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GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
Index
to
Vol. 44 (Part 1) June 1992
Vol. 44 (Part 2) Dec 1992
Published by
National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Cluny Road
Singapore 1025
CONTENTS
Volume 44
PART 1 — Ist June 1992
TAN, H.T.W., CHUA, K.S. and TURNER, IM:
tie papiospern Plota Of Singapore Project ......<......-.cccdaseceseeeesscescenssesscoeees 1-2
CORLETT, Richard T.::
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1. Introduction ...............cccceeeeeeees 3-21
KIEW, R.:
Five New Species of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from
RR ra sec cudh ck wngcet ae iRE eRe dhe pho sense noaden coven ace 23-42
mORNER, E.J.H.: |
Notes on the Development of the Fruit-bodies of
Four Malayan Species of Amanita (Basidiomycetes) ...........::cccseeseeeees 43-45
AZIZ, Bidin and RAZALI, Jaman:
Notes on the Rare Fren, Pteris holttumii C. CHM. ...................00eccecccceeeeeeeee 47-50
TURNER, I.M., TAN, H.T.W. and CHUA, K:S:.:
OE SS BOT Tes id So ES 0 ot eee 51-71
PART 2 — Ist Dec 1992
WAH, T.T., WEE, Y.C. and PHANG, S.M.:
Diatoms from Marine Environments of Peninsular Malaysia
Bi eer k as Sopa idl ss eth e ca reasons ovcOe nani instn ons cnynedves seseeye 73-125
TAN, H.T.W., IBRAHIM, Ali bin and CHUA, K:S.:
Piasmotis to be PlOTa OF SINGaPOTe, T ...n..s..0cn.20cs.censsessarnecscrecsersaseneseess 127-133
OGINUMA, Kazuo, LUM, Shawn K.Y., LEE, Y.H. and TOBE, Hiroshi:
Karyomorphology of Some Myrtaceae from SingapoTe .............:006: 135-139
Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Page numbers in italics indicate the presencve of illustrations.
Abrus precatorius 59
Abutilon indicum 68
Acacia auriculiformis 59
Acacia mangium 59
Acalypha indica 67
Acanthaceae 54
Acanthus ebracteatus 54
Acanthus volubilis 54
Acaules 38
Aclisia secundiflora 66
Acrostichum 47
Acrostichum aureum 47,54
Acrostichum speciosum 54
Actinodaphne macrophylla 68
Adenostemma lavenia 66
Adiantum flabellulatum 65
Adiantum latifolium 52,54
Adinandra dumosa 16,64
Aegiceras corniculatum 69
Agavaceae 54,66
Ageratum conyzoides 56
Aglaonema simplex 66
Aizoaceae 54
Albizia retusa 68
Allamanda cathartica 55
Allophyllus cobbe 63
Alocasia macrorrhizos 55
Alstonia angustiloba 55
Alysicarpus vaginalis 59,68
Amanita 43
Amanita princeps 43,44
Amanita sp. aff. A.fritillaria 44
Amanita virginea 43,44,45
Amaranthaceae 55,66
Amaranthus lividus 66
Amaryllidaceae 66
Ampelocissus elegans 65
Anacardiaceae 55
Anacardium occidentale 55
Ananas comosus 56
Andira inermis 59
Andrographis paniculata 54
Annonaceae 15,55,66
Antidesma velutinosum 57,67
INDEX
Volume 44 (Part 1)
Apocynaceae 66
Araceae 55,66
Araliaceae 55,66
Archidendron clypearia 59
Ardisia crenata 61
Ardisia elliptica 61
Ardisia singaporensis 53,69
Ardisia villosa 69
Arenga pinnata 62
Arthrophyllum diversifolium 55
Artocarpus dadah 68
Artocarpus heterophyllum 61
Artocarpus integer 61
Asclepiadaceae 55,66
Asplenium macrophyllum 65
Asplenium nidus 54
Asystasia nemorum 54
Avicennia alba 55
Avicennia officinalis 55,66
Avicennia rumphiana 55
Avicenniaceae 55,66
Axonopus compressus 17,58
Baccaurea motleyana 57
Bambusa glaucescens 58
Basidiomycetes 43
Bidens pilosa 56
Bignoniaceae 55,66
Blechnum orientale 54
Blumea balsamifera 56
Blumea riparia 66
Boeopsis 25,32,34,38,39,40
Bombacaceae 55
Boraginaceae 55
Borreria alata 63
Borreria articularis 63,70
Borreria laevicaulis 63,70
Borreria setidens 63
Bouea macrophylla 55
Bougainvillea x buttiana 17
Breynia coronata 57
Bridelia stipularis 57
Bromeliaceae 56
Bromheadia finlaysoniana 62
141
142
Brucea javanica 64
Bruguiera cylindrica 63,70
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 14,63
Buchanania arborescens 55
Bulbophyllum medusae 69
Bulbostylis barbata 57
Caesalpinia bonduc 14
Caesalpinia crista 60
Calophyllum inophyllum 59,67
Calophyllum pulcherrimum 59
Calophyllum spp. 16
Calopogonium mucunoides 60
Calotropis procera 66
Campanulati 38,41
Campnosperma auriculatum 11,55
Canavalia cathartica 60,68
Canna indica 56
Cannaceae 56
Capparaceae 56
Cardiospermum halicacabum 70
Carica papaya 56
Caryota mitis 62,69
Cassia alata 60
Cassia lechenaultiana 60
Cassia mimosoides 60
Cassytha filiformis 59
Casuarina equisetifolia 56
Casuarinaceae 56
Catharanthus roseus 55
Celastraceae 66
Celosia argentea 55
Centella asiatica 65
Centotheca lappacea 58
Centrosema pubescens 60
Ceratopteris thalictroides 54
Cerbera odollam 17,55
Ceriops tagal 63
Champereia manillana 62
Cheilanthes tenuifolia 65
Chirita 38
Chisocheton erythrocarpus 68
Chisocheton macrophyllus 53,68
Chloris barbata 58,67
Chrysopogon aciculatus 58
Cinnamomum iners 59
Cissus hastata 65
Claoxylon indicum 57
Claoxylon longifolium 53,67
Claoxylon longifolium var. brachystachys
53 ‘
Clausena excavata 70
Cleome rutidosperma 56
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
Clerodendrum inerme 65,70
Clerodendrum laevifolium 65
Clerodendrum paniculatum 65
Clerodendrum philippinum 65
Clerodendrum villosum 65
Clidemia hirta 61
Clitoria laurifolia 60
Cnestis palala 56
Cocos nucifera 62
Codiaeum variegatum 57
Codonoboea 23,25,32
Coix lacryma-jobi 58
Colocasia esculenta 55
Colubrina asiatica 63
Combretaceae 56
Commelina diffusa 56
Commelinaceae 56,66
Commersonia bartramia 64
Compositae 56,66,71
Connaraceae 56,67
Connarus planchonianus 67
Convolvulaceae 56
Cordia cylindristachya 55
Cordyline fruticosa 60
Corymborkis veratrifolia 69
Crassocephalum crepidiodes 14
Crinum asiaticum 66
Crotalaria mucronata 60,68
Croton hirtus 58
Cucumis hirtus 57
Cucurbitaceae 57
Curculigo orchioides 59
Cyathostemma viridiflorum 53,66
Cyathula prostrata 55,66
Cyclea laxiflora 68
Cymbidium finlaysonianum 69
Cynodon dactylon 17,58
Cyperaceae 57,67,71
Cyperus aromaticus 57
Cyperus compactus 57
Cyperus compressus 57
Cyperus cyperinus 57
Cyperus halpan 57
Cyperus javanicus 57
Cyperus kyllingia 57
Cyperus pilosus 57
Cyperus trialatus 57
Cyrtococcum accrescens 58
Dactyloctenium aegyptium 58
Dalbergia candenatensis 60,68
Dalbergia junghuhnii 68
Datura candida 70
Index to Volume 44 (1)
Davallia denticulata 54
Dendrobium crumenatum 11,62
Dendrophthoe pentandra 60
Dendrotrophe varians 63
Derris elliptica 60
Derris heptaphylla 60,68
Desmodium heterocarpon 60
Desmodium heterophyllum 60
Desmodium umbellatum 60
Desmos dasymaschala 55
Dianella ensifolia 60
Dicranopteris linearis 54
Didymanthus 25,32,38
Didymocarpus
229,202.02 Bye Noe, 9;5455)
37,38,39,40,41,42
Didymocarpus anthonyi
23,24,25,26,27,28,31,32,34,39,40
Didymocarpus azureus 41
Didymocarpus battamensis 38
Didymocarpus caelestis 23
Didymocarpus caeruleus 41
Didymocarpus codonion 32,39,40
Didymocarpus cordatus 23,41
Didymocarpus corneri
25,26,27,29,32,33,34,35
Didymocarpus crinitus 23
Didymocarpus densiflorus 41
Didymocarpus densifolius 23,41
Didymocarpus falcatus 23,32,38
Didymocarpus fasciatus 23
Didymocarpus filicifolius 41
Didymocarpus flavescens 32
Didymocarpus flavobrunneus 23,32,38
Didymocarpus floribundus 36,39,40
Didymocarpus geitleri
23,25,26,27,29,32,34,35
Didymocarpus grandiflorus 38
Didymocarpus heterophyllus
24,25,31,36,38,39,40
Didymocarpus holttumi 41
Didymocarpus kompsoboea 37,38
Didymocarpus lacunosus 38
Didymocarpus leiophyllus
23,25,28,30,31,32,39,40
Didymocarpus leucanthus
23,25,26,27,28,31,32,33,34
Didymocarpus leucocodon
23,25,26,27,28,32,33,34
~Didymocarpus lithophilus 23,37,38
Didymocarpus longipes 23,38
Didymocarpus oreophilus 39
Didymocarpus parviflorus 23,31,32,34
143
Didymocarpus pectinatus 41
Didymocarpus perditus 38,39
Didymocarpus platypus 23,25,29,32,33
Didymocarpus polyanthoides 32
Didymocarpus primulinus 23,38
Didymocarpus pumilus 38,39,40,41
Didymocarpus puncticulatus
31,37,38,39,40,41
Didymocarpus pyroliflorus 32,34
Didymocarpus quinquevulnerus
25,26,27,28,29,32,33,34,35
Didymocarpus reptans 23
Didymocarpus ridleyanus 38
Didymocarpus robinsonii 32
Didymocarpus rubiginosus 39,40,41
Didymocarpus salicinoides 23,35,36,41
Didymocarpus salicinus 36,41
Didymocarpus salicinus var. major 23
Didymocarpus serratifolius 41
Didymocarpus soldanella 38,39,40,41
Didymocarpus sp. nov. 39,40
Didymocarpus stoloniferus 23,36,37,42
Didymocarpus tahanicus 41
Didymocarpus tiumanicus 41
Didymocarpus venustus 23
Didymocarpus violaceus 38
Didymocarpus violascens 24
Didymocarpus yongii
25,26,27,28,32,33,35,39,40
Dieffenbachia seguine 55
Digitaria ciliaris 58,67
Digitaria violascens 67
Dillenia suffruticosa 57
Dilleniaceae 57
Diodia ocymifolia 63
Dioscorea glabra 57
Dioscorea laurifolia 57
Diplectria viminalis 68
Dipterocarpaceae 14,15,16,67
Dipterocarpus cf. sublamellatus 53,67
Dischidia major 55
Dischidia nummularia 55
Dissochaeta gracilis 61
Dolichandrone spathacea 66
Dracaena elliptica 66
Dracaena porteri 66
Drynaria quercifolia 54
Drynaria sparsisora 65
Durio zibethinus 55
Dysoxylum cauliflorum 68
Echinochloa colona 58
Eclipta prostrata 56
144
Elaeocarpaceae 16,57
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus 57
Elaeocarpus pedunculatus 57
Elaeocarpus spp. 16
Elephantopus scaber 56
Eleusine indica 58
Eleutheranthera ruderalis 67
Embelia ribes 61
Emilia sonchifolia 56
Entada spiralis 60
Eragrostis pilosa 58
Eragrostis tenella 67
Erigeron sumatrensis 56,67
Eriocaulaceae 57
Eriocaulon longifolium 57
Erycibe tomentosa 56
Erythroxylaceae 57
Erythroxylum cuneatum 57
“Eugenia grandis 17
Eugenia jambos 61
Eugenia leucoxylon 69
Eugenia longiflora 61
Eugenia palembanica 61
Eugenia spicata 61
Eugenia spp. 16
Euodia roxburghiana 63
Euphorbia hirta 58
Euphorbiaceae 15,53,57,67,71
Eurya acuminata 64
Excoecaria agallocha 14,58
Fagaceae 67
Fagraea acuminatissima 60
Fagraea auriculata 68
Fagraea fragrans 11,60
Fagraea racemosa 68
Fibraurea tinctoria 61
Ficus aurata 61
Ficus fistulosa 61,68
Ficus grossularioides 61
Ficus heteropleura 61
Ficus kerkhovenii 69
Ficus laevis 69
Ficus microcarpa 61
Ficus obscura var. borneensis 69
Ficus pellucido-punctata 69
Ficus variegata 61
Ficus virens var. glabella 61
Fimbristylis cymosa 57
Fimbristylis dichotoma 57
Fimbristylis ferruginea 67°
Fimbristylis griffithii 57
Fimbristylis polytrichoides 57
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
Fimbristylis schoenoides 57
Flagellaria indica 58,67
Flagellariaceae 58,67
Forrestia gracilis 53,66
Gaertnera viminea 70
Galearia fulva 67
Garcinia eugeniaefolia 67
Garcinia hombroniana 67
Garcinia mangostana 59
Garcinia nervosa 67
Garcinia nigrolineata 59
Garcinia spp. 16
Gesneriaceae 23,32
Glochidion microbotrys 67
Glochidion superbum 58
Gloriosa superba 60
Gmelina asiatica 65
Gnetaceae 58
Gnetum macrostachyum 58
Gomphia serrata 69
Gomphrena globosa 55
Goodeniaceae 58167
Gramineae 58,67,71
Grammatophyllum speciosum 69
Guettarda speciosa 63
Guioa pleuropteris 63
Guttiferae 16,59,67
Gynotroches axillaris 63
Gynura procumbens 56
Hedyotis corymbosa 63
Heliotropium indicum 55
Hemigraphis primulifolia 52,54
Heritiera littoralis 64
Heteroboea 25
Hevea brasiliensis 7,58
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 17,61
Hibiscus surattensis 68
Hibiscus tiliaceus 61
Homo erectus 6
Homo sapiens 6
Hornstedtia leonurus 70
Hoya parasitica 55
Humata heterophylla 65
Hypolytrum nemorum 57
Hypoxidaceae 59
Hyptis brevipes 59
Hyptis capitata 59
Hyptis suaveolens 59,68
Imperata 16
Imperata cylindrica 7,58
Index to Volume 44 (1)
Indorouchera griffithiana 60
Intsia bijuga 60
Ipomoea aquatica 56
Ipomoea batatus 56
Ipomoea cairica 56
Ischaemum indicum 59
Ischaemum muticum 59,67
Ixonanthaceae 59
Ixonanthes reticulata 59
Ixora congesta 63,70
Khaya spp. 17
Knema glaucescens 69
Knema globularia 69
Knema sp. 61
Kompsoboea 38
Labiatae 53168
Languas galanga 65
Lantana camara 65
Laportea interrupta 65
Lasianthus cyanocarpus 70
Lauraceae 15,16,59,68
Leea indica 59
Leeaceae 59
Leguminosae 53,59,68,71
Lemna perpusilla 60
Lemnaceae 60
Lepisanthes rubiginosa 70
Leptaspis urceolata 67
Leucas zeylanica 59
Licuala spinosa 62,69
Liliaceae 60
Limacia scadens 61
Limnophila sessiliflora 64
Linaceae 60
Lindernia antipoda 64
Lindernia crustacea 64
Lindernia sessiliflora 64
Lindsaea divergens 65
Lindsaea ensifolia 54
Linostoma pauciflorum 64
Lithocarpus elegans 53,67
Lithocarpus wallichianus 67
Litsea spp. 16
Litsea umbellata 68
Loganiaceae 60,68
Loranthaceae 15,60
Loxocarpus 41
Ludwigia hyssopifolia 62
Lumnitzera littorea 56
Lumnitzera racemosa 56
Lycopodium cernuum 54
Lygodium circinnatum 54
Lygodium microphyllum 54
Macaca fascicularis 11
Macaranga conifera 58
Macaranga gigantea 58
Macaranga griffithiana 58
Macaranga heynei 58
Macaranga hypoleuca 58
Macaranga triloba 58,67
Macrosolen cochinchinensis 60
Magnoliaceae 60
Mallotus paniculatus 58
Malpighiaceae 60,68
Malvaceae 61,68
Mangifera indica 55
Manihot esculenta 58
Manihot glaziovii 58
Melastoma malabathricum 61
Melastomataceae 61,68
Meliaceae 61,68
Memecylon edule 61
Menispermaceae 61,68
Merremia tridentata 56
Michelia champaca 60
Mikania cordata 56
Mimosa invisa 60
Mimosa pigra 60
Mimosa pudica 60
Mischocarpus sundaicus 63,70
Mnesithea glandulosa 59,67
Moraceae 15,61,68
Morinda citrifolia 63
Morinda umbellata 63,70
Muntingia calabura 57
Murraya koenigii 63
Musa acuminata 61
Myrica esculenta 61
Myricaceae 61
Myristicaceae 61,69
Myrsinaceae 61,69
Myrtaceae 15,16,61,69
Nenga pumila 69
Neolitsea zeylanica 59,68
Nepenthaceae 62
Nepenthes gracilis 62
Nephelium lappaceum 63
Nephrolepis biserrata 54
Neptunia plena 60
Nypa fruticans 62
145
146
Ochnaceae 69
Ocimum basilicum 59
Ocimum tenuiflorum 68
Olacaceae 62
Olea brachiata 69
Oleaceae 69
Onagraceae 62
Oncosperma tigillarium 62
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis 70
Opiliaceae 62
Orania sylvicola 69
Orchidaceae 15,62,69,71
Oxalidaceae 62
Oxalis barrelieri 62
Oxalis corniculata 62
Oxyceros longiflora 63,70
Palmae 15,62,69
Pandanaceae 62,69
Pandanus amaryllifolius 62
Pandanus odoratissimus 62,69
Pandanus parvus 69
Pandanus yvani 62
Panicum maximum 59
Paraboea 38,39,41
Paraboea caerulea 41
Paraboea salicinia var. major 35
Paspalum conjugatum 59
Paspalum orbiculare 59
Passiflora foetida 62,69
Passiflora laurifolia 62
Passiflora suberosa 62
Passifloraceae 62,69
Pectinati 41
Pedaliaceae 62
Peltophorum pterocarpum 17,60
Pennisetum polystachyon 52,59
Peperomia pellucida 62
Phoebe grandis 53,68
Phyllanthus acidus 58
Phyllanthus amarus 58
Phyllanthus debilis 58
Phyllanthus urinaria 58
Phymatosorus scolopendria 54,65
Physalis minima 64,70
Piper betle 63
Piper caninum 69
Piper sarmentosum 63
Piperaceae 62,69
Pithecellobium ellipticum 68
Pityrogramma calomelanos 54,65
Planchonella obovata 64.
Plantaginaceae 63
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
Plantago major 63
Platycerium coronarium 54
Pluchea indica 56 |
Pogonanthera pulverulenta 68
Pogonatherum paniceum 59
Poikilospermum cordifolium 70
Poikilospermum suaveolens 70
Polyscias fruticosa 55
Pongamia pinnata 68
Portulacaceae 63
Premna corymbosa 65
Psidium guajava 62
Psychotria griffith 70
Psychotria malayana 70
Psychotria rostrata 70
Pterideae 47
Pteridium caudatum ssp. yarrabense 54
Pteridophytes 52
Pteris 47,50
Pteris ensiformis 65
Pteris vittata 54
Pterocarpus indicus 11,17,60
Pterospermum diversifolium 64,70
Pyrrosia lanceolata 65
Pyrrosia longifolia 54
Pyrrosia piloselloides 54
Reissantia indica 66
Renanthera elongata 69
Rhamnaceae 63,69
Rhizophora apiculata 63
Rhizophora mucronata 63
Rhizophoraceae 63,70
Rhodamnia cinerea 11,16,62
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 62
Rhynchelytrum repens 59
Ricinus communis 58
Rubiaceae 15,63,70,71
Rutaceae 63,70
Saccharum arundinaceum 59
Salacia chinensis 66
Salacia grandiflora 66
Salicini 32,34,36,39,41
Samanea saman 17
Sandoricum koetjape 68
Sansevieria trifasciata 54
Santalaceae 63
Sapindaceae 63,70
Sapium discolor 58
Sapotaceae 64
Scaevola sericea 58,67
Schefflera cephalotes 66
i a
Index to Volume 44 (1)
Schefflera elliptica 55
Schefflera lanceolata 66
Schizaea digitata 54
Scleria corymbosa 57
Scleria levis 57
Scleria oblata 67
Scoparia dulcis 64
Scrophulariaceae 64
Scurrula parasitica 52,53,60
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 63
Sesamum radiatum 52,62
Sesuvium portulacastrum 54
Sida rhombifolia 61
Simaroubaceae 64
Smilacaceae 64
Smilax megacarpa 64
Solanaceae 64,70
Solanum melongena 64
Solanum torvum 64,70
Sonneratia alba 64
Sonneratia ovata 64
Sonneratiaceae 64
Sparganophorus sparganophora 56
Spathoglottis plicata 52,62,69
Spilanthes iabadicensis 56
Sporobolus indicus 59
Stachytarpheta indica 65,70
Stenochlaena palustris 54
Sterculia coccinea 70
Sterculiaceae 64,70
Streblus elongatus 61
Suregada multiflora 58,67
Swietenia macrophylla 17
Symplocaceae 64
Symplocos fasciculata 64
Synedrella nodiflora 56,67
Taenitis blechnoides 54
Talinum paniculatum 53,63
Tarenna costata 63
Tarenna fragrans 63
Tectaria semipinnata 53,65
Terminalia catappa 17,56
Tetracera indica 57
Theaceae 64
Thespesia populnea 14,61,68
Thoracostachyum bancanum 57
Thrixspermum amplexicaule 52,62
Thrixspermum calceolus 69
Thunbergia fragrans 54
Thunbergia grandiflora 54
Thymelaeaceae 64
Thysanolaena latifolia 53,59
Tiliaceae 64
Timonius wallichianus 11,63
Trema cannabina 64
Trema tomentosa 64
Tridax procumbens 56,67
Tristaniopsis whiteana 62,69
Tristellateia australasiae 60,68
Triumfetta rhomboidea 64
Turnera ulmifolia 64,70
Turneraceae 64,70
Typha angustifolia 53,64
Typhaceae 64
Ulmaceae 64
Umbelliferae 65
Uncaria gambir 7
Uncaria glabrata 70
Urceola lucida 66
Urena lobata 61
Urnularia flavescens 66
Urophyllum streptopodium 70
Urticaceae 65,70
Vanilla griffithii 62,69
Ventilago malaccensis 69
Verbenaceae 65,70
Vernonia cinerea 56
Vitaceae 65
Vitex pinnata 65
Vitex trifolia 65,70
Wedelia biflora 56,67
Wedelia trilobata 56
Willughbeia coriacea 66
Willughbeia grandiflora 66
Ximenia americana 62
Xylocarpus granatum 61
Youngia japonica 56
Zingiberaceae 65,70
Zoysia 17
Zoysia matrella 59
147
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149
INDEX
Volume 44 (Part 2)
Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Page numbers in italics indicate the presencve of illustrations.
Acanthaceae 128
Achnanthes 77
Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia
77,80
Achnanthes hauckiana 77, 80
Achnanthes lewisiana 77,80
Achnanthes longipes 77, 80
Actinocyclus 77
Actinocyclus ehrenbergii var. sparsa
77,80
Actinocyclus octonarius 77, 80
Actinocyclus platensis 78, 80
Actinoptychus 78
Actinoptychus senarius 78, 80
Adiantaceae 127
Adiantum fructuosum 127
Adiantum latifolium 127
Aeschynomene americana 130
Ammania baccifera 131
Amphora 77,80
Amphora acutiuscula 78,80
Amphora angusta var. eulensteinii 78,80
Amphora angusta var. oblongella 78,80
Amphora angusta var. ventricosa 78,80
Amphora coffeiformis 78,80
Amphora crassa 79,80
Amphora decipiens 79, 80
Amphora graeffi var. minor 79,80
Amphora holsatica 79,80
Amphora ostrearia 79,80
Amphora proteus 79,80
Amphora turgida 79,80
Amphora valida 79,80
Amphora wisei 81
Asclepiadaceae 128
Asterionella 81
Asterionella japonica 81,83
Bacillaria 81
Bacillaria paradoxa var. tumidula 81,83
Bacteriastrum 81
Bacteriastrum delicatulum 81,83
Bacteriastrum elongatum 81,83
Bacteriastrum hyalinum 81,83
Balsaminaceae 128
Biddulphia 81
Biddulphia biddulphiana 81,83,85
Biddulphia mobiliensis 82,83
Biddulphia petitiana 82,83
Biddulphia recticulata 82,85
Biddulphia vesiculosa 82,85
Callistemon 135,136,138
Callistemon citrinus 135,136,137
Callistemon lanceolatus 138
Caloneis 82
Caloneis alpestris 82,85
Caloneis bacillum 82,85
Caloneis egena 82,71
Caloneis liber 82,85
Caloneis linearis 82,85
Campylodiscus 84
Campylodiscus fastuosus 84,85
Campylodiscus hypodromus 84,85
Campylodiscus ralfsii 84,85
Canna indica 128
Cannaceae 128
Celastraceae 128
Chaetoceros 84
Chaetoceros danicum 84,87
Chaetoceros lorenzianum 84,89
Chaetoceros peruvianum 84,87
Chaetoceros tetrastichon 84,87
Climacosphenia 84
Climacosphenia moniligera 84,87
Cocconeis 86
Cocconeis dirupta 86,87
Cocconeis disculoides 86,87
Cocconeis heteroidea 86,87
Cocconeis pelta 86,87
Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta 86,87
Cocconeis pseudomarginata var.
intermedia 86,87
Cocconeis speciosa 86,87Cocconeis
sublittoralis 87,88
Compositae 129
Convolvulaceae 129
Coscinodiscus 88
150
Coscinodiscus argus 88,89
Coscinodiscus decipiens 88,89
Coscinodiscus decrescens 88,89
Coscinodiscus marginatus 88,89
Coscinodiscus nodulifer 88,89
Coscinodiscus oculus-iridus 88,89
Coscinodiscus radiatus 88,89
Coscinodiscus wailesii 88,89
Coscinasira 90
Coscinosira oestrupii 89,90
Cyclotella 90
Cyclotella kutzingiana 90,93
Cyclotella menghiniana 90,93
Cyclotella operculata 90,93
Cyclotella striata 90,93
Cyclotella stylorum 90,93
Cymatosira 90
Cymatosira lorenziana 90,93
Cymbella 90
Cymbella pusilla 90,93
Cyperus papyrus 132
Delphineis 91
Delphineis surirella 91,93
Denticula 91
Denticula subtilis 91,93
Desmanthus virgatus 130,132
Diploneis 77,91
Diploneis bombiformis 91,93
Diploneis bombus 91,93
Diploneis bombus var. densestriata 91,93
Diploneis chersonensis 91,93
Diploneis coffaeiformis 92,93
Diploneis crabro 92,93
Diploneis interrupta 92,93
Diploneis exemta var. digrediens 92, 93
Diploneis gravelleana 92,93
Diploneis incurvata 92,93
Diploneis interrupta 92,93
Diploneis interrupta var. gorjanovicil
92,93
Diploneis littoralis 92,97
Diploneis nitescens 94,97
Diploneis notabilis 94,97
Diploneis oculata 94,97
Diploneis puella 94,97
Diploneis smithii 94,97
Diploneis smithii var. rhombica 94,97
Diploneis subovalis 94,97
Diploneis vetula 94,97
Diploneis weissflogii 95,97
Dipterocarpaceae 129
Dipterocarpus sublamellatus 129
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
Donkinia 95
Donkinia recta 95,97
Eucalyptus citriodora 138
Eugenia caryophyllata 135,136,138
Eugenia caryophyllus 135
Eunotogramma 95
Eunotogramma laeve 95,97
Fragilaria 95
Fragilaria cylindrus 95,97
Fragilaria lapponica 95,97
Fragilaria leptostauron var. dubia 95,97
Fragilaria oceanica 96,97
Fragilaria schulzi 96,97
Gramineae 130
Grammatophora 96
Grammatophora hamulifera 96,97
Grammatophora marina var. adriatica
96,97
Grammatophora oceanica 96,97
Grammatophora undulata 96,97
Gyrosigma 96
Gyrosigma balticum 96,100
Gyrosigma distortum 98,100
Gyrosigma exile 98,100
Gyrosigma fasciola var. sulcata 98,100
Gyrosigma grovei 98,100
Gyrosigma simile 98,100
Hantzchia 98
Hantzchia amphioxys var. capitata
98,100
Hantzchia virgata 98,100
Hedyotis pumila 131
Hemigraphis primulaefolia 128
Huttoniella 99
Huttoniella reichardtii 99,100
Hydrocera triflora 128
Impatiens balsamina 128
Ipomoea obscura 129
Ipomoea pes-tigridis 129
Isthmia 99
Isthmia enervis 99,100
Leguminosae 130
Licmophora 99
Licmophora abbreviata 99,100
Licmophora ehrenbergii 99,100
Licmophora flabellata 99,100
Licmophora gracilis 99,100
Index to Volume 44 (2)
Loranthaceae 130
Lythraceae 131
Mangifera foetida 131
Mastogloia 99
Mastogloia angulata 99,104
Mastogloia binotata 101,104
Mastogloia citrus 101,104
Mastogloia fimbriata 101,104
Mastogloia ovata 101,104
Mastogloia quinquecostata 101,104
Maytenus emarginata 128
Melaleuca 135,136,138
Melaleuca cajuputi 135,136,137
Melaleuca dealbata 135,136,137
Melaleuca genistifolia 135,136,137
Melosira 101
Melosira granulata 101,104
Melosira nummuloides 101,104
Myrtaceae 135
Navicula 73,77,102
Navicula brasiliensis 102,104
Navicula clavata 102,104
Navicula cuspidata 102,104
Navicula distans 102,104
Navicula forcipata var. suborbicularis
102,104
Navicula glacialis 102,104
Navicula grundleri 102,104
Navicula halophila 102,104
Navicula lyra 103,104
Navicula menaiana 103,104
Navicula monilifera 103,104
Navicula monilifera var. constricta
103,104
Navicula nicaeensis 103,104
Navicula pennata 103,104
Navicula pi 103,104
Navicula platessa 103,108
Navicula platyventris 105,320
Navicula plicata 105,108
Navicula praetexta 105,108
Navicula pusilla var. jamalinensis 105,108
Navicula radiosa 105,108
- Navicula ramosissima 105,108
Navicula ramosissima var. caspia 105,108
Navicula reichardtii 105,108
Navicula rhaphoneis 106,108
Navicula transfuga 106,108
Navicula transitans 106,108
Navicula yarrensis 106,108
Navicula zostereti 106,108
151
Neuropeltis racemosa 129
Nitzschia 73,77,106
Nitzschia amphibia 106,108
Nitzschia apiculata 106,108
Nitzschia bilobata var. minor 106,108
Nitzschia brebissonii var. borealis
107,108
Nitzschia cocconeiformis 107,108
Nitzschia commutata 107,108
Nitzschia constricta 107,108
Nitzschia granulata 107,108
Nitzschia ignorata 107,108
Nitzschia longissima 107,108
Nitzschia navicularis var. typica 107,108
Nitzschia panduriformis 109,112
Nitzschia parvula var. terricola 109,112
Nitzschia punctata 109,112
Nitzschia punctata var. coarctata 109,112
Nitzschia sigma var. rigida 109,112
Nitzschia sigmoidea 109,112
Nitzschia subtilis 109,112
Nitzschia tryblionella var. victoriae
109,112
Nitzschia vermicularis 110,112
Odontella 110
Odontella aurita 110,112
Odontella aurita var. obtusa 110,112
Oldenlandia pumila 131
Opephora 110
Opephora martyi 110,112
Opephora schwartzii 110,112
Paralia 110
Paralia sulcata 110,112
Pedaliaceae 131
Pennisetum polystachyon 130
Pennisetum purpureum 130
Pennisetum setosum 130
Plagiodiscus 110
Plagiodiscus nervatus 110,112
Plagiogramma 111
Plagiogramma staurophorum 111,112
Pleurosigma 77,111
Pleurosigma aestuarii 111,112
Pleurosigma delicatulum 111,114
Pleurosigma elongatum 111,114
Pleurosigma formosum 111,114
Pleurosigma intermedium 111,114
Pleurosigma majus 111,114
Pleurosigma marinum 113,114
Pleurosigma normani 113,114
152
Pleurosigma nubecula var. mauritiana
113,114
Pleurosigma salinarum 113,114
Pleurosigma salinarum var. boyeri 113
Podocystis 113
Podocystis adriatica 113,114
Polygonaceae 131
Polygonum orientale 131
Porophyllum ruderale 129
Portulacaceae 131
Psammodiscus 113
Psammodiscus nitidus 113,117
Pyxidicula 113
Pyxidicula africana 113,117
Rhabdonema 115
Rhabdonema adriaticum 115,117
Rhaphoneis 115
Rhaphoneis amphiceros 115,117
Rhaphoneis amphiceros var. tetragona
115,117
Rhaphoneis castracanii 115,117
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 138
Rhopalodia 115
Rhopalodia gibba var. ventricosa 115,117
Rhopalodia gibberula 115,117
Rhopalodia gibberula var. vanheurckii
125, 107
Rubiaceae 131
Scurrula ferruginea 130,131
Scurrula fusca 130
Scurrula parasitica 130
Secamone elliptica 128
Secamone micrantha 128
Sesamum radiatum 131
Setaria barbata 130
Stauroneis 116
Stauroneis membranaceae 116,117
Stephanopyxis 116
Stephanopyxis turris var. polaris 116,117
Striatella 116
Striatella unipunctata 116,117
Surirella 116
Surirella amoricana 116,117
Surirella fastuosa 116,117
Surirella fastuosa var. recedens 116,117
Synedra 116
Synedra amphicephala 116,119
Synedra crystallina 118,119
Synedra demerare 118,119 |
Synedra fasciculata var. truncata 118,119
Synedra formosa 118,119
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
Synedra gaillonii 118,119
Synedra hennedyana 118,119
Synedra provincialis var. tortuosa
118,119
Synedra tabulata var. grandis 118,119
Syzygium 135,136,138
Syzygium aromaticum 135,136,137,138
Syzygium aromaticuum 135.138
Syzygium iambolanum 138
Tabellaria 118
Tabellaria fenestrata 118,119
Talinum paniculatum 131
Thalassionema 120
Thalassionema nitzschioides 120,121
Thalassiosira 120
Thalassiosira eccentrica 120,121
Thysanolaena latifolia 130
Trachyneis 120
Trachyneis antillarum 120,121
Trachyneis antillarum var. kurzii 120,121
Trachyneis aspera 120,121
Trachyneis aspera ar. intermedia 120,121
Trachyneis aspera var. pulchella 120,121
Triceratium 122
Triceratium broecku 121,122.
Triceratium dubium 121,122
Triceratium zonulatum 121,122
Tropidoneis 122
Tropidoneis maximan 121,122
Trybliophychus 122
Trybliophychus cocconeiformis 121,122
Typha angustifolia 132
Typhaceae 132
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JUN 15 1993 aRmpBorRETUM ISSN 0374-7859
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SINGAPORE
| VOL. 44 (Part 1)
THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
June 1992
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TAN, HTW., CHUA, K.S. and TURNER, IM:
. Rae eer at Ora Of SINGAPOTe PLOJECt: ... ze. soos. cs cecavesescensseneyrnesanvenneseceonces 1-2
- CORLETT, Richard T.:
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1. Introduction ..............ccceeseseseeeteeetetsees 3-21
_ KIEW, R::
Five New Species of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from
a AY Sol, Se ene Dy. tad siseies set enneatnttanaies 23-42
‘Xy) =©©CORNER, E.J.H.:
Da Notes on the Development of the Fruit-bodies of f
. Four Malayan Species of Amanita (Basidiomycetes) ............:::::cceseeseeseseeeessesteees 43-45 6
- AZIZ, Bidin and RAZALI, Jaman: K
_ Notes on the Rare Fern, Pteris holttumii C. CMI. 1.0... see ec ec eee tee tees seen 47-50 ¢
_ TURNER, I.M., TAN, H.TW. and CHUA, K.S.: ‘j
- A Botanical Survey of Pulau Ubi ...00......... cece eect eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseteeteeseneeneteeeneniens 51-71 4}
Published by
National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Cluny Road
Singapore 1025
Bi | ;
PIE OE mp EOD EOE A
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:
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Chairman: Bernard T.G. Tan, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); D.Phil. (Oxon.)
Editor: S.Y. Geh, B.Sc.Hons., M.Sc. (Singapore); Dip.Hort.Sc. (Massey) ©
Members: Syed Yusoff Alsagoff |
1
C.J. Goh, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); Ph.D. (Newcastle upon Tyne)
Leo W.H. Tan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Singapore)
W.K. Tan, B.A. (Wms Coll., Mass.); M.Sc. (M.S.U., Mich.); |
Ph.D. (U.M., FI.)
Lawrence L.C. Leong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Malaya) |
TW. Foong, B.Sc.Hons., Ph.D. (Cant.)
Jennifer Ng-Lim Cheo Tee, B.Sc., M.A. (Dublin)
Reviewers: The late R.E. Holttum
Hsuan Keng
B.L. Burtt
The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore.
Neither the National Parks Board nor the Editorial Committee is responsible for the opinions ~
or conclusions expressed by the contributing authors. :
ee
The Gardens’ Bulletin is priced at Singapore $16.00 cts. excluding postage. Overseas sub-
scribers are required to make payment in the form of bank drafts or international money orders
in Singapore currency payable to the Executive Director, National Parks Board, Singapore.
Instructions for contributing authors are found behind the Contents Table.
THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
VOL. 44 (Part 1)
CONTENTS
TAN, H-TW., CHUA, K.S. and TURNER, I.M.:
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore Project .................cccecececceeeeeeees
CORLETT, Richard T.:
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1. Introduction ......................
KIEW, R.:
Five New Species of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from
SE ke allah Repeal» Dept il ae See aE
CORNER, E.J.H.:
Notes on the Development of the Fruit-bodies of
Four Malayan Species of Amanita (Basidiomycetes) ................:+
AZIZ, Bidin and RAZALI, Jaman:
Notes on the Rare Fern, Pteris holttumti C. Chr. ...............000cc0eeeeeeees
TURNER, I.M., TAN, H.TW. and CHUA, K:S:.:
= Botanical Survey of Pulau Ubim ......-.....22......2..10c...scc0ceccessseneeeeeeees
Published by
National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Cluny Road
Singapore 1025
June 1992
Eps Fi 47-50
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Manuscripts: The Editorial Committee of the Gardens’ Bulletin will be glad to receive and
consider for publication original research findings and reviews of progress in the fields of
botany, horticulture, and allied subjects. Contributions must be original and the material must
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Authors should see the layout of other papers recently published in this journal to ensure
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should only be included if it is essential to the argument and this can be presented either in
the form of tables or diagrams.
Titles and authors: The title should give a concise description of the content of the paper. The
name(s) and affiliation(s) of author(s) must be given below the title. Lengthy papers and those
of a complex nature must have the contents listed at the beginning of the paper.
Scientific names: The complete scientific name — genus, species, authority, and cultivar where
appropriate — must be cited for every organism at time of first mention. The generic name
may be abbreviated to the initial thereafter except where intervening references to other genera
with the same initial could cause confusion.
Tables: All tables should be numbered and carry headings describing their content. These
should be comprehensive without reference to the text.
Abbreviations: Standard chemical symbols may be used in the text (e.g. IAA, IBA, ATP), but
the full term should be given on the first mention. Dates should be cited as: 3 May 1976. Units
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be abbreviated in standard form: g, mg, ml, etc. and not followed by stops.
Literature citations: Citations in the text should take the form: King and Chan (1964). If several
papers by the same author in the same year are cited, they should be lettered in sequence
(1964a), (1964b), etc. When papers are by three or more authors they should be cited as e.g.,
Geesink et al. (1981). All references must be placed in alphabetic order according to the
surname of the (first) author and in the following form:
Singh, H. (1967). Sclereids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22, 193-212.
Abbreviations of titles of journals should be those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals
(4th Edition) or the Selected Abbreviated Titles of Biological Journals (London: Institute of
Biology).
References to books and monographs should be cited according to the following form:
Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World, L. Reeve; Ashford,
Kent; 242-255.
For literature citations in taxonomic papers the following style is required:
Medinilla alternifolia Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I:2 (1849) 19.
Sterculia acuminatissima Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 21 (1922) 524.
Illustrations: Drawings should be done in Indian ink. Authors should indicate where individual
illustrations receive first mention in the text.
Offprints: Authors will be given 50 offprints gratis. Additional copies must be ordered and
paid for, prior to publication.
Manuscripts should be sent to: THE EDITOR, GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE,
NATIONAL PARKS BOARD, SINGAPORE BOTANIC GARDENS, CLUNY ROAD,
SINGAPORE 1025.
per cr
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore Project
H.TW. TAN, K.S. CHUA and I.M. TURNER
Department of Botany
National University of Singapore
Lower Kent Ridge Road
Singapore 0511
Republic of Singapore
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore Project is long-term and was initiated on
Ist November, 1988. A piecemeal, family by family approach is to be adopted. The
approximately 200 families containing an estimated 2,400 native and naturalized species
are to be studied by either experts willing to contribute to the project or the researchers
of the project. Family treatments will be published in the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore
as and when ready. It is hoped that the project will be completed within ten years
from the publication of the first family treatment. Ultimately, when all family treat-
ments are completed, a monograph compiling all the updated family treatments will
be published.
The main objective of this National University of Singapore funded project is to
produce an Angiosperm Flora of the Republic of Singapore. So far, only annotated
species lists have been written (Ridley, 1900, 1901; Sinclair, 1953, 1956; Keng, 1973,
1974a, 1974b, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990). During World
War II, staff members of the Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium compiled the
Flora of Syonan but this consisted only of a species list and is extant only in typescript
(Keng, 1990). Recently, Keng (1990) published the Concise Flora of Singapore but this
included only about 1,200 species, about 44 per cent of the estimated total flora, and
excluded the monocotyledons. A checklist of all vascular plants recorded to occur in
Singapore has recently been compiled (Turner, Chua and Tan, 1990).
The target audience for this Flora are scientists and informed laymen who require
precise information for the identification of angiosperm specimens from Singapore.
Thus, this flora will be of a traditional format using concise and precise language.
Collections of plants from all accessible parts of the main island and islands of the
Republic of Singapore are being carried out. All plants extant and previously found
in Singapore will be catalogued, described and distinguished by keys. Illustration of
representative taxa by line drawings and photographs will also be included. Expert
systems for the identification of the taxa are planned. A database is currently being
developed.
The advisors of this project are Drs Hsuan Keng and Tan Wee Kiat (Executive
Director, National Parks Board). The researchers include Drs Hugh Tan Tiang Wah
(editor), Ian Mark Turner and Mr Chua Keng Soon.
Authors for family treatments are welcome and advised to contact the editor to
discuss choice of families and to obtain the format for the Flora. Please address
correspondence to:
2 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
Dr Hugh TAN
Editor, Angiosperm Flora of Singapore
Department of Botany
National University of Singapore
Lower Kent Ridge Road
Singapore 0511
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
References
Keng, H. (1973). Annoted list of seed plants of Singapore (1). Gard. Bull. Sing. 26,
233-237.
_____. (1974a). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (II). Gard. Bull. Sing. 27,
67-83.
. (19746). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (III). Gard. Bull. Sing. 27,
247-266.
_____. (1976). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (IV). Gard. Bull. Sing. 28,
237-258.
_____. (1978). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (V). Gard. Bull. Sing. 31,
84-113.
. (1980). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (VI). Gard. Bull. Sing. 33,
329-367.
. (1982). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (VII). Gard. Bull. Sing. 35,
83-103.
. (1983). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (VIII). Gard. Bull. Sing. 36,
103-124.
. (1985). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (IX). Gard. Bull. Sing. 38,
149-174.
____. (1986). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (X). Gard. Bull. Sing. 39,
67-95.
. (1987). Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (XI). Gard. Bull. Sing. 40,
113-132.
____. (1990). The concise Flora of Singapore: gymnosperms and dicotyledons. Singa-
pore Univ. Press; Singapore.
Ridley, H.N. (1900). The Flora of Singapore. J. Straits Branch Roy. As. Soc. 33, 27-196.
_____. (1901). Supplementary notes on the Flora of Singapore. J. Straits Branch Roy.
As. Soc. 35, 84-90.
Sinclair, J. (1953). Additions to the Flora of Singapore and new localities in Singapore
for some plants thought to be extinct. Gard. Bull. Sing. 14, 30-39.
. (1956). Additions to the Flora of Singapore and new localities in Singapore for
some plants thought to be extinct — Part II. Gard. Bull. Sing. 15, 22-30.
Turner, I.M., Tan, HW. and Chua, K.S. (1990). A checklist of the native and natural-
ized vascular plants of the Republic of Singapore. J. Sing. Nat. Acad. Science
18 & 19, 58-88.
The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1. Introduction
RICHARD T. CORLETT
Department of Botany
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
The Republic of Singapore is an independent state of 2.7 million people at the
southern tip of the Malay Peninsyla, 137 km north of the equator (Fig. 1). It consists
of the island of Singapore and more than 50 smaller islands. The main island is 42
km by 23 km at its widest points and has an area of 574 km?, of which more than
30 km? has been added by recent land reclamation (Anon, 1990). It is separated from
Malaysia by shallow straits, 0.6 km wide at the narrowest point. The largest of the
other islands are Pulau Tekong Besar (1,793 ha), Pulau Ubin (1,019 ha) and Sentosa
(309 ha). The total land area, including all the islands, is 626 km?.
The topography of Singapore is predominantly low, with an average elevation of
only 15.1 m (Thomas, 1991). The landscape of the main island can be roughly divided
into three parts. In the centre of the island is a hilly region of granite and other igneous
rocks, rising to a maximum of 162 m at Bukit Timah Hill. The western, southwestern
and southern region, including most of the southern islands, consists of a variety
of sharply folded sedimentary rocks with northwest-trending ridges and valleys. The
eastern region is relatively flat and covered in semi-consolidated deposits of sand and
gravel. Low-lying coastal plains and the lower parts of river valleys are filled with
recent alluvium.
Singapore’s “rivers” are large streams with broad estuaries, which result from flood-
ing of valleys incised during periods of low sea-levels in the Pleistocene. Around the
coastline, cliffs and other rocky shores are of limited extent, except on some of the
southern islands. Until recently, most shores consisted of mud and sand in varying
proportions. Muddy shores with mangroves predominated, except along the southeast
coast, which was lined with sandy beaches. Today, however, much of the coastline is
entirely artificial as a result of extensive land reclamation and coastal development.
Palaeogeography
Singapore is part of the Southeast Asian extension of the great Eurasia plate and
is largely unaffected by the tectonic and volcanic activity around the plate margins to
the west, south and east. The regional pattern of land and sea, however, has changed
dramatically many times during the last million years or so, largely as a result of
changes in sea-level. During glacial periods, sea-levels were up to 200 m lower than at
present, exposing most of the Sunda shelf and joining the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java and Borneo into one land mass (“Sundaland”), with Singapore somewhat west
of centre (Morley and Flenley, 1987). At the opposite extreme, reported Holocene sea-
levels up to 5 m higher than present (Geyr and Kudrass, 1979; Pirazzoli, 1991), would
have substantially reduced Singapore’s land area. Glacial periods occupied much more
3
Fig. 1 Map of Singapore showing major roads and reservoirs. Inset map shows the geographical position of Singapore.
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 5
of the Pleistocene than interglacials, so the present geography of the region must be
seen as the exception rather than the rule. Singapore is cut off from the Malay Penin-
sula by water less than 10 m deep at the shallowest crossing, which implies a final
separation about 7,000 years ago (Pirazzoli, 1991). The sea is deeper in the Singapore
Straits to the south, so Singapore would have been cut off from Riau before it was
separated from the Peninsula.
The repeated alternation of glacial and interglacial periods was also reflected in the
region’s climate. A decrease in total rainfall and increase in rainfall seasonality during
the glacial periods has been suggested for that part of the Sunda Shelf which includes
Singapore (Morley and Flenley, 1987; Heaney, 1991). A pollen assemblage from middle
Pleistocene Subang, 300 km northwest of Singapore, is striking for the dominance of
pine and grass pollen and absence of typical rain forest taxa, suggesting a very dif-
ferent climate. In Singapore itself, the Pleistocene Old Alluvium, which blankets
much of the eastern part of the island, seems to have been deposited under far more
seasonal climatic conditions during a period of glacial low sea-levels (Gupta ef al.,
1987). The question of glacial temperatures is more controversal. Oxygen isotope and
foraminiferal data suggest a lowering of sea surface temperatures by at most 2°C at
the last glacial maximum, in the vicinity of the Sunda shelf (CLIMAP, 1981). However,
this is very difficult to reconcile with evidence for much greater temperature changes
at higher altitudes in the region (Walker and Flenley, 1979). Sea-level temperatures
5°C or more below present have been suggested for near-equatorial Amazonia (Bush
et al., 1990) and this possibility must be considered for equatorial Asia (Liu, K.B.,
pers. comm.). In any case, it is clear that as little as 10-15,000 years ago and for most
of the Pleistocene, Singapore would have been occupied by a vegetation and flora
very different from today’s and probably lacking a modern analogue elsewhere in the
region.
On a longer time-scale, the phytogeography of the region has been affected by
its complex tectonic history. The Malay Archipelago, as it exists today, was created by
a mid-Miocene collision between Australia-New Guinea and Southeast Asia, in the
vicinity of Sulawesi (Audley-Charles, 1987). There has never been a dry land connec-
tion between Australia and Southeast Asia, even at extreme Pleistocene low sea-levels,
but the many islands between Sunda and Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) must have
greatly facilitated floristic exchange.
Until recently, paleogeographic reconstructions of the region before convergence
showed a huge gap between Southeast Asia and Australia, making earlier biotic inter-
change between the regions unlikely (e.g. Audley-Charles, 1981). It now appears that,
not only was this gap much narrower than once believed, but the whole of Southeast
Asia is made up of a series of continental fragments rifted from northeastern Gond-
wanaland. The dating of these events is still contentious. Even if rifting of the major
fragments occurred in the Jurassic (Audley-Charles, 1987), it is unlikely that the rifted
fragments carried an Angiosperm flora at the beginning of their journey north, although
they may well have acted as “stepping stones” between Australia and Asia later on.
If, as much of the evidence suggests, the major fragments were already welded to
Eurasia by the early Mesozoic (Metcalfe, 1990), they cannot have carried angiosperms.
At Gunong Belumut, 75 km north of Singapore, there is a Later Permian fossil flora
of undoubted Cathaysian (i.e. tropical Eurasian) affinities, with no Gondwanic ele-
ments (Hutchison, 1989). However, other blocks that make up modern Sundaland had
Gondwanic floras at this time, showing they had not yet separated from that con-
tinent. Moreover, smaller fragments apparently continued to be added to the margins
of Southeast Asia during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Jt thus appears that the sea
6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
between Australia and Eurasia has never been empty, although speculation on the
details of the regional palaeogeography are premature at this stage.
India, which did not rift from Gondwanaland until the early Cretaceous, and then
moved very rapidly north, provides another possible route for one-way transport of
Gondwanic angiosperms to Eurasia. India’s collision with Tibet occurred in the Eocene.
Human Impact
Early man arrived in southeast Asia a million or so years ago, followed by modern
Homo sapiens at least 50,000 years ago. It seems likely that human population den-
sities in the equatorial lowlands were low before the introduction of agriculture within
the last 4,000-6,000 years but it would be a mistake to underestimate the possible
impact of pre-agricultural man on the biota of the region. The arrival of Homo
erectus, an adaptable and intelligent hunter, is likely to have affected populations of
large, ground-dwelling herbivores and this impact would have extended into the forest
canopy when, later, throwing spears or similar weapons were added to man’s arsenal.
The extinction of large herbivores would have influenced forest structure both directly,
through reduced grazing, browsing and trampling, and indirectly through the loss of
their role in seed dispersal. Man’s use of fire — of uncertain antiquity — must have
been most significant during the dryer, glacial episodes, but droughts occur even during
the wet interglacials and extra sources of ignition increase the risk of fire.
The process of homogenisation of the economic and weed floras of the Old World
tropics must have started early. The Malay Archipelago has been linked by a maritime
trading network from prehistoric times and has had trade links with China, India and
the Middle East for at least 1,500 years (Dunn, 1975). With the arrival of Europeans
in the early fifteenth century and the establishment of trans-Pacific trading routes,
neotropical crops and weeds also made their appearance. Maize, tobacco, chilli,
peppers, papaya, pineapple and sweet potato all became established in the region
before the end of the fifteenth century (Reid, 1988). In recent times, Singapore, as a
port city with a large botanic gardens, may have been the point of entry to the region
for many exotic plants.
Although human populations must have lived in Singapore for thousands of years,
the first definite historical accounts of a settlement on the island date from the four-
teenth century, when Temasek (later called Singapura) appears in Javanese, Chinese
and Vietnamese records. Temasek/Singapura was probably not the great trading city
described in the Malay Annals but there is archaeological evidence for a substantial
settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River in the fourteenth century (Miksic,
1985). Tome Pires, who lived in Malacca from 1512-1515, says that Chinese vessels
came for the “infinite quantities of the black wood that grows in Singapore” (Cortesao,
1944). Temasek went into gradual decline during the fifteenth century and the last
vestiges of the settlement were burned by the Portuguese in 1613. For the next 300
years, the island disappeared from history but there is no reason to believe it was ever
uninhabited.
When the British arrived in 1819, the population of Singapore island consisted of
about 1,000 people. Most of these were boat dwellers: the Orang Kallang, who lived
in the swamps at the mouth of the Kallang River; the Orang Seletar, who lived in
mangrove areas along the north side of the island; and the Orang Gelam, in the
Singapore River (Logan, 1847; Thomson, 1848). These people apparently grew no crops
but may have had a significant ecological impact through their hunting and collecting
activity. The remainder of the population consisted of Malays and Chinese living in
Pe ', -
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 7
a small settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River or growing gambier in the
surrounding hills.
The foundation of the British colony led to a rapid and sustained rise in population.
From the beginning, Singapore was primarily a trading centre, but the cultivation of
cash crops also expanded and spread into the interior of the island. Many crops were
grown during the nineteenth century but, except on the sandy soils of the southeast
coast, where coconuts were the major crop, most of the initial clearance of primary
forest seems to have been for the cultivation of gambier (Uncaria gambir (Hunt.)
Roxb.). Gambier was grown for export to China, and later Britain, where it was used
for tanning leather and as a dye. It grows best on soil newly-cleared of forest and each
plantation required a roughly equal area of forest to provide firewood for boiling the
gambier leaves (Jackson, 1965). The Chinese gambier growers rarely had any legal title
to the ground and simply moved on when the soil was exhausted and the fuelwood
supply insufficient. Abandoned plantations were invaded by the grass Jmperata
cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. or by secondary scrub.
Gambier continued to be a major crop in Singapore until 1890, after which the area
declined rapidly. By this time, little of the original forest cover remained and most
surviving forest fragments had been heavily exploited for timber and firewood (Corlett,
199la, b). After the departure of the gambier growers, the cultivation of other crops,
particularly pineapples, increased. However, it was an entirely new crop, rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis (A. Juss.) M.A.), which had the major impact in the first half of this
century. After the first commercial plantings in the 1900s, the area expanded rapidly,
reaching a maximum in 1935, when nearly 40 per cent of Singapore’s total land area
was under rubber plantations. After this, the area under cultivation declined sharply,
except for a temporary increase in the production of food crops during the Japanese
occupation (1942-45). The post-war era saw a decline in all crops except vegetables as
agricultural land was increasingly lost to urbanisation and industrialisation. Today,
less than 100 hectares are used for intensive vegetable cultivation while more than half
the main island is urban in character.
Although heavily exploited for firewood, most of Singapore’s extensive mangrove
forest area survived into the twentieth century. All but a few small areas have sub-
sequently succumbed to conversion to brackish water ponds for agriculture, systematic
reclamation for building and, more recently, the barraging of all major non-urban
estuaries to create freshwater reservoirs (Corlett, 1987).
Conservation
In the early decades of the colony, exploitation and clearance of the forest ap-
parently proceeded unchecked. In 1848, however, concern about possible effects on
Singapore’s climate led the Governor to prohibit the further destruction of forest on
the summits of hills. This prohibition seems to have been effective for Bukit Timah,
at least (Corlett, 1988). By 1882, when Nathaniel Cantley was commissioned to survey
the forest resources of the Straits Settlements (Singapore, Malacca, Province Wellesley
and Penang), concern for the climatic effects of deforestation had largely been replaced
by worries about the timber supply. Cantley, reporting that only 7 per cent of the
original forest remained, proposed the creation of forest reserves (Cantley, 1884). His
recommendations were accepted and, eventually, about 10 per cent of the island was
protected in this way (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, most of the reserve area consisted of
grassland, scrub or degraded mangrove, with little good forest. In addition to the
forest reserves, an area around Singapore’s first reservoir (now called MacRitchie
(Lg) cAsJasoy sINIeN YRWIL WANG pue voIe JUSUTYIIES 13]eM OY] SUIMOYS PURIST dy} JO Jed TeIMUI0
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Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 9
Reservoir), partly covered in degraded primary forest, was protected during the 1890s
as a catchment.
Most of the reserves were eventually worked for timber, handed over to squatters
or otherwise developed. An area of primary forest survived at Changi until 1927, when
it was cleared for construction of a military base. The decline in the forest reserves
coincided with an increase in the protected catchment area as new reservoirs were
constructed in the centre of the island. The expanded catchment area incorporated
several fragments of disturbed primary forest, including what remained of Chan Chu
Kang Forest Reserve and part of the Mandai Reserve, although this latter area was
later cleared for the extension of Seletar Reservoir in 1940-41.
The Forest Reserves were finally abolished in 1936 but Bukit Timah and parts of
the mangrove reserves at Pandan and Kranji were placed under the control of the
Botanic Gardens. In 1951, these three areas, with the entire catchment area and 4
hectares of cliff face at Labrador, became Nature Reserves. The mangrove reserves were
subsequently lost to development. Today the Nature Reserve system consists of 2,795
hectares in the centre of the island, of which 81 hectares is in Bukit Timah Nature
Reserve and the rest in the Public Utilities Board Catchment Area (Fig. 2). A small
area of mangrove at Sungei Buloh is protected as a bird sanctuary.
Climate
Singapore is only 137 km north of the equator and has an equatorial climate. The
range of mean monthly temperatures is only 25.5-27.3 °C and of mean monthly rain-
fall 160-300 mm. In Southeast Asia, similar climates are confined to the southern
part of the Malay Peninsula, parts of Sumatra, much of Borneo and part of western
Java. Elsewhere, only the island of New Guinea and parts of the central and western
Amazon region have extensive areas of such climates. The botanical consequences of
this extreme aseasonality are most obvious in urban areas, where the tree-lined streets
are green all the year round but rarely show the massed flowering displays of other
tropical cities. As discussed below, however, both seasonal and non-seasonal variations
in the climate are of great significance for the native flora.
Despite its small size, Singapore also shows a surprising amount of spatial variation
in rainfall. Mean annual rainfall exceeds 2,300 mm in the central part of the island
and falls below 2,000 mm along much of the south coast (Chia and Foong, 1991).
This spatial variation may have had a significant effect on plant distributions before
the nineteenth century but its influence is now obscured by the effects of recent
human impact.
A thorough review of Singapore’s climate with additional references can be found
in Chia & Foong (1991). Here I will only discuss features of direct botanical relevance.
Seasonality
Despite its apparent constancy, Singapore’s climate is perceived by people, birds
(Hails, 1987), and plants as seasonal. The time difference between the longest and
shortest days of the year is only 9 minutes so photoperiod effects are unlikely, if not
impossible. The long term means of air temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and
solar radiation are clearly seasonal, although within a narrow range (Fig. 3). This
limited seasonality is a consequence of the changes in the prevailing wind direction.
The northeast monsoon prevails from November to March and the southwest (or, more
accurately in Singapore, south) monsoon from May to October. During the inter-
monsoon periods of April/May and October/November wind directions are variable.
Fig. 3
HUMIDITY (%)
8)
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OL ss)
oO. Gi
CN
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WN
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NO
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20
AS. 0O...N...D\y Se dies Mie
MONTHS (JULY-JUNE)
a
Annual variation in the long-term means for humidity, solar radiation, temperature and rainfall
for Paya Lebar, Singapore. Note that the time scale is from July to June so that the major
annual climatic change appears in the centre of the graph.
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 1]
November and December are generally cooler, wetter and cloudier than other
months. The solar radiation maximum is in February/March, which is also the period
most prone to long dry spells. The month with the lowest mean rainfall, however,
varies in different parts of the island. The hottest months are May and June. The
most striking climatic change in most years is between the cloudy, wet period at the
beginning of the northeast monsoon in November/December and the relatively drier
and sunny period towards the end, in February/March (Fig. 3). The strength of this
contrast is obscured in long-term averages because the precise timing varies from year
to year but, in most years, it is the most significant interruption to the uniformity of
the climate.
A single annual community-level flowering peak — around April — has been
reported from several lowland forest sites in the Malay Peninsula (Ng, 1988), presumably
triggered by this change. Corner (1988) suggests that there is often a second, weaker,
flowering peak later in the year, triggered by a second, less predictable, dry period.
There is no quantitative evidence for this but two annual peaks of leaf flushing have
been described at some sites. Clear annual (e.g. Campnosperma auriculatum (Bl.)
Hook. f.) or biannual (e.g. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) flowering periodicities are fairly
common in the Singapore flora.
The absence of regular seasonal climatic extremes must make non-seasonal extremes
more easy for plants to detect. It is not surprising, therefore, that irregular climatic
events that do not follow an annual cycle are of at least equal botanical significance
in Singapore. Some of these climatic cues occur with a frequency greater than annual.
The sudden drop in temperature caused by daytime thunderstorms is known to provide
the trigger for already-formed flower buds to complete their development in certain
orchid species (e.g. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.) and the angsana tree (Prerocarpus
indicus Willd.). Several other species which flower synchronously several times per year
(e.g. Rhodamnia cinerea Jack, Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton) presumably
have a climatic trigger for floral initiation.
Other climatic extremes occur with less than annual frequency. Many forest species
show supra-annual reproductive cycles which may have climatic triggers. At irregular
intervals of 2-10 years, the reproductive activity of many species coincides in a massive
burst of flowering followed by an equally striking fruiting peak. The cue for this
dramatic mass-flowering is certainly climatic but the precise event responsible is still
uncertain. Dry weather (Foxworthy, 1932; Medway, 1972), increased daily sunshine
hours (Ng, 1977), and a drop in minimum temperature (Ashton ef a/., 1988) have all
been suggested. All three suggested triggers tend to occur together near the beginning
of the year and may be associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation Event
(Ashton et al., 1988). A mass-flowering event in Singapore in 1987 (Corlett, 1990)
followed an exceptionally dry and sunny February, but there was no significant drop
in minimum temperature. The consequences of this supra-annual pattern of forest
phenology for the common, basically frugivorous, monkey, Macaca fascicularis, are
described by Lucas & Corlett (1991).
Climatic extremes may act as constraints as well as triggers but this effect is not
obvious in Singapore. The extreme minimum (19°C, in January 1934) and maximum
(35.8°C, in April 1979) temperatures recorded on the island differ little from the
annual extremes. Hailstorms are rare and the longest recorded dry spell was 32 con-
secutive days in February and March, 1970. Singapore is well outside the typhoon belt
but during the south monsoon short-lived squalls, known locally as “Sumatras’, can
cause damage to isolated trees.
12 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
Microclimates
Few plants experience the “raw” climate recorded at standard meteorological stations.
For the majority, climatic means and extremes are modified by the presence of other
plants and non-living structures. The contrast between the microclimate near the forest
floor and that above the canopy or in a large clearing is well-documented (Whitmore,
1990). Most of Singapore’s native flora must have been adapted to spending all or
part of its life cycle in the cool, damp shade of the forest understorey. The only
exceptions would have been canopy epiphytes, gap specialists and coastal species. Most
of Singapore is now one huge, permanent clearing so the dominance of exotics and
coastal species among both the planted and spontaneous flora is not surprising. Out-
side the forest, there is also a marked rural-urban contrast in microclimate (Singapore
Meteorological Service, 1986), attributed to heat stored in urban structures, but the
botanical significance of this is unknown.
Geology and Soils
Geology
_The geology of Singapore has recently been reviewed by Thomas (1991) and a
geological map of the island is available (PWD, 1975). Only a brief summary is given
here.
The centre of the main island is underlain by the Bukit Timah Granite. This con-
sists of acid igneous rocks, ranging from granodiorite to true granite, dated to the
early-middle Triassic (230-205 Myrs B.P.). Other granites of similar or more recent
age outcrop at Changi Point, Pulau Sekuda and Pulau Ubin. The Gombak Norite
outcrops in a restricted area on the west of the Bukit Timah Granite, around Bukit
Panjang and Bukit Gombak. It consists of basic igneous rocks ranging from norite
to gabbro and is older than the Bukit Timah Granite. Most of the southern, south-
western, and western part of the main island, and most of the southern islands, are
underlain by a variety of sharply-folded sedimentary rocks termed the Jurong Forma-
tion. These include conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. They are
younger than the Bukit Timah Granite: probably of upper Triassic to early or middle
Jurassic age (230-180 myrs B.P.).
Much of eastern Singapore and a part of the northwest is covered in semi-
consolidated alluvial sands and gravels, with some silt and clay. This deposit, called
the Old Alluvium, is predominantly granitic in provenance and seems to have been
deposited in a braided river environment during the more seasonal climate of one or
more of the Pleistocene cold stages (Gupta ef a/., 1987). Holocene deposits of various
types cover low-lying coastal areas and fill the lower parts of river valleys. These
include beach sands and gravels deposited during the Holocene sea-level maximum
(ca. 5,000 B.P.) and a variety of other marine, estuarine and alluvial gravels, sands,
muds and peats.
Soils
The soils of Singapore were classified into 24 series and mapped by Ives (1977) and
have recently been reviewed by Rahman (1991). Unfortunately, soil classifications pro-
duced by soil scientists, principally for agricultural purposes, often seem to have little
predictive value for ecology, particularly in the tropics. This is probably because many
ecologically important features of a soil are destroyed by cultivation. A soil can be
cleared of its vegetation cover, suffer severe compaction, have its organic matter
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 13
oxidised, its nutrients leached, and its surface layers eroded, without changing its posi-
tion in the classification. Moreover, Singapore’s continuous high temperature and rain-
fall, and the resulting intense weathering and leaching, have resulted in soils with similar
properties on a range of different parent materials. Extreme parent materials, such as
limestone and ultrabasic rocks, do not occur in Singapore.
Most soils in Singapore can be described as sandy clay loams and have a bimodal
particle-size distribution. All are acidic, with a low cation exchange capacity and low
to very low concentrations of available nutrients. All except those under the small
areas of primary forest have undergone at least one agricultural cycle and much of
Singapore is covered in soils which, whatever their taxonomic position, are character-
ised by extreme soil degradation as a result of nineteenth and early twentieth century
agricultural practices. Over large areas the original soil has been removed, buried or
drastically altered by construction activity. A variety of different fill materials have
been used for the extensive reclamation of land from the sea, including clayey sub-
soil from inland construction projects and marine sand dredged from the sea bed.
Sand fill resembles natural coastal deposits but clayey fill, after compaction to ensure
stability, results in a soil that is completely structureless, poorly aerated and drained,
and very low in fertility.
Six of the ten soil orders in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Soil Taxonomy have been recognised in Singapore (Rahman, 1991). The largest area
is covered in Ultisols. These are found on granite, on the fine- and mixed-grained
sedimentary rocks of the Jurong Formation, and on the Old Alluvium. Soil develop-
ment is greatest on well-drained, level ground over granite and least on the Old Allu-
vium, where some of the less-developed soils may be better classified as Inceptisols
or Entisols (Rahman 1991). Inceptisols are also found on some of the coarse-grained,
resistant rocks of the Jurong Formation. Soils over granodiorite and the more basic
igneous rocks typically develop into Oxisols. The soils on recent alluvium are mostly
Entisols, although of widely varying properties. Other soil types of relatively minor
extent occur near the coast, including highly organic Histosols formed under freshwater
swamp forest, Spodosols (podzols) on old beach deposits, and the distinctive Sulfa-
quents under mangrove.
Biogeography
This account of the biogeography of Singapore’s flora is based on the species list
of Turner ef al. (1990), with distributional data from regional floras, principally the
Flora Malesiana, Tree Flora of Malaya, Flora of Thailand, Flore du Laos, du Cam-
bodge et du Vietnam, and the Flora of Australia, supplemented, where possible, by
data from more recent monographs. This data has a number of obvious limitations,
apart from its incomplete taxonomic coverage. Most serious is the undercollection of
much of the region around Singapore, particularly Riau, Sumatra and Kalimantan.
There is also the problem of non-coincidence of biogeographical and political bound-
aries. In the region under consideration here, the clearest examples are the Malaysia-
Thailand border, which is somewhat south of the northern limits of much of the
Malesian flora, and the island of Palawan, which is biogeographically Bornean but
politically part of the Philippines. Thus “Thailand” or “the Philippines”, unqualified,
in a description of a species distribution, are not very helpful to the biogeographer.
Takhtajan (1986) places Singapore in the Malesian Subregion of the Malesian Region
of the Paleotropical Kingdom. The Malesian Subregion is further divided into five
provinces, with Singapore in the Malay Province. However, the suggested differences
between the Malay Province and the adjacent Sumatran and Kalimantan Provinces
14 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
are minor. Indeed, at the species level, the most striking feature of Singapore’s flora
is its broad distribution. The question of possible Singapore endemics is probably best
left until after this Flora is completed, but they are undoubtedly very few, if any. Even
among the inland rain forest flora — the plants most likely to have restricted distribu-
tions — only 15 per cent of the 730 species for which I could obtain reasonable data
are apparently confined to the Malay peninsula (including peninsular Thailand and,
in a few cases, peninsular Burma or the Riau Archipelago). A further 50 per cent of
forest species occur more widely in the everwet “core” of Sundaland (Sumatra, Borneo
and West Java). The remaining third of the species are even more widespread, extend-
ing northwards into continental Asia (21 per cent), or eastwards through Malesia
towards Australia (14 per cent). The wide distribution of most Singapore forest species
is no doubt the result of the unexceptional nature of the physical environment and
Singapore’s position near the centre of the Sunda shelf. It does suggest, however, that
whatever the effects of full-glacial aridity on the vegetation of the region, continuous
rain forest was re-established on Sundaland before rising sea-levels created major
barriers to dispersal.
It is important to point out that the Singapore populations of widespread species
are still of conservation value because of the likelihood of ecotypic variation at the
margins of the range. Moreover, deforestation to the north and south of Singapore is
rapidly restricting the range of species that were widespread ten or twenty years ago.
As might be expected, the coastal flora is much more widely distributed. Caesalpinia
bonduc Roxb. and Thespesia populnea (L.) Correa are effectively pantropical while
a number of species range from East Africa to the western Pacific (e.g. Bruguiera
gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Excoecaria agallocha L.). These extremely wide ranges pre-
sumably reflect both the tendency to seawater dispersal in the coastal flora and the
relative uniformity of the coastal environment.
The flora of man-made open sites is essentially pantropical, consisting of species
of Asian origin which have now spread around the world, and exotics from Africa and
the Neotropics that have become naturalised in Singapore. As 1s true throughout the
region, the recognizably exotic component of Singapore’s flora contains many more
species of Neotropical origin (at least 84 species) than from Africa (14 species) (Corlett,
1988). This may reflect similarities in climate and, perhaps, agricultural systems, as
well as the large number of crop and ornamental plants deliberately introduced from
tropical America. Another interesting feature of Singapore’s weed flora is the rarity
or absence of several pantropical exotics, abundantly-naturalised in the more seasonal
climates of the region (e.g. Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.) S. Moore, represented
only by a single old record) and the absence of weeds of temperate origin (Corlett,
1992b). The composition of the weed flora demonstrates clearly that, far from being
a “greenhouse climate” in which anything can grow, Singapore’s year-round high
temperatures and rainfall exclude unadapted species as effectively as extreme cold or
drought.
The biogeography of Singapore’s flora at the genus and family levels is that of
the Sunda Shelf flora as a whole. The dual origin of the regional flora from both
Gondwanic and Laurasian sources has long been recognised. However, the complex
geological origin of the Malay Archipelago, outlined above, probably provided a
multiplicity of times and routes for interchange, making the recognition of distinct
“elements” in the flora difficult. For example, the family Dipterocarpaceae shows an
overwhelming concentration of living species in West Malesia (Sundaland plus the
Philippines) and probably entered the region from the Asian mainland, but the global
distribution of living and fossil members suggests a possible ultimate origin on Gond-
wanaland (Ashton, 1982). Plants of originally Gondwanic families have probably
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 15
entered the region from both the south-east (after the Miocene collision between
Laurasia and Gondwanaland or, earlier, via island “stepping-stones”) and from the
north-west (after being “rafted” northwards from Gondwanaland on India). Some taxa
(e.g. the palms, of disputed ultimate geographic origin, and the Loranthaceae) have
apparently entered the region from both ends (Dransfield, 1987; Barlow, 1990).
Vegetation
Primeval Vegetation
I have been unable to find any useful description of Singapore’s vegetation before
the late nineteenth century. Early maps and written accounts make insufficient distinc-
tion between vegetation types or only refer to small areas. It is a reasonable assump-
tion, however, that, except for sandy beaches and steep cliffs, and the immediate
vicinity of the major settlement, closed canopy forest covered the whole island in 1819.
To what extent this forest had been exploited, disturbed or cleared in the past is
impossible now to determine. From topography, soil patterns and late nineteenth cen-
tury maps, I estimate that mangrove forest would have occupied about 13 per cent of
the main island, freshwater swamp forests of various types 5 per cent, and lowland
evergreen rain forest the remaining 82 per cent (Corlett, 1991a). The floristic composi-
tion of the rain forest must have varied considerably with soil type and topography
but extensive botanical collection did not start until the 1880s, when more than 90 per
cent of the forest had gone, so we have little information on this variation. The distinc-
tive floras of the 10 ha forest remnant at Changi, cleared in 1927, and the 4 ha
Gardens’ Jungle, now badly degraded, suggest that much of Singapore’s primeval flora
may have been lost before it was collected. Even in the 1890s, Ridley could collect
rain forest taxa at many sites where forest no longer exists. Known extinctions are
mostly coastal, reflecting the complete destruction of the coastal forest, with the ex-
ception of some small areas of mangrove.
Primary Forest Today
Today, primary rain forest, disturbed to varying extents, is confined to the 71 ha
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (which is about two-thirds primary forest) and scattered
patches of various sizes, totalling about 50 ha, in the adjacent water catchment area.
Most of these primary forest remnants are in the areas of overlap between the Forest
Reserves established in the late nineteenth century and the current Nature Reserve
system (Fig. 2). The Bukit Timah forest has apparently never been legally exploited,
at least since its first protection in the 1840s (Corlett, 19885). Extensive illegal cutting
of timber and firewood has, however, undoubtedly occurred at times of reduced pro-
tection. At least 840 angiosperm species (excluding non-forest weeds) have been
recorded from Bukit Timah in the past century (Corlett, 1990, 1991). Five families
— Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Moraceae and Annonaceae — account
for almost a third of the angiosperm flora. In terms of numbers of species, the Euphor-
biaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Annonaceae and Lauraceae are the most important
tree families, but the Dipterocarpaceae provides the greatest number of large tree in-
dividuals (Wong, 1987). The Rubiaceae and Palmae are the biggest climber families,
ferns dominate the herb layer, and ferns and orchids account for most of the epiphytes
(Corlett, 1990).
The largest primary forest remnants in the catchment area are around MacRitchie
Reservoir and the Nee Soon (Yishun) firing ranges. Both areas have been protected
16 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
since the late nineteenth century (as a catchment area and Chan Chu Kang forest
reserve, respectively (Fig. 2)) but, before that, were probably exploited heavily. Con-
tinuity of forest cover — and thus justification for considering them “primary” —
is shown by the extremely rich flora, including numerous species absent from the
adjacent secondary forests. The Nee Soon area also includes about 15 ha of dis-
turbed freshwater swamp forest, the last remnant of the much larger area studied by
Corner (1978). The floristics of these other primary forest remnants have not been
investigated as thoroughly as Bukit Timah, but the floras seem to be to some extent
complementary.
Secondary Forest and Scrub
The rest of the central catchment area (Fig. 2) is covered in secondary forest of
various ages (Corlett, 1991c). This area was cleared of its original forest cover by the
mid nineteenth century, cultivated until exhaustion and then abandoned to lalang.
Protection as part of an expanded water catchment, mostly in the period 1899-1906,
did not lead to an immediate regeneration of forest because of frequent grass fires,
but most of the area seems to have been under woody cover by the nineteen-thirties.
Some parts have been cut or burned more recently. The oldest areas of forest (?50-80
years old) are 15-20 m tall with 35-65 species >2 cm d.b.h. in 0.1 ha plots. This tall
secondary forest is dominated by members of the families Guttiferae (Calophyllum
spp., Garcinia spp.), Lauraceae (Lindera lucida (Bl.) Boerl., Litsea spp.), Myrtaceae
(Eugenia spp., Rhodamnia cinerea Jack), and Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus spp.). It
is clearly distinguished from the included primary forest remnants by its lower stature
and species diversity, even canopy, poorly-developed understorey, and the complete
absence of Dipterocarpaceae and other species with large, wind-dispersed seeds.
For historical reasons, tall secondary forest is confined to the central catchment
area, but areas of younger secondary forest and scrub, probably all less than 40 years
old, are scattered around the main island and on several offshore islands (Corlett,
1991c). This pioneer community is remarkably uniform, floristically, despite the wide
range of rock types on which it occurs. Large areas contain less than 20 vascular plant
species in total. The explanation for this relative floristic poverty must be severe soil
degradation — chemical, physical or both. The dominant species is usually Adinandra
dumosa Jack, particularly after the formation of a closed canopy has eliminated the
smaller species. Transitions between the low (6-12 m), Adinandra-dominated forest
and the tall secondary forest described above can be found in some parts of the central
catchment area. Whether or not the outlying areas, if protected, will ever undergo this
transition, in the absence of nearby seed sources, is an interesting question!
Except for small areas at the back of beaches, all herbaceous vegetation in Singapore |
is secondary and results from recent or continued disturbance. Fire prevention and
control have virtually eliminated the vast areas of lalang (Jmperata) grassland which
dominated the Singapore landscape in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Spontaneous herbaceous vegetation is now most extensive on wasteland awaiting
development and on land newly reclaimed from the sea. Except on the poorest soils
(such as land reclaimed with sand fill), this wasteland vegetation is dominated by
naturalised exotic species, particularly African grasses and tropical American legumes
(Corlett, 1988a@). Exotics also dominate the weed flora of parks, gardens and other
managed vegetation.
The surviving fragments of Singapore’s once extensive mangrove forests all show
the effects of past exploitation and disturbance (Corlett, 1987). There are few old
trees and the inland margins of most patches have been destroyed by reclamation.
Angiosperm Flora of Singapore 1 17
Moreover, land reclamation, barraging of estuaries, and developments inland have
drastically changed the patterns of sediment deposition and erosion along Singapore’s
coastline, so even protected mangrove areas are unstable. The rich epiphytic flora
recorded earlier this century has almost entirely disappeared but most of the woody
flora survives.
Managed Vegetation
For most visitors to Singapore, the lasting botanical impression is not the untamed
exuberance of tropical nature but the orderly rows of matching trees and neat expanses
of close-mown grass. This impression has been achieved at considerable expense in
money and labour, and only after many years of careful planning and experimentation
(Corlett, 1992c). Although the final image is very Singaporean, the flora of the
managed vegetation is pantropical. A continued programme of plant introductions
and field trials has resulted in an exceptionally diverse park and roadside flora, with
the plantings often dateable from a knowledge of past changes in the favoured tree
species. The few native species that are widely planted are all coastal in origin: examples
include the Pong Pong (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.), the Sea Apple (Eugenia grandis
Wight), the Yellow Flame (Pe/tophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Heyne), the Sea Almond
(Jerminalia catappa L.), and the near-native Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.).
Many early introductions were from tropical America, such as the Rain Tree (Samanea
saman Merr.) and the Broad-leaved Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King). More
recently, African Mahoganies (Khaya spp.) have been very widely planted, but no
major tropical area is unrepresented.
Much of the diversity in the planted shrub flora is at the infraspecific level, with
Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea X buttiana Holttum & Standley), Hibiscus (Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis L.) and others represented by numerous cultivars. Managed grasslands,
in contrast, are largely planted with one species, Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv.,
propagated vegetatively and now probably the commonest plant in Singapore. Fine
lawns, particularly in private gardens, are usually planted with species of Zoysia, while
several cultivars of Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and hybrids) are used
on golf courses.
Conclusions
Despite its small size, relatively uniform topography and recent history of massive
human impact, Singapore still supports a vascular plant flora of incredible diversity.
The majority of this diversity, however, is dependent on the protection of a few, small
areas: most importantly, the primary forest remnants at Bukit Timah, MacRitchie
and Nee Soon. Even the oldest secondary forest in the central catchment area is
depauperate in comparison and its conservation significance lies more in its role as a
buffer for the primary forest remnants, its importance as a habitat for vertebrates, and
its potential for future floristic enrichment, by natural processes or with human inter-
vention. Along the coast, the few remaining patches of mangrove forest, although of
low floristic diversity, support an extremely rich and interesting fauna. Outside the
forest, the flora, both spontaneous and planted, consists largely of pantropical species
which, although often of considerable biological interest and aesthetic value, have no
particular conservation importance.
The Flora of Singapore project is of major significance for plant conservation in
Singapore. The availability of a modern Flora will greatly facilitate the detailed studies
of species and habitats on which long-term conservation management of the flora will
18 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
ultimately depend. Singapore, with its stable Government, strong economy, high educa-
tion standards and well-deserved reputation for long-range planning, can and should
set an example for the rest of the tropical world.
Acknowledgements
Among the many people who helped in the preparation of this paper and, earlier,
during my 5 year stay in Singapore, I particularly wish to thank Dr. HW. Tan,
Prof. H. Keng, Mr Samsuri, Dr. PW. Lucas, Mr D.H. Murphy, Dr. Y.C. Wee and
Dr. A. Gupta.
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Five New Species of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae)
from Peninsular Malaysia
R. KIEW
Department of Biology
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
43400 Serdang
Selangor, Malaysia
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
Five new species of Didymocarpus are described from Peninsular Malaysia. Two, D. anthonyi Kiew
and D. leiophyllus Kiew, are from the east coast and belong to sect. Boeopsis; D. Jeucanthus Kiew is from
the foothills of Selangor; D. stoloniferus Kiew from Gunung Ulu Kali, Pahang; and D. salicinoides Kiew,
from Trengganu and southern Kelantan, is raised to specific rank having previously been described as
D. salicinus var. major Ridley. The sections Boeopsis and Salicini are defined and keys to their species
provided. Didymocarpus lithophilus Kiew is validated.
Introduction
In common with several other large families of herbaceous plants, such as the
Begoniaceae and Orchidaceae, the Gesneriaceae exhibits a high level of endemism (more
than 90 per cent) in Peninsular Malaysia. Of the 85 odd species of Didymocarpus
presently described, only D. crinitus Jack, D. platypus C.B.Cl. and D. reptans Jack
(and possibly D. fasciatus Ridley) occur outside Peninsular Malaysia and southern
Thailand. Within the peninsula, the majority of species is not widespread and 70
per cent are known from a single locality (Kiew, 1991).
Recent exploration of areas that are still botanically little known, such as the east
coast, has led to the discovery of several new species. Two described here belong to
sect. Boeopsis, a section which has a south-easterly distribution. However, even rela-
tively well-known areas, such as Gunung Ulu Kali, may harbour undescribed species.
The last complete account of Malayan Didymocarpus is that in Ridley’s flora (1923).
There he recognised six sections based largely on characters of habit, inflorescence
and floral morphology. These sections have remained broadly useful although several
contain anomalous species. Sect. Elati (sect. Eudidymocarpus of Ridley) has been
redefined by Weber & Burtt (1983). Section Didymanthus contains a hotchpotch of
species including the anomalous D. parviflorus and D. leucanthus (see below), D.
falcatus and D. flavobrunneus, which belong to another alliance (Burtt, 1990) and a
group of species with large bracts (to be excluded from sect. Didymanthus and placed
in a new section based on D. venustus). Section Reptantes and sect. Heteroboea remain
as Ridley circumscribed them. Section Pectinati has been redefined to exclude D.
densifolius (Kiew, 1987), which is now placed in sect. Salicini (see below). Section
Boeopsis is here redefined. In addition, the genus Codonoboea is now reduced to sec-
tional level in Didymocarpus (Kiew, 1990). There remain several species that do not fit
comfortably into any of these sections, such as D. caelestis (Ridley) Kiew, D. cordatus
Jack, D. geitleri Weber, D. leucocodon (Ridley) Kiew, D. longipes C.B.Cl., D. primulinus
23
24 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
Ridley, and D. violascens Ridley. Until details of floral morphology of the majority
of species are better known, not only for the peninsular species but also for species
throughout the geographic range of the genus, a fundamental revision of the sections
will not be possible.
Descriptions of New Species
1. Didymocarpus anthonyi Kiew sp. nov.
Differt a Didymocarpo heterophyllo Ridley statura majore, foliis longioribus, lamina in petiolum
decrescente et floribus majoribus.
Typus: Trengganu, Ulu Besut R. Kiew RK 2700 (holo UPM; iso K, SING).
Erect, unbranched plant, stem woody to 37 cm by 6 mm thick, flowering at 9 cm
tall. Indumentum of stem apex and petioles deep brown, densely matted with long
uniseriate hairs. Leaves in a tuft at top of stem, upper internodes crowded, lower inter-
nodes to 5 mm apart. Lamina oblanceolate, (12.5-) 16 (-19) by 4-4.3 cm, narrowed
to apex, base narrowly cuneate, sometimes unequal, glabrous above and beneath, in
life deep green above and light green beneath, drying thinly leathery. Margin in the
upper half of the leaf finely and distantly serrate with a tuft of hairs in the notch, in
lower half + entire, marginal strip hairy beneath. Secondary veins 11-16 pairs, midrib
and secondary veins plane but conspicuous above, prominent beneath and sparsely
hairy, arching close to margin, tertiary veins obscure above, prominent beneath. Petiole
1-2 cm long in youngest leaves elongating to 1.7-2.5 cm in older leaves, grooved above,
geniculate abaxially.
Inflorescence 4-flowered cyme, several per axil. Peduncle 6-8.5 (-11 cm), erect with
flowers held above leaves, brownish-purple, pedicel 10-17 mm. Bract pair ligulate,
6 by 1.5 mm long. Indumentum of peduncle, pedicel, bracts and calyx sparse with
appressed, long, multicellular eglandular hairs with fewer short glandular hairs. Flowers
nodding. Calyx divided almost to base, lobes narrowly acute, 2-3 by 1 mm. Corolla
broadly campanulate, tube 5-6 by 7-8 mm, white, minutely pubescent outside, lobes
broadly oblong, apex rounded, upper two 4-6 by 6 mm, pale to deep purple, reflexed,
lower three 5 by 5-6 mm, white suffused purple, projecting 6-10 mm beyond upper.
Stamens with thick fleshy filament, c. 2.5 mm long, joined to base of corolla tube,
anthers white, broadly sagittate, 3 by 2 mm, connivent at apex. Ovary ellipsoid, 3 by
1.5 mm, purplish red, style whitish-green, 5 mm long and projecting beyond corolla
tube, ovary and style minutely pubescent, stigma minute, rounded, c. 0.3 mm across,
white, glistening, apex papillose. Disc none. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, slightly curved,
3 cm long, c. 1.5 mm thick, + glabrous.
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia — Trengganu, Ulu Besut.
Habitat: Hill slope, common on earth banks.
Specimens examined: Trengganu — Ulu Besut: Kg. Keruak 1 September 1986 S.
Anthony SA 675 (SING, UPM); Kg. La 7 May 1988 R. Kiew RK 2700 (K, SING,
UPM).
Notes: By virtue of its broadly campanulate, purple corolla and large, shortly stalked
anthers, this species belongs to sect. Boeopsis. However, it is the most robust species
in this section with stems that attain 37 cm in height. In its leaves, which are glabrous
above, and in its simple cymes, it resembles D. heterophyllus Ridley, from which it is
readily distinguished not only by its greater height, but also by its larger leaves, which
are strongly narrowed to the base (in D. heterophyllus the leaf base is rounded), and
in its larger flowers (Table 1).
jn
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 25
Table 1
Diagnostic differences between Didymocarpus anthonyi, D. heterophyllus
and D. leiophyllus
Character D. anthonyi D. heterophyllus D. leiophyllus
Stem height (cm) 9-37 0-7 2-19
Lamina length (cm) 12.5-19 5-13.5 7-11
Lamina width (cm) 4-43 2-4 2.5-4
Lamina base narrowed rounded narrowed
Leaf margin distantly serrate crenulate + entire
Petiole length (cm) 1-2.5 0.5-3 1-2
No. flowers/inflorescence 4 3-4
Calyx length (mm) 2-3 1-2 4
Corolla length (mm) 9-12 3-4 1]
This species is named for S. Anthonysamy, herbarium assistant in the Department
of Biology, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, who is an excellent field botanist and who
made the first collection of this species.
Among species of Didymocarpus the indumentum of the ovary and style is variable
both with regard to trichome type and their density. The difference between a finely
pubescent indumentum of long-stalked trichomes and a pustulate indumentum con-
sisting of short-stalked glandular ones is clearly discernible with the naked eye.
The range of stylar indumentum is illustrated in Plate 1. All species examined possess
short-stalked glandular hairs, either with a single-celled rounded head (D. corneri
Pl. le; D. geitleri Pl. 1g; D. yongii Pl. 1d) or with a 2-celled head (D. leucanthus
Pl. la; D. leucocodon P\. 1b) or with a 4-celled head (D. anthonyi PI. lc). Except
for D. yongii (Pl. 1d), they possess in addition short, 2 or 3-celled eglandular hairs
on a raised base. Those of D. anthonyi are exceptionally short. D. leucanthus, D.
quinquevulnerus (P|. 1h) and D. platypus possess a third type, long-stalked glandular
hairs.
The density of stylar trichomes varies from extremely sparse (the style of D. anthonyi
is almost glabrous), moderately sparse (D. leucanthus, D. quinquevulnerus and D.
platypus) to, in most cases, dense (D. corneri, D. geitleri, D. leucanthus, D. leucocodon,
and D. yongii).
Even with this small sample, trichome type is not apparently related to taxonomic
affinity. Within sect. Boeopsis stylar trichome type differs among species: D. anthonyi
has long eglandular and glandular hairs (the latter with a 4-celled head); D. yongii has
only glandular hairs and these have a single-celled head. In addition, long-stalked
glandular hairs are found in species in sect. Didymanthus (D. /eucanthus) and in sect.
Heteroboea (D. quinquevulnerus) and short, glandular trichomes with a rounded head
are found in sect. Codonoboea (D. corneri) and sect. Boeopsis (D. yongii).
In species where the style projects beyond the corolla tube (D. anthonyi, D. corneri
and D. geitleri), the predominant trichome type is short-stalked glandular trichomes
and, in contrast, eglandular hairs are extremely sparse. It is tempting to suggest that
these glandular hairs function to secrete substances that attract the pollinator either
by scent (none of these species has a scent perceptible to the human nose) or by sight.
The indumentum is glistening in all species and in some species contrasts in colour
Plate 1. Stylar trichomes in Didymocarpus.
a. D. leucanthus; b. D. leucocodon; ¢. D. anthonyi; d. D. yongii.
with the white corolla. It is pale fawn in D. corneri and magenta-purple in D. geitleri.
Weber (1989) recorded the indumentum of the latter species as orange. In contrast, the
white style of D. anthonyi is almost glabrous.
Long-stalked glandular hairs are found in those species which have a long corolla
tube which includes the style, namely D. leucanthus and D. quinquevulnerus. It is
possible, therefore, that trichome type is related to pollinator guild rather than to
taxonomic affinity.
teh
‘| ge 4 a if :
aha Se
Plate 1. Stylar trichomes in Didymocarpus (cont.).
e. D. corneri (below stigma); f. D. corneri (above ovary); g. D. geitleri; h. D. quinquevulnerus.
In general, the indumentum of the ovary is more dense than that of the style (with
the exception of D. leucocodon (P1. 2b) where it is more dense on the style). In some
cases trichome type is the same on the style and ovary, although the hairs may be
longer (e.g. D. leucanthus P|. 2a, D. anthonyi Pl. 2c) or shorter (e.g. D. leucocodon)
on the ovary. In other species, (D. geitleri Pl. 2f, D. corneri Pl. 2e and D. yongii
Pl. 2d) trichome type on the style and ovary is different because short-stalked glan-
dular trichomes with a rounded head are absent from the ovary. In D. yongii, in
addition to eglandular hairs, there are long-stalked glandular hairs on the ovary. These
latter species have a transitional zone in the lower part of the style where all types of
trichome are present. This is seen in D. corneri (Pl. 1f) where three trichomes types
are present. The transitional zone in D. geitleri is illustrated by Weber (1989).
Plate 2. Trichomes of the ovary of Didymocarpus.
a. D. leucanthus; b. D. leucocodon; ¢. D. anthonyi; d. D. yongii.
In all species examined (except for D. quinquevulnerus, Pl. 2h), there is a pre-
ponderance of short eglandular hairs, which suggests they may play a protective role
in the immature ovary.
2. Didymocarpus leiophyllus Kiew sp. nov. Plate 3
Differt a Didymocarpo heterophyllo Ridley inflorescentia uniflora, foliis fere integerrimis et floribus
majoribus.
Typus : Trengganu, Ulu Setui R. Kiew RK 2265 (holo UPM; iso SING).
Erect, unbranched plant, stem woody to 19 cm and 3-4 mm thick, flowering at
.
; Pi P a o;
Ses
Plate 2. Trichomes of the ovary of Didymocarpus (cont.).
e. D. corneri; f. D. geitleri; g. D. platypus; h. D. quinquevulnerus.
2 cm tall. Leaves forming a tuft at the top of the stem, lower leaves to 2.5 cm apart,
spirally arranged. Lamina oblanceolate, 7-11 by 2.5-4 cm, apex acute or sometimes
shortly acuminate, narrowed to base, unequal, glabrous above and beneath, in life
dark green above, paler beneath, fleshy drying thinly leathery. Margin + entire, some-
times shallowly dentate towards apex, marginal strip hairy beneath. Midrib prominent
above and beneath, secondary veins 8-14 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath,
arching close to margin, tertiary veins + obscure beneath. Petiole 1 (-2) cm. Indumentum
30 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
of stem apex, petiole, and lower surface of midrib and secondary veins of appressed
uniseriate hairs.
Inflorescence 1-flowered. Peduncle and pedicel slender, purple-red, minutely pubes-
cent, erect, 3.5-6 cm long with flowers held above leaves. Bract pair ligulate, 1.5-2 mm
long. Calyx divided almost to base, lobes narrowly acute, 4 by 1 mm, purple-red,
pubescent. Corolla broadly campanulate, tube 6 by 5 mm, white or bluish purple,
minutely pubescent outside, lobes broadly oblong, apex slightly rounded, 5 by 4-5 mm,
pale lilac, upper lobes reflexed. Stamens with filaments 1.5-2 mm long, broadening
to the base and joined to base of corolla tube, anthers broadly sagittate, 2 by 1 mm,
connivent. Ovary narrowly ovoid, 5 by 1.3 mm, style 5 mm long, yellowish, minutely
hairy and projecting beyond the corolla tube, stigma slightly discoid + 1 mm across.
Disc encircling base of ovary, c. 0.5 mm tall, deeply lobed. Capsule narrowly ovoid,
slightly curved, 1.5-3.3 cm, purple, minutely hairy.
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia — Trengganu, Ulu Setui.
Habitat: Locally common in lowland forest on slopes above river banks or on steep
earth banks.
Specimens examined: Trengganu — Ulu Sg. Setui 28 April 1986 R. Kiew RK 2265
(UPM, SING), 29 April 1986 RK 2272 (UPM), 30 August 1986 S. Anthony SA 662
(UPM), 31 August 1986 SA 670 (UPM), 5 November 1986 SA 7/8 (UPM).
Plate 3. | Didymocarpus leiophyllus.
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 3]
Notes: D. leiophyllus (P\. 3) is a distinctive species in its smooth leaf surface (the veins
are not impressed above) and in its almost entire leaves. It belongs to sect. Boeopsis.
In its flower it most resembles D. anthonyi in size (both have a larger flower than
D. heterophyllus) and in colour (they both have a white or very pale purple corolla
tube and lobes which are a deeper purple compared with D. heterophyllus where the
corolla tube and lobes are uniformly mid-purple). Leaves of both D. leiophyilus and
D. anthonyi are rather fleshy and have a pronounced pubescent marginal strip. D.
leiophyllus differs from both D. anthonyi and D. heterophyllus in its single-flowered
inflorescence (Table 1). Some populations of D. puncticulatus also have single-flowered
inflorescences but D. /eiophyllus would not be confused with it as D. puncticulatus has
hairy leaves which are punctate above and which frequently have a paler band down
the centre.
3. Didymocarpus leucanthus Kiew sp. nov.
Didymocarpo parvifloro Ridley affinis sed foliis margine crenaturis praeditis supra pubescentibus et
floribus albis differt.
Typus: Selangor, Ulu Ampang R. Kiew RK 2767 (holo, UPM, iso SING).
Stem prostrate with erect branching woody shoots to 1 m tall and 3 mm thick,
deep purple in life. Leaves opposite, equal-sized, distant up to 7 cm apart. Lamina
lanceolate, 12-13.5 by 5-5.5 cm, apex acute or sometimes acuminate, base cuneate, in
dried state chartaceous, margin minutely crenate. In life dark green above and pale
beneath. Lateral veins c. 9 pairs and ascending towards margin, sometimes with a
minor vein parallel to lateral veins but petering out midway to margin, lateral veins
and midrib plane above, prominent beneath, tertiary veins obscure above and below.
Indumentum of short uniseriate hairs with c. 4 cells, on stem and petiole dense and
appressed, lamina silky above and roughly pubescent beneath, with both long and
short hairs. Lamina minutely pustulate beneath. Petiole terete, 1.5 to 3 cm long, deep
purple in life.
Inflorescence axillary, 1-flowered, produced in a series so that axils bear buds,
flowers and fruits at the same time. Peduncle and pedicel slender, 6-8 mm long,
lengthening to 12 mm in fruit. Indumentum of peduncle, pedicel, bracts and calyx
dense consisting of minute glandular hairs. Bracts ligulate 2 mm long. Calyx divided
to base, lobes ligulate, 2 by 1 mm. Corolla narrowly tubular, white with a yellow spot
at base of tube, tube 9 by 4-5 mm, minutely pubescent outside, lobes 5, oblong, apex
broadly rounded, upper lobes 3 by 2.5 mm, reflexed, minutely glandular hairs on inner
surface, lower lobes 3 by 4 mm, projecting 5 mm beyond upper lobes. Stamens 2,
filaments slender 4 m long, anthers ellipsoid, 1.5 by 0.5 mm, connivent. Ovary narrowly
cylindric 4 mm long, style enclosed within tube 3 mm long, densely pubescent, stigma
rounded, 1 mm across, papillose. Disc 1 mm tall, subtending lower half of base of
ovary. Capsule 3.5-4 cm long and 1 mm wide, densely pubescent.
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia — Selangor, Ulu Ampang.
Habitat: In lowland forest at c. 100 m, locally common and forming clumps on earth
banks.
Specimens examined: Selangor, Ulu Ampang at Ampang Impounding Reservoir: 20
May 1984 R. Kiew RK 1307 (UPM); 16 August 1988 RK 2767 (UPM, SING).
Notes: Didymocarpus leucanthus most resembles D. parviflorus Ridley in its habit (it
is decumbent producing erect, branching stems), in its long-petioled leaves and in its
small, tubular corollas. It differs from D. parviflorus, which is a smaller, more or less
32 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
prostrate plant and which has smaller leaves (25-50 by 6-13 mm) with entire margins,
yellow flowers and shorter fruits (c. 1 cm long).
Ridley (1905, 1923) included D. parviflorus in sect. Didymanthus, presumably as it
has distant pairs of leaves. However, both D. parviflorus and D. leucanthus differ from
other members of this section by their smaller, tubular flowers, which are not produced
on long-peduncled cymes. These two species should therefore be excluded from sect.
Didymanthus as it is presently circumscribed. However, until the Malayan species are
better known, it is premature to erect a new section for them. For example, the little-
known D. flavescens Ridley is similar to these two species in its small tubular, yellowish-
white flowers on single-flowered inflorescences, but it is conspicuously different in its
long peduncles, which are 2.5-7 cm long.
Among Malayan species of Didymocarpus, D. leucanthus (Pl. 4a) is unusual in
possessing a nectary that does not completely surround the base of the ovary. The
most common type of nectary in the genus is cylindrical and relatively large. In sect.
Heteroboea, nectaries range from 0.7 mm tall (D. platypus, Pl. 4e) to 0.9 mm (D.
quinquevulnerus, P|. 4f) to 1.5 mm tall in D. polyanthoides. This type of nectary is
also seen in most other sections, e.g. in sect. Didymanthus (D. parvifolius), in sect.
Codonoboea (D. corneri, Pl. 4d) and in sect. Boeopsis (D. yongii, Pl. 4c). That of
D. yongii is unusual in being distinctly lobed.
~ Nectary morphology is not always a reliable indicator of taxonomic affinity, although
all species in the D. falcatus-D. flavobrunneus-D. pyroliflorus alliance have unilateral
nectaries (Weber, 1989). D. leucanthus also has a unilateral nectary but is not at all
related to this alliance. Some closely related species have different nectary types, such
as D. parvifolius and D. leucanthus (D. parvifolius has a cylindrical nectary c. 0.5 mm
tall and D. leucanthus has a unilateral one) and D. anthonyi and D. leiophyllus (the
former species does not have a nectary and in the latter the nectary is cylindrical and
lobed).
Flowers of a few Didymocarpus species do not have a nectary (e.g. D. anthonyi
and D. codonion) or have a very small one (D. geitleri, Weber, 1989; D. leucocodon,
Pl. 4b). Weber has described the features of pollen flowers in D. geitleri and pointed
out that the evolution from nectar to pollen as a floral reward has occurred in several
genera of the Gesneriaceae. In the pollen flower, not only is the nectary reduced in
size but the anthers are large and conspicuous in the gaping mouth of the corolla,
which has a short tube. In Didymocarpus this type of flower often has a style which
projects beyond the mouth of the corolla. This flower type is seen in sect. Boeopsis,
in sect. Salicini and in sect. Codonoboea (D. corneri). However, in sect. Boeopsis nec-
tary size ranges from large (D. yongii) to absent (D. anthonyi and D. codonion). In
D. yongii the style is not exserted as it is in D. anthonyi. Some species, such as D.
leiophyllus, while having an exserted style, also have a nectary.
That pollen flowers have evolved several times in the Gesneriaceae and probably
also within a large genus such as Didymocarpus means that the position of D. geitleri
should be reconsidered, especially as its leaf morphology and indumentum is more
typical of sect. Heteroboea than sect. Boeopsis, with which Weber (1989) suggested it
was allied.
There is still a great deal to be learnt about pollination in Didymocarpus. Although
many Didymocarpus species produce striking flowers often in abundance (a single
plant of D. quinquevulnerus Ridley can have up to 40 flowers open at any one time,
although 20-30 are more usual), it is an extremely rare event to see an insect visitor.
I have only observed pollination in one species, D. robinsonii Ridley, where on Gunung
Tahan its flowers were visited by bumblebees. It is probable that various types of bees
visit the large, trumpet-shaped flowers that have conspicuous nectar guides. For those
18 4
AP
Nectary morphology in Didymocarpus
Plate 4.
ypus
D. plat
D. leucocodon; ¢. D. yongii; d. D. corneri; e.
Ss
b.
inquevulneru
.
,’
leucanthus
a. D.
f. D. qu
34 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
species with narrow-tubed flowers, such as D. leucanthus, or small purple flowers of
sect. Boeopsis and sect. Salicini, which do not have conspicuous nectar guides, or small
white flowers with exserted styles found in D. corneri, D. geitleri and D. pyroliflorus
the pollinator remains unknown. Nor is it known whether flowers of D. leucocodon,
which are large, pure white and bell-like and have a relatively small nectary, are pollen
or nectar flowers.
In all species of Didymocarpus that I have observed in the field, the stigma in the
receptive phase is white and glistening, presumably due to secretions by the papillose
cells (Pl. 5b). (Papillose cells in D. leucocodon, P|. 5c, may be undeveloped as the
stigma shown is from an immature gynaecium from a flower bud.)
In general, flowers with tubular corollas and enclosed anthers and style have larger,
more or less discoid, peltate stigmas, e.g. D. leucanthus (Pl. 5a), D. parviflorus and
D. quinquevulnerus (P|. Sh), compared with those flowers with a projecting style, where
the stigma is globose or minute and rounded (D. anthonyi, Pl. 5d; D. corneri, Pl. Sf;
D. geitleri, Pl. 5g). The stigma of D. geitleri is unique among Didymocarpus species
is possessing a conspicuously naked zone between the stigma and the pustular trichome
layer on the style.
Plate 5. Stigma morphology in Didymocarpus.
a. D. leucanthus; b. papillose surface of D. leucanthus; ¢. D. leucocodon; d. D. anthonyi.
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 35
4. Didymocarpus salicinoides Kiew stat. et nom. nov.
Synonym: Paraboea salicinia (Ridley) Ridley var. major Ridley. Flora Malay Peninsula
5 (1925) 325.
Typus: Kelantan, Kuala Aring, Yapp 193 (lecto K, isolecto CGE).
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia — south Kelantan, Trengganu.
Habitat: Lowland forest growing on earth banks.
Specimens examined: Kelantan — Kuala Aring 12 September 1899 Yapp 193 (K, CGE);
Trengganu — Kemaman, Ulu Bendong 30 October 1935 Corner SFN 30027 (K), Bk.
Plate 5. Stigma morphology in Didymocarpus (cont.).
e. D. yongii; f. D. corneri; g. D. geitleri; h. D. quinquevulnerus.
36 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
Kajang 2 November 1935 Corner SFN 30198 (K), Bk. Bauk 27 August 1986 S. Anthony
SA 596 (UPM), Sg. Nipa 5 May 1988 R. Kiew RK 2654 (K, L, SING, UPM).
Notes: This species shares several common characters with D. salicinus Ridley. Both
are plants with a wiry stem with a tuft of narrowly lanceolate leaves at the top; the
leaves are flat (i.e. the veins are not impressed above), glabrous and shiny above, thinly
leathery and the margin is finely serrate; the flowers are small; and the fruits are short
(12-20 mm long) and narrow. In addition, both produce young leaves which are white
or pale pink at the base. The species epithet is chosen to reflect the close relationship
between the two species.
Ridley (1925) distinguished his var. major from the typical variety by its broader
leaves and panicled cymes. Table 2 lists additional differences between them.
Table 2
Diagnostic differences between Didymocarpus salicinus and D. salicinoides
Character D. salicinoides D. salicinus
Stem unbranched branched
(small plants unbranched)
Leaf width (mm) 20-33 10-22
Leaf apex acute acuminate
Petiole length (mm) (8-) 20 (-27) (7-) 11 (-14)
Petiole & midrib with
transverse ribs + —
Corolla length (mm) 3 (-4) (2-) 3
Corolla colour white with purple pale violet-pink
upper lobes
Inflorescence length (cm) (4-) 5 (-8) 3 (-4)
Inflorescence type twice branched cyme simple cyme
No. flowers/inflorescence 7 (-10) 2-4
In addition, the habitat of these two taxa differs. Plants of D. salicinus are rheo-
phytes, while those of D. salicinoides grow on earth banks in lowland forest not neces-
sarily close to streams. While differences in leaf width may be attributed to the different
conditions under which they live (and indeed plants of D. salicinus that grow above
the flood level do have broader leaves, Kiew 1989), even when this is taken into account
there is still a difference (Table 2).
It may be a coincidence that another species pair (D. heterophyllus-D. floribundus)
shows this same difference in the riverine taxon having simple cymes and the forest
undergrowth species panicled cymes and that these two species pairs grow together.
Thus the plants with simple cymes, D. salicinus and D. heterophyllus grow along the
Sg. Tahan, and D. salicinoides and D. floribundus grow together in the Kemaman area.
Didymocarpus salicinus and D. salicinoides belong to sect. Salicini.
5. Didymocarpus stoloniferus Kiew sp. nov.
Inter congeneribus Peninsulae Malaysiae habitu, foliis et fructibus ad D. puncticulatum accedens, sed
stolonibus, pedunculis brevibus et corollis majoribus et tubaeformibus differt.
Typus: R. Kiew RK 1638 (holo UPM, iso SING).
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 37
A rosette plant producing thin stolons 30 cm or longer with plantlets at intervals.
Leaves in opposite pairs forming a compact rosette of c. 8 leaves. Lamina broadly
elliptic 3-6 by 1.5-2.5 cm, apex acute (rarely acuminate), base rounded sometimes
unequal, in life fleshy, drying membraneous, margin serrate. Indumentum on upper
surface of lamina dense with 4-celled unbranched hairs with conspicuously raised
hair base, dense on lower surface of lamina, midrib, veins and petiole. Midrib and
secondary veins depressed above and prominent beneath, secondary veins 6-9 pairs,
tertiary veins obscure above and below. Petiole slender, 6-40 mm long.
Inflorescence 1-flowered. Peduncle and pedicel 12-16 mm long. Indumentum of
pedicel and calyx with glandular hairs with a multicellular stalk. Bracts linear 1.5-2 mm
long. Calyx divided to base, lobes ligulate, 2-3 by 1 mm. Corolla trumpet-shaped,
tube 17 mm long by 1.5 mm wide at base dilating to 9 mm across at mouth, glabrous,
whitish tinged purplish-pink, throat white with 2 lemon-yellow nectar guides, lobes
pale purple-pink, equal-sized, broadly oblong, apex rounded, 4 by 4-5 mm. Stamens
2, filaments slender 4 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 2 by 1 mm, connivent. Ovary
ovoid, 2.5 by 1 mm, style slender 19 mm long, ovary and style densely pubescent,
stigma discoid c. 0.5 mm across, not projecting beyond the corolla tube. Disc cylin-
drical, c. 0.5 mm tall. Capsule 8-10 by 2.5 mm, spreading pubescent (Burtt & Stone
B 11690).
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia — Pahang, Gunung Ulu Kali.
Habitat: Growing in moss on large granite rocks or rockfaces in upper montane forest
at c. 1,600 m a.s.l.
Specimens examined: Pahang, G. Ulu Kali — 12 October 1978 B.L. Burtt & B.C. Stone
B 11690 (E); 25 March 1985 Ruth Kiew RK 1638 (UPM, SING).
Notes: This species has been found at just two sites: one population was growing on
the drier side of large rocks in forest (B 1/690), the other on a sheer rock face some
15 m high, which forms one side of a damp, dark gully (RK /638). Although the latter
population has been visited at all times of year over a period of more than ten years,
it has only been found in flower on two occasions (March 1985 and October 1989),
when many plants were in flower. It is interesting that the other collection was also
made in October (1978) when “the plants were flowering freely” (Burtt, pers. comm.).
The assignment of this species to one of the presently circumscribed sections is
problematic. On the one hand its small rosette habit and short fruits ally it with sect.
Boeopsis but it has neither the long peduncles nor the short campanulate corolla of
this section; on the other hand its trumpet-shaped flower with distinct yellow nectar
guides resembles species in sect. Heteroboea but it is not a robust plant with a woody
stem and large leaves. Although it superficially resembles D. puncticulatus in sect.
Boeopsis in its one-flowered inflorescence, its short fruit and small crenate leaves,
which are hairy above; it differs from this species as D. puncticulatus does not have
stolons, its leaves are punctate above and have a broad pale green band down the
midrib, its inflorescence has a long peduncle and its flowers are shortly campanulate.
In possessing stolons D. stoloniferus is unique among Malayan Didymocarpus.
Didymocarpus lithophilus Kiew Validated
Mr B.L. Burtt has pointed out to me that the application of Didymocarpus komp-
soboea C.B.Cl. to a Malayan taxon being simply a misidentification, the new name
D. lithophilus (Kiew, 1989) therefore requires a latin diagnosis to be valid, which is here
supplied,
38 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
Didymocarpus lithophilus Kiew spec. nov.
Gardens’ Bull. Singapore 42 (1989): 54.
Synonym: D. kompsoboea auct.; Ridley Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. 3 (1893) 328; FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923): 518 — non C.B.Cl. in DC Mon. Phan. 5 (1883) 92.
Typus: Ridley 2152 Kuala Tahan, Pahang (holo K; iso SING).
Didymocarpo platypodi affinis sed venatione (in D. lithophilo areolis oblongis; in D. platypode areolis
polygonalibus) et fructibus brevioribus differt. Differt a Didymocarpo rugoso foliis tenuibus non bullatis
et pedunculis duplo longioribus.
Section Boeopsis
Section Boeopsis includes species that are smallish rosette plants with broadly cam-
panulate flowers. The earliest Malayan species in this group, D. heterophyllus, was
described by Ridley in 1893. In 1896, he grouped it with D. puncticulatus Ridley in
sect. Kompsoboea. The latter includes species with a rosette habit but their flowers
are larger and trumpet-shaped compared with the smaller campanulate ones of either
D. heterophyllus or D. puncticulatus. (Sect. Kompsoboea is not represented in Penin-
sular Malaysia.) In 1905 Ridley described a new section, Acaules, which he defined as
comprising plants that are ‘Stemless or nearly so. Leaves crowded’ and in which he
included D. violaceus Ridley, D. lacunosus Hook. f., D. pumilus Ridley as well as
D. heterophyllus, D. perditus Ridley and D. puncticulatus. (Acaules is not available as
a sectional name in Didymocarpus, as its lectotype, D. lacunosus has been transferred
to Chirita.)
In 1907 Ridley described a new section, Boeopsis, to accommodate D. perditus,
D. puncticulatus, D. heterophyllus and D. battamensis Ridley, the latter a species from
Pulau Batam, an island south of Singapore. He described the species in this section
as being small plants with short corolla tubes and two short stamens with thick sigmoid
filaments and subglobose or elliptic anthers.
In his 1923 account of the genus, Ridley defined sect. Boeopsis as comprising plants
with ‘leaves crowded in a tuft at the top of a woody root stock, peduncles slender,
flowers usually small’ and in this he included D. longipes C.B.Cl., D. primulinus Ridley,
D. soldanella Ridley, D. pumilus and D. grandiflorus Ridley, as well as those included
in his 1907 account. D. grandiflorus (now renamed D. ridleyanus Burtt), on account
of its distant pairs of leaves and large tubular flowers, obviously does not belong to
this section and is now placed in sect. Didymanthus (Kiew, 1989). D. longipes and
D. primulinus are both anomalous within this section in possessing yellow flowers with
narrow corolla tubes. All other species in sect. Boeopsis have purple, campanulate
corollas.
D. longipes is quite unlike any other Malayan species in its leaves and its condensed
cymes borne on long peduncles. Its narrow tubular flowers recall those of D. flavo-
brunneus Ridley and D. falcatus Kiew. In 1896 Ridley had noted that ‘it is difficult
to find any species really nearly allied to this’ and he did not place it in sect. Komp-
soboea. In his 1905 account he included D. /ongipes in sect. Didymanthus (i.e. not in
sect. Acaules with D. heterophyllus and D. puncticulatus). Burtt (1954) selected D.
longipes as the lectotype of sect. Boeopsis based on Ridley’s flora account of 1923 as
he did not realize that this section had already been published in 1907 where it did
not include D. longipes (Burtt, pers. comm.)
It is proposed here that sect. Boeopsis be redefined in its original 1907 sense and
that D. longipes, D. primulinus and D. ridleyanus be excluded from the section. Burtt
(1971) returned most species that Ridley had included in Paraboea sect. Campanulati
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 39
to Didymocarpus sect. Salicini. However, sect. Salicini is best kept in Ridley’s original
sense for narrow-leaved species (see below). Only two of the remaining Paraboea
species conform to the circumscription of sect. Boeopsis, viz. D. floribundus (Hender-
son) Burtt and D. rubiginosus (Ridley) Burtt, both of which have a rosette habit and
purple, campanulate flowers. Apart from the two new species described above, another
three recently described species, D. codonion Kiew, D. n.sp (proposed to be named
D. oreophilus Kiew) and D. yongii Kiew all belong to this section. D. perditus Ridley
is a synonym of D. puncticulatus (Kiew, 1987). Therefore at present, this section in-
cludes eleven species. D. heterophyllus is here chosen as the lectotype of the section
as it 1s typical in its small rosette habit, its purple campanulate flowers and its short
capsule.
Section Boeopsis Ridley J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc. 49 (1907) 22; Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 508.
Lectotype: D. heterophyllus Ridley Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. 3 (1893) 329.
Small to medium-sized herbs, stemless or not, with a rosette of usually oblanceolate
leaves, flowers held above the leaf rosette in a lax cyme of 3-18 (rarely 1-2) flowers,
corollas short and broadly campanulate, purple (sometimes pink) without yellow
nectar guides, stamens with short, thick filaments, anthers large, broadly oblong and
prominently positioned in the mouth of corolla tube, style either contained within
corolla tube or projecting well beyond it, ovary short, capsule short (up to 2.5 cm long).
Key to Malayan Species of Section Boeopsis
eer ewes Ce OUP... . tc oo ns Lee ee SEU LORS Es he nee soe cele eee ee 2
Perea velvety above, veins and lamina concolorous }ia.6 2.54. ch wee cee ee D. rubiginosus
2 eae manrous apove,. veins Outlined in white «22005 .6 ge ek wl le ere owe eee ee D. yongii
TR ACEO TATRA ONIN eS oe gs gh A wei eee Cs elgg Fe hw ee eee Nees we 3
Drm eCiiee ett ONC. OF SONICHINIES 2 TOWGIS 25 os ecie Sv cle anc was tle cee ee ee cece eee 4
eat taDMIMS “ARONG, MIGUSIE ENTIRE eh Gee. eae se wie ela ees ob es D. leiophyllus
ee gg Tee a ST 21 a eg ae eee a ear 5
5. Leaf sparsely hairy and minutely punctate above, fruit to 15 mm long ..................
aaa! elatit aiplibe a ee tee el ee le oF bee ene te ©, wales 6 6's she wei e ai © S's, 9 0.0 Sm 8 «a © 8 2, 0e@ © © © ©
5. Leaf densely velvety and not punctate above, fruit to 25 mm long ............. D. n. sp.
a OrCeCCtiCe CyMitse Will S7OF TMOTe TIQWETS | oi 6 cw icine re wl cee ee eee tesens 6
ene een TED OE NTIGIC LIOWEES sau. Ca, al. sce nS ws A eine Se nw sw ee alee eee em enes 7
7. Leaf petiole 2.5-7 cm, calyx 1-1.5 mm, corolla to 4 mm long ............... D. codonion
7. Leaf petiole 0.5-2 cm, calyx 3-5 mm, corolla to 7-9 mm long ............ D. floribundus
OO BSS a a ne Se SG ee a ee ee ii 8
RI PTEN GIOVE | 6 Fetes ' uidias 5 os Vanna s oy pile Regia Wa nied ve cmv ew ees D. pumilus
RS ae of Sa ee ee ee ee 9
obese 12 -19-en long, Dase. NATTOWED 6.42). 55 ois eed Few eee eee eens D. anthonyi
ama 14590 ION, DAase TOUNGER f. ) hw oa .2ic tnd ee eee eee eee wee eees 10
10. Leaf oblanceolate, apex acute, fruit c. 25 mm long .............. D. heterophyllus
10. Leaf obovate, apex rounded, fruit c. 1S mm long .................. D. soldanella
The geographic range of species in sect. Boeopsis is centred on the east and south
of Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 1). The majority are confined to the lowlands with the
exception of D. puncticulatus, which has an altitudinal range from near sea level
Fig... 1.
Distribution of Didymocarpus species belonging to Section Boeopsis.
1. D. anthonyi; 2. D. codonion; 3. D. floribundus; 4. D. heterophyllus; 5. D. leiophyllus;
6. Didymocarpus sp. nov.; 7. D. soldanella; 8. D. puncticulatus; 9. D. rubiginosus; 10. D. pumilus
and 11. D. yongii.
Five New Species of Didymocarpus 4]
to 1,000 m. The few that are confined to the mountains include D. rubiginosus on
Gunung Tahan (1,300-2,000 m), and D. n. sp. on G. Setong (1,000 m), D. pumilus on
Fraser’s Hill (1,000 m) and D. so/ldanella on G. Kerbau, the latter three are from the
Main Range but notably not collected from the western side. Apart from D. soldanella
(unfortunately poorly known from a single scrap of a fruiting specimen), the other
montane species all have leaves that are densely hairy on the upper surface, as does
D. puncticulatus. The grey, silky indumentum of D. pumilus recalls the appearance of
species of Loxocarpus and indeed it is this section that includes the Didymocarpus
species with the shortest fruits (Kiew, 1987). However, all species of Loxocarpus have
much smaller flowers and the cymes are more compressed.
Section Salicini
Ridley (1896) described species in section Salicini as being ‘small, short flowered
species with narrow willow leaves crowded at the top of a short woody stem’. He
included in this section D. pectinatus, D. salicinus and D. densiflorus, (the last an
undescribed species based on a specimen collected by H.J. Kelsall from G. Janing,
Johore). In 1905 he added D. serratifolius.
Ridley did not include this section in his 1923 account in which he transferred D.
salicinus to Paraboea sect. Campanulati. The species that remained in Didymocarpus,
D. densifolius, D. pectinatus and D. serratifolius, he placed in a new section Pectinati.
(Section Pectinati is a distinct group of species with deeply serrate or pectinate leaf
margins and small white tubular flowers. For this reason D. densifolius was excluded
from this section, Kiew 1987).
In returning species from Paraboea Sect. Campanulati to Didymocarpus sect.
Salicini, Burtt (1971) only excluded D. cordatus and D. tahanicus from sect. Salicini.
However, apart from D. caeruleus, D. filicifolius and D. salicinus, the other species do
not conform to Ridley’s concept of the section comprising species with willow-shaped
leaves. Kiew (1987) has suggested that sect. Salicini be used in its original restricted
sense. It presently includes the following species: D. densifolius Ridley (syn. Paraboea
caerulea Ridley and D. azureus Burtt, Kiew 1987), D. salicinoides, D. salicinus Ridley
(syn. D. filicifolius Ridley, Kiew, 1989) and D. tiumanicus (Ridley) Burtt. (Although
D. holttumii (Henderson) Burtt has narrowly lanceolate leaves, 8-11 by 1.5-2 cm, it
does not belong to this section as its leaves are arranged in distant pairs. In addition,
its flower buds are reported as yellow. Flower colour in sect. Salicini ranges from pink
to purple to bluish-purple.)
Key to Species in Section Salicini
ESS STAG GR IOe Te Yea ae SO: en an re re ee D. tiumanicus
aE IRIN ONES IVE 8 inc an koe ated Hh we Se wees as eee eee ee ee 2
2. Leaves 10-19 cm long, decurrent, leaf margin entire, flowers 12-17 mm long ..................
D. densifolius
a wine Sine e a aale as Aen 6 a em we eS ew @ © 2 eee Se 6 ee ee Eee eS he Bee eee 8 8 8
2. Leaves 5-7 cm long, petiolate, leaf margin minutely serrate, flowers 2-6 mm long ............ 3
3. Cymes simple, petiole not transversely ribbed ............. 0. cece eee eee ee eees D. salicinus
3. Cymes panicled, petiole and midrib transversely ribbed .................--. D. salicinoides
As mentioned above, D. salicinoides and D. salicinus are closely similar. They differ
from D. densifolius and D. tiumanicus in their smaller flowers and slender peduncles.
(D. tiumanicus has corollas c. 12 mm long). This raises the suspicion that this section
may include rheophytes, and that the tufted habit and willow-shaped leaves reflect
42 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
ecological adaptation rather than relatedness of the species. The purple campanulate
corolla with a wide mouth and conspicuous white anthers is also seen in sect. Boeopsis.
However, until the range of floral structure in Didymocarpus is more fully understood,
it is premature to split this section further.
Acknowledgements
I should like to thank Universiti Pertanian Malaysia for funding this project; S.
Anthonysamy for assistance in the field; the Curators of the Herbaria at Cambridge
Botany School, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, and Singapore Botanic Gardens; Brian
Chapman and A.J. Burgess for technical assistance in preparing material for and in
using Joel JSM-35CF scanning electron microscope in Dept. Anatomy, Cambridge
University and B.L. Burtt for his wise advice and helpful criticism and for supplying
me with a fruiting specimen of Didymocarpus stoloniferus.
References
Burtt, B.L. (1954). Studies in the Gesneriaceae for the Old World. Sections proposed
by Ridley. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 21: 203-225.
____. (1971). Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World. Didymocarpus sect. Salicini.
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31: 43-44.
____. (1990). Gesneriaceae of the Old World. II. A new Didymocarpus from Sumatra.
Edin. J. Bot. 47: 235-237.
Kiew, R. (1987). The herbaceous flora of Ulu Endau, Johore-Pahang, Malaysia, in-
cluding taxonomic notes and descriptions of new species. Mal. Nat. J. 41: 201-234.
____. (1989). Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) on Gunung Tahan, Malaysia. Gard. Bull.
Sing. 42: 47-64.
____. (1990). Reassessment of the generic status of Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) and
its species. Blumea 35: 167-176.
. (1991). Herbaceous Plants. In R. Kiew (ed.). The State of Nature Conservation
in Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 71-77.
Ridley, H.N. (1893). On the flora of the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula. Trans.
Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. 3: 329.
___. (1896). Cyrtandraceae Malayenses — Didymocarpus sect. Salicini and sect.
Kompsoboea. J. Linn Soc. Bot. 32: 514.
_____. (1905). The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Peninsula. J; Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.
43: 27-57.
_____. (1907). New or rare Malayan Plants. Section Boeopsis. J. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.
49: 22.
____. (1923). Didymocarpus. Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 506-523.
_____. (1925). Didymocarpus. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 325.
Weber, A. (1989). Didymocarpus geitleri, a remarkable new species of Gesneriaceae
with deceptive pollen flowers. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165: 95-100.
Weber, A. & Burtt, B.L. (1983). Didymocarpus corchorifolius and its allies (Gesneriaceae).
Blumea 28: 291-309.
Notes on the Development of the Fruit-bodies of
Four Malayan Species of Amanita (Basidiomycetes)
E.J.H. CORNER
91 Hinton Way
Great Shelford
Cambridge CB2 5AH
England
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
The development of the fruit-bodies was observed under natural conditions in the forest. Those of
A. elata, A. princeps and A. virginea took 12-14 days to reach maturity when they persisted for merely
1-3 days. Expanded fruit-bodies soon became fly-blown and this hastened their decay. A. elata and
A. princeps fructify early in the fungus season, as do most Malayan species, but A. virginea appears
towards the end of the season. The presence of these species is revealed only for a few days twice each year.
Introduction
These observations were made in 1929-1931. The species used to fructify in roughly
the same places every year in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Jungle and at Bukit Timah
Forest Reserve, as if they were mycorrhizal, though I could not associate them with
particular trees. However, this fact enabled me to disturb the humus gently in the likely
spots and discover the young primordia. When to look for them was a few days after
heavy rain had soaked the ground after the drier months of January-February and
July-August (Corner, 1935). These species were described by Corner and Bas (1962).
Amanita elata (Mass.) Corner et Bas
From 22 March and 22 September 1930 I watched the successful development of
6 fruit-bodies in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Jungle. They reached, eventually,
overall heights of 70-95 mm with pilei 25-80 mm wide. Several other fruit-bodies which
I began to measure rotted off before the stem emerged from the volva. Measurements
were made at about 8 a.m. daily. On day 1, the unopened volva was 8-10 mm high,
4-5 mm wide. By day 3, it had grown to 16-25 mm high, 9-13 mm wide. At 8 a.m.
on day 4, the volva had ruptured, evidently during the night, and the stem had begun
to project the pileus; the overall height was 26-63 mm but the convex pileus was merely
14-20 mm wide; the volva had ruptured into flat pieces on the unopended and pale
umber pileus. On day 5, four fruit-bodies A-D were fully expanded, 70-78 mm high
with plane pilei 30-60 mm wide. Two fruit-bodies, E and F, were c. 80 mm high with
_ half-open pilei 30-46 mm wide. On day 6, fruit-bodies A-D were the same but E and
F had fully expanded, 80-95 mm high with plane pilei 36 and 80 mm wide respectively.
On day 7, A-D were dead. On day 8, E and F had collapsed by 4 p.m.
Full expansion from the volva had taken 48-72 hours and seemed to occur mainly
during the night. The plane pileus persisted sporing for some 50-60 hours. From the
incidence of heavy rain at that time, I judged that the mycelium had taken c. 10 days
43
44 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
to develop the primordia to their state on day 1. The full life of the fruit-body, there-
fore, would be 14-15 days with a sporing period of c. 2 days or 50-60 hours.
The largest fruit-bodies that I recorded for this species had stems 13 cm long and
pilei 9 cm wide. Such fruit-bodies might require an extra day for development and en-
joy another day of sporing.
Amanita sp. aff. A. fritillaria (Berk.) Sacc.
On 15 March 1931 I marked two young fruit-bodies of this species in the Singapore
Botanic Gardens Jungle. They were expanding with overall height 30 mm and pilei
11 mm wide. They expanded fully overnight and next morning were 73 mm high with
plane pilei 38 mm wide. They lasted, evidently sporing, in this state for c. 36 hours
before collapsing.
Amanita princeps Corner et Bas
In March and September 1930, I watched the development of 18 specimens of this
lofty species. It grew in the deep shade of Fern Valley in Bukit Timah Forest Reserve.
My observations were made at 3-4 p.m. The youngest specimens found were enclosed
in the volva 15-21 mm wide. In 2 days the volva had enlarged to 32-48 mm wide. The
next day, which was day 4 in the sequence, the volva had ruptured, evidently at night,
and the stem had reached its full height 15-25 cm but the pilei were only one quarter
to half open with the intact veil still covering the gills. On day 5, the pileus was fully
expanded, plane or concave, 10-19 cm wide. The fruit-bodies then persisted for some
36-48 hours before becoming rotten. Many flies and small beetles had crawled over
the expanding pilei to lay their eggs, and larvae together with the heavy rain hastened
the demise of the fruit-bodies. Early development up to the rupture of the volva pro-
bably took some 12 days. In my experience this conspicuous fungus could be seen
merely on 3-4 days, twice a year in March and September.
Amanita virginea Mass.
This fungus is unlike other species of the genus in the Malay Peninsula because it
fruits towards the end of the fungus season after 2-3 months of rainy weather.
The fruit-bodies are not to be found in the usual run of fungus about March and
September but in May or November-December. In 1929 I watched the development
of 10 fruit-bodies which came up in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Jungle in the
second half of November and in the first half of December. Four of these failed to
‘grow beyond an early stage when the primordia were merely a few days old. The
others conformed to the sequence shown in Table 1.
The primordia took 8-10 days to develop from 10-15 mm high to the fully expanded
state. The sporing period from the rupture of the veil to the collapse of the fruit-body
varied from 30-70 hours. The expanded fruit-bodies were soon swarmed over by little
flies, and how long they would last clearly depended on the extent to which they
were fly-blown.
In 3 fruit-bodies the veil began to rupture about noon but was not fully broken and
detached until 4 hours later. In one case the veil ruptured during the night. The veil
split irregularly and fell to the ground in fairly large pieces.
It seemed likely that the primordia 10-15 mm high were not more than 3-4 days
old. All the primordia and the freshly expanded fruit-bodies had very firm, turgid and
compact texture. On section, a pale amber fluid issued from the cut surface, especially
of the pileus and stem-apex.
Notes on Fruit-bodies of Malayan Amanita 45
Table 1
Fruit-body development of Amanita virginea
Day Height overall Pileus width
8 a.m. mm mm
1 10-15 9-10 pileus a small hump
2 20 14
3 25 18
4 38 23
3 45 30-35
6 60 40-45
7 75-85 50-55
8 Soo ioe } veil rupture
9 105-140 135-145
10 110-150 150-190 fully grown
References
Corner, E.J.H. (1935). The seasonal fruiting of Agarics in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Str.
Settl., 1X: 79-88.
and Bas, C. (1962). The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya. Persoonia
2: 241-304.
i on copa
10 ef ng Oe
a » te
ID
bes)
Notes on the Rare Fern, Pteris holttumii C. Chr.
AZIZ BIDIN and RAZALI JAMAN
Botany Department, Faculty of Life Sciences
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi
Selangor, Malaysia
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
Pteris holttumii C. Chr. was found in the vicinity of the lowland dipterocarp forest of Dent Peninsula,
of Lahad Datu. It is the second record for Malaysia, and the only known record from the lowlands for
the species.
Introduction
There is no comprehensive study on the Sabah ferns reported to date. The only
detailed reference available is the work of Christensen and Holttum (1934) on the
Mount Kinabalu ferns. The more recent treatments on the subject are rather general
or restricted to specific taxa only (Price, 1987; Bidin & R. Jaman, 1989; Bidin, R.
Jaman & K.M. Salleh, 1988). The richness of ferns in Sabah as exemplified by Mount
Kinabalu, which habours about 500 species, will only be known once thorough studies
have been conducted on the Crocker and Trus Madi Ranges as well as the lowlands.
In one of the many collecting trips to Sabah in search of ferns, the authors came
across a handsome fern of the genus Preris in the lowlands of the Tabin Wildlife
Reserve of Dent Peninsula (near Lahad Datu, East Sabah, alt. 50 m). The fern, Pteris
holttumii C. Chr. was found on a steep river bank near a waterfall. Extensive search
in the area failed to find the species in other localities. Specimens collected are de-
posited at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Herbarium (UKMB) and a live plant
brought back is grown in the Fernery of the same University (Fig. 1).
The find constitutes the second record for the species in Sabah. In describing the
species in 1934, Christensen wrote: “This splendid new species, which I dedicate to its
collector, is the finest novelty discovered in recent years....” The species collected
by R.E. Holttum near Dallas Mt. Kinabalu (alt. +850 m) in 1931 was never recorded
again in Sabah until the Tabin specimen surfaced. As for the region, the only find-
ing for the species was by Hovenkamp & De Joncheere in Palu, Sulawesi at 500 m
(Hovenkamp & De Joncheere, 1988).
Observations
External Features of P. holttumii
The gross morphological characters of the species resembles Acrostichum aureum
in terms of size and divisions of frond. These characters prompted Christensen and
Holttum to suggest that Acrostichum is derived from the Pterideae.
Rhizomes creep horizontally, slightly beneath ground, bearing solitary fronds at
short intervals; thickly covered (especially at stipe base) by long wiry roots. Stipes are
47
Fig. 1. Pteris holttumii growing at the Universiti Kebangsaan Fernery.
grooved on the inner side, scattered, pale to yellowish, hard conicle prickles present.
Fronds are simply pinnate; pinnae uniform, basal pinnae not branched on the basi-
scopic sides near the base, basiscopic side of the base fused to the rachis, each pinna
about 40 cm long. Rachises and upperside of costae are grooved, lower costae promi-
nent. Veins are reticulate, forming up to 10 series of aerioles. Sori are marginal,
elongated, without inner indusium (Fig. 2 A-E).
Endomorphic Characteristics of the Stipe
In transectional view, the stipe is subsulcate in outline enclosing a single vascular
bundle which runs throughout the stipe. The bundle is a modified U-shaped strand
with a wide base.
Ogura (1972) stressed the importance of the shape of the xylem strand in segregating
families and genera of ferns, including relationships among taxa. In Preris holttumii
the xylem strand follows the outline of the bundle with both ends curved inside but
without hooks, which in Ogura’s classification is termed as the non-hippocampus type
(Fig. 2B).
Summary
Pteris holttumii was first collected in Sabah in 1931 and described in 1934. Exten-
sive botanical surveys by later workers in other parts of Borneo (Iwatsuki ef al. 1980;
Iwatsuki & Kato, 1980a, & b, 1981 & 1983a & b) did not include the fern in their lists.
With the present finding and that of Hovenkamp and De Joncheere in Sulawesi, it is
established here that P holttumii is found in the lowlands as well as at high elevations.
i)
ana
!
My
MW
(AY
V4
=
eT
UM
=<"
a —_,
a
a
—s
——
Had i \
de | WS UY
¥ oN \\ HMA
Ly), a INS Ani
Pteris holttumii. A. Part of rhizome, showing roots and stipe bases. B. Xylem configuration
middle of stipe. C. Part of frond, showing pinnae bases and sori outline. D. Vennation of pinna
nO) Hae
Fig. 2.
E. Sporangium.
50 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(1) (1992)
The species differs from the rest of the genus in having hard conicle prickles
throughout the stipe as well as in the basal pinnae not being branched on the basiscopic
sides near the base. It is the only species in Preris with reticulate venation. It is hoped
that with the availability of a live specimen in our collection, the cytology of the
species would be determined in due time in order to give some indications on the
phylogenetic relationship within the genus.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Mr. Lamri Ali of Sabah Parks for allowing the authors to
carry out a number of field surveys in the various localities in Sabah. The work was
funded by research grant No. IRPA 4-07-03-007.
References
Bidin, A., Jaman, R. and Salleh, K.M. (1988). A new species of Adiantum from Trus
Madi Range, Sabah. Gard. Bull. Sing. 41(2): 45-48.
Bidin, A. and Jaman, R. (1989). The Pteriodophytes of Tabin Wildlife Reserve. Sabah
Museum Journal. Special Issue. (In press).
Christensen, C. and Holttum, R.E. (1934). The ferns of Mount Kinabalu, Gard. Bull.
Str. Settl. 7(3): 191-316.
Hovenkamp, P. and De Joncheere, G.J. (1988). Additions to the fern flora of Sulawesi.
Blumea 33: 395-409.
Iwatsuki, K., Mogea, J.P., Murata, G. and Kartawinata, K. (1980). A botanical survey
in Kalimantan during 1978-1979. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(1-3): 1-23.
Iwatsuki, K. and Kato, M. (1980q@). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes collected
during 1978-1979(1). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(1-3): 24-43.
. (19805). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes collected during 1978-
1979(2). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31(4-6): 164-181.
_____. (1981). Enumeration of Kalimantan Pteridophytes collected during 1978-1979(3):
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 32(1-4): 121-132.
____. (1983a). Additions to the enumeration of East Kalimantan Pteridophytes 1.
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 34(1-3): 55-65.
____. (1983b). Additions to the enumeration of East Kalimantan Pteridophytes 2.
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 34(4-6): 130-141.
Ogura, Y. (1972). Comparative Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of the Pteridophytes.
2nd ed. Gebruder Borntraeger. Berlin, Stuttgart.
Price, M.G. (1987). Sabah ferns collected by John Beaman. Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb.
16: 189-200.
A Botanical Survey of Pulau Ubin
I.M. TURNER, H-TW. TAN, K.S. CHUA,
HAJI SAMSURI BIN HAJI AHMAD and Y.C. WEE
Department of Botany
National University of Singapore
Lower Kent Ridge Road
Singapore 0511
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
An intense botanical survey of Pulau Ubin, a 1019.2 ha island within the Republic of Singapore, found
at least 332 native and naturalized vascular plant species. These are listed in the paper together with 40
species found to have escaped from cultivation. Previous botanical records for Pulau Ubin are also
collated. The contemporary flora is dominated by early successional and ruderal species in addition to
mangrove and beach forest elements. The low diversity and relatively high frequency of aliens (71 out of
332 spp.; 21 per cent of the flora) reflects the high degree of human disturbance on the island.
Introduction
Pulau Ubin is an island within the Republic of Singapore. It was chosen as a site
for an intensive botanical survey because as one of the least urbanised and under
botanized areas of the city state it was believed likely to possess an interesting flora.
Additionally, development of Pulau Ubin is currently a topic of public interest in
Singapore. Basic biological information such as a plant species list is prerequisite to
the development of nature conservation programmes. This survey will therefore be
of value to those involved in future decisions concerning changes in land use on
Pulau Ubin.
Site
Pulau Ubin (N 1° 25’, E 103° 57’) is a granite island of 1019.2 ha (Ng, 1988)
lying off the north-east coast of Singapore Island (Fig. 1). The main land uses at
present are granite quarrying, agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture and recreational
activities, largely of an athletic nature. Pulau Ketam and P. Sekudu, islets to the south
of Ubin, were also included in the survey.
Methods
Most of the specimens were gathered by a team of 19 collectors during the period
17-22 June 1990. Some collections have been made subsequently on occasional visits
to the island up to May 1991. The collections have been identified, largely by matching
to named specimens in the Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING). The
Pulau Ubin specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany,
National University of Singapore (SINU).
5]
PULAU UBIN
Sekudu 4
1km
103° 59° E
Fig. 1. | Map showing locality of study site.
Results and Discussion
The names of the species collected are given in Table 1, the few sterile collections
that could not be identified have been omitted. A total of 332 native and naturalized
species were collected plus 40 species of cultivated plants that had escaped or were
relics of cultivation in now abandoned areas. The distinction between alien and escaped
species is somewhat arbitrary and is based largely on Turner, Chua and Tan (1990).
The Ubin flora included 24 pteridophytes and one gymnosperm; the rest (including
all the escapes) being angiosperms.
The Ubin flora represents about one eighth of the total flora recorded for Singapore.
The species list is made up largely by common weed, secondary forest and mangrove
species. Primary forest species are nearly completely lacking; a Knema species sapling
being the only real rain forest tree found. The orchids Spathoglottis plicata and Thrix-
spermum amplexicaule were the most notable collections, though the former may
possibly be a relic of cultivation. Eight species, Adiantum latifolium, .Hemigraphis
primulaefolia, Pennisetum polystachyon, Scurrula parasitica, Sesamum radiatum,
A Botanical Survey of Pulau Ubin 53
Talinum paniculatum, Thysanolaena latifolia and Typha angustifolia, were not pre-
viously recorded for Singapore. All but Scurrula parasitica can be called weeds, being
able to colonise disturbed sites readily.
Pulau Ubin was presumably covered in lowland rain forest and mature mangrove
forest until at least the middle of the Nineteenth Century. A list of previous botanical
records from the island (Table 2) does include some species one would associate more
strongly with primary vegetation such as Chisocheton macrophyllus, Cyathostemma
viridiflorum, Dipterocarpus c.f. sublamellatus, Forrestia gracilis, Lithocarpus elegans,
Phoebe grandis and several celastraceous climbers, but the general impression is that
even by the 1880s and 1890s when Ridley and Hullett were collecting on Pulau Ubin
much of the vegetation must have been secondary. One has to conclude that all of
the terrestrial vegetation has been cleared at some time, much of this by the turn of
the century. The state of the mangrove is little better. There are earlier records for
156 species from Pulau Ubin, of which 111 were not re-collected in the survey. This
clearly reflects the rapid changes that have occurred on the island.
Two late Nineteenth Century collections of Ridley from Pulau Ubin have been des-
cribed as isosyntypes. Neither of these species, Chisocheton macrophyllus and Ardisia
singaporensis, were re-collected and are thus very probably extinct in one of their
type localities. Hullett’s collection of Claoxylon longifolium from Ubin (Hullett s.n.,
March 1885) was described as a syntype of Claoxylon longifolium var. brachystachys
by J.D. Hooker (Hooker 1887, p. 411) but this variety is now generally not recognized
and the name reduced to synonymy with the type variety (e.g. Airy Shaw, 1972,
Whitmore, 1973). Luerssen (1882) described Phegopteris subdecurrens from a fern
collection made on Ubin (Kehding 2960) but this taxon is now generally synonymized
to Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) Morton (e.g. Holttum, 1981).
The broad floristic changes brought about by human activities can be examined by
comparing the relative abundances of the commonest angiosperm families in the
current flora of Ubin and that recorded for Singapore as a whole (Table 3). The
Orchidaceae are the commonest family in the flora of Singapore. Only five of the 194
species were found in the current survey on Pulau Ubin. The Leguminosae and the
Euphorbiaceae are among the top three families with most species on contemporary
Ubin. Both of these families have many weedy, alien species that have added to their
diversity.
The flora of Pulau Ubin is clearly depauperate. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve has
854 species recorded (Corlett, 1990), nearly three times the number in one-fifteenth
the area. Human interference on Pulau Ubin has lead to a semi-natural vegetation
dominated by relatively few early successional species with a fairly high representation,
21 per cent of the flora, of alien species. It would be difficult to make a case for the
conservation of the present day vegetation of Pulau Ubin on solely botanical grounds
from an international perspective. However, from a Singapore standpoint, the patches
of mangroves and the larger areas of belukar are of value in a country with so little
natural vegetation remaining. Any plans for their destruction merit in-depth considera-
tion of all the possible alternatives before being allowed to proceed.
Acknowledgements
The National University of Singapore Botany Honours Class (1990-1991) did most
of the collecting on Pulau Ubin. We are most grateful for their efforts and enthusiasm.
Our thanks also go to Soong Beng Ching, Shawn Lum and David Burslem for their
assistance. We are grateful to the Director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens for
allowing us access to the Herbarium. The survey was supported by the National Univer-
sity of Singapore.
Table 1
List of species collected on Pulau Ubin since June 1990. Representative collection
given in square brackets. Marginal note: a = alien species naturalized in
Singapore, e = escape from cultivation.
PTERIDOPHYTES
Acrostichum aureum L. [M.F. Choong 22]
Acrostichum speciosum Willd. [H.H. Neo 11]
Adiantum latifolium Lamk. [MLY. Kok 32]
Asplenium nidus L. [A. Ho & J. Lee 11]
Blechnum orientale L. [K.S. Tan 47]
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. [K.S. Chua & HW. Tan 427]
Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett. [A. Ho & J. Lee 13]
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. [A. Ho & J. Lee 1]
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 21]
Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 8]
Lycopodium cernuum L. [A. Ho & J. Lee 7]
Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw. [H.H. Neo 103]
Lygodium microphyllum Cav.) R. Br. [A. Ho & J. Lee 5]
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott [A. Ho & J. Lee 3]
Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.) Pichi Serm. [I.M. Turner 42]
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link [M. Chan & Roslina 31]
Platycerium coronarium (Koenig) Desv. [T.S. Teo 59]
Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon ssp. yarrabense (Domin) Parris [K.S. Tan 56]
Pteris vittata L. [H.H. Neo 203]
Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton [Latifah 6]
Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price [A. Ho & J. Lee 12]
Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. [H.H. Neo 206]
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 32]
Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. [H.H. Neo 5]
SPERMATOPHYTES
Acanthaceae
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 18]
Acanthus volubilis Wall. [H.H. Neo 117]
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [J. Lee 104]
Asystasia nemorum Nees [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 14]
Hemigraphis primulaefolia (Nees) Vill. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 39]
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. [M. Chan & Roslina 32]
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. [T.S. Teo 124]
Agavaceae
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain [L.P. Ng 21]
Aizoaceae
Sesuvium portulacastrum L. [L.P. Law 4]
Table 1 (Continued)
Amaranthaceae
Celosia argentea L. [K.S. Tan 37]
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Bl. [K.S. Chua 101]
Gomphrena globosa L. [J. Sim 31]
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L. [K.S. Chua & H:TW. Tan 440]
Bouea macrophylla Griff. [M.F. Choong 58]
Buchanania arborescens (Bl.) Bl. [T.S. Teo 25]
Campnosperma auriculatum (Bl.) Hook. f. [I.M. Turner 20]
Mangifera indica L. [J. Sim 33]
Annonaceae
Desmos dasymaschala (Bl.) Safford [M.F. Choong 38]
Apocynaceae
Allamanda cathartica L. [J. Sim 40]
Alstonia angustiloba Miq. [H.H. Neo 205]
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 7]
Cerbera odollam Gaertn. [I.M. Turner 111]
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don [M.F. Choong 42]
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [H.H. Neo 10]
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott [T.S. Teo 70]
Araliaceae
Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl. [L.P. Law 10]
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms [T.S. Teo 60]
Schefflera elliptica (Bl.) Harms [H.H. Neo 111]
Asclepiadaceae
Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. [M-Y. Kok 36]
Dischidia nummularia R. Br. [J. Lee 1]
Hoya parasitica (Roxb.) Wall. ex. Wight [Latifah 117]
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia alba Bl. [J. Sim 23]
Avicennia officinalis Bl. [T.S. Teo 16]
Avicennia rumphiana Hall. f. [T.S. Teo 20]
Bignoniaceae
Spathodea campanulata Beauv. [M.Y. Kok 27]
Bombacaceae
Durio zibethinus J. Murray [K.S. Tan 17]
Boraginaceae
Cordia cylindristachya R. & S. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 43]
Heliotropium indicum L. [{Roslina 45]
Table 1 (Continued)
Bromeliaceae
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Mauritius [J. Sim 27]
Cannaceae
Canna indica L. [M. Chan 30]
Capparaceae
Cleome rutidosperma DC. [Roslina 37]
Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. [J. Sim 21]
Casuarinaceae
Casuarina equisetifolia J. R. & G. Forst. [J. Sim 7]
Combretaceae
Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt [M.Y. Kok 38]
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. [J. Sim 26]
Terminalia catappa L. [J. Sim 1]
Commelinaceae
Commelina diffusa Burm. f. [L.P. Law 18]
Compositae
Ageratum conyzoides L. [L.P. Ng & L.P. Law 2]
Bidens pilosa L. [K.S. Chua 100]
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. [K.S. Chua & HTW. Tan 443]
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [M.F. Choong 43]
Elephantopus scaber L. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 14]
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 15]
Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. [M.Y. Kok 25]
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. [L.P. Ng 8]
Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Robinson [M.Y. Kok 21]
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. [Roslina 19]
Sparganophora sparganophorus (L.) C. Jeffrey [K.S. Chua & H.TW. Tan 428]
Spilanthes iabadicensis A.H. Moore [K.S. Chua & H-T'W. Tan 100]
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. [J. Lee 3]
Tridax procumbens L. [M. Chan 33]
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. [M.Y. Kok 33]
Wedelia biflora (L.) DC. [MLY. Kok 11]
Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 42]
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. [T.S. Teo 125]
Connaraceae
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. [T.S. Teo 57]
Convolvulaceae
Erycibe tomentosa BI. [T.S. Teo 54]
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 34]
Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lamk. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 20]
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet [J. Sim 41]
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. [M. Chan 53]
e
Table 1 (Continued)
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis sativa L. [M.F. Choong 50]
Cyperaceae
Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Clarke [Roslina 21]
Cyperus aromaticus (Ridl.) Mattf. & Kuk [Roslina 6]
Cyperus compactus Retz. [Latifah & H.H. Neo 2]
Cyperus compressus L. [Roslina 1]
Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Valck. Sur. [Latifah 2]
Cyperus halpan L. [M. Chan 13]
Cyperus javanicus Houtt. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 66]
Cyperus kyllingia Endl. [Latifah 18]
Cyperus pilosus Vahl [Latifah & H.H. Neo 3]
Cyperus trialatus (Boeck.) Kern [Latifah 1]
Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. [Latifah 12]
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl [Roslina 4]
Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck. [M. Chan 10]
Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R. Br. [Latifah 11]
Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl [H.H. Neo 204]
Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng. [H.H. Neo & Latifah 1]
Scleria corymbosa Roxb. [M. Chan & Roslina 27]
Scleria levis Retz. [Latifah 10]
Thoracostachyum bancanum (Miq.) Kurz [Latifah 13]
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Mart. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 8]
Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 27]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. [T.S. Teo 29]
Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook. f. [K.S. Chua & H‘TW. Tan 437]
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud. [I.M. Turner 38]
Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall. ex Mast. [J. Sim 5]
Muntingia calabura L. [T.S. Teo 43]
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon longifolium Nees [M. Chan 12]
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz [K.S. Tan 30]
Euphorbiaceae
Antidesma velutinosum Bl. [L.P. Law 8]
Baccaurea motleyana (M.A.) M.A. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 13]
Breynia coronata Hook. f. [T.S. Teo 10]
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Bl. [M. Chan & Roslina 29]
Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Bl.) Endl. ex Hassk. [M.F. Choong 19]
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Bl. [T.S. Teo 64]
og yo HY O HY DY
Table 1 (Continued)
Croton hirtus L’Héritier [K.S. Tan 28]
Euphorbia hirta L. [M.F. Choong 40]
Excoecaria agallocha L. [K.S. Tan 3]
Glochidion superbum Baill. [I.M. Turner 113]
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) M.A. [MLY. Kok 7]
Macaranga conifera M.A. [MLY. Kok 54]
Macaranga gigantea (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) M.A. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 25]
Macaranga griffithiana M.A. [I.M. Turner 116]
Macaranga heynei 1.M. Johnston [K.S. Tan 19]
Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) M.A. [M.Y. Kok 26]
Macaranga triloba (Bl.) M.A. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 7]
Mallotus paniculatus (Lamk.) M.A. [M. Chan & Roslina 25]
Manihot esculenta Crantz [MLY. Kok 28]
Manihot glaziovii M.A. [H.H. Neo 104]
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [T.S. Teo 50]
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 35]
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 7]
Phyllanthus urinaria L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 35]
Ricinus communis L. [K.S. Tan 48]
Sapium discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) M.A. [T.S. Teo 9]
Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill. [I1.M. Turner 30]
Flagellariaceae
Flagellaria indica L. [M. Chan 11]
Gnetaceae
Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. [J. Sim 13]
Goodeniaceae
Scaevola sericea Vahl [MLY. Kok 39]
Gramineae
Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. [M. Chan 15]
Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Sieb. [T.S. Teo 28]
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. [Latifah 3]
Chloris barbata Swartz [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 27]
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. [Latifah 15]
Coix lacryma-jobi L. [T.S. Teo 39]
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. [K.S. Chua & HW. Tan 447]
Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf [Latifah & H.H. Neo 5]
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. [Roslina 17]
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. [K.S. Chua & H-:TW. Tan 446]
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link [M. Chan & Roslina 34]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. [M. Chan 18]
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. [Latifah 9]
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. [M. Chan 8]
pe)
Table 1 (Continued)
Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. [Roslina 3]
Ischaemum muticum L. [M. Chan 1]
Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin.) Koning & Sosef [T.S. Teo 121]
Panicum maximum Jacq. [L.P. Law 23]
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. [Latifah 6]
Paspalum orbiculare Forst. f. [Latifah 7]
Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. [Roslina 16]
Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamk.) Hack. [K.S. Chua & H:TW Tan 445]
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. [Roslina 7]
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. [L.P. Law 17]
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. [M. Chan 12]
Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 19]
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. [M. Chan 14]
Guttifera
Calophyllum inophyllum L. [MLY. Kok 51]
Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy [H.H. Neo 207]
Garcinia mangostana L. [K.S. Tan 15]
Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anders. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 5]]
Hypoxidaceae
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. [K.S. Tan 27]
Ixonanthaceae
Ixonanthes reticulata Jack [M.F. Choong 17]
Labiatae
Hyptis brevipes Poit. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 20]
Hyptis capitata Jacq. [K.S. Chua 99]
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 45]
Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 36]
Ocimum basilicum L. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 33]
Lauraceae
Cassytha filiformis L. [L.P. Law 21]
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex BI. [K.S. Tan 49]
Neolitsea zeylanica Merr. [M.Y. Kok 29]
Leeaceae
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. [M-Y. Kok 31]
Leguminosae
Abrus precatorius L. [J. Lee 4]
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. [J. Sim 15]
Acacia mangium Willd. [I.M. Turner 44]
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 48]
Andira inermis (W. Wright) H.B.K. ex DC. [I.M. Turner 115]
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. Nielsen [M.F. Choong 16]
bab)
og © Y &
Table 1 (Continued)
Caesalpinia crista L. [K.S. Chua & H-TW. Tan 426]
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. [L.P. Ng 10]
Canavalia cathartica Thou. [A. Ho & J. Lee 15]
Cassia alata L. [L.P. Law 19]
Cassia lechenaultiana DC. [K.S. Chua 80]
Cassia mimosoides L. [L.P. Ng & L.P. Law 19]
Centrosema pubescens Benth. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 44]
Clitoria laurifolia Poir. [J. Sim 18]
Crotalaria mucronata Desv. [K.S. Tan 8]
Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain [T.S. Teo 17]
Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth. [M-Y. Kok 3]
Derris trifoliata Lour. [A. Ho & J. Lee 14]
Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. [L.P. Ng & L.P. Law 14]
Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. [M. Chan & Roslina 31]
Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC. [M.F. Choong 11]
_ Entada spiralis Ridl. [K.S. Tan 12]
Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze. [K.S Chua & H.TW. Tan 441]
Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla [T.S. Teo 42]
Mimosa pigra L. [M.F. Choong 28]
Mimosa pudica L. [M. Chan & Roslina 30]
Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. [T.S. Teo 71]
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne [K.S. Tan 25]
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 40]
Lemnaceae
Lemna perpusilla Torrey [K.S. Chua & H-TW. Tan 449]
Liliaceae
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. [L.P. Law 15]
Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. [M. Chan 19]
Gloriosa superba L. [J. Lee 102]
Linaceae
Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier f. [H.H. Neo 208]
Loganiaceae
Fagraea acuminatissima Merr. [I1.M. Turner 105]
Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [MLY. Kok 12]
Loranthaceae
Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Mig. [A. Ho & J. Lee 10]
Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. [H.H. Neo 114]
Scurrula parasitica L. [P-T. Chew & A.S. Chew 46]
Magnoliaceae
Michelia champaca L. [J. Lee 5]
Malpighiaceae
Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 20]
Table 1 (Continued)
Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [L.P. Ng 14]
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 4]
Sida rhombifolia L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 41]
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa [J. Lee 8]
Urena lobata L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 34]
Melastomataceae
Clidemia hirta D. Don [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 6]
Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Bl. [K.S. Chua 104]
Melastoma malabathricum L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 2]
Memecylon edule Roxb. [K.S. Tan 20]
Meliaceae
Xylocarpus granatum Koen. [M.F. Choong 4]
Menispermaceae
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. [L.P. Ng & L.P. Law 4]
Limacia scandens Lour. [M.F. Choong 20]
Moraceae
Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. [J. Lee 6]
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 26]
Ficus aurata Miq. [K.S. Tan 63]
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Bl. [M.F. Choong 49]
Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. [M.F. Choong 6]
Ficus heteropleura Bl. [M.Y. Kok 19]
Ficus microcarpa L. f. [T.S. Teo 34]
Ficus variegata Bl. [K.S. Tan 36]
Ficus virens Ait. var. glabella (Bl.) Corner [M.F. Choong 36]
Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner [MLY. Kok 47]
Musaceae
Musa acuminata Colla cultivar [J. Sim 32]
Myricaceae
Mpyrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 8]
Mpyristicaceae
Knema sp. [K.S. Tan 51]
Mpyrsinaceae
Ardisia crenata Sims [T.S. Teo 72]
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. [T.S. Teo 14]
Embelia ribes Burm. [M.Y. Kok 16]
Myrtaceae
Eugenia jambos L. [K.S. Tan 54]
Eugenia longiflora (Pres) F.-Vill. [M.Y. Kok 14]
Eugenia palembanica (Miq.) Merr. [K.S. Tan 18]
Eugenia spicata Lamk. [T.S. Teo 1]
pe)
Table 1 (Continued)
Psidium guajava L. [MLY. Kok 30]
Rhodamnia cinerea Jack [J. Sim 19]
Rhodompyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. [Roslina 15]
Tristaniopsis whitiana (Griff.) Wilson & Waterhouse [M-Y. Kok 40]
Nepenthaceae
Nepenthes gracilis Korth. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 54]
Olacaceae
Ximenia americana L. [K.S. Tan 1]
Onagraceae
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell [M. Chan & Roslina 30]
Opiliaceae
Champereia manillana (Bl.) Merr. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 13]
Orchidaceae
Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Rchb. f. [M. Chan 61]
Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. [A. Ho & J. Lee 9]
Spathoglottis plicata Bl. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 42]
Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Bl.) Rchb. f. [T.S. Teo 32]
Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f. [T.S. Teo 26]
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis barrelieri L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 9]
Oxalis corniculata L. [J. Lee 2]
Palmae
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. [H.H. Neo 112]
Caryota mitis Lour. [K.S. Tan 10]
Cocos nucifera L. [K.S. Tan 5]
Licuala spinosa Wurmb [J. Sim 12]
Nypa fruticans Wurmb [J. Sim 29]
Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl. [I.M. Turner 37]
Pandanaceae
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. [K.S. Tan 46]
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. [J. Sim 2]
Pandanus yvanii Solms. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 3]
Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida L. [K.S. Tan 13]
Passiflora laurifolia L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 44]
Passiflora suberosa L. [A. Ho & J. Lee 45]
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum radiatum Schum. [K.S. Chua & H:TW. Tan 82]
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida (L.) H.B.K. [M.F. Choong 39]
Table 1 (Continued)
e Piper betle L. [I.M. Turner 53]
Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex Hunter [M. Chan & Roslina 29]
Plantaginaceae
a Plantago major L. [M.F. Choong 52]
Portulacaceae
a Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. [M.F. Choong 57]
Rhamnaceae
Colubrina asiatica L. ex Brongn. [T.S. Teo 38]
Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Bl. [T.S. Teo 19]
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L-.) Lamk. [T.S. Teo 23]
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson [M.F. Choong 29]
Gynotroches axillaris Bl. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 56]
Rhizophora apiculata Bl. [M.F. Choong 31]
Rhizophora mucronata Poir. [M.F. Choong 47]
Rubiaceae
a Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. [M.F. Choong 15]
Borreria articularis (L. f.) FN. Will. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 29]
Borreria laevicaulis (Miq.) Ridl. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 9]
Borreria setidens (Miq.) Bold. [K.S. Chua & HW. Tan 434]
a Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex R. & S.) Bremek. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 17]
Guettarda speciosa L. [J. Sim 9]
Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk. [L.P. Law & L.P. Ng 61]
Ixora congesta Roxb. [T.S. Teo 24]
a Morinda citrifolia L. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 3]
Morinda umbellata L. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 47]
Oxyceros longiflora (Lamk.) Yamazaki [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 31]
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. [T.S. Teo 15]
Tarenna costata (Mig.) Merr. [T.S. Teo 4]
Tarenna fragrans (Nees) K. & V. [T.S. Teo 3]
Timonius wallichinus (Korth.) Valeton [J. Sim 2]
Rutaceae
Euodia roxburghiana (Cham.) Benth. ex Hook. f. [K.S. Chua & H-‘TW. Tan 108]
e Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. [M. Chan 27]
Santalaceae
Dendrotrophe varians (Bl.) Miq. [I.M. Turner 102]
Sapindaceae
Allophyllus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. [M.Y. Kok 22]
Guioa pleuropteris (Bl.) Radlk. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 57]
Mischocarpus sundaicus Bl. [1.M. Turner 36]
e Nephelium lappaceum L. [MLY. Kok 45]
Table 1 (Continued)
Sapotaceae
Planchonella obovata (R. Br.) Pierre [T.S. Teo 12]
Scrophulariaceae
Limnophila sessiliflora Bl. [K.S. Chua & H:TW. Tan 431]
Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 30]
Lindernia crustacea (L.) Fyv.M. [K.S. Chua & H:TW. Tan 432]
Lindernia sessiliflora (Benth.) Wettst. [K.S. Chua & HITW. Tan 433]
Scoparia dulcis L. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 18]
Simaroubaceae
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. [T.S. Teo 45]
Smilacaceae
Smilax megacarpa DC. [K.S. Chua & H.TW. Tan 425]
Solanaceae
Physalis minima L. [K.S. Chua 71]
Solanum melongena L. [K.S. Chua 72]
Solanum torvum Sw. [MLY. Kok 17]
Sonneratiaceae
Sonneratia alba J.J. Smith [K.S. Chua & H.TW. Tan 442]
Sonneratia ovata Backer [J. Lee 7]
Sterculiaceae
Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. [M.Y. Kok 52]
Heritiera littoralis Dryand. ex W. Ait. [I.M. Turner 45]
Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. [T.S. Teo 40]
Symplocaceae
Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 52]
Theaceae
Adinandra dumosa Jack [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 26]
Eurya acuminata DC. [MLY. Kok 56]
Thymelaeaceae
Linostoma pauciflorum Griff. [Latifah & H.H. Neo 4]
Tiliaceae
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [M.F. Choong 55]
Turneraceae
Turnera ulmifolia L. [Roslina 12]
Typhaceae
Typha angustifolia L. [1.M. Turner 117]
Ulmaceae
Trema cannabina Lour. [K.S. Tan 34]
Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 40]
e Clerodendrum paniculatum L. [T.S. Teo 61]
e Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 22]
Clerodendrum villosum Bl. [K.S. Chua 69]
Gmelina asiatica L. [J. Lee 103]
a Lantana camara L. [T.S. Teo 31]
Premna corymbosa (Burm. f.) Rottl. & Willd. [K.S. Tan 35.
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl [K.S. Chua 95]
Vitex pinnata L. [J. Sim 14]
Vitex trifolia L. [K.S. Tan 52]
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus elegans (Kurz) Gegnep. [M-Y. Kok 7]
Cissus hastata (Miq.) Planch. [A. Ho & E.M. Sim 6]
Zingiberaceae
e Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz. [L.P. Law 9]
Table 2
Species previously recorded from Pulau Ubin;
representative collections are indicated in square brackets.
Species
PTERIDOPHYTES
Table 1 (Continued)
Umbelliferae
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. [Roslina 28]
Urticaceae
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew [H.H. Neo 105]
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. [E.M. Tim & L.P. Ng 49]
Clerodendrum laevifolium Bl. [E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 44]
Adiantum flabellulatum L.
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.
Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.) Sw.
Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) Moore
Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv.
Lindsaea divergens Hk. & Grev.
Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.) Pic. Ser.
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link
Pteris ensiformis L. [Ridley 3040]
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell [Ridley 9510]
Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) Morton [Ridley 6027]
Reference
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Johnson 1977
Johnson 1977
Johnson 1977
Johnson 1977
Johnson 1977
Ridley 1900
Johnson 1977
Table 2 (Continued)
Species Reference
SPERMATOPHYTES
Agavaceae
Dracaena elliptica Thunb. Ridley 1900
Dracaena porteri Bak. Ridley 1900
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus lividus L. [Ridley 4690] Keng 1990
Cyathula prostrata (L.) BI. Ridley 1900
Amaryllidaceae
Crinum asiaticum L. Ridley 1900
Annonaceae
Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff. [Ridley s.n. Feb 1894] Keng 1990
Apocynaceae
Urceola lucida (DC.) Hook. f. [Ridley s.n. 1894] Ridley 1900
Urnularia flavescens (Hook. f.) Stapf Ridley 1900
Willughbeia coriacea Wall. [Ridley 9501] Ridley 1900
Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook. f. [Ridley s.n. 1893] Markgraf 1972
Araceae
Aglaonema simplex Bl. [Ridley s.n. 1890] Ridley 1900
Araliaceae
Schefflera cephalotes (C.B. Clarke) Harms. Ridley 1900
Schefflera lanceolata Ridl. Ridley 1900
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. — esc. cult. Ridley 1900
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia officinalis Bl. Ridley 1900
Bignoniaceae
Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Schum. Ridley 1900
Celastraceae
Reissantia indica (Willd.) Hallé Ridley 1900
Salacia chinensis L. Ridley 1900
Salacia grandiflora Kurz [Ridley 4784] Ridley 1900
Commelinaceae
Aclisia secundiflora (Bl.) Bakh. f. [Ridley 4759] Ridley 1900
Forrestia gracilis Ridl. [Ridley 4810] Ridley 1900
Compositae
Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze [Hullett 78] Ridley 1900
Blumea riparia (Bl.) DC. [Ridley s.n. 1894] oes,
Table 2 (Continued)
Species
Eleuthanthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch.-Bip. [Furtado 18629]
Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. [Furtado 18342]
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. [Furtado 18624]
Tridax procumbens L. [Furtado 18347]
Wedelia biflora (L.) DC. [Hullett 387]
Connaraceae
Connarus planchonius Schellenb.
Cyperaceae
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl
Scleria oblata S17. Blake [Furtado 18630]
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus c.f. sublamellatus Foxw. [Ridley s.n. 1890]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha indica L.
Antidesma velutinosum Bl. [Hullett 629]
Claoxylon longifolium Endl. ex Hassk. [Hullett s.n. 1885]
Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq.
Glochidion microbotrys Hook. f.
Macaranga triloba (Bl.) M.A.
Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill.
Fagaceae
Lithocarpus elegans (Bl.) Hatus. ex Soepadmo
Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehd. [Ridley 7479]
Flagellariaceae
Flagellaria indica L.
Goodeniaceae
Scaevola sericea Vahl
Gramineae
Chloris barbata Sw. [Furtado 18348]
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. [Furtado 18637]
Digitaria violascens Link [Ridley s.n. 1894]
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S. [Ridley s.n. 1892]
Ischaemum muticum L. [Furtado 18625]
Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br. [Ridley 369]
Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin.) Koning & Sosef [Ridley s.n. 1892]
Guttiferae
Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Garcinia eugeniaefolia Wall. ex T. Anders. [Ridley 9488]
Garcinia hombroniana Pierre [Ridley 4791]
Garcinia nervosa Miq.
Reference
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1923
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Blake 1961
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Soepadmo 1970
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Table 2 (Continued)
Species
Labiatae
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. [Furtado 18344]
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. [Furtado 18622]
Lauraceae
Actinodaphne macrophylla (Bl.) Nees [Ridley 9489]
Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr. [Ridley s.n. 2 Mar 1893]
Neolitsea zeylanica Mert.
Phoebe grandis Merr.
Leguminosae
Albizia retusa Benth. [Ridley 4752]
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
Canavalia cathartica Thou. [Hullett 463]
Crotalaria mucronata Desv. [Furtado 18634]
Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain [Ridley 4678]
Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth.
Derris heptaphylla (L.) Merr. [Hullett 6194]
Derris trifoliata Lour. [Furtado 18346]
Pithecellobium ellipticum (Bl.) Hassk.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre [Ridley s.n. 1891]
Loganiaceae
Fagraea auriculata Jack
Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall.
Malpighiaceae
Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.
Malvaceae
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Hibiscus surattensis L. [Furtado 18623]
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa [Ridley 4624]
Melastomataceae
Diplectria viminalis (Jack) O. Ktze.
Pogonanthera pulverulenta Bl. [Hullett 391]
Meliaceae
Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern
Chisocheton macrophyllus King [Ridley 4767, isosyntype]
Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern [Hullett 392]
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.
Menispermaceae
Cyclea laxiflora Miers
Moraceae
Artocarpus dadah Miq. [Ridley 4721]
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex BI.
Reference
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1922
Keng 1990
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Table 2 (Continued)
Species
Ficus kerkhovenii Val.
Ficus laevis BI.
Ficus obscura Bl. var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner
Ficus pellucido-punctata Griff.
Myristicaceae
Knema glaucescens Jack
Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb. [Ridley 4817]
Myrsinaceae
Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco
Ardisia singaporensis Ridl. [Ridley 2816, isosyntype]
Ardisia villosa Roxb. [Ridley 2809]
Myrtaceae
Eugenia leucoxylon (Korth.) Mig. [Ridley 9486]
Tristaniopsis whitiana (Griff.) Wilson & Waterhouse [Ridley 4970]
Oleaceae
Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.
Ochnaceae
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis
Orchidaceae
Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Bl. [Ridley 2037]
Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. [Goodenough s.n. 1894]
Grammatophyllum speciosum BI.
Renanthera elongata Lindl.
Spathoglottis plicata Bl. [Furtado 18621]
Thrixspermum calceolus (Lindl.) Rchb. f. [Goodenough s.n. 23/5/1896]
Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f.
Palmae
Caryota mitis Lour. [Goodenough 3148]
Licuala spinosa Wurmb [Ridley 3166]
Nenga pumila (Mart.) Wendl. [Goodenough s.n. 1890]
Orania sylvicola (Griff.) H.E. Moore [Ridley 3146]
Pandanaceae
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f.
Pandanus parvus Ridley
Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida L. [Furtado 18626]
Piperaceae
Piper caninum Bl.
Rhamnaceae
Ventilago malaccensis Ridl.
Reference
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley
1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
Keng 1990
Table 2 (Continued)
Species
Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera cylindria (L.) Bl. [Ridley 366]
Rubiaceae
Borreria articularis (L. f.) FN. Will. [Furtado 18339]
Borreria laevicaulis (Miq.) Ridl. [Furtado 18343]
Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. ex Clarke [Ridley 9500]
Ixora congesta Roxb.
Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack [Ridley 9499]
Morinda umbellata L.
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl.
Oxyceros longiflora (Lamk.) Yamazaki [Ridley 9487]
Psychotria griffithii Hook. f.
Psychotria malayana Jack
Psychotria rostrata Bl.
Uncaria glabrata (Bl.) DC.
Urophyllum streptopodium Wall. ex Hook. f. [Hullett 393]
Rutaceae
Clausena excavata Burm. f.
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. [Hullett 386]
Mischocarpus sundaicus Bl. [Ridley 9495]
Solanaceae
Datura candida (Pers.) Pasq. — esc. cult.
Physalis minima L. [Ridley 367]
Solanum torvum Sw. [Furtado 18628]
Sterculiaceae
Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. [Ridley 387]
Sterculia coccinea Jack
Turneraceae
Turnera ulmifolia L. [Furtado 18633]
Urticaceae
Poikilospermum cordifolium (Borg.-Petr.) Merr.
Poikilospermum suaveolens (Bl.) Merr.
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl [Furtado 18627]
Vitex trifolia L.
Zingiberaceae
Hornstedtia leonurus (Koenig) Retz. [Ridley 9494]
Reference
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1923
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Ridley 1900
Keng 1990
Keng 1990
Holttum 1950
A Botanical Survey of Pulau Ubin 71
Table 3
The five angiosperm families with the most species for the flora of Singapore
(after Turner et a/. 1990) and the contemporary flora of Pulau Ubin.
Total number of species with number of alien species in brackets.
Singapore Pulau Ubin
Orchidaceae 194 (0) Gramineae 26 (8)
Rubiaceae 147 (7) Leguminosae 25 (10)
Euphorbiaceae 127 (13) Euphorbiaceae 24 (8)
Gramineae 119 (18) Cyperaceae 19 (1)
Cyperaceae 95 (3) Compositae 18 (5)
References
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1972). The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bull. 26, 191-363.
Blake, ST. (1961). Two new species of Scleria. Blumea 11, 219-223.
Corlett, RT. (1990). Flora and reproductive phenology of the rain forest at Bukit
Timah, Singapore. J. Trop. Ecol. 6, 55-65.
Holttum, R.E. (1950). The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Sing. 13,
1-249.
____. (1981). The fern genus TJectaria Cav. in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Sing. 13, 132-147.
Johnson, A. (1977). A student’s guide to the ferns of Singapore Island, Second Edi-
tion, Singapore University Press, Singapore.
Keng, H. (1990). The concise flora of Singapore: gymnosperms and dicotyledons,
Singapore University Press, Singapore.
Luerssen, C. (1882). Pteridologische Notizen. Botanisches Centralblatt 11, 26-31.
Markgraf, F. (1972). Florae Malesianae Praecursores LIII. Apocynaceae II. 6. Urnu/aria,
7. Willughbeia, 8. Kopsia. Blumea 20, 407-425.
Ng, PS. (1988). Singapore facts and pictures 1988. Information Division, Ministry of
Commuications & Information, Singapore.
Ridley, H.N. (1900). The flora of Singapore. J. Straits’ Branch Roy. As. Soc. 33,
27-196.
____. (1922). The flora of the Malay Peninsula, Volume I, L. Reeve & Co., London.
____. (1923). The flora of the Malay Peninsula, Volume II, L. Reeve & Co., London.
Soepadmo, E. (1970). Florae Malesianae Praecursores XLIX Malesian species of
Lithocarpus Bl. (Fagaceae). Reinwardtia 8, 197-308.
Turner, I.M., Chua, K.S. and Tan, H.TW. (1990). A checklist of the native and natural-
ized vascular plant species of the Republic of Singapore. J. Sing. Nat. Acad. Sc.
18 & 19, 58-88.
Whitmore, T.C. (1973). Euphorbiaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya, Volume 2, 34-136.
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a JUN 15 1993. ARBORETUM ISSN 0374-7859
ee COPE RK a TE BO EE DP IE OE DO AA
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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
, VOL. 44 (Part 2) December 1992
4 SS ESTEE ea a
’ 6
"
CONTENTS \
' WAH, TT, WEE, Y.C. and PHANG, S.M.:
Diatoms from Marine Environments of Peninsular Malaysia
8s 2a; aed va nna Ss stgecptivaers Wied nicinalve Hipw FBSak arias ne has be ne dere ? 73-125
TAN, HTW., IBRAHIM, Ali bin and CHUA, K.S::
f MME FH F107 Of Sitigapore, [vvicic-sensnedes consesrcccodevsdpacsstecsescecesetecencceeness 127-133
' _OGINUMA, Kazuo, LUM, Shawn KY., LEE, Y.H. and TOBE, Hiroshi:
Karyomorphology of Some Myrtaceae from Singapore .............::::::eseeeeeeeees 135-139
Published by
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Chairman:
Editor:
Members:
Reviewers:
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Bernard T.G. Tan, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); D.Phil. (Oxon.)
S.-Y. Geh, B.Sc.Hons., M.Sc. (Singapore); Dip.Hort.Sc. (Massey) —
Syed Yusoff Alsagoff
C.J. Goh, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); Ph.D. (Newcastle upon Tyne) ah
Leo W.H. Tan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Singapore) ‘
W.K. Tan, B.A. (Wms Coll., Mass.); M.Sc. (M.S.U., Mich.); et
Ph.D. (U.M., FI.)
Lawrence L.C. Leong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Malaya)
TW. Foong, B.Sc.Hons., Ph.D. (Cant.)
Jennifer Ng-Lim Cheo Tee, B.Sc., M.A. (Dublin)
Hsuan Keng
P. Kociolek
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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
VOL. 44 (Part 2) December 1992
CONTENTS
WAH, T.I., WEE, Y.C. and PHANG, S.M.:
Diatoms from Marine Environments of Peninsular Malaysia
Ee tbe ea 2 aeRO SIA ar eee pet pe ae Cone Shi s PEO Pe ne 73-125
TAN, H.-TW., IBRAHIM, Ali bin and CHUA, K:S.:
Pannen tC PIGTA Gl SINPADOTE, [ .....c556.fecccas Roe Seeckea Meson del adaaeden esse oeencceees 127-133
OGINUMA, Kazuo, LUM, Shawn K.Y., LEE, Y.H. and TOBE, Hiroshi:
Karyomorphology of Some Myrtaceae from Singapore .............:.: cee 135-139
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Diatoms from Marine Environments of
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore
T.T. WAH, Y.C. WEE and S.M. PHANG!
Department of Botany, National University of Singapore,
Singapore 0511, Republic of Singapore
‘Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya,
59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
A total of 230 taxa of diatoms belonging to 58 genera were recorded from 12 locations in Peninsular
Malaysia and 14 locations in Singapore. The most common genera are Navicula and Nitzschia.
Introduction
For a long time now the only detailed studies on the marine diatoms of the South-
east Asian region have been those by Mann (1925) and Allen & Cupp (1935) on the
Philippines Islands and the Java Sea, respectively. More recent studies include those
by Takano (1960) who collected from the Arafura and eastern Timor Seas; Wood (1963)
who listed many species from the Indonesian waters; Podzorski & Hakansson (1987)
on the freshwater and marine diatoms of Palawan, Philippines; and Wah & Wee (1988)
on the diatoms of mangrove environments of Singapore and southern Peninsular
Malaysia. This paper gives an account on the diatoms of marine environments of
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
Materials and Methods
Materials collected for diatoms were from seaweeds obtained from the littoral and
sublittoral zones of coastal areas. In addition, sand, molluscs, stones, debris and
sediments were also collected. A total of 12 locations in Peninsular Malaysia and 14
locations in Singapore were visited during 1986-87 (Fig. 1). Samples of planktonic
diatoms came from the Zoological Raffles Collection of the National University of
Singapore. These were collected from the vicinity of Sisters Island in 1968-69. Perma-
nent slides were prepared after the method of Gerloff & Natour (1982), details of
which are described in an earlier publication (Wah & Wee, 1988). All taxa were iden-
tified from the prepared slides using the classical criteria of size, shape and ornamen-
tation. Relative abundance of the taxa refers to the abundance of the diatoms in the
slides referred to. Details of slide numbers giving collection locations and substrata are
tabulated in Table I. Slides were deposited in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Botany
Department, National University of Singapore.
Results
A total of 230 taxa of diatoms belonging to 58 genera were recorded from 12 loca-
tions in Peninsular Malaysia and 14 locations in Singapore. Only five genera were
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Pulau Pangkor; PRa: Pulau Redang; PT: Pulau Tioman; PTe: Pulau Tenggul; Sm: Sementa).
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Table 1
List of slides giving collection locations and materials collected.
Locations
East Coast Park
Changi
Kranji
Loyang
Pulau Ubin
Pulau Ubin
Pulau Ubin
Pulau Ubin
Pulau Ubin
East Coast Park
Changi
Labrador Park
Labrador Park
Labrador Park
Port Dickson
Port Dickson
Pasir Ris
Pasir Ris
Pulau Retan Laut
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Tioman
Changi
Sembawang
Sembawang
West Coast Park
West Coast Park
Sentosa
Sentosa
Pontian
Around Sisters Island
Around Sisters Island
Around Sisters Island
Around Sisters Island
Around Sisters Island
Pulau Kapas
Pulau Redang
Pulau Pangkor
Sementa
Pulau Langkawi
Pulau Besar
Pulau Tenggul
Cape Rachado
Pulau Perhentian
Tuas
Tuas
Tuas
Tuas
Materials
seaweeds
seaweeds
mollusc
stones
roots and algae
mud
sand
reddish sand
rock. 7
seaweeds
seaweeds
red algae
sediment
seaweeds
sediment and sand
seaweeds
sand
seaweeds
seaweeds
molluscs
debris
seaweeds
water
sand
black sediment
pole
seafarm debris
foam
seaweeds
seaweeds
sand
sand
submerged grasses
sandy mud
surface pumping, 16.4.68
bottom pumping, 16.4.68
surface towing, 21.5.68
surface pumping, 14.1.69
bottom pumping, 14.1.69
seaweeds
seaweeds
seaweeds
red algae
water sample
seaweeds
coral
seaweeds
seaweeds
sand
seaweeds
filamentous algae
debris, stone
4: re
‘
;
'
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 77
represented by ten or more taxa, and these were Amphora (14), Diploneis (21), Navicula
(29), Nitzschia (20) and Pleurosigma (11). The most common genera were Navicula
and Nitzschia, the former represented by 27 species and the latter by 19 species.
Systematics
For the sake of convenience, the list of taxa presented here is arranged alphabet-
ically by genus with species and their varieties listed alphabetically within each genus.
Figures are given for all taxa.
Achnanthes Bory 1822
A. brevipes var. intermedia (Kutz.) Cl. Figs. 2-3
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 193; Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 425, figs. 877d, e.
Description: Length 25-42 yum, breadth 9-10 um, 8-10 striae in 10 pm. United into
short filament.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 135, 257, 339, 347, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. hauckiana Grun. Figs. 4-5
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 190; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 267, pl. 17,
figs. 25-32.
Description: Length 16-25 wm, breadth 8-10 ym, 7-10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 125, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to brackish.
A. lewisiana Patr. Figs. 6-7
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 266, pl. 17, figs 19, 20.
Description: Length 14 pm, breadth 6 um, 15 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 273, 343, 353, 355.
Comments: Freshwater species.
A. longipes Ag. Figs. 8-9
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 195; Hendey 1964, p. 174, pl. 28, figs. 1-6; pl. 42,
fig. 2.
Description: Length 62-69 ym, breadth 11-14 um, 6-7 costae and 9-10 striae in 10 um.
Solitary or joined into filament; attached by mucous stipe.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 12, 116.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Actinocyclus Ehrenb. 1838
A. ehrenbergii var. sparsa (Greg.) Hust. Fig. 10
References: Hendey 1964, p. 84; Foged 1984, p. 15, pl. 19, fig. 3. wae
Description: Diameter 37-66 ym, 5-6 areolae and 9-11 marginal striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 48, 119, 124, 138.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. octonarius Ehrenb Fig. 11
References: Hendey 1964, p. 83, pl. 24, fig. 3; Priddle & Fryxell 1985, p. 108.
Description: Diameter 60 pm, 7 areolae and 16 marginal striae in 10 pm.
78 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 95, 339.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. platensis Mill. Melchers. Fig. 12
References: Hendey 1958, p. 43, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.
Description: Diameter 56-77 um, 20 marginal striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 3.
Actinoptychus Ehrenb. 1839
A. senarius (Ehrenb.) Ehrenb. Fig. 13
References: Hendey 1964, p. 95, pl. 23, figs 1 and 2; Priddle & Fryxell 1985, p. 110,
fig. A.
Description: Diameter 39 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 4, 79, 116, 323, 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Amphora Ehrenb. 1840
A. acutiuscula Kitz. Figs. 14-15
References: Prowse 1962, p. 55, pl. 17, figs. e-f, n, q, v-w; pl. 18, fig. b; Patrick &
Reimer 1975, p. 77, pl. 14, figs. 9, 10.
Description: Length 35-55 ym, breadth 6-13 wm, 11-12 dorsal, 18-20 ventral striae in
10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 17, 43, 297.
Comments: A freshwater species.
A. angusta var. eulensteinii Grun. Fig. 16
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 135.
Description: Length 81 yum, breadth 15 ym, 11 dorsal and 14 ventral striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 100, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. angusta var. oblongella Grun. Fig. 17
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 135.
Description: Length 52-57 ym, breadth 8-10 ym, 12-15 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 183, 353.
A. angusta var. ventricosa (Greg.) Cl. Fig. 18
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 135; Navarro 1982, p. 31, pl. 20, figs. 1-2.
Description: Length 49-58 ym, breadth 10-13 ym, 14-15 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 335, 355.
A. coffeiformis (Ag.) Kitz. Fig. 19
References: Prowse 1962, p. 56, pl. 17, figs. h, o.
Description: Length 30-33 ym, breadth 6-7 wm, 18-20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 257, 335. Freshwater to brackish.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
ese: 't /
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 79
A. crassa Greg. Fig. 20
References: Hendey 1964, p. 262. Foged 1975, p. 10, pl. 36, fig. 10.
Description: Length 132 um, breadth 18 um, 5 dorsal, 6 ventra costae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 93.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. decipiens Cl. Fig. 21
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 108, pl. V, figs. 16-18.
Description: Length 41 pm, breadth 17 wm, 12 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
A. graeffi var. minor Perag. Fig. 22
References: Hendey 1964, p. 263, pl, 37, fig. 8.
Description: Length 38 um, breadth 9 um, 11-12 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 2, 12.
A. holsatica Hust. Figs. 23-26
References: Caljon 1983, p. 119, pl. 21, figs. 2-8.
Description: Length 18-42 um, breadth at girdle view 8-14 um and at valve view 5 um,
12-20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 12, 122, 257, 259, 273, 335, 337, 339,
341, 343, 347, 350, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to brackish.
A. ostrearia Bréb Fig. 27
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 129.
Description: Length 58 ym, breadth 15 in valve view, 38 um in girdle view, 11-12 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 38.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
A. proteus Greg. , Fig. 28
References: Prowse 1962, p. 58, pl. 17, fig. u; pl. 18, fig. a; Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 103.
Description: Length 56 um, breadth 8 in valve view, 20 um in girdle view, 9-12 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 3.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
A. turgida Greg. Fig. 29
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 123; Hendey 1964, p. 264.
Description: Length 32 um, breadth 9-10 um, 15 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 273, 333, 341, 351.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Marine to brackish.
A. valida Perag. Fig. 30
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 102. <a . .
Description: Length 82 um, breadth 16-18 «wm in valve, 50 «wm in girdle view, 7 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 124.
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Figs. 2-29
hauckiana,
9. A. longipes,
raphe valve and girdle view. Fig. 10. Actinocyclus ehrenbergii var. sparsa. Fig. 11. A. octonarius. Fig. 12. A.
5. A
Figs. 2-3. Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia, raphe valve and rapheless valve. Figs. 4-
raphe valve and rapheless valve. Figs. 8-
7 A. lewisiana
raphe valve and rapheless valve. Figs. 6-
16. A. angusta vat.
var. minor. Figs. 23-26. A. holsatica, Fig, 274mm
15. Amphora acutiuscula. Fig.
eulensteinii. Fig. 17. A. angusta var. oblongella. Fig. 18. A. angusta var. ventricosa. Fig. 19. A. coffeiformis.
14-
13 Actinoptychus senarius. Figs.
20. A. crassa. Fig. 21. A. decipiens. Fig. 22. A. graeffi
platensis. Fig.
Fig.
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ostrearia. Fig. 28. A. proteus. Fig. 29. A. turgida.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 81
A. wisei (Salah) Simonsen. Fig. 31
References: Foged 1975, p. 12, pl. 26, fig. 11.
Description: Length 14 um, breadth 5 um, 16 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 273.
Comments: A cosmopolitan (?) species.
Asterionella Hassall 1855
A. japonica Cl. & MOIll. Fig. 32
References: Cupp 1943, p. 188, fig. 138; Hendey 1964, p. 158, pl. 21, fig. 1.
Description: Length 92-104 ym, inflated length 22-24 um, inflated breadth 11-12 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 321.
Bacillaria Gmelin 1788
B. paradoxa var. tumidula Grun. Fig. 33
References: Navarro 1982, p. 51.
Description: Length 106-149 um, breadth 10-13 ym, 15-20 striae, 7-9 keel puncta in
10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 2.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
Bacteriastrum Schadbolt 1853
B. delicatulum Cl. Fig. 34
References: Gran & Angst 1931, p. 463, fig. 46a-—b; Hendey 1964, p. 139, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Description: Diameter 16 ym, 9 bristles. United to form chains.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 317.
Comments: Common in temperate waters.
B. elongatum Cl. Fig. 35
References: Cupp 1943, p. 99, fig. 57; Hendey 1964, p. 139, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Description: Diameter 14 um, 9 bristles.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 339.
Comments: Common in tropical seas.
B. hyalinum Lauder. Fig. 36
References: Cupp 1943, p. 96, fig. 56(A); Hendey 1964, p. 139, pl. 6, fig. 1.
Description: Diameter 24-39 ym, 14-27 bristles. United to form chains.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 317.
Biddulphia Gray 1821
B. biddulphiana (Smith) Boyer (B. pulchella Gray.). Figs. 40-42
References: Hendey 1964, p. 101, pl. 25, fig. 1.
Description: Length 76-101 um, breadth 69-82 ym in pervalvar axis; length 77-90 «um,
breadth 38-58 pm in top view. Colonial, united with their processes to form short chains.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
82 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) 7
B. mobiliensis (Bailey) Grun. Fig. 37
References: Gran & Angst 1931, p. 490, fig. 74; Cupp 1943, p. 153, fig. 110; Hendey
1964, p. 104, pl. 22, fig. 3.
Description: Length 69 um in apical axis, breadth 44 wm, 11 striae in 10 pm. Solitary
or in chains.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 323.
B. petitiana (Leud.-Fortm.) Mann. Figs. 38-39
References: Mann 1925, p. 43, pl. 10, figs. 4, 5.
Description: Length 70 um in pervalvar axis; length 66 »m, breadth 38 pm in top view.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 75.
B. recticulata Roper. Fig. 43
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 128, Hendey 1958, p. 48.
Description: Length 88-96 wm, breadth 68-96 um in pervalvar axis (girdle view).
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 333.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?).
B. vesiculosa (Ag.) Boyer. Fig. 44
References: Lebour 1930, p. 181, pl. 4, fig. 1.
Description: Length 91-104 y~m, breadth 52 um in pervalvar axis (girdle view).
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 4, 278.
Caloneis Cleve 1891
C. alpestris (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 45
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 587, pl. 54, fig. 9.
Description: Length 73 ym, breadth 15 yum, 20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
C. bacillum (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 46
References: Cleve-Euler 1955, 5(4), p. 102, fig. 1147 a-c; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 586,
pl. 54, fig. 8.
Description: Length 21-25 ym, breadth 10-12 ym, 21-23 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 341, 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater.
C. egena (A. Sch.) Cl. Fig. 47
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 66; Foged 1984, p. 24, pl. 44, fig. 10.
Description: Length 25 um, breadth 6 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 345.
C. liber (W. Sm.) Cl. Fig. 48
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 54; Hendey 1964, p. 229, pl. 29, fig. 2.
Description: Length 39 ym, breadth 11 pm, 18 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Slide 31.
C. linearis (Grun.) Boyer. Fig. 49
References: Hendey 1964, p. 230, pl. 29, fig. 3; Foged 1984, p. 26, pl. 44, figs. 4,5.
Figs. 30-40 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 33, 36 and 40 = 10 um)
Fig. 30. Amphora valida. Fig. 31. A. wisei. Fig. 32. Asterionella japonica. Fig. 33. Bacillaria paradoxa var.
tumidula. Fig. 34. Bacteriastrum delicatulum. Fig. 35. B. elongatum. Fig. 36. B. hyalinum. Fig. 37. Bid-
dulphia mobiliensis, girdle view. Figs. 38-39. B. petitiana, valve view and girdle view. Fig. 40. B. biddulphiana,
valve view.
84 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Description: Length 48 um, breadth 8 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 345.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Campylodiscus Ehrenb. 1841
C. fastuosus Ehrenb. Fig.
References: Hendey 1964, p. 290, pl. 40, fig. 13.
Description: Diameter 54-68 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 141, 339, 343, 345, 357.
Comments: Common on sandy beaches of all North Sea coasts (Hendey, 1964).
C. hypodromus Brun & Tempeére. Fig.
References: Hendey 1964, p. 291.
Description: Diameter 62-113 um, 2-3 costae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 345.
C. ralfsii W. Sm. Fig.
References: Hendey 1970, p. 161, pl. 5, fig. 53; 1964, p. 291.
Description: Diameter 28-56 wm, 2-3 costae in 10 wm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 79, 345, 347.
Chaetoceros Ehrenb. 1844
C. danicum Cl. Fig.
References: Hendey 1964, p. 122, pl. 10, fig. 5.
Description: Diameter 25-31 ym. Solitary or in chains.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 317.
C. lorenzianum Grun. Fig.
References: Gran 1905, p. 76, fig. 90; Hendey 1964, p. 124, pl. 26, fig. 1.
Description: Diameter 17 ym. Solitary or in chains.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 323.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. peruvianum Brightw. Fig.
References: Hendey 1964, p. 123, pl. 9, fig. 3; Priddle & Fryxell 1985, p. 40.
Description: Diameter 30 pm. Solitary or in chains.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 323.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. tetrastichon Cl. Fig.
References: Hendey 1964, p. 123, pl. 11, fig. 1.
Description: Diameter 16 ~m. United to form chains.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 323.
Climacosphenia Ehrenb. 1841
C. moniligera Ehrenb. Figs. 57-
References: Cupp 1943, p. 178, fig. 128.
50
51
52
a
54
55
56
58
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Figs. 41-52 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 41, 44 = 10 um)
Figs. 41-42. Biddulphia biddulphiana, valve view and girdle view. Fig. 43. B recticulata, girdle view.
Fig. 44. B. vesiculosa, girdle view. Fig. 45. Caloneis alpestris. Fig. 46. C. bacillum. Fig. 47. C. egena.
Fig. 48. C. liber. Fig. 49. C. linearis. Fig. 50. Campylodiscus fastuosus. Fig. 51. C. hypodromus. Fig. 52.
C. ralfsii.
86 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
Description: Length 295-493 um, broadest breadth 29-32 wm, 18-19 striae in 10 pm.
Solitary or in fan-shaped colonies.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 116, 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Common in warm seas.
Cocconeis Ehrenb. 1838
C. dirupta Greg. Fig. 59
References: Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 354, fig. 809; Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 12. fig. 499.
Description: Length 42-52 ym, breadth 28-35 wm, 17-20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 175, 257, 335, 343, 350, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. disculoides Hust. Fig. 60
References: Hendey 1964, p. 178, pl. 28, figs. 21, 22.
Description: Length 19-22 ym, breadth 11-13 ym, 8 costae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 93, 124, 257, 341, 350.
C. heteroidea Hantz. Fig. 61
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 178; Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 356, fig. 811; Foged
1984, p. 29. pl. 31, fig. 6.
Description: Length 48-64 um, breadth 38-50 ym, 17-18 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 273, 278, 335, 350, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Mainly in tropical seas.
C. pelta Schmidt. Fig. 62
References: Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 361, fig. 815; Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 13, fig. 502.
Description: Length 25 ym, breadth 17 ym, 18 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
C. placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenb.) Cl. Fig. 63
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 170; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 241, pl. 15, fig. 8.
Description: Length 17-19 ym, breadth 10-12 ym, 19 lower, 17 upper striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 12, 130, 339, 347, 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to brackish to marine.
C. pseudomarginata var. intermedia Grun. Figs. 64-65
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 178; Hendey 1964, p. 179, pl. 28, fig. 20.
Description: Length 46-63 um, breadth 32-46 ym, 11-17 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 2, 257, 337, 339, 343, 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. speciosa Greg. Figs. 66-67
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 7, fig. 489f, g; Hendey 1964, p. 180, pl. 28, fig. 18.
Description: Length 26 ym, breadth 17-18 um, 5-7 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 130, 257, 335.
Hit
ger a ey
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sa PRK
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g. 59. Cocconeis dirupta. Fig. 60. C. disculoides.
Fig. 61. C. heteroidea. Fig. 62. C. pelta. Fig. 63. C. placentula var. euglypta. Figs. 64-65. C. pseudomareginata
var. intermedia. Figs. 66-67. C. speciosa. Fig. 68. C. sublittoralis.
56.
g.
10 um)
54. C. lorenzianum. Fig. 55. C. peruvianum. Fi
=
valve view. Fig.
>
(horizontal common scale bar and that of Fig. 62
53-68
Fig. 53. Chaetoceros danicum
letrastichon. Figs. 57-58. Climacosphenia moniligera. Fi
Figs.
88 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) -
C. sublittoralis Hend. Fig. 68
References: Hendey 1964, p. 181, pl. 28, figs. 14-17.
Description: Length 24-34 um, breadth 10-22 ym, 5-6 lower, 6-7 upper areolae in
10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 33, 119.
Coscinodiscus Ehrenb. 1838
C. argus Ehrenb. Fig. 69
References: Prowse 1962, p. 8, pl. 1, figs. j, 1-m.
Description: Diameter 64-100 ym, 5 small and 3 large areolae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 12, 79, 81, 124, 359.
C. decipiens Grun. Fig. 70
References: Prowse 1962, p. 8, pl. 3, fig. c.
Description: Diameter 14-34 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 12, 79, 273, 278.
C. decrescens Grun. Fig. 71
References: Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 430, fig. 233; Hendey 1964, p. 77.
Description: Diameter 34 ym, 4 areolae in 10 »m in the middle.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 120.
C. marginatus Ehrenb. Fig. 72
References: Hendey 1964, p. 78, pl. 22, fig. 2.
Description: Diameter 72-78 ym, 9-10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 321, 355.
C. nodulifer Schmidt. Figs. 73-74
References: Allen & Cupp 1935, p. 116, figs. 9, 9a; Hendey 1964, p. 77, pl. 22, fig. 10.
Description: Diameter 31-100 »m, 4-8 marginal striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 120, 124, 129, 138, 351, 355, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. oculus-iridus Ehrenb. Fig. 75
References: Cupp 1943, p. 62, fig. 26; Hendey 1964, p. 78, pl. 24, fig. 1.
Description: Diameter 100 ~m, 7-8 marginal striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. radiatus Ehrenb. Fig. 76
References: Cupp 1943, p. 56, fig. 20; Hendey 1964, p. 76, pl. 22, fig. 7.
Description: Diameter 78-88 um, marginal striae 10-11, areolae 2-4 in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 81, 116, 333, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
C. wailesii Gran & Angst. Fig: 7
References: Gran & Angst. 1931, p. 448, fig. 26; Cupp 1943, p. 58, fig. 23.
Description: Diameter 221 ym, 6 areolae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 323.
ee a
poo BUSSES HOO Sep
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10 um)
(horizontal common scale bar and that of Fig. 70
Figs. 69-78
Fig. 69. Coscinodiscus argus. Fig. 70. C. decipiens. Fig. 71. C. decrescens. Fig. 72. C. marginatus. Figs.
iridus. Fig. 76. C. radiatus. Fig. 77. C. wailesii. Fig. 78. Coscinosira
73-74. C. nodulifer. Fig. 75. C. oculus
oestrupil.
90 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
Coscinosira Gran 1900
C. oestrupii Osten. Fig. 78
References: Hendey 1964, p. 89; Simonsen 1974, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 3-5.
Description: Diameter 13-27 ym, 4-9 areolae in 10 um.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 79, 116, 333, 357.
Cyclotella (Kutz.) Bréb. 1834
C. kutzingiana Thw. Fig. 79
References: Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 338, fig. 171; Prowse 1962, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. i, j.
Description: Diameter 11-40 ym, radial striae 7-10 in 10 pm. Freshwater.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 31, 33, 40, 75, 141, 257, 319.
C. menghiniana Kutz. Figs. 80-81
References: Prowse 1962, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. e, pl. 2, fig. h.
Description: Diameter 10-32 um, 8-10 radial striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 351.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
C operculata (Ag.) Kutz. Fig. 82
References: Tiffany & Britton 1952, p. 220, fig. 6.
Description: Diameter 29 um, 10 radial striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?). Freshwater to brackish.
C. striata (Kutz.) Grun. Figs. 83-85
References: Prowse 1962, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. f, pl. 2, figs. b, g; Gerloff & Natour 1982,
p:. 160, pl. “Lo figss3..6:
Description: Diameter 23-58 ym, radial striae 7-10 in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 38, 79, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
C. stylorum Brightw. Fig. 86
References: Hustedt 1927-66, p. 348, fig. 179; Foged 1975, p. 20, pl. 6, fig. 4.
Description: Diameter 41-87 »m, 8-10 radial and 2-4 peripheral striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found of slides 12, 79, 323, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Cymatosira Grun. 1862
C. lorenziana Grun. Fig. 87
References: Navarro 1982, p. 13, pl. 6, figs. 6-8; Foged 1984, p. 31, pl. 28, figs. 1-3, 7.
Description: Length 55 ym, breadth 15 ym, 6 striae in 10 pm. Solitary or colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found of slide 257.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Cymbella Ag. 1830
C. pusilla Grun. Fig. 88
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 162; Patrick & Reimer 1975. p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 18.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 9]
Description: Length 46-62 ym, breadth 8-12 um, 18-20 dorsal, 15-16 ventral striae in
10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found of slide 339.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Delphineis Kutz. 1844
D. surirella (Ehrenb.) G.A. Andrews (= Rhaphoneis). Figs. 89-90
References: Hendey 1964, p. 155, pl. 26, figs. 11-13; Andrews 1981.
Description: Length 16-26 ym, breadth 12-18 ym, 8-10 striae, 12 puncta, in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found of slides 12, 91, 259, 273, 335, 337, 343.
Denticula Kutz. 1844
D. subtilis Grun. Fig. 91
References: Patrick & Reimer 1975, p. 172, pl. 22, figs. 10-11.
Description: Length 11 wm, breadth 3 wm, 8 costae, 27-28 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Found of slides 12, 339.
Comments: A brackish species.
Diploneis Ehrenb. 1844
D. bombiformis Cl. Figs. 92-93
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 26.
Description: Length 40-42 pm, breadth 15-17 ym, 10-11 ym at the constriction, 7-8 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found of slides 129, 273.
D. bombus Ehrenb. Fig. 94
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 416, pl. 38, fig. 13; Hendey 1970, p. 140, pl. 5, fig. 49.
Description: Length 56-86 yum, breadth 29-34 ym, 16-24 um at constriction, 4-5 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found of slides 12, 175.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
D. bombus var. densestriata A.S. Fig. 95
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 90.
Description: Length 50 ym, breadth 21 ym, 12 wm at constriction, 7 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found of slide 12.
D. chersonensis (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 96
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 91; Hendey 1970, p. 142, pl. 5, fig. 48.
Description: Length 65-76 ym, breadth 27-32 ym, 16-18 »m at constriction, 5-7 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 93, 124.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. According to Podzorski & Hakansson (1987), this
species is widespread in all seas, with the larger specimens limited to tropical waters.
92 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
D. coffaeiformis AS. Fig. 97
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 81.
Description: Length 22-48 ym, breadth 11-24 wm, 8-12 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 335, 341, 343, 347.
D. crabro Ehrenb. Fig. 98
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 100; Hendey 1970, p. 141, pl. 3, fig. 29.
Description: Length 69-82 ym, breadth 26-32 wm, 15-24 wm at constriction, 4-5 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 48, 315, 335, 345, 350.
Comments: Common in tropical coastal waters.
D. exemta var. digrediens Cl. Fig. 99
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 86.
Description: Length 48-64 ym, breadth 18-20 ym, 10-11 wm at constriction, 7-9 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 125, 175, 335, 341.
D. gravelleana Hagelst. Fig. 100
References: Navarro 1982, p. 34, pl. 22, figs. 6-8; Foged 1984, p. 36, pl. 41, fig. 2.
Description: Length 19-30 pm, breadth 9-10 wm, 4-5 um at constriction, 13-15 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 175, 335, 339.
D. incurvata (Greg.) Cl. Fig. 101
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 84.
Description: Length 58-71 ym, breadth 17 pm, 10 um at constriction, 10-11 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 37, 91, 341, 351.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?).
D. interrupta (Kutz.) Cl. Figs. 102-103
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 84; Prowse 1962, p. 34, pl. 9, fig. k.
Description: Length 27-80 ym, breadth 10-24 ym, 7-13 »m at constriction, 7-8 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
D. interrupta var. gorjanovicii Pant. Fig. 104
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 84.
Description: Length 24-42 ym, breadth 12-17 ym, 7-11 um at the constriction, 8-13 striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 125, 259, 347.
Comments: Brackish to marine.
D. litoralis (Donk.) Cl. Figs. 105-106
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 80, fig. 649; Hendey 1964, p. 226, pl. 32, fig 9.
Description: Length 35-36 um, breadth 17-18 pm, 11-14 striae in 10 wm.
°
°
i
>
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SS UML RRL
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.
<
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00000 By
) fe) S
fai caren
(fec00000000000
fp SS >)
= 10 um)
95, 101-103
83, 89-91,
’
(horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 82
Figs. 79-104
gs. 83-85. C. striata.
Fig. 79. Cyclotella ktitzingiana. Figs. 80-81. C. menghiniana. Fig. 82. C. operculata. Fi
90. Delphineis
Fig. 86. C. stylorum. Fig. 87. Cymatosira lorenziana. Fig. 88. Cymbella pusilla. Figs. 89
surirella. Fig. 91. Denticula subtilis. Fig. 92
5. D.
Fig. 9
-93. Diploneis bombiformis. Fig. 94. D. bombus.
bombus var. densestriata. Fig. 96. D. chersonensis. Fig. 97. D. coffaeiformis. Fig. 98. D. crabro. Fig. 99. D.
102-103. D. interrupta.
D. incurvata. Figs.
101.
var. digrediens. Fig. 100. D. gravelleana. Fig.
Fig. 104. D. interrupta
exemta
var. gorjanovicii.
94 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
D. nitescens (Greg.) Cl. Fig. 107
References: Hustudt 1959, 7(2), p. 640, fig. 1047; Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 85, fig. 658.
Description: Length 48-54 um, breadth 28-33 ym, 5-6 costae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 120, 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
D. notabilis (Grev.) Cl. Fig. 108
References: Hendey 1964, p. 224, pl. 32, fig. 11.
Description: Length 54 um, breadth 42 um, 5-6 costae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 119.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?). Freshwater.
D. oculata (Bréb.) Cl. Fig. 109
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 412, pl. 38, fig. 6.
Description: Length 17-18 ym, breadth 7-9 pm, 20-22 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater.
D. puella (Schum.) Cl. Fig. 110
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 92; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 414, pl. 38, fig. 9.
Description: Length 27-34 ym, breadth 11-17 pm, 10-13 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 91, 350.
D. smithii (Bréb.) Cl. Figs. 111-112
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 96; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 410, pl. 38, fig. 2.
Description: Length 48-76 um, breadth 22-36 um, 5-9 costae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 12, 93, 130, 175, 337, 345, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
D. smithii var. rhombica Meresch. Fig. 113
References: Hendey 1964, p. 225; Kaczmarska & Rushforth 1983, p. 20, pl. 17, fig. 1.
Description: Length 53 »m, breadth 23 pm, 9 to 11 costae in 10 um towards poles.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 37.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
D. subovalis Cl. Fig. 114
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 96, pl. 1, fig. 27; Foged 1979, p. 45, pl. 21,
figs. 5, 6 & Il.
Description: Length 31-49 ym, breadth 18-26 ym, 8-9 costae in 10 wm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 125, 355, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
D. vetula Cl. Fig. 115
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 85; Hendey 1964, p. 224, fig. 6.
Description: Length 33 ~m, breadth 12 »m, 10 pm at constriction, 10 costae in 10 wm.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 95
Distribution: Not common. Found of slides 259, 341.
Comments: Podzorski & Hakansson (1987) report its presence in Palawan, although
they state that it is common in the European coastal waters.
D. weissflogii (A.S.) Cl. Figs. 116-117
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 91; Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 703, fig. 1085.
Description: Length 29-74 um, breadth 11-24 ym, 7-12 um at constriction, 6-9 costae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found of slides 335, 350, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Donkinia Ralfs 1888
D. recta (Donk.) Grun. Fig. 118
References: Cleve 1965, 26(2) p. 119; Hendey 1964, p. 251, pl. 35, fig. 7.
Description: Length 108-312 um, breadth 22-38 ym, 18-20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found of slides 79, 93.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Eunotogramma Weisse 1854
E. laeve Grun. Figs. 119-120
References: Foged 1979, p. 52, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Description: Length 25-35 ym, breadth 6-8 um, 2-3 septa in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 120, 132.
Fragilaria Lyng. 1819
F. cylindrus Grun. Figs. 121-122
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(1), p. 51, fig. 363a-k; Hendey 1964, p. 153.
Description: Length 29-38 ym, breadth 5-6 um, 8-12 striae in 10 um. Colonial, united
into ribbons; attached by mucilage stalk; rare.
Distribution: Common in the Arctic seas. Found on slide 12.
F. lapponica Grun. Fig. 123
References: Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 170, fig. 678; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 130, pl. 4,
fig. 17.
Description: Length 38-66 »m, breadth 4-6 ym, 7-10 striae in 10 wm. Colonial, united
into ribbons.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 75, 273, 357.
Comments: Freshwater to marine.
F. leptostauron var. dubia (Grun.) Hust. Fig. 124
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(1), p. 36, fig. 347p—u; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 124,
pl. 4, fig. 3.
Description: Length 20 ym, breadth 6 ym, 5 costae in 10 um. Colonial, united into
Straight to zigzag filamentous chains.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 48.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
96 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
F. oceanica Cl. Fig. 125
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(1), p. 52, fig. 365, Hendey 1964, p. 153.
Description: Length 37 wm, breadth 5 um, 11 costae in 10 wm. Colonial, united to
form ribbon-like chains.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
Comments: Common in the Arctic seas.
F. schulzi Brockmann. Fig. 126
References: Hendey 1964, p.154, pl. 26, fig. 16.
Description: Length 25 um, breadth 5 wm, 13 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 257.
Grammatophora Ehrenb. 1839
G. hamulifera Kutz. Figs. 127-128
References: Hendey 1964, p. 171.
Description: Length 17 um, breadth at girdle 13 um, 18 striae in 10 pm. Colonial.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 93, 337, 343, 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
G. marina var. adriatica Grun. Fig. 129
References: Cupp 1943, p. 174, fig. 125B.
Description: Length 73-80 um, breadth at valve 5-7 wm and girdle 17-21 pm, 25-30
striae in 10 ym. Colonial, joined into zig-zag chains.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 79, 273, 335, 339, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
G. oceanica Ehrenb. Figs. 130-131
References: Cupp 1943, p. 176, fig. 126; Hendey 1964, p. 170.
Description: Length 25-48 um, breadth 5-7 ym, 22-24 striae in 10 pm. Colonial.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 116, 345.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
G. undulata Ehrenb. Fig. 132
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 156; Foged 1984, p. 45, pl. 24, fig. 4.
Description: Length 40-48 ym, breadth 7-8 »m, 20-21 striae in 10 pm. Colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 333, 337.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Gyrosigma Hassall 1845
G. balticum (Ehrenb.) Rabh. Figs. 133-134
References: Hendey 1964, p. 248, pl. 35, fig. 9; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 324, pl. 25,
fig. 1.
Description: Length 280-332 ym, breadth 28-30 ym, 11-12 transverse/longitudinal striae
in 10 ym. Occurring in large colonies.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 95.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
109
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109. D. oculata.
, 113 and 129 -
Il]
(horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 105, 106,
-132
Figs. 105
108. D. notabilis. Fig.
107. D. nitescens. Fig.
106. Diploneis littoralis. Fig.
Figs. 105
114. D. subovalis.
120. Eunotogramma
123. F lapponica.
128.
ig.
D. smithii. Fig. 113. D. smithii var. rhombica. F
D. weissflogi. Fig. 118. Donkinia recta. Figs. 119
112,
D. vetula. Figs. 116-117.
Fig. 110. D. puella. Figs. 111-
Fig. 115.
rf
24.
Grammatophora hamulifera,
l
g.
Fi
121-122. Fragilaria cylindrus. Fig.
laeve, girdle and valve view. Figs.
leptostauron var. dubia. Fig. 125. F. oceanica. Fig. 126. F. schulzi. Figs. 127
girdle view. Figs. 130-131. G.
two cells in
,’
valve view and girdle view. Fig. 129. G. marina var. adriatica
oceanica. Fig. 132.
G. undulata.
98 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
G. distortum (W. Sm.) Griff & Henfr. Fig. 135
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 116; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 324, pl. 24, fig. 6.
Description: Length 32 um, breadth 9 um, 23-24 transverse, 25-26 longitudinal striae
in 10 um. Solitary or colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
G. exile (Grun.) Reim. Fig. 136
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 322, pl. 24, fig. 4.
Description: Length 46 um, breadth 8 wm, 25-28 transverse, 30-32 longitudinal striae
in 10 ym. Rare. Freshwater to brackish.
Distribution: Found on slide 12.
G. fasciola var. sulcata (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 137
References: Hendey 1964, p. 249; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 328, pl.26, fig. 4.
Description: Length 52 ym, breadth 9 um, 20 transverse, 17 longitudinal striae in 10
um. Solitary or colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 12, 351, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
G. grovei Cl. Fig. 138
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 118.
Description: Length 163-351 um, breadth 23-28 ym, 9-10 transverse, 12 longitudinal
striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 19, 95, 353, 357.
Comments: Brackish to marine.
G. simile (Grun.) Boyer. Fig. 139
References: Hustedt 1955, p. 34, pl. 10, fig. 3.
Description: Length 54-71 ym, breadth 8-13 ym, 15 transverse, 16 longitudinal striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 125, 357, 359.
Hantzschia Grun. 1880
H. amphioxys var. capitata O. Mull. Fig. 140
References: Tiffany & Britten 1952, p. 289, pl. 75, fig. 887; Prowse 1962, p. 64, pl. 19,
fig. t.
Description: Length 58-80 um, breadth 10 ym, 16-24 striae, 5-7 fibulae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 31.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
H. virgata (Roper) Grun. Fig. 141
References: Hendey 1964, p. 285, pl. 39, fig. 1; Foged 1979, p. 63, pl. 40, fig. 10.
Description: Length 102 ym, breadth 10 ym, 14 striae, 5-6 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 38.
Comments: A cosmopolitan and common littoral species of clean, sandy shores
(Hendey, 1964).
7
a ae
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 99
Huttoniella Karsten 1928
H. reichardtii (Grun.) Hust. Fig. 142
References: Hendey 1964, p. 114 (as Huttonia reichardtii Grun.); Foged 1984, p. 47,
p25, fig. 6.
Description: Length 20 um, breadth 15 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 91.
Isthmia Ag. 1827
I. enervis Ehrenb. Fig. 143
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 140; Hendey 1964, p. 110, pl. 25, fig. 2.
Description: Length 200 um, breadth 32 um in girdle view, 3-4 areolae in 10 pm.
United into short chain.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 3, 116.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Licmophora Ag. 1827
L. abbreviata Ag. Figs. 144-145
References: Hendey 1964, p. 167.
Description: Length 55-64 um, 8-13 wm at broadest part, 10-16 striae in 10 pm.
Solitary or colonial.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1,3, 116, 337:
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
L. ehrenbergii (Kutz.) Grun. Figs. 146-148
References: Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 70, fig. 593; Hendey 1964, p. 168.
Description: Length 60-101 ym, 12-14 at the broadest part, 8-12 (middle), 12-14 (upper
end) striae in 10 ym. Colonial.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 91, 333.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
L. flabellata (Carm.) Ag. Figs. 149-150
References: Hendey 1964, p. 168, pl. 26, fig. 5; Foged 1975, p. 27, pl. 10, fig. 7.
Description: Length 77 ym, breadth 15 ym (girdle), 6 wm (valve). In fan-shaped colonies.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
L. gracilis (Ehrenb.) Grun. Figs. 151-152
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 167; Hendey 1964, p. 167.
Description: Length 144 pm, breadth 24 um (valve), 20 striae in 10 wm. In fan-shaped
colonies, attached by a mucous stipe.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 116.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Mastogloia Thwaites 1856
M. angulata Lewis Fig. 153
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 147; Foged 1975, p. 28, pl. 12, fig. 2, pl. 13,
Peas. b,. 2.
133
Figs. 133-152
134
i
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Ot Sunvs7o2 avew ce
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_
_
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(horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 133, 135-137, 143, 144 and 145 = 10 ym)
Figs. 133-134. Gyrosigma balticum, valve view and details of striations. Fig. 135. G. distortum. Fig. 136.
G. exile. Fig. 137. G. fasciola var. sulcata. Fig. 138. G. grovei. Fig. 139. G. simile. Fig. 140. Hantzschia
amphioxys var. capitata. Fig. 141. H. virgata. Fig. 142. Huttoniella reichardtii, girdle view. Fig. 143. Isthmia
enervis, girdle view. Figs. 144-145. Licmophora abbreviata, valve view and girdle view. Figs. 146-148. L.
ehrenbergii, valve views and girdle view. Figs. 149-150. L. flabellata, valve view and girdle view. Figs. 151-152.
L. gracilis, valve view and girdle view.
Y «
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 101
Description: Length 55-76 um, breadth 28-34 um, 8-10 striae, 1 loculi in 10 ym.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 125, 341.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
M. binotata (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 154
References: Hendey 1964, pl. 37, fig. 11; Foged 1975, p. 29, pl. 12, figs. 6-9.
Description: Length 21-36 um, breadth 15-23 wm, 12-13 striae, 11 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 93, 341, 343, 347.
Comments: Common in warm coastal and temperate waters.
M. citrus Cl. Figs. 155-156
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 157, pl. 2, fig. 6.
Description: Length 46 um, breadth 21 um, 18 middle and 22 polar striae, 7-8 loculi
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 124, 335, 337, 345, 350.
Comments: Common in tropical seas.
M. fimbriata (Brightw.) Cl. Fig. 157
References: Hendey 1970, p.146, pl. 1, fig. 11; Gerloff & Natour 1982, p. 184.
Description: Length 47-63 pm, breadth 34-54 pm, 6-8 striae, 4-6 loculi in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 2, 124, 335, 343, 345, 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
M. ovata Grun. Fig. 158
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 156.
Description: Length 43 um, breadth 32 um, 15-16 striae, 3-4 loculi in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 333.
Comments: Common in warm coastal waters.
M. quinquecostata Grun. Fig. 159
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 161; Foged 1975, p. 33, pl. 15, figs. 7, 8.
Description: Length 38-56 ym, breadth 18 wm, 16 striae, 2-3 loculi in 10 wm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 91, 341, 345.
Melosira Ag. 1824
M. granulata (Ehrenb.) Ralfs. Figs. 160-161
References: Prowse 1962, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. a-b.
Description: Length 10-22 »m, diameter 10-11 pm, 8-9 striae in 10 wm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 175.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
M. nummuloides (Dillw.) Ag. Fig. 162
References: Cleve-Euler 1951, 2(1), p. 32, figs. 28a-d.; Hendey 1964, p. 72.
Description: Diameter 22-40 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 3, 79, 116, 175, 257, 339, 343, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
102 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Navicula Bory 1824
N. brasiliensis Grun. Fig. 163
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p.110, fig. 718; Hendey 1970, p. 133, pl. 4, fig. 40.
Description: Length 52-98 um, breadth 29-40 um, 8-10 striae in 10 pm, 9-10 punctae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 37, 91, 175, 333, 357.
N. clavata Greg. Fig. 164
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 61; Hustedt 1927-66, p. 3-444, fig. 1509 a-c;
Gerloff & Natour 1982, p. 187, pl. 14, fig. 1.
Description: Length 56-88 wm, breadth 30-38 ym, 9-12 striae in 10 pm, 8-10 punctae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 91, 93, 119.
N. cuspidata Kutz. Fig. 165
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 109.
Description: Length 61 ym, breadth 14 pm, 13 transverse, 25 longitudinal striae in
10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. distans W. Sm. Fig. 166
References: Cleve 1965, 27(3), p. 35; Hendey 1964, p. 203, pl. 27, fig. 13.
Description: Length 94 pm, breadth 17 um, 4 striae, 21 lineolae in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
N. forcipata var. suborbicularis Grun. Fig. 167
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 66.
Description: Length 23 ym, breadth 14 ym, 1S striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 273.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. glacialis Cl. Fig. 168
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 40; Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(5), p. 110, fig. 719.
Description: Length 84-98 wm, breadth 36-50 wm, 9-12 striae, 6-9 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 93, 119.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. grundleri Cl. Fig. 169
References: Cleve 1878, p.7, pl. 2, fig. 10; Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 51.
Description: Length 50-51 wm, breadth 12-13 ym, 10 striae, 11 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 278, 337.
N. halophila (Grun.) Cl. Figs. 170-171
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 109; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 467, pl. 44, fig. 4.
Description: Length 38-54 ym, breadth 10-11 wm, 15-25 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 12, 278.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 103
N. lyra Ehrenb. Fig. 172
References: Hendey 1964, p. 209, pl. 33, fig. 2; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 443, pl. 39,
figs. 5-6.
Description: Length 92-144 ym, breadth 39-61 um, 9-10 striae, 8-11 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 125.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. menaiana Hend. Fig. 173
References: Hendey 1964, p. 207, pl. 31, fig. 13.
Description: Length 52 um, breadth 20 um, 10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 38, 353.
N. monilifera Cl. Fig. 174
References: Hustedt 1961-66, 7(3), p. 711, fig. 1699a; Hendey 1964, p. 206, pl. 31, figs. 4-5.
Description: Length 50-83 ym, breadth 26-44 wm, 9-10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 37, 93, 124, 138.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (7).
N. monilifera var. constricta (Perag.) Hust. Fig. 175
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 43; Hustedt 1961-66, 7(3), p. 712, fig. 1699b.
Description: Length 95-101 ym, breadth 49-50 um, 7-8 striae, 6-8 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 2, 38, 122.
Comments: This is a littoral species of the mediterranean and northern Europe
(Podzorski & Hakansson, 1987).
N. nicaeensis Perag. Fig. 176
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 36.
Description: Length 63 um, breadth 15 um, 8 striae in 10 yum.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12.
N. pennata A. Sch. Fig. 177
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 32; Hendey 1964, p. 203, pl. 30, fig. 21.
Description: Length 54-74 um, breadth 9-12 um, 5-7 middle and 6-8 polar striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Found on slide 125.
N. pi Cl. Fig. 178
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 50.
Description: Length 64 um, breadth 14 wm, 11 middle and 12 polar striae, 12 puncta
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 81.
N. platessa Cl. Fig. 179-180
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 36. ne:
Description: Length 25-43 um, breadth 13-21 ym, 5-9 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 12, 38, 175, 259, 343, 350, 359.
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Fig. 159. M. quinquecostata, internal valve view showing loculi.
cells showing colony formation. Fig. 162. M. nummuloides
brasiliensis. Fig. 164. N. clavata. Fig. 165. N. cuspidata. Fig. 166. N. distans. Fig. 167. N. forcipata var.
Fig. 153. Mastogloia angulata, internal valve view showing loculi. Fig. 154. M. binotata
suborbicularis. Fig. 168. N. glacialis. Fig. 169. N. grundleri. Figs. 170
showing loculi.
Fig. 173. N. menaiana. Fig. 174. N. monilifera. Fig. 175. N. monilifera var. constricta.
Fig. 157. M. fimbriata, internal valve view showing loculi.
Fig. 177. N. pennata. Fig. 178. N. pi.
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Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 105
N. platyventris Meist. Fig. 181
References: Foged 1975, p. 41, pl. 20, fig. 17.
Description: Length 16 um, breadth 7 um, 9 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 125.
N. plicata Donk. Fig. 182
References: Hustedt 1961-66, 7(3), p. 328, fig. 1443; Hendey 1964, p. 193.
Description: Length 74 um, breadth 17 ym, 19 middle and 20-21 polar striae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 116.
N. praetexta Ehrenb. Fig. 183
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 55; Hendey 1964, p. 213, pl. 33. fig. 1.
Description: Length 48 um, breadth 26 um, 8 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 33.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. pusilla var. jamalinensis Grun. Fig. 184
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 41; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 453, pl. 41, fig. 8.
Description: Length 50-56 pm, breadth 20-23 pm, 10-12 middle, 14-16 pole striae,
12 punctae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 175.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. radiosa Kutz. Fig. 185
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 17; Caljon 1983, p. 133, pl. 26, fig. 23.
Description: Length 42-55 ym, breadth 8-9 um, 10-12 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 339.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. ramosissima (Ag.) Cl. Fig. 186
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 26; Hendey 1964, p. 194, pl. 30, fig. 9.
Description: Length 46-59 um, breadth 10-12 ym, 11 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 273, 345.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. ramosissima var. caspia Grun. Fig. 187
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 26; Hendey. 1964, p. 194, pl. 30, fig. 9.
Description: Length 44 ym, breadth 7 yum, 12 striae in 10 wm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 259.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. reichardtii Grun. Fig. 188
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 65. Che
Description: Length 21 wm, breadth 9 wm, 16 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 273.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
106 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
N. rhaphoneis (Ehrenb.) Grun. Fig. 189
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 27; Foged 1975, p. 42, pl. 20, fig. 13.
Description: Length 19-36 um, breadth 9-14 um, 7-10 striae, 18-20 linolae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 341, 351, 259.
N. transfuga Grun. Fig. 190
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 48; Hustedt 1961-66, 7(3), p. 697, fig. 1693.
Description: Length 90-126 um, breadth 40-61 um, 8-10 striae and 6 puntae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 79.
N. transitans Cl. Fig. 191
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 27.
Description: Length 59-84 ym, breadth 12-16 um, 7-8 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 345.
N. yarrensis Grun. Figs. 192-193
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 69; Foged 1984, p. 72, pl. 46, fig. 1.
Description: Length 60-115 um, breadth 18-33 wm, 3-5 middle and 5-7 polar striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 19.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. zostereti Grun. Fig. 194
References: Cleve 1894-95, 27(3), p. 31; Foged 1984, p. 72, pl. 45, fig, 13 & pl, 46,
figs. 3 & 4.
Description: Length 66-74 yum, breadth 13-17 pm, 6-8 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 125, 175, 335, 337, 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Nitzschia Hassall 1845
N. amphibia Grun. Figs. 195-196
References: Foged 1979, p. 85, pl. 42, fig. 6; pl. 43, figs. 10 & 11; Navarro 1982, p. 52,
pl. 34, fig. 6.
Description: Length 19-22 ym, breadth 3-5 pm, 14-15 striae, 7-10 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. apiculata (Greg.) Grun. Fig. 197
References: Hendey 1964, p. 279; Foged 1984, p. 74, pl. 24, fig. 10.
Description: Length 29-62 um, breadth 8-10 ym, 16 striae, 13-14 fibulae in 10 pum.
Distribution: This species is common and widespread in muddy shores (Hendey, 1964).
Common. Found on slides 12, 333, 337.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. bilobata var. minor Grun. Fig. 198
References: Cupp 1943, p. 200, fig. 152.
Description: Length 99-160 um, breadth 6-11 um, 24-28 striae, 7-11 fibulae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Slide 278, 341.
Comments: Brackish to marine.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 107
N. brebissonii var. borealis Grun. Fig. 199
References: Cleve 1896, p. 21, pl. 1, figs 28-32.
Description: Length 122 um, breadth 10 um, 16-18 striae, 6-7 fibulae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 278.
N. cocconeiformis Grun. Fig. 200
References: Foged 1975, p. 45, pl. 29, fig. 6.
Description: Length 27-59 um, breadth 16-26 um, 4-6 costae, 4-6 fibulae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 323, 339.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. commutata Grun. Fig. 201
References: Tiffany & Britton 1952, p. 288, pl. 77, fig. 903.
Description: Length 30-80 um, breadth 5-10 um, 20-24 striae, 6-10 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 337.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater.
N. constricta (Greg.) Grun. Figs. 202-203
References: Prowse 1962, p. 65, pl. 19, fig. d; Navarro 1982, p. 53, pl. 34, fig. 8.
Description: Length 16-31 um, breadth 6-11 ym, 14-20 striae, 8-10 fibulae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1,2, 257, 273, 278, 341, 345, 347, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. granulata Grun. Figs. 204-206
References: Hendey 1964, p. 278; Foged 1979, p. 87, pl. 40, figs. 14 & 15.
Description: Length 24-48 ym, breadth 14-17 um, 4-6 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 339, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. ignorata Krasske. Fig. 207
References: Foged 1966, p. 121, pl. 24, fig. 5; Foged 1979, p. 87, pl. 43, figs. 5 & 6.
Description: Length 87 ym, breadth 5 ym, 28 striae, 7-10 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. longissima (Bréb.) Ralfs. Figs. 208-209
References: Hendey 1964, p. 283; Foged 1975, p. 46, pl. 29, fig. 7.
Description: Length 202-311 ym, breadth 10-13 um, 6-12 fibulae in 10 «pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 3.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. navicularis var. typica Mh. Fig. 210
References: Cleve-Euler 1952, 3(3), p. 56, fig 1427a. .
Description: Length 34-37 ym, breadth 15-16 um, 6-7 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 129, 339.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
me |
POR +m. n-felat-O-a eet’ Voxroms-3-t-
LEMONT MM VU UI i Mn
Ly ies
, 197, 201, 203 and
195
, 180, 194,
(horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 179
179-210
Figs.
Figs. 179-180. Navicula platessa. Fig. 181. N. platyventris. Fig. 182. N. plicata. Fig. 183. N. praetexta.
Fig. 184. N. pusilla var. jamalinensis. Fig. 185. N. radiosa. Fig. 186. N. ramosissima. Fig. 187. N.
var. caspia. Fig. 188. N. reichardtii. Fig. 189.
ramosissima
N. transfuga. Fig. 191. N. transitans.
N. rhaphoneis. Fig. 190.
Figs. 192-193. N. yarrensis. Fig. 194. N. zostereti. Fig. 195-196. Nitzschia amphibia. Fig. 197. N. apiculata.
Fig.
199. N. brebissonii var. borealis. Fig. 200. N. cocconeiformis.
198. N. bilobata var. minor. Fig.
Fig. 201. N. commutata. Figs. 202-203. N. constricta. Figs. 204-206. N. granulata. Fig. 207. N. ignorata.
Figs. 208-
209. N. longissima, valve view and girdle view. Fig. 210. N. navicularis var. typica.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 109
N. panduriformis Greg. Fig. 211
References: Hendey 1964, p. 279; Foged 1975, p. 47, pl. 29, figs. 12 & 13.
Description: Length 36-66 um, breadth 13-30 um, 14-16 striae, 6-10 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 100, 141, 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. parvula var. terricola Lund. Fig. 212
References: Foged 1979, p. 89; pl. 43, fig. 18.
Description: Length 40 um, breadth 5 um, 7-8 fibulae in 10 wm. Freshwater.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 257.
N. punctata (W. Sm.) Grun. Fig. 213
References: Hendey 1964, p. 278. pl. 39, fig. 11; Foged 1979, p. 89, pl. 40, fig. 13;
pl. 41, fig. 7; pl. 42, fig. 3.
Description: Length 32-33 um, breadth 19-20 um, 6 striae in 10 yum.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 95.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. punctata var. coarctata Grun. Fig. 214
References: Hendey 1964, p. 278; Foged 1984, p. 80, pl. 56, fig. 7.
Description: Length 28-35 ym, breadth 10-12 ym, 11-12 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 259, 350, 353.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Occasionally found in freshwater.
N. sigma var. rigida (Kutz.) Grun. Figs. 215-218
References: Hendey 1964, p. 282; Caljon 1983, p. 140, pl. 30, figs. 11-12.
Description: Length 43-108 um, breadth 5-10 um, 20 striae, 6-8 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 93, 175, 333, 337, 341, 345, 347, 357, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
N. sigmoidea (Ehrenb.) W. Sm. Fig. 219
References: Cleve-Euler 1952, 3(3), p. 72; Gerloff & Natour 1982, p. 200, pl. 19, fig. 1.
Description: Length 164-331 um, breadth 11-13 wm, 23-25 striae 5-7 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 175, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
N. subtilis (Kutz.) Grun. Fig. 220
References: Prowse 1962, p. 71, pl. 19, fig. p; pl. 20, fig. f. . 7
Description: Length 56-127 ym, breadth 4-5 um, 28-30 striae 8-10 fibulae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 12, 257.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?). Freshwater.
N. tryblionella var. victoriae Grun. Fig. 221
References: Foged 1975, p. 47, pl. 28, fig. 4; Fungladda, Kaezmarska & Rushforth 1983,
p. 44, fig. 274.
Description: Length 73 um, breadth 40 um, 5 costae, 16 striae, 9 fibulae in 10 «um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 12. .
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
110 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) 7
N. vermicularis (Kutz.) Hantz. Fig. 222 }
References: Tiffany & Britton 1952, p. 286, pl. 76, fig. 890.
Description: Length 127 um, breadth 4-5 ym, 7-9 fibulae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 1, 81, 333.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to brackish.
Odontella Ag. 1832
O. aurita (Lyngb.) Ag. (= Biddulphia) Figs. 223-225
References: Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 846, fig. 501; Hendey 1964, p. 103, pl. 24, fig. 6.
Description: Length 27-54 um, breadth 22 um, puncta 9-12 in 10 ym. Usually in long
chains, sometimes free-floating.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 2, 3, 81, 100, 259, 278.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
O. aurita var. obtusa (Kutz.) Hust. (= Biddulphia). Fig. 226
References: Caljon 1983, p. 107, pl. 15, fig. 21.
Description: Length 42-56 wm, breadth 50-54 um, puncta 9-10 in 10 pm. Solitary or
united into long chains.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 278, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Opephora Petit 1888
O. martyi Heérib. Figs. 227-228
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 115, pl. 3, fig. 3; Caljon 1983, p. 114, pl. 18,
figs. 5, 6.
Description: Length 14-30 pm, breadth 5-6 pm, 9-10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 273.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
O. schwartzii (Grun.) Petit. Fig. 229
References: Hendey 1964, p. 159, pl. 36, figs. 8,9; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 116,
pl. 3, fig. 1.
Description: Length 45-53 ym, breadth 10 ym, 4-5 striae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 38, 273.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?).
Paralia Heiberg 1863
P. sulcata (Ehrenb.) Cl. Figs. 230-231
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 25; Hendey 1964, p. 73, pl. 23, fig. 5.
Description: Diameter 15-55 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 38, 79, 141, 341, 343, 351, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Plagiodiscus Grun. & Eulenst. 1867
P. nervatus Grun. Fig. 232
References: Hendey 1970, p. 160, pl. 4, fig. 39; Foged 1975, p. 49, pl. 31, figs. 4,5.
%
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 111
Description: Length 46-51 um, breadth 24 um, 3-4 costae, 12-13 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 333, 345.
Plagiogramma Grev. 1859
P. staurophorum (Greg.) Heiberg. Fig. 233
References: Hendey 1964, p. 166, pl. 36, fig. 1.
Description: Length 35 um, breadth 8 um, 17 puncta in 10 um. Solitary or colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 38, 116.
Pleurosigma W. Sm. 1852
P. aestuarii (Bréb.) W. Sm. Figs. 234-235
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 42; Hendey 1964, p. 247, pl. 36, fig. 5, pl. 41, fig. 5.
Description: Length 112-188 um, breadth 26-40 um, 19-21 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 357, 359.
Comments: Common in temperate waters.
P. delicatulum W. Sm. Fig. 236
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 37; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 336, pl. 28, figs. 4a-b.
Description: Length 153 ym, breadth 15 ym, 25 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 2.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?). Freshwater, brackish to marine.
P. elongatum W. Sm. Fig. 237
References: Gonzalves & Gandhi 1953, 2-p. 244, fig. 70; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 334,
fig. la-c.
Description: Length 124-154 ym, breadth 23-26 ym, 17-19 transverse, 16-17 oblique
striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 91.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
P. formosum W. Sm. Fig. 238
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 45, Hendey 1964, p. 242.
Description: Length 125-326 um, breadth 22-36 um, 14-15 transverse, 10-14 oblique
striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 319, 343, 345, 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
P. intermedium W. Sm. Fig. 239
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 34, Hendey 1964, p. 244.
Description: Length 166-196 um, breadth 17-19 ~m, 20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 278.
Comments: Common in temperate seas.
P. majus Grun. Figs. 240-241
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 44, pl. 4, fig. 15.
Description: Length 295-348 ym, breadth 40-45 um, 15 transverse, 12 oblique striae
in 10 um.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 3, 79.
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Figs. 211-235 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 211 and 218-222 = 10 ym)
Fig. 211. Nitzschia panduriformis. Fig. 212. N. parvula var. terricola. Fig. 213. N. punctata. Fig. 214. N.
punctata var. coarctata. Figs. 215-218. N. sigma var. rigida, valve view, girdle view and colony formation.
Fig. 219. N. sigmoidea. Fig. 220. N. subtilis. Fig. 221. N. tryblionella var. victoriae. Fig. 222. N. vermicularis.
Figs. 223-225. Odontella aurita. Fig. 226. O. aurita var. obtusa. Figs. 227-228. Opephora martyi, valve
view and girdle view. Fig. 229. O. schwartzii. Figs. 230-231. Paralia sulcata. Fig. 232. Plagiodiscus nervatus.
Fig. 233. Plagiogramma staurophorum. Figs. 234-235. Pleurosigma aestuarii.
=
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 113
P. marinum Donk. Fig. 242
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 37, Hendey 1964, p. 247, pl. 35, fig. 8.
Description: Length 128 um, breadth 27 wm, 21 transverse, 18 oblique striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 278.
P. normanii Ralfs. Fig. 243
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 40; Hendey 1964, p. 244.
Description: Length 128-132 um, breadth 26-31 ym, 20 transverse, 17-22 oblique striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 12, 183.
P. nubecula var. mauritiana Grun. Fig. 244
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 35.
Description: Length 127 ym, breadth 13 ym, 22 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 2.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?).
P. salinarum (Grun.) Cl. Figs. 245-246
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 39; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 333, pl. 27, figs. 2a—c.
Description: Length 107 ym, breadth 19 um, 25 transverse, 30 oblique striae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 2, 257.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to brackish.
P. salinarum var. boyeri (Keeley) Reim. Figs. 247-248
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 334, pl. 27, figs. 4a-c.
Description: Length 92-100 wm, breadth 11-14 wm, 24-25 transverse, 30 oblique striae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 116.
Comments: Freshwater to marine.
Podocystis Kutz. 1844
P. adriatica Kutz. Fig. 249
References: Hendey 1964, p. 169, pl. 27, fig. 4; Foged 1984, p. 89, pl. 28, fig. 9;
pl. 30, figs. 7-8.
Description: Length 64-74 pm, breadth 48-57 um, 3-4 costae, 5-7 areolae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 333, 345.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Psammodiscus Kitz. 1844
P. nitidus (Greg.) Round & Mann. Figs. 250-251
References: Hendey 1964, p. 76, pl. 23, fig. 12; Round & Mann, 1980.
Description: Diameter 29-50 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 12, 48, 120.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Pyxidicula Ehrenb. 1833
P. africana Cholnoky. Fig. 252
References: Schoeman 1972, p. 86, figs. 7, 8.
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coterenes
Peo
RK PP
? 4
z
Figs. 236-249 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 236, 240, 241, 245 and 247 = 10 um)
Fig. 236. Pleurosigma delicatulum. Fig. 237. PR elongatum. Fig. 238. P formosum. Fig. 239. PR intermedium.
Figs. 240-241. RP majus. Fig. 242. P marinum. Fig. 243. P normanii. Fig. 244. PR. nubecula var. mauritiana.
Figs. 245-246. P. salinarum, valve view and details of striations. Figs. 247-248. P. salinarum var. boyeri,
valve view and details of striations. Fig. 249. Podocystis adriatica.
Marine Diatoms of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore 115
Description: Diameter 22-48 ym, 5-7 rows of areolae and 12 marginal striae 10 pum.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 3, 79, 278, 339, 351.
Rhabdonema Kutz. 1844
R. adriaticum Kutz. Fig. 253
References: Hendey 1964, p. 172.
Description: Length 88 pm. Colonial.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 2, 3, 91, 116.
Rhaphoneis Ehrenb. 1844
R. amphiceros Ehrenb. Fig. 254
References: Hendey 1964, p. 154, pl. 26, figs. 1-4; Navarro 1982, p. 24, pl. 13, fig. 9.
Description: Length 30-42 um, breadth 16-28 ym, 5-8 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 49, 91, 93, 125.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
R. amphiceros var. tetragona Grun. Fig. 255
References: Hendey 1970, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 41; Foged 1975, p. 51, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11.
Description: Length of side 32-36 um, 6 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 91, 119.
R. castracanii Grun. Fig. 256
References: Wood 1963, p. 279, pl. 11, fig; 228.
Description: Length 21-43 um, breadth 21-26 ym, 4-6 striae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 91, 132.
Rhopalodia O. Muller 1897
R. gibba var. ventricosa (Kiitz.) H. & M. Perag. Fig. 257
References: Hendey 1964, p. 272; Patrick & Reimer 1975, p. 190, pl. 28, figs. 3, 4.
Description: Length 48-54 ym, breadth 12-15 wm, 5 costae, 12-13 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slide 12.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
R. gibberula (Ehrenb.) O. Mull. Figs. 258-259
References: Prowse 1962, p. 62, pl. 22, fig. a; Patrick & Reimer 1975, p. 191, pl. 28,
fig. 6.
Description: Length 28-55 um, breadth 16-31 ym in girdle, 7-12 wm in valve, 3-5
costae, 16-17 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 91, 337, 339, 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
R. gibberula var. vanheurckii O. Mull. Fig. 260
References: Patrick & Reimer 1975, p. 192, pl. 28, fig. 7.
Description: Length 20-38 um, breadth 11-12 wm in girdle, 5-7 wm in valve, 2-5
costae, 14 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 343.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater and brackish.
116 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
©
Stauroneis Ehrenb. 1841
S. membranaceae (Cl.) Hust. Fig. 261
References: Hendey 1964, p. 221; Navarro 1982, p. 325, figs. 106-107.
Description: Length 58 um, pervalvar axis 55 wm, 25 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 4.
Stephanopyxis Grun. 1884
S. turris var. polaris Grun. Fig. 262
References: Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 306, fig. 144.
Description: Diameter 65-72 wm, 1 1/2-1 3/4 areolae in 10 wm. Solitary or united to
form short chains.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 95, 141.
Striatella Ag. 1832
S. unipunctata (Lyng.) Ag. Fig. 263
References: Cleve-Euler 1953, 4(1), p. 8, fig. 300; Hendey 1964, p. 161, pl. 26,
figs 17, 18.
Description: Length 72 um, breadth 18 wm, 25-30 oblique striae in 10 ym. Colonial.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 37.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Surirella Turpin 1828
S. amoricana Perag. Fig. 264
References: Hendey 1964, p. 289, pl. 40, fig. 6; Foged 1975, p. 53, pl. 30, figs. 3-S.
Description: Length 34-56 ym, breadth 21-42 pm, 12-13 marginal striae, 1.5-2 costae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 75, 93, 345.
S. fastuosa (Ehrenb.) Kutz. Fig. 265
References: Cleve-Euler 1952, 3(3), p. 115, fig. 1571; Hendey 1964, p. 288, pl. 40, fig. 4.
Description: Length 56-104 ~m, breadth 42-66 wm, 14 marginal striae, 1-3 costae in
10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 4, 343, 347, 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
S. fastuosa var. recedens (A. Sch.) Cl. Fig. 266
References: Cupp 1943, p. 208, fig. 160.
Description: Length 38-47 ym, breadth 24-34 pm, 16-18 marginal striae, 2-3 costae
in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 12, 138, 343.
Synedra Ehrenb. 1830
S. amphicephala Kutz. Fig. 267
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 138, pl. 5, fig. 7.
Description: Length 64-82 pm, breadth 5-6 um, 12-13 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 337, 351.
Comments: Freshwater.
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Figs. 250-266 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 251, 252, 258, 261, 265 = 10 um)
Figs. 250-251. Psammodiscus nitidus. Fig. 252. Pyxidicula africana. Fig. 253. Rhabdonema -adriaticum,
colony forming ribbon-like chain. Fig. 254. Rhaphoneis amphiceros. Fig. 255. Rhaphoneis amphiceros
var. fetragona. Fig. 256. R. castracanii. Fig. 257. Rhopalodia gibba var. ventricosa. Figs. 258-259. R.
gibberula. Fig. 260. R. gibberula var. vanheurckii. Fig. 261. Stauroneis membranaceae, girdle view.
Fig. 262. Stephanopyxis turris var. polaris. Fig. 263. Striatella unipunctata. Fig. 264. Surirella amoricana
Fig. 265. S. fastuosa. Fig. 266. S. fastuosa var. recedens.
118 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
S. crystallina (Ag.) Kutz. Fig. 268
References: Hendey 1964, p. 164; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 157, pl. 8, figs. 4a-c.
Description: Length 110-195 ym, breadth 10-17 pm, 9 striae in 10 um.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 4.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
S. demerare Grun. Fig. 269
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 206; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 139, pl. 5, fig. 10.
Description: Length 68-124 um, breadth 6-9 ym (girdle), 8-9 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Freshwater. Found on slides 257, 273, 335, 337, 343, 345.
S. fasciculata var. truncata (Grev.) Patr. Figs. 270-271
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 142, pl. 5, fig. 16.
Description: Length 42-54 ym, breadth 5-8 ym, 9-14 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 75, 257, 273, 335, 337, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Freshwater to marine.
S. formosa Hantz. Figs. 272-273
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 209; Navarro 1982, p. 260, figs. 61-63.
Description: Length 280-614 wm, breadth 16-29 ym, 8-9 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 1, 116, 124, 335, 343, 350, 357.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
S. gaillonii (Bory) Ehrenb. Fig. 274
References: Hendey 1964, p. 163; Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 148, pl. 6, fig. 16.
Description: Length 69-111 ym, breadth 5-6 wm, 9-10 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 278, 335.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
S. hennedyana Greg. Fig. 275
References: Hendey 1964, p. 164, pl. 26, fig. 7.
Description: Length 809 ym, breadth 11 ym.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 1, 116, 132, 333.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
S. provincialis var. tortuosa Grun. Fig. 276
References: Foged 1975, p. 54, pl. 10, fig. 10.
Description: Length 94 ym, breadth 6 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slide 341.
S. tabulata var. grandis Mereschk. Fig. 277
References: Hustedt 1959, 7(2), p. 219, fig. 710g.
Description: Length 155 wm, breadth 7 pm, 12 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Tabellaria Ehrenb. 1839
T. fenestrata (Lyng.) Kutz. Fig. 278
References: Patrick & Reimer 1966, p. 103, pl. 1, figs. 1-2.
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271 a
Figs. 267-278 (horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 268 and 278 = 10 um)
Fig. 267. Synedra amphicephala. Fig. 268. S. crystallina. Fig. 269. S. demerare, a four-celled colony.
Figs. 270-271. S. fasciculata var. truncata. Figs. 272-273. S. formosa. Fig. 274. S. gaillonii. Fig. 275. S.
hennedyana. Fig. 276. S. provincialis var. tortuosa. Fig. 277. S. tabulata var. grandis. Fig. 278. Tabellaria
Jenestrata, cells in zig-zag chain, girdle view.
120 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) 7
Description: Length 26-38 wm, 15-20 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Very common. Found on slides 1, 93, 257, 273, 319, 337, 351, 355.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Thalassionema Grun. 1880
T. nitzschioides Hust. Figs. 279-280
References: Hendey 1964, p. 165; Schoeman 1972, p. 88, figs. 2-4.
Description: Length 26-42 um, breadth 4-5 ym, 8-12 puncta in 10 pm. Solitary or
colonial.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 12, 319, 321, 337, 339, 347.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Thalassiosira Cl. 1873
T. eccentrica (Ehrenb.) Cl. Fig. 281
References: Foged 1979, p. 112, pl. 4, fig. 4.
Description: Diameter 24-60 ym, 10-17 marginal striae, 4-7 areolae in the middle and
6-9 near the margin, 2-4 irregular teeth in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 3, 33, 278, 315; 351.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species. Fig. 45.
Trachyneis Cl. 1894
T. antillarum Cl. Fig. 282
References: Cleve 1878, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 11; Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 193.
Description: Length 149 pm, breadth 36 pm, 8 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slide 359.
Comments; A cosmopolitan species (7).
T. antillarum var. kurzii Grun. Fig. 283
References: Cleve 1878, p. 8, fig. 12a; Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 193.
Description: Length 83-98 um, breadth 37-40 ym, 9-11 striae in 10 ym.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 345, 351, 353, 357.
Comments: Brackish to marine.
T. aspera (Ehrenb.) Cl. Figs. 284-285
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 191; Hendey 1970, p. 148, fig. 52.
Description: Length 50-126 ym, breadth 14-28 wm, 9-14 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 2, 12, 116, 333, 335, 343, 347, 350.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
T. aspera var. intermedia (Grun.) Cl. Fig. 286
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 192; Hendey 1964, p. 237.
Description: Length 111-182 ym, breadth 18-24 um, 6-9 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 100, 350.
T. aspera var. pulchella W. Sm. Fig. 287
References: Cleve 1894-95, 26(2) p. 191.
Description: Length 64-120 ym, breadth 17-22 ym, 11-12 striae in 10 wm.
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287.
‘ig.
onulatum.
T. antillarum var. kurzii. Figs. 284-285. T: aspera. Fig. 286. 7: aspera var, intermedia. ¥
~
10 um)
ig. 282. Trachyneis antillarum.
(horizontal common scale bar and those of Figs. 280, 284, 288, 289
293
-280. Thalassionema nitzschioides. Fig. 281. Thalassiosira eccentrica.
T. aspera var. pulchella. Fig. 288. Triceratium broeckii. Figs. 289-290. T: dubium. Fig. 291. T.
Fig. 292. Tropidoneis maximan. Fig. 293. Trybliophychus cocconeiformis.
Figs. 279-
Figs. 279
Fig. 283
eae Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Distribution: Not common. Found on slides 116, 125, 175.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
Triceratium Ehrenb. 1841
T. broeckii Leud.-Fortm. Fig. 288
References: Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 802, fig. 465; Hendey 1970, p. 118.
Description: Length of side 66-74 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 3, 116, 351.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species (?).
T. dubium Brightw. Figs. 289-290
References: Boyer 1926-27, p. 128; Hustedt 1930, 7(1), p. 806, fig. 285.
Description: Length of diagonal 33 pm.
Distribution: Common. Found on slides 3, 79, 80, 81, 116, 323, 355, 359.
Comments: A cosmopolitan species.
T. zonulatum Grev. Fig. 291
References: Foged 1975, p.-57,: ple 2, tigses5; 6.
Description: Length of diagonal 34 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 120.
Tropidoneis Cl. 1891
T; maximan (Greg.) Cl. Fig. 292
References: Cleve 1894-95, p. 26; Hendey 1964, p. 256.
Description: Length 166 pm, breadth 38 pm, 11-12 striae in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slide 124.
Comments: A cosmopolitan (?) species.
Trybliophychus Hendey 1958
T? cocconeiformis (Cl.) Hend. Fig. 293
References: Hendey 1958, p. 46, pl. 2, fig. 10.
Description: Length 25 ym, breadth 22 ym, 8 puncta in 10 pm.
Distribution: Rare. Found on slides 116, 347.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank Mrs C.M. Yang of the Zoological Reference Collection, National
University of Singapore, for supplying the samples from around Sisters Island. Thanks
are also due to Messrs Walter de Gruyter & Co. of Berlin for permission to reproduce
Figs. 2-5, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 69, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86, 88, 94, 97, 99, 100, 109, 110, 111,
114, 116, 121, 129, 133, 134, 139, 144, 145, 160, 162, 163, 172, 177, 181, 184, 190, 193,
204-206, 213, 216, 217, 223-225, 230, 237, 238, 243, 257, 264, 283 and 284 which
appeared in Botanica Marina (1988) Vol. 31(4).
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ep. %
v- ° ns
Seyjearic LINanOgie aS QVGTaANT
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4 Faeroe; CPE Sn
Additions to the Flora of Singapore, I
H-TW. TAN*, ALI BIN IBRAHIM!, K.S. CHUA,
I.M. TURNER, Y.C. WEE and PT. CHEW
Department of Botany, National University of Singapore,
Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 0511, Republic of Singapore
! National Parks Board, Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road,
Singapore 1025, Republic of Singapore
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
From field and hebarium studies, two new fern and 23 angiosperm taxa were found to have been pre-
viously overlooked or newly discovered in Singapore. Brief notes on their description, distribution and
‘collecting localities are made for each.
Introduction
A comprehensive list of vascular plant species has been compiled for Singapore
(Turner ef al/., 1990) from literature and herbarium work. In the course of field work
and examination of specimens at the Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING)
and the Herbarium, Department of Botany, National University of Singapore (SINU),
new records of species were made. Voucher specimens for each newly discovered taxon
have been deposited in SINU and/or SING.
New Records
Adiantaceae
1. Adiantum fructuosum Spreng.
A large ornamental fern with bipinnate fronds which can grow up to 100 cm
long. It originates from the rainforest of tropical America where it is found from
Mexico and the West Indies, southern Peru and Brazil. It appears to be naturalized
in Singapore and occurs on shaded earth banks along Seton Close and Cluny Road.
Here, the plants are about 40 cm tall and freely fertile. (Specimen — Y.C. Wee 451)
2. Adiantum latifolium Lam.
A tropical American fern, occurring naturally from Mexico to South America,
as well as the Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands and Trinidad. It was introduced into
the country as an ornamental during the last ten years and has now established itself
in shaded earth banks or flat ground in rural areas. It has also been observed around
the southern periphery of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and Pulau Ubin. (Specimens
— MY. Kok 32; Y.C. Wee 452)
* —_ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
127
128 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
Acanthaceae
1. Hemigraphis primulaefolia (Nees) Fern.-Vill.
This species was first collected in Singapore in 1950 by J. Sinclair outside the
Botanic Gardens at Cluny Road. A native of the Philippines and Moluccas, it was
probably introduced as an ornamental as it is an attractive plant with lilac corollas
and leaves, dark jade green above and reddish purple below. It has since spread from
the Gardens and can also be seen in many areas in the National University of
Singapore campus grounds at Kent Ridge. (Specimens — J. Sinclair S.F. No. 38918;
Ali bin Ibrahim AI 46; K.S. Chua and H.TW. Tan 312; E.M. Sim & L.P. Ng 39)
Asclepiadaceae
1. Secamone elliptica R.Br. (S. micrantha (Decne.) Decne.)
A slender, twining climber with opposite, chartaceous, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate
leaves. Flowers are tiny in short-peduncled or sessile cymes and pale yellow, each pro-
ducing two spreading, terete, narrow and elongated follicles. This species has been
found in the Sungei Buloh area at the fringes of prawn ponds. Its natural range in-
cludes Malesia, New Guinea, northern and eastern tropical to subtropical Australia
and New Caledonia (Forster and Harold, 1989). (Specimen — K.S. Chua, H‘T-W. Tan
& M.F. Choong 758)
Balsaminaceae
1. Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arnott
Hydrocera is a monotypic genus which ranges from South India, Sri Lanka, Hainan,
Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, the Malaysian Peninsula, South West Celebes and Java
(Grey-Wilson, 1980). The species is an erect, aquatic herb with angular and hollow
stems which are sometimes floating. Its red flowers are fairly similar to the commonly
cultivated balsam (/mpatiens balsamina L.) but differs from the latter by having five
free sepals and five free petals instead of three sepals and having four petals fused into
two pairs. The fruit of H. triflora is also a five-seeded, indehiscent berry and that of
I. balsamina, a many-seeded, explosively dehiscent capsule. It is quite common along
the shores of Seletar Reservoir. (Specimens — Ali bin Ibrahim AI 139; K.S. Chua,
H-'TW. Tan & I.M. Turner 742)
Cannaceae
1. Canna indica L.
A stout, perennial herb with more or less erect, glaucous leaves and a creeping and
branching rhizome which accounts for its gregarious habit. The flowers have bright
red tepals and the fruit is a bristly, globose capsule. It is commonly found in rural
areas along roadsides, sides of ditches or drains and even reclaimed land. This species
is a native of tropical and sub-tropical America and presumably was introduced here
as an ornamental. It has since run wild. (Specimens — K.S. Chua 604; M. Chan 30)
Celastraceae
1. Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D. Hou
A shrub up to 4 m tall. Branches bear short shoots terminated by a spine. Leaves
are spirally arranged, obovate to subspathulate with entire to shallowly crenate margins.
Flowers are borne in axillary cymes, and white. This species is found behind the beach
_—
Singapore Flora Additions, I 129
or mangrove. It ranges from Sri Lanka, South-East Asia to North Queensland, and
in Peninsular Malaysia, only recorded from Johor (Hou, 1962). In Singapore, it is
found at the back of mangroves near the Kranji Dam. (Specimen — K.S. Chua,
H.TW. Tan, I.M. Turner & J. Yong 792)
Compositae
1. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.
A small, erect, aromatic, weakly branching herb with somewhat fleshy, glaucous
leaves. Flowers are in elongated heads up to 2.5 cm long. Plants have been found on
reclaimed land or beaches on the mainland and Southern Islands of Singapore. This
species is a native of Central and South America. (Specimens — H. Keng 4447; J.F.
Maxwell 81-26; K.S. Chua & I.M. Turner 657)
Convolvulaceae
1. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl.
A slender, herbaceous twining or creeping climber which bears ovate to orbicular,
cordate leaves. Inflorescences are axillary, one- to few-flowered. The corolla is funnel-
shaped, white or yellowish-white with darker midpetalline bands and a dark purple
centre. In Singapore, /. obscura is found in wasteland or fringes of secondary forest.
This species ranges from eastern tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia,
throughout Malesia to Northern Australia and Fiji (van Ooststroom, 1953). (Specimen
— K.S. Chua 633)
2. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.
A lacticiferous, twining, sometimes prostrate, herbaceous annual climber, with pure
white, funnel-shaped corollas and 5-7 lobed, palmate leaves. This is rare in Singapore,
having been collected only twice before; in 1933 by Z. Teruya and in 1941 by E.J.H.
Corner. It is a weed and was collected in wasteland on all three occasions. The species
ranges from tropical East Africa, Mascarene Islands, continental tropical Asia, and
throughout Malesia (van Ooststroom, 1953). (Specimens — Z. Teruya 2332; E.J.H.
Corner, s.n. 4 Aug 1991; K.S. Chua 303)
3. Neuropeltis racemosa Wall.
This is a large woody climber and was first collected in Singapore by N. Wallich
(Ridley, 1923). Keng (1990) doubted the occurrence and noted that this species was
“doubtfully recorded in Singapore.” Recently, capsules and bracts of this species were
collected from the forest floor at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and confirmed Ridley’s
observation. It also occurs in Hainan, Thailand and Borneo (van Oostroom, 1953).
(Specimen — Ali bin Ibrahim AI 138)
Dipterocarpaceae
1. Dipterocarpus sublamellatus F.W. Foxworthy
This is an overlooked species and previous collections were made by H.N. Ridley
on Pulau Ubin in 1890 and J. Sinclair at MacRitchie Reservoir on 22 Feb 1957 from
a “70 ft. high” tree. Ashton (1982) indicated that this species occurs in Peninsular
Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo but there are no previous records that it occurs in
Singapore. (Specimens — H.N. Ridley s.n. 1890; J. Sinclair S.F. No. 8916)
130 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
Gramineae
1. Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. (PRP setosum (Sw.) Rich.)
A tufted and erect plant, up to 2 m tall. The inflorescence, a spike-like panicle, is
terminal, golden brown, somewhat lax and nodding. In habit, this species closely
resembles PR purpureum Schumach. but the latter is a much larger plant, often reaching
5-6 m in height. Also the apex of the anther cells of RP purpureum is bearded, whereas
in PR. polystachyon they are glabrous. This species was previously cultivated in the
Botanic Gardens (C.X. Furtado s.n. 10 Apr 1929; Md. Nur. s.n. 26 Oct 1929), pre-
sumably escaped and now occurs frequently in open wasteland. (Specimen — K.:S.
Chua 624; Roslina 16)
2. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth
An overlooked species, this was first collected by Mahmud Awang in 1971 and more
recently collected along Cluny Road and Lorong Gambas. This species is widely
distributed from tropical Asia to Africa. (Specimens — Mahmud Awang s.n., 29 Dec
1971; K.S. Chua 329; K.S. Chua 397)
3. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda
A strongly tufted perennial with erect or slightly spreading culms. This massive
reed-like grass has. solid culms and bamboo-like leaf blades that are very broad and
shortly stalked. The inflorescence is a large open panicle with literally thousands of
spikelets which are tiny and gaping with long, silky, spreading hairs.
The tribe Thysanolaeneae is monotypic and occurs in tropical Asia. Gilliland (1971)
indicated that 7. /atifolia is cultivated in Singapore but has now escaped and been
sighted in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the Central Catchment Area and Pulau
Ubin. (Specimens — K.S. Chua 617; A. Ho & E.M. Sim 19)
Leguminosae
1. Aeschynomene americana L.
An erect, semi-woody, weakly branched herb which bears pinnate leaves. The
papilionaceous flowers are borne in racemes and are mostly yellow. The legumes are
mostly curved, jointed and incised on one side. This is a native of tropical America
and used as forage crop. It appears to have become naturalized in Singapore. It is
commonly found in reclaimed or wasteland. (Specimens — A. Santiago 4413; K. Jumali
s.n. 15 Jan 1978; K.S. Chua & H.W. Tan 452; K.S. Chua & I.M. Turner 667)
2. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
A member of the subfamily Mimosoideae, it is also a new generic record for
Singapore. The plant is an erect, semi-woody plant with pinnate leaves. Flowers are
in globose heads with white petals, stamens and styles. This species is native to tropical
America and appears to be fairly well established in reclaimed land. (Specimen —
K.S. Chua & H:TW. Tan 416)
Loranthaceae
1. Scurrula parasitica L. (S. fusca (Blume) G. Don)
A shrubby, semi-woody, semi-parasite, bearing elliptic to oblong, decussate leaves.
Flowers are in racemes, hairy and reddish brown. This species is similar to the much
more common S. ferruginea (W. Jack) Danser but differs from the latter by its more
glabrous abaxial lamina surface (completely red-brown hairy in S. ferruginea) and
Singapore Flora Additions, I 13]
yellowish fruit pulp (greenish in S. ferruginea). It has been found only in Pulau Ubin
in one location, growing on Mangifera foetida. It is distributed in tropical South-east
Asia (Danser, 1938). (Specimen — PT. Chew & A.S. Chew 46)
Lythraceae
1. Ammania baccifera L.
An erect, annual herb with apetalous flowers, densely packed at the axils of the
dark green, coriaceous leaves. The plant grows up to about 0.6 m and often, much
branched at the base. The leaves are mostly decussate except for the higher ones which
are opposite and more or less two-ranked. This species grows in wasteland or wet areas.
It is of Asian origin. (Specimen — K.S. Chua & HW. Tan 415)
Pedaliaceae
1. Sesamum radiatum Schumach.
This is a hairy, erect annual herb which is strongly scented. The corolla is violet
with a white blotch with purple streaks inside the lower lip. This species was collected
on 2 Oct 1989 on Pulau Ubin in wasteland and is probably an escape from cultivation
or a weed. It has also been sighted in a few other locations on the mainland. It is very
similar to S. orientale L. which is the source of sesame seed oil and distinguished from
the latter by having fruits with rounded or very obtuse apices and lower leaves which
are simple and neither deeply lobed nor palmately compound. This species is also
grown for its oil-containing seeds in its native tropical West Africa. In Malesia, Backer
(1951) noted that it is rare, occurring in the Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and North
Borneo. (Specimen — K.S. Chua & H:T'W Tan 82)
Polygonaceae
1. Polygonum orientale L.
An erect, hairy annual bearing flowers with white corollas borne in pseudo-spikes
which are arranged in few-branched panicles. This species was collected in 1991 in
wasteland off Mandai Road and has become established as a weed. It is native of the
old world tropics. (Specimens — Ali bin Ibrahim 136; Ali bin Ibrahim 136A)
Portulacaceae
1. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.
A semi-erect, fleshy herb which becomes semi-woody especially in the lower parts
of the terete stems and branches when older. Leaves are somewhat fleshy, dark green,
elliptic to obovate, and spirally arranged. Small flowers bearing pink petals are found
in terminal inflorescences. This is a pantropical weed which is native of tropical America
(Geesink, 1971). In Singapore, it has been seen in many locations as a weed. (Specimen
— M.F. Choong 57)
Rubiaceae
1. Hedyotis pumila L.fil. (Oldenlandia pumila (L.fil.) DC.)
This species has been seen in various localities and its presence probably depends
on dispersal opportunities. Its tiny seeds and viability of up to 72 weeks (Tan and
Corlett, 1987) are probably very important for its spread as a weed. It is found in
sunny areas including lawns and car parks. It is free-flowering and has a reproductive
132 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
cycle of three to four months. It was first seen in 1979 in Sian Tuan Avenue then more
recently in various other localities since, including Jurong West. Bremekamp (1974)
has noted that this species ranges from East Africa to India and has been introduced
as a weed in Jamaica. Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1965) also indicated its
occurrence in Java. (Specimen — HW. Tan 2/12.12.79)
Typhaceae
1. Typha angustifolia L.
A half-submerged freshwater macrophyte that can reach 3 m tall. This robust aquatic
has a creeping rhizome and long linear, emergent leaves which are coriaceous. The
numerous, tiny flowers are packed into two unisexual spikes. The long and narrow
male spike is placed above the sausage-like female spike.
T. angustifolia was accidentally introduced into Singapore in the 1930s. One plant
was growing together with a clump of Cyperus papyrus which a certain Mr Lee Peck
Hoon received from Bangkok. Later he presented it to the Singapore Botanic Gardens,
and the clump was planted in one of the lakes. Since then the plant has become
naturalized in Singapore. The plants can be found in many stagnant pools or bodies
of water in open fields, reclaimed land or construction sites. This species ranges from
the arctic circle to 35°S (Backer, 1951). 7? angustifolia is the only naturally occurring
member of its genus in Malesia. (Specimens — I.H. Burkill s.n., 11 Jul 1932; Md. Nur
s.n., 10 Nov 1938; R.E. Holttum s.n., 30 Oct 1941; I.M. Turner 117)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Executive Director, National Parks Board for the
use of the facilities at SING. Dr Ivan Nielsen (Botanisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet,
Denmark) is thanked for the prompt identification of Desmanthus virgatus. This
research was partially supported by National University of Singapore Grant RP 880301.
References
Ashton, P.S. (1982). Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, 1, 237-600.
Backer, C.A. (1951). Typhaceae. Flora Malesiana, 1, 4, 242-244.
Bremekamp, C.E.B. (1974). A new species of Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae) from India
with remarks on its inflorescence morphology. Kew Bull. 29, 359-361.
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Karyomorphology of Some Myrtaceae from Singapore
KAZUO OGINUMA!, SHAWN K.Y. LuM?, Y.H. LEE?
and HIROSHI TOBE*
\College of Child Development, Kochi Women’s University, 132 Ohara-cho, Kochi 780, Japan
*Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
3Botany Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore
4Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science,
Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 MAR 1993
Abstract
Karyomorphology of five species in three genera of Myrtaceae, namely Callistemon, Melaleuca, and
Syzygium, is investigated. All five species examined have similar chromosome features at mitotic interphase,
prophase, and metaphase. Mitotic metaphase of their somatic cells consistently show 2n=22, of which 18
chromosomes have centromeres at median position and four at subterminal or terminal position. Syzygium
aromaticum has a secondary constriction in the longest pair of chromosomes as in several other related
and unrelated species of the family, a fact suggesting that the presence of the secondary constriction may
be of some taxonomic use.
Introduction
The Myrtaceae consists of about 144 genera and 3,000 species native to tropical and
subtropical regions throughout the world (Thorne, 1992). Their infrafamilial relation-
ships are becoming clearer but additional information on systematic characters for
detailed study is needed (Johnson and Briggs, 1984). In this paper, we report on the
karyomorphology of five species in three genera Callistemon, Melaleuca, Syzygium.
The basic chromosome number of the family is x=11 (Raven, 1975). However our
knowledge on chromosome numbers is still restricted to less than 20 per cent of the
species (i.e., some 450 species of 50 genera) largely on the basis of species from
Australia and India (Smith-White, 1942, 1948, 1950, 1954; Atchison, 1947; Rye, 1979).
Very little information is available on chromosome morphology at metaphase, and
nothing is known concerning chromosome features at interphase and prophase.
Materials and Methods
Five species in three genera Callistemon citrinus, Melaleuca cajuputi, M. genistifolia,
M. dealbata, and Syzygium aromaticum' (= Eugenia caryophyllus [Sprengel] Bullock
lFourty species of “Eugenia”, all or most of which have synonyms under the generic name Syzygium,
are reported from Singapore (Keng, 1990). Morphologically and anatomically, a primarily Old World
genus Syzygium is now clearly distinguished from (Schmid, 1972; Tobe and Raven, 1983), and may even
be distantly related to (Johnson and Briggs, 1984), Eugenia which is a primarily New World genus. There-
fore we adopt Syzygium aromaticuum, a synonym under Syzygium of “Eugenia caryophyllus. Accord-
ing to Bullock and Harrison (1958), “Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.,” a name used occasionally in other
studies (Vijayakumar and Subramanian, 1985), is an illegitimate name.
135
136 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992) q
& Harrison; Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) were investigated in this study. The data
collected is presented in Table 1 along with their chromosome numbers. Somatic
chromosomes were examined following methods presented elsewhere (Tanaka and
Oginuma, 1986). Chromosome numbers and morphology at metaphase were determined
using at least three to five cells of young leaves for each collection.
Table 1
Studied taxa, and their collections and chromosome numbers.
Vouchers are preserved at KYO.
Chromosome
Species Collection number
Callistemon citrinus Skeels Oginuma 9101 2n=22
Melaleuca cajuputi Powell Oginuma 9103 2n=22
M. genistifolia Sm. Oginuma 9104 2n=22
M. dealbata ST. Blake Oginuma & Lum 9201 2n=22
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Oginuma 9102 2n= 20
Merr. & Perry
Observations
We reconfirmed the earlier report of 2n=22 in Callistemon citrinus (Figs. 1-4) and
Syzygium aromaticum (Fig. 13-16) (Smith-White, 1948; Vijayakumar and Subramanian,
1985), and further observed 2n=22 in Melaleuca cajuputi (Figs. 5-8) and M. genistifolia
(Figs. 9-10) (Brighton and Ferguson, 1976; Moussel, 1965).
Chromosomal features at both interphase and prophase are similar in all the species
examined. The interphase nucleus (Figs. 1, 5, 13) has 16-20 dark-stained, condensed
(heterochromatin) blocks along with chromatin threads and chromomeric granules. As
such condensed blocks are fewer than the chromosome number, the nucleus is assigned
to the “simple chromocenter type” as defined by Tanaka (1971, 1980). Chromosomes
at prophase are differentiated by the presence of both early and late condensed segments
(Figs. 2, 6, 14). In most chromosomes the early condensed segments are confined
to the proximal regions of two arms, showing a clear transitional state into late
condensed segments.
Chromosomes at metaphase are small and gradually vary in a range from about
1.8 ym. to about 0.3 ym. In all the species examined, except in Melaleuca dealbata and
M. genistifolia whose detailed chromosome morphology are not studied, 18 of 22
chromosomes have centromeres at median position, and the remaining four at subter-
minal or terminal position. A secondary constriction is observed only at the proximal
region of a long arm of the longest pair of chromosomes of Syzygium aromaticum
but not in any chromosome of the other species examined. Satellite chromosomes are
not observed.
Discussion
Chromosomal features are nearly consistent in all the five species of Callistemon,
Melaleuca, and Syzygium examined. Interphase nuclei belong to the “simple chromo-
center type,” and chromosomes at metaphase are 2n=22 (x=11) in agreement with
most earlier reports on chromosome numbers of these genera. The morphology of
Figs. 1-16.
é 3°?
a %
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?
* ey
ao ~ %
pect)
4
Somatic chromosomes at interphase nucleus (1, 5, 13), prophase (2, 6, 14), and metaphase
(3, 4, 7-21, 15, 16) in Myrtaceae. 1-4. Callistemon citrinus (2n=22). 5-8. Melaleuca
cajuputi (2n=22). 9, 10. M. genistifolia (2n=22). 11, 12. M dealbata (2n=22). 13-16.
Syzygium aromaticum (2n=22). Arrows point out chromosomes with centromeres at subter-
minal or terminal position. Arrowheads point out chromosomes with secondary constriction.
Figures 4, 8, 10, 12 and 16 are drawings of respective preceding photographs. Scale = 2um.
138 Gard. Bull. Sing. 44(2) (1992)
chromosomes at metaphase are also similar: that is, 18 of 22 chromosomes have
centromeres at median position, and the remaining four at subterminal or terminal
positions. The frequency of chromosomes having centromeres at subterminal or ter-
minal position is consistently 18 per cent in the five species examined, in constrast with
a higher frequency of 36 per cent in Callistemon lanceolatus and 36-45 per cent in
three species of Syzygium (including S. aromaticuum [= Eugenia caryophyllata
Thunb.]) (Viyayakumar and Subramanian, 1985). Such a difference in the chromosome
morphology between this and the earlier observation needs confirmation in more
careful observations in future studies.
Despite consistent chromosome numbers 2n=22 in the five species of Callistemon,
Melaleuca, and Syzygium, a conspicuous difference is found among them in the pre-
sence or absence of secondary constriction at the long arm of the longest chromosomes.
Such a secondary constriction is found in Syzygium aromaticum but not in the re-
mainder. This feature is also known in a few other related and unrelated species such
as Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Syzygium iambolanum, and Eucalyptus citriodora, which
all have 2n =22 (Vijayakumar and Subramanian, 1985). The presence of the secondary
constriction in such species suggests that it may be useful in considering species or
generic relationships.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid (No. 03640591) for Scientific
Research from Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan to K.O. We are
grateful to Mr. Tay Eng Pin for his assistance in collecting materials.
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