — Type: (New Guinea,

Sepik Dist.) Hoogland & Craven 11085 (oC fl.). (L; iso: K; A, BRI, CANB, LAE, US, n.v.).

Tree 5-8 m. Twigs stoutish, terete, when young thinly ridged, towards apex

4-7(-10) mm diam., early or late glabrescent, pubescence + woolly, of hairs c.

0.2-0.5 mm long; bark coarsely striate, lenticellate, when older not flaking. Leaves

in 2 rows, thickly membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, (18-)25-38 x (6-)7-13

cm, base short to long-attenuate, tip attenuate-acuminate; upper surface drying

dark brown, lower surface early or late glabrescent or with subpersistent tomentum

of rather scattered stellate hairs 0.2-0.5 mm long; larger dark brown dots absent;

Horsfieldia ampliformis de Wilde.

a, twig apex with leaves, x '2; b, portion of twig with male inflorescence axillary to fallen leaf,

x 2; c, mature male flower, perianth opened, showing androecium, X 6; d, portion of twig

with female inflorescence, x 2; e, female flower, opened, showing finely pubescent ovary

and minute 2-lipped stigma. — a-c, from Hoogland & Craven 11085; d & e, from Craven &

Schodde 1463.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 97

midrib above + slender, flattish; nerves 18-22 pairs, above thin, flat or sunken; the

submarginal arches beneath not very prominent; tertiary venation forming a lax

network, indistinct on both surfaces; petiole short, 4-6 x 3-4 mm; leaf bud 25-40

mm long, with hairs 0.2-0.5 mm. Inflorescences situated below the leaves, in C:

large, many-flowered, 4-5 times ramified, c. 25-35 x 20-30 cm, common peduncle

40-50 mm; in 9: c. 9-10 x 6-8 cm; all branches rather loosely pubescent with hairs

0.2-0.5 mm long; bracts (only seen in 2) c. 5 mm long, caducous. Flowers 2-5

together in CO and Q, flowers and pedicels loosely pubescent, hairs (0.1-)0.2-0.3

mm long, in 9 the perianth glabrescent towards apex; perianths 2-valved; pedicel

at base inarticulate. Male perianths broadly obovoid, laterally + flattened, c. 3-3.3

x 3-3.2 mm, at apex obtuse to broadly rounded, at base shortly tapering into

pedicel 2-4 mm long; perianth largely hollow, at anthesis split to c. %, valves c. 0.3

mm thick. Androecium small, + flattened, incl. androphore c. 2.5 x 1-1.2 mm,

broadly rounded at apex; anthers 7, when young indistinctly septate, synandrium

1.5-1.8 xX 1-1.2 mm, free apices of anthers 0.1-0.2 mm; androphore 0.8-1.0 x

0.5-0.6 mm; the column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. “4-3. Female perianths

broadly ovoid, c. 3 X 2.6-2.8 mm, split at anthesis to c. 7, valves c. 0.3 mm thick;

pedicel 1-2 mm long; ovary broadly ovoid, c. 2-2.2 xX 1.8-2.0 mm, densely pubes-

cent with hairs 0.1 mm or less, stigma short, not or hardly lobed, c. 0.1 X 0.4 mm.

Fruits not seen.

Distribution. Northern Papua New Guinea: Sepik Prov., Morobe Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Craven & Schodde 1463; Hoogiand & Craven 110835.

Ecology. Lower montane rainforest, 1200-1300 m alt. Flowers in April and

August.

Vernacular name. Guma (Sepik Prov., Waskuk lang.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Small tree, c. 8 m high. Flowers medium green, yellow at anthesis.

2. Close to H. ampla Mkgf., a species of which I have seen no material.

According to the description it differs by the more elongate, possibly glabrous,

perianths c. 4 X 2 mm, the androecium with 10 anthers, and the glabrescent

inflorescences. The present new species has in common with H. ampla the peculiar-

ly long-stalked androecium and the large male inflorescences. H. ampla was

collected at 200-400 m alt.

3. Known from a male and a female flowering specimen. The perianths of the

female specimen, Craven & Schodde 1463, from Morobe Prov., are glabrescent in

the upper half. This could also be H. ampla as well. Moreover, as the hairs on the

leaf bud are slightly shorter than those of the male specimen it is difficult to

distinguish H. ampliformis from the variable and widespread H. laevigata.

26. Horsfieldia angularis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(26)

Ramuli angulares vel biporcati, perianthio masculo subgloboso, 2-3 mm diam., basin versus pubes-

centi, 2-4-valvato fere usque ad basin, antheris 12-20, erectis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus breviter

ellipsoideis, 1.7-2.0 cm longis, minute pubescentibus vel glabrescentibus. — Type: Vogelkop Penins., &

98 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

fl.. BW 5828 (L).

Tree 15-30 m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges from petiole to petiole, lower

down subterete with two distinct ridges, 3-7(-10) mm diam., early glabrescent,

tomentum grey-brown, with hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark striate, distinctly coarsely

lenticellate, when older not flaking. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to thinly

chartaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually in the middle, 10-27 x

3-7.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying pale to dark

brown, often finely paler pustulate, lower surface glabrescent, hairs very minute

grey stellate, less than 0.1 mm; without brown or blackish dots; midrib flattish or

slightly raised above; nerves 12-15 pairs, above thin and flattish or slightly sunken;

tertiary venation forming a lax network, faint; petiole 7-15 x 2-3 mm; leaf bud

10-15 x 2-2.5 mm, with hairs 0.1 mm. Inflorescences rather densely pubescent with

hairs 0.2-0.3 mm; in Gand Q: 2 or 3 times ramified, rather few-flowered, c. 3-4 x

2-2.5 cm, common peduncle 3-6 mm; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers (in GC)

generally 2-4 together; perianths in CO’: 2-4-, in Q: 2(-3)-valved, pubescent in the

lower half with hairs 0.1(-0.2) mm long; pedicels pubescent, at base inarticulate.

Male perianth in lateral view circular or slightly transversely ellipsoid, slightly or

not laterally compressed, not collapsing on drying, 1.7-2.3 x 2.2-3.2 mm, above

and at base (broadly) rounded, pedicel not tapering, 1-2 mm long; perianth at

anthesis cleft to the base (c. 10), valves (0.2-) 0.3 mm thick. Androecium slightly

laterally flattened (and in 3- or 4-valved flowers + 3- or 4-angular in transverse

section), above broadly rounded, 1.2-1.5 xX 1.5-2.2 mm, anthers 12 (2-valved) to c.

20 (in 4 valved flowers), + erect, not septate, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm,

central column at apex narrowly hollowed for (4%-)'2; androphore absent, the

androecium + broadly attached. Female perianth depressed globose, c. 2.5 X 3-3.2

mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 4, valves 0.8-1.0 mm thick, pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; ovary

+ depressed globose-ovoid, c. 1.2 X 1.5 mm, densely short-pubescent, style and

stigma minute, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 X 0.3 mm. Fruits 5-10 per infructescence,

short-ellipsoid, 1.7-2.0 x 1.4-1.7 cm, pubescent at very base, with coarse paler-

coloured lenticel-like tubercles; dry valves thick-woody, c. 3-5 mm thick; seed

ellipsoid, stalk 3-5 mm long; perianth not persistent.

Distribution. New Guinea: Vogelkop Peninsula, subdist. Manokwari.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya, Vogelkop: BW 2340, 5828, 10922, 15752; Kostermans 2635; van Royen &

Sleumer 6813 — Jayapura Dist. (doubtful): b.b. 31124; BW 5340.

Ecology. Primary forest; on clayey soils, locally common; 0-600 m alt. Flowers in

February and August, fruits in February and October.

Vernacular names. Babijag (Karoon lang.), Bepoes (Hattam lang.), Betelohoi

and Sebohonggwa (Manikiong lang.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Locally common in primary forest on the coastal plain, up to 600

m. in Kebar valley. Sometimes buttresses to c. 1 x ¥2 m. Bark sometimes fissured,

or peeling off in small scales; with red exudate. Sapwood pale brown or white,

heartwood not discernable or pinkish. Flowers greenish. Fruits yellow-brown or

yellow, aril orange or red; fruit recorded as sour and edible.

2. The present new species is much related to H. basifissa of which the sterile

specimens (presumed to belong to it) are difficult to identify since their twigs are

rather ridged. H. angularis is distinguished from H. basifissa by (1) the more

New account of Horsfieldia 2 99°

strongly ridged and somewhat stouter twigs, (2) the more hairy and variably

2-4-valved flowers with thicker valves, (3) the hairy ovary, and the thinly pubescent

ellipsoid fruits; the two species have in common thickish subglobose male (flower)

perianths, which do not or hardly collapse on drying, and which at anthesis are cleft

to the base.

3. Sinclair identified specimens as H. polyantha, a name presently considered a

synonym of H. laevigata; specimens of the resembling H. basifissa were also

identified by Sinclair as H. polyantha.

4. Two sterile specimens, with ridged twigs, b.b. 31/124 and Karstel BW 5340,

from Jayapura Dist., Irian Jaya, probably belong to the present species.

27. Horsfieldia iriana de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(27)

Horsfieldia novo-guineensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, p.p., only the type of H. iriana, not the

lectotype.

Myristica nesophila auct. non. Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. I (1864) 206: Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. II (1865) 49,

p.p., as based on Zipelius (139 d), not the lectotype of Myristica aruana Bl. = H. aruana.

Ramuli angulati vel sulcati. Perianthium in fl. & valvis 2 instructum. Androecium lateraliter com-

pressum. Antherae erectae. Cum H. aruana comparibilis, sed differt pedicellis perianthio longioribus

perianthoque sub anthesi usque ad basin fissum. — Type: Zipelius (139 d) (L; iso: K).

Tree c. 10(?) m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges between the petioles, lower

down subterete but ridged, 3-5 mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey-rusty,

composed of hairs c. 0.2 mm long; bark rather smooth, when older not flaking;

lenticels small, distinct. Leaves in two rows, thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,

broadest at or above the middle, 17-28 x 4.5-8 cm, base long-attenuate, tip

acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous, lower surface early glabrescent

from stellate-scaly hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, larger brown-blackish dots absent;

midrib rather broad and flat above; nerves 13-16 pairs, thin and flat above; tertiary

veins forming a lax network, slightly raised above but indistinct; petioles 6-11 x

2-3.5 mm; leaf bud slender, 10-15 xX 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long.

Inflorescences in CG: axillary to the lower leaves, sparsely pubescent with stellate

hairs 0.2(-0.3) mm long, (2 or) 3(or 4) times ramified, rather many-flowered, 6-8 x

4-6 cm, common peduncle 5-10 mm long; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in

loose clusters of 2-5, perianth 2-valved, largely glabrous but with some minute hairs

towards the base; pedicels slender, sparsely pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male

perianth in lateral view circular to slightly longitudinally ellipsoid, not or slightly

laterally compressed, blackish brown, not collapsed on drying, 2.3-2.8 x 2.2-2.8

mm, subacute or narrowly rounded at the top, at base rounded, pedicel not

tapered, slender, c. 2.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to +4-% deep, valves c.

0.2 mm thick. Androecium laterally compressed (flattened), c. 1.5 x 1.5-2 mm,

(broadly) rounded above; anthers c. 10-14, erect, finely septate when young, free

portions at apex 0.1(-0.2) mm long, column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. 4;

androphore absent. Female flowers and fruits not seen.

Distribution. SW. New Guinea (Irian Jaya), known only from the type.

100 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Ecology. Nothing known; likely from coastal lowland forest.

NOTES

J. Only known from the type specimen, Zipelius (139 d) in L (K, iso). This

specimen is part of the heterogenous Zipelius material which served for the

description of Myristica aruana Blume and Horsfieldia novo-quineensis Warb., of

which the typification is explained under Horsfieldia aruana. The syntype-

specimens Zipelius (139d) were erroneously included by Sinclair in H. polyantha

Warb. as accepted by him. This name is here considered a synonym of H. laevigata.

28. Horsfieldia aruana (B1.) de Wilde, comb. nov. Fig. 1B(28)

Myristica aruana B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 191; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975), 112, 118, 119 122-124,

in the synonymy of Horsfieldia spicata — Palala aruana Rumph., Herb.Amb. 7(Auct.)(1755), t. 24 —

H. novo-guineensis Warburg, Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, t. 23 fig. 1-3, p.p., for the lectotype only. —

Lectotype: those specimens of Zipelius s.n. at L, annotated by Blume.

Tree c. 15m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges between the petioles, lower

down subterete though also provided with 2 ridges, 3-5 mm diam., early glabres-

cent, tomentum minute, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark striate, when older not

flaking; lenticels small, inconspicuous. Leaves in two rows, membranous, elliptic-

oblong, broadest at or above the middle, 15-29 x 5-9.5 cm, base attenuate, tip

acute-acuminate, upper surface drying olivaceous to brown, lower (surface) early

glabrescent, without larger brown-blackish dots; midrib flattish or slightly raised

above; nerves 13-15 pairs, slender, flattish; tertiary veins forming a lax network,

indistinct; petioles 10-15 x 1.5-2.5 mm, leaf bud c. 10 x 1.5 mm, with hairs c. 0.1

mm long. Inflorescences situated in between or below the leaves, sparsely pubes-

cent by hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, in C&: 3 or 4 times ramified, 5-8 x 4-5 cm, rather

many-flowered, common peduncle 5-15 mm long; bracts not seen, caducous.

Flowers in loose clusters of 2-5 each, perianth 2-valved, glabrous; pedicels slender,

sparsely pubescent, inarticulated at base. Male perianth in lateral view circular to

somewhat transversely ellipsoid, laterally compressed, blackish and collapsing on

drying, 1.5-2 xX 2-2.5 mm, top broadly rounded, base + rounded, pedicel not

tapering, slender, 1-1.5 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 74-%4, valves c. 0.2

mm thick. Androecium much laterally compressed, c. 1.5 X 2.0 mm, above broadly

truncate-rounded; anthers (c.) 14-18, finely septate when young, distal free por-

tions 0-0.1 mm, anther column completely solid or almost so (see notes);

androphore absent or up to 0.1 (-0.2) mm. Female flowers and fruits not seen.

Distribution. SW. New Guinea (Irian Jaya); possibly also Aru and Tanimbar Isls.

(see notes).

TANIMBAR ISLS.: b.b. 24414 (doubtful).

ARU ISLS.: Buwalda 4969 (doubtful).

NEW GUINEA: Irian Jaya, SW.: Zipelius s.n. (in L, as annotated by Blume).

Ecology. Not known.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 101

NOTES

1. Horsfieldia aruana with mature male flowers is only known from the lecto-

type, i.e., three unnumbered Zipelius collections in Leiden, which have membra-

nous leaves, and which bear annotations by both Blume and Zippel ‘‘Myristica Sp.

arb. 40-50, N. Guinea’’. Also deposited in Leiden are three duplicates of which two

are unannotated. They form part of the syntype material including the Zippel-

collections mentioned by Warburg under his H. novo-guineensis; see further, notes

2 and 3.

2. Warburg (p. 273) had rejected the name Myristica aruana Bl. and replaced it

with a new name, H. novo-guineensis ‘Warb., as he considered the type of M. aruana

a mixture and dubious. Later he in turn conceived H. novo-guineensis as a very

variable species (it being based on a number of specimens), not indicating a

holotype, citing M. aruana Bl. p.p. and M. nesophila Mig. in its synonymy,

Annales II (i.e, not the one in Annales I). H. novo-guineensis is presently referred

to H. irana, a new species.

The specimens cited by Warburg for H. novo-guineensis (now the syntype) are

the following: New Guinea (West), Zipelius s.n. (C’, several sheets of two different

species); Beccari 684 (C’, fr.), 116 (CO) — (East), Sepik, Hollrung 657 (fr.) — Aru

Isls., Moseley s.n. (fr.) — Dammar Isl., Riedel s.n. (fr.).

The Zipelius specimens are all in Leiden and represent two different species.

Warburg (p. 273) had alluded to the difference. Part of it is now chosen to typify

the presently accepted name H. aruana and to lectotypify H. novo-guinensis as

explained in note 3.

The remaining material, marked Zipelius (139d) in Leiden (K, iso) is now

accommodated in H. irana, the newly described species.

I have not examined the Beccari specimens. Sinclair referred 1/6 to H. spicata

and 684 to H. polyantha. Of these two species I have presently quite different ideas.

Hollrung 657 was referred by Sinclair to H. spicata as well but I consider it to be

H. pilifera or H. laevigata although its fruits are intermediate in size, 16-18 mm

long, and the twigs tend to be ridged.

Sinclair had not mentioned Moseley s.n., from the Aru Isls., in K, and I have not

seen it.

Riedel s.n. from the Dammar Isls is H. smithii.

3. The name M. aruana BI. was considered as dubious and rejected by Warburg

(p. 273), being based on Rumph’s “‘Palala aruana”’ (Herb. Amboin., Auct. p. 56)

whereas he regarded the Zipelius specimens too different from Rumphius’s de-

scriptions. I agree with Sinclair (l.c.) who accepts Blume’s name typified by the

Zipelius collections (see note 1) as annotated by Blume at the Leiden Herbarium.

Sinclair regarded the name aruana, thus typified, as synonymous with H. spicata in

the wider sense. It will become clear that Warburg’s new name “‘novo-guineensis”’

remains with “‘aruana” as lecto-typified by Sinclair (pp. 122 & 123). Of the Zipelius

collections, Sinclair had cited them under the number of “(139d)” as being H.

iriana, newly proposed by him.

102 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

4. Doubtful specimens are Buwalda 4969 (K,L) from the Aru Isls. and b.b. 24414

(L) from the Tanimbar Isls. The male flowers of both are immature and they may

well belong to the type collection. Even more dubious is b.b. 24414 as the stamen

column of its androecium apppears to be open for nearly %4 or 4%, and irregular

whitish blotches on its leaves are similar to those usually found in H. irya and H.

smithii. The anther columns of Buwalda 4969 are cleft to a depth of only Mo.

Sinclair identified this as H. pilifera (at Kew) and as H. spicata (at Leiden), and

b.b. 24414 as H. irya.

5. Distribution. Because of the doubts concerning Buwalda 4969 discussed above

and the reference by Blume to “‘Palala aruana’’, it cannot be ascertained that the

present species occurs on the Aru Islands.

29. Horsfieldia subtilis (Mig.) Warb. Fig. 1B(29); 15 g, h.

Myristica subtilis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2,1 (1865) 50 — Horsfieldia subtilis (Miq.) Warb.,

Mon. Myrist. (1897) 286, t. 23 fig. 1-4; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152 — Type: ‘Zipelius (78)

(WU; tro, LS, 7 y:):

For further synonyms see under the varieties.

Tree 2-10(-15) m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1-3(-8) mm diam., early glabrescent,

tomentum grey-brown, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less; bark finely striate, when

older not flaking, lenticels fine, usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or

as in var. calcarea + chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at

or above the middle, 6-25(-28) x 2-9(-9.5) cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate;

upper surface drying dull olivaceous to brown, with or without fine paler dots,

lower surface very early glabrescent, hairs 0.1 mm or less; without larger dark-

coloured dots, the nerves darker and contrasting in colour or not; midrib above

flattish or slightly raised; nerves 6-16 pairs, above thin and flat or raised, beneath

with the submarginal arches faint or distinct; tertiary veins forming a lax network,

usually indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 5-13 xX 1.2.5 mm; leaf bud 6-12 x 1.5-2

mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences in & 1-2(-3) times ramified, common

peduncle up to 10 mm long, rather few- to many-flowered, 2-8(-9) < 1.5-6 cm, in

Q: 2-5(-8) cm long; glabrescent or with sparse tomentum of scattered stellate-scaly

hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bracts 0.5-2 mm long, glabrescent, with fimbriate margins,

caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 1-8(-10) each; perianths 2-valved, glabrous,

pedicel slender, glabrous, at base not articulated. Male perianth in lateral view

circular or more or less broadly transversely sub-elipsoid, or broadly ob-triangular,

usually distinctly flattened, and collapsing on drying, 1.3-2.4 x 1.8-3 mm, upper part

generally subtruncate or (broadly) rounded, at base subtruncate to short-cuneate,

pedicel not tapering, slender, 1-3 mm long, perianth at anthesis split to c. %4-Ya(-

Yr), valves 0.1-0.2(in var. acuta up to ¥%) mm thick. Androecium laterally

flattened towards the top, at base broadened and usually almost cylindrical, lateral

view subquadrangular in outline, i.e., broadly rounded or subtruncate above, the

androecium nearly filling the perianth, c. (0.7-)1-1.5(-1.7) x 1.4-1.6 mm; anthers

(9-) 10-12, faintly septate when young, + erect, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm

long, anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. ¥%4-’3; androphore + slender,

distinct, 0.2-0.5 mm iong, sometimes + hidden by the sagged anthers. Female

perianth broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, or subglobose, 1.8-2.5 xX 2-2.5 mm, split at

anthesis to c. 14, valves c. 0.2.mm (at base of perianth 0.3-0.6 mm) thick, pedicel

1-5 mm long; ovary avoid, 1.1-1.5 x 0.8-1.1 mm, glabrous, style with minutely

bilobed stigma c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits (1-) 5-15 per infructescence, either globose or

subglobose, 0.9-1.2(-1.3) * 0.8-1.1(-1.3) cm (pseudostalk up to 1 mm), or in some

New account of Horsfieldia 2 103

varieties with larger ones rather ellipsold, 1.4-1.9 x 1.1-1.4 cm, with the top

rounded to acutish, base rounded, without or with pseudostalk up to 3 mm;

glabrous, drying blackish, without or with minute paler tubercles or lenticels; dry

valves c. 1(-2) mm thick; seed subglobose to ellipsoid; stalk 1-7 mm; perianth not

persisting.

Distrubution. Aru. Isls., the whole of New Guinea.

In order to accommodate a number of specimens with the fruits distinctly larger

than the majority, local varieties are recognized.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES

la. Male perianth 2-3 mm wide. Fruits globose or short-ellipsoid, 9-12(-13) mm long incl. pseudostalk

ok I 66 ie RB Te 0 ps a Oe ae AOE doe ear oe Ae, Ue Oe ee Ps te a. var. subtilis

b. Male perianth c. 2.5-3 mm wide (always?). Fruits short-ellipsoid, 14-19(-20) mm long incl.

a OR Ee 0 at sci Asien oe does pe. iain Ses ain righlns + gs Ba us Avene nse oye H om AE oe nd p owe Oo a Sens 2

2a. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic, 6-9 cm long. Pseudostalk of fruit 2-3 mm long. Limestone area, SW.

ee nce Feomts £ Zeon meal eet 2. RIS. Fe wk b. var. calcarea

b Leaves coriaceous or membranous, elliptic-oblong, 10-22 cm long. Pseudostalk of fruit 0-3 mm long.

oo lee ASUS i Sa UE I i J RS PA Ra NA 3

3a. Leaves membranous. Perianth (Q) glabrous inside ...................cecceceeceeceee eee eeeee eens c. var. aucta

eee = COR aCeous. Feriantn,( OD). Wally MISIGE «° 320., van s+ cpineosnedeare onevescieeedericoeree. d. var. rostrata

a. var. subtilis Fig. 1B(29); 15 g,h

Horsfieldia subtilis var. subtilis: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 132.

H. aruensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 284, t. 23 fig. 1-3; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 154 —

Myristica aruensis (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Beccari s.n. (FI Acc.

Nos. 7622, 7622 A-C, 7623, n.v.).

H. lauterbachii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 285, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch.

Schutzgeb. (1900) 324; Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635; Markgraf, J. Arn. Arb. 10, 2 (1929) 213;

Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 — Type: Lauterbach 805 (B, + BRSL, n.v.).

H. ramuensis Warb. in K. Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb., Nachtr. (1905) 266 — Type: Rodatz

& Klink 20, 24 (both B 7).

H. globularia auct. non (B\.) Warb.: K.Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. (1900) 324.

H. nesophila auct. non (Miq.) Warb.: Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635.

Leaves membranous, elliptic to oblong. Male perianths 1.8-3 mm wide. Fruits

(sub)globose, c. 9-12(-13) x 8-11 mm, incl. the pseudostalk 0-1 mm long.

Distribution. As for the species.

ARU ISLS. Buwalda 4970; Jensen 255.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: Aet 2, 313, 382: Aet & Idjan 554; Astarip 63, 715; BW 2362, 2464, 3517,

3518, 4340, 4761, 4834, 4837, 4942, 6056, 6235, 6796, 8377, 10278, 10628, 11388, 12255, 13524, 13576;

Docters van Leeuwen 9122, 9611, 9698, 9767, 10702, 11066, 11067, 11222; Gjellerup 11, 273; ljiri &

Niimura 53; Kostermans 2668, 2670, 2686, 2802, 2903, 4744; Lam 770; Pymans 7383; Pleyte 1006; Pulle

104 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

52, 1239; von Rémer 676; van Royen 3473, 3560, 4017, 4745, (& Sleumer) 6694; Soegeng 366; Teysmann

7566; Versteeg 1140, 1568, 1612, 1616, 1814; Zipelius 78 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 1414, 28938; Carr

11545, 11629, 12575, 12820, 16281; Craven & Schodde 840, 1012; Darbyshire 1024; Hartley T.G.H.

10710, 11328; Hoogland (& Womersley) 3245, 3503, 3617, 4208, 4583, (& Craven) 10475; Jacobs 9129,

9252; Kanis 1031; LAE 51573, 61106, 61231, 63002, 66272, 70255, 70256, 70455, 73949, 76136; NGF

3890, 4553, 8232, 10378, 13066, 13146, 16068, 16075, 17775, 18308, 18433, 18436, 23575, 24844, 31731,

32822, 33410, 35340, 35427, 35449, 35472, 41108, 41878, 43692, 43693; Pullen 1074, 7280, 7419, 8139;

Schodde 2590, 2910, 2968, 3066; Womersley 3890, (& Simmonds) 5080.

Ecology. Understorey tree of primary and secondary forests; dry and marshy

forest, but often tidal (fresh water) or riverine; on alluvia, clayey soil, sandy clay,

also on limestone or coral soils; 0-800 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Stems once reported as inhabited by ants.

Vernacular names. Aitobi (Aru Isls.), Airawikoepata (West N.G., Tisa), Ben-

doei (Vogelkop, Hattam lang.), Boskomok (East N.G., Western Prov., Oriomo

R.), linapo (Uruaruh lang., Gulf Prov.), Mag (E. N.G. Gulf Prov., Daru lang.),

Mangaifa (Papua, Centr. Prov.), Njet (W. N.G., Kebar lang.), Oara (Papua,

South Vieya), Peh (begie) (Div. South N.G., Digoel R., Awjoe lang.), Reng-

kéferék (W. N.G., Beriat, Tahid land.), Rewwoh f(W. N.G., Fak-Fak, Argoeni

lang.), Roman (E. N.G., Pt. Moresby, Centr. Prov., Waria lang.), Suri (E. N.G.,

Sepik Prov., Waskuk lang.), Tabwi (E. N.G., Sepik Prov., Wagu lang.), Torua (E.

N.G./Papua, North. Prov., Baruga lang.).

Uses. Once recorded that the leaves and twigs were burnt as a mosquito repel-

lent.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Low understorey tree, usually 3-5 m tall. Bole straight; bark

greyish black or grey-brown, finely longitudinally fissured, with broadened len-

ticels. Branches often horizontal or drooping. Exudate pinkish, or colourless and

turning reddish. Wood straw-coloured, usually mottled with reddish streaks.

Perianth yellow, rarely orange-yellow. Fruits greenish-yellow, yellow, or (yellow)

orange, aril orange or red.

2. Deviating specimens. Van Royen & Sleumer 6694 from a coral cliff near

Mankokwari (Vogelkop) somewhat deviates in the relatively narrow perianth, +

longer than broad, c. 2.4 xX 2.2 mm. Versteeg 1612 from SW. New Guinea has

relatively large fruits, c. 1.3 x 1.1-1.3 cm.

3. The type-variety as presently accepted largely agrees with Sinclair’s H. subtilis

var. subtilis. Of the other two varieties accepted by him, are var. rostrata (Mgkf.)

and var. schlechteri (Warb.), the latter presently treated as a different species,

distinguished by characters different from those used in his key to the varieties.

b. var. calcarea de Wilde, var. nov.

Differt a H. subtilis var. subtilis perianthiis masculis latioribus atque fructibus maioribus, c. 1.5-2 cm

longis, stipitibus 2-3 mm longis, foliis chartaceis, usque ad 10 cm longis. — Type: Vink BW 15270 (L;

iso: K; A, BO, BRI, CANB, LAE & US, n.v.).

Leaves thinly chartaceous, elliptic, 6-9 x 2.5-4 cm, at the apex proportionally

long-acute-acuminate for 1-1.5 cm. Male flowers not seen. Fruits ellipsoid, 17-19 x

New account of Horsfieldia 2 105

12-14 mm, incl. pseudostalk 2-3 mm long.

Distribution. West New Guinea, SW. Vogelkop Penins.

IRIAN JAYA. Vogelkop Penins.: (Versteegh) BW. 7432; (Vink) BW. 15270.

Ecology. Secondary forest on limestone rock with thin clay cover; 220-300 m alt.

Fruits in March and May. Female flowers in May.

Vernacular name. Baiwach, Hafringee (Maibrat lang.).

NOTES

1. Recorded as a shrub, 5 m tall; rather common. Ripe fruits orange.

2. Judging from the aspect after drying, the pericarps of the fruits in Vink BW

15270 suggested they were rather fleshy in the fresh state and drying left the

pseudostalks distinct, c. 3 mm long.

c. var. aucta de Wilde, var. nov.

A Horsfieldia subtilis typica differt fructibus maioribus, a H. subtilis var. calcarea foliis maioribus

membranaceis — Type: Jacobs 8972 (L; iso: K).

Leaves membranous, elliptic-oblong, 11-20 x 3-7.5 cm, apex for 1-1.5 cm acute-

acuminate. Male perianth obtriangular, c. 2.5-3 mm wide (always?). Fruits short-

ellipsoid, 15-19(-20) x 11-15 mm including the up to 2.5-mm long pseudostalk.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea; possibly also near Manokwari, Vogelkop

Penins., W. New Guinea (see notes).

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya, Vogelkop: (Koster) BW 4340 (doubtful). Papua New Guinea: (Western

Dist.) NGF. 42815; (S. Highlands) Jacobs 8711, 8972, 9053, 9071, 9071-A; (Central Distr.) Kanis 1328.

Ecology. Montane primary and secondary rain forest, on well-drained volcanic

soil, or peaty soil; at 600-1000 m. Flowers in September and October, fruits from

July to October.

NOTES

1. Shrub or low tree, 3-8 m. Male flowers fleshy, dark yellow. Fruits glossy

orange, hard; aril dark orange, or red, at the base black.

2 The male flowers, known from Jacobs 9071, are stouter and have a thicker

perianth as compared with those of var. subtilis. In Jacobs 9071 the perianth is

obtriangular, c. 3 x 3 mm, and split into 2 (or some into 3) valves only for the apical

Ys-/4; lower down, the perianth wall is thick-fleshy, c. 0.5 mm thick. On Jacobs

9071-A, a collection from a nearby tree with fruits measuring c. 16 x 14 mm when

dry, Jacobs had remarked that in the fresh state the ‘‘seed (is) half the diameter of

the fruit’. The dry seed measures about 14 mm, and probably was not or only

slightly larger in the fresh state; this means that fresh fruits were about 3 cm diam.,

i.e., the dry ones in the herbarium have shrunk to half.

106 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

_ The inflorescences in Jacobs 8711, with submature fruits, are 8-9 cm long; these

are stouter than generally found in the type variety.

3. Kanis 1328, from Moresby area, deviates by a more slender habit. Koster BW

4340, from near Manokwari, Vogelkop (West New Guinea) at an altitude of

c. 150 m. probably does not belong here. Moreover, its fruits are c. 14 X 12 mm,

considerably larger than all the rest seen of var. subtilis from the same area.

d. var. rostrata (Mkegf.) Sinclair

Horsfieldia subtilis var. rostrata (Mkgf.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 136 — Horsfieldia rostrata

Mkgf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152 — Type: Ledermann 8916 (B, +; iso: SING, n.v.).

Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, c. 9-13 x 2-4.5 cm, tip

shortly acute-acuminate. Male flowers not known. Female perianth pilose inside

(see notes). Fruits ellipsoid, top rostrate, c. 20.x 12 mm, including the 2-4-mm long

pseudostalk.

Distribution. NE. Papua New Guinea: Sepik Prov., Etappenberg; known only

from the type.

Ecology. Mossy montane forest with much Agathis, c. 850 alt. Female flowers

and fruits in October.

NOTES

The holotype of H. rostrata, containing 9 flowers and mature fruit, was lost in B;

an isotype is in SING and was examined by Sinclair. He maintained H. rostrata as

a variety under H. subtilis. According to him, the SING specimen contains a single

infructescence with two fruits, each measuring c. 1.4-1.5 x 1 cm; the fruits have ac.

2-mm beak, and pseudo-stalks 3-4 mm long. According to this description the

foregoing new var. aucta appears almost entirely identical with var. rostrata.

However, Markgraf, I.c. p. 153, describes the perianth of the female flowers as

pilose inside; the ovary and fruit as glabrous. The hairiness of the inner side of the

perianth would render the Ledermann 8916 collection highly remarkable, and

consequently I have provisionally kept it as a separate taxon. The inner hairy

surface of the perianth seems reminiscent of Endocomia macrocoma, but this has

three perianth lobes.

30. Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. Fig. 1B(30); 15 a-f.

Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. in Schum. & Lauterbach, Nachtr. z. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee

(1905) 267; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 — H. subtilis var. schlechteri (Warb.) Sinclair,

Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 137 — Type: (Torricelli Mts.) Schlechter 14500 (B, + iso: BM, K, P; BO,

WRCL, G, n.v.).

Tree or shrub, 3-15 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards apex 1-4(-6) mm diam..,

early glabrescent, tomentum rusty-grey, with hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark finely

striate, when older not flaking; without or with few lenticels. Leaves in 2 rows,

membranous or thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, + paral-

lel-sided or note, 6-19 x 1.06-6.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-accuminate; upper

surface drying olivaceous to dark brown, finely paler pustulate or not, lower

surface early glabrescent, the hairs 0.1 mm or less, without larger brown dots, the

Fig. 15.

Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. a, leafy twig with male inflorescences, X ‘2; b, mature male

flower, X 12; c, ditto, opened, showing stiped androecium, x 12; d, opened mature female

flower, showing glabrous ovary, X 12; e, portion of twig with infructescence with mature

fruits, X 2; f, mature fruit of a different specimen, xX 2. — Horsfieldia subtilis Miq.) Warb.

var subtilis: g, opened male flower, showing androecium, androphore hidden by the anthers,

x 12; A, twig portion with mature infructescence. — a-c, from Kostermans & Soegeng 359; d

& e, from BW 4307; f, from BW 2900; g, from LAE 70256; h from Hoogland 3503.

107

108 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

nerves little contrasting; midrib slender, raised from both surfaces; nerves 6-14

pairs, raised or flattish above, indistinct; tertiary veins forming a lax network very

indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 5-12 x 0.7-1.5 mm; leaf bud c. 8 X 1 mm, with

hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences glabrescent or with rather sparse to dense

tomentum of stellate hairs 0.1 mm long or less, sometimes extending to the

pedicels; in C’: (1-)2(or 3) times ramified, 1.5-7 x 1-4 cm, common peduncle 3-15

mm, slender; in Q: few-flowered, 1-4 cm long; bracts 0.5-1 mm long, densely

woolly pubescent, caducous. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, perianths 2-valved,

glabrous; pedicels slender, at base inarticulate. Male perianth (broadly obovoid

or) subglobose, (1-) 1.3-1.5 x (1-) 1.5-2 mm, not or only little laterally compressed,

when dry wrinkled but not or slightly collapsed, rounded above, shortly tapered at

base; pedicel slender, (1-)2-3.5 mm long, slightly broadened towards the perianth,

glabrous or with some scattered minute hairs at base; perianth at anthesis split to c.

Y4(-'2), valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium + flattened especially in the upper

part, thickish at base, broadly ellipsoid in outline, above and at base broadly

rounded, c. 0.6-0.8 xX 0.9-1.0 mm; anthers 8, mutually appressed, free apices 0-0.1

mm; androphore 0).4-0.5 mm; anther column at apex narrowly excavated for c. %.

Female perianth ellipsoid-obovoid, c. 1.5-2 xX 1.5 mm, split at anthesis to c. %,

valves 0.1(-0.2) mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1-1.2 x 0.8

mm, glabrous or with a few minute hairs at apex (see notes), stigma minutely 2-

lobulate, c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits 1(-2) per infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded,

not pointed or for only c. 1 mm, base rounded to short-attenuate into a pseudostalk

(1.5-) 2-6 mm long, excl. pseudostalk 1.3-2.0(-2.5) x 0.9-1.2 cm, glabrous, drying

blackish, with or without paler pustules (or lenticels), dry valves 1-2 mm thick; stalk

5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Jayapura Dist.; N. Papua New Guinea,

W. Sepik Prov.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: bb 25083; BW 2900, 3681, 4064, 4307, 5522; Kostermans & Soegeng 235,

359; van Royen & Sleumer 6219, 6455 — Papua New Guinea: Hoogland & Craven 10703; NGF 13293,

18953, 39223, 48230, 48297; Pullen 1514; Schlechter 14500.

Ecology. Forest on stony slopes, foothills, ridges; mossy forest, lowland and

lower montane forest; on stony clay, sandy soil; 20-500 m alt. Flowers and fruits

throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Cheem (Sepik Prov.), Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Prov.),

Medal (Wagu lang., Sepik Prov.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark dark brown or blackish, with longitudinal fissures. Perianths

yellow or orange-yellow. Fruits green-yellow, yellow, or (yellow-)orange; aril red.

2. BW4307 (Hollandia, 400 m) has markedly large fruits, c. 2.5 x 1.2 cm incl. the

5-6-mm long pseudostalk. The specimen Kalkman 3681, from the same area, at 50

m, has fruits c. 1.3 x 0.9 cm, with only a short pseudostalk (1-) 1.5 mm; its ovaries

and very young fruits have a few minute hairs towards the apex; it approaches

certain specimens of H. subtilis.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 109

3. H. schlechteri, as accepted presently, largely agrees with Sinclair’s H. subtilis

var. schlechteri. However, specimens cited by him from outside the Jayapura/Sepik

area are presently referred to H. subtilis.

31. Horsfieldia basifissa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(31)

Horsfieldia polyantha auct. non Warb.: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 95, p.p.

A Horsfielda speciebus quoad perianthia 2-valvata sese similibus, differt ramulis non-cristatis,

perianthiis masculis sub anthesi usque ad basin divisa, androecio excavato per 3-2, atque fructibus

glabris (sub)globosis. — Type: White NGF 10242 (L).

Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 2-4(-8) mm

diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey-brown, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely

striate, when older not flaking; lenticels inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-

nous to thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually

above the middle, 10-22 x 3-8 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper

surface drying olivaceous to brown (often with paler markings, possibly caused by

calcium agglomerations), not or faintly, minutely, more palely pustulate, lower

surface glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm; without larger dark brown dots; midrib above

flattish; nerves 10-15 pairs not particularly contrasting, above thin and flattish or

sunken, beneath with the marginal arches not very regular nor prominent; tertiary

veins forming a lax network, rather faint; petioles 5-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud c. 10

x 1.5 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences in 0:3(-4) times ramified, many-

flowered, 4-10 xX 2.5-6 cm, common peduncle 2-20 mm long; in 2: c. 5 X 3.5 cm;

densely to sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs 0.1-0.2 mm; bracts elliptic-oblong,

acute, 1-2(-4) mm long, caducous. Flowers generally 1-3 together; perianth 2-

valved, glabrescent except at the very base, pedicel thinly pubescent with hairs c.

0.1 mm long, at base not articulated. Male perianth as seen laterally subcircular,

slightly broader than long, only little laterally compressed, not or but slightly

collapsed on drying, 2.2-2.7 x 2.6-3 mm, upper and basal part broadly rounded,

pedicel not tapering, 1.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to the base, valves

0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium laterally much flattened, above broadly rounded, c.

1.5-1.7 x 2.0 mm; anthers 12-14(-16), distinctly septate when immature, erect, free

portions at apex c. 0.1 mm long, anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for

Y3-*/3; androphore 0-0.1 mm, broadly attached. Female perianth (immature flowers

seen only) broadly ovoid, c. 1.5 X 1.4 mm, split at anthesis nearly to the base,

valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.1 xX 0.6 mm,

glabrous, style and stigma small, minutely 2-lobed. Fruits 1-20 per infructescence,

globose or subglobose, 1.1-1.4 cm diam., glabrous, drying light to dark brown, with

or without coarse, paler-coloured lenticels or warts; dry valves c. 1.5-3 mm thick, of

woody-granular structure; seed ellipsoid; stalk 3-4 mm; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. New Guinea: NE. Irian Jaya; N. Papua New Guinea (Sepik,

Madang Prov.).

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Schram) BW 2665; (Kalkman) BW 3455 — Papua New Guinea:

Hoogland & Craven 10215; NGF 10242, 26953, 32824, Pullen 1896; Saunders 198, 958; Schlechter 18302;

Womersley 3798, 3821, 3899.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, marshy forest, locally common; also

recorded from Pometia-Intsia forest on clays and marls; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in

September, fruits in March, June, and October.

110 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Vernacular names. Euoe (Sko lang., Hollandia); Ilis (Jal, Madang Prov.); Num-

ba (Angorami, Sepik Prov.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, branches horizontal. Flowers yellow; fruit green,

turning orange.

2. Apart from H. angulata (see the notes under that species) it is possibly closely

related to H. parviflora, because of the glabrous fruits. The fruits are globose, and

often are very similar to those of H. pilifera or H. sinclairii; in these two species,

however, the fruits are always hairy, at least towards the base. See also note 4.

3 .Many of the specimens accepted in the present new species were identified by

Sinclair (p. 97) as H. polyantha, with H. novoguineenis as a synonym. The speci-

mens of the syntype of H. polyantha, Beccari 7619, 7619 A, not seen by me,

however, most likely belong to Knema laevigata.

The syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb. are very heterogeneous; the two

lectosyntypes (Sinclair, p. 95), Beccari 684 (not seen), and Zipelius 139-d belong to

H. iriana; a third syntype, Hollrung 657 (fruits) belongs to H. pilifera (a species

close to H. laevigata) whereas other syntypes belong to yet other species.

4. The new species has much in common with H. laevigata var. novobritannica,

which has the androecium also deeply hollowed inside; the latter has, however, a

more hairy perianth. Of var. novobritannica, the female flowers are not known,

but it has globose fruits larger than those of H. basifissa, and they are somewhat

hairy at the base. The present new species is characterized by the subglabrous male

flowers with a very deeply cleft perianth, glabrous ovary and glabrous globose

fruits; it could be confused with H. pilifera and H. sinclairii which also may have

globose fruits, but are never glabrous.

32. Horsfieldia sinclairii de Wilde, sp. nov., Fig. 1B(32)

Horsfieldia erubescens Sincl., in sched. (Gard. Bull. Sing. 28, 1975, 6-7) — H. australiana auct. non S.T.

Blake: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 6, p.p. — Type in sched.: Womersley & Brass. NGF 8664

(SING, n.v; iso: BM, K, L; A, BO, BRI, CANB, LAE & NSW, n.v.

Perianthia mascula parva, subglobosa, c. 1.5-2 mm diam., glabra, sub anthesi usque ad 1 divisa,

antheribus 6-10, androphoro usque ad c. ¥3 excavato, ovario pubescente, fructibus globosis vel breviter

ellipsoideis, 1.5-2.5 cm longis, in siccitate nigrescentibus, pericarpio sicco 4-6 mm crasso. — Type:

(Streimann & Katik NGF 28886 (L, iso: K).

Tree, 4-25 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards apex 1.5-3(-6) mm diam., early

glabrescent, tomentum brown, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, when older

not flaking; lenticels mostly inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-

oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, 6-14 x 1.7-4.5 cm,

base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate, upper surface drying light to dark brown,

sometimes with paler markings, minutely, more palely pustulate or not; lower

surface glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves

usually not much contrasting; midrib slender, flat above, often reddish tinged and

contrasting below; nerves 6-14 pairs, thin and flat above, beneath inconspicuous,

marginal nerve faint; tertiary veins forming a lax network, inconspicuous; petiole

6-15 x 0.8-1.5 mm, leaf bud 8-15 x 1-2 mm with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflor-

wee .

New account of Horsfieldia 2 111

escences sparsely minutely hairy to subglabrous, hairs c. 0.1 mm; in CG: many-

flowered, 2-4 times ramified, 2.5-8 < 1.5-6 cm, common peduncle 2-10 mm long; in

Q: up to 5(-10) X 4.cm; bracts 0.5-2.5 mm long, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters

2-5 each; perianths 2-valved (in some specimens a rather high percentage of

3-valved perianths), glabrous; pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male

perianth subcircular (rarely slightly broader than long), slightly laterally compress-

ed, not or somewhat collapsed on drying, 1.1-2.0 x 1.5-1.8 mm, broadly rounded

above, rounded to broadly rounded below, pedicel not tapering, slender, 0.6-1.5

mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. ¥2-way, valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick.

Androecium + flattened, in lateral view broadly circular to subobtriangular, above

broadly rounded, c. 0.6-1.4 x 1-1.3 mm; anthers 6-10, septate when immature, free

portions at apex rather conspicuous, 0.1-0.3 mm long, the anther-bearing

column at apex not or only moderately hollowed up to c. 3; androphore narrow,

0-0.3 mm long. Female perianth much larger than in OC, c. 2-2.4 x 1.8-2.2 mm,

ellipsoid-ovoid, at anthesis split to c. 43, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 1 mm

long; ovary globose, c. 1.6 mm diam., densely minutely pubescent, style + absent,

stigma distinctly 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits 1-5(-10?) per infructescence,

globose to short-ellipsoid, or obovoid, top rounded, base rounded or contracted

into a pseudostalk up to 2mm, rather distinctly ridged or not, drying dark brown to

blackish, 1.5-2.5 x 1.5-2.0 cm, glabrescent but often with remnants of tomentum

towards base (lens!), with or without only a few coarse lenticels or tubercles; dry

valves 4-6 mm thick, woody; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Madang Prov., Morobe Prov., Northern

Prov., Milne Bay Prov. (incl. Fergussion Isl. and Normanby Isl.), Central Prov..

Gulf Prov.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Brass 21821, 21912, 21996, 21997, 25503; Carr 12398; Clemens 877; Hartley

T.G.H. 9968, 10421; Hoogland 5139, 8957 (deviating); Hoogland & Mc Donald 3516; Kanis 1107; LAE

60239, 67162, 68817, 70202, 70272, 72475; NGF 8247, 8664, 28886; Saunders 528; Schodde 5638, (&

Craven) 4366 (deviating).

Ecology. Primary and disturbed lowland and mountainous rain forest, flood-

plain forest, on slopes, ridges, also along creeks on stony places. Understorey tree;

found on Castanopsis-dominated ridge, and in Anisoptera-Hopea-dominated

forest. Altitude 0-950 m. Flowers mainly in March, April & June, fruits mainly in

July and October.

Vernacular names. Gaigihab (Dumpu; Madang Prov.), Hamana (Orokaiva

lang., Mumini; Northern Prov.) Posiposi (Milne Bay Prov.), Saksak (Amele;

Madang Prov.).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers creamy, yellow, or yellow-orange; twice recorded as tra-

grant. Fruits glossy green, turning yellow to orange. Once recorded as with buttres-

ses 1 x 1 ft. Bark rough, fissured or peeling off in irregular flakes leaving concave

depressions. Wood cream- or straw-coloured or brown. Bark with reddish exudate.

2. Relationship. Characterized by the slender twigs, smallish thin leaves with

often reddish-tinged midrib beneath, small subglobose glabrous male perianths,

the much larger female flowers with pubescent ovary, and the short-ellipsoid fruits

drying dark brown or blackish, usually with 4-6-mm thick woody pericarp. The

£2 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

fruits may be confused with those of H. laevigata, especially with those of certain

specimens from SW. New Guinea, which have rather similar pericarps but much

larger leaves. In the present species the fruits have often become quite glabrous,

but younger fruits (and ovaries) are pubescent; often minute hairs can be seen close

to the bases of old fruits.

3. The present new species was at first recognized by Sinclair, who named the

sheets and in his manuscript as H. erubescens. A type (NGF 8664) was also

designated. Shortly before his death Sinclair must have been of the opinion that his

new species was conspecific with H. australiana, hence the use of H. australiana in

the posthumous edition of his manuscript.

4. In general habit H. australiana resembles but differs in various ways, especial-

ly in the androecium.

5. The deviating specimens Hoogland 8957 and Schodde & Craven 4366, both

with male flowers, key out in the vicinity of H. sinclairii, but apparently are not

conspecific. They rather agree with H. sinclairii in general appearance, but differ in

their larger male flowers and in the pedicel being thinly minutely pubescent, also

the basal part of the perianth in Schodde & Craven 4366. The latter collection is in

these respects and in its rather elongate perianths reminiscent of H. pilifera, but

for the larger flowers. Hoogland 8957, from Morobe Prov., c. 900 m, has male

perianths subcircular in lateral view, c. 2.4 mm diam., cleft at anthesis to c. 3;

there are c. 10 anthers, the pedicel is minutely sparingly pubescent. Schodde &

Craven 4366, from Gulf Prov. at c. 300 m, has the male perianths rather elongate,

c. 2.5(-3.0) x 1.8-2.0 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 12-7, anthers c. 6 or 7, pedicel and

basal part of perianth minutely pubescent. Probably these specimens represent

separate taxa.

33. Horsfieldia psilantha de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(33)

Perianthium masculum lateraliter compressum, aspectu laterali subcirculare, 2.5-3.5 mm diam.,

glabrum, pedicello gracili, haud attenuato. Infructescentiae usque as 15 cm longae, laxae, fructibus

ellipsoideis, 17-22 mm longis, minute pubescentibus — Type: Long Island, fl., Womersley NGF 43642

Gb, iso: 3);

Tree 5-25 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 3-6(-15, in fruiting twigs)

mm diam., rather early glabrescent, tomentum reddish or grey-brown, composed

of hairs c. 0.1-0.3 mm; bark finely striate, lenticellate, when older not flaking.

Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes almost

parallel-sided, 20-40 x 4.5-12.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper

surface drying olivaceous to green-brown, usually minutely pale-punctate; lower

surface glabrescent or if leaves are younger, with scattered stellate hairs 0.1-0.3 mm

on and near the midrib, without large dark dots, the nerves + greenish or reddish

brown; midrib above flattish; nerves 14-24 pairs, above thin and flattish, beneath

with the submarginal arches rather distinct, not very regularly shaped; tertiary

veins forming a lax network, indistinct; petiole 5-20 x 2-3.5 mm; leaf bud 20-25 x

2.5-3.5 mm, pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm. Inflorescences with rather thin

woolly tomentum or stellate-dendroid hairs 0.2-0.4 mm; in CO and Q (when

fruiting): 3 or 4 times ramified, many-flowered, 10-16 x 8-12 cm, common pedun-

cle 10-40 mm; bracts not seer, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 2-5 each,

perianths 2-valved, glabrous; pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate.

Male perianth subcircular, somewhat laterally compressed, c.(2.0-) 2.5-3 x (2/5-)

New account of Horsfieldia 2 113

3-3.5(-4) mm, upper part broadly rounded, basal part rounded to short-attenuate,

pedicel not tapering, (2-)3-4(-4.5) mm long; perianth at anthesis split to c. 12-4;

valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium much laterally flattened, rounded-truncate

above. 1.4-1.8 X (1.5-)1.8-2.0(-2.2) mm; anthers c. 12-14, mutually appressed, not

septate, erect, apices free for c. 0.1 mm; androphore up to 0.2 mm; anther column

at apex narrowly hollowed for c. ¥4-2. Female flowers not seen. Fruits up to 10 per

infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base obtuse to rounded, 1.7-2.2 x 1.2-1.7 cm,

pubescent though sometimes hairs only remaining at the very base; hairs rusty, c.

0.2 mm long; pericarp drying brown, without or with scattered small or fine

lenticels or wartlets, 1-2 mm thick; stalk 2-8 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. NE. New Guinea. Madang Prov.: Bagabag Isl., Long Isl; New

Britian; New Ireland.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. New Britain (W. & E.): LAE 52132; NGF 21797, 21902, 30448, 41421 —

New Ireland: Sands et al. 2047 — Madang Prov., S. Bagabag Isl.: NGF 42229A — Long Isl: LAE 55033;

NGF 42361, 42390, 42398, 43640, 43642.

Ecology. Forest (incl. beach), in shaded secondary forest; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in

May and October, fruits throughout the year.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, branches often drooping, without or with a few

buttress-roots. Bark blackish or dark grey-brown, longitudinally fissured; inner

bark cream or pink, exudate pink or colourless; sap wood straw- or cream-coloured.

Flowers orange-yellow. Fruit yellow to orange, aril orange.

2. Related species are H. tuberculata, H. laevigata and H. whitmoret. H. tubercu-

lata, variable and wide-spread, has similarly glabrous flowers, but the shape of the

perianth is more tapered at the base, while in the present species it is more circular

in lateral view and at the base not or but slightly tapered: H. tuberculata furth-

ermore has glabrous fruits and ovaries. H. laevigata, a variable and wide-spread

species as well, always has pubescent perianths, though sometimes only scattered

hairs are present; it usually has smaller leaves, and the fruits usually have many

more and coarser lenticel-like tubercles. The leaves of H. whitmorei, from the

Solomon Isls, sometimes have similarly, rather regularly looping, marginal nerves,

and similar fruits, but the male perianth is smaller, only c. 2 mm diam. or less, the

base pubescent, also the pedicels, and the perianth cleft at anthesis to c. “10. NGF

41421, particularly, from West New Britain, resembles H. whitmorei in general

habit, especially in the marginal nerve and in leaf colour.

3. Good representative specimens in fruit are LAE 55033 (from Long Isl) and

NGF 42229A (Bagabag Isl).

4. Some of the specimens have similarly large, branched and spreading in-

fructescences as are the male inflorescences (known only from the type). Female

flowering specimens are not known.

34. Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair Fig. 1B(34); 16

Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 27, 1 (1974) 135 — Type: Whitmore BSIP 1848 (SING;

iso: K,L: LAE, n.v.).

114 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Horsfieldia ‘palewensis’ (sphalm. palauensis) auct. non Kanehira: Whitmore, Guide For. Brit. Solom.

Isl. (1966) 131, 186 in checklist.

Tree 8-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, 2-5(-7) mm diam., + early

glabrescent, tomentum often reddish-brown, composed of hairs 0.1-0.3(-0.4) mm;

bark striate, when older not flaking; lenticels distinct or not. Leaves in 2 rows,

membranous or rarely chartaceous, oblong to lanceolate, often almost parallel-

sided, 9-30(-40) x 2-7(-9) cm, base short- to long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate,

upper surface drying dull brown to green brown, often minutely paler pustulate;

lower surface largely glabrescent but often a few hairs remaining, hairs 0.1-0.4 mm,

without larger brown dots, the nerves generally reddish-brown; midrib above

flattish; nerves 18-26 pairs, above thin and sunken, beneath with the marginal

arches very regular and distinct; tertiary veins forming a lax or fine network,

distinct or not on both surfaces; petiole 10-15 x 1.5-3 mm; leaf bud 10-15 k 2 mm,

with hairs 0.1-0.4 mm long. Inflorescences with dense grey to rusty, + woolly

tomentum with hairs 0).2-0.4 mm long, in CO’: 2-3 times ramified, many-flowered,

(1.5-) 3-11 x 1-6 cm, common peduncie 2-20 mm; in Q: 1.5-7 cm long; bracts 1-2.5

mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-4, perianths 2- (rarely

up to 4-) valved, glabrescent late and usually towards the base with some persistent

tomentum of stellate hairs c. 0.2 mm long; pedicel slender, thinly pubescent, at

base inarticulate. Male perianth subglobose, little to rather much laterally com-

pressed (subcircular in outline), about as long as broad, 1.5-2 X 1.5-2.1 mm, upper

and basal parts rounded; pedicel 0.8-2(-2.5) mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to

c. Yio, valves 0.2(-0.4) mm thick. Androecium + flattened, in lateral view rounded

above, c. 0.8-1.2 x 1-1.3 mm; anthers (8-)10-12, suberect, mutually appressed, not

septate, free apices up to 0.1(-0.2) mm long; androphore up to 0.2 mm long; anther

column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. “4-3. Female perianth ellipsoid or ovoid

to obovoid, 2-2.5 xX 1.5-2 mm, split at anthesis to c. %, valves c. 0.4 mm thick,

pedicel 0.5-3 mm long; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, densely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1

mm, 1.2-1.5 « 0.8-1.2 mm, stigma sessile, 2-lobulate, c. 0.3 mm high. Fruits 1-8 per

infructescence, ellipsoid, apex rounded, base rounded and usually short-contracted

into the stalk, 1.7-2.5(-3.4) « 1.5-1.8(-2.0) cm, glabrescent but always with minute

hairs c. 0.1 mm at base (lens!), drying orange-brown or brown, without or with few

scattered minute tubercles; dry valves 1-2 mm thick; stalk 5-8 mm long; perianth

not persisting.

Distribution. Solomon Isls.

SOLOMON ISLS: Arifanata 2572; BSIP 427, 803, 970, 1124, 1332, 1405, 1537, 1848, 2273, 2582,

2811, 3035, 3052, 3218, 3318, 3406, 3481, 3679, 3745, 4045, 4046, 4096, 4230, 4834, 5539, 5569, 5617,

5905, 6230, 6724, 6787, 6900, 7565, 8166, 8362, 8455, 8659, 8916, 9090, 9224, 9427, 9558, 9697, 9955,

10205, 10256, 10574, 10802, 10978, 11179, 11237, 11408, 11586, 11618, 11714, 12264, 12383, 12523,

12637, 12782, 13038, 13063, 13235, 13442, 13520, 13360, 13777, 13982, 14088, 14126, 14368, 14475,

15611, 15860, 15864, 15924 (p.p.), 15967, 16033, 16294, 16364, 16604, 16907, 17370, 17494, 18497,

18694, 18842; Chapman 427; Hunt 2164; Kajewski 2022; NGF. 31097, 31370, 45611; Waterhouse 891-B:

Whitmore 6112.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, on a variety of soils; alluvial (sandy,

clayey) soil, marshy soil, limestone, red soil, ultrabasic and igneous rock; on

well-drained as well as on (periodically) flooded and marshy ground; not in man-

grove; 0-850 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular name. Aininiu (Kwara’ae).

New account of Horsfieldia 2 115

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Tree usually recorded as without buttresses, but low buttresses

were noted for BSJP 9090 Guadalcanal). Flowers pale, i.e., pale greenish, pale

yellow, whitish-yellow, or ivory, strongly sweet scented. Fruits greenish, when fully

ripe possibly a deeper orange.

Chapman BSIP 427 (New Georgia) has exceptionally rather chartaceous leaves.

Fruits measure exceptionally as large as 3.0-3.4 cm, e.g., in BSIP 970, 9427

(Guadalcanal), BSIP 15967 (Tetepari Isl.).

2. Related species. Sinclair (l.c.) extensively comments on the relationship and

postulates its possible hybrid origin from the other two Solomon Isls. species H.

irya and H. spicata (only p.p., is in my present treatment as H. tuberculata). In my

opinion, however, the present species is particularly related to H. laevigata (which

Sinclair erroneously included in H. parviflora), a wide-spread variable species

which is ‘replaced’ by H. whitmorei in the Solomon Isls.; for differences see the key

to the species. Besides H. laevigata, the species seems also particularly closely

related to H. psilantha, under which further notes are presented.

35. Horsfieldia laevigata (Bl.) Warb. Fig 1B(35); 17 a-i.

Horsfieldia laevigata (B|.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 351, tab. 21, fig. 1-2 (excl. spec. Java) —

Myristica laevigata B|., Rumphia (1837) 191, t. 64, fig. 3, anal. 1-4; A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 202):

Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 65, p.p. — Type: (cult. Mauritius, 2) Commerson 238 (L; iso: P).

For further synonyms see under the varieties.

Tree 4-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 1.5-5(-9) m

diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey to brown, with hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm; bark

striate, when older not flaking; lenticels conspicuous or not. Leaves in 2 rows,

membranous or thin-chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at

or above the middle, 10-30 x (3-)4-12 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate);

upper surface drying dull olivaceous to dark brown, usually minutely paler pustu-

late, lower surface (largely) glabrescent, the hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, without larger

brown dots, the nerves not or little contrasting in colour; midrib above flattish;:

nerves (10-) 12-30 pairs, above thin and flattish or slightly raised, beneath with

marginal arches usually not very regular and faint; tertiary veins forming a lax

network, faint or distinct but thin on both surfaces; petioles 5-15 x 1.5-3 mm; leaf

bud 10-15 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm. Inflorescences subglabrescent or

with rather dense to sparse scale-like stellate hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.5) mm; in C&: 2-4

times ramified, many-flowered, 5-20 x 3-10 cm, common peduncle 10-40 mm; in Q:

c. 2-10 cm long; bracts 2-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers generally in loose clusters

of 2-5 each; perianths 2- valved, sparsely to densely pubescent (densest towards the

base) with hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm long; pedicel not tapering, pubescent, at base not

articulated. Male perianth as seen laterally subcircular (or sometimes slightly

longer than broad, or rarely broader than long, e.g., in certain specimens from the

Papuan Isls.; see notes), usually distinctly flattened, 1.7-2.8 (-3.0) X 1.7-3.0(-3.3)

mm, upper and basal part rounded; pedicel slender, 1.5-3(-4) mm long; perianth at

anthesis cleft to 12-% (-%, in certain specimens from the Papua Isls; see notes),

valves (0.1-) 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium laterally flattened, subquadrangular to

+ reniform in outline, above broadly rounded to subtruncate, 1.1-1.5 x 1.1-1.8(-

2.2) mm; anthers 9-16, usually distinctly septate, erect, free portions at apex up to

Fig. 16.

116

Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair

a, twig portion with male inflorescences, X 2; b, male inflorescences, lower down on the

same twig, X 12; c, mature male flower, x 12; d, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 12; e,

portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 2; f, female flower longitudinally opened,

showing pubescent ovary, X 12; g, portion of twig with infructescence with mature fruits, x

¥Y2. — a-d, from BSIP 16033; e, from BSIP 3035; f, from BSIP 13442; g, from BSIP 15611.

ars p iia”

New account of Horsfieldia 2 117

0.2 or 0.4-0.6 (var. novobritannica) mm long, the anther column at apex narrowly

hollowed for c. Y4(-¥2) or in var. novobritannica for c. “10; androphore up to

0.1(-0.2) mm, + broadly attached. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid to globose,

2.5-3.1 X 2.8-3.1 mm, split at anthesis to c. %-%, valves 0.3-0.5(-0.8) mm thick,

pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; ovary ovoid or subglobose 2.0-2.3 xX 1.7-2.2 mm, pubes-

cent with hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, style up to 0.3 mm long, stigma sessile,

minute, hardly bilobulate, c. 0.1-0.2 mm. Fruits (1-)2-15 per infructescence, ellip-

soid or rarely nearly globose, apex rounded to acutish, base rounded, (1.6-)1.8-

2.8(-3.0) x 1.4-2.0(-2.2) cm, glabrescent but always with minute hairs c. 0.1 mm

long at least at base (lens!), drying blackish or greyish-brown, usually with coarse,

paler coloured tubercles or lenticels; dry valves 2-3 mm or 4-6 mm thick as in some

forms from SW. New Guinea and New Britain; seed ellipsoid; stalk 3-6 mm long;

perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. (see further under the

Varieties).

A variable, complex species, of which one prominent form is segregated here as

a Variety.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES

la. Hairs on inflorescences 0.1-0.2(0.3) mm long, sometimes almost absent. Anthers at apex free for

only c. 0.1-0.2 mm: stamen column hollowed for c. 14(-'4, or slightly deeper). Fruit generally

ellipsoid, pericarp 2-3 mm thick when dry, rarely (SW. New Guinea) 4-6 mm thick. Moluccas, New

ES Ee @ er ay Ee ee ey a. Var. laevigata

b. Hairs of inflorescences more woolly, c. 0.3-0.5 mm long. Anthers at apex free for c. 0.4-0.6 mm:

the column hollowed for c. “%o. Fruit generally subglobose or short-ellipsoid, pericarp 2-5 mm

Bo, Bh ion GRY ak an wntlad & be ia geKpo non Soanfinwe-anconbar b. var. novobritannica

a. var. laevigata Fig. 1B(35); 17 a-e

Myristica nesophila Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. B t. 1(2) (1864) 206, p.p. (excl. sp. from Batjan) —

Horsfieldia nesophila (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 281, t. 21 fig. 1-2 — Type: Ceram, de Vriese

s.n. (CO) (L, lecto).

Horsfieldia polyantha Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 281, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28

(1975) 95 (for the greater part, incl. type) — M. polyantha Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1

(1900) 85 — Type: (Aru Isls., Wokam) Beccari s.n. (Acc. Nos. 7619, 7619-A) (FI, n.v.).

Twigs in apical portion 2-5(-9) mm diam. Leaves 10-30 x 4-12 cm. Inflorescences

with rather dense to sparse tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm, sometimes almost

glabrous. Male perianth 1.7-3.3 mm diam.., at anthesis split to c. ¥2-7/4(-%). Anthers

(9-)10-16, free at apex for (0-)0.1-0.2 mm; anther column at apex hollowed for c.

Ya(-¥2, or slightly deeper). Infructescence up to c. 10 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid,

18-28 mm long, drying blackish or brown, usually with coarse wart-like lenticels;

pericarp 2-3(-6) mm thick.

Distribution. As the species (including New Britain).

MOLUCCAS. Commerson s.n. (Bourbon, 238 cult. Mauritius) — Halmaheira: Jdjan & Mochtar

191; Pleyte 141, 377, 409 (p.p.); de Vogel 3437, 3498 — Bacan (Batjan): de Vogel 3694 — Ceram: b.b.

25845; Kornassi (exp. Rutten) 996; de Vriese s.n. — Aru Isls (Wokam): Beccari s.n. (FI Acc. Nrs. 7619,

7619A); Buwalda 5015.

Fig. 17. Horsfieldia laevigata (BI.) Warb. var. laevigata: a, twig apex with leaves, X 2; b, opened

mature male flower, showing androecium, X 6; c, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-

tic, X 12; d, portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 1%; e, female flower, opened,

showing finely pubescent ovary and minute 2-lobed stigma, x 6. — Horsfieldia laevigata var.

novobritannica (Sinclair) de Wilde: f, portion of twig with male inflorescence, x 12; g, opened

mature male flower, showing androecium, x 12; h, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-

tic X 12; i, infructescence with mature fruits, x 2. — Horsfieldia pilifera Markgraf: j, opened

male flower, showing androecium, X 6. —a-c, from LAE 52086; d & e, from Commerson s.n.

(Ile de France) (type); f-h, from Floyd 6430; i, from White NGF 10811; j, from Ledermann

6675.

118

New account of Horsfieldia 2 119

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: Aet (exp. Lundquist) 348; b.b. 30563, 30595; Branderhorst 165; BW

(Koster) 1003, 1022, 7149, (Schram) 14943; Doctors van Leeuwen 10623; Pleyte 688; von Rémer 329;

Soegeng 284 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 1220, 24203; Craven & Schodde 874; Hartley 10147, 10707;

Jacobs 9242; Kanis 1199; LAE 51683, 51841, 52030, 59069; NGF 2413, 2934, 7275, 14800, 17752, 19625,

20792, 24080, 28016, 42997, 46543, 48466, 48476; Rau 173; (Vinas) UPNG 3528 — Papuan Islands

(Fergusson, Normanby, Woodlark): Brass 28660; LAE 52577, 68761, 68871 — Bismarck Arch. (incl.

Admiralty Isls): LAE 51188, 52086, 52128, 53736, 63063, 66701; NGF 7039, 12980, 26659, 26785, 27303,

46030, 49511.

Ecology. Primary and secondary rain forest on ridges and plains, riverine forest,

swampy scrub and forest, edges of sago-swamps; on a great variety of soils, incl.

black volcanic soil (Moluccas); 0-1000 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Vernacular names. Kawok-kawoe (Noemfoer Isl.), Kamojer (Noemfoer Isl.),

Luhakon (Halmaheira), Peita (Western Prov., Papua, Oriomo dial.), Samgoot

(Kebar lang., Vogelkop).

Uses. Fruits reported as edible; wood used for house construction (wood reported

several times as of medium weight and hardness).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bole straight, without buttresses; bark often shallowly vertically

fissured, not peeling off; branches horizontal, or drooping. Wood whitish or straw.

Flowers (greenish or brownish yellow. Fruits yellow to orange, aril bright orange.

2. Variation. After the separation of var. novobritannica the remaining type-

variety is still a very variable entity. The most marked variations are in the

following features:

a. Leaf texture. The leaves are generally membranous, but certain specimens,

especially some from New Britain, have rather leathery leaves so that the

tertiary venation may be quite obscure.

b. Length of hairs of the tomentum on the leaf bud. Hairs in specimens from

NW. New Guinea (incl. Vogelkop Penins.) may be somewhat longer and

coarser than usual, and may be up to 0.3 mm long.

c. Twigs are usually terete, and not or hardly ridged in between the insertion of

the petioles. A few specimens, e.g., NGF 2430 (in fruit) from N. Prov. Papua,

or LAE 51683, from Morobe Dist., have rather distinctly lined twigs; such

specimens may be confused with species with typically ridged twigs, e.g., H.

iriana or H. angularis.

d. The size and shape of the mature male perianth. Apparenttly all diameter

sizes between 1.7-3(-3.3) mm can be found. Specimens of close affinity, with

still smaller flowers, have been accommodated in the separate species H.

pilifera. The shape of the perianth in lateral view is generally subcircular.

Certain specimens, e.g., from the Papuan Isls and Gulf Dist. may have the

perianth rather markedly broader than long, and these flowers may resemble

those of, e.g., H. spicata. In specimens from the Moluccas the perianth is

often slightly longer than broad.

120 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

e. The degree to which the male perianth opens at anthesis. In most specimens

the perianth opens to c. 2-way to “3 deep; specimens from the Papuan Isls.

(e.g., Brass 28660, LAE 52577, 68871), or the Bismarck Arch. (e.g., LAE

53736, 63063) may have male perianths split at anthesis to as deep as c. %5-%;

this feature is reminiscent also of H. spicata. In these broad, deeply-splitting

male flowers, the androecium is relatively broad, and rather reniform as seen

laterally.

f. Number of anthers. This varies normally from 12 to 16. Some specimens

deviate in having a relatively small androecium with apparently only 10(-12)

anthers; e.g., in Pleyte 141, and other material from the Moluccas.

g. The thickness of the pericarp. A few specimens, especially from SW. New

Guinea, e.g., b.b. 30563, 30595, Aet 348, have thick corky pericarps, 4-6 mm

thick; these specimens perfectly agree in their leaves with var. laevigata.

3. In the drawing of the type specimen of Myristica laevigata, Commerson 236, a

female specimen, the perianths are erroneously depicted as 3-valved by Blume in

Rumphia 1; in the original specimen in L, from which the drawing was obviously

made, all flowers have 2-valved perianths.

4. Some forms with larger and thick-walled fruits appear difficult to separate

from H. pachycarpa; see the notes under that species.

5. Of Jacobs 9242, from E. New Guinea, mature fruits are in spirit. They are

apparently similar in size to those in the fresh state, measuring c. 4 x 3.5 cm; the

perianth at one side of the fruit (up to 15 mm) is much thicker than at the opposite

side. On drying, these fruits had shrunk to c. 2.5 X 2 cm, with the pericarp only c. 5

mm thick, thus falling well within the sizes in dry material measured for var.

laevigata.

b. var. novobritannica (Sinclair) de Wilde, comb. nov. | Fig. 17 f-i

Horsfieldia hellwigii var. novobritannica Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 54 — Type: Floyd NGF

6430 (LAE, n.v.; iso: L, K; A, BRI, CANB, NSW, n.v.)

Horsfieldia novae-lauenburgiae Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 278; K. Schum., Fl, Neu-Pomm. in Notizbl.

Bot. Gart. Berlin 2 (1898) 117; K Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324;

Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 — Type: Bismarck Arch., Neu Lauenburg Group, Ulu Isls.,

Warburg 20713 (B +; G, iso, n.v.; identity not sure, see notes).

Horstieldia ralunensis auct. non Warb., Kanehira & Hatusima, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 52 (1938) 355

(specimen Kanehira 3969 n.v.).

Twigs in apical portion 2-6(-8) mm diam. Leaves (12-)17-30 x (3-) 5-8 cm.

Inflorescences with rather dense woolly tomentum of hairs c. 0.3-0.5 mm long.

Male perianth c. 1.8-2.0 x 2.2 mm, at anthesis split to c. “%. Anthers c. 14, almost

completely filling the perianth, septate, at apex free for c. 0.4-0.6 mm; anther

column from the apex hollow for c. “o. Infructescences up to c. 8 cm long. Fruits

broadly ellipsoid to almost globose, 18-22 x 16-20 mm, drying grey-brown, with

coarse wart-like lenticels; pericarp rather hard, 2-3(-5 mm, see notes) thick.

Distribution. Bismarck Arch.: New Britain.

NEW BRITAIN: Floyd (NGF) 6430, 6662; NGF 10040, 10811, 21731, 25504, 32622.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 121

Ecology. Primary and disturbed rain forest; 0-1000 m. Flowers in August, fruits

throughout the year.

Vernacular names. La gele kuku (W. Nakaina), Nungan (S. New Britain).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Fruits globose, golden brown, yellow, or orange at maturity.

2. Relationship. The var. novobritannica, of which the male flowers are only

known from the type, deviates within H. laevigata by its androecium. This com-

pletely fills the perianth; at the apex the anthers are mutually free to almost

halfway, and the column is hollow from the apex to c. “10 deep. The column is

reminiscent of that in H. irya, and probably the variety originated by some

hybridization with the latter. In this respect it can be mentioned that the inflor-

escences of H. irya from this region may be similarly woolly hairy, and also that the

leaves of the type of the var. novobritannica show whitish markings, as found

regularly in H. irya.

3. Vegetatively, the fruiting specimens resemble strongly the flowering type

specimen, but one can not be quite sure whether all belong to the var. novobritan-

nica. The fruits of Floyd 6662 rather deviate as they are almost globose, c. 22 mm

diam., and have a thick spongy pericarp c. 5 mm thick; this condition is possibly

pathological.

4. On the label of Floyd 6430, the type, is commented that it is almost the same

species as Floyd 6410. This is not so, as Floyd 6410 is a good H. hellwigii var.

hellwigit.

5. The identity of H. novae-lauenburgiae Warb. is not clear to me. The holotype

Warburg 20713 was burnt in B, but Sinclair (p. 116) has seen an istotype in G,

enumerated under his broad conception of H. spicata. He has not commented on

this specimen. I have not seen this isotype.

According to the original description the specimen is large-leaved, with rather

persistent tomentum, the female inflorescences much-branched, the flowers 2-

valved, + pubescent, the ovary tomentose, and this may well point to Sinclair’s H.

hellwiggi var. novobritannica, the basionym of the present new combination. In

Markgraf’s opinion (p. 151) H. novae-lauenburgiae is close to H. hellwiggii.

36. Horsfieldia pilifera Mkef. Fig. 1B(36); 17 j

Horsfieldia pilifera Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 154 — Type: Ledermann (B, 7; iso: L)

Horsfieldia novoguineensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, p.p., Hollrung 657, syntype; lectotype= H.

aruana.

Tree (5-)10-20 m. Twigs terete, lined or faintly ridged or not, towards apex

1.5-4(-10) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey to brown, of hairs c.

0.1 mm; bark striate, when older not flaking; lenticels usually inconspicuous.

Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at about the

middle, 7-27 x 2.5-8.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface

drying brown, usually minutely whitish pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent,

122 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

hairs stellate, 0.1 mm long, without larger brown dots, the nerves not particularly

contrasting in colour; midrib flat or slightly raised above; nerves 7-16 pairs, above

thin and flat, beneath with the marginal arches faint and not very regular; tertiary

veins forming a lax network, faint on both surfaces; petioles 6-12 x 1.5-2.5 mm;

leaf bud c. 10 X 1-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences sparsely to

densely pubescent with rather woolly hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in CO: 2-4 times ramified,

many-flowered, 5-12 x 4-8 cm, common peduncle 10-25 mm, in Q: 4-12 cm long;

bracts 1-2(-3) mm long, caducous. Flowers generally 2-5 together; perianth 2-

valved, sparsely to densely pubescent with stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm long; pedicel

slender, not tapering, finely pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth, as seen

laterally, subcircular or sometimes slightly transversely or longitudinally elliptic,

laterally little to much flattened, (1.0-)1.2-1.8 x 1.2-1.8(1.9) mm, upper part

broadly rounded, at base rounded to short-attenuate, pedicel 1-2 mm long;

perianth at anthesis split to 13-2, valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium flattened,

subquadrangular in outline, above broadly rounded, 0.7-1.2 < 0.6-1.1 mm; anthers

8-10, (sub)erect, septate, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm long, the anther-

bearing column at the top narrowly hollowed for c. %-'%; androphore up to

0.1 mm, broadly attached. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid c. 2.8 X 2.5 mm, cleft

at anthesis to 2-%4, valves 0.5-0.8 mm thick, pedicel c. 2 mm long; ovary globose to

ovoid, c. 1.5 X 1.3 mm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style and stigmas

minute, c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits (2-)5-20 per infructescence, globose to short-

ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.1-1.6 x 1.1-1.6 cm, glabrescent but always with

minute hairs persistent towards the base (lens!), drying bright to dark brown,

without or with little larger paler tubercles; dry valves often somewhat woody,

thickest at one side, 1-3 mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk 1-5 mm long; perianth not

persisting.

Distribution. Northern half of New Guinea: Vogelkop, Japen Isl., Jayapura,

Sepik, Madang, Morobe Prov.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: bb. 30429, 30547, 30558; Brass 14014; BW (Koster) 1097, (Versteegh)

4811, (Schram) 6082, (Kalkman) 6245, (Versteegh & Vink) 8298 — Papua New Guinea: Clemens 524,

635, 1710, 10825; Hartley T.G.H 11029; Hollrung 657; Hoogland 5139, (& Craven) 10275; Jacobs 9609,

9609A; LAE 52756, 73818; Ledermann 6675, 10450; NGF 28080; Schlechter 16933.

Ecology. Primary and secondary rain forest; reported from sandy loam soil,

mixed forest with Anisoptera at c. 100 m; 0-1000 m alt. Flowers and fruits through-

out the year. Fruiting once reported as very prolific.

Vernacular names. Gaben (Morobe Dist.), Gefrah (Tehid lang., W. Vogelkop),

Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Prov.), Mamgananieproi (Biak lang).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark longitudinally fissured; sap watery, turning pink or red; wood

straw to brown, of moderate weight and hardness. Flowers yellow. Fruits hard,

glossy green, turning dark yellow, orange or red, aril orange-red.

2. Relationship. A species very close to H. laevigata, distinguished by the smaller

male perianth, and smaller globose or subglobose fruits with or without but little

coarser, paler-coloured lenticel-like tubercles. The male perianths rather vary in

outline e.g., those of Ledermann 6675 being rather lengthwise ellipsoid and c. 1.5

x 1.3 mm whereas those of Ledermann 10450 (type) and Clemens 1710 are +

transversely ellipsoid, measuring c. 1.2 X 1.6 mm and 1.5-1.8 xX 1.5-1.9 mm

respectively.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 123

—~_

The female flowers of Schlechter 16933(K) only have been seen and described by

me; the perianth is generally somewhat smaller than in H. laevigata, but the female

flowers probably do not differ significantly in the two species.

Because of the fruits, which are sometimes globose, the present species may be

confused with H. basifissa, one which has quite different male flowers.

3. Sinclair (p. 112) included the present species in H. spicata var. spicata, a very

large taxon as conceived by him.

37. Horsfieldia lancifolia de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(37); 18

Horsfieldia species foliis lanceolatis, 5-16 cm longis. perianthio masculo pynformi, 2.5-3 mm longo,

sparse pubescenti, antheris, 6-8, erectis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus ellipsoideis vel pynformibus.

2.5-3.5 cm longis in siccitate, glabrescentibus. — Type: b.b. Cel./II- 464 (L; iso: K: BO & SING, n.v.).

Tree, 10-30 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 1-2.5(-5) mm diam., not or but

faintly llined, glabrescent from tomentum composed of hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark

finely striate, when older not flaking; lenticels smallish, not very conspicuous.

Leaves in 2 rows, (thinly) chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest at

or somewhat above the middle, 5-16 x 1.5-3.5 (-4.5) cm, base (long-)cuneate, tip

acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to brown, with or without small

whitish marks (without larger irregularly-shaped whitish marks), lower surface

early or late glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, provided or not with brownish

dots and points of mixed sizes; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 9-17

pairs, thin, flat, and inconspicuous above, the submarginal arches + regular in

shape but indistinct; tertiary venation forming a rather lax network, inconspicuous;

petiole slender, 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud 10-20 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1

mm. Inflorescences with rather sparse tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, in C: 2

or 3 times ramified, not many-flowered, c. 5 x 3.5 cm, common peduncle c. 10 mm

long, flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together; 2 inflorescences short, 1-3 cm long,

slightly ramified, 4-10-flowered; perianths 2-valved, rather sparsely pubescent with

hairs 0.1 mm or less in length, pedicels pubescent through hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, at base

inarticulate. Male perianth obovoid to pear-shaped, not much laterally compress-

ed, drying blackish, not or little collapsed, 2.5-3 x 2.0-2.3 mm, above broadly

rounded, at base tapering into the pedicel c. 1.5-2 mm long; perianth at anthesis

cleft only for c. 1/6, valves (at base) thickish, c. 0.4-0.5 mm thick. Androecium

(synandrium) long-obovoid, laterally flattened, 1.5-1.8 x 1.0-1.2 mm, above sub-

truncate; anthers 6-8, erect, free apices c. 0.3-0.4 mm: anther column solid, except

for the apical portion in-between the free apices of the anthers; androphore rather

slender, c. 0.6-0.8 mm long. Female perianth subglobose to obovoid, variable in

size (see notes), 2-3 < (1.8-)2-3.5 mm, at anthesis cleft to c. ¥4-%, valves (perianth)

c. 0.4-0.8 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 or 3-4 mm long, pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm;

ovary ovoid, 1.4-2.2 x 1.0-2.0 mm, densely minutely pubescent; style and stigma(s)

minute, c. 0.1 mm. Fruits 1-4 per infructescence, ellipsoid, (and + contracted at

base) or pear-shaped (see notes), 2.5-3.5 xX 1.8-2.4 cm, completely glabrescent.

granulate or with small lenticels or tubercles, drying brown: dry valves thick-

woody, 4-8 mm thick; seed broadly ellipsoid, c. 17 x 14 mm; stalk 3-10 mm long:

perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Central and South Celebes.

Fig. 18.

124

Horsfieldia lancifolia de Wilde

a, habit of leafy twig with male inflorescences, x 12; b, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6;

c, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 6; d, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x

6; e, portion of twig with female axillary inflorescences, leaves fallen, x 2; f, mature female

flower, lateral view, < 6; g, ditto, opened, showing finely pubescent ovary, x 6; h, portion of

twig with infructescences with mature fruit, x 2. — a-d, from b.b. Cel./II-464 (type); e-g,

from de Vogel 5267; h, from van Balgooy 3973.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 125

CELEBES. Central: van Balgooy 3142; de Vogel 5267 — South (-Central): b.b. Cel./IJ-236, -404,

-464; van Balgooy 3931, 3973, 4083; de Vogel 6243, 6287.

Ecology. Forest on ultrabasic rock (iron, nickel), laterite, also limestone ridges;

200-1200 m alt. Flowers throughout the year; fruits from May to July.

Vernacular name. Tabenoe benoe (Malili area).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers buds brown; fruits glossy green, turning yellow-green to

orange.

2. The Q-flowering specimens de Vogel 5267, van Balgooy 3142 (from Mt.

Roroka Timbu, Central Celbes, 1100-1200 m alt.), and the one in fruit, de Vogel

6243 (S. Celebes, N. of Lake Matano, c. 400 m.), differ from the rest of the

material from both Central and S. Celebes by, respectively, much stouter flowers

with larger 9 perianths (3-3.5 mm diam.) and larger fruits, subellipsoid in shape, c.

3.5 cm long. In the other specimens the Q perianths are only c. 2-2.5 mm, and the

fruits generally more pear-shaped, c. 2.5-3.0 cm long.

3. Sinclair identified the then-known specimens, including the type of the present

new species, as H. parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair. The new species is easily recognized

among Celebes-Moluccan material by its pear-shaped male flowers, its largish

fruits with thick pericarp, and its small, rather narrow leaves. The androphore is

proportionally long as compared to other species.

38. Horsfieldia decalvata de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(38)

Horsfieldia species floribus bivalvatis, H. tuberculatae atque H. laevigatae similis, ab eis differt

floribus masculis breviter pyriformibus, perianthio tenuiter pubescenti, androcio compresso, antheris 6

apice non-incurvis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus subglobosis c. 1-1.2 cm diam., tenuiter pubescentibus.

— Type: Idjan & Mochtar 181 (L; iso: BO, n.v.; K).

Tree 10-15 m. Twigs subterete, towards the apex + flattened and faintly ridged

or not, 1.5-4(-9) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum brown, composed of

hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark dull brown, finely striate, when older not flaking, lenticels

small, not very conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to

oblong-lanceolate, 11-25 x 3.5-7 cm, base attenuate to long-attenuate, tip acute-

acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown, lower surface early glabrescent,

hairs c. 0.1 mm; without brown dots; midrib above flat; nerves c. 12-16 pairs, above

thin and flattish, on lower surface with the marginal arches not very distinct;

tertiary venation on upper surface as a fine network, + distinct or not; petioles c.

5-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud slender, c. 6-10 x 1-2 mm, densely dull brown

pubescent by hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences c. 2(or 3) times ramified,

in CO: c. 4-6 X (1-)2-4 cm, in 9 up to c. 2.5 cm long; branches subglabrescent

tomentum minute with hairs c. 0.1 mm; common peduncle in male 1-2 cm; bracts

and bracteoles not seen, caducous. Flowers in C& solitary or 2 or 3 together,

minutely pubescent through hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less; perianths 2-valved. Male

perianth subglobose to short-pear shaped, moderately laterally compressed, as long

as it is wide, c. 2.3 x 2.3 mm, upper part broadly rounded, the lower half tapering

into the tapering pedicel c. 1.5-2 mm long, short-pubescent, inarticulate at base;

126 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 73, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium mod-

erately flattened, in outline c. 1.6 X 1.4 mm, upper part rounded; anthers c.6 (i.e.,

c. 12 thecae with the connectives rather broad), not septate, c. 1.6 mm long, erect,

not inflexed, free apical parts up to c. 0.1 mm; androphore up to c. 0.1 mm long;

anther column cleft to c. 4-4. Female flowers not seen; immature fruits (ovaries)

densely finely pubescent. Fruits c. 2-5 per infructescence, short-ellipsoid to subglo-

bose, c. 1.1-1.2 x 1.0-1.1 cm, minutely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less,

drying brown, with scattered small tubercles; dry valves c. 1 mm thick; stalk

slender, c 4 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Moluccas.

MOLUCCAS. Morotai: Kostermans 767. — Halmaheira: Idjan & Mochtar 181. — Ceram: Buwalda

5627. — Ambon: Robinson 1878.

Ecology. Forest at low altitudes, 0-100 m. Flowers in September, fruits from May

to November.

Vernacular name. Sekukumailor (Halmaheira).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers recorded as brown, fruits yellow.

2. H. decalvata superficially resembles very much a number of species including

wide-spread species like H. moluccana, H. tuberculata and H. laevigata, but our

present new species is distinct by its finely pubescent, pear-shaped male flowers,

erect anthers, pubescent ovaries, and finely pubescent, small subglobose fruits. H.

tuberculata also has pear-shaped flowers which are generally glabrous, and it has

larger, glabrous fruits. H. /aevigata has the male perianth more spherical in outline,

and the fruits much larger and pubescent. H. moluccana has incurved anthers and

glabrous fruits. See also note 3.

3. In 1975 Sinclair determined the specimens (now assigned to the present

species by me) as H. parviflora, a species, which in my present treatment differs in

general habitat (pale twigs), quite different spike-like inflorescences (glabrous male

flowers with different androecium; glabrous ovaries) and in its glabrous, larger

fruits, which blacken on drying. In his description of H. parviflora, he erroneously

accepted both the glabrous and the tomentulose condition of the ovaries for that

species.

39. Horsfieldia tuberculata (K. Sch.) Warb. Fig. 1B(39); 19

Horsfieldia tuberculata (K. Sch) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 279, t. 23 f. 1-3; K. Sch., Notizbl. Bot.

Gart. Berl. 2 (1898) 117; Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324;

Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151, p.p.; A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 62. — Myristica

_tuberculata K. Sch. in Schum. & Hollrung, Fl.. Kais.-Wilh. Land (1899) 46; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13,

3-4 (1891) 308. — Type: (Bat Isl. Admiralty Isls.) Hollrung 848 (O’, Kaiser Wilhelms-Land) (B 7+; iso:

K, L & P); Kdrnbach s.n. (fr., B Tt).

H. novoguineensis var. moseleyana Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 273; K. Schum. & Lauterbach, FI.

Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Stidsee (1900) 324. — Type: Moseley s.n. (B +; iso: BM, K).

H. solomonensis A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 64. — Type: Kajewski 1549 (A, n.v.; iso: BM, P;

BO, BRI & G, n.v.).

Fig. 19.

Horsfieldia tuberculata (K.Sch.) Warb.

a, habit of leafy twig with infructescence, x 1; b, portion of twig with male inflorescences, x

Y2; c, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; d, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 6; e,

portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 12; f & g, opened female flower and glabrous

ovary with shallowly 2-lobed stigma, x 6 and xX 12 respectively; h, twig portion with

infructescence with mature fruits, x 2.—a, from BSIP 14035; b-d, from Waterhouse 820-B;

e-g, from BSIP 9628; h, from BSIP 10611.

127

128 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Tree 5-20 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm diam.,

early glabrescent, tomentum (rarely + woolly), of hairs 0.1-0.3 mm, bark

striate, when older not flaking, lenticels sparse and small, or sometimes almost

absent. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous (or from higher altitudes sub-chartaceous),

elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 12-25(-40) x 3-10(-16) cm, base short- to long-

attenuate, or rarely rounded, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dull

greenish brown to brown, often minutely pustulate, lower surface early glabres-

cent, hairs 0.1(-0.3) mm, without dark brown dots; midrib above flat or + sunken;

nerves 11-22 pairs, above thin and flattish or sunken, beneath with the marginal

arches not very distinct; tertiary veins forming a rather fine network distinct or not

on both surfaces; petiole 8-15(-18) x 1.5-3(-5) mm; leaf bud 10-15 x 2-3 mm, with

hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long. Inflorescences with sparse tomentum of stellate-dendroid

hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long, sometimes + glabrescent, in O 1-3 times ramified, 3-15

(-22, see notes) X 2-10 cm, common peduncle 5-25 mm long; in 9: up to 7 cm long;

bracts 0.5-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-4,

glabrous (early glabrescent); perianths 2-(or 3-) valved; pedicels glabrous or rarely

sparingly pubescent (NGF 169, New Britain), at base not articulated. Male

perianth as seen laterally short-pear shaped, laterally compressed, generally about

as long as broad to slightly broader than long, (1.5-)2-3.5 x 2-4 mm, upper part

broadly rounded, in the lower 3-2 usually narrowed into the somewhat tapering

pedicel 2-5(-6) mm (pedicel sometimes only little tapered, e.g. Brass 21765);

perianth at anthesis split to 2-7/4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium + flattened,

broadly rounded to subtruncate above, 1.5-2.5 x 2-3 mm; anthers (12-)14-20,

faintly septate, 1.5-2.5 mm long, erect, not inflexed, free apical parts 0-0.2 mm;

anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for “5-3; androphore up to 0.2 mm long.

Female perianths subglobose, 2-3 xX 2-3.5 mm, split at anthesis to 12-%, valves

0.4-0.8 mm thick; pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm long, ovary subglobose, glabrous, 1.5-2 x

1.5-2 mm; stigma sessile, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.2 x 0.5-1 mm. Fruits 5-15 per

infructescence, ellipsoid, apex rounded or slightly pointed, 1.5-3.7 X 1.1-2.5(-3.0)

cm, glabrous, drying blackish brown, with scattered or sparse, rather small to

coarse, paler, lenticel-like tubercles; dry valves 1-8 mm thick; stalk c. 3-10 mm;

perianth not persisting.

Large-fruited specimens from the Papuan Isls. Dist. are accommodated in a

separate variety.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES

la. Fruits 15-25 x 11-16 mm. Dry pericarp 1-2(-3) mm thick ................cccceeeeeeeeees a var. tuberculata.

b. Fruits27-37 x 17-25 mm: Dry pericarp 3-3.mm ticks) .............4ih «02 eee b. var. crassivalva

a. var. tuberculata

Distribution: Caroline Isls. (Palau Isls.), Admiralty Jsls., Bismarck Arch., Solo-

mon Isls., Papuan Isls., New Guinea: New Guinea: Cape Vogel Penins.

CAROLINE ISLS.: Tuyama 9349; Masahiko Takamatsu 526.

ADMIRALTY ISLS.: LAE 53629, Hollrung 848; Moseley s.n.

BISMARCK ARCH.: Commerson s.n.; LAE 52150, 66532; NGF 169, 7944, 10981, 12329, 26574,

26621, 26737, 29680, 29683, 32227, 41370, 4140, 42280; Sands et al. 2975.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA (mainland): Brass 21765; Saunders 493; UPNG. 4035.

Wow. aWerm *-

New account of Horsfieldia 2 129

PAPUAN ISLANDS: Brass 28464; LAE 52607, 74575, NGF 25280.

SOLOMON ISLS.: BSIP 426, 737, 766, 1125, 1273, 1967, 2248, 2615, 2855, 3145, 3358, 3437, 3510,

3703, 3739, 3843, 3986, 4154, 4183, 4719, 4842, 4873, 4960, 4998, 5180, 5396, 5519, 5743, 5806, 5922,

5689, 5997, 6172, 6391, 6414, 6849, 6858, 7110, 7186, 7419, 7717, 7736, 7826, 8164, 8395, 8721, 8880,

S912, 9046, 9165, 9323, 9628, 9783, 9951, 10057, 10179, 10223, 10295, 10393, 10522, 10576, 10611,

10697, 10721, 10824, 10887, 10913, 10952, 11374, 11284, 11766, 12212, 12565, 12651, 12836, 12864,

12917, 12958, 12992, 13066, 13131, 13281, 13347, 13402, 13558, 13682, 13798, 13871, 13948, 14025,

14035, 14078, 14099, 14127, 14202, 14205, 14342, 14488, 14553, 14625, 14826, 14868, 14900, 14929,

14981, 15074, 15161, 15260, 15281, 15556, 15568, 15871, 16000, 16141, 16422, 16507, 16595, 16769,

16784, 16895, 16915, 16982, 17436, 17538, 17802, 17880, 17987, 18045, 18221, 18313, 18478, 18683,

18722, 18758, 18835, 18912, 19421; Brass 2605, 2983, 3460; Craven & Schodde 90; Hunt 2387; Kdrnbach

1892, sterile (L); Kajewski 74(75), 1549, 2554, 2710; McKinnon 7; NGF 16356, 16391, 16431, 19709,

25280, 31120, 45632, 45693, 45753; Schodde (& Craven) 3687, 4068; Waterhouse 35 (21275), 167, 178,

820-B: Whitmore 6022, 6188, 6290.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest; on coral rock, seashores, limestone,

swamp forest; 0-700 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Abuino’o, Ambuino’o, Ambuynor (Kwara’ae lang, Solomon

Isls.); Aininiu, Ainynu (Kwara’ae lang., Solomon Isls.); Kokotetepina (Kwara’ae

lang., Solomon Isls.); Bale bale (New Britain); Pive’ar (Mbuke lang., Manus

Prov.).

On the label of a Whitmore specimen from Choiseul Isl. is written that

‘Ambuynor’ differs from ‘Aininiw’ (= H. whitmorei) in the shorter, broader leaves.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Flowers several times recorded as yellow, sweet scented or with

strong smell. Fruits yellow, orange or orange-brown. Exudate of bark red, watery.

Slash wood white or brownish white, soft; slash bark soft, pale brown or reddish

brown.

2. Variability. The sizes of flowers and fruits are available; for instance, the

perianths of NGF 45632 (C’), Waterhouse 820-B (©), both from Bougainville Isl.,

BSIP 9628 (Q, Rennell Isl.), and Brass 2983 (Q Ulawa Isl.) measure 3-3.5(-4) mm

diam., whereas Whitmore BSIP 3843 (C’) and 737 (9), from Guadalcanal measure

only c. 2 mm diam.

3. The leaves of specimens from Bat Isl. (Admiralty Isls.), incl. the type of H.

tuberculata, can reach up to c. 40 by 14 cm.

The inflorescences of the type of H. tuberculata are as large as 12-18 cm long,

those of Commerson (port Prastin) s.n. (P.) reach 22 cm.

The pedicels of the male flowers in Brass 21765 (Cape Vogel Penins.) are

slender, and only slightly tapering; such specimens may easily key out wrongly.

They probably represent a separate taxon as yet insufficiently defined.

Also, tab. 23, fig. 1, drawn by Warburg, was obviously made from the type in B;

it does not show the perianths and pedicel as being much tapered but the latter is

rather terete and slender.

On the other hand, I have examined the istotypes in K, L, and P and found them

agreeing well with the description of the species as presently given.

130 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

b. var. crassivalva de Wilde, var. nov.

A varietate typica in fructibus maioribus 27-37 mm longis pericarpio sicco 3-8 mm crasso differt —

Type: Brass 28352 (L: K. iso).

Twigs rather stout, at apex (3-)4-S mm diam. Leaf blades 25-35 x 10-12.5 cm.

Male perianths c. 3 xX 3.3 mm; androecium much flattened, c. 1.8 X 1.8 mm,

anthers c. 12, free apices c. 0.1 mm long; androphore c. 0.1 mm long. Pedicels 3-6

mm. Fruits 27-37 X 17-25(-30) mm. Dry pericarp c. 3-8 mm thick.

Distribution. New Guinea, Louisiade Arch.: Misima Isl., Tagula Isl., Rossel Isl.:

doubtful on San Cristobal (Solomon Isls.).

LOUISIADE ARCH.: Brass 27648, 28143, 28352; Whitmore 6268 (San Cristobal, doubtful).

Ecology. Riverine rain forest at low altitudes, creek alluvium soil; 0-20 m.

NOTES

1 Fieldnotes. Subcanopy tree. Flowers yellow, very fragrant. Fruits to 5 cm

diam., orange, ovoid or subglobose, keeled; aril pink.

2. Specimens belonging to the present variety generally have a stout habit with

coarse twigs and large leaves, and have relatively large perianths; these sizes fall,

however, within those accepted for the type variety.

3. The fruits of the type, Brass 28352, from Rossel Isl., at sea-level, are in the

fresh state reported as subglobose and as large as 5 cm diam. Those of Brass 27648

(Misima Isl.) measure c. 4.5 X 3.5 cm. A specimen from Rossel Isl. included in var.

tuberculata, Brass 28464, has mature fruits, which when dried are only c. 18-22 mm.

This was collected at c. 700 m alt.

4. The specimen Whitmore 6268, from San Cristobal is doubtful; it has stout

leaves, the dry fruits measure c. 27 mm long, but the pericarp is only c. 2 mm thick.

It probably belongs to var. tuberculata.

5. Specimens in fruit may be confused with H. pachycarpa, but this has minutely

pubescent fruits (and pubescent ovaries), at least at the base towards the insertion

of the stipe.

40. Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman Fig. 1B(40); 20 a-c

Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman, Contr. Herb. Austr. 10 (1974) 45, fig. 1. — Type: Foreman & Lelean

LAE 5246] (LAE, n.v.; iso: K, L; BRI, CANB, A, E & SING, n.v.).

Tree 5-12 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex (3-)4-5(-12) mm diam.,

early glabrescent, tomentum minute greyish to rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark

striate, when older not flaking, lenticels present, coarse but usually not much

contrasting in colour. Leaves in 2 rows, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, broadest

at or above the middle, 12-29(-32) x 4.5-8.5(-10) cm, base attenuate, top acute-

acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown, minutely pustulate or not, lower

surface early glabrescent, without larger dark-brown dots; midrib slender to rather

broad, flattish above; nerves 12-18 pairs, thin and flat above, beneath with the

“= aVier

Fig. 20.

Rs,

Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman: a, longitudinally opened male flower showing androecium, X

6; b, ditto, female flower, showing pubescent ovary and narrow 2-lobed style, x 6; c, fruit, x

Y2. — Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith: d, leafy twig with infructescence, x '/2; e, longitudi-

nally opened male flower, showing androecium, X 6; f, ditto, female flower with pubescent

ovary with shortly 2-lobed stigma, X 6; g, almost mature fruit, x ’2.— a, from Carr 14123; b,

from LAE 60020; c, from Carr 14334; d, from LAE 62196; e, from LAE 51940; f, from

Clemens 5378; g, from NGF 38895.

131

132 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

marginal arches distinct or not, not very regularly looping; tertiary veins forming a

lax network, indistinct; petiole 6-18 x 2-3.5 mm; leaf bud 10-20 x 1.5-3 mm, with

hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences thinly pubescent with rusty stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm

long or less; in CG’: 2 or 3 times ramified, rather slender, (4-)6-14 x 2-9 cm, in 9 up

to c. 5 cm long, common peduncle c. 10 mm; bracts pubescent, 1.5-4 mm long,

caducous. Flowers (in ©’) solitary or in loose clusters of 2-5, glabrous or glabrescent

from scattered hairs less than 0.1 mm; perianth 2-valved; pedicel + tapering, thinly

pubescent or glabrescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianths in lateral view

subcircular, including the short-pear shaped pedicel, which is somewhat laterally

compressed, about as broad as long, 3.0-3.5 x 3.0(-4.0) mm, the top broadly

rounded, the lower half + tapering into the thickish tapering pedicel (2-)3-4 mm

long; perianth at anthesis splitting from 12 to nearly ~4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick at

apex, the perianth towards base only slightly thicker, often provided with a few

coarse blackish-brown wart-like dots. Androecium thickish, not much laterally

compressed, above broadly rounded, (1.5-)2.0-2.2 x 2.0-2.2(-3.0) mm, anthers

8-12, erect, not septate, c. 2 mm jong, free apical parts 0.1-0.2 mm, androphore

Q.2-0.3 mm long; anther column narrowly hollowed for c. “s-'4 at apex. Female

perianth rather narrowly ovoid, almost glabrous, with a few coarse, dark-brown

wart-like dots, c. 4.5 x 3 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. %4-!4, valves c. 0.3-0.4 mm

thick, coriaceous; pedicel 4-5 mm long, very minutely scattered-pubescent; ovary

ovoid, somewhat dented or corrugated, c. 2.5-3 x 2.5 mm, densely minutely

pubescent with hairs less than 0.1 mm long, style and 2-lobed stigma glabrous,

0.8-1.0 mm long. Fruits 1(-4) per infructescence, ramiflorous, broadly ellipsoid to

subglobose, somewhat flattened, 6-7.5 * 4.5-6.5 cm, at base contracted or not into

a short pseudostalk, top acutish, coarsely flanged and corrugated, drying blackish

brown, with scattered coarse paler-coloured tubercles, glabrescent, valves +

woody-corky, 10-20 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Central Prov., Northern Prov., Milne Bay

Prov.

NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea: Carr 14123, 14334, Foreman & Lelean LAE 52461, 60020;

NGF 41016, 46430; Pullen 5496.

Ecology. Primary and secondary rainforest on slopes and ridges, fagaceous

forest; at 1200-1900 m. Flowers and fruits from July to December.

Vernacular name. Sodowa (Port Moresby Dist.)

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Mountainous terrain; small tree; wood very light brown. Flowers

yellow or orange. Fruits green, strongly wrinkled or corrugated, and strongly

ridged. Aril orange.

2. I have not seen the male flowering material described by Foreman, but the

male flowers of Carr 14123, not cited by him, agree with his description.

3. Those specimens of this species, not seen by Foreman, were identified by

Sinclair as H. spicata var. spicata (Carr 14334) or H. praetermissa Sinclair, in sched.

(Carr 14123). ;

New account of Horsfieldia 2 133

4. When in flower, the specimens may be difficult to distinguish from, e.g., H.

pachycarpa or H. tuberculata. Possibly the few coarse and conspicuous blackish-

brown wart-like dots on the perianth, found in both CG and Q flowers, are

characteristic for the species. Furthermore, the very large corrugated and ridged

thick-valved fruits are very distinctive. Large, thick-valved fruits also occur in H.

pachycarpa, H. tuberculata var. crassivalva or in certain forms of H. laevigata, but

in Our present species the fruits exceed those in size.

41. Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith Fig. 1B(41); 20 d-g

Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22 1 (1941) 64 — Type: Brass 610 (A, n.v.).

Horsfielda praetermissa Sinclair, in sched. (Carr 13262, etc.).

Tree; 5-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 3-5(-12) mm

diam., early glabrescent, tomentum minute, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark coarsely

striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually coarse and distinct. Leaves in 2

rows, membranous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, broadest

below to above the middle, 17-30 x 4-11 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate;

upper surface drying dark brown, usually minutely pustulate, lower surface early

glabrescent, without larger dark-brown dots; midrib above slender to rather broad,

flattish; nerves 14-18 pairs, above thin, flat, inconspicuous, beneath with the

marginal arches distinct or not, not very regularly looping; tertiary veins forming a

lax network, indistinct; petiole 6-12 X 2-5 mm, leaf bud 10-15 x 2-3 mm, with hairs

c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences subglabrous or with sparse stellate hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.3)

mm, 2-4 times ramified, in C’: 7-15 x 6-10 cm, in 2 up toc. 10 X 4.cm, common

peduncle 5-25 mm; bracts caducous, not seen. Flowers in loose clusters up to 5

each, thinly pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm, or glabrescent towards the apex;

perianth 2-valved; pedicels thinly pubescent, at base not articulated. Male

perianths short-pear shaped, laterally somewhat compressed, about as broad as

long or slightly longer than broad, 2.5-3.2 x 2.8-3.2 mm, upper part bluntish to

broadly rounded, the lower *%4 more or less tapering into the thickish and much

tapering pedicel 2-5 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to nearly '2, valves towards

apex c. 0.2 mm thick, the perianth towards base usually thicker, + firm-fleshy or

coriaceous, 0.3-0.8 mm thick. Androecium + laterally flattened, c. 1.8-2.1 x

1.1-1.8 mm, above broadly rounded, anthers 5 or 6, or 9 or 10, erect, not or hardly

septate, c. 1.5-2 mm long, free apical parts c. 0.1-0.2 mm; androphore rather

slender, 0.2-0.5 mm.; anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. %-'%.

Female perianths ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 x 2.5-3.2 mm, split at anthesis to c. 4,

valves 0.4-0.6 mm thick; pedicel 2-4 mm long; ovary ovoid, densely minutely

pubescent, 2.5-3 x 1.8-2.5 mm, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm. Fruits

1-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, often + ridged towards the

base, rounded or tapering into a short pseudostalk, apex rounded, (3.0-)3.5-4.5 x

(1.8-) 2.0-3.0 cm, minutely pubescent towards the base, or glabrescent, drying

blackish(-brown), usually with conspicuous coarse, paler-coloured lenticel-like

tubercles; dry valves + woody, (4-)5-10 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm; perianth not

persisting.

Distribution. New Guinea. West (Irian Jaya): Snow Mountains (Idenburg R.,

1300 m); East: West Sepik Prov., Western Highlands, Eastern Highlands, South-

ern Highlands, Madang, Morobe, Central Provinces.

134 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

NEW GUINEA. West (Irian Jaya): Brass 610, 12752. — Papua New Guinea: Carr 13262 (13362),

14146; Clemens 5378; H.O. Forbes (7) 192; LAE 51940, 60363, 60365, 62196, 65747; Manner & Street

307; NGF 21297, 29213, 29357, 32652, 38895, 47888.

For deviating specimens see the notes.

Ecology. Primary and secondary montane forest, forest clearings, etc.; often on

ridges; recorded from fagaceous and Castanopsis-Lithocarpus forest; (450-)1000-

2000 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Vernacular names. Cheeweng (Maring), Kupgne (West Sepik), Mong-mong

(Weng lang., West Sepik).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. A montane species; branches often horizontal. Bark shallowly

vertically fissured; exudate watery, clear or + reddish. Wood pink, cream, or

whitish. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Fruits ramiflorous, glossy green turning yellow to

orange, eaten by cus-cus.

2. Related and resembling species. Differs from H. tuberculata by the more

thick-fleshy or woody-fleshy, largely pubescent perianth, and by the pubescent

ovary and fruit.

Fruiting specimens may resemble H. laevigata much, which is obviously closely

related. The male flowering specimens of the present species (Carr 13262, 13362,

14146, LAE 51940, Manner & Street 307) have, however, essentially differently

shaped (+ pear-shaped) flowers, and are of a more fleshy-woody consistency; those

of H. laevigata being much more globose, with the pedicel more slender, not

pear-shaped, and of a more membranous-herbaceous consistency.

Through the somewhat resembling male flowers H. pachycarpa appears related

to H. corrugata, a species with much larger ‘corrugated’ fruits, from similar mon-

tane habitats. The flowers of H. corrugata are probably always provided with some

large, thickened blackish dots, a character not seen in H. pachycarpa.

It should be remarked here that H. tuberculata var. crassivalva (from the

Louisiade Arch.), a taxon only known from fruits which also have a thick pericarp,

is very similar as well.

3. Deviating specimens. Rather many specimens in fruit deviate in the smaller

sizes of female flowers and fruits, viz. Carr 13901, Jacobs 8834, 9079, LAE 66790,

NGF 37317, 41594, Robbins 624. They are from Central Prov., W., E, and S.

Highlands Prov., and West Sepik Prov.; all from well above 1000 m., except Jacobs

9079 (600-700 m alt.). The female perianths measure about 2-2.8 x 1.8-2.3 mm; the

fruits c. 2.5-3.5 x 1.7-2.0 cm, and have a thick woody pericarp. In size and general

appearance these fruiting specimens seem intermediate to and often can hardly be

distinguished from the common H. laevigata. However, the fruits of the mentioned

specimens also completely link up with the generally larger fruits of H. pachycarpa,

of which the male flowers are presumably essentially of a different shape and

texture as those of H. laevigata. Future collectors should search in the field for male

specimens which belong with certainty to the above-mentioned female collections.

TiN

New account of Horsfieldia 2 135

4. Sinclair included most specimens of the present H. pachycarpa in his H.

spicata var. spicata; Car 14146 was identified provisionally as H. praetermissa

Sinclair, in sched., with the remark that better material is still required.

5. I have not seen the type specimen, Brass 610 (A) from Biriatabu at 450 m

(Snow Mts. Dist.) but its description agrees well with the species as described

presently. In P there is an isotype, without fruit.

42. Horsfieldia pulverulenta Warb. Fig. 1B(42)

Horsfieldia pulverulenta Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 342, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2

(1935) 150 (sub H. ralumensis) — Myristica pulverulenta (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3,

1 (1900) 87 — Horsfieldia hellwigii var. pulverulenta (Warb.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 56

p.p., excl. Vink BW. 12194 = H. leptantha — Type: NW. New Guinea, Vogelkop Penins. (Andai,

Mt. Arfak), Beccari 759 (FI, n.v.), 925 (FI, n.v.).

Horsfieldia hellwigi var. hellwigii x var. pulverulenta (Warb.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 58 —

Syntype: Saunders 202 (L, lecto), 358, 398, 483 (L: CANB, n.v.).

Tree 15-25 m. Twigs terete, towards the top 4-10 mm diam., early to rather late

glabrescent, tomentum dark rusty with hairs c. 0.5-1.2 mm, bark finely striate or

not, when older not flaking, lenticels usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, coriaceous,

elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or below the middle, or + parallel-

sided, 14-35(-40) x 4-10.5(-13) cm, base rounded or short-attenuate, tip acute

acuminate, often to 2(-3 in sapling shoots) cm, caudate; upper surface drying usually

dull brown to olivaceous, minutely rugose-pustulate, lower surface late glabrescent

or with persistent tomentum composed of + evenly sized and spaced, rather harsh,

dark brown hairs c. 1.0-1.5 mm long, when shed usually leaving thickened and rough

hair bases, without brown dots; midrib above flattish, later glabrescent and usually

with persistent tomentum towards base; nerves 11-30 pairs, generally rather

straight, 50-70° with the midrib, c. 5-15 mm apart, thin and sunk above; beneath the

marginal nerve with the arches usually very regular and prominent; tertiary vena-

tion rather lax, above well-visible and sunken, giving the blade often a + bullate

appearance; petiole 2-12 x 2.5-4.5 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf but stout, 3-6 cm

long, with harsh hairs 1-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences woolly-pubescent with hairs

1-1.5 mm long, 2-3 times ramified, rather many-flowered, in Q and GC’: 4-10 x 2-9

cm, common peduncle up to 15 long; bracts (broadly) ovate, acutish, 3-5 mm long,

caducous. Flowers + solitary (in Q) or in loose clusters of 2-6; perianths 2-valved,

largely set with stellate(-dendroid) hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; pedicels slender, pubescent

with coarse hairs 0.4-0.7 mm, at base inarticulate. Male perianths in lateral view

subcircular, 1.5-3 x 3-4 mm, the basal part thick and coriaceous, the remainder

collapsed when dry and perianth then often saucer-shaped or wrinked, at the apex

just above the anthers, opening by a minute pore-like slit less than 1 mm wide;

valves or apical part of perianth c. 0.2(-0.4) mm thick. Pedicels 2-3.5 mm long.

Androecium consisting of a coriaceous + ellipsoid column c. 0.8-1.1 mm long, with

2 small anthers, each 0.2(-0.3) mm at the apex. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid-

ovoid, 3.8-4 xX 3.5-4 mm, split at anthesis to c. %-Y10, with a minute pore-like slit

above the stigmas, valves c. 0.3-0.5 mm thick; pedicels (1.5-)3-5 mm long; ovary

ovoid-subglobose, c. 2.5-3 X 2.5 mm, densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm;

style erect, glabrous, 0.2-0.8 mm long; stigma 2-lobed, c. 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits c.

3-10 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top acute and sometimes acuminate, 3.0-5.0 x

2.0-3.0 cm, minutely pubescent at least at the base, valves woody-coriaceous, 4-7

mm thick, usually with paler, small or coarse lenticels or tubercles; stalk 2-7 mm

long; perianth not persisting.

136 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Vogelkop, Jayapura, Geelvink Bay;

Mimika, in the South), Papua New Guinea (West Sepik, East Sepik, Madang,

Western; the Gulf Prov. specimen deviates.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: b.b. 30514, 31098, (Lundquist 103) 32822; BW 2727, 2733, 6666, 9173,

9420, 11111; Doctors van Leeuwen 10479 — Papua New Guinea: Darbyshire & Hoogland 8094; Katik W

2877; LAE 52930, 53567; NGF 27471, 34154, 34339, 45861, 45913, 48290; Saunders 202, 358, 398 —

Deviating: Gulf Dist., Schodde & Craven 4662 (see notes).

Ecology. Lowland primary and (old) secondary rain forest, ridge-side forest,

swamp forest; on clay, stony-sandy soil; 0-500 m alt.; flowers and fruits throughout

the year.

Vernacular names. Baa (Hollandia), Gumaga (E. Sepik), Ibuumkwaraf (Kem-

toek lang., Hollandia), Patepa (Siere-Octa, SW. New Guinea), Poi (Pogatumo

lang., Sepik Prov.), Sabobo (Orne lang., Mafoka, Sepik Prov.), Vionge (Nemo

lang., Hollandia).

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bole unbuttressed or with slight buttresses. Bark often strongly

peeling in small, oblong, thin scales, black-brown or dark brown. Wood whitish or

straw, moderately hard and heavy. Flowers yellow, greenish-yellow or pale orange-

yellow. Fruit greenish, greenish-yellow, or yellow-brown; aril red.

2. The present species obviously belongs to the group with H. hellwigii which has

stout twigs, the pubescence on the leaf bud and apex of twigs conspicuous, com-

posed of coarse hairs (0.5-)1-1.5 mm long. It is very distinct by its woody perianths,

usually collapsed in O’ around the much ‘reduced’ androecium. This latter consists

of an ellipsoid woody body, its apex with only 2 apparently much reduced anthers

or thecae just below the apical pore-like slit of the perianth.

The female flowers are larger than those of H. hellwigii.

3. The late Dr. Muller of the Rijksherbarium investigated the pollen of LAE

52930 and remarked: little pollen produced, 25-30 yu, boat-shaped with proximal

side convex, exine 0.5 yw thick, very finely echinate, echinae 0.5 pw long. In

comparison, the related Horsfieldia hellwigii (Brass 25949) produces abundant

pollen, 30-40 4, boat-shaped with convex proximal side, exine 1.5 yw thick, finely

echinate, echinae 1 yw long.

4. Deviating specimen. The specimen Schodde & Craven 4662, from the Gulf

Province, Papua, with C flowers, deviates in its non-coriaceous leaves, the more

woolly tomentum (not harsh) and the densely tomentose perianths. The perianths

do not dry blackish brown as is usual in H. pulverulenta, but are instead, rather

light brown and only slightly collapsed. The perianths contain a much reduced

androecium, comparable to that found in H. pulverulenta. The marginal nerve of

the leaves is looping very regularly, as in H. pulverulenta. The specimen may

represent a separate taxon.

5. Sterile, dubious specimens. The sterile material cited below with rather mem-

branous leaves, probably belong to the present species. For the greater part they

might have been taken from sapling shoots. The tomentum is generally softer than

New account of Horsfieldia 2 137

in a true H. pulverulenta. Often the leaves are long-caudate. They might belong to

one of the other related species of the H. hellwigii-complex as well. Sinclair

referred these specimens to a group of hybrids between H. hellwigii var. hellwigii

and var. pulverulenta. The specimens are from the Madang district, NE. New

Guinea: Saunders 202, 358, 398, and from Jayapura, Irian Jaya: BW 6666, 9173.

6. Sinclair accepted the present species as a variety under H. hellwigii.

He, however, did not cite the curious woody flowers with the apparently re-

duced androecium nor the differing female flowers.

7. | have not seen the syntypes; Sinclair enumerates them among several collec-

tions also seen by me, some of which, however, e.g., Vink BW 12194 is presently

referred to a new species, H. leptantha.

43. Horsfieldia leptantha de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(43)

Ramuli validi, eoram apicibus atque gemmis praeditis pilis 0.5-1.0 mm longis. Perianthium masculum

2-valve, subglobosum, pubescens, in anthesi usque as 74-*% divisum, valvis c. 0.2 mm crassis, androecii

lateraliter compresso, antheris 10-14, erectis. Fructus breviter ellipsoidei, 2.0-2.4 cm longo, grosse

tuberculati — Type: Irian Jaya, Fak-Fak, Vink BW 12194 (L).

Tree 8-30 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 4-8 mm diam., early to late

glabresent, tomentum rusty, of hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, bark finely or coarsely

striate, when older not flaking; lenticels usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-

nous to chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually in the middle,

generally not parallel-sided, 13-35 x 5-13.5 cm, base (short-) attenuate, tip acute-

acuminate, not caudate; upper surface drying dull brown to olivaceous, smooth or

finely pustulate, lower surface rather early to late glabrescent or with persistent

tomentum of stellate-dendroid rather woolly or ‘mealy’ hairs of mixed sizes, 0.5-1.0

mm long, when shed not leaving rough hair bases; without brown dots; midrib

above flattish, glabrescent except towards base; nerves 10-20(-30?, see notes) pairs,

usually at c. 45°-50° with the midrib, 5-20 mm apart, above thin and sunken or flattish,

below, the arches of the marginal nerve not very regular, prominent or not;

tertiary venation lax, distinct or not; petiole 5-12 x 2.5-4 mm, not winged; leaf bud

stoutish, 2.5-5 cm long, with dense tomentum of hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Inflore-

scences woolly-pubescent with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, in CG’: rather many-flowered,

2 or 3 times ramified, c. 11 X 7 cm, common peduncle 5-20 mm long; flowers in

loose clusters of 2-6 each, perianth 2-valved, completely pubescent with hairs

0.2-0.3 (-0.5) mm; pedicels slender, pubescent, at base inarticulate; bracts broadly

elliptic, obtuse, 2-3 mm long. Male perianth in lateral view subcircular, c. 2.5 X

2.7-3 mm, somewhat laterally compressed, sub-membranous, not collapsing on

drying; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; perianth at anthesis split to 4-%; valves c. 0.2 mm

thick. Androecium laterally compressed, c. 1-1.3 x 1.3-1.6 mm, above broadly

rounded-truncate, the column inside narrowly hollowed for c. % (c. 0.3 mm),

anthers 10-14, erect touching each other, somewhat septate when young, 1-1.1 mm

long, free apices c. 0.2-0.3 mm, not or but faintly incurved; androphore + 0.

Female flowers not seen. Infructescences 6-12 cm long, branched. Fruits 2-8 per

infructescence, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (seed ellipsoid), apex obtuse or

broadly rounded, 2.0-2.4 x 1.6-2.0 cm, largely glabrescent but with minute vesti-

gial hairs towards the base, tubercles coarse, pale, lenticel-like, valves woody-

coriaceous, 4-7 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.

138 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Vogelkop, doubtful; Fak-Fak), Papua

New Guinea (West Sepik).

Ecology. Secondary and primary forest, ridge forest, on clay soil over limestone;

0-600 m. Flowering and fruiting apparently not seasonal.

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: BW (Koster) 10763 (doubtful, see notes), Vink 12194, (Moll) 12952;

Pleyte 553; Pulle 343. — Papua New Guinea: West Sepik, LAE 52962; NGF 25241.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. Bark recorded as greenish black; blaze with pinkish red serous sap.

2. The male perianths are deeply cleft, to c. /4-%, much deeper than in the other

species of the H. hellwigii complex. The fruits with their coarse lenticels and

tubercles are strongly reminiscent of those in H. laevigata; there is likely to be a

true close relationship with this species.

3. A doubtful sterile specimen from Vogelkop, BW 10763, is tentatively included

in the present species, mainly because of its locality. It deviates by its numerous

side-nerves, c. 30-33, which are almost parallel and depart from the midrib at an

angle of c. 70°; the marginal nerve is distinct and loops very regularly, both

characters predominant in the related H. pulverulenta. However, the tomentum on

the lower leaf surface is rather mealy and is composed of hairs of rather mixed

sizes, and the Jeaves are membranous in texture, not rough. The specimen might

likewise belong to one of the other related species of the H. hellwigii complex.

44. Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. Fig. 1B(44); 21

Myristica hellwigii Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1893) 192 — Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb., Mon.

Myrist. (1897) 343; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 150; A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 61;

Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 49 (for the type variety only) — Type: Finschhafen (Papua New

Guinea), Hellwig 416 (B, t+, n.v.).

H. glabrescens Warb. in K. Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutgeb. Siidsee (1900) 325 — Type:

Papua New Guinea (Madang), Tappendeck 74 (B, +; WRCL, seen by Sinclair).

Tree 5-30 m. Twigs stout, terete or rarely + ridged, often hollow, towards apex

(4-)5-15 mm diam.; early to late glabrescent from rusty woolly or felty tomentum of

hairs 0.5-1.0(-1.5) mm long; bark finely or coarsely striate, when older not flaking;

lenticels present, usually distinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or rarely

chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle,

or sometimes + parallel-sided, 17-40(-50) x 5-14 cm, base + rounded to (short-)

attenuate, tip acute-acuminate (in New Britain specimens rarely short-caudate);

upper surface drying usually dull olivaceous, minutely pustulate, lower surface

late glabrescent or with persistent tomentum of hairs of mixed to subequal sizes

0.3-1.0 mm long, when shed not leaving thickened hair-bases; without brown dots;

midrib above flat or slightly sunken, late glabrescent or usually with persistent

tomentum towards base; nerves 12-33 pairs, thin, + flat above, generally at an

angle of c. 45° with the midrib, the marginal nerve with arches usually rather thin

and + irregular beneath; tertiary venation lax and thin, faint above; petiole (2-) 5-8

New account of Horsfieldia 2 139

x 2.5-5 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf bud generally stout, 3-7 cm long, densely

pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences woolly-pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0

mm; in CG: 3.5-15 x 2-10 cm, 2-3 times ramified, flowers in clusters of 3-6 each; in 2

up to c. 8 X 5 cm, flowers in clusters of up to 4; common peduncle up to 30 mm;

bracts elliptic to broadly ovate, acutish, 3-7 mm long, caducous; perianths 2- valved

(flowers not known in var. lignosa), glabrous or early glabrescent except at base,

pedicels pubescent by stellate-dendroid hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, at base inarticulate. Male

perianths, as seen laterally, subcircular, 1.8-3.2 x 2.3-3.5 mm, somewhat laterally

compressed, top and base broadly rounded, pedicel slender, 1-3(-4) mm; perianth

at anthesis split to (14-) 12-%4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium (1.2-) 1.5-2 x

(1.3-) 1.7-2 mm, laterally compressed to c. 0.8-1 mm thick, above + broadly

rounded-truncate, column c. 0.3-0.5 mm, narrowly hollowed for the upper c.

Y4(-5), anthers (10-) 12-18 (i.e., 12-18 thecae at each side), erect, not septate, c.

1.2-2 mm long, completely sessile, mutually touching, free apices 0-0.1 mm, not

incurved; androphore + broad, up to 0.1 mm long. Female perianth subglobose or

broadly ovoid, c. 2.8-3.5 x 3 mm, split at anthesis to 3-12, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick;

pedicel 1-2 mm long; ovary subglobose, c. 2 mm diam., densely pubescent with

hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long, stigma largely sessile, faintly 2- lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits

3-15 per infructescence, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, top rounded or

generally acutish (when dry), 1.2-2.8 x 1.0-1.8 cm, densely pubescent or partly

glabrescent with hairs c. 0.5 mm, usually rather finely lenticellate-tuberculate, dry

valves 1-3 mm, or in var. lignosa 4-8 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not

persisting.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland; not yet found in

Irian Jaya.

Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, regrowth; in primary forest an

understorey or second storey tree, in secondary forest often common; lowland rain

forest, ridge forest, also monsoon forest, gallery forest; on alluvial soils, also

limestone; 0-1200 m. Flowers throughout the year, fruits predominantly from July

to December.

Vernacular names. Apaap (Wanigela lang.), Camarngur (Lae subdist., Morobe),

Fohja (Okema lang. Aku), Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Dist.), Hota (Garaina

lang., Bulolo), Lagele Kuku (W. Nakanai, New Britain), Naufora (Talasea, New

Britain), Mamasoh (Onjob lang., Koreaf), O’hénga (Orakaiva lang., Mumumi).

Uses. Fruits sometimes recorded as edible.

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes: Bole straight, unbuttressed, bark finely longitudinally fissured;

crown narrow, dense; branches often tending to be whorled, horizontal, later on

drooping; leaves drooping; wood rather soft and light, whitish or straw, heartwood

pinkish. Flowers yellow. Fruits green turning yellow or orange, aril orange.

Fig. 21.

140

;

\ \ | {\ ( WZ

Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. var. hellwigii

a, apical portion of leafy twig, x '; b, portion of twig with male inflorescence, x 1/2; ¢,

mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; d, ditto, longitudinally opened, showing androecium,

x 6; e, portion of twig with female inflorescences axillary to leaf-scars, x 12; f, female flower

at anthesis, X 6; g, ditto, longitudinally opened, showing pubescent ovary and small bi-lipped

stigma, X 6;h, infructescence with mature fruits. — a, from NGF 26412; b-d, from NGF 4019;

e-g, from Hoogland 3431; h, from LAE 67101.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 141

2. Taxonomy. The present species, here comprising three varieties, is largely

identical with Sinclair's H. hellwigii var. hellwigii. Sinclair's var. pulverulenta

(Warb.) and his var. pulverulenta, Vink BW 12104, are here referred to different

species. Also, H. ralunensis, which Sinclair cited in the synonymy of H. hellwigii

var. hellwigii, is presently accepted as a separate species. His var. novobritannica is

presently partly, almost exclusively the type, referred to a variety of H. laevigata.

Horsfieldia hellwigii, as presently accepted, is still rather variable, especially in

fruit size and shape; for some very small-fruited specimens and for specimens with

conspicuously woody fruits, separate varieties are accepted.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES

la. Fruit slightly asymmetrically subglobose; pericarp woody, 4-8 mm thick, the surface not wrinkled on

OST 2 ee UR SS 2 PB URE ED 5 ney Se a c. var. lignosa

b. Fruit subglobose, or ellipsoid, or fusiform; dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick, the surface usually somewhat

oe bal Se a on AS Sea SoS ES) TRS cep pe Oh ee ee ar eee 2 | 2

2a. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to nearly globose, 12-15 mm long ............................ b. var. brachycarpa

b. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, 16-28 mm long. ............. 00... e cee ee eee ee scene eee ee ees a. var. hellwigii

a. Var. hellwigii Fig. 1B(44); 21

Lower leaf surface usually rather densely pubescent with hairs c. 0.3-1.0 mm.

Male perianth (in bud) 2.2-3.2 x 2.4-3.5 mm, split at anthesis to 12-73. Anthers

(12-)14-18. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, 1.6-2.8 x 1.0-1.8 cm, pericarp 2-3

mm thick.

Distribution. As for the species.

NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea — Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland): Floyd 6410;

Hoogland 3431; LAE 75366; NGF 10018, 10832, 24233, 26253, 26310, 27248; Sands et al. 2013;

Waterhouse 877 — Main Island (Madang, Morobe, Northern, Milne Bay. Western, Central): Brass

24386; Carr 11962, 13901; Clemens s.n. (8.11. 1936), 78, 10908; Fallen et al. 282; Floyd & Hoogland

3813; Frodin UPNG 2139; Fryar 4019; Hartley TGH 9970, 10013; Hoogland 3256; 4386, 5210; LAE

67101; NGF 204, 857, 4019, 1617, 7331, 9677, 9681, 9770, 10540, 10981, 17129, 24003, 24329, 26412,

28553, 28776, 31697, 33857, 34154, 34339, 36304, 36773, 37659, 41170, 41421, 41823, 44388, 45861,

45921, 47431, 48290; Saunders 483; Womersley & Hoogland 5156 — Fergusson Isl. (Milne Bay Prov.):

Brass 25949; LAE 52558 — Deviating specimens: LAE 66008 (Morobe Prov.): NGF 40599 (W. New

Britain); see notes.

NOTES

1. NGF 24233, from limestone at c: 1200 m, has rather chartaceous leaves.

2. The twigs are normally terete, and not or faintly ridged, in NGF 37656 the

twigs are very distinctly ridged in between the bases of the petioles.

3. Further deviating specimens: NGF 40599 from W. New Britain, and LAE

66008 from nearby Umboi Isl. rather differ one from the other, the former being

much more pubescent. Both deviate from normal H. hellwigii var. hellwiggi by the

rather more pear-shaped, i.e., at base more tapering male perianths. Possibly the

specimens are a hybrid, e.g., with H. tuberculata, and they may appear to represent

a separate taxon.

142 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

b. var. brachycarpa de Wilde, var. nov.

Differt a var. hellwigii fructibus siccis fere globosis, 12-15 mm longis, pericarpio 2 mm crasso — Type:

Lauterbach 1191 (L; iso: BRSL & S, n.v.).

Lower leaf surface rather sparsely hairy, the hairs c. 0.3 mm long. Male perianth

c. 2 mm diam. (1.9 X 2.3 mm), split at anthesis to c. 43. Anthers 10-12. Fruits

subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 1.2-1.5(-1.7) x 1.0-1.3 cm; pericarp 1-2 mm thick.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea (Sepik, Madang, Morobe Prov.).

NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea (Northern): Hoogland & Craven 10312; Lauterbach 1191; NGF

9146, 10258.

Ecology. Twice collected in levee-forest; 0-100 m. alt.

NOTES

1. The original description of H. hellwigii was based on Hellwig 416, now lost. In

his monograph of 1897, p. 344, Warburg mentions Lauterbach 1191, with fruits, as

a specimen assigned to H. hellwigii. It was accepted later by Markgraf (p. 150) and

Sinclair (p. 52) under H. hellwigii. Now it serves as type of my present new variety

brachycarpa.

2.1 have accepted NGF 9146, with male flowers, as belonging to var.

brachycarpa. It has slightly smaller perianths and fewer anthers as compared with

the type-variety.

c. var lignosa de Wilde, var. nov.

Differt a var. hellwigii fructibus siccis pericarpio lignoso 4-8 mm crasso — Type: Milne Bay Prov.,

Leach LAE 56060 (L: iso: K; A, BISH, BO, BRI, CANB, SING, SYD, PHN & US, n.v.).

Lower leaf surface rather sparesely hairy, the hairs c. 0.2-0.3 mm long (on leaf

buds c. 0.5 mm long). Flowers unknown. Fruits somewhat asymmetrically

subglobose, slightly flattened or not, c. 1.6-1.9 cm diam (immature); pericarp very

woody, 4-8 mm thick, the surface not wrinkled on drying, densely rusty tomentose

with hairs c. 0.3(0.5) mm long.

Distribution. SE. Papua New Guinea: Central and Milne Bay Provinces.

Ecology. Lowland and mountainous forest, 300-1150 m alt. Fruits in June and

September.

NOTES

J. One suspects the immature fruits in both cited collections as being diseased,

e.g., infected by a gall, but on closer inspection all fruits seem healthy. The fruits of

both collections are recorded as green.

2. The specimen NGF 32401 has the lower leaf surfaces finely, iregularly, more

darkly mottled; mottles are absent in the type. In the NGF 32401 the older twigs

are rather markedly ridged in-between the petiole scars.

New account of Horsfieldia 2 . 143

3. The specimens cited were collected after Sinclair’s revision Horsfieldia. Flow-

ers are unknown; when these get collected, it may turn out that the present taxon

can better be regarded as a separate species. Vegetatively it is very like the typical

H. hellwigit.

45. Horsfieldia ralunensis Warb. Fig. 1B(45)

Horsfieldia ralunensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 336; K. Schum.. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl.-Dahl.

(1898) 117: Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324); Markgraf. Bot. Jahrb. 67,

(1935) 150 — Type: New Britain (Neu Pommern), Gazelle Penins., Ralum, Warburg 20709 (B. 7.

n.v.).

ho bo

Tree 5-18 m. Twigs terete, towards apex 5-10 mm diam., early to late glabrescent

from light rusty or yellow-brown tomentum with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, bark rather

finely striate, when older not flaking; lenticels present but not distinct. Leaves in 2

rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest towards the base or

usually + parallel-sided, 30-60 x 7-11 cm, base nearly rounded to

(short-)attenuate, tip long acute-acuminate, usually 1-2 cm caudate: upper surface

drying dull olivaceous, minutely, palely punctate-pustulate, lower surface with

persistent tomentum of pale brown softish dendroid hairs of mixed sizes 0.5-1 mm,

when shed, not leaving thickened rough hair bases; without brown dots; midrib flat

above, glabrescent except at the very base; nerves 30-40 pairs, generally + striaght,

at an angle of 50-70° to the midrib, 8-15(-20) mm apart, thin and flat above;

beneath, the marginal nerve rather distinct, not very regularly looping; tertiary

venation lax, indistinct above; petiole 5-16 x 3-4 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf

bud stout, 4-6 cm long, with dense velvety tomentum with hairs (0.5-) 1 mm.

Inflorescences woolly pubescent, hairs 1-1.5 mm long, in CO and Q: 2 or 3 times

ramified, rather many-flowered, 4-15 x 3-10(-12) cm, common peduncle 5-50 mm

long; bracts broadly ellipsoid, subacute, 5-10 mm long. Flowers in loose clusters of

3-6 each, perianth 2-valved, glabrous except at the very base, pedicels pubescent

with hairs 0.3-0.8 mm long, at base inarticulate. Male perianths obovoid-ellipsoid,

at apex acutish, c. 2-2.3 x 1.5-1.7 mm, pedicel 1(-2) mm long, perianth at anthesis

split toc. 44, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium c. 1-1.1 X 1.2-1.3 mm, = laterally

flattened, broadly rounded above, column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. 4

(0.2-0.3 mm), anthers c. 10(-12), + completely sessile, erect, mutually touching, c.

1-1.2 mm long, free apices c. 0.2 mm; androphore slender, 0.3-0.4 mm long.

Female perianth obovoid, c. 4 x 2.5-3 mm, split at anthesis to c. %4, valves c. 0.3

mm thick; pedicels 1-1.5 mm; ovary ovoid, c. 2 X 1.5 mm, densely pubescent with

hairs c. 0.5 mm, style and stigmas minute, + elongate, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm

long. Fruits 2-10 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top obtusish, base broadly rounded,

2.5-3.0 X 1.5-1.9 cm, pubescent, hairs c. 0.5 mm long, coarse, paler-coloured

lenticel-like tubercles present, dry valves 3-5 mm thick; stalk 1-3 mm long; perianth

not persisting.

Distribution. West and E. New Britain (Gazelle Penins.)

BISMARCK ARCH. New Britain: LAE 52084; NGF 7060, 7092, 36304 A, 36773, 38152, 44388,

Warburg 20709 (B, 7 n.v.).

Ecology. Lowland rain forest, recorded from well-drained pumice terrain, sandy

soil, ridge forest, at edge of swamp; 0-100 m. Flowering and fruiting apparently not

seasonal.

144 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)

NOTES

1. Fieldnotes. A small or medium sized tapered understorey or subcanopy tree;

bole straight, branches horizontal but drooping terminally; once recorded as slight-

ly buttressed. Bark dark coloured, mottled, or with short vertical fissures. Wood

straw, moderately soft. Flowers yellow. Inflorescences (with flowers) recorded as

erect. Mature fruit green or brown-green.

2. Related to H. leptantha, H. pulverulenta, and H. hellwigii, the last also

occurring on New Britain. Distinguished from H. hellwigii by the larger fruits,

smaller and narrower male flowers (with a somewhat different androecium), and

the generally more elongated leaves.

3. Sinclair included the present species in H. hellwigii var. hellwigii.

4. I have not seen the type, which was apparently lost in B, but Warburg notes

that the anthers do not reach the top of the androecium and leave a sterile narrow

appendix. This latter is at variance with the material seen by me.

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\) \

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE x

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Gs Yen PZ SHES

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¥ ot.

ee :

VOL. 38 (Part 2) lst December 1985

ae . i

‘

3 \ CONTENTS

N PAGES

HOLTTUM, R.E.:

Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments

UN IN eRe O85 Sn wep crisp te ier cabs ete ce oes vce eet a lity pacsescsvtacverscesees 145-148

KENG, HSuan:

eee IshOl occu t lants Of Singapore. (1X) Slee sal i PRC idee cae eee eee deness sees 149-174

LIM-HO CueEE LEN and LEE SING Kona:

Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. ............0cccecececeee ee ee ee eneneneeees 175-184

WILDE, W. J.J.O. bE:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt3 ............ cece eee eee eee 185-225

BIDIN, Aziz, and TREVoR WALKER:

Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. .......................... 227-233

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Cluny Road, Singapore 1025.

Vy,

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

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S.K. Lee, B.Hort.Sc. Hons. (Cant.); Ph.D. (Singapore)

W.K. Tan, B.A. (Wms Coll., Mass.); M.Sc. (M.S.U., Mich.);

Ph.D. (U.M., FI.)

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Instructions for contributing authors are found behind the Contents Table.

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOL. 38 (Part 2) lst December 1985

CONTENTS

PAGES

HOLTTUM, R.E.:

Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments

a 8 IE a os a ie Lie clot oA Ry Si Sele 145-148

KENG, Hsuan:

Pease Laer See F tants Of Singapore (IX) oe cae oso ce- eon seen ecw ewer reece eee egees 149-174

LIM-HO CueE LEN and LEE SING Kona:

Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. .............6..00 cc ccec ence eee e ences eee 175-184

WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:

A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt3 ........... 0... c cece eee 185-225

BIDIN, Aziz, and TREVOR WALKER:

Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. .......................... 227-233

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development

Cluny Road, Singapore 1025.