CONTENTS

Volume 41

PART 1 — Ist June 1988

KIEW, R. and WEBER, A.:

Two New Species (Didissandra porphyrantha and Didymocarpus

nitidus) and a New Combination (Didymocarpus breviflorus),

meemncniocede. Irom sclatigor, Malaysia... cace fl iwce- 2 Ms nccs.cscecsleccccasscccver

LEE, S.K. and RAO, A.N.:

Plantlet Production of Swietenia macrophylla King

MP REISE OOP TE IEIING 1 oe Se ta oc ctn oo vn k cine dV RE Ue Be awa ep ven bye ddd cones

FOONG, THAI WU and YANG, CHENG NOI:

Compound Fertilizer Requirements for the Establishment and

Early Growth of Popular Ornamental Shrubs between

ee RT I se cen ww sul fea Lavinais Sogatceee pean ate wweke wus «wks ode

PART 2 — Ist December 1988

VERMEULEN, J.J. and LAMB, A.:

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum Sect. Monilibulbus (Orchidaceae)

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Three New Taxa in Elaeocarpus in the Malay Peninsula ......................

BIDIN, Aziz, JAMAN, RAZALI and SALLEH, MAT KAMARUDDIN:

A New Species of Adiantum from Trus Madi Range, Sabah .................

FERNANDO, EDwINo S::

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae) ..............

SWAN, FREDERICK R. JR.:

Tree Distribution Patterns in the

Sete MAM TIALUEC ROESETVE, SINGAPOTC, 6.0.45 .<cocce chest sedan nasceccncacesscases

WONG, K.M., WONG, Y.S. and SAW, L.G::

Notes on the Early Exploration and Botanical Collecting

in the Endau-Rompin Area of Peninsula Malaysia ...............ccceeceeeeeeees

BIDIN, Aziz:

A Further Chromosome Count for Osmunda (Osmundales)

ANTI ARIE SI So, Dias tvkcadaduneveduscrdedeacececcsve

Book Review

CORNER, E.J.H.::

IE UR gos oo soc. sey uacdu crocs don cies sveseancuacevansesecsases

Pages

11-18

29-28

29-41

43-44

45-48

49-58

59-81

83-91

93-94

97-98

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INDEX

Volume 41

Page numbers in italics indicate the presence of illustrations.

Acacia auriculiformis, 19

Actinodaphne malaccensis, 71, 80

Adenanthera bicolor, 65, 66, 80

Adiantum, 45

caudatum, 47

diaphanum, 47

hispidulum, 47

lamrianum, 45, 46

Aglaonema pseudobracteatum, 20, 21, 23

Anisoptera megistocarpa, 70, 71, 79

Aporusa benthamiana, 66, 70, 79

microstachya, 71, 79

symplocoides, 67, 69, 79

Archidendron sp., 71, 80

Ardisia colorata, 71, 74, 81

teysmanniana, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 81

Artocarpus lanceifolius, 65, 80

lowii, 65, 80

rigidus, 66, 80

Aziz Bidin, 45, 93

Baccaurea parviflora, 68, 70, 79

Blumeodendron tokbrai, 67, 69, 80

Buchanania sessilifolia, 68, 70, 79

Bulbophyllum kestron, 29, 30, 31, 32

leproglossum, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34

nubinatum, 29, 30, 34, 35

ovalifolium, 30, 31, 34, 37

pelicanopsis, 29, 30, 34, 36

perductum, 30

phaeoneuron, 37

scabrum, 29, 30, 37, 38

sect. Monilibulbus, 29

thymophorum, 29, 30, 38, 39

tortuosum, 30

Calamus aidae, 49, 50, 51

balerensis, 49, 51, 52, 53

bicolor, 51

discolor, 51

inops, 51

ornatus var. pulverulentus, 49, 53, 54, 55

ornatus, 55

ornatus var. philippinensis, 55

sp., 64

usitatus, 53

Calamus-Daemonorops, 67, 68, 81

Callosciurus notatus, 61

Calophyllum ferrugineum, 65, 71, 80

tetrapterum, 68, 70, 80

Canarium sp., 69, 79

Castanopsis lucida, 65, 80

Cnestis platantha, 71, 79

Corner, E.J.H., 95

Crypteronia cumingii, 66, 80

Cyathocalyx remuliflorus, 66, 68, 70, 79

Cynocephalus variegatus, 61

Dacryodes rostrata, 67, 69, 79

sp., 66, 79

Daemonorops polita, 49, 56, 57, 58

ruptilis var. accaulescens, 58

ruptilis var. ruptilis, 58

sp., 64

Dalbergia parviflora, 65, 80

Dehaasia sp., 69, 80

Dicrurus paradiseus, 61

Didissandra breviflora, 7, 9

porphyrantha, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Didymocarpus atrocyanea, 4

atropurpurea, 4

breviflorus, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9

cf. albinus, 1

hirta, 4

longisepala, 4

malayanus, 1, 7

morgani, 4

nitidus, 1, 4, 5, 6

petiolata, 4

platypus, 1, 7

serratifolius, 6, 8, 9

violaceae, 4

Dillenia grandifolia, 66, 79

Dipterocarpus penangianus, 65, 67, 69, 79

Dracaena surculosa punctulata, 20, 22

Dyera costulata, 68, 70, 72, 79

Elaeocarpus, 43

nitidus var. velutinus, 43, 44

sallehiana, 43

symingtonii, 43

Endau-Rompin Area, 83

Eugenia densiflora, 65, 81

duthieana, 64, 66, 68, 70, 84, 81

longiflora, 65, 71, 74, 81

Euodia glabra, 66, 81

Fernando, Edwino S., 49

Foong Thai Wu, 19

Gaertnera grisea, 71, 81

Ganua kingiana, 67, 68, 69, 70, 81

Garcinia griffithii, 66, 71, 80

Gironniera parvifolia, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,

72, 81

Gluta wallichii, 65, 66, 68, 70, 79

Glycosmis chlorosperma, 68, 70, 81

Gomphandra quadrifida, 70, 81

Gonystylus confusus, 68, 70, 80

Gynotroches axillaris, 68, 70, 81

Hopea mengarawan, 67, 69, 71, 79

Horsfieldia sp., 69, 80

Ixonanthes icosandra, 64, 65, 66, 72, 80

Ixora javanica, 20, 27

Kamaruddin Mat Salleh, 45

Kiew, R., 1

Knema laurina, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 80

sp., 80

Koilodepas wallichianum, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80

Lamb, A., 29

Bees ok, 14

Licania splendens, 65, 81

Liptopteris, 93

Litsea accedens, 70, 80

_ castanea, 65, 80

Macaca fasicularis, 61

Macaranga triloba, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72 80

Medusanthera affinis, 69, 81

Meiogyne virgata, 65, 79

Memecylon megacarpum, 66, 71, 80

Microcos blattaefolia, 71, 81

Myristica cinnamomea, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80

Ng, F.S.P., 43

Oncosperma, 64

horridum, 64, 65, 67, 69, 81

Osmunda, 93

javanica, 93, 94

vachellii, 93, 94

Palaquium microphyllum, 71, 81

Parishia sp., 71, 79

Parkia speciosa, 71, 80

Payena lucida, 71, 81

Pellacalyx saccardianus, 65, 67, 69, 81

Pentaca triptera, 72, 81

Pertusadina eurhyncha, 65, 81

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus, 68, 70, 79

Philodendron selloum, 20, 25

Phyllanthus watsonii, 85

Pimeleodendron griffithianum, 59, 68, 70, 73, 80

Planchonella maingayi, 66, 71, 81

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41 (1988)

Polyalthia angustissima, 65, 71, 79

sp., 67; 79

sumatrana, 71, 79

Polyscias filicifolia, 20, 21, 24

Popowia fusca, 68, 70, 79

Prunus polystachya, 71, 81

Ptychosperma macarthurii, 20, 21, 26

Randia densiflora, 71, 81

Rao, A.N., 11

Razali Jaman, 45

Samanea saman, 19

Santiria apiculata, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 79

griffithii, 66, 79

laevigata, 68, 70, 72, 79

sp., 65

Saw, L.G., 83

Scorodocarpus borneensis, 66, 81

Shorea curtisil, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,

42, 33, Fo

gratissima, 66, 79

macroptera, 65, 71, 79

parvifolia, 66, 79

Streblus elongatus, 67, 69, 80

Strombosia ceylanica, 66, 68, 70, 81

Swan, Frederick R., JR., 59

Swietenia macrophylla, 11

Tabernaemontana peduncularis, 65, 67, 69, 79

Tan Wee Kiat, 95

Todea, 93

Urophyllum, 74

glabrum, 67, 69, 81

hirsutum, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 81

streptopodium, 67, 69, 74, 81

Vermeulen, J.J., 29

Weber, A., |

Wong, K.M., 83

Wong, Y.S., 83

Xanthophyllum eurhynchum, 69, 81

Xylopia malayana, 66, 79

Yang Cheng Noi, 19

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ISSN 0374-7859

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

VOL. 41 (Part 1) 1 June 1988

CONTENTS

. KIEW, R and WEBER, A.:

a Two New Species (Didissandra porphyrantha and Didymocarpus

nitidus) and a New Combination (Didymocarpus breviflorus),

See eae. FTO) Selangor, MALAYSIA. 6.56.5. cdencadece ane obidbewtivacedsacsecsceces

_ LEE, S.K. and RAO, A.N.:

Plantlet Production of Swietenia macrophylla King

a RENT UA Sg go dc) aa ca Re cceacs dbs vaek's tie cds Ges neve dptences

_ FOONG, THAI Wu and YANG, CHENG NOI:

1 Compound Fertilizer Requirements for the Establishment and

Early Growth of Popular Ornamental Shrubs between

a LER LIE yl a 21.) Sea” ak Page PB d sr, 5 “wisn av'vcwladed <ocvacesncccces

Published by the Botanic Gardens

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOL. 41 (Part 1)

SINGAPORE

CONTENTS

KIEW, R and WEBER, A.:

Two New Species (Didissandra porphyrantha and Didymocarpus

nitidus) and a New Combination (Didymocarpus breviflorus),

SeMeeeeoese, ATOMS SClINPOT, Widlaysia. =). 2226. occcoi secs sts vawleecescetickccecocecs

LEE, S.K. and RAO, A.N.:

Plantlet Production of Swietenia macrophylla King

Pn SMES IN a NG oa a! 6d sc thw uns wSon akc detddos sucimavececmertsccds

FOONG, THAI WU and YANG, CHENG NOI:

Compound Fertilizer Requirements for the Establishment and

Early Growth of Popular Ornamental Shrubs between

Road-side Trees

SSS HTS EEE HE ESTEE SES SEE HEHEHE EHEE HEHEHE ESTHET HEHEHE EEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EE EEEEEEE

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

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June 1988

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Two New Species (Didissandra porphyrantha and

Didymocarpus nitidus) and a New Combination

(Didymocarpus breviflorus), Gesneriaceae,

from Selangor, Malaysia

R. KIEW' and A. WEBER?

‘Department of Biology, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 43400

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 23 SEPT. 1988

Abstract

Two new species of Gesneriaceae, Didissandra porphyrantha (Section Speciosae) and Didymocarpus

nitidus are described and illustrated. A new combination, Didymocarpus breviflorus, is made for a species

previously included in Didissandra.

Introduction

During the course of field work in Selangor, one of us (RK) located populations

of several interesting species of Gesneriaceae. Two of these, on further investigation,

were found to be new species, Didissandra porphyrantha and Didymocarpus nitidus,

and another, Didissandra breviflorus Ridl., with the collection of flowering material,

proved to be a species of Didymocarpus.

The new Didissandra species is particularly striking with large violet-purple flowers

with an almost black limb, and so earns the epithet porphyrantha. It is a handsome

plant worthy of cultivation. The new Didymocarpus species is notable for its shiny,

rather fleshy leaves and is therefore called D. nitidus. Its flowers are white and are

rather small. This species seems to flower rather rarely and is usually encountered

sterile.

Both Didissandra porphyrantha and Didymocarpus nitidus are found in montane

forest on a steep slope east of the summit of Gunung Bunga Buah where they grow

in a richly developed herb layer, which includes other species of Gesneriaceae such

as Didymocarpus cf. albinus, D. malayanus and D. platypus (a form with purplish

corolla lobes illustrated by Kiew, 1982). Didymocarpus nitidus is as yet known only

from this locality but Didissandra porphyrantha has been found lower down the

Gombak valley. As yet Didymocarpus breviflorus is only known from Selangor from

several places in the Gombak valley as well as from Genting Peras.

Didissandra porphyrantha A. Weber & R. Kiew, sp. nov. Figi*t;: 2.

Planta lignosa, 20-50 cm alta. Caulis simplex vel ramosus, in parte inferiore decumbens et radicatus.

Folia in apice caulis laxe aggregata, per internodia c. 2 cm longa et pilis rubro-brunneis obsita separata,

Opposita; petiolus 2-3 cm longus, e pilis rubro-brunneis villosus; lamina 10-20 x 3-6 cm, oblanceolata,

partim subfalcata, apice acuminato, basi attenuata, margine grosse serrato-crenato (dentes 1.5 mm longi,

2 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Fig. 1. Didissandra porphyrantha. a,b flower; c fruiting specimen. (Photo. A. Weber)

c. 1 cm distantes); pagina superior glabra (in foliis juvenilibus glandulis minutissimis 2-cellularibus

obsita), pagina inferior in nervis laxe villosus. Pedunculi axillares, 5-8 cm longi, subglabri, 1-2 flori; bracteae

2, lanceolatae; pedicellus 1-1.5 cm. Sepala 5, anguste triangularia, in dimidio inferiore connata, subglabra.

Corolla c. 5 cm longa, infundibuliformis, basin versus anguste cylindrica; tubus extra glaber, violaceus,

intus atro-violaceus, lineis albis longitudinalibus 8 ornatus; limbus atro-violaceus, fere ater. Stamina 4,

didynamia, per paribus cohaerentes. Discus cylindricus, brevis, 5-lobatus. Ovarium cylindricum, basin

versus angustatum; stylus brevis; stigma unilabiatum, planum, triangulare vel reverse cordatum. Fructus

capsularis, elongato-linearis, carnoso-cartilagineus, 6-8 cm longus, leviter curvatus, in latere superiore

rima longitudinali dehiscens. Semina numerosa, parva, atrobrunnea, elliptica vel late fusiformia, striata.

Two New Species and a New Combination of Gesneriaceae 3

Fig. 2. Didissandra porphyrantha. a,b. glands on juvenile leaf; c. seed; d. testa surface enlarged.

SEM-micrographs bar: a,c. 100um; b,d. 10um.

Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Gunung Bunga Buah, on ridge east of summit, 1300-1400m, Weber

& Anthonysamy 840711-1/3 (WU; iso E, K, KLU, L, WU, UPM).

Woody plant, 20-50 cm tall. Stem unbranched or branched, decumbent and

rooting, the upper, erect leaf-bearing part villous with red-brown hairs. Leaves op-

posite, loosely tufted, internodes c. 2 cm. Petiole 2-3 cm, red-brown hairy. Lamina

10-20 by 3-6 cm, oblanceolate, partly subfalcate, tip acuminate, base narrowed,

margin coarsely serrate-crenate (teeth c. 1.5 mm long, c. 1 cm distant), angles bet-

ween teeth raised, giving the margin an undulate appearance, upper surface glabrous

(young leaves with minute, 2-celled glands, which later collapse, scarcely visible with

a lens), lower surface with veins sparsely hairy on the flanks.

Peduncles axillary, 5-8 mm long, glabrous or sparsely hairy, 1 to 2-flowered, bracts

2, lanceolate, sparsely hairy, pedicel 1-1.5 cm. Sepals 5, connate in the lower part,

lobes narrowly triangular, tip blunt, (sub)glabrous. Corolla c. 5 cm long, broadly

cylindric, somewhat compressed, base narrow cylindric, limb slightly bilabiate, lobes

5, rounded, tube glabrous outside, violet, limb dark violet, nearly black, throat with

8 white lines running from the mouth to the interior. Stamens 4, white, didynamous,

cohering in pairs by the apex of the anthers at right angles to the filaments. Disc

shortly cylindrical, shallowly 5-lobed. Ovary cylindrical, tapering towards the base,

style short, stigma formed from the lower carpel alone, flat, broadly triangular to

(reversely) heart-shaped. Capsule slender, 6-8 cm long, hard and thickly fleshy, slightly

curved, tapering towards the base, splitting on the upper side by a longitudinal slit.

Seeds small, numerous, blackish-brown, elliptic to broadly spindle-shaped, testa with

longitudinal bars (thickenings).

Other collections: Selangor: Comp. 25, Ulu Gombak F. R., 1973, Kochummen FRI 16722 (KEP); type

locality Anthonysamy 1980 SA 337 (UPM), R. Kiew 6 June 1981 RK 1040 (UPM); Waterfall on Sungai

Batu at 200m Kiew BH. 2 Feb 1986 RK 2096 (UPM).

Habitat: Locally common, forming clumps in undisturbed forest, on slopes in shade

and at lower altitudes (200m) in shaded forest in the same valley system.

4 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Notes: Didissandra porphyrantha is a handsome plant with large, beautiful, dark

purple flowers (Fig. 1). The floral tube is violet outside (paler towards the base), the

limb is deep violet almost verging on black. Eight white lines in the throat run from

the mouth to the base, contrasting sharply with alternating dark lines.

It belongs to Section Speciosae, which presently numbers 15 species in Peninsular

Malaysia. It can be told apart from other species in this section by its coarsely serrate-

crenate leaves, which are glabrous on the upper surface (though they are sparsely

studded with two-celled glands when young, (Fig. 2a, b), the more or less glabrous

sepals, which are connate in the lower part, and the glabrous corolla.

The large (5 cm long) deep purple flowers are not unique in the genus or section.

Two species, D. atrocyanea and D. atropurpurea, share these features and their specific

epithets reflect the striking colour of their flowers. The flower of D. atrocyanea is

described by Ridley (1923) as ‘‘black purple, mouth nearly black’’ and must therefore

be very similar to D. porphyrantha. D. atrocyanea is, however, easily distinguished

~ by vegetative characters: its leaves are conspicuously hairy and appear punctate on

the lower surface; the leaf margin is closely serrate with a hair on each tooth and

the plant appears to be smaller with a more rosette-like habit. D. atropurpurea is

distinguished by having more or less entire leaves (the margin is very obscurely crenate)

and very short pedicels so that the bracts are placed close to the calyx.

Several other species are described by Ridley as having violet flowers (D. hirta,

D. longisepala, D. morgani, D. petiolata and D. violacea) but their flowers are smaller _

(2.5 to 3.5 cm long) except for D. longisepala which has flowers 5 cm long. —

D. longisepala, however, differs from D. porphyrantha by having, according to Ridley,

long petioles (7 cm long) and exceptionally long peduncles (10 cm long).

Nothing is known about the pollination of these peculiarly coloured flowers. One

wonders which animal (probably largish insects) are attracted to the dark purple

colour.

Didymocarpus nitidus R. Kiew & A. Weber, sp. nov. Fig. 3, 4a, b & c.

Planta lignosa, 30-40 cm alta. Caulis simplex, 40-70 cm longus, 0.5 cm in diametro; pars inferior

decumbens et radicatus. Folia opposita, in parte superiore caulis aggregata, internodiis 0.5-2 cm longis

separata; petiolus 1.5-2.5 cm, pilis + adpressis obsitus; lamina lanceolata, 10-15 x 2-3.5 cm, in apice

et in basi attenuata, margine crenulata; pagina superior atrovirens, glabra, nitida; pagina inferior pallide

viridis vel albidus, nervis perspicuis; nervi e pilis + adpressis hirti; nervi laterales 15-10, oppositi vel

suboppositi, arcuati. Pedunculi axillares, 6-10 cm, pubescentes, bracteis minutis linearibus 2 in parte

superiore, 1-flori. Sepala 5, c. 2 mm, anguste triangularia, obtusa, e pilis brevibus hispida. Corolla 13-15

mm, alba; tubus et limbus extra e pilis minutis pubescentes; limbus bilabiatus, 5-partitus, lobis rotun-

datis. Stamina 2, antheris globularibus cohaerentes. Discus annularis. Ovarium cylindricum, c. 6 mm,

pilis brevibus et glandulis minutis obsitum; stylus 3 mm; stigma inconspicue capitatum. Fructus capsularis,

cylindricus, 4-4.5 cm, e pilis erectis nigris laxe strigosus, in latere superiore rima longitudinali dehiscens.

Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor. Gunung Bunga Buah, east of summit, 1300-1400 m, Weber &

Anthonysamy 840711-1/1 (WU; iso E, K, KLU, L, WU, UPM).

Woody, unbranched plant 30-40 cm tall. Stem 40-70 cm long, 0.5 cm thick,

strongly woody, decumbent and rooting. Leaves paired, forming a loose tuft at the

top of the stem, internodes 0.5-2 cm. Petiole 1.5-2.5 cm with short, + appressed,

brownish hairs. Lamina lanceolate, 10-15 by 2-3.5 cm, gradually narrowed at both

ends, margin obscurely crenulate, upper surface in vivo deep-green and shiny, —

glabrous; lower surface pale green to whitish (copper-brown when dry), with promi-

nent, hairy veins, veins 15-20 pairs, opposite or subopposite, arched. .

Peduniles axillary, 6-10 cm, shortly hairy, with 2 minute, linear bracts on t

upper part, single flowered. Sepals 5, c. 2 mm, narrow-triangular, blunt, shortly hispi

Two New Species and a New Combination of Gesneriaceae 5

Fig. 3. Didymocarpus nitidus in its natural habitat. (Photo. A. Weber).

Corolla 13-15 mm long, white, outside of tube and limb pubescent with short hairs,

limb bilabiate, S—partite, lobes rounded, lower lobe projecting straight forward.

Stamens 2, anthers globose, cohering at the tips. Disc annular. Ovary cylindrical,

c. 6 mm long with short hairs and minute glands, stigma inconspicuously capitate.

Capsule 2-5 cm long, straight, sparsely strigose with black, erect hairs, opening by

a longitudinal slit on the upper surface.

Other collections: Selangor, type locality: R. Kiew 22 Sept 1978 RK 666 (UPM), Anthonysamy 1980

SA 338 (UPM), R. Kiew 16 May 1982 RK 1166 (UPM), R. Kiew 18 March 1984 RK 1285 (UPM).

Habitat: Common in one locality in undisturbed montane forest, on steep slopes near

the top of a ridge, in shade.

Notes: Didymocarpus nitidus can be distinguished from other Didymocarpus species

by the following combination of characters (for measurements see description):

unbranched, woody stem with rather short internodes; leaves lanceolate, deep green,

glabrous and shiny on the upper surface, pale green to whitish on the under side

6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Fig. 4. | a-c. Didymocarpus nitidus, flower and leaf. d—f. Didymocarpus breviflorus, flower and leaf.

g-i. Didymocarpus serratifolius, inflorescence, portion of leaf, and leaf. Bar 5 mm flowers;

and 3 cm leaves.

(Fig. 3); margin obscurely crenulate (Fig. 4c); peduncles half (or more than half) as

long as the leaves, single flowered; flowers small with a rather broad, straight tube,

pure white (Fig. 4a, b).

The shiny leaf surface may in part be attributed to a lack of non-glandular uniseriate

hairs which are common in other species of Didymocarpus (Norana, 1982). (These

non-glandular hairs are also absent from the upper surface of Didissandra porphy-

rantha). Both these species possess stalked glandular hairs, acommon feature of both

Didissandra and Didymocarpus.

Didymocarpus nitidus is unique among Didymocarpus species (Norana, 1982) in

that these glandular hairs are completely sunken below the leaf surface which is flat —

Two New Species and a New Combination of Gesneriaceae 7

and these two features contribute to the leaf’s gloss. Some species of Didymocarpus

do not have a flat leaf surface but instead are mammillate, e.g. D. platypus, or have

a papillose epidermis, e.g. D. malayanus.

Didymocarpus breviflorus (Ridl.) A. Weber & R. Kiew, comb. nov. Fig. 5.

Didissandra breviflora Ridl. Kew Bull. 10 (1926) 474.

Holotype: Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Ulu Gombak, c. 1500 ft., 23 Sept 1921, Hume 8437 (SING).

Stem erect, woody, usually unbranched. 10-25 cm tall and 3-6 mm thick, in the

upper part densely covered by long, brown hairs (grey-brown when dry). Leaves

obscurely decussate, crowded at the top of the stem and forming a tuft. Petiole

1-2.5 cm long, densely covered by long (grey-) brown hairs. Lamina oblanceolate

(to lanceolate), partly subfalcate, 9-20 cm long by 2.5-5.5 cm wide, light green in

vivo, margins strongly serrate, teeth c. 3 mm long and 1.5-2 mm wide at base, tip

obtuse, with 14-19 teeth per 5 cm, in vivo the base of the tooth slightly raised (pouched)

with the tooth directed downwards, lateral veins opposite or subopposite, forming

a conspicuous succession 3-4 mm apart, parallel, slightly curved, each vein forking

just below a marginal tooth, the strands of adjacent veins anastomosing and sending

a short strand into the sinus between two teeth, upper surface glabrous, midrib

sometimes with sparse, long hairs, lower surface whitish (grey-brown when dry), with

loose long hairs on midrib and lateral veins.

Peduncle axillary, one to several (in a row) arising from a leaf axil, 8-10 cm long,

purple, sparsely covered by long hairs, single flowered. Bract pair subopposite, green,

c. 5-10 mm below the flower, linear-obtuse. Sepals 5, linear, obtuse, 3 mm long,

Y¥

Seite ly

Fig.5. | Didymocarpus breviflorus. a. Fruiting plant in natural habitat. b. Flower of cultivated specimen.

(Photo. A. Weber).

8 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Table 1

Diagnostic characters for Didymocarpus breviflorus and D. serratifolius.

Hairs on stem pale fawn, long, silky ferrugineous, hispid

Petiole length (cm) 1.2.5 + decurrent

(—4 in lower leaves) (—1.5 in lower leaves)

Leaf oblanceolate narrowly lanceolate

(— lanceolate)

Leaf width (cm) 2.5 - 5.5 1.5 -3

Leaf width: length 1 : 2-4 1: 5-8

Indumentum on lower pale fawn, short, dense ferrugineus, long

surface of midrib

No. vein pairs 20 - 33 40 - 50

Marginal teeth

length (mm) 3-5 2-3

apex rounded jagged

No. flowers per peduncle | several (— 4)

Sepals linear, tip blunt ovate, tip acute

Corolla form shortly and broadly trumpet-shaped,

tubular base narrowed

Corolla length (mm) 10 - 14 13 - 22

Fruit indumentum none shortly pubescent

Two New Species and a New Combination of Gesneriaceae 7]

purple, with sparse + appressed hairs. Corolla 10-14 mm long, tube broad-tubular,

c. 4 mm in diameter, curved, lobes 5, rounded, nearly equal, pale violet to nearly

white, very shortly hairy outside (scarsely visible in dry flower). Stamens 2, c. 3 mm

long, anther c. 1.5 mm long, thecae widely divaricate. Disc shortly cylindric, sur-

rounding the ovary base. Ovary oblong with minute, stalked glands. Style strongly

curved down in the upper part, stigma capitate. Capsule linear, glabrous, 3-5.5 cm

long, opening by a longitudinal slit on the upper side, making an angle of 60-120°

with the peduncle. Seeds numerous, minute, elliptic, testa reticulate, with fine pustules.

Specimens examined: Selangor — Genting Simpah 700 m, 29.10.1937 Md. Nur SFN 34298 (E); Old

Gombak Road, 17th milestone upwards to Genting Simpah 330-500 m, Allen 345] (SING); Waterfall

on Old Gombak Road, 12.7.1984 Weber & Anthonysamy 841207-1/1 (WU); 25.11.1984 Kiew RKI551

(UPM); Genting Peras, 10.2.1985 Kiew RK 1614 (UPM).

Habitat: Hill forest, on vertical rock faces or steep banks. (Ridley (1926) incorrectly

quotes the altitude of the type specimen as 500 ft).

Notes: Ridley’s description of Didissandra breviflora is not only brief but also does

not include a description of the stamens which he was ‘‘unable to see’’ in the ‘‘one

crushed flower’’ available to him. Here a comprehensive description is given based

on a wider range of specimens, including fresh material.

As the stamen number is two (instead of four, which characterises Didissandra),

the species is transferred to Didymocarpus. It fits neatly into Section Pectinati as

its leaves are bunched in a tuft at the top of a woody stem and have a serrate margin

(Fig. 5a) and it has short, tubular flowers (Fig. 5b).

Didymocarpus breviflorus most closely resembles D. serratifolius (Fig. 4g-i) in its

venation and conspicuously serrate margin. It is distinguished from D. serratifolius

by the characters listed in Table 1.

It occupies a distinct habitat. It grows on vertical rock faces or steep earth banks

which are bare of other vegetation or leaf litter. In this habitat, it may be common

but it is not found in other habitats in the vicinity. This suggests that its seedlings

are intolerant to being covered by leaf litter.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr S. Anthonysamy (UPM) for his assistance in the field;

Mag. S. Klenner and Dr E. Vitek (WU) for their technical assistance; and the Curators

of the herbaria at E, K, L, SING for permission to examine specimens in their keeping.

References

Kiew, R. (1982). Didymocarpus platypus (purple form). Malayan Naturalist 35 (3):24.

Norana Ghazali (1982). Comparative anatomy of common species of Didissandra,

Didymocarpus and Chirita (Gesneriaceae). Unpublished project thesis, Depart-

ment of Biology, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

Ridley, H.N. (1923). Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. II. Reeve & Co., London.

Ridley, H.N. (1926). Additions to the Flora of Malaya. Didissandra breviflora. Kew

Bull. 10:474.

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Plantlet Production of Swietenia macrophylla King

through Tissue Culture

S.K. LEE' and A.N. RAO?

'c/o Parks and Recreation Department

National Development Building Annexe B, Maxwell Road, Singapore 0106.

*Botany Department, National University of Singapore,

Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511.

Abstract

Different vegetative parts of Swietenia macrophylla King were used as explants in in-vitro studies. They

were cultured in MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. Adventitious shoots

could be obtained from the friable callus when the seedling nodal segments were cultured on BA (2, 5

ppm) media. The regenerated shoots could be rooted to form whole plantlets which could be transferred

to soil.

Introduction

There has been considerable progress made recently in regenerating plantlets of

tropical hardwood trees through tissue culture (Lee & Rao, 1981; 1986; 1987, Rao

& Lee, 1986, Rao, 1988). The technique has great potential for exploitation in the

mass production of propagules of forest tree species to implement afforestation and

reforestation programmes. In this paper, the in-vitro culture response of various ex-

plants of Swietenia macrophylla King (Broadleaf Mahogany) is reported. The

usefulness of S. macrophylla is very clearly explained in the tree flora of the S.E.

Asian region (Corner, 1952).

Materials and Methods

Seedlings of S. macrophylla were established in sand. Both nodal and internodal

segments of about 0.5 cm length were used as explants. Nodal segments from young

basal shoots of some 10-year old trees were also used in the experiments. These

explants were lightly washed in running water and later surface sterilised for about

10 minutes in 10% (w/v) freshly prepared sodium hypochlorite solution. Tween 20

was added as wetting agent. To reduce the exudation of phenolic compounds into

the media, the nodal segments from the trees were soaked in sterile water for about

2 hours, after surface sterilisation. Seedling nodal segments did not require this treat-

ment. Leaf tissue from shoots regenerated under in-vitro conditions were also used

to test their growth response.

Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium was used with 2% sucrose and 0.7% Difco

Bacto Agar. The macronutrients were reduced to half strength to lower the salt

concentration. However, the concentration of ammonium nitrate was increased to

2 g/l to increase the level of reduced nitrogen. The media were supplemented with

different concentrations and combinations of benzyladenine (BA), Indole-acetic acid

(IAA), Indole-butyric acid (IBA), and Kinetin (K). All cultures were maintained at

12 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

22°C to 25°C with a photoperiod length of 16 hours of Philips white flourescent

light at 35-45 wmole. em~’s~', followed by 8 hours darkness. Each treatment was

replicated 10 times and each experiment was repeated twice. For histological studies,

selected tissues of varying ages developed in-vitro were fixed in formalin acetic alcohol

(1:1:18). Standard practices were followed for dehydration, microtoming and staining

with hematoxylin and erythrosin (Sass, 1968).

Results

Response of explants on IAA + K media on a 5 factorial combination: Both

seedling explants as well as those excised from the mature (10-year old) trees were

inoculated onto IAA and K media (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm each), in a 3? factorial

combination. The nodal segments of young shoots excised from 10-year old trees

remained green without much response. Although the axillary buds in some replicates

-(IAA [0 to 2 ppm] and high K [5 to 10 ppm]) enlarged to some extent, they remained

dormant and no shoots developed. About 60% of the replicates turned brown about

12 days after inoculation and there was no further growth.

Growth was also slow in the nodal and internodal segments from the seedling axis.

All segments remained fresh. The explants on media with high IAA (5, 10 ppm) and

K (0 to 10 ppm) started growing 25 to 30 days after inoculation. In about 70% of

the cultures, the middle region of the segments enlarged and small ‘swellings’

developed when they were subcultured onto fresh medium 40 days after the first

inoculation. In cultures of about 50 to 60 days old, many small lobes of compact

callus developed which enlarged further in 60 to 70 days (Fig. 1). In all the cultures,

the axillary buds remained dormant, and did not emerge as shoots.

Response of nodal segments on BA media: In view of the limited response seen

above, an attempt was made to induce multiple shoots by culturing nodal segments

both from seedlings and old trees, in BA (0 to 10 ppm) media. The nodal segments

from the trees failed to respond. About 50% of the replicates turned brown within

10 to 12 days after inoculation and subsequently died.

With the nodal segments from seedlings, growth improved in all the media used.

In BA media (0.1 and 1 ppm), the axillary buds sprouted into shoots about 20 days

after inoculation. Shoot growth was slow and within 14 days from sprouting, the

tiny leaves that developed defoliated. No subsequent development was observed,

irrespective of the concentration used.

Figure 1 to 8. (opposite page)

Fig. 1. Compact callus developing from a nodal segment cultured on IAA (5.0 ppm) + K (2.5 ppm)

medium (60 days). Many lobes were obtained but growth is limited.

Fig. 2. Small shoots with whitish leaves developing from the callus cultured on BA (2 ppm) medium

(70 days).

Fig. 3, Several shoots obtained from the callus subcultured continuously on BA (2 ppm) medium.

4,5. These were the 4th subculture and they were about 120 days after inoculation.

Fig. 6. A rooted plantlet of S. macrophylla, with a single root.

Fig. 7. A periderm was formed at the cut surface of the nodal segment that was immersed in BA

(2 ppm) medium (10-12 days). Note the cambial initiation.

Fig. 8. About 6 to 8 layers of cambial tissue were formed (15 to 20 days). The cells on the outer region

were rounded and large.

Tissue Culture of Swietenia macrophylla

1 to 8

Figure

14 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

The best response was obtained in BA (2 and 5 ppm) media. The axillary buds

sprouted 10 days after inoculation, with each bud giving rise to a small reddish brown

shoot. The growth was vigorous and shoots measured 1.5 cm in length in about 25

to 30 days. Thereafter, the growth rate slowed down, and the lower leaves defoliated.

At this stage, the shoot segments were subcultured onto fresh media of similar com-

position, otherwise, the new axillary shoots would remain dormant and leafless. Even

after subculturing, only slight elongation of the shoots was observed and no multiple

shoots developed.

Along with the axillary shoots, callus developed at the basal region of the segments

in about 2 weeks (Fig. 2). The growth progressed further and about one month after

inoculation, the surface layers ruptured lightly at certain loci, to release small specks

of whitish and friable callus. These were subcultured once in 3 weeks to encourage

further tissue growth.

About 9 weeks after the first inoculation, small whitish buds developed on the

surface of the brown callus. Some of these developed into shoots with whitish or

pale coloured leaves (Figs. 2, 3), and in 10 days after emergence, the leaves turned

greenish. These shoots grew to a height of 1 to 3 cm within 25 days after emergence.

A cluster of 6-7 shoots was formed around a single clump of friable callus (Figs.

4, 5), and these shoots were excised for rooting. After excision of the mature shoots,

new shoots were induced when the brownish and friable callus clump was subcultured

onto a fresh medium.

Anatomical studies showed that about 10 to 12 days after inoculation, a distinct

periderm was formed at the cut surface of the nodal segment and a regular cambial

zone was initiated below the damaged peripheral layers (Fig. 7). There was no visible

change observed in the original cells in terms of losing their contents before the

regeneration of the new cambium. The fully formed cambial zone was 5 to 6 layers

deep and prominent (Fig. 8). The cambial formation was distinct but the distribution

was discontinuous (Fig. 9). The new cells formed towards the exterior from the

cambial activity were big, loosely arranged and of various sizes and shapes. Most

of the peripheral cells were either rounded or elongated. In 2 to 3 weeks old callus,

Figure 9 to 16. (opposite page)

Fig. 9. There were variations in cambial distribution and formation of loosely arranged tissue. The

peripheral cells were of various shapes and sizes (25 days).

Fig. 10. A mass of compact callus tissue which contained meristematic layers divided in many planes,

contributing to the growth of the callus mass. The peripheral cells were loosely arranged.

Fig. 11. Many growth nodules were present in some callus clumps. These consisted of meristematic

cells which divided actively, contributing to the growth of the callus.

Fig. 12. | Mature callus (60 days) with loosely arranged tissue, with a shoot primordium.

Fig. 13. The shoot primordium from Fig. 12, enlarged to show the shoot apex. The tunica-corpus zones

were distinct.

Fig. 14. An axillary bud of a regenerated shoot, induced to grow in a BA (2 ppm) medium.

Fig. 15. | New adventitious shoot growing directly from the secondary stem axis, in BA (2 ppm) medium

(95-100 days).

Fig. 16. Leaf cultured on BA (2 ppm) medium (85 days). Several outgrowths from the lower epidermal

layers were observed. Some of the outgrowths consisted of 8 to 10 cells (glandular) and could

be detached from the epidermal layers.

Tissue Culture of Swietenia macrophylla 15

Figure 9 to 16

16 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

the inner tissue was also compactly arranged although the peripheral free cells were

loosely arranged (Figs. 9, 10). Within the new tissue, there were many meristematic

regions and through their activity, additional tissue was formed, thereby contributing

to the growth of the callus (Figs. 10, 11).

In callus 5 to 6 weeks old, distinct ‘growth nodules’ were present. Cells within

the ‘growth nodules’ were compact and radially arranged in concentric rings (Fig. 11).

These cells as well as those surrounding them were highly meristematic and through

their active division, the volume of the callus increased. The cells towards the

peripheral region of the ‘growth nodules’ were more rounded and they were loosely

arranged, some with tannin contents (Fig. 11). The old tracheal cells remained in

the centre with the new cell layers around them (Fig. 11). In the newly formed tissue

2 islands of secondary phloem were regenerated.

Shoot primordia developed from the friable callus in about 60 days after inocula-

tion (Fig. 12). In the axis the cells of different sizes and shapes were loosely arranged

with many air spaces bounded by a distinct epidermis. The peripheral layers remained

fairly intact despite loose tissue inside. At certain loci, a single or a group of

meristematic cells organised into shoot primordia. Further growth led to the develop-

ment of a shoot apex with a distinct tunica corpus and the leaf primordia (Figs. 12,

13). With subsequent subculturing, additional shoots developed with new axillary

buds (Fig. 14). They developed into secondary shoot after the third subculture (about

80 to 95 days from first inoculation). These also developed into normal shoots.

Another interesting feature was the direct development of free buds on the internodes.

They started as small swollen structures attached to the exis at an angle. The trans-

verse section of the axis showed their relationship very clearly and most of them

developed from the inner cortical tissue. Leaf primordia were distinct and the ones

formed earlier were scale-like with basal meristematic tissue. Obviously they can be

used as explants to regenerate further tissue growth (Fig. 15).

Response of leaf tissue on BA media: Young leaves excised from regenerated shoots

were inoculated onto media supplemented with BA (0 to 10 ppm). Except for media

supplemented with BA (2, 5 ppm) no response was observed in the others. The leaf

tissue turned brown on BA (10 ppm) medium in about 4 days after inoculation. Hyper-

trophic growth was seen in explants at BA medium (2 ppm), resulting in the leaf blade

curling up into many folds. On the surface many small outgrowths were also observed.

Anatomical studies showed two growth patterns, (a) the leaf blade was folded

upward because of excessive growth in the region of the lower epidermis and, (b) the

epidermal and subepidermal layers were wavy, forming many small outgrowths

(Fig. 16). At certain points mesophyll cells also divided, contributing to the forma-

tion of small outgrowths. Each one of these had a group of actively dividing cells.

Plantlet formation: The excised shoots were planted onto IBA (2.5 and 10 ppm)

media to induce rooting and the initial response was slow. At the lower concentration

(2 ppm), no root developed, whereas at higher concentrations (5 and 10 ppm), only

some of the shoots rooted in about 40 days after inoculation. In each case, only 1

root was produced, growing horizontally to the shoot axis, resembling the primary

root of the seedlings (Fig. 6).

Transfer of plantlets into Jiffy-7 pellets: The plantlets with single shoots were

transferred to Jiffy-7 pellets which were stored within an enclosed translucent struc-

ture. They were each dipped in benlate solution prior to transfer, to avoid fungal

infection. The survival rate was about 20%. The leaves were yellowish despite being

fed with phostrogen, a soluble fertiliser. The saplings that developed were relatively

weak. However, these could be revived with appropriate treatments and grown into

healthy plantlets.

Tissue Culture of Swietenia macrophylla 17

Discussion

The possibility of inducing adventitious shoots from callus and nodal segments

is described. Thus there is a good potential for adopting in-vitro methods to produce

propagules in large numbers. However, the average number of shoots that was

produced per replicate in the present study was only about 6. Therefore further studies

need to be conducted to establish the pattern for production of large number of

propagules required for different programmes. Besides using nodal or internodal

segments, leaf tissues should be used extensively to induce shoot growth. Large

numbers of shoots were induced from leaf tissue of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. (Lee &

Rao, 1986). In this study, leaf tissue of S. macrophylla also responded well in BA

media, producing several outgrowths. If each of the outgrowths could be induced

to differentiate into shoots, many shoots could be obtained from a single leaf section.

Further work is in progress.

For in-vitro techniques to be effectively adopted, the plantlets produced must be

healthy so as to ensure a high survival rate of quality plants when transferred to soil.

This area needs to be refined further since a survival rate of only about 20% of the

plantlets was achieved in the present studies. One of the causes could be due to the

formation of only a single root which resembled a tap root. More roots might ensure

a higher survival rate.

The inability of nodal segments trom mature trees to respond is another area of

concern. The problem of juvenility factors should be further explored. Various means

to induce juvenile shoots to grow from mature plants, either through pruning or

grafting, should be attempted in case of elite trees. The newly developed parts should

be used as explants.

The present study has re-emphasised that BA is consistently effective in inducing

organogenesis in callus or multiple shoot growth in nodal explants of woody plants

(Zaerr & Mapes, 1982). Media supplemented with auxin and kinetin combinations

were only able to induce callus growth but the presence of BA promoted shoot growth.

Conclusion

With further understanding of the growth responses of various explants and the

factors affecting them, there is a good potential for adopting the tissue culture techni-

que for producing propagules of S. macrophylla in large numbers. Such studies can

be extended to include other useful economically important trees.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Mr Ong Tang Kwee for his help in photography.

References

Corner, E.H. (1952). Wayside Trees of Malaya. Government Printing Office,

Singapore.

Lee, S.K. and Rao, A.N. (1981). /n-vitro plantlet development in tropical trees —

Callophyllum inophyllum and Eugenia grandis, pp. 185-190. In COSTED Symp.

on Tissue Culture of Economically Important Plants. Ed. A.N. Rao, Singapore.

Lee, S.K. and Rao, A.N. (1986) /n-vitro regeneration of plantlets in Fagraea fragrans

Roxb. — a tropical tree. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 7: 43-51.

18 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Rao, A.N. and Lee, S.K. (1986). An overview of the in-vitro propagation of woody

plants and plantation crop; 123-138, in Plant Tissue Culture and its Agricultural

Applications. Ed. Withers, L.A. and Alderson, P.G., Butterworth, London.

Lee, S.K. and Rao, A.N. (1987). Propagation of some Eugenia species through Tissue

Culture. (IDRC and FRIM publication, in press).

Rao, A.N. (1988). /n-vitro culture studies on economically important tropical trees.

(Biotrop publication, in press).

Sass, J.E., (1986). Botanical Microtechnique. The Iowa State University Press, Ames,

Iowa.

Zaerr, J.B. and Mapes, M.O. (1982). Action of growth regulators, pp. 231-255. In

Tissue Culture in Forestry. Ed. J.M. Bonga and D.J. Durzan. Martinus

Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

Compound Fertilizer Requirements for the

Establishment and Early Growth of Popular Ornamental

Shrubs between Road-side Trees

THAI WU FOONG and CHENG Nol YANG

Botanic Gardens, Parks and Recreation Department, Singapore.

Abstract

The fertilizer needs of some popular shade-loving shrubs were evaluated by a 1 year field trial. Plant

growth was the same with or without inorganic fertilizer supplements irrespective of shade conditions and

trial plants employed. Nutrients available from the planting mix comprising topsoil: treated sludge

(3:1 v/v) appeared to be sufficient for the early growth of shade shrubs.

Introduction

Evaluation of fertilizer requirements of ornamental and landscape plants have been

conducted extensively in the United States (Harris et al., 1977; Neely et al., 1970;

Smith & Treaster, 1981, and van de Werken, 1981). Traditionally, fertilizer recom-

mendations have been based on trunk caliper and in some cases on the soil surface

area (Smith & Treaster, 1981). In the Parks and Recreation Department, Singapore,

manuring practices are frequently, if not always, inferred and adopted from findings

established for economic plants in the region. In the case of ornamental shrubs, they

are often manured similarly irrespective of the edaphic factors e.g. light intensity of

the habitat.

With the advent of the Garden City Campaign in Singapore, many road-side trees

have been planted. The tree crowns have expanded over the years leaving much of

the areas between under shade. Various suitable shade-loving shrubs have been

established between trees to augment the adornment. However, empirical data

pertaining to their fertilizer needs are lacking. Plants adapted to shade have metabolic

rates and growth morphology which differ from those grown in full sun (Fails

et al., 1982a, b & c; McClendon & McMillen, 1979 & 1982) and hence their fertilizer

requisites are likely to be different. An interaction between shade intensity and fer-

tilizer requirement has been observed for the growth of Taxus x media ‘Hicksii’ (Khata-

mian & Lumis, 1982). In order to eliminate guesswork from fertilizing shade shrubs,

a field trial was initiated to provide the necessary information.

Materials and Methods

The experiment sites were on the East Coast reclaimed land under natural shade

of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Three

shade regimes were classified using the Li-Cor LI-185B photometer. The three shade

regimes and the test shrubs selected for the different light conditions appear in Table

1. The test plants have been commonly planted under these specific shade regimes.

20 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

Table 1

Shade regimes and attendant test plants

Shade regimes Experimental shrubs

1. Light shade a. Ptychosperma macarthurii

Light intensity (LI) (Wendl.) Nichols

= 15,000 - 20,000 lux b. Ixora javanica (Bl.) DC.

2. Medium shade a. Philodendron selloum C. Koch.

10,000 < LI < 15,000 lux b. Polyscias filicifolia L.H. Bailey

3. Dense shade a. Aglaonema pseudobracteatum Hort.

5,000 < LI < 10,000 lux b. Dracaena surculosa punctulata Hort.

Two compound fertilizers, Nitrophoska 15:15:15 and 12:12:17:2 + TE, were tested

against shrubs assigned to each shade regime at 3 rates viz: rate b= current practice

of 100g per shrub at half yearly intervals, broadcasted; rate a = half the recommended

dosage, and rate c = twice the recommended dosage. This is summarized for each

shade regime as follows:-

Compound fertilizer Rate

a. (aided

Nitrophoska SO ee

13: 15215 Rbiisdemears 2

Cty 520

a |.) 0 ee

Shade regime ———>. Nitrophoska 2 oles b

——— - >

12:42:17:2 8: TE, inac) a

C A aaa

Control : without fertilizer

treatment

The various treatments were as follows:

= Control — without fertilizer treatment.

la = Nitrophoska 15:15:15 applied at rate a (50g per shrub at half yearly

intervals).

lb =~ Ibid but at rate b (100g per shrub at half yearly intervals).

lc =~ Ibid but at rate c (200g per shrub at half yearly intervals).

2a = Nitrophoska 12:12:17:2 + TE applied at rate a (50g per shrub at half

yearly intervals).

2b =~ Ibid but at rate b (100g per shrub at half yearly intervals).

2c =~ Ibid but at rate c (200g per shrub at half yearly intervals).

Each treatment was replicated 5 times.

Fertilizer Requirements for Shrubs Between Road-side Trees 21

Planting holes of dimension 0.5m xX 0.5m x 0.5m were made and backfilled

with a sandy clay loam topsoil premixed with treated sludge in the ratio 3:1 v/v

(topsoil : sludge). Uniform plants of each species were laid out in a randomized block

design under the appropriate shade regime, 1.5m apart from one another. Plants were

left to establish for two weeks before fertilizer treatment was initiated. Similar to

routine field fertilizer application, fertilizer was broadcasted around the plants at

a safe distance from the trunk to avoid burn injury.

The trial was conducted for a year. A regular pest control programme was main-

tained throughout the trial period. Snails were the most damaging pest but these were

kept at bay with ‘Snailex’. Whenever necessary, trees were pruned to maintain the

shade conditions required.

After 1 year, trial plants were harvested, washed with a non-ionic detergent and

finally rinsed with distilled water. Dry matter accumulations were determined and

recently matured leaves separated for the analysis of the N, P and K contents.

Composite soil samples comprising three 0-6’’ soil cores were collected for the analysis

of total N, Bray P and ammonium acetate exchangeable K.

Total N was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method, phosphorus by the

molybdenum blue method and potassium by flame photometry (Anonymous, 1980;

Chapman & Pratt, 1961; Hesse, 1971).

Results and Discussions

Results were statistically analysed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test and tabulated

(Tables 2-7).

Irrespective of the shade regimes and the attendant plants investigated, there was

no apparent relationship between dry matter yield and fertilization. With Aglaonema

pseudobracteatum (Table 3), Polyscias filicifolia (Table 4) and Ptychosperma macar-

thurti (Table 6), treatment 2c (12:12:17:2 + TE at 200g per shrub at half yearly

intervals) appear to have retarded early growth.

The N and K contents in the soil did not increase consistently with higher fertilizer

rates probably partially due to leaching and run-off losses. However, in some cases,

the soil P content was found to increase significantly with increasing fertilizer rates

(Tables 3 & 6). P accumulation in the soil was probably due to its low mobility in

the soil and low consumption by the plants.

Foliar N, P and K contents did not reflect the levels of these elements in the soil

i.e. higher levels of such elements in the soil did not necessarily lead to their greater

accumulation in the leaves.

Regardless of shade intensities, trial plants, fertilizer types and rates of applica-

tion, the untreated controls appeared to perform similarly as the treated counter-

parts both visually and based on dry matter accumulation (Tables 2-7). The findings

of the present investigation indicate that the fertilizer requirements for the early

growth of ornamental shade shrubs were low. As a corollary, Othieno (1983) reported

that the N, P and K contents of mature tea leaves were reduced under shade. The

nutrient needs of shade shrubs appeared to be adequately met by the nutrient elements

furnished by the sludge incorporated initially into the topsoil.

Conclusion

Shade-loving shrubs could maintain healthy growth on topsoil supplemented with

sludge. Additional inorganic fertilizer did not further enhance growth in the first year.

At higher rates, inorganic fertilizer could become detrimental to plant growth.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

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28 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(1) (1988)

This study tends to suggest that if sludge is used in the planting mix for shade

shrubs, the latter can thrive well for the first year without any supplement of inorganic

fertilizer. However, their long-term fertilizer requirements need to be elucidated by

further field experimentation.

Literature Cited

Anonymous. (1980). Handbook on reference methods for soil testing. The Council

on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, University of Georgia, USA.

Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and

waters. Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, USA.

Fails, B.S., Lewis, A.J. and Barben, J.A. (1982a). Net photosynthesis and transpira-

tion of sun- and shade-grown Ficus benjamina leaves. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,

107, 758-761.

Ibid. (1982b). Anatomy and morphology of sun- and shade-grown Ficus benjamina.

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107, 754-757.

Ibid. (1982c). Light acclimatization potential of Ficus benjamina. J. Amer. Soc. Hort.

Sci., 107, 762-766.

Hesse, P.R. (1971). A textbook of soil chemical analysis. William Clowes & Sons

Limited, London.

Khatamian, H. and Lumis, G.P. (1982). Influence of shade, media and fertility on

growth of Jaxus. J. Arbor., 8, 247-249.

McClendon, J.H. and McMillen, G.G. (1982). The control of leaf morphology and

the tolerance of shade by woody plants. Bot. Gaz., 143, 79-83.

Othieno, C.O. (1983). Studies on the use of shade in tea plantations in Kenya. I.

Effects of nutrient uptake and yield of tea — Preliminary results. 7ea, 4, 13-20.

Smith, E.M. and Treaster, S.A. (1981). Fertilizing trees in the landscape: A 9-year

evaluation. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Research

Circular 263, 11-13.

van de Werken, H. (1981). Fertilizing and other factors enhancing the growth rate

of young shade trees. J. Arbor. 7, 33-37.

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

j SINGAPORE

VOL. 41 (Part 2) 1 December 1988

CONTENTS

PAGES

VERMEULEN, J.J. and LAMB, A.:

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum Sect. Monilibulbus (Orchidaceae) .......... 29-41

NG, F.S.P.:

Three New Taxa in Elaeocarpus in the Malay Peninsula ......................006. 43-44

| BIDIN, Aziz, JAMAN, Razali and SALLEH, Mat Kamaruddin:

A New Species of Adiantum from Trus Madi Range, Sabah ..................... 45-48

_ FERNANDO, Edwino S.: 7 :

§ Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae) .................. 49-58

_ SWAN, Frederick R. Jr.: :

Tree Distribution Patterns in the f

) Buxm limah Nature Reserve, Singapore «2.2.2.5... ccsccceeedcsscaueavevecaseccrececces 59-81 i

_ WONG, K.M., WONG, Y.S. and SAW, L.G::

Notes on the Early Exploration and Botanical Collecting

in the Endau-Rompin Area of Peninsula Malaysia ...................cceceeeeeeeees 83-91

;

_ BIDIN, Aziz:

A Further Chromosome Count for Osmunda (Osmundales)

RI AEWA 2g, rs She 5 kU Cs aoe hdei'as dad dus socsdaascainnercesscecces 93-94

_ Book Review

_ CORNER, E.J.H.:

MIE 2G. soos ocivcdbuavavoodaedae ceeds badcbcsedcecccedecsecs 95

Published by the Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Ministry of National Development )

Cluny Road, Singapore 1025. \

ee Nm |

ee ee ed

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

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eC AE) RO a nds RS ts SST SPA

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es >

EXCHANY

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

VOL. 41 (Part 2) 1 December 1988

CONTENTS

PAGES

VERMEULEN, J.J. and LAMB, A.:

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum Sect. Monilibulbus (Orchidaceae) .......... 29-41

NG; F.S:P.:

Three New Taxa in Elaeocarpus in the Malay Peninsula ........................4. 43-44

BIDIN, Aziz, JAMAN, Razali and SALLEH, Mat Kamaruddin:

A New Species of Adiantum from Trus Madi Range, Sabah ..................... 45-48

FERNANDO, Edwino S.:

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae) .................. 49-58

SWAN, Frederick R. Jr.:

Tree Distribution Patterns in the

Eeraieit Breit NETS RESET VC) “SING ADOTE eons. a ooo donee eiieie scien Hes leap desen donno 59-81

WONG, K.M., WONG, Y.S. and SAW, L.G.:

Notes on the Early Exploration and Botanical Collecting

in the Endau-Rompin Area of Peninsula Malaysia ...................cceeeeeeeeeees 83-91

BIDIN, Aziz:

A Further Chromosome Count for Osmunda (Osmundales)

I aR RRC De ok ok oe ST soa wikis ecipabceuathesdespseeaine 93-94

Book Review

CORNER, E.J.H.::

SIR SD PERCE, MRT ho 6 cn dd cel, Wry URS eas ckawaa bude hnRdy cna seoeedeces 95

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Six New Species of Bulbophyllum Sect.

Monilibulbus (Orchidaceae)

J.J. VERMEULEN! and A. LAMB?

'Rijksherbarium, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden,

The Netherlands.

Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 197,

Tenom, 89908 Sabah, Malaysia. —

Drawings by J.J. Vermeulen

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 10 MAR 1989

Abstract

Six new species of Bulbophyllum sect. Monilibulbus (Orchidaceae) from Borneo are described: B. kestron,

B. leproglossum, B. nubinatum, B. pelicanopsis, B. scabrum and B. thymophorum. Full descriptions and

detailed line drawings are presented of each species. Possible relationships of sect. Monilibulbus within

the genus Bulbophyllum are pointed out.

Introduction

The approximately 50 species of Bulbophyllum sect. Monilibulbus J.J. Smith range

from China (Yunnan), Indochina, Malaysia, Philippines to W. Indonesia (eastwards

up to Celebes and the Lesser Sunda Islands). As with most other sections within

Bulbophyllum, sect. Monilibulbus has never been subject to revision. Only enumera-

tions for comparatively small areas within its range have been published: Thailand

(Seidenfaden, 1979), West Malaysia (Holttum, 1957) and Java (Smith, 1905). Many

more species (often not even recognized as pertaining to sect. Monilibulbus) have

been described in numerous papers by Smith, Schlechter and Ames, as parts of endless

enumerations of new orchid species.

Within the large genus Bulbophyllum the species of sect. Monilibulbus can be

recognized by the following set of characters:

Rhizome creeping. Pseudobulbs distinct, approx. close together, (occasionally widely spaced in B. in-

aequale (Bl.) Lindl.), obliquely reclining and covering or even partly enveloping the subsequent section

of rhizome for most of their length, only the very top more or less erect (pseudobulbs distinctly dorsoven-

trally flattened but not particularly oblique in B. moniliforme Par. & Rchb. f.), with one leaf. Inflorescence

with one flower. Pedicel with an extra node close to its base.

Sect. Monilibulbus is a West Malesian (Van Steenis, 1948: p. XI) element. The

combination of characters mentioned distinguishes the section. Elsewhere within

Bulbophyllum all these characters occur as well, but always in different combina-

tions. They can be found in particular in species belonging to sections which have

a mainly East Malesian (New Guinea and surrounding archipelagos) distribution and

which have one-flowered inflorescences. The sections Fruticicola Schltr, Epibulbon

Schltr and Leptopus Schitr (see Schlechter, 1911-1914) can be mentioned as examples.

The flowers of sect. Monilibulbus, although often of a peculiar structure, do not

have a single character in common. Here, too, morphological similarities with E.

Malesian sections exist, in particular with the sections Leptopus Schltr and Brachypus

Schltr (see Schlechter, 1911-1914).

30 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Among the sections with a one-flowered inflorescence, sect. Monilibulbus has a

distinctly aberrant range. Most sections with a one-flowered inflorescence are mainly

East Malesian, with only few representatives in West Malesia. Examples are sect.

Fruticicola Schltr, with many species in New Guinea and very few in West Malesia

(e.g. B. perductum J.J. Smith on Java and an undescribed species on Borneo), and

sect. Polyblepharon Schltr with numerous species in New Guinea and only few species

in W. Malesia (e.g. the widespread B. tortuosum (Bl.) (Lindl.).

Few sections with one-flowered inflorescences have an approximately equal number

of species occurring in West and East Malesia, e.g. sect. Sestochilus (Breda) Benth.

& Hook. f. The numbers of species belonging to this section described for Thailand

(Seidenfaden, 1979) or West Malaysia (Holttum, 1957) or New Guinea (Schlechter,

1911-1914) are of comparable magnitude.

Sect. Monilibulbus is the only section in which a one-flowered inflorescence is com-

bined with an exclusively West Malesian distribution.

Perhaps not supported by distribution patterns, but consistent with shared

- vegetative and floral characters, a close relationship of sect. Monilibulbus to East

Malesian sections is suggested, particularly to sect. Brachypus Schltr, Epibulbon Schltr,

Fruticicola Schltr and Leptopus Schltr.

Basic to this statement are two assumptions.

Firstly, sect. Monilibulbus should be a natural (monophyletic) group, i.e. a group

of species derived from a single ancestor species. Crucial for recognizing a

monophyletic group is that the species of the group share a number of characters

which can be considered derived within the group. Monilibulbus has a set of characters

shared by (almost) all its species. Unfortunately, without further phylogenetic analysis

one can only guess whether or not these are derived.

Secondly, within Bulbophyllum the character state ‘many-flowered inflorescence’

should be primitive, and the state ‘one-flowered inflorescence’ derived. This is very

likely, considering the fact that in most genera which may serve as the hypothetical

immediate ancestor of Bulbophyllum (other genera of Denbrobieae sensu Burns-

Balogh & Funk, 1986) most species have many-flowered inflorescences.

Some species of sect. Monilibulbus are very variable, particularly B. ovalifolium —

(BI.) Lindl. The new species B. kestron, B. leproglossum and B. scabrum all occur —

within the geographical range of B. ovalifolium and show a distinct similarity to races —

of that species. Before describing them as new species the variability of B. ovalifolium

has been surveyed extensively. The characters of the new species distinguishing them —

from B. ovalifolium are mentioned under the description of each of them. }

The other three species B. nubinatum, B. pelicanopsis and B. thymophorum each —

have one or more outstanding features, which immediately distinguish them from

other species of sect. Monilibulbus.

Colour slides of all six new species have been published in Vermeulen & Lamb (1988).

Description of the New Species

Bulbophyllum kestron J.J. Vermeulen & A. Lamb, sp. nov. Fig. 1.

Bulbophyllo ovalifolio affinis, labelli margine denticulato-lacerato differt. Type: Borneo; Lamb 566/86

(K!).

Rhizome creeping, 0.6 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.2-0.5 cm apart, ovoid, somewhat

flattened, 0.2-0.5 x 0.2-0.4 cm. Petiole 0.8-2 mm long. Leaves rather thin, elliptic

to (ob-)ovate, 0.5-1.7 x 0.2-0.5 cm, index 2.5-4. Inflorescence 2.5-4 cm long,

1-flowered. Peduncle 1.8-2.5 cm. Floral bracts tubular, c. 1.5 mm long. Pedicel and

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum 31

ovary 5-14 mm long. Median sepal thin, elliptic to obovate, 2.5-6 x 1.5-2.5 mm,

index 1.6-2.5, tip rounded, margins finely papillose, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals

free, ovate to elliptic, 3.8-6 x 2-3.5 mm, index 1.5-2.5, otherwise as the median.

Petals thin, obovate, 1.2-1.9 x 0.7-1.2 mm, index 1.5-2, tip rounded, margins erose

towards the tip, surface glabrous. Lip recurved, rather thick, c. elliptic, 1-2.8 x

0.8-1.5 mm, adaxially with 2 keels in the basal part, tip rounded, margins dentate-

lacerate c. half way, surface with large, often flattened, rounded to truncate appen-

dages. Column 0.4-1.2 mm long. Stelidia triangular, 0.15-0.7 mm long, with a distinct,

obtuse tooth along the lower margin. Stigma with a rather inconspicuous basal callus.

Pollinia 4, of unequal size. Stipes absent.

Colours: Sepals bright orange to salmon red, or green, suffused with dark red. Petals

pale yellowish to pale orange red, occasionally with somewhat reddish purple top

part and midvein. Lip (dull) dark red or red purple, occasionally yellow near base.

Column pale yellow with some purple. .

Habitat and Ecology: One observation: high and wet montane forest, on the bole

of a large tree. Growing on bark covered with algae or fine moss. Alt. 1500-2000

m. Flowers not scented. Flowering May-July and October.

Distribution: Sabah. West Coast Z./Interior Z.: G. Kinabalu; Crocker Range.

General Distribution: Borneo.

Notes: B. kestron is morphologically close to B. ovalifolium (Bl.) Lindl. but can be

distinguished when looking at the margins of the lip: in B. kestron it is denticulate-

lacerate about half way the lip where the margins curve downwards, whereas in B.

ovalifolium it is always entire or at most somewhat irregular.

Some specimens of B. kestron have a relatively larger lip (compared to the lateral

sepals) than the Bornean specimens of B. ovalifolium.

The various ornamentations on the lip (ridges and verrucae) may vary conspicuously

in B. kestron. When more material becomes available probably it will show a wide

range of variation on this point, similar to that in B. ovalifolium.

The name is derived from the word ‘kestros’ which means: rough of tongue.

Bulbophyllum leproglossum J.J. Vermeulen & A. Lamb, sp. nov. Fig. 2.

Bulbophyllo ovalifolio affinis, labelli latere adaxiali duobus locis rugosis differt. Type: Borneo; Vermeulen

584 (L!).

Rhizome creeping, 0.8 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.3-0.7 cm apart, ovoid, flattened,

0.3-0.7 x 0.2-0.4 cm. Petiole 0.5-1 mm long. Leaves rather thick, elliptic to obovate,

0.7-2.4 x 0.4-0.7 cm, index 1.6-3.5. Inflorescence c. 6.5 cm long, 1-flowered.

Peduncle 4.5 cm. Floral bracts tubular, c. 2 mm long. Pedicel and ovary 22 mm long.

Median sepal thin, ovate, c. 6.5 x 1.8 mm, index c. 3.5, tip acute, c. glabrous.

Lateral sepals free, c. 11 x 4 mm, index 3.7, margins somewhat erose, otherwise

as the median. Petals thin, elliptic, c. 2.4 x 1 mm, index c. 2.4, tip acute, glabrous.

Lip recurved, rather thin, ovate, c. 3.6 x 1.6 mm, tip rounded, margins somewhat

erose, surface glabrous except for two rugose patches adaxially towards the margins

in the lower half. Column c. 2 mm long. Stelidia subulate, c. 1 mm long, with rather

inconspicuous, obtuse teeth along the upper as well as the lower margin. Stigma with

a distinct, obtuse basal callus. Pollinia 2. Stipes absent.

Colours: Median sepal translucent white with red veins. Lateral sepals white with

red veins. Lip dark red purple.

32 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Fig. 1.

sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column and |

lip, lateral view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side; i — pollinia. Drawn from

type specimen.

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum 33

Fig. 2.

B. leproglossum. a — habit; b — flower; c — flower analysis. From left to right: median

sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column and

lip, lateral view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side; i — pollinia. Drawn from

type specimen.

34 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Habitat and Ecology: Found in high montane forest, on mossy branch of small tree.

Alt. 1300-1500 m. Flowers not scented. Flowering observed in October.

Distribution: Sabah. Interior Z.: Ulu Padas.

General Distribution: Borneo.

Notes: B. leproglossum is a species close to B. ovalifolium (Bl.) Lindl. It can be

distinguished by the general shape of the lip and in particular by the two patches

of rough texture in the lower half of the lip (take care with shriveled herbarium

specimens, in which these patches may not be very distinct). The colour, however

characteristic it seems, is not diagnostic: similarly coloured specimens of B. ovalifolium

have been found, be it only outside Borneo so far.

Its name has been derived from ‘lepros’: rough, glossa: tongue.

Bulbophyllum nubinatum J.J. Vermeulen, sp. nov. Fig. 3.

In sectione Monilibulbo floribus magnis, sepalis lateralibus 1-2.5 cm longis, labello gracilissimo distincta.

Type: Borneo; Chan 63/87 (Holo- L!, iso- K!, SNP!).

Rhizome creeping, 0.8-1 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.3-0.6 cm apart, ovoid to ellip-

soid, flattened, 0.2-0.6 x 0.15-0.2 cm. Petiole 0.5-1 mm long. Leaves rather thin,

ovate to elliptic, 0.6-2.2 x 0.2-0.6 cm, index 2-8. Inflorescence c. 7 cm long,

1-flowered. Peduncle c. 5 cm. Floral bracts tubular, 2.2-3 mm long. Pedicel and ovary

8-15 mm long. Median sepal thin, ovate, 9-21 x 1-3 mm, index 7-16, tip subacute,

glabrous. Lateral sepals free, 10-20.5 x 1.5-2.8 mm, index 4-13, otherwise as the

median. Petals thin, elliptic to obovate, 1.5-4 x 0.7-1.5 mm, index 2-2.5, tip ob-

tuse to acute, margins glabrous to coarsely erose, surface glabrous. Lip recurved,

rather thick, c. ovate with a slightly widened top part (c. elliptic when spread), 2.8-5.5

x 0.9-1.2 mm, with a callus towards the base which is thickest along the margins,

tip obtuse, margins somewhat erose towards the tip and the base, surface glabrous.

Column 0.7-1 mm long. Stelidia inconspicuous, deltoid, obtuse, without teeth along

the upper or lower margins. Stigma with a small toothlike callus at the base. Pollinia -

2. Stipes absent.

Colours: Flowers entirely (orange) yellow.

Habitat and Ecology: Upper montane Dacrydium-Leptospermum forest; upper mon-

tane forest on ultrabasic soil. Alt. 2000-3000 m. Flowers not scented. Flowering

observed in March, June and August.

Distribution: Sabah. West Coast. Z./Interior Z.: G. Kinabalu.

Notes: B. nubinatum is well characterized by the shape of the lip: long and narrow,

with recurved margins half way and a flat, wider top part.

The name ‘nubinatum’, born in the clouds, refers to the high altitudes at which

the species grows.

Bulbophyllum pelicanopsis J.J. Vermeulen & A. Lamb, sp. nov. Fig. 4.

In sectione Monilibulbo sepalis lateralibus ellipticis connatis et labello elliptico distincta. Zype: Borneo;

Vermeulen 582 (L!). Plate 4.

Rhizome creeping, c. 0.6 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.15-0.6 cm apart, ellipsoid, flat-

tened, 0.15-0.6 x 0.15-0.22 cm. Petiole 0.2-0.3 mm long. Leaves rather thin, ovate, —

0.3-0.4 x 0.25-0.3 cm, index 1-1.5. Inflorescence 1-1.2 cm long, 1-flowered. Pedun-—

cle 0.7 cm. Floral bracts tubular, 0.8-1 mm long. Pedicel and ovary 2-3 mm long. —

Median sepal thin with distinctly thickened top part, obovate-spathulate, 2.5-4.2 x 1

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum 35

Fig. 3. B. nubinatum. a — habit; b — flower; c — flower analysis. From left to right: median sepal,

petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column and lip, lateral

view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side. Drawn from type specimen.

36 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

2mm

Fig. 4. B. pelicanopsis. a — habit; b — part of plant; c — flower analysis. From left to right: median

sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column and

lip, lateral view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side; i — pollinia. Drawn from

type specimen.

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum 37

1-1.4 mm, index 2.5-3, tip rounded to subacute, glabrous. Lateral sepals adnate,

thin, elliptic, 4-7 x 2-3 mm, index 2-2.5, tip cuspidate, glabrous. Petals thin, ovate,

1-2 x c. 0.3 mm, index 3.3-7, tip acute, glabrous. Lip not recurved, thin, elliptic,

2.2-3.2 x 1.5-2 mm, tip rounded, almost entirely finely papillose. Column 1-1.5

mm long. Stelidia inconspicuous, deltoid, obtuse, without teeth along the upper or

lower margins. Stigma without basal callus. Pollinia 2. Stipes absent.

Colours: Median sepal pale yellow, brownish orange at the tip. Lateral sepals, petals

and lip white.

Habitat and Ecology: Observed in high montane Agathis-Lithocarpus forest on a

ridge, on the bole of a large tree, near the forest floor. Growing among fine moss of

exactly the same colour. Alt. 1200-1500 m. Flowers not scented. Flowering observed

in October.

Distribution: Sabah. West Coast Z./Interior Z.: G. Kinabalu; Crocker Range; Ulu

Padas.

Notes: Within sect. Monilibulbus, B. pelicanopsis shares the connate lateral sepals

with B. connatum Carr. It can be distinguished by the acute, not caudate lateral

sepals. Unique in B. pelicanopsis is the spathulate median sepal.

The name ‘pelicanopsis’, ‘like a pelican’ is given because the flowers look like the

head of a pelican, with a narrow upper beak and a much wider lower one.

Bulbophyllum scabrum J.J. Vermeulen & A. Lamb, sp. nov. Fig. 5.

Bulbophyllo phaeoneuron similis, sepalis latere abaxiali et marginibus papillosis insigne. Zype: Borneo;

Vermeulen 483 (L!).

Rhizome creeping, c. 1 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.25-0.5 cm apart, ellipsoid to

orbicular, somewhat flattened, 0.25-0.5 x 0.25-0.5 cm. Petiole 0.2-0.5 mm long.

Leaves thick, ovate to elliptic, 0.5-1.8 x 0.4-0.5 cm, index 1.2-3.6. Inflorescence

1 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle 0.3 cm. Floral bracts tubular, c. 2 mm long.

Pedicel and ovary c. 4.5 mm long. Median sepal rather thin, ovate to elliptic,

c. 4 x 3.2 mm, index c. 1.2, tip cuspidate, margins papillose, abaxial surface

irregularly papillose. Lateral sepals free, rather thick, ovate, 4 x 3.4 mm, index

c. 1.2, margins somewhat erose, papillose, otherwise as the median. Petals thin,

ovate, c. 1 X 1 mm, indexc. 1, tip subacute, glabrous. Lip with a recurved top part,

very thick, obovate, c. 2.3 x 1.6 mm, adaxially with 2 short, rounded keels near

the base, tip rounded, glabrous. Column 0.8 mm long. Stelidia triangular, 0.2 mm

long, without teeth along the margins. Stigma with a large basal callus. Pollinia 4,

of unequal size. Stipes absent.

Colours: Median sepal and petals translucent with orange veins. Lateral sepals bright

orange red. Lip dark red. Column greenish.

Habitat and Ecology: One observation: Montane Fagaceae-Dacrydium-Leptospermum

forest, growing in dense mats on a large branch. Alt. 1500 m. Flowers not scented.

Flowering observed in October.

Distribution: Sabah. West Coast Z./Interior Z.: G. Kinabalu.

Notes: B. scabrum is characterized by the very short inflorescence, just as B

phaeoneuron Schltr from Sumatra and Borneo. It differs from this species in the partly

papillose sepals and in the shape of the lip which is gradually recurved towards the

tip and which has distinctly sinuose margins. Some specimens of B. ovalifolium (B1.)

38 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

1 mm

Fig. 5. B. scabrum. a — habit; b — part of plant; c — flower analysis. From left to right: median

sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column and ©

lip, lateral view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side; i — pollinia. Drawn from

type specimen.

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum

5mm

ed oo'

2mm

"ala

vVYrveEeie

“ve

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5 cm

B. thymophorum. a — habit; b — part of plant; c — flower analysis. From left to right:

median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; d — lip, adaxial side; e — lip, abaxial side; f — column

and lip, lateral view; g — anther, adaxial side; h — anther, abaxial side; i — pollinia. Drawn

Fig. 6.

from type specimen.

40 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Lindl., a species which has been found on Borneo as well, have lips with similarly

sinuose margins but a much longer inflorescence.

The name ‘scabrum’, ‘rough’ is given because of the papillose margins and abax-

ial surface of the sepals.

Bulbophyllum thymophorum J.J. Vermeulen & A. Lamb, sp. nov. Fig. 6.

In sectione Monilibulbo labelli vitta centrali paulo elata distincta. Type: Borneo; Lamb 564/86 (K!).

Rhizome creeping, c. 0.8 mm diam. Pseudobulbs 0.2-0.4 cm apart, ovoid,

somewhat flattened, 0.2-0.4 x 0.25-0.35 cm. Petiole 0.6-1 mm long. Leaves rather

thin, ovate to elliptic, 0.9-1.5 x 0.2-0.35 cm, index 3-4. Inflorescence 3-3.5 cm long,

1-flowered. Peduncle 2.1-2.8 cm. Floral bracts tubular, c. 2 mm long. Pedicel and

ovary 9-12 mm long. Median sepal thin, ovate, 5-5.8 x 2-3.4 mm, index 1.7-2.5,

tip acuminate, margins finely erose, papillose, surface glabrous, abaxially somewhat

papillose. Lateral sepals free, 11-13 x 2-3.8 mm, index 4-5.5, tip obtuse, otherwise

as the median. Petals thin, elliptic, 2.2-3.1 x 0.2-0.3 mm, index 10-11, tip acute,

glabrous. Lip somewhat recurved, rather thick, obovate, 2.8-3.8 x 0.8-1.5 mm, tip

rounded, margins somewhat erose, adaxially with a slightly thickened median ridge

towards the tip, surface coarsely verrucate along the median line, finely verrucate-

papillose towards the margins. Column 2-2.2 mm long. Stelidia inconspicuous,

rounded, margins deeply erose-denticulate, lower margin with a deltoid, acute tooth.

Stigma without basal callus. Pollinia 2. Stipes absent.

Colours: Median sepal translucent white to orange, with orange veins. Lateral sepals

almost white, veins brown purple. Petals white. Lip purple to very dark red. Column

white.

Habitat and Ecology: High, wet or dry montane forest, on trunks and large branches

of canopy trees. Alt. 1700-1900 m. Flowers with a faint, unpleasant smell. Flower-

ing observed in June-July.

Distribution: Sabah. West Coast Z./Interior Z.: Crocker Range.

Notes: B. thymophorum can be recognized easily because of the slightly elevated,

verrucose-papillose longitudinal strip over the median part of the lip, which is well

separated from the much less textured lateral sides. The name refers to ‘thymos’

meaning wart.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Mr P.C. Van Welzen for critically reading the manuscript.

References

Burns-Balogh, P. & Funk, V.A. (1986). A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Orchidaceae.

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 61, 1-71.

Holttum, R.E. (1957). Orchids of Malaya. Flora of Malaya I. 2nd ed., 1-759.

Schlechter, R. (1911-1914). Die Orchidaceen von Deutsch Neu-Guinea. Fedde, Rep.,

Beih. I. 1-1041.

Seidenfaden, G. (1979). Orchid Genera in Thailand VIII: Bulbophyllum. Dansk Bot.

Ark. 33: 7-228.

Six New Species of Bulbophyllum 4]

Smith, J.J. (1905). Die Orchideen von Java. Flora Buitenzorg 6. 1-672.

Steenis, Van, C.G.G.J. (1948). Introduction to Flora Malesiana 1, 4, p. II-XII.

Vermeulen, J.J. & Lamb, A. (1988). Bulbophyllum — some interesting novelties from

the Bornean jungle. Mal. Orch. Rev. 22. 44-47.

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Three New Taxa in Elaeocarpus in the Malay Peninsula

F.S.P. NG

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 10 MAR 1989

Abstract

Upon completion of a revision of the Elaeocarpaceae for the Tree Flora of Malaya Vol 4, which will

be published in early 1989, two new species and a new variety were uncovered. These are Elaeocarpus

sallehiana, E. symingtonii and E. nitidus var. velutinus, described below.

The total number of Elaeocarpus spp. recognised in the Peninsula now stands at

27 compared to the 26 in Ridley’s Flora of the Malay Peninsula 1(1922) 308-321 and

31 in Corner’s revision in the Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlements 10(1939) 308-329.

Elaeocarpus sallehiana Ng sp. nov.

Arbor mediocris usque 30 alta, ambitu 1.2 m. Truncus in sectione interdum irregularis, interdum

anteridibus angustis rectis usque | m altis. Cortex brunneus, laevis; stratura interiore rubro-brunnea. Lignum

vivens album usque cremeum. Partes ramulorum foliaceorum 0.15-0.3 cm diametro; ramuli cum petiolis,

faciebus foliorum inferioribus et inflorescentiis dense velutini; stipuli minutis, triangulares, caduci. Folia

plus spiraliter quam alternatim disposita; laminae ovatae usque ellipticae, coriaceae, 4.8 x 2.3 — 12.5

x 5.5 cm, apice acuminato, basi cuneata, marginibus obscure dentatis, nervis secondariis 4-7 jugis,

nervis tertiariis transversis; petioli 2-4 cm, leniter geniculati. Racemi 3-8 cm longi, plerumque in axillis

foliorum etiam praesentium orti. Flores bracteis + persistentibus villosis 0.3-1 cm longis subtenti, 5-meri;

petala 0.3 cm longa; stamina 15; ovarium sericeum; pedicelli 0.2-0.3 cm longi. Fructus ellipsoidei usque

obovoidei, in sicco durescentes, tenuiter pilosi, usque 2.2 x 1.9 cm.

Medium trees to 30 m tall. Similar to some variants of FE. stipularis (which it resembles

in the hairiness of the twigs, the deeply fimbriate petals and S-locular ovary) but

distinguishable in the absence of leafy stipules, presence of semipersistent bracts

subtending the flowers, the fewer stamens (15, not 30-35), and the hairy fruits.

Distribution: Trengganu (KEP 79597, FRI 2614, 10782, 12750, 12788), Pahang (FRI

15368). In hill and mountain forests at 210-1070 m.

Holotype: FRI 12788 in Hb. KEP! Isotypes: K, L, SING, ARN.

The species is named after Dr. Salleh Mohd Nor, Director General of the Forest

Research Institute Malaysia (Kepong).

Elaeocarpus symingtonii Ng sp. nov.

Arbor parva usque 7 m alta. Partes ramulorum foliaceorum 0.4-0.8 cm diametro, apicibus interdum

resinosis. Laminae foliorum ellipticae usque oblongo-ellipticae, tenuiter coriaceae, 10 x 4 — 21 x 10cm,

glabrae, apice acuto usque acuminato, basi rotundata usque obtuse cuneata, dentibus marginis 1.5-4 per

cm, nervis secondariis 8-12 jugis, nervis tertiariis reticulatis usque approximate transversis; petioli 6-14 cm

longi, valde geniculati. Racemi 7-15 cm longi, in axillis foliorum etiam praesentium orti. Flores 4-meri;

petala c. 0.5 cm longa; stamina c. 30; ovarium sericeum; pedicelli 0.6-0.9 cm longi. Fructus ignoti.

Small trees to 7 m tall.

44 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Distribution: Perak (FRI 6143), Trengganu (FRI 1209]), Pahang (KEP 31009), in

summit forests at 1400 m and above.

Holotype: FRI 6143 in Hb KEP! Isotypes: K, L, SING, ARN.

This species is named after C.F. Symington, Forest Botanist at the Forest Research

Institute (Kepong) before the Second World War.

E. nitidus Jack var. velutinus Ng var. nov.

Arbor mediocris, usque 21 m alta, ambitu 1.2 m, cum anteridibus rectis vel gralliformibus. A var.

nitido foliis infra dense et minute velutinis, petiolis 1.5—4.5 cm longis, fructibus paullo longioribus quam

latioribus.

Medium tree to 21 m tall, differing from the typical variety in the leaves densely

finely velvety below (instead of glabrous) and the fruits a little longer than wide

(instead of globose).

Distribution: Kelantan (FRI 12464), Pahang (FRI 16594), Johore (FRI 12382), in hill

and mountain forests at 820-1528 m.

Holotype: FRI 12382 in Hb. KEP! Isotypes: K, L, SING.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Mr. M.J.E. Coode of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the

translation of my descriptions into botanical Latin.

A New Species of Adiantum from Trus Madi Range, Sabah

AZIZ BIDIN!, RAZALI JAMAN? and KAMARUDDIN MAT SALLEH?

1 & 2Botany Department, Faculty of Life Sciences

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi

Selangor, Malaysia

3Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,

Sabah Campus, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 10 MAR 1989

Abstract

Adiantum lamrianum Aziz Bidin and Razali Jaman is described as a new species. It is found in un-

disturbed forest of Trus Madi Range, Sabah.

Introduction

The flora of Sabah has been of great interest among botanists since Hugh Low

first reached the summit of Mount Kinabalu on 11 March 1851. Since then many

more expeditions have been carried out mainly to collect plants along the trail to

Kinabalu Peak. Among the notable accounts and collections were those of O. Stapf

in 1894 (Cockburn, 1978); L. Gibbs and D.R. Maxwell in 1910, J. Clemens and R.E.

Holttum in 1931 (Jenkins, 1978) and more recently J.H. Beaman in 1983-1984 (Price,

1987), who collected at various localities along the Crocker Range which extends from

Northeastern Sarawak to Northern Sabah including Mt. Kinabalu. Meanwhile, the

southern portion of Borneo (Kalimantan Indonesia) has been extensively surveyed

by a group of Japanese workers in collaboration with their Indonesian counterparts

at LIPI, Bogor. Their total collection amounted to more than 15,000 numbers of

vascular plants and a vast number of bryophytes and lichens (Iwatsuki ef a/., 1980;

Iwatsuki & Kato, 1980a, & b, 1981 and 1983a & b). Recently in the course of prepar-

ing a general account of the ferns of the Trus Madi and Crocker Ranges, Sabah,

the authors came across a number of specimens that could not be matched with other

Bornean or Malesian materials. One of the species, belonging to the genus Adian-

tum, is described in the present paper. This particular species is from a medium eleva-

tion hill dipterocarp forest on the eastern slope of Trus Madi Range, where it was

collected from an extensive population on the rocky bank of a small river.

Description of the New Species

Adiantum lamrianum Aziz Bidin & Razali Jaman, sp. nov. Fig. 1.

Rhizoma breve, erectum, basibus stipitum aggregatis, ad apicem squamatum; squamae triangulares

vel lanceolatae, ad 1 mm longae, c. 0.1 mm latae, atrobrunneae; stipes usque ad 4 cm longus, ater vel

atrobrunneus, sulcatus, nitidus, glaber praeter basem sparsim squamatam; filum xylematis parum sur-

sum curvum ubique; lamina oblonga vel lineariovata, pinnata, pinnae ad c. septem pares et pinna ter-

minalis, petiolatae, alternatae, in amplitudine similes sed infimae curtiores et flabellatae, dispositae arcte

sednon imbricatae, costa carentes, ad marginem basiscopicam rectaevel parum deorsum curvae, ad marginem

acroscopicam ad distalem incisae sed non profunde, tamen lobatae, in textura herbaceae vel tenuiter her-

baceae, parce hirsutae, pilis uniseriatis atrobrunneis 0.3-1.0 mm longis, praeditae, venae dersae, ad paginam

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Oo 5cm

Osh *0% tas

Be@s\°4,50>

CRNA

Fig. 1: © Adiantum lamrianum from Trus Madi, Sabah (KMS 2005, UKMB)

1A. Complete adult frond. IF. Scale of stipe base.

1B. Details of pinna shape. 1G. Scale of rhizome.

1C. Matured sporangium. 1H-1K. Stelar system of stipe.

1D. Spore. IL. Stomatal arrangement of pinna.

1E. Uniseriate hair of pinna. IM. Detailed structure of indusium.

A New Species of Adiantum 47

superam et paginam infernam distinctae; sori usque ad sex in quoque pinna, unus in quoque sinu; indusia

suborbiculares ad reniformes, usque ad 1 mm longa, 0.05 mm lata, hirsuta, pilis uniseriatis atrobrunneis

c. 0.3 mm longis praedita, cellulae indusii irregularer forma, parietibus cellularum undulatis.

Rhizome short, erect, petiole-bases crowded, scaly at apex; scales triangulate to

lanceolate, to 1 mm long, about 0.1 mm broad, dark-brown; stipe up to 4 cm long,

blackish to dark-brown, grooved, polished, glabrous except for the sparsely scaly

base, xylem strand slightly curved upward throughout; lamina oblong to linear-ovate,

pinnate, to about 7 pairs with an ultimate pinna, petiolate, alternate, all about the

same size except for the lowest shorter and flabellate, closely spaced but not im-

bricate, without costa, basiscopic margins straight or slightly curved downward,

acroscopic and distal margins incised but not very deep, yet forming lobes, her-

baceous or thinner, sparsely hairy with uniseriate dark-brown hairs about 0.3-1.0 mm

long, veins dense, distinct on upper and lower surface; sori to six for each pinna,

one for each sinus; indusia suborbicular to reniform, up to 1 mm long, 0.05 mm

broad, hairy with uniseriate dark-brown hairs, hairs about 0.3 mm long, ground cells

of irregular shape with undulating cell walls (Fig. 1).

Sabah. Trus Madi Range eastern slope, Kaintanu Besar River, on steep rocky slope

of riverine forest of hill dipterocarp, dominated by Shorea laevis and Shorea mon-

ticola, 12 Nov. 1987, K. Mat Salleh & Zainiruddin H. Harith, KMS 2005 (Holotype

UKMB, isotypes UKMS, SING.).

This species is named in honour of Mr. Lamri bin Ali, Director of Park, Sabah

in recognition of his continuous support and cooperation in helping to organize a

number of field surveys in Sabah especially in the Trus Madi and Crocker Ranges.

Observations

This species has so far not been found elsewhere on both Trus Madi and Crocker

Ranges. Based on his studies on the indusial character of more than 70 species of

Adiantum worldwide, the senior author has utilised hairy versus glabrate indusium

as the first segregating factor for the genus (Bidin, 1980).

Of the eight species of Adiantum with hairy indusia, only three species from the

Malayan-Bornean region belong to the group, namely A. diaphanum, A. hispidulum

and A. caudatum. The new species shows a similar habit where the outer surface

of the indusium is hairy with uniseriate or single-celled hairs (Fig. 1M), similar to

those found on both surfaces of the pinna. The indusium is composed of uniform

ground cells of irregular shape with undulating cell walls (Fig. 1M), resembling the

pattern found in A. hispidulum (Bidin, 1980).

The stelar system in the stipe of Adiantum consists of one or two traces which

are usually arranged in an adaxially curved arc and shows a wide range of variations.

Based on observation of the xylem configurations of the stipe in 46 species of Adian-

tum from different geographical areas, Bidin (1985) subdivided the genus into 8

groups. Sections made at three different places of the stipe (base, middle and upper)

revealed that the new species belongs to the ‘‘slightly curved-upward’’ group to which

A. diaphanum also belongs (Fig. 1H-1K).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank En. Lamri bin Ali, the Director of Sabah Park for much

help during our several visits to Sabah. We are grateful also to Dr. Ghazali bin Ismail

and En. Rahim bin Sidek of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Sabah Campus and

48 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Sabah Park Headquarters at Kota Kinabalu respectively for their continuous sup-

port and interest in the field. To Dr. B. Parris of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew we owe a special debt of gratitude for her help with the Latin descrip-

tion, and for comments on the manuscript.

References

Bidin, A. (1980). Studies in the Fern Genus Adiantum L. Ph.D. Thesis, University

of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (unpublished).

Bidin, A. (1985). Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum

L. (Adiantaceae). Gard. Bull. 38(2): 227-233.

Cockburn, P.F. (1978). The Flora. Sabah Society Monograph 1978. The Sabah

Society, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Jenkins, D.V. (1978). The First 100 Years. Sabah Society Monograph 1978. The Sabah

Society, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Price, M.G. (1987). Sabah Ferns Collected by John Beaman. Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb.

16: 189-200.

Iwatsuki, K.; J.P., Mogea; G. Murata and K. Kartawinata, (1980). A Botanical Survey

in Kalimantan during 1978-1979. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(1-3): 1-23.

Iwatsuki, K. & M. Kato. (1980a). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes Col-

lected during 1978-1979 (1). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(1-3): 24-43.

_____. (1980b). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes Collected during

1978-1979 (2). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(4-6): 164-181.

_____. (1981). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes Collected during 1978-1979

(3). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 32(1-4): 121-132.

___. (1983a). Additions to the Enumeration of East Kalimantan Pteridophytes 1.

Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 34(1-3): 55-65.

_____. (1983b). Additions to the Enumeration of East Kalimantan Pteridophytes

2. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 34(4-6): 130-141.

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae)

EDWINO S. FERNANDO

Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry,

and Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines

at Los Bafios, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 10 MAR 1989

Abstract

Calamus aidae E. Fern., C. balerensis E. Fern., C. ornatus Blume var. pulverulentus E. Fern. and

Daemonorops polita E. Fern. are described as new taxa of rattans from the Philippines.

Recent intensive collection of herbarium material of rattans in the Philippines has

resulted in the discovery of undescribed taxa. There is need to provide names for

these rattans as most of them are already being commercially exploited and their

habitats are threatened. This paper is published to validate names for four new taxa.

Calamus aidae E. Fern., sp. nov. Fig. 1

Species distinctissima, inter species Philippinenses flagello cirroque carentibus, foliolis infra dense albide-

farinosis setosisque, ocrea papyracea mox fatiscenti distinguibilis. Zypus: Samar, Basey, Guirang, Rawis,

Baja-Lapis 123 (holotypus K; isotypus LBC).

Robust, solitary, pleonanthic, dioecious rattan. Stems climbing to 15 m; stem

without sheaths 2.5-4.0 cm dia., with sheaths to 6 cm dia.; internodes to 18 cm long.

Leafsheaths densely covered with creamish-green, mealy indumentum and armed

with brown, slender, narrowly laminar and acicular spines to 6.5 cm long, arranged

closely in partial whorls, those around leafsheath mouth longer, erect; the spines very

brittle and readily breaking off; knee present although hardly developed, armed as

the sheath but less densely so; ocrea to 40 cm long, 3 cm wide near the base, papery,

creamish or dirty white in colour, the proximal portion sparsely covered with brownish

indumentum and armed along the edges with acicular spines to 6 cm long, ocrea pro-

minent in newly expanded leaves, but quickly tattering and disintegrating. Leaf sub-

cirrate, to 3 m long, including petiole; cirrus none; petiole to 30 cm long, semi-circular

in transverse section, flattened to slightly concave on adaxial side, convex on abaxial

side, to 3.5 cm wide, 1.5 cm thick near base, armed with scattered, slender, laminar

spines to 5 cm long on adaxial surface and along edges, the spines decreasing in size

distally, abaxial surface generally smooth, except near the edges; petiole and rachis

covered with brownish, mealy indumentum; rachis at mid-portion nearly triangular

in section, bifacial above and armed along top edge with short rigid spines to 4 mm

long, arranged 15-25 mm apart, flattened or convex below and armed with rigid and

robust 3-hooked grapnel spines to 1.5 cm long, arranged 6-8 cm apart, becoming

2-hooked then single-hooked grapnel spines towards tip. Leaflets to 130 on each side

of the rachis, coriaceous, stiff, regularly arranged to 3 cm apart, linear-lanceolate;

adaxial surface drying pale or light greenish-yellow, glabrous, except for very short

bristles to 2 mm long and spaced to 7 mm apart along margins, transverse veinlets

prominent; abaxial surface covered with chalky-white indumentum and dense bristles

along all costae, those along the mid-costa to 4 mm long, all others generally shorter;

50 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

OC atih

oe.

WEEE PLUGS) mm

atte

ILE Shere

ors e ol

ners

»' ree

Fig. 1. | Calamus aidae E. Fern. — A. leafsheath, x 2/5; B. petiole, x 2/5; C. mid-portion of leaf,

x 2/5; D. leaf apex, x 2/5; E. portion of pistillate inflorescence, x 2/5; F. portion of rachilla

with young fruits, x2 1/2. A, E, F from Baja-Lapis 123; B, C, D from Fernando 414.

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans 51

basal leaflets to 25 x 1.0 cm; mid-lamina leaflets to 49 x 2.2 cm, apical leaflets

to 5.5 x 0.3 cm, smaller, rudimentary leaflets often present. Staminate inflorescence

not known. Pistillate inflorescence generally ascending, to 2 m long, with up to 5

partial inflorescences spaced to 50 cm apart, decreasing in size distally; prophyll

tubular, to 20 x 1.8 cm, elliptic in section, 2-keeled, armed with scattered laminar

bulbous-based spines to 1.5 cm long, mouth of prophyll surrounded with bristles to

5 cm long; other bracts similar but decreasing in size distally and becoming less densely

armed to glabrous; peduncle c. 12 x 1 cm to the prophyll scar; partial inflorescence

to 35 cm long, bearing to 20 tubular bracts, each to 13 x 8 mm, the upper half often

tattering, unarmed and covered with creamish-green indumentum, the proximal up

to 7th bract bearing second-order branches, the succeeding and ultimate bracts bear-

ing rachillae; second-order branches to 19 cm long, with up to 11 rachillae, each to

40-90 x 3 mm, generally erect, borne above subtending bract; rachilla bearing

distichously arranged bracts, each subtending a flower pair, alveolus of sterile

staminate flower c. 1 mm dia., that of pistillate flower c. 1.5 mm dia. Sterile staminate

and pistillate flowers not known. Fruit (immature) globose, c. 7 X 6 mm, beaked;

pericarp with scales arranged to 13 vertical rows, pale yellowish-green and with pro-

minent mid-scale groove. Seed not known. Seedling leaf (eophyll) pinnate, with 5-7

pairs of leaflets, each to 35 x 2 mm, with chalky white indumentum and short bristles

along margins and midcosta on undersurface.

Distribution and Habitat: Luzon (Sorsogon Prov.), Samar, Biliran, Dinagat, and Min-

danao (Surigao Prov. and Agusan del Sur Prov.); in dipterocarp forest at c. 50-500

m alt. Endemic.

Vernacular names: Ulisi (Biliran), Ulasi (Samar), Inhian (Agusan del Sur).

Specimens examined: Luzon: Sorsogon Prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan, E/mer 1687] (BM,

K); Samar: Basey, Guirang, Rawis, Baja-Lapis 123 (holotype K; isotype LBC); Biliran:

Naval, Mohon, Fernando 679 (LBC); Dinagat: locality not known, Ramos & Pascasio

B.S. 35250 (in part, as to portion of inflorescence only) (K); Mindanao: Surigao Prov.,

locality not known, Ponce FB. 25070 (BM, kK); Surigao del Sur Prov., Bislig, Fer-

nando 727 (LBC), Agusan del Sur Prov., Trento, Fernando 414 (K, LBC).

Calamus aidae is an unusual and very distinctive Philippine rattan in the curious

absence of either a cirrus or a flagellum, in the dense short bristles and chalky-white

indumentum on the undersurface of leaflets, and in the long, papery ocrea which

quickly disintegrates. Earlier collections of this species have been referred to either

C. discolor Mart. or C. bicolor Becc. owing to its similarly discolorous leaflets, C.

discolor, however, has distinctly ecirrate leaves and the leafsheath bears a flagellum;

C. bicolor, on the other hand, has leaves with a prominent cirrus. Features of the

inflorescence suggest that C. aidae may be related to C. inops Becc. ex Heyne of

Sulawesi (Dransfield, pers. comm.).

This species is named for Mrs Aida Baja Lapis who collected the type specimen.

Calamus balerensis E. Fern., sp. nov. Fig. 2

C. usitato Blco. affinis sed foliis subsessilibus multo brevioribus, foliolis non nisi marginibus setosis,

pagina adaxiali in sicco nitida, semine brunneo laeve differt. Zypus: Luzon, Aurora Prov., Baler, Fernando

478 (holotypus LBC; isotypus K).

Very slender, clustering, pleonanthic, dioecious rattan. Stems to 3 m long, without

sheaths 3-4 mm dia., with sheaths to 6 mm dia., internodes to 8 cm long. Leafsheaths

52 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

ris, 2. Calamus balerensis E. Fern. — A. sheathed stem with one leaf and old infructescence, x 1/2;

B. detail of rachilla, x6; C. fruit, x1 1/4; D. seed, x1 1/4. All from Fernando 478.

bright green, armed with scattered, light-brown, slender, acicular spines to 7 mm,

yellowish and broad at their base, those around leafsheath mouth longer to 18 mm,

erect; knee conspicuous, armed as the sheath; flagellum to 50 cm long, armed with

short rigid spines; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf ecirrate, c. 14-18 cm long; petiole very

short, to 5 mm, sometimes nil; rachis angular in section, bifacial above, flattened

below and armed with solitary black-tipped, reflexed, rigid spines to 3 mm long.

Leaflets up to 8 on each side of the rachis, pendulous, irregularly arranged 2-45 mm

apart, singly or in groups of up to 4 and held in same plane, linear-lanceolate, adax-

ial surface drying glossy greyish-green, the costae on both surfaces unarmed, except

for very short bristles along the margin, becoming more conspicuous near the leaflet

tip, the bristles to 1 mm or often less; transverse veinlets prominent; basal leaflets

to 16.8 x 0.7 cm, mid-lamina leaflets to 18.4 x 0.8 cm; apical leaflets to 1.2 x

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans St

0.7 cm, the last pair joined to 6 mm along rachis tip. Staminate inflorescence not

known. Pistillate inflorescence pendulous, to 60 cm long, with up to 3 partial in-

florescences and terminating in a well-defined flagellum, the partial inflorescences

spaced to 15 cm apart, decreasing in size distally; prophyll tubular, to 17 x 0.3 cm,

armed with scattered short, black, rigid spines to 2 mm; other bracts similar but

decreasing in size distally; peduncle c. 16 x 0.2 cm to the prophyll scar; partial in-

florescence pendulous, to 12 cm long, with up to 6 second-order branches of which

the proximate one often bearing up to 3 rachillae, succeeding and ultimate second-

order branches as rachillae; rachilla to 25-35 x 2 mm, very slender, flexuous, bear-

ing distichously arranged, striate bracts, each subtending a flower pair, alveolus of

sterile staminate flower c. 0.5 mm dia., that of pistillate flower c. 1 mm dia. Sterile

staminate and pistillate flowers not known. Fruit globose-oblong, to 1.5 x 1 cm when

fresh, with a rather obtuse or blunt beak; pericarp with scales arranged in 15 vertical

rows, dull light-green to creamish-yellow, with light brown margins and mid-scale

groove. Seed plano-convex, to 1 x 1.2 x 0.8 cm when fresh, smooth, brown and

glossy on surface; endosperm homogenous. Seedling leaf not known.

Distribution and Habitat: Luzon (Aurora Prov.); in forest with large boulders,

facing the sea, c. 50 m alt. Endemic.

Specimens Examined: Luzon: Aurora Prov., Baler, Digisit, Fernando 478 (holotype

LBC; isotype K), Semento, Hernaez 3874 (CAHP).

This species belongs to Section Coleospathus Furt. and is closely related to C.

usitatus Blco. differing in the much shorter leaves with a very short and often absent

petiole, in the leaflets armed with short bristles only along the margins and drying

glossy on the adaxial surface, and in the seed which is brown and generally smooth

on the surface. In contrast, C. usitatus generally has longer leaves with a distinct,

well-developed petiole; the leaflets are armed with bristles on both surfaces and along

margins, and drying dull on the adaxial surface; the seed is black and with rough,

irregular surface. Furthermore, C. usitatus often has leafsheaths and petioles covered

with dull greyish-brown indumentum, a feature not found in C. balerensis. Although

C. usitatus is such a variable species, C. balerensis has characters which amply separate

it as a distinct species.

The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Calamus ornatus Blume var. pulverulentus E. Fern., var. nov. Fig. 3

A ceteris varietatibus vaginis foliorum semper inermibus et simul petiolis, rachidibus foliorum et brac-

teis inflorescentiae indumento cineraceo-brunneo dense tectis, et squamis fructu atratis differt. Zypus: Min-

danao, Zamboanga Peninsula, La Paz, Fernando 599 (holotypus LBC; isotypus K).

Robust, clustering, pleonanthic, dioecious rattan. Stems climbing to 20 m, stem

without sheaths to 2.5 cm dia., with sheaths to 5 cm dia.; internodes to 38 cm long.

Leafsheaths completely inerm, densely covered with greyish-brown, mealy or powdery

indumentum; knee very conspicuous, unarmed as the leafsheath; ocrea scarcely

developed; flagellum to 5 m long, armed with rigid grapnel spines. Leaf subcirrate,

rarely ecirrate, to 3 m long; petiole to 30 cm long, semi-circular in transverse section,

flattened to slightly convex on adaxial side, convex on abaxial side, to 2.5 cm wide,

1.0 cm thick near base, armed with solitary rigid spines to 6 mm, only along edges

and occasionally along mid-portion on abaxial surface; petiole and rachis covered

with greyish-brown, mealy indumentum, rather thick below and along the edges; rachis

at mid-portion triangular in section, bifacial and unarmed above, flattened or slightly

convex below and armed with black, rigid, grapnel spines arranged to 4-8 cm apart.

Fig. 3.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

oe:

J ae

VISAS ine ‘

SSR Re

SI23 > :

wav

Se CN

fp 7

a ry

Calamus ornatus Blume var. pulverulentus E. Fern. — A. leafsheath with base of flagellum,

x 2/5; B. petiole, x 2/5; C. mid-portion of leaf, x 2/5; D. leaf apex, x 2/5; E. partial pistil-

late inflorescence, x 2/5; F. sterile staminate flower, x 3 1/3; G. pistillate flower in bud, x 3;

H. vertical section of pistillate flower in bud, x 3; I. immature fruit, 3/5. All from Fernando 599.

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans 55

Leaflets to 25 on each side of the rachis, arcuate, regularly arranged to 9-14 cm apart,

broadly linear-elliptic to lanceolate, generally unarmed on both surfaces except near

leaflet tip where midcosta on adaxial side and margins are armed with short spiculae

to 1.5 mm, transverse veinlets prominent; basal leaflets to 57 x 6 cm; mid-lamina

leaflets to 70 x 7 cm; apical leaflets to 15 x°1.5 cm, the terminal pair often fused

to the tip of rachis. Staminate inflorescence not known. Pistillate inflorescence

flagelliform, pendulous, to 3 m long, with up to 3 partial inflorescences and ter-

minating in a well-defined flagellum, the partial inflorescences spaced to 55 cm apart,

slightly decreasing in size distally; peduncle to 8 x 3 cm to the prophyll scar, laterally

compressed and 2-keeled, unarmed, covered with greyish-brown, mealy indumen-

tum; prophyll closely tubular to 56 x 3 cm, covered with greyish-brown, mealy in-

dumentum and generally unarmed except along edges on proximal side where sparsely

armed with bulbous-based laminar spines to 1.5 cm long; other primary bracts similar

but decreasing in size distally and completely unarmed, all other bracts similarly

covered with mealy indumentum and margins fringed with caducous cream-coloured

hairs to 3 mm; partial inflorescences to 42 cm long, arcuate, bearing to 21 reflexed

rachillae, each rachilla subtended by a tubular bract to 3.5 x 1.5 cm, decreasing

in size distally; rachilla c. 9-20 x 1 cm, robust, decreasing in length distally, and

bearing to 20 bracts, each subtending a flower pair, alveolus of sterile staminate flower

c. 2 mm dia., that of pistillate flower c. 4 mm dia. Sterile staminate flower c. 6 x

3 mm; calyx 3-lobed, with basal tube to 4 mm and triangular lobes to 1.5 mm; cor-

olla with very short basal tube and 3 petals to 4 x 2 mm; stamens 6, with filaments

to 2 mm long and anthers 1.5 x 0.5 mm; pistillode trifid to 1 mm high. Pistillate

flower c. 7 X 5 mm; calyx tubular in basal 4 mm with three triangular lobes to 3

x 2 mm; corolla with short basal tube and three petals to5 x 2.5 mm; staminodal

ring to 2.5 mm high bearing 6 minute triangular teeth; ovary c. 4 x 1.5 mm. Fruit

(immature) obovoid-ellipsoid or spindle-shaped, c. 4.2 x 2 cm, tipped with a beak

to 4mm; pericarp with scales arranged in 15 vertical rows, dark brownish-black with

darker margins and prominent mid-scale groove. Seed from immature fruit rather

angular; sarcotesta sour; endosperm homogenous. Seedling leaf not known.

Distribution and Habitat: Palawan and Mindanao (Zamboanga Peninsula); in

dipterocarp forest at c. 100-800 m alt. Endemic.

Vernacular names: Borongan (Zamboanga), Mananga (Palawan).

Specimens Examined: Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Bagumbayan, Dransfield 5486 (K,

LBC), Irawan, Madulid 1007 (K, PNH); Aborlan, Talakigan River, Hernaez 3875

(CAHP, LBC); Mindanao: Zamboanga Peninsula, Malayal, Fernando 589 (K, LBC),

La Paz, Fernando 599 (holotype LBC; isotype K).

This new variety is distinguishable from all other varieties of C. ornatus Blume

in the leafsheaths which are consistently completely unarmed and densely covered

with greyish-brown, powdery indumentum, including petioles, leaf rachis, and in-

florescence bracts, and in the dark brownish-black fruit scales. The other endemic

variety of C. ornatus in the Philippines, C. ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc.,

is more widespread in the islands and differs from C. ornatus var. pulverulentus in

the leafsheaths being dark green and armed with laminar spines and in the fruit

scales which are yellowish with blackish margins.

The varietal epithet refers to the powdery indumentum on the leafsheaths.

56 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Daemonorops polita E. Fern., sp. nov. Fig. 4

Structura inflorescentiae et bracteis secondariis tertiariisque saepe findentibus D. ruptili Becc. var. ruptili

affinis sed habitu solitario, vagina folii spinis complanatis latioribus basi tumidis in verticillis partialibus

dispositis, geniculo conspicuo, foliolis confertioribus, subtus 3-nervis setosis, fructu rotundiore differt;

D. ruptili Becc. var. acaulescenti Dransf. idemque affinis sed habitu et folio differt. Zypus: Mindanao,

Zamboanga Peninsula, La Paz, Fernando 575 (holotypus LBC; isotypi BH, K).

Robust, clustering, pleonanthic, dioecious rattan. Stems climbing to 15 m, stem

without sheaths to 2.5 cm dia., with sheaths to 4 cm dia., internodes to 22 cm long.

Leafsheaths covered with reddish-brown indumentum and armed with pale yellowish,

laminar spines to 4 cm long, to 1 cm broad at base, rigid, arranged in partial whorls,

generally horizontal or reflexed; knee conspicuous, only sparsely armed with shorter

laminar spines, or generally smooth; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate to 3 m long

including cirrus to 1 m long; cirrus armed with grapnel spines; petiole yellowish in

colour, to 20 cm long, semi-circular in section, slightly concave on adaxial side

especially near base, convex on abaxial side, to 2.5 cm wide, 1 cm thick near base,

armed with laminar spines to 3 cm long, arranged in groups along the edges and

abaxial surface and with shorter spines to 1.5 cm long on adaxial surface, all spines

on petiole decreasing in size distally; abaxial surfaces of petiole and rachis yellowish,

covered with indumentum as the leafsheath; rachis at mid-portion nearly triangular

in section, bifacial above, smooth or only sparsely armed with short spines, flattened

or convex below and armed with rigid grapnel spines to 8 cm apart. Leaflets to 85

on each side of the rachis, coriaceous, stiff, regularly arranged, rather closely set

to 1.7-2.0 cm apart, linear-lanceolate, bright green, concolorous; adaxial surface

glabrous to sparsely bristly along mid- and side costae, especially toward leaflet tip,

the margins armed with short bristles to 1 mm, often in pairs, transverse veinlets

rather indistinct; abaxial surface armed with bristles to 2 mm long, very closely set

along mid-costa and sparsely set to 3-20 mm apart along two side costae; basal leaflets

to 15 x 0.8 cm; mid-lamina leaflets to 32 x 2.7 cm, the tips often with a brittle

mucro to 1.5 cm long; apical leaflets to 25 x 1.0 cm, smaller, rudimentary leaflets

occasionally present. Staminate inflorescence erect, to 70 cm long, with up to 14 par-

tial inflorescences spaced to 4-8 cm apart, decreasing in size distally; peduncle c.

10 x 1.3 cm to the prophyll scar, flattened and 2-keeled, covered with reddish-brown

indumentum and armed with rigid laminar spines to 1.5 cm long; prophyll c. 32 x

2 cm, + woody-textured, but brittle when dry, very densely covered with reddish-

brown indumentum, only sparsely armed with short spines to 8 mm and mainly along

edges, splitting down middle portion; other primary bracts decreasing in size distally,

+ armed as the prophyll but even more sparsely so, covered with indumentum as

the prophyll; prophyll and other primary bracts subtending a partial inflorescence,

all caducous at anthesis; basal partial inflorescence to 10 cm long with up to 12

crowded rachillae, each 2.5-3.0 cm long x 0.6 cm wide, subtended by a persistent

bract with a distinct triangular limb to 1.5 cm long, often tattering, each rachilla

bearing up to 15 distichously arranged bracts, each subtending a flower, alveolus of

flower to 3 mm dia., apical partial inflorescence simple, unbranched. Staminate flower

to 6 x 3 mm, cylindrical in bud; calyx greenish, 3-lobed, with basal tube to 3 mm,

and triangular lobes to 1.5 mm; corolla yellowish-brown, with short basal tube and

3 petals to 5 x 2.5-3.0 mm; stamens 6 with free filaments, white, to 6 mm long at

anthesis, anthers yellow to 3 x 1 mm; pistillode to 2 mm long, trifid. Pistillate in-

florescence as the staminate but more robust, peduncle slightly longer, and prophyll

does not subtend a partial inflorescence; whole inflorescence arching when in fruit;

rachilla c. 4 x 0.8 cm, covered with reddish-brown indumentum, rachilla bracts with

a prominent triangular limb to 6 mm; alveolus of sterile staminate flower c. 2 mm

————

Four New Taxa of Philippine Rattans 57

Fig. 4.

Daemonorops polita E. Fern. — A. sheathed stem, x 2/5; B. petiole, x 2/5; C. mid-portion

of leaf, x 2/5; D. leaf apex with cirrus, x 2/5; E. portion of infructescence, x 2/5; F. sterile

staminate flower, x3; G. pistillate flower, x3; H. immature fruit, x1 1/4. All from

Fernando 575.

58 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

dia., that of pistillate flower c. 5 mm dia. Sterile staminate flower as the fertile but

with undeveloped anthers. Pistillate flower c. 8 x 4 mm; calyx tubular in basal

4 mm with three triangular lobes to 2 x 2.5 mm; corolla with basal tube to 2 mm

and three petals to 4 x 3 mm; staminodal ring bearing 6 teeth to 2 mm long; ovary

c. 3 x 2.5 mm with three reflexed stigmas to 2 mm long. Fruit (immature) globose,

c. 1.3 x 1.4 cm, tipped with a beak to 5 mm; pericarp with 15 vertical rows of

glossy, yellowish scales with prominent reddish-brown margins and mid-scale groove.

Seed globose, c. 1 x 1 cm; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Seedling leaf (eophyll)

pinnate with 6 pairs of leaflets, each c. 40 xk 4 mm.

Distribution and Habitat: Mindanao (Zamboanga Peninsula); in dipterocarp forest

at c. 600-800 m alt. Endemic.

Vernacular name: Lapa-utong.

Specimens Examined: Mindanao: Zamboanga Peninsula, La Paz, Fernando 575

‘(holotype LBC; isotypes BH, K), Fernando 719 (BH, K, LBC), Kabasalan, Dipala

Mt, Ebalo 77] (BH).

This new species clearly belongs to Section Piptospatha and is most closely similar

to D. ruptilis Becc. var. ruptilis of Borneo in the inflorescence structure and in the

persistent, often splitting secondary and tertiary bracts. It is, however, distinguished

by its generally solitary habit, in the leafsheath armed with broader-based laminar

spines arranged in partial whorls, in the more conspicuous knee, in the more closely

set regular arrangement of the leaflets, in the leaflets bristly on three nerves on the

undersurface, and in the more rounded fruit. D. polita is also similar to D. ruptilis

Becc. var. acaulescens Dransf. in the inflorescence structure and in the shape and

glossiness of the fruit but the habit is quite different.

The specific epithet refers to the polished, glossy scales of the fruit.

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank Dr John Dransfield of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England, for reading and commenting on the manuscript and for

assistance with the Latin diagnoses. R.T. Camposano and E.A. Lapitan prepared

the illustrations. Field work was supported, in part, by a University of the Philip-

pines at Los Banos Basic Research Program Grant No. 85-4.

Tree Distribution Patterns

in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore.

FREDERICK R. SWAN, JR.*

Department of Biology, West Liberty State College,

West Liberty, West Virginia 26074, USA

Abstract

All living stems > = 2 cm dbh were marked, identified and mapped at a scale of 1 cm to 1 m in two

0.24-ha plots in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Republic of Singapore. The Fern Valley plot was V-

shaped in cross-section and contained a small area of exposed bedrock and several boulders along an

ephemeral stream channel; the Jungle Fall Valley plot had no stream channel and neither exposed bedrock

nor boulders. In both plots combined (0.48 ha), there were over 290 species representing 53 families.

The two plots shared 95 species, while 76 were unique to the Fern Valley plot and 119 to the Jungle Fall

Valley plot. Fern Valley had 20% fewer species, 44% fewer stems, 23% less total basal area and 40%

fewer woody climbers >= 1.4 m tall than Jungle Fall Valley. Shallower depth to granitic bedrock in

Fern Valley is hypothesized to be a contributing factor for this difference. In both plots, the Dipterocar-

paceae had the greatest basal area and the Euphorbiaceae the greatest density and number of species.

The distributions of Shorea curtisii and Pimelodendron griffithianum along slopes in these small plots

conformed to their observed ecological preferences on a larger scale in the Malay Peninsula. The presence

of a few old trees of pioneer species with little regeneration indicated an on-going process of recovery

from disturbance during and prior to World War II.

Introduction

The purposes of this study were to compare the vegetation of two plots in the Bukit

Timah Forest Reserve, Singapore, and to analyze the distribution patterns of woody

species along elevational gradients. Because the two plots were only 250 m apart and

presumably shared a similar vegetational history, I set, out to discover how similar

they would be in species composition, stem density, total basal area and size distribu-

tions of the stems of those species represented by more than five stems or contributing

more than 0.5% of each plot’s basal area. Answers to these questions should pro-

vide a better understanding of the natural variability of the vegetation within the

reserve and a basis for prediction of future changes in species composition.

The Bukit Timah Nature Reserve was established in 1883 and covers an area of

71 ha but lacked governmental protection between 1930 and 1937 and during World

War II (Corlett 1988). The highest point on Singapore Island is located within the

reserve and has an elevation of 162.5 m. Bedrock is granite probably of post-lower

Jurassic age (Wong 1969, Hill 1973, Nature Reserves Board 1975). Ives (1977)

described the soils of Bukit Timah as belonging to the Rengam series, which is well-

drained and characterised by a dark, greyish-brown topsoil 10-20 cm deep; there is

a yellowish brown subsoil, which grades to a yellowish-red, firm horizon below 1.5 m.

* Present address: Clayton Environmental Consultants, Raritan Center, 160 Fieldcrest Ave., Edison,

New Jersey 08837, USA.

Fig. 1:

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

0) 150 200M SINGAPORE

JUNGLE \3-~%

““"\FALL VALLEY

Map of the Bukit Timah Forest Reserve showing the locations of the two 0.24 ha plots.

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 61

The flora of the reserve has been intensively studied and is the source of type

specimens of many species. Hill (1977) constructed a vegetation map of Singapore

and reported the presence of 99 tree species at the Bukit Timah Forest Reserve. Wong

(1987) sampled 687 trees > = 24 inches in girth in the reserve. He reported tree den-

sities of 57 to 137 stems per acre and postulated that past harvesting of smaller stems

by residents of nearby villages could account for areas of low tree density. His total

sample of 849 trees represented 212 species, 111 genera and 44 families. Whitmore

(1984) concluded that the vegetation of the Bukit Timah Forest Reserve was an iso-

lated relict of dipterocarp forest with fewer species that would normally be present

in typical lowland tropical moist forest on the nearby Malay Peninsula. He also

described the lowland dipterocarp forests on ridges of the Malay Peninsula as being

dominated by Shorea curtisii, which forms an edaphic climax there as it does at Bukit

Timah.

The following animals were observed during sampling: Long-tailed Macaque

(Macaca fasicularis), Flying Lemur (Cynocephalus variegatus), Red-bellied Squirrel

(Callosciurus notatus), and Great Racquet-Tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus).

Materials and Methods

Design and Layout

I selected one 0.24 ha plot in Fern Valley (Fig. 1) and one about 250 m away in

Jungle Fall Valley on the bases of minimal slope, lack of excessive disturbance from

tree falls, width of more than 60 m across each valley, and absence of roads and

foot paths. Each plot was 60 by 40 m and was oriented so that the long axis was

perpendicular to the path of water drainage. Fern Valley drains to the west and Jungle

Fall Valley to the north-northeast. The vegetation of each plot was sampled by use

of six contiguous quadrats (in two rows of three quadrats) 20 m square (400 m2).

In Fern Valley, two of these quadrats were on the north side of the valley and had

slopes of 25° towards the southwest (220°). The valley bottom was on the southern

edge of these quadrats. Four quadrats were on the south side of the valley and had

slopes of 18° or less towards the northwest (320°). In Jungle Fall Valley, all six quad-

rats had slopes of 12° to 28° to the north.

Stem Measurement, Labeling and Identification

In each plot, the diameters at 1.4 m height (dbh) of all living stems > = 2 cm

dbh were measured, and a numbered aluminium tag was attached to each. I estimat-

ed stem heights and mapped the positions of all living and dead stems > = 2 cm dbh

and fallen stems >= 20 cm in diameter at a scale of 1 cm equal to | m (Figs. 2

& 3). The following plant growth forms were defined in terms of a species’ potential

adult stem diameter as follows: a species described as a treelet or shrub had stems

<= 5 cm dbh; small trees, 6-15 cm; trees, 16-30 cm; and large trees, >30 cm.

Samples of leaves and fruits were collected for later identification at the Singapore

Botanic Gardens Herbarium. Scientific nomenclature of plant species follows Keng

(1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982).

Plant specimens collected from the study plots were deposited at the Department

of Botany, National University of Singapore, and their identification was verified

by Dr R.T. Corlett, a faculty member in the department. A partial set of specimens

is stored in the herbarium of the Department of Biology, West Liberty State College,

West Liberty, West Virginia 26074, USA. Copies of my field notes and maps of the

two plots are on file at the Department of Botany, National University of Singapore.

Species names with authorities are listed by family in the Appendix.

62 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Pattern Analysis

To determine whether or not species with four or more stems per plot differed

from each other in distribution patterns along valley slopes, I used the map of each

plot to measure the distances from each stem perpendicular to the valley bottom or

drainage path (D-S) and to the point of lowest elevation (DLP). The Jungle Fall Valley

plot did not have a clearly defined valley bottom while the Fern Valley plot did. I

estimated the valley bottom in Jungle Fall Valley to be along a line from the lowest

point perpendicular to the long axis of the plot. To study other aspects of distribu-

tion patterns, the distance of each stem was measured to the nearest conspecific

(NNSS), to the nearest neighbour (NN), and to the nearest fallen stem (DNFT) > =

20 cm in diameter.

To perform regression and correlation analyses, the Daisy statistics software for

the Apple Computer, Rainbow Computing Inc., 9718 Pagoda Blvd., Pasedena,

California, USA, was used.

Results and Discussions

Differences in the Vegetation of the Two Plots

The vegetation of the Fern Valley plot was simpler in composition and structure

than that of the Jungle Fall Valley plot. While the two plots shared 95 species, 76

were unique to Fern Valley and 119 to Jungle Fall Valley. The Fern Valley plot had

20% fewer species, 44% fewer stems > = 2 cm dbh, 23% less total basal area, and

40% fewer woody climbers > = 1.4 m tall (Table 1). A comparison of the species

area curves for the two plots (Fig. 4) shows the curve for Jungle Fall Valley (bi-

variate normal correlation coefficient, r = 0.9838, cumulative number of species

versus number of 10 by 10 m quadrats) to be consistently higher than that for

Fern Valley (r = 0.9768) with the gap between the two widening after ten 100-m2

quadrats (Connor and McCoy 1979). In both plots, the Dipterocarpaceae had the

greatest basal area and the Euphorbiaceae the greatest density and number of species

(see Appendix).

The differing characteristics of the vegetation in the two plots may be due to chance

or may indicate that there are environmental differences between them. Soil depth

is a possible cause of the observed differences. Physical evidence for less soil depth

in Fern Valley includes exposed bedrock near the upper end of the plot’s stream chan-

nel and large boulders one to two metres in largest dimension lying exposed toward

the lower end of the channel (Fig. 2). About 50 m west of the Fern Valley plot, I

observed several large cracks in the soil perhaps caused by soil slippage during ex-

ceptionally heavy rains. In contrast, the Jungle Fall Valley plot contained neither

rock exposures nor soil cracks. About 2 m from the southeast corner of the Jungle

Fall Valley plot there was a circular hole of unknown origin and age, 1.3 m in diameter

and 3-4 m deep with no sign of bedrock along its sides.

Shorea curtisii (Dipterocarpaceae) had a greater basal area than any other species

in each plot (Tables 2 and 3). Of the dicotyledonous tree species capable of attaining

great size, it also had the most individuals in the 2-10 cm dbh size class. In Fern

Valley its stems grew at the highest average elevation (#20, Fig. 5), and in Jungle

Fall Valley at the ninth highest elevation (#6, Fig. 6). I assume that the elevational

gradients depicted in Figs. 5 and 6 may reflect not only water relations (with the driest

end being at the upper right corner) but also differences in soil depth, texture, chemical

composition, and a tendency for soil slippage. Whitmore (1984) noted that Shorea

curtisii characteristically grows along ridge crests between 225 and 750 m on inland

Fern Valley — Plot 4

Revised 16 Nov 1982.

Ee N Fern Valley — Plot 5

t ; = Redrawn 20 Nov 1982.

\A VN am

i ‘

vy V\

' 1 \ N

. t 1 ry 3 er da _ z

“ 2, 4a! ae

it fr ai 37 A =< \ i 434 ‘

339 11 ae dls oN 4a

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i 7! x Pe 446

\ ' 33 i ue =

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sit 335 t \ yl Sie Ho \ x

i el ge = we eg

sak . \g

332 : i] ye? NT

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t rf ait La FA ave r

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a 5 :

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: 3 tA See xt, a" wt 59S 41 988 ee

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4a. ; 1 3H) De ¢€ *

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ar 304 rH 385 i hy ;

1 3 : ol u Wl ue 313

4 ms tee) ai i a ee 376

i ma yet ea BY ga

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770 Hirao ee Sse ==-—= a M 3 u ane

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+250 i! * cL ies

: . x-

2% «+28 2s3 if 110 5 4

“att 2a (%) He mo \

* etsy Ww 4 i Z

EP oa] asi “8 " Cc ey 1 ” \

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257 Fe ee i ‘ os

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a% é . :

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a8 ato = 100° teres ss ! 1s¥ ;

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258 mH mM we On NE :

— §

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a» x a ree 7 = im /

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Pike rr) in nt 2» /

a an aw = ‘ “1 be * Sl a. 8 -2éee H au

a Pe ae | lon x

100) = — = === -------- ~~ so: Se fem

fe ys Rigen S/F = eee at Diemicter s 0.8 m Cc aes soe A

rv) us ne 4 TF eee ee He - - HK Pee. igo 12

a i ee : aks fo \

ee Se i

+204 .200 () an ~~ Sere *

aii % Coe o-oo > pee ae se ve

4 i Joe %

4 % L " @ -4 -- ic v fae Sire \

a L ci- re le ~ a :

7 ~ ae

as ao Be ° e ° “Sy rt 6

a oe os _- oe a ee '

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of ne oe mm ws. a) ons j/

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4¢ . .

- w oe ’ a os git e&> na

: 4 wf se n #& eds ni: ‘

“a + Zoe. Lad

esses == a ee oe ee ee eT)

Map of the Fern Valley plot showing the locations of all living stems >= 2 cm dbh and

fallen stems > = 20cm in diameter. The plot is 40 by 60 m as measured on the south and east

sides respectively. The west side measures slightly more than 60 m.

a ed eS Ton, Sige a i

bad)

\ \*

we -—---— a re ----

‘a

> ------g--— -A \e------

Eyre Q

TUNES Hal Vanicy Flor 10

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

F.R. Swan Jr.

Revised 26 May 1983.

mukic Pimanh Nature Reserve

Revised 7 May 1983.

Spe ONE 3k

Estimated Dr

aina

+451

7g wf

Pr is

we ‘e if od

"90 ,

yy 7 5 1G ‘ qe

#3, 139 “l 999 0 +634 tbo tz OH Pee,

ate ciel : & Fr. y,

ows Tae £ «ry ee sin 639 rv4 ag ”y

Sod * “ 436 4) /

or] So fh eg 639 see ut oe 0 7,

ri)

“28 +2396

Map of the Jungle Fall Valley plot showing the location of all living stems > = 2 cm dbh

Fig. 3:

and fallen stems >= 20 cm in diameter. The plot is 40 by 60 m.

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

Table 1

A comparison of the major features of the vegetation and soils

in the Fern Valley and Jungle Fall Valley plots.

Fern Jungle

Valley Fall

Number of species > = 2 cm dbh 171 214

Number of families 39 49

Number of individuals > = 2 cm dbh 564 1000

Total basal area (m?/ha) 22.3 28.9

% stems >= 2 cm dbh with attached climbers 25.1 39.7

>= 1.4m tall

Number of climbers > = 2 cm dbh 55 47

Number of climbers <2 cm dbh & 334 938

>= 1.4m tall

Total climbers per stem >= 2 cm dbh 0.71 0.46

Number of woody climbers > = 2 cm dbh 27 45

Number of monocot climbers > = 2 cm dbh (Palmae) 28 2

Number of monocot climbers <2 cm dbh & 11 214

>=. 1.4 m tall

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF SPECIES

JUNGLE FALLo

VALLEY 2

o° 0°

0° ° FERN VALLEY

+2]

a a?

Oo 24 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

NUMBER OF !00m* QUADRATS

Species area curves for the Fern Valley (plot F) and Jungle Fall Valley (plot J) plots.

64 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

mountain ranges of the Malay Peninsula and nearly down to sea level on coastal hills.

Its canopy leaves are hard and waxy and have a high albedo, giving it some drought

resistance.

Of the 25 species of greatest basal area in the Fern Valley plot (Table 2), 15 had

one or more stems > = 20 cm dbh but zero or one individual in the 2-10 cm dbh

size class. Comparable values in the Jungle Fall Valley plot were nine of 24 species

(Table 3). A study of larger plot sizes is needed to determine whether reproduction

of these species is taking place anywhere in the forest reserve under current en-

vironmental conditions.

Gironniera parvifolia (Ulmaceae) was the most numerous woody species in Jungle

Fall Valley (43 stems, Table 5) and was the eighth most numerous species in Fern

Valley (9 stems, Table 4). The largest individuals were 13 cm dbh in Jungle Fall Valley

and 79 percent of the stems were in the 2-10 cm dbh size class. In Fern Valley, the

largest stem was 17 cm dbh, and 67 percent of the stems were in the 2-10 cm dbh

size class. It occupied a central position along the elevational gradient in Fern Valley

- (#8, Fig. 5) and a slightly higher position in Jungle Fall Valley (#1, Fig. 6). Because

of its abundance under current conditions, I postulate that it is a shade tolerant species

that has increased under conditions of minimal disturbance. The same explanation

may apply to Santiria apiculata (Burseraceae), the third most abundant woody species

in Jungle Fall Valley.

Urophyllum hirsutum was the most numerous species of sapling-size woody plant

(treelet) in both plots and showed highly significant clumping by the test of Clark

and Evans (1954) (Tables 4-7). It occupied a high average slope position in both plots

(#1, Fig. 5 and #2, Fig. 6), indicating greater reproductive success than other species

under upper elevational soil conditions. :

The arborescent palm, Oncosperma horridum, and at least two species of climb-

ing palms or rattans (Calamus sp. and Daemonorops sp.) were the next most numerous |

stems in Fern Valley (Table 4). Oncosperma was not present in Jungle Fall Valley —

or its vicinity. Historical accident could have played a part in the absence of On-

cosperma from Jungle Fall Valley as well as different soil conditions.

More frequent tree falls in Fern Valley than in Jungle Fall Valley may be a factor

that has aided the growth of rattans, which were especially dense in the northwest —

portion of the Fern Valley plot around three fallen trees. During the 11 months of ©

this study, three tree falls occurred in the Fern Valley plot (one standing dead Shorea

curtisii from outside the plot and two live trees within the plot belonging to the species

Ixonanthes icosandra and Eugenia duthieana). No tree falls occurred in the Jungle

Fall Valley plot. There was no significant difference between the two plots in total

length of fallen dead stems > = 20 cm in diameter. If soils are thinner in Fern Valley

than Jungle Fall Valley, a higher rate of uprooting of live trees could be expected

to continue there.

There were large differences between the two plots in numbers of both woody

(lianes) and herbaceous climbing plants. The Jungle Fall Valley plot had 67% more

lianes > = 2 cm dbh (45 or 188/ha vs. 27 or 112/ha) and 181% more climbers

<2 cm dbh (woody and herbaceous stems = 938) than the Fern Valley plot (woody

and herbaceous stems = 334). While the Fern Valley plot had 28 climbing palms

(Calamus and Daemonorops) > = 2 cm dbh and 11 Araceous climbers <2 cm dbh,

Jungle Fall Valley had two climbing palms > = 2 cm dbh but 214 Araceous climbers

<2 cm dbh. I suggest that these differences in numbers of climbers may indicate

significant differences between the two plots in available moisture as influenced by

soil depth. Putz and Chai (1987) found 164 and 348 woody vines/ha >2 cm dbh

in hilltop and valley study plots respectively within primary dipterocarp forest in Lam-

oir National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 65

Table 2

Distribution by size class of plant species with stems

contributing the most basal area in the Fern Valley plot.

Distribution by

Species Basal Area dbh size classes (cm)

(cm?) 2-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+

Shorea curtisil 9,164 5 0 0 0 1

Pertusadina eurhyncha 7,235 0 0 0 0 1

Oncosperma horridum 5,174 9 21 2 0 0

Pellacalyx saccardianus 3,494 7 | 0 1 1

Artocarpus lanceifolius 2,952 0 0 0 0 1

Dipterocarpus penangianus 1,913 4 3 | 1 0

Meiogyne virgata 1,507 0 0 0 0 1

Gluta wallichii 1,265 1 0 0 1 0

Castanopsis lucida ‘251 0 0 0 0 1

Adenanthera bicolor 1,226 0 0 0 0 1

Litsea castanea 1,140 0 0 0 0 1

Licania splendens 1,123 0 0 0 0 1

Dalbergia parviflora 759 1 1 1 0 0

Artocarpus lowii 755 0 0 0 l 0

Myristica cinnamomea 743 3 y, 1 0 0

Ixonanthes icosandra 660 0 0 ] 0 0

Calophyllum ferrugineum 651 1 0 1 0 0

Gironniera parvifolia 580 6 3 0 0 0

Santiria sp. 491 0 0 1 0 0

Eugenia longiflora 491 0 0 1 0 0

Polyalthia angustissima 469 1 0 ] 0 0

Santiria apiculata 439 5 0 1 0 0

Macaranga triloba 419 3 2 0 0 0

Tabernaemontana peduncularis 410 7 l 0 0 0

Eugenia densiflora 394 3 0 1 0 0

146 other species 8,829 445 stems in all size classes

Totals 53,534 564 stems in all size classes

66 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Table 3

Distribution by size class of plant species with stems

contributing the most basal area in the Jungle Fall Valley plot.

Distribution by

eas micah A Sas dbh size classes (cm)

(cm?) 2-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+

Shorea curtisii 15,469 23 0 0 0 3

Shorea parvifolia 7,860 1 0 0 0 1

_ Shorea macroptera 7,405 2 1 1 1 1

Gluta wallichii 4,232 5 1 2 1 1

Santiria griffithi 3,087 2 0 0 1 1

Dillenia grandifolia 1,752 2 1 0 0 1

Crypteronia cumingii 1,603 2 0 0 0 l

Gironniera parvifolia 1,366 34 9 0 0 0

Ixonanthes icosandra 1,046 l 6) 2 0 0

Dacryodes sp. 962 0 0 ] 0 0

Adenanthera bicolor 908 0 0 l 0 0

Shorea gratissima 888 0 l ] 0 0

Aporusa benthamiana 836 7 l l 0 0

Planchonella maingayi 707 0 0 l 0 0

Artocarpus rigidus 707 0 0 l 0 0

Strombosia ceylanica 651 20 3 0 0 0

Cyathocalyx remuliflorus 639 9 2 0 0 0

Garcinia griffithii 601 6 0 l 0 0

Euodia glabra 589 l 0) l 0 0

Eugenia duthieana 563 7 3 0 0 0

Xylopia malayana 549 3 2 0 0 (0)

Knema laurina 542 21 l a 0 0

Memecylon megacarpum 504 4 2 0 0) 0

Scorodocarpus borneensis 452 0) l 0) 0)

Unidentified climbers 425 34 0 0 0 0

190 other species 14,920 765 stems in all size classes

Totals 69,263 1,000 stems in all size classes

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

Table 4

Relative density and distribution by dbh size class

of the most numerous species in the Fern Valley plot.

Species

Urophyllum hirsutum

Oncosperma horridum

Calamus-Daemonorops

Ganua kingiana

Koilodepas wallichianum

Urophyllum streptopodium

Pellacalyx saccardianus

Dipterocarpus penangianus

Gironniera parvifolia

Streblus elongatus

Macaranga triloba

Urophyllum glabrum

Tabernaemontana peduncularis

Dacryodes rostrata

Knema laurina

Aporusa symplocoides

Blumeodendron tokbrai

Polyalthia sp.

Myristica cinnamomea

Shorea curtisii

Santiria apiculata

Hopea mengarawan

148 other species

Total

Relative

Density

(%)

6.2

4.0

RB)

2.6

1.8

1.6

ee)

| Be)

14s

1.1

Act

Distribution by

dbh size classes (cm)

2-10 10-20

35 0

9 21

28 0

pA) 0

19 0

14 0

- 3

6 3

7 iz

8 0

7 1

8 0

7 1

5 2

6 0

3 2

5 0

6 0

296 stems in all size classes

564 stems in all size classes

20+

— ne Cm Com SC 1S or OS NaN ss On Oe iN SS

Relative density and distribution by dbh size classes

of the most numerous species in the Jungle Fall Valley plot.

Species

Gironniera parvifolia

Urophyllum hirsutum

_ Santiria apiculata

Koilodepas wallichianum

Santiria laevigata

Shorea curtisii

Dyera costulata

Buchanania sessilifolia

Strombosia ceylanica

Calamus-Daemonorops

Knema laurina

Baccaurea parviflora

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus

Ganua kingiana

Popowia fusca

Ardisia teysmanniana

Pimeleodendron griffithianum

Genystylus confusus

Glycosmis chlorosperma

Calophyllum tetrapterum

Cyathocalyx remuliflorus

Myristica cinnamomea

Gynotroches axillaris

Gluta wallichii

Eugenia duthieana

190 other species

Total

Table 5

dbh size classes (cm)

Relative

Density

(%) 2-10

4.3 34

4.2 42

2.8 29

2.3 27

2.7 27

2.6 23

pe 25

a3 ae

pe 20

sue 22

pe: 21

2.0 20

1.9 20

1.8 18

1.4 17

1.3 14

1.2 11

1.1 13

1.1 12

ia 11

‘4 9

1.0 9

1.0 5

1.0 7

530 stems in all size classes

1,000 stems in all size classes

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Distribution by

10-20 20+

ee ee ME OF Oe © OOOO FS OO Ww OOo OO Oo ©

See Geta Sa) ee DC Oe OS 2S OS OS LOO FOr Woe - 0 -S4e) ©

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

Summary of clumping tests for woody species in Fern Valley with 5 or more stems. One

asterisk indicates significance at P <0.05 and two asterisks, significance at P<0.01. Three in-

dices of aggregation are compared: c — Clark and Evans (1954); I — Grieg-Smith (1982);

and z — Johnson and Zimmer (1985). Significantly negative c values indicate positive skewness

and thus clumping, while significantly positive values indicate nearest neighbour distances greater

than expected by chance.

Species

. Urophyllum hirsutum

. Oncosperma horridum

. Ganua kingiana

. Koilodepas wallichianum

. Urophyllum streptopodium

. Pellacalyx saccardianus

. Dipterocarpus penangianus

. Gironniera parvifolia

. Streblus elongatus

. Macaranga triloba

— aa

—- © OO Oon~I ND NA Bh WwW NO —

. Knema laurina

12. Urophyllum glabrum

13. Tabernaemontana peduncularis

14. Dacryodes rostrata

15. Aporusa symplocoides

16. Myristica cinnamomea

17. Blumeodendron tokbrai

18. Santiria apiculata

19. Hopea mengarawan

20. Shorea curtisii

21. Dehaasia sp.

22. Canarium sp.

23. Xanthophyllum eurhynchum

24. Ardisia teysmanniana

25. Medusanthera affinis

26. Horsfieldia sp.

Percentage clumped

+ Skewed

— Skewed

Randomly dispersed

Table 6

NAA nrnuaynnnas AW ~ CO CO CO WOO OO O O

a i

O57

0.87

— 0.44

O82

0.82

0.42

— 0.02

0.73

eee a

0.27

= 100

1.75

2.08*

0.57

mat gi

554

— 0.80

oot et

— 4.43**

mee

—0.12

20%

OTT

— 0.89

1°35

BY eh

— 0.56

— 0.78

0.93

— 0.63

—0.74

| ee

— 0.04

PAA: hay

ai! He

— 0.76

— 1.34

=0.35

¥2,5

87.5%

20.54

44 .96**

8 is ine

16.59

23.54**

ao i Vea

14.65

6.70

Tota

48 .95**

tose.

13.56

7395

48.65**

12.08

40.06**

10.48

2030"

5.50

vi Eb) ina

972

6.48

2.13

5 es J

18.50**

48%

52%

Growth Form

Treelet

Tree palm

Treelet

“Trce

Large tree

Tree

Large tree

Small tree

ree

Treelet

Large tree

Treelet

Tree

Large tree

Small tree

Large tree

Tee

Tree

Small tree

Treelet

Large tree

of stems one metre or less from the edge of the plot.

Species

OmaeAnAN AN hRWNHORK CUO WON HNN FL WN

Nem NN NN NY NY WN W

OWeaerANI A vA ff WN = ©

. Urophyllum hirsutum

. Santiria apiculata

. Santiria laevigata

. Koilodepas wallichianum

. Shorea curtisii

. Dyera costulata

. Buchanania sessilifolia

. Strombosia ceylanica

. Knema laurina

. Baccaurea parviflora

. Phaeanthus ophthalmicus

. Ganua kingiana

. Popowia fusca

. Ardisia teysmanniana

. Pimeleodendron griffithianum

. Gonystylus confusus

. Glycosmis chlorosperma

. Calophyllum tetrapterum

. Cyathocalyx remuliflorus

. Myristica cinnamomea

. Gynotroches axillaris

. Gluta wallichii

. Eugenia duthieana

. Gomphandra quadrifida

. Anisoptera megistocarpa

. Litsea accedens

. Aporusa benthamiana

. Macaranga triloba

Table 7

Summary of clumping tests for woody species in Jungle Fall Valley with 5 or more stems.

One asterisk indicates significance at P<0.05 and two asterisks, significance at P<0.01. Three

indices of aggregation are compared: c — Clark and Evans (1954); I — Grieg-Smith (1982);

and z — Johnson and Zimmer (1985). Significantly negative c values indicate positive skewness

and thus clumping, while significantly positive values indicate nearest neighbour distances greater

than expected by chance. Numbers may be slightly less than in Table 5 due to elimination

3.46**

0.86

1.14

—2.44**

= 1.83

= Lé6l

—1.63

— 0.80

— 0.54

—O.25

—='3.687*

~ 2. gee

0.65

0.92

— 1.38

—2.05*

1.16

1.98*

~ 1.03

0.24

— 1.93"

0.29

1.79

0.16

3.14**

1.65

1.27

aid t

0.96

— 0.40

— 0.81

— 0.66

— 0.36

0.82

0.8

0.14

a39"

3.60**

0.14

— 0,02

0.19

0.04

0.90

—0.41

— 1.23

0.68

0.11

0.69

— 1.38

0.83

78.49**

30.84

36.78

28.65

26.105"

21.32

36.38

66.55*

47.14**

35.10%"

21.90

113,.26°

13.19

16.67

93 .Ocs*

50). TO"

5.33

46.76**

8.58

52.20%

38.1**

43.42**

42.46**

32.3

17.24

21.02"

62,51"

5.10

136.01 RS

(Cont'd opposite page) 4

Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Growth Form

Tree

Treelet

Small tree

. Gironniera parvifolia

Large tree

Treelet

Large tree

Tree

Small tree

Tres

Small tree

Treelet

Tres

Small tree

Tree

Treelet

Tree

Large tree

Tree

Treelet

Large tree

Tree

Small tree

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 71

Table 7 (Cont’d)

Species n Cc Zz I Growth Form

30. Payena lucida 8 B1Gt* | 0315 11.38 Treelet

31. Palaquium microphyllum 8 2.18* 0.25 19.26** — Tree

32. Ardisia colorata 8 1.07 — 1.07 22.97** Small tree

33. Polyalthia sumatrana 8 0.28 0.30 51 .Ji**~ ‘Tree

34. Unknown Meliaceae 7 —2.36** —0.39 34.68** Tree

35. Calophyllum ferrugineum 7 1.47 — ZIT e- Tree

36. Garcinia griffithii 7 -1.26 — 8.66 Tree

37. Randia densiflora 6 0.25 0.11 34.97** Partial liana

38. Memecylon megacarpum 6 0.13 — 20.02** Treelet

39. Shorea macroptera 6 —0.31 0.004 3.03 Large tree

40. Polyalthia angustissima 6 —0.66 — 37.06** Small tree

41. Aporusa microstachya 6 1.54 —1.29 26.24** Treelet

42. Gaertnera grisea 5 0.10 — 4.67 Shrub

43. Microcos blattaefolia 5 0.71 — 3.63 Small tree

44. Eugenia longiflora 5 OMe 28 gg _ 5.39 Tree

45. Hopea mengarawan 5 —-1.45 — 0.29 Large tree

46. Archidendron sp. 5, 1.00 _— 18.19** Small tree

47. Cnestis platantha 5 -—2.91** — 1.86 Liana

48. Prunus polystachya 5 0.34 — 60.90* Tree

49. Actinodaphne malaccensis 5 —-—1.52 0.75 .J.28" «ihe

Per cent clumped 6.1% 57.1%

+ Skewed 18.4%

— Skewed 12.2%

Randomly dispersed 69.4% 93.9% 42.9%

Tests of Dispersion

There are no records of major disturbances from fire, typhoons or earthquakes

in the Bukit Timah Forest Reserve in the past 100 years. Therefore the degree of clum-

ping should be high due to the presence of regeneration patches from tree falls (Pickett

1983), the most common form of disturbance (Armesto et al. 1986).

Three tests of dispersion were used to evaluate the degree of clumping in all species

with > = 5 stems per plot [Clark and Evans (1954), Grieg-Smith (1983), and Johnson

and Zimmer (1985)]. By use of that criterion, 26 species were analysed in Fern Valley

(Table 6) and 49 in Jungle Fall Valley (Table 7). The test of Grieg-Smith (1983) declared

more species to be significantly clumped than the other two methods (48 and 57.1%

for Fern Valley and Jungle Fall Valley respectively.

Drought Deciduousness

Several species showed adaptations for deciduousness during the 1982-83 drought.

I observed one large individual of each of four species of trees, Parkia speciosa,

Anisoptera megistocarpa, Parishia sp., and Planchonella maingayi, become leafless

for a period of 3-6 weeks, and lianes also shedding many leaves. The large variation

in annual rainfall from 1969 to 1983 (4007-1642 mm/yr) probably is typical of past

§ ip Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

variability. Holttum (1953) stated that over the previous 46 yr there had been 21

months with less than 6.2 cm of rain.

Future Trends in Forest Composition

The study plots and the reserve itself represent a mature phase rain forest (Whit-

more 1984) in a ‘‘state of structural and dynamic non-equilibrium’’ (Ho et al. 1987:

51, Hartshorn 1980). Features of a mature phase rain forest include abundant seedl-

ings and saplings of at least some tree species attaining the canopy, many tree, sapl-

ing and seedling size classes represented, low light intensities on the forest floor, a

lack of disturbance from fire and domestic animals, and minimal disturbance from

humans.

The small size of my study plots make it difficult to predict future changes in tree

species composition on the two areas. Reproduction of the more important tree species

must be studied over a larger area and longer period of time. Shorea curtisii dominated

_both plots in basal area and had some saplings in the smallest size class (Tables 2

and 3). However, eleven species in Fern Valley and five in Jungle Fall Valley were

represented by one large individual and no representation in the two smallest size

classes (Tables 2 and 3), while other species of mid-size and large trees were represented

by seedlings and saplings but no mature individuals, such as Pentace triptera in Fern

Valley and Santiria laevigata and Dyera costulata in Jungle Fall Valley. Wong (1987)

reported finding 3, 8 and 1 individuals of these species respectively of gbh > = 12

inches in his sample of 889 trees in a 3.24 ha area of the reserve. Dyera costulata

has been identified as a colonizer of gaps (Poore 1968) and a strong, light deman-

ding species (Whitmore 1973).

A low number of adult individuals of other known light-demanding species per-

sisted in the study plots without regeneration, such as Macaranga triloba (nine stems

in each plot), and /xonanthes icosandra, a long-lived pioneer according to Ho et al.

(1987). According to Hartshorn (1978), such tree species with little or no regenera-

tion may be gap species that are normally present in mature rain forest. Knight (1975)

concluded that the tropical forest reserve on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, had

not reached a climax equilibrium state after 130 yr of development and that in the

older part of the forest several species of trees probably depended on wind-created

canopy gaps for their persistence.

Evidence for Niche Differentiation

The graphs of slope position of 26 species in the Fern Valley plot and 49 in the

Jungle Fall Valley plot (Figs. 5 & 6) provide some evidence for niche separation of

woody species on hilly topography. These data support the position of Ashton (1976)

regarding mixed dipterocarp forest in the Malayan lowlands ‘‘that floristic variation

is unequivocally and consistently correlated principally with environmental factors,

among which physiography is clearly important.’’ Shorea curtisii, a ridgetop species

according to Whitmore (1984), occurred at a more extreme upper right position in

the Fern Valley (#20, Fig. 5) than in the Jungle Fall Valley graph (#6, Fig. 6). The

Fern Valley plot is more eroded and dissected than the Jungle Fall Valley plot and

may offer an environment more like ridgetop conditions than Jungle Fall Valley

would. Ashton (1978) described the differences between the canopy and sapling leaves

of Shorea curtisii and suggested that the mature phase canopy trees had evolved

characteristics to cope with moisture stress over a long lifetime. Dipterocarps in

Sarawak and Brunei appear to have strong site-specificity (Ashton 1964, 1969 and

Brunig 1973). .

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 73

METRES

D-S

O 9.2 18.3 27.5 36.6 45..8

DLP —- METRES

Fig. 5: | Regression of the locations of stems of 26 woody species in the Fern Valley plot in which mean

perpendicular distance to the drainage path (D-S) is plotted against mean distance to the lowest

point in the plot (DLP). Single lines indicate one SE. Species numbers correspond to those in

Table 6. Multiple r = 0.85286, F = 32.015, 1/12 DF, P<0.002, two-sided test.

Of those species that were numerous in both plots, some displayed similar mean

elevational positions and some did not. Gironierra parvifolia (#8 in Fig. 5 and #1

in Fig. 6) occupied a similar mean elevational position to Shorea curtisii in the Jungle

Fall Valley plot, but their positions were widely separated in Fern Valley. Urophyllum

hirsutum occupied a high elevational position in both plots. Knema /aurina, listed

by Ho et al. (1987) as a common understory species of Malayan rain forests, occupied

similar central positions in both plots (#11 in Fig. 5 and #10 in Fig. 6). On the other

hand, Ardisia teysmanniana, a small tree, had a high position in Fern Valley (Fig. 5,

#24) and a low position in Jungle Fall Valley (Fig. 6, #15). Pimeleodendron grif-

fithianum occupied a low mean elevational position in Jungle Fall Valley (lower left

corner of Fig. 6, #16), presumably the wettest location. Ho et al. (1987) listed it as

a widely distributed species in lowland dipterocarp forest typically found in swampy

soils.

Differences in behavioural characteristics and environmental requirements other

than slope position may be especially important in reducing competition between two

Or more species in the same genus when these species are abundant in the same small

74 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

379 $2

fs “a iat

34.) ye

30.3 “a =

26.5 4) |

4 3

a er

22.f

METRES

19.0

15.2-

[1.4] e

Di Se:

0 9.6 19.1 28.7 38.2 478

DLP —- METRES

Fig. 6: — Regression of the locations of stems of 49 woody species in the Jungle Fall Valley plot in which

mean perpendicular distance to the estimated drainage path (D-S) is plotted against mean

distance to the lowest point in the plot (DLP). Single lines indicate one SE. Species numbers

correspond to those in Table 7. Multiple r = 0.65364, F = 8.9516, 1/12 DF, P<0.05, two-sided test.

area. In the Fern Valley plot (Fig. 5), three species of Urophyllum, all treelets, (U.

hirsutum-#1, U. streptopodium-#5, and U. glabrum-#12) differed significantly in slope

position. However, two other pairs of species in Jungle Fall Valley (Eugenia

longiflora-#44, E. duthieana-#24, Ardisia colorata, #32 and A. teysmanniana-#15) did

not differ significantly in slope position between species within a genus.

The Need for Forest Conservation

Based on the 11 months I spent studying the Bukit Timah Forest Reserve, I have

become concerned that a nature reserve of only 71 ha would be in grave danger of

gradually losing its rarer species because of accidents to one or a few remaining in-

dividuals or because of poor reproduction (Lovejoy et al. 1983). According to Love-

joy and Oren (1981), there is some support for the hypothesis that small fragments

of ecosystems gradually become impoverished due to a predictable, sequential loss —

of species and possible invasion by weedy species. At Bukit Timah, the lack of the

original complement of animal species, human encroachments on the reserve due to

bull-dozing and quarrying of rock around its periphery, and intensive use as a city

park all threaten the health of this valuable, small reserve. May (1986: 1121) stated, —

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve FS

‘*in so far as any mathematical generalization exists, it is that randomly constructed

ecosystems are likely to become less stable — more prone to fluctuation and less able

to recover from disturbance — as they become more complex....”’

The number of species of animals that once dispersed seeds in the Singapore area

must be greatly reduced over that prior to 20,000 yr B.P. Absent species in the

Holocene might well include gibbons, langurs, elephants, bovids, rhinoceros, tapirs,

and pigs (Janzen 1978). Janzen (1970, 1974, 1975, 1978) has described the inter-

action of herbivores with tropical tree species, the irregular but abundant flowering

and fruiting of the dipterocarps, and their chemical defences in the form of resins

and gums. Putz (1979) stated that various animal species dispersed the seeds or fruits

of 90% of the canopy tree species at the Bukit Lanjan study area 25 km northeast

of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Ricklefs (1987) urged ecologists to study communities from a regional and historical

point of view. Broad regional processes over more than 80 million yr have produced

an unusually high diversity of flowering plant species in Southeast Asia (Fedorov

1966). Keng (1970) estimated that there are 8000 to 8500 plant species in the Malay

Peninsula. Plant conservation in Southeast Asia will require much cooperation bet-

ween Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia to establish a series of reserves,

each including a continuum of communities from high to low elevations and thus

to avoid the disastrous consequences of having only a small number of isolated

fragments by the 21st century.

The Republic of Singapore is on the threshold of becoming a major biotechnology

center of Southeast Asia. The more species of plants that can be grown in their natural

setting with reproductively viable populations, the greater will be the opportunities

for genetic manipulation of a vast treasure house of plant species and for future

restoration of moist tropical forest to degraded land.

It would be prudent therefore to protect and upgrade the nature reserve by the

following actions: establishment of 1) a stable buffer zone between the reserve and

rock and earth-moving activities nearby and 2) special plantations to propagate rare

species and others now extinct in Singapore so that plant species could be introduced

into suitable habitats from which they have disappeared.

The great advances that have been made in tissue culture, cell hybridization, and

genetic engineering have provided additional, urgent reasons for plant conservation

and for understanding the processes that sustain plant communities. The Republic

of Singapore has the scientific resources to capitalize on the enormous wealth of plant

species for food crops, enzymes, hormones, medicinal drugs, timber, and ornamen-

tals. Now is the time to act on the establishment, preservation and improvement of

nature reserves.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Professor A.N. Rao, past Chairman, and the faculty of the Depart-

ment of Botany at the National University of Singapore for their hospitality during

the author’s sabbatical year in Singapore and the National University of Singapore

for its financial support. My sabbatical year was made possible also by a grant of

half pay over a nine-month period form West Liberty State College, West Liberty,

West Virginia, USA, which is under the authority of the State of West Virginia’s

Board of Regents and by an additional grant from the West Liberty State College

Foundation. Dr R.T. Corlett provided much encouragement and assisted with final

identification of specimens. Mr Samsuri bin Ahmad performed the vital function

of initially identifying specimens. Mr J.F. Maxwell of the Singapore Botanic Gardens

76 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Herbarium helped with selection of plot locations and identification of species of

Memecylon. Assistance with plant identification was also provided by Mr Sidek bin

Kiah of the Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium. Ms Jeraldine W. Dailey, Associate

Professor of Mathematics at West Liberty State College, generously gave me advice

on statistical methods. Drs Richard T. Corlett, Kimball T. Harper, Dennis H. Knight,

and Francis E. Putz critiqued earlier versions of this paper. Finally I wish to thank

my wife, Patricia L. Swan, for her help with preparation of herbarium specimens

and constant encouragement.

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Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 719

Appendix

Species names and authorities, numbers of stems and basal areas (BA-cm7*)

in the Fern Valley and Jungle Fall Valley plots.

Obsolete scientific names are in parentheses.

“ee Fern Valley Jungle Fall

No. BA No. BA

Anacardiaceae

Buchanania sessilifolia BI. ] 29 23 420

Gluta wallichii (Hk. f.) Ding Hou Z 1,265 10 4,232

Parishia sp. 2 42 4 249

Annonaceae

Cyathocalyx remuliflorus (Maingay et Hk. f. et 0 0 11 639

Thoms.) Scheff.

Meiogyne virgata (Bl.) Miq. 1 1,507 0 0

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) Sincl. 1 17 19 148

Polyalthia angustissima Ridley 2 469 6 227

Polyalthia sumatrana (Miq.) Kurz. 2 172 8 153

Polyalthia sp. 6 180 0 0

Popowia fusca King 0 0 14 302

Xylopia malayana Hk. f. & Thoms. 0 0 4 549

Apocynaceae

Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hk. f. 0 0 25 402

Tabernaemontana peduncularis Wall. 8 410 0 0

Burseraceae

Canarium sp. 5 46 ] 13

Dacryodes rostrata (Bl.) H.J. Lam. 8 142 2 44

Dacryodes sp. 0 0 1 962

Santiria apiculata Benn. 6 439 28 219

Santiria griffithii (Hk. f.) Engl. 0 0 4 3,087

Santiria laevigata Bl. 1] 6 oF 258

Connaraceae

Cnestis platantha Griff. 0 0 5 28

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia grandifolia Wall. ex Hk. f. et Th. 0 0 4 1,752

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisoptera megistocarpa Sloot. 1 6 9 196

Dipterocarpus penangianus Foxw. 9 1,913 0 0

Hopea mengarawan Miq. 6 130 5 117

Shorea curtisii Dyer 6 9,164 26 15,469

Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz.) Dyer 0 0 2 888

Shorea macroptera Dyer 1 14 6 7,405

Shorea parvifolia Dyer Z 140 2 7,860

Euphorbiaceae

Aporusa benthamiana Hk. f. 0 0 9 836

Aporusa microstachya Arg. l 5 6 70

Aporusa symplocoides (Hk. f.) Gage 7 288 | 16

Baccaurea parviflora Muell. Arg. 4 139 20 19]

(Cont'd next page)

80 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

Appendix (Cont’d)

N Fern Valley Jungle Fall

bacidcis No. BA No. BA

Blumeodendron tokbrai (BI.) Kurz 6 87 Z 8

Koilodepas wallichianum Benth. f. 19 104 2a 182

Macaranga triloba Muell. Arg. 9 419 9 89

Pimeleodendron griffithianum 3 a2 12 316

(Muell. Arg.) Benth.

Fagaceae

Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo 1 are 2 236

Gonystylacaceae

Gonystylus confusus Airy Shaw 0 0 It 92

’ Guttiferae

Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. 2 651 ob 110

Calophyllum tetrapterum Miq. 0 0 1] 94

Garcinia griffithii T. Anders 0 0 7 601

Lauraceae .

Actinodaphne malaccensis Hk. f. 2 32 5 23

Dehaasia sp. 5 31 0 0

Litsea accedens (Bl.) Boerl. 3 51 9 177

Litsea castanea Hk. f. l 1,140 0 0

Leguminosae

Adenanthera bicolor Moon | 1,226 1 908

Archidendron sp. 0 0 5 48

Dalbergia parviflora Roxb. 3 759 0 0

Parkia speciosa Hassk. 0 0 2 19

Linaceae

Ixonanthes icosandra Jack 1 660 3 1,046

Lythraceae

Crypteronia cumingii (Planch.) Endl. 0 0 3 1,603

var griffithii (Clarke) Osinga

Melastomataceae

Memecylon megacarpum Furtado 0 0 6 504

Meliaceae

Unidentified species | 26 7 44

Moraceae |

Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. | 2,952 0 0

Artocarpus lowii King 1 why 0 0

Artocarpus rigidus BI. 0 0 | 707

Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner 9 266 l 4

Myristicaceae

Horsfieldia sp. 5 82 2 ST

Knema laurina Warb. 8 155 22 542

Knema sp. | 10 bd] 0 .

Myristica cinnamomea King 6 743 10

(Cont'd opposite pag

Tree Distribution Patterns in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 81

Appendix (Cont'd)

iene Fern Valley Jungle Fall

No. BA No. BA

Mpyrsinaceae

Ardisia colorata Roxb. 1 4 8 41

Ardisia teysmanniana Scheff. 5 92 13 187

Myrtaceae

Eugenia densiflora Miq. 4 394 0 0

Eugenia duthieana King 4 68 10 563

Eugenia longiflora F.-Vill. 1 491 5 329

Olacaceae

Gomphandra quadrifida (Bl.) Sleum 1 13 9 Al

Medusanthera affinis (Miers.) Sleum 5 104 0 0

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. 1 154 1 452

Strombosia ceylanica Gardn. 3 46 23 651

Palmae

Calamus — Daemonorops sp. 28 335 22 103

Oncosperma horridum Scheff. 10 5,174 0 0

Polygaceae

Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miq. 5 46 ] 6

Rhizophoraceae

Gynotroches axillaris Bl. 0 0 10 348

Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort. 10 3,494 0 0

Rosaceae

Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance 1 1,123 1 5

Prunus polystachya (Hk. f.) Kalkman. 3 115 5 191

Rubiaceae

Gaertnera grisea Hk. f. ex. Clarke 4 40 5 38

Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) Ridsdale 1 (PE b 1 8

(Adina rubescens Hemsl.)

Randia densiflora Benth. 1 4 6 58

Urophyllum glabrum Wall. ex. Roxb. 8 132 ] 15

Urophyllum hirsutum Hk. f. 32 231 42 406

Urophyllum streptopodium Wall. 14 106 | 5

Rutaceae

Euodia glabra (Bl.) BI. 0 0 2 589

Glycosmis chlorosperma Spr. 3 21 1] 115

Sapotaceae

Ganua kingiana (Brace) van den Assem 22 338 18 351

Palaquium microphyllum King & Gamb. 0 0 8 39

Payena lucida (Don.) DC | 6 8 58

Planchonella maingayi (Clarke) van Royen 0 0 l 706

Tiliaceae

Microcos (Grewia) blattaefolia Corner 0 0 5 90

Pentace triptera Mast. 4 20 l 23

Ulmaceae

Gironniera parvifolia Planch. 9 580 43 1,607

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Notes on the Early Exploration and Botanical Collecting

in the Endau-Rompin Area of Peninsular Malaysia

K.M. WONG!, Y.S. WONG? and L.G. SAW?

'Forestry Department, Bandar Seri Begawan 2067, Brunei Darussalam

*Malayan Nature Society, 485 Jalan 5/53

46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

3Forest Research Institute of Malaysia,

Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

The earliest scientific expeditions to the Endau area of Peninsular Malaysia were those by J.R. Logan

(1847), N.N. Miklucho-Maclay (1874, 1875), D.F.A. Hervey (1879) and H.W. Lake (1891), although the

first documented botanical collections from the area were made in 1892 by H.J. Kelsall during his visit

with Lake. Kelsall’s collecting localities included Gunung Janing and the Semberong River. Subsequent

botanical visits to the area were made by personnel of the Forest Department of the Straits Settlements

and Federated Malay States during the 1920s and 1930s and later by botanists and staff based at the Forest

Research Institute at Kepong, the Singapore Botanic Gardens and the University of Malaya. A list is given

of these collectors and those during expeditions organised to the Endau-Rompin area by the Malayan

Nature Society in 1985-86, their collecting localities and periods. Mention is also made of the herbaria

where these collections are curated. This information is presented as a background to future attempts

at compiling resource inventories for the Endau-Rompin area, a significant portion of which is being pro-

posed for conservation.

Introduction

Much scientific work has been carried out during the Malayan Nature Soceity’s

Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition of 1985-86 to the Endau-Rompin area,

where a significant portion of the Endau River basin is being proposed for conserva-

tion. In spite of this, it is not yet possible to provide a detailed inventory of the flora

of the area, which will be important for management purposes. Botanical studies

of the area began in the 19th century and a great many visits have been made to the

area since then. This account brings together information on early exploratory visits

to the area and the numerous recent botanical surveys carried out there until the end

of the Expedition in June 1986, as a background for a comprehensive inventory of

the flora in the future.

Early Scientific Visitors to the Endau Basin

The first scientific explorations of the Endau area took place in the 19th century

when much of the Malay Peninsula was still poorly mapped. Skinner (1878), discuss-

ing the progress made in the geography of the Malay Peninsula, wrote in the Journal

of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: ‘‘Of these ... journey’s [sic!]

sO important to our Cartography, some record should here be made; more especially

as no account of them has been published in a permanent or generally accessible form

... But it would be invidious not to refer also to certain earlier journeys, viz., that

84 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

... of Mr. Logan (via Singapore, Indau, Semrong, Blumut, and Johore in 1847 ...”’

James Richardson Logan was a Scotsman and Barrister-at-Law, based in Penang

and Singapore much of the time and interested in both geology and ethnology. He

also founded the Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, in which he

wrote much about the livelihood of the Jakun people of Johore (Thomson 1881).

His visit to the Endau River brought him only as far as its confluence with the

Semberong River (some 15 km eastward from the boundary of the area presently

proposed as the Endau-Rompin national park), and his exploration was mainly along

the Semberong and southwards.

In 1874 the Russian geographer-ethnologist Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Miklucho-

Maclay undertook an exploration of epic proportions which brought him to the En-

dau River also. He set out on 15 December 1874, up the Muar River on the west

coast of the Malay Peninsula, crossed southward to the Segamat River, made his

way eastward to the Semberong River and went down the Endau River to the South

China Sea. Thereafter he returned inland, explored the Kahang and Madek rivers, and

continued southward along the Johor river to the Tebrau Straits which he reached

on 2 February 1875 (Miklucho-Maclay 1875, 1878). In June 1875, Miklucho-Maclay

embarked on a second journey, following his earlier course until the Endau-Semberong

confluence, whence he travelled some 20 km further upriver on the Endau and climbed

Gunong Janing (at the eastern boundary of the presently proposed Endau-Rompin

park). However, he did not continue further up along the Endau, but instead turned

seawards to the town of Pekan in Pahang, where he followed the Pahang river in-

land and emerged to Kota Baharu on the northeast coast, and finally inland again

before arriving at the mouth of the Patani River. At this point, in October 1875,

he was compelled to abandon the expedition because of the advancing monsoonal

rains (Miklucho-Maclay 1878). Both Logan and Miklucho-Maclay appear not to have

collected any botanical specimens from these journeys (van Steenis-Kruseman 1950).

Following this Dudley F.A. Hervey also visited the Endau area in August 1879,

three years before he was to be Resident Councillor of Malacca (Hervey 1882). He

travelled (presumably by sea) from Singapore to the mouth of the Endau River, and

coursed along it only as far as where it met the Semberong River; he, too, turned

southwards to explore the Semberong and its tributaries, the Kahang and the Madek,

and made no further exploration of the Endau River itself. Hervey collected plants

in his time, but appears not to have collected during his visit to the Endau-Semberong

area (Burkill 1927, van Steenis-Kruseman 1950).

Most familiar to botanists are Harry Lake, miner and surveyor, and H.J. Kelsall,

who was a Lieutenant with the Royal Engineers in Singapore, because of the plant

specimens collected on their journey. Lake began his exploration of the Endau River

on 13 August 1891, on instruction from the Sultan of Johor, because the Endau was

at the time poorly known and existing maps then showed the river to be comparatively

small, with its source just a little beyond G. Janing. Lake traced the source of the

Endau to a point about 44% miles (about 72 km) upstream from the Endau-

Semberong confluence, near the base of G. Besar, and crossed over to the headwaters

of the Segamat River. He continued northward to the Jekati River and eventually

emerged at Muar on the west coast in early October (Lake 1894). Lake’s expedition

appears to be the first documented crossing of the Malay Peninsula from east to west

via the Endau River; however he did not collect any plant specimens.

Lake returned with Kelsall for another cross-peninsula expedition starting from

Kuala Endau on 17 October 1892, but this time following a different route. They

went upstream on the Endau only as far as the Lemakoh River (whence Kelsall

ascended and collected plants on G. Janing), and returned to the Semberong River

Notes on Endau-Rompin Area 85

which they followed upstream, eventually passing overland to the Bekok River and

downstream to Batu Pahat on the west coast, which was reached on 5 November

1892 (Lake & Kelsall 1895). Kelsall collected plants on this expedition, mostly on

the Semberong River, but these and his collections from G. Janing are important

as reference material for the botany of the area. These specimens were presented to

the herbarium of the Singapore Botanic Gardens where H.N. Ridley was able to name

most of them (Lake & Kelsall 1895), and today these specimens are still curated in

good condition at the herbarium there. The specimens were collected by Kelsall but

are labelled ‘‘Lake and Kelsall’s collections’’; these specimens bear numbers that must

have been given after the expedition because the numbers do not chronologically follow

the dates of collection.

These are the pioneering scientific visits to the Endau area. Subsequent botanical

visits to the area now proposed as the Endau-Rompin national park and its vicinity

have not been well documented except through the plant specimens preserved in her-

baria. In our discussions here of botanical collecting trips, the area of interest is taken

as the proposed park area itself (about 45 km across at its widest east-west span)

as well as a zone of about 15 km wide immediately surrounding the proposed park.

The collecting localities of different collecting parties dealt with in this account are

shown in Fig. 1; those localities visited before the Malayan Nature Society’s 1985/1986

Endau-Rompin expedition are represented by symbols whereas collecting localities

during the Society’s expedition are represented by alphabets.

Twentieth-Century Visits: Before the 1985/86 Expedition

Probably the earliest botanical visit to the Endau-Rompin area this century was

that of J.G. Watson and Yeob Abdul Rahim, of the Forest Department of the Straits

Settlements and Federated Malay States, who in July 1923 collected plants along the

Endau River east of Kuala Jasin. It was on this trip that Watson made the first col-

lection of a riverbank shrub endemic to the Endau river basin and which was later

named Phyllanthus watsonii, after him. Other early plant collectors who visited the

area were mainly Forest Department staff, including Forest Guard Mohamud (at

Sungai Kachah Putih, a tributary of the Rompin River, January 1930), Forest Guard

Sudin (along the Sungai Anak Endau east of the proposed park area, March-

November 1933), Forest Ranger Mohamed Said (Sungai Anak Endau, May 1935)

and a number of other uniformed staff of the Forest Department (who each collected

only one or several specimens on Gunung Lesong on the northern boundary of the

proposed park area, April 1956).

Following this further botanical collections in the area were carried out by the

following parties:

K.M. Kochummen, F.S.P. Ng (Forest Botanists) of the Forest Research Institute (FRI)

at Kepong, and Forestry students of the Forest Department, July 1964, in Labis

Forest Reserve just southwest of the proposed park area;

K.M. Kochummen and T. Suppiah (Herbarium assistant) of the FRI at Kepong, April

1967, southwest of the proposed park area;

T.C. Whitmore (Colombo Plan Botanist at the FRI at Kepong), May 1967, Bukit

Peta and Sungai Endau in its vicinity;

P.F. Cockburn (British volunteer attached to the FRI at Kepong) and K. Ogata

(botanist at the Tsukuba Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute),

March-April 1968, Gunung Janing, Sungai Endau in its vicinity and Sungai Anak

Endau;

86 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

P. Selvaraj (Herbarium assistant of the FRI at Kepong), November 1968, southwest

of the proposed park area;

K.M. Kochummen, July and September 1970, southwest of the proposed park area;

T.C. Whitmore, T. Suppiah and Samsuri Ahmad (plant collector at the Singapore

Botanic Garden), February 1971, in the vicinity of Sungai Ulu Pukin and Sungai

Jekatih on the west side of the proposed park area;

Y.C. Chan (Herbarium assistant of the FRI at Kepong), March 1972, southwest of

the proposed park area; June 1972, in the vicinity of Sungai Jekatih northwest

of the proposed park area;

E.A. Heaslett (Singapore-based medical doctor and plant collector), Mohamad Shah

(Herbarium assistant at the Singapore Botanic Garden), Ahmad Shukor and Sam-

suri Ahmad (plant collectors at the Singapore Botanic Garden), July 1972, Gunung

Janing and Sungai Endau in its vicinity;

B.C. Stone (Botanist at the University of Malaya) and the Botany Class of 1973,

August 1973, Bukit Peta and Sungai Endau in its vicinity;

Mohamad Shah, November 1973, Gunung Lesong;

J. Dransfield (Botanist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), June 1977, Gunung

Janing;

Y.C. Chan and Kamarudin Saleh (Herbarium assistants at the FRI at Kepong), June

1979, in the vicinity of Sungai Jekatih northwest of the proposed park area;

K.M. Wong (Forest Botanist, FRI at Kepong), T.D. Pennington (Botanist at the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew) and Kamarudin Saleh, September-October 1981, Bukit

Peta and Sungai Kemelai just east of the proposed park area.

The collections of Heaslett, Mohamad Shah, Ahmad and Samsuri (July 1972) and

of Mohamad Shah (November 1973) are principally deposited in the Herbarium of

the Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING), with duplicates distributed to the herbaria

at the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia at Kepong (KEP) and the Royal Botanic

Gardens at Kew (K). Ogata’s collections are principally housed at the Tsukuba Forestry

and Forest Products Research Institute with duplicates at KEP. Pennington’s collec-

tions are housed at K, and also duplicated at KEP. The collections of Stone are

deposited in part in the Herbarium of the University of Malaya (KLU) and in the

herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (PH); those of the

University of Malaya 1973 Botany students who accompanied Stone are deposited

at KLU. All other collections are principally deposited at KEP with main duplicates

Figure 1. (See opposite page)

a) Chan (Mar 1972 Labis For. Res., Jun 1972 Lesong For. Res.), Chan & Kamarudin (Jun 1979),

Cockburn & Ogata (Mar-Apr 1968), L) Dransfield (Jun 1977), %& Forest Dept., various uniformed staff

(Apr 1956), ¥ Forestry Students with Kochummen & Ng (Jul 1964), O Heaslett, Mohamad Shah, Ahmad

Kochummen & Suppiah (Apr 1967), * Mohamud (Jan 1930), {J Mohamad Said (May 1935), 4 Mohamad

Shah (Nov 1973), + Selvaraj (Nov 1968), * Stone & University of Malaya 1973 Botany Class (Aug 1973),

1967), @ Whitmore, Samsuri & Suppiah (Feb 1971), Bd Wong, Pennington & Kamarudin (Sep-Oct 1981);

a (Base Camp & K. Jasin), b (G. Janing), c (K. Marong & K. Jasin area), all collectors who visited during

the 1985-86 expedition (see text); d (Bukit Sengongong & ‘‘Buaya Sangkut’’ falls), P. Leong, Saw, Wong,

e (Padang Temambun), Davison, B.H. Kiew, R. Kiew, Masrom, Nik Mohamed, Razali Baki, Saw, Wong,

k (K. Kemapan), B.H. Kiew, R. Kiew, Saw, Wong, m (Sg. Kinchin), B.H. Kiew, n (Sg. Selai), B.H. Kiew,

x (Kg. Peta & Sg. Endau), R. Kiew, Ng, Phang, Saw, Taylor, Wong, z (Sg. Endau between K. Kinchin

& K. Jasin), R.P. Lim.

Notes on Endau-Rompin Area

(U Zit)

Wiry epPniniy

teBung -Zoneing +4

Sundwey -Z Beny “1

Bunung-2 ping “1

rye HE B,EM

2H Vv Spidey

UONIP2dxe 98/SgE1

ey) Gulunp seyis Gwe

ee,

uUMOL

peoy

yoeQ ABmyey

Asepunog y8q Pesodojy

Asepunog easesoy Wo04

Asepunog aris

‘(sjoqeydye Aq pajuesaidal) poliad uonipadxa ay) Sulmp pue (sjoquics ut) uoIyIpedxy 98-Sg6]

S,AJa190g oINjJeN UBARTe|] 9Y} 0} JOLId vole UIdWoY-nepuY oY) UI sarqTTeD0] BUT}D9][OO [eotUL}Og

(ZivL) Loy

Sree —

SNOILVIA3YuEEY 9 SIOBWAS

> Geeg y 3Au3S3u

1s3404

sigv1

3AY3S3y

41S3404

siavi

ZeZ i98

13 eyeing 3)

aa ‘eves S

Uequared"9 y--~

.—-- — 7 11Sz2z)098

ueqwaseg’5

; (soon) rie 80S

ue }U04 "4g Vi

i i)

! \NOS3T w pans

(Z6~z)'

¥,

6uose7 8

yooweL’S .,

EvLL) ss

Z ed1g

ONVHVd

5 40

W1VIS

ve (\ I

en ae: RSNA) nae)

WELW) ¥ *F

F (i) (zz91) ozsz)

‘T 8lq

Pegs

Co cmwaee

‘

88 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

distributed to the Arnold Arboretum (A), Kew (K), Leiden (L), Sandakan (SAN),

Kuching (SAR) and Singapore (SING).

As a note of interest, expeditions of a purely botanical nature have not been the

only ones made to the Endau-Rompin area. Several other visits to the area have con-

cerned the vegetation there. During 1965-1966, the Forest Research Institute’s Forest

Resources Reconnaissance Surveys of the Mersing, Rompin and Segamat districts

by Cracium (1966), Lee (1966) and Gyekis (1966), respectively, included brief stand-

assessments of the vegetation types found in the Endau-Rompin area. Flynn’s survey

of Sumatran Rhinoceros populations in the area (Flynn 1978) also included an

enumeration of plant species known to be eaten by rhinos in the area. At the peak

of concern over logging threats to the Endau-Rompin area in July 1977, three groups

of Malayan Nature Society members visited the area; one group visited the Endau-

Jasin area, another the Jemai-Kemapan area and a third carried out brief aerial surveys

over the area, although apparently few or no plant specimens were collected during

these visits.

Botanical Collecting During the 1985/86 Expedition

The Malayan Nature Society’s Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition to

Endau-Rompin between June 1985 and June 1986 created the opportunity for greater

botanical exploration of the area. In particular, the establishment of a base-camp

at Kuala Jasin provided facilities for a nearly continuous stream of scientists and

nature enthusiasts throughout this period and made repeated visits by scientists at

different times of the year a convenient undertaking. The support of the Royal Malay-

sian Air Force also enabled a botanical team to be transported by helicopter to Kuala

Kemapan, at the centre of the area.

Collectors of specimens for herbaria during the Expedition may be listed under

the following institutions (the collecting periods, plant groups and herbaria where

collections are kept are indicated after collectors’ names).

(1) the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong (herbarium KEP) —

Aminuddin Mohamad .............. 8-11 Oct 1985; palms, KEP

K.C. Ang. <:..i.ccitee ae 9-13 Sep 1985; dicots, KEP

Kamarudin. Salet | occ: ccdvid en eegeres 21-26 Oct 1985; dicots, KEP

K.M. Kochusnigens (ii¥essicuowketecks 5-10 Aug 1985; dicots, KEP

CM. LOW ii.%)cctvededssaccueenehae 8-11 Oct 1985; palms, KEP

Mat ASthacciccisckas Oe 8-11 Oct 1985; palms, KEP

F OSE ANE ., .i cvccvsdecsescnsaaci ee 30 Jul-2 Aug 1985; dicots, ferns, KEP

Ls Gh SQW sass. tiih licen eee 5-10 Aug & 21-26 Oct 1985, 23 Apr-2 May

& 25-31 May 1986; ferns, gymnosperms,

angiosperms, KEP

MS Wiig) 5.500 i. acdsee 5-10 Aug & 21-26 Oct 1985, 23 Apr-2 May

& 23-31 May 1986; algae, bryophytes,

pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms,

KEP

8 ey a We athe ee 9-13 Sep 1985; dicots, KEP

(2) the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), —

Serdang — :

Wale hin: ota reaseree 24-28 Mar 1986; orchids, MARDI

Notes on Endau-Rompin Area 89

(3)

(4)

(5)

Neasten.,Hastan) .¢.. cdi Wee. ccc: 20-25 Sep 1985, 7-16 Feb 1986; monocots,

dicots, MARDI

Mishiyah Katman .................... 20-27 Sep 1985; fungi, MARDI

Mohamad Hanifah we. 02.24. 22008 7-16 Feb 1986; dicots, MARDI

Mreiamiad YASS 6.2. .0cci<0 es cwxahs 23-26 Jul 1985, 24-28 Mar 1986; orchids,

MARDI

Mohammed Harum ».2...42.)2. 00... 7-16 Feb 1986; fungi, MARDI

i. rooney Oke. kbs oi 20-25 Sep 1985; orchids, MARDI

INI APO NAME 825 io2e5, no ed. olds lee 7-16 Feb 1986; fungi, MARDI

Noorshinah Hussin .................. 20-27 Sep 1985, 7-16 Feb 1986; fungi,

MARDI

Baral Bak coc cals LAW . ater 23-26 Jul 1985, 7-16 Feb 1986; monocots,

dicots, MARDI

MOskeAsaad ) Accatioi ike ie. 2k Fase 20-25 Sep 1985; orchids, MARDI

ROzanerGhanl. 2 fii vest hk ks 20-27 Sep 1985, 7-16 Feb 1986; fungi,

MARDI

Bena LOTS. oF. 242th chet 23-26 Jul 1985; dicots, MARDI

Bema MUG 4. dctled; ssl clock 23-26 Jul & 20-27 Sep 1985; fungi, MARDI

the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM, National University of Malaysia),

Bangi —

a PRMISOTD (5 os oho oensnae dd ansennocen 7-16 Feb 1986; angiosperms, UPM

the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (UM) (herbarium KLU) —

BPP OIAINICT cc ccinsccincsecdevenscess 26 Sep-1 Oct 1985; bryophytes, pterido-

phytes, KLU

Peete lew, AEE Le ah 2-6 Sep 1985, 20-27 Mar, 16-22 Apr &

20-28 May 1986; algae, bryophytes,

pteridophytes, angiosperms, UPM, KLU

g's 0) Oe Tn ae ee 14-18 Jun 1985, 23-31 May 1986; algae,

KLU

Rob Dis ee A 12-13 Feb 1986; algae, KLU

SA ane: Beer olds Ween Ak NS 2-7, 14-18 Jun & 25 Sep-1 Oct 1985; algae,

KLU

E. Soepadmo & students ........... 25 Sep-1 Oct 1985; gymnosperms,

angiosperms, KLU

GIP Tayior 2 Auek Pea Sa 25 Apr-2 May & 19 May-9 Jun 1986;

pteridophytes, angiosperms, KLU, KEP

the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM, Agricultural University of Malaysia),

Serdang (herbarium at Department of Biology UPM; at Forestry Faculty

UPMF) —

Se PMENOINYSAUNY occiceces cs cncccee +20. 26-30 Aug 1985, 4-6 Feb 1986; pterido-

phytes, angiosperms, UPM

Toran’ IGRAM 3.6.) 0). 000k. s6 eS 19-23 Aug 1985; angiosperms, UPMF

Jamaluddin Basharuddin ........... 19-23 Aug 1985; angiosperms, UPMF

NOW eee ee kl i von so) wo ois ae 2-7 Jun & 26 Aug-7 Sep 1985, 4-6 Feb,

16-22 Apr & 13-22 May 1986; fungi,

pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms,

UPM

NR ARUAV DI 209s 0 ois ode wn ocd sees 26-30 Aug & 2-6 Sep 1985; pteridophytes,

angiosperms, UPM

Razali Salam & students ........... 26-30 Aug 1985; angiosperms, UPM

90 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

(6) the Botanic Gardens, Singapore (herbarium SING) —

it ead |b) nnn oh 0 Ser. 25 Oct-1 Nov 1985; ferns, dicots, SING

(7) the National University of Singapore (NUS) (herbarium SINU) —

Ahmad Samsurt, 7220/55... 0.05.4. fdaks 16-20 Jun 1986; pteridophytes, angiosperms,

SINU)

| Sots =; eC eee rere. 28 Apr-2 May 1986; angiosperms, SINU

Hy AON Pos 2 GS ee eee 28 Apr-2 May 1986; angiosperms, SINU

LL Beh 2s. Soe Shee 28 Apr-2 May 1986; fungi, SINU

A.N. Rao 2 students | .2.02.1.220.8, 16-20 Jun 1986; angiosperms, SINU

Ah 5 (Ae ot ee 2 28 Apr-2 May 1986; angiosperms, SINU

H.. Tan &. Students .2ccnn.20 cece 16-20 Jun 1986; bryophytes, pteridophytes,

angiosperms, SINU

TK FAM csoeve ccnuc'enene a eee 28 Apr-2 May 1986; fungi, SINU

Y .C Wee @ students:1272. 2205 16-20 Jun 1986; pteridophytes, angiosperms,

SINU

(8) the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (herbarium K) —

S. Andtews: i...AKU. AP 4-7 Feb 1986; dicots, K

J: (Dransiteld > ...4-... cet 4-7 Feb 1986; palms, K

PJ. Hdwards 21.5%). sai. ite 4-7 Feb 1986; pteridophytes, K

The localities from which specimens for herbaria have been collected during the

expedition were:

(a) Kampung Peta and the Sungai Endau downstream from Kuala Jasin (eastern por-

tion of the area), by R. Kiew, Ng, Phang, Saw, Taylor, Wong.

(b) Gunung Janing and the Kuala Marong-Kuala Jasin area (eastern portion), by

all collectors except G. Davison and R.P. Lim.

(southeastern portion), by Leong, Saw, Wong.

(d) Padang Temambun (southeastern portion), by Davison, B.H. Kiew, R. Kiew,

Masrom, Nik Mohmed, Razali Baki, Saw, Wong.

(e) the Kuala Kemapan area and Gunung Beremban massif (central region), by B.H.

Kiew, R. Kiew, Saw, Wong.

(f) the Kinchin River valley (northeastern portion), by B.H. Kiew.

(gz) the Endau River between Kuala Kinchin and Kuala Jasin, by R.P. Lim.

(h) the Selai River valley (southwestern portion), by B.H. Kiew.

Besides specimens for herbaria, live-plant propagules were collected by a few in-

dividuals. These included the following:

pteridophytes — P. Bradley (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

orchids — Abdullah Thani, W.H. Lim, Mohamad Yassin, M. Mooruthy, Rosli Asaad,

Salmah Idris (MARDI), L.G. Saw (FRIM), Shaharin Yussof (Malayan Nature

Society).

palms — Khelikuzzaman Hussain, Mohamad Nasir and Safie Hussin (MARDI), Mat

Asri and C.M. Low (FRIM), Mustapha Mohamad (UM), J.J.H. Tan (Malayan

Nature Society).

wild yams — Abdullah Thani, Khelikuzzaman Hussain, Mohamad Nasir and Safie

Hussin (MARDI).

bananas — Anthonysamy and R. Kiew (UPM), Abdul Malek and Mohamad Sham-

sudin (MARDI).

monocots other than as named above — Khelikuzzaman (MARDI), Mustapha

Mohamad (UM).

Notes on Endau-Rompin Area 9]

dicots — Mat Asri, L.G. Saw and S.K. Yap (FRIM), Abdul Malek, Khelikuzzaman

Hussain, Mohamad Nasir, Mohamad Shamsudin and Safie Hussin (MARDI),

Mustapha Mohamad and C.E. Taylor (UM), J.J.H. Tan (Malayan Nature

Society), C.J. Goh (NUS).

All of the above were collected in the vicinity of Kuala Jasin, Kuala Marong and

Gunung Janing, except those by Shaharin Yussof (which also included collections

from the vicinity of G. Tiong, the Buaya Sangkut falls on the Jasin, and Padang

Temambun) and J.J.H. Tan (which included collections from the vicinity of Kuala

Kemapan, the Buaya Sangkut falls, Padang Temambun and the Lemakoh valley).

References

Burkill, I.H. (1927). Botanical collectors, collections and collecting places in the Malay

Peninsula. Gard. Bull. S.S. 4(4 & 5): 113-202.

Cracium, G.C.J. (1966). Forest Resources Reconnaissance Survey of Malaya, no.

2. Mersing District, Johore. Forest Research Inst., Forest Department, Malaya.

Flynn, R. (1978). The Sumatran Rhinoceros in the Endau-Rompin National Park

of Peninsular Malaysia. Mal. Nat. 4(2): 5-12.

Gyekis, K.D. (1966). Forest Resources Reconnaissance Survey of Malaya, no. 7.

Segamat District, Johore. Forest Research Inst., Forest Department, Malaya.

Hervey, D.F.A. (1882). The Endau and its tributaries. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc. no.

8: 93-124.

Lake, H.W. (1894). A journey to the source of the Indau. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc.,

no. 25: 1-9.

Lake, H.W. & H.J. Kelsall. (1895). A journey on the Semberong River. From Kuala

Indau to Batu Pahat. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc., no. 26: 1-33.

Lee, P.C. (1966). Forest Resources Reconnaissance Survey of Malaya, no. 3. Rom-

pin Forest District, Pahang. Forest Research Inst., Forest Department, Malaya.

Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1875). Ethnologische excursion in Johor. S. Natuurkundig Ti-

Jdschrift voor N. Indie, Thiel 35: 251-258.

Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1878). Dialects of the Melanesian tribes in the Malay Penin-

sula. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc., no. 1: 38-44.

Skinner, A.M. (1878). Geography of the Malay Peninsula. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc.,

no. 1: 52-62.

Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. van. (1950). Malaysian Plant Collectors and Collections,

being a Cyclopaedia of Botanical Exploration in Malaysia and a guide to the

concerned literature up to the year 1950. In: C.G.G.J. van Steenis (ed.), Flora

Malesiana, Series 1, Vol. 1, cliit+ 639 p.

Thomson, J.T. (1881). A sketch of the career of the late James Richardson Logan,

of Penang and Singapore. J. Str. Br, Roy. As. Soc. no. 7: 75-81.

A Further Chromosome Count for Osmmunda (Osmundales)

from Peninsular Malaysia

AZIZ BIDIN

Botany Department, Faculty of Life Sciences

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

The near cosmopolitan fern genus Osmunda has been well studied cytologically.

Autotetraploid and triploid plants were experimentally produced by Manton (1950).

In Peninsular Malaysia, the genus is represented by two species, namely O. javanica

Bl. and O. vachellii Hook., and both are uncommon, restricted to a few localities

in the primary forests of Pahang. O. javanica is also found in the highlands (Cameron

Highlands and Fraser’s Hill) whilst O. vachellii is a species of both higher and lower

elevations (Bidin, 1984a).

The cytology of all the three genera in Osmundales (Osmunda, Todea and Lep-

topteris) is distinctive and uniform, all have n= 22 (Lovis, 1977). Bidin (1984b) has

reported the chromosome number of O. vachellii (n=22) from the National Park

Tembeling, in Pahang. The cytology of O. javanica is studied and the chromosome

number is reported in this paper for the first time.

Squashes made from the tapetal cells of O. javanica collected from Telom Valley,

Cameron Highlands and grown in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Glasshouse

(UKMB) also showed clearly 2n = 44 (Fig. 1). This finding confirmed the uniformity

of the cytology of the genus in Peninsular Malaysia as well as the world.

All the specimens gathered and kept at UKMB were from several localities in un-

disturbed forests of Pahang, growing in fairly deep shade in permanently damp and

fe ote * ese, WR OE es AS —

Fig. 1: Mitosis in Osmunda javanica Bl. from Cameron Highlands, Pahang. 2n=44. 1000X

94 Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2) (1988)

wet habitats. O. javanica was collected from Telom Valley, Cameron Highlands and

Fraser’s Hill (elevation c.4000 ft.); whilst O. vachellii was collected from the rocky

bank of River Tembeling in Malaysia’s National Park (elevation c.50 m).

The plants grew well in the glasshouse and produced sporangia.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Mr R. Jaman and Miss A. Shaari for assistance in

the field and in the laboratory respectively.

References

Bidin, A. (1984a). Ferns of family Osmundaceae in Peninsular Malaysia. Nature

Malaysiana 9(1): 28-31.

Bidin, A. (1984b). A chromosome count for Osmunda vachellii from Peninsular

Malaysia. Fern Gaz. 12(6): 360-362.

Lovis, J.D. (1977). Evolutionary patterns and processes in ferns. Adv. Bot. Res. 4:

229-415.

Manton, I. (1950). Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. Cam-

bridge University Press, London.

Book Review

Wayside Trees of Malaya

By E.J.H. Corner, FRS

Third Edition

Published by

The Malayan Nature Society

P.O. Box 10750

50724 Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia

Two volumes, 861 pages. 236 black and white photographic plates. 260 sets of black and white line drawings.

Malaysian Price: M$200.00 plus M$5.00 p and p.

“Wayside Trees of Malaya’ is the classic reference for interested laymen, botanists

and silviculturists for more than four decades. It has facilitated access to the wonder-

fully rich and diverse tree flora of the Malay Peninsula since the publication of the

first edition in July, 1940. The second edition, published in 1952, has long since been

out of print. The advent of this third edition is therefore occasion for rejoicing.

Improvements over previous editions are notable. Numerous corrections and up-

dating of scientific names have been made. The index of scientific names has been

extended to the species level. Additional and updated information of ‘Trees of local

interest’ has been provided, as has information on growth forms. A guide to tree

models is also included.

The text, figures and plates have been divided into two nearly equal volumes, each

faced with an attractive colour plate. This is arguably a more practical format than

that of previous editions.

Minor mistakes, errors and Omissions do crop up: both spellings, Cratoxylon

and Cratoxylum are used (Pg 365); Kurrimia is the synonym of Bhesa (Pg 246);

Drepananthus is misspelled as Drepanthus (Pg 132); Anisophyllea is missing in the

new edition, and ‘‘Pacific’’ is printed as ‘‘Facific’’ on the back cover of both volumes.

The publishers have noted the error in pages 692 and 694 where SAPINDACEAE

should read SAPOTACEAE.

These items seem niggardly in the face of the greater achievement of bringing forth

this third edition. Congratulations are in order for Professor Corner, The Malayan

Nature Society and Dr Chang Kiaw Lan for her editorial and indexing work.

Reviewed by:

Dr Tan Wee Kiat

Director

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For overseas orders, payment should be by bank draft or International Money Order and made

payable to the Commissioner of Parks & Recreation, Singapore.

| I lems 5-7 can be purchased from Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd, 303 Upper Serangoon

_ Road, Singapore 1334, tel. no. 2820611 ext. 240, 241 or 231.

All prices quoted are in Singapore_-Dollars

Overseas postage is extra

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