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- VOL. 47 (Part 1) Jun 1995 ISSN. 0374-7859

CONTENTS

TURNER, I.M.

A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya

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Note:

This paper will be continued in VOL. 47 (Part 2) Dec 1995

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A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of

Malaya

I.M. TURNER

School of Biological Sciences,

National University of Singapore,

Singapore 119260

Abstract

An annotated check-list of the native and naturalized vascular plant species of Peninsular

Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore is presented. The catalogue includes important synonyms, a

brief description and notes on the habitat and distribution of each species.

Introduction

There has been no attempt, at least in recent times, to bring together the

vascular plant flora of the Malay Peninsula in a single published list. Ridley

completed publication of his Flora of the Malay Peninsula in 1925, which did not

include the pteridophytes, though he published lists of the ferns and fern allies

elsewhere (Ridley 1908, 1919, 1926). Our taxonomic understanding of the plants

of this area has improved greatly since Ridley completed his monumental flora;

many families have been treated in Flora Malesiana, the trees have been

monographed in the four volumes of the Tree Flora of Malaya, books containing

authoritative treatments of the ferns, grasses and orchids (Holttum 1964, 1968,

Gilliland 1971, Seidenfaden & Wood 1992) have appeared, and countless articles

in taxonomic journals revising different groups have been published. Over the last

seventy years many new species have been described, nomenclatural mistakes

have been corrected, true identities discerned and generic and family limits

redefined. The information regarding these changes is spread across a vast array

of literature, not easily available in the area of the flora itself. I believe one

solution to this problem is a new catalogue of the vascular plants of the Malay

Peninsula which contains references to the important, but disparate, literature

relevant to the Malayan flora. A complete flora with full keys and descriptions

would undoubtedly be even more useful, but such a work would take many years

and considerable resources to complete. In the interim the catalogue will direct

the reader to the places where the sort of information a flora would contain can

be found.

Area Covered

The Malay Peninsula is the extension of Continental Asia pointing southward

from Indochina which divides the Andaman Sea and the Strait of Malacca from

the South China Sea. Politically, the Peninsula includes the territory of Thailand

and Malaysia. Most of the Malay Peninsula has an everwet tropical climate and

supports tropical rain forest vegetation. The northern part is climatically more

seasonal and the Isthmus of Kra is considered to be the site of an ecotone between

the evergreen and periodically deciduous forests (Whitmore 1975). This boundary

is also an important phytogeographic one, and represents one of the main

demarcation knots defining the floristic region known as Malesia (van Steenis

1948). While a small part of Malesia is found in the far south of Thailand, there

are considerable problems encountered in trying to localize botanical collections

in this area. To simplify this matter, the current catalogue has taken the border

between Malaysia and Thailand as the northern limit for inclusion. Therefore

several species, such as Didissandra flammea Ridl. and Paraboea lancifolia (Rid1.)

B.L. Burtt, that were included by Ridley in his flora, have been omitted because

they have yet to be recorded from Peninsular Malaysia or Singapore.

The island of Singapore nestles in the tip of the Peninsula, and because of

historic and biogeographic affinities it appears reasonable to include the Republic

of Singapore in the catalogue. Similarly, all the offshore islands that are part of

the territory of the eleven states that make up Peninsular Malaysia are included as

well.

Species Included

Species of vascular plant have been included in the catalogue if they are

believed to exist as self-sustaining populations in the wild of Peninsular Malaysia

or Singapore. An attempt has been made to distinguish between native and

naturalized species, but for some, particularly weeds, it is difficult to be certain of

their true origins. Species only found in cultivation, or recorded as rare escapes

are omitted.

Classification System and Order of Presentation

I have followed Brummit (1992) for the classification of the flora, strictly

for the delimitation of families, and with only a few exceptions for the recognition

of genera. The ‘Kew System’ has the advantage of being one of the few that

includes pteridophytes as well as spermatophytes, and is also fairly conservative.

The flora is first divided into the traditional major groups which are presented in

the order: fern-allies, ferns, gymnosperms, dicots and monocots. Within each major

group, the families are given in alphabetical order, with genera and species listed

for each in alphabetical order also. Before the catalogue proper, a conspectus of

genera recognized for each family is presented in the same order as in the catalogue,

with some summary statistics of the numbers of species in each genus and the

number of genera and species in each family.

Infraspecific taxa down to the rank of variety are included in the catalogue.

Taxa below this rank, such as forma, are omitted. A binomial implies the type

subspecies or variety, but should not be taken as a definitive statement on this

matter.

Species Entry Format

The entry in the catalogue for each species can be summarized as follows:

code number accepted name, reference; synonym, reference;

description; habitat; distribution; biogeographic status.

code number

Each taxon is referred to by a code (e.g. 57.2.12) of three numbers separated

by stops. The first number refers to the family, the second the genus and the third

the species. When a species is represented by more than one infraspecific taxon

then each is separately referred to by suffixed letters beginning from a.

accepted name

The taxonomically correct name is given in bold type at the start of each

entry. Generic names are spelled in line with Brummit (1992) and are taken to

follow the gender indicated by Greuter et al. (1993). Authors are abbreviated

following Brummitt and Powell (1992).

references

After each taxon name comes one or more references to its use, generally

including one that contains an adequate description of the species. Each reference

consists of a reference code and the page number on which the name in question

is employed. The reference code leads to the appropriate full entry in the list of

references. | make no apology for not abbreviating the bibliography entries, because

I know from bitter experience that the much-abridged references of many

taxonomic works are often very difficult for those with limited library resources to

track down and obtain copies. Several important works are abbreviated separately,

as given at the start of the list.

description

A very brief description is given for most species, generally consisting of an

indication of life-form and some measure of size at maturity.

habitat

The general habitat of the species is given, often being reduced to lowland

(or hill, or montane) forest.

distribution

The distribution of each species within Malaya is summarized. Wherever

possible this is done by listing the states (the eleven states of Peninsular Malaysia

and the Republic of Singapore) from which the species has been recorded. To

Save space the states have been given standard abbreviations and are listed in a

standard sequence that reflects a north-to-south progression of the approximate |

geographic centres of the territories concerned. The abbreviations and order are

as follows:

Ps = Perlis

Kd = Kedah

Pn = Penang (Pulau Pinang)

Kl = Kelantan

Tg = Trengganu (Terengganu)

Pk = Perak

Ph = Pahang

SI = Selangor

NS = Negeri Sembilan

MI = Malacca (Melaka)

Jh = Johore (Johor)

Sp = Singapore (Singapura)

When a species is only known from one or two locations, these are given

with the following standard abbreviations:

P. = Pulau (Island)

Bt = Bukit (Hill)

Gg = Gunung (Mount)

Sg = Sungei (River)

PR. = Forest Reserve

Biogeographic status

Endemic species, i.e. those not known from areas outside Malaya; are

indicated as such at the end of their entry. Taxa that are naturalized have this

information at the end of their entry together with an indication of their geographic

origins where this is known.

Concluding Remarks

My main reason for embarking on the compilation of this catalogue was the

hope that it would prove useful to people interested in the plants of the Malay

Peninsula, and maybe surrounding areas as well. I have attempted to make the list

as accurate as possible, and am extremely grateful to a number of experts (see

acknowledgements) in various plant groups who have critically scrutinized various

preliminary drafts. Ultimately, I must accept responsibility for any errors the work

contains, and would be grateful to have them pointed out to me.

The perception gained from wading through the literature on the Malayan

flora is that by the general standards of the humid tropics this area has a very

well-known flora. Yet, the catalogue contains many undescribed species, and new

species are being described regularly despite the relatively few botanists working

on the flora. It is evident that a lot of work still needs to be conducted before even

the basic inventory of the botanical resources of the Malay Peninsula is complete.

Acknowledgements

The Conservation, Food and Health Foundation are gratefully acknowledged

for providing financial support. The following generously assisted in the task of

checking the compilation: S. Andrews, P.C. Boyce, B.L. Burtt, M.R. Cheek, M.J.E.

Coode, Ding Hou, P.J. Edwards, P.I. Forster, D.G. Frodin, B. Hansen, A. Hay, P.

Hoffmann, M. Jebb, T. Koyama, D.J. Middleton, B.S. Parris, S. Phillips, C.F.

Puttock, D.A. Simpson, C. Taylor, J.F. Veldkamp, K.M. Wong. I would like to

thank my colleague, Dr Hugh Tan, for allowing me access to his extensive collection

of taxonomic literature, and the staff of the Singapore Botanic Gardens for their

unfailing co-operation with this, and other projects.

References

Brummitt, R.K. (1992) Vascular plant families and genera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Brummitt, R.K., & Powell, C.E. (1992) Authors of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew.

Gilliland, H.B. (1971) A revised flora of Malaya. Volume III. Grasses of Malaya. Botanic

Gardens, Singapore.

Greuter, W., Brummitt, R.K., Farr, E., Kilian, N., Kirk, P.M., & Silva, P.C. (1993) Names in

current use for extant plant genera. Regnum Vegetabile 129: 1-1464.

Holttum, R.E. (1964). A revised flora of Malaya. Volume I. Orchids of Malaya. Government

Printing Office, Singapore.

Holttum, R.E. (1968). A revised flora of Malaya. Volume II. Ferns of Malaya. Second

Edition. Government Printing Office, Singapore.

Ridley, H.N. (1908) A list of the ferns of the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Straits Branch

of the Royal Asiatic Society 50: 1-59.

Ridley, H.N. (1919) The fern-allies and Characeae of the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the

Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 80: 139-164.

Ridley, H.N. (1926) The ferns of the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society 4: 1-121.

Seidenfaden, G., & Wood, J.J. (1992) The orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg.

van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1948) Introduction. Flora Malesiana, series I 4: V-XII.

Whitmore, T.C. (1975) Tropical rain forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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A conspectus of the families and genera of the vascular plant flora of Malaya

The genera recorded as native or naturalized in Malaya are listed in alphabetical order under

the appropriate family. Family delimitation follows Brummitt (1992). Italicized names

represent those genera represented solely by naturalized species. The number in parentheses

after each generic name represents the numbers of species of that genus in the Malayan flora.

The number of genera, and the number of species, respectively, in each family are given in

square brackets after each family name.

Fern Allies

1. EQUISETACEAE [1, 1]

1.1 Equisetum L. (1)

2. LYCOPODIACEAE [3, 19]

2.1 Huperzia Bernh. (12)

2.2 Lycopodiella Holub (2)

2.3 Lycopodium L. (5)

3. PSILOTACEAE [1, 2]

3.1 Psilotum Sw. (2)

4. SELAGINELLACEAE [1, 29]

4.1 Selaginella P.Beauv. (29)

Ferns

5. ADIANTACEAE [8, 31]

5.1 Adiantum L. (12) 5.5 Hemionitis L. (1)

5.2 Cheilanthes Sw. (4) 5.6 Pityrogramma Link (1)

5.3 Coniogramme Fée (1) 5.7 Syngramma J.Sm. (7)

5.4 Doryopteris J.Sm. (2) 5.8 Taenitis Willd. ex Schkuhr (3)

6. ASPLENIACEAE [1, 29]

6.1 Asplenium L. (29)

7. AZOLLACEAE [1, 1]

7.1 Azolla Lam. (1)

8. BLECHNACEAE [4, 9]

8.1 Blechnum L. (6) 8.3 Stenochlaena J.Sm. (1)

8.2 Brainea J.Sm. (1) 8.4 Woodwardia Sm. (1)

9. CHEIROPLEURIACEAE [1, 1]

9.1 Cheiropleuria C. Presl (1)

10. CYATHEACEAE [1, 20]

10.1 Cyathea Sm. (20)

11. DAVALLIACEAE [2, 14]

11.1 Davallia Sm. (12)

11.2 Leucostegia C. Presl (2)

12. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE [10, 45]

12.1 Dennstaedtia Bernh. (1)

12.2 Histiopteris (J. Argadh) J.Sm. (2)

12.3 Hypolepis Bernh. (5)

12.4 Lindsaea Dryand. (23)

12.5 Microlepia C.Presl (6)

12.6 Odontosoria Fée (1)

12.7 Paesia A.St.-Hil. (1)

12.8 Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. (2)

12.9 Saccoloma Kaulf. (1)

12.10 Tapeinidium (C.Presl) C.Chr (3)

13. DICKSONIACEAE [1, 1]

13.1 Cibotium Kaulf. (1)

14. DIPTERIDACEAE [1, 3]

14.1-Dipteris Reinw. (3)

15. DRYOPTERIDACEAE [12, 57]

15.1 Acrophorus C. Presl (1)

15.2 Arachniodes Blume (4)

15.3 Ctenitis (C.Chr.) C.Chr. (2)

15.4 Cyclopeltis J.Sm. (1)

15.5 Didymochlaena Desv. (1)

15.6 Dryopteris Adans. (6)

15.7 Heterogonium C-. Presl (4)

15.8 Peranema D. Don (1)

15.9 Pleocnemia C.Presl (4)

15.10 Polystichum Roth (2)

15.11 Pteridrys C.Chr. & Ching (3)

15.12 Tectaria Cav. (28)

16. GLEICHENIACEAE [4, 14]

16.1 Dicranopteris Bernh. (4)

16.2 Diplopterygium (Diels) Nakai (5)

16.3 Gleichenia Sm. (3)

16.4 Sticherus C. Presl (2)

17. GRAMMITIDACEAE [7, 49]

17.1 Acrosorus Copel. (2)

17.2 Calymmodon C. Presl (4)

17.3 Ctenopteris Blume ex Kunze (10)

17.4 Grammitis Sw. (15)

17.5 Prosaptia C. Pres! (7)

17.6 Scleroglossum Alderw. (4)

17.7 Xiphopteris Kaulf. (7)

18. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE [5, 45]

18.1 Cephalomanes C. Pres] (7)

18.2 Crepidomanes (C. Presl) C. Presl (12)

18.3 Hymenophyllum Sm. (17)

18.4 Sphaerocionium C-. Presl (2)

18.5 Trichomanes L. (7)

19. LOMARIOPSIDACEAE [5, 19]

19.1 Bolbitis Schott (5)

19.2 Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm. (8)

19.3 Lomagramma J.Sm. (2)

19.4 Lomariopsis Fée (1)

19.5 Teratophyllum Mett. ex Kuhn (3)

20. MARRATIACEAE [2, 4]

20.1 Angiopteris Hoffm. (2)

20.2 Christensenia Maxon (2)

21. MARSILEACEAE [1, 2]

21.1 Marsilea L. (2)

22. MATONIACEAE [1, 2]

22.1 Matonia R.Br. ex Wall. (2)

23. OLEANDRACEAE [3, 11]

23.1 Arthropteris J.Sm (1) 23.3 Oleandra Cav. (2)

23.2 Nephrolepis Schott (8)

24. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE [3, 8]

24.1 Botrychium Sw. (1) 24.3 Ophioglossum L. (6)

24.2 Helminthostachys Kaulf. (1) ,

25. OSMUNDACEAE [1, 2]

25.1 Osmunda L. (2)

26. PARKERIACEAE [1, 1]

26.1 Ceratopteris Brongn. (1)

27. PLAGIOGYRIACEAE [1, 4]

27.1 Plagiogyria (Kunze) Mett. (4)

28. POLYPODIACEAE [17, 68]

28.1 Aglaomorpha Schott (4) 28.10 Microsorum Link (4)

28.2 Belvisia Mirb. (2) 28.11 Neocheiropteris H. Christ (2)

28.3 Colysis C. Presl (5) 28.12 Paragramma (Blume) T. Moore (1)

28.4 Drynaria (Bory) J.Sm. (4) 28.13 Phymatosorus Pic.Serm. (4)

28.5 Goniophlebium C. Pres! (5) 28.14 Platycerium Desv. (4)

28.6 Lecanopteris Reinw. (3) 28.15 Pyrrosia Mirb. (8)

28.7 Lemmaphyllum C-. Pres! (1) 28.16 Selliguea Bory (12)

28.8 Leptochilus Kaulf. (4) 28.17 Thylacopteris Kunze ex J.Sm. (1)

28.9 Loxogramme (Blume) C. Presl (4)

29. PTERIDACEAE [2, 16]

29.1 Acrostichum L. (2) 29.2 Pteris L. (14)

30. SALVINIACEAE [1, 2]

30.1 Salvinia Ség. (2)

31. SCHIZAEACEAE [2, 14]

31.1 Lygodium Sw. (8) 31.2 Schizaea Sm. (6)

32. THELYPTERIDACEAE [15, 60]

32.1 Ampelopteris Kunze (1) 32.6 Cyclosorus Link (1)

32.2 Amphineuron Holttum (3) 32.7 Macrothelypteris (H. Ito) Ching (1)

32.3 Chingia Holttum (3) 32.8 Mesophlebion Holttum (5)

32.4 Christella H. Lév. (7) 32.9 Metathelypteris (H. Ito) Ching (3)

32.5 Coryphopteris Holttum (9) 32.10 Parathelypteris (H. It6) Ching (1)

32.11 Pneumatopteris Nakai (3)

30.12 Pronephrium C-. Presl (9)

30.13 Pseudophegopteris Ching (2)

30.14 Sphaerostephanos J.Sm. (11)

30.15 Trigonospora Holttum (1)

33. VITTARIACEAE [4, 13]

33.1 Antrophyum Kaulf. (2)

33.2 Monogramma Comm. ex Schkuhr (1)

33.3 Vaginularia Fée (1)

33.4 Vittaria Sm. (9)

34. WOODSIACEAE [5, 36]

34.1 Acystopteris Nakai (1)

34.2 Athyrium Roth (2)

34.3 Deparia Hook. & Grev (2)

Gymnosperms

34.4 Diplaziopsis C. Chr. (1)

34.5 Diplazium Sw. (30)

35. ARAUCARIACEAE [1, 2]

35.1 Agathis Salisb. (2)

36. CYCADACEAE [1, 2]

36.1 Cycas L. (2)

37. GNETACEAE [1, 9]

37.1 Gnetum L. (9)

38. PODOCARPACEAE [f5, 14]

38.1 Dacrycarpus (Endl.) de Laub. (1)

38.2 Dacrydium Lamb. (4)

38.3 Falcatifolium de Laub. (1)

Angiosperms - Dicots

38.4 Nageia Gaertn. (2)

38.5 Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers. (6)

39. ACANTHACEAE [29, 158]

39.1 Acanthus L. (3)

39.2 Andrographis Wall. ex Nees (2)

39.3 Asystasia Blume (2)

39.4 Barleria L. (3)

39.5 Chroesthes Benoist (1)

39.6 Cosmianthemum Bremek. (1)

39.7 Dicliptera Juss. (1)

39.8 Filetia Mig. (6)

39.9 Gymnostachyum Nees (12)

39.10 Hemigraphis Nees (7)

39.11 Hygrophila R.Br. (8)

39.12 Hypoestes Sol. ex R.Br. (1)

39.13 Justicia L. (24)

39.14 Lepidagathis Willd. (3)

39.15 Nelsonia R.Br. (1)

39.16 Pararuellia Bremek. (1)

39.17 Peristrophe Nees (2)

39.18 Phialacanthus Bremek. (4)

39.19 Phlogacanthus Nees (1)

39.20 Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (12)

39.21 Ptyssiglottis T. Anderson (7)

39.22 Rhinacanthus Nees (1)

39.23 Ruellia L. (4)

39.24 Rungia Nees (5)

39.25 Staurogyne Bremek. (16)

39.26 Stenothyrsus C.B. Clarke (1)

39.27 Strobilanthes Blume (21)

39.28 Thunbergia Retz. (7)

39.29 Thysanostigma J.B. Imlay (1)

40. ACERACEAE [1, 1]

40.1 Acer L. (1)

41. ACTINIDIACEAE [2, 12]

41.1 Actinidia Lindl. (2)

41.2 Saurauia Willd. (10)

42. AIZOACEAE [2, 11]

42.1 Sesuvium L. (10)

42.2 Trianthema L. (1)

43. ALANGIACEAE [1, 7]

43.1 Alangium Lam. (7)

44. AMARANTHACEAE [10, 19]

44.1 Achyranthes L. (2)

44.2 Allmania R.Br. ex Wight (1)

44.3 Alternanthera Forssk. (3)

44.4 Amaranthus L. (5)

44.5 Celosia L. (1)

44.6 Cyathula Blume (1)

44.7 Deeringia R.Br. (2)

44.8 Gomphrena L. (2)

44.9 Psilotrichopsis C.C. Towns. (1)

44.10 Psilotrichum Blume (1)

45. ANACARDIACEAE [17, 77]

45.1 Anacardium L. (1)

45.2 Androtium Stapf (1)

45.3 Bouea Meisn. (2)

45.4 Buchanania Spreng. (2)

45.5 Campnosperma Thwaites (3)

45.6 Dracontomelon Blume (1)

45.7 Drimycarpus Hook.f. (1)

45.8 Gluta L. (15)

45.9 Mangifera L. (19)

45.10 Melanochyla Hook.f. (9)

45.11 Parishia Hook.f. (3)

45.12 Pentaspadon Hook.f. (3)

45.13 Pistacia L. (1)

45.14 Rhus L. (2)

45.15 Semecarpus L.f. (7)

45.16 Spondias L. (2)

45.17 Swintonia Griff. (5)

46. ANCISTROCLADACEAE [1, 1]

46.1 Ancistrocladus Wall. (1)

47. ANISOPHYLLEACEAE [2, 9]

47.1 Anisophyllea R.Br. ex Sabine (8)

47.2 Combretocarpus Hook.f. (1)

48. ANNONACEAE [36, 202]

48.1 Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson (12)

48.2 Anaxagorea A.St.-Hil. (1)

48.3 Artabotrys R.Br. (13)

48.4 Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson (2)

48.5 Cyathocalyx Champ. ex Hook.f. & Thomson (8)

48.6 Cyathostemma Griff. (7)

48.7 Dendrokingstonia Rauschert (1)

48.8 Desmos Lour. (7)

48.9 Disepalum Hook.f. (2)

48.10 Ellipeia Hook.f. & Thomson (1)

48.11 Enicosanthum Becc. (7)

48.12 Fissistigma Griff. (8)

48.13 Friesodielsia Steenis (12)

48.14 Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson (20)

48.15 Marsypopetalum Scheff. (1)

48.16 Meiogyne Mia. (2)

48.17 Melodorum Lour. (2)

48.18 Mezzettia Becc. (2)

48.19 Mezzettiopsis Ridl. (1)

48.20 Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. (3)

48.21 Mitrella Mig. (1)

48.22 Mitrephora (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson (2)

48.23 Monocarpia Mia. (1)

48.24 Neo-Uvaria Airy Shaw (2)

48.25 Orophea Blume (9)

48.26 Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson (2)

48.27 Platymitra Boerl. (1) 48.32 Sageraea Dalzell (2)

48.28 Polyalthia Blume (31) 48.33 Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thomson (2)

48.29 Popowia Endl. (6) 48.34 Trivalvaria (Miq.) Miq. (3)

48.30 Psueduvaria Mid. (8) 48.35 Uvaria L. (11)

48.31 Pyramidanthe Mig. (1) 48.36 Xylopia L. (8)

49. APOCYNACEAE [31, 119]

49.1 Aganosma G. Don (2) 49.17 Kopsia Blume (14)

49.2 Alstonia R.Br. (7) 49.18 Leuconotis Jack (3)

49.3 Alyxia Banks ex R.Br. (6) 49.19 Melodinus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (5)

49.4 Anodendron R.Br. (7) 49.20 Neisosperma Raf. (1)

49.5 Beaumontia Wall. (2) 49.21 Parameria Benth. (3)

49.6 Catharanthus G. Don (1) 49.22 Parsonsia R.Br. (4)

49.7 Cerbera L. (2) 49.23 Pottsia Hook. & Arn. (1)

49.8 Chilocarpus Blume (9) 49.24 Rauvolfia L. (2)

49.9 Chonemorpha G. Don (3) 49.25 Spirolobium Baill. (1)

49.10 Cleghornia Wight (1) 49.26 Strophanthus DC. (4)

49.11 Dyera Hook.f. (1) 49.27 Tabernaemontana L. (7)

49.12 Epigynum Wight (5) 49.28 Urceola Roxb. (7)

49.13 Holarrhena R.Br. (1) 49.29 Vallariopsis Woodson (1)

49.14 Hunteria Roxb. (1) 49.30 Willughbeia Roxb. (6)

49.15 Ichnocarpus R.Br. (3) 49.31 Wrightia R.Br. (3)

49.16 Kibatalia G.Don (4)

50. AQUIFOLIACEAE [1, 20]

50.1 Mex L. (20)

51. ARALIACEAE [9, 46]

51.1 Aralia L. (3) 51.6 Gastonia Comm. ex Lam. (1)

51.2 Arthrophyllum Blume (6) 51.7 Macropanax Miq. (2)

51.3 Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. (5) 51.8 Schefflera J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (24)

51.4 Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. (2) 51.9 Trevesia Vis. (2)

51.5 Eleutherococcus Maxim. (1)

52. ARALIDIACEAE [1, 1]

52.1 Aralidium Mig. (1)

53. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE [2, 12]

53.1 Aristolochia L. (5) 53.2 Thottea Rottb. (7)

54. ASCLEPIADACEAE [30, 116]

54.1 Asclepias L. (1) 54.9 Finlaysonia Wall. (1)

54.2 Atherandra Decne. (1) 54.10 Genianthus Hook.f. (5)

54.3 Calotropis R.Br. (1) 54.11 Gongronema (Endl.) Decne. (4)

54.4 Ceropegia L. (2) 54.12 Gongylosperma King & Gamble (1)

54.5 Cryptolepis R. Br. (1) 54.13 Goniostemma Wight (1)

54.6 Cynanchum L. (4) 54.14 Hemidesmus R.Br. (1)

54.7 Dischidia R.Br. (24) 54.15 Heterostemma Wight & Arn. (2)

54.8 Dregea E. Mey. (1) 54.16 Hoya R.Br. (26)

54.17 Lygisma Hook.f. (1) 54.24 Sarcolobus R.Br. (1)

54.18 Marsdenia R.Br. (11) 54.25 Sarcostemma R.Br. (1)

54.19 Meladerma Kerr (1) 54.26 Secamone R.Br. (1)

54.20 Pentanura Blume (1) 54.27 Streptocaulon Wight & Arn. (2)

54.21 Pentasacme Wall. ex Wight (1) 54.28 Telosma Coville (1)

54.22 Pycnorhachis Benth. (1) 54.29 Toxocarpus Wight & Arn. (7)

54.23 Raphistemma Wall. (1) 54.30 Tylophora R.Br. (10)

55. AVICENNIACEAE [1, 4]

53.1 Avicennia L. (4)

56. BALANOPHORACEAE [2, 7]

56.1 Balanophora J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (6) 56.2 Exorhopala Steénis (1)

57. BALSAMINACEAE [2, 15]

57.1 Hydrocera Blume (1) 57.2 Impatiens L. (14)

58. BEGONIACEAE [1, 48]

58.1 Begonia L. (48)

59. BIGNONIACEAE [9, 12]

59.1 Deplanchea Vieill. (1) 59.6 Pajanelia DC. (1)

59.2 Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. (1) 59.7 Radermachera Zoll. & Moritzi (3)

59.3 Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. (1) 59.8 Spathodea P. Beauv. (1)

59.4 Hieris Steenis (1) 59.9 Stereospermum Cham. (2)

59.5 Oroxylum Vent. (1)

60. BOMBACACEAE [5, 22]

60.1 Bombax L. (2) 60.4 Kostermansia Soegeng (1)

60.2 Coelostegia Benth. (2) 60.5 Neesia Blume (5)

60.3 Durio Adans. (12)

61. BORAGINACEAE [9, 12]

61.1 Argusia Boehm. (1) 61.6 Heliotropium L. (1)

61.2 Carmona Cav. (1) 61.7 Pteleocarpa Oliv. (1)

61.3 Coldenia L. (1) 61.8 Rotula Lour. (1)

61.4 Cordia L. (3) 61.9 Tournefortia L. (1)

61.5 Ehretia P. Browne (2)

62. BUDDLEJACEAE [1, 3]

62.1 Buddleja L. (3)

63. BURSERACEAE [6, 38]

63.1 Canarium L. (14) 63.4 Santiria Blume (9)

63.2 Dacryodes Vahl (12) 63.5 Scutinanthe Thwaites (1)

63.3 Garuga Roxb. (1) 63.6 Triomma Hook./. (1)

64. BUXACEAE [1, 3]

64.1 Buxus L. (3)

65. CACTACEAE [I1, 1]

65.1 Opuntia Mill. (1)

66. CAMPANULACEAE [4, 8]

66.1 Codonopsis Wall. (1) 66.3 Lobelia L. (5)

66.2 Laurentia Adans. (1) 66.4 Sphenoclea Gaertn. (1)

67. CAPPARACEAE [4, 17]

67.1 Capparis L. (9) 67.3 Crateva L. (3)

67.2 Cleome L. (4) 67.4 Stixis Lour. (1)

68. CAPRIFOLIACEAE [2, 5]

68.1 Lonicera L. (1) 68.2 Viburnum L. (4)

69. CARDIOPTERIDACEAE [1, 1]

69.1 Cardiopteris Wall. ex Royle (1)

70. CARYOPHYLLACEAE [4, 5]

70.1 Cerastium L. (1) 70.3 Sagina L. (1)

70.2 Drymaria Willd. ex Schult. (1) 70.4 Stellaria L. (2)

71. CASUARINACEAE [1], 1]

71.1 Casuarina L. (1)

72. CECROPIACEAE [2, 5]

72.1 Cecropia Loefl. (1) 72.2 Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. (4)

73. CELASTRACEAE [16, 50]

73.1 Arnicratea N. Hallé (1) 73.9 Lophopetalum Wight ex Arn. (8)

73.2 Bhesa Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. (3) 73.10 Maytenus Molina (2)

73.3 Cassine L. (1) 73.11 Microtropis Wall. ex Meisn. (5)

73.4 Celastrus L. (2) 73.12 Perrottetia Kunth (1)

73.5 Euonymus L. (4) 73.13 Pleurostylia Wight & Arn. (1)

73.6 Glyptopetalum Thwaites (2) 73.14 Reissantia N. Hallé (1)

73.7 Kokoona Thwaites (5) 73.15 Salacia L. (10)

73.8 Loeseneriella A.C.Sm. (3) 73.16 Siphonodon Griff. (1)

74. CHLORANTHACEAE [2, 2]

74.1 Chloranthus Sw. (1) 74.2 Sarcandra Gardner (1)

75. CHRYSOBALANACEAE [7, 15]

75.1 Atuna Raf. (4) 75.5 Maranthes Blume (1)

75.2 Chrysobalanus L. (1) 75.6 Parastemon A.DC. (1)

75.3 Kostermanthus Prance (2) 75.7 Parinari Aubl. (5)

75.4 Licania Aubl. (1)

‘

;

76. CLETHRACEAE [1, 2]

76.1 Clethra L. (2)

77. COMBRETACEAE [5, 24]

77.1 Combretum Loefl. (10)

77.2 Getonia Roxb. (1)

77.3 Lumnitzera Willd. (2)

77.4 Quisqalis L. (3)

77.5 Terminalia L. (8)

78. COMPOSITAE [38, 61]

78.1 Acanthospermum Schrank (1)

78.2 Acmella Rich. ex Pers. (2)

78.3 Adenostemma J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

78.4 Ageratum L. (1)

78.5 Ainsliaea DC. (1)

78.6 Bidens L. (1)

78.7 Blumea DC. (10)

78.8 Centipeda Lour. (1)

78.9 Chromolaena DC. (1)

78.10 Complaya Strother (2)

78.11 Conyza Less. (2)

78.12 Crassocephalum Moench (1)

78.13 Dichrocephala L’Hér. ex DC. (1)

78.14 Eclipta L. (1)

78.15 Elephantopus L. (3)

78.16 Eleutheranthera Poit. ex Bosc (1)

78.17 Emilia (Cass.) Cass. (1)

78.18 Enydra Lour. (1)

78.19 Epaltes Cass. (1)

78.20 Erechtites Raf. (2)

78.21 Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav. (1)

78.22 Grangea Adans. (1)

78.23 Gynura Cass. (1)

78.24 Microglossa DC. (1)

78.25 Mikania Willd. (2)

78.26 Pluchea Cass. (1)

78.27 Porophyllum Adans. (1)

78.28 Pseudognaphalium Kirp. (1)

78.29 Sigesbeckia L. (1)

78.30 Sonchus L. (1)

78.31 Sphaeranthus L. (1)

78.32 Spilanthes Jacq. (1)

78.33 Struchium P. Browne (1)

78.34 Synedrella Gaertn. (1)

78.35 Tridax L. (1)

78.36 Vernonia Schreb. (7)

78.37 Wollastonia DC. ex Decne. (1)

78.38 Youngia Cass. (1)

79. CONNARACEAE [5, 23]

79.1 Agelaea Sol. ex Planch. (2)

79.2 Cnestis Juss. (1)

79.3 Connarus L. (10)

79.4 Ellipanthus Hook.f. (1)

79.5 Rourea Aubl. (9)

80. CONVOLVULACEAE [16, 67]

80.1 Aniseia Choisy (1)

80.2 Argyreia Lour. (13)

80.3 Bonamia Thouars (1)

80.4 Cuscuta L. (1)

80.5 Erycibe Roxb. (18)

80.6 Evolvulus L. (1)

80.7 Hewittia Wight & Arn. (1)

80.8 Ipomoea L. (16)

80.9 Jacquemontia Choisy (1)

80.10 Lepistemon Blume (1)

80.11 Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. (6)

80.12 Neuropeltis Wall. (2)

80.13 Operculina Silva Manso (2)

80.14 Porana Burm.f. (1)

80.15 Stictocardia Hallier f (1)

80.16 Xenostegia D.F. Austin & Staples (1)

81. CORNACEAE [2, 4]

81.1 Mastixia Blume (3)

81.2 Nyssa Gronov. ex L. (1)

82. CRASSULACEAE [1, 1]

82.1 Kalanchoe Adans. (1)

83. CRUCIFERAE [3, 4]

83.1 Brassica L. (1) 83.3 Rorippa Scop. (1)

83.2 Cardamine L. (2)

84. CRYPTERONIACEAE [2, 3]

84.1 Axinandra Thwaites (1) 84.2 Crypteronia Blume (2)

85. CTENOLOPHONACEAE [1, 1]

85.1 Ctenolophon Oliv. (1)

86. CUCURBITACEAE [10, 19]

86.1 Alsomitra (Blume) M. Roem. (2) 86.6 Neoalsomitra Hutch. (1)

86.2 Gymnopetalum Arn. (2) 86.7 Solena Lour. (1)

86.3 Gynostemma Blume (1) 86.8 Trichosanthes L. (4)

86.4 Hodgsonia Hook.f. & Thomson (1) 86.9 Zanonia Blume (1) |

86.5 Momordica L. (4) 86.10 Zehneria Endl. (2) |

87. CUNONIACEAE [1, 1]

87.1 Weinmannia L. (1)

88. DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE [1, 2]

88.1 Daphniphyllum Blume (2)

89. DATISCACEAE [1, 1]

89.1 Tetrameles R.Br. (1)

90. DICHAPETALACEAE []1, 8]

90.1 Dichapetalum Thouars (8)

91. DILLENIACEAE [3, 20]

91.1 Acrotrema Jack (1) 91.3 Tetracera L. (9)

91.2 Dillenia L. (10)

92. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [9, 156]

92.1 Anisoptera Korth. (6) 92.6 Neobalanocarpus P.S. Ashton (1)

92.2 Cotylelobium Pierre (2) 92.7 Parashorea Kurz (3)

92.3 Dipterocarpus C.F. Gaertn. (30) 92.8 Shorea Roxb. ex C.F. Gaertn. (59)

92.4 Dryobalanops C.F. Gaertn. (2) 92.9 Vatica L. (21)

92.5 Hopea Roxb. (32)

93. DROSERACEAE [1, 3]

93.1 Drosera L. (3)

er ig *

94, EBENACEAE [1, 63]

94.1 Diospyros L. (63)

95. ELAEAGNACEAE [1, 1]

95.1 Elaeagnus L. (1)

96. ELAEOCARPACEAE [2, 32]

96.1 Elaeocarpus L. (29)

96.2 Sloanea L. (3)

97. EPACRIDACEAE [1, 1]

97.1 Styphelia Sm. (1)

98. ERICACEAE [8, 39]

98.1 Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don (1)

98.2 Cheilotheca Hook.f. (1)

98.3 Diplycosia Blume (4)

98.4 Gaultheria Kalm ex L. (3)

98.5 Lyonia Nutt. (1)

98.6 Pernettyopsis King & Gamble (1)

98.7 Rhododendron L. (15)

98.8 Vaccinium L. (13)

99. ERYTHROXYLACEAE [1, 2]

99.1 Erythroxylum P.Browne (2)

100. ESCALLONIACEAE [2, 17]

100.1 Itea L. (1)

100.2 Polyosma Blume (16)

101. EUPHORBIACEAE [70, 368]

101.1 Acalypha L. (4)

101.2 Actephila Blume (2)

101.3 Agrostistachys Dalzell (2)

101.4 Alchornea Sw. (5)

101.5 Antidesma L. (23)

101.6 Aporusa Blume (24)

101.7 Ashtonia Airy Shaw (1)

101.8 Austrobuxus Mig. (1)

101.9 Baccaurea Lour. (21)

101.10 Baliospermum Blume (1)

101.11 Bischofia Blume (1)

101.12 Blachia Baill. (1)

101.13 Blumeodendron (Miill.Arg.) Kurz (5)

101.14 Botryophora Hook.f. (1)

101.15 Breynia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (5)

101.16 Bridelia Willd. (8)

101.17 Cephalomappa Baill. (3)

101.18 Chaetocarpus Thwaites (1)

101.19 Cheilosa Blume (1)

101.20 Chondrostylis Boerl. (1)

101.21 Cladogynos Zipp. ex Spanoghe (1)

101.22 Claoxylon A.Juss. (4)

101.23 Cleidion Blume (1)

101.24 Cleistanthus Hook.f. ex Planch. (30)

101.25 Cnesmone Blume (3)

101.26 Croton L. (13)

101.27 Dicoelia Benth. (1)

101.28 Dimorphocalyx Thwaites (4)

101.29 Drypetes Vahl (15)

101.30 Elateriospermum Blume (1)

101.31 Endospermum Benth. (1)

101.32 Epiprinus Griff. (1)

101.33 Erismanthus Wall. ex Miill.Arg. (1)

101.34 Euphorbia L. (7)

101.35 Excoecaria L. (3)

101.36 Flueggea Willd. (1)

101.37 Glochidion J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (24)

101.38 Hevea Aubl. (1)

101.39 Homalanthus A. Juss. (1)

101.40 Homonoia Lourtr. (1)

101.41 Hymenocardia Wall. ex Lindl. (1)

101.42 Koilodepas Hassk. (3)

101.43 Lasiococca Hook.f. (1)

101.44 Leptopus Decne. (1)

101.45 Macaranga Thouars (27)

101.46 Mallotus Lour. (28)

101.47 Manihot Mill. (2)

101.48 Margaritaria L.f. (1)

101.49 Megistostigma Hook.f. (2)

101.50 Melanolepis Rchb.f. & Zoll. (1)

101.51 Micrococea Benth. (3)

101.52 Neoscortechinia Pax (4)

101.53 Omphalea L. (2)

101.54 Paracroton Mia. (1)

101.55 Phyllanthus L. (20)

101.56 Pimelodendron Hassk. (2)

101.57 Pterococcus Hassk. (1)

101.58 Ptychopyxis Mig. (5)

101.59 Richeriella Pax & K. Hoffm. (1)

101.60 Ricinus L. (1)

101.61 Sapium P. Browne (4)

101.62 Sauropus Blume (8)

101.63 Sebastiania Spreng. (2)

101.64 Spathiostemon Blume (1)

101.65 Sumbaviopsis J.J.Sm. (1)

101.66 Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler (2)

101.67 Trewia L. (1)

101.68 Trigonopleura Hook.f. (1)

101.69 Trigonostemon Blume (15)

101.70 Wetria Baill. (1)

102. FAGACEAE [4, 65]

102.1 Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach (18)

102.2 Lithocarpus Blume (38)

102.3 Quercus L. (8)

102.4 Trigonobalanus Forman (1)

103. FLACOURTIACEAE [11, 49]

103.1 Casearia Jacq. (12)

103.2 Erythrospermum Lam. (1)

103.3 Flacourtia Comm. ex L’Hér. (1)

103.4 Hemiscolopia Slooten (1)

103.5 Homalium Jacq. (9)

103.6 Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (12)

103.7 Osmelia Thwaites (2)

103.8 Pangium Reinw. (1)

103.9 Ryparosa Blume (6)

103.10 Scaphocalyx Ridl. (1)

103.11 Scolopia Schreb. (3)

104. GENTIANACEAE f5, 7]

104.1 Canscora Lam. (3)

104.2 Crawfurdia Wall. (1)

104.3 Exacum L. (1)

104.4 Gentiana L. (1)

104.5 Microrphium C.B. Clarke (1)

105. GESNERIACEAE [20, 189]

105.1 Aeschynanthus Jack (17)

105.2 Agalmyla Blume (1)

105.3 Boea Comm. ex Lam. (1)

105.4 Boeica T. Anderson ex C.B. Clarke (2)

105.5 Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (8)

105.6 Cyrtandra J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (12)

105.7 Didissandra C.B. Clarke (16)

105.8 Didymocarpus Wall. (89)

105.9 Epithema Blume (2)

105.10 Loxocarpus R.Br. (8)

105.11 Loxonia Jack (1)

105.12 Micraeschynanthus Rid. (1)

105.13 Monophyllaea R.Br. (4)

105.14 Orchadocarpa Rid. (1)

105.15 Ornithoboea Parish ex C.B. Clarke (1)

105.16 Paraboea (C.B. Clarke) Ridl. (20)

105.17 Rhynchoglossum Blume (1)

105.18 Rhynchotechum Blume (1)

105.19 Stauranthera Benth. (2)

105.20 Trisepalum C.B. Clarke (1)

106. GOODENIACEAE [1, 1]

106.1 Scaevola L. (1)

107. GUTTIFERAE [7, 120]

107.1 Calophyllum L. (42)

107.2 Cratoxylum Blume (6)

107.3 Garcinia L. (46)

107.4 Hypericum L. (1)

107.5 Mammea L. (4)

107.6 Mesua L. (20)

107.7 Ploiarium Korth. (1)

108. HALORAGACEAE [2, 3]

108.1 Gonocarpus Thunb. (1)

108.2 Myriophyllum L. (2)

109. HAMAMELIDACEAE [6, 6]

109.1 Altingia Noronha (1)

109.2 Distyliopsis P.K. Endress (1)

109.3 Distylium Siebold & Zucc. (1)

109.4 Exbucklandia R.W.Br. (1)

109.5 Maingaya Oliv. (1)

109.6 Rhodoleia Champ. ex Hook. (1)

110. HERNANDIACEAE [3, 5]

110.1 Gyrocarpus Jacq. (1) 110.3 Hligera Blume (3)

110.2 Hernandia L. (1)

111. HYDRANGEACEAE [1, 1]

111.1 Dichroa Lour. (1)

112. HYDROPHYLLACEAE [1, 1]

112.1 Hydrolea L. (1)

113. ICACINACEAE [11, 28]

113.1 Apodytes E. Mey. ex Arn. (1) 113.7 Miquelia Meisn. (1)

113.2 Cantleya Ridl. (1) 113.8 Phytocrene Wall. (4)

113.3 Gomphandra Wall. ex Lindl. (2) 113.9 Platea Blume (2)

113.4 Gonocaryum Mig. (5) 113.10 Sarcostigma Wight & Arn. (2)

113.5 Iodes Blume (4) 113.11 Stemonurus Blume (4)

113.6 Medusanthera Seem. (2)

114. ILLICIACEAE [1, 3]

114.1 Ilicium L. (3)

115. IRVINGIACEAE [1, 1]

115.1 Irvingia Hook.f, (1)

116. XKONANTHACEAE [2, 3]

116.1 Allantospermum Forman (1) 116.2 Ixonanthes Jack (2)

117. JUGLANDACEAE [1, 4]

117.1 Engelhardtia Lesch. ex Blume (4)

118. LABIATAE [18, 35]

118.1 Acrocephalus Benth. (1) 118.10 Leucas R.Br. (5)

118.2 Aecrymia Prain (1) 118.11 Ocimum L. (4)

118.3 Anisomeles R.Br. (2) 118.12 Orthosiphon Benth. (1)

118.4 Basilicum Moench (1) 118.13 Paraphlomis Prain (1)

118.5 Cymaria Benth. (1) 118.14 Plectranthus L’Hér. (1)

118.6 Gomphostemma Wall. ex Benth. (5) 118.15 Pogostemon Desf. (4)

118.7 Hyptis Jacq. (3) 118.16 Satureja L. (1)

118.8 Leonotis (Pers.) R.Br. (1) 118.17 Seutellaria L. (1)

118.9 Leonurus L. (1) 118.18 Solenostemon Thonn. (1)

119. LAURACEAE [16, 214]

119.1 Actinodaphne Nees (18) 119.9 Endiandra R.Br. (10)

119.2 Alseodaphne Nees (23) 119.10 Lindera Thunb. (11)

119.3 Beilschmiedia Nees (18) 119.11 Litsea Lam. (56)

119.4 Cassytha L. (1) 119.12 Micropora Hook.f. (1)

119.5 Cinnadenia Kosterm. (1) 119.13 Neolitsea (Benth.) Merr. (6)

119.6 Cinnamomum Schaeff. (21) 119.14 Nothaphoebe Blume (6)

119.7 Cryptocarya R.Br. (19) 119.15 Persea Mill. (8)

119.8 Dehaasia Blume (9) 119.16 Phoebe Nees (6)

120. LECYTHIDACEAE [4, 20]

120.1 Abdulmajidia Whitmore (2)

120.2 Barringtonia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (15)

120.3 Careya Roxb. (1)

120.4 Planchonia Blume (2)

121. LEEACEAE [1, 8]

121.1 Leea L. (8)

122. LEGUMINOSAE [81, 298]

122.1 Abrus Adans. (2)

122.2 Acacia Mill. (6)

122.3 Adenanthera L. (3)

122.4 Aeschynomene L. (3)

122.5 Aganope Mic. (2)

122.6 Albizia Durazz. (6)

122.7 Alysicarpus Desv. (1)

122.8 Archidendron F. Muell. (9)

122.9 Bauhinia L. (26)

122.10 Burkilliodendron Sastry (1)

122.11 Caesalpinia L. (9)

122.12 Cajanus DC. (4)

122.13 Callerya Endl. (3)

122.14 Calopogonium Desv. (1)

122.15 Canavalia DC. (2)

122.16 Cassia L. (1)

122.17 Centrosema (DC.) Benth. (2)

122.18 Chamaecrista Moench (2)

122.19 Christia Moench (1)

122.20 Clitorea L. (2)

122.21 Codariocalyx Hassk. (1)

122.22 Crotalaria L. (19)

122.23 Crudia Schreb. (11)

122.24 Cynometra L. (3)

122.25 Dalbergia L.f. (11)

122.26 Dendrolobium (Wight & Arn.) Benth. (2)

122.27 Derris Lour. (9)

122.28 Desmanthus Willd. (1)

122.29 Desmodium Desv. (14)

122.30 Dialium L. (4)

122.31 Dioclea Kunth (2)

122.32 Dunbaria Wight & Arn. (1)

122.33 Entada Adans. (2)

122.34 Eriosema (DC.) Rchb. (1)

122.35 Erythrina L. (3)

122.36 Flemingia Roxb. ex W.T. Aiton (2)

122.37 Fordia Hemsl. (10)

122.38 Geissaspis Wight & Arn. (1)

122.39 Indigofera L. (6)

122.40 Inocarpus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

122.41 Intsia Thouars (2)

122.42 Koompassia Maingay (2)

122.43 Kunstleria Prain (4)

122.44 Leucaena Benth. (1)

122.45 Leucostegane Prain (1)

122.46 Macroptilium (Benth.) Urb. (1)

122.47 Maniltoa Scheff. (1)

122.48 Millettia Wight & Arn. (8)

122.49 Mimosa L. (5)

122.50 Mucuna Adans. (5)

122.51 Neptunia Lour. (2)

122.52 Ormocarpum P. Beauv. (1)

122.53 Ormosia Jacks. (9)

122.54 Paraserianthes 1.C. Nielsen (1)

122.55 Parkia R.Br. (4)

122.56 Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. (2)

122.57 Pericopsis Thwaites (1)

122.58 Phylacium Benn. (1)

122.59 Phyllodium Desv. (1)

122.60 Pongamia Vent. (1)

122.61 Pseudarthria Wight & Arn. (1)

122.62 Pterocarpus Jacq. (1)

122.63 Pterolobium R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. (2)

122.64 Pueraria DC. (1)

122.65 Rothia Pers. (1)

122.66 Saraca L. (3)

122.67 Senna Mill. (8)

122.68 Serianthes Benth. (1)

122.69 Sesbania Scop. (2)

122.70 Sindora Mig. (5)

122.71 Smithia Aiton (1)

122.72 Sophora L. (1)

122.73 Spatholobus Hassk. (10)

122.74 Stylosanthes Sw. (2)

122.75 Sympetalandra Stapf (1)

122.76 Tadehagi H. Ohashi (1)

122.77 Tephrosia Pers. (3)

122.78 Teramnus P. Browne (1)

122.79 Uraria Desv. (3)

122.80 Vigna Savi (6)

122.81 Zornia J.F. Gmel. (1)

123. LENTIBULARIACEAE [1, 13]

123.1 Utricularia L. (13)

124. LINACEAE [2, 2]

124. Hugonia L. (1) 124.2 Indorouchera Hallier f (1)

125. LOGANIACEAE [5, 32]

125.1 Fagraea Thunb. (17) 125.4 Norrisia Gardner (2)

125.2 Mitrasacme Labill. (2) 125.5 Strychnos L. (10)

125.3 Mitreola L. (1)

126. LOPHOPYXIDACEAE [1, 1]

126.1 Lophopyxis Hook.f. (1)

127. LORANTHACEAE [13, 34]

127.1 Amyema Tiegh. (1) 127.8 Lepeostegeres Blume (1)

127.2 Amylotheca Tiegh. (1) 127.9 Lepidaria Tiegh. (1)

127.3 Barathranthus (Korth.) Mig. (2) 127.10 Loxanthera (Blume) Blume (1)

127.4 Dendrophthoe Mart. (4) 127.11 Macrosolen (Blume) Rchb. (10)

127.5 Elytranthe (Blume) Blume (2) 127.12 Scurrula L. (2)

127.6 Helixanthera Lour. (7) 127.13 Taxillus Tiegh. (1)

127.7 Kingella Tiegh. (1)

128. LYTHRACEAE [7, 17]

128.1 Ammannia L. (1) 128.5 Pemphis J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

128.2 Cuphea P. Browne (1) 128.6 Rotala L. (3)

128.3 Duabanga Buch.-Ham. (1) 128.7 Sonneratia Lf. (4)

128.4 Lagerstroemia L. (6)

129.MAGNOLIACEAE [4, 13]

129.1 Magnolia L. (7) 129.3 Michelia L. (4)

129.2 Manglietia Blume (1) 129.4 Pachylarnax Dandy (1)

130. MALPIGHIACEAE [4, 7]

130.1 Aspidopterys A.Juss. (2) 130.3 Hiptage Gaertn. (3)

130.2 Brachylophon Oliv. (1) 130.4 Tristellateia Thouars (1)

131. MALVACEAE [8, 15]

131.1 Abelmoschus Medik. (1) 131.5 Sida L. (5)

131.2 Abutilon Mill. (1) 131.6 Thespesia Sol. ex Corréa (1)

131.3 Hibiscus L. (4) 131.7 Urena L. (1)

131.4 Pavonia Cav. (1) 131.8 Wissadula Medik. (1)

132. MELASTOMATACEAE [22, 172]

132.1 Anerincleistus Korth. (10) 132.6 Diplectria (Blume) Rchb. (5)

132.2 Astronia Blume (2) 132.7 Dissochaeta Blume (14)

132.3 Blastus Lour. (1) 132.8 Lijndenia Zoll. & Moritzi (1)

132.4 Clidemia D. Don (1) 132.9 Macrolenes Naudin (7)

132.5 Creochiton Blume (1) 132.10 Medinilla Gaudich. (13)

132.11 Melastoma L. (5)

132.12 Memecylon L. (26)

132.13 Ochthocharis Blume (5)

132.14 Osbeckia L. (3)

132.15 Oxyspora DC. (13)

132.16 Pachycentria Blume (3)

132.17 Phyllagathis Blume (10)

132.18 Plethiandra Hook.f. (1)

132.19 Pogonanthera Blume (1)

132.20 Pternandra Jack (4)

132.21 Sarcopyramis Wall. (1)

132.22 Sonerila Roxb. (45)

133. MELIACEAE [17, 99]

133.1 Aglaia Lour. (48)

133.2 Aphanomixis Blume (2)

133.3 Azadirachta A. Juss. (1)

133.4 Chisocheton Blume (11)

133.5 Chukrasia A. Juss. (1)

133.6 Cipadessa Blume (1)

133.7 Dysoxylum Blume (17)

133.8 Heynea Roxb. ex Sims (1)

133.9 Lansium Corréa (1)

133.10 Munronia Wight (1)

133.11 Pseudoclausena T.P. Clark (1)

133.12 Reinwardtiodendron Koord. (2)

133.13 Sandoricum Cav. (2)

133.14 Toona (Endl.) M. Roem. (4)

133.15 Turraea L. (1)

133.16 Walsura Roxb. (2)

133.17 Xylocarpus J. Konig (3)

134. MELIOSMACEAE [1, 6]

134.1 Meliosma Blume (6)

135. MENISPERMACEAE [15, 24]

135.1 Albertisia Becc. (2)

135.2 Arcangelisia Becc. (1)

135.3 Cocculus DC. (1)

135.4 Coscinium Colebr. (2)

135.5 Cyclea Arn. ex Wight (2)

135.6 Diploclisia Miers (1)

135.7 Fibraurea Lour. (1)

135.8 Hypserpa Miers (1)

135.9 Limacia Lour. (2)

135.10 Pericampylus Miers (1)

135.11 Pycnarrhena Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson (1)

135.12 Stephania Lour. (4)

135.13 Tiliacora Colebr. (1)

135.14 Tinomiscium Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson (1)

135.15 Tinospora Miers (3)

136. MENYANTHACEAE [1, 3]

136.1 Nymphoides Ség. (3)

137. MOLLUGINACEAE [2, 2]

137.1 Glinus L. (1)

137.2 Mollugo L. (1)

138. MONIMIACEAE [2, 2]

138.1 Kibara Endl. (1)

138.2 Matthaea Blume (1)

139. MORACEAE [10, 138]

139.1 Antiaris Lesch. (1)

139.2 Artocarpus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (18)

139.3 Bleekrodea Blume (1)

139.4 Ficus L. (102)

139.5 Hullettia King ex Hook.f. (1)

139.6 Maclura Nutt. (2)

139.7 Parartocarpus Baill. (2)

139.8 Prainea King ex Hook.f. (2)

139.9 Streblus Lour. (8)

139.10 Trophis P. Browne (1)

140. MYRICACEAE [1, 1]

140.1 Myrica L. (1)

141. MYRISTICACEAE [5, 63]

141.1 Endocomia W.J. de Wilde (1)

141.2 Gymnacranthera Warb. (3)

141.3 Horsfieldia Willd. (22)

141.4 Knema Lour. (27)

141.5 Myristica Gronov. (10)

142. MYRSINACEAE [9, 113]

142.1 Aegiceras Gaertn. (1)

142.2 Antistrophe A.DC. (2)

142.3 Ardisia Sw. (77)

142.4 Embelia Burm./. (14)

142.5 Grenacheria Mez (3)

142.6 Hymenandra (DC.) Spach (1)

142.7 Labisia Lindl. (4)

142.8 Maesa Forssk. (9)

142.9 Rapanea Aubl. (2)

143. MYRTACEAE [11, 215]

143.1 Acmena DC. (1)

143.2 Baeckea L. (1)

143.3 Cleistocalyx Blume (1)

143.4 Decaspermum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (2)

143.5 Leptospermum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (2)

143.6 Melaleuca L. (1)

143.7 Rhodamnia Jack (3.)

143.8 Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb. (1)

143.9 Stereocaryum Burret (2)

143.10 Syzygium Gaertn. (195)

143.11 Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris (6)

144, NELUMBONACEAE [1, 1]

144.1 Nelumbo Adans. (1)

145. NEPENTHACEAE [1, 10]

145.1 Nepenthes L. (10)

146. NYCTAGINACEAE [2, 6]

146.1 Boerhavia L. (3)

146.2 Pisonia L. (3)

147. NYMPHAEACEAE [2, 5]

147.1 Barclaya Wall. (3)

147.2 Nymphaea L. (2)

148. OCHNACEAE [5, 7]

148.1 Brackenridgea A. Gray (2)

148.2 Campylospermum Tiegh. (1)

148.3 Euthemis Jack (2)

148.4 Ochna L. (1)

148.5 Sauvagesia L. (1)

149. OLACACEAE [8, 11]

149.1 Anacolosa (Blume) Blume (1)

149.2 Erythropalum Blume (1)

149.3 Harmandia Pierre ex Baill. (1)

149.4 Ochanostachys Mast. (1)

149.5 Olax L. (2)

149.6 Scorodocarpus Becc. (1)

149.7 Strombosia Blume (3)

149.8 Ximenia L. (1)

150. OLEACEAE [6, 32]

150.1 Chionanthus L. (12)

150.2 Jasminum L. (14)

150.3 Ligustrum L. (2)

150.4 Myxopyrum Blume (1)

150.5 Olea L. (2)

150.6 Osmanthus Lour. (1)

151. ONAGRACEAE [1, 6]

151.1 Ludwigia L. (6)

152. OPILIACEAE [4, 4]

152.1 Cansjera Juss. (1) 152.3 Lepionurus Blume (1)

152.2 Champereia Griff. (1) 152.4 Melientha Pierre (1)

153. OXALIDACEAE [5, 12]

153.1 Averrhoa L. (1) 153.4 Oxallis L. (3)

153.2 Biophytum DC. (3) 153.5 Sarcotheca Blume (4)

153.3 Dapania Korth. (1)

154. PANDACEAE [2, 4]

154.1 Galearia Zoll. & Moritzi (3) 154.2 Microdesmis Hook.f. ex Hook. (1)

155. PASSIFLORACEAE [3, 8]

155.1 Adenia Forssk. (3) 155.3 Passiflora L. (4)

155.2 Paropsia Noronha ex Thouars (1)

156. PEDALIACEAE [1, 2]

156.1 Sesamum L. (2)

157. PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE [1, 5]

157.1 Pentaphragma Wall. ex G. Don (5)

158. PENTAPHYLACACEAE [1, 1]

158.1 Pentaphylax Gardner & Champ. (1)

159. PHYTOLACCACEAE [2, 2]

159.1 Phytolacca L. (1) 159.2 Rivina L. (1)

160. PIPERACEAE [3, 88]

160.1 Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (9) 160.3 Zippelia Blume (1)

160.2 Piper L. (78)

161. PITTOSPORACEAE [1, 2]

161.1 Pittosporum Banks & Sol. (2)

162. PLANTAGINACEAE [1, 1]

162.1 Plantago L. (1)

163. PLUMBAGINACEAE [1, 1]

163.1 Plumbago L. (1)

164. PODOSTEMACEAE [1, 1]

164.1 Malaccotristicha G. Cusset & C. Cusset (1)

165. POLYGALACEAE [5, 37]

165.1 Epirixanthes Blume (1)

165.2 Polygala L. (8)

165.3 Salomonia Lour. (2)

165.4 Securidaca L. (1)

165.5 Xanthophyllum Roxb. (25)

166. POLYGONACEAE [3, 14]

166.1 Aconogonum (Meisn.) Rchb. (1) 166.3 Rumex L. (2)

166.2 Persicaria (L.) Mill. (11)

167. PORTULACACEAE [2, 4]

167.1 Portulaca L. (3)

168.1 Lysimachia L. (1)

169.1 Helicia Lour. (7)

170.1 Rafflesia R.Br. (2)

167.2 Talinum Adans. (1)

168. PRIMULACEAE [1, 1]

169. PROTEACEAE [2, 12]

169.2 Heliciopsis Sleumer (5)

170. RAFFLESIACEAE [2, 4]

170.2 Rhizanthes Dumott. (2)

171. RANUNCULACEAE [3, 5}

171.1 Anemone L. (1)

171.2 Clematis L. (2)

171.3 Naravelia Adans. (2)

172. RHAMNACEAE [7, 25]

172.1 Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn. (2) 172.5 Smythea Seem. (4)

172.2 Gouania Jacq. (2)

172.3 Rhamnus L. (2)

172.4 Sageretia Brongn. (1)

172.6 Ventilago Gaertn. (5)

172.7 Ziziphus Mill. (9)

173. RHIZOPHORACEAE [7, 17]

173.1 Bruguiera Sav. (5)

173.2 Carallia Roxb. (3)

173.3 Ceriops Arn. (2)

173.4 Gynotroches Blume (1)

174.1 Eriobotrya Lindl. (1)

174.2 Photinia Lindl. (1)

174.3 Potentilla L. (1)

173.5 Kandelia (DC.) Wight & Arn. (1)

173.6 Pellacalyx Korth. (2)

173.7 Rhizophora L. (3)

174. ROSACEAE [6, 19]

174.4 Prunus L. (8)

174.5 Rubus L. (6)

174.6 Sorbus L. (1)

175. RUBIACEAE [79, 562]

175.1 Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn. (2) 175.7 Brachytome Hook.f. (1)

175.2 Aidia Lour. (7)

175.3 Aidiopsis Tirveng. (1)

175.4 Aleisanthia Ridl. (2)

175.5 Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. (1)

175.6 Argostemma Wall. (45)

175.8 Canthium Lam. (16)

175.9 Catunaregam Wolf (2)

175.10 Ceriscoides (Hook.f.) Tirveng. (1)

175.11 Chassalia Comm. ex Poir. (6)

175.12 Coelospermum Blume (1)

175.13 Coptophyllum Korth. (2)

175.14 Coptosapelta Korth. (3)

175.15 Dentella J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

175.16 Diodia L. (2)

175.17 Diplospora DC. (8)

175.18 Fagerlindia Tirveng. (1)

175.19 Gaertnera Lam. (6)

175.20 Gardenia Ellis (5)

175.21 Gardeniopsis Miq. (1)

175.22 Gentingia J.T. Johanss. & K.M. Wong (1)

175.23 Geophila D. Don (5)

175.24 Greenea Wight & Arn. (1)

175.25 Guettarda L. (1)

175.26 Gynochthodes Blume (3)

175.27 Haldina Ridsdale (1)

175.28 Hedyotis L. (38)

175.29 Hydnophytum Jack (1)

175.30 Hymenodictyon Wall. (1)

175.31 Hypobathrum Blume (15)

175.32 Ixora L. (14)

175.33 Jackiopsis Ridsdale (1)

175.34 Kailarsenia Tirveng. (2)

175.35 Keenania Hook.f. (1)

175.36 Klossia Ridl. (1)

175.37 Knoxia L. (1)

175.38 Kochummenia K.M. Wong (3)

175.39 Lasianthus Jack (54)

175.40 Lecananthus Jack (1)

175.41 Lucinaea DC. (4)

175.42 Metadina Bakh.f. (1)

175.43 Meyna Roxb. ex Link (2)

175.44 Mitracarpus Zucc. (1)

175.45 Mitragyna Korth. (2)

175.46 Morinda L. (10)

175.47 Mussaenda L. (11)

175.48 Mussaendopsis Baill. (1)

175.49 Mycetia Reinw. (4)

175.50 Myrmecodia Jack (1)

175.51 Nauclea L. (2)

175.52 Neolamarckia Bosser (1)

175.53 Neonauclea Merr. (6)

175.54 Nertera Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. (1)

175.55 Ochreinauclea Ridsdale & Bakh.f. (1)

175.56 Ophiorrhiza L. (21)

175.57 Oxyceros Lour. (7)

175.58 Paederia L. (2)

175.59 Pavetta L. (14)

175.60 Perakanthus Robyns (1)

175.61 Pertusadina Ridsdale (2)

175.62 Pleiocarpidia K. Schum. (1) :

175.63 Porterandia Ridl. (2)

175.64 Prismatomeris Thwaites (4)

175.65 Psychotria L. (64)

175.66 Psydrax Gaertn. (14)

175.67 Rennellia Korth. (4)

175.68 Rothmannia Thunb. (4)

175.69 Saprosma Blume (8)

175.70 Scyphiphora C.F. Gaertn. (1)

175.71 Spermacoce L. (7)

175.72 Streblosa Korth. (2)

175.73 Tarenna Gaertn. (39)

175.74 Timonius DC. (14)

175.75 Uncearia Schreb. (14)

175.76 Urophyllum Wall. (26)

175.77 Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC. (3)

175.78 Xanthophytum Reinw. ex Blume (2)

175.79 Zuccarinia Blume (1)

176. RUTACEAE [18, 54]

176.1 Acronychia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

176.2 Atalantia Corréa (2)

176.3 Burkillanthus Swingle (1)

176.4 Citrus L. (4)

176.5 Clausena Burm./. (2)

176.6 Fortunella Swingle (1)

176.7 Glycosmis Corréa (13)

176.8 Luvunga Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn. (2)

176.9 Maclurodendron T.G. Hartley (2)

176.10 Melicope J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (10)

176.11 Merope M. Roem. (1)

176.12 Merrillia Swingle (1)

176.13 Micromelum Blume (2)

176.14 Murraya L. (1)

176.15 Paramignya Wight (3) >

176.16 Tetractomia Hook.f. (2)

176.17 Tetradium Lour. (2)

176.18 Zanthoxylum L. (4)

= en.

177. SABIACEAE [1, 3]

177.1 Sabia Colebr. (3)

178.1 Salix L. (1)

178. SALICACEAE [1, 1]

179. SANTALACEAE [5, 9]

179.1 Dendromyza Danser (1) 179.4 Phacellaria Benth. (1)

179.2 Dendrotrophe Mia. (3) 179.5 Scleropyrum Arn. (1)

179.3 Dufreynoya Chatin (3)

180. SAPINDACEAE [18, 46]

180.1 Allophylus L. (1) 180.10 Harpullia Roxb. (2)

180.2 Amesiodendron Hu (1) 180.11 Lepisanthes Blume (7)

180.3 Arytera Blume (1) 180.12 Litchi Sonn. (1)

180.4 Cardiospermum L. (1) 180.13 Mischocarpus Blume (2)

180.5 Dimocarpus Lour. (2) 180.14 Nephelium L. (12)

180.6 Dodonaea Mill. (1) 180.15 Paranephelium Mica. (3)

180.7 Ganophyllum Blume (1) 180.16 Pometia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (2)

180.8 Glenniea Hook.f. (1) 180.17 Trigonachras Radlk. (2)

180.9 Guioa Cav. (4) 180.18 Xerospermum Blume (2)

181. SAPOTACEAE [10, 75]

181.1 Chrysophyllum L. (1) 181.6 Mimusops L. (1)

181.2 Diploknema Pierre (1) 181.7 Palaquium Blume (22)

181.3 Isonandra Wight (1) 181.8 Payena A.DC. (10)

181.4 Madhuca Buch-Ham. ex J.F.Gmel. (29) 181.9 Pouteria Aubl. (7)

181.5 Manilkara Adans. (1) 181.10 Sarcosperma Hook.f. (2)

182. SCHISANDRACEAE [1, 2]

182.1 Kadsura Juss. (2)

183. SCROPHULARIACEAE [17, 55]

183.1 Adenosma R.Br. (5) 183.10 Mazus Lour. (1)

183.2 Aeginetia L. (1) 183.11 Microcarpaea R.Br. (1)

183.3 Artanema D. Don (1) 183.12 Picria Lour. (1)

183.4 Bacopa Aubl. (2) 183.13 Scoparia L. (1)

183.5 Centranthera R.Br. (2) 183.14 Stemodia L. (1)

183.6 Christisonia Gardner (1) 183.15 Striga Lour. (1)

183.7 Cyrtandromoea Zoll. (3) 183.16 Torenia L. (7)

183.8 Limnophila R.Br. (13) 183.17 Wightia Wall. (1)

183.9 Lindernia All. (13)

184. SIMAROUBACEAE [6, 8]

184.1 Ailanthus Desf. (2) 184.4 Harrisonia R.Br. ex A. Juss. (1)

184.2 Brucea J.F. Mill. (1) 184.5 Picrasma Blume (1)

184.3 Eurycoma Jack (2) 184.6 Quassia L. (1)

185. SOLANACEAE [4, 16]

185.1 Browallia L. (1) 185.3 Physalis L. (1)

185.2 Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. (3) 185.4 Solanum L. (11)

186. STAPHYLEACEAE [1, 2]

186.1 Turpinia Vent. (2)

187. STERCULIACEAE [16, 59]

187.1 Abroma Jacq. (1)

187.2 Byttneria Loefl. (6)

187.3 Commersonia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1)

187.4 Firmiana Marsili (1)

187.5 Helicteres L. (4)

187.11 Pterocymbium R.Br. (2)

187.12 Pterospermum Schreb. (6)

187.13 Pterygota Schott & Endl. (1)

187.6 Heritiera Aiton (9)

187.7 Kleinhovia L. (1)

187.8 Leptonychia Turcz. (2)

187.9 Melochia L. (2)

187.10 Pentapetes L. (1)

187.14 Scaphium Schott & Endl. (4)

187.15 Sterculia L. (16)

187.16 Waltheria L. (2)

188. STYLIDIACEAE []1, 1]

188.1 Stylidium Sw. ex Willd. (1)

189. STYRACACEAE [1, 5]

189.1 Styrax L. (5)

190. SYMPLOCACEAE [1, 22]

190.1-Symplocos Jacq. (22)

191. TETRAMERISTACEAE [1, 1]

191.1 Tetramerista Miq. (1)

192. THEACEAE [7, 37]

192.1 Adinandra Jack (10)

192.2 Anneslea Wall. (1)

192.3 Eurya Thunb. (3)

192.4 Gordonia Ellis (9)

192.5 Pyrenaria Blume (5)

192.6 Schima Reinw. ex Blume (2)

192.7 Ternstroemia Mutis ex L.f. (7)

193. THYMELAEACEAE [7, 20]

193.1 Aquilaria Lam. (5)

193.2 Daphne L. (1)

193.3 Enkleia Griff. (1)

193.4 Gonystylus Teijsm. & Binn. (7)

193.5 Linostoma Wall. ex Endl. (1)

193.6 Phaleria Jack (1)

193.7 Wikstroemia End. (4)

194. TILIACEAE [12, 57]

194.1 Berrya Roxb. (1)

194.2 Brownlowia Roxb. (6)

194.3 Colona Cav. (3)

194.4 Corchorus L. (3)

194.5 Diplodiscus Turcz. (2)

194.6 Grewia L. (3)

194.7 Microcos L. (10)

194.8 Muntingia L. (1)

194.9 Pentace Hassk. (16)

194.10 Schoutenia Korth. (6)

194.11 Trichospermum Blume (1)

194.12 Triumfetta L. (5)

195. TRIGONIACEAE [1, 1]

195.1 Trigoniastrum Miq. (1)

196. TURNERACEAE [1, 2]

196.1 Turnera L. (2)

197. ULMACEAE [3, 10]

197.1 Celtis L. (2)

197.2 Gironniera Gaudich. (4)

197.3 Trema Lour. (4)

198. UMBELLIFERAE [5, 6]

198.1 Centella L. (1)

198.2 Eryngium L. (1)

198.3 Hydrocotyle L. (2)

198.4 Oenanthe L. (1)

198.5 Sanicula L. (1)

199. URTICACEAE [11, 30]

199.1 Boehmeria Jacq. (5)

199.2 Debregeasia Gaudich. (2)

199.3 Dendrocnide Mia. (2)

199.4 Elatostema J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (10)

199.5 Laportea Gaudich. (1)

199.6 Nothocnide Blume ex Chew (1)

199.7 Oreocnide Mia. (1)

199.8 Pilea Lindl. (2)

199.9 Pipturus Wedd. (1)

199.10 Pouzolzia Gaudich. (3)

199.11 Procris Comm. ex Juss. (2)

200. VERBENACEAE [15, 77]

200.1 Callicarpa L. (8)

200.2 Clerodendrum L. (16)

200.3 Congea Roxb. (2)

200.4 Glossocarya Wall. ex Griff. (2)

200.5 Gmelina L. (2)

200.6 Lantana L. (2)

200.7 Peronema Jack (1)

200.8 Petraeovitex Oliv. (4)

200.9 Phyla Lour. (1)

200.10 Premna L. (15)

200.11 Sphenodesme Jack (3)

200.12 Stachytarpheta Vahl (4)

200.13 Teijsmanniodendron Koord. (6)

200.14 Verbena L. (1)

200.15 Vitex L. (10)

201. VIOLACEAE [2, 13]

201.1 Rinorea Aubl. (9)

201.2 Viola L. (4)

202. VISCACEAE [3, 6]

202.1 Korthalsella Tiegh. (2)

202.2 Notothixos Oliv. (1)

202.3 Viscum L. (3)

203. VITACEAE [8, 51]

203.1 Ampelocissus Planch. (11)

203.2 Ampelopsis Michx. (1)

203.3 Cayratia Juss. (5)

203.4 Cissus L. (8)

Angiosperms - Monocots

203.5 Nothocissus (Migq.) Latiff (1)

203.6 Parthenocissus Planch. (1)

203.7 Pterisanthes Blume (12)

203.8 Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (12)

204. ALISMATACEAE [2, 2]

204.1 Echinodorus Rich. ex Engelm. (1)

204.2 Sagittaria L. (1)

205. AMARYLLIDACEAE [2, 2]

205.1 Crinum L. (1)

205.2 Proiphys Herb. (1)

206. ANTHERICACEAE [1, 2]

206.1 Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (2)

207. ARACEAE [23, 141]

207.1 Aglaodorum Schott (1)

207.2 Aglaonema Schott (4)

207.3 Alocasia (Schott) G. Don (8)

207.4 Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. (13)

207.5 Amydrium Schott (2)

207.6 Anadendrum Schott (3)

207.13 Hapaline Schott (1)

207.14 Homalomena Schott (34)

207.15 Lasia Lour. (1)

207.16 Piptospatha N.E.Br. (3)

207.17 Pistia L. (1)

207.18 Podolasia N.E.Br. (1)

207.7 Arisaema Mart. (7)

207.8 Colocasia Schott (2)

207.9 Cryptocoryne Fisch. ex Wydl. (10)

207.10 Cyrtosperma Griff. (1)

207.11 Epipremnum Schott (2)

207.12 Furtadoa M. Hotta (1)

207.19 Pothos L. (12)

207.20 Rhaphidophora Hassk. (15)

207.21 Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi (7)

207.22 Scindapsus Schott (7)

207.23 Typhonium Schott (5)

208. ASPARAGACEAE [1, 1]

208.1 Asparagus L. (1)

209. BURMANNIACEAE [3, 16]

209.1 Burmannia L. (7)

209.2 Gymnosiphon Blume (1)

209.3 Thismia Griff. (8)

210. CANNACEAE [1, 1]

210.1 Canna L. (1)

211. COMMELINACEAE [11, 35]

211.1 Amischotolype Hassk. (7)

211.2 Belosynapsis Hassk. (1)

211.3 Commelina L. (9)

211.4 Cyanotis D. Don (2)

211.5 Dictyospermum Wight (2)

211.6 Floscopa Lour. (1)

211.7 Murdannia Royle (6)

211.8 Pollia Thunb. (4)

211.9 Rhopalephora Hassk. (1)

211.10 Spatholirion Ridl. (1)

211.11 Tradescantia L. (1)

212. CONVALLARIACEAE [5, 6]

212.1 Disporum Salisb. ex D. Don (1)

212.2 Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. (1)

212.3 Peliosanthes Andrews (1)

212.4 Tricalistra Ridl. (1)

212.5 Tupistra Ker Gawl. (2)

213. COSTACEAE [1, 3]

213.1 Costus L. (3)

214. CYMODOCEACEAE [3, 5]

214.1 Cymodocea K.D. Koenig (2)

214.2 Halodule Endl. (2)

214.3 Syringodium Kiitzing (1)

215. CYPERACEAE [29, 162]

215.1 Actinoschoenus Benth. (1) 215.16 Machaerina Vahl (2)

215.2 Actinoscirpus (Ohwi) R.W. Haines & Lye (1) 215.17 Mapania Aubl. (16)

215.3 Bulbostylis Kunth (2) 215.18 Oreobolus R.Br. (1)

215.4 Carex L. (12) 215.19 Paramapania Uittien (1)

215.5 Cyperus L. (31) 215.20 Pycreus P.Beauv. (4)

215.6 Diplacrum R.Br. (2) 215.21 Remirea Aubl. (1)

215.7 Eleocharis R.Br. (8) 215.22 Rhynchospora Vahl (7)

215.8 Fimbristylis Vahl (31) 215.23 Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla (4)

215.9 Fuirena Rottb. (2) 215.24 Schoenus L. (2)

215.10 Gahnia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (3) 215.25 Scirpodendron Zipp. ex Kurz (1)

215.11 Hypolytrum Rich. ex Pers. (1) 215.26 Scirpus L. (1)

215.12 Kyllinga Rottb. (4) 215.27 Scleria P. J. Bergius (17)

215.13 Lepidosperma Labill. (1) 215.28 Tricostularia Nees ex Lehm. (1)

215.14 Lepironia Rich. (1) 215.29 Websteria S.H. Wright (1)

215.15 Lipocarpha R.Br. (3)

216. DIOSCOREACEAE [2, 21]

216.1 Dioscorea L. (20) 216.2 Stenomeris Planch. (1)

217. DRACAENACEAE [1, 18]

217.1 Dracaena Vand. ex L. (18)

218. ERIOCAULACEAE [1, 9]

218.1 Eriocaulon L. (9)

219. FLAGELLARIACEAE [1, 1]

219.1 Flagellaria L. (1)

220. GRAMINEAE [92, 238]

220.1 Acroceras Stapf (2) 220.22 Dactyloctenium Willd. (1)

220.2 Alloteropsis C. Pres! (1) 220.23 Dendrocalamus Nees (7)

220.3 Alopecurus L. (1) 220.24 Dichanthium Willemet (3)

220.4 Apluda L. (1) 220.25 Digitaria Haller (10)

220.5 Aristida L. (1) 220.26 Dimeria R.Br. (4)

220.6 Arthraxon P. Beauv. (2) 220.27 Dinochloa Biise (3)

220.7 Arundinella Raddi (1) 220.28 Echinochloa P. Beauv. (3)

220.8 Axonopus P. Beauv. (2) 220.29 Eleusine Gaertn. (1)

220.9 Bambusa Schreb. (1) 220.30 Enteropogon Nees (1)

220.10 Bothriochloa Kuntze (2) 220.31 Eragrostis Wolf (9)

220.11 Briza L. (1) 220.32 Eremochloa Biise (1)

220.12 Capillipedium Stapf (1) 220.33 Eriachne R.Br. (2)

220.13 Cenchrus L. (1) 220.34 Eriochloa Kunth (1)

220.14 Centotheca Desv. (2) 220.35 Eulalia Kunth (6)

220.15 Chloris Sw. (2) 220.36 Eustachys Desv. (1)

220.16 Chrysopogon Trin. (3) 220.37 Garnotia Brongn. (2)

220.17 Coelanchne R.Br. (1) 220.38 Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro (8)

220.18 Coix L. (2) 220.39 Hemarthria R.Br. (2)

220.19 Cymbopogon Spreng. (2) 220.40 Heteropogon Pers. (1)

220.20 Cynodon Rich. (2) 220.41 Holttumochloa K.M. Wong (3)

220.21 Cyrtococcum Stapf (3) 220.42 Hymenachne P. Beauv. (1)

220.43 Ichnanthus P. Beauv. (1)

220.44 Imperata Cirillo. (2)

220.45 Isachne R.Br. (9)

220.46 Ischaemum L. (10)

220.47 Kinabaluochloa K.M. Wong (1)

220.48 Leersia Sw. (1)

220.49 Leptaspis R.Br. (1)

220.50 Leptochloa P. Beauv. (4)

220.51 Lepturus R.Br. (1)

220.52 Lolium L. (1)

220.53 Lophatherum Brongn. (1)

220.54 Maclurochloa K.M. Wong (1)

220.55 Melinis P. Beauv. (1)

220.56 Microstegium Nees (4)

220.57 Miscanthus Andersson (3)

220.58 Mnesithea Kunth (5)

220.59 Myriostachya (Benth.) Hook.f. (1)

220.60 Neyraudia Hook.f. (1)

220.61 Oplismenus P. Beauv. (2)

220.62 Oryza L. (4)

220.63 Ottochloa Dandy (1)

220.64 Panicum L. (12)

220.65 Paspalum L. (7)

220.66 Pennisetum Rich. (3)

220.67 Perotis Aiton (1)

220.68 Phragmites Adans. (1)

220.69 Poa L. (1)

220.70 Pogonatherum P. Beauv. (1)

220.71 Polytrias Hack. (1)

220.72 Pseudechinolaena Stapf (1)

220.73 Pseudoraphis Griff. (1)

220.74 Racemobambos Holttum (1)

220.75 Saccharum L. (3)

220.76 Sacciolepis Nash (3)

220.77 Schizachyrium Nees (2)

220.78 Schizostachyum Nees (9)

220.79 Setaria P. Beauv. (7)

220.80 Soejatmia K.M. Wong (1)

220.81 Sorghum Moench (1)

220.82 Sphaerocaryum Nees ex Hook.f. (1)

220.83 Spinifex L. (1)

220.84 Sporobolus R.Br. (3)

220.85 Stenotaphrum Trin. (2)

220.86 Themeda Forssk. (3)

220.87 Thuarea Pers. (1)

220.88 Thysanolaena Nees (1)

220.89 Tripsacum L. (2)

220.90 Urochloa P. Beauv. (5)

220.91 Vetiveria Bory (2)

220.92 Zoysia Willd. (1)

221. HANGUANACEAE []1, 1]

221.1 Hanguana Blume (1)

222. HY DROCHARITACEAE [7, 12]

222.1 Blyxa Noronha ex Thouars (2) 222.5 Najas L. (2)

222.2 Enhalus Rich. (1) 222.6 Ottelia Pers. (1)

222.3 Halophila Thouars (4) 222.7 Thalassia Banks ex K.D. Koenig (1)

222.4 Hydrilla Rich. (1)

223. HYPOXIDACEAE [2, 3]

223.1 Hypoxis L. (1) 223.2 Molineria Colla (2)

224. IRIDACEAE [1, 1]

224.1 Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb. (1)

225. JOINVILLEACEAE [1, 1]

225.1 Joinvillea Gaudich. ex Brongn. & Gris (1)

226. JUNCACEAE [1,1]

226.1 Juncus L. (1)

227. LEMNACEAE f3, 5]

227.1 Lemna L. (2) 227.3 Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. (1)

227.2 Spirodela Schleid. (2)

228. LIMNOCHARITACEAE [1, 1]

228.1 Limnocharis Bonpl. (1)

229. LOWIACEAE [1, 3]

229.1 Orchidantha N.E.Br. (3)

230. MARANTACEAE f5, 16]

230.1 Donax Lour. (2)

230.2 Phacelophrynium K. Schum. (1)

230.3 Phrynium Willd. (8)

230.4 Schumannianthus Gagnep. (1)

230.5 Stachyphrynium K. Schum. (4)

231. MELANTHIACEAE [1, 1]

231.1 Petrosavia Becc. (1)

232. MUSACEAE [1, 4]

232.1 Musa L. (4)

233. ORCHIDACEAE [147, 853]

233.1 Abdominea J.J.Sm. (1)

233.2.Acampe Lindl. (1)

233.3.Acanthephippium Blume (3)

233.4 Acriopsis Blume (5)

233.5 Adenoncos Blume (4)

233.6 Aerides Lour. (2)

233.7 Agrostophyllum Blume (8)

233.8 Ainia Lindl. (1)

233.9 Anoectochilus Blume (8)

233.10 Aphyllorchis Blume (3)

233.11 Apostasia Blume (5)

233.12 Appendicula Blume (11)

233.13 Arachnis Blume (3)

233.14 Arundina Blume (1)

233.15 Ascidieria Seidenf. (1)

233.16 Ascocentrum Schltr. ex J.J.Sm. (1)

233.17 Ascochilopsis Carr (1)

233.18 Ascochilus Ridl. (2)

233.19 Biermannia King & Pantl. (4)

233.20 Brachypeza Garay (1)

233.21 Bromheadia Lindl. (10)

233.22 Bulbophyllum Thouars (110)

233.23 Calanthe Ker Gawl. (21)

233.24 Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin (1)

233.25 Ceratostylis Blume (12)

233.26 Cheirostylis Blume (3)

233.27 Chelonistele Pfitzer (1)

233.28 Chiloschista Lindl. (1)

233.29 Chroniochilus J.J.Sm. (3)

233.30 Chrysoglossum Blume (1)

233.31 Cirrhopetalum Lindl. (12)

233.32 Claderia Hook.f. (1)

233.33 Cleisomeria Lindl. ex G. Don (1)

233.34 Cleisostoma Blume (17)

233.35 Coelogyne Lindl. (28)

233.36 Collabium Blume (1)

233.37 Cordiglottis J.J.Sm. (5)

233.38 Corybas Salisb. (11)

233.39 Corymborkis Thouars (1)

233.40 Cryptostylis R. Br. (2)

233.41 Cymbidium Sw. (10)

233.42 Cyrtosia Blume (1)

233.43 Cystorchis Blume (3)

2323.44 Dendrobium Sw. (86)

233.45 Dendrochilum Blume (13)

233.46 Didymoplexiella Garay (1)

233.47 Didymoplexis Griff. (1)

233.48 Diglyphosa Blume (1)

233.49 Dilochia Lindl. (1)

233.50 Diplocaulobium (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl. (1)

233.51 Dipodium R.Br. (4)

233.52 Doritis Lindl. (1)

233.53 Epigeneium Gagnep. (4)

233.54 Epipogium Borkh. (1)

233.55 Eria Lindl. (48)

233.56 Erythrodes Blume (2)

233.57 Erythrorchis Blume (2)

233.58 Eulophia R.Br. ex Lindl. (5)

233.59 Flickingeria A.D. Hawkes (11)

233.60 Galeola Lour (1)

233.61 Gastrochilus D. Don (2)

233.62 Gastrodia R.Br. (2)

233.63 Geodorum Jacks. (2)

233.64 Goodyera R.Br. (7)

233.65 Grammatophyllum Blume (2)

233.66 Grosourdya Rchb.f. (4)

233.67 Habenaria Willd. (8)

233.68 Herminium L. (1)

233.69 Hetaeria Blume (9)

233.70 Hippeophyllum Schitr. (1)

233.71 Hylophila Lindl. (2)

233.72 Kingidium P.F. Hunt (1)

233.73 Kuhlhasseltia J.J.Sm. (1)

233.74 Lecanorchis Blume (3)

233.75 Lepidogyne Blume (1)

233.76 Liparis Rich. (22)

233.77 Ludisia A. Rich. (1)

233.78 Luisia Gaudich. (4)

233.79 Macodes (Blume) Lindl. (1)

233.80 Macropodanthus L.O. Williams (2)

233.81 Malaxis Sol. ex Sw. (12)

233.82 Malleola J.J.Sm. & Schltr. (6)

233.83 Mastigion Garay, Hamer & Siegerist (1)

233.84 Micropera Lindl. (3)

233.85 Microsaccus Blume (5)

233.86 Mischobulbum Schltr. (2)

233.87 Nephelaphyllum Blume (2)

233.88 Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich. (4)

233.89 Neuwiedia Blume (3)

233.90 Oberonia Lindl. (29)

233.91 Octarrhena Thwaites (2)

233.92 Oeceoclades Lindl. (1)

233.93 Orchipedum Breda (1)

233.94 Ornithochilus (Lind1.) Benth. (1)

233.95 Pachystoma Blume (1)

233.96 Paphiopedilum Pfitzer (5)

233.97 Papilionanthe Schltr. (1)

233.98 Pecteilis Raf. (1)

233.99 Pelatantheria Ridl. (1)

233.100 Pennilabium J.J.Sm. (3)

233.101 Peristylus Blume (7)

233.102 Phaius Lour. (4)

233.103 Phalaenopsis Blume (8)

233.104 Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook. (6)

233.105 Phreatia Lindl. (8)

233.106 Pilophyllum Schltr. (1)

233.107 Platanthera Rich. (1)

233.108 Plocoglottis Blume (4)

233.109 Poaephyllum Ridl. (1)

233.110 Podochilus Blume (4)

233.111 Polystachya Hook. (1)

233.112 Pomatocalpa Breda, Kuhl & Hasselt (7)

233.113 Porpax Lindl. (1)

233.114 Porphyroglottis Ridl. (1)

233.115 Pristiglottis Cretz. & J.J.Sm. (1)

233.116 Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hassk. (8)

233.117 Renanthera Lour. (2)

233.118 Renantherella Ridl. (1)

233.119 Rhynchogyna Seidenf. & Garay (1)

233.120 Rhynchostylis Blume (2)

233.121 Rhytionanthos Garay, Hamer & Siegerist (1)

233.122 Robiquetia Gaudich. (1)

233.123 Sarcoglyphis Garay (1)

233.124 Sarcostoma Blume (1)

233.125 Schoenorchis Blume (3)

233.126 Smitinandia Holttum (1)

233.127 Spathoglottis Blume (6)

233.128 Spiranthes Rich. (1)

233.129 Staurochilus Rid. ex Pfitzer (2)

233.130 Stereosandra Blume (1)

233.131 Taeniophyllum Blume (16)

233.132 Tainia Blume (4)

233.133 Thecopus Seidenf. (2)

233.134 Thecostele Rchb.f. (1)

233.135 Thelasis Blume (5)

233.136 Thrixspermum Lour. (29)

233.137 Thunia Rchb.f. (1)

233.138 Trichoglottis Blume (6)

233.139 Trichotosia Blume (11)

233.140 Tropidia Lindl. (4)

233.141 Tuberolabium Yamam. (1)

233.142 Vanda Jones ex R.Br. (1)

232.143 Vandopsis Pfitzer (1)

232.144 Vanilla Mill. (5)

232.145 Ventricularia Garay (1)

232.146 Vrydagzynea Blume (3)

233.147 Zeuxine Lindl. (10)

234. PALMAE [32, 198]

234.1 Areca L. (4)

234.2 Arenga Labill. (5)

234.3 Borassodendron Becc. (1)

234.4 Calamus L. (60)

234.5 Calospatha Becc. (1)

234.6 Caryota L. (2)

234.7 Ceratolobus Blume (2)

234.8 Cocos L. (1)

234.9 Corypha L. (1)

234.10 Cyrtostachys Blume (1)

234.11 Daemonorops Blume (22)

234.12 Eleiodoxa (Becc.) Burret (1)

234.13 Eugeissona Griff. (2)

234.14 Iguanura Blume (4)

234.15 Johannesteijsmannia H.E. Moore (4) 234.24 Orania Zipp. (1)

234.16 Korthalsia Blume (9)

234.17 Licuala Thunb. (26)

234.18 Livistona R.Br. (4)

234.25 Phoenix L. (1)

234.26 Pholidocarpus Blume (2)

234.27 Pinanga Blume (19)

234.19 Maxburretia Furtado (2) 234.28 Plectocomia Mart. ex Blume (3)

234.20 Myrialepis Becc. (1) 234.29 Plectocomiopsis Becc. (4)

234.21 Nenga H.A. Wendl. & Drude (3) 234.32 Salacca Reinw. (7)

234.22 Nypa Steck (1) 234.31 Rhopaloblaste Scheff. (1)

234.23 Oncosperma Blume (2

) 234.30 Pogonotium J. Dransf. (1)

235. PANDANACEAE [2, 56]

235.1 Freycinetia Gaudich. (8) 235.2 Pandanus Parkinson (48)

236.1 Philydrum Banks ex Ga

237.1 Dianella Lam. (2)

238.1 Eichhornia Kunth (1)

239.1 Ruppia L. (1)

240.1 Leptocarpus R.Br. (1)

241.1 Heterosmilax Kunth (1)

242.1 Stemona Lour. (1)

236. PHILYDRACEAE [1, 1]

ertn. (1)

237. PHORMIACEAE [1, 2]

238. PONTEDERIACEAE [2, 4]

237.2 Monochoria C. Pres! (3)

239. POTOMAGETONACEAE [1, 1]

240. RESTIONACEAE [1, 1]

241. SMILACACEAE [2, 15]

241.2 Smilax L. (14)

242. STEMONACEAE [2, 2]

242.2 Stichoneuron Hook.f. (1)

243. TACCACEAE [1, 4]

243.1 Tacea J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (4)

244.1 Trichopus Gaertn. (1)

245.1 Sciaphila Blume (4)

246.1 Typha L. (1)

244. TRICHOPODACEAE [1, 1]

245. TRIURIDACEAE [1, 4]

246. TYPHACEAE [1, 1]

247. XYRIDACEAE [1, 7]

247.1 Xyris L. (7)

248. ZINGIBERACEAE [18, 150]

248.1 Alpinia Roxb. (23)

248.2 Amomum Roxb. (18)

248.3 Boesenbergia Kuntze (8)

248.4 Camptandra Rid. (3)

248.5 Curcuma L. (3)

248.6 Elettaria Maton (1)

248.7 Elettariopsis Baker (5)

248.8 Etlingera Giseke (10)

248.9 Geocharis (K.Schum.) Ridl. (2)

248.10 Geostachys (Baker) Ridl. (13)

248.11 Globba L. (15)

248.12 Haniffia Holttum (1)

248.13 Hedychium J. Konig (7)

248.14 Hornstedtia Retz. (7)

248.15 Kaempferia L. (2)

248.16 Plagiostachys Ridl. (3)

248.17 Scaphochlamys Baker (20)

248.18 Zingiber Boehm. (9)

The Catalogue

FMP = Flora of the Malay Peninsula by H.N. Ridley (vols. 1-5)

FMi = Flora Malesiana, series I (vols. 4-12)

FMnu = Flora Malesiana, series II (vols. 1-2)

TEM = Tree Flora of Malaya (vols. 1-4)

jl fe,

2.1.6

OS ee

2.1.10

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. ssp. debile (Roxb.) Hauke, H26 61, M09

209; herb of open sites and roadsides; Gg Ulu Kali and near -Raub, Ph.

LYCOPODIACEAE

Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis., 002 11; Lycopodium carinatum

Poir., T01 8, A12 226; epiphyte or terrestrial; lowland forest, sometimes on

limestone; Pn, KI, Tg, Ph, Sp.

Huperzia coralia (Spring) Holub, 002 11; epiphyte; montane forest; Pk.

Huperzia dalhousiana (Spring) Trevis.,002 12; Lycopodium dalhousianum

Spring, A13 228; epiphyte; lowland forest; Pn, Ph, MI.

Huperzia hippuris (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis., 002 14, Parris pers. comm.; once

from Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Huperzia nummulariifolia (Blume) T.C. Chambers & al., O02 17;

Lycopodium nummulariifolium Blume, T01 11; epiphyte; on tree trunks in

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, KI, Ph, Jh.

Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm., 002 18; Lycopodium phlegmaria L.,T01

10; epiphyte; common on forest trees; widespread.

Huperzia phlegmarioides (Gaudich.) Rothm., O02 18, P11, A12 232,

pendulous epiphyte.

Huperzia phyllantha (Hook.f. & Arn.) Holub, 002 18; epiphyte; lower

montane forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, NS, Sp.

Huperzia pinifolia Trevis., 002 18, P11; Lycopodium piscium (Herter)

Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki, T01 10; on trees or rocks.

Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murr.) Trevis., 002 20; Lycopodium serratum

Thunb. ex Murr., T01 7; terrestrial; dense forest above 1000 m; Ph.

rH |

y Be

pie S

Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis., 002 21; Lycopodium squarrosum

G.Forst., T01 9; epiphyte; on forest trees, including mangroves, to mid-

altitudes; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph.

Huperzia tetrasticha (Kunze) Holub, O02 22; epiphytic or terrestrial; K1,

Ph, NS.

Parris also [P11] includes two sp. nov. in her list.

Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pic.Serm., 002 25; Lycopodium carolinianum

L., K46 197; terrestrial; open sites on poor soils; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm., 002 25; Lycopodium cernuum L.,T01

12; terrestrial; common in open sites on poor soils to 1200 m; widespread.

Lycopodium casuarinoides Spring, O02 36; terrestrial; montane forest; Kd,

Tg, Pk, Ph, MI, Jh.

Lycopodium clavatum L., 002 38, P11; terrestrial; mountains; Pk, Ph.

Lycopodium platyrhizoma Wilce, W17 150, 002 63; terrestrial; above 1300

Lycopodium volubile G. Forst., 002 77, P11; terrestrial; Pn.

Lycopodium wightianum Wall. ex Grev. & Hook., W17 128, O02 77;

terrestrial; mountain-tops at about 2000 m.

PSILOTACEAE

Psilotum complanatum Sw., T01 6; Psilotum flaccidum Wall.; epiphyte; on

tree trunks in light shade.

Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv., T01 5; Psilotum triquetrum Sw.; often

epiphytic; on mossy tree trunks to mid-altitudes.

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella alutacia Spring, W24 120; terrestrial; lowland and montane

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Selaginella argentea (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Spring, W24 121; terrestrial;

lowland and hill forest, including limestone; Kd, Pn, Ph.

Selaginella caulescens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Spring, W24 121; terrestrial;

forests; twice from Pk.

Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring, W24 122; poorly known.

4.1.10a

4.1.10b

4.1.11

4.1.12

4.1.13

4.1.14

4.1.15

4.1.16

4.1.17

4.1.18

4.1.19

4.1.20

4.1.21

Selaginella cuprea Ridl., W24 122; terrestrial; lowland to montane forest;

Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Selaginella curtisii Ridl., W24 122; terrestrial; only known from type, Gg

Bujong Malacca, Pk; endemic.

Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston, W24 123; terrestrial; often on

limestone; Ps, Kd, Pn, Ph, SI.

Selaginella frondosa Warb., W24 123; terrestrial; lowland forest; K1, Pk,

Ph, Sl, Jh.

Selaginella griffithii Spring, W24 123; terrestrial; only recorded from P.

Langkawi.

Selaginella intermedia (Blume) Spring var. dolichocentra K.M. Wong, W24

125; terrestrial; hill tops and mountains; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Selaginella intermedia (Blume) Spring var. intermedia, W24 124; terrestrial;

lowlands to mountain tops; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Selaginella longiaristata Hieron., W24 126; MI.

Selaginella mayeri Hieron., W24 126; terrestrial; from lowlands to highlands

and on limestone; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Selaginella minutifolia Spring, W24 127; terrestrial; lowlands and mountains;

Kd, Ph, Sl.

Selaginella mirabilis Parris, ined., P13 6; Taman Negara, Ph; endemic.

Selaginella morgani Zeiller, W24 127; terrestrial; mountains; Pk, Ph;

endemic.

Selaginella ornata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, W24 127; terrestrial; mostly in

hills and mountains; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, NS.

Selaginella padangensis Hieron., W24 128; terrestrial; lowland forests; Pk,

Ph, St

Selaginella plana (Desv.) Hieron., W24 128; terrestrial; few collections -

Pn, Ph.

Selaginella polita Ridl., W24 129; terrestrial; mountains; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Selaginella repanda (Desv.) Spring; W24 129; terrestrial; Ps.

Selaginella ridleyi Baker, W24 129; terrestrial; known only from type; on

rocks in stream, Mt Ophir, MI; endemic.

4.1.22

4.1.23a

4.1.23b

4.1.24

4.1.25

4.1.26

4.1.27

4.1.28

4.1.29

Selaginella rivalis Ridl., W24 130; terrestrial; roadsides and tracks; Ph, Sl;

endemic.

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring var. roxburghii, W24 130;

terrestrial; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring var. strigosa (Ridl.) K.M.

Wong, W24 131; terrestrial; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Ph, Jh; endemic

variety.

Selaginella scabrida Ridl., W24 131; terrestrial; Ph; endemic.

Selaginella selangorensis Bedd. ex Ridl., W24 131; terrestrial; lowlands to

mountains; Pn, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Selaginella stipulata (Blume) Spring, W24 132; terrestrial; mostly in the

mountains; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Selaginella strigosa Bedd., W24 133; terrestrial; mountain tops; Sl, NS, Jh;

endemic.

Selaginella wallichii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, W24 133; terrestrial; lowlands

to mountains; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker, W24 133; terrestrial; lowlands to

mountains, including limestone; Kd, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Jh, Sp.

ADIANTACEAE

Adiantum capillus-veneris L., H45 600, P19 417; terrestrial or epilithic;

exposed places in lowlands; north of Malaya.

Adiantum caudatum L., H45 599 in a small part, H45 638; terrestrial; once

collected from Tasek Chenderoh, Pk.

Adiantum flabellulatum L., H45 603, P19 419; terrestrial; on rocks and

banks in the lowlands; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sp.

Adiantum fructuosum Spreng., T05 127; large terrestrial fern; on shaded

earth banks; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Adiantum hispidulum Sw., H45 603; terrestrial; on earth banks around

Singapore; presumed native.

Adiantum latifolium Lam., P19 420; terrestrial; weed of lightly shaded

places; naturalized from tropical America.

5.1.10

5.1.11

a1.12

> we |

3.22

5.2.3

5.4.1

5.4.2

5.6.1

5.7.1

a Wy

Adiantum malesianum Ghatak, H45 638, C13 207, P19 416; Adiantum

caudatum sensu Holttum, H43 599 in the major part; common on limestone

rocks; north of Malaya.

Adiantum philippense L., H45 598; on limestone in the north.

Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook., H45 598, C13 207; on limestone in

the north.

Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, H45 602, P19 418; frequent on rocks near

the sea; widespread.

Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn, H45 638, C13 207; Adiantum caudatum

L. var. subglabrum Holttum, nom. nud., H45 600; on limestone; Ps, Kd.

Adiantum sp. aff. rhizophorum, H45 638, P11; limestone; once from Gg

Tempurong, Pk.

Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr., H45 591; terrestrial; in forest under

light shade; in the north.

Cheilanthes contigua Baker, Q01 515; terrestrial; one collection at BM from

Malaya, no exact location.

Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf., H45 592, C13 207, P19 413; terrestrial;

at base of limestone outcrops; Bt Baling, Kd, and Bt Chintamani, Ph.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw.,H45 590, P19 412; terrestrial; common

on banks and rocks in exposed places at low altitudes; widespread.

Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Fée ex Diels, H45 589, P19 423; terrestrial;

near streams in montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Doryopteris allenae Tryon, H45 638, C13 208; creeping fern; shady crevices

in limestone; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm.,H45 594, P19 414; on limestone;

Ps, Kd, Pk, Sl.

Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) T. Moore, H45 596, C13 208, P19 427; on rocks,

usually limestone; in the north.

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, H45 593, P01 660, P19 424; terrestrial;

open, disturbed ground at all altitudes; K], Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Sp; naturalized

from the Neotropics.

Syngramma alismifolia (C. Pres!) J.Sm.,H45 581 in part, H46 329; terrestrial;

damp places in forests; widespread.

Syngramma borneensis (Hook.) J.Sm., H45 582, H48 332; terrestrial; in

forest on mountain ridges; Gg Panti and Gg Ledang, Jh.

S43

5.7.4

5.7.6

S77

3:8.

5.8.2

5.8.3

Syngramma cartilagidens (Baker) Diels, H45 583, H48 332; on wet shady

rocks in forest streams; Ph, Sl], Jh.

Syngramma coriacea (Copel.) Holttum, H48 330; Syngramma quinata auct.

non (Hook.) Carr, H45 580; terrestrial; in moist forest; Taiping Hills, Pk.

Syngramma dayi (Bedd.) Bedd., H45 582, H48 332; on exposed quartzite

ridges; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Syngramma minima Holttum, H45 585, H48 332; on quartzite near the

summit of Gg Panti, Jh; endemic.

Syngramma wallichii (Hook.) Bedd., H48 330, P19 422; Syngramma

alismifolia auct. non (C. Presl) J. Sm., H45 581 in part; terrestrial; shady

stream valleys in lowlands and hills.

Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw., H45 586, P19 437; terrestrial; common

at forest edges and in plantations; widespread.

Taenitis dimorpha Holttum, H45 588, P19 439; terrestrial; dryish banks in

mid-montane forests; Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Taenitis interrupta Hook. & Grev., H45 587, P19 438; terrestrial; damp

shady spots in lowland forest; widespread.

ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium affine Sw., P19 286; Asplenium spathulinum J.Sm. ex Hook.,

H45 439; epiphyte and on rocks; shaded mountain valleys.

Asplenium batuense Alderw., H45 423, P19 271; climbing on tree trunks;

damp forest to 1000 m.

Asplenium borneense Hook., H45 436; on rocks by streams to 1000 m; Pk,

P. Tioman.

Asplenium caudatum G. Forst., H45 428, P19 276; epiphyte, sometimes on

rocks; montane forest.

Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett., H45 435; near streams; Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Asplenium excisum C. Presl, H45 439; on rocks in, and near, streams;

Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., E01 163; epiphyte; lowland

forest; once from Temengor F.R., Pk.

6.1.10

6.1.11

6.1.12

6.1.13

6.1.14

6.1.15

6.1.16

6.1.17

6.1.18

6.1.19

6.1.20

6.1.21

6.1.22

6.1.23

6.1.24

Asplenium longissimum Blume, H45 427, P19 274; epiphyte, often on palm

and bamboo stems; widespread.

Asplenium macrophyllum Sw., H45 431, P19 278; on trees and rocks;

lowland and lower montane forest

Asplenium musifolium J.Sm. ex Mett., H47 149; Asplenium nidus L. var.

musifolium (J.Sm. ex Mett.) Alderw., H45 419; epiphyte; lowland forest.

Asplenium nidus L., H45 419, H47 148, P19 267; common epiphyte;

lowlands and mountains; throughout.

Asplenium nitidum Sw., T03 286; Asplenium glaucophyllum Alderw., H45

440, P19 287; epiphyte; lowlands and hills; common on oil palm in the south.

Asplenium normale D. Don, H45 436, P19 283; on rocks and mossy ground;

montane forest at 750-1500 m.

Asplenium paradoxum Blume, H45 430, P19 277; on rocks and trees;

| lowland and hill forest.

Asplenium pellucidum Lam.,H45 428, P19 275; on trees and rocks, including

limestone; lowlands and hills.

Asplenium perakense C.G. Matthew & H. Christ, H45 429; epiphyte;

montane forest; Taiping Hills, Pk & Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don ssp. malesicum Holttum, H47 153, P19 268;

Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don, H45 420; on trees and rocks; lowlands and

hills.

Asplenium polyodon G. Forst, M57 30, P11; Asplenium adiantoides (L.)

C.Chr., H45 431, C13 207, P19 279; on rocks, often limestone; in the north.

Asplenium robustum Blume, H45 442, P19 288; epiphyte; montane forest.

Asplenium salignum Blume, H45 421, P19 270; on rocks at low altitudes,

epiphyte in mountains.

Asplenium scalare Rosenst., H45 425, P19 272; on rocks or trees by streams;

montane forest.

Asplenium scolopendrioides J.Sm. ex Hook.; H45 422; low-level epiphyte;

lowland forest; Ph, P. Tioman.

Asplenium scortechinii Bedd., H45 420, P19 269; epiphyte; montane forest

at 900-1800m; Pk, Ph.

Asplenium sublaserpitiifolium Ching, H45 441; once collected on P. Tioman

at sea level.

6.1.25

6.1.26

G27

6.1.28

6.1.29

8.2.1

8.34

Asplenium subnormale Copel., H45 437, P19 284; known from two

localities; Sl, P. Tioman.

Asplenium tenerum G. Forst., H45 432 incl. var. retusum C. Chr., P19 280;

epiphyte; lowland and montane forest.

Asplenium thunbergii Kunze, H45 634, P19 282; Asplenium belangeri (Bory)

Kunze, H45 434; epiphyte found near the bases of trees; lowland and hill

forest.

Asplenium unilaterale Lam., H45 438, P19 285; on rocks and stream banks;

lowland and hill forest to 1200 m.

Asplenium vittiforme Cav., P12 28; Asplenium squamulatum Blume, H45

426, C13 209, P19 273; on rocks, including limestone; lowlands; KI], Ph, SI.

AZOLLACEAE

Azolla pinnata R.Br. ssp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler, $06 349;

Azolla pinnata R.Br., H45 622; Azolla pinnata R.Br. var. imbricata (Roxb.

ex Groff.) Bonap., P19 445; small free-floating fern; abundant in pools and

rice-paddies; widespread.

BLECHNACEAE

Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., H45 445, P19 339;

terrestrial; in forest shade to 500 m; widespread.

Blechnum fraseri (A.Cunn.) Luerss., H45 635 incl. var. philippinense H.

Christ, P19 406; terrestrial; upper montane forest; Gg Brinchang, Ph.

Blechnum orientale L., H45 446, P19 400; terrestrial; common in open sites;

lowlands and mountains; widespread.

Blechnum patersonii (R.Br.) Mett., H45 635, P19 405; on wet rocks in

montane forest; Gg Brinchang, Ph.

Blechnum serrulatum A. Rich., P11; Blechnum indicum auct. non Burm.f,

H45 446, P19 4; terrestrial; open, wet places near the sea; widespread.

Blechnum vestitum (Blume) Kuhn, H45 449, P19 403; terrestrial; exposed

mountain ridges and summits.

Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm., H45 450, P19 409; cycad-like tree fern; Tg,

Ph, Jh.

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd., H45 412, P19 410; commonly found

climbing and scrambling at forest edges; widespread.

8.4.1

10.1.1

10.1.2

10.1.3

10.1.4

10.1.5

10.1.6

10.1.7

10.1.8

10.1.9

10.1.10

Woodwardia auriculata Blume, H45 450, P19 408; terrestrial; montane

forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

CHEIROPLEURIACEAE

Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C. Presl, H45 136, P19 104; on shady, dryish

rocks and banks; hills at 500-1500 m.

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea alleniae Holttum, FM 109, H49 45; tree-fern to 4 m tall; disturbed

montane forest at 1100-1200 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Cyathea alternans (Wall. ex Hook.) C. Presl, H45 119, FM 145, H49 49,

P19 92; tree-fern to 2 m tall; open forest in lowlands and hills to 1430 m;

KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, NS.

| Cyathea borneensis Copel., FMl 110, H49 45, P19 97; Cyathea obtusata

Rosenst., H43 121; tree-fern to 5 m; in damp, shady forest at 100 m—1200

m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., H45 119, FM 135, H49

49, P17 93; terrestrial; common at edges and clearings of hill forest up to

2000 m.

Cyathea excavata Holttum, FMn1 94, H49 46; tree-fern to 2 m; montane

forest edges and clearings at 1170-1900 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph;

endemic.

Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum, H45 128, FMn1 124, H49 48;

terrestrial; open places to 350 m; P. Langkawi, Pn, Pk.

Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel., H45 127, FM 120, H49 48, P19 102; tree-

fern; in damp forest to 1700 m; Ps, Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Cyathea hymenodes Mett., FM 89, H49 44, P19 96; Cyathea latebrosa

(Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. var. indusiata Holttum, H45 121; tree-fern to 3.5

m; montane forest at 700—2200 m; Ph, Jh.

Cyathea incisoserrata Copel., FM 113, H49 46; tree-fern to 4 m; forest

edges and clearings to 1400 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., H45 120, FMnl 115, H49 47,

P17 95; tree-fern to 3 m; open forest in lowlands and hills to 2000 m;

widespread.

10.1.11

10.1.12

10.1.13

10.1.14

10.1.15

10.1.16

10.1.17

10.1.18

10.1.19

10.1.20

ts i

tr 2

11:43

11.1.4a

11.1.4b

Cyathea lurida (Blume) Copel., FM 121, H49 47, P19 101; Cyathea kingii

(C.B. Clarke) Copel., H45 126; terrestrial, often trunkless; montane forest

at 1250-2220 m; Pk, Ph.

Cyathea moluccana R.Br., FM 143, H49 48, P19 91; Cyathea brunonis

(J.Sm.) Wall. ex Hook., H45 117; trunk to 50 cm tall; common in secondary

forest to 1300 m; Kd, Pl, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Cyathea obscura (Scort.) Copel., H45 124, FMnl 152, H49 50, P19 98;

terrestrial; hill forest at 900-2000 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI.

Cyathea oosora Holttum, FMII1 563; tree-fern; P. Tioman.

Cyathea polypoda Baker, H45 122, FMn1 151, H49 50; tree-fern to 3 m; on

ridges in lower montane forest at 1100-1300 m; Pk, Jh.

Cyathea recommutata Copel., H45 125, FMnl 118, H49 47, P19 100; tree-

fern about 3 m tall; in shaded montane forest at 600—1800 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel., H45 122, FMm1 152, H49 51; tree-

fern to 2 m tall; in lowland forest to 300 m; Pn, Pk, SI, Jh, Sp.

Cyathea sumatrana Baker, FMn1 91, H49 44; tree-fern; few collections; Sl.

Cyathea trichodesma (Scort.) Copel., FMi1 150, H49 50, P19 99; Cyathea

burbridgei auct. non (Baker) Copel., H45 631; tree fern to 4.5 m; swampy,

lowland forest to 430 m; Pk, Ph, SI, NS.

Cyathea tripinnata Copel., H45 120, FM 140, H49 48; tree-fern up to 4-5

m; recorded at 270 m on P. Tioman.

DAVALLIACEAE

Davallia angustata Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., N13 173; Humata angustata

(Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm., H45 367, P19 388; epiphyte and epilith; at

higher altitudes in the north; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Davallia corniculata T. Moore, H45 359, P19 394, N13 177; epiphyte; hill

and montane forest; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn, H45 359, P19 392, N13 178;

common lowland epiphyte; up to 500 m; throughout.

Davallia divaricata Blume var. dimorpha (Holttum) Noot., N13 180;

Davallia dimorpha Holttum, H45 362; epiphyte in montane forest; thrice

from Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic variety.

Davallia divaricata Blume var. divaricata, H45 362, P19 398, N13 180;

epiphytic and epilithic; lower montane forest at 600-1200 m.

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Davallia heterophylla J.Sm., N13 185; Humata heterophylla (J.Sm.) Desv.,

H45 366, P19 387; usually on rocks near the sea.

Davallia hymenophylloides (Blume) Kuhn, N13 186; Araiostegia

hymenophylloides (Blume) Copel., H45 363, P19 386, N12 171; epiphyte

or rock plant; montane forest at 600-1200 m; widespread.

Davallia parvula Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., N13 189; Humata parvula (Wall.

ex Hook. & Grev.) Mett., H45 369; epiphyte; on old mangrove trees; Jh,

Sp.

Davallia pectinata J.Sm., N13 189; Humata pectinata (J.Sm.) Desv., H45

369; on rocks and trees near the sea, limestone inland; P. Langkawi, K]1, Ph,

Ml, Jh, Sp.

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn, N13 192; Humata repens (L-f.) Diels, H45 371,

P19 390; Humata vestita (Blume) T. Moore, H45 370, P19 389; on rocks

and trees in lowland and montane forest; throughout.

Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw., H45 360, P19 395, N13 202; common on

trees and rocks near the sea; up to 300 m; throughout.

Davallia trichomanioides Blume var. lorrainii (Hance) Holttum, H45 361,

P19 397; on trees and rocks in montane forest; Kd, Pn, SI, NS.

Davallia trichomanioides Blume var. trichomanioides, H45 361, P19 396,

N13 206; on trees and rocks in montane forest.

Davallia triphylla Hook., H45 357, P19 391, N13 210; epiphyte in lowland

forest; Tg, Pk, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C. Presl, H45 352, N12 185; epiphytic

and terrestrial; once collected from Gg Tahan, Ph.

Leucostegia pallida (Mett.) Copel., H45 353, P19 385, N12 186; in light

shade in hills and mountains; Pk.

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

Dennstaedtia ampla (Baker) Bedd., H45 304, P19 234; under forest shade

in hills and mountains; Pk, Ph.

Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm., H45 391, P19 246; terrestrial; lowlands

and uplands; widespread.

Histiopteris stipulacea (Hook.) Copel., H45 391, P19 247; terrestrial; forest

edges in the mountains at about 1500 m.

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Hypolepis brooksiae Alderw., H45 317, B36 235, P19 240; a prickly

scrambling fern; mountain clearings at 1050-1500 m; Pk, Ph.

Hypolepis pallida (Blume) Hook., B36 269; Hypolepis punctata sensu Bedd.,

H45 318 in part; Hypolepis beddomei Nair & Ghosh, P19 241; scrambling

fern; grassy gaps in hill forest at 1050-1550 m; Pk, SI.

Hypolepis polypodioides (Blume) Hook., B36 243; once collected on Gg

Ulu Kali, Ph.

Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn, H45 318 in part, B36 250;

edges of montane forest at 1050-1440 m; Gg Hijau, Pk, & Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Hypolepis scabristipes Brownsey, B36 238; scrambler of mountain forest

edges; Gg Ulu Kali and Gg Batu Brinchang, Ph.

Lindsaea borneensis Hook. ex Baker, H45 331, FM 225; in lowland forests

to 700 m, often on rocks

Lindsaea bouillodii H. Christ, FMnl1 204, P19 266; Schizoloma tenerum

sensu Holttum, H43 348; floors of damp montane forests at 300-1400 m.

Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw., FMnl 222; Lindsaea decomposita Willd.,

H45 333, P19 260; under forest shade to 1300 m.

Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev., FMu1 233; Isoloma divergens (Hook.

& Grev.) J.Sm., H45 337; under forest shade to 800 m.

Lindsaea doryophora K.U. Kramer, FM 227, P19 254; Lindsaea scandens

Hook. var. terrestris Holttum, nom. inval., H45 327; in forests to 1300 m.

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. ssp. coriacea (Alderw.) K.U. Kramer, FM 212;

P19 265 in part; Schizoloma ensifolium (Sw.) J.Sm., H43 346 in part; acidic

swamp forests; Jh, Sp.

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. ssp. ensifolia, FM 212; P19 265 in part; Schizoloma

ensifolium (Sw.) J.Sm., H45 346 in part; open places in lowlands and hills

to 1000 m.

Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand., FMu1 210, P19 264; Schizoloma

heterophyllum (Dryand.) J.Sm., H45 345; open or slightly shaded places to

1100 m.

Lindsaea integra Holttum, FMn1 223; Lindsaea nitida auct. non Copel.,

H45 333; on rocks by streams in forest at 100-1200 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Lindsaea javanensis Blume, FM 208; Schizoloma javanense (Blume)

Holttum, H45 349; in forests to 1400 m.

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Lindsaea lobata Poir., FM 219; a few doubtful collections.

Lindsaea lucida Blume, H45 328, FM 233, P19 255; shaded stream banks

in lowlands and hills to 1600 m.

Lindsaea malayensis Holttum, H45 335, FMunl 217, P19 262; terrestrial in

shady montane forests at 1200-2000 m; Pk, Ph.

Lindsaea napaea Alderw., H45 330, FMml 217, P19 258; on the ground and

rocks in lower montane forest at 1000-1300 m; Kd, K1, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, MI.

Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw., FM 236, P19 252; Lindsaea pectinata auct.

non Blume, H43 324; usually climbing on tree trunks in hill forest at 800-

1800 m.

Lindsaea obtusa J.Sm. ex Hook., FMul 218; Lindsaea davallioides auct.

non Blume, H45 332; terrestrial; lowland forest to 1500 m.

Lindsaea odorata Roxb., FMul 228, P19 256; Lindsaea cultrata auct. non

(Willd.) Sw., H45 328; on banks and rocks; commoner in the mountains, to

2000 m; Pk, Ph.

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U.

Kramer, FMm1 207; Schizoloma orbiculatum (Lam.) Kuhn, H45 344 in part;

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn, P19 263 in part; usually on rocks

near the sea, sometimes inland to 500 m.

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn var. orbiculata, FM 206;

Schizoloma orbiculatum (Lam.) Kuhn, H45 344 in part; Lindsaea orbiculata

(Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn, P19 263 in part; usually on rocks near the sea,

sometimes inland to 500 m.

Lindsaea ovata J.Sm., FM 231; Isoloma ovatum (J.Sm.) C. Presl, H45

338; terrestrial and epilithic to 1000 m.

Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw., H45 335, FMirl 220, P19 261;

understorey of hill forests to 1200 m.

Lindsaea parastica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron., FM 244; Lindsaea scandens

Hook., H45 325, P19 253; epiphyte, occasionally terrestrial; forests to 1100

Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn,

FMul 239; Lindsaea macraeana (Hook. & Arn.) Copel., H45 324; Lindsaea

repens (Bory) Thwaites, P19 251; forest epiphyte; mostly 600-1500 m.

Lindsaea rigida J.Sm. ex Hook., H45 330, FMul 245, P19 257; on trees,

rocks or the ground in montane forest at 1000-2000 m.

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Lindsaea walkerae Hook., FMil 229; Schizoloma walkerae (Hook.) Kuhn,

H45 344; moist open places, swamps & streamsides; lowlands and hills to

1200 m.

Microlepia puberula Alderw., H45 312; three collections from lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Microlepia ridleyi Copel., H45 313; lowland forest near streams; Pk, Ph,

SI.

Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore var. hancei (Prantl) C.Chr. & Tardieu,

H45 315, P19 237; grassy places in the lowlands.

Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore var. villosissima C.Chr., H45 315, P19

238; lowlands including on limestone.

Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C. Presl, H45 310; in forest; Pk, P. Langkawi.

Microlepia todayensis H. Christ, H45 310, P19 235; upper montane forest;

Pk; Ph.

Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn, H45 313, P19 236; rocky stream

beds at about 1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. var. chinensis, P12 151; Sphenomeris

chinensis (L.) Maxon var. chinensis, FMir1 183, P19 248; terrestrial and on

rocks in open places; commonest at 800-1500 m.

Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. var. divaricata H. Christ, P11;

Sphenomeris chusana (L.) Copel. var. tenuifolia (Sw.) C.Chr., H45 341;

Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon var. divaricata (H. Christ) K.U. Kramer,

FM 183, P19 248; open places in lowlands and mountains, mostly above

700 m.

Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. var. rheophila (K.U. Kramer) Parris ined.,

P11; Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon var. rheophila K.U. Kramer, FMnt

183; by torrents and waterfalls at 100-500 m; Pn.

Paesia elmeri Copel., P19 242; Hypolepis bivalvis Alderw., H45 318; sticky

fern of quartz ridges on mountains; Fraser’s Hill and Gg Tahan, Ph.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. wightianum (J. Agardh) R.M. Tryon,

P19 243; Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, H45 389; forming thickets in the

mountains.

Pteridium esculentum (G. Forst.) Cockayne, H45 390, P11; Pteridium

caudatum (L.) Maxon ssp. yarrabense (Domin) Parris, P17 245; commonly

forming thickets in the lowlands.

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Saccoloma kingii (Bedd.) Parris, P12 151; Orthiopteris kingii (Bedd.)

Holttum, H45 306, P19 239; near shaded streams in the mountains at about

1000 m; Pk, Ph.

Tapeinidium biserratum (Blume) Alderw., FM 194, P11; terrestrial.

Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U. Kramer, FM 193, P19 250:

Tapeinidium biserratum auct. non (Blume) Alderw., H45 339; steep rocky

slopes by shady streams in the hills at 600-1500 m.

Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr., H45 339, FMil 193, P19 249; in shady

forests, often on rocks by streams; commonest at 500-1000 m.

DICKSONIACEAE

Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm., H45 114, FM 165, P19 90; openings in

forest; lowlands to mountains at 1600 m.

DIPTERIDACEAE

Dipteris conjugata Reinw., H45 135, P19 103; terrestrial; common in clearings

in the mountains, occasional lower down; usually at 300-1500 m.

Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore var. binervis Ridl.,H45 135; rheophyte;

Sg Teku on Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic variety.

Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore var. lobbiana, H45 133; rheophyte;

lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Dipteris novoguineensis Posth., H45 136; on exposed mountain ridges;

collected once at about 2000 m on Gg Tahan, Ph.

DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Acrophorus nodosus C-. Presl, P19 318; Acrophorus blumei Ching, H45 481;

high mountain summit forests.

Arachniodes aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale, H45 635; Polystichopsis aristata

(G. Forst.) Holttum, H45 486; rocky banks of Sg Tahan, Ph at about 150 m.

Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching, H45 635, T03 344; Polystichopsis

chinensis (Rosenst.) Holttum, H45 486; collected once near a stream at

about 1000 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

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Arachniodes haniffii (Holttum) Ching, H45 635, P19 323; Polystichopsis

haniffii (Holttum) Holttum, H45 485; forested valleys at high altitudes;

endemic.

Arachniodes puncticulata (Alderw.) Ching, H45 635; Polystichopsis

puncticulata (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 487; mountain tops at 1500-2000

im Pk, Pi.

Ctenitis subobscura (H. Christ) Holttum, FMn2 31; Ctenitis manii auct. non

(Hope) Ching, H45 497; on rocks and banks in forests.

Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching, H45 496, P19 327, FMi2 30; near forest streams

in lowlands and hills.

Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr., H45 527, P19 328, FMn2 117; on rocks,

usually limestone, in forest.

Didymochlaena trunculata (Sw.) J.Sm., H45 483, P19 325; montane forests.

Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr., P19 321; terrestrial; known from one rock

outcrop in NS.

Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C. Chr., F19 436; Polystichopsis hasseltii

(Blume) Holttum, H45 487; Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching, H45 635,

P19 324; in forest at mid-elevations; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kunze, H45 635, F19 332; terrestrial; montane

forest and its margins; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Dryopteris polita Rosenstock, H45 492, P19 321; terrestrial; rare in montane

forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Dryopteris sparsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze, H45 492, P19 320, F17

438; terrestrial; understorey of lower montane forest; Maxwell Hill, Pk,

Fraser’s Hill & Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Dryopteris subarborea (Baker) C.Chr., H45 491, P19 319; terrestrial or

epiphytic in montane forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum, H45 522, C13 210, FMn2 112;

terrestrial; on limestone; north of Malaya.

Heterogonium giganteum (Blume) Holttum, FMmn2 114; Heterogonium

saxicola (Blume) Holttum, H45 525, P19 337; terrestrial; shady valleys in

hills to 1000 m.

Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum, H45 524, C13 210, P19 336,

FMII2 115; terrestrial; mostly on limestone; north of Malaya.

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Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum, H45 520, P19 334, FMn2 108;

terrestrial; lowland forest to 800 m.

Piggott [P19 335] included a record of Heterogonium wigmanii (Racib.)

Holttum [FMn2 109] in her account. B.S. Parris (pers. comm.) has been

unable to find any material to confirm its occurrence well outside its known

range.

Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Mett., P12 151; Diacalpe aspidioides Blume,

H45 481, P19 317; exposed, wet places near mountain tops.

Pleocnemia conjugata (Blume) C. Presl, P19 330, FMn2 16; terrestrial;

lightly shaded places in the lowlands; north of the Peninsula.

Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum, P19 331, FMmz2 17; terrestrial:

open places in forests at 800-1400 m.

Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum, P19 333, FMn2 12; Arcypteris

irregularis (C. Presl) Ching, H45 538; terrestrial; common in lightly shaded

areas.

Pleocnemia olivacea (Copel.) Holttum, P19 331, FMmz2 19; terrestrial; rocky

places in lowland forest.

Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex Ridl., H45 489, C13 213; terrestrial;

limestone hills; K1, Ph, SI.

Polystichum prolificans Alderw., H45 490; on rocks in shady valleys in the

hills.

Pteridrys acutissima Ching, H45 531, FMm2 7; poorly known species; Pk.

Pteridrys australis Ching, H45 532, P19 329, FMmz2 7; on rocks near partially

shaded streams to 900 m; SI.

Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching, H45 530, C13 213, FMn2 5;

shaded places; on limestone; in the north.

Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr., H45 511, P19 343, FMn2 85; on rocks

near forest streams.

Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel., H45 508, P19 340, FMmz2 52; terrestrial;

wet shady places in lowland forests.

Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V. Morton, FMu2 70; Tectaria

variolosa sensu Holttum, H45 506 in part; rocky places in north.

Tectaria cherasica Holttum, FMn2 71; known only from type, on limestone,

Bt Cheras, Ph; endemic.

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Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr. var minor Holttum, P19 338, FMn2 59;

Tectaria macrodonta auct. non (Fée) C.Chr., H45 505; on limestone; Ps, P.

Langkawi; endemic variety.

Tectaria crenata Cav., H45 510, FMn2 80; terrestrial; lowland and hill forest;

widespread.

Tectaria curtisii Holttum var. curtisii, FM2 70; on limestone; near Ipoh,

Pk; endemic.

Tectaria curtisii Holttum var. hendersonii Holttum, FMn2 71; Gg Senyum,

Ph, endemic.

Tectaria decurrens (C. Presl) Copel., H45 635, FMn2 90; terrestrial; lowland

and hill forest; Pk.

Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel., H45 505, C13 214, FMn2 57; on limestone.

Tectaria fauriei Tagawa, FMn2 77; rheophyte; Ph.

Tectaria fissa (Kunze) Holttum, FMn2 87; Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex

Hook.) Copel. var. cuneifolia Bonap., H45 518; Tectaria rumicifolia (Ridl.)

C.Chr., H45 519; Tectaria oligophylla (Rosenst.) C.Chr., P19 352; terrestrial;

forest to 1200 m.

Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum, H45 514, P19 348, FMn2 92; on

rocks in forest.

Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. var. griffithii, P19 339, FMn2 54; Tectaria

multicaudata (C.B. Clarke) Ching, H45 507 in part; terrestrial; lowland

forest.

Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. var. singaporeana Holttum, FMu2 55;

Tectaria multicaudata (C.B. Clarke) Ching, H45 507 in part; terrestrial;

lowland forest; Bukit Timah, Sp; endemic variety.

Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum, H45 636, FMn2 89; on humus covered

rocks at 600 m; off road to the Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum, FMn2 51; Tectaria variolosa (Hook.)

C.Chr., H45 506 in part; limestone forest; P. Langkawi.

Tectaria keckii (Luersson) C.Chr., P19 349, FMn2 72; Tectaria amplifolia

(Alderw.) C.Chr., H45 515, C13 214; shady places on limestone; north of

Malaya.

Tectaria manilensis (C. Pres) Holttum var. chupengensis (Ridl.) Holttum,

FMn2 45; Lastreopsis parishii (Hook.) Ching var. chupengensis (Ridl.)

Holttum, H45 498; on limestone; Chupeng, Ps; endemic variety.

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Tectaria manilensis (C. Pres!) Holttum var. manilensis, FMm2 45; Lastreopsis

parishii (Hook.) Ching var. parishii, H45 498; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Tectaria melanocaula (Blume) Copel., H45 636, P19 350, FMn2 66;

terrestrial; lower montane forest at about 1000 m; Cameron Highlands,

Ph.

Tectaria semibipinnata (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., H45 515, FMn2 73;

terrestrial; muddy river banks in the tidal zone.

Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V. Morton, P19 347, FMn2 78; Tectaria

maingayi (Baker) C.Chr., H45 509; terrestrial; lowland forest.

Tectaria setulosa (Baker) Holttum, FMm2 47; Tectaria ingens sensu Holttum,

H45 503; wet ground under wild bananas at 1850 m; Ph.

Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel., FMm2 84; Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.)

C.Chr., H45 516; limestone; Pk, Ph.

‘Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching, P19 351, FMm2 67; terrestrial; rocky places

and steep slopes in hill forest at 600-900 m; Main Range.

Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.) Copel., H45 512, P19 345, FMn2

100; terrestrial; lowland forest.

Tectaria translucens Holttum, FMm2 71; limestone crevices and forest

nearby; Ph; endemic.

Tectaria tricuspis (Bedd.) Copel., FMn2 91; terrestrial; lowland forest; Pk.

Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel., H45 512, P19 346, FMn2 92; terrestrial;

lowland and hill forest and plantations.

Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge, FMm2 75; Quercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.)

Copel., H45 528, P19 353 ‘zeylanica’; terrestrial; earth banks and streamsides

in shade; P. Tioman.

GLEICHENIACEAE

Dicranopteris curranii Copel., FMul 31, P19 59; Gleichenia linearis

(Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var. malayana Alderw., H45 68; thicket-forming

terrestrial fern; lowlands and hills to 1500 m; widespread.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. alternans (Mett.) Holttum,

FMu1 36; Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var. irregularis Alderw.,

H45 68; thicket-forming terrestrial; lowlands to 500 m.

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Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. altissima (Holttum) Holttum,

FMul 36, H45 630; Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var. altissima

Holttum, H45 69; thicket-forming fern; edge of lowland forests.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. inaeqaulis (Rosenst.)

Holttum, FM 36, H45 631, P19 631; thicket-forming fern; mountains at

about 1400 m; Cameron highlands, Ph.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f) Underw. var. linearis, FM 3, P19 54;

Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var. normalis sensu Holttum, H45

70; very common thicket former; lowlands and mountains to 1400 m;

throughout.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. montana (Holttum) Holttum,

FMn1 36, H45 630, P19 53; Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var.

montana Holttum, H43 69; thicket-forming fern; edge of montane forests

at 400-1600 m.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. subpectinata (H. Christ)

Holttum, FM 35, P19 55; Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke var.

alternans auct. non Mett., H45 68; forming thickets; lowlands to 700 m.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. var. subspeciosa Holttum, H45

631, FMirt 35, P19 57; thicket-former at forest margins; lowlands and hills

to 1400 m.

Dicranopteris pubigera (Blume) Nakai, FMn1 32, H45 630, P19 61;

terrestrial; mountain tops; Cameron and Genting Highlands, Ph.

Dicranopteris speciosa (C. Presl) Holttum, FMn1 32, H45 631, P19 60;

Gleichenia opposita Alderw., H45 70; thicket-forming fern; forest edges at

100-600 m.

Diplopterygium blotianum (C. Chr.) Nakai; P11; Gleichenia norrisii auct.

non Mett., H45 67 in the minor part; Gleichenia blotiana C. Chr., FM 17,

P19 50; terrestrial; edge of montane forest at about 1500 m; Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Diplopterygium giganteum (Wall. ex Hook.) Nakai, P11; Gleichenia

gigantea Wall. ex Hook., FMil 561; Gleichenia volubilis Jungh. var.

peninsularis Holttum, FM 13, H45 630; terrestrial; once collected on Gg

Bintang, Kd.

Diplopterygium longissimum (Blume) Nakai, P11; Gleichenia longissima

Blume, FM 13, H45 67, P19 48; thicket-forming terrestrial; hills and

mountains.

16.2.4

16.2.5

16.3.1

16.3.2

16.3.3

16.4.1

16.4.2a

16.4.2b

17.

Le al

Wit Ors

17.2.1

BI 2.2.

Diplopterygium norrisii (Mett.) Nakai, P12 59; Gleichenia norrisii Mett.,

H45 67 in part, FMnil 15; terrestrial; clearings and forest margins at 650—

1250 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Diplopterygium sordidum (Copel.) Parris ined., P11; Gleichenia sordida

Copel., FM 15, H45 630; terrestrial; edge of montane forest; once

collected at Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Gleichenia dicarpa R. Br., FMu 9, P11; terrestrial.

Gleichenia microphylla R. Br., FM 7, P19 46; Gleichenia microphylla

R.Br. var. semivestita (Labill.) Alderw., H45 65; terrestrial; exposed

mountain ridges and summits at 750-1800 m; Kd, Pk, Jh.

Gleichenia vulcanica Blume, FMul 9, H45 630, P19 47; Gleichenia

microphylla R.Br. var. vulcanica (Blume) Holttum, H45 66; terrestrial;

mountain tops; Pk, Ph, SI.

Sticherus hirtus (Blume) Ching var. amoenus (Alderw.) Parris ined., P11;

Gleichenia hirta Blume var. amoena (Alderw.) Holttum, FM 26, P19 52;

Gleichenia hirta Blume, H45 71; terrestrial; edge of forest or lightly shaded

places at 700-1600 m.

Sticherus truncatus ( Willd.) Nakai var. plumaeformis (C. Pres!) Parris ined.,

P11; Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng. var. plumaeformis (C. Presl)

Holttum, FM 21, P19 52; terrestrial; open places on mountains at 1200—

1800 m.

Sticherus truncatus ( Willd.) Nakai var. truncatus, P11; Gleichenia truncata

(Willd.) Spreng. var truncata, FMm1 20, P19 51; Gleichenia laevigata ( Willd.)

Hook., H45 71; thicket-forming fern; forest margins to 1600 m; widespread.

GRAMMITIDACEAE

Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli (H. Christ) Copel., P11; Acrosorus triangularis

Copel., H43 222, P07 508; on rocks and trees; montane forest at 1350-1600

m; Pk, Ph.

Acrosorus streptophyllus (Baker) Copel., H45 222, P09 508, P19 165; on

tree trunks and the undersides of branches; lower montane forest at 1100—

1500 m; Pk, Ph.

Calymmodon asiaticus Copel., P09 506; Calymmodon cucullatus auct. non

(Nees & Blume) C. Presl, H45 220 in part; near streams in hill forest at 800—

1000 m; Pk.

Calymmodon cucullatus (Nees & Blume) C. Presl, P09 507; once collected

in mountains of Pk.

12238 Calymmodon curtus Parris, P09 506, P19 164, P10 125; Calymmodon

cucullatus auct. non (Nees & Blume) C. Presl, H45 220 in part; on mossy

trees in the mountains at 900-1850 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

17.2.4 Calymmodon gracilis (Fée) Copel., H45 221, P09 506, P19 165; on mossy

tree trunks at 1050-1850 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Lf om | Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) W.H. Wagner & Grether, P09 494;

Ctenopteris moultonii (Copel.) C.Chr. & Tardieu, H45 229; epiphytic;

mangroves, lowland and montane forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, NS, MI,

Sh.

1932 Ctenopteris brevivenosa (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 228, P09 496, P19 169;

on mossy tree trunks; lower montane forest at 1200-1700 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

17.3.3 Ctenopteris fuscata (Blume) Kunze, H45 227, P09 496, P19 168; on mossy

tree trunks; mountains at 1400-1800 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

17.3.4 Ctenopteris inconspicua (Blume) Copel., P09 495; epiphyte; mountain

forest ridge; once collected on Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

1.35 Ctenopteris malayana Parris, P09 494, P10 53; on mossy trees; montane

forest at 1500-1800 m; Gg Ulu Kali, Sl; endemic.

17.3.6 Ctenopteris minuta (Blume) Holttum, H45 228, P09 495; epiphytic; hill

forest at 650—1000 m; Pn, Sl, MI.

73.7 Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees & Blume) Kunze, H45 226, P09 497, P19

167; epiphyte; mountain ridges at 1500-1850 m; Ph, SI, MI.

17.3.8 Ctenopteris nutans (Blume) J. Sm., P09 497; epiphyte; montane forest at

soeilbcomics > =

about 1700 m; once collected on Gg Batu Brinchang, Ph.

17.3.9 Ctenopteris subminuta (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 228, P09 495, P19 170; r

epiphyte; mossy forest at 1200-1400 m; Pk, Ph. t

17-3510 Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J.Sm., H45 226, P09 493, P19 166; epiphyte;

Le dl

montane forest at 1350—1750 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

17.4.1 Grammitis adspersa (Blume) Blume, H45 214, P09 509; epiphyte on tree

trunks; hill forest at SO0O-1200 m; Tg, Pn, Pk, NS, MI, Jh.

17.4.2 Grammitis congener Blume, P09 511; Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume)

Tuyama, H45 216 in part; epiphyte; low forest on montane ridges at 1370-

1830 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

17.4.3 Grammitis crispatula Holttum, H45 218, P09 512; on mossy rocks; hill forest

at 700-1000 m; Taiping Hills, Pk.

17.4.4

17.4.5

17.4.6

17.4.7

17.4.8

17.4.9

17.4.10

17.4.11

17.4.12

17.4.13

17.4.14

17.4.15

BS. 1

17.5.2

17.5.3

Grammitis holttumii Copel., H45 216, P09 512; on trees near streams;

montane forest at 1200-1460 m; Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Grammitis jeraiensis Parris, P10 29; terrestrial; montane forest at 760-1200

m; Gg Jerai, Kd; endemic.

Grammitis maxwellii (Baker) Parris, P08 118, P11; epiphyte.

Grammitis multifolia Copel., P11; Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume)

Tuyama, H45 216 in part; Grammitis lasiosora (Blume) Ching, P09 512; on

mossy tree trunks; montane forest at 1350-1800 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Grammitis peninsularis Copel., H45 217, P09 513; on mossy tree trunks;

montane forest at 900-1500 m; Gg Tahan, Ph, Gg Ledang & Gg Belumut,

Jh; endemic.

Grammitis pseudoxiphopteris Parris, P10 25; epiphyte; montane forest at

about 1000 m; once from Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Grammitis reinwardtii Blume, H45 215, P09 511, P19 160; on mossy trees;

montane forest at 1500—2000 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Grammitis rivularis Parris, P09 514, P10 17; on rocks; lowland forest; once

collected at Sg Kemas, Pk.

Grammitis universa (Baker) Copel.,H45 215, P09 514; rheophyte; lowlands

at 150—600 m; Pn, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Grammitis vittariifolia (C.Chr.) Parris, P09 510, P10 13; epiphyte; lowland

forest; once collected on Gg Pulai, Jh.

Grammitis sp. 9, P11; epiphyte; Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Grammitis sp. 10, P11; epiphyte; Gg Ledang, MI; endemic.

Prosaptia alata (Blume) H. Christ, T04 593; Crenopteris alata (Blume)

Holttum, H43 232, P07 500, P17 173; on trees or fallen logs near streams;

hill forest at 750-1300 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Prosaptia barathrophylla (Baker) M.G. Price, P09; Crenopteris khasyana

auct. non (Hook.) Copel., H45 223, P19 174; Ctenopteris barathrophylla

(Baker) Parris, P09 494, P10 81; epiphyte; hill forest at 600-1300 m; Pk,

Ph, SI, NS.

Prosaptia celebica (Blume) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki, T04 594; Crenopteris

celebica (Blume) Copel., H45 233, P09 498; epiphyte; montane forest at

1500-1800 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

17.5.4

i it |

176.1

17.6.2

7:65

17.6.4

i a |

| a2

eB Bs:

17.7.4

Le et Be.

17.7.6

| Se oe |

Prosaptia contigua (G. Forst.) C. Presl, T04 593; Ctenopteris contigua (G.

Forst.) Holttum, H45 230, P09 501, P19 172; on trees and tree-ferns near

streams; in the mountains at 900-1700 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Prosaptia davalliacea (F. Muell. & Baker) Copel., P10 113; Ctenopteris

davalliacea (F. Muell. & Baker) Parris, P09 501; epiphyte; once collected,

Pk:

Prosaptia leysii (Baker) Ching, T04 594; Crenopteris leysii (Baker) Holttum,

H45 232, P09 499; epiphytic on mossy trees near streams; hill forest to 1000

m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett., T04 592; Crenopteris obliquata (Blume)

Copel., H45 229, P09 499, P19 171; epiphyte; hill and montane forest at

900-1800 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Scleroglossum crassifolium (Baker) C. Chr., P11; epiphyte.

Scleroglossum debile (Mett. ex Kuhn) Alderw., H45 235, P09 516, P19 176;

epiphyte; hill forest at 600-900 m; Pn, Ph, NS, MI, Jh.

Scleroglossum minus (Fée) C.Chr., H45 236, P09 515, P19 176; on mossy

tree trunks; montane forest at 1200-2100 m; Pn, Ph, SI, MI.

Scleroglossum pusillum (Blume) Alderw., H45 234, P09 515, P19 175; on

mossy tree trunks; upper montane forest at 900-1800 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, MI,

Jh.

Xiphopteris alternidens (Ces.) Copel., P09 502; on rocks in streams;

mountains at 1500-1700 m; Gg Tahan, Ph.

Xiphopteris cornigera (Baker) Copel., P09 503; Xiphopteris hieronymusii

(C.Chr.) Holttum, H45 218, P19 163; on trees in mossy forest; mountains

at 1450-1850 m; Pk, Ph, SI, Ml, Jh.

Xiphopteris exilis Parris, P09 503, P10 121; epiphyte on mossy tree trunks;

montane forest at 900 m; known only from type, Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Xiphopteris musgraviana (Baker) Parris, P09 504; epiphyte; once from

Penang Hill.

Xiphopteris setulifera (Alderw.) Parris, P09 504; poorly known; Pk, MI.

Xiphopteris sparsipilosa (Holttum) Holttum, H45 219, P09 504, P19 164;

on mossy tree trunks; montane forest at 1200-1850 m; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Xiphopteris subpinnatifida (Blume) Copel., P09 505; once each from Pn

and Pk.

18.

18.1.1

18.1.2a

18.1.2b

18.1.3

18.1.4

18.1.5

18.1.6

18.1.7

18.2.1

18.2.2

18.2.3

18.2.4

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

Cephalomanes gemmatum (J.Sm. ex Baker) K. Iwatsuki, 106 547;

Trichomanes gemmatum J.Sm. ex Baker, H45 104; Trichomanes idoneum

C.V. Morton; P19 84; epiphyte; mountain-top forest; KI, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch var. asplenoides (C.Chr.) K.

Iwatsuki, 106 548; Trichomanes javanicum Blume, H45 102 in part; epiphyte;

only collected on Pulau Tioman.

Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch var. javanicum, 106 548;

Trichomanes javanicum Blume, H45 102 in part, P19 81; common near

streams; lowland and hill forest.

Cephalomanes meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) K. Iwatsuki, 106 546;

Trichomanes meifolium Bory ex Willd., H45 103, P19 83; terrestrial or on

tree bases or fallen logs; montane forest above 1000 m.

Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki, 106 547; Trichomanes

obscurum Blume, H45 102, P19 87: common on streambanks; lowlands and

mountains.

Cephalomanes setigerum (Backh. ex T. Moore) I.M. Turner, T21 26;

Trichomanes setigerum Backh. ex T. Moore, H45 104; collected once on Gg

Bubu, Pk.

Cephalomanes singaporeanum Bosch, P11; Trichomanes singaporeanum

(Bosch) Alderw., H45 103, P19 82; on rocks and banks; lowland and hill

forest.

Cephalomanes superbum (Backh. ex T. Moore) I.M. Turner, T21 26;

Trichomanes superbum Backh. ex T. Moore, H45 108; terrestrial; lowland

forest; Pk, Jh, Sp.

Crepidomanes aphlebioides (H. Christ) I.M. Turner, T21 26; Trichomanes

aphlebioides H. Christ, H45 105; in rocky valleys on Gg Panti, Jh.

Crepidomanes auriculatum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki, 106 528; Trichomanes

auriculatum Blume, H45 105, P19 85; climbing on small trees; lower

montane forest at 750—1500 m.

Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel., 106 536; Trichomanes

bipunctatum Poir., H45 99, P19 79; Trichomanes bilabiatum Nees & Blume,

H45 99, P19 80; epiphyte of damp, shady forest; lowland and hills.

Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel., 106 540; Trichomanes christii Copel.,

H45 100, P19 80; epiphyte; lowland forest; widespread.

18.2.5

18.2.6

18.2;)

18.2.8

18.2.9

18.2.10

18.2.11

13.7,12

18.3.1

18.3.2

18.3.3

18.3.4

18.3.5

18.3.6

Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K. Iwatsuki, 106 540; Trichomanes digitatum

Sw., H45 94, P19 74; on trees and rocks; montane forest, on mangrove trees

in the south.

Crepidomanes humile (G. Forst.) Bosch, 106 532; Trichomanes humile G.

Forst., H45 98, P19 78; epiphyte; near shady rivers in the lowlands.

Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki, T05 613; Trichomanes

kurzii Bedd., P12 7; once from Taman Negara, Ph.

Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel., 106 537; Trichomanes latealatum

(Bosch) H. Christ, H45 101; on rocks and tree trunks; montane forest;

Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Crepidomanes maximum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki, 106 531; Trichomanes

maximum Blume, H45 101, P19 86; on wet rocks by streams, all altitudes.

Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki, 106 524; Trichomanes

minutum Blume, H45 96; Trichomanes proliferum Blume, H45 97, P19 76;

Trichomanes saxifragoides C. Presl, P19 75; on trees and rocks in damp

shady forests; lowlands to mountains.

Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki, 106 523; Trichomanes

pallidum Blume, H45 97, P19 77; on trees and rocks; lowlands to mountains.

Crepidomanes radicans (Sw.) K. Iwatsuki var. nauseanum (H. Christ) K.

Iwatsuki, 106 530; Trichomanes radicans Sw., H45 107; once collected in

the Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Crepidomanes latemarginale (Eaton) Copel. [Trichomanes latemarginale

Eaton, H45 101] has been recorded from Pulau Adang which is in Thailand.

Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst., H45 80, 106 512, P19 66;

on trees and rocks; montane forests, lowlands in the south.

Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev., H45 82, 106 520, P19 68; on rocks

and tree trunks; in the mountains.

Hymenophyllum blandum Racib., H45 77, 106 511, P19 63; on wet trees

and rocks; montane forest.

Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw., H45 79, 106 511, P19 79; on trees and

rocks; mountains, lowlands in the south.

Hymenophyllum emarginatum Sw., H45 84; once collected, Gg Batu Puteh,

Pk.

Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook., H45 86, 106 513, P19 71; on

mossy trees; montane forest above 1000 m.

18.3.7

18.3.8

18.3.9

18.3.10

18.3.11

18.3.12

18.3.13

18.3.14

18.3.15

18.3.16

18.3.17

18.4.1

18.4.2

18.5.1

18.5.2

18.5.3

Hymenophyllum holochium (Bosch) C.Chr., H45 77, 106 511; on mossy

tree trunks and damp rocks; montane forest.

Hymenophyllum imbricatum Blume, H45 85, P19 70; on shady trees:

mountains; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng., H45 83, P19 67; common forest

epiphyte; mountains at 1000-1500 m; Main Range.

Hymenophyllum johorense Holttum, H45 80; epiphyte; montane forest at

about 900 m; Gg Belumut, Jh.

Hymenophyllum penangianum C.G. Matthew & H. Christ, H45 81; on trees;

mountain tops; Kd, Pn, Ph, Jh.

Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw., H45 81, 106 516, P19 67; on trees and

rocks; all altitudes.

Hymenophyllum productum Kunze, H45 83, P19 69; on rocks and tree

trunks; montane forest at 600-1500 m.

Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Pres!) C.Chr., H45 78, 106 511, P19 64; on

trees and rocks; montane forest, mangroves and swamp forest in the south.

Hymenophyllum tenellum D. Don, P11.

Hymenophyllum treubii Racib., H45 84; epiphyte; montane forest at 900-

1300 m.

Hymenophyllum sp. aff. brachyglossum, P14 7; once from Taman Negara,

Ph.

Sphaerocionium nitidulum (Alderw.) K. Iwatsuki, 105 211, 106 522; on tree

trunks; montane forest.

Sphaerocionium palmatifidum (Miill.Berol.) K. Iwatsuki, 105 211, 106 211;

Trichomanes palmatifidum Miill.Berol.,H45 95; Trichomanes ridleyi Copel.,

H45 95; epiphyte; forest on mountain ridges above 1000 m; Taiping Hills,

Pk, Fraser’s Hill, Cameron Highlands, Gg Tahan, Ph.

Trichomanes bimarginatum (Bosch) Bosch, H45 92 in part, 106 543, P19

73; Microgonium bimarginatum Bosch, C33 520; epiphyte low on trees near

streams; Pk, NS, P. Tioman.

Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker, H45 94, 106 543, E01 167; on wet

rocks; hill forest at about 600 m; once at Sg Halong, Pk; once at Genting

Simpah, Sl.

Trichomanes henzaianum Parish ex Hook., E01 167; on riverside in lowland

forest; once at Sg Halong, Pk.

18.5.4

18.5.5

18.5.6

16.5.7

19:

9.01

19.1.2

1.5

19.1.4

ee I i:

19.2.2

19.2.3

Trichomanes mindorense H. Christ, C33 in synonymy, Trichomanes

bimarginatum auct. non (Bosch) Bosch, H45 92 in part; Microgonium

mindorense (H. Christ) Copel., C33 522; low level epiphyte; damp lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl/Jh, Sp.

Trichomanes motleyi (Bosch) Bosch, H45 92, 106 542; Microgonium motleyi

Bosch, C33 526; epiphyte on trees; damp shady lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sp.

Trichomanes sublimbatum Mill.Berol., H45 92, 106 542, P19 72;

Microgonium sublimbatum (Mill.Berol.) Bosch, C33 527; on rocks and tree

trunks; very wet forest to 1500 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Trichomanes tahitense Nadeaud, 106 541; Microgonium tahitense (Nadeaud)

Tindale, C33 524; epiphyte; lowland forest; twice collected in Taman Negara,

Ph;

LOMARIOPSIDACEAE

Bolbitis appendiculata ( Willd.) K. Iwatsuki, FM 322, P19 354; Egenolfia

appendiculata (Willd.) J.Sm., H45 459; on rocks by streams; lowland and

hill forest to 1500 m.

Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching, H45 462, FM 325, P19 355; Bolbitis

simplicifolia (Holttum) Ching, H45 464; creeping over soil, rocks and tree

bases; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m.

Bolbitis singaporensis Holttum, H45 467, FM 329; on rocks in stream

bed; lowland forest; Bukit Timah, Sp.

Bolbitis sinuata (C. Presl) Hennipman, FMul 326, P19 357; Bolbitis

diversifolia (Blume) Schott, H45 465; Bolbitis malaccensis (C.Chr.) Ching,

H45 470; Bolbitis nitens Holttum, H45 470; rocky streams in forest; lowland

and hills to 1200 m.

Bolbitis virens (Hook. & Grev.) Schott var. compacta Hennipman, FM

321; Bolbitis virens (Hook. & Grev.) Schott, H45 468, P19 359; usually on

rocks near streams; lowlands; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl.

Elaphoglossum amblyphyllum P.R. Bell, FM 303; Elaphoglossum

decurrens (non Desv.) Alderw., H45 458; epiphyte on old trees; lowlands

to 800 m.

Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J.Sm., FMul 311, P19 369;

Elaphoglossum yunnanense auct. non (Baker) C.Chr., H45 455; epiphyte;

high mountains to 2000 m.

Elaphoglossum brevifolium Holttum, H45 458, FMu 307; epiphyte;

montane forest at 1400-1850 m; Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; Gg Tahan, Ph. —

19.25

19.2.4

19.2.5

19.2.6

19.2.7

19.2.8

35.Y

£.5.2

19.4.1

19.5.1a

19.5.1b

19:52

19:33

20.

20.1.1

Elaphoglossum callifolium (Blume) T. Moore, H45 459, in part, FM 307,

P19 370; epiphyte; montane forest at 1000—2000 m.

Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum, FMu1l 308; Elaphoglossum callifolium

auct. non Blume, H45 459 in part; epiphyte; montane forest at 1050-1400

Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T. Moore, FMn1 301;

Elaphoglossum peninsulare Holttum, H45 456; epiphyte on tree trunks;

lowlands and mountains to 1700 m.

Elaphoglossum norrisii (Hook.) Bedd., FM 301; Elaphoglossum

melanostictum auct. non (Blume) T. Moore, H45 455; on mossy trees and

rocks; lowlands and hills to 1500 m.

Elaphoglossum robinsonii Holtum, FMul 301, P19 371; epiphyte on very

mossy trees; montane forest in the cloud zone; Genting Highlands, Ph/S];

endemic.

| Elaphoglossum spongophyllum P.R. Bell ex Holttum, FM 310; epiphyte;

montane forest at 1550-1850 m; Gg Tahan, Ph.

Lomagramma perakensis Bedd., H45 478, FMml 281, P19 368; climber;

montane forest at 600-1400 m.

Lomagramma sumatrana Alderw., H45 477, FM 285, P19 367; climber;

lowland forest near streams.

Lomariopsis lineata (C. Presl) Holttum, FMn1 262, P19 361; Lomariopsis

cochinchinensis Fée, H45 476; climber; damp forest to 1200 m.

Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn var. aculeatum, H45 473,

FMirl 269; climber; lowland forest.

Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett.ex Kuhn var. montanum Holttum,

H45 473, FM 269, P19 362; climber; montane forest at 1200-1500 m.

Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum, H45 474, FM 275, P19 365; climber;

freshwater swamp forest.

Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonap.) Holttum, H45 474, FM 270,

P19 364; climber; damp lowland and hill forest at 150-1000 m.

MARATTIACEAE

Angiopteris angustifolia C. Presl, H45 45, P19 33; terrestrial; by mountain

stream about 1200 m; Pk, Ph.

20.1.2

20.2.1

20.2.2

ZA.

21.1.1

Eaet 2

ZL,

27 AA

ie Wa

yap

23.1.1

2324

23.2.2

iA AE

23.2.4

Px We A

Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm., H45 44, P19 31; terrestrial of damp,

shady places; lowlands and hills to 1200 m; widespread.

Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon ssp. korthalsii (de Vriese) Rolleri,

H45 45, P19 34, R28 16; terrestrial fern of forest shade; lowlands to 800 m;

Pk; Sl.

Christensenia lobbiana (de Vriese) Rolleri, R28 17; terrestrial; lowland

forest; Sl.

MARSILEACEAE

Marsilea crenata C. Pres], H45 619, P19 442; aquatic common in rice paddies.

Marsilea scalaripes D.M. Johnson, J16 68; Marsilea polycarpa auct. non

Hook. & Grev., H45 620; aquatic fern; only known from type, Kd; endemic.

MATONIACEAE

Matonia foxworthyi Copel., K04 172; terrestrial; clearings and ridges in

montane forest; once from Gg Ledang, MI.

Matonia pectinata R.Br., H45 59, P19 44, K04 172; terrestrial; mountain

ridges and summits at 900-1500 m; Kd, Tg, Ph, Jh.

OLEANDRACEAE

Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston, H45 634, P19 382; climber; shady

lowland forest; Pk.

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ., H45 375, P19 372; epiphyte; on

old trees in the lowlands, often near the sea.

Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen, A13 248; Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.)

Schott, H45 380, P19 377; terrestrial; very common lowland fern of open

places; widespread.

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl, H45 379, P11; Nephrolepis tuberosa

(Bory) C. Presl, P19 375; terrestrial; montane forest clearings; Pk, Ph.

Nephrolepis davalloides (Sw.) Kunze, H45 634, P19 374; Nephrolepis

acuminata (Houtt.) Kuhn, H45 378; common epiphyte; highlands.

Nephrolepis dicksonioides H. Christ, H45 376, C13 212, P19 373; terrestrial;

common on limestone forming dense thickets.

23.2.6

23.2.7

23.2.8

23.3.1

23.3.2

24.

24.1.1

24.2.1

24.3.1

24.3.2

24.3.3a

24.3.3b

24.3.4

24.3.5

24.3.6

Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C.Chr., H45 381, P19 380; on rocks and trees;

lowlands and hills.

Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl, H45 382, P11; Nephrolepis

multiflora (Roxb.) F.M. Jarett ex C.V. Morton, P19 381; terrestrial; exposed

places in the lowlands and hills.

Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn, H45 381, P19 176; terrestial or on

rocks; lowlands including limestone.

Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr., H45 386, P19 383; shrubby plant,

occasionally epiphytic; montane forest.

Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching, H45 384; terrestrial; open places on

mountain slopes; Gg Jerai, Kd.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Botrychium daucifolium Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., H45 629, P19 27;

terrestrial; open montane forest a 1450 m; Gg Jasah, Cameron Highlands,

Ph.

Helminthostachys zelanica (L.) Hook., H45 42, P19 30; terrestrial; damp,

lightly-shaded places; north of Peninsula.

Ophioglossum costatum R.Br., W16 323; Ophioglossum pedunculosum

Desv., H45 39 in part; terrestial.

Ophioglossum gramineum Willd.,W16 324, H45 629; terrestrial, sandy soil.

Ophioglossum nudicaule L. var. macrorhizum (Kunze) R.T. Clausen, W16

324; Ophioglossum pedunculosum Desv., H45 39 in part; terrestrial; in open

places.

Ophioglossum nudicaule L. var. nudicaule, W16 324, P19 28; Ophioglossum

pedunculosum Desv., H45 39 in part; terrestrial; in open places.

Ophioglossum pendulum L., H45 40, W16 332, P19 29; common epiphyte;

lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Ophioglossum reticulatum L., W16 327, P19 28; Ophioglossum

pedunculosum Desv., H45 39 in part; terrestrial; open places in lowlands

and hills.

Ophioglossum simplex Ridl. ex Bower, W16 330; dubiously Malayan.

25:

ZLe

26.

26.1.1

27.41

a a

27.1.4

28.

28.1.1

2B V2

28.1.4

28.2.1

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda javanica Blume, H45 47, A19 28, P19 35; terrestrial, river banks

and damp slopes to about 1200m.

Osmunda vachellii Hook., A19 31; terrestrial; on river banks and in montane

forest; Ph.

PARKERIACEAE

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn., H45 578, P19 440; semi-aquatic;

lowland ditches and rice fields, widespread.

PLAGIOGYRIACEAE

Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd., H45 111; terrestrial; collected once on

Gg Tahan, Ph.

Plagiogyria glauca (Blume) Mett., H45 112; terrestrial; collected once, no

exact location.

Plagiogyria tahanensis Miyam. & H. Ohba, M43 31; on rocks; montane

forest at about 1600 m; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Plagiogyria tuberculata Copel., H45 111, P19 88; terrestrial; on high

mountain ridges above 1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

POLY PODIACEAE

Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel., R29 196; epiphyte up to

25 m from ground; lowlands and hills to 1800 m.

Aglaomorpha drynarioides (Hook.) Roos, R29 202; Merinthosorus

drynarioides (Hook.) Copel., H45 186, P19 140; epiphyte 5-30 m from

ground on forest trees; lowlands and hills to 1200 m; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel., H45 185, R29 198, P19 138;

epiphyte upto 25 m from ground; montane forest at 700-1400 m.

Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) Roos, R29 204; Photinopteris speciosa

(Blume) C. Presl, H45 187, P19 142; epiphyte; mangroves, riverside trees

and in forests to 1600 m.

Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel., H45 155, H54 521; Belvisia callifolia (C.

Chr.) Copel., H45 156, P19 119; on tree trunks; lowland and hill forest to

1500 m.

28.2.2

28.3.1a

28.3.1b

28.3.2

28.3.3

28.3.4

28.3.5

28.4.1

28.4.2

28.4.3

28.4.4

28.5.1

28.5.2

28.5.3

Belvisia spicata (L.f.) Mirbel ex Copel., H54 524; Belvisia revoluta (Blume)

Copel., H45 155, P19 118; epiphyte; montane forest above 900 m; Kd, Pk,

Ph, Si.

Colysis acuminata (Baker) Holttum var. acuminata, H45 162; creeping in

lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

Colysis acuminata (Baker) Holttum var. fluminalis (Ridl.) Hennipman, V20

157; Colysis acuminata (Baker) Holttum var. angustata Holttum, nom. nud.,

H45 163; rheophyte in streambed; base of Gg Raya, P. Langkawi; endemic

variety.

Colysis insignis (Blume) J.Sm., B21 108; Microsorum insigne (Blume)

Copel., H45 174, P19 127; Microsorum hancockii (Baker) Ching, H45 174,

P19 128; usually on rocks, sometimes on trees or the ground; lowlands and

mountains to 2000 m.

Colysis macrophylla (Blume) C. Presl, H45 160, P19 122; climbing low on

small trees; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Jh.

Colysis pedunculata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching, H45 160, P19 121; creeping

on rocks or tree trunks; lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Colysis pteropus (Blume) Bosman, B21 112; Microsorum pteropus (Blume)

Copel., H45 172, P19 126; on wet rocks on forest, sometimes rheophytic;

lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Drynaria bonii H. Christ, R29 221; epiphyte; P. Langkawi, Pn.

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm., H45 182, R29 218, P19 214; common old

tree epiphyte; lowlands and hills to 1200 m; widespread.

Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd., H45 183, R29 234, P19 137; epiphyte;

lowlands and hills; not found south of Malacca.

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore, H45 183, R29 216, P19 136; epiphyte

on exposed trees up to 35 m; lowlands and hills to 1400 m; widespread.

Goniophlebium korthalsii (Mett.) Bedd., R25 379; Polypodium korthalsii

Mett., H45 204; epiphyte; lowland swamps; once collected, Pk.

Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) W.H. Wagner & Grether, R25 381;

Polypodium verrucosum (Hook. & F.A. Bauer) Mett., H45 206;

Goniophlebium verrucosum (Hook. & F.A. Bauer) J.Sm., P19 154; epiphyte;

lowland and hill forest to 1100 m.

Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd., P19 155, R25 383; Polypodium

persicifolium Desv., H43 206; on living or dead trees in forests; lowlands to

mountains, 150—1900 m.

28.5.4

28.5.5

28.6.1

28.6.2

28.6.3

Det eA:

28.8.1

28.8.2

28.8.3

28.8.4

28.9.1

28.9.2

28.9.3

28.9.4

28.10.1

Goniophlebium prainii Bedd., P19 153, R25 397; Polypodium prainii

(Bedd.) C.Chr., H45 204; low down on mossy trees; montane forest at

1100-1900 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl, P19 156, R25 400;

Polypodium subauriculatum Blume, H45 207; epiphyte on forest trees;

250-2000 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Lecanopteris crustacea Copel., G07 300; Phymatodes crustacea (Copel.)

Holttum, H45 190; ant-inhabited epiphyte; on tall trees in lowlands; K1,

Ph, MI, Jh, Sp.

Lecanopteris pumila Blume ex Copel., G07 305; Lecanopteris carnosa

(Reinw.) Blume var. pumila (Blume) Alderw., H45 210, P19 157; common

epiphyte; high montane forest above 1000 m.

Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., G07 301; Phymatodes sinuosa

(Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm., H45 190; Myrmecopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.)

Pic.Serm., T18 13; epiphytic antplant; lowlands.

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk, H45 152, P19 157; epiphyte; on

small trees near rivers to 1200 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Leptochillus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf., H45 164; climbing up tree trunks; hill

forest; Pk.

Leptochilus decurrens Blume, H45 164, P19 123; on rocks and tree bases;

upland forests above 800 m.

Leptochilus minor Fée, H45 166; collected once P. Tioman.

Leptochilus normalis (D. Don) Parris ined., P11; Microsorum normale (D.

Don) Ching, H45 175; epiphyte; montane forest about 1500 m; collected

once from Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C. Presl, H45 167, P19 124; on trees and rocks;

lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Loxogramme centicola M.G. Price, P25 6; on trees and rocks; lowland and

hill forest at 400-1200 m; P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph, SI.

Loxogramme scolopendrioides (Gaudich.) C.V. Morton, K06 76;

Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) C. Presl, H45 168; on trees and rocks

including limestone; lowlands to 300 m; Kd, Pk, Ph.

Loxogramme wallichiana (Hook.) M.G. Price, P23 61, P11; Loxogramme

forbesii Copel., H45 168; epiphyte; Penang Hill & Ulu Brang, Tg.

Microsorum congregatifolium (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 178, B21 79; on

shady trees, often near streams; 30-1300 m; Pk.

28.10.2

28.10.3

28.10.4

28.11.1

28.11.2

e121

28.13.1

28.13.2

28.13.3

28.13.4

28.14.1

28.14.2

28.14.3

28.14.4

28.15.1

Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching, H45 178, P19 132, B21 83;

terrestrial or epiphytic in dark, damp forest; lowlands to mountains at 2200

m; west of the Main Range.

Microsorum musifolium (Blume) Copel., H45 176, P19 131, B21 94; on

trees or rocks in forest; lowlands and hills to 900 m; north of Peninsula.

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel., H45 179, P19 133, B21 97; on trees

and old walls; lowlands and hills.

Neocheiropteris superficialis (Blume) Bosman, B21 121; Microsorum

superficiale (Blume) Ching, H45 632; usually epiphytic in shady forest; hills

and mountaints to 2000 m.

Neocheiropteris zippelii (Blume) Bosman, B21 123; Microsorum zippelii

(Blume) Ching, H45 176, P19 130; epiphyte; hill forest at 400-1900 m.

Paragramma longifclia (Blume) T. Moore, P11; Lepisorus longifolius

(Blume) Holttum, H45 151, P19 116; epiphyte; common on trees near rivers;

lowlands and hills to 1000 m.

Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.Serm., P19 144; Phymatodes

longissima (Blume) J.Sm., H45 191; epiphyte; lowlands.

Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pic.Serm., P19 145; Phymatodes

nigrescens (Blume) J.Sm., H45 193; on trees, occasionally rocks; lowlands;

widespread.

Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm./.) Pic.Serm., P19 143; Phymatodes

scolopendria (Burm.f.) Ching, H45 191; old tree epiphyte; lowlands.

Phymatosorus sp., B21 133; Microsorum sarawakense (Baker) Ching, H45

175, P19 129; epiphyte; shady montane forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Platycerium coronarium (D. Koenig ex O.F. Miill.) Desv., H45 138, H37 92,

P19 105; common epiphyte; lowland forest and plantations; widespread.

Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman, H37 101, P19 106;

Platycerium wallichii auct. non Hook., H45 141, P19 107; epiphyte; lowland

forest to 700 m; north of Peninsula.

Platycerium lobatum Bidin & Jaman, A20 149; epiphyte low on trees;

lowlands; only known from P. Langkawi; endemic.

Platycerium ridleyi H. Christ, H45 140, H37 107; crown epiphyte; wet forests

and swamps.

Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching, H45 143, H53 156, P19 108; epiphyte;

lowland and hill forest to 900 m.

28.15.2

28.15.3

28.15.4

26155

28.15.6

28.15.7

28.15.8

28.16.1

28.16.2

28.16.3

28.16.4

28.16.5

28.16.6

28.16.7

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell, H53 191, P19 109; Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.)

Ching, H45 144; common epiphyte; on trees and rocks, particularly near

the sea, at low altitudes.

Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) C.V. Morton, H45 148, H53 208, P19 113;

common epiphyte; old trees, both wild and planted, in the lowlands;

widespread.

Pyrrosia nummulariifolia (Sw.) Ching, H45 144, H53 214; on exposed trees

or rocks; lowlands and hills to 1200 m.

Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum, H45 146, C13 217, H53 218, P19

111; on exposed trees or rocks, often limestone; northern half of Malaya.

Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price, R09 302; Drymoglossum piloselloides

(L.) C. Presl, H45 149, P19 115; common on exposed tree trunks and

branches; lowlands and hills to 1000 m; throughout.

Pyrrosia rasamalae (Racib.) Shing, H53 223; Pyrrosia floccigera auct. non

(Blume) Ching, H45 147, P19 112; common epiphyte; hill forest at 500-

1500 m.

Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching, H45 148, C13 217, H53 252, P19 114; on

limestone, occasionally epiphytic; lowlands and hills.

Selliguea albidosquamata (Blume) Parris, P12 152; Crypsinus

albidosquamatus (Blume) Copel., H45 195; epiphyte; once collected in Pk.

Selliguea enervis (Cav.) Ching, P12 151; Crypsinus enervis (Cav.) Copel.,

T04 557; Crypsinopsis enervis (Cav.) Pic.Serm., P19 149; epiphyte; lowland

and hill forest to 1200 m.

Selliguea heterocarpa (Blume) Blume, H45 157; on rocks or tree trunks;

lowland and hill forest to 1200 m.

Selliguea laciniata (C. Presl) Parris ined., P11; Crypsinus laciniata (C. Presl)

Holttum, H45 198; Phymatopteris laciniata (C. Presl) Pic.Serm., P19 147;

epiphyte; montane forest above 1200 m.

Selliguea lima (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 157, P19 120; epiphyte of mossy

trees; high mountains; Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris, P12 152; Pycnoloma metacoelum

(Alderw.) C. Chr., H45 208, P19 157; epiphyte; lowland forest; Kd, K1, Tg,

SI.

Selliguea platyphylla (Sw.) Ching, P12 151; Crypsinus platyphyllus (Sw.)

Copel., H45 198; Crypsinopsis platyphyllus (Sw.) Pic.Serm., P19 148; high

level epiphyte; montane forest at 900-1200 m.

28.16.8

28.16.9

28.16.10a

28.16.10b

28.16.11

28.16.12

28.17.1

nc J

29.1.1

29.1.2

ZI 2A

2a22

7 ee)

29.2.4

Selliguea stenophylla (Blume) Parris, P12 151; Crypsinus stenophyllus

(Blume) Holttum, H45 199, P19 151; epiphyte; lowland and hill forest to

1500 m.

Selliguea subfasciata (Holttum) Parris ined., P11; Crypsinus subfasciatus

(Holttum) Holttum, H45 202; Crypsinopsis subfasciatus (Holttum)

Pic.Serm., P19 150; small epiphyte; known only from Fraser’s Hill, Ph;

endemic.

Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris var. palmata (Blume) Parris, P12 152;

Crypsinus taeniatus (Sw.) Copel. var. palmatus (Blume) C. Chr., H45 197:

on trees and rocks in shade; hills and mountains; Tg, Ph.

Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris var. taeniata, P12 152; Crypsinus taeniatus

(Sw.) Copel. var. taeniatus, H45 195; on trees and rocks in shade; hills and

mountains; Pn, Pk.

Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price, P12 152; Crypsinus trilobus (Houtt)

Copel., H45 197; Phymatopteris triloba (Houtt.) Pic.Serm., P19 146;

epiphyte; montane forest.

Selliguea wrayi (Baker) Parris ined., P11; Crypsinus wrayi (Baker) Copel.,

H45 200, P19 152; common epiphyte; montane forest about 1500 m; Pk,

Ph.

Thylacopteris papillosa (Blume) Kunze ex J.Sm., K06 75, R26 361:

Polypodium papillosum Blume, H45 203; on rocks near streams in forests;

lowland forest to 400 m; north of Peninsula.

PTERIDACEAE

Acrostichum aureum L.,H45 409, P19 232: terrestrial to 4 m tall; mangroves

and damp ground near the sea; all coasts.

Acrostichum speciosum Willd., H45 410, P19 233; terrestrial, usually less

than 2 m tall; seaward parts of mangrove swamps; all coasts.

Pteris biaurata L., H45 407, P19 230; terrestrial; lowlands and mountains;

mostly in the north.

Pteris dalhousiae Hook., H45 401; terrestrial; forests; Pn, Jh.

Pteris ensiformis Burm.f, H45 399, P19 224: terrestrial; partially shaded

conditions in the lowlands and hills; widespread.

Pteris excelsa Gaudich., H45 403; terrestrial; once collected, at 600 m;

Taiping Hlls, Pk.

29.2.5

29.2.6

22h

29.2.8

2929

Pe IB

29.211

29 DAD

29.2.14

30.

30.1.1

30:12

31,14

31,52

Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J. Agardh, H45 402; terrestrial; lowland and hill

forest to 700 m; north of Peninsula.

Pteris insignis Mett. ex Kuhn, H45 398; terrestrial; montane forest at 1800

m; once collected from Gg Kerbau, Pk.

Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J. Agardh, H45 404, C13 213, P19 228; terrestrial;

lowland and hill forest, often on limestone.

Pteris mertensioides Willd., H45 404, P19 227; terrestrial; in shady forests,

often near streams, to 1000 m; widespread.

Pteris oppositipinnata Fée, K05 163; Preris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron., H45

406, P19 229; terrestrial; lowland and hill forest; Pl, Sl, Jh.

Pteris scabripes Wall ex J. Agardh, H45 399; on rocks near streams; lowland

forest; Pa, Ph:

Pteris semipinnata L., H45 401, P19 226; terrestrial; partial shade in

lowlands; widespread, apparently expanding in range.

Pteris tripartita Sw., H45 408, P19 231; terrestrial; open places in the

lowlands.

Pteris venulosa Blume, H45 400, P19 225; terrestrial; by forest streams in

the hills at 400—900 m.

Pteris vittata L., H45 396, P19 223; in open places and on walls at all

altitudes; widespread.

SALVINIACEAE

Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory, H45 621, T04 604, M47 510; free floating

in lowland water bodies; north of Malaya.

Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell, P19 143, M47 512; Salvinia oblongifolia auct.

non Mart., H45 621; Salvinia auriculata auct. non Aubl., H45 638; floating

fern; ponds and ditches; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium borneense Alderw., H45 56, FM 55; climber; freshwater swamp

forest; collected only near Sg Sedili, Jh.

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw., H45 55, FMut 59, P19 38; climber;

lowland to montane forest at 1500 m.

31.1.3

31.1.4

31.1.5

31.1.6

31.1.7

31.1.8

3621

31.2.2

A223

31.2.4

31.2.5a

31.2.5b

31.2.6

aa.

32.2.1

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw., H45 57 in part, FMm1 53, P19 41: climber:

common in secondary vegetation to 1000 m.

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., FMm1 51, W10 246; climber: naturalized

in Sp.

Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw., FM 59, P19 39: Lygodium digitatum

C. Presl, H45 55; climber on exposed lowland forest edges.

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br., FMml 47, P19 42; Lygodium scandens

Sw., H43 58; climber; forest margins to 1300 m.

Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T. Moore, H45 56, FMn1 46, C13 217;

climber; most frequently in forest on limestone; P. Langkawi, Pn, K], Pk,

Ph.

Lygodium salicifolium C. Presl, FMml 51, P19 40; Lygodium flexuosum

auct. non (L.) Sw., H45 57 in part; climber; secondary forest and at roadsides

to 1200 m.

Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. Sm., H45 50, FMn1 41; terrestrial; on lightly-

shaded sandy soils to 1000 m.

Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw., H45 51, FM 41, P19 36; terrestrial; drier sorts

of plantation and forest.

Schizaea fistulosa Labill., K47 200; terrestrial; open sandy areas; Ulu Endau,

Jh.

Schizaea inopinata Selling, H45 52, FM 42, C13 217; on limestone to 300

m; KI], Ph, Sl.

Schizaea malaccana Baker var. malaccana, FMnl 44, H45 52, P19 37:

terrestrial; mossy places in montane forest; Sl, Jh.

Schizaea malaccana Baker var. robustior C. Chr., P13 7; terrestrial; Taman

Negara, Ph.

Schizaea wagneri Selling, H45 52, FMm1 44; terrestrial; Kd, Pk, Sp.

THELY PTERIDACEAE

Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel., H45 299, FMu1 387; terrestrial; on

river banks; Kinta River, Pk.

Amphineuron immersum (Blume) Holttum, FMn1 547, P19 214: Thelypteris

immersa (Blume) Ching, H45 243; terrestrial; near streams, sometimes on

limestone; low altitudes.

32:22

3225

32.3.1

S232.

32.35.98

32.3.3b

32.4.1

32.4.2

32.4.3

32.4.4

32.4.5

32.4.6

32.4.7

32.44

adda

Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum, FM 548, P19 215; Cyclosorus

extensus (Blume) Ching, H45 264; terrestrial; open rocky places.

Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holttum, FM 545; Cyclosorus

interruptus sensu Holttum, H45 262; terrestrial; open places.

Chingia clavipilosa Holttum, FMil 393, P19 194, terrestrial; Gg Brinchang,

Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Chingia perrigida (Alderw.) Holttum, FMn1 394, P19 195; terrestrial; in

secondary growth on mountains at about 1500 m; Genting Highlands, Ph.

Chingia sakayensis (Zeiller) Holttum var. eglandulosa Holttum, P19 193;

terrestrial; Gg Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic variety.

Chingia sakayensis (Zeiller) Holttum var. sakayensis, FM 392, P19 192;

Cyclosorus ferox sensu Holttum, H45 265; terrestrial; in forests near streams;

lowlands and hills to 1200 m.

Christella arida (D.Don) Holttum, FM 555, P19 216; Cyclosorus aridus

(D.Don) Ching, H45 259; terrestrial; mostly in grassy places in the lowlands.

Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, FM 557; Cyclosorus

subpubescens auct. non (Blume) Ching, H45 273; terrestrial; common in

plantations to 1500 m.

Christella hispidula (Decne.) Holttum, FM 557; Cyclosorus contiguus

(Rosenst.) Ching, H43 282; terrestrial; lowlands and hills to 1500 m.

Christella papilio (C. Hope) Holttum, FM 556, P19 217; Cyclosorus

papilio (C. Hope) Ching, H45 633; terrestrial; hill forest at 600-900 m; north

of Peninsula.

Christella parasitica (L.) Lév., FM 559, P19 221; Cyclosorus parasiticus

(L.) Farwell, H45 281; terrestrial; open grassy places to 1500 m.

Christella siamensis (Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki) Holttum, P19 218; terrestrial;

open grassy places in the mountains; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum, FMn1 588, P19 220; Cyclosorus

latipinna (Hook.) Tardieu, H45 276; Cyclosorus sumatranus (Alderw.)

Ching, H45 275; terrestrial; open places at low to mid altitudes.

Coryphopteris arthrotricha Holttum, FM 363; Thelypteris viscosa sensu

Holttum, H45 252 in part; terrestrial; montane forest; Cameron Highlands,

Ph.

Coryphopteris badia (Alderw.) Holttum, FMun1 369; terrestrial; montane

rain forest at 1400-2000 m.

32:5.3a

32.5.3b

325:3c

32.5.4

32.5.5

32.5.6a

32.5.6b

325.7

32.5.8

32.5.9

32.6.1

$2.11

32.8.1

Coryphopteris gymnopoda (Baker) Holttum var. bintangensis Holttum,

FMu1 361; terrestrial; montane forest; Gg Bintang, Kd/Pk; Gg Ulu Kali,

Ph; endemic variety.

Coryphopteris gymnopoda (Baker) Holttum var. gymnopoda, FMn1 361;

Coryphopteris gymnopoda (Baker) Holttum, P19 182; Thelypteris viscosa

sensu Holttum, H45 252 in part; terrestrial; montane forest.

Coryphopteris gymnopoda (Baker) var. humilis Holttum, FM 361;

terrestrial; montane forest; Gg Perdah, Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic

variety.

Coryphopteris hirsutipes (C.B. Clarke) Holttum, FM 359; Thelypteris

herbacea Holttum, H45 254; terrestrial; montane forest; Gg Padang, Tg,

Gg Tahan, Ph.

Coryphopteris holtummii Parris ined., P11; terrestrial; Gg Jasar, Cameron

Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Coryphopteris pectiniformis (C.Chr.) Holttum var. hirsuta Holttum, FMn1

363; Thelypteris pectiniformis (C.Chr.) Ching, H45 253 in part; terrestrial;

montane forest; Pine-Tree Hill and Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic variety.

Coryphopteris pectiniformis (C.Chr.) Holttum var. pectiniformis, FMm1 363;

Thelypteris pectiniformis (C.Chr.) Ching, H45 253 in part; terrestrial;

montane forest; Tg, Ph.

Coryphopteris tahanensis Holttum, FMi1 363, P19 183; terrestrial; montane

forest at about 1800 m; Gg Tahan and Main Range; endemic.

Coryphopteris unidentata (Bedd.) Holttum, FM 359; Thelypteris

unidentata (Bedd.) Holttum, H45 251; terrestrial; montane forest; Gg Bubu,

Gg Bintang & Gg Inas, Pk; endemic.

Coryphopteris viscosa (Baker) Holttum, FM 360; Thelypteris viscosa

(Baker) Ching, H45 252 in part; terrestrial; forest on mountain ridges; Gg

Ledang, MI.

Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito, FM 386, P19 191; Cyclosorus

gongylodes sensu Holttum, H45 261; terrestrial; common in damp grassy

places to 600 m.

Macrothelpteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching, FMul 348, P19 179;

Thelypteris uliginosa (Kunze) Ching, H45 241; terrestrial; open grassy places

in the lowlands and mountains.

Mesophlebion beccarianum (Ces.) Holttum, FMul 383; terrestrial; in forest

at 200-1200 m; south of Peninsula.

32.8.2

328.5

32.8.4

52:85

sii

S292

52S

32.10.1

S218

S2ALZ

S2.143

32.42.1

Mesophlebion chylamydophorum (Rosenst. ex C.Chr.) Holttum, FM 384,

P19 189; Thelypteris chylamydophora (Rosenst. ex C.Chr.) Ching, H45 246;

terrestrial; lowlands forests, particularly in swamps.

Mesophlebion crassifolium (Blume) Holttum, FMn1 384, P19 190;

Thelypteris crassifolia (Blume) Ching, H45 246; terrestrial; hill forest at

700-1800 m.

Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holttum, FMn1 381; Thelypteris

motleyana (Hook.) Holttum, H45 247; terrestrial; lowland and hill forest

to 1200 m.

Mesophlebion trichopodum (C.Chr.) Holttum, FMn1 380, P19 286;

Thelypteris paleata (Copel.) Holttum, H45 249; terrestrial; near streams in

forest to 1000 m.

Metathelypteris dayii (Baker) Holttum, FMnl 352, P19 181; Thelypteris

singalanensis sensu Holttum, H45 243 in part; terrestrial; on open banks in

the highlands, Taiping Hills, Pk; Fraser’s Hill, Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Metathelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching, FMn1 351, P19 180; terrestrial;

on exposed earth banks in the highlands; Taiping Hills, Pk, Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Metathelypteris gracilescens (Blume) Ching, FMn1 351; terrestrial; montane

forest at 1500-2200 m; once collected in Cameron Highlands.

Parathelypteris beddomei (Baker) Ching, FMn1 371, P19 184; Thelypteris

beddomei (Baker) Ching, H45 240; terrestrial; open places in the mountains

at 1500-2000 m; Taiping Hills, Pk, Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Pneumatopteris callosa (Blume) Nakai, FMn1 419, P19 196; Cyclosorus

dicranogramma sensu Holttum, H45 267; terrestrial; open places near

mountain streams at 600-1750 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Pneumatopteris ecallosa (Holttum) Holttum, FMnl 425, P19 197;

Cyclosorus ecallosa Holttum, H45 272; terrestrial; near streams in montane

forest at about 1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Genting Highlands, Ph;

endemic.

Pneumatopteris truncata (Poir.) Holttum, FM 429, P19 198; Cyclosorus

truncata (Poir.) Holttum, H45 266; shady places near streams to 1200 m.

Pronephrium asperum (C. Pres!) Holttum, FMn1 512, P19 206; Abacopteris

multilineata (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching var. malayensis Holttum, nom. nud.,

H45 297; terrestrial; near streams in lowland and hill forest.

}

ae422

32.12.3

32.12.4

2 a Ae

32.12.6

o2.12.7

32.12.8

3212.9

32.13.1

32.13.2

32.14.1

32.14.2

32.14.3

Pronephrium glandulosum (Blume) Holttum, FM 522, P19 207:

Cyclosorus glandulosus (Blume) Ching, H45 278; terrestrial; near streams

in forest to 800 m.

Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume) Holttum, FMm1 526, P19 208:

Abacopteris menisciicarpa (Blume) Holtuum, H45 290; terrestrial; lowland

forest near streams.

Pronephrium x parishii (Bedd.) Holttum, FM 535; Abacopteris triphylla

(Sw.) Ching var. parishii (Bedd.) Ching, H43 287; terrestrial; dry streams

in lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

Pronephrium peltatum (Alderw.) Holttum var. peninsulare Holttum, FMn1

530; terrestrial; montane forest above 900 m; Main Range and Taiping Hills:

endemic variety.

Pronephrium repandum (Fée) Holttum, FMn1 533, P19 209; Abacopteris

urophylla (Mett.) Ching, H45 296; terrestrial; shady lowland and hill forest.

Pronephrium rubicundum (Alderw.) Holttum, FMirl 536, P19 213;

Abacopteris rubicunda (Alderw.) Holttum, H45 292; terrestrial; lowland

forest to 800 m.

Pronephrium salicifolium (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum, FMn1 535, P19 211;

Abacopteris salicifolia (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum; H45 288; rheophyte;

lowlands below 500 m.

Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum, FMn1 534, P19 210; Abacopteris

triphylla (Sw.) Ching, H45 287; terrestrial; lowlands near partial shade.

Pseudophegopteris paludosa (Blume) Ching, FMml 347, P19 178;

Thelypteris brunnea sensu Ching, H45 240; terrestrial; montane forest at

1200-2000 m.

Pseudophegopteris rectangularis (Zoll.) Holttum, FMnl 346, P19 177;

Thelypteris oppositipinna (Alderw.) Ching, H43 239; terrestrial; by mountain

streams at 1000-1500 m.

Sphaerostephanos hendersonii Holttum, FMn1 493; terrestrial; montane

forest at about 1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Sphaerostephanus heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum, FMnl 457, P19 201;

Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume) Ching, H45 269; shady places near

streams; lowlands and mountains to 1500 m.

Sphaerostephanos larutensis (Bedd.) C.Chr., FMul 489, P19 205;

Cyclosorus larutensis (Bedd.) Ching, H45 284; terrestrial; forest near streams

to 1000 m.

32.14.4

32.14.5

32.14.6

32.14.7

32.14.8

32.14.9

32.14.10a

32.14.10b

32.14.11

ST Nae

33.

ec es

i np

33.1.4

Sphaerostephanos latebrosus (Kunze ex Mett.) Holttum, FM 471;

terrestrial; lowland and hill forest to 800 m.

Sphaerostephanos norrisii (Rosenst.) Holttum, FMil 485; Cyclosorus

toppingii [non (Copel.) Ching] Holttum, H45 280, terrestrial; montane forest

at 1000-1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Sphaerostephanos peltochlamys (C.Chr.) Holttum, FMm1 495; Abacopteris

peltochlamys (C.Chr.) Holttum, H45 295; terrestrial; lowland forest; K1.

Sphaerostephanos penniger (Hook.) Holttum, FMm1 461, P19 202;

Cyclosorus megaphyllus (Mett.) Ching, H45 268; terrestrial; near streams

in the hills.

Sphaerostephanos polycarpus (Blume) Copel., FMir1 448, P19 199;

Cyclosorus polycarpus (Blume) Holttum, H45 283; terrestrial; common in

open places near streams; lowlands and mountains to 1800 m.

Sphaerostephanos porphyricola (Copel.) Holttum, FMn1 472, P19 203;

Cyclosorus porphyricola (Copel.) Ching, H45 271; terrestrial; near shady

streams.

Sphaerostephanos pterosporus (Alderw.) Holtuum var. altilobus Holttum,

FMnl 487; terrestrial; lower montane forest at 750-900 m; Pk; endemic

variety.

Sphaerostephanos pterosporus (Alderw.) Holttum var. pterosporus, FMul

487; terrestrial; lowlands and hills to 700 m; widespread in the south.

Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum, FM 477; Cyclosorus unitus (L.)

Ching, H43 260; terrestrial; open places at low altitudes.

Trigonospora ciliata (Benth.) Holttum, FMun1 375, P19 185; Thelypteris

ciliata (Wall.) Ching, H45 250; terrestrial; on rocks beside montane forest

streams; north of Peninsula.

VITTARIACEAE

Antrophyum callifolium Blume, H45 605, P19 433; on rocks and tree trunks;

lowland and hill forest.

Antrophyum latifolium Blume, H45 607, P19 436; on banks and rocks;

montane forest.

Antrophyum parvulum Blume, H45 607, C13 207, P19 434; usually on

limestone

Antrophyum semicostatum Blume, H45 607, P19 435; epiphyte; montane

forest.

33,2.1

33.5.1

33.4.1

33.4.2

33.4.3a

33.4.3b

33.4.4a

33.4.5

33.4.6

33.4.7

33.4.8

33.4.9

34.

34.1.1

34.2.1

Monogramma dareicarpa Hook., H45 615; low level epiphyte; dark, damp

lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Vaginularia trichoidea Fée, T03 229; Monogramma trichoidea (Fée) J.Sm.

ex Hook. & Baker, H45 616, P19 432; on trees and rocks in deep shade; to

about 1000 m.

Vittaria angustifolia Blume, H45 610, P19 429; on trees and rocks; montane

forest.

Vittaria angustissima Holttum, H45 610; epiphyte; Gg Kerbau, Pk, Fraser’s

Hill, Ph.

Vittaria elongata Sw. var. angustifolia Holttum, nom. nud., H45 614:

epiphyte; north of Malaya.

Vittaria elongata Sw. var. elongata, H45 614, P19 431; common epiphyte,

occasionally on rocks; to 1200 m.

Vittaria ensiformis Sw. var. ensiformis, H45 613, P19 430; epiphyte; common

on palm trunks with persistent leaf bases; throughout.

Vittaria ensiformis Sw. var. latifolia Holttum, nom. nud.,H45 614; epiphyte;

Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Vittaria flexuosa Fée, H45 611; epiphyte; twice collected, Pn, Pk.

Vittaria hirta Fée, H45 609; epiphyte; lowland forest; once collected, Ph.

Vittaria malayensis Holttum, H45 609, P19 428; on trees at high altitudes;

about 1500 m; Fraser’s Hill, Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites, H45 611; on trees by rivers and in

swamps.

Vittaria sessilifrons Miyam. & H. Ohba, M43 33; on mossy tree trunks near

streams; forest at 200-700 m; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

WOODSIACEAE

Acystopteris tenuisecta (Blume) Tagawa, P19 289; Cystopteris tenuisecta

(Blume) Mett., H45 540; stream banks and roadsides; Cameron Highlands,

Ph.

Athyrium anisopterum H. Christ, P19 290; Athyrium macrocarpum auct.

non (Blume) Bedd., H45 550; on rocks in and near streams in montane

forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

34.2.2

34.3.1

34.3.2

34.4.1

34.5.1

34.5.2

34.5.3

34.5.4

34.5.5

34.5.6

34.5.7a

34.5.7b

34.5.8

34.5.9

Athyrium appendiculiferum Alderw., H45 565; damp montane forests;

about 1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Deparia boryana (Willd.) M. Kato, K03 386, P11; Athyrium boryanum

(Willd.) Tagawa, H45 567; in or near hill streams at 300 m—500 m; Pk.

Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato ssp. deflexa (Kunze) M. Kato, K03

425, P11; Athyrium japonicum (Thunb.) Copel., H45 551; Lunathyrium

japonicum (Thunb.) Kurata, P19 291; roadside banks in light shade; Taiping

Hills, Pk, Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Diplaziopsis heterophlebia (Mett. ex Baker) M.G. Price, P11; Athyrium

heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker) Copel., H45 549; Diplazium

heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker) Diels, T03 451; in forest near streams;

about 1000 m; Ulu Sg Bertam, Ph.

Diplazium accedens Blume, P19 303; Athyrium accedens (Blume) Milde,

H45 558; Callipteris prolifera (Lam.) Bory, P11; by shady streams in the

mountains.

Diplazium allantoideum M.G. Price, P24 195, P11; Diplazium silvaticum

auct. non (Bory) Sw., P19 307; Athyrium pinnatum (Blanco) Copel., H45

560; in forests to 1200 m.

Diplazium amplissimum (Baker) Diels, H45 638; Athyrium amplissimum

(Baker) Holttum, H45 569; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Diplazium angustipinna (Holttum) Holttum, P19 294; Athyrium

angustipinna Holttum, H43 459; in shady hill forest at about 1000 m; Gg

Batu Puteh, Pk, Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic

Diplazium angustisquamatum (Holttum) Parris, P08 118, P11; Athyrium

angustisquamatum Holttum, H45 570; twice collected; Genting Simpah,

Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Diplazium bantamense Blume, P19 305; Athyrium bantamense (Blume)

Milde, H45 558; usually in moist hill forest.

Diplazium cordifolium Blume var. cordifolium, P19 293; Athyrium

cordifolium (Blume) Copel., H45 548; terrestrial; lowland and montane

forest.

Diplazium cordifolium Blume var. pariens (Copel.) C. Chr., P11; terrestrial.

Diplazium crenatoserratum (Blume) T. Moore, P19 308; Athyrium

crenatoserratum (Blume) Milde, H45 561; terrestrial; lowland and hill forest

to 1000 m.

Diplazium curtisii (Holttum) Holttum, H45 637; Athyrium curtisii Holttum,

H43 560; lowlands; Pk, SI.

34.5.10

34.5.11

34.5.12

34.5.13

34.5.14

34.5.15

34.5.16

34.5.17

34.5.18

34.5.19

34.5.20

34.5.21

34.5.22

34.5.23

Diplazium dilatatum Blume, P19 316; Athyrium dilatatum (Blume) Milde,

H45 574; near shaded hill streams; 400—1500 m; Fraser’s Hill and Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu, H45 637; Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., P19 309; Athyrium esculentum (Retz.)

Sw., H43 562; edible fern of open wet places in the lowlands to 800 m.

Diplazium insigne Holttum, H45 637; Athyrium insigne (Holttum) Holttum,

H45 562; twice collected; Taiping Hills, Pk, Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Diplazium kunstleri Holttum, P19 310; Athyrium kunstleri (Holttum)

Holttum, H45 564; near shady hill streams at about 1000 m; Ph, Sl, Jh;

endemic.

Diplazium latisquamatam Holttum, H45 637; Athyrium latisquamatam

(Holttum) Holttum, H45 563; montane forest near streams; 1000-1500 m;

Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Diplazium malaccense C. Presl, P19 297; Athyrium malaccense (C. Presl)

Holttum, H45 552; lowland to mid-montane forest.

Diplazium pallidum (Blume) T. Moore, P19 301; Athyrium montanum

(Alderw.) Holttum, H45 555; shady hill and montane forest.

Diplazium polypodioides Blume, T03 465; Athyrium asperum (Blume)

Milde, H45 571; Diplazium asperum Blume, P19 313; wet forest edges to

1000 m.

Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) T. Moore, T03 457; Athyrium

prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum, H45 557; in forests; Pk, SI, Sp.

Diplazium procumbens Holttum, H45 638; Athyrium procumbens

(Holttum) Holttum, H45 572; streamsides in forest; Fraser’s Hill, Ph;

endemic.

Diplazium riparium Holttum, P19 300; Athyrium riparium (Holttum)

Holttum, H45 554: stream banks in lowland forests.

Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum, P19 315; Athyrium simplicivenium

(Holttum) Holttum, H45 573; shady forest valleys near streams; 400—1500

m; Pk, Ph.

Diplazium sorzogonense (C. Presl) C. Presl, P19 296; Athyrium

sorzogonense (C. Presl) Milde, H45 552; drier spots in mid- to upper-

elevation forests; 600-1400 m.

34.5.24a

34.5.24b

34.5.25

34.5.26

34.5.27

34.5.28

34.5.29

34.5.30

AS:

SoA

Ei Be Be 2

36.

61,1

36.1.2

Diplazium speciosum Blume var. major Bedd., H45 560 in synonymy, P11;

Athyrium speciosum (Blume) Milde var. major (Bedd.) Holttum, H45 560;

terrestrial; montane forest; Gg Bubu, Pk; Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Diplazium speciosum Blume var. speciosum, P19 306; Athyrium speciosum

(Blume) Milde, H45 559; semi-shade of mountain tops; Gg Tahan, Gg Ulu

Kali, Ph.

Diplazium subintegrum Holttum, P19 302; Athyrium subintegrum

(Holttum) Holttum, H45 557; shady montane forest at 1000-1500 m; Main

Range and Taiping Hills.

Diplazium subserratum (Blume) T. Moore, P19 292; Athyrium subserratum

(Blume) Milde, H45 546; near shady streams in hills; about 700 m.

Diplazium tomentosum Blume, P19 295; Athyrium tomentosum (Blume)

T. Moore, H45 551; lowland and hill forest to 800 m.

Diplazium velutinum Holttum, P19 312; Athyrium velutinum (Holttum)

Holttum, H45 567; in montane forest at about 1500 m; a few valleys in

Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr., P19 299; Athyrium xiphophyllum

(Baker) Copel., H45 553; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m.

Diplazium sp., P19 298; dry shady forest slopes; Main Range; endemic.

ARAUCARIACEAE

Agathis borneensis Warb., FM110 433; Agathis loranthifolia Salisb., FMP5

278; Agathis dammara (Lambert) L.G. Richard, TFMI1 41; tree to 50 m

tall; lowland to lower montane forest; north of Peninsula.

Agathis flavescens Ridl., FMP5 278, TFM1 43, FM110 438; tree to 12 m

tall; upper montane forest; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

CYCADACEAE

Cycas rumphii Mig., FMPS5 284; cycad to 6 m tall; mostly rocky shores;

widespread.

Cycas siamensis Mig., FMP5 285, C13 218; cycad to 5 m tall; on limestone;

north of Malaya.

37.

Breit

37 AZ

S7.1.3a

37.1.3b

af 13c

37.1.3d

37.1.4

37.1.5a

37.1.5b

37.1.6

S717

37.1.8

J4.19

GNETACEAE

Gnetum cuspidatum Blume, FM14 343; Gnetum longispica Ridl., FMP5 275:

Gnetum penangense Ridl., FMP5 276; liana; lowland and hill forest:

widespread.

Gnetum globosum Markegr., M12 108; scandent shrub; lowland forest; only

known from type, Taman Negara, Ph; endemic.

Gnetum gnemon L. var. brunonianum (Griff.) Markgr., FM14 340; Gnetum

brunonianum Griff., FMP5 274: shrub to 3 m tall: lowland to montane forest

at 1500 m; widespread.

Gnetum gnemon L. var. gnemon, FMP5 273, FMi4 340, TFM1 54; tree to

20 m tall; rocky coasts and islands, widely cultivated; mostly East Coast.

Gnetum gnemon L. var. griffithii (Parl.) Markgr., FM14 340; shrub; lowland

to montane forest; widespread.

Gnetum gnemon L. var. tenerum Markgr., FMi4 341; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Ph southward.

Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn., FMi4 344; Gnetum wrayi Gamble, FMP5

276; liana; lowland forest; widespread.

Gnetum latifolium Blume var. funiculare (Blume) Markegr., FM14 343;

Gnetum kingianum Gamble, FMP5 276; large liana; lowland forest;

widespread.

Gnetum latifolium Blume var. latifolium, FMPS5 276, FMi4 342: large liana:

hill forest; Pk, Ph.

Gnetum macrostachyum Hook.f., FMP5 274, FMi4 346; liana: lowland

forest; widespread.

Gnetum microcarpum Blume, FM14 346; Gnetum campestre (Ridl.) Gamble

ex Ridl., FMPS5 275; Gnetum sylvestre (Ridl.) Gamble ex Ridl., FMP5 275:

slender liana; lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Gnetum ridleyi Gamble ex Markgr., FM14 344; large liana; Telom, Ph;

endemic.

Gnetum tenuifolium Foxw., FMP5 277, FMi4 342: slender liana; lowland

forest; widespread.

38.

38.1.1

38.2.1

38.2.2

38.2.3

38.2.4

36.3.1

38.4.1

38.4.2

38.5.1

38.5.2

38.5.3

38.5.4

38.5.5

PODOCARPACEAE

Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. var. patulus de Laub., FM110

379; Podocarpus imbricatus Blume, FMP5 283, TFM1 51; tree 5 m—40 m

tall; montane forest above 750 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, SI.

Dacrydium beccarii Parl., FMP5 280, TFM1 46, FM110 366; shrub or tree

to 20 m tall; montane forest, lower altitudes on poor soils; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph,

Sl, Ml, Jh.

Dacrydium comosum Corner, TFM1 46, FMi10 370; shrub or small tree to

12 m tall; upper montane forest at 1440-2200 m; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex Hook., FMP5 279, TFM1 46, FM110

363; Dacrydium beccarii Parl. var. subelatum Corner, TFM1 46; tree to 40

m tall; montane forests at 500-1500 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1.

Dacrydium medium de Laub., FM110 368; shrub or gnarled tree to 20 m

tall; montane forest at 960—2100 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph.

Falcatifolium falciforme (Parl.) de Laub., FM110 372; Dacrydium falciforme

(Parl.) Pilg., FMP5 280, TFM1 46; shrub or large tree to 36 m tall; montane

forest; Tg, Ph.

Nageia motleyi (Parl.) de Laub., FM110 393; Podocarpus motleyi (Parl.)

Dummer, TFM1 51; tree to 40 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh.

Nageia wallichiana (Presl) Kuntze, FM110 391; Podocarpus blumei End1.,

FMP5S 281; Podocarpus wallichianus Presl, TFM1 53; tree to 40 m tall; hill

and montane forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Podocarpus deflexus Rid!l., FMP5 283, TFM1 48, FM110 403; shrub or small

tree to 10 m tall; upper montane forest; Gg Tahan, Ph.

Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don, FMP5 281, TFM1 51, FMi110 400; tree to 40

m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Jh.

Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl., FMP5 282, TFM1 53, FM110 417;

shrub or tree to 20 m tall, coastal vegetation, sometimes inland; Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh, Sp.

Podocarpus ridleyi (Wasscher) N.E. Gray, FM110 419; Podocarpus

nertifolius D. Don var. ridleyi Wasscher, TFM1 51; tree 4-24 m tall; isolated

mountain peaks; scattered; endemic.

Podocarpus rumphii Blume, FM110 415; tree to 40 m tall; montane forest;

Genting Highlands, Ph/SI.

38.5.6

39.

oa.4.1

3912

ay.2.1

» RA

7-1

2 Ws

39.4.1

39.4.2

39.4.3

39.5.1

39.6.1

39.7.1

39.8.1

Podocarpus teysmanii Mig., FM110 406; tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest;

scattered.

ACANTHACEAE

Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, FMP2 577; spreading shrub to 3 m tall;

mangroves, tidal mud; widespread.

Acanthus ilicifolius L., FMP2 577; spreading shrub to 1.5 m tall; mangroves;

commoner in the north.

Acanthus volubilis Wall., FMP2 577; trailing shrub; tidal mud; scattered.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, FMP2 582; herb to 1 m

tall; waste ground; widespread, possibly only native in the far north.

Andrographis laxiflora (Blume) Lindau, H05 353; Andrographis tenuiflora

T. Anderson, FMP2 582, C13 70; herb to 60 cm tall; on limestone; P.

Langkawi, Kd.

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, B31 78; Asystasia coromandeliana

Nees, FMP2 586; creeping or climbing herb; waste areas, sometimes

cultivated; naturalized from India.

Asystasia nemorum Nees, K09 187; Asystasia intrusa Blume, FMP2 585;

scrambling herb to 2 m tall; waste ground, roadsides; throughout.

Barleria conspicua Nees, FMP2 588; tall herb; once from Pn, endemic.

Barleria prionitis L., FMP2 587; prickly shrub to 75 cm tall; dry spots; Ps,

MI.

Barleria siamensis Craib var. glabrescens Ridl., FMP2 588, C14 71; herb to

30 cm tall; on limestone; P. Dayang Bunting (Langkawi); endemic variety.

Chroesthes longifolia (Wight) B. Hansen, H04 210; Lepidagathis longifolia

Wight, FMP2 587; shrub to 2.5 m; lowland forest; widespread.

Cosmianthemum knoxiifolium (C.B. Clarke) B. Hansen, H06 195;

Gymnostachyum knoxiifolium C.B. Clarke, FMP2 581; Ptyssiglottis

parviflora (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 604; Sphinctacanthus malayanus Ridl., FMP2

607; shrub about 60 cm tall; hill forest; Sl, NS.

Dicliptera rosea Ridl., FMP2 608, C14 71; subshrub to 30 cm tall; on

limestone; north of Malaya; endemic.

Filetia bracteosa C.B. Clarke, FMP2 584; shrub to 1 m tall; open spots in

montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

SOBi2

39.8.3

39.8.4

39.8.5

39.8.6

Se ee al

39.924

ge 4b

29:9:3

39.9.4

Bs J Be,

39.9.6

bo! be

39.9.8

39.59

39.9.10

399,01

Filetia glabra Ridl., FMP2 584; shrub; montane forest; Gg Mengkuang

Lebah, SI; endemic.

Filetia hirta Ridl., FM/P2 585; herb to 30 cm tall, rootstock slightly woody;

clearings in the mountains; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Filetia paniculata C.B. Clarke, FMP2 584; shrub about 30 cm tall; Pk.

Filetia ridleyi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 585; herb; clearings in the mountains; Pk,

Ph, Sl; endemic.

Filetia scortechinii C.B. Clarke, FMP2 584; spreading shrub; montane forest;

Pk, Sl; endemic.

Gymnostachyum ceylanicum Arn. & Nees, FMP2 580; herb; P. Langkawi.

Gymnostachyum decurrens Stapf var. decurrens, FMP2 579, C14 71; short-

stemmed herb; shady places, including limestone; scattered; endemic.

Gymnostachyum decurrens Stapf var. robinsonii (Rid1.) J.B. Imlay, 102 127;

Gymnostachyum robinsonii Ridl., FMP2 579, C14 71; creeping herb

ascending to 8 cm; on limestone; once from P. Datang Bunting (Langkawi);

endemic.

Gymnostachyum diversifolium C.B. Clarke, FMP2 579, C14 71; creeping

herb ascending to 15 cm tall; forests, sometimes on limestone; P. Langkawi,

Kl, Pk; endemic.

Gymnostachyum hirtistylum C.B. Clarke, FMP2 580; herb to 30 cm tall;

once from Pk.

Gymnostachyum hirtum Ridl., R14 474; short-stemmed herb to 30 cm tall;

near Kuala Kangsar, Pk; endemic.

Gymnostachyum insulare Ridl., FMP2 582; herb to 60 cm tall; P. Langkawi;

endemic.

Gymnostachyum magis-nervatum C.B. Clarke, FMP2 580; herb to 60 cm

tall; wet places; Larut, Pk; endemic.

Gymnostachyum magnum C.B. Clarke, FMP2 581; shrub; lowland forest;

Pk, NS; endemic.

Gymnostachyum pallens C.B. Clarke, FMP2 580; creeping shrub; Pk;

endemic.

Gymnostachyum ridleyi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 581; large shrub; lowland forest;

Pk, Sl; endemic.

Gymnostachyum scortechinii C.B. Clarke, FMP2 581; herb to 45 cm tall;

Pk; endemic.”

Pita “\

39.9.12

39.10.1a

39.10.1b

39.10.2

39.10.3

39.10.4

39.10.5

39.10.6

39.10.7a

39.10.7b

39.11.1

39.11.2a

39.11.2b

39.11.2c

39.11.3

39.11.4

Gymnostachyum simplicicaule C.B. Clarke, FMP2 580; herb about 20 cm

tall; Sg Raya, Pk; endemic.

Hemigraphis brunelloides (Lam.) Bremek. var. brunelloides, B26 90;

Hemigraphis confinis T. Anderson var. hirsuta Ridl., FMP2 570: herb.

Hemigraphis brunelloides (Lam.) Bremek. var. vahliana Bremek., B26 91:

herb; MI.

Hemigraphis confinis T. Anderson, FMP2 569; herb to 60 cm tall; roadsides;

NS, ML.

Hemigraphis hispidula Craib, FMP2 569 ‘hispida’, B26 100; prostrate

creeping herb; Kuala Aring, KI.

Hemigraphis platycarpos C.B. Clarke, FMP2 570; herb to 30 cm tall; open

grassy places; widespread.

Hemigraphis primulifolia (Nees) Fern.-Vill., B26 117, T05 128; herb to 10

cm tall; weed of damp shady places; Sp; naturalized from the Philippines.

Hemigraphis ridleyi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 569; creeping herb; open places;

mostly in the north.

Hemigraphis sumatrensis (Heyne ex Roth) Boerl. ex Bremek. var. rothiana

Bremek., B26 97; Hemigraphis alternata auct. non (Burm.f.) T. Anderson,

FMP2 570 in part; slender herb to 30 cm tall, open places; widespread.

Hemigraphis sumatrensis (Heyne ex Roth) Boerl. ex Bremek. var.

sumatrensis, B26 97; Hemigraphis alternata auct. non (Burm.f.) T. Anderson,

FMP2 570 in part; slender herb to 30 cm tall; open places; widespread.

Hygrophila meianthos C.B. Clarke, FMP2 566; herb to 30 cm tall; wet grassy

places; MI, Sp.

Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var. angusta Ridl., FMP2 567; herb; wet

lowland forest; Kl; endemic variety.

Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var. phlomoides, FMP2 567; herb to | m tall:

common in wet places; widespread.

Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var. roxburghii C.B. Clarke, FMP2 567; small.

often procumbent, herb; Pn.

Hygrophila polysperma (Nees) T. Anderson, FMP2 565; small procumbent

herb to 20 cm tall; Ml.

Hygrophila pusilla Blume, B03 570; Hygrophila saxatilis Rid|., FMP2 566;

tufted herb 8-15 cm tall: on rocks in rivers; K1, Ph, Jh.

39-105

39146

6» is i

3911.8

fe A a |

i |

ee Be I

3715.9

SOAS

Bal oa

39.136

39.13.8

20.139

39.13.10

Hygrophila ringens (L.) R.Br. ex Steud., N11 39; Hygrophila angustifolia

R.Br., FMP2 566; Hygrophila quadrivalvis Buch.-Ham., FMP2 566;

Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr., B31 66, K09 189; herb to 1 m tall; damp

waste ground; widespread.

Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R. Almeida & $.M. Almeida, N11 40;

Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson, FMP2 567; spiny herb to 1.5 m tall; waste

ground; Sp; naturalized from India.

Hygrophila stricta (Vahl) Lindau; Nomaphila stricta (Vahl) Nees; FMP2

568 incl. vars. minor (C.B. Clarke) Ridl. and corymbosa (Blume) Ridl.; herb

to 1 m tall; seasonally wet places, ricefields; widespread.

Hygrophila subsessilis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 567; herb to 30 cm tall; M1;

endemic.

Hypoestes malaccensis Wight, FMP2 610; herb to 30 cm tall; waste ground;

MI.

Justicia alternifolia C.B. Clarke, FMP2 601; shrub to 1 m tall; Ulu Slim, Pk;

endemic.

Justicia gendarussa Burm.f., G15 589; Gendarussa vulgaris Nees, FMP2

593; shrub to 1.5 m; around villages, established as escape from cultivation.

Justicia henicophylla C.B. Clarke, FMP2 601 incl. vars. caudata C.B. Clarke

& scandens C.B. Clarke, C14 72; herb to 1 m tall; often on limestone; Pk,

Ph; endemic.

Justicia inconspicua Ridl., FMP2 602; tall straggling herb; East coast and

islands; endemic.

Justicia lancifolia Ridl. ex S. Moore, FMP2 600; herb to 25 cm tall; lowland

forest; Sl; endemic.

Justicia maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 600; herb to 60 cm tall; Penang Hill;

endemic.

Justicia ochroleuca Blume, H11 210; Justicia patulinervis C.B. Clarke, FMP2

595; Justicia laetevirens (non Vahl) Ridl., FMP2 596; herb to 60 cm tall;

lowland forest; ?Pk, Ph.

Justicia otophora C.B. Clarke, FMP2 601; scandent herb; river sides; Pk,

endemic.

Justicia ovalis Ridl., FMP2 600; herb to 45 cm tall; P. Tioman, endemic.

Justicia procumbens L., G15 597; Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees, FMP2

602; small herb; open sandy spots; Pn, NS.

39.13.11

ay.13.12

39.13.13

39.13.14

39.13.15

39.13.16

39.13.17

39.13.18

39.13.19

39.13.20

39.13.21

39.13.22

39.13.23

39.13.24

39.14.1

39.14.2

Justicia ptychostoma Nees, FMP2 594 incl. vars. angustifolia C.B. Clarke,

auriculata C.B. Clarke, parvibracteata C.B. Clarke & rotundifolia C.B.

Clarke; herb to 30 cm tall; open dry places including limestone; north of

Malaya; endemic.

Justicia pubiflora C.B. Clarke, FMP2 596; herb to 1 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; Pk, Jh; endemic.

Justicia quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson, G15 593; Calophanoides

quadrifaria (Nees) Ridl., FMP2 593; herb to 60 cm; common in rocky or

sandy areas; widespread.

Justicia remotifolia Ridl., FMP2 600; slender; straggling herb to 60 cm tall:

Temerloh, Ph; endemic.

Justicia robinsonii Ridl., FMP2 597, C14 73; shrubby herb; on limestone; P.

Dayang Bunting (Langkawi); endemic.

Justicia rupestris Ridl., FMP2 595, C14 73; herb to 50 cm tall; on limestone;

once from Bt Lagi, Ps; endemic.

Eee scortechinii C.B. Clarke, FMP2 595; herb; hill forest; Maxwell’s

Hill, Pk; endemic.

Justicia subalternans C.B. Clarke, FMP2 601, C14 73; shrub to 1.5 m tall;

on limestone; once from Kinta, Pk: endemic.

Justicia subcymosa C.B. Clarke, FMP2 596; herb to 1 m tall; forest, also on

limestone; mostly in the north; endemic.

Justicia sumatrana C.B. Clarke, FMP2 600; bushy herb; montane forest;

K], Pk.

Justicia uber C.B. Clarke, FMP2 599: shrub to 1.5 m tall; lowland forest,

occasionally on limestone; widespread; endemic.

Justicia valida Ridl., FMP2 599, C14 73; shrublet to 60 cm tall; on limestone;

Gg Keriang, Kd.

Justicia vasculosa Wall., FMP2 598; weak straggling herb to 30 cm tall;

lowland forest; widespread.

Justicia sp., H12 54; Ptyssiglottis rubrolutea (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 605; slender

creeping herb; lowland forest; Kl; endemic.

Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, FMP2 586; creeping wiry herb

ascending to 1 m; open places, waste ground; common in the north.

Lepidagathis macrantha C.B. Clarke, FMP2 587; herb; Pk.

39.14.3

eV |

3916.1

Soli la

S917 1b

39.17.2

SOBA

SO AS:2

39.18.3

39.18.4

ZOD

39.20.1

39.20.2

39.20.3

39.20.4

39.20.5

Lepidagathis yappii Ridl., FMP2 586; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Gg Inas, Pk; endemic.

Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng., B29 248; Nelsonia campestris R.Br.,

FMP2 558; creeping herb; open heathy country; Ps, Kd, Pn, Ph.

Pararuellia sumatrensis (C.B. Clarke) Bremek. var. ridleyi (C.B. Clarke)

Bremek., B32 28; Aporuellia sumatrensis C.B. Clarke var. ridleyi C.B. Clarke,

FMP2 564, C14 71; herb to 30 cm tall; on limestone; Gua Batu, Sl; endemic

variety.

Peristrophe acuminata Nees var. acuminata, FMP2 609; herb to 1 m tall;

waste ground; widespread.

Peristrophe acuminata Nees var. salicifolia (Mig.) Ridl., FMP2 609; herb

to 1 m tall; waste ground; Pn, Pk.

Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Bremek., K09 189; Peristrophe baphica

(Spreng.) Bremek., B31 80; Peristrophe tinctoria Nees, FMP2 609; herb to

1 m tall; shady waste ground; scattered along West Coast.

Phialacanthus major C.B. Clarke, FMP2 583; shrub to 2 m tall; montane

forest; Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Phialacanthus minor C.B. Clarke, FMP2 583; shrub; montane forest; Pk;

endemic.

Phialacanthus pauper (C.B. Clarke) Bremek., B29 256; Staurogyne pauper

C.B. Clarke, FMP2 561; herb to 1 m tall; lowland forest; Larut, Pk; endemic.

Phialacanthus wrayi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 583; shrub to 1 m tall; montane

forest; Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Phlogacanthus brevis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 578, H12 54; Ptyssiglottis flava

(Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 605; herb to about 1 m; swamp forest; Pk; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum breviflos (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 590; subshrub to

20 cm tall; Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum candidum (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 590; herb to 60 cm tall;

by forest streams; Ulu Gombak, SI; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum caudifolium (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 590; shrub to 2

m tall; lowland forest; Pk; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Lindl.) Radlk., FMP2 589; subshrub to 50

cm tall; lowland forest, also on limestone; widespread.

Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (Nees) Ridl., FMP2 591, H11 213; shrub

to 2m; common in lowland forests; widespread.

39.20.6

39.20.7

39.20.8

39.20.9

39.20.10

39.20.11

39.20.12

= A

geet. 2

be A

39.21.4

a Me

39.21.6

a9.22.7

000

Pseuderanthemum hirtipistillum Ridl., FMP2 589; subshrub to 60 cm tall;

Tapah, Pk; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum kingii (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 591; slender herb to

30 cm tall; damp lowland forest; Jh, Sp; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum latifolium (Vahl) B. Hansen, H11 213; herb.

Pseuderanthemum lilacinum Stapf, FMP2 591; dubious species described

from plant grown at Kew collected from Batu Caves, Sl.

Pseuderanthemum selangorense (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 590; shrub;

lowlands; Sl; endemic.

Pseuderanthemum sylvestre Ridl., FMP2 591; shrub; lowland forest; Sg

Buloh, SI; endemic. ,

Pseuderanthemum teijsmannii (T. Anderson) Ridl., FMP2 592; sprawling

bush; lowland forest; scattered; endemic.

Ptyssiglottis cuprea (Ridl.) B. Hansen, H12 40; Polytrema cuprea Ridl.,

FMP2 607, C14 74; prostrate herb to 10 cm tall; on limestone; only known

from near Ipoh, Pk; endemic.

Ptyssiglottis isophylla (C.B. Clarke) B. Hansen, H12 45; Polytrema

isophyllum C.B. Clarke, FMP2 606; herb to 70 cm tall; Pk, Ph, SI.

Ptyssiglottis kunthiana (Nees) B. Hansen, H12 42; Polytrema vulgare C.B.

Clarke, FMP2 606; Polytrema crenulatum C.B. Clarke, FMP2 606;

Polytrema aequale Ridl., FMP2 607 incl. var. minor Ridl.; herb to 40 cm;

lowland forest to 200 m, often on limestone; widespread.

Ptyssiglottis subcordata (C.B. Clarke) S. Moore, FMP2 604, H12 32;

Polytrema repens Ridl., FMP2 607; Isoglossa subcordata (C.B. Clarke) B.

Hansen, H05 8; herb to 50 cm; hill forests; Pk; endemic.

Ptyssiglottis chrysea (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 605; creeping herb ascending to

15 cm; montane forest; Ulu Gombak, SI; endemic.

[H12 excludes from Ptyssiglottis]

Ptyssiglottis densiflora (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 604; decumbent subshrub

to 20 cm tall; montane forest; Gg Tungol, Pk; endemic.

[H12 excludes from Ptyssiglottis]

Ptyssiglottis radicans (C.B. Clarke) S. Moore, FMP2 605; creeping herb;

lowland forest; Ulu Selama, Pk; endemic.

[H12 excludes from Ptyssiglottis]

Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, B03 585; Rhinacanthus communis Nees,

FMP2 603; shrub to 2 m tall; open places; chiefly in the north.

39.23.1

39.232

39:23:53

39.23.4

39.24.1

30.24:2

39.24.3

39.24.4

39.24.5

S9-25-1

kg fn Bhs

io a,

39.25.4

39.25.5a

Ruellia prostrata Poir., FMP2 564; Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees,

B30 16; creeping herb; sea shore; P. Song Song, Kd.

Ruellia repens L., FMP2 564; Dipteracanthus repens (L.) Hassk., B32 18;

creeping herb; grassy places; common and widespread.

Ruellia malasica (C.B. Clarke) J.B. Imlay, 102 112; Aporuellia axillaris C.B.

Clarke, FMP2 565; Acanthopale malasica C.B. Clarke, FMP2 576;

Dipteracanthus ventricosus Nees, B32 20; herb of limestone.

Ruellia tuberosa L., M31 132, B03 557; herb; commoner in the north;

naturalized from the West Indies.

Rungia laxiflora C.B. Clarke, H10 206; Justicia bracteata Ridl., FMP2 597;

Justicia breviflos Ridl., FMP2 597; Justicia clarkeana Ridl., FMP2 599;

Justicia microcarpa Ridl., FMP2 599; Justicia pectinella Ridl., FMP2 598;

Justicia secundiflora Ridl., FMP2 598; herb to 1 m tall; lowlands and

mountains; widespread.

Rungia minutiflora C.B. Clarke, FMP2 602, C14 74; slender herb to 25 cm

tall; on limestone; twice from P. Langkawi; endemic.

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees, FMP2 603; herb to 15 cm tall; open sandy

places; Kangar, Ps; endemic.

Rungia selangorensis (C.B. Clarke) B. Hansen, H11 213, H10 213; Justicia

selangorensis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 596; robust herb; lowland forest; P.

Langkawi, Sl; endemic.

Rungia vegeta (Ridl.) B. Hansen, H11 213, H10 213; Justicia vegeta Ridl.,

FMP2 596; large herb; montane forest; G. Mengkuang Lebah, Sl; endemic.

Staurogyne arcuata C.B. Clarke, FMP2 561, B29 184; small herb to 20 cm

tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Staurogyne condensata (Ridl.) Bremek., B29 206; Staurogyne longifolia

(Nees) Kuntze var. condensata Ridl., FMP2 560; only known from type;

Kuala Lebir, Kl; endemic.

Staurogyne cremostachya Bremek., B29 202; Staurogyne comosa (Wall.)

Kuntze nom. illeg., FMP2 560; herb to 40 cm tall; hill forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph,

Sl.

Staurogyne griffithiana (Nees) Kuntze, FMP2 561, B29 181; small herb to

20 cm tall; lowland forests; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke var. kingiana, FMP2 560, B29 193; herb

to 70 cm tall, lowland and hill forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

39.25.5b

39.25.6

39.25.7

39.25.8

5 a

39.25.10a

39.25.10b

po2).11

39.25.12

39.25.13

39.25.14a

39.25.14b

39.25.15

39.25.16

39.26.1

Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke var. magnifolia Bremek., B29 193: herb

to 70 cm tall; Kl; endemic variety.

Staurogyne lanceolata (Blume) Kuntze var. scabridula Bremek., B29 208:

herb to 30 cm tall; Ps, Kd; endemic variety.

Staurogyne lasiobotrys (Nees) Kuntze, FMP2 561, B29 195: herb to 60 cm

tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Pn, Pk, Ph, NS.

Staurogyne longifolia (Nees) Kuntze, FMP2 560, B29 200; Staurogyne

lanceolata auct. non (Blume) Kuntze, FMP2 559; Staurogyne angustifolia

auct. non Wall., FMP2 560; herb to 50 cm tall; lowland forest to 300 m; Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Staurogyne longispica (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 563, B29 222; herb to 60 cm tall;

montane forest; Sl, NS.

Staurogyne malaccensis C.B. Clarke var. malaccensis, B29 205; Staurogyne

malaccensis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 559 in part; forest herb to 20 cm tall; MI.

Staurogyne malaccensis C.B. Clarke var. stenophylla, B29 205; Staurogyne

malaccensis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 559 in part; forest herb to 20 cm tall; Kd,

Kl, Pn.

Staurogyne merguensis (T. Anderson) Kuntze, FMP2 562, B29 226; herb

to 25 cm tall; lowland forest: Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph.

Staurogyne racemosa (Roxb.) Kuntze, FMP2 562, B29 232: herb to 45 cm

tall; hill forest at 600-750 m; Penang Hill; endemic.

Staurogyne scopulicola Kiew, K35 245; prostrate herb; shaded sandstone

cliff; Gg Keriong, Ph; endemic.

Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze var. grandis Bremek., B29 189;

Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze, FMP2 559 in part; forest herb to 30 cm

tall; Ph, Jh.

Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze var. setigera, B29 188; Staurogyne

setigera (Nees) Kuntze, FMP2 559 in part; forest herb to 20 cm tall; Kl, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Staurogyne subglabra C.B. Clarke, FMP2 562, B29 199; herb to 60 cm tall:

usually montane forest at 1000-1500 m, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Staurogyne viscida (Ridl.) Bremek., B29 169; Limnophila viscida Ridl.,

FMP2 478: small herb to 15 cm tall, rice fields; Ps; endemic.

Stenothyrsus ridleyi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 568, C14 74; tall herb; on limestone;

near Ipoh, Pk; endemic.

214

39.272

213

39.27.4

i i

37-210

8 |

39.27.8

9215

39.2140

39.27.11

Se 8 Bs

be 0 tl

39.27.14

SZPAS

39.27.16

39.27.17

Strobilanthes albostriata Ridl., FMP2 574; herb to 30 cm tall; montane

forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Strobilanthes bibracteata Blume, FMP2 572; herb to 1.5 m tall; montane

forest; Pk.

Strobilanthes collina Nees, FMP2 575; herb to 1 m tall; montane forest; Pk

northward.

Strobilanthes hirtisepala C.B. Clarke, FMP2 572; herb to 1.5 m tall; montane

forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Strobilanthes latebrosa Ridl., FMP2 573; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland forest;

Bt Tangga, NS; endemic.

Strobilanthes leucopogon Ridl., FMP2 575; large herb; P. Langkawi;

endemic.

Strobilanthes maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 571; shrubby herb to 1 m tall;

mostly in hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Strobilanthes pachyphylla C.B. Clarke, FMP2 575; shrub to 1 m tall;

limestone; once from Gg Mesah, Pk; endemic.

Strobilanthes palawanensis Elmer, T10 120; Endopogon ridleyi C.B. Clarke,

FMP2 570; herb to 30 cm tall; lowland forest; Sp.

Strobilanthes pateriformis Lindau, T09 34; Strobilanthes phoenicea RidL.,

FMP2 575; herb to 60 cm tall; lowland and hill forest to 1600 m, often near

streams; Pk.

Strobilanthes pedicellata Ridl., FMP2 576; herb; montane forest; Ph;

endemic.

Strobilanthes peninsularis Terao, T10 123; shrub to 90 cm; P. Langkawi.

Strobilanthes ruficapillis Ridl., FMP5 326; creeping herb ascending to 50

cm; Raub, Ph; endemic.

Strobilanthes ruficaulis Ridl., FMP2 573; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Gg Berembun, Ph; endemic.

Strobilanthes rufocapitata C.B. Clarke, FMP2 574; shrubby creeper; on

rocks in the mountains; Pk; endemic.

Strobilanthes rufopauper C.B. Clarke, FMP2 573; herb; montane forest;

Pk, Ph; endemic.

Strobilanthes rufosepala C.B. Clarke, FMP2 573; decumbent herb to 50

cm tall; hill forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

39.27.18

39:27A9

39.27.20

39.27.21

39.28.1a

39.28.1b

39.28.2

39.28.3

39.28.4

39.28.5

39.28.6

39.28.7

SOs

Strobilanthes rufostrobilata C.B. Clarke, FMP2 573; herb to 30 cm tall; Pk;

endemic.

Strobilanthes scabrida Ridl., FMP2 574; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Ph, Sl; endemic.

Strobilanthes sylvestris Ridl., FMP2 575; herb to 60 cm tall;lowland forest;

Pk; endemic.

Strobilanthes vulpina Ridl., FMP2 574; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Ph; endemic.

Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims ssp. alata, B30 42; Thunbergia alata Boj. ex

Sims, FMP2 557 in part; herbaceous vine; waste places; naturalized from

Africa.

Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims ssp. reticulata (Hochst. ex Nees) Bremek.,

B30 42; Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims, FMP2 557 in part; herbaceous vine;

waste places; naturalized from Africa.

Thunbergia crispula Bremek., B30 53; Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. var.

javanica (Gaertn.) C.B. Clarke, FMP2 557 in part; climber; sometimes on

limestone; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek., B30 53; climber; only known from Sp;

endemic.

Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb., FMP2 557, B30 45; liana;

Sp; naturalized from South Asia.

Thunbergia hebecocca Bremek., B30 56; Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. var.

Javanica (Gaertn.) C.B. Clarke, FMP2 557 in part; climber; P. Langkawi,

K]1, Pn; endemic.

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., FMP2 556, B30 47; stout liana; forests and

open country; Kd, Kl, Pg, Pk, Ph, MI, Sp.

Thunbergia trachychlamys Bremek., B30 52; climber; Ps, Pk; endemic.

Thysanostigma odontites (Ridl.) B. Hansen, H09 228; Justicia odontites

Ridl., FMP2 598; Justicia trichodes Ridl., R14 475; Justicia johorensis J.

Sinclair, $25 18; herb about 60 cm tall; lowland forests; Sl, Jh; endemic.

The following species have also been recorded from the Malay Peninsula: Clinacanthus

nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (Clinacanthus burmanni Nees, FMP2 592), Ecbolium ligustrinum

(Vahl) Vollesen (Ecbolium linneanum Kurz, FMP2 608) and Ruellia amoena Nees [FMP5

325] are occasional escapes from gardens, Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt

(Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees, FMP2 610) has not been found south of the Thai

border, and Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau var. lyrata (Nees) Bremek. [B29 250] appears to

have died out in the Singapore Botanic Gardens where it once occurred as a lawn weed.

40.

40.1.1

41.

41.1.1

41.1.2

41.21

41.2.2

41.2.3

41.2.4

41.2.5

41.2.6

41.2.7

41.2.8

41.2.9

ACERACEAE

Acer laurinum Hassk., D23 396; Acer caesium (Reinw. ex Blume) Kosterm.,

TFM2 1; Acer niveum Blume, FM14 3; tree to 30 m tall, usually smaller;

lower montane forest, twice recorded from lowland peat swamp; KI], Ph,

Sl Ih.

ACTINIDIACEAE

Actinidia callosa Lindl. var. pubescens Dunn, FM14 39; rambling shrub,

liane to 30 m; montane rain forest; once collected.

Actinidia latifolia (Gardner & Champ.) Merr., FM14 39, TFM4 1; Actinidia

championi Benth., FMP1 206; trailing shrub or liana to 20 m; hill forest;

Pk, Sl, Jh.

Saurauia fragrans Hoogland, TFM4 3; Saurauia tristyla DC., FMP1 207 in

part; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Ph, Sl, NS.

Saurauia leprosa Korth., TFM4 4; Saurauia cauliflora var. calycina King,

FMP1 208; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest to 800 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Saurauia mahmudii Hoogland, TFM4 4; small tree to 6 m tall; montane

forest above 1500 m, often near streams; known only from Cameron

Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Saurauia malayana Hoogland, TFM4 4; small tree to 12 m tall; disturbed

lower montane forest 1100-1500 m; restricted to the Cameron Highlands,

Ph; endemic.

Saurauia nepaulensis DC., TFM4 5; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall;

secondary montane forest above 1400 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph; possibly

not native but escaped from cultivation.

Saurauia nudiflora DC., FMP1 207, TFM4 5; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, SI.

Saurauia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogland, TFM4 5; Saurauia tristyla DC.,

FMP 1 207 in part; small tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1100 m;

common throughout.

Saurauia roxburghii Wall., TFM4 7; Saurauia tristyla DC., FMP1 207 in

part; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; mostly in disturbed hill forest, to 1250

m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl.

- Saurauia rubens Ridl., FMP1 208, TFM4 7; small tree to 12 m tall; montane

forest; Tg, Ph; endemic.

41.2.10

42.

42.1.1

42.2.1

43.

43.1.la

43.1.1b

43.1.2

43.1.3

43.1.4

43.1.5

43.1.6

43.1.7

44.

44.1.1

Saurauia vulcani Korth., TFM4 7; Saurauia grandis Ridl., FMP1 207; shrub

or tree to 20 m tall; secondary montane forest 750-1700 m; Ph.

AIZOACEAE

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., FMP1 866, FMi4 272; creeping succulent

herb; on sandy or muddy beaches near the tide line; throughout.

Trianthema portulacastrum L., FMi14 274; herb to 50 cm tall; weed of

cultivation, roadsides; scattered.

ALANGIACEAE

Alangium ebenaceum (C.B. Clarke) Harms var. ebenaceum, FMP1 893,

TFM1 57; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Tg and Pk southward.

Alangium ebenaceum (C.B. Clarke) Harms var. tutela (Ridl.) Kochummen,

TFM1 57; Alangium tutela Ridl., FMP1 894; small tree; lowland forest; Ph,

Jh, Sp; endemic variety.

Alangium griffithii (C.B. Clarke) Harms, TFM1 58; Alangium uniloculare

(Griff.) King, FMP1 894; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Nya ee

Alangium kurzii Craib, TFM1 58; Alangium begoniifolium auct. non

(Roxb.) Baill., FMP1 894; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl,

NS.

Alangium nobile (C.B. Clarke) Harms, FMP1 892, TFM1 58; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, K1, Sl, NS, M1.

Alangium ridleyi King, FMP1 893, TFM1 59; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1; endemic.

Alangium rotundifolium (Hassk.) Bloemb., TFM1 60; Alangium

rotundatum Ridl., FMP5 312; tree to 15 m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd,

Pk, Ph, Jh.

Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin, TFM1 57; Alangium lamarckii

Thwaites, FMP1 892; scandent shrub or small tree; lowland forest; Pk, Sp.

AMARANTHACEAE

Achyranthes aspera L., FMP3 8, FMi4 88, T16 38; erect herb to 2 m tall;

roadsides, waste ground; throughout.

100

44.1.2

44.2.1

44.3.1

44.3.2

44.3.3

44.4.1

44.4.2

44.4.3

44.4.4

44.4.5

44.5.1

44.6.1

44.7.1

44.7.2

44.8.1

Achyranthes bidentata Blume, FM14 88, T16 40; erect herb to 1.5 m tall;

weed at the hill stations; Ph; naturalized from other parts of Asia.

Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br. ex Wight, FMP3 5 incl. vars. esculenta Ridl.

& procumbens Ridl., FM14 74, M47 34; herb to 80 cm tall; weed, particularly

of sandy sites; scattered.

Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) Voss, T16 52; Alternanthera ficoidea

(L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. var. bettzichiana (Regel) Backer, FM14 93;

red-leaved herb 20-50 cm tall; waste places, escape from cultivation; Sp;

naturalized from tropical America.

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., FM14 93, C26 661, M47 36;

aquatic herb creeping or floating; in stagnant shallow water; Sp; naturalized

from tropical America.

Alteranthera sessilis (L.) DC., FMP3 10, FM14 92, T16 49, M47 38; fleshy

prostrate herb; common weed; throughout.

Amaranthus caudatus L., FMP3 6, FM14 80; herb 0.3-1.5 m tall; waste places.

Amaranthus lividus L., FM14 77, T16 17; Amaranthus blitum L., herb

5-80 cm tall; weed of cultivation, waste places; naturalized.

Amaranthus spinosus L., FMP3 6, FM14 78, T16 9, M47 42; herb 15-100

cm tall; common weed; throughout; naturalized from tropical America.

Amaranthus tricolor L., FM14 77,716 15; Amaranthus gangeticus L., FMP3

6; Amaranthus mangostanus L., FMP3 6; herb to 2.5 m tall; waste places,

roadsides to 700 m.

Amaranthus viridis L., FMP3 7,116 19; Amaranthus gracillis Desf., FM14

76, M44 40; herb 10-75 cm tall; common weed of cultivation; throughout.

Celosia argentea L., FMP3 5, FM14 73, T16 3, M47 44; herb to 1.5 m tall;

weed of cultivation, waste places; throughout; naturalized possibly from

Asia.

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume, FMP3 7, FM14 82, T16 26; herb to 50 cm

tall; common in lightly shaded places, villages etc.; throughout.

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr., FM14 71; Deeringia celosioides

R.Br., FMP3 4; scandent shrub 2-6 m tall; on rocks including limestone.

Deeringia polysperma (Roxb.) Moq., FMi4 72, C14 75; Deeringia indica

Zoll. ex Mog., FMP3 5; erect herb or shrub to 2 m tall; most often on

limestone, shaded cliff bases; scattered.

Gomphrena celosioides Mart., FM14 96, T16 53, M47 46; herb 10 cm-—

25 cm tall; waste places; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

44.9.1

44.10.1

4S.

45.1.1

45.2.1

45.3.1

45.3.2

45.4.1

45.4.2

45.5.1

45.5.2

45.5.3

45.6.1

Gomphrena globosa L., FMP3 10, FMi4 95, T16 55; herb 15-60 cm tall;

waste places; naturalized from tropical America.

Psylotrichopsis curtisii (Oliv.) C.C. Towns., T15 465; Aerva curtisii Oliv.,

FMP3 8 ‘Aerua’, FMi4 86; straggling herb to 30 cm tall; on rocks in lowland

forest, 150-1000 m; Pk; endemic.

Psilotrichum ferrugineum (Roxb.) Mogq., FM14 90; Psilotrichum

trichotomum Blume, FMP3 8; herb 5-50 cm tall; dry open places in the

hills; Pk, SI.

ANACARDIACEAE

Anacardium occidentale L., FMP1 526, FMi8 421; tree to 12m; sandy places,

usually near the sea; East Coast in particular; naturalized from tropical

America.

Androtium astylum Stapf, FMi18s 420, TFM4 13; small tree to 10 m tall;

lowland swamp; once from Kluang Forest Reserve, Jh.

Bouea macrophylla Griff., FMP1 520, FMi8 468, TFM4 14; tree rarely to

36 m; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Sp.

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn., FMi8 466, TFM4 14; Bouea microphylla

Griff., FMP1 519; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest to 700 m; widespread.

Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume, FMi8 415, TFM4 16; Buchanania

lucida Blume, FMP1 518 incl. var. /axiflora Ridl.; tree to 27 m tall; common

on sandy and rocky coasts and riverbanks; throughout.

Buchanania sessifolia Blume, FMP1 519 ‘sessilifolia’, FM18 418, TFM4 16;

small to medium tree; lowland forest to 750 m; thoughout.

Campnosperma auriculatum (Blume) Hook.f, FMP1 534 incl. var. wallichii

(King) Ridl., FM18 529, TFM4 18; Campnosperma oxyrhachis Engl., FMP1

534; big tree to 33 m tall; lowland and montane forest to 1600 m, often in

swampy places; widespread.

Campnosperma coriaceum (Jack) Hallier f. ex Steenis, FM18 530, TFM4

20; Campnosperma griffithii March., FMP1 534; tree to 40 m tall; often

gregarious in peat swamp forests; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, ?Sp.

Campnosperma squamatum Ridl., FM18 532, TFM4 20; tree to 30 m tall;

both swampy and dry lowland forest to 1200 m; K1, Tg, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, FMi8 470, TFM4 20;

Dracontomelon mangiferum (Blume) Blume, FMP1 543; big buttressed tree

to 36 m tall; lowland forest, often near rivers; Kd, Kl], Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS.

101

102

45.7.1

45.8.1

45.8.2

45.8.3

45.8.4

45.8.5

45.8.6

45.8.7

45.8.8

45.8.9

45.8.10

45.8.11

45.8.12

45.8.13

Drimycarpus luridus (Hook.f.) Ding Hou, FM18 520, TFM4 21; Swintonia

lurida (Hook.f.) King, FMP1 533; Semecarpus glabra Ridl., FMP5 303; tree

to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Tg, Pn, Pk, Sl, NS, M1.

Gluta aptera (King) Ding Hou, FM18 452, TFM4 24; Melanorrhoea aptera

King, FMP1 531; Melanorrhoea inappendiculata King, FMP1 531; tree to

40 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m, often on ridge crests; K1, Tg,

Pn, PK oP i, St, oh.

Gluta beccarii (Engl.) Ding Hou, FM18 452, TFM4 24; tree to 36 m tall; on

steep granitic ridges at 600 m; Tg, MI.

Gluta capituliflora Ding Hou, FM18 458, TFM4 24; tree to 30 m tall; hill

forest 100-1000 m; K1, Tg; endemic.

Gluta curtisii (Oliv.) Ding Hou, FMi8g 454, TFM4 25; Melanorrhoea curtisii

Oliv., FMP1 530; tree to 34 m tall; hill forest 250-1200 m, commonly on

ridges; Kd, K1, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh; endemic.

Gluta elegans (Wall.) Hook.f., FMP1 527, FMi8 461, TFM4 25; tree to 27

m tall; lowland forest to 300 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI.

Gluta lanceolata Ridl., FMP1 527, FMi8s 458, TFM4 28; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland rain forest to 450 m; Kd, Pn, Pk; endemic.

Gluta macrocarpa (Engl.) Ding Hou, FMi8 454, TFM4 28; Melanorrhoea

macrocarpa Engl., FMP1 530; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

1200 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Gluta malayana (Corner) Ding Hou, FM18 455, TFM4 28; tree to 45 m tall;

lowland forest, including swamps; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Gluta pubescens (Ridl.) Ding Hou, FM18 450, TFM4 28; Melanorrhoea

pubescens Ridl., FMP1 530; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest, including

swamps, to 400 m; KI, Tg, Ph, NS, M1, Sh.

Gluta renghas L., FMP1 527 ‘benghas’, FM18 463, TFM4 29; tree to 30 m

tall; riverside tree of tidal freshwater reaches; P. Lankawi, KI, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Gluta tavoyana Wall. ex Hook.f., FM18 459, TFM4 29; tree to 36 m tall;

lowland forest to 300 m; KI, Pn, Jh.

Gluta torquata (King) Tardieu, FM18 455, TFM4 29; Melanorrhoea torquata

King; FMP1 531; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, SI, Jh.

Gluta velutina Blume, FM18 461, TFM4 30; Gluta coarctata Hook.f., FMP1

527; large shrub or stilt-rooted tree to 20 m tall; banks of tidal rivers; Kd,

Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

45.8.14

45.8.15

Gluta wallichii (Hook.f.) Ding Hou, FMi8 456, TFM4 30; Melanorrhoea

wallichii Hook.f., FMP1529; Melanorrhoea woodsiana Hook.f., FMP1 530;

big tree to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI,

NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Gluta wrayi King, FMP1 528, FMi8 456, TFM4 30; Gluta virosa Ridl., FMP1

528; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, SI.

Mangifera - Kostermans and Bompard (K63) have recently resurrected many of the

Mangifera species synonymized in the revisions of Ding Hou (FM) and Kochummen (TFM).

I have generally followed the broader species concept of these authors.

45.9.1

45.9.2

45.9.3

45.9.4

45.9.5

45.9.6

45.9.7

45.9.8

45.9.9

45.9.10

45.9.11

Mangifera caesia Jack, FMP1 525, FMi8 458, K63 149; Mangifera kemanga

Blume, FMP1 525, K63 153; tree to 36 m tall; lowland forest to 450 m, also

cultivated; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh.

Mangifera foetida Lour., FMP1 524, FMi8 435, TFM4 35, K63 159; tree to

36 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m, also cultivated; throughout.

Mangifera gedebe Migq., K63 29; tree to 30 m tall; marshy spots; Ps.

Mangifera gracilipes Hook.f., FMP1 523, FM18 433, TFM4 35, K63 47; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh; endemic.

Mangifera griffithii Hook.f., FMP1 521, FMig 430, TFM4 35, K60 42;

Mangifera microphylla Griff. ex Hook.f., FMP1 521, K63 49; Mangifera

sclerophylla Hook.f., FMP1 521; tree to 40 m tall; wet lowland forest to

360 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera lagenifera Griff., FMP1 525, FMi8g 433, TFM4 36, K63 157; tree

to 40 m tall; lowland rain forest to 150 m, also in cultivation; Pk, Ph, NS,

Ml, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera laurina Blume, K63 120; Mangifera longipes Griff., FMP1 523,

FMi8 428; tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest; K1, Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera leschenaultii Marchand, K63 166; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Pk.

Mangifera macrocarpa Blume, FMP1 524, FMi8 439, TFM4 37, K63 157;

tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest to 700 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI.

Mangifera magnifica Kochummen, TFM4 37, K63 75; big tree reaching 54

m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Mangifera odorata Griff., FMP1 524, FMi8 437, TFM4 37, K63 167;

Mangifera oblongifolia Hook.f., FMP1 523, K63 113; tree to 24 m tall;

lowland forest, more often in cultivation; K1, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

103

104

45.9.12

45.9.13

45.9.14

45.9.15

45.9.16

45.9.17

45.9.18

45.9.19

Mangifera orophila Kosterm., K63 138; Mangifera sp. B, TFM4 40; tree to

30 m tall; lower montane forest 1000-1500 m; Fraser’s Hill & Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Mangifera paludosa Kosterm., K63 41; tree to 30 m tall; freshwater swamp

forest; Ph, MI, Sp.

Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord., FM18 431, K63 39; tree to 29 m tall;

lowland rain forest; Tg, Sp.

Mangifera pentandra Hook.f., FMP1 522, FMig 426, TFM4 38, K63 36;

Mangifera lanceolata Ridl., FMP1 522; tree to 24 m tall; forest near the

sea, in villages; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera quadrifida Jack, FMP1 522, FM18 429, TFM4 38 incl. var.

longipetiolata (King) Kochummen, K63 68; Mangifera maingayi Hook.f.,

FMP1 522, K63 178; Mangifera longipetiolata King, FMP1 522, K63 66; tree

to 40 m tall; lowland rain forest to 900m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera subsessilifolia Kosterm., K63 180; Mangifera sp. A, TFM4 39;

tree to 28 m tall; lowland forests; Kd, Pn, Kl, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

Mangifera superba Hook.f., FMP1 525, FMi8 439, TFM4 39, K63 144; tree

to 27 m tall; cultivated, rarely wild in lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, NS, M1,

Jh; endemic.

Mangifera swintonioides Kosterm., K63 80; tree to 40 m tall; wet lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Additionally, K63 list [page number] the following species all based on single, sterile

collections: Mangifera applanata Kosterm. [64], Mangifera blommesteinii Kosterm. [146],

Mangifera bullata Kosterm. [175], Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm. [116], Mangifera torquenda

Kosterm. [60].

45.10.1

45.10.2

45.10.3

45.10.4

Melanochyla angustifolia Hook.f, FMP1 541, FM18 496, TFM4 41; tree to

27 m tall; lowland forest to 600 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Melanochyla auriculata Hook.f., FMP1 540, FMi8 495, TFM4 41; tree to

24 m tall; lowland forest; KI, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Melanochyla bracteata King, FMP1 540, FM18 496, TFM4 42; buttressed

or stilt-rooted tree to 39 m tall; lowland swampy forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh, Sp.

Melanochyla caesia (Blume) Ding Hou, FM18 498, TFM4 42; Melanochyla

kunstleri King, FMP1 539, FMi8 499; Melanochyla tomentosa Hook.f. var.

glabrescens Koord. & Valeton, FMP1 539; Melanochyla maingayi Hook.f.,

FMP 1 540; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS,

Sh.

45.10.5

45.10.6

45.10.7

45.10.8

45.10.9

45.11.1

45.11.2

45.11.3

45.12.1

45.12.2

45.12.3

45.13.1

45.14.1

45.14.2

Melanochyla fasciculiflora Kochummen, TFM4 42; shrub to 5 m tall; lowland

forest; only known from Rengam FER., Jh; endemic.

Melanochyla fulvinervis (Blume) Ding Hou, FM18 493, TFM4 42:

Melanochyla rugosa King, FMP1 540; tree to 28 m tall; lowland forest,

occasional in the hills to 1350 m; Kl, Th, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Melanochyla nitida King, FMP1 541, FMi8 496, TFM4 43; tree to 18 m tall;

lowland forest, including swamps, to 360 m; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Melanochyla tomentosa Hook.f., FMP1 539, FM18 498, TFM4 43;

Melanochyla densiflora King, FMP1 539, FMi8 497; tree to 33 m tall, usually

smaller; lowland to montane forest; Kd, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Melanochyla sp. A, TFM4 44; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest at 300

m; once from Taman Negara, Ph; endemic.

Parishia insignis Hook.f., FMP1 536, FMi8 545, TFM4 45; Parishia pubescens

Hook.f., FMP1 535; Parishia rosea Ridl., FMP1 536, C14 77; very tall tree

reaching 60 m; lowlands to 300 m, including swamps and on limestone; Kd,

K]1, Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Parishia maingayi Hook./., FMP1 535, FMi8 543, TFM4 45; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m, mainly on ridge crests; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh, Sp.

Parishia paucijuga Eng]., FMP1 536, FMi8 544, TFM4 46; tree to 40 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 400 m; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Pentaspadon curtisii (King) Corner, FM18 524, C14 77, TFM4 47;

Microstemon curtisti King, FMP1 537; tree to 36 m tall; on limestone; P.

Langkawi.

Pentaspadon motleyi Hook./., FMP1538, FM18 524, TFM4 47; Pentaspadon

officinalis Holmes ex King, FMP1 537; tree to 36 m tall; lowland forest;

Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Pentaspadon velutinus Hook.f., FMi18 523, TFM4 47; Microstemon velutina

(Hook.f.) Engl., FMP1 537; big tree to 48 m tall; lowland and hill forest,

often by streams; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1.

Pistacia malayana M.R. Hend., FMi8 547, C14 77, TFM4 48; small tree to 6

m tall; restricted to limestone at 150—350 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Rhus nodosa Blume; FMi8 539, TFM4 50; Rhus perakensis Scort., FMP1

538; slender woody climber or scrambling shrub to 15 m long; near rocky

streams in the lowlands; Pk, Ph.

Rhus succedanea L., FMi8 539, TFM4 50; tree to 40 m tall; lower montane

forest at about 1400 m; Fraser’s Hill & Cameron Highlands, Ph.

105

106

45.15.1

45.15.2

45.15.3

45.15.4

45.15.5

45.15.6

45.15.7

45.16.1

45.16.2

Semecarpus cochinchinensis Engl., FMP1 542, FMi8 516, TFM4 51;

Semecarpus glomerulatus Ridl., FMP1 542 ‘glomerata’, C14 78; shrub or

small tree 8-15 m tall; limestone hills; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd.

Semecarpus curtisii King, FMP1 542, FMig 511, TFM4 51; Semecarpus

curtisti King var. brevipetiolatus M.R. Hend., FMP5 302 ‘brevipetiolata’;

shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest; Ps, Kd, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, ?Sp.

Semecarpus lucens King, FMP1 543, FM18 513, TFM4 51; tree to 21 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Pk, Sl.

Semecarpus prainii King, FMP5 303, FM18 509, TFM4 52; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

Semecarpus rufovelutinus Ridl., FM18 513, TFM4 52; small tree to 9 m tall;

lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Semecarpus trengganuensis Kochummen, TFM4 52; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland forest; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Semecarpus velutinus King, FMP1 541, FMi8 517, TFM4 52; tree to 18 m

tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Sl, M1, Jh.

There is also one doubtful record of Semecarpus heterophyllus Blume

[FMPS5 302, FM18 512] from Sp.

Spondias cytherea Sonn., FMi8 481, TFM4 53; tree to 40 m tall; lowland

forest incl. limestone, often cultivated; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, FMi8 483, TFM4 54; tree 20-25 m tall; lowland

forest incl. limestone, often cultivated; Kd, Pk, P. Langkawi.

Kostermans [K62] argues that true Spondias pinnata does not occur in Malesia. Malayan

specimens identified as such represent Spondias malayana Kosterm. and Spondias acida

Blume, though he only cites one sterile specimen of the latter from Gg Baling, Kd. He also

states that Spondias cytherea is only found in Malaya as a cultivated tree, which he calls Evia

dulcis (Parkinson) Kosterm.

45.17.1

45.17.2

45.17.3

Swintonia floribunda Griff., FMi8 445, TFM4 55 incl. var. penangiana (King)

Kochummen; Swintonia puberula H. Pearson, FMP1 532; Swintonia

penangiana King, FMP1 533; large tree to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 1000 m; Kd, KI], Pn, Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Swintonia robinsonii Ridl., FMP1 532, FM18 444, TFM4 55; small gnarled

tree to 12 m tall; mountain ridges at 1050-1650 m; KI, Tg, Ph; endemic.

Swintonia schwenkii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Teijsm. & Binn., FMP1 533, FMis

443, TFM4 57; very tall trees reaching 50 m; lowland and hill forest to 700

m; Kd, Tg, Pn, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

45.17.4

45.17.5

46.

46.1.1

47.

47.1.1

47.1.2

47.1.3

47.1.4

47.1.5

47.1.6

47.1.7

47.1.8

47.2.1

Swintonia spicifera Hook.f., FMP1 532, FM18 445, TFM4 57: tree to 45 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 500 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Swintonia whitmorei (Kochummen) Kosterm., K61 347; Mangifera

whitmorei Kochummen, TFM4 39; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest at 150

m; only known from type, Upper Pk; endemic.

ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr., FM14 251; Ancistrocladus

pinangianus Planch., FMP1 251; trailing shrub or liana; sandy places, often

near the sea; widespread.

ANISOPHYLLEACEAE

Anisophyllea apetala Scort. ex King, FMP1 702, FMi5 478, TFM4 305; small

tree to 14 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh.

Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou, FMi5 478, TFM4 305; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Anisophyllea curtisii King, FMP1 702, FMi5 477, TFM4 305; tree to 33 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Jh.

Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill., FMP1 701, FM15 479, TFM4 307; shrub

or small pagoda tree to 7 m tall; lowland to montane forest; common

throughout.

Anisophyllea grandis (Benth.) Burkill, FM15 477, TFM4 307; Anisophyllea

gaudichaudiana Baill., FMP1 702; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 700 m; Kd, Pn, Pk; endemic.

Anisophyllea griffithii Oliv., FMP1 702, FMi5 476, TFM4 307; tree to 36 m

tall; hill forests, often on ridges; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Anisophyllea reticulata Kochummen, W30 268, TFM4 307; tree to 21 m

tall; lowland forest; only known from type, Ulu Endau, Ph; endemic.

Anisophyllea scortechinii King, FMP1 701, FMi5 479, TFM4 309; small

tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Combretocarpus rotundatus (Mig.) Danser, FM15 480, TFM4 317; tree to

25 m tall; peat swamp forest; once collected near Air Hitam, Jh.

107

108

48.

48.1.1

48.1.2

48.1.3

48.1.4

48.1.5

48.1.6

48.1.7

48.1.8

48.1.9

48.1.10

48.1.11

48.1.12

48.2.1a

48.2.1b

48.2.1c

48.3.1

ANNONACEAE

Alphonsea boniana Finet & Gagnep., L13 54, K19 86; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland forest; once from near Jeli, KI.

Alphonsea cylindrica King, FMP1 99, $24 385, TFM1 67, K19 88; tree to 13

m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Sl.

Alphonsea elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson, $24 388, TFM1 67, K19 88;

Alphonsea maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson var. elliptica (Hook.f. & Thomson)

Ridl., FMP1 98; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Alphonsea javanica Scheff., TFM1 67, K19 88; tree 10-30 m tall; lowland

forest; Jh.

Alphonsea johorensis J. Sinclair, $24 386, TFM1 67, K19 88; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland swamp forest; S.E. Jh.

Alphonsea kingii J. Sinclair, $24 386, TFM1 67, K19 103; Xylopia dicarpa

(non Hook.f. & Thomson) King, FMP1 91 in part; tree to 8 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk; endemic.

Alphonsea lucida King, FMP1 98, 824 387, TFM1 67, K19 94; shrub to 3 m

tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Alphonsea maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 98, $824 384, TFM1 67,

K19 96; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Alphonsea malayana P. Kessler, K19 97; Alphonsea sp. C, TFM1 67; tree

10-20 m tall; hill tops at 1000-2000 m; Ph; endemic.

Alphonsea sp. A, TFM1 67, tree to 35 m tall; once from Kd; endemic.

Alphonsea sp. B, TFM1 66; tree; lowland swamp forest; Tg, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Alphonsea sp. D, TFM1 66; small tree; once from Gg Inas, Kd; endemic.

Anaxagorea javanica Blume var. dipetala Corner, $24 349, TFM1 68; small

tree; lowland and hill forest; Jh; endemic variety.

Anaxagorea javanica Blume var. javanica, $24 347, TFM1 68; Anaxagorea

scortechinii King, FMP1 62; Mitrephora crassipetala Ridl., FMP1 74; small

tree to 6 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, ?Sp.

Anaxagorea javanica Blume var. tripetala Corner, $24 349, TFM1 68; small

tree; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, SI.

Artabotrys costatus King, FMP1 43, 824 255; liana to 25 m long; lowland

forest; Pk, NS, Sp.

48.3.2

48.3.3

48.3.4

48.3.6

48.3.8

48.3.10

48.3.11

48.3.12

48.3.13

48.4.1

48.4.2

48.5.1

48.5.2

Artabotrys crassifolius Hook.f, & Thomson, FMP1 40,824 249: stout woody

climber; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Sp.

Artabotrys gracilis King, FMP1 42, $24 258; liana to 25 m long; lowland

forest; Pk.

Artabotrys grandifolius King, FMP1 39, $24 253; liana to 25 m long: lowland

forest; Kd, Pk, Ph: endemic.

Artabotrys lowianus Scort. ex King, FMP1 41,824 251; stout woody climber;

only known from Pk; endemic.

Artabotrys maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 259, §24 259: liana to

25 m long; lowland forest; Pk, Ml, Sp; endemic.

Artabotrys oblongus King, FMP1 41, 824 254; liana to 23 m long: only

known from type, Larut, Pk; endemic.

Artabotrys oxycarpus King, FMP1 41, $24 250; liana to 25 m long; lowland

forest; only known from Pk; endemic.

Artabotrys pleurocarpus Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 39, $24

251; liana; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ml; endemic.

Artabotrys scortechinii King, FMP1 39, 824 253; liana: once each from P.

Langkawi and Pk; endemic.

Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume, FMP1 42, $24 256; liana; common

in lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Artabotrys venustus King, FMP1 40, $24 252: liana to 25 m long; lowland

to lower montane forest; Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Jh.

Artabotrys wrayi King, FMP1 40, 824 248; woody climber; lowland forest:

Pk, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Cananga latifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnep., $24 326, TFM1

70; Canangium latifolium (Hook.f. & Thomson) Ridl., FMP1 44; tree to 20

m tall; Ps, P- Langkawi.

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson, $24 324, TFMI1 70:

Canangium scortechinii King, FMP1 43; tree to 33 m tall; forest margins;

NS northwards.

Cyathocalyx carinatus (Ridl.) J. Sinclair, $24 241, TFM1 71; Drepananthus

carinatus Ridl., FMP1 38: small tree; lowland forest; Pk, SI.

Cyathocalyx olivaceus (King) J. Sinclair,S24 242, TFM1 71; Xylopia olivacea

King, FMP1 94; small tree; lowland and hill forest; only known from Pk;

endemic.

109

110

48.5.3

48.5.4

48.5.5

48.5.6

48.5.7

48.5.8

48.6.1

48.6.2

48.6.3

48.6.4

48.6.5

48.6.6

48.6.7

48.7.1

Cyathocalyx pahangensis (M.R. Hend.) J. Sinclair, $24 240, TFM1 71;

Drepananthus pahangensis M.R. Hend., H31 49; tree to 10 m tall; lowland

forest; Tg, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Cyathocalyx pruniferus (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24

239, TFM1 71; Drepananthus pruniferus Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson,

FMP1 37; tree to 23 m tall; lowland and hill forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml,

Jh; endemic.

Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Scheff., $24

243, TFM1 71; Drepananthus ramuliflorus Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson,

FMP1 38; tall tree; lowland forest; Ml, Sp.

Cyathocalyx ridleyi (King) J. Sinclair, 824 237, TFM1 71; Xylopia ridleyi

King, FMP1 95; small tree; damp lowland forest; Ph, Jh, Sp.

Cyathocalyx scortechinii (King) J. Sinclair, $24 244, TFM1 71; Xylopia

scortechinii King, FMP1 94; tree to 23 m tall; lowland to lower montane

forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff., $24 236, TFM1 71; Xylopia curtisii King,

FMP1 90; tree to 23 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, NS, Sp.

Cyathostemma acuminatum King, FMP1 28, $24 227; woody climber; only

known from type, Pk; endemic.

Cyathostemma argenteum (Blume) J. Sinclair, $24 220; woody climber;

lowland forest; Ph, Sl.

Cyathostemma excelsum (Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 226; Uvaria

excelsa Wall. ex King, FMP1 34; large woody climber reaching 30 m; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Cyathostemma hookeri King, FMP1 28, $24 223; woody climber to 25 m

high; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sp.

Cyathostemma micranthum (A. DC.) J. Sinclair, $24 225; Uvaria micrantha

(A. DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 33; woody climber; lowland forest; P.

Langkawi, Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh.

Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff., FMP1 27 incl. var. scortechinii (King)

Ridl., $24 221; woody climber to 25 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Ps, Pk,

Ph, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Cyathostemma wrayi King, FMP1 27, 824 224; woody climber to 20 m tall;

lowlands, sometimes on limestone; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Dendrokingstonia nervosa (Hook.f. & Thomson) Rauschert, R08 555;

Kingstonia nervosa Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 100, $24 184, TFM1 76;

tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

48.8.1

48.8.2

48.8.3a

48.8.3b

48.8.4

48.8.5

48.8.6

48.8.7

48.9.1

48.9.2

48.10.1

48.11.1

48.11.2

48.11.3

48.11.4

Desmos chinensis Lour., FMP1 46, 824 266; scandent shrub; lowland forest;

Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, ?Sp.

Desmos cochinchinensis Lour., FMP1 45, 824 264: climber or scandent

shrub; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph.

Desmos dasymaschalus (Blume) Safford var. dasymaschalus, FMP1 46,824

69; shrub to 8 m tall; lowland forest; throughout.

Desmos dasymaschalus (Blume) Safford var. wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson)

Ridl., FMP1 47, $24 270; shrub to 8 m tall; lowland forest; Ps, Pn, K1, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Safford, FMP1 46, $24 268; scandent shrub;

lowland forest; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Desmos dunalii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Safford, FMP1 45, $24 263; liana to

30 m long; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, MI.

Desmos filipes (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 47, $24 271; shrub 3-6 m tall; hill forest;

Pk, NS, SI.

Desmos teysmannii (Boerl.) Merr., $24 264; climbing shrub; once from Pk.

Disepalum longipes King, J17 373; Disepalum anomalum auctt. plur., non

Hook.f., FMP1 63, $24 332, TFM1 73; tree to 8 m tall; hill forest on ridges;

Pk, Jh.

Disepalum pulchrum (King) J. Sinclair, $24 333 incl. var. angustifolium

(King) J. Sinclair, TFM1 73, J17 367; Polyalthia pulchra King, FMP1 57

incl. var. angustifolia King, tree to 14 m tall; montane forest at 1200-1900

m; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Ellipeia cuneifolia Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 35, $24 230; liana to 50 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl, M1, Sp.

Enicosanthum congregatum (King) Airy Shaw, 824 194, TFM1 74;

Polyalthia congregata King, FMP1 60; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest,

sometimes on limestone; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Enicosanthum cupulare (King) Airy Shaw, $24 188, TFM1 74; Griffithia

cupularis King, FMP1 26; tree to 17 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk; endemic.

Enicosanthum fuscum (King) Airy Shaw, $24 189, TFM1 74; Griffithia fusca

King, FMP1 26; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Enicosanthum macranthum (King) J. Sinclair, $24 190, TFM1 74; Polyalthia

macrantha King, FMP1 58; tree to 23 m tall; Pk; endemic.

111

112

48.11.5

48.11.6

48.11.7

48.12.1

48.12.2

48.12.3

48.12.4

48.12.5a

48.12.5b

48.12.6

48.12.7

48.12.8

48.13.1

48.13.2

Enicosanthum magnoliiflorum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Airy Shaw, $24 187,

TFM1 74; Griffithia magnoliipetala Maingay ex King, FMP1 26; tree to 17

m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Enicosanthum membranifolium J. Sinclair, $24 191, TFM1 74; tree to 12 m

tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Pn, K], SI.

Enicosanthum praestigiosum J. Sinclair, $24 192, TFM1 74; tree about 15

m tall; lowland freshwater swamp forest; S.E. Jh; endemic.

Fissistigma fulgens (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr., $24 353; Melodorum

fulgens Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 83; large liana; lowland forest; K1, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Fissistigma hypoglaucum (Mig.) Merr., $24 352; Melodorum hypoglaucum

Migq., FMP1 86; large woody creeper; lowland forest; Pk.

Fissistigma kingii (Boerl.) Burkill, $24 358; Melodorum kingii Boer|., FMP1

85; liana; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh.

Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr., $24 357; Melodorum

lanuginosum Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 86; liana; lowland forest; Kd, Pn,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. latifolium, $24 359; Melodorum

latifolium (Dunal) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 85; liana; lowland and hill

forest; Pk.

Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. ovoideum (King) J. Sinclair, $24

359; Melodorum latifolium (Dunal) Hook.f. & Thomson var. ovoideum

King, FMP1 85; liana; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh,

Sp.

Fissistigma litseifolium (King) Merr.,$24 351; Melodorum litseifolium King,

FMP1 83; liana; lowland forest; Tg, Pk; endemic.

Fissistigma manubriatum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr.,$24 355; Melodorum

manubriatum Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 84; stout liana to 30 m long;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Fissistigma rubiginosum (A. DC.) Merr., $24 361; Melodorum rubiginosum

(A. DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 88; liana; lowland forest; P. Langkawi,

Pa, Pk, Bhs:

Friesodielsia affinis (Hook.f. & Thomson) D. Das, V17 357; Oxymitra affinis

Hook.f. & Thomson, $24 450; liana; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ml, Jh.

Friesodielsia alpina (J. Sinclair) Steenis, V17 358; Oxymitra alpina J. Sinclair,

$24 455; scandent shrub; montane forest; only known from type, Maxwell’s

Hill, Pk; endemic.

48.13.3

48.13.4

48.13.5

48.13.6

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48.13.9

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48.14.2

48.14.3

48.14.4

Friesodielsia argentea (J. Sinclair) Steenis, V17 358; Oxymitra argentea J.

Sinclair, $24 461; scandent shrub; lowland forest, recorded from limestone;

Kl, Tg, Pk.

Friesodielsia biglandulosa (Blume) Steenis, V17 358; Oxymitra biglandulosa

(Blume) Scheff., FMP1 81; liana to 35 m high; lowland forest; Pk, SI, Ml,

Sp.

Friesodielsia borneensis (Miq.) Steenis, V17 358; Oxymitra borneensis Mia.

var. sumatrana Miq., $24 458; liana; lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Friesodielsia calycina (King) Steenis, V17 358; Oxymitra calycina King,

FMP1 81, 824 451; liana; climbing to 13 m; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk,

?Sp; endemic.

Friesodielsia discolor (Craib) D. Das, V17 359; Oxymitra fornicata Hook.f.

& Thomson var. glabra Ridl., FMP1 80; Oxymitra discolor Craib; $24 457;

liana; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, M1.

Friesodielsia excisa (Mig.) Steenis, V17 359; Oxymitra excisa Miq., $24 452;

liana; lowland forest; once from Sg Sembawang, Sp.

Friesodielsia filipes (Hook.f. & Thomson) Steenis, V17 359; Oxymitra filipes

Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 80, $24 454; liana; lowland and hill forest; K1],

Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Friesodielsia glauca (Hook.f. & Thomson) Steenis, V17 359; Oxymitra glauca

Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 82, $24 460; liana; lowland and hill forest; Kd,

Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Friesodielsia kingii (J. Sinclair) Steenis, V17 360; Oxymitra affinis (non

Hook.f. & Thomson) King, FMP1 79; Oxymitra kingii J. Sinclair, $24 453;

scandent shrub; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Friesodielsia latifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) Steenis, V17 360; Oxymitra

latifolia Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 81, $24 456; liana to 20 m long; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Goniothalamus calycinus J. Sinclair, $24 440, TFM1 76; tree to 7 m tall; hill

forest; Tg; endemic.

Goniothalamus curtisii King, FMP1 68, $24 439, TFM1 76; tree to 10 m

tall; lowland to lower montane forest, including limestone; K1, Pk, Ph, SI;

endemic.

Goniothalamus fulyus Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 68, $24 428, TFM1 75;

shrub; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, M1, Jh; endemic.

Goniothalamus giganteus Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 65, $24 431, TFM1

75; tree to 23 m tall; hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, NS.

113

114

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48.14.15

48.14.16

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48.14.18

48.14.19

Goniothalamus holttumii J. Sinclair, S24 429, TFM1 75; tree to 10 m tall;

montane forest; only known from Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Goniothalamus macranii Craib, 824 429, TFM1 75; tree to 7 m tall; lowland

forest; Ph, SI, Jh.

Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 66, $24

446, TFM1 76; shrub to 5 m tall; common in lowland forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Goniothalamus malayanus Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 66, $24 432, TFM1

75; tree to 16 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Goniothalamus montanus J. Sinclair, 824 443, TFM1 76; shrub or tree to 7

m tall; montane forest; Ulu Brang, Tg, and Cameron Highlands, Ph;

endemic.

Goniothalamus ridleyi King, FMP1 68, 824 437, TFM1 76; tree to 23 m tall;

lowland to montane forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Goniothalamus rotundisepalus M.R. Hend., $24 435, TFM1 75; shrub to 2

m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kl; endemic.

Goniothalamus scortechinii King, FMP1 67, 824 441, TFM1 76; tree to 7 m

tall; hill forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, SI.

Goniothalamus subevenius King, FMP1 64, 824 427, TFM1 75, C13 82;

shrub or small tree; lowland forest, probably on limestone; Pk.

Goniothalamus tapis Mig., FMP1 67, 824 444, TFM1 76; tree to 10 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Jh, Sp.

Goniothalamus tenuifolius King, FMP1 64 incl. var. arborescens King, $24

434, TFM1 75; Goniothalamus caudifolius Ridl., FMP1 65; Goniothalamus

kunstleri King, FMP1 67; tree to 7 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn,

Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml; endemic.

Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R. Hend., $24 436, TFM1 76; tree to 6 m

tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Goniothalamus umbrosus J. Sinclair, 824 445, TFM1 76; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland forest; Pn, KI, Tg; endemic.

Goniothalamus undulatus Ridl., 824 434, TFM1 75; tree to 6 m tall; once

from Bt Bayor, KI.

Goniothalamus uvarioides King, FMP1 69, 824 442, TFM1 76;

Goniothalamus pendulifolius Ridl., FMP5 287; shrub to 5 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl.

i). <— e

48.14.20

48.15.1

48.16.1

48.16.2

48.17.1

48.17.2

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48.18.2

48.19.1

48.20.1

48.20.2

48.20.3

48.21.1

48.22.1

Goniothalamus wrayi King, FMP1 65, 824 438, TFM1 76: shrub to 4 m tall:

hill forest; Pk, Sl.

Marsypopetalum pallidum (Blume) Kurz, $24 372, TFM1 77; shrub to 3m

tall; lowland forest; Ml, Jh.

Meiogyne monosperma (Hook.7. & Thomson) Heusden, V07 502; Cananga

monosperma Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 44; Oncodostigma monosperma

(Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 275, TFM1 82; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest: Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh.

Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq., $24 277, TFM1 77, V07 495: Cyathocalyx

virgatus (Blume) King, FMP1 36; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg,

Pk, Ph, SI, M1, Jh, Sp.

Melodorum aberrans (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 369;

Sphaerocoryne aberrans (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Ridl., FMP1

61; climbing shrub; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, NS, ?Sp.

Melodorum siamense (Scheff.) Ban, V11 686; Rauwenhoffia siamensis

Scheff, FMP1 89, 824 228: scandent shrub; lowland forest; K1, Pk, Ph.

Mezzettia parviflora Becc., V03 222; Mezzettia leptopoda (Hook.f. &

Thomson) Oliv., FMP1 100, $24 327, TFM1 78; Mezzettia curtisii King,

FMP1 101, $24 330; Mezzettia herveyana Oliv., FMP1 101, $24 328, TFM1

78; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest to 300 m; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Mezzettia umbellata Becc., TFM1 79, V03 220: tree to 21 m tall; lowland

forest; twice from Sl.

Mezzettiopsis creaghii Ridl., K16 71; Orophea palawanensis Elmer, $24

398, TFM1 83; tree to 16 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Ph, M1.

Miliusa amplexicaulis Ridl., FMP1 97, $24 380, TFM1 79, C14 82; small

tree; frequently on limestone; Kd, Kl, Pk; endemic.

Miliusa longipes King, FMP1 96, 824 379, TFM1 79; tree to 10 m tall:

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Miliusa parviflora Ridl., FMP1 97, $24 380, TFM1 79, C14 82; small tree;

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi; endemic.

Mitrella kentii (Blume) Mig., $24 365; Melodorum elegans Hook.f. &

Thomson, FMP1 88; Melodorum pisocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1

88; liana; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Mitrephora maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 73, $24 464, TFM1 80;

tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

115

116

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48.23.1

48.24.1

48.24.2

48.25.1

48.25.2

48.25.3

48.25.4

48.25.5

48.25.6

48.25.7

48.25.8

48.25.9

48.26.1

48.26.2

Mitrephora vulpina C.E.C. Fisch., 824 465, TFM1 80; tree to 20 m tall; hill

forest; Pk, Sl.

Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, $24 273, TFM1 80; Cyathocalyx

maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 37; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;

Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Neo-Uvaria acuminatissima (Mig.) Airy Shaw, $24 422, TFM1 82; tree to

15 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Ph, SI.

Neo-Uvaria foetida (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Airy Shaw, $24 422,

TFM1 82; Popowia foetida Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 76; large

tree; lowland forest; Tg, NS, MI.

Orophea chrysantha P.J.A. Kessler, K16 35; tree, 12 m tall; hill forest at 350

m; only known from type, Sg Anak Ketil, Kl; endemic.

Orophea cuneiformis King, FMP1 72, 824 394, TFM1 83, C14 83; tree to 13

m tall; restricted to limestone; Pk.

Orophea enterocarpa Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 70, $24 392,

TFM1 83, K16 44; tree to 9 m tall; lowland forest to 500 m; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Orophea fusca Craib, K16 57; small tree to 4 m tall; once collected, location

uncertain.

Orophea hastata King, FMP1 71, 824 397, TFM1 83, K16 68; tree to 13 m

tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, ?Sp.

Orophea hirsuta King, FMP1 70, $24 395, TFM1 83, K16 61; tree to 4m

tall; limestone; Ps, Kd, K1, Pk.

Orophea maculata Scort. ex King, FMP1 71, 824 393, TFM1 83, K16 38;

tree to 10 m tall; usually on limestone; Ph, Pk, Sl; endemic.

Orophea malayana P.J.A. Kessler, K18 509; tree to 8 m tall; on limestone

hills; Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Orophea polycarpa A. DC., $24 395, TFM1 83, K16 58; Orophea gracilis

King, FMP1 71; tree to 10 m tall; limestone; Ps, K1, Pk, Ph.

Phaeanthus crassipetalus Becc., $24 376, TFM1 84; Phaeanthus lucidus Oliv.,

FMP1 96; small tree; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G. Don) J. Sinclair, $24 374, TFM1

84; Phaeanthus nutans Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 95; small shrub; lowland

forest; KI, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

48.27.1

48.28.1

48.28.2

48.28.3

48.28.4

48.28.5a

48.28.5b

48.28.5c

48.28.5d

48.28.6

48.28.7

48.28.8

48.28.9

48.28.10

Platymitra macrocarpa Boerl., K17 475; Platymitra siamensis Craib, $24

400, TFM1 84; tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pk, Sl,

NS, Jh.

Polyalthia angustissima Ridl., FMP1 53, $24 286, TFM1 86; slender tree to

7 m tall; lowland forest; Jh, Sp; endemic.

Polyalthia asteriella Ridl., FMP153,S824 309, TFM1 87; Polyalthia simiarum

(Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson var. parvifolia King, FMP1 61;

tree to 12 m tall; lower montane forest; Kd, Pk.

Polyalthia brunneifolia J. Sinclair, $24 301, TFM1 86; shrub to 4 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Polyalthia bullata King, FMP1 55, $24 300, TFM1 86; shrub 2-3 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hook.f. & Thomson var. beccarii (King) J. Sinclair,

$24 294; Polyalthia beccarii King, FMP1 50; shrub or small tree; lowland

forest; Tg, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hook.f. & Thomson var. cauliflora, FMP1 51,824 292,

TFM1 86; shrub or small tree; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hook.f. & Thomson var. desmantha (Hook.f. &

Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 295; Polyalthia desmantha (Hook.f. & Thomson)

Ridl., FMP1 49: shrub or small tree; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Jh.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hook.f. & Thomson var. wrayi (Hemsl.) J. Sinclair,

$24 296; Polyalthia wrayi (Hemsl.) Ridl., FMP1 49; small tree; lowland

forest; Pk; endemic variety.

Polyalthia cinnamomea Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 51, 824 286, TFM1 87:

Polyalthia velutinosa Ridl., FMP1 56; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Ps,

Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Polyalthia chrysotricha Ridl., FMP1 57, 824 302, TFM1 86; tree to 10 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Polyalthia clavigera King, $24 318, TFM1 87; Polyalthia glomerata King,

FMP1 59; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Sp.

Polyalthia dumosa King, FMP1 54, $24 297, TFM1 86; shrub; montane

forest; Tg, Pk; endemic.

Polyalthia glabra (Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 315, TFM1 87;

Polyalthia curtisii Ridl., FMP1 59; tree to 13 m tall; lowland forest; once

each from Pn and MI; endemic.

117

118

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48.28.12

48.28.13

48.28.14

48.28.15

48.28.16

48.28.17

48.28.18

48.28.19

48.28.20a

48.28.20b

48.28.20c

48.28.21

48.28.22

48.28.23

48.28.24

Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) F. Muell., $24 321, TFM1 88, R27 209; tree to 45

m tall; swampy lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia hirtifolia J. Sinclair, $24 300, TFM1 86; Polyalthia hirta |non

(Miq.) Diels] Ridl., FMP1 54; small tree; lowland forest; only known from

type, Pn; endemic.

Polyalthia hookeriana King, FMP1 58, $24 312, TFM1 87; tree to 25 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Polyalthia hypogaea King, FMP1 61, 824 315, TFM1 87; tree to 30 m tall;

hill forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 53, $24 320, TFM1 88,

R27 227; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest and peat swamps; Pn, KI, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia jenkensii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson, $24 305,

TFM1 88; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Pn, Pk, Ph, M1, Sp.

Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) King, FMP1 59, $24 310, TFM1 88; tree to

20 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia lateritia J. Sinclair, $24 290, TFM1 86; shrub or tree to 13 m tall;

lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Ml; endemic.

Polyalthia macropoda King, FMP1 60, $24 316, TFM1 87; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Polyalthia motleyana (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw var. glabrescens Airy Shaw, $24

305; Polyalthia oblonga King, FMP1 57 in part; small tree to 4 m tall; lowland

to lower montane forest; Pn, Sl, Jh.

Polyalthia motleyana (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw var. motleyana, $24 303; small

tree to 4 m tall; hill forest; once from Gg Bintang, Kd.

Polyalthia motleyana (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw var. oblonga (King) J. Sinclair,

$24 304; Polyalthia oblonga King, FMP1 57 in part; small tree to 4 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest; Pk, Sl.

Polyalthia obliqua Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 55,824 290, TFM1 86; slender

tree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest, also limestone; KI, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Polyalthia pachyphylla King, FMP1 59, $24 308, TFM1 87; tree to 30 m

tall; only known from Larut, Pk, endemic.

Polyalthia parviflora Ridl., FMP1 54 in part, $24 299, TFM1 86; small tree;

lowland forest; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Polyalthia pumila Ridl., FMP1 53, $24 289, TFM1 86; shrub to 1 m tall; hill

forest; Pk, Jh; endemic.

48.28.25

48.28.26

48.28.27

48.28.28

48.28.29

48.28.30

48.28.31

48.29.1

48.29.2

48.29.3

48.29.4

48.29.5a

48.29.5b

48.29.6

48.30.1

48.30.2

Polyalthia rumphii (Blume) Merr., $24 306, TFM1 89; Polyalthia kunstleri

King; FMP1 55; Polyalthia canangioides (Miq.) Boer!., FMP1 56; Polyalthia

scortechinii King, FMP1 56; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd,

Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 58, $24 311, TFM1 87;

tree to 16 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia stenopetala (Hook.f. & Thomson) Ridl., FMP150,824 285, TFM1

86; tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites, $24 298, TFM1 86; shrub; lowland

forest; once from Kl.

Polyalthia sumatrana (Mig.) Kurz, FMP1 52, 824 319, TFM1 91, R25 220;

tree to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Polyalthia sp. A, TFM1 91; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, Sl, Jh;

endemic.

Polyalthia sp. B, TFM1 91; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest; Ph; endemic.

Popowia fusca King, FMP1 76, 824 471, TFM1 92; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sp; endemic.

Popowia pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 75, $24 470,

TFM1 92; tree, only known from type, M1; endemic.

Popowia perakensis King, FMP1 76, 824 473, TFM1 92; shrub to 5 m tall;

hill forest; Pk; endemic.

Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.,$24 468, TFM1 91; Popowia ramosissima

Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 75; tree to 7 m tall; lowland forest; common

throughout.

Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. crinita J. Sinclair,

$24 475, TFM1 92; tree; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Sl, NS; endemic

variety.

Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. tomentosa, FMP1

77, $24 474, TFM1 92; tree; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, M1, Sp.

Popowia velutina King, FMP1 77, $24 472, TFM1 92; tree; lowland forest;

only known from Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Pseuduvaria cerina J. Sinclair, 824 419, TFM1 92: shrub; hill forest; once

from Bukit Bauk, Tg; endemic.

Pseuduvaria galatea J. Sinclair, 824 414, TFM1 92; tree to 8 m tall; lowland

forest; ?Ph, Jh; endemic.

119

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48.30.3a

48.30.3b

48.30.3c

48.30.4

48.30.5

48.30.6

48.30.7a

48.30.7b

48.30.8

48.31.1

48.32.1

48.32.2

48.33.1

48.33.2

Pseuduvaria macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr. var. cymosa J. Sinclair, $24 410; small

tree; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl; endemic variety.

Pseuduvaria macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr. var. macrophylla, $24 408, TFM1

93; Mitrephora macrophylla Oliv., FMP1 74; small tree; lowland and hill

forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Pseuduvaria macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr. var. sessilicarpa J. Sinclair, $24 412;

small tree; lowland forest; Jh; endemic variety.

Pseuduvaria monticola J. Sinclair, $24 408, TFM1 93; tree to 5 m tall;

montane forest; Ph, Sl.

Pseuduvaria nervosa J. Sinclair, $24 416, TFM1 93; tree; hill forest; once

from Ulu Brang, Tg; endemic.

Pseuduvaria rugosa (Blume) Merr., $24 412, TFM1 92; tree to 7 m tall;

lowland forest; Ps, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Ml.

Pseuduvaria setosa (King) J. Sinclair var. major J. Sinclair, $24 406, TFM1

93; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland forest; only known from type, Tembeling, Ph;

endemic variety.

Pseuduvaria setosa (King) J. Sinclair var. setosa, $24 405, FMP1 93; Orophea

setosa King, FMP1 70; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland forest including limestone;

Kd, K], Pk, Ph, SI.

Pseuduvaria taipingensis J. Sinclair, 824 406, TFM1 93; small tree; hill forest;

only known from Maxwell’s Hill, Pk; endemic.

Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 362;

Melodorum cylindricum Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 84; Melodorum

prismaticum Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 87; Melodorum maingayi Hook.f.

& Thomson, FMP1 87; liana; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ml, Sp.

Sageraea elliptica (A. DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 25, 824 181, TFM1

93; small tree; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, NS, MI, Jh.

Sageraea lanceolata Mig., FMP1 25, 824 182, TFM1 93; small tree; lowland

forest; Ph.

Stelechocarpus burahol Hook.f. & Thomson, V08 433; tree to 25 m tall;

once from Jh.

Stelechocarpus cauliflorus (Scheff.) R.E. Fr., $24 183, TFM1 93, V08 435;

Stelechocarpus nitidus King, FMP1 24; tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest; Ps,

Pn, Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

48.34.1

48.34.2

48.34.3

48.35.1

48.35.2

48.35.3a

48.35.3b

48.35.4

48.35.5

48.35.6

48.35.7

48.35.8

48.35.9

48.35.10

48.35.11

Trivalvaria macrophylla (Blume) Miq., $24 196, TFM1 94; Popowia

nervifolia Maingay ex Hook.f., FMP1 77; tree to 13 m tall; lowland forest;

Kd, Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Trivalvaria nervosa (Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 197, TFM1 94:

Popowia nervosa (Hook.f. & Thomson) Ridl., FMP1 78; tree to 13 m tall;

lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Trivalvaria pumila (King) J. Sinclair, $24 198, TFM1 74; Popowia pumila

(King) Ridl., FMP1 78; shrub 2-3 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1,

Jh.

Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston, $24 207; Uvaria macrophylla Roxb., FMP1

30; woody climber; lowland forest; throughout.

Uvaria curtisii King, FMP1 32,824 206; large woody climber; lowland forest:

Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. ex Hornem. var. grandiflora, $24 202; Uvaria

purpurea Blume, FMP1 31; climbing; shrub; lowland forest; throughout.

Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. ex Hornem. var. tuberculata (King) J. Sinclair,

$24 203; climbing shrub; lowland forest; Pk; endemic variety.

Uvaria hirsuta Jack, FMP1 31,824 203; woody climber to 15 m high; lowland

forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Uvaria javana Dunal, $24 216; Uvaria dulcis auct. non Dunal, FMP1 30;

large woody climber to 33 m high; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, NS, Ml,

Jh.

Uvaria larep Mig., FMP1 29; woody climber 7-14 m long; lowland forest;

Pk.

Uvaria leptopoda (King) R.E. Fr.,$24 212; Uvariella leptopoda (King) Ridl.,

FMP1 35; liana to 20 m or more high; lowland forest; Pk, Ml, Jh, Sp;

endemic.

Uvaria lobbiana Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 30, $24 208; Uvaria sub-

repanda Wall., FMP1 34; large climber meecens 50 m or more; lowland

forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Uvaria pauci-ovulata Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 32, $24 217; stout woody

climber; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Uvaria rufa Blume, $24 211; Uvaria ridleyi King, FMP1 32; Uvaria astrosticta

Miq., FMP1 34; woody climber; lowland forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph.

Uvaria scortechinii King, FMP1 33, 824 218; scrambling shrub; only known

from type, Pk; endemic.

121

122

48.36.1

48.36.2

48.36.3a

48.36.3b

48.36.4a

48.36.4b

48.36.5

48.36.6a

48.36.6b

48.36.7

48.36.8

49.

49.1.1

49.1.2

Xylopia caudata Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 93, $24 339, TFM1 95; tree to

16 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Xylopia elliptica Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 92,824 342, TFM1

95; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, M1; endemic.

Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson var.

ferruginea, FMP1 93, 824 343, TFM1 95; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;

Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson var.

oxyantha (Hook.f. & Thomson) J. Sinclair, $24 345, TFM1 96; Xylopia

oxyantha Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 90; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;

Phi; SlNS;Jhy Sp:

Xylopia fusca Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. fusca, FMP1 92, $24

337, TFM1 96; tree to 30 m tall; swampy lowland forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

MI, Sh, Sp.

Xylopia fusca Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. sessiliflora Kochummen

& Whitmore, TFM1 97; tree; dry lowland forest; Kd, NS, Jh; endemic

variety.

Xylopia magna Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 93, 824 338, TFM1

97; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Sp; endemic.

Xylopia malayana Hook.f. & Thomson var. malayana, FMP1 91, $24 340,

TFM1 98; Xylopia pustulata Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 91; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Xylopia malayana Hook.f. & Thomson var. obscura Kochummen, TFM1

98; tree; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Jh; endemic variety.

Xylopia stenopetala Oliv., FMP1 92, $24 342, TFM1 98; tree to 20 m tall;

hill forest; Pn, Ph, Sl.

Xylopia subdehiscens (King) J. Sinclair, $24 345, TFM1 95; Alphonsea

subdehiscens King, FMP1 98; tree to 7 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn,

Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh; endemic.

APOCYNACEAE

Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G.Don, FMP2 365, M61 469; climbing shrub;

open country; widespread.

Aganosma wallichii G.Don, M61 478; Aganosma calycina A. DC., FMP2

365; immense climber; lowland forest; Pk, Sl, Jh.

49.2.1

49.2.2

49.2.3

49.2.4

49.2.5

49.2.6a

49.2.6b

49.2.7

49.3.1

49.3.2a

49.3.2b

49.3.3

49.3.4a

49.3.4b

Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC., FMP2 348, TFM2 8 incl. var. latifolia

King & Gamble, M15 26; Alstonia latifolia (King & Gamble) Ridl., FMP2

347; small tree about 10 m tall; often in seasonal swamps in the lowlands;

Pn, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Alstonia angustiloba Mig., FMP2 347, TFM2 9, M15 24, K57 521: Alstonia

pneumatophora Back. ex L.G. den Berger var. petiolata Monach., TFM2

11; big tree to 45 m tall, 3 m girth; lowlands and hills to 700 m; common

throughout Malay Peninsula.

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don, FMP2 347, TFM2 9, M15 28; Alstonia

pangkorensis King & Gamble, FMP2 348; tree to 30 m tall; mostly in hill

forest; Kd, KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, SI.

Alstonia pneumatophora Back. ex L.G. den Berger, TFM2 11, M15.25; tree

to 40 m; lowland swamps or hill forest; Pk, Ph, SI, NS.

Alstonia rostrata C.E.C. Fisch., D.J. Middleton pers. comm.; Alstonia

undulifolia Kochummen & K.M. Wong, K57 513; tree to 30 m; dipterocarp

forest at 300-1000 m; Kd, KI], Ph.

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. var. scholaris, FMP2 346, TFM2 11, M15 23;

tree to over 36 m tall; lowlands to mountains at 1000 m, including secondary

forest; Kd, KI, Tg, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. var. velutina Monach., TFM2 11, M15 24; hairy-

leaved form; collected once, Tekal, Ph.

Alstonia spatulata Blume, FMP2 346, TFM2 12, M15 25; small tree; most

frequently in wet lowland forests; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Alyxia angustifolia Ridl., FMP2 333, M16 385; shrub or climber; rocky

slopes and ridges usually in mountains; K1, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Alyxia oleifolia King & Gamble var. oleifolia, FMP2 333, M16 384; liana;

montane forest at 1100—2000 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Alyxia oleifolia King & Gamble var. tenuifolia Ridl., FMP2 333, M16 385;

liana; montane forest at 1500—2000 m; Ph, Sl.

Alyxia pilosa Miq., FMP2 332, M16 382; climber; lowland and montane

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. insularis Markgr., M16 387; scandent shrub;

Pk, MI, Jh; endemic variety.

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. lucida ( Wall.) Markgr., M16 389; Alyxia lucida

Wall.; FMP2 332; slender climber; often coastal; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh,

Sp.

123

124

49.3.4¢c

49.3.4d

49.3.4e

49.3.5

49.3.6

49.4.1

49.4.2

49.4.3

49.4.4

49.4.5

49.4.6

49.4.7

49.4.8

49.4.9

49.5.1

49.5.2

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. meiantha (Stapf) Markgr., M16 389; Alyxia

forbesii King & Gamble, FMP2 334; slender climber; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. pumila (Hook.f) Markgr., M16 388; Alyxia

pumila Hook.f., FMP2 333; slender climber; hills and mountains; Kd, Ph,

MI.

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. reinwardtii, M16 388; slender climber; Ph,

Jh.

Alyxia schlechteri Lév., D.J. Middleton pers. comm.; Alyxia calcicola

Markegr., M16 405; scandent shrub; limestone hills; K1, Ph, Sl.

Alyxia scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 334, M16 394; Alyxia selangorica

King & Gamble, FMP2 334; liana; lowland and montane forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Anodendron axillare Merr., M39 42; climber; once from Sg Krian, Pk.

Anodendron candolleanum Wight, FMP2 362, M39 47; liana; lowland forest;

P. Langkawi, Pn, Pk, Sl, MI.

Anodendron coriaceum (Blume) Mig., M39 48; climber; Pk.

Anodendron gracile (King & Gamble) D.J. Middleton, M39 50, Cleghornia

gracilis King & Gamble, FMP2 363, X01 20; liana; hill forest at 1000-1300 m;

KI], Pk, Ph.

Anodendron lanceolatum King & Gamble, FMP2 362, M39 64; climber;

Tapah, Pk.

Anodendron paniculatum A. DC., FMP2 361, M39 54; robust climber; open

areas; Ps, Pn.

Anodendron pauciflorum Hook.f., FMP2 362, M39 58; climber; hill forest;

Pn, Pk.

Anodendron tubulosum (Ridl.) D.J. Middleton, M38 89, M39 61; Micrechites

tubulosa Ridl., FMP5 321; climber; montane forest; Pk, SI.

Anodendron wrayi King & Gamble, FMP2 362, M39 63; Trachelospermum

obtusifolium Ridl., FMP5 321, W34 96; liana; lower montane forest at 1200—

1600 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Beaumontia multiflora Teijsm. & Binn., R33 27; large woody climber; only

known from Batu Caves, SI.

Beaumontia murtonii Craib, R33 31; large woody climber; collected once

at Genting Simpah, SI.

49.6.1

49.7.1

49.7.2

49.8.1

49.8.2

49.8.3

49.8.4

49.8.5

49.8.6

49.8.7

49.8.8

49.8.9

49.9.1

49.9.2

49.9.3

49.10.1

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; M13 150, P20 3; Lochnera rosea (L.)

Rchb. ex Endl., FMP2 340; herb; seashores and waste sandy places;

widespread; naturalized from Madagascar.

Cerbera manghas L., TFM2 12; Cerbera lactaria Buch.-Ham. ex D. Dietr.,

FMP2 339; small tree; rocky and sandy coasts; widespread.

Cerbera odollam Gaertn., FMP2 339, TFM2 12; small tree; mangrove

swamps and muddy coasts; widespread.

Chilocarpus costatus Mig., FMP2 326, M13 161; stout liana; lowland and

hill forest to 1000 m; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Chilocarpus decipiens Hook.f, FMP2 327, M13 164; slender liana; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Chilocarpus denudatus Blume, M13 164; Chilocarpus atroviridis Blume,

FMP2 327; slender climber; forest to 1000 m; Pk, Sl, MI.

Chilocarpus embelioides King & Gamble, FMP2 327, M13 162; scandent

shrub; Tg, Pk.

Chilocarpus minutiflorus King & Gamble, FMP2 328, M13 164; climber;

Pk.

Chilocarpus nigrescens King & Gamble, FMP2 328, M13 161; liana; only

known from Penang Hill; endemic.

Chilocarpus obtusifolius Merr., M13 163; climber; peat swamp forest; Jh.

Chilocarpus tuberculatus Markgr., M13 164; scandent shrub; Pk.

Chilocarpus vernicosus Blume, M13 161; Chilocarpus cantleyi King &

Gamble, FMP2 328; Chilocarpus enervis Hook.f., FMP2 327; liana; lowland

and hill forest, including swamps; Pk, Sl, MI, Jh, Sp.

Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston, R04 36; Chonemorpha macrophylla

(Roxb.) G. Don, C05 49; stout liana; lowland forest to 200 m; Pk.

Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl., FMP2 360, C05 51, R04 44; liana; lowlands

to 300 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml; endemic.

Chonemorpha verrucosa (Blume) D.J. Middleton, M35 455; Rhynchodia

wallichii (DC.) Benth., FMP2 361, TFM2 6; liana; lowland forest; P.

Langkawi, Pk, Ph.

Cleghornia malaccensis (Hook.f.) King & Gamble, FMP2 363, X01 21;

forest liana; Pk, Sl, MI.

125

126

49.11.1

49.12.1

49.12.2

49.12.3

49.12.4

49.12.5

49.13.1

49.14.1

49.15.1

49.15.2

49.15.3

49.16.1

49.16.2

49.16.3

Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook.f., FMP2 345, M54 190, TFM2 13; Dyera

laxiflora Hook.f., FMP2 345; huge lactiferous tree to more than 60 m;

lowland forests, sometimes swamps; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh,

Sp.

Epigynum auritum (C.K. Schneid.) Tsiang & P.T. Li, D.J. Middleton pers.

comm.; Trachelospermum curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 366, W34 73; liana;

Po, Pk:

Epigynum curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 367; climber; hill forest; Penang

Hill; endemic.

Epigynum griffithianum Wight, D.J. Middleton pers. comm.; Epigynum

perakense King & Gamble, FMP2 366; climber; lowland forest; Kd, Pk.

Epigynum maingayi Hook./., FMP2 367; climber; open forest; Pk, Ph, SI,

NS, MI; endemic.

Epigynum ridleyi King & Gamble, FMP2 367; slender climber; lowland

forest; Sl; endemic.

Holarrhena curtisii King & Gamble, TFM2 4, D10 6; Holarrhena

pulcherrima Ridl., FMP2 349; Holarrhena densiflora Ridl., FMP2 349; shrub

to 2.5 m; lowland forest to 400 m; Ps, Kd.

Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardn. ex Thwaites, TFM2 16, M19 169; Hunteria

corymbosa Roxb., FMP2 335; small tree to 15 m tall; lowlands and hills to

540 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton, FMP2 364, M38 77; Ichnocarpus

ovatifolius A. DC., FMP2 364; straggling climber to 20 m; forests, often

near river banks.

Ichnocarpus polyanthus (Blume) P.I. Forst., M38 82; Micrechites scortechinii

(King & Gamble) Ridl., FMP2 368; climber; Kd.

Ichnocarpus serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forst., M38 85; Micrechites

brachypetala Ridl., FMP2 368; Micrechites furcata Ridl., FMP2 368;

Micrechites tenuifolia Ridl., FMP2 369; liana or creeper; lowland forest;

widespread.

Kibatalia arborea (Blume) G. Don, TFM2 18, R33 43; tree to 36 m; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; Ph, Sl.

Kibatalia laurifolia (Ridl.) Woodson, R33 60; small tree to 20 m; once

collected, Pk.

Kibatalia maingayi (Hook.f.) Woodson, TFM2 18, R33 69; Vallaris maingayi

Hook.f., FMP2 351; tree to 27 m; lowland forests; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI,

Jh. ;

49.16.4

49.17.1

49.17.2

49.17.3

49.17.4

49.17.5

49.17.6

49.17.7

49.17.8

49.17.9

49.17.10

49.17.11

49.17.12

49.17.13

49.17.14

49.18.1

49.18.2

Kibatalia villosa Rudjiman, R33 82; tree to 30 m; once collected, Rengam

Pore Sh:

Kopsia alba Ridl. ex M.R. Hend., H34 78; shrub to 5 m tall; rocky forest,

once from limestone; KI and P. Tioman, Ph; endemic.

Kopsia deverrei L. Allorge, A10 93; small tree to 8 m; lowland and hill

forest; Jh; endemic.

Kopsia fruticosa (Ker Gawl.) A. DC., M14 422; possibly native, widely

cultivated.

Kopsia griffithii King & Gamble, FMP2 337 incl. var. paucinervia King &

Gamble, TFM2 19, M12 421; shrub or small tree; lowlands to 1000 m; Pk,

Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Kopsia lapidilecta Sleesen, V16 137, M14 423; shrub or small tree; once

collected, Jh.

Kopsia larutensis King & Gamble, FMP2 337, TFM2 19, M14 423; shrub or

small tree to 8 m; Kd, KI], Pk.

Kopsia macrophylla Hook.f., FMP2 338, TFM2 19, M14 423; Kopsia

ridleyana King & Gamble, FMP2 338; small tree to 6 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph,

NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Kopsia majumdarii M. G. Gangop. & Chakrab., G04 59; small tree to 9m

tall; lowland forest; Pk, only known from type; endemic.

Kopsia pauciflora Hook.f., FMP2 337, TFM2 19, M14 422; shrub or small

tree to 7 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1.

Kopsia profunda Markegr., M14 424; Kopsia mitrephora Sleesen, TFM2 19

(Malayan plants only); shrub or small tree; known only from Tg; endemic.

Kopsia scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 337, TFM2 20, M14 421; small

tree to 15 m; Gg Bujang Melaka, Pk.

Kopsia singapurensis Ridl., FMP2 336, TFM2 19, M14 421; small tree to 5

m; common in lowland swamp forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Kopsia teoi L. Allorge, A09 97; shrub to 4 m tall; lowland forest; Jh; endemic.

Kopsia terengganensis L. Allorge & C. Wiart, All 434; shrub 1.5—3 m tall;

only known from type, Dungun, Tg; endemic.

Leuconotis eugeniifolia A. DC., FMP2 329, M13 155; climber; lowland forest

margins; Pn southward.

Leuconotis griffithii Hook.f., FMP2 329, M13 156; forest climber; Kl

southward; endemic.

127

128

49.18.3

49.19.1

49.19.2

49.19.3

49.19.4

49.19.5

49.20.1

49.21.1

49.21.2

49.21.3

49.22.1

49.22.2

49.22.3

49.22.4

49.23.1

49.24.1

Leuconotis maingayi Dyer ex Hook.f., FMP2 329, M13 156; climber; lowland

forest margins; Pk southward; endemic.

Melodinus coriaceus Oliv., FMP2 331, M13 153; big climber; hill forests;

Pn, Pk, MI.

Melodinus micranthus Hook.f., FMP2 331,M13 154; lowland forest climber;

Pn, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Melodinus monogynus Roxb., FMP2 330, M13 152; large climber, beautiful

fragrant plant; hill forest; Pn, Pk.

Melodinus orientalis Blume, FMP2 330, M13 154; Melodinus citriformis

King & Gamble, FMP2 331; large climber; hill forests; KI], Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Melodinus perakensis King & Gamble, FMP2 331, M13 153; climber; on

limestone hills 100-300 m; Pk; endemic.

Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosberg & Sachet, M17 243; Ochrosia

borbonica auct. non Gmel., FMP2 340; Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K.

Schum., TFM2 20; small tree to 10 m; on rocky and sandy shores; Pk, Jh,

Sp.

Parameria densiflora Oliv., FMP2 359, M40 75; climber; hill forest; Penang

Hill.

Parameria laevigata (A.L. Juss.) Moldenke, B03 234; Parameria glandulifera

(Wall. ex G. Don) Benth. ex Kurz, FMP2 358; large climber; lowland forest;

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Sp.

Parameria polyneura Hook.f, FMP2 359, M40 80; climber; lowland forest;

Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Jh, Sp.

Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb., M02 532; Parsonsia spiralis Wall.

ex G. Don, FMP2 350; Parsonsia helicandra Hook. & Arn., TFM2 6; vine;

climbing on bushes, often near the sea; widespread.

Parsonsia kunstleri King & Gamble, FMP2 350; vine; Chandering, Pk;

endemic.

Parsonsia penangiana King & Gamble, FMP2 351; Artia penangiana (King

& Gamble) Pichon, TFM2 6; vine; Pn.

Parsonsia stenocarpa King & Gamble, FMP2 351; vine; lowland forests;

Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Pottsia laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze, TFM2 6; Pottsia cantoniensis Hook. &

Arn., FMP2 352; large climber; Pn, Pk, MI.

Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack, FMP2 336, M18 166; Rauvolfia reflexa Teijsm.

& Binn., TFM2 21; tree up to 20 m; lowland forest; Pk.

49.24.2

49.25.1

49.26.1

49.26.2

49.26.3

49.26.4

49.27.1

49.27.2

49.27.3

49.27.4

49.27.5

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., TFM2 21, M18; 160; Rauvolfia

perakensis King & Gamble, FMP2 335; shrub 2-3 m tall; lowlands, hills

and mountains; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Spirolobium cambodianum Baill., TFM2 5; Holarrhena pauciflora Ridl.,

FMP2 349; small shrub; open sandy places; Ps, P. Langkawi, Ph.

Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz, B16 54; Strophanthus dichotamus DC.,

FMP2 354; shrub or climber; forest margins to 900 m; Pk, SI, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Strophanthus perakensis Scort. ex King & Gamble, FMP2 355, B16 119:

climber; type only Malayan collection; Dipang, Pk.

Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. ex G. Don) Gilg, B16 139; Strophanthus

brevicaudatus Wight, FMP2 356; shrub or climber; Ml, Sp.

Strophanthus wallichii A. DC., FMP2 355, B16 151; shrub or climber;

lowland forest; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. ex Wall., TFM2 23, L17 138; Ervatamia

corymbosa (Roxb. ex Wall.) King & Gamble, FMP2 341 incl. var. pubescens

King & Gamble; Tabernaemontana hirta Hook.f., TFM2 23; Ervatamia hirta

(Hook.f.) King & Gamble, FMP2 342; Ervatamia pauciflora auct. non

Blume, FMP2 342 incl. var. minor Ridl.; Ervatamia jasminiflora Ridl., FMP2

342, TFM2 23; shrub or small tree to 10 m; lowland and hill forest to 900 m:

Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Tabernaemontana crispa Roxb. ex Wall., L17 145; Ervatamia corymbosa

var. kelsallii King & Gamble, FMP2 342; Ervatamia curtisii King & Gamble,

FMP2 344, TFM2 23; Ervatamia cylindricocarpa King & Gamble, FMP2

344; Tabernaemontana cylindricocarpa (King & Gamble) Merr., TFM2 23;

small shrub to 2 m, lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS,

Jh.

Tabernaemontana dichotoma Roxb. ex Wall.,L17 149; Ervatamia polyneura

King & Gamble, FMP2 341; Tabernaemontana polyneura sensu Whitmore,

TEM2 23; shrub or small tree to 12 m; in montane forest at 750—1500 m; KI],

Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult., L17 153;

Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf, FMP2 342; shrub to 2 m; possibly only

a garden escape.

Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack, L17 165; 7abernaemontana

sphaerocarpa auct. non Blume, TFM2 23; small tree to 25 m tall; understorey

of lowland forest; to 1000 m; Kd, Jh.

129

130

49.27.6

49.27.7

49.28.1

49.28.2

49.28.3

4928.4

49.28.5

49.28.6

49.28.7

49.29.1

49.30.1

49.30.2

49.30.3

Tabernaemontana pauciflora Blume, L17 182; Tabernaemontana

malaccensis Hook.f., TFM2 23; Ervatamia malaccensis (Hook.f.) King &

Gamble, FMP2 343; shrub to 2 m; lowland forest to 600 m, often on

streambanks; Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Tabernaemontana peduncularis Wall., TFM2 23, L17 187; Ervatamia

peduncularis (Wall.) King & Gamble, FMP2 343; shrub to 5 m; forest

understorey to 1700 m; Ps, Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Urceola brachysepala Hook.f., FMP2 357, M40 84; Urceola maingayi

Hook.f., FMP2 357; big climber; lowland and hill forest to 1000m; Pn, Pk,

Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Urceola elastica Roxb., FMP2 356, M40 86; stout climber; lowland forest;

Pn, Kl, Pk, Sl, NS, M1.

Urceola lucida (Wall. ex G. Don) Benth. ex Kurz, FMP2 358, M40 94; stout

climber; lowland and hill forest to 950 m; P. Langkawi,Pn, Pk, MI, Sp.

Urceola maingayi D.J. Middleton, M40 95; climber; twice from Ph; endemic.

Urceola micrantha (Wall. ex G. Don) D.J. Middleton, M36 762, M40 97;

Ecdysanthera micrantha (Wall. ex G. Don) Hook.f., FMP2 360;

Ecdysanthera multiflora King & Gamble, FMP2 360; Urceola montana M.R.

Hend., H35 108; large climbing shrub; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m;

once each from Pk, Ph and Sl.

Urceola rosea (Hook. & Arn.) D.J. Middleton, M37 765, M40 94;

Ecdysanthera rosea Hook. & Arn., FMP5 320; slender climber; lowland

and hill forest; Ps, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Urceola torulosa Hook.f, FMP2 358, M40 110; Urceola malaccensis Hook.f.,

FMP2 357; climber; lowland forest; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Vallariopsis lancifolia (Hook.f.) Woodson, TFM2 4, R33 89; Vallaris

lancifolia Hook.f., FMP2 352; climber; swamp forest; Pn, KI, Pk, Sl, MI.

Willughbeia angustifolia (Mig.) Markgr., M14 414, M36 4; Willughbeia

flavescens Dyer ex Hook.f. var. rufescens Ridl., FMP2 325; Urnularia

rufescens (Dyer ex Hook.f.) Stapf ex S. Moore, M12 409; large liana reaching

60 m in length; lowland forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Willughbeia edulis Roxb., FMP2 323, M36 11; Willughbeia coriacea Wall.,

FMP2 323, M14 412; Willughbeia firma Blume, FMP2 323; Willughbeia

dulcis Ridl., FMP2 325, M14 414; stout liana to 30 m long; lowland forests;

Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Willughbeia flavescens Dyer ex Hook.f., FMP2 325, M36 12; Urnularia

flavescens (Dyer ex Hook.f.) Stapf, M14 409; Melodinus cymosus Rid1.,

FMP2 331; liana to 30 m long; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, Ml, Jh, Sp.

49.30.4

49.30.5

49.30.6

49.31.1

49.31.2a

49.31.2b

49.31.3

50.

50.1.1

50.1.2

50.1.3

50.1.4

50.1.5

50.1.6

50.1.7

50.1.8

Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook.f., FMP2 322, M14 411, M36 14;

stout liana; lowland swamp forest; Sl, Jh, ?Sp.

Willughbeia oblonga Dyer ex Hook.f., FMP2 323, M14 411, M36 16; liana;

lowland forest; ?Kd, Sl, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Willughbeia tenuiflora Dyer ex Hook.f, FMP2 325, M14 412, M36 18; big

liana; lowland forests; Kd, Kl, ?Pn, Pk, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng., N03 172, TFM2 24; Strophanthus jackianus

Wall. ex G.Don, FMP2 355; shrub to 3 m; Kd, Pn, Ph.

Wrightia laevis Hook.f. ssp. laevis, FMP2 353, N03 137, TFM2 24; small

tree to 15 m; hill forest; KI], Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Wrightia pubescens R.Br. ssp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan, N03 153, TFM2 23;

Wrightia javanica A. DC., FMP2 353; small tree to 7 m; Ps, Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk.

Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth., FMP2 353, N03 159, TFM2

24; shrub to 2 m; P. Langkawi, Ps; often cultivated elsewhere.

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex baasiana B.C. Stone & Kiew, $67 195; epiphytic shrub with tuberous

roots; montane forest at about 1500 m; Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Ilex cymosa Blume, FMP1 442, TFM3 3; tree; lowland forest including

swamps and secondary forest; widespread.

Ilex epiphytica King, FMP1 439, TFMS3 5; small tree or shrubby epiphyte;

montane forest; widespread in the mountains; endemic.

Ilex glomerata King, FMP1 439, TFMS3 5; shrub or small tree; montane

forest; Tg, Pk.

Ilex grandiflora Ridl., FMP1 439, TFM3 5; shrub or small tree; high montane

forest; Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Ilex illustris Ridl., FMP1 439, TFM3 8; shrub or small tree; montane forest,

occasionally in the lowlands; Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Ilex kelsallii Ridl., FMP5 298, TFM3 2; small tree; montane forest; ?Pk,

Ph.

Ilex macrophylla Hook.f, FMP1 442, TFMS3 8; //ex venulosa var. nervulosa

Loes., FMP1 442; smallish tree; lowland well-drained forest; widespread.

S. Andrews informs me that J/ex venulosa var. nervulosa should probably

be recognized as a distinct species.

131

132

50.1.9

50.1.10

50.1.11

30.1:42

a0. 8.13

50.1.14

= US

50.1.16

50.1.17

50.1.18

50.1.19

50.1.20

ie A

Mits

1AZ

Ilex maingayi Hook.f., FMP1 440, TFM3 8; small to medium-sized tree;

swampy lowland rain forest, humose soils on limestone; south and west of

Malaya; endemic.

Ilex malaccensis Loes., FMP1 437, TFM3 8; shrub, small tree or woody

climber; lowland forest, more frequently in the mountains; widespread.

Ilex micrococca Maxim., TFM3 2; small spreading tree; montane forest;

once at Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Ilex myrtillis Ridl., FMP1 438, TFM3 2; much-branched shrub; montane

forest; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Ilex patens Ridl., FMP1 440, TFM3 3; small tree; montane forest; Kd, Ph,

Sl; endemic.

Ilex pauciflora Ridl., FMP1 441, TFM3 3; small tree; only known from

Penang Hill; endemic.

Ilex polyneura (Hand.-Mazz.) S.Y. Hu, TFM3 2; small spreading tree;

montane forest; once from the Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Ilex praetermissa Kiew, TFM3 3; small shrub to 1.5 m tall; quartzite ridges;

only known from Klang Gates, Sl; endemic.

Ilex sclerophylla Hook.f., FMP1 440, TFM3 2; small tree; montane forest;

Ulu Brang, Tg, Gg Ledang, Jh; endemic.

Ilex sclerophylloides Loes., FMP1 440, TFM3 9; small tree; locally common

in montane forest; Kd, Pk, Jh.

Ilex tahanensis Kiew, TFMS3 3; //ex rupicola (non H.B.K.) Ridl., FMP1 439;

small shrub; Gg Rabong, KI, and Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Ilex triflora Blume, FMP1 438 incl. var. longifolia Ridl., TFM3 9; Ilex

polyphylla Ridl., FMP1 438; straggling bush to 5 m tall; common in montane

forest; widespread.

ARALIACEAE

Aralia dasphylla Mig., TFM3 16, FM19 17; small prickly tree to 10 m tall;

hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Aralia montana Blume, TFM3 15, FM19 22; Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem.,

FMP1 873; Aralia thomsonii Seem., FMP1 873; prickly shrub; lowland and

montane forest; widespread.

51.1.3

51.2.1

51.22

51.2.3

51.2.4

51.25

51.2.6

51.3.1

51.3.2

31.3.3

51.3.4

ei ee

314.1

Aralia scandens (Merr.) T.D. Ha, TFM3 15. FMr9 19: Aralia ferox auct. non

Miq.; FMP1 873; scandent prickly shrub: lowland and montane forest, often

near streams; PK, Ph, SI.

Arthrophyllum alternifolium Maingay ex Ridl.. FMP1 886. TFM3 17. F M19

67: shrub to 2 m tall: montane forest above 900 m: Ph. SI. M1. Jh: endemic.

Arthrophyllum angustifolium Ridl.. FMP1 885. FMr9 56: Arthrophyllum

montanum Ridl. var. angustifolium (Ridl.) B.C. Stone, TFM3 17: shrub or

small tree to 5 m tall; hill forest; Gg Keledang, Pk.

Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume. FM19 60. TFM3 17: Arthrophyllum

ovatifolium Jungh. & de Vriese, FMP1 885; Arthrophyllum congestum Rid1.,

FMP'1 887; sparsely-branched tree to 14 m tall; forest margins or secondary

forest in lowlands and hills; abundant throughout.

Arthrophyllum maingayi Philipson. TFM3 17, FM19 64: Arthrophyllum

pinnatum auct. non (Lam.) C.B. Clarke, FMP1 886; shrub to 2 m tall; hill

forest; Pn, Sl, NS, jh.

Arthrophyllum montanum Rid!.. FMP1 886. TFM3 17 incl. var. ovanun

(Ridl.) B.C. Stone, FMr9 65; Arthrophyllum nitidum Ridl., FMP1 886;

Arthrophyllum ovatum RidL., FMP1 886; small tree to 8 m tall; hill forest at

250-1500 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Arthrophyllum stonei A.-L. Lim, L21 263; tree to 7 m tall; montane forest:

Ph, Sl; endemic.

Brassaiopsis elegans Ridl.. FMP1 888, TFM3 19. FMr9 95: slender erect

shrub to 2 m tall: lower montane forest at 800 m: Ph. Sl: endemic.

Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel, TFM3 19. FMr9 94: tree to 10 m

tall; montane forest; Ph, NS.

Brassaiopsis minor B.C. Stone, TFM3 19, FMr9 93: shrub: lowland and lower

montane forest to 1100 m; collected twice in Tg; endemic.

Brassaiopsis polyacantha ( Wall.) R.N. Banerjee, TFM3 20, FMr9 93:

Brassaiopsis palmata Kurz, FMP1 887; thorny sparsely-branched tree to

13 m tall; hill and lower montane forest above 500 m: Kd, Pk. Ph. SL

Brassaiopsis simplex (King) B.C. Stone, TFM3 20, FM1r9 93: Wardenia

simplex King, FMP1 887; prickly shrub to 5 m tall; open bamboo forest in

lowlands and hills to 800 m; known from three collections, Pk, Sl; endemic.

Dendropanax lancifolius (Ridl.) Ridl.. FMP1 884. TFM3 22. FMr9 101: tree

to 14 m tall; hill forest 300-1500 m; Ulu Batang Padang and Gg Kledang

Saiong, Pk.

133

134

51.4.2

S154

51.6.1

SLA

31.7.2

518.1

51.8.2

51.8.3

51.8.4

51.8.5

51.8.6

Ser

51.8.8

Dendropanax maingayi King, FMP1 884, TFM3 22, FM19 101;slender shrub

to 1.5 m tall; montane forest on exposed ridges and summits; Kd, Pk, Ph,

MI, Jh; endemic.

Eleutherococcus malayanus (M.R. Hend.) B.C. Stone, $49 395, FM19 554;

Acanthopanax malayanus M.R. Hend., TFM3 14, FMi19 103; tree to 17 m

tall; montane forest at 1300-1800 m; KI], Ph.

Gastonia serratifolia (Mig.) Philipson, FM19 68; Gastonia papuana Mig.,

TFMS3 23; tree to 20 m tall; only known from P. Pisang, Jh.

Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze, FM19 86; tree to 18 m tall; montane

forest.

Macropanax maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Philipson, FM19 87; Hederopsis

maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP1 888, TFM3 23; Hederopsis major Ridl., TFM3

24; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms, TFM3 31; Brassaia singaporensis

Ridl., FMP1 883; shrub or tree, terrestrial or epiphytic; lowland forest; Sp;

probably introduced.

Schefflera aff. beccariana rom., TFM3 31; epiphytic shrub; lowland swamp

forest; Jh; endemic.

Schefflera biternata (C.B. Clarke) Harms, FMP1 881, TFM3 28; scrambling

shrub; hill forest; Pn, Pk, 7M1; endemic.

Schefflera cephalotes (C.B. Clarke) Harms, FMP1 875, TFM3 31; Schefflera

capitellata Ridl., FMP1 876; shrub, usually epiphytic; hill forest; Kd, K1,Tg,

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Sp; endemic.

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms, TFM3 29; Schefflera venulosa auct. non

(Wight & Arn.) Harms, FMP1 880 in part, incl. var. curtisii Ridl.; Schefflera

micrantha {non (C.B. Clarke) Gamble] (Miq.) Ridl., FMP1 881; Schefflera

‘calcicola’Frodin ined., TFM3 31; climber or straggling shrub, often

epiphytic; lowland and hill forest, also mangroves and on limestone; Ps,

Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Schefflera hullettii (King) R. Vig., FMP1 877, TFM3 32; Schefflera

scortechinii (King) R. Vig., FMP1 876; Schefflera elegans (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1

878; epiphytic shrub or climber; lowland and hill forest; Kd, K1, Pn, Ph, Jh,

Sp.

Schefflera heterophylla (Wall. ex G. Don) Harms, FMP1 881, TFM3 28;

Schefflera curtisii (King) Ridl., FMP1 882; scrambling shrub; lowland forest,

including that on limestone; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Schefflera lanceolata Ridl., TFM3 28, FMP3 875; climber; rocks near the

sea, mangrove; Tg, Ph, Sp; endemic.

51.8.9

51.8.10

51.8.11

51.8.12

51.8.13

51.8.14

51.8.15a

51.8.15b

51.8.16

51.8.17

51.8.18

51.8.19

51.8.20

Schefflera latifoliolata (King) R. Vig., FMP1 877 ‘latifoliata’, TFM3 32:

Schefflera pergamacea {non (Blume) R. Vig.] (Hassk.) Ridl., FMP1 876:

shrub, terrestrial or epiphytic; montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera ‘longicaudata’ Frodin ined., TFM3 30; Schefflera scandens {non

(Blume) R. Vig.] (Seem.) Ridl., FMP1 878; slender creeper to 2 m long;

lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl: endemic.

Schefflera lurida (King) Ridl., FMP1 875, TFM3 28; slender epiphytic

creeper or shrub; lower montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera ‘nanocephala’ Frodin ined., TFM3 31; terrestrial or epiphytic

tree to 6 m tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Schefflera nervosa (King) R. Vig., FMP1 879, TFM3 29; shrub or small

tree; montane forest; Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera oxyphylla (Mig.) R. Vig., D. G. Frodin pers. comm.; Schefflera

subulata (Miq.) R. Vig., FMP1 878, TFM3 30; Schefflera klossii Ridl., FMP1

876; Schefflera subracemosa Ridl.,,.FMP1 878; epiphytic climber; lowland

and hill forest; Kl, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Schefflera ridleyi (King) R. Vig. var. polyandra (Ridl.) Frodin, TFM3 29;

Scheffleropsis polyandra (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 879; epiphytic shrub; montane

forest; Pk; endemic.

Schefflera ridleyi (King) R. Vig. var. ridleyi, FMP1 879, TFM3 29, Schefflera

musangensis M.R. Hend., H33 105; epiphytic shrub, occasionally epilithic;

lowland and hill forest, also in mangroves; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp;

endemic.

Schefflera roxburghii Gamble, FMP1 880, TFM3 30; Schefflera venulosa

auct. non (Wight & Arn.) Harms, FMP1 880 in part; scandent shrub; Pn,

?M1; dubiously native.

Schefflera simulans Craib, TFM3 28; Schefflera affinis [non Baill.| (King)

R. Vig., FMP1 879; terrestrial or epiphytic shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest;

Pk.

Schefflera singalensis (Miq.) R. Vig., FMP1 877 ‘singalangensis’ , TFM3 30;

epiphytic shrub or liana; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph.

Schefflera singularis B.C. Stone, TFM3 28; shrub or climber; montane forest;

known only from Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera subintegra Craib, D. G. Frodin pers. comm.;, Tupidanthus

calyptratus auct. non Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 889; Schefflera pueckleri

auct. non (K. Koch) Frodin, TFM3 31 (Malayan specimens); small tree or

woody climber; montane forest; Pk, Ph.

135

136

et WA

IB22

SLBQS

51.8.24

519.4

51: 9.2

a2.

32:

5348

3.1.2

33.153

53.1.4

33.1.9

Schefflera tomentosa (Blume) Harms, FMP1 877; Schefflera farinosa [non

(Teijsm. & Binn.) PM.W. Dakkus] (Blume) Merr., TFM3 29; shrub or

climber, terrestrial or epiphytic; lowland forest, including swamps and on

limestone; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Schefflera tristis (King) Ridl., FMP1 875, TFM3 29; terrestrial or epiphytic

shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest; Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera wrayi (King) R. Vig., FMP1 882, TFM3 30; small tree; upper

montane forest at 2100 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Schefflera yatesii Merr., TFM3 32; scandent shrub; lowland forest; K1, Tg.

D. G. Frodin informs me that there are more Schefflera species awaiting

description in Malaya.

Trevesia burckii Boer!., TFM3 33, FM19 97; Trevesia cheirantha (C.B. Clarke)

Kuntze, FMP1 882; prickly shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest;

Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ns, M1, Jh, Sp.

Trevesia rufosetosa Ridl., FMP1 883, TFM3 33, FM19 97; prickly-stemmed

shrub; montane forest; Fraser’s Hill, Ph, Semangkok Pass, SI; endemic.

This species should be in Brassaiopsis (M. Jebb pers. comm.).

ARALIDIACEAE

Aralidium pinnatifitidum (Jungh. & de Vriese) Miq., FMP1 895, TFM3 34,

FM19 16; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1250 m;

throughout.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia curtisii King, FMP3 18, FM110 89; slender climber to 5 m high;

lowland forest; Pn.

Aristolochia foveolata Merr., FM110 91; twining climber to 10 m tall; lowland

forest; Tg.

Aristolochia jackii Steud., FM110 88; Aristolochia ungulifolia Mast., FMP3

18; shrub or twining climber; lowland forest; Ph, P. Jarak, Sp.

Aristolochia minutiflora Ridl. ex Gamble, FMP3 18 incl. var. dolabrata

Gamble, FM110 93; scandent shrub or climber reaching 10 m; lowland and

hill forest; Pk, Jh.

Aristolochia tagala Cham., FMP3 18, FM110 94; twining climber reaching

20 m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

aa.2.1

5a:2.2

33:23

53.2.4

53.2.5

53.2.6

33.2.1

54.

54.1.1

54.2.1

54.3.1

54.4.1

54.4.2

54.5.1

54.6.1

Thottea corymbosa (Griff.) Ding Hou, FM110 78; Apama corymbosa (Griff.)

Willd. ex Soler., FMP3 15; shrub to 5 m tall; lowland and hill forest:

widespread.

Thottea dependens (Planch.) Klotzsch, FMP3 16, FM110 75; shrub to 2.5

m tall; lowland forest to 500 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sp; endemic.

Thottea grandiflora Rottb., FMP3 16, FMi10 69; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Thottea parviflora Ridl., FMP3 17, FM110 67; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, SI.

Thottea sumatrana (Merr.) Ding Hou, FMi10 81; undershrub to 1 m tall;

lowland forest; Pd, Kd.

Thottea tomentosa (Blume) Ding Hou, FM110 79; Apama tomentosa

(Blume) Engl. ex Soler., FMP3 15; creeping undershrub to 40 cm tall;

lowland forest; widespread.

Thottea tricornis Maingay ex Hook.f., FMP3 16, FM110 74; shrub to 2 m

tall; hill forest at 300—600 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Asclepias curassavica L., FMP2 379, B03 251, H55 74; herb to 1 m tall;

open sandy spots; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Atherandra acutifolia Decne., FMP2 374, B03 249; slender twining vine;

thickets; P. Langkawi, Pn.

Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton, FMP2 379, R01 306; shrub to 2 m tall;

weed of dry open places, often cultivated; widespread, possibly not native.

Ceropegia langkawiensis Rintz, R22 225; twining vine to 6 m in length;

sandy shore near limestone outcrop; P. Langkawi; endemic.

Ceropegia lucida Wall., FMP2 412; slender climber; hill forest; Pn.

Cryptolepis perakensis (King & Gamble) PI. Forst., F09 70; Phyllanthera

perakensis King & Gamble, FMP2 371; woody climber to 5 m long; lowland

forest; Pk.

Cynanchum carnosum (R. Br.) Schitr., F07 526; Jschnostemma selangoricum

King & Gamble, FMP2 380, Ischnostemma carnosum (R. Br.) Merr. &

Rolfe; K15 17; slender twiner; open country; SI.

Liede [L20] considers this species better placed in Pentatropis.

138

54.6.2

54.6.3

54.6.4

54.7.1la

54.7.1b

54.7.2

54.7.3

54.7.4

54.7.5

54.7.6

54.7.7

54.7.8

54.7.9

54.7.10

54.7.11

54.7.12

Cynanchum corymbosum Wight, FMP2 381; slender twiner; lowland forest;

Pe Pa.

Cynanchum ovalifolium Wight, FMP2 381 incl. var. angustifolium Ridl.,

B03 253; Cynanchum laeve [non Pers.] (Blume) K. Schum., K15 253; slender

vine; forest margins; widespread.

Cynanchum seimundii Rid!., FMP2 381; vine; Kuala Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Dischidia acutifolia Maingay. ex Hook.f. ssp. acutifolia, FMP2 408, R24

101; twining epiphyte; lowland forest understorey; widespread.

Dischidia acutifolia Maing. ex Hook.f. ssp. klossii (Kerr) Rintz, R24 101;

twining epiphyte; lowland forest; Sl.

Dischidia albida Griff., FMP2 407, R24 100; Dischidia fultonii M.R. Hend.,

H31 51; slender twining epiphyte; commonest in the mountains, sometimes

lower; widespread.

Dischidia albiflora Griff., R22 94; Dischidia collyris Wall., FMP2 404;

creeping epiphyte, leaves convex; on trees near the sea; scattered.

Dischidia astephana Scort. ex King & Gamble, FMP2 403, R24 91; slender

creeping epiphyte, leaves convex; montane forest to highest peaks;

widespread.

Dischidia bengalensis Colebr., FMP2 405, R24 97; long creeping epiphyte;

coasts to mountains at 1700 m; widespread.

Dischidia cochleata Blume, R24 90; Dischidia coccinea Griff., FMP2 404;

creeping epiphyte, leaves convex; lowland and hill forest; Ph, Sl, Ml, Sp.

Dischidia complex Griff., FMP2 405, R24 97; slender creeping epiphyte,

some leaves pitcher-like; lowland forest; southern Malaya.

Dischidia dolichantha Schltr., R24 100; Dischidia tubuliflora King &

Gamble, FMP2 409; wiry twining epiphyte; montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Dischidia fruticulosa Ridl., FMP2 408, R24 101; shrubby epiphyte; hill

forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne., FMP2 406, R24 94; hairy twining

epiphyte; lowland and hill forest, also on limestone; widespread.

Dischidia imbricata (Blume) Steud., R24 91; Dischidia depressa C.B. Clarke

ex King & Gamble, FMP2 404; slender twining epiphyte, leaves convex;

lowland forest; Ps, MI.

Dischidia longepedunculata Rid!., FMP2 404, R24 97; creeping epiphyte,

leaves convex; montane forest; Sl, Ph; endemic. 3

]

54.7.13

54.7.14

54.7.15

54.7.16

54.7.17

54.7.18

54.7.19

54.7.20

54.7.21a

—54.7.21b

54.7.22

54.7.23

54.7.24

54.8.1

54.9.1

54.10.1

Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr., R24 92; Dischidia rafflesiana Wall., FMP2

405; creeping epiphyte, some leaves pitcher-like; lowland and hill forest,

common near the sea; widespread.

Dischidia nummularia R.Br., R24 98; Dischidia gaudichaudii Decne., FMP2

406; creeping epiphyte; on trees in the open; common throughout.

Dischidia parvifolia Ridl., FMP2 410, R24 95; slender twining epiphyte;

montane forest; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Dischidia pubescens Ridl., FMP2 409, R24 102; creeping epiphyte; lowland

forest; once from Pk, dubious species.

Dischidia punctata (Blume) Decne., R24 93; Dischidia viridiflora Ridl.,

FMP2 410; long twining epiphyte; lowland and hill forest; K1, SI. .

Dischidia rhodantha Ridl., FMP2 407, R24 93; slender twining epiphyte;

montane forest; Ph; endemic.

Dischidia scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 409, R24 99; slender twining

epiphyte; understorey of montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Dischidia singaporensis Rid!., FMP2 407, R24 92; slender creeping epiphyte;

on trees; once from Changi, Sp (probably extinct); endemic.

Dischidia subulata Warb. ssp. angustata Rintz, R24 96; twining epiphyte;

montane forest; once from near Tanah Rata, Ph; endemic subspecies.

Dischidia subulata Warb. ssp. subulata, R24 96; Dischidia cordifolia King

& Gamble, FMP2 407; Dischidia ericiflora Ridl., FMP2 408; Dischidia

monticola King & Gamble, FMP2 408; twining epiphyte; montane forest;

Ph.

Dischidia superba Rintz, R22 229, R24 102; creeping epiphyte; lowland

and hill forest; Kl, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Dischidia tomentella Ridl., FMP2 409, C14 92, R24 99; long slender climbing

epiphyte; forest on limestone; Ps.

Dischidia vadosa Rintz, R22 229, R24 95; creeping epiphyte; montane forest;

Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Dregea stellaris (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 387; climber; mountains; Fraser’s Hill,

Ph, & Gg Mengkuang Lebah, SI; endemic.

Finlaysonia obovata Wall., FMP2 373; climber; tidal river banks; widespread.

Genianthus crassifolius (Wight) Hook.f., K53 453; Genianthus blumei

(Decne.) Boerl., FMP2 378; stout climber; lowlands; Pk, SI.

139

140

54.10.2

54.10.3

54.10.4

54.10.5

54.11.1

54.11.2

54.11.3

54.11.4

54.12.1

54.13.1

54.14.1

54.15.1

54.15.2

54.16.1

54.16.2

54.16.3

Genianthus maingayi Hook.f., FMP2 378, K53 452; slender twining climber;

lowland forest; Pk, Jh, ?Sp.

Genianthus ridleyi King & Gamble, FMP2 378, K53 463; twiner; montane

forest at 1000-1400 m; Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Genianthus rufovelutinus King & Gamble, FMP2 378, K53 458; Hoya

rufolanata Ridl., FMP2 402; stout climber; lowland forest; Pk, P. Tioman,

Jh; endemic.

Genianthus subpeltatus Klack., K53 464; suffrutescent twiner; mossy ridge

at 1300 m; only known from type, Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Gongronema bracteolatum King & Gamble, FMP2 386; stout woody

climber; Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Gongronema curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 386; slender twiner; montane

forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Gongronema wallichii Decne., FMP2 386; shrubby climber; Pn, NS, MI.

Gongronema wrayi King & Gamble, FMP2 387; slender twiner; Pk;

endemic.

Gongylosperma lanuginosum Ridl., FMP2 372, C14 93; small shrub; on

limestone; P. Langkawi.

Goniostemma acuminatum Wight, FMP2 377; slender climber; lowland

forest; Pn, Pk.

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W.T. Aiton, FMP2 372; slender twiner; lowland

forest; Pk.

Heterostemma fimbriatum King & Gamble, FMP2 393; twiner; Gg Hijau,

Pk; endemic.

Heterostemma piperifolium King & Gamble, FMP2 393, C14 93; slender

twiner; open forest, often on limestone; north of Malaya.

Hoya campanulata Blume, R21 495; Physostelma wallichii Wight, FMP2

411; slender twiner or creeper; lowland and hill forest, often on riverside

rocks; widespread.

Hoya caudata Hook.f., FMP2 395 incl. var. crassifolia Ridl., R21 484;

climbing epiphyte; lowland forest, common on limestone; mostly in the

north.

Hoya coriacea Blume, FMP2 397, R21 495; Hoya occlusa Ridl., FMP2 398;

stout twining epiphyte; forests from mangroves to hill tops, including

limestone; widespread.

54.16.4

54.16.5

54.16.6

54.16.7

54.16.8

54.16.9

54.16.10

54.16.11

54.16.12

54.16.13

54.16.14

54.16.15

54.16.16

54.16.17

54.16.18

54.16.19

54.16.20

Hoya coronaria Blume, FMP2 400, R21 505; hairy twining epiphyte:

mangroves, lowland forest incl. quartzite and limestone ridges; widespread.

Hoya curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 399, R21 505; slender, fleshy creeping

epiphyte; hill forest at 700 m; once from near Taiping, Pk; endemic.

Hoya diversifolia Blume, FMP2 396, R21 517; twining epiphyte; lowland

forest and limestone hills; widespread.

Hoya elliptica Hook.f., FMP2 399, R21 505; slender twining epiphyte; often

along rivers; Pk, Sl, Ml, Sp; endemic.

Hoya endauensis Kiew, K32 261; epiphytic climber; on riverside tree; Ulu

Endau, Jh; endemic.

Hoya erythrina Rintz, R21 501; twining epiphyte; hill forest at 400-700 m;

KI, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Hoya erythrostemma Kerr, R21 508; twining epiphyte; on riverside tree;

Sl, ?elsewhere.

Hoya finlaysonii Wight, FMP2 397, R21 511; twining epiphyte; along rivers

in lowland forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Hoya forbesii King & Gamble, FMP2 397, R21 517; twining epiphyte;

lowland forest including that on limestone; throughout.

Hoya imperialis Lindl., FMP2 399, R21 501; shrubby climber; mangrove

and lowland forest; Pk, Sl, M1, Jh.

Hoya lacunosa Blume, FMP2 395, R21 490; slender creeping epiphyte;

lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Hoya lasiantha Korth. ex Miqg., FMP2 398, R21 498; climbing epiphyte;

lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl.

Hoya latifolia G. Don, FMP2 395, R21 508; long climbing and creeping

epiphyte; lowland forest; Ph, Jh, Sp.

Hoya micrantha Hook.f., R21 486; Hoya plicata King & Gamble, FMP2

402; stout twining epiphyte; montane forest at 800-1000 m; Pk, Ph.

Hoya mitrata Kerr, R21 498; twining epiphyte; lowland and hill forest; Pk,

Ph, Sl, Jh.

Hoya multiflora Blume, FMP2 398, R21 492; shrubby epiphyte; mostly in

hill forest at 500-900 m; widespread.

Hoya obtusifolia Wight, FMP2 399, R21 520; stout-stemmed twining

epiphyte; mangroves; Pk and Ph to Sp.

141

142

54.16.21

54.16.22

54.16.23

54.16.24

54.16.25a

54.16.25b

54.16.25¢

54.16.26

54.17.1

54.18.1

54.18.2

54.18.3

54.18.4

54.18.5

Hoya parviflora Wight, FMP2 401, R21 486; wiry twiner; lowland forest;

widespread.

Hoya pusilla Rintz, R21 492; slender twining epiphyte; lowland forest on

river banks; Sg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Hoya revoluta Wight, FMP2 401, R21 486; slender twiner; beaches to hill

tops; widespread.

Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 400, R21 511; twining climbing

epiphyte; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. citrina (Ridl.) Veldkamp ined.; Hoya

citrina Ridl., FMP2 397, C14 93, K50 33; Hoya parasitica Wall. ex Wight

var. citrina (Ridl.) Rintz, R21 514; twining epiphyte; along lowland rivers

and on limestone hills; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. hendersonii (Kiew) Veldkamp ined.;

Hoya parasitica Wall. ex Wight var. hendersonii Kiew, K45 66; glabrous

twiner; lower montane forest at 1200-1260 m; Cameron Highlands &

Fraser’s Hill, Pk; endemic variety.

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillata, V35 427; Hoya parasitica

Wall. ex Wight, FMP2 396, R21 514; Hoya ridleyi King & Gamble, FMP2

401; climbing twining epiphyte; often near the sea; all coasts.

Hoya wrayi King & Gamble, R21 484; Physostelma wrayi (King & Gamble)

Ridl., FMP2 411; twining epiphyte; montane forest at 1000-1500 m; Gg

Batang Padang, Pk, and Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Lygisma flavum (Ridl.) Kerr, K15 30; Gymnema flavum Ridl., FMP2 385;

Tylophora ridleyi M.R. Hend., H35 111; slender twiner; river bank;

Temengoh, Pk.

Marsdenia acuminata ( Roxb.) |.M. Turner, T21 23; Gymnema acuminatum

(Roxb.) Wall., FMP2 384; twining shrub; open country; P. Langkawi, MI.

Marsdenia dissitiflora (Ridl.) PI. Forst., F11 693; Gymnema dissitiflorum

Ridl., FMP2 384; slender twiner; lowland forest; only known from type,

Tapah, Pk; endemic.

Marsdenia forsteri |.M. Turner, T21 25; Gymnema maingayi Hook.f., FMP2

384; slender twiner; MI.

Marsdenia hirta (Ridl.) P.I. Forst., F11.693, Gymnema hirtum Ridl., FMP2

385; slender climber; montane forest; only known from type, Semangkok

Pass, Sl; endemic.

Marsdenia lactifera (L.) 1.M. Turner, 721 25; Gymnema lactiferum (L.) R.

Br. ex Schult., FMP2 385, H55 98; slender twiner; Pn, Pk, MI.

54.18.6

54.18.7

54.18.8

54.18.9

54.18.10

54.18.11

54.19.1

54.20.1

54.22.1

54.23.1

54.24.1

54.25.1

54.26.1

54.27.1

54.27.2

54.28.1

Marsdenia maingayi (Hook.f.) P.I. Forst, F11 700; Stephanotis maingayi

Hook.f., FMP2 389; large climbing shrub; forest margin; Ph, MI, Jh, Sp;

? endemic.

Marsdenia ridleyi P.I. Forst., F11 700; Stephanotis parviflora Ridl., FMP2

390; creeper; forest margins; Pk; endemic.

Marsdenia scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 388; twiner; Pk; ?endemic.

Marsdenia thyrsiflora Hook.f., FMP2 388; climber; river banks in lowland

forest; Ph.

Marsdenia tinctoria R.Br., FMP2 388, B03 272; small shrub; open places,

often on limestone, possibly relic of cultivation; mostly in the north.

Marsdenia tingens (Roxb.) PI. Forst., F11 692; Gymnema tingens (Roxb.)

Roxb., FMP2 385; slender climbing shrub; Pk.

Meladerma insularum (King & Gamble) Kerr, K15 5; Gymnanthera

insularum King & Gamble, FMP2 373, C14 93; liana; on limestone; P.

Langkawi.

Pentanura sumatrana Blume, FMP2 371; climber; Pk.

Pentasacme caudatum Wall. ex Wight, FMP2 383, R02 115; wiry-stemmed

rheophytic herb; on rocks in forest streams; Pk, Ph.

Pycnorhachis maingayi Hook.f., FMP2 411; hairy twiner; once from Ml,

endemic.

Raphistemma pulchellum (Roxb.) Wall., FMP2 380, B03 252; bushy climber;

lowlands; P. Langkawi, Pk, NS.

Sarcolobus globosus Wall., FMP2 382, R23 73; twiner; tidal mud; KI, Pk,

Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight & Arn.,$48 262, H55 82; twining climber;

on limestone; P. Langkawi.

Secamone elliptica R.Br., F12 70; Secamone micrantha (Decne.) Decne.,

FMP2 375; slender liana; open places near the sea; widespread.

Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr., K15 6; Streptocaulon griffithii

Hook.f., FMP2 374; liana; once, somewhat dubiously, from Jh.

Streptocaulon wallichii Wight, FMP2 374; woody climber; open places and

forest margins; Ps, P. Langkawi, Pn, Pk.

Telosma puberula (Mig.) Kerr, K15 32; Pergularia puberula Mig., FMP2

389; twining shrub; hill forest; Pn.

143

54.29.1

54.29.2

54.29.3

54.29.4

54.29.5

54.29.6

54.29.7

54.30.1

54.30.2

54.30.3

54.30.4

54.30.5

54.30.6

54.30.7

54.30.8

54.30.9

54.30.10

Toxocarpus curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 376; slender climber; hills to

1000 m, lower on limestone; scattered.

Toxocarpus glabrescens M.R. Hend., H35 109; slender climbing shrub; on

hilltops; once from Ulu Endau, Jh; endemic.

Toxocarpus griffithii Decne., FMP2 376, B03 255; slender climber; lowland

forest; widespread.

Toxocarpus lankawiensis King & Gamble, FMP2 377; slender twiner; P.

Langkawi.

Toxocarpus pauciflorus M.R. Hend., H35 110, C14 94; climber; on

limestone; KI, Pk, Sl.

Toxocarpus penangianus King & Gamble, FMP2 376; slender twiner; Pn;

endemic.

Toxocarpus scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 376; climber; mountains;

Pk.

Tylophora calcicola M.R. Hend., H35 111, C14 94; slender twiner; on

limestone; once each from Gua Ninek, Kl, and Bt Cheras, Ph; endemic.

Tylophora exilis Colebr., FMP2 392; slender twiner; scattered.

Tylophora flexuosa R. Br., F10 491; 7y/ophora tenuis Blume, FMP2 391;

Tylophora tenuissima (Roxb. ex Schult.) Wight & Arn., H55 96; Tylophora

tetrapetala (Dennst.) Suresh, N11 64; slender twiner; common along tidal

rivers; widespread.

Tylophora globifera Hook.f., FMP2 392; twiner; Pk, MI.

Tylophora hirsuta ( Wall.) Wight, FMP2 391; twiner; open places; Pn, Pk.

Tylophora indica (Burm.f) Merr., H55 91, N11 64; 7y/ophora asthmatica

(L.f.) Wight & Arn., FMP2 392; slender twiner; sandy places near the sea

or rivers; widespread.

Tylophora longifolia Wight, FMP2 390; slender twiner; montane forest; Pk.

Tylophora perakensis King & Gamble, FMP2 392, C14 94; fleshy climber;

often on limestone; Kd, Pk.

Tylophora splendida P.1. Forst., F08 750; Tylophora grandiflora (non R.

Br.) Ridl., FMPS5 321; slender climber; hill forest; Ph; endemic.

Tylophora squarrosa Ridl., FMP2 392; Tylophora wallichii Hook.f., FMP2

391; slender twiner; lowland forest and mangroves; scattered.

55:

55.1.1

55.1.2

39:13

55.1.4

56.

56.1.1

56.1.2

56.1.3

56.1.4

56.1.5

56.1.6

56.2.1

AVICENNIACEAE

Avicennia alba Blume, FMP2 641, TFM3 299, D43 307; tree to 21 m tall;

muddy mangroves; widespread.

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., TFM3 300, D43 311; Avicennia

intermedia Griff., FMP2 641; Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Ridl., FMP2

642; tree to 12 m tall; mangrove; commoner on West Coast.

Avicennia officinalis L., FMP2 640, TFM3 300, D43 319; tree to 18 m tall;

mangrove, generally on landward fringe; widespread.

Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f., D43 321; Avicennia lanata Ridl., FMP2

641, TFM3 300; tree to 30 m tall; sandier mangroves; mostly East Coast.

BALANOPHORACEAE

Balanophora abbreviata Blume, FM17 801, K23 544; Balanophora insularis

Ridl., FMP3 175; white or yellow parasitic herb to 10 cm tall; lowland forest

to 1000 m; Lenggong, Pk, and P. Aur, Ph.

Balanophora elongata Blume, $47 130, FM19 554; Balanophora hansenii

Hambali, H03 425; tuberous parasitic herb; montane forest at 1500 m; Gg

Ulu Kali, Ph.

Balanophora fungosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. ssp. indica (Arn.) B. Hansen,

FMi7 795, K23 544; Balanophora gigantea auct. non Wall. ex Fawc., FMP3

174; Balanophora globosa auct. non Jungh., FMP3 174; tuberous orange-

yellow parasitic herb to 20 cm tall; montane forest at 500-2000 m;

widespread.

Balanophora latisepala (Tiegh. ) Lecomte, FMi7 803, K23 545; Balanophora

truncata Ridl., FMP3 174; tuberous yellowish parasitic herb to 25 cm tall;

montane rain forest at 1200-1700 m; Ph, Sl.

Balanophora papuana Schlitr., FM17 798, K23 547; Balanophora

multibrachiata (non Fawc.) Burkill & Holttum, FMP3 174; tuberous red to

yellow parasitic herb to 15 cm tall; lowland and montane rain forest;

widespread.

Balanophora reflexa Becc., FM17 800, K23 547; tuberous orange to dark

red parasitic herb to 10 cm tall; lowland forest; Bt Bintang, Ps, and Jengka,

Ph.

Exorhopala ruficeps (Ridl.) Steenis, FM17 790; Rhopalocnemis ruficeps

Ridl., FMP3 176; parasitic herb with elongated horizontal tuber; dense forest

at 100-1200 m; Penara Bukit, Pn, and Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic genus.

145

146

at.

SF: d

2 |

IKLZ

S725

57.2.4

57.2.5a

57.2.5b

57.2.6

mee |

57.2.8

57.2.9

57.2.10

57.2.11

3) te

BALSAMINACEAE

Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arn., G17 218, T05 128; Hydrocera

angustifolia Blume, FMP1 340 incl. var. latifolia Ridl.; erect herb to 1 m

tall; marshy places, paddy-fields; Ps, Pn, KI, Ph, Sl, MI, Sp (recent arrival).

Impatiens albo-flava Miq., G19 98; Impatiens scortechinii Hook.f., FMP1

339, $21 206, C14 97; succulent herb to 1 m tall; limestone; Pk, Ph.

Impatiens cryptoneura Hook.f, FMP1 339, 820 208, C13 95; herb to 30 cm

tall; limestone; once from near Ipoh, Pk; endemic.

Impatiens curtisii Hook.f., FMP1 337; herb to 40 cm tall; damp rocks in hill

and montane forest; Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Impatiens exilipes Hook.f, FMP1 337, 821 194; herb to 60 cm tall; damp

lowland forest to 500 m; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Impatiens griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson var. griffithii, FMP1 336, $21 192;

herb to 60 cm tall; Gg Ledang, M1; endemic variety.

Impatiens griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson var. sarcantha (Hook.f.) T. Shimizu,

$21 192; Impatiens sarcantha Hook.f., FMP 1 336; Impatiens polcycla Hook.f.

ex Ridl., FMP1 336; herb to 30 cm tall; on rocks in streams, lowlands and

mountains; Kd, Pk, Ph.

Impatiens macrosepala Hook./., FMP1 339, $21 205, C14 96; herb to 40 cm

tall; on limestone; Bt Lagi and Tebing Tinggi, Ps.

Impatiens mirabilis Hook.f, FMP1 337, $21 216, C14 96; herb to 2.5 m tall

with swollen stem-base; limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Ph.

Impatiens oncidioides Ridl. ex Hook.f., FMP1 337, $21 212; succulent herb

to 1.5 m tall; damp spots in montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Impatiens opinata Craib, $21 216, C14 96; /mpatiens foxworthyi M.R. Hend.,

H31 50; herb to 50 cm tall; damp shaded places on limestone; KI], Ph.

Impatiens ridleyi Hook.f., FMP1 339, $21 207, C14 96; herb to 40 cm tall;

limestone; Gg Senyum, Ph, and Gua Batu, Sl; endemic.

Impatiens tipusensis M.R. Hend., H34 72, $21 208, C14 97; creeping herb;

on limestone; Gua Tipus, Ph; endemic.

Impatiens vaughanii Hook./., FMP1 338, $21 203, C14 97; fleshy herb to 60

cm tall; on limestone; Ps.

Impatiens wallerana Hook.f. ex Oliv., $21 210, G18 81; succulent herb to

60 cm tall; roadsides and tea plantations; Maxwell Hill, Pk, Cameron

Highlands, Ph; naturalized from tropical East Africa.

57.2.14

58.

58.1.1

58.1.2

58.1.3

58.1.4

58.1.5

58.1.6

58.1.7

58.1.8

58.1.9

58.1.10

58.1.11

58.1.12

58.1.13

58.1.14

58.1.15

Impatiens wrayii Hook.f., FMP1 336, $21 194; herb to 30 cm tall; on rocks

in streams; Batang Padang, Pk; endemic.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia aequilateralis Irmsch., 103 134; creeping herb; lowland forest; Sg

Buloh, Sl; endemic.

Begonia alpina L.B. Sm. & D.C. Wasshausen, G12 137; Begonia monticola

(non C. DC.) Ridl., FMP1 862, 103 128; creeping herb; montane forest; Gg

Mengkuang Lebah, Sl; endemic.

Begonia barbellata Ridl., FMP1 856, 103 116; herb 35 cm tall; sandy lowland

forest; Kl, Tg, Jh; endemic.

Begonia carnosula Ridl., FMP1 857, 103 146; succulent creeping herb;

shaded banks; Ulu Batang Padang, Pk, and Telom, Ph; endemic.

Begonia collina Irmsch., 103 135; rhizomatous herb; Bt Hitam, Sl; endemic.

Begonia corneri Kiew, K38 272; creeping herb; on earth banks in lowland

forest; known only from type, Sg Nipa, Tg; endemic.

Begonia curtisii Ridl., FMP1 856, 103 149, C14 98; tuberous herb to 20 cm

tall; on limestone; P. Langkawi.

Begonia debilis King, FMP1 858, 103 157, C14 98; herb to 20 cm tall; on

rocks in forest, once on limestone; Gg Pondok, Pk, and Gg Tampin, NS;

endemic.

Begonia decora Stapf, FMP1 863, 103 121; creeping herb; montane forest;

P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Begonia eiromischa Ridl., FMP1 860, 103 108; K34 64; herb; once from Pn;

endemic (probably extinct).

Begonia forbesii King, FMP1 855, 103 159, herb to 15 cm tall; Pk; endemic.

Begonia foxworthyi Burkill ex Ridl., FMP5 311, 103 100, C14 98; tufted

herb; on limestone; KI, Ph; endemic.

Begonia fraseri Kiew, K45 64; low prostrate herb to 30 cm tall; lower

montane forest; Fraser’s Hill & Gg Benom, Ph; endemic.

Begonia guttata Wall. ex A. DC., FMP1 858, 103 153; small creeping herb;

on rocks in lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Pn, SI.

Begonia haniffii Burkill, 103 151; herb to 25 cm tall; once from P. Langkawi.

147

148

58.1.16a

58.1.16b

58.1.17

58.1.18

36.119

58.1.20

58.1.2]

58.1.22

58.1.23

58.1.24

58.1.25

58.1.26

58.1.27

58.1.28

58.1.29

58.1.30

Begonia herveyana King var. barnesii Irmsch., 103 131; large herb; Kluang

Terbang, Ph; endemic.

Begonia herveyana King var. herveyana, FMP1 861, 103 131; large herb;

lowland forest; NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Begonia hirtella Link, FMP1 864; herb to 30 cm tall; shady banks at the

Hill Stations; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph; naturalized from South America.

Begonia holttumii Irmsch., 103 113; Begonia isoptera auct. non Dryand.,

FMP1 855 in part; herb to 1 m tall; Pn, Pk, Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Begonia ignorata Irmsch., 103 97, C14 98; Begonia hasskarlii Zoll. & Moritzi

var. hirsuta Ridl., FMP1 860; small creeping herb; on limestone; known

only from type, Kota Glanggi, Ph; endemic.

Begonia isopteroidea King, FMP1 856, 103 112; herb to 1 m tall; montane

forest; Gg Brumber Pahang, Pk; endemic.

Begonia kingiana Irmsch., 103 106, C14 98; Begonia hasskarlii auct. non

Zoll. & Moritzi, FMP 1 860; creeping herb; shandy places on limestone; K],

Pk, Sl; endemic.

Begonia klossii Ridl., FMP1 861, 103 133; creeping herb; montane forest;

Gg Menuang Gasing, Sl; endemic.

Begonia leucantha Ridl., FMP1 857, 103 157; small herb; lowland forest;

Pk, Ph; endemic.

Begonia longicaulis Ridl., FMP1 862, 103 120; herb; montane forest; Gg

Kerbau, Pk, and Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Begonia lowiana King, FMP1 864, 103 137; herb to | m tall; upper montane

forest; Pk; endemic.

Begonia martabanica A. DC. var. pseudoclivalis Irmsch., 103 145; Begonia

clivalis Ridl., FMP1 857 in part; herb to 20 cm tall; sandy banks; Ulu

Temengoh, Ph; endemic variety.

Begonia maxwelliana King, FMP1 863, 103 118; herb; hill and montane

forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Begonia nurii Irmsch., 103 95, C14 99; herb; on limestone; K1, Ph; endemic.

Begonia paupercula King, FMP1 862, 103 122; herb; on rocks in forest;

Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Begonia pavonina Ridl., FMP1 863, 103 123; herb; montane forest; Pk, Ph;

endemic.

58.1.31

58.1.32a

38.1.32b

58.1.33

58.1.34

58.1.35

58.1.36

58.1.37

58.1.38a

58.1.38b

i De

58.1.40a

58.1.40b

58.1.40c

58.1.40d

Begonia peninsulae Irmsch., 103 98; small creeping herb; once from Tg;

endemic subspecies.

Begonia perakensis King var. conjungens Irmsch., 103 129, T19 129; herb;

on rocks in streams in hill and montane forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Begonia perakensis King var. perakensis, FMP1 861 in part, T19 129:

Begonia perakensis var. rotundata Irmsch., 103 129; herb; on rocks in streams

in hill and montane forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Begonia phoeniogramma Ridl., FMP1 858, 103 155, C14 99; creeping herb

to 15 cm tall; shaded crevices in limestone; P. Langkawi, K1, Sl; endemic.

Begonia rajah Ridl., FMP1 855, 103 96, K34 65; herb; lowland forest; Gg

Lawit, Tg; endemic.

Begonia rheifolia Irmsch., 103 132; Begonia herveyana King var. robusta

Ridl., FMP1 861; large herb; hill forest; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Begonia rhoephila Ridl., FMP1 860, 103 137; creeping herb; on rocks in

forest streams; Ulu Gombak, Sl; endemic.

Begonia robinsonii Ridl., FMP1 863, 103 125; fleshy herb; montane forest;

Ph; endemic.

Begonia scortechinii King var. kunstleriana (King) Ridl., FMP1 860, 103

134; herb; Gg Bujung Malacca, Pk; endemic.

Begonia scortechinii King var. scortechinii, FMP1 860, 103 133; herb; Pk;

endemic.

Begonia sibthorpioides Ridl., FMP1 859, 103 158; tuberous herb; cliff face;

Gg Jerai, Kd; endemic.

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. clivalis (Ridl.) Irmsch., 103 144; Begonia

clivalis Ridl., FMP1 857 in part; herb to 20 cm tall; Klang Gates, Sl; endemic

variety.

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. etamensis Irmsch., 103 142; Begonia

sinuata sensu Ridl., FMP1 856 in part; tuberous herb to 40 cm tall; on damp

rocks in hill forest; Bt Hitam, Sl; endemic variety.

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. langkawiensis Irmsch., 103 142; Begonia

sinuata sensu Ridl., FMP1 856 in part; tuberous herb to 40 cm tall; forest; P.

Langkawi; endemic variety.

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. malaccensis Irmsch., 103 143; Begonia

sinuata sensu Ridl., FMP1 856 in part; tuberous herb to 40 cm tall; forest;

endemic variety.

149

150

58.1.40e

58.1.40f

58.1.41

58.1.42

58.1.43

58.1.44

58.1.45

58.1.46

58.1.47

58.1.48

39.

59.1.1

59.2.1

59.3.1

59.4.1

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. monophylloides Irmsch., 103 143;

Begonia sinuata sensu Ridl., FMP1 856 in part; tuberous herb to 40 cm tall;

lowland forest; Sg Tahan, Ph; endemic variety.

Begonia sinuata Wall. ex Meisn. var. penangensis Irmsch., 103 142; Begonia

sinuata sensu Ridl., FMP1 856 in part; tuberous herb to 40 cm tall; hill forest;

Penang Hill; endemic variety.

Begonia tampinica Burkill ex Irmsch., 103 130; rhizomatous herb; montane

forest; Gg Tampin, NS; endemic.

Begonia thaipingensis King, FMP1 857, 103 145; slender creeping herb;

sandy places; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Begonia tiomanensis Ridl., 103 133; herb to 40 cm tall; montane forest; P.

Tioman, Ph; endemic.

Begonia tricornis Ridl., FMP1 854, 103 109; herb to 1 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Begonia variabilis Ridl., FMP1 858, 103 147; herb to 30 cm tall; lowland

forest; Pk; endemic.

Begonia venusta King, FMP1 862, 103 126; herb; upper montane forest;

Pk, Ph; endemic.

Begonia wrayi Hemsl., K42 312; Begonia isoptera auct. non Dryand., FMP1

855 in part; Begonia pseudoisoptera Irmsch., 103 112; shrubby herb to 1 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Begonia yappii Ridl., R15 258; creeping herb; Kuala Aring, Kl; endemic.

BIGNONIACEAE

Deplanchea bancana (Scheff.) Steenis, FM1i8 137, TFM3 37; Diplanthera

bancana Scheff., FMP2 552; tall tree to 45 m tall; swampy lowland forest;

Pn, Sl, NS, M1.

Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K.Schum., FM18 142, TFM3 39;

Dolichandrone rheedei (Spreng.) Seem., FMP2 549; tree to 24 m tall, usually

smaller; mangroves and other muddy areas near the sea; widespread.

Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G. Don) Steenis, FMig 159, TFM3 39;

Heterophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem. ex Benth. &

Hook.f., FMP2 551; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest, often on limestone;

Ps, Kd, P. Langkawi, ?Sp.

Hieris curtisii (Ridl.) Steenis, FM18 127, TFM3 37; Pandorea curtisii Ridl.,

FMP2 553; slender woody climber; lowland forest; Pn; endemic.

59.5.1

59.6.1

59.7.1

ce ow do

59.7.3

59.8.1

59.9.1

59.9.2

60.

60.1.1

60.1.2

60.2.1

60.2.2

60.3.1

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, FMP2 548, FMi8s 128, TFM3 40;

tree to 18 m tall; lowland forest, often near villages and rice fields; Ml

northward.

Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum., FMi8 163, TFM3 40; Pajanelia

multijuga A.P. DC., FMP2 549; tree to 36 m tall; primary and secondary

lowland and hill forest; north of Malaya.

Radermachera glandulosa (Blume) Mig., FM18 152, TFM3 42;

Radermachera stricta Zoll. & Moritzi ex Zoll., FMP2 550; small crooked

tree to 12 m tall: lowland forest to 900 m; MI northward.

Radermachera peninsularis Steenis, FM18 155; Radermachera sinica auct.

non (Hance) Hemsl., TFM3 42; tree 4-15 m tall; lower montane forest at

1200 m; Cameron Highlands (2 colls.), Ph.

Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. var. acuminata (Steenis) Steenis,

FMi8 154, TFM3 42; Radermachera amoena auct. non (Wall.) Seem., FMP2

551; tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest to 400 m, also on limestone; widespread.

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., FMI8 185; tree to 25 m tall; roadsides,

waste places, secondary forest; Sp; naturalized from tropical Africa.

Stereospermum colais (Dillwyn) Mabb., M03 553, FM19 554, N11 73;

Stereospermum chelonoides [non (L.f.) A.P. DC.)] A.P. DC., FMP2 550;

Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee, FM18 148, TFM3 44; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Sp.

Stereospermum fimbriatum (Wall. ex G. Don) A. DC., FMP2 550, FMi8

146, TFM3 44; tree reaching 27-30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000

m, often planted; widespread.

BOMBACACEAE

Bombax anceps Pierre, TFM1 104; Bombax insularis Ridl., FMP1 260; tree

to 12 m tall; rocky places near the sea; P. Langkawi, Pn.

Bombax valetonii Hochr., TFM1 104; Bombax larutensis Ridl., FMP1 260;

tree to 35 m tall; lowland and hill forest; north of the Peninsula.

Coelostegia borneensis Becc., TFM1 106; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Ph, Jh.

Coelostegia griffithii Benth., FMP1 266, TFM1 106; tree to 35 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; scattered throughout.

Durio affinis Becc., TFM1 109; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Jh.

151

152

60.3.2

60.3.3

60.3.4

60.3.5

60.3.6

60.3.7

60.3.8

60.3.9

60.3.10

60.3.11

60.3.12

60.4.1

60.5.1

60.5.2

60.5.3

60.5.4

60.5.5

Durio carinatus Mast., TFM1 109; tree to 25 m tall; peat swamp forest; Ph,

Jh.

Durio graveolens Becc., TFM1 109; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest; Kd,

Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, SI, M1, Jh.

Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh., TFM1 110; Boschia griffithii Mast., FMP1

265; tree; lowland forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Durio lowianus Scort. ex King, FMP1 263, TFM1 110; Durio wrayi King,

FMP 1 264; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Durio macrophyllus (King) Ridl., FMP1 264, TFM1 111; tree; lowland

forest; Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Durio malaccensis Planch. ex Mast., FMP1 262, TFM1 111; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Durio oxleyanus Griff., FMP1 263, TFM1 111; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Ml, Jh.

Durio pinangianus (Becc.) Ridl., FMP1 264, TFM1 112; small tree; hill

forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Durio singaporensis Rid!., FMP1 263, TFM1 113; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Tg, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Durio wyatt-smithii Kosterm., TFM1 113; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Kl, Tg.

Durio sp. A, TFM1 116; tree to 20 m tall; once from Kluang, Jh.

Kostermansia malayana Soegeng, TFM1 116; tree to 45 m tall; lowland

forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Neesia altissima (Blume) Blume, TFM1 118; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Pk, Sp.

Neesia kostermansiana Soepadmo, TFMI1 118; tree to 25 m tall; lowland

freshwater swamp forest; Pk, SI.

Neesia malayana Bakh., TFM1 118; tree to 25 m tall; fresh water swamp

forest; Tg, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Neesia pilulifera Becc., TFM1 118; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; SI.

Neesia synandra Mast., FMP1 265, TFM1 119; tree to 30 m tall; wet lowland

forest; scattered throughout.

61.

61.1.1

61.2.1

61.3.1

61.4.1

61.4.2

61.4.3

61.5.1

61.5.2

61.6.1

61.7.1

61.8.1

61.9.1

BORAGINACEAE

Argusia argentea (L.f.) Heine, H29 109; Tournefortia argentea L.f., FMP2

440; Messerschmidia argentea (L.f.) 1.M. Johnst., TFM4 64; shrub to 3 m

tall; sandy coasts of offshore islands; P. Langkawi, and P. Babi Tengah and

P. Tinggi, Jh.

Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam., TFM4 59; Ehretia buxifolia Roxb., FMP2

442; shrub or small tree to 4 m tall; open dry sandy spots, waste places;

native to Ph, cultivated and escaped elsewhere.

Coldenia procumbens L., FMP2 442, TFM4 58; prostrate creeping herb;

weed of open places; Ps, Kd, Tg, Ph.

Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., TFM4 60; shrub to

4 m tall; waste places; throughout Malaya; naturalized from tropical

America.

Cordia dichotoma G. Forst., TFM4 60; Cordia griffithii C.B. Clarke, FMP2

439; Cordia obliqua Willd., FMP2 439; Cordia premnifolia Ridl., FMP2 439;

tree to 13 m tall, rarely climbing; lowland forest, back mangrove, on

limestone; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Cordia subcordata Lam., FMP2 439, TFM4 62; tree to 15 m tall; rocky and

sandy sea shores; Ps, Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Ehretia parallela C.B. Clarke, FMP2 442, TFM4 63; tree to 24 m; hill forest

at 800—1000 m; Pn, Sl.

Ehretia timorensis Decne., FMP2 442, TFM4 63; scrambling shrub or small

tree to 16 m tall; lowland forest, often near the sea, also on limestone; P.

Langkawi, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Heliotropium indicum L., FMP2 441, TFM4 58, M44 114; herb to 50 cm

tall; weed of cultivation, waste places; throughout.

Pteleocarpa lamponga (Mig.) Bakh. ex Heyne, TFM4 64; Preleocarpa

malaccensis Oliv., FMP2 464; tree to 37 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

600 m; K1, Tg, Pn, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Rotula aquatica Lour., TFM4 59, V20 209; Rhabdia lycioides sensu C.B.

Clarke, FMPS5 323; rheophytic shrub to 2 m tall; river banks; north of

Malaya.

Tournefortia tetrandra Blume, TFM4 65; Tournefortia wallichii DC., FMP2

441; shrub or woody climber; lowland to lower montane forest, reaching

1130 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

153

154

62.

62.4°1

62.1.2

62.1.3

63.

O3:4.2

63.1,3

63.1.4

63.1.5

63.1.6

63:1.7

63.1.8

63.1.9

BUDDLEJACEAE

Buddleja asiatica Lour., FMP2 414, FM16 337, TFM2 268; shrub or small

tree 1-7 m tall; open places and secondary forest in the lowlands; Pn, Pk,

Ph, Jh.

Buddleja davidii Franch.; FM16 340, TFM2 268, shrub to 2.5 m tall; montane

forest margins and clearings; Cameron Highlands, Ph; naturalized

ornamental from Central Asia.

Buddleja madagascariensis Lam., FM16 340, TFM2 268; shrub 2-3 m tall;

clearings in hill forest at 700-800 m; Pn, Pk; naturalized from Madagascar.

BURSERACEAE

Canarium apertum H.J. Lam, FM15 275, TFM1 128; large tree to 40 m tall;

lowland forest; Ph, NS, SI.

Canarium caudatum King, FMP1 370, FM15 259, TFM1 129; tree to 18 m

tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Canarium denticulatum Blume, FMP1 374, FMi5 272, TFM1 129; tree to

20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Sl.

Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) H.J. Lam, FMi15 275, TFM1 129;

Trigonochlamys grandifolia Ridl., FMP1 381; tree to 35 m tall; Kd, Tg, Pk,

Ph, NS, Jh,.Sp.

Canarium hirsutum Willd., FM15 287, TFM1 130; Canarium hispidum

Blume, FMP1 374; Canarium subcordatum Ridl., FMP1 374; tree 10-25 m

tall; lowland forest; one collection each from Pk, Ph, Jh.

Canarium littorale Blume, FMi15 256, TFM1 130; Canarium purpurascens

Benn., FMP1 370; Canarium rufum Benn., FMP1 372; Canarium secundum

Benn., FMP1 375; tree 10-30 m tall; lowland forest, occasionally in the

highlands; throughout.

Canarium megalanthum Merr., FMi5 274, TFM1 131; tree to 40 m tall;

lowland forest; Kd, Ph, NS, Jh.

Canarium patentinervium Mig., FM15 258, TFM1 134; Canarium nitidum

Benn., FMP1 373; Canarium parvifolium Benn., FMP1 373; ?Canarium

littorale auct. non Blume, FMP1 375; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill

forest understorey; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Canarium perlisanum Leenh., FMi5 258, TFM1 134; small tree to 10 m tall;

limestone hill at 70 m; known only from type, Kaki Bt, Ps; endemic.

63.1.10

63.1.11

63.1.12

63.1.13

63.1.14

63.2.1

63.2.2

63.2.3

63.2.4

63.2.5

63.2.6

63.2.7

63.2.8

63.2.9

Canarium pilosum Benn., FMP1 372 incl. var. hirtellum (Benn.) Ridl., FMi15

281, TFM1 134; Canarium grandiflorum Benn., FMP1 370; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; widespread.

Canarium pseudodecumanum Hochr., FM15 275, TFM1 135; buttressed tree

to 50 m tall; damp or swampy lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, NS.

Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh., FM15 286, TFM1 135; very large tree

to 50 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Canarium reniforme Kochummen & Whitmore, TFM1 136; small tree to

20 m tall; hill forest, often coastal; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Canarium sumatranum Boerl. & Koord., FMi5 286, TFM1 136; very large

tree to 50 m tall; lowland forest, rare; NS.

Dacryodes breviracemosa Kalkman, TFM1 140; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest; known only from type, Bt Bauk ER., Tg; endemic.

Dacryodes costata (Benn.) H.J. Lam, FMi5 222, TFM1 140; Santiria costata

Benn., FMP1 380; tree to 40 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Dacryodes incurvata (Engl.) H.J. Lam, FMi15 224, TFM1 140; tree 10-30 m

tall; lowland and hill forest including swamps; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Dacryodes kingii (Engl.) Kalkman, FM15 224, TFM1 141; Santiria floribunda

King, FMP1 376; large shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest to

400 m; common throughout; endemic.

Dacryodes laxa (Benn.) H.J. Lam, FM15 224, TFM1 141; Santiria laxa

(Benn.) King, FMP1 377; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

widespread.

Dacryodes longifolia (King) H.J. Lam, FMi5 228 incl. var. penangensis

(Ridl.) H.J. Lam, TFM1 141; Santiria longifolia King, FMP1 379; Curtisina

penangensis Ridl., FMP1 491; tree to 35 m tall; hill forest, often coastal;

Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Dacryodes macrocarpa (King) H.J. Lam, FMi5 226, TFM1 142; Santiria

macrocarpa King, FMP1 378; tree 10-25 m tall, often stilt-rooted; swampy

lowland forest; Pk, Sl, Jh.

Dacryodes nervosa (H.J. Lam) Leenh., TFM3 142; tree; lowland forest:

Trolak Forest Reserve, Pk, Labis ER., Jh.

Dacryodes puberula (Benn.) H.J. Lam, FMi5 223, TFM1 142; Santiria

fasciculata Benn. var. puberula (Benn.) Ridl., FMP1 377; tree 15—21 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph, NS, Ml; endemic.

155

156

63.2.10

63.2.11

63.2.12

63.3.1

63.4.1la

63.4.1b

63.4.2

63.4.3

63.4.4

63.4.5

63.4.6

63.4.7

63.4.8a

63.4.8b

Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J. Lam, FMi5 225, TFM1 143; Canarium

kadondon Benn., FMP1 373; tree 5—25 m tall; hill forest to 600 m, sometimes

in swamps; Ps, Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Dacryodes rubiginosa (Benn.) H.J. Lam, FM15 225, TFM1 143; Canarium

rubiginosum Benn., FMP1 374; tree 20-35 m tall; lowland forest, usually

on slopes or ridges; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam, FM15 221, TFM1 144; Santiria

fasciculata Benn., FMP1 377; tree 5—20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, K1, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Garuga floribunda Decne., FM15 215, TFM1 144; tree about 10 m tall; forest

on limestone; once from Gua Jenera, KI.

Santiria apiculata Benn. var. apiculata, FMP1 378, FMi5 234, TFM1 146;

Santiria minutiflora Ridl., FMP1 377; tree 6-20 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 1200 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Santiria apiculata Benn. var. rubra (Ridl.) Kalkman, FMi5 234, TFM1 146;

tree 6-20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Santiria conferta Benn., FMP1 379, FMi5 233, TFM1 146; Santiria wrayi

King, FMP1 379; tree 6—24 m tall; lowland forest on slopes, but sometimes

in the mountains; not in extreme north.

Santiria griffithii (Hook.f.) Engl., FM15 236, TFM1 147; Trigonochlamys

griffithii Hook.f., FMP1 381; tree 12-35 m tall; lowland forest to 300 m; not

in the far north.

Santiria laevigata Blume, FMP1 378, FMi15 232, TFM1 147; tree 15-30 m

tall; lowland to montane forest; Kd, KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Santiria nervosa H.J. Lam, FM15 233: tree 25—30 m tall; lowland forest.

Santiria oblongifolia Blume, FMP1 379, FMi5 233, TFM1 150; tree 20-30

m tall; lowland forest; Kd southwards.

Santiria ridleyi H.J. Lam, FMi5 233, FMP1 150; small tree; known only

from type, Gg Keladang, Pk; endemic.

Santiria rubiginosa Blume var. nana (H.J. Lam) Kalkman, FMi5 238, TFM1

151; tree to 30 m; peat swamp forest; SI.

Santiria rubiginosa Blume var. rubiginosa, FM15 237, TFM1 151; Jcicaster

planchonii Ridl., FMP1 381; tree to 30 m; lowlands to mountains; Kd, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

63.4.9

63.5.1

63.6.1

64.

64.1.1

64.1.2

64.1.3

65.

65.1.1

66.

66.1.1

66.2.1

66.3.1

66.3.2

Santiria tomentosa Blume, FMi5 231, TFM1 151; Santiria multiflora Benn.,

FMP1 380; tree 15-35 m tall; swampy lowland forest to 250 m; Kd, K1,Tg,

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Scutinanthe brunnea Thwaites, FM15 247, TFM1 152; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Triomma malaccensis Hook.f., FMP1 369, FMi5 218, TFM1 154; very large

tree approaching 60 m tall on occasions; lowland forest, a few times at

greater altitudes; scattered throughout.

BUXACEAE

Buxus holttumiana Hatus., C14 102; shrub; on limestone; Kaki Bukit, Ps;

endemic.

Buxus malayana Ridl., C14 102; shrub to 4 m tall; limestone hills; K1, Ph,

Pk, Sl; endemic.

Buxus rupicola Ridl., FMP3 182, C14 103; shrub; limestone rocks near the

sea; P. Dayang Bunting, Langkawi; endemic.

CACTACEAE

Opuntia monacantha Haw., FMP1 866, L19 427; succulent prickly shrub to

2 m tall; dry sandy places, usually near the sea; Jh; naturalized from the

New World.

CAMPANULACEAE

Codonopsis lancifolia (Roxb.) Moeliono, FMi6 120; Campanumoea celebica

Blume, FMP2 202; sprawling or erect herb to 3 m tall; on banks in the

mountains; Taiping Hills, Pk, and Semangkok Pass, SI.

Laurentia longiflora (L.) Peterm., FMi6 140; herb 10-30 cm tall; damp shady

places in the lowlands and mountains; widespread; naturalized from the

Caribbean.

Lobelia alsinoides Lam., FMi6 126; Lobelia griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson,

FMP2 201; erect herb 3-35 cm tall; marshy grasslands; Chupeng, Ps, ?Sp.

Lobelia angulata G. Forst., FM16 133; Pratia begoniifolia (Wall.) Lindl.,

FMP2 201; creeping herb to 50 cm long; open or shaded places in the

mountains; Pk, Ph, Sl.

157

158

66.3.3

66.3.4

66.3.5

66.4.1

67.

67.1.1

67.1.2

67.1.3

67.1.4a

67.1.4b

67.1.5

67.1.6

67.1.7

67.1.8

Lobelia chinensis Lour., FM16 130; herb 5-15 cm tall; damp grassland, weed

of cultivation; Sp; naturalized from continental Asia.

Lobelia montana Reinw. ex Blume, FMi6 132; Pratia montana (Reinw. ex

Blume) Hassk., H35 108; erect herb 1-2 m tall; open or lightly shaded places

in the mountains; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Lobelia zeylanica L., FM16 128; Lobelia affinis Wall. ex G. Don, FMP2 200;

creeping or ascending herb 20—90 cm tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk,

S1, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn., FMP2 204, FM14 27; fleshy herb to 150 cm

tall; ditches, swamps and ricefields; Ps, Kd, Pn.

CAPPARACEAE

Capparis cucurbitina King, FMP1 124, FM16 85, J01 446; climber or

scandent shrub 6-10 m high; lowland forest to 200 m; Pk; endemic.

Capparis diffusa Ridl., FMP1 122, FM16 81, J01 447, C14 103; shrub or

woody climber; on limestone rocks; Ps, P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph.

Capparis erycibe Hallier f, FM16 75, J01 449; Capparis paniculata Rid1.,

FMP1 124; woody climber; lowland forest, also on limestone; K1, Ph.

Capparis micracantha DC. ssp. korthalsiana (Miq.) M. Jacobs, FMi6 86,

J01 471; Capparis finlaysoniana Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 124;

shrub or small tree to 6 m tall, rarely climbing; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh,

Sp.

Capparis micracantha DC. ssp. micracantha, FMP1 123, FMi6 85, J01 467;

shrub or small tree 2—6 m tall; lowland forest, sea shore; widespread, mostly

in the north.

Capparis pubiflora DC., FM16 82, J01 479; Capparis perakensis (Scort. ex

King) Ridl., FMP1 124; shrub 2-5 m tall; damp lowland forest; KI, Pk, Ph,

Sl.

Capparis scortechinii King, FMP1 122, FMi6 71, J01 488; climbing shrub

reaching 2-10 m; hill forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI.

Capparis sepiaria L., FMP1 122, FMi6 79, J01 489; shrub 1-3 m tall,

occasionally climbing; scrubby vegetation; Kd, KI.

Capparis trinervia Hook.f. & Thomson, FMi6 73, J01 500; Capparis kunstleri

King, FMP1 122; shrub or climber to 4 m tall; hill forest; Gg Bubu, Pk.

67.1.9

67.2.1

67.2.2

67.2.3

67.2.4

67.3.1

67.3.2

67.3.3

67.4.1

68.

68.1.1

68.2.1

68.2.2

68.2.3a

Capparis versicolor Griff., J01 501; Capparis larutensis King, FMP1 122,

FMI6 89; woody climber reaching 10-13 m; lowland forest below 200 m;

PE: SL.

Cleome aculeata L., FMP1 120, FMi6 104; erect herb to 50 cm tall; weed of

cultivation; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Cleome gynandra L., FMi6 101; Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.,nom. illeg.,

FMP1 120; Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., N1179; erect herb 15-80 cm

tall; weed of cultivation, waste places to 500 m; throughout.

Cleome rutidosperma DC., FMi6 104, M47 122; Cleome ciliata Schumach.

& Thonn., M31 132; herb to 1 m tall; weed, waste places; throughout;

naturalized from tropical Africa.

Cleome viscosa L., FMP1 119, FMi6 103, M47 124; sticky stinking herb to

1 m tall; waste ground; common throughout; naturalized from mainland

Asia.

Crateva hygrophila Kurz, FM16 69, TFM2 26; small tree; once from Pn;

poorly known species.

Crateva magna (Lour.) DC., TFM2 26; Crateva religiosa (non G. Forst.)

Blume, FMP1 125; Crateva nurvala Buch.-Ham., FMi6 68; tree 10-15 m

tall; in forest along streams to 600 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Crateva religiosa G. Forst., FM16 65, TFM2 26; Crateva macrocarpa Kurz,

FMP1 125; tree 5—10 m tall; lowlands; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Stixis scortechinii (King) M. Jacobs, FMi6 99; Roydsia parviflora (non Griff.)

King, FMP1 120; Roydsia scortechinii King, FMP1 121; shrub or climber

reaching 34 m; dry sunny places to 1200 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera malayana M.R. Hend., FMP5 313, FMi4 178, TFM4 66; woody

climber; scrambling over bushes near mountain streams, 1000 m and above;

Cameron Highlands, Ph, and Genting Highlands, Sl.

Viburnum beccarii Gamble, FMP2 2, FMi4 183, TFM4 67; climbing or

scrambling shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest above 1100 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Viburnum lutescens Blume, FMP2 2, FMi4 188, TFM4 67; small tree to §

m tall; hill and lower montane forest at 500-1200 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Viburnum sambucinum Blume var. sambucinum, FMP2 1, FM14 186 incl.

var. subglabrum Kern, TFM4 67; Viburnum longistamineum Ridl., FMP2

2; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk,

SI, Sp.

159

160

68.2.3b

68.2.4

69.

69.1.1

70.

70.1.1

70.2.1

703.1

70.4.1

70.4.2

72.

72.1.1

Viburnum sambucinum Blume var. tomentosum Hallier f., FM14 186, TFM4

68; Viburnum villosum Ridl., FMP2 2; small tree to 10 m tall; hill forest at

about 800 m; Bt Kutu, SI.

Viburnum sp., TFM4 68; shrub; on limestone; once collected at Bertam,

KI; ?endemic.

CARDIOPTERIDACEAE

Cardiopteris quinqueloba (Hassk.) Hassk., FM17 95; Cardiopteris lobata

R.Br., nom. illeg., FMP2 464; twining vine 2-5 m long; lowland forest to

1000 m; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., $65 107; slender herb to 15 cm tall; garden

weed; Genting Highlands, Ph; naturalized from Europe.

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., FMP1 150; small diffuse

herb; roadsides, wasteground in lowlands and mountains; widespread;

naturalized from tropical America.

Sagina procumbens L., $65 106; tiny tufted herb; banks and drains; Genting

Highlands, Ph; naturalized from Europe.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill., FMP5 288, $65 106; herb to 30 cm tall; weed at

the hill resorts; Pk, Ph; naturalized from Europe.

Stellaria uliginosa L., FMP5 289; slender creeping herb ascending to 15

cm; banks and verges in the mountains; Fraser’s Hill, Ph; naturalized from

temperate Asia.

CASUARINACEAE

Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., FMP3 372, TFM3 46; tree

to 50 m tall; sandy coasts; P. Langkawi and along the East Coast.

CECROPIACEAE

Cecropia peltata L., K09 67; small tree; disturbed lowland forest; Sl, Sp;

naturalized from the Neotropics.

72.2.1

72.2.2

72.2.3

72.2.4

73.

¥5:1.1

a |

f pp & Fe

73.2.3

fe ie

73.4.1

73.4.2

73.5.1

Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr., C06 66; Conocephalus

amoenus auct. non King ex Hook-.f., FMP3 357 in part; hemi-epiphyte; along

streams in the lowlands; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Poikilospermum microstachys (Barg.-Petr.) Merr., C06 72; Conocephalus

subtrinervius Mig. sensu Hook.f., FMP3 358; hemi-epiphyte; along rivers

or in swamp forest; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Poikilospermum scortechinii (King) Merr., C06 84; Conocephalus

scortechinii King, FMP3 357; hemi-epiphyte; lowland forest to 300 m, near

water courses and swamps; Pk, Sl, Jh.

Poikilopsermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr., C06 88; Conocephalus

suaveolens Blume, FMP3 357; Conocephalus amoenus King, FMP3 357 in

part; hemi-epiphyte; along water courses in forest to 1500 m; Kd, KI], Tg,

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

CELASTRACEAE

Arnicratea ferruginea (King) N. Hallé, H02 16; Hippocratea ferruginea

King, FMP1 455; Reissantia ferruginea (King) Ding Hou, FMi6 402; liana

reaching to 20 m; lowland forest to 450 m; Pn.

Bhesa indica (Bedd.) Ding Hou, FMi6 283, TFM1 160; tree to 20 m tall;

rare in hill forest; Kd, Sl, Ml.

Bhesa paniculata Arn., FM16 282, TFM1 160; Kurrimia paniculata Wall. ex

Arn., FMP1 452; tree to 35 m tall; lowland and montane forest to 1300 m;

Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou, FM16 283, TFM1 161; Kurrimia

pulcherrima Wall. ex Laws., FMP1 452; tree to 40 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; Kd, K1, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Sp.

Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding Hou, FM16 286; Elaeodendron

subrotundum King, FMP1 453; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; near the

sea, in mangroves; Kd, Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Celastrus monospermoides Loes., FM16 236; Celastrus malayensis Ridl.,

FMP1 451; scandent shrub or woody climber to 17 m tall; hill forest;

widespread.

Celastrus paniculatus Willd., FMP1 451, FMi16 235; scandent shrub to 10 m

tall; open country in the hills; scattered.

Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierre, FM16 248, TFM1 162; Glyptopetalum

scortechinii King, FMP1 447; Euonymus pahangensis Ridl., FMP5 299; small

tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1300 m; Pk, Ph.

161

162

439.52

Frm

73.5.4

73.6.1

73.6.2

Ba4

fem pr.

Tada

73.7.4

7a.109

73.8.1

73.8.2

73.8.3

Euonymus glaber Roxb., FM16 250, TFM1 162; Lophopetalum

pedunculatum Ridl., FMP1 449; small tree to 5 m tall; lowlands; twice

collected in Ps.

Euonymus javanicus Blume, FMP1 445, FMi6 248, TFM1 162; Euonymus

coriaceus Ridl., FMP5 299; Euonymus micropetalus Ridl., FMP5 299; tree

to 23 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 400 m; widespread.

Euonymus wrayi King, FMP1 446, FMi6 250, TFM1 162; Euonymus rufulus

Ridl., FMP1 446; shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; montane forest; Kd, Tg,

rk. Po, SL

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex. King, FMP1 446, FM16 257, TFM1

162; shrub or small tree to 5 m; lowland forest to 600 m; widespread.

Glyptopetalum zeylanicum Thwaites var. brevipedicellatum Ding Hou,

FM16 257, TFM1 162; small bushy tree; on limestone; variety only known

from type, Kota Glanggi, Ph; endemic variety.

Kokoona coriacea King, FMi6 261, TFM1 164; Lophopetalum coriacea

(King) Ridl., FMP1 450; tree 9-12 m tall; lowland forest; known only from

type, Larut, Pk; endemic.

Kokoona littoralis Laws., FMi6 261, TFM1 164; Lophopetalum dubium

Laws., FMP1 450; Lophopetalum littoralis (Laws.) Ridl., FMP1 450;

Lophopetalum maingayi Ridl., FMP1 450; unbuttressed tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Kd, Tg, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Kokoona ochracea (Elmer) Merr., FM16 260, TFM1 164; buttressed tree

25—40 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Pk, Sl, NS, Jh.

Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou, FM16 262, TFM1 164; Lophopetalum

reflexa Laws., FMP1 449; magnificent buttressed tree to 48 m tall; lowland

forest, frequent on ridges; Kd, Pk, Sl, Sp.

Kokoona sessilis Ding Hou, FMi16 261, TFM1 165; tree to 30 m tall with

small buttresses; lowland forest; KI, Tg, Jh; endemic.

Loeseneriella cumingii Laws., FM16 399; scandent shrub; lowland forest;

Sl, MI.

Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C. Sm., FM16 398; Hippocratea

macrantha Korth., FMP1 455; liana; lowland forest to 400 m, often near

rivers, also in mangrove; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C. Sm., FMi6 400; Hippocratea nigricaulis

Ridl., FMP1 455; Salacia perakensis King, FMP1 457; shrub, more frequently

liana; lowland forest to 840 m, also on limestone; Ps, KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI.

73.9.1

Woe

73.935

73.9.4

395

73.9.6

3.9.7

73.9.8

73.10.1

73.10.2

73.111

23.14,2

73.11.3

Lophopetalum beccarianum Pierre, FM16 266, TFM1 165; Lophopetalum

scortechinii King, FMP1 448; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; twice collected

from Pk.

Lophopetalum floribundum Wight, FMi6 266, TFM1 167; unbuttressed tree

to 25 m tall; lowland forest to 360 m; KI, Pn, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Lophopetalum javanicum (Zoll.) Turcz., FM16 268, TFM1 168:

Lophopetalum fuscescens Kurz, FMP1 448; Lophopetalum oblongum King,

FMP1 448; Lophopetalum intermedium Ridl., FMP1 449; Lophopetalum

oblongifolium King, FMP1 449; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, often near

streams or in swamps; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl., FM16 270, TFM1 168; tree to 35 m, often

with short columnar pneumatophores; peat swamp forest; Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Lophopetalum pachyphyllum King, FMP1 448, FM16 267, TFM1 168;

buttressed tree to 36 m tall; lowland forest to 400 m, usually on slopes; Kd,

Pk, Sl, NS, Jh.

Lophopetalum pallidum Laws., FMP1 449 incl. var. curtisii (King) Ridl.,

FMi6 268, TFM1 168; tree to 45 m tall, sometimes buttressed; lowland forest

to 300 m, usually on hill slopes; Kd, Pn, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Lophopetalum subobovatum King, FMP1 448, FM16 272, TFM1 169;

buttressed tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest to 400 m; Tg, Pn, Ph, Jh.

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn., FM16 267, TFM1 169; Lophopetalum

fimbriatum Wight, FMP1 448; buttressed tree to 45 m tall; hill forest near

the sea; Ps, Kd, Pn, Sl, NS, M1, Sp.

Maytenus curtisii (King) Ding Hou, FMi6 240, TFM1 170; Gymnosporia

curtisii King, FMP1 451; shrub or small tree; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Maytenus emarginata ( Willd.) Ding Hou, FMi6 241, TFM1 170; spiny shrub

2-4 m tall; mangroves or sea shore; Jh, Sp.

Microtropis bivalvis (Jack) Wall., FMP1 444, FM16 276, TFM1 170;

Microtropis filiformis King, FMP1 444; Microtropis peduncularis Ridl.,

FMP5S 298; shrub or small tree to 7 m tall; lowland to montane forest, 300—

1800 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Microtropis discolor (Wall.) Wall., FMP1 444, FM16 275, TFM1 170; shrub

or small tree; hill forest at 600 m; Penang Hill.

Microtropis elliptica King, FMP1 444, FMi6 277, TFM1 170; Microtropis

ophirensis Ridl., FMP1 444; shrub or small tree to 15 m tall; mostly lowland

forest; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, MI, Jh.

163

164

73.11.4

73.11.5

73.12.1

73.14.1

(ES be

T3435.2

Tala

73.15.4

Tadad

73.15.6

73.15.7

73.15.8

Microtropis tenuis Symington, FM16 275, TFM1 170; small tree; hill forest

at 750 m; only known from type, Gg Tapis, Ph; endemic.

Microtropis valida Ridl., FMP1 445, FMi6 276, TFM1 170; shrub or small

tree to 5 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Perrottetia alpestris (Blume) Loes., FMP1 454, FMi6 290, TFM1 171; shrub

or small tree to 8 m tall; common in montane forest above 900 m;

widespread.

Pleurostylia opposita (Wall.) Alston, FM16 288, TFM1 171 ‘Pleurostylis’;

Pleurostylia wightii Wight & Arn., FMP1 453 ‘Pleurostylis’; tree to 15 m

tall; coastal; P. Langkawi, Pn.

Reissantia indica (Willd.) N. Hallé, FMi6 401; Hippocratea indica Willd.,

FMP1 455; liana, sometimes shrubby; lowland forest to 650 m; Ps, Pn, Ph,

Sp.

Salacia chinensis L., FM16 419; Salacia prinoides DC., FMP1 459; Salacia

latifolia Wall. ex Laws., FMP1 459; liana, scandent shrub or occasionally

small tree; lowland forest to 450 m; widespread.

Salacia euphlebia Merr., FM16 418; scandent shrub; lowland forest to 150

m: Pk, Si.

Salacia exsculpta Korth., FM16 417; Salacia rubra Laws., FMP1 460; Salacia

wrayi King, FMP1 460; liana; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Pk, M1,

Sp.

Salacia grandiflora Kurz, FMP1 458, FMi6 413; Salacia scortechinii King,

FMP1 457; Maba hierniana King & Gamble, FMP2 279; liana or scandent

shrub, more rarely small tree; lowland forest to 750 m; widespread.

Salacia korthalsiana Mig., FMP1 457, FM16 406; Hippocratea obtusa Ridl.,

FMP5 299; liana to 18 m long, sometimes shrubby; forest margins; Ph, Jh,

Sp.

Salacia macrophylla Blume, FM16 412; Salacia flavescens Kurz, FMP1 459;

Salacia prinoides DC. var. macrophylla (Blume) King, FMP1 459; liana

sometimes shrubby; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m, also in open country;

widespread.

Salacia maingayi Laws., FMP1 461, FM16 417; shrubby creeper; lowland

forest to 300 m; Pn, Pk, MI, Sp.

Salacia oblongifolia Blume, FMi6 408; Salacia campanuloidea King, FMP1

457; liane reaching to 30 m high; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m, in swamps

also; Pn, Pk, Jh.

7345.9

73.15.10

73.16.1

74.

74.1.1

74.2.1

75.1.1

75.12

fi 2 he)

75.1.4a

75.1.4b

he a

Salacia verrucosa Wight, FMP1 459, FMi6 414; Salacia kunstleri King, FMP1

460; liana, sometimes shrub or small tree to 6 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

P. Langkawi, K1, Pk, Ph.

Salacia viminea Wall ex Laws., FMP1 456, FMi6 418; scandent shrub;

lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sp.

Siphonodon celastrineus Griff., FM16 394; TFM1 171; tree to 35 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Pn and Ulu Langat, SI.

CHLORANTHACEAE

Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc., FM110 131; Chloranthus

officinalis Blume, FMP3 52; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn,

Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai ssp. brachystachys (Blume) Verdc., FM110

136; Chloranthus brachystachys Blume, FMP3 53; shrub 0.6-3 m tall; hill

and montane forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

CHRYSOBALANACEAE

Atuna latifrons (Kosterm.) Prance & F. White, FM110 666; Parinarium

latifolium (non Exell) M.R. Hend., H35 102; Atuna latifolia (M.R. Hend.)

Kosterm. nom. inval.; TFM2 324; shrub to 5 m tall; only known from type;

Kd/Pk border; endemic.

Atuna nannodes (Kosterm.) Kosterm., TFM2 325, FM110 667; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Atuna penangiana (Kosterm.) Kosterm., TFM2 326, FM110 667; tree to 20

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Atuna racemosa Raf. ssp. excelsa (Jack) Prance, FM110 670; Parinarium

maingayi King, FMP1 669; Parinarium spicatum King, FMP1 669;

Parinarium asperulum Mig., FMP1 670; Atuna excelsa (Jack) Kosterm.,

TFM2 324; tree to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; Kd and Tg

southward.

Atuna racemosa Raf. ssp. racemosa, FM110 669; Parinarium elatum King,

FMP1 669; Parinarium scabrum Hassk., FMP1 669; Atuna elata (King)

Kosterm., TFM2 324; tree to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Pk

(thrice).

Chrysobalanus icaco L., FM110 643; shrub to 5 m tall; coastal scrub; St John’s

Island, Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

165

166

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75.4.1

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15.1.3

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76.

76.1.1

76.1.2

Kostermanthus heteropetalus (Scort. ex King) Prance, TFM2 328, FM110

677; Parinarium heteropetalum Scort. ex King, FMP1 670; Parinarium

kunstleri King, FMP1 670; tree to 36 m tall, lowland forest; Pk, Jh.

Kostermanthus malayanus (Kosterm.) Prance, FM110 677; tree to 10 m tall;

known only from type; Pn; endemic.

Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance, TFM2 329, FM110 646; Coccomelia nitida

(Hook.f.) Ridl., FMP1 671; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; throughout.

Maranthes corymbosa Blume, TFM2 330, FM110 673; Parinarium

griffithianum Benth., FMP1 670; tree to 39 m tall; mostly coastal, but also

in the mountains; Ps, Kd, Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A. DC.) A. DC., FMP1 672, TFM2 331,

FM110 649; tree to 36 m tall; lowland forest; throughout.

Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume ssp. costata, FMP1 666, TFM2 333, FM110

663; tree to 50 m tall; lowland forest; only absent from far north.

Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume ssp. polyneura (Miq.) Prance, FM110 664;

Parinari polyneura Migq., FMP1 668, TFM2 336; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

forest; Kd, K], Ph, Sl.

Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume ssp. rubiginosa, (Ridl.) Prance; FM110 663;

Parinari rubiginosa Ridl., FMP1 668, TFM2 336; tree to 36 m tall; lower

montane forest at 750—1500 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Parinari elmeri Merr., TFM2 335, FM110 657; tree to 32 m tall; lowland and

hill forest to 600 m; Sl, Ml, Jh.

Parinari oblongifolia Hook.f, FMP1 668, TFM2 335, FM110 659; tree to 40

m tall; lowland forest; KI to Jh.

Parinari parva Kosterm., TFM2 335, FM110 657; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

and hill forest, often on ridges; KI, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Parinari rigida Kosterm., TFM2 336, FM110 660; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

forest, sometimes swamps; KI, Tg, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra hendersonii Sleumer, FM17 143, TFM2 27; Clethra canescens auct.

non Reinw. ex Blume, FMP2 222: small tree to 8 m tall; montane forest at

1340-1740 m; Cameron Highlands and Gg Tahan, Ph, and Gg Nuang, SI;

endemic.

Clethra symingtonii Sleumer, FM17 144, TFM2 27; shrub; exposed mountain

ridge at 1830 m; known only from type, Gg Korbu, Pk; endemic.

#4.

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77.1.3

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77.1.10

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COMBRETACEAE

Combretum acuminatum Roxb., FMP1 708, FMi4 538: scandent shrub:

lowland forest; north of Malaya.

Combretum latifolium Blume, FM14 542; Combretum extensum Roxb. ex

Don, FMP1 709; scandent shrub or liana reaching to 30 m; lowland forest;

scattered.

Combretum nigrescens King, FMP1 710 incl. var. kunstleri (King) Ridl.,

FM14 538; Combretum scortechinii King, FMP1 710; woody climber 10-20

m long; lowland forest; quite widespread.

Combretum perakense M.G. Gangop. & Chakrab., G03 687; scandent shrub;

lowland forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Combretum porterianum (C.B. Clarke) Wall. ex Craib, FM14 540;

Combretum chinense Roxb. var. porterianum C.B. Clarke, FMP1 709;

scandent shrub; forest margins, limestone cliffs; Pn, Ph.

Combretum punctatum Blume ssp. squamosum (Roxb. ex Don) Exell, FM14

539; Combretum squamosum Roxb. ex Don, FMP1 709; scandent shrub or

liana; lowland primary and secondary forest; scattered.

Combretum sundaicum Mig., FMP1 708, FMi4 542; scandent shrub or liana

to 30 m long; lowland forest to 250 m; widespread.

Combretum tetralophum C.B. Clarke, FMP1 708, FMi4 541; Combretum

wrayi King, FMP1 710; scandent shrub or large liana; mangroves and

riverside forest; scattered.

Combretum trifoliatum Vent., FMP1 708, FM14 537; climbing or scrambling

shrub 2-5 m tall; along river banks or in seasonally flooded forest; Ps.

Combretum yunnanense Exell, FM14 540; Combretum chinense Roxb. var.

pubescens King, FMP1 709; scandent shrub or large climber; poorly known.

Getonia floribunda Roxb., FM14 584 in synonymy; Calycopteris floribunda

(Roxb.) Lam., FMP1 706, FM14 584, TFM1 172; scrambling shrub; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Pn, Ph.

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt, FM14 586, TFM1 174; Lumnitzera coccinea

Wight & Arn., FMP1 707; red-flowered tree to 30 m with kneed

pneumatophores; back mangroves, sandy shores; all coasts.

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., FMP1 707, FMi4 589, TFM1 173; white-

flowered tree to 8 m tall without pneumatophores; mangroves; all coasts

but commoner on the East.

167

168

77.4.1

77.4.2

77.4.3

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78.

78.1.1

78.2.1

78.2.2

Quisqualis conferta (Jack) Exell, FM14 545; Quisqualis densiflora Wall. ex

Miq., FMP1 711; woody climber; lowland forest; widespread.

Quisqualis indica L., FMP1 711, FM14 547; woody climber; forest margins,

riverbanks, often cultivated; possibly wild in the north.

Quisqualis parvifolia (Ridl.) Exell, FM14 545; Quisqualis densiflora var.

parvifolia Ridl., FMP1 711; woody climber, P. Langkawi.

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., FMP1 704 ‘belerica’, FM14 569, TFM1

175; tree to 25m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe, FM14 556, TFM1 175; Terminalia

bialata (non Steud.) King, FMP1 705; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Ps,

P. Langkawi, Kd.

Terminalia catappa L., FMP1 705, FM14 566, TFM1 176; pagoda tree 10-

35 m tall; sandy and rocky shores, widely planted shade tree; all coasts.

Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Fleming, FMP1 703 incl. var.

malayana C.B. Clarke, FMi14 555, TFM1 176; spreading tree 20-30 m tall;

lowland forest; widespread.

Terminalia foetidissima Griff., FMP1 704, FMi4 577, TFM1 176; tree to 30

m tall; lowland forest; Sl, NS, M1.

Terminalia phellocarpa King, FMP1 705, FM14 579, TFM1 178; tree to 30

m tall; swampy or alluvial forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Terminalia subspathulata King, FMP1 705, FM14 558, TFM1 178; large tree

to 45 m tall; lowland forest; Pk southwards.

Terminalia triptera Stapf, FMP1 706, FMi4 554, TFM1 178; small tree 3-10

m tall; low open forests on limestone, quartzite or shale; P. Langkawi,

mainland Kd.

COMPOSITAE

Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze, K09 166; Acanthospermum

brasilium Schrank, FMP2 181; prostrate herb; weed in and about towns;

Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K. Jansen, J05 67; Spilanthes

paniculata Wall. ex DC., M47 104; herb; moist grassy places, roadsides; Pn,

K], Pk, Ph, MI, Sp.

Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass., $31 287, J05 55; Spilanthes acmella (non L.)

Murr., FMP2 184; Spilanthes iabadicensis A.H. Moore, G20 221, M47 102;

herb to 40 cm tall; common weed; throughout.

78.3.1

78.4.1

78.5.1

78.6.1

78.7.1

78.7.2

78.7.3

78.7.4

78.7.5

78.7.6

78.7.7

78.7.8

78.7.9

78.7.10

78.8.1

78.9.1

Adenostemma viscosum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., FMP2 182, §28 292:

Adenostemma lavenia auctt., non (L.) Kuntze, G20 139; herb to 60 cm tall:

damp waste ground; widespread.

Ageratum conyzoides L., FMP2 182, J18 26, S31 296, M47 60; herb to 1 m

tall; weed of cultivation, waste ground; naturalized from tropical America.

Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch.Bip. ssp. henryi (Diels) H. Koyama, K64

60; Ainsliaea reflexa Merr., H35 108; herb; once from the Cameron

Highlands, Ph.

Bidens pilosa L., FMP2 183, G20 227, M47 64, $31 281; erect herb to 50 cm

tall; open damp spots; widespread.

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., FMP2 192, R03 237; shrub to 4 m tall; open

places, lowlands and hills; widespread.

Blumea clarkei Hook.f., R03 252; herb to 2 m tall; in the hills.

Blumea densiflora DC., R03; herb to 1.8 m tall; hill forest; Wallich type

from Pn, ? wrongly localised.

Blumea junghuhnii (Mig.) Boerl., R03 235; shrub; mostly in the hills;

scattered.

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC., FMP2 193, R03 264, M47 66; herb to 1 m

tall; common roadside weed; widespread.

Blumea membranacea DC., FMP2 193, R03 269; herb to 1.5 m tall; open

places; widespread.

Blumea napifolia DC., R03 269; herb to 70 cm tall; open grassy areas.

Blumea riparia (Blume) DC., R03 213; Blumea chinensis DC., FMP2 192

incl. var. riparia King; scandent shrub; open places, often near streams;

widespread.

Blumea sinuata (Lour.) Merr., F15 25; Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC., R03

258; herb to 1.8 m tall; roadsides and clearings in the lowlands and hills.

Blumea virens DC., R03 272; herb to 1.8 m tall; dry open places; once

collected, location uncertain.

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch., G20 235, M47 70, S31 314:

Centipeda orbicularis Lour., FMP2 195; small prostrate herb; waste ground,

paddy-fields; widespread.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., K51 204, FI5 25;

Eupatorium odoratum L., V14 478, G20 143, M47 86; erect or sprawling

herb; forest margins and clearings; widespread; naturalized from tropical

America.

169

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78.11.1

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78.12.1

78.13.1

78.14.1

78.15.1

78.15.2

78.15.3

78.16.1

78.17.1

78.18.1

78.19.1

Complaya chinensis (L.) Strother, $71 14; Wedelia chinensis (L.) Merr.,G20

215, V21 400, N11 69; creeping herb; damp places near the sea; once from

re.

Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother, $71 14; Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch., K09

171, F15 61; creeping herb; waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical

America.

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, G20 158, $31 307; Erigeron sumatrensis

Retz., FMP2 196, M47 84; Conyza floribunda Kunth, G20 157; herb to 2 m

tall; clearings and waste ground; widespread.

Erigeron oreophilus (non Greenm.) Ridl., FMP2 196 ‘oreophilum’; herb to

50 cm tall; Gg Kerbau, Pk only known from type; endemic.

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore, G20 248, C26 661, M47

72, $31 317; herb to 50 cm tall; weed of cultivation; Sp; naturalized from

tropical Africa.

Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze, G20 149, M47 74, $31 300;

Dichrocephala latifolia (Desf.) L-Hér. ex DC., FMP2 194; herb to 60 cm

tall; open damp places in lowlands and hills; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., G20 212, M47 76, $31 274; Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.,

FMP2 185; slender erect or prostrate herb; damp waste ground; widespread.

Elephantopus mollis Kunth, K52 131, $31 260; herb to 40 cm tall; waste

ground in the hills; Penang Hill and Fraser’s Hill, Ph; naturalized from

tropical America.

Elephantopus scaber L., FMP2 180; rhizomatous herb to 50 cm tall; open

grassland and lawns; common throughout.

Elephantopus tomentosus L., FMP2 180; herb to 1 m tall; roadside weed;

scattered; naturalized from tropical America.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip., M31 133 ‘Eleuranthera’, G20 217,

C26 661, M47 78, S31 275; erect herb to 75 cm tall; waste ground; Sp;

naturalized from tropical America.

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., FMP2 191, G20 251, M47 80, $31 318; herb to

30 cm tall; weed of cultivation, waste ground; throughout.

Enydra fluctuans Lour., FMP2 183, L01 4, M47 82; scrambling herb; wet

muddy places; scattered.

Epaltes australis Less., FMP2 195, F15 41; low tufted herb; K1, Tg.

78.20.1

78.20.2

78.21.1

78.22.1

78.23.1

78.23.2

78.24.1

78.25.1

78.25.2

78.26.1

78.27.1

78.28.1

78.29.1

78.30.1

78.31.1

Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC., B17 13; Gynura malasica (Ridl.)

Ridl., FMP2 191, D07 716; herb to 1 m tall; waste ground; widespread;

naturalized for tropical America.

Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC., FMP2 191, B17 25, G20 243, $31 315:

herb to 1.5 m tall; waste ground; widespread; naturalized from tropical

America.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav., K52 136, M47 88; herb; waste ground in the hills;

Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph; naturalized from America.

Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir., FMP2 195, G20 150, M47 90; prostrate

herb; weed of paddy-fields; Ps.

Gynura malaccensis Belcher, B18 538; herb to 1 m tall; Ml; endemic.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., D07 717; Gynura sarmentosa (Blume)

DC., FMP2 189; climbing herb; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m;

widespread.

Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze, K65 6; Microglossa volubilis DC.,

FMP2 196; shrubby climber; clearings in the hills; widespread.

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L. Rob., G20 146, H40 228; Mikania scandens

auct. non (L.) Willd., FMP2 181; twining herb; forest margins, waste places;

throughout.

Mikania micrantha Kunth, C23 661, H40 233, M47 92, $31 297; twining

herb; forest margins, waste ground; Sp; naturalized from South America.

Pluchea indica (L.) Less., FMP2 194, F15 47; shrub to 1.5 m tall; common

in tidal swamps; throughout.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacg.) Cass., V21 400, T05 129, M47 94; erect herb;

open sandy waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderb., A12 146; Gnaphalium affine

D. Don, K52 136, $53 79; Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard &

B.L. Burtt ssp. affine (D. Don) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, H39 206; herb;

roadsides, weed of cultivation in hill resorts; Cameron Highlands, Genting

Highlands, Ph; naturalized from Europe/Continental Asia.

Sigesbeckia orientalis L., FMP2 184, G20 210, $31 269; erect herb to 1.5m

tall; waste ground, garden weed; scattered.

Sonchus oleraceus L., 828 265, T19 126; herb to 1 m tall; weed of cultivation;

Cameron Highlands, Ph; naturalized from temperate Eurasia.

Sphaeranthus africanus L., FMP2 180, M47 98; spreading herb; damp waste

ground; widespread; naturalized from Africa.

171

172

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78.33.1

78.34.1

78.351

78.36.1

78.36.2

78.36.3

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78.36.6

78.36.7

78.37.1

78.38.1

79.

Spilanthes anactina F. Muell.; J04 248; Spilanthes urens auct. non Jacq.,

K14 275; creeping herb to 40 cm tall; once from Jason’s Bay, Jh.

Struchium sparganophorum (L.) Kuntze, G20 120, $31 259; Sparganophorus

vaillantii Crantz, FMP2 179; herb to 75 cm tall; river banks and ditches;

naturalized from tropical America.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., FMP2 184, G20 222, $31 276, M47 106;

herb to 1.5 m tall; common weed; widespread; naturalized from the

Caribbean.

Tridax procumbens L., FMP2 186, G20 232, M47 108, $31 288; herb to 30

cm tall; weed of lawns, waste ground; widespread; naturalized from tropical

America.

Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, TFM4 70; Vernonia wallichii Ridl., FMP2

186; Vernonia javanica (Blume) DC., FMP2 187 incl. var. mollissima Rid1.;

tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m; Kd, Pk and Kl

southwards.

Vernonia attenuata DC., FMP2 187; herb to 60 cm tall; near the sea; P.

Langkawi.

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less., FMP2 188, G20 133, M47 110, $31 262; herb

rarely more than 30 cm tall; common and ubiquitous weed; throughout.

Vernonia curtisii Craib & Hutch., FMP2 189, C14 109; herb to 1 m tall; on

limestone; P. Langkawi.

Vernonia eleagnifolia DC., FMP2 187; drooping shrub; open places and

river banks; widespread.

Vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr., F15 60; Vernonia chinensis auct. non (L.)

Less., FMP2 188; wiry spreading herb; waste places; widespread.

Vernonia rupicola Ridl., FMP2 189, C14 109; herb with slightly woody base,

to 1 m tall; on limestone; P. Langkawi; endemic.

Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC., $31 271; Wedelia biflora (L.) DC., FMP2 185,

G20 216; scrambling herb; common in tidal mud; widespread.

Youngia japonica (L.) DC., G20 268, $31 267; Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.,

FMP2 197; herb to 60 cm tall; grassy banks; widespread.

CONNARACEAE

Agelaea borneensis (Hook.f.) Merr., FMi5 504, TFM3 48, J19 166; Agelaea

vestita Hook.f., FMP1 553; big liana or scrambling shrub; lowland forest to

700 m; widespread.

79.1.2

FIZA

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793.3

79.3.4

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79.3.6

T9341

79.3.8

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F930

Agelaea macrophylla (Zoll.) Leenh., FMi5 502, TFM3 48, J19 48; Agelaea

hullettii King, FMP1 553; Agelaea wallichii Hook.f., FMP1 553; Agelaea

trinervis (Llanos) Merr., FM15 502, TFM3 48; big woody climber with stems

to 5 cm thick; lowland forest to 700 m; widespread.

Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr., L18 215; Cnestis ramiflora Griff., FMP1 554;

Cnestis palala ssp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas, FMi5 499, TFM3 48; Cnestis

platantha Griff., FMa5 499, TFMS3 48; liana to 25 m long, scrambling shrub

or small tree to 10 m tall; open country or lowland forest; Kd, KI], Pn, Pk,

Sl, Jh, Sp.

Connarus cochinchinensis (Baill.) Pierre, FM15 536, TFM3 49; liana or

treelet; lowland forest or scrub; north of Malaya.

Connarus euphlebius Merr., H35 99, FMi5 527, TFM3 49; liane reaching to

25 m, or scandent shrub; lowland forest to 600 m; P. Tioman, Ph.

Connarus ferrugineus Jack, FMP1 545, FMi5 530, TFM3 49; liana to 25 m

high, sometimes erect shrub or small tree; open country, lowland forest

margins; widespread, common on West Coast; endemic.

Connarus grandis Jack, FMi5 529, TFM3 49; Connarus ellipticus King, FMP1

547; liane reaching 30 m high, or small tree; open country or forest margins

to 1200 m; widespread.

Connarus monocarpus L. ssp. malayensis Leenh., FM15 538, TFM3 50;

Connarus oligophyllus Wall. ex Planch., FMP1 546 incl. var. maingayi

(Hook.f.) Ridl.; liane to 25 m, shrub or small tree; lowland forest, edges,

clearings to 600 m; widespread.

Connarus odoratus Hook.f., FM15 533, TFM3 49; Connarus villosus auct.

non Jack, FMP1 547; scandent shrub or big liana to 35 m high; lowland

forest to 450 m; Pk.

Connarus paniculatus Roxb., FMi15 533, TFM3 49; liana; lowland forest;

Jh.

Connarus planchonianus Schellenb., FMi5 528, TFM3 49; Connarus grandis

(non Jack) Hook.f., FMP1 547; liana reaching to 30 m high, sometimes

shrubby; lowland forest to 300 m; Pn to Sp.

Connarus semidecandrus Jack, FMP1 546, FM15 534, TFM3 49; Connarus

griffithii Hook.f., FMP1 546; large liana, sometimes shrub or small tree;

common in open country; widespread.

Connarus sp. A, TFM3 49; liana; lowland forest; once each from KI and

Ph.

173

174

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79.36

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79.5.8

T9.59

Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz ssp. tomentosus var. gibbosus (King) Leenh.,

FMi5 523, TFM3 51; Ellipanthus gibbosus King, FMP1 549; shrub or small

tree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz ssp. tomentosus var. tomentosus, FMi5 523,

TFMS3 50; Ellipanthus curtisii King, FMP1 548; Ellipanthus griffithii Hook.f,

FMP1 548; shrubs or small trees, occasionally to 30 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; widespread.

Rourea acutipelata Mig., J20 367; Taeniochlaena griffithii Hook.f., FMP1

554; Roureopsis acutipetala (Miq.) Leenh., FMi5 509, TFM3 52; climbing

shrub; lowland forest; Pk, Ml, Jh.

Rourea asplenifolia (Schellenb.) Jongkind, J20 366; Roureopsis asplenifolia

Schellenb., FM15 506, TFM3 52; large liana; lowland forests and forest

margins; rare.

Rourea dictyophylla Jongkind, J20 366; Agelaea pinnata King, FMP1 553;

Roureopsis pinnata (King) Leenh., FMi5 510, TFM3 52; liana; lowland

forest; once from Larut, Pk.

Rourea emarginata (Jack) Jongkind, J20 367; Roureopsis pubinervis Planch.,

FMP1 552; Roureopsis scortechinii King, FMP1 552; Roureopsis emarginata

(Jack) Merr., FM15 508, TFM3 52; liane reaching to 25 m, sometimes

shrubby; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sl, MI.

Rourea fulgens Planch., FMP1 551, FMi5 519, TFM3 51; liana or climbing

shrub; lowland forest; Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Rourea mimosoides (Vahl) Planch., FM15 517, TFM3 51; Rourea concolor

Blume, FMP1 551; Rourea similis Blume, FMP1 551; liane to over 50 m

long; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; throughout.

Rourea minor (Gaertn. ) Leenh., FM15 514, TFM3 51; Rourea anomala King,

FMP1 549; Rourea acuminata Hook.f., FMP1 550; Rourea humilis Blume,

FMP1 550; Rourea pulchella Planch., FMP1 550; Connaropsis rubescens

Ridl., FMP5 294; liana, occasionally shrubby; lowland to montane forest;

throughout.

Rourea prainiana Talbot, FMi5 520, TFM3 51; scandent shrub or small tree;

montane forest at about 1500 m; Pk, Ph.

Rourea rugosa Planch., FMP1 550, FMi5 514, TFM3 51; liane climbing to

25 m; lowland and hill forest; widespread; endemic.

80.

80.1.1

80.2.1

80.2.2

80.2.3

80.2.4

80.2.5

80.2.6

80.2.7

80.2.8

80.2.9a

80.2.9b

80.2.10

80.2.11

CONVOLVULACEAE

Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy, FM14 435, TFM4 73; twining or

prostrate vine; swamp grassy places; widespread; naturalized from tropical

America.

Argyreia adpressa (Choisy) Boerl., FMi4 501; Lettsomia adpressa (Choisy)

Migq., FMP2 451; twining liana to 20 m high; hill forest; P. Langkawi, Kd,

Pn, Pk, Sl.

Argyreia capitata (Vahl) Choisy, FM14 502; Lettsomia peguensis C.B. Clarke,

FMP2 450; liana twining to 15 m high; forests and forest margins, lowlands

and mountains; P. Langkawi, Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Argyreia corneri Hoogl., FMi4 504; liana twining to 15 m high; Ulu

Bendong, Ph; endemic. ,

Argyreia kunstleri (Prain) Prain ex Ooststr., FMi14 505; Lettsomia curtisii

Prain, FMP2 451; Lettsomia kunstleri Prain, FMP2 453; liana twining to 30

m high; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Pk, Sl, MI, NS; endemic.

Argyreia maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Hoogl., FM14 502; Lettsomia maingayi

C.B. Clarke, FMP2 450; twining liana; swampy forest margins to 1000 m;

Ph, Sl, M1, Jh; endemic.

Argyreia mollis (Burm.f.) Choisy, FMP2 449, FMi4 496; twining liana to 10

m high; secondary forest and waste places, sometimes on limestone; Ps, P.

Langkawi, Kd.

Argyreia ooststroomii Hoog!., FMi4 504; twining liana; secondary forest

margins; KI, Tg; endemic.

Argyreia penangiana (Wall. ex Choisy) Boerl., FM14 500; Lettsomia

penangiana (Wall. ex Choisy) Mig., FMP2 451; slender twining liana to3 m

tall; lowland to montane forest at 1700 m; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Argyreia reticulata (Prain) Hoogl. var. microcalyx Hoogl., FM14 504;

twining liana to 10 m high; forest margins; Sl; endemic.

Argyreia reticulata (Prain) Hoogl. var. reticulata, FM14 504; Lettsomia

penangiana (Choisy) Mia. var. reticulata Prain, FMP2 452; twining liana to

10 m high; forest clearings to 1400 m; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Argyreia ridleyi (Prain) Prain ex Ooststr., FM14 503; Lettsomia ridleyi Prain,

FMP2 451 incl. var. velutina Prain; twining liana; damp lowland and hill

forest to 600 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Argyreia rubicunda Choisy, FM14 506; Lettsomia rubicunda (Choisy) C.B.

Clarke, FMP2 453; twining liana; lowland forest; NS, MI; endemic.

175

176

80.2.12

80.2.13

80.3.1

80.4.1

80.5.1

80.5.2

80.5.3

80.5.4

80.5.5

80.5.6

80.5.7

80.5.8

80.5.9

80.5.10

80.5.11

Argyreia scortechinii (Prain) Hoogl., FM14 S00; Lettsomia scortechinii Prain,

FMP2 452; montane forests at 1300-1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Argyreia sphaerocephala (Prain) Hoogl., FM14 503; Lettsomia

sphaerocephala Prain, FMP2 450; twining liana; only known from Pk;

endemic.

Bonamia semidygyna (Roxb.) Hallier f., FMP2 454, FMi4 398; twining liana

to 15 m tall; forest margins in the lowlands; widespread.

Cuscuta australis R.Br., FM14 392; Cuscuta hygrophilae H. Pearson, FMP2

444: greenish-yellow to orange leafless twining parasitic vine; waste and

cultivated ground; widespread.

Erycibe aenea Prain, FMP2 446, FM14 424, TFM4 76; stout liana to 50 m

long; lowland forest; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Erycibe albida Prain, FM14 414, TFM4 77; Erycibe glomerata (non Blume)

Prain, FMP2 447 incl. var. longifolia (non Blume) Prain, shrub or small

tree to 7 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 820 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Sh.

Erycibe citriniflora Griff., FMP2 445, FM14 425, TFM4 75; liana or

scrambling shrub; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Erycibe expansa Wall. ex G. Don, FMP2 445, FM14 426, TFM4 76; liana or

scandent shrub; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn.

Erycibe festiva Prain, FMP2 447, FM14 417, TFM4 76; shrubby climber;

lowland and hill forest; Pk, Jh, Sp.

Erycibe griffithii C.B. Clarke, FMP2 447 in part, FM14 411, TFM4 75; liana;

lowland forest; Pn, Pk, SI, M1, Sp.

Erycibe leucoxyloides King ex Prain, FMP2 446, FMi4 415, TFM4 74;

shrubby climber; lowland forest; SI, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Erycibe magnifica Prain, FMP2 445, FMi4 412, TFM4 75; liana to 35 m

long; lowland forest; thrice from Larut, Pk; endemic.

Erycibe maingayi C.B. Clarke, FM14 417, TFM4 76; Erycibe griffithii (non

C.B. Clarke) Prain, FMP2 447 in part; scandent shrub or liana; lowland

forest; Jh, Sp.

Erycibe malaccensis C.B. Clarke, FMP2 446, FMi4 428, TFM4 76; liana;

lowland and montane forest to 1800 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, MI, Sp.

Erycibe praecipua Prain, FMP2 447, FM14 409, TFM4 76; shrubby climber;

lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Jh.

80.5.12

80.5.13

80.5.14

80.5.15

80.5.16a

80.5.16b

80.5.17

80.5.18

80.6.1

80.7.1

80.8.1

80.8.2

80.8.3

80.8.4

80.8.5

Erycibe rheedii Blume, FM14 425, TFM4 75; Erycibe angulata Prain, FMP2

448; liana to 20 m long; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Erycibe sapotacea Hallier f. & Prain ex Prain, FMP2 447, FMi4 409, TFM4

76; hill forest at 350 m; Pn; endemic.

Erycibe stapfiana Prain, FMP2 448, FM14 423, TFM4 75; liana to 30 m long;

lowland and montane forest to 1200 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Erycibe strigosa Prain, FMP2 445, FMi4 416, TFM4 75; liana; lowland forest;

known only from type, Taiping, Pk; endemic.

Erycibe tomentosa Blume var. hirsuta (Hallier f.) Hoogl., FM14 428, TFM4

75; slender liana; lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Erycibe tomentosa Blume var. tomentosa, FM14 427, TFM4 76; Erycibe

princii Wall. ex Choisy, FMP2 446; ‘princei’; liana, occasionally a shrub;

lowland forest margins; NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Erycibe sp. A, TFM4 75; liana; hill forest at 400 m; once from Gg Belumut,

Jh; endemic.

Erycibe sp. B, TFM4 76; liana; lowland forest; Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., FMP2 454, FMi4 395, TFM4 73; prostrate or

erect herb; sandy shores, dry open places; mostly East Coast.

Hewittia sublobata (L.f.) Kuntze, FMi14 438, TFM4 73; Hewittia bicolor

Wight & Arn., FMP2 455; prostrate or twining vine to 2 m long; open grassy

places; Pk, MI.

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., FM14 473; Ipomoea reptans Poir., FMP2 462;

trailing herb to 3 m long; on wet soil or in shallow water, oft cultivated;

throughout.

Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, FM14 478; Ipomoea pulchella auct. non Roth,

FMP2 460; twining vine; waste places, fences and hedges; naturalized from

tropical America.

Ipomoea campanulata L., A15 327, FM19 558; Ipomoea illustris (C.B.

Clarke) Prain, FMP2 460, FMI4 485; slightly woody twining vine; climbing

on sea shore vegetation; scattered.

Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr., F13 37; Ipomoea congesta R.Br., FMi4

465; twining vine; waste places, forest margins, also cultivated; scattered.

Ipomoea littoralis Blume, FMP2 461, FMi6 941; Jpomoea gracilis auctt. plur.,

non R.Br., FMi4 470; creeping herb, sometimes climbing; sandy shores;

most coasts.

177

178

80.8.6

80.8.7

80.8.8

80.8.9

80.8.10

80.8.11

80.8.12

80.8.13

80.8.14

80.8.15

80.8.16

80.9.1

80.10.1

80.11.1

80.11.2

Ipomoea marginata (Desv.) Verdc., V40 658; Ipomoea sagittaefolia Burm.f,

FMP2 461; Ipomoea maxima auctt. plur., non (L.f.) Don ex Sweet, FM14

472; Ipomoea sepiaria Koenig ex Roxb., nom. illeg., FM16 941; twining or

prostrate vine to 2.5 m long; usually near the sea; scattered.

Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., $29 63; Ipomoea digitata auct. non L., FMP2

460, FMi4 483; large twining vine; beaches, waste places, hedges; widespread.

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, FM14 465; twining or prostrate vine; roadsides; Pn;

naturalized from tropical America.

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl., FMP2 461, FMi4 471; twining or creeping

vine to 2 m long; roadsides, waste ground; scattered.

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. ssp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr., FMP2 460,

FM14 475; trailing herb to 30 m long; sandy seashores; all coasts.

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L., FMP2 460, FMi4 467; twining or creeping vine;

sandy waste places; scattered.

Ipomoea pileata Roxb., FM14 467; twining vine; dry open places; Ps.

Ipomoea stolonifera (Cirillo) J.F Gmel., FM14 478; Ipomoea carnosa R.Br.,

FMP2 461; trailing herb to 5 m long; sand dunes and beaches; Ph, MI.

Ipomoea sumatrana (Miq.) Ooststr., FM14 486; Ipomoea staphylina Roem.

& Schult. var. malayana Prain, FMP2 462; shrubby climber; lowland and

hill forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph.

Ipomoea triloba L., FM14 468, M47 142; twining or creeping vine; sandy

areas and waste places; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Ipomoea violacea L.,M10 265; Ipomoea tuba (Schltl.) G. Don, $23 33, FMI4

487; Ipomoea macrantha Roem. & Schult., FM19 558; woody twining vine;

sea shores; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Sp.

Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm./.) Hallier f,, FMP2 456, FM14 432; twining

. vine; forest margins, dry grassy places; Ps, Pk.

Lepistemon binectariferum (Wall.) Kuntze, FM14 489; Lepistemon

flavescens Blume, FMP2 462; twining vine to 3 m high; forest margins;

widespread.

Merremia borneensis Merr., FM14 451; large woody twiner; roadsides and

along streams in the lowlands, Tg.

Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier f., FM14 441; Merremia

convolvulacea Dennst. ex Hallier f., FMP2 458; twining or prostrate vine;

sandy open places, weed of cultivation; throughout.

80.11.3

80.11.4

80.11.5

80.11.6

80.12.1a

80.12.1b

80.12.2

80.13.1

80.13.2

80.14.1

80.15.1

80.16.1a

80.16.1b

81.

81.1.1

Merremia hirta (L.) Merr., FM14 442; Merremia caespitosa (Roxb.) Hallier

f., FMP2 458; creeping or climbing twiner; open grassy places; widespread.

Merremia peltata (L.) Merr., FM14 452; Merremia nymphaeifolia (non

Griseb.) Blume, FMP2 458; liana to 30 m high; forest edges and clearings

to 700 m; Pk, Ph, NS, M1.

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f ssp. orientalis (Hallier f.) Ooststr., FMP2

459, FMi4 449; twining vine to 3 m long; thickets, forest margins; widespread.

Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f.) Hallier f., FMP2 457, FMi4 448; twining vine

to 4 m long; riverbanks and forest margins; Ps, Pk, Ph.

Neuropeltis maingayi Peter ex Ooststr. var. maingayi, FM14 400; liana to 9

m high; lowland forest; Pk, Sl, Ml; endemic.

Neuropeltis maingayi Peter ex Ooststr. var. tomentosa Ooststr., FM14 401;

liana; lowland forest; Ph, Ml; endemic.

Neuropeltis racemosa Wall., FMP2 453, FMi4 400; twining liana; lowland

forest; Kd, Pn, Sp.

Operculina riedeliana (Oliv.) Ooststr., FM14 457; twining liana; forest

margins; NS.

Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, FM14 456; twining vine; waste

places; Pn, Jh.

Porana spectabilis Kurz, FM14 404; twining liana; once from Pk.

Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f., FM14 491; large liana; open places,

often near the sea; P. Langkawi.

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F Austin & Staples ssp. hastata (Desr.) Parmar,

P06 251; Merremia hastata (Desr.) Hallier f., FMP2 457; Merremia tridentata

(L.) Hallier f. ssp. hastata (Desr.) Ooststr., FM14 445; twining vine to 2 m

long; open grassy places, often near the sea; widespread.

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F Austin & Staples ssp. tridentata, A16 533;

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f., FMP2 458, FMi4 445; twining vine to 2

m long; open grassy places, often near the sea; widespread.

CORNACEAE

Mastixia cuspidata Blume, FMi8 95, TFM3 54; Mastixia bracteata C.B.

Clarke, FMP1 891; tree to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh.

179

180

81.1.2a

81.1.2b

81.1.3a

81.1.3b

81.2.1

a2.

82.1.1

83.

83.1.1

83.2.1

83.2.2

83.3.1

84.

84.1.1

Mastixia pentandra Blume ssp. chinensis (Merr.) K.M. Matthew, FMI8 96,

TFMS3 54; tree to 20 m tall; montane forest; once from Gg Raya, Kd.

Mastixia pentandra Blume ssp. scortechinii (King) K.M. Matthew, FMis

96, TFM3 54; Mastixia megacarpa Ridl., FMP1 891; Mastixia scortechinii

King, FMP1 891; tree to 36 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1500 m;

Kd, KI], Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Mastixia trichotoma Blume var. clarkeana (King) Danser, FM18 93, TFM3

54; Mastixia clarkeana King, FMP1 890 incl. var. macrophylla King; tree to

24 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Pk, Sl, NS, Jh.

Mastixia trichotoma Blume var. maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Danser, FMi8 93,

TFMS3 54; Mastixia maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP1 890; Mastixia propinqua

Ridl., FMP1 890; Mastixia rostrata auct. non Blume, FMP1 890; tree to 24

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1500 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin, FM14 29, TFM1 346; Nyssa sessiliflora

Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 895; tree to 40 m tall; montane forest at 900-

1400 m; Pk, Ph.

CRASSULACEAE

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., FMi4 199; Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.,

FMP 1 688; herb 30-200 cm tall; open dry places to 1000 m; scattered;

naturalized from tropical Africa.

CRUCIFERAE

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., FM110 545; herb 30-150 cm tall; waste land,

weed of cultivation; montane areas; naturalized, origins obscure.

Cardamine hirsuta L., FM110 554; herb to 30 cm tall; weed of cultivation;

widespread; possibly native in the mountains.

Cardamine flexuosa With., $65 107; small herb; weed of cultivation; Genting

Highlands, Ph; naturalized from Europe.

Rorippa heterophylla (Blume) R.O. Williams, FM110 559; Nasturtium

indicum auct. non (L.) DC., FMP1 119; herb to 50 cm tall; weed of

cultivation, waste ground; scattered; naturalized from mainland Asia.

CRYPTERONIACEAE

Axinandra beccariana Baill., FM18 204, TFM4 79; Axinandra maingayi C.B.

Clarke, FMP1 826; tree; lowland forest; collected once in Ml.

84.2.1

84.2.2a

84.2.2b

85.

85.1.1

86.

86.1.1

86.1.2

86.2.1

86.2.2

86.3.1

86.4.1

86.5.1

86.5.2

Crypteronia griffithii C.B. Clarke, FMP1 822, FMi8 196, TFM4 80; tree to

45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Crypteronia paniculata Blume var. affinis (Planch.) Beus.-Osinga, FMI8s

194, TFM4 81; Crypteronia paniculata Blume, FMP1 821 in part; tree to 27

m tall; lowland forest; Kd, KI, Pn.

Crypteronia paniculata Blume var. paniculata, FM1s 194, TFM4 80;

Crypteronia paniculata Blume, FMP1 821 in part; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 1200 m; Ps, Kd, Kl, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

CTENOLOPHONACEAE

Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv., FMP1 423, TFM1 306, FM110 631;

Ctenolophon grandifolius Oliv., FMP1 423; buttressed tree 12-40 m tall;

hilly forest below 300 m, also swamps; Ps, Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

CUCURBITACEAE

Alsomitra clarkei (King) Hutch., H57 96; Zanonia clarkei King, FMP1 852;

lofty climber; lowlands; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Alsomitra macrocarpa (Blume) M. Roem., H57 96, R11 59; lofty woody

climber; lowland forest; Ph, NS, Jh.

Gymnopetalum chinense (Lour.) Merr., J11 379, L23 858; Gymnopetalum

cochinchinense (Lour.) Kurz, FMP1 846; Gymnopetalum quinquelobum

Miq., FMP1 847; creeping herb; open grassy places. also on limestone; P.

Langkawi, K1, Ph, M1.

Gymnopetalum integrifolium (Roxb.) Kurz, FMP1 846, K12 100; creeping

herb; open grassy places; K1, Pk.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, K12 25, J10 803, L23 860:

Gynostemma pedatum Blume, FMP1 851; vine; forest margins; Pk.

Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn., K12 74; Hodgsonia capniocarpa

Ridl., FMP1 843; large vine; riverbanks; Pn, Ph, Ml.

Momordica charantia L., K12 42, L23 861; tendrillar vine; waste ground;

widespread; naturalized but origin obscure.

Momordica clarkeana King, FMP1 848; climber, lowland forest; Pk.

181

182

86.5.3

86.5.4

86.6.1

86.7.1

86.8.1

tin

86.8.3

86.8.4

86.9.1

86.10.1

86.10.2

87.

87.1.1

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng., FMP1 848, K12 38; L23 861;

large climber; river banks; Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, SI.

Momordica subangulata Blume, FMP1 848, K12 41; climber; riverbanks

and on limestone; KI], Pk.

Neoalsomitra integrifoliola (Cogn.) Hutch., H57 99, K12 12, J11 739, L23

862; Alsomitra clavigera auct. non M. Roem., FMP1 852; Neoalsomitra

pubigera (Prain) Hutch., H57 99, C14 112; slender climber; rocky places,

including limestone; P. Langkawi, Kd.

Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) K.N. Gandhi, L23 865; Zehneria umbellata

Thwaites, FMP1 851; Solena heterophylla Lour., K12 63; vine; open sandy

places; Pk.

Trichosanthes celebica Cogn., FMP1 845; climber; forest margins; scattered.

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., FMP1 844, K12 81; Trichosanthes palmata

Roxb., FMP1 845; slender climber; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight, FMP1 845; climber; lowland forest

margins; widespread.

Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn., FMP1 845; climber; forest margins;

widespread.

Zanonia indica L., FMP1 851, K12 16; Tinospora curtisii Ridl., FMP1 103;

climber; damp lowland forest; Pn, Pk.

Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) H.Y. Liu, L23 870; Melothria indica Lour.,

FMP1 850; Melothria odorata C.B. Clarke var. triloba C.B. Clarke, FMP1

850; Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keraudren, K12 52, J10 802; slender vine; open

country; Pn, Sl, MI.

Zehneria marginata (Blume) Keraudren, K12 55; Melothria marginata

(Blume) Cogn., FMP1 850 incl. var. heterophylla (Blume) Cogn.; Melothria

affinis King, FMP1 849; vine; lowlands; widespread.

CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia blumei Planch., FMP1 682, TFM1 179; tree to 12 m tall;

montane forest above 1200 m; widespread.

88.

88.1.1

88.1.2

89.

89.1.1

90.

90.1.1

90.1.2

90.1.3

90.1.4

90.1.5

90.1.6

90.1.7

90.1.8

DAPHNIPH YLLACEAE

Daphniphyllum glaucescens Blume, TFM1 181; Daphniphyllum lancifolium

Hook.f., FMP3 235; Daphniphyllum scortechinii Hook.f., FMP3 235; tree

to 15 m tall; upper montane forest; widespread.

Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill., FMP3 234, TFM1 182:

Daphniphyllum bancanum Kurz, FMP3 234; tree to 8 m tall; secondary

forest, open places, often near the sea; Ps, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

DATISCACEAE

Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br., FMP1 865, FMi4 385, TFM2 29: tree to 45 m

tall; lowland forest; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, K1, Pk, Ph.

DICHAPETALACEAE

Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. ssp. tuberculatum Leenh., FM15

311; Ellipanthus scortechinii King, FMP1 548; small shrubby tree; lowland

forest; scattered.

Dichapetalum griffithii (Hook.f.) Engl., FM15 313; Chailletia griffithii

Hook.f., FMP1 419; shrub to 4 m tall, often climbing; lowland forest; Pk,

Sl, NS, M1; endemic.

Dichapetalum helferianum (Kurz) Pierre, FM15 315; Chailletia helferiana

Kurz, FMP1 417; scandent shrub; open country; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Dichapaetalum laurocerasus (Planch. ex Hook.f.) Engl., FM15 315; Chailletia

laurocerasus Planch. ex Hook.f., FMP1 417; liana; lowland and hill forest

to 600 m; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Dichapetalum longipetalum (Turcz.) Engl., FM15 314; shrub or liana;

lowland forest.

Dichapetalum sordidum (Hook.f.) Leenh., FMi15 309; Chailletia sordida

(Hook.f.) Ridl., FMP1 418; climbing shrub; lowland forest margins; Ml, Jh,

Sp.

Dichapetalum tenuifolium (King) Engl., FMi5 312; Chailletia tenuifolia

King, FMP1 416; shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

600 m; Pk; endemic.

Dichapetalum timoriense (DC.) Boerl., FM15 307; Chailletia tesselata King,

FMP1 416; Chailletia deflexifolia Turcz., FMP1 418; Chailletia hookeri King,

FMP1 418; scandent shrub to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest; scattered.

183

184

wt:

94.111

912.1

O17 2

91.2.4

91.2.6

21 Be

91.2.8a

91.2.8b

91.2.9

91.2.10

91.3.1

91.3.2

DILLENIACEAE

Acrotrema costatum Jack, FMP1 7, FM14 151, TFM1 183; herb to 25 cm

tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; widespread.

Dillenia albiflos (Rid1l.) Hoogl., FM14 158, TFM1 186; Wormia albiflos Rid1.,

FMP1 9; tree to 17 m tall; lowland swamp forest; Jh; endemic.

Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg, FM14 169, TFM1 186 incl. var. tomentella

(Martelli) Corner ex Masam. and var. pubescens (Corner) Corner ex

Masam.; Wormia oblonga Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 9; Wormia

tomentella Martelli, FMP1 10; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; throughout.

Dillenia grandifolia Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 11, TFM1 188;

Dillenia scortechinii King, FMP1 12; Dillenia eximia Miq., FM14 166; stilt-

rooted tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Dillenia indica L., FMP1 10, FMi4 171, TFM1 188; tree to 20 m tall; often

on stream banks; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh.

Dillenia obovata (Blume) Hoog!l., FM14 173, TFM1 190; Dillenia aurea auct.

non Sm., FMP1 11; tree to 30 m tall; open forest; Kd, Pk, Ph.

Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 11, FMi4 170, TFM1

190; tree to 30 m tall but usually smaller; open forest and disturbed areas;

Kd, Pk, Ph.

Dillenia pulchella (Jack) Gilg, FM14 171, TFM1 191; Wormia pulchella Jack,

FMP1 9; tree to 30 m tall; wet lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Dillenia reticulata King var. psilocarpella Hoogl., FM14 168, TFM1 191;

stilt-rooted tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Dillenia reticulata King var. reticulata, FMP1 11, FMi4 168, TFM1 191;

stilt-rooted tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Ml; endemic variety.

Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli, FM14 163, TFM1 192; Wormia

subsessilis Mig., FMP1 7; Wormia suffruticosa Griff., FMP1 8; thicket-

forming shrub to 6 m tall; secondary forest; commonest in the south.

Dillenia sumatrana Mig., FMi4 170, TFM1 193; Wormia parviflora Ridl.,

FMP1 9; Dillenia meliosmifolia Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 12; tree to 20

m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, SI, NS.

Tetracera akara (Burm.f.) Merr., FM14 146; Tetracera sylvestris Ridl., FMP1

5; liana to 25 m long; lowland forest to 750 m; widespread.

Tetracera arborescens Jack, FMi4 148; Tetracera lucida Wall. ex Ridl., FMP1

5 incl. var. lanuginosa Ridl.; liana or shrub; swampy forest; scattered. _

91.3.3a

91.3.3b

91.3.4

= 4 Bs

91.3.6

937

91.3.8

91.3.9

yz.

Pea dk

92.1.2

92.1.3

92.1.4

W215

Tetracera asiatica (Lour.) Hoogl. ssp. andamanica Hoog!., FMi4 144; small

shrub or liana.

Tetracera asiatica (Lour.) Hoogl. ssp. sumatrana Hoog!., FMi4 144: small

shrub or liana; lowland and hill forest to 1300 m.

Tetracera fagifolia Blume, FMP1 6, FM14 148; Tetracera sumatrana Mig.,

FMP1 6; liana reaching to 14 m; lowland forest to 750 m; scattered.

Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr., FM14 146; Tetracera assa DC.,

FMP1 5; shrub or small liana; open places, forest margins in the lowlands;

common and widespread.

Tetracera loureiri (Finet & Gagnep.) Craib, FMi4 147; Tetracera fragrans

(non Wildem.) Ridl., FMP1 6; low climber; thickets and hedges; north of

Peninsula. ,

Tetracera macrophylla Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 4, FMi4 147;

Tetracera grandis King, FMP1 4; liana to 10 m long; lowland forest;

widespread.

Tetracera maingayi Hoog!., FMi4 144; Tetracera borneensis auct. non Miq.,

FMP1 6; scandent shrub; lowland forest; Pn, SI, MI.

Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr., FM14 143; Delima sarmentosa L., FMP1 3;

liana to 30 m, sometimes shrubby; forest and forest margins to 1000 m;

widespread.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Anisoptera costata Korth., FMP1 218 in part, $74 204, FM19 330; huge tree;

lowland forest; widespread.

Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King, FMP1 218, 874 204, FM19 329; large

buttressed tree; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; widespread but commoner

in the north.

Anisoptera laevis Ridl., FMP1 219, 874 205, FM19 335; big tree; lowland

forest; widespread.

Anisoptera marginata Korth., FMP1 219, $74 206, FM19 328; large tree;

peat swamp and heath forest; Pk and Ph southward.

Anisoptera megistocarpa Slooten, $74 207, FM19 332; Anisoptera costata

auct. non Korth., FMP1 218 in part; tall buttressed tree; lowland forest; Pk

and Ph southward.

185

186

92.1.6

Pea |

OR 22.

Soe

OF: S2

92.3.5

92.3.4

234

97.3.0

O23:

9255.8

92.3.10

GLIAL

phe

o7.2AS

Anisoptera scaphula (Roxb.) Kurz, $74 209, FM19 335; Anisoptera thurifera

auct. non Blume, FMP1 219; very tall buttressed tree; lowland forest; NS

and Ph northward.

Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib, FM19 343; Cotylelobium flavum auct. non

Pierre, FMP1 239; Cotylelobium malayanum Slooten, $74 235; medium to

large tree; lowland forest; Tg southward.

Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook.f.) Pierre, 874 236, FM19 341; tree;

lowland forest; Jh, ?Sp.

Dipterocarpus acutangulus Vesque, $74 166, FM19 322; tree; hill forest; NS.

Dipterocarpus baudii Korth., $74 168, FM19 303; Dipterocarpus duperreanus

Pierre, FMP1 214; large tree; lowland forest; widespread.

Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. ssp. penangianus (Foxw.) P.S. Ashton, FMi9

305; Dipterocarpus penangianus Foxw.,§74 185; large tree; coastal hill forest;

Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington, $74 169, FMi19 304; Dipterocarpus

skinneri auct. non King, FMP1 214 in part; Dipterocarpus skinneri King

var. hirtus Ridl., FMP1 215; large tree; seasonally flooded lowland forest.

Dipterocarpus concavus Foxw., $74 173, FM19 322; large buttressed tree;

lowland forest; Pk and Ph northward.

Dipterocarpus coriaceus Slooten, $74 171, FMi19 324; tree; peat swamp

forest; Pk,.Ph.

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer, FMP1 215, 874 172, FMi19 312; large tree;

lowland and hill forest to 1000 m.

Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn.f., FMP1 217,874 173, FM19 321; large tree;

lowland forest; NS northward.

Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten, $74 174, FM19 310; tree; lowland forest;

widespread.

Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer, FMP1 214, 874 175, FM19 299; tree; lowland

and hill forest to 850 m; widespread.

Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre, $74 176, FM19 315; large tree; lowland forest;

Ps, Kd.

Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth., FM19 312; Dipterocarpus apterus Foxw.,

S74 167; tree; lowland forest; mostly east coast, KI to Sp.

Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq., FM19 324; Dipterocarpus it |

Scheff., S74 pit, tree; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, NS, Jh.

92.3.14

923.15

92:3:16

23.17

92.3.18

925.19

92.3.20

O7321

pe Se

o2523

92.3.24

y Fae BS oe.

92.3.26

92.3.27

92.3.28

923.29

Dipterocarpus fagineus Vesque, FMP1 216, FM19 315; Dipterocarpus

pseudofagineus Foxw., $74 186; tree; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Tg, Pk,

Ph.

Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume, $74 177, FM19 301; tree; lowland forest;

widespread.

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco, FMP1 216, $874 178, FM19

317; very large buttressed tree; lowland forest; widespread.

Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume, $74 180, FM19 306; large tree; lowland forest;

commoner in the north.

Dipterocarpus kerrii King, FMP1 215,874 181, FM19 305; large tree; lowland

forest; Ml and Ph northward.

Dipterocarpus kunstleri King, FMP1 217, S74 182, FM19 309; big tree;

lowland forest; widespread.

Dipterocarpus lowii Hook.f, FMP5 291, 874 183, FM19 313; tree; lowland

forest; scattered.

Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Blume, FMP1 216, 874 184, FM19 317; large

tree; banks of fast-flowing rivers; mostly east of Main Range.

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq., $74 184, FMi19 304; medium-

sized tree; Schima-bamboo forest; Ps.

Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten, $74 185, FM19 318; tree; lowland and

hill forest to 650 m; Tg, Jh, Sp.

Dipterocarpus perakensis P.S. Ashton, FM19 325; Dipterocarpus alatus auct.

non Roxb., $74 166; large tree; lowland forest on coastal hills; Pn, Pk;

endemic.

Dipterocarpus retusus Blume, $74 187, FM19 308; medium-sized tree; hill

forest at 800-1300 m.

Dipterocarpus rigidus Ridl., FMP1 217, $74 187, FM19 310; tree; coastal

hill forest; Tg southward.

Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Foxw.,$74 188, FM19 304; tree; lowland forest;

mostly east coast south of Tg; endemic.

Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Slooten, FM19 323; tree; lowland forest; once

from Tg.

Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw., $74 92, FM19 322; tree; lowland forest;

widespread.

187

188

92.3.30

92.4.1

92.4.2

pf eh |

252

9235.5

92.5.4

OLS

92.5.6

9255]

92.5.8

2 Pi Be

92.5.10

92-9: 44

FL7.12

Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex Slooten, $74 189, FM19 297; tree;

lowland forest; commoner in the south.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer ssp. occidentalis P.S. Ashton, FMi9 373;

Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer, $74 196; Dryobalanops beccariana RidL.,

FMP1 211; big tree; swampy lowland forest; Pk northward.

Dryobalanops sumatrensis (J.F. Gmel.) Kosterm., K57 346; Dryobalanops

aromatica C.F. Gaertn., FMP1 210, S74 194, FM19 375; tree to 50 m tall;

gregarious in sandy lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Hopea apiculata Symington, $74 120, FM19 431; small tree; lowland forest;

Pk.

Hopea auriculata Foxw., $74 121, FM19 413; small tree; hill forest to 700 m;

Ph, Jh; endemic.

Hopea beccariana Burck, $74 122, FM19 407; Balanocarpus ovalifolius Ridl.,

FMP1 247 in part; Hopea pierrei auct. non Hance, FMP1 238 in part; large

buttressed tree; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; widespread.

Hopea bilitonensis P.S. Ashton, FM19 433; small stilt-rooted tree; on

limestone; once from Pk.

Hopea bracteata Burck, FM19 414; Balanocarpus curtisii King, FMP1 246;

Hopea minima Symington, $74 133; small tree; ridges to 650 m; Pn, Pk.

Hopea coriacea Burck, FM19 398; Hopea kelantanensis Symington, $74 130;

tall buttressed tree; lowland forest, often near rivers; KI, Tg, Ph.

Hopea dryobalanoides Mig., $74 123, FM19 402; tall buttressed tree; lowland

forest; widespread.

Hopea dyeri F. Heim, $74 124, FM19 407; Hopea pierrei auct. non Hance,

FMP1 238 in part; medium-sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m;

widespread.

Hopea ferrea Laness., $74 124, FM19 421; Balanocarpus anomalus King,

FMP1 247; small gnarled tree; mostly on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd.

Hopea ferruginea Parijs, $74 125, FM19 404; Hopea micrantha auct. non

Hook.f., FMP1 237 in part; stilt-rooted/buttressed tree; lowland and hill

forest to 750 m; Pk and Ph southward.

Hopea glaucescens Symington, $74 126, FM19 429; medium-sized tree;

lowland forest to 500 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Hopea griffithii Kurz, $74 127, FM19 406; medium-sized tree; lowland forest;

widespread.

92.5.13

92.5.14

25:35

92.5.16

92.5.17

92.5.18

92.5.19

92.5.20

2 fa A |

92.5.22

92523

92.5.24

GES 25

92.5.26

O2.5:21

92.5.28

Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis, $74 128, FM19 418; large tree; lowland forest:

P. Langkawi, Kd, Pk.

Hopea johorensis Symington, $74 130, FM19 404; stilt-rooted tree; lowland

forest; East Jh; endemic.

Hopea kerangasensis P.S. Ashton, FM19 401; medium-sized tree; lowland

forest on sandy soils; Tg, Ph.

Hopea latifolia Symington, $74 131, FM19 404; medium-sized tree; lowland

forest, including limestone; widespread.

Hopea mengerawan Mig., FMP1 238, 874 132, FM19 400; tall buttressed

tree; swampy lowland forest; Ph and NS southward.

Hopea montana Symington, $74 133, FM19 413; medium-sized tree; lower

montane forest to 1200 m; KI], Pk.

Hopea myrtifolia Mig., $74 134, FM19 408; medium-sized tree; lowland

forest; Pk and Ph southward.

Hopea nervosa King, FMP1 236, 874 135, FM19 410; medium-sized tree;

lowland forest; widespread.

Hopea nutans Ridl., FMP1 235, 874 136, FM19 424; largish buttressed tree;

swampy lowland forest; east coast, Tg southward.

Hopea odorata Roxb., $74 137, FM19 422; tall buttressed tree; lowland forest

near rivers; Tg and Pk northward.

Hopea pachycarpa (F. Heim) Symington, FM19 433; Balanocarpus

pubescens Ridl., FMP1 247; Hopea resinosa Symington, $74 141; tree;

lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Hopea pedicellata (Brandis) Symington, $74 138, FM19 408; Hopea pierrei

auct. non Hance, FMP1 238 in part; medium-sized tree; hill forest to 750

m; Tg and Pk northward.

Hopea pierrei Hance, $74 139, FM19 405; medium-sized tree; ridges to 700

m; Ph, Sl, NS.

Hopea polyalthioides Symington, $74 140, FM19 431; small tree; lowland

forest; Jh; endemic.

Hopea pubescens Ridl., FMP1 239, $74 140, FM19 397; medium-sized tree;

lowland forest; Kl, Ph; endemic.

Hopea sangal Korth., $74 141, FM19 420; Hopea curtisii King, FMP1 236;

Hopea globosa Brandis, FMP1 236; Hopea lowii Dyer ex Brandis, FMP1

237; largish tree; lowland forest to 500 m; widespread.

189

190

92.5.29

92.5.30

92.5.31

92.5132

92.6.1

92.722

92.7.3

92.8.1

D202

92.33

92.8.4

92.3.9

92.8.6

92.8.7

92.8.8

Hopea semicuneata Symington, $74 143, FM19 426; tall buttressed tree;

lowland forest to 500 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI.

Hopea subalata Symington, $74 143, FM19 413; small tree; lowland forest;

Kanching F.R., Sl; endemic.

Hopea sublanceolata Symington, $74 144, FM19 411; medium to large tree;

lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Hopea sulcata Symington, $74 145, FM19 399; medium-sized tree; lowland

forest to 400 m; Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) P.S. Ashton, FM19 388; Balanocarpus heimii

King, FMP1 247,874 147; very large buttressed tree; lowland and hill forest

to 1000 m; widespread.

Parashorea densiflora Slooten & Symington, $74 100, FM19 380; large tree;

lowland forest below 500 m; scattered widely; endemic.

Parashorea globosa Symington, $74 101, FM19 381; large tree; lowland

forest; Pk.

Parashorea stellata Kurz, FMP1 234, FM19 383; Parashorea lucida [non

(Mig.) Kurz] Slooten, $74 102; medium to large tree, lowland and hill forest

to 650 m; Tg and Pk northward.

Shorea acuminata Dyer, FMP1 225, 874 65, FM19 535; large buttressed

tree to 50 m tall; lowland forest; Pk and Tg southward.

Shorea assamica Dyer ssp. globifera (Ridl.) Symington, $74 31, FM19 491;

Shorea globifera Ridl., FMP1 232; large buttressed tree; lowland and hill

forest to 1000 m; Pk and Ph northward.

Shorea atrinervosa Symington, $74 9, FM19 457; large tree; lowland forest;

Tg, Ph, Jh.

Shorea balanocarpoides Symington, $74 47, FM19 475; small to middling

tree; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Shorea bentongensis Foxw., $74 33, FM19 494; large buttressed tree; lowland

forest; Sl, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Shorea blumutensis Foxw., $74 49, FM19 480; large tree; lowland forest

below 500 m; Jh.

Shorea bracteolata Dyer, FMP1 229, $74 34, FM19 496; medium to large

tree; coastal hills to 600 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Shorea ciliata King, FMP1 229, $74 16, FM19 450; medium-sized tree; hill

and lower montane forest to 1200 m; Pn and Main Range; endemic.

;

92.8.9

92.8.10a

92.8.10b

92.8.11

92.8.12

928.15

92.8.14

92.8.15

92.8.16

92.8.17

92.8.18

92.8.19

92.8.20

92.8.21

92.8.22

92.8.23

Shorea collina Ridl., FMP1 231, S74 12, FM19 447; medium to large tree;

lowland forest; East Coast, Tg southwards; endemic.

Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King ssp. curtisii, FMP1 223, 874 67, FM19 541:

large tree; ridges to 850 m; throughout.

Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King ssp. grandis P.S. Ashton, FM19 543; Shorea sp.

B, S874 95; large tree; lowland forest; Pk; endemic subspecies.

Shorea dasyphylla Foxw., $74 69, FM19 546; moderately big tree; lowland

and hill forest to 1000 m; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Shorea dealbata Foxw., 874 35, FM19 485; medium-sized tree; lowland forest;

Ph (Kuantan district).

Shorea exelliptica Meijer, FM19 455; Shorea ? elliptica, $74 13; tall buttressed

tree; lowland forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Shorea faguetiana F. Heim, $74 50, FM19 484; Shorea ridleyana King, FMP1

226 in part; medium to large buttressed tree; mostly in the hills to 700 m;

Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Shorea falcifera Dyer ex Brandis, FM19 456; medium-sized tree; coastal

hills; Tg, Ph.

Shorea farinosa C.E.C. Fisch., $74 36, FM19 487; large tree; lowland forest;

Ps, KI (presence somewhat doubtful).

Shorea foxworthyi Symington, $74 14, FM19 453; tall buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Shorea gibbosa Brandis, FMP1 229, 874 51, FM19 482; very tall buttressed

tree; lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Shorea glauca King, FMP1 223, $74 15, FM19 461; medium to large tree;

coastal hills to 600 m; Ps, Kd, Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh.

Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz) Dyer, FMP1 226, $74 36, FM19 487; large

tree; lowland forest; K1], Sl, Sp.

Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume, $74 16, FM19 447; large buttressed tree;

lowland forest; widespread.

Shorea hemsleyana (King) King ex Foxw., $74 70, FM19 536; Pachychlamys

hemsleyanus (King) Ridl., FMP1 234; tree; peat swamp forest; Pk.

Shorea henryana Pierre, FM19 489; Shorea sericeiflora C.E.C. Fisch. &

Hutch., $74 41; large buttressed tree; lowland forest; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd.

191

192

92.8.24

92.8.25

92.8.26

92.8.27

92.8.28

92.8.29

92.8.30

92.8.31

92.8.32

92.8.33

92.8.34

92.8.35

92.8.36

92.8.37

92.8.38

92.8.39

Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington, $74 52, FM19 482; Shorea ridleyana

King, FMP1 226 in part; Hopea albescens Ridl., FMP1 236; very tall

buttressed tree; lowland forest to 600 m; K1 and Pk southward.

Shorea hypochra Hance, $74 37, FM19 494; Shorea crassifolia Ridl., FMP1

231; very large tree; lowland forest; S] and Ph northward.

Shorea inappendiculata Burck, FM19 455; large buttressed tree; lowland

forest; Jh.

Shorea johorensis Foxw., $74 72, FM19 513; large buttressed tree; lowland

forest; Jh.

Shorea kuantanensis P.S. Ashton, FM19 472; medium-sized tree; lowland

forest; Bt Goh ER., Ph; endemic.

Shorea kunstleri King, FMP1 228, 874 72, FM19 519; large buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 800 m; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Shorea laevis Ridl., FMP1 232, 874 18, FM19 461; vast buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd and Ph southward.

Shorea lamellata Foxw., $74 39, FM19 493; large tree; lowland and hill forest

to 650 m; Pk.

Shorea lepidota (Korth.) Blume, $74 73, FM19 538; large buttressed tree;

lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh.

Shorea leprosula Mig., FMP1 222, 874 75, FM19 540; large buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Shorea longisperma Roxb., FMP1 233, FM19 481; Shorea resina-nigra Foxw.,

$71 56; very large buttressed tree; lowland to montane forest at 1400 m;

widespread.

Shorea lumutensis Symington, $74 19, FM19 453; medium to large tree;

coastal hills; Pk, ?Jh; ?endemic.

Shorea macrantha Brandis, $74 77, FM19 536; tree of middle size; peat

swamp forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Shorea macroptera Dyer, FMP1 225, 874 78, FM19 532; large tree; lowland

and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Shorea materialis Ridl., FMP1 227, 874 29, FM19 456; medium-sized tree;

heath forest; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Shorea maxima (King) Symington, 874 53, FM19 478; Balanocarpus

maximus King, FMP1 248; small to medium-sized tree; lowland and hill

forest to 1300 m; Pk and Ph southward; endemic.

92.8.40

92.8.41

92.8.42

92.8.43a

92.8.43b

92.8.44

92.8.45

92.8.46a

92.8.46b

92.8.47

92.8.48

92.8.49

92.8.50

92.8.51

Shorea maxwelliana King, FMP1 227,874 21, FM19 465; Shorea alba Ridl.,

FMP1 230; Shorea barbata Brandis, FMP1 230; Shorea utilis King, FMP1

230; Balanocarpus ovalifolius Ridl., FMP1 247 in part; tall buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Pn and Tg southward.

Shorea multiflora (Burck) Symington, $74 54, FM19 475; Hopea multiflora

(Burck) Brandis, FMP1 237; Balanocarpus penangianus (F. Heim) King,

FMP1 246; small to medium-sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 700 m;

throughout.

Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Symington, $74 23, FM19 447; large

buttressed tree; lowland forest; widespread.

Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume ssp. ovalis, $74 80, FM19 548; Shorea

furfuracea (non Mig.) Brandis, FMP1 232; large tree; lowland forest; Kd,

Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume ssp. sericea (Dyer) P.S. Ashton, FM19 551;

Shorea sericea Dyer, FMP1 224; Shorea rigida Brandis, FMP1 223; large

tree; widespread.

Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis, $74 82, FM19 545; small to medium-sized

tree; hills and ridges to 1500 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Shorea palembanica Mig., $74 83, FM19 513; tree, rarely of great size;

swampy lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer ssp. parvifolia, FMP1 224, $74 85, FM19 546; Shorea

scutulata King, FMP1 222; large tree; common in lowland and hill forest to

800 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer ssp. velutinata PS. Ashton, FM19 547; large tree;

lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Shorea pauciflora King, FMP1 228, 874 87, FM19 511; large buttressed tree;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; throughout.

Shorea peltata Symington, $74 56, FMi19 473; small tree; lowland forest;

NW Jh.

Shorea platycarpa F. Heim, $74 88, FM19 541; Shorea palustris Ridl., FMP1

224; large buttressed tree; swamp forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Foxw., $74 89, FM19 515; large tree; hill and

mountains to 1300 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Shorea resinosa Foxw., $74 40, FM19 496; large tree; lowland forest to 500

m; Pk and KI to Jh.

193

194

92.8.52

B2853

92.8.54

92.8.55a

92.8.55b

92.8.56

LOM Foe

92.8.58

92.8.59

92.9.1

92.9.2

9293

92.9.4

92.9.5

Shorea roxburghii G. Don, FM19 493; Shorea talura Roxb., $74 42; tree,

sometimes big; lowlands, sometimes on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd.

Shorea scrobiculata Burck, FM19 449; Shorea meadiana Symington, $74

22; medium-sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Tg, Pk, Ph.

Shorea siamensis Mig., FM19 466; Pentacme malayana King, FMP1 220;

Pentacme siamensis (Miq.) Kurz, $74 105, C14 115; small gnarled tree; rocky

headlands, limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Shorea singkawang (Miq.) Miq. ssp. scabrosa P.S. Ashton, FM19 537; Shorea

sp. C, $74 95; small tree; forest near the sea; Tg, Ph; endemic subspecies.

Shorea singkawang (Miq.) Miq. ssp. singkawang, $74 92, FM19 537;

Pachychlamys thistletonii (King) Ridl., FMP1 233; small tree; lowland forest

below 400 m; Kd and KI to Jh.

Shorea submontana Symington, $74 24, FM19 450; Shorea costata [non

(Correa) Presl] King, FMP1 231; large buttressed tree; mostly hill forest at

800-1000 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Shorea sumatrana (Slooten ex Thorenaar) Symington ex Desch, $74 25,

FM19 453; Jsoptera borneensis auct. non Scheff. ex Burck, FMP1 245;

medium to large tree; usually on river banks; Kd, Tg, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Shorea teysmanniana Dyer ex Brandis, $74 94, FMi19 538; medium-sized

buttressed tree; peat swamp forest; Sl.

Shorea uliginosa Foxw., FM19 539; Shorea rugosa F. Heim var. uliginosa

(Foxw.) Symington, $74 91; large buttressed tree; peat swamp forest; Pk,

Sl.

Vatica bella Slooten, $74 218, FM19 352: tree to 50 m tall; lowland forest;

Pk and Ph southward; endemic.

Vatica cinerea King, $74 218, FM19 360; Synaptea lancaviensis (Ridl.) Ridl.,

FMP1 241; Synaptea cinerea (King) Ridl., FMP1 243; small to medium-

sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 600 m, including limestone; Ps, P.

Langkawi, Ps.

Vatica cuspidata (Ridl.) Symington, $74 219, FM19 367; Synaptea maingayi

(Dyer) Ridl., FMP1 240 in part; Synaptea cuspidata Ridl., FMP1 242;

medium to large tree; lowland ridge forest often near the sea; widespread;

endemic.

Vatica flavida Foxw., $74 220, FM19 359; medium-sized tree; swampy

lowland forest; Pk; endemic. \

Vatica havilandii Brandis, 874 220, FM19 351; tree; lowland and hill forest;

Tg, Pk, Ph.

92.9.6

oa.

92.9.8

92.9.9

92.9.10

929.12

92.9.13

92.9.14

92.9.15

92.9.16

OZ SAF

92.9.18

Vatica heteroptera Symington, $74 221, FM19 359; medium-sized tree; lower

montane forest at 1000-1300 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Vatica hullettii (Ridl.) PS. Ashton, FM19 358; Vatica stipulata Ridl., nom.

illeg., FMP1 244, $74 229; Otophora hullettii (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 494; small

tree; lowland forest; NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Vatica lobata Foxw., 874 221, FM19 358; small tree; lowland forest near

streams; Tg, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Vatica lowii King, $74 222, FM19 369; Synaptea lowii (King) Ridl., FMP1

241 in part; small to medium-sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 750 m;

K], Pk.

Vatica maingayi Dyer, $74 223, FM19 369; Synaptea maingayi (Dyer) RidL.,

FMP1 240 in part; tree; lowland forest to 500 m; widespread.

Vatica mangachapoi Blanco, FM19 364; Synaptea reticulata |non Thwaites]

(King) Ridl., FMP1 243; Vatica patula Symington, $74 226; tree; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk.

Vatica nitens King, $74 223, FM19 367; Synaptea nitens (King) Ridl., FMP1

241; tree; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; widespread.

Vatica odorata (Griff.) Symington, $874 224, FM19 360; Synaptea dyeri

(Pierre ex Laness.) Pierre, FMP1 240; Synaptea faginea (Dyer) Pierre, FMP1

242; tree; lowland forest, mostly coastal; Ph and NS northwards.

Vatica pallida Dyer, FMP1 244, $74 225, FM19 358; small tree; lowland

forest to 350 m; Pn; endemic.

Vatica pauciflora (Korth.) Blume, FM19 351; Vatica kelsallii Ridl., FMP1

244; Pachynocarpus umbonatus auct. non Hook.f., FMP1 249 in part;

Pachynocarpus wallichii (Dyer) King, FMP1 250 in part; Pachynocarpus

ridleyanus auct. non (Brandis) T. Anderson., FMP1 250 in part; Vatica

wallichii Dyer, $74 230; small or medium-sized tree; swampy lowland forest;

widespread.

Vatica perakensis King, $74 226, FM19 367; Synaptea perakensis (King)

Ridl., FMP1 242: small to medium-sized tree; lowland and hill forest to

600 m; Kd, Pk.

Vatica ridleyana Brandis, $74 227, FM19 352; Pachynocarpus ridleyanus

(Brandis) T. Anderson., FMP1 250 in part; medium-sized tree, lowland

forest; Sp.

Vatica scortechinii (King) Brandis, FMP1 244, $74 227, FM19 357; medium-

sized tree; lowland and hill forest to 1800 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

195

196

929.19

92.9.20

7 924

93.

p>, L.1

93.412

93.15

94.

94.1.1

94.1.2

94.1.3

94.1.4

94.1.5

94.1.6

94.1.7

Vatica stapfiana (King) Slooten, $74 228, FM19 349; Pachynocarpus

stapfianus King, FMP1 249; Pachynocarpus umbonatus auct. non Hook.f,

FMP1 249 in part; Pachynocarpus verrucosus auct. non F. Heim, FMP1

249 in part; medium-sized tree; lowland forest; widespread.

Vatica umbonata (Hook.f.) Burck, FM19 349; Pachynocarpus umbonatus

Hook.f., FMP1 249 in part; Pachynocarpus verrucosus F. Heim, FMP1 249

in part; tree; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Ph.

Vatica venulosa Blume, FM19 350; Vatica kunstleri (King) Brandis, FMP1

243; Vatica bancana Scheff., $74 217; small tree; swampy lowland forest;

Pi Ply

DROSERACEAE

Drosera burmannii Vahl, FMP1 688, FM14 378; rosette herb to 30 cm tall;

damp sandy spots, lowlands and mountains; widespread.

Drosera indica L., FMP1 688, FM14 379; herb to 30 cm tall; damp sandy

spots; P. Langkawi, Pn.

Drosera spathulata Labill., FM14 379, V15 595; rosette herb to 20 cm tall;

once from Gg Jerai, Kd.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros adenophora Bakh., TFM3 60; tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest,

also on limestone; KI, Ph, NS; endemic.

Diospyros andamanica (Kurz) Bakh., TFM3 61; Maba racemosa Rid1l.,

FMPS 320; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, including that on limestone;

KI, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Diospyros apiculata Hiern, FMP2 285, TFM3 61; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI, Jh.

Diospyros areolata King & Gamble, FMP2 292, TFM3 63; tree to 50 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Diospyros argentea Griff., FMP2 289, TFM3 63; tree to 11 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 800 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Diospyros bibracteata Bakh., TFM3 63; tree to 20 m tall; lowland, often

disturbed, forest to 500 m; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Diospyros blumutensis Ng, TFM3 64; slender monopodial treelet to 3 m

tall; lowland forest at 400 m; known only from type, Gg Belumut, Jh;

endemic.

94.1.8

94.1.9

94.1.10

94.1.11

94.1.12

94.1.13

94.1.14

94.1.15

94.1.16

94.1.17

94.1.18

94.1.19

94.1.20

94.1.21

94.1.22

94.1.23

Diospyros borneensis Hiern, TFM3 64; tree to 13 m tall; lowland forest;

Pk, Jh.

Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern, TFM3 64; Diospyros microphylla

Bedd., FMP2 283; tree to 35 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m;

throughout.

Diospyros cauliflora Blume, TFM3 64; Diospyros caliginosa Ridl., FMP2

295; Diospyros trunciflora Ridl., FMP2 295; small tree to 17 m tall; lowland

forest, sometimes on limestone; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Ml, Jh.

Diospyros clavigera C.B. Clarke, FMP2 288, TFM3 65; tree to 46 m tall:

lowland forest to 500 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Diospyros confertiflora (Hiern) Bakh., TFM3 65; Maba perakensis King &

Gamble, FMP2 280; tree to 27 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1250 m;

Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Diospyros conformis Bakh., TFM3 65; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;

only known from type, Lenggong, Pk; endemic.

Diospyros confusa Bakh., TFM3 67; tree to 17 m tall; lowland forest; Tg,

Jh, Sp.

Diospyros coriacea Hiern, TFM3 67; tree; lowland forest; thrice from Sp.

Diospyros daemona Bakh., TFM3 67; tree; lowland forest, once on

limestone; Kd, K1, Ph (once each); endemic.

Diospyros dictyoneura Hiern, TFM3 68; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 1000 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Diospyros diepenhorstii Mig., TFM3 68; Diospyros pyrifera Ridl., FMP2

294; tree to 17 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Diospyros elegantissima Bakh., TFM3 70; Maba elegans Ridl., FMP2 281;

tree to 5 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Diospyros ellipsoidea King & Gamble, FMP2 290, TFM3 70; tree to 14m

tall; lowland forest to 700 m; Pk, Sl, Jh.

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh., TFM3 71; Maba buxifolia Pers., FMP2

281; tree to 12 m tall; sandy and rocky shores, also on limestone; widespread.

Diospyros foxworthyi Bakh., TFM3 71; tree to 23 m tall; hill forest to 1100

m; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Diospyros frutescens Blume, TFM3 73; Diospyros cymosa Ridl., FMP2 293;

Diospyros kunstleri King & Gamble, FMP2 293; tree to 10 m tall; lowland

forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph.

197

198

94.1.24

94.1.25

94.1.26

94.1.27

94.1.28

94.1.29

94.1.30

94.1.31

94.1.32

94.1.33

94.1.34

94.1.35

94.1.36

94.1.37

94.1.38

Diospyros gambleana Bakh., TFM3 73; tree; hill forest; twice from Keladang

Range, Pk; endemic.

Diospyros hasseltii Zoll., TFM3 73; Diospyros brachiata King & Gamble,

FMP2 293; Diospyros horsfieldii Hiern, FMP2 293; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Diospyros insidiosa Bakh., TFM3 74; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; twice

from P. Tioman, Ph; endemic.

Diospyros ismailii Ng, TFM3 74; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

1000 m; Kd, Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros johorensis Ng, TFM3 74; tree to 17 m tall; lowland forest; known

only from type, Gg Panti, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros kingii Bakh., TFM3 74; small tree; hill forest; thrice from Pk;

endemic.

Diospyros kurzii Hiern, FMP2 286, TFM3 76; Diospyros wrayi King &

Gamble, FMP2 283; Diospyros pubicarpa Ridl., FMP2 286; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland forest to 500 m, on limestone as well; Ps, Pk, Ph, SI.

Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb., TFM3 76; Diospyros lucida Wall. ex A.DC.,

FMP2 286; Diospyros clavigera C.B. Clarke var. pachyphylla (C.B. Clarke)

Ridl., FMP2 288; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m;

throughout.

Diospyros latisepala Ridl., FMP2 294, TFM3 76; tree to 16 m tall; lowland

to lower montane forest at 1000 m; throughout.

Diospyros maingayi (Hiern) Bakh., TFM3 76; Diospyros bilocularis Oliv.,

FMP2 288; tree to 40 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Kd, KI, Tg,

Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Diospyros malabarica (Descr.) Kotel., TFM3 77; Diospyros siamensis auct.

non Hochr., FMP2 288; tree to 37 m tall; open country; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Diospyros montana Roxb., TFM3 79; Diospyros cordifolia Roxb., FMP2

295; tree to 7 m tall; dry lowland forest; P. Langkawi.

Diospyros nutans King & Gamble, FMP2 294, TFM3 79; tree to 17 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros pauciflora King & Gamble, FMP2 290, TFM3 79; tree to 10 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Tg, Pk, Jh.

Diospyros penangiana King & Gamble, FMP2 289, TFM3 80; tree to 27 m

tall; lowland forest to 500 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, NS, MI; endemic.

94.1.39

94.1.40a

94.1.40b

94.1.40c

94.1.40d

94.1.41

94.1.42

94.1.43

94.1.44

94.1.45

94.1.46

94.1.47

94.1.48

94.1.49

94.1.50

Diospyros pendula Hasselt ex Hassk., TFM3 80; Diospyros oleifolia Wall.

ex A.DC., FMP2 292; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1100 m;

Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. chikusensis Ng, TFM3 80; tree to 27 m

tall; swampy lowland forest; Pk; endemic variety.

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. helferi (C.B. Clarke) Bakh., TFM3 81;

Diospyros helferi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 292; tree to 17 m tall; lowland forest;

Ps, Kd, P. Langkawi, KI.

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. nurii Ng, TFM3 81; tree to 17 m tall;

peat swamp forest; Sl; endemic variety.

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. oblonga (Wall. ex G. Don) Ng, TFM3

81; Diospyros oblonga Wall. ex G. Don, FMP2 291; tree to 24m tall: lowland

and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Mig., TFM3 83; Diospyros reflexa King & Gamble,

FMP2 292; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Tg, Pk,

Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Diospyros retrofacta Bakh., TFM3 83; tree to 21 m tall; limestone hills; Ps,

K]1, Pk, Ph.

Diospyros ridleyi Bakh., TFM3 84; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 1200 m; Pn, Tg, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros rigida Hiern, FMP2 291, TFM3 84; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

forest; Kl], Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh. ,

Diospyros rufa King & Gamble, FMP2 290, TFM3 84; tree to 27 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest at 1300 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Jh;

endemic.

Diospyros scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 284, TFM3 86; tree to 20 m

tall; hill and montane forest at 400-1500 m; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS; endemic.

Diospyros selangorensis Bakh., TFM3 86; small tree; montane forest; known

only from type, Gg Ulu Semangkok, Sl; endemic.

Diospyros siamang Bakh., TFM3 86; tree to 47 m tall; swamp forest; SI, Jh,

Sp.

Diospyros singaporensis Bakh., TFM3 86; tree to 34 m tall; lowland forest

to 600 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros styraciformis King & Gamble, FMP2 288, TFM3 87; tree to 30

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Ph, Sl, MI, Jh, Sp.

199

200

94.1.51

94.1.52

94.1.53

94.1.54

94.1.55

94.1.56

94.1.57

94.1.58

941,59

94.1.60

94.1.6la

94.1.61b

94.1.62

94.1.63

Diospyros subrhomboidea King & Gamble, FMP2 283, TFM3 87; tree to 8

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Pk, Sl.

Diospyros sumatrana Miq., TFM3 87; Diospyros graciliflora auct. non

Hiern, FMP2 284; Diospyros dumosa King & Gamble, FMP2 285;

Diospyros flavicans (Wall.) Hiern, FMP2 285; Diospyros tubicalyx Rid1.,

FMP2 285; Diospyros hendersonii Ridl., FMP5 320; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

to montane forest at 1500 m; common throughout.

Diospyros tahanensis Bakh., TFM3 89; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest;

Ph.

Diospyros toposia Buch.-Ham., TFM3 89; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and

hill forest to 700 m; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Diospyros toposioides King & Gamble, FMP2 290, TFMS3 89; tree to 13 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, SI.

Diospyros transistoria Bakh., TFM3 90; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest,

sometimes on limestone; P. Langkawi, Pk.

Diospyros trengganuensis Ng, TFM3 90; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; Tg; endemic.

Diospyros tristis King & Gamble, FMP2 289, TFM3 90; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Diospyros truncata Zoll. & Moritzi, TFM3 91; tree to 10 m tall; montane

forest at 1300-1700 m; Ph.

Diospyros undulata Wall. ex G. Don, TFM3 91; tree to 10 m tall; limestone

hills; Ps, Kd, P. Langkawi.

Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A. DC. var. olivacea (King & Gamble ex EN.

Williams) Bakh., TFM3 93; Maba olivacea King & Gamble ex EN. Williams,

FMP2 279; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph; endemic variety.

Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A. DC. var. venosa, TFM3 93; Maba venosa

(Wall. ex A.DC.) King & Gamble, FMP2 279; Maba merguensis Hiern,

FMP2 280; tree to 27 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1300 m;

throughout.

Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble ex F.N. Williams, FMP2 291, TFM3 93;

tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Ps, Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk,

Ph, SI, NS, MI.

Diospyros yeobii Bakh., TFM3 94; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

95.

95.1.1

96.

96.1.1

96.1.2

96.1.3

96.1.4

96.1.5

96.1.6

96.1.7a

96.1.7b

96.1.8a

96.1.8b

96.1.9

201

ELAEAGNACEAE

Elaeagnus confertus Roxb., FMI10 153 ‘conferta’; Elaeagnus latifolius L.,

FMP3 149 ‘latifolia’; liana to 12 m long; hill forest; Pn, Pk.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Ridl., FMP1 314, TFM4 86, stilt-rooted tree to

20 m tall; swamp forest; Ph, Sl, Jh.

Elaeocarpus acronodia Mast. ssp. sumatranus Coode, C20 274; tree 5—17

m tall; upper montane forest; (?) once each Gg Rabong, KI, and Gg Lawit,

Tg.

Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume, TFM4 86; Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.,

FMP1 310; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Si.

Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast., TFM4 86; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 330 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk; endemic.

Elaeocarpus cruciatus Corner, TFM4 87; tree to 20 m tall; montane forest

at 1200-1800 m; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Elaeocarpus eriobotryoides Ridl., FMP1 320, TFM4 87; tree to 15 m tall;

montane forest at 1220-1510 m; Ph/SI borders; endemic.

Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud. ssp. ferrugineus, TFM4 87;

Elaeocarpus jackianus Wall. ex King, FMP1 318; tree to 28 m tall; lowland

to lower montane forest at 1200 m; common throughout.

Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud. ssp. glabrescens (Mast.) Coode, C20

282; Elaeocarpus glabrescens Mast., FMP1 319, TFM4 88; tree to 24 m tall;

hill and montane forest at 450-1830 m; Kd, Pn, Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic

subspecies.

Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume var. floribundus, FMP1 313, TFM4 88; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1500 m; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, SI, NS,

Jh.

Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume var. tahanensis (M.R. Hend.) Ng, TFM4

88; Elaeocarpus tahanensis M.R. Hend., H34 74; small tree; montane forest

above 1000 m; Fraser’s Hill and Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic variety.

Elaeocarpus fraseri Coode, C21 242; Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. var. ovalis

Ridl., FMP1 313; tree to 12 m tall; montane forest at 1200 m; Fraser’s Hill,

Ph; endemic.

202

96.1.10

96.1.11

96.1.12

96.1.13

96.1.14

96.1.15

96.1.16

96.1.17a

96.1.17b

96.1.17¢

96.1.17d

96.1.18

96.1.19

96.1.20

Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm., TFM4 88; tree to 20 m tall; hill and montane

forest to 1200 m; Kd, Ph, Sl.

Elaeocarpus griffithii (Wight) A. Gray, FMP1 316, TFM4 89; Elaeocarpus

paniculatus Wall., FMP1 315; tree usually only to 7 m tall; swampy lowland

forest, near rivers; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Elaeocarpus knuthii Merr. ssp. cuspidatus (Ridl.) Coode, C20 287;

Elaeocarpus reticulatus var. cuspidatus Ridl., FMP1 321; tree; montane

forest at 900-1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic subspecies.

Elaeocarpus macrocarpus Miq., C19 98, tree, once from Mersing F.R., Jh.

Elaeocarpus macrocerus (Turcz.) Merr., TFM4 90; Elaeocarpus obtusus

auct. non Blume, FMP1 317; tree to 45 m tall; tidal swamps and river

estuaries; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Elaeocarpus mastersii King, FMP1 319, TFM4 90, C20 288; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland to montane forest at 2000 m; common throughout.

Elaeocarpus nanus Corner, TFM4 90, C20 292; Elaeocarpus reticulatus (non

Sm.) Ridl., FMP1 320; bushy tree to 8 m tall; upper montane forest at 1000-

2000 m; Pk, Ph, SI, Jh; type subspecies endemic.

Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack var. nitidus, FMP1 314, TFM4 91; Elaeocarpus

parvifolius Wall., FMP1 310; tree to 24 m tall; lowland to montane forest at

1500 m; common throughout.

Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack var. salicifolius (King) Ng, TFM4 91; Elaeocarpus

salicifolius King, FMP1 313; tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, Jh, Sp;

endemic variety.

Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack var. velutinus Ng, TFM4 91; tree to 21 m tall;

montane forests at 800-1500 m; KI], Ph, Jh; endemic variety.

Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack var. wrayi (King) Ng, TFM4 91; Elaeocarpus wrayi

King, FMP1 312; tree to 21 m tall; montane forest at 1300-1700 m; Tg, Pk,

Ph; endemic variety.

Elaeocarpus palembanicus (Miq.) Corner, TFM4 91; Elaeocarpus hullettii

King, FMP3 316; Elaeocarpus leptomischus Ridl., FMP3 320; tree generally

to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall. ex Mast., FMP1 316, TFM4 92; tree to 27

‘m tall; lowland and hill forest to 670 m; common throughout.

Elaeocarpus petiolatus (Jack) Wall., FMP1 315, TKM4 92; tree to 21 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 500 m; widespread.

96.1.21

96.1.22

96.1.23

96.1.24a

96.1.24b

96.1.24c

96.1.25

96.1.26

96.1.27a

96.1.27b

96.1.28

96.1.29

96.2.1

96.2.2

96.2.3

Elaeocarpus polystachyus Wall. ex Miull.Berol., FMP1 319, TFM4 92: tree

to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1100 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp;

endemic.

Elaeocarpus pseudopaniculatus Corner, TFM4 93; tree to 12 m tall; montane

forest; Fraser’s Hill and Gg Tahan, Ph.

Elaeocarpus reticosus Ridl., FMP1 321, TFM4 94: shrub to 5 m tall;

mountain ridges and summits above 1000 m; K1, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. var. collinus Coode, C19 90; tree, montane

forest at about 1400 m; Gg Mandi Angin, Tg; endemic variety.

Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. var megacarpus Coode, C19 90; Elaeocarpus

macrocarpus (non Mig.) Ridl., FMP1 321; tree, lowlands to mountains;

widespread.

Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. var robustus, FMP1 313, TFM4 94, C19 90;

tree, lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb., FMP1 318, TFM4 94; Elaeocarpus kunstleri

King, FMP1 317; tree to 39 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Elaeocarpus sallehianus Ng, TFM4 95 ‘sallehiana’; tree to 30 m tall: hill

forest; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume var. latifolius King, TFM4 96 ‘/atifolia’; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland forest to 300 m; Pk, Sl.

Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume var. stipularis, FMP1 311, TFM4 95; tree to

30 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1250 m; throughout.

Elaeocarpus submonoceras Mig., C21 251; Elaeocarpus longifolius Blume

var. fusiformis Corner, TFM4 89; tree to 8 m tall; riverbank tree; Sg Rompin,

Ph.

Elaeocarpus symingtonii Ng, TFM4 96; tree to 7 m tall; mountain tops above

1400 m; Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Sloanea javanica (Migq.) Syzyl. ex K. Schum., FMP 1 308, TFM4 97; tree to

27 m tall; lowland forest to 450 m; SI, NS, Jh.

Sloanea malayana Coode, TFM4 97; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 1000 m; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Sloanea sigun (Blume) K. Schum., TFM4 97; tree to 36 m tall; montane

forest at 1000-1500 m; Ph, SI.

203

204

97.

97.1.1

98.

98.1.1

98.2.1

98.3.1

98.3.2

98.3.3a

98.3.3b

98.3.4

98.4.1

98.4.2

98.4.3

EPACRIDACEAE

Styphelia malayana (Jack) Spr., FM16 426, TFM2 32; Leucopogon

malayanus Jack, FMP2 223 incl. var. moluccanus (non Scheff.) Ridl.; shrub

to 5 m tall; upper montane forest, lowland sandy heaths; widespread.

ERICACEAE

Agapetes scortechinii (King & Gamble) Sleumer, FM16 879, TFM3 97;

Pentapterygium scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 205; sprawling shrub

or epiphyte; upper montane forest above 1200 m; Ph; endemic.

Cheilotheca malayana Scort. ex Hook.f., FMP2 222, K08 83, TFM3 97;

Andresia malayana (Scort. ex Hook.f.) Sleumer, FM16 669; fleshy white

herbaceous parasite to 25 cm long; hill forest; thrice from Pk (Larut and

Maxwell’s Hill); endemic.

Diplycosia elliptica Ridl., FMP2 213, FMi6 723, TFM3 98; Diplycosia

microphylla auct. non Becc., FMP2 213; Diplycosia cordifolia Ridl., FMP2

214; epiphytic or terrestrial shrub to 1 m tall; montane forest at 900-1800

m:; K]1, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Diplycosia heterophylla Blume var. latifolia (Blume) Sleumer, FMP2 214,

FMi6 738, TFM3 98; Diplycosia latifolia Blume, FMP2 214; shrub or climber,

sometimes epiphytic; montane forest at 1200-1700 m; KI], Pk, Ph, SI.

Diplycosia lancifolia Rid. var. calvescens Sleumer, FMP2 214, FMi6 728,

TFMS3 98; shrub; known from type, Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Diplycosia lancifolia Rid. var. lancifolia, FMP2 214, FM16 728, TFM3 98;

shrub; known from type, Gg Benom, Ph; endemic.

Diplycosia pseudorufescens Sleumer var. elliptifolia Sleumer, FMi6 711,

TFMS3 98; shrub or small tree to 6 m tall; upper montane forest at 1300-

1500 m; Gg Korbu, Pk, Gg Benom, Ph.

Gaultheria hirta Ridl., FMP2 213, FMi6 691, TFM3 99; scandent shrub;

upper montane forest at 1370-1525 m; twice from Gg Korbu, Pk; endemic.

Gaultheria leucocarpa Blume, FMP2 212, FMi6 692, TFM3 99; scandent

shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest above 1000 m; Pk, Ph.

Gaultheria malayana Airy Shaw, FM16 690, TFM3 99; Gaultheria

fragrantissima auct. non Wall., FMP2 212; shrub to 2 m tall; montane forest

above 1300 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

98.5.1

98.6.1

98.7.1

98.7.2a

98.7.2b

98.7.2c

98.7.3

98.7.4

98.7.5

98.7.6

98.7.7

98.7.8

98.7.9a

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, FM16 675, TFM3 99; Pieris ovalifolia (Wall.)

D. Don, FMP2 215; shrub or small tree to 8 m tall; montane forest above

1200 m; Kd, Pk, Ph.

Pernettyopsis malayana King & Gamble, FMP2 221, FM16 676, TFM3 97:

Pernettyopsis subglabra King & Gamble, FMP2 221; Pernettyopsis breviflora

(Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 222; epiphytic or terrestrial shrub to 60 cm tall; upper

montane forest above 1500 m; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Rhododendron hybridogenum Sleumer, FMi16 537; shrub; montane forest;

once from Cameron Highlands; endemic.

Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. var. jasminiflorum, FMP2 218 in part,

FM16 566, TFM3 101 in part; scrambling shrub to 2.5 m tall, usually

epiphytic; open places at 1100-1500 m; Gg Ledang, Jh; endemic variety.

Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. var. oblongifolium Sleumer, FM16 567;

shrub; montane forest; P. Tioman; Gg Belumut, Jh.

Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. var. punctatum Ridl., FM16 566;

Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. var. maculatum Ridl., FMP2 218; shrub

to 3 m tall; montane forest at 850-1800 m; Kd, Pk, Ph; endemic variety.

Rhododendron javanicum (Blume) Benn. var. teysmannii (Miq.) King &

Gamble, FM16 625, TFM3 102; Rhododendron teysmannii Mig., FMP2 216;

epiphytic shrub; on riverside trees in the lowlands; KI], Ph.

Rhododendron klossii Ridl., FMP2 218, FMi16 667, TFM3 102: shrub to 4

m tall; rocky ridges in the lowlands; Bt Raka Bintang and Tras, Ph.

Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl., FMP2 219, FM16 640, TFM3 104;

Rhododendron orion Ridl. var. aurantiacum Ridl., FMP2 217; terrestrial

or epiphytic shrub to 4.5 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m, also on

rocky ridges; Kd, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Rhododendron malayanum Jack, FMP2 219, FM16 532, TFM3 102:

epiphytic or terrestrial shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest at 1000-1800 m;

K]1, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Rhododendron moulmeinense Hook., FMP2 218, FM16 666, TFM3 102:

Rhododendron leucobotrys Ridl., FMP2 218; shrub to 10 m tall; montane

forest at 1000-1500 m; Gg Jerai, Kd; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Rhododendron obscurum Sleumer, FMi6 535; shrub to 3 m tall; montane

forest at 2015 m; once from summit of Gg Benom, Ph; endemic (probably

of hybrid origin).

Rhododendron pauciflorum King & Gamble var. calocodon (Ridl.)

Sleumer, FM16 591; Rhododendron calocodon Ridl., FMP2 219; epiphytic

shrub; montane forest at 1500-1800 m; Sl; endemic.

205

206

98.7.9b

98.7.10

98.7.11

98.7.12

98.713

98.7.14

98.745

98.8.1

98.8.2a

98.8.2b

98.8.3

Rhododendron pauciflorum King & Gamble var. pauciflorum, FMP2 219,

FMi16 591, TFM3 102; Rhododendron elegans Ridl., FMP2 220; shrubby

epiphyte to 2 m tall; montane forest at 1500-2100 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Rhododendron perakense King & Gamble, FMP2 216, FMi6 488, TFM3

101; epiphytic or terrestrial shrub to 2 m tall; montane forest at 1800 m;

Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Rhododendron robinsonii Ridl., FMP2 216, FM16 620, TFM3 102;

Rhododendron javanicum auct. non (Blume) Benn., FMP2 216; epiphytic

or sometimes terrestrial shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest at 1000-1800 m;

Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Rhododendron seimundii J.J. Sm., FM16 490, TFM3 101; epiphytic or

terrestrial shrub to 1.5 m tall; montane forest at about 1500 m; Gg Tahan,

Ph; endemic.

Rhododendron scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 219, FM16 490, TFM3

102; Rhododendron orion Ridl., FMP2 217; epiphytic or terrestrial shrub

to 2 m tall; upper montane forest above 1500 m; Gg Bubu, Pk; Gg Benom

& Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Rhododendron spathulatum Ridl., FMP2 220, FM16 487, TFM3 101;

epiphytic or terrestrial shrub to 1.5 m tall; montane forest at 1500-2100 m;

Gg Korbu, Pk; Gg Siku, Ph; endemic.

Rhododendron wrayi King & Gamble, FMP2 217 incl. var. elliptica Ridl.,

FM16 659, TFM3 101; Rhododendron corruscum Ridl., FMP2 217;

Rhododendron dubium King & Gamble, FMP2 221; shrub or tree to 16 m

tall; montane forest above 1000 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Vaccinium acuminatissimum Mig., FMP2 210, FM16 761, TFM3 105;

epiphytic or climbing shrub; lowland forest to 460 m; Pk, Sp.

Vaccinium bancanum Miq. var. kunstleri (King & Gamble) Sleumer, FM16

842; Vaccinium bancanum Miq., FMP2 209 in part, TFM3 107 in part;

Vaccinium breviflos Ridl., FMP2 208; shrub or small treelet, often epiphytic;

montane forest; widespread.

Vaccinium bancanum Mid. var. tenuinervium J.J.Sm., FM16 842; Vaccinium

bancanum Mig., FMP2 209 in part, TFM3 107 in part; Vaccinium wrayi

Ridl., FMP2 208; Vaccinium ardisiiflorum Ridl., FMP2 209; Vaccinium

eburneum Ridl., FMP2 209; shrub or small treelet, often epiphytic; montane

forest; widespread.

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb., FMi6 801, TFM3 104; Vaccinium malaccense

Wight, FMP2 211; Vaccinium pubicarpum Ridl., FMP2 211; shrub or small

tree to 6 m tall; sandy seashores and mountains; commonest on East Coast.

98.8.4

98.8.5

98.8.6

98.8.7

98.8.8

98.8.9

98.8.10

98.8.11

98.8.12a

98.8.12b

98.8.13

99.

99.1.1

Vaccinium dialypetalum J.J.Sm., FM16 753, TFM3 105; A gapetes micrantha

Ridl., FMP2 205; Agapetes perakensis Ridl., FMP2 205; Agapetes wrayi Ridl.,

FMP2 205; Agapetes pubescens Ridl., FMP5 318; epiphytic climber;

montane forest above 800 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Vaccinium glabrescens King & Gamble, FMP2 208, FMi6 804, TFM3 105;

Vaccinium longibracteatum Ridl., FMP2 208; shrub, sometimes epiphytic,

to 5 m tall; montane forest above 1000 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Vaccinium leptanthum Mig., FM16 764, TFM3 107; small, usually epiphytic,

shrub; lowland forest; K1, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Vaccinium littoreum Migq., FM16 854, TFM3 107; Vaccinium hasseltii Migq..,

FMP2 209; shrub, often epiphytic; sandy shores, rocky ridges, montane

forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

Vaccinium loranthifolium Ridl., FMP2 208, FMi6 853, TFM3 105; shrub to

4 m tall; upper montane forest; above 1800 m; Gg Rabong, KI; Gg Korbu,

Pk; Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Vaccinium pseudodialypetalum Ng, TFM3 105; epiphytic shrub; montane

forest at 1000—1500 m; SI/Ph border area; endemic.

Vaccinium scortechinii King & Gamble, FMP2 207, FMi6 807, TFM3 104;

epiphytic or terrestrial shrub; montane forest at 1500-1900 m; Pk, Ph;

endemic.

Vaccinium varingiifolium (Blume) Miq., FM16 815, TFM3 107; Vaccinium

erythrinum Hook., FMP2 211; shrub; montane forest at 1500-1900 m; Gg

Bubu, Pk; Gg Mengkuang Lebak, Ph/SI.

Vaccinium viscifolium King & Gamble var. bicalearatum Sleumer, FM16

852, TFM3 105; shrub; montane forest; Gg Mandi Angin, Tg; Gg Jasar, Ph;

endemic variety.

Vaccinium viscifolium King & Gamble var. viscifolium, FMP2 207, FM16

852, TFM3 105; Vaccinium decorum Ridl., FMP2 207; Vaccinium perakense

Ridl., FMP2 207; shrub to 5 m tall, sometimes epiphytic; hill and montane

forest; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Vaccinium whitmorei Ng, TFM3 107; shrub or small tree; montane forest

at 1000-1700 m; Gg Ulu Kali and Fraser’s Hill, SI/Ph; endemic.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Mig.) Kurz, FMi5 548, TFM1 194; Erythroxylum

burmanicum Griff., FMP1 324; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest,

common near the sea; throughout.

207

208

991.2

100.

100.1.1

100.2.1

100.2.2

100.2.3

100.2.4

100.2.5

100.2.6

100.2.7

100.2.8

100.2.9

100.2.10

100.2.11

100.2.12

100.2.13

Erythroxylum kochummenii Ng, N02 235; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Ulu Lebir, Kl, & Ulu Gombak, SI; endemic.

ESCALLONIACEAE

Itea macrophylla Wall., FMP1 687, TFM4 462; small tree; montane forest

above 1200 m; Gg Mandi Angin, Tg, and Gg Tahan, Ph.

Polyosma conocarpa Ridl., FMP1 684, TFM4 464; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; throughout.

Polyosma coriacea King, FMP1 685, TFM4 465; shrub to 3 m tall; montane

forest above 1400 m; Tg, Pk; endemic.

Polyosma fasciculata Ridl., FMP1 685, TFM4 465; tree to 7 m tall; montane

forest above 1000 m; Gg Jerai, Kd; endemic.

Polyosma fragrans Benn., FMP1 684, TFM4 465; tree to 17 m tall; lowland

to montane forest; Ph, Sl, Jh.

Polyosma glaucescens Ridl., FMP 1684, TFM4 46; tree to 7 m tall; montane

forest above 1000 m; Gg Tahan and Gg Tapis, Ph; endemic.

Polyosma integrifolia Blume, FMP 1 683, TFM4 466; Polyosma grandis Rid1.,

FMP 1 683; tree to 14 m tall; montane forest above 1000 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

Polyosma kingiana Schltr., TFM4 46; Polyosma flavovirens Ridl., FMP1

686; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, SI, Sp.

Polyosma laetevirens Griff. ex King, FMP1 685, TFM4 467; tree to 17 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Polyosma nullii B.C. Stone, $48 258, TFM4 467; shrub to 2.5 m tall; montane

forest above 1300 m; Genting Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Polyosma parviflora King, TFM4 468; Polyosma ilicifolia auct. non Blume,

FMP1 683; tree to 8 m tall; montane forest above 1300 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl;

endemic.

Polyosma ridleyi King, FMP1 686, TFM4 468; tree to 22 m tall; lowland

forest to 600 m; Jh, Sp.

Polyosma robusta (Ridl.) L.G. Saw, TFM4 468; Polyosma laetevirens Griff.

ex King var. robusta Ridl., FMP1 686; small tree; montane forest above

1600 m; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Polyosma scortechinii King, FMP1 685, TFM4 468; tree to 30 m tall;

montane forest above 1000 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

100.2.14

100.2.15

100.2.16

101.

101.1.1

101.1.2

101.1.3

101.1.4

101.2.1a

101.2.1b

101.2.2

101.3.1

101.3.2a

101.3.2b

101.4.1

Polyosma sp. 1, TFM4 469; tree to 13 m tall; lowland forest; once from Gg

Lawit, Tg; endemic.

Polyosma sp. 2, TFM4 469; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; once from Jh:

endemic.

Polyosma sp. 3, TFM4 469; tree to 10 m tall; montane forest above 1600 m;

Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha caturus Blume, TFM2 51; shrub; hill and montane forest; SI.

Acalypha indica L., FMP3 274, TFM2 51; herb about 30 cm tall; common

weed; widespread.

Acalypha lanceolata Willd., TFM2 51; Acalypha fallax Mill.Arg., FMP3

274; hairy herb to 1 m tall; waste ground; north of Malaya.

Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage, FMP3 274, TFM2 51; shrub to 4 m tall;

open sandy places; MI and Ph northward.

Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Miill.Arg. var. acuminata Airy Shaw, TFM2

52; Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Miill.Arg., FMP3 196; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland forest, sometimes on limestone; scattered throughout.

Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Miill-Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm.,

TFM2 52; Actephila javanica Mig., FMP3 196; shrub about 1 m tall; near

the sea, often on islands; P. Langkawi, P. Jarak, P. Tioman, Jh, Sp.

Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage, FMP3 196, TFM2 51; shrub; mostly on

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn.

Agrostistachys gaudichaudii Mill. Arg., FMP3 268, TFM2 53; small tree to

15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Agrostistachys longifolia (Wight) Benth. var. leptostachya (Pax & K.

Hoffm.) Whitmore, FMP3 53; small tree to 9 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Agrostistachys longifolia (Wight) Benth. var. longifolia, FMP3 53;

Agrostistachys borneensis Becc., FMP3 268; Agrostistachys sessilifolia

(Kurz) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 267; small tree to 9 m tall; lowland to lower

montane forest at 1050 m; throughout.

Alchornea adenophila Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 278, TFM2 54; shrub;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

209

210

101.4.2

101.4.3a

101.4.3b

101.4.4

101.4.5

101.5.1

1015.2

101.5.3

101.5.4

1045.5

101.5.6

101.5.7

101.5.8

101.5.9

101.5.10

101.5.11

Alchornea rhodophylla Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 278, TFM2 54; shrub to 3

m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Miill.-Arg. var. macrocarpa Airy Shaw, TFM2

53; shrub; lowland forest; Kl, Ph.

Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Miill.Arg. var. rugosa, TFM2 53; Alchornea

javensis (Endl. ex Hassk.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 278; shrub to 1.5 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk northward.

Alchornea tiliifolia (Benth.) Mill. Arg., FMP3 277, TFM2 54; shrub; once

from ?Gg Panti, Jh.

Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 277, TFM2 54; shrub; lowland

forests and forest margins; Pk and Ph southward.

Antidesma brachybotrys Airy Shaw, TFM2 57; shrub; lowland and hill

forest; Pk, Jh.

Antidesma coriaceum Tul., FMP3 233, TFM2 57; Antidesma cordatum Airy

Shaw, TFM2 56; small tree to 15 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at

1500 m; only missing from the far north.

Antidesma cruciforme Gage, FMP3 230, TFM2 55; small tree; montane

forest at 1000—1400 m; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Antidesma cuspidatum Miill.Arg., FMP3 232, incl. var. /eiodiscus Ridl.,

TFM2 58; small tree; lowland forest; common throughout.

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., FMP3 230, TFM2 56; small tree to 6 m

tall; lowland to montane forest at 1200 m; MI northward.

Antidesma helferi Hook.f, FMP3 228, TFM2 58; tree to 18 m tall; swampy

lowland forest; K1, Pk.

Antidesma hosei Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 57; shrub; K1], NS.

Antidesma japonicum Siebold & Zucc., TFM2 57; Antidesma gracillimum

Gage, FMP3 227; small tree; lowlands and mountains, also on limestone;

Ps, Ts, Pk, PB:

Antidesma laurifolium Airy Shaw, FMP3 57; shrub; hill forest at 300-400

m; Gg Belumut, Jh.

Antidesma leucocladon Hook.f., FMP3 233, TFM2 57; shrub to 5 m tall;

lowland forest; Ps, Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Sl, MI.

Antidesma leucopodum Migq., TFM2 56; Antidesma hirtellum Ridl., FMP3

229; small tree to 5 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

101.5.12

101.5.13

101.5.14

101.5.15

101.5.16

101.5.17

101.5.18

101.5.19

101.5.20

101.5.21

101.5.22

101.5.23

101.6.1

101.6.2

101.6.3

Antidesma montanum Blume, FMP3 231, TFM2 58: Antidesma

phanerophlebium Merr., FMP3 230; small tree about 12 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; throughout.

Antidesma neurocarpum Mig., TFM2 57; Antidesma alatum Hook.f., FMP3

227; small tree to 8 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; throughout.

Antidesma orthogyne (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 55; Antidesma

velutinosum Blume var. orthogyne Hook.f., FMP3 231; shrub; lowland

forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, MI.

Antidesma pachystachys Hook.f., FMP3 226, TFM2 56; shrub to 4 m tall;

lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Antidesma pahangense Airy Shaw, TFM2 56; shrub; hill and montane forest;

Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Antidesma pendulum Hook.f, FMP3 227, TFM2 56; shrub to 2 m tall; hill

and montane forest to 1200 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Antidesma puncticulatum Mig., P. Hoffmann pers. comm.; Antidesma

thwaitesianum Mill.Arg., TFM2 57; shrub, twice collected, Bt Tanjung, Kd

and Tasek Bera, Ph.

Antidesma salicinum Ridl., FMP3 228; incl. var. /atior Ridl., TFM2 56; wiry

shrub to 2 m or more tall; swiftly flowing mountain streams; widespread.

Antidesma stipulare Blume, FMP3 226, TFM2 56; Antidesma kunstleri

Gage, FMP3 225; shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Tg, Ph, Jh.

Antidesma tomentosum Blume, FMP3 226, TFM2 55; Antidesma longipes

Hook.f., FMP3 229; Antidesma persimile Kurz, FMP3 229; Antidesma

perakense Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 233; shrub or small tree to 7 m tall; hill

and montane forest to 1200 m; throughout except far north-west.

Antidesma velutinosum Blume, FMP3 231 incl. var. lancifolium Hook.f,

TFM2 55; small tree to 5 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1200

m; common throughout.

Antidesma velutinum Tul., TFM2 55; shrub; once from Kd.

Aporusa arborea (Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 239, TFM2 61; tree to 12 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; scattered throughout.

Aporusa aurea Hook.f., FMP3 240, TFM2 59; small tree to 15 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; scattered throughout.

Aporusa benthamiana Hook.f., FMP3 236, TFM2 59; small tree to 12 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Tg, Pk, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

211

212

101.6.4

101.6.5

101.6.6

101.6.7

101.6.8

101.6.9

101.610

101.6.11

101.6.12

101.6.13

101.6.14

101.6.15

101.6.16

101.6.17

101.6.18

Aporusa bracteosa Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 237, TFM2 60; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland forest; Kl and Pk southward.

Aporusa confusa Gage, FMP3 238, TFM2 59; small tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; scattered throughout.

Aporusa falcifera Hook.f., FMP3 236, TFM2 60; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 540 m; scattered throughout.

Aporusa frutescens Blume, FMP3 241, TFM2 59; shrub or small tree;

lowland forest; Kd, Pn, KI, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Aporusa globifera Hook.f., FMP3 237, TFM2 59; small tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Aporusa isabellina Airy Shaw; A03 474, TFM2 61; small tree to 15 m tall;

ridge tops in lowland forest; K1, Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Aporusa lunata (Miq.) Kurz, FMP3 237, TFM2 59; small tree; lowland to

montane forest at 1500 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Aporusa microstachya (Tul.) Miill.Arg., TFM2 61; Aporusa maingayi

Hook.f., FMP3 241; tree; hillsides in lowland forest to 400 m; Kd and Tg

southward.

Aporusa miqueliana Miill.Arg., FMP3 241, TFM2 61; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; scattered throughout.

Aporusa nervosa Hook.f, FMP3 238, TFM2 61; tree exceptionally to 30 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 660 m; scatterred throughout; endemic.

Aporusa nigricans Hook.f, FMP3 239, TFM2 61; tree to 14 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; scattered throughout.

Aporusa nigropunctata Pax & K. Hoffm. var. antennifera Airy Shaw, TFM2

61; small tree; usually in lowland forest, occasional at higher elevations; SI

and Ph northward.

Aporusa nitida Merr., TFM2 60; small tree to 9 m tall; disturbed lowland

forest; twice from Pk.

Aporusa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) A.R. Vickery, C01 166; Aporusa

dioica (Roxb.) Mill.Arg., TFM2 60; Aporusa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk.,

FMP3 238; small tree; damp lowland forest; throughout.

The Malayan plants are presumably var. malesiana Schot (S09 452).

Aporusa penangensis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 61; Aporusa maingayi

Hook.f. var. penangensis Ridl., FMP3 242; tree to 45 m tall; lowland to

lower montane forest at 1200 m; sparsely scattered through Malaya;

endemic.

101.6.19

101.6.20

101.6.21

101.6.22

101.6.23

101.6.24

101.7.1

101.8.1a

101.8.1b

101.8.1¢

101.9.1

101.9.2

101.9.3

101.9.4

101.9.5

101.9.6

Aporusa prainiana King ex Gage, FMP3 240, TFM2 60; tree to 20 m tall;

hillsides in lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, MI, Jh, Sp.

Aporusa pseudoficifolia Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 237, TFM2 59; shrub to 3

m tall; hill forest 450—900 m; Pn, Pk, NS.

Aporusa selangorica Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 59; small tree to 6 m tall:

lowland and hill forest, often near rivers; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Aporusa stellifera Hook.f, FMP3 239, TFM2 60; small tree to 15 m tall;

lowland forest; Kl, Tg, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Aporusa symplocoides (Hook.f.) Gage, FMP3 240, TFM2 60; small tree to

12 m tall; lowland forest; common throughout.

Aporusa sp. nov., TFM2 60; small tree; swampy lowland forest; twice

collected in S.E. Jh; ?endemic.

Ashtonia praeterita Airy Shaw, TFM2 62; tree to 30 m tall; hill and montane

forest, 450-1200 m; Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Austrobuxus nitidus Mig. var. macrocarpus Airy Shaw; A03 506, TFM2 63;

once from near Bt Tangga, NS; endemic variety.

Austrobuxus nitidus Mig. var. montanus (Ridl.) Whitmore, TFM2 63;

Longetia montanus Ridl., FMP3 224; Austrobuxus montanus (Ridl.) Airy

Shaw; A03 507; shrub or small tree; high mountains; Ph.

Austrobuxus nitidus Mig. var. nitidus, TFM2 63; Longetia malayana

(Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 224; tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest,

coastal forest, swamps, mountains; throughout.

Baccaurea bracteata Miill.Arg., FMP3 246, TFM2 67; tree to 15 m tall,

sometimes stilt-rooted; swamp forest; Tg and Pk southward.

Baccaurea brevipes Hook.f., FMP3 250, TFM4 66; small tree to 9 m tall;

damp lowland forest; throughout.

Baccaurea griffithii Hook.f, FMP3 248, TFM2 66; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; throughout; endemic.

Baccaurea hookeri Gage, FMP3 247, TFM2 67; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Baccaurea javanica (Blume) Miill.Arg., TFM2 65; Baccaurea leucodermis

Hook.f. ex Ridl., FMP3 244; tree to 15 m tall; disturbed lowland forest; KI],

Pk, Ph, Jh.

Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage, FMP3 248, TFM2 65; buttressed tree to

21 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; KI, Tg, S] southward.

213

214

101.9.7

101.9.8

101.9.9

101.9.10

101.9.11

101.9.12

101.9.13

101.9.14

101.9.15

101.9.16

101.9.17

101.9.18

101.9.19

101.9.20

101.9.21

Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 248, TFM2 65; small tree;

lowland and hill forest, rarely on limestone; Ph and SI southward.

Baccaurea latifolia King ex Hook.f., FMP3 249, TFM2 67; tree to 18 m tall;

lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Sp; endemic.

Baccaurea macrophylla (Miill.Arg.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 247, TFM2 66; tree

to 12 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Baccaurea maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 246, TFM2 65; tree to 27 m tall; hill

forest at 150-780 m; Pk, Tg, NS, Jh.

Baccaurea minor Hook.f., FMP3 245, TFM2 66; small tree; lowland forest;

Kl, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

Baccaurea motleyana (Mill.Arg.) Mill.Arg., FMP3 250, TFM2 66;

Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 250; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 900 m; scattered throughout.

Baccaurea parviflora (Mill.Arg.) Mill.Arg., FMP3 243, TFM2 64;

Baccaurea scortechinii Hook.f., FMP3 244; small tree to 5 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; widespread, commoner in the north.

Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., FMP3 248, TFM2 67; tree to 24 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ml; endemic.

Baccaurea pyriformis Gage, FMP3 249, TFM2 67; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest to 300 m; Pn, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Miill.Arg., TFM2 65; Baccaurea wallichii

Hook.f., FMP3 245; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; throughout, commoner

in the south.

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., TFM2 65; Baccaurea wrayi King ex Hook.f,

FMP3 244; tree to 15 m tall; lowlands, rarely in the hills; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Baccaurea reniformis Chakrab. & M.G. Gangop., C02 449; tree to 13 m

tall; lowland forest, only known from type, Ulu Bubong, Pk; endemic.

Baccaurea reticulata Hook.f, FMP3 246, TFM2 67; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

forest to 300 m; Tg and Pk southward.

Baccaurea sumatrana Mill.Arg., TFM2 65; Baccaurea kingii Gage, FMP3

245; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; common throughout.

Baccaurea velutina (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP5 331, TFM2 67; Baccaurea reticulata

Hook.f. var. velutina Ridl., FMP3 246; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest at

600-1350 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

101.10.1

101.11.1

101.12.1

101.13.1

101.13.2

101.13.3

101.13.4

101.13.5

101.14.1

101.15.1

101.15.2

101.15.3

101.15.4

101.15.5

101.16.1

Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh, N11 106; Baliospermum

axillare Blume, FMP3 312; Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Miill.Arg.,

TFM2 68; shrub to 90 cm tall; open ground in the lowlands; Ps, Pn, Pk, MI.

Bischofia javanica Blume, FMP1 447; tree to 45 m tall; lowlands and

mountains; K1, Ph, Sl.

Blachia andamanica (Kurz) Hook.f., TFM2 68; shrub; ?0n limestone; Pk.

Blumeodendron borneense Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 70; Blumeodendron

concolor Gage, FMP3 281; small tree; lowland forest; once each from P.

Langkawi and P. Pangkor.

Blumeodendron calophyllum Airy Shaw, TFM2 70; tree to 18 m or more

tall; hillsides in lowland forest to 300 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm., FMP3 281, TFM2 70; tree to 15

m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr., TFM2 70; tree to 36 m

tall; lowland forest; scattered through Malaya.

Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) J.J.Sm., TFM2 71; Blumeodendron

vernicosum (Hook.f.) Gage, FMP3 282; tree to 36 m, sometimes stilt-rooted;

lowland forest to 450 m, often in swamps; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ns, Jh, Sp.

Botryophora geniculata (Mig.) Beumée ex Airy Shaw, TFM2 72;

Botryophora kingii Hook.f., FMP3 282; tree to 12 m tall; lowland to lower

montane forest at 1500 m; Pn, KI, Pk, Sl, Jh.

Breynia coronata Hook.f., FMP3 218, TFM2 73; small tree to 5 m tall;

lowland and mountains to 1200 m; widespread; endemic.

Breynia discigera Mill.Arg., FMP3 217, TFM2 73; small tree to 5 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Breynia microphylla (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Miill.Arg. var. angustifolia

(Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, A06 272; Breynia angustifolia Hook.f., FMP3 218,

TFM2 73; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland forest; Ps, Pk, Ph, NS.

Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook.f., FMP3 219, TFM2 73; scandent shrub;

lowlands and coasts; throughout.

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch., TFM2 73; Breynia rhamnoides

(Willd.) Mill. Arg., FMP3 218; Breynia keithii Ridl., FMP3 219; shrub; open

_ sandy places and coasts; north of Malaya.

Bridelia cinnamomea Hook.f., FMP3 185, TFM2 74; scrambling shrub or

small tree; lowland forest, forest margins; Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Als

216

101.16.2

101.16.3

101.16.4

101.16.5

101.16.6

101.16.7

101.168

101.174

161 37,2

101.17.3

101.18.1

101.19.1

101.20.1

101.21.1

101.22.1

101.22.2

Bridelia griffithii Hook.f., FMP3 185, TFM2 75; scrambling shrub; lowland

forest; Pk, M1, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Bridelia ovata Decne., FMP3 184, TFM2 74; small tree; dry open country;

Ps, Kd, Pn.

Bridelia penangiana Hook.f., FMP3 185, TFM2 75; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Ph, SI.

Bridelia pustulata Blume, FMP3 185, TFM2 74; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume, FMP3 183, TFM2 74; ? Bridelia retusa auct.

non (L.) Spreng., FMP3 184; shrub or small tree; open country, often near

streams; scatterred throughout.

Bridelia tomentosa Blume, FMP3 184, TFM2 74; tree to 18 m tall; secondary

forest; common throughout.

Bridelia whitmorei Airy Shaw, TFM2 74; woody climber; lowland forest;

Ulu Tembeling, Ph; endemic.

Cephalomappa lepidotula Airy Shaw, TFM2 76; small tree; lowland swamp

forest; S.E. Jh.

Cephalomappa malloticarpa J.J. Sm., TFM2 76; tree to 36 m tall; lowland |

forest; K1, Tg, Jh.

Cephalomappa penangensis Rid1l., FMP3 279, TFM2 76; tree to 36 m tall;

lowland forest including swamps; Pn, Tg, Pk, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thwaites, FMP3 310, TFM2 76; tree

to 12 m tall; mainly coastal; Kd, Pn, K1, Pk.

Cheilosa montana Blume, V24 163; Baccaurea malayana auct. non King ex

Hook.f., FMP3 247; Baliospermum malayanum Hook.f., FMP3 313;

Cheilosa malayana (Hook.f.) Corner ex Airy Shaw, TFM2 77; tree to 24 m

tall; lowland forest; K1, Tg, Pk, Sl, Sp.

Chondrostylis kunstleri (King ex Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 77;

Kunstleriodendron sublanceolata Ridl., FMP3 283; tree to 15 m tall; hill

forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex Spanoghe, FMP3 276, TFM2 78; shrub to

150 cm tall; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, K], Ph.

Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk., FMP3 271, TFM2 78; shrub

to 4 m tall; lowland forest, often near the sea; widespread.

Claoxylon kingii Hook.f. ex Ridl., FMP3 272, TFM2 79; shrub; hill and

montane forest-at 300-1100 m; Kd, Pn, Pk.

101.22.3

101.22.4

101.23.1

101.24.1

101.24.2

101.24.3

101.24.4

101.24.5

101.24.6

101.24.7

101.24.8

101.24.9

101.24.10

101.24.11

101.24.12

101.24.13

Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk., FMP3 272 incl. var.

brachystachys Hook.f., TFM2 79; tree to 9 m tall; lowland to montane forest

at 1350 m; throughout.

Claoxylon wallichianum Mill.Arg., FMP3 272, TFM2 79; shrub to 4 m tall:

lowland to montane forest at 1200 m; Pn, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm./.) Merr., TFM2 79; Cleidion javanicum Blume,

FMP3 296; shrub or small tree; lowland forest, sometimes on limestone;

Pn, K1, Pk, Sl.

Cleistanthus bracteosus Jabl., FMP3 187, TFM2 80; small tree; hillsides in

lowland forest; Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus contractus Airy Shaw, A03 511, TFM2 80; tree to 10 m tall;

lowland forest; once from Lenggor F.R., Jh; endemic.

Cleistanthus decurrens Hook.f, FMP3 191, TFM2 81; shrub; lowlands, often

near limestone; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Cleistanthus ellipticus Hook.f., FMP3 194, TFM2 82; tree; rocky lowland

forest; Tg, Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus flavescens Jabl., FMP3 188, TFM2 81; small tree; Pk, Tg;

endemic.

Cleistanthus glaber Airy Shaw, TFM2 80; lowland forest; Tg, Jh.

Cleistanthus glandulosus Jabl., FMP3 189, TFM2 81; small tree; hill forest;

known only from type, Gg Keledang, Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus glaucus Jabl., FMP3 188, TFM2 80; tree; on limestone and

other rocky outcrops; Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus gracilis Hook.f., FMP3 190 incl. var. parvifolia Ridl., TFM2

80; shrub; often but always on limestone ; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Jh.

Cleistanthus hirsutipetalus Gage, FMP3 189 ‘hirsutopetalus’ , TFM2 81; tree;

lowland forest; Pn, Tg, Ph, NS, Jh; endemic.

Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook.f, FMP3 192, TFM2 81; Cleistanthus siamensis

Craib, FMP3 190; tree; lowland forest, rarely on limestone; scattered

throughout.

Cleistanthus kingii Jabl., FMP3 193, TFM2 83; tree; on limestone or in

swampy lowland forest; Pk, Jh; endemic.

Cleistanthus lanuginosus Jabl., FMP3 192, TFM2 80; small tree; twice from

Jh; endemic.

217

218

101.24.14

101.24.15

101.24.16

101.24.17

101.24.18

101.24.19

101.24.20

101.24.21

101.24.22

101.24.23

101.24.24

101.24.25

101.24.26

101.24.27

101.24.28

101.24.29

101.24.30

Cleistanthus longinervis Airy Shaw, A04 309; shrub or tree; lowland forest;

twice from Tg; endemic.

Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook.f, FMP3 192, TFM2 81; tree; lowland

forest, also on limestone; K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Cleistanthus maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 193, TFM2 82; ?tree; lowland forest;

Sl, NS, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Cleistanthus major Airy Shaw, A03 510, TFM2 81; tree about 6 m tall;

lowland forest; once from Bt Kajang, Tg; endemic.

Cleistanthus malaccensis Hook.f., FMP3 189, TFM2 82; ?tree; lowland

forest; Ph, Sl, M1, Sp; endemic.

Cleistanthus membranaceus Hook.f., FMP3 188, TFM2 80; tree; lowland

forest; Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz, FMP3 194, TFM2 82; Cleistanthus

pseudomyrianthus Jabl., FMP3 194; small tree; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph,

SI, Jh, Sp.

Cleistanthus nitidus Hook.f., FMP3 188 incl. var. curtisii (Jabl.) Ridl., TFM2

81; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus parvifolius Hook.f., FMP3 191, TFM2 82; small tree; limestone;

once from Gopeng, Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus pedicellatus Hook.f., FMP3 187, TFM2 80; small tree; hill

forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Cleistanthus podocarpus Hook.f., FMP3 189, TFM2 81; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Cleistanthus polyphyllus F.N. Williams, FMP3 193, TFM2 82; small tree;

forest near the sea; Ps, Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph.

Cleistanthus praetermissus Gage, FMP3 193, TFM2 81; shrub; forest; once

each from Pn, Pk and Jh.

Cleistanthus pseudopodocarpus Jabl., TFM2 83; ?tree; once from S.E. Jh.

Cleistanthus rufus (Hook.f.) Gehrm., FMP3 195, TFM2 82; shrub; lowland

forest; ?Pn, Ph; endemic.

Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Mill.Arg., FMP3 192, TFM2 82;

Cleistanthus heterophyllus Hook.f., FMP3 190; small tree; lowland forest;

Ph, MI, Jh, Sp.

Cleistanthus vestitus Jabl., TFM2 83; Cleistanthus perakensis (Jabl.) Gage

ex Ridl., FMP3 195; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Ph, Jh.

101.25.1

101.25.2

101.25.3

101.26.1

101.26.2

101.26.3

101.26.4

101.26.5

101.26.6

101.26.7

101.26.8

101.26.9

101.26.10

101.26.11

101.26.12

101.26.13

Cnesmone javanica Blume, FMP3 306, TFM2 83; stinging slender woody

climber; open country, lowlands and hills; MI and Ph northward.

Cnesmone laevis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 83; Tragia laevis Ridl., FMP3

307; stinging twining vine; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Cnesmone subpeltata Rid!., FMP3 307, TFM2 83; slender twining climber;

on limestone; Gg Pondok and Temengor, Pk; Batu Caves, Sl; endemic.

Croton argyratus Blume, FMP3 260, TFM2 85; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest to 600 m; common throughout.

Croton bonplandianus Baill., TFM2 84; Croton sparsiflorus Morong, C26

661; herb; waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Croton cascarilloides Raeusch., TFM2 84; Croton cumingii Miill.Arg..

FMP3 261; shrub or small tree; on limestone or other rocks near the sea;

Ps, P. Langkawi, K1, Pk, Ph, P. Tioman.

Croton caudatus Geisel., TFM2 85; Croton caudatus var. malaccanus

Hook.f., FMP3 259; rheophytic shrub; Ulu Endau, Ph.

Croton erythrostachys Hook.f., FMP3 260, TFM2 85; Croton calcicola Ridl.,

FMP3 262; tree to 15 m tall; hill forest to 900 m, also limestone; Tg, Pk, Ph,

Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Croton heterocarpus Miill.Arg., FMP3 262 ‘heteropetalum ’ , TFM2 85; tree

to 12 m tall; tidal creeks, inland edge of mangroves; Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Croton hirtus L’Hér., TFM2 84, C26 661, M47 282; herb; waste ground;

widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Croton kelantanicus Airy Shaw, A03 515; tree; once from Sg Ketil, KI:

endemic.

Croton laevifolius Blume, TFM2 85; Croton confusus Gage, FMP3 261;

Croton griffithii Hook.f., FMP3 261; tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest margins;

common throughout.

Croton lucidus Gage, FMP3 262, TFM2 85; shrub or small tree; Gg Pulai,

Jh; endemic.

Croton macrocarpus Ridl., FMP5 332, TFM2 85; small tree to 5 m tall;

peat swamp forest; once from Telok Forest Reserve, Sl; endemic.

Croton rheophyticus Airy Shaw, $48 249; rheophytic shrub.; fast-flowing

rivers; Sg Endau, Jh/Ph.

Croton tiglium L., FMP3 262; shrub or small tree; cultivated ground, around

villages.

219

220

101.27.1

101.28.1

101.28.2

101.28.3a

101.28.3b

101.28.4

101. 79.1

101292

101.293

101.29.4

101.29.5

101.29.6

101.29.7

101.29.8

101.29.9

101.29.10

Dicoelia beccariana Benth., TFM2 86; small tree; lowland forest; once from

Panching, Ph.

Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis Merr., TFM2 87; tree to 15 m tall; once from

Gg Panti, Jh.

Dimorphocalyx malayanus Hook.f., FMP3 266, TFM2 86; Dimorphocalyx

kunstleri Hook.f., FMP3 266; tree to 7 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn,

MI, Jh.

Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw var. minor (Hook.f.) Airy

Shaw, TFM2 87; Ostodes muricatus Hook.f. var. minor Hook.f., FMP3 269;

small tree; lowland and hill forest; Pn, NS, MI.

Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw var. muricatus, TFM2 87;

Ostodes muricatus Hook.f., FMP3 269; small tree to 7 m or more tall;

lowland forest to 300 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Dimorphocalyx murinus Elmer, TFM2 87; tree to 12 m tall; swampy lowland

forest; 'S.E: Jh.

Drypetes cockburnii Airy Shaw, A03 502, TFM2 88, A04 298; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Drypetes curtisii (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 223, TFM2 88; small

tree; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Tg, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Drypetes detersibilis Airy Shaw, TFM2 88; tree; only known from type, Ph;

endemic.

Drypetes indica (Mill.Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 88; tree; montane

forest at 1200 m; Maxwell’s Hill, Pk, Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

Drypetes kikir Airy Shaw, TFM2 89; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Tg,

Pk, Ph.

Drypetes laevis (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 89; tree, rarely to 40 m tall;

lowland forest; Kd, Ph, NS, Jh.

Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 222, TFM2 89; tree

to 20 m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 88; tree; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Ph.

Drypetes nervosa (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 222, TFM2 88; tree;

on limestone; Pk; endemic.

Drypetes oxyodonta Airy Shaw, TFM2 87; small tree to 10 m tall; lowland

forest, also on limestone; KI, Ph; endemic.

101.29.11

101.29.12

101.29.13

101.29.14a

101.29.14b

101.29.15

101.30.1

101.31.1

101.32.1

101.33.1

101.34.1

101.34.2

101.34.3

101.34.4

101.34.5

Drypetes pachycarpa Airy Shaw, A04 297; tree to 14 m tall; lowland forest;

KI, Tg, Pk; endemic.

Drypetes pendula Ridl., FMP3 222, TFM2 89; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest; common throughout.

Drypetes perakensis Gage, FMP3 223, TFM2 89; small tree; Pk (poorly

known); endemic.

Drypetes rhakodiskos (Hassk.) Airy Shaw var. laevigata Airy Shaw, TFM2

88; tree; NS, MI.

Drypetes rhakodiskos (Hassk.) Airy Shaw var. rhakodiskos, TFM2 88; tree:

Pn.

Drypetes riparia Ridl., FMP3 223, TFM2 88; small tree; on lowland river

banks; K1, Tg; endemic.

Elateriospermum tapos Blume, FMP3 252, TFM2 91; tree to 27 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 600 m; throughout.

Endospermum diadenum (Mig.) Airy Shaw, A06 293; Endospermum

malaccense Mill.Arg., FMP3 305, TFM2 93; Endospermum ovalifolium Pax

& K. Hoffm., FMP3 305; tree to 40 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest

at 1000 m; common throughout.

Epiprinus malayanus Griff., FMP3 279, TFM2 95; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; MI northwards.

Erismanthus obliquus Wall. ex Miill.Arg., FMP3 271, TFM2 95; shrub or

small tree to 9 m tall; lowland forest, sometimes on limestone; Ps, Kd, Pn,

Kl, Pk, Ph, MI.

Euphorbia antiquorum L., FMP3 180, TFM2 96; cactus-like shrub; on

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Euphorbia atoto G. Forst., FMP3 181, TFM2 96; succulent herb to 60 cm

tall; sandy seashores; common an all coasts.

Euphorbia heterophylla L., FMP3 181; succulent herb to 1 m tall; seashores

and waste ground; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Euphorbia hirta L., FMP3 181, M47 284; Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.;

herb to 30 cm tall; common weed of waste ground; throughout; naturalized

from tropical America.

Euphorbia hypericifolia L., FMP5 331, M47 286; Chamaesyce hypericifolia

(L.) Millsp.; herb to 30 cm tall; roadsides; Kd, MI; ?naturalized.

221

222

101.34.6

101.34.7

101.35.1

104:35.2

101.55.3

101.36.1

101.37.1

E01 37.2

P01 S75

101.37.4

101.37.5

101.37.6

101.37.7

101.37.8

Euphorbia synadenium Ridl., FMP3 180, TFM2 96; shrub about 60 cm tall;

rocky forest; Pn, SI.

Euphorbia thymifolia L., FMP3 182; Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.;

tufted prostrate herb; common on paths; widespread.

Excoecaria agallocha L., FMP3 314, TFM2 96; small tree; mangrove swamps

and rocky shores; all coasts.

Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour. var. viridis (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Merr.,

TFM2 97; Excoecaria quadrangularis Mill.Arg., FMP3 314; shrub; hill

forest; Kd, Pn, Pk.

Excoecaria oppositifolia Griff., TFM2 96; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall;

on limestone; P. Langkawi, KI], Pk.

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt, W08 287; Flueggea microcarpa

Blume, FMP3 216; Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill., TFM2 131;

straggling bush or small tree; open places, forming thickets; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph,

Glochidion arborescens Blume, FMP3 211, TFM2 100; small tree; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Ph, SI, MI, Sp.

Glochidion borneense (Miill.Arg.) Boerl.; A04 289; Glochidion trilobum

Ridl., FMP3 210 in part; Glochidion microbotrys Hook.f., FMP3 209, TFM2

99; small tree, exceptionally reaching 15 m in height; lowland forest; Pn,

Pk, Jh, Sp.

Glochidion brunneum Hook.f., FMP3 207, TFM2 100; Glochidion

goniocarpum Hook.f., FMP3 211; Glochidion maingayi Gage, FMP3 210;

Glochidion pedunculatum Ridl., FMP3 207; small tree to 6 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Glochidion carrickii Airy Shaw, A03 482, TFM2 100; tree to 8 m tall; hill

forest; twice from Ulu Gombak E.R., Sl; endemic.

Glochidion fuscum (Miill.Arg.) Boerl., TFM2 100; small tree to 8 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Jh, Sp.

Glochidion glomerulatum (Migq.) Boerl., FMP3 209, TFM2 100; Glochidion

nanogynum (Mill.Arg.) Hook.f., FMP3 214; shrub or small tree to 9 m

tall; lowland forest margins; Pn, Tg, Pk, Sl, MI, Jh.

Glochidion hypoleucum (Mig.) Boerl., TFM2 101; Glochidion laevigatum

(Miull.Arg.) Hook.f., FMP3 215; shrub or small tree to 6 m tall; lowland to

lower montane forest at 1290 m; throughout.

Glochidion insulare Hook.f., FMP3 213, TFM2 101; tree; only known from

type, Pn; endemic.

101.37.9

101.37.10

101.37.11

101.37.12

101.37.13

101.37.14

101.37.15

101.37.16

101.37.17

101.37.18

101.37.19

101.37.20

101.37.21

101.37.22

101.37.23

101.37.24

Glochidion kunstlerianum Gage, FMP3 210, TFM2 102: shrub; lowland

forest; Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Glochidion littorale Blume, FMP3 207, TFM2 101; shrub; coasts; Pk, Ph,

Jh.

Glochidion lucidum Blume, TFM2 99; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to lower

montane forest; Tg, Ph.

Glochidion macrostigma Hook.f, FMP3 214, TFM2 100, A04 289; small

tree; hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk.

Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume, FMP3 208, TFM2 99: small

tree to 15 m tall; mainly lowland secondary forest; common throughout.

Glochidion penangense (Miill.Arg.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 101; Glochidion

villicaule Hook.f., FMP3 211; Glochidion coronatum Hook.f., FMP3 212;

shrub or small tree; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Ph.

Glochidion perakense (Miill.Arg.) Airy Shaw, FMP3 213, TFM2 101;

Glochidion glaberrimum Ridl., FMP3 208; shrub or small tree to 6 m tall;

mainly coastal swampy places; widespread.

Glochidion rubrum Blume, TFM2 101; Glochidion leiostylum Kurz, FMP3

212; Glochidion laevigatum (Miill.Arg.) Hook.f. var. cuspidatum Rid1.,

FMP3 215; shrub or small tree to 6 m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Glochidion sericeum Hook.f., FMP3 215, FMP3 101; shrub or small tree to

6 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1290 m; Tg and Pk southward.

Glochidion singaporense Gage, FMP3 209, TFM2 101; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland forest fringes; Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Glochidion stylosum Ridl., FMP3 215, TFM2 100; small tree; lower montane

forest; only known from type; Semangkok Pass, Sl; endemic.

Glochidion superbum Baill., FMP3 208, TFM2 99; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; common throughout.

Glochidion symingtonii Airy Shaw, TFM2 100; treelet; hill forest; Keledang

Saiong and Gg Peninjau, Pk; endemic.

Glochidion tetrapteron Gage, FMP3 211, TFM2 100; shrub or small tree;

fringes of lowland and montane forest; Ph; endemic.

Glochidion wallichianum Miill.Arg., FMP3 213, TFM2 99; Glochidion

trilobum Ridl., FMP3 210 in part; Glochidion desmocarpum Hook.f., FMP3

214; small tree, rarely to 27 m tall; lowland forest; Sl and Ph northward.

Glochidion xestophyllum Airy Shaw, TFM2 99; 15 m tall tree; once from

Banang Forest Reserve, Jh.

223

224

101.38.1

101.39.1

101.40.1

101.41.1

101.42.1

101.42.2

101.42.3

101.43.1

101.44.1

101.45.1

101.45.2

101.45.3

101.45.4

101.45.5

101.45.6

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Miill.Arg., K09 110; the rubber tree;

ubiquitously planted, often escaping and persisting; throughout; naturalized

from South America.

Homalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax, TFM2 102; Homalanthus

populifolius Grah., FMP3 313; small tree to 9 m tall; lowlands and

mountains, recorded from limestone; SI northward.

Homonoia riparia Lour., FMP3 309, TFM2 103, V20 241; rheophytic shrub.;

beds of swiftly flowing rocky rivers; Ph northward.

Hymenocardia punctata Wall. ex Lindl., FMP3 251, TFM2 103; scrambling

shrub or small tree to 9 m tall; hill forests; Ph.

Koilodepas ferrugineum Hook.f., FMP3 276 ‘Coelodepas’, TFM2 104; small

tree; only known from type, MI; endemic.

Koilodepas longifolium Hook.f., FMP3 275 ‘Coelodepas’, TFM2 104;

Coelodepas glanduligerum Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 275; small tree; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Tg, Pk, M1, Jh, Sp.

Koilodepas wallichianum Benth., FMP3 275 ‘Coelodepas’ , TFM2 104; small

tree; hill forest; Pn; endemic.

Lasiococca malaccensis Airy Shaw, TFM2 104; small tree to 7 m tall; lowland

forest; once from Batang Melaka E.R., MI; endemic.

Leptopus australis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Pojark., TFM2 105; Andrachne australis

Zoll. & Moritzi, FMP3 197; Andrachne calcarea Ridl., FMP3 198; Andrachne

hirta Rid|., FMP3 197;subshrub to 50 cm tall; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi,

Kd, KI, Pk; SI

Macaranga amissa Airy Shaw, TFM2 112; Endospermum perakense King,

FMP3 306; tree to 30 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Tg, Pk, MI, Jh; endemic.

Macaranga andamanica Kurz, TFM2 112; Macaranga brandisii King ex

Hook.f., FMP5 333; tree to 13 m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd, Pn, Ph.

Macaranga baccaureifolia Airy Shaw, TFM2 112; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

swamp forest; Jh.

Macaranga caladiifolia Becc., TFM2 111; small tree; peat swamp forest;

Ph.

Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Mill.Arg., TFM2 112; Macaranga populifolia

Miull.Arg., FMP3 304; tree to 24 m tall; secondary forest; scattered

throughout.

Macaranga constricta Whitmore & Airy Shaw, TFM2 107; tree to 18 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Tg, Ph; endemic. |

101.45.7a

101.45.7b

101.45.8

101.45.9

101.45.10

101.45.11

101.45.12

101.45.13

101.45.14

101.45.15

101.45.16

101.45.17

101.45.18

101.45.19

101.45.20

101.45.21

Macaranga curtisii Hook.f. var. curtisii, FMP3 301, TFM2 107: tree to 15 m

tall; hill and lower montane forest 660—1200 m; widespread.

Macaranga curtisii Hook.f. var. glabra Whitmore, TFM2 111; small tree;

montane forest at 660-1200 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic variety.

Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 303, TFM2 111: tree to

9 m tall; secondary forest; widespread, commoner in the north.

Macaranga diepenhorstii Miill.Arg., TFM2 111; tree to 24 m tall; along rivers

in primary forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Mill.Arg., TFM2 107; Macaranga

megalophylla (Mill.Arg.) Miull.Arg., FMP3 298; Macaranga incisa Gage,

FMP3 301; tree to 15 m tall; disturbed lowland forest; throughout.

Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnst., TFM2 112; Macaranga robiginosa Ridl. ,

FMP3 303; small tree; secondary forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Jh,

Sp.

Macaranga hosei King ex Hook.f., FMP3 298, TFM2 111; tree to 24 m tall;

lowland forest; common throughout.

Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook.f, FMP3 301, TFM2 107; tree to 9 m

tall; lowland forest to 600 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 300, TFM2 106;

tree to 30 m tall; secondary forest; throughout.

Macaranga indica Wight, TFM2 107; tree to 21 m tall; montane forest above

1000 m; Main Range.

Macaranga kingii Hook.f, FMP3 300, TFM2 106; slender treelet to 5 m

tall; lowland forest; Jh.

Macaranga laciniata Whitmore & Airy Shaw, TFM2 112: small tree;

secondary forest; KI, Tg, Ph.

Macaranga lowii King ex Hook.f., FMP3 304, TFM2 112; Mallotus

auriculatus Merr., FMP5 333; small tree; primary lowland forest; throughout,

commoner in the north.

Macaranga motleyana (Miill.Arg.) Miill.Arg. ssp. griffithiana (Miull.Arg.)

Whitmore, W13 448; Macaranga griffithiana Mill.Arg., FMP3 299, TFM2

107; small bushy tree; swampy lowland forest; common throughout.

Macaranga pruinosa (Migq.) Miill.Arg., TFM2 106; Macaranga maingayi

Hook.f., FMP3 298; tree to 15 m tall; lowland swamp forest; throughout.

Macaranga puncticulata Gage, FMP3 302, TFM2 111; tree to 15 m tall;

swampy lowland forest; Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

225

226

101.45.22

101.45.23

101.45.24

101.45.25

101.45.26

101.45.27

101.46.1

101.46.2

101.46.3

101.46.4

101.46.5

101.46.6

101.46.7

101.46.8

101.46.9

101.46.10

Macaranga quadricornis Ridl., FMP3 300, TFM2 107; tree to 12 m tall;

montane forest above 630 m and lowland swamp forest; Sl, Jh.

Macaranga recurvata Gage, FMP3 301, TFM2 111; tree to 30 m tall; swampy

lowland forest; Kl, Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Macaranga setosa Gage, FMP3 304, TFM2 112; small tree to 9 m tall;

lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 302, TFM2 111; tree to 9 m tall;

secondary forest; common throughout.

Macaranga trichocarpa (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 303, TFM2 112;

scandent shrub or tree to 5 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

Macaranga triloba (Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 298, TFM2 107; small tree;

lowland forest including secondary growth; common throughout.

Mallotus barbatus Miill.Arg., FMP3 289, TFM2 113; small tree; secondary

forest, also on limestone; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk.

Mallotus bracteatus Hook.f., FMP3 286, TFM2 115; shrub or small tree to

5 m; limestone; Ps, Pk; endemic (but dubiously distinct from M. dispar

(Blume) Miill.Arg.).

Mallotus brevipetiolatus Gage, FMP3 287, TFM2 114; shrub; on limestone

hills; Ps, Kd, Pk.

Mallotus cuneatus Ridl., FMP3 288, TFM2 115; shrub to 3 m tall; on

limestone; Ps.

Mallotus dispar (Blume) Mill.Arg., FMP3 286, TFM2 115; Mallotus

leucocalyx Mill.Arg., FMP3 286; small tree; usually on limestone; scatterred

in the north.

Mallotus eriocarpus (Thwaites) Miull.Arg., TFM2 115; Coelodiscus

montanus Miill.Arg., FMP3 280; small tree; lowlands, occasionally on

limestone; Pn, Ph, Ml, Jh.

Mallotus floribundus (Blume) Mill.Arg., FMP3 290, TFM2 113; small tree;

common on river banks; Ph northward, also Jh.

Mallotus griffithianus Hook.f., FMP3 291, TFM2 116; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; throughout; endemic.

Mallotus kingii Hook.f., FMP3 293, TFM2 115; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; NS, Pk and Ph northward.

Mallotus korthalsii Miill.Arg., TFM2 115; small tree; lowland forest; Kd,

Ph, Jh. |

101.46.11

101.46.12

101.46.13

101.46.14

101.46.15

101.46.16

101.46.17

101.46.18

101.46.19

101.46.20

101.46.21

101.46.22

101.46.23

101.46.24

101.46.25

101.46.26

Mallotus lackeyi Elmer, TFM2 114; small tree; hill forest; K1, Ph.

Mallotus leucodermis Hook.f., FMP3 291, TFM2 116; Coccoceras muticum

Miill.Arg. var. pedicellatum Hook.f., FMP3 294; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

forest; K1, Ph, Sl.

Mallotus macrostachyus (Migq.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 288, TFM2 114; tree to

18 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m; throughout.

Mallotus miquelianus (Scheff.) Boerl., TFM2 114; Mallotus anisophyllus

Hook.f., FMP3 293; small tree; lowland forest; Ml and Ph northward.

Mallotus moritzianus Mill.Arg., TFM2 115; tree; Tg, Jh.

Mallotus muticus (Miill.Arg.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 117; Coccoceras muticum

Miill.Arg., FMP3 294; tree to 24 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Kd, Ph, Sl.

Mallotus oblongifolius (Mig.) Mill.Arg., FMP3 293, TFM2 116; Mallotus

puberulus Hook.f., FMP3 290; Mallotus porterianus Mill.Arg., FMP3 292;

tree to 9 m tall; lowland forest; common throughout.

Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Miill.Arg., TFM2 114; Mallotus cochinchinensis

Lour.; tree to 12 m tall; secondary forest in the lowlands and hills to 900 m;

throughout.

Mallotus peltatus (Geisel.) Miill.Arg., TFM2 113; Mallotus acuminatus

(Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 290; tree to 6 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Mallotus penangensis Mill.Arg., FMP3 293, TFM2 116; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest at 1100 m; throughout; endemic.

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 291 ‘philippinensis’, TFM2

115; tree to 9 m tall; lowland forest margins, sometimes on limestone; Kd,

Tg, Pk, Ph, NS.

Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 292, TFM2 114; scandent

shrub; lowland and hill forest, recorded on limestone; Ps, K1, Pk, Sl, NS.

Mallotus smilaciformis Gage, FMP3 288, TFM2 115; shrub; only known

from type, Pk; endemic.

Mallotus subcuneatus (Gage) Airy Shaw, TFM2 115; Ceolodiscus

subcuneatus Gage, FMP3 280; small tree; lowlands; scattered throughout.

Mallotus subpeltatus (Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 290, TFM2 116; tree to 12

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 540 m; scattered throughout.

Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Miill.Arg., FMP3 285, TFM2 114; small tree to

9 m tall; primary and secondary forest; widespread.

227

228

101.46.27

101.46.28

101.47.1

101.47.2

101.48.1

101.49.1

101.49.2

£01.50.1

101.51

101 '51:2

10%.51,3

101.52.1

101.522

101.523

101.52.4

Mallotus wrayi King ex Hook.f., FMP3 287, TFM2 115; Mallotus lanceifolius

Hook.f., FMP3 287; Kunstlerodendron cuspidatum Ridl., FMP3 283; tree

to 24 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Jh.

Mallotus sp., TFM2 114; shrub; lowland forest; once near Kuala Lompat,

Ph; endemic.

Manihot esculenta Crantz, K09 112; cassava; common relic of cultivation;

wasteground throughout; naturalized from tropical America.

Manihot glaziovii Mill.Arg., C26 662, K09 112; small tree; ornamental,

frequently escaping; waste ground; naturalized from tropical America.

Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw, TFM2 117, W07 425; small tree;

once at P. Berhala, Ph.

Megistostigma burmanicum (Kurz) Airy Shaw, TFM2 84; climber; Ps, K],

Sl. |

Megistostigma malaccense Hook./f., TFM2 83; Sphaerostylis malaccense

(Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm., FMP3 308; woody climber; lowland forest; Ph

and NS southwards.

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb.f. & Zoll., FMP3

284, TFM2 118; tree to 12 m tall; open country; central and north Malaya.

Micrococca johorica Airy Shaw, A03 525, TFM2 118; treelet to 5 m tall;

lowland forest; Kluang and Sg Sedili, Jh; endemic.

Micrococca malaccensis Airy Shaw, A03 524, TFM2 118; shrub or small

tree; lowland forest; Ml, Jh; endemic.

Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth., FMP3 273, TFM2 118; annual herb to

30 cm tall; open sandy places near the coast; Pn, Tg, Pk, Sp.

Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 120, V23 310;

Scortechinia kingii Hook.f., FMP3 251; tree to 18 m or more tall; lowland

forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, KI], Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Neoscortechinia nicobarica (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 120, V23

314; Scortechinia paniculata Ridl., FMP5 332; tree to 27 m tall; lowland, or

more frequently hill forest; Kd, K1, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Neoscortechinia philippinensis (Merr.) Welzen, V23 316; Neoscortechinia

forbesii auct. non Hook.f. ex S. Moore, TFM2 120; small tree; lowland and

hill forest to 700 m, often in swamps; Kd, Tg, SI, Jh.

Neoscortechinia sumatrensis S. Moore, TFM2 119, V23 318; tree to 15 m

tall; swampy lowland forest; NS, Jh, Sp.

101.53.1

101.53.2

101.54.1

101.55.1

101.55.2

101.55.3

101.55.4

101.55.5

101.55.6

101.55.7

101.55.8

101.55.9

101.55.10

101.55.11

101.55.12

Omphalea bracteata (Blanco) Merr., TFM2 121; woody climber; once from

near Gg Panti, Jh.

Omphalea malayana Merr., TFM2 121, M38 48; Trigonostemon arboreus

Ridl., TFM2 136; small tree to 6 m tall; twice from P. Tioman, Ph.

Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Mig., B08 719; Ostodes macrophyllus

(Mill.Arg.) Benth., FMP3 269; Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw,

TFM2 97; small tree to 9 m tall, sometimes bigger; damp or swampy lowland

forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Phyllanthus albidiscus (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 123; Cleistanthus albidiscus

Ridl., FMP3 191; small tree; Gg Jerai, Kd.

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., TFM2 122, B37 469; Phyllanthus

niruri auct. non L., FMP3 199; slender herb to 60 cm tall; weed of dry ground;

widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl., FMP3 200, TFM2 122; small shrub to 7.5

cm tall; among rocks near fast-flowing rivers; K1, Tg.

Phyllanthus columnaris Miill.Arg., TFM2 123; small tree to 7 m tall; on

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.,T18 87, M47 290; herb; waste ground;

Sp; naturalized from southern India.

Phyllanthus elegans Wall. ex Mill. Arg., FMP3 203, TFM2 122; small shrub;

stream banks; Kd.

Phyllanthus emblica L., TFM2 123; Emblica pectinata (Hook.f.) Ridl., FMP3

217; tree to 36 m tall; lowland and hill forest; scattered throughout.

Phyllanthus filicifolius Gage, FMP3 201, TFM2 121; shrub; lowland

including limestone; P. Langkawi; endemic.

Phyllanthus gomphocarpus Hook.f, FMP3 204, TFM2 122; shrub to 3 m

tall; lowlands to mountain tops at 2100 m; widespread.

Phyllanthus gracilipes (Mig.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 214, TFM2 122: Phyllanthus

hullettii Ridl., FMP3 204; shrub; lowland and montane forest; P. Langkawi,

MI.

Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Mig., TFM2 123; Phyllanthus frondosus Wall. ex

Miill.Arg., FMP3 202; shrub or small tree; lowlands to mountains, rarely

on limestone; common throughout.

Phyllanthus pachyphyllus Miill.Arg., TFM2 123; Phyllanthus campanulatus

Ridl., FMP3 203; Phyllanthus coriaceus Wall. ex Hook.f., FMP3 203; shrub

or small tree; hill and montane forest; scattered widely.

229

230

101.55.13

101.55.14

101.55.15

101.55.16

1055.17

101.55.18

101.55.19

101.55.20

101.56.1

101.56.2

101.57.1

101.58.1

101.58.2a

Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Mill.Arg., FMP3 201, TFM2 121; shrub to 60

cm tall; open ground, often near rivers, also cultivated; widespread.

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir., FMP3 202, TFM2 123; Phyllanthus

dalbergioides Wall. ex J.J.Sm., FMP3 201; Phyllanthus erythrocarpus Rid1.,

FMP3 202; shrub or small tree; open country, forest margins; Kd, Tg, Ph,

Sl, MI, Jh.

Phyllanthus ridleyanus Airy Shaw, TFM2 123; Phyllanthodendron

coriaceum Gage, FMP3 205; Phyllanthodendron dubium (Ridl.) Gage,

FMP3 205 in part; scandent shrub; on limestone; KI], Pk.

Phyllanthus roseus (Craib & Hutch.) Beille, TFM2 123; Phyllanthodendron

dubium (Ridl.) Gage, FMP3 205 in part; shrub; lowlands and hills to 750

m; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk.

Phyllanthus sikkimensis Miull.Arg., TFM2 122; Phyllanthus hamiltonianus

Mill.Arg., FMP3 204; shrub; open country; Ps.

Phyllanthus urinaria L., FMP3 200, TFM2 122, M47 292; herb to 60 cm

tall; weed of cultivation, waste ground; throughout.

R30 have split this species into four, with two subspecies of P. urinaria

recognized. These authors indicate that Phyllanthus urinaria L. ssp. urinaria,

Phyllanthus nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour and Phyllanthus hookeri

Miill.Arg. are to be found in Malaya

Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst., TFM2 121, M47 294; Phyllanthus simplex

Retz., FMP3 200; small shrub; open ground; widespread.

Phyllanthus watsonii Airy Shaw, A03 493, TFM2 122; shrub to 15 cm tall;

near fast-flowing rivers; Ulu Sg. Endau, Jh; endemic.

Pimelodendron griffithianum (Mill.Arg.) Benth., FMP3 313

‘Pimeleodendron’, TFM2 125; tree often to 21 m tall, sometimes reaching

39 m; lowland forest; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Pimelodendron macrocarpum J.J.Sm.; A03 551, TFM2 126; tree to 18 m

tall; swampy lowland forest; SI, MI, Jh.

Pterococcus corniculatus (Sm.) Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 84; Prerococcus

glaberrimus Hassk., FMP3 309; slightly woody twiner; open ground,

sometimes cultivated; Ph, MI, Jh, Sp.

Ptychopyxis caput-medusae (Hook.f.) Ridl., FMP3 295, TFM2 127; tree to

27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 480 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Sp;

endemic.

Ptychopyxis costata Miq. var. costata, TFM2 127; tree to 4 m tall; lowland

forest; once from Sg Krian, Pk.

101.58.2b

101.58.3

101.58.4

101.58.5

101.59.1

101.60.1

101.61.1

101.61.2

101.61.3

101.61.4

101.62.1

101.62.2

101.62.3

101.62.4

Ptychopyxis costata Miq. var. oblanceolata Airy Shaw, TFM2 127;

Ptychopyxis costata Mig., FMP3 295; tree to 4 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Sp; endemic variety.

Ptychopyxis javanica (J.J.Sm.) Croizat, TFM2 127; Ptychopyxis angustifolia

Gage ex Ridl., FMP3 296; tree 9-12 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk.

Ptychopyxis kingii Ridl., FMP3 296, TFM2 127; tree to 11 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 750 m; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Ptychopyxis triradiata Airy Shaw, TFM2 127; tree to 15 m tall; known only

from type, Bota Kiri F. R., Pk; endemic.

Richeriella malayana M.R. Hend., H35 122, TFM2 128; shrub or small tree

3-12 m tall; lowlands, also on limestone; Pn, Tg, Pk, P. Tioman, MI.

Ricinus communis L., FMP3 309; shrub to 2 m tall; waste ground;

naturalized from Africa.

Sapium baccatum Roxb., FMP3 315, TFM2 129; tree to 36 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; throughout.

Sapium discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 316, TFM2 129; tree

to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Sapium indicum Willd., FMP3 317, TFM2 129; tree to 18 m tall, usually

smaller; lowland forest margins; widespread.

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth & Hook.f ex Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 129;

tree to 9 m tall; on limestone; once from Batu Caves, SI.

In his recent revision of Sapium, Kruijt [K71| restricts the genus to tropical

America and refers to the Malayan species as Excoecaria baccata (Roxb.)

Miill.Arg., Excoecaria discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) Miill.Arg., Shirakia

indica (Willd.) Hurus. and ?Falconeria insignis Royle.

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., TFM2 131; Sauropus albicans Blume,

FMP3 220; Sauropus sumatranus Mig., FMP3 220; shrub or small tree;

lowlands, often cultivated; widespread.

Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw, A05 685; Agyneia bacciformis L.,

FMP3 198; Synostemon bacciformis (L.) G.L. Webster, TFM2 133; bushy

herb; saline soils, usually near the sea; Tg, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Sauropus brevipes Miill.Arg., TFM2 130; Sauropus parvifolius Ridl., FMP3

221; shrub; lowlands, sometimes on limestone; Ps, P.Langkawi, Kd, Ph.

Sauropus calcareus M.R. Hend., H35 121, TFM2 130; small shrub; on

limestone; once from Gg Senyum, Ph; endemic.

231

232

101.62.5

101.62.6

101.62.7

101.62.8

101.63.1

101.63.2

101.64.1

101.65.1

101.66.1

101.66.2a

101.66.2b

101.67.1

101.68.1

101.69.1

101.69.2

Sauropus elegantissimus Ridl., TFM2 130; treelet to 5 m tall; hill forest at

450 m; only known from type, Ulu Gombak, SI; endemic.

Sauropus macranthus Hassk., TFM2 131; Sauropus spectabilis Mig., FMP3

220; ?Sauropus forcipatus Hook.f., FMP3 220; shrub to 4 m tall; on

limestone; only definite record is Batu Caves, Sl.

Sauropus suberosus Airy Shaw, TFM2 130; shrub to 3 m tall; on limestone

hills; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Sauropus villosus (Blanco) Merr., TFM2 130; Sauropus llanosii (Miill.Arg.)

Gage, FMP3 221; shrub to 1 m tall; usually on limestone; Ps, Kd, KI], Ph.

Sebastiania borneensis Pax & K. Hoffm., TFM2 131; small tree to 12 m

tall; lowland forest; once from Gg Arong F. R., Jh.

Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 317, TFM2 131; herb to 90

cm tall; open sandy places near the sea; widespread.

Spathiostemon javensis Blume, TFM2 132; Polydragma mallotiforme

Hook.f., FMP3 310; small tree; once collected in Pk.

Sumbaviopsis albicans (Blume) J.J.Sm., TFM2 132; tree to 10 m tall; on

limestone; Tembeling and Bt Serdam, Ph.

Suregada angustifolia (Mill.Arg.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 133; small tree;

montane forest; once from Gg Mersing, MI.

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill. var. lamellata Airy Shaw; A03 550, TFM2

133; small tree; once from Gua Musang, KI]; endemic variety.

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill. var. multiflora, TFM2 133; Gelonium

bifarium Roxb., FMP3 311; Gelonium glomerulatum Hassk., FMP3 311;

Gelonium multiflorum Juss., FMP3 311; Gelonium tenuifolium Ridl., FMP3

312; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; rocky and sandy shores, also inland in

rocky places to 750 m; widespread.

Trewia nudiflora L., TFM2 134; tree to 12 m tall; lowlands; once each from

Temiang and Kota Bahru, KI.

Trigonopleura malayana Hook.f., FMP3 263, TFM2 134; Peniculifera

penangensis Ridl., FMP1 290; tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Boerl., TFM2 136;

Actephila aurantiaca Ridl., FMP3 197; Actephilopsis malayana Ridl., FMP3

252: shrub to 3 m tall; lowlands, sometimes on limestone; S] and Ph

northward.

Trigonostemon croceus B.C. Stone, $48 249; tree to 8 m tall; lower montane

forest at about_.900 m; Genting Highlands, Sl; endemic. |

101.69.3

101.69.4

101.69.5

101.69.6

101.69.7

101.69.8

101.69.9

101.69.10

101.69.11

101.69.12a

101.69.12b

101.69.13

101.69.14

101.69.15

101.70.1

Trigonostemon diffusus Merr. ssp. condensus R.I. Milne, M41 47:

Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook.f., FMP3 26; Trigonostemon capillipes

(Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 135; shrub to 3 m tall; lowlands; once from

Kaki Bukit, Ps.

Trigonostemon elegantissimus Airy Shaw, TFM2 135; tree to 20 m tall:

lowland forest; once from Ulu Endau, Jh.

Trigonostemon laevigatus Mill.Arg., FMP3 265, TFM2 135; tree to 7 m

tall; coasts; P. Langkawi, Pn, Tg, Pk, P. Tioman, Jh.

Trigonostemon longifolius Baill., FMP3 264, TFM2 136; shrub or small tree

to 4 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; throughout.

Trigonostemon malaccanus Mill.Arg., FMP3 265, TFM2 136; shrub;

lowland forest; widely scattered.

Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf, A06 355; Trigonostemon sumatranus

(non Pax & K. Hoffm.) S. Moore, TFM2 135; tree to 7 m tall; lowland forest;

Jh.

Trigonostemon polyanthus Merr., M41 30; Trigonostemon borneensis Mertr.,

TFM2 136; shrub to 2 m tall; swampy lowland forest; twice from S.E. Jh.

Trigonostemon rufescens Jabl., TFM2 135; shrub; Jh; endemic.

Trigonostemon sinclairii Jabl., TFM2 135; slender treelet to 4 m tall; Kd,

K1, Tg; endemic.

Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax ex Pax & K. Hoffm. var. salicifolius

(Ridl.) Whitmore, TFM2 136; Trigonostemon salicifolius Ridl., FMP3 264;

shrub to 1 m tall; Sl, Pk; ?endemic variety.

Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax ex Pax & K. Hoffm. var. verticillatus,

TFM2 136; Trigonostemon indicus (Baill.) Miill.Arg., FMP3 264; tree to 8

m tall; hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sl, MI.

Trigonostemon villosus Hook.f., FMP3 265, TFM2 135, M41 47; shrub to 4

m tall; lowland forest; Tg and Pk southward; endemic type subspecies.

Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw, A03 545, TFM2 135; shrub

to 90 cm tall; most but not all records from limestone; Ulu Gali and Bt

Serdam, Ph.

Trigonostemon wetriifolius Airy Shaw & Ng, A07 237; unbranched

treelet.,to 3 m tall; lowland forest; Lesong FR., Endau-Rompin, south Ph;

endemic.

Wetria insignis (Steud.) Airy Shaw, TFM2 136; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; ?endemic.

233

234

102.

102.1.1

102.1.2

102.1.3

102.1.4

POI

102.1.6

T0217

102.1.8

102.1.9

102.1.10

102.1.11

W211

102.1.13

FAGACEAE

Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A. DC., TFM1 201, FM17 307; Pasania

acuminatissima (Blume) Oerst., FMP3 386; tree to 36 m tall, often multi—

stemmed; montane forest above 700 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Castanopsis cattapifolia King ex Hook.f, FMP3 389, TFM1 201, FMi7 311;

tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest; known only from type, Gopeng, Pk;

endemic.

Castanopsis costata (Blume) A. DC., FMP3 390, TFM1 203, FMi7 312; tree

to 36 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Castanopsis curtisii King, FMP3 392, TFM1 204, FMi7 298; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, SI.

Castanopsis foxworthyi Schottky, FM17 309; tree 15-36 m tall; lowland

peatswamp and heath forest, also upper montane forest; Tg.

Castanopsis fulva Gamble, FMP3 389, TFM1 204, FMi7 312; tree 18— 24m

tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook.f., TFM1 204, FM17

315; Castanopsis sumatrana A. DC., FMP3 390; tree 10-30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A. DC., TFM1 205, FM17 306; Pasania

discocarpa (Hance) Gamble, FMP3 386; tree to 40 m tall; lowland to lower

montane forest at 1650 m; throughout.

Castanopsis johorensis Soepadmo, TFM1 205, FM17 300; tree to 10 m tall;

lowland forest; Jh.

Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo, TFM1 205, FMi7 318; Alseodaphne

lucida Nees, FMP3 100; Castanopsis hullettii King, FMP3 389; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh,

Sp.

Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble, FMP3 388, TFM1 206, FMit7 303; tree to

15 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble, FMP3 390, TFM1 206, FM17 305; tree

12-36 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS,

MI, Jh, Sp.

Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook.f, FMP3 391, TFM1 207, FMi7

298; tree 10-20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp;

endemic.

102.1.14

102.1.15

102.1.16

102.1.17

102.1.18

102.2.1

102.2.2

102.2.3

102.2.4

i725

102.2.6

102.2.7

102.2.8

102.2.9

Castanopsis rhamnifolia (Mig.) A. DC., TFM1 207, FMi7 299: tree 10-25

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1600 m; KI, Pk, Ph, SI.

Castanopsis schefferana Hance, TFM1 207, FM17 310; Castanopsis

andersonii Gamble, FMP3 389; tree 10-24 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg,

Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

Castanopsis scortechinii Gamble, FMP3 389, TFM1 208, FM17 312: tree to

15 m tall; lower montane forest at 1000-1200 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Castanopsis tunggurut (Blume) A. DC., TFM1 208, FM17 303; Castanopsis

ridleyi Gamble, FMP3 391; tree 20-25 m tall; lowland forest; Sl, NS, MI.

Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook.f., FMP3 391, TFM1 208, FMi7 300;

tree 12-15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl, M1, Sp; endemic.

Lithocarpus bancanus (Scheff.) Rehder, TFM1 213, FM17 360; tree to 25 m

tall; lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Lithocarpus bennettii (Mig.) Rehder, TFM1 215, FMi7 356; Pasania

bennettii (Miq.) Gamble, FMP3 381; tree to 35 m tall; lowlands and

mountains; KI, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

Lithocarpus burkillii A. Camus, TFM1 215, FM17 329; Pasania beccariana

auct. non (Benth.) Prantl, FMP3 387; tree about 24 m tall; montane forest

at 1200 m; only known from type, Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Lithocarpus cantleyanus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder, TFM1 216, FMi7 352;

Pasania cantleyana (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 381; tree to 36 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 850 m; K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Lithocarpus clementianus (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus, TFM1 216, FM17

365; Pasania clementiana (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 383; tree to 36

m tall; lower montane forest; Pn, K1, Tg, Ph.

Lithocarpus confragosus (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus, TFM1 216, FM17

335; Pasania confragosa (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 385; tree to 29

m tall; hill forest; once from Keledang Saiong FR., Pk.

Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) Rehder, TFM1 217, FMi7 349; Pasania

conocarpa (Oudem.) Schottky, FMP3 380; tree to 45 m tall; lowland to

montane forest at 1800 m; Kd, Pk, SI, Sp.

Lithocarpus coopertus (Blanco) Rehder, TFM1 217, FMi7 335; tree to 45

m tall; montane forest; only known from Gg Tapis, Ph.

Lithocarpus curtisii (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus, TFM1 217, FM17 380;

Pasania curtisii (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 380; tree to 27 m tall;

lowland forest; Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

235

236

102.2.10

102.2.11

102.2.12

102.2.13

102.2.14

102.2.15

102.2.16

402.217

102.2.18

102.2,19

102.2.20

102.2.21

Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus, TFM1 218, FM17 345; Pasania

cyclophora (Endl.) Gamble, FMP3 384; tree to 40 m tall; montane forest

to 1800 m; widespread.

Lithocarpus daphnoideus (Blume) A. Camus, TFM1 218, FMi7 352; tree

to 24 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph.

Lithocarpus eichleri (Wenz.) A. Camus, TFM1 218, FMi7 218; Pasania

eichleri (Wenz.) Gamble, FMP3 383; tree to 15 m tall; swampy lowland

forest; Pk, Sl, Jh.

Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, TFM1 219, FMi7 366;

Pasania spicata (non Humb. & Bonpl.) Rees, FMP3 377 incl. var. gracilipes

(Miq.) Schottky; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and montane forest, often in

disturbed sites; widespread.

Lithocarpus encleisacarpus (Korth.) A. Camus, TFM1 219, FMi7 338;

Pasania encleisacarpa (Korth.) Gamble, FMP3 386 incl. var. aperta (King

ex Hook.f.) Gamble; tree to 40 m tall; lowlands to 1300 m in the mountains;

widespread and common.

Lithocarpus erythrocarpus (Ridl.) A. Camus, TFM1 219, FM17 369; Pasania

erythrocarpa Ridl., FMPS5 336; tree to 24 m tall; hill forest, often on ridges;

Tg, Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Lithocarpus ewyckii (Korth.) Rehder, TFM1 220, FM17 351; Pasania ewyckii

(Korth.) Gamble, FMP3 380 incl. var. latifolia King; Pasania lamponga

(Miq.) Gamble var. ewyckioides Gamble, FMP3 378; tree to 30 m tall;

common in the lowlands, rarer in the mountains; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Lithocarpus falconeri (Kurz) Rehder, TFM1 220, FM17 371; Pasania

falconeri (Kurz) Schottky, FMP3 378; tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Ps,

P. Langkawi, Kd, Pk.

Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo, TFM1 220, FM17 362; Pasania

cyrtorhyncha (Miq.) Gamble, FMP3 381; tree to 40 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Lithocarpus hendersonianus A. Camus, TFM1 221, FM17 328; tree 20-30

m tall; montane forest at 1300-1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Lithocarpus hystrix (Korth.) Rehder, FMr7 384; Pasania hystrix (Korth.)

Gamble, FMP3 379; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Pn,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Lithocarpus javensis Blume, TFM1 221, FM17 325; tree 20-50 m tall;

montane forest; once from Ulu Selangor, Sl.

102.2.22

102.2.23

102.2.24

102.2.25

102.2.26

102.2.27

102.2.28

102.2.29

102.2.30

102.2.31

102.2.32

102.2.33

Lithocarpus kingianus (Gamble) A. Camus, TFM1 221, FM17 381: Pasania

kingiana Gamble, FMP3 221; tree to 20 m tall; lower montane forest: Tg.

Ph, Sl; endemic.

Lithocarpus kingii (A. Camus) Whitmore, TFM1 222: Pasania costata auct.

non (Blume) Gamble, FMP3 384; Lithocarpus perakensis Soepadmo, nom.

superfl., FM17 340; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at

1200 m; Tg, Pk, Jh; endemic.

Lithocarpus kunstleri (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus, TFM1 222, FMi?7 372:

Pasania kunstleri (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 376: tree to 15 m tall:

lowland forest; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Lithocarpus lampadarius (Gamble) A. Camus, TFM1 222, FMi7 368:

Pasania lampadaria Gamble, FMP3 384; tree to 36 m tall; mostly montane

forest; Tg, Pk, Ph.

Lithocarpus longispinus Barnett, TFM1 223, FMi7 334; tree 8-30 m tall:

lowland forest; Pk, Sl.

Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehder, TFM1 223, FMi7 341: Pasania lucida

(Roxb.) Gamble, FMP3 383; Pasania omalokos (Korth.) Schottky, FMP3

383; tree to 40 m tall; forests to 1600 m; throughout.

Lithocarpus macphailii (M.R. Hend.) Barnett, TFM1 223, FM17 339:

Pasania macphailii M.R. Hend., H32 76; tree to 45 m tall; lowland to

montane forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Lithocarpus maingayi (Benth.) Rehder, TFM1 224, FM17 331: Pasania

maingayi (Benth.) Schottky, FMP3 387; tree 10-15 m tall; hill forest at 600—

1000 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Lithocarpus neorobinsonii A. Camus, TFM1 224, FM17 336: Pasania

blumeana sensu Ridl., FMP3 385: Pasania robinsonii (Ridl.) Gamble, FMP3

387; tree to 15 m tall: montane forest at 1500-1700 m; Ph, Sl.

Lithocarpus pattaniensis Barnett, TFM1 224, FMi7 336; tree to 20 m tall:

montane forest at 1500-1700 m: KI], Pk, Ph, SI.

Lithocarpus rassa (Mig.) Rehder, TFM1 225, FMi7 364; Pasania rassa (Miq.)

Gamble, FMP3 382 incl. var. Januginosa Ridl.; Pasania wenzigiana (King

ex Hook.f.) Gamble, FMP3 382: tree to 24 m tall; lowlands but commoner

in the mountains; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Lithocarpus scortechinii (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus, TFM1 225, FM17 380:

Pasania scortechinii (King ex Hook.f.) Schottky, FMP3 376; tree to 20 m

tall; hill forest; Kl, Pk, Ph.

237

238

102.2.34

102235

102.2.36

2237

102.2.38

10234

102.3.2

102.3.3

102.3.4

102.3.5

102.3.6

102.3.7

102.3.8

102.4.1

Lithocarpus suffruticosus (Ridl.) Soepadmo, TFM1 226, FMi7 366; Pasania

rassa (Miq.) Gamble var. suffruticosa Ridl., FMP3 382; shrub or tree 3-15

m tall; montane forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder, TFM1 226, FMi7 375; Pasania

sundaica (Blume) Oerst., FMP3 379; Pasania grandifrons (King ex Hook.f.)

Gamble, FMP3 377; Pasania lamponga (Miq.) Gamble, FMP3 378; tree to

36 m tall; lowland forest; widespread and common.

Lithocarpus urceolaris (Jack) Merr., TFM1 226, FM17 344; tree to 33 m

tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder, TFM1 227, FMi7 368;

Pasania wallichiana (Lindl. ex Hance) Gamble, FMP3 378; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; throughout.

Lithocarpus wrayi (King) A. Camus, TFM1 227, FMi7 334; Pasania wrayi

(King) Gamble, FMP3 385; Pasania lappacea auct. non Oerst., FMP3 375;

tree 12-30 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1350 m; Kd, K1, Tg,

Pk, Ph, NS.

Quercus argentata Korth., FMP3 373, TFM1 228, FMi7 389; tree to 37 m

tall; lowland to montane forest; Tg, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Quercus elmeri Merr., TFM1 229, FMi17 398; tree to 40 m tall; montane

forest; Ph.

Quercus gaharuensis Soepadmo, TFM1 229, FMi7 391; Quercus oidocarpa

auct. non Korth., FMP3 373 in part; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to lower

montane forest; Pn, Pk, Sl.

Quercus gemelliflora Blume, TFM1 229, FM17 395; Quercus turbinata

Blume var. crassilamellata Gamble, FMP3 373; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to

lower montane forest; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Quercus lineata Blume, TFM1 230, FMi7 396; tree to 30 m tall; montane

forest; Tg, Ph.

Quercus nivea King, TFM1 231, FM17 391; tree to 25 m tall; hill forest; Kl,

Tg, Ph.

Quercus oidocarpa Korth., FMP3 373 in part, FM17 392; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Ph, Sl.

Quercus subsericea A. Camus, TFM1 231, FMi17 393; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, NS, MI.

Trigonobalanus verticillata Forman, TFM1 232, FM17 400; tree to 36 m tall,

often suckering; montane forest; Ph.

103.

103.1.1

103.1.2

103.1.3a

103.1.3b

103.1.4

103.1.5

103.1.6a

103.1.6b

103.1.7

103.1.8

103.1.9

103.1.10

103.1.11

103.1.12

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia albicans Wall. ex C.B. Clarke, FMP1 833, FMi5 89, TFM2 140:

tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest to 550 m; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Casearia capitellata Blume, FMi5 102, TFM2 141; Casearia latifolia Ridl.,

FMP1 831; shrub or small tree to 4 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Sl.

Casearia clarkei King var. clarkei, FMP1 833, FMi5 99, TFM2 141; tree

10-15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Pk, SI, M1, Sp; endemic.

Casearia clarkei King var. kunstleri (King) Ridl., FMP1 833, FMi5 100;

tree 20-28 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Casearia flavovirens Blume, FMi5 100, TFM2 140; Casearia pallida Craib,

FMIS 98; hill forest; P. Langkawi, K], SI.

Casearia flexula Ridl., FMP1 832, FMi5 102, TFM2 140; shrub to 7.5 m tall;

montane forest at 660-1200 m; only known with certainty from Gg Jerai,

Kd; endemic.

Casearia grewiifolia Vent. var. deglabrata Koord. & Valeton, FMi5 95, TFM2

142; Casearia leucolepis Turcz., FMP1 831; shrub or tree; lowland forest;

Pk, Tg, Jh.

Casearia grewiifolia Vent. var. grewiifolia, FMP1 830, FMi5 93, TFM2 142;

shrub or tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Jh.

Casearia lobbiana Turcz., FMP1 830, FMi5 89, TFM2 140; shrub or small

tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Pk, Sl, NS, MI, Sp.

Casearia macrocarpa C.B. Clarke, FMP1 833, FMi5 100, TFM2 140; tree to

6 m tall; hill forest; Pn; endemic.

Casearia minutiflora Ridl., FMP5 311, FMi5 101, TFM2 140; shrub 1.5 m

tall; montane forest at 1200-1300 m; Ph; endemic.

Casearia tuberculata Blume, FMi5 99, TFM2 141; Casearia coriacea auct.

non Vent., FMP1 832; small tree; lowland to montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Casearia velutina Blume, FMi5 91, TFM2 140; shrub or small tree to 15 m

tall; lowlands; Kd.

Casearia velutinosa Ridl., FMP1 831, FMi5 89, TFM2 140; shrub or

occasionally small tree reaching 10 m tall; lowland forest often near streams;

Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh.

239

240

103.2.1

103.3.1

103.4.1

103.5.1

103.5.2

103.5.3

103.5.4

103.55

103.5.6

103.5.7

103.5.8

103.5.9

103.6.1

103.6.2

103.6.3

Erythrospermum candidum (Becc.) Becc., FMi5 7, TFM2 143;

Erythrospermum scortechinii King, FMP1 157; tree to 15 m tall; ridge-top

forest to 450 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi, FMP1 157, FMi5 73, TFM2 144; small

thorny tree; lowland forest; widespread.

Hemiscolopia trimera (Boerl.) Slooten, FMi5 65, TFM2 144; tree to 10 m

tall; coastal forest; Ph, Ml, Jh (mostly offshore).

Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth., FM15 58, TFM2 145;

Homalium frutescens Warb., FMP1 836; tree to 6 m tall; swampy lowland

forest; central and south Malaya.

Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) W. Theob., FMi5 56, TFM2 145, M06 155;

Homalium griffithianum Kurz, FMP1 835; tree to 30 m tall; near the coast,

including limestone areas; P. Langkawi, Kd, Ph, Jh.

Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb., FMi15 565, TFM2 146; tree to 36

m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg, Jh.

Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth., FM15 57, TFM2 146; Homalium

propinquum C.B. Clarke, FMP1 835; tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest often

near rivers; Pn, Kl, Pk, MI.

Homalium grandiflorum Benth., FMP1 837, FMi5 62, TFM2 146; tree to

36 m tall; lowland forest; Sl, NS, MI, Sp.

Homalium kunstleri King, FMP1 825, FMi5 56, TFM2 145, C14 143; tree

6-14 m tall; on limestone; only known from near Larut, Pk; endemic.

Homalium longifolium Benth., FMP1 834, FMi5 55, TFM2 146; tree to 42

m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Homalium spathulatum Rid|., FMP1 835, FMi5 59, TFM2 145; tree; lowland

forest; only known from type, P. Pangkor, Pk; endemic.

Homalium undulatum King, FMP1 837, FMi5 61, TFM2 145, C14 143; tree

to 20 m tall; limestone hills; P. Langkawi, Pk.

Hydnocarpus castanea Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 159, FMi5 26, TFM2

150; tree to 30 m tall; lowlands to 460 m; P. Langkawi, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS,

Jh.

Hydnocarpus cucurbitina King, FMP1 161, FMiI5 25; tree to 9 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Hydnocarpus curtisii King, FMP1 160, FMi5 27, TFM2 150; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

103.6.4

103.6.5

103.6.6

103.6.7a

103.6.7b

103.6.8

103.6.9

103.6.10

103.6.11

103.6.12

103.7.1

103.7.2

103.8.1

103.9.1

103.9.2

Hydnocarpus filipes Symington ex Sleumer, FM15 26, TFM2 150; tree to 36

m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Hydnocarpus humei Ridl., FMi5 19, TFM2 149; tree to 10 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Larut, Pk, and Klang Gates, Sl; endemic.

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia King, FMP1 161, FMi5 19, TFM2 149, C14 143; small

prickly-leaved tree; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Ph.

Hydnocarpus kunstleri (King) Warb. var. kunstleri, FM15 20, TFM2 150;

Teraktogenos kunstleri King, FMP1 162; Teraktogenos scortechinii King,

FMP 1 162; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Hydnocarpus kunstleri (King) Warb. var. tomentosa (King) Sleumer, FM15

21, TFM2 152; Teraktogenos kunstleri King var. tomentosa (King) Ridl.,

FMP1 163; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh;

endemic variety.

Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb. ssp. australis Sleumer, FMi5 21, TFM2

150; tree to 16 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Kl, Ph, Pk.

Hydnocarpus nana King, FMP1 159, FMi5 24, TFM2 149; shrub or tree to

6 m tall; lowland forest; widespread, commoner in the north; endemic.

Hydnocarpus scortechinii King, FMP1 161, FMi5 27, TFM2 149; tree;

lowland forest; P. Pangkor & Dindings, Pk; endemic.

Hydnocarpus woodii Merr., FMi5 28, TFM2 152; tree to 36 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 1000 m; Ps, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Hydnocarpus wrayi King, FMP1 161, FMi5 22, TFM2 149; small tree

occasionally reaching 21 m tali; lowland forest, sometimes at greater

altitudes; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Osmelia maingayi King, FMP1 833, FMi5 153, TFM2 153; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; widespread.

Osmelia philippina (Turcz.) Benth., FM15 79, TFM2 153; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Sp; [doubtfully distinct from previous species].

Pangium edule Reinw., FMP1 163, FMi5 36, TFM2 155; tree to 20 m tall;

around villages, possibly not wild; widespread.

Ryparosa fasciculata King, FMP1 166, FMi5 43, TFM2 158; tree to 6 m tall;

lowland forest; MI and Ph northward; endemic.

Ryparosa hullettii King, FMP1 165, FM15 48, TFM2 159; shrub or tree to

20 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Jh, Sp.

241

242

103.9.3

103.9.4

103.9.5

103.9.6

103.10.1

103.11.1

103.11.2

103.1 1:3

104.

104.1.1

104.1.2

104.1.3

104.2.1

104.3.1

104.4.1

104.5.1

Ryparosa javanica Kurz ex Koord., FM15 45, TFM2 159; Ryparosa wrayi

King, FMP1 164; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Ryparosa kunstleri King, FMP1 165, FM15 48, TFM2 159; Xanthophyllum

hebecarpum Chodat, FMP1 149; tree to 18 m tall; lowland to montane forest

at 1200 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Ryparosa scortechinii King, FMP1 166, FM15 42, TFM2 159; small tree to

12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Pn & KI southward; endemic.

Ryparosa wallichii Rid!., FMP1 165, FMi5 44; Ryparosa acuminata sensu

Whitmore, TFM2 159; tree; lowland forest; Pn, Ph, Sl, NS.

Scaphocalyx spathacea Ridl., FMP1 164, FMi5 35, TFM2 159; Scaphocalyx

parviflora Ridl., FMP1 164, FMiI5 35; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; K1],

Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Scolopia macrophylla (Wight & Arn.) Clos, FMi15 8, TFM2 160; Scolopia

rhinanthera (Benn. & Br.) Clos, FMP1 155; spiny tree to 9 m tall; lowlands,

usually coastal; widespread.

Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb., FMi5 10, TFM2 160; Scolopia roxburghii

(Benn.) Clos, FMP1 156; spiny tree to 15 m tall; lowlands; widespread.

Scolopia steenisiana Sleumer, TFM2 161, C14 144; tree to 15 m tall; on

limestone; K1, Sl; endemic.

GENTIANACEAE

Canscora andrographioides Griff. ex C.B. Clarke, FMP2 433, U01 77; herb

to 30 cm tall; montane forest; Gg Jerai, Kd.

Canscora pentanthera C.B. Clarke, FMP2 433, C14 144, U01 74; herb to 50

cm tall; mostly on dry limestone hills; Sl northward.

Canscora trinervia Ridl., FMP2 433; herb to 15 cm tall; banks of montane

streams; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Crawfurdia trinervis (Blume) Dietr., 001 89; Crawfurdia blumei G. Don,

FMP2 434; slender climber; upper montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Exacum tetragonum Roxb., FMP2 432, C14 144, U01 79; herb to 1 m tall;

open grassy places; Pk northward.

Gentiana malayana Rid!., FMP2 434; herb to 10 cm tall; on damp rocks in

high mountains; Gg Benom & Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Microrphium pubescens C.B. Clarke, FMP2 434, C14 144, U01 82; herb to

1 m tall; on limestone; P. Langkawi, Ph.

105.

105.1.1

1.1.2

105.1.3

105.1.4

105.1.5

105.1.6

105.1.7

105.1.8

105.1.9

105.1.10

105.1.11

105.1.12

105.1.13

105.1.14a

GESNERIACEAE

Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud., B52 479; Aeschynanthus

purpurascens Hassk., FMP2 497; slender erect epiphyte; lowland forest;

KI, Jh, Sp.

Aeschynanthus angustifolius (Blume) Steud., W33 22; Aeschynanthus

stenophyllus Ridl., FMP2 498; slender epiphyte shrub; lowlands and hills;

Pk, Jh.

Aeschynanthus fecundus P. Woods, B52 482; Aeschynanthus breviflorus {non

(S. Moore) K. Schum.] Ridl., FMP2 497; tufted epiphyte to 30 cm tall;

lowland forest near rivers; once from Telom, Ph.

Aeschynanthus flippancei Ridl., R14 473; creeping herb; lowlands; Balik

Pulau, Pn; endemic.

Aeschynanthus lamponga Mig. var. parvifolius Ridl., FMP5 324; slender

creeper; Kuala Teku, Ph; endemic variety.

Aeschynanthus lanceolatus Ridl., FMP5 324; slender epiphyte; montane

forest; Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Aeschynanthus longicalyx Ridl., FMP2 499; small shrub about 30 cm tall;

montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R.Br., B52 481; Aeschynanthus

marmoratus T. Moore, FMP2 498; trailing epiphyte or epilith; on limestone;

Kaki Bukit and Bt Bintang, Ps.

Aeschynanthus longiflorus DC., FMP2 498; small shrub to 30 cm tall;

lowland forest; Ph.

Aeschynanthus myrmecophilus P. Woods, B52 483; Aeschynanthus

hildebrandii auct. non Hemsl., FMP2 499; shrubby epiphyte to 60 cm long;

montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Aeschynanthus obconicus C.B. Clarke, FMP2 500 ‘obconica’; slender

climber; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl.

Aeschynanthus parvifolius R.Br., FMP2 500; creeping epiphyte; lowland

to montane forests; widespread.

Aeschynanthus perakensis Ridl., FMP2 498; shrub to 60 cm tall; montane

forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Aeschynanthus radicans Jack var. lanuginosus Rid!., FMP2 500 ‘/anuginosa’;

creeping epiphytic or epilithic herb; lowland forest; Pk.

243

244

105.1.14b

105.1.15

105.1.16

105.1.17

105.2.1

105.3.1

105.4.1

105.4.2

105.5.1

$055.2

105.5.3

105.5.4

105.5.5

105.5.6

105.5.7

Aeschynanthus radicans Jack var. radicans, FMP2 500; creeping epiphytic

or epilithic herb; lowland forest; widespread.

Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl., FMP2 499; erect shrub to 60 cm tall;

montain forests; Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook., FMP2 498; small shrub about 30 cm tall;

hill forests; Pk, Sl, Ph.

Aeschynanthus wallichii R.Br., FMP2 500; slender woody creeper; lowland

and montane forest; scattered.

Agalmyla parasitica (Lam.) Kuntze, B44 224; Agalmyla staminea (Vahl)

Blume, FMP2 501; climbing epiphytic shrub; hill and montane forest; Pk,

Ph, SI.

Boea minutiflora Ridl., FMP2 537, B49 420; herb to 10 cm tall; on limestone;

known only from type, Gg Senyum, Ph; endemic.

Boeica brachyandra Ridl., FMP2 538, B46 370; stemless herb with woody

rootstock; hill forest on sandstone; only known from Gg Chinchang, P.

Langkawi; endemic.

Boeica nutans Ridl., FMP2 538, B46 372; stemless herb; montane forest;

only known from type, Gg Kerbau, Pk; endemic.

Chirita caliginosa C.B. Clarke, FMP2 524, W31 186; Chirita parvula Ridl.,

FMP2 524; herb 30—40 cm tall; limestone rocks and cliffs; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Chirita elata Ridl., FMP2 524, W31 189; herb to 60 cm tall; montane forest;

Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Chirita glasgovii Ridl., FMP2 526; weak herb to 30 cm tall; probably known

only from type; Pk.

Chirita involucrata Craib, W31 199; herb to 45 cm tall; on limestone; Kd,

KI.

Chirita lacunosa (Hook.f.) B.L. Burtt, W31 151; Didymocarpus lacunosus

Hook.f., FMP2 510; stemless herb to 15 cm tall; crevices in limestone; P.

Langkawi and Gua Badak, Pk.

Chirita rupestris Ridl., FMP2 525, W31 201; herb 10-30 cm tall; on

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Chirita sericea Ridl., FMP2 525 incl. var. scortechinii Ridl., W31 187; silky

herb to 25 cm tall; limestone rocks; Kd, Pk; endemic.

105.5.8

105.6.1

105.6.2a

105.6.2b

105.6.3

105.6.4

105.6.5

105.6.6

105.6.7

105.6.8

105.6.9

105.6.10

105.6.11

105.6.12

Chirita viola Ridl., FMP2 525, W31 190; weak herb to 25 cm tall; often, but

not always, on limestone; P. Langkawi, Kd, KI], Ph;

Wood’s [W31 191] single record of Chirita hamosa R.Br. from P. Langkawi

is C. viola (B.L. Burtt in litt.).

Cyrtandra barbata Ridl., FMP2 547; herb; lowland forest; Temengoh, Pk;

endemic.

Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl. var. cupulata, FMP2 546; shrub to 1 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Ph, Sl, Ml; endemic.

Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl. var. minor Ridl., FMP2 547; shrub to 1 m tall;

lowland forest; Kl; endemic.

Cyrtandra dispar DC., FMP2 544; shrub to 1 m tall; montane forests; Pn,

Pie:

Cyrtandra falcata Ridl., FMP2 545; epiphyte about 60 cm tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Cyrtandra gimlettii Ridl., FMP2 546; herb to 15 cm tall; lowland forest;

Kuala Lebir, K1.

Cyrtandra lanceolata Ridl., FMP2 546; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Gg Panti, Jh; ?endemic.

Cyrtandra patula Rid!l., FMP2 545; spreading shrub to 2 m tall; wet lowland

forest; Bt Tangga, NS.

Cyrtandra pendula Blume, FMP2 544; creeping herb; lowland forests;

widespread.

Cyrtandra rotundifolia Ridl., FMP2 545; herb to 10 cm tall; lowland forests;

Pk.

This species should probably be sunk into C. pendula (B.L. Burtt pers.

comm.).

Cyrtandra suffruticosa Ridl., FMP2 545; shrub to 130 cm tall; on rocks or

epiphytic; Pk, Ph, Jh; ?endemic.

Cyrtandra stonei B.L. Burtt, B51 229; Cyrtandra dispar DC. var. glabriflora

B.C. Stone, $48 262; shrub to 2 m tall; montane forest about 1500 m; only

known from Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Cyrtandra wallichii (C.B. Clarke) B.L. Burtt, B47 179; Cyrtandra pilosa

auct. non Blume, FMP2 545; Cyrtandra grandiflora (non Gaudich.) Ridl.,

FMP? 546; shrub to 1 m tall; on banks in lowland and hill forest; widespread.

245

246

105.7.1

105.7.2

105.7.3

105.7.4

105.7.5

105.7.6

105.777

105.7.8

105.7.9

105.7.10

105.7.11

105.7.12

105.7.13

105.7.14

105.7.15

105.7.16

Didissandra atrocyanea Ridl., FMP2 503; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm

tall; montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didissandra atropurpurea Ridl., FMP2 504; ‘herb’ with short woody stem;

montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didissandra castaneifolia Ridl., FMP2 505; short-stemmed herb; on rocks;

Kuala Teku, Ph; endemic.

Didissandra frutescens C.B. Clarke, FMP2 502; shrub about 1 m tall; damp

spots in lowland and hill forest.

Didissandra glabrescens Ridl., FMP2 505; woody-stemmed herb to 10 cm

tall; montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didissandra hirta Ridl., FMP2 503; woody-stemmed herb to 20 cm tall;

forest; Gg Bujong Malacca, Pk; endemic.

Didissandra johorica Ridl., FMP2 502; herb to | m tall; hill forest; Gg Panti,

Jh; endemic.

Didissandra kiewii Kiew, K29 212; woody-stemmed herb to 15 cm tall;

lowland forest; Sg Selai, Jh; endemic.

Didissandra longisepala Ridl., FMP2 503; herb to 15 cm tall; montane forest;

Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Didissandra morganii Franch., B42 100; Didissandra filicina Ridl., FMP2

505; shrublet to 15 cm tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph, Ml; endemic.

Didissandra petiolata Ridl., FMP2 504; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; montane

forest; Gg Inas, Pk; endemic.

Didissandra porphyrantha A. Weber & Kiew, K48 1; woody-stemmed ‘herb’

to 50 cm tall; shaded slopes in lowland and hill forest; Sl; endemic.

Didissandra quercifolia Ridl., FMP2 505; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm

tall; lower montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didissandra serratifolia Ridl., FMP2 503; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm

tall; montane forest; Gg Bujong Malacca, Pk; endemic.

Didissandra violacea Ridl., FMP2 504; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm

tall; upper montane forest; summit of Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Didissandra wrayi Ridl., FMP2 504; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; montane forest;

Pk, Ph; endemic.

Didissandra flammea Ridl. |FMP2 504] and D. latisepala Ridl. [FMP2 503]

have only been recorded from north of the Thai border.

105.8.1

105.8.2

105.8.3a

105.8.3b

105.8.4

105.8.5

105.8.6

105.8.7

105.8.8

105.8.9

105.8.10

105.8.11

105.8.12

105.8.13

105.8.14

Didymocarpus albinellus Ridl., FMP2 512; hairy herb to 40 cm tall; montane

forest; Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus albinus Rid!., FMP2 512; shrub to 1.5 m tall; lower montane

forest; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Didymocarpus albus Rid. var. albus, FMP2 517; woody creeper; montane

forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus albus Ridl. var. major Ridl., FMP2 517; woody creeper:

montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus albomarginatus Hems!., FMP2 515; herb to 30 cm tall;

montane forest; Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus alternans Ridl., FMP2 513; herb about 30 cm tall; montane

forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus antirrhinoides A. Weber, W06 303; Didymocarpus

corchorifolius auct. non DC., FMP2 508 in part; Didymocarpus sp., W06

305; shrub 1-1.5 m tall; hill forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus anthonyi Kiew, K39 24; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 40 cm

tall; earth banks in lowland forest; Ulu Besut, Tg; endemic.

Didymocarpus ascendens Ridl., FMP2 517; creeping herb to 25 cm tall;

lowland forest; K1, Pk.

Didymocarpus atrosanguineus Ridl., FMP2 518, K30 49; woody-stemmed

‘herb’ to 20 cm tall; lowland forest; Kl, Tg, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus bombycinus Ridl., FMP2 518; shrub to 1 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus breviflorus (Ridl.) A. Weber & Kiew, K48 7; Didissandra

breviflora Ridl., R14 474; woody-stemmed herb 10-25 cm tall; steep slopes

and rock faces in hill forest; Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus caelestis (Ridl.) Kiew, K36 175; Codonoboea caelestis Ridl.,

R15 259; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; streambanks in lowland forest; only known

from Gua Musang, KI] (not on limestone); endemic.

Didymocarpus campanulatus (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; Paraboea

campanulata Ridl., FMP2 529; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Semangkok Pass, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus calcareus Ridl., R15 258, C14 153, K44 204; woody-stemmed

‘herb’; montane forest, not on limestone; only known from the summit of

Gg Stong, KI; endemic.

247

248

105.8.15

105.8.16

105.8.17

105.8.18

1053.19

105.8.20

105.8.21a

105.8.21b

105.8.22

105.8.23

105.8.24

105.8.25

105.8.26

105.8.27

105.8.28

Didymocarpus castaneifolius Ridl., FMP2 514, K44 205; woody-stemmed

‘herb’ to 15 cm tall; montane forest at 1700 m; Gg Inas, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus codonion Kiew, K30 49; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 20 cm

tall; on earth banks in lowland forest; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus corchorifolius Wall. ex DC., FMP2 508 in part, W06 301;

shrub to 2 m tall; hill forest; Pn.

Didymocarpus cordatus A. DC., B49 427; Paraboea cordata (A. DC.) Ridl.,

FMP2 528 incl. vars. debilis Ridl. and ophirensis Ridl.; herb to 60 cm tall;

hill and lower montane forest; widespread in the mountains.

Didymocarpus corneri Kiew, K36 172; shrub to 1.5 m tall; on banks in

lowland forest; only known from Kemaman, Tg; endemic.

Didymocarpus craspedodromus Kiew, K30 213; shrub to 1 m tall; lowland

and hill forest on banks and steep slopes; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus crinitus Jack var. crinitus, FMP2 519, K30 50; woody-

stemmed ‘herb’ to 20 cm tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pn, Pk,

Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Didymocarpus crinitus Jack var. elongatus Ridl., FMP2 520 ‘elongata’, herb;

Pk.

Didymocarpus croceus Ridl., FMP2 516; succulent creeping herb; montane

forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus curtisii (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 520; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to

15 cm tall; montane forest; Semangkok Pass, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus davisonii Kiew, K34 242; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 20 cm

tall; on shaded sandstone boulders to 500 m; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus dawnii Kiew, K43 201; low woody-stemmed ‘herb’; hill forest

at about 1000 m; known from two localities in Temengor E.R., Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus densifolius Ridl., FMP2 521, K29 216; Paraboea densifolia

(Ridl.) M.R. Hend., H34 79; Paraboea caerulea Ridl., FMP2 529; shrub to

1 m tall; lowland and hill forest; P. Tioman, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus doryphyllus B.L. Burtt, B42 99; Didymocarpus lanceolatus

(non C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 520; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; montane

forests; Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus ericiflorus Ridl., K30 51, K36 173; Codonoboea ericiflora

(Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 533; shrublet to 30 cm tall; hill forest at about 1000 m;

only known from Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

105.8.29

105.8.30

105.8.31

105.8.32

105.8.33

105.8.34

105.8.35

105.8.36

105.8.37

105.8.38

105.8.39

105.8.40a

105.8.40b

105.8.41

105.8.42

105.8.43

Didymocarpus falcatus Kiew, K29 218; woody-stemmed herb to 1 m tall:

on cliffs and boulders in hill forest; Gg Janing, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus fasciatus Ridl., FMP2 520, K30 52; woody-stemmed ‘herb’

to 30 cm tall; rocky montane forest; Kd, Ph, NS; endemic.

Didymocarpus flavescens Ridl., FMP2 511; herb to 30 cm tall; montane

forest; Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus flavobrunneus Ridl., FMP2 515 incl. var. montanus Ridl.,

K29 52; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 30 cm tall; lowland and hill forest near

rivers; only known from Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus flavus Ridl., FMP2 510; Staurogyne serrulata C.B. Clarke,

FMP2 563; shrub to 1 m tall; hill and montane forest; Pk, Sl.

Didymocarpus floribundus (M.R. Hend.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; Paraboea

floribunda M.R. Hend.,H35 117; herb to 10 cm tall; Bt Kajang, Tg; endemic.

Didymocarpus geitleri A. Weber, W03 95; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm

tall; on banks in lowland forest; only known from the Kuantan district, Ph;

endemic.

Didymocarpus glabratus Ridl., FMP2 513; herb to 40 cm tall; montane

forest; Gg Panti, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus heterophyllus Rid!., FMP2 522, K30 53; short-stemmed herb

with woody rootstock; by streams in the lowlands and hills; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus hirsutus Rid!., FMP2 520; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 40 cm

tall; hill forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus hirtus Rid!., FMP2 512; herb to 50 cm tall; montane forest;

Semangkok Pass, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus hispidus Ridl. var. hispidus, FMP2 511; Staurogyne

macrantha C.B. Clarke, FMP2 563; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest; Pk.

Didymocarpus hispidus Ridl. var. selangorensis Ridl., FMP2 512; herb;

montane forest; Sl.

Didymocarpus holttumii (M.R. Hend.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; Paraboea

holttumii M.R. Hend., H31 54; stiff erect herb to 30 cm tall; hill forest at

900 m; Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus inaequalis Rid!., FMP2 510; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 20

cm tall; Gg Chinchang, P. Langkawi.

Didymocarpus lancifolius M.R. Hend., H31 52; creeping herb to 13 cm tall;

gorge of the Sg Tras near Raub, Ph; endemic.

249

250

105.8.44

105.8.45

105.8.46

105.8.47

105.8.48

105.8.49

105.8.50

105.8.51

105.8.52

105.8.53

105.8.54

105.8.55

105.8.56

105.8.57

105.8.58

Didymocarpus leiophyllus Kiew, K39 28; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 20 cm

tall; earthbanks in lowland forest; Ulu Sg Setai, Tg; endemic.

Didymocarpus leucanthus Kiew, K39 31; prostrate shrub to 1 m tall; lowland

forest; Ulu Ampang, SI; endemic.

Didymocarpus leucocodon (Ridl.) Kiew, K30 53, K36 175; Codonoboea

leucocodon (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 533; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; mossy

montane ridges at 1200-1700 m; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus lilacinus Ridl., K30 54, K36 174; Codonoboea lilacina (Ridl.)

Ridl., FMP2 534; clumping shrublet; on earth banks in lowland forest; only

known from Gg Tahan area, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus lithophilus Kiew, K30 54, K39 37; Didymocarpus

kompsoboea auct. non C.B. Clarke, FMP2 518; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to

20 cm tall; lower montane forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus longipes C.B. Clarke, FMP2 521; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to

10 cm tall; on rocks on mountains; Gg Ledang, MI; endemic.

Didymocarpus malayanus Hook.f., FMP2 514; short-stemmed herb; hill

and montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml; endemic.

Didymocarpus marginatus C.B. Clarke, FMP2 516; creeping herb; on rocks

on mountains; lower slopes of Gg Ledang, MI; endemic.

Didymocarpus miniatus Kiew, K43 40; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 1 m tall;

lowland forest on sandstone; Bt Bauk and Bt Chabang, Tg; endemic.

Didymocarpus modestus Ridl., FMP2 513; herb about 25 cm tall; montane

forest; Gg Kerbau, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus nitidus Kiew & A. Weber, K48 4; woody-stemmed ‘herb’

40-70 cm tall; steep slopes in montane forest at 1300-1400 m; only known

from Gg Bunga Buah, SI; endemic.

Didymocarpus niveus (Kiew) Kiew, K36 174; Codonoboea nivea Kiew, K29

210; herb to 1 m tall; on banks in lowland forest; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus parviflorus Ridl., FMP2 510; erect herb to 30 cm tall;

montane forest; Pk, NS; endemic.

Didymocarpus pectinatus C.B. Clarke ex Oliv., FMP2 521; shrubby plant

to 20 cm tall; lowland forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus platypus C.B. Clarke, FMP2 517, K29 56; woody-stemmed

‘herb’; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; widespread.

105.8.59

105.8.60

105.8.61

105.8.62

105.8.63

105.8.64

105.8.65

105.8.66

105.8.67

105.8.68

105.8.69

105.8.70

105.8.71

105.8.72

Didymocarpus polyanthoides Kiew, K30 56; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 85

cm tall; steep slopes near river in lowland forest; only known from Sg Teku,

Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus primulinus Ridl., FMP2 522; herb to 10 cm tall; montane

forest; Klang Gates, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus pulchellus Rid!., FMP2 516; herb to 20 cm tall; forest; Kuala

Lipis, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus pumilus Ridl., FMP2 523; ‘herb’ with short woody stem;

lower montane forest; Semangkok Pass, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus puncticulatus Ridl., FMP2 522, K29 220; Didymocarpus

perdita Ridl., FMP2 522; nearly stemless herb; lowland forest;-Tg, Ph, Jh,

Sp; endemic.

Didymocarpus purpureus Ridl., FMP2 509; herb to 50 cm tall; hill forest;

Gg Chinchang, P. Langkawi; endemic.

Didymocarpus pyroliflorus Ridl., K29 57; Paraboea pyroliflora (Ridl.) Ridl.,

FMP2 529; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 15 cm tall; hill forest near streams;

Ph, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus quinquevulnerus Ridl., FMP2 518, K30 58; woody-stemmed

‘herb’ to 30 cm tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; K1, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh;

endemic.

Didymocarpus ramosus Rid!., FMP2 511; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus reptans Jack, FMP2 515; creeping herb; hill forest; scattered.

Ridley [FMP2 516] recognized three varieties of this species (monticola

Ridl., violascens Ridl. and modestus Ridl.) in addition to the typical form.

Didymocarpus ridleyanus B.L. Burtt, B42 99, K30 59; Didymocarpus

grandiflorus [non (Wall.) Dietr. ex Steud.] Ridl., FMP2 523; woody-

stemmed ‘herb’; lower montane forest; only known from Gg Tahan, Ph;

endemic.

Didymocarpus robinsonii Ridl., FMP2 513, K30 59; tiny shrub about 30

cm tall; upper montane forest; only known from Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus robustus Ridl., FMP2 508, W06 308; shrub to | m tall;

montane forest; only known from type Gg Kerbau, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus rubiginosus (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44, K30 59; Paraboea

rubiginosa Ridl., FMP2 530; herb with woody rootstock; cracks in dry cliffs

at 1300-2000 m; only known from Gg Tahan; endemic.

251

252

105.8.73

105.8.74

105.8.75

105.8.76

105.8.77

105.8.78

105.8.79

105.8.80a

105.8.80b

105.8.80c

105.8.81

105.8.82

105.8.83

105.8.84

Didymocarpus rugosus Ridl., FMP2 517; short woody-stemmed ‘herb’;

lowland forest; Kl, Pk.

Didymocarpus salicinoides Kiew, K39 35; Paraboea salicina (Ridl.) Ridl.

var. major Ridl., FMP5 325; wiry-stemmed herb; lowland forest; K1, Tg;

endemic.

Didymocarpus salicinus Ridl., K30 60; Paraboea filicifolia (Ridl.) Ridl.,

FMP2 530; Paraboea salicina (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 530; woody-rooted

herbaceous rheophyte; on rocks in streams to 1700 m; only known from

Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus scortechinii (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; Paraboea scortechinii

Ridl., FMP2 529; herb; Pk; poorly known; endemic.

Didymocarpus serratifolius Ridl., FMP2 521; woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 20

cm tall; on wet rocks in hill forest; Taiping Hills, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus soldanella Ridl., FMP2 523; short-stemmed herb; montane

forest; Gg Kerbau, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus stoloniferus Kiew, K39 36; stoloniferous herb; on rocks in

upper montane forest at 1800 m; Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus sulphureus Rid. var. breviflorus Ridl., FMP2 509, W06 307;

creeping and climbing shrub; montane forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Didymocarpus sulphureus Ridl. var. grandiflorus Ridl., FMP2 509, W06

307; creeping and climbing shrub; montane forest; variety only known from

Gg Kerbau, Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus sulphureus Ridl. var. sulphureus, FMP2 509, W06 305;

creeping and climbing shrub; montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus tahanicus B.L. Burtt, B44 46, K30 61; Paraboea grandifolia

(Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 531; stemless or short-woody-stemmed plant; lower

montane forest; Gg Padang, Tg; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus tiumanicus (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; Paraboea tiumanica

Ridl., FMP2 530; herb to 10 cm tall; lowland forest; P. Tioman, P. Tinggi

and P. Pemanggil, Jh; endemic.

Didymocarpus urticifolius Ridl., FMP2 511; herb to 15 cm tall; hill and

montane forest; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus venustus Ridl., FMP2 514, K44 206; Didymocarpus

pubiflorus (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B45 44; shrub to 100 cm tall; montane forest

at 1000-2000 m; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

105.8.85

105.8.86

105.8.87

105.8.88

105.8.89

105.9.1

105.9.2

105.10.1

105.10.2

105.10.3

105.10.4

105.10.5

105.10.6

105.10.7

105.10.8

105.11.1

Didymocarpus violaceus Ridl., FMP2 509; ‘herb’ with short woody stem:

on damp rocks in the mountains; Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus viscidus Ridl., FMP2 512; herb to 20 cm tall; Gg Keledang,

Pk; endemic.

Didymocarpus winkleri Ridl., FMP2 515; herb with short stout stem;

montane forest; Gg Angsi, NS; endemic.

Didymocarpus yongii Kiew, K30 62; cabbagey herb with woody rootstock;

steep slopes near rivers in lowland forest; only known from the base of Gg

Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Didymocarpus sp.,W31 202; Chirita uniflora Ridl., FMP2 525; herb to 35

cm tall; montane forest; Sl; endemic.

Epithema membranaceum (King) Kiew, K27 36 ‘membranacea’:

Argostemma membranaceum King, FMP2 24; fleshy herb to 15 cm tall; on

shaded rocks including limestone; Pn, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Epithema saxatile Blume, FMP2 539; soft succulent herb to 30 cm tall;

usually on limestone; quite widespread.

Loxocarpus angustifolius Rid!., FMP2 526; small stemless herb; on wet rocks

in lowland forest; only known from Ph; endemic.

Loxocarpus caeruleus Ridl., FMP2 527; stemless herb; on rocks in the

mountains; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Loxocarpus incanus R.Br., FMP2 527; stemless herb; on rocks in hill and

montane forest; Kl, Pn, Pk, Sl], Jh.

Loxocarpus holttumii M.R. Hend., H33 412; rosette herb to 15 cm tall; on

rocks at 500 m; Gg Panti, Jh; endemic.

Loxocarpus minimus Rid!., FMP2 527; stemless herb; on rocks in hill forest;

Bt Tangga, NS; endemic.

Loxocarpus papillosus M.R. Hend., H31 53; stemless rosette herb to 7 cm

tall; Gg Angsi, NS; endemic.

Loxocarpus semitortus (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP2 526; stemless herb on

rocks in mountain streams; only known from Gg Ledang, MI/Jh; endemic.

Loxocarpus tunkui Kiew, K29 221; rosette-forming herb; on wet rocks in

lowland forests; Ph, Jh.

Loxonia hirsuta Jack, B45 49, W01 204; Loxonia acuminata R.Br., FMP2

541; herb to 60 cm tall; hill forest; Ph, Jh.

253

254

105.12.1

105.13.1

105.13.2

105.13.3

105.13.4a

105.13.4b

105.14.1

105.15.1

105.16.1

105.16.2

105.16.3

105.16.4

105.16.5

105.16.6

105.16.7a

105.16.7b

Micraeschynanthus dischidioides Ridl., FMP5 325; slender epiphyte;

montane forest; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Monophyllaea elongata B.L. Burtt, B48 48; herb; on limestone cliffs; Pk;

endemic.

Monophyllaea glabra Ridl., FMP2 540, B48 38; succulent herb to 30 cm

tall with one big leaf; on limestone; P. Langkawi.

Monophyllaea hirticalyx Franch., B48 39; Monophyllaea patens Ridl., FMP2

540; succulent herb to 20 cm tall with one big leaf; on limestone; KI, Pk,

Ph, Sl; endemic.

Monophyllaea horsfieldii R.Br. var. hendersonii B.L. Burtt, B48 45; one-

leaved herb to 25 cm tall; limestone cliffs; Bt Cheras, Pk; endemic variety.

Monophyllaea horsfieldii R.Br. var. horsfieldii, FMP2 540, B48 43; succulent

herb to 40 cm tall with one big leaf; on limestone; Ps, K1, Pk, Sl.

Orchadocarpa lilacina Ridl., FMP2 538; herb with woody rootstock;

montane forest; Pk, Sl; endemic genus.

Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B41 297; Lepadanthus flexuosus

Ridl., FMP2 538; herb to 45 cm tall; Kd.

Paraboea acutifolia (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 423; Boea acutifolia Ridl., FMP2

536; shrublet to 30 cm tall; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Paraboea bakeri M.R. Hend., H35 115, B49 424; stemless herb; on

limestone; known only from type, Bt Sagu, Ph; endemic.

Paraboea bettiana M.R. Hend., H35 116, B49 424: shrublet to 45 cm tall;

on limestone in lowland forest; known only from Bt Cheras, Ph; endemic.

Paraboea bintangensis B.L. Burtt, B49 424; herb; on limestone rocks in

forest; only known from Bt Bintang, Ps; endemic.

Paraboea brachycarpa (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 424; Boea brachycarpa Ridl.,

R15 259; shrublet to 20 cm tall; on limestone; K1, Ph; endemic.

Paraboea caerulescens (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 425; Boea caerulescens Rid1.,

FMP2 535; shrub to 1 m tall; on limestone hills; Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Paraboea capitata RidI. var. capitata, FMP2 531, B49 426; Paraboea curtisii

Ridl., FMP2 532; Paraboea polita Ridl., FMP2 532; stemless herb with stout

rootstock; on limestone hills; Pk, Ph, Kl; endemic.

Paraboea capitata Ridl. var. oblongifolia Ridl., FMP2 531, B49 426; stemless

herb with stout rootstock; on limestone hills; Pk; endemic.

105.16.8

105.16.9

105.16.10

105.16.11

105.16.12

105.16.13

105.16.14

105.16.15

105.16.16

105.16.17

105.16.18

105.16.19

105.16.20

105.17.1

Paraboea divaricata (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 428; Boea divaricata Ridl.,

FMP2 535; woody-stemmed ‘herb’; on limestone; only known from P.

Langkawi; endemic.

Paraboea elegans (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 428; Paraboea obovata Ridl.,

FMP2 533; Boea elegans Ridl., FMP2 536; shortly woody-stemmed ‘herb’;

on quartzitic rock (only Malayan calcifuge Paraboea); P. Langkawi, Kd, SI:

endemic.

Paraboea ferruginea (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 531; very short-stemmed herb;

on damp limestone; only known from P. Langkawi; endemic.

Paraboea lanata (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 431; Boea lanata Ridl., FMP2 535;

stout woody-stemmed ‘herb’ to 10 cm tall; on maritime limestone rocks;

only known from P. Langkawi; endemic.

Paraboea laxa Ridl., FMP2 532, B49 431; shortly woody-stemmed ‘herb’;

on limestone; only known from P. Langkawi; endemic.

Paraboea nervosissima Z. Xu & B.L. Burtt, X02 9; shrub to 1 m tall:

limestone hills; Kl, Ph; endemic.

Paraboea paniculata (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 434; Boea paniculata Ridl.,

FMP2 534; woody-stemmed herb to 20 cm tall; on limestone; Pk, SI.

Paraboea parviflora (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 435; Boea parviflora Ridl.,

FMP2 536; herb to 15 cm tall; limestone hills; Pk; endemic.

Paraboea regularis (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP2 531, B49 435; short woody-stemmed

‘herb’; on limestone; only known from type, P. Langkawi; endemic.

Paraboea suffruticosa (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 439; Boea suffruticosa Ridl.,

FMP2 536; shrublet 30—60 cm tall; on limestone; P. Langkawi (and nearby

Thai islands).

Paraboea treubii (H.O. Forbes) B.L. Burtt, B49 440; Boea treubii H.O.

Forbes, C14 149; sub-shrub; on limestone; KI], Ph.

Paraboea verticillata (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 440; Boea verticillata Ridl.,

FMP2 535; herb with woody rootstock; on limestone; Sl; endemic.

Paraboea vulpina Ridl., FMP2 532, B49 441; herb with woody rootstock;

on limestone; Pk; endemic.

Paraboea lancifolia (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt (Boea lancifolia Ridl., FMP2 536)

has not been recorded from Malaya, only southern Thailand.

Rhynchoglossum obliquum Blume, FMP2 539; succulent herb to 50 cm

tall; hill forests, once from limestone; Pk.

255

256

105.18.1

105.19.1

105.19.2

105.20.1

106.

106.1.1

107.

107.1.1

107.1.2

107.1.3

107.1.4

107.1.5a

107.1.5b

107.1.6

Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume, FMP2 542; shrub about 1 m tall; hill

forest; Kl, Pn, Pk, Ph.

Stauranthera grandiflora Benth., FMP2 541, B50 131; succulent herb about

15 cm tall; on rocks, including limestone; Pn, Pk, SI.

Stauranthera umbrosa (Griff.) C.B. Clarke, FMP2 541; succulent herb to

15 cm tall; on shaded rocks including limestone; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Trisepalum speciosum (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt, B49 445; Dichiloboea speciosa

(Ridl.) Stapf, FMP2 537; sub-shrub to 60 cm tall; on limestone; Ps, P.

Langkawi.

GOODENIACEAE

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb., T08 391; Scaevola koenigii Vahl, FMP2

199; Scaevola sericea Vahl, FM15 339, FM19 566; large succulent shrub; sandy

shores; all coasts.

GUTTIFERAE

Calophyllum alboramulum P.F. Stevens, $37 204; Calophyllum sp. 23, TFM2

195; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest; Jh.

Calophyllum aureobrunnescens M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 172,837

636; small tree to 5 m tall; montane forest at 1500—1800 m; Ph; endemic.

Calophyllum aureum Symington ex M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 171,

$37 637; shrub or small tree to 15 m tall; upper montane forest at 1500-

2100 m; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Calophyllum biflorum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 176, $37 472; tree

to 36 m tall; lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum calaba L. var. bracteatum (Wight) P.F. Stevens, $37 261;

Calophyllum curtisii Ridl., FMP1 185, TFM2 177; tree to 40 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; throughout.

Calophyllum calaba L. var. cuneatum (Symington ex M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-

Sm.) PF. Stevens, $37 267; Calophyllum cuneatum Symington ex M.R. Hend.

& Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 177; tree to 30 m tall; lower montane forest at 1200-

1500 m; Ph.

Calophyllum canum Hook.f., FMP1 185, TFM2 176, $37 371; tree to 36 m

tall; lowland forest mostly; Kd, Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

107.1.7

107.1.8

107.1.9

107.1.10

107.1.11

107.1.12

107.1.13a

107.1.13b

107.1.14

107.1.15

107.1.16

107.1.17

-107.1.18

Calophyllum coriaceum Symington ex M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2

177, $37 362; tree to 30 m tall; lower montane forest at 1200-1500 m: Ph.

Sl; endemic.

Calophyllum costulatum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., FMP2 173, $37 470;

tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Calophyllum depressinervosum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 179, $37

389; tree to 36 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS,

Jh.

Calophyllum dioscurii P.F. Stevens, $37 530; Calophyllum sp. 45, TFM2 195:

tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, NS, MI, Jh.

Calophyllum dispar P.F. Stevens, $37 524; tree to 18 m tall; lowland swamp

forest; Tg, Ph, Sp.

Calophyllum enervosum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 180, $37 423;

tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest; Jh.

Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. var. ferrugineum, $37 459; Calophyllum

ferrugineum Ridl., FMP1 184, TFM2 180; Calophyllum retusum Wall. ex

Choisy, FMP1 184; tree to 22 m tall; lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. var. oblongifolium (T. Anderson) P.F.

Stevens, $37 460; Calophyllum oblongifolium (T. Anderson) Ridl., FMP1

184; Calophyllum neriifolium Ridl., FMP1 188; Calophyllum marginatum

Wall., FMP1 188; Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. var. neriifolium (Ridl.)

M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 181; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 760 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic variety.

Calophyllum flavoramulum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 181, $37 421:

tree to 38 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Calophyllum fraseri M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 182 in part, $37 417;

Calophyllum symingtonianum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 192 in part;

tree to 36 m tall; hill and montane forest at 700-1300 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Ph;

endemic.

Calophyllum gracillimum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 172, $37 624;

tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Calophyllum inophyllum L., FMP1 186, TFM2 186, $37 324; tree to 25 m

tall; rocky and sandy shores; Kd, Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum lanigerum Mig. var. austrocoriaceum (Whitmore) P.F. Stevens,

$37 358; Calophyllum austrocoriaceum Whitmore, TFM2 174; tree to 21 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Jh, Sp.

2357

258

107.1.19

107.1.20

107.1.21

107.1.22

107.1.23

107.1.24

1971.25

107.1.26

G7 127

107.1.28

107.1.29

107.1.30

107.1.31

107.1.32

Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook.f., FMP1 187, TFM2 187, $37 452; tree

to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI,

Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum molle King, FMP1 185, TFM2 188, $37 641; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Calophyllum nodosum Vesque, TFM2 171, 837 385; Calophyllum

parvifolium (non Choisy) Vesque, FMP1 182; shrub or tree to 25 m tall;

upper montane forest; Jh.

Calophyllum pisiferum Planch. & Triana, FMP1 184, TFM2 172, $37 518;

Calophyllum rupicola Ridl. var. elata Whitmore, TFM2 168 in part; shrub

or small tree; rheophyte or sandy places; Ml, Jh.

Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy, FMP1 182 in part, TFM2 188,

$37 395; tree to 23 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum rigidum Miq., $37 294; Calophyllum kunstleri King, FMP1

182, TFM2 187; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest and swamps; Pk, Ph, NS,

MI, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum rotundifolium Ridl., FMP1 188, TFM2 168, $37 634; tree about

9 m tall; upper montane forest at 1500-1800 m; Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; Gg

Mengkuang Lebah, SI; endemic.

Calophyllum rubiginosum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 189, $37 638;

Calophyllum wallichianum auct. non Planch. & Triana, FMP1 187 in part;

tree to 39 m tall; lowland forest; Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum rufigemmatum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm. ex P.F. Stevens, $37

350; Calophyllum wallichianum auct. non Planch. & Triana, TFM2 193 in

part; tree to 48 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum rupicola Ridl., FMP1 182, TFM2 168 incl. most of var. elatum

Whitmore, $37 515; shrub or small tree to 6 m tall; usually rheophytic; K1,

Tg, Ph, Jh.

Calophyllum sclerophyllum Vesque, TFM2 189, $37 447; stilt-rooted tree

to 36 m tall; swamp forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Calophyllum scriblitifolium M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 192, $37 368;

tree to 44 m tall; peat swamp forest; Pk, Sl, Jh.

Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f., TFM2 192, $37 277; Calophyllum spectabile

auct. non Willd., FMP1 185 in part; tree to 26 m tall; mostly lowland forest;

Ps, Kd, Pn, K1, Ph, NS, P. Jarak, Ml, Jh.

Calophyllum stipitatum PF. Stevens, $37 408; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

forest; Sungei Aur, Ph; ?endemic.

107.1.33

107.1.34

107.1.35

107.1.36

107.1.37a

107.1.37b

107.1.37c

107.1.38a

107.1.38b

107.1.39a

Calophyllum subhorizontale M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 170, $37 664:

tree to 8 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Calophyllum subsessile King, FMP1 187,837 489; Calophyllum javanicum

auct. non Miq., TFM2 187 in part; tree to 24 m tall; swampy lowland forest:

Pk; endemic.

Calophyllum sundaicum P.F. Stevens, $37 467; Calophyllum retusum auct.

non Wall. ex Choisy, TFM2 188; tree to 28 m tall; lowland swamp forest;

Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum symingtonianum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 192 in part,

$37 229; tree to 39 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m; P.

Langkawi, Kd, KI], Ph.

Calophyllum tetrapterum Mig. var. blumutense (M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.)

P.F. Stevens, $37 512; Calophyllum blumutense M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.,

TFM2 171; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; hill and montane forest; Gg

Belumut and Gg Panti, Jh; endemic variety.

Calophyllum tetrapterum Mig. var. obovale (Mig.) PF. Stevens, $37 510;

Calophyllum griffithii T. Anderson, FMP1 187 in part, TFM2 168; tree to

20 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ml, ?Jh.

Calophyllum tetrapterum Mig. var. tetrapterum, $37 506; Calophyllum

floribundum Hook.f., FMP1 184, TFM2 181; Calophyllum prainianum King,

FMP1 183; Calophyllum venustum King, FMP1 186; Calophyllum foetidum

Ridl., FMP1 186 in part; Calophyllum lanceola Ridl., FMP1 182:

Calophyllum pulcherrimum auct. non Wall. ex Choisy, FMP1 182 in part;

Calophyllum rupicola Rid. var. elatum Whitmore, TFM2 169 in part; tree

to 30 m tall; P- Langkawi, Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum teysmannii Mig. var. inophylloide (King) PF. Stevens, $37

436; Calophyllum inophylloide King, FMP1 in part, TFM2 183; Calophyllum

fraseri auct. non M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 182 in part; tree to 40 m

tall; lowland to lower montane forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Calophyllum teysmannii Mig. var. teysmannii, $37 432; Calophyllum

inophylloide auct. non King, FMP1 186 in part; Calophyllum inophylloide

King var. singapurense M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 186; Calophyllum

sp. 44, TFM2 173; tree to 36 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at

1200 m; K1, Tg, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Calophyllum venulosum Mig. var. tenuivenium (M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.)

PF. Stevens, $37 481; Calophyllum tenuivenium M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.,

TFM2 193; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Jh; endemic variety.

259

260

107.1.39b

107.1.40a

107.1.40b

107.1.40c

107.1.41

107.1.42

107.2.1

LS pean

Us)

107.2.4

107.2.5

107.2.6

107.3.1

107.3.2a

Calophyllum venulosum Miq. var. venulosum, $37 481; Calophyllum

Javanicum Miq., TFM2 187 in part; tree to 45 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph,

Jh.

Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Triana var. incrassatum (M.R. Hend.

& Wyatt-Sm.) PF. Stevens, $37 345; Calophyllum incrassatum M.R. Hend.

& Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 183; tree to 36 m tall; lowland forest; K1, Tg, Ph, Sl,

MI, Sh, Sp.

Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Triana var. tahanense (M.R. Hend.

& Wyatt-Sm.) PF. Stevens, $37 346; Calophyllum tahanense M.R. Hend. &

Wyatt-Sm., TFM2 168; tree to 20 m tall; hill and lower montane forest; K],

Ph, NS; endemic variety.

Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Triana var. wallichianum, $37 343;

Calophyllum spectabile auct. non Willd., FMP1 185 in part; Calophyllum

wallichianum Planch. & Triana, TFM2 193 in part; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, NS; endemic variety.

Calophyllum sp. 73, $37 422; tree about 20 m tall; lowland forest; once

from Bt Bauk Forest Reserve, Tg; ?endemic.

Calophyllum sp. 151, $37 627; tree to 21 m tall; lowland forest; Jh, Sp;

endemic.

Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume, FMP1 153 incl. var. miquelii King,

TFM2 249; tree to 42 m tall; common in lowland swamp forest, also in the

hills; Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume, TFM2 251; Cratoxylum

polyanthum Korth., FMP1 152; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest to 500 m;

Kd, Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Sp.

Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer, FMP1 153, TFM2 251; tree to 45 m

tall; lowland forest to 600 m; throughout.

Cratoxylum glaucum Korth., TFM2 249; Cratoxylum microphyllum Miq..,

FMP1 153; montane and lowland heath forest; Jh; endemic.

Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer, FMP1 154, TFM2 251; tree to 31 m tall; lowland

forest, also on limestone; Kd, Pn, K1, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume, TFM2 251; tree to 12 m tall; lowland

forest; once each from Tg and SI.

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anderson, FMP1 173, TFM2 206; tree to 27

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m, sometimes cultivated; throughout.

Garcinia bancana (Mig.) Migq. var. bancana, FMP1 174, TFM2 206; tree to

33 m tall; lowland forest; throughout.

107.3.2b

107.3.3

107.3.4a

107.3.4b

107.3.5

107.3.6

107.3.7

107.3.8

107.3.9

107.3.10

107.3.11

107.3.12

107.3.13

107.3.14

107.3.15

Garcinia bancana (Miq.) Miq. var. curtisii (Ridl.) Whitmore, TFM2 206;

Garcinia curtisii Ridl., FMP1 175; tree; lowland forest; Pn, Jh, Sp; endemic

variety.

Garcinia burkillii Whitmore, TFM2 207; Garcinia uniflora auct. non King,

FMP1 177 in part; tree to 15 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest, 420-

600 m; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Garcinia cantleyana Whitmore var. cantleyana, TFM2 207; tree to 15 m

tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Garcinia cantleyana Whitmore var. grandifolia Whitmore, TFM2 207; small

tree; montane forest; twice from Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Garcinia cataractalis Whitmore, TFM2 207; low wiry bush; rheophyte; Tg;

endemic.

Garcinia clusiifolia Ridl., FMP1 174, TFM2 208: tree to 6 m tall; lower

montane forest at 900 m; known only from Wray’s Camp, Gg Tahan, Ph;

endemic.

Garcinia costata Hemsl. ex King, FMP1 173, TFM2 208; small tree; lowland

to lower montane forest; Kd, Pk; endemic.

Garcinia cowa Roxb., TFM2 208; tree occasionally to 30 m tall; lowland

forest mostly; widespread.

Garcinia cuspidata King, FMP1 171, TFM2 209; tree to 27 m tall; lowland

forest; K1, Pk, Sl.

Garcinia diversifolia King, FMP1 171, TFM2 209; tree to 24 m tall; mainly

lower montane forest, 300—900 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia dumosa King, FMP1 178, TFM2 210; shrub; lowland forest; K],

Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Garcinia eugeniifolia Wall. ex T. Anderson, FMP1 169, TFM2 210; tree to

15 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Jh, Sp.

Garcinia forbesii King, FMP1 175, TFM2 211; tree to 18 m tall; lowland to

lower montane forest at 1700 m; throughout.

Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson, FMP1 174, TFM2 211; tree to 23 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 900 m; scattered throughout.

Garcinia hendersoniana Whitmore, TFM2 211; tree to 8 m tall; lower

montane forest above 1050 m; Tg, Ph; endemic.

261

262

107.3.16

107.3.17

107.3.18

107.3.19

107.3.20

107.3.21

107.3.22

107.3.23

107.3.24

107.3.25

107.3.26a

107.3.26b

107.3.27

107.3.28a

107.3.28b

107.3.29

Garcinia holttumii Ridl., FMP5 290, TFM2 212; shrub or tree to 6 m tall;

montane forest above 900 m; thrice from Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, FMP1 171, TFM2 212; tree to 30 m tall; most

frequently near the sea; all coasts.

Garcinia maingayi Hook.f., FMP1 173, TFM2 214; tree to 21 m tall; lowland

to lower montane forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia malaccensis Hook.f., FMP1 172, TFM2 214; tree to 24 m tall;

lowland forest to 540 m; KI, Tg, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Garcinia merguensis Wight, FMP1 169, TFM2 215; Garcinia lanceolata

Ridl., FMP1 170; tree; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pk, Ph.

Garcinia minutiflora Ridl., FMP1 176, TFM2 216; tree to 8 m tall; mostly

on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Pn, KI.

Garcinia monantha Ridl., FMP1 176, TFM2 216; small tree; montane forest;

Tg, Ph; endemic.

Garcinia montana Ridl., FMP1 175, TFM2 216; tree to 5 m tall; montane

forest; only known with certainty from Gg Ledang, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia murdochii Ridl., FMP1 175, TFM2 217; tree to 23 m tall; lowland

forest, also on limestone; Kd, Tg, Pk, Jh.

Garcinia murtonii Whitmore, TFM2 217; shrub or small tree to 8 m tall;

montane forest; Gg Korbu, Pk, Gg Tahan, Ph, Gg Belumut, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia nervosa Miq. var. nervosa, FMP1 179, TFM2 217; tree to 21 m

tall; lowland forest; scattered widely.

Garcinia nervosa Miq. var. pubescens King, TFM2 218; tree; lowland forest;

once from Pk; endemic variety.

Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson, FMP1 176, TFM2 218;

Garcinia kunstleri King, FMP1 177; tree; lowland forest to 600 m;

throughout.

Garcinia opaca King var. dumosa Whitmore, TFM2 219; shrub; lowland

forest to 600 m; Pk, Ph, SI, Jh; endemic.

Garcinia opaca King var. opaca, FMP1 178, TFM2 218; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest, swamp and limestone; KI, Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh (once each);

endemic.

Garcinia parvifolia (Mig.) Mig., FMP1 177, TFM2 219; Garcinia globulosa

Ridl., FMP1 176; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest to 600 m; throughout.

107.3.30

107.3.31

107.3.32

107.3.33

107.3.34

107.3.35

107.3.36

107.3.37

107.3.38

107.3.39

107.3.40

107.3.41

107.3.42

107.3.43

107.3.44

107.3.45

107.3.46

Garcinia penangiana Pierre, FMP1 172, TFM2 218; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest to 300 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Garcinia prainiana King, FMP1 180, TFM2 220; tree to 10 m tall; lowland

forest, also cultivated; Ps, Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Garcinia pyrifera Ridl., FMP1 180, TFM2 220; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Garcinia rostrata (Hassk.) Mig., FMP1 169, TFM2 220; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; scattered throughout.

Garcinia scortechinii King, TFM2 221; Garcinia gaudichaudii auct. non

Planch. & Triana, FMP1 177; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

700 m; common throughout.

Garcinia uniflora King, FMP1 177 in part, TFM2 221; tree to 15 m tall;

lower montane forest at 900-1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Garcinia urophylla Scort. ex King, FMP1 178, TFM2 221; shrub or small

tree to 12 m tall; hill forest to 1150 m; widely scattered.

Garcinia Al, TFM2 222; small tree; lowland to lower montane forest; Sg

Buloh FR, Sl; Raub, Ph; ?endemic.

Garcinia A2, TFM2 222; shrub to 4.5 m tall; lowland forest; Jh (3 or 4

collections); ?endemic.

Garcinia A3, TFM2 222: tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh; ?endemic.

Garcinia C1, TFM2 223: tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hills to 600 m; Ph,

Sl; ?endemic.

Garcinia C2, TFM2 223; tree; lower montane forest at 700—900 m; Pn, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; ?endemic.

Garcinia E1, TFM2 223: tree to 18 m tall; lowland forest; Gg Bubu, Pk;

Lepar FR, Ph; ?endemic.

Garcinia E2, TFM2 224; Garcinia uniflora auct. non King, FMP1 177 in

part; small shrub; lowland forest; once from Gg Panti, Jh; ?endemic.

Garcinia E3, TFM2 224; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Jh;

? endemic.

Garcinia G1, TFM2 224; tree to 21 m tall; lower montane forest; Tg, Ph;

? endemic.

Garcinia G2, TFM2 225; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest; only known from

Ulu Brang, Tg; ?endemic.

263

264

107.4.1

107.5.1

107.5.2

10753

107.5.4

107.6.1

107.6.2

107.6.3

107.6.4

107.6.5

107.6.6

107.6.7

107.6.8a

107.6.8b

107.6.9a

Hypericum japonicum Thunb., FMP1 152, TFM2 248, M47 312; herb to 25

cm tall; weed of open places; scattered.

Mammea brevipes (Craib) Kosterm., TFM2 226; Ochrocarpos siamensis

auct. non (Migq.) T. Anderson, FMP1 180; small tree; sometimes on

limestone; P. Langkawi.

Mammea malayana Kosterm., TFM2 226; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest;

Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Mammea odorata (Rafin.) Kosterm., TFM2 226; small tree; sandy seashores;

once from Mersing, Jh.

Mammea siamensis (Miq.) T. Anderson, TFM2 226; small tree; lowland

forest; once from Kd.

Mesua aff. assamica (King & Prain) Kosterm., TFM2 232; tree to 23 m tall;

lowland forest; Kd, KI, Tg, Ph, NS, Jh.

Mesua daphnifolia (Ridl.) Kosterm., TFM2 228; Kayea daphnifolia Ridl.,

FMP5 290; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk; endemic.

Mesua elegans (King) Kosterm., TFM2 229; Kayea elegans King, FMP1

191; Kayea caudata King, FMP1 191; small tree; lowland and hill forest;

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp; endemic. .

Mesua ferrea L., FMP1 192, TFM2 232: tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest to

480 m; throughout but commoner in the north.

Mesua ferruginea (Pierre) Kosterm., TFM2 230; Kayea ferruginea Pierre,

FMP1 189; small tree; by lowland rivers; K1, Ph, Jh.

Mesua grandis (King) Kosterm., TFM2 234; Kayea grandis King, FMP1

190; tree to 33 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Tg and Pk southward.

Mesua kochummeniana Whitmore, TFM2 234: tree to 36 m tall; lowland

forest; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Mesua kunstleri (King) Kosterm. var. curtisii (King) Whitmore, TFM2 232;

Kayea kunstleri King, FMP1 190 in part; shrub or tree to 18 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pn; endemic.

Mesua kunstleri (King) Kosterm. var. kunstleri, TFM2 228; Kayea kunstleri

King, FMP1 190 in part; Kayea rivulorum Ridl., FMP1 191; Kayea kunstleri

King var. rosea Ridl., FMP5 291; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland

forest; MI and Ph northward; endemic.

Mesua lepidota T. Anderson var. lepidota, FMP1 192, TFM2 235; tree to

21 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

107.6.9b

107.6.10

107.6.11

107.6.12

107.6.13

107.6.14

107.6.15

107.6.16

107.6.17

107.6.18

107.6.19

107.6.20

107.7.1

108.

108.1.1

Mesua lepidota T. Anderson var. parviflora (Ridl.) Whitmore, TFM2 235;

Kayea parviflora Ridl., FMP1 191; tree; hill forest to 800 m; Tg, Pk, Sl, M1,

Jh; endemic variety.

Mesua nervosa Planch. & Triana, TFM2 230; Kayea nervosa (Planch. &

Triana) T. Anderson, FMP1 190; shrub or tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest;

once from Pk.

Mesua nivenii Whitmore, TFM2 230; small tree to 15 m tall; lower montane

forest above 1200 m; Gg Padang and Gg Mandi Angin, Tg; endemic.

Mesua nuda Kosterm. ex Whitmore, TFM2 235; tree to 29 m tall; lowland

forest to 500 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Mesua purseglovei Whitmore, TFM2 229; tall tree; montane forest; known

only from type, Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Mesua racemosa (Planch. & Triana) Kosterm., TFM2 236; Kayea racemosa

Planch. & Triana, FMP1 189; tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest mostly; Kd,

KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI.

Mesua rosea (Ridl.) Kosterm., TFM2 229; Kayea rosea Ridl., FMP1 189;

lowland forest including swamps; Jh; endemic.

Mesua wrayi (King) Kosterm., TFM2 229; Kayea wrayi King, FMP1 189;

shrub or tree to 8 m tall; upper montane forest at 1500-2100 m; Pk, Ph;

endemic.

Mesua sp. B, TFM2 229; treelet 3 m tall; lowland forest; once from

Kemahang FR, KI; ?endemic.

Mesua sp. C, TFM2 230; tree; lowland forest; Bt Bauk, Tg; Gg Tapis, Ph;

? endemic.

Mesua sp. D, TFM2 236; tree; lowland forest; Ph, SI, Jh; ?endemic.

Mesua sp. E, TFM2 232; tree to 23 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Ph; ?endemic.

Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior, TFM3 288; Archytaea vahlii

Choisy, FMP1 208; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; swampy lowland forest,

mountain tops; widespread.

HALORAGACEAE

Gonocarpus chinensis (Lour.) Orchard, 003 207; Haloragis chinensis

(Lour.) Merr., K07 123, FM17 243; herb to 60 cm tall; open grassy places;

Sp.

265

266

108.2.1

108.2.2

109.

109.1.1

109.2.1

109.3.1

109.4.1

109.5.1

109.6.1

110.

110.1.1

110.2.1

110.3.1

110.3.2

Myriophyllum tetrandum Roxb., FM17 255; aquatic or semi-aquatic herb;

shallow open water; once from Kangar, Ps.

Myriophyllum tuberculatum Roxb., FMi17 256; aquatic or semi-aquatic herb;

shallow stagnant water in the lowlands; Ps, Kd.

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Altingia excelsa Noronha, FMP1 692, FM15 376, TFM2 238; tree to 45 m

tall; hill and montane forest; Ph.

Distyliopsis dunnii (Hemsl.) P.K. Endress, TFM2 242; Sycopsis dunnii

Hemsl., FMi5 371, TFM2 242; tree to 12 m tall; lower montane forest

(1200-1500 m) or on limestone; K1, Tg, Ph.

Distylium stellare Kuntze, FM15 369, TFM2 239; tree to 15 m tall; lower

montane forest and limestone hills; Pk, Ph.

Exbucklandia populnea (R. Br. ex Griff.) R.W. Br., V15 595; Bucklandia

populnea R.Br. ex Griff., nom. inval., FMP1 691; Symingtonia populnea

(R.Br. ex Griff.) Steenis, V13 444, FMi5 375, TFM2 242; tree to 33 m tall;

lower montane forest; widespread.

Maingaya malayana Oliv., FMP1 691, FM15 366, TFM2 240; tree to 27 m

tall; lowland and hill forest at 300-1000 m; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Rhodoleia championii Hook.f., FM15 372, TFM2 240; Rhodoleia ovalifolia

Ridl., FMP1 690; Rhodoleia teysmannii Mig., FMP1 690; shrub or tree to

30 m tall; montane forest above 1450 m, lower on quartzite; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, MI.

HERNANDIACEAE

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq., TFM2 244, FM112 743; Gyrocarpus jacquinii

Gaertn., FMP3 139; small tree; coastal; Kd, Pn (very rare).

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Presl) Kubitzki, TFM2 245, FMr12 747;

Hernandia peltata Meisn., FMP3 138; tree to 18 m tall; coastal and offshore

islands; P. Langkawi, Kd, Tg, Pk, Jh.

Illigera parviflora Dunn, K73 177, TFM2 247, FM112 759; Iiligera

appendiculata auct. non Blume, FMP3 139 in part; liana; hill forest; Pk, Ph.

Illigera pulchra Blume, K73 174, TFM2 247, FMi12 759; Illigera lucida

Teijsm. & Binn., FMP3 140; liana; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi, Pk.

110.3.3

111.

111.1.1

LE YA

ee |

113.

113.1.1

113.2.1

113.3.1

113.3.2a

113.3.2b

113320

Illigera trifoliata (Griff.) Dunn, K73 169, TFM2 247, FM112 760; Jiligera

appendiculata auct. non Blume, FMP3 139 in part; liana; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph, SI.

HYDRANGEACEAE

Dichroa febrifuga Lour., FMP1 681, TFM4 462: shrub to 2 m tall; montane

forest above 1000 m; Pk, Ph, SI.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl, FMP2 438, FMi4 207, M47 310; creeping herb

ascending to 30 cm; ditches, paddyfields; widespread.

ICACINACEAE

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn., FMi7 48, TFM3 109; small tree to 9m

tall; montane forest; K1, Ph.

Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) Howard, FMi7 51, TFM3 110; Cantleya

Johorica Ridl., FMP1 436; Stemonurus corniculatus (Becc.) Ridl., FMP5

297; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest, often under swampy conditions; Jh,

Sp.

Gomphandra capitulata (Jungh. & de Vriese) Becc., FM17 24, TFM3 110;

Gomphandra nyssifolia King, FMP1 427; tree to 20 m tall; montane forest

above 1000 m; Pk, Ph.

Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer var. angustifolia (King) Sleumer,

FMi7 34, TFM3 111; Gomphandra lanceolata (Mast.) King var. angustifolia

King, FMP1 428 in part; Gomphandra salicifolia Ridl., FMP1 429; wiry

rheophytic shrub; lowland to montane forest near streams; Kd, Pn, KI], Pk,

Ph, Sp.

Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer var. maingayi (Mast.) Sleumer,

FMi7 34, TFM3 111; Gomphandra maingayi (Mast.) King, FMP1 429; shrub;

hill forest at 900-1500 m; Pn; endemic variety.

Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer var. ovalifolia (Ridl.) Sleumer,

FMi7 34, TFM3 111; Gomphandra ophirensis Ridl., nom. illeg., FMP1 427;

Gomphandra lanceolata (Mast.) King , FMP 1 428 incl. var. ovalifolia Ridl.;

Gomphandra pubescens Ridl., FMP 1 429; shrub; lowland to lower montane

forest at 1200 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

267

268

113.3.2d

LISS 2E

113.4.1

113.4.2

113.43

113.4.4

113.4.5

1334

113.5.2

1135.3

113.5.4

113.6.1

113.6.2

113.7.1

Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer var. quadrifida, FM17 33, TFM3

111; Gomphandra affinis sensu Ridl., FMP1 427 incl. var. floribunda Rid1.;

Gomphandra penangiana Wall. ex Mast., FMP1 427; shrub to 5 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer var. triplinervis (King) Sleumer,

FM17 33, TFM3 112; Gomphandra lanceolata (Mast.) King var. triplinervis

King, FMP1 428; shrub to 5 m tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg,

Pk.

Gonocaryum crassifolium Ridl., FMP1 432, FM17 16, TFM3 112; shrub;

montane forest; once from Sempang Mines, Sl; endemic.

Gonocaryum gracile Mig., FM17 17, TFM3 113; Gonocaryum

longeracemosum King, FMP1 431; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; KI, Tg, Ph, Sl, MI, Jh.

Gonocaryum lobbianum (Miers) Kurz, FM17 20, TFM3 113; shrub to 6 m

tall; lowland forest; Ps, Pk.

Gonocaryum macrophyllum (Blume) Sleumer, FM17 19, TFM3 113; shrub

or small tree to 6 m tall; coastal forest; P Berhala and P. Jarak.

Gonocaryum sp. A, TFM3 113; tree to 6 m tall; once from Bt Bauk FR..,

Tg; ?endemic.

Iodes cirrhosa Turcz., FM17 70, TFM3 109; Jodes ovalis auct. non Blume,

FMP 1 435; liana to 10 m or more long; Pk, SI, M1, Jh, Sp.

Iodes ovalis Blume, FM17 68, TFM3 109; Jodes oblonga Planch., FMP1 435;

slender scandent shrub; lowland forest margins; Pn to Sp.

Iodes reticulata King, FMP1 434, FMi7 69, TFM3 109; liana to 9 m long;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph, NS; endemic.

Iodes velutina King, FMP1 434, FM17 72, TFM3 109; liana; lowland forest

margins; Pk, NS, Ml, Sp; endemic type variety.

Medusanthera gracilis (King) Sleumer, FM17 46, TFM3 114; Gomphandra

lanceolata King var. angustifolia auct. non King, FMP1 428 in part;

Gomphandra gracilis King, FMP1 429 incl. var. gracillima Ridl.; shrub or

small tree to 9 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh.

Medusanthera laxiflora (Miers) Howard, FM17 46, TFM3 114; small tree;

lowland forest; twice from KI.

Miquelia caudata King, FMP1 433, FM17 78, TFM3 109; slender climber to

6 m long; hill forest; Tg, Pk, SI.

113.8.1

113.8.2

13.8.5

113.8.4

113.9.1

$435.9-2

113.10.1

113.10.2

113.11,1

MAA?

113.11.3

113.11.4

114.

114.1.1

114.1.2

Phytocrene bracteata Wall., FMP1 432, FM17 85, TFM3 109; high-climbing

minutely-prickly liana; lowland forest; widespread.

Phytocrene oblonga Wall., FMP1 432, FMi7 84, TFM3 109; high-climbing

liana; lowland forest; widespread.

Phytocrene palmata Wall., FMP1 433, FMi7 84, TFM3 109; minutely prickly

liana; lowland forest to 500 m; Pn, Pk, SI.

Phytocrene trichura Ridl., FMP1 433, FMi7 83, TFM3 109; large woody

climber; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Platea excelsa Blume var. riedeliana (Becc.) Sleumer, FM17 13, TFM3 115;

tree to 24 m tall; peat swamp forest; once from near Pontian, Jh.

Platea latifolia Blume, FMP1 426, FMi7 11, TFM3 115: tree to 27m tall:

lowland to montane forest at 1500 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn., FMP5 297, FMi7 74, TFM3 109; much-

branched stout liana; lowland forest; once each from KI and MI.

Sarcostigma paniculata Pierre, FMP5 298, FMi7 75, TFM3 109; stout liana

to 30 m long; lowland forest; once from Larut, Pk.

Stemonurus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleumer, FM17 60, TFM3 117; Stemonurus

capitatus Becc., FMP1 431; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1300

m; throughout.

Stemonurus scorpioides Becc., FMP5 296, FMi7 58, TFM3 117; Stemonurus

secundiflorus auct. non Blume, FMP1 430 in part; tree to 33 m tall; lowland

forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Stemonurus secundiflorus Blume, FMP2 430 in part, FMP5 296, FMi7 59,

TFMS 117; tree to 12 m tall; forests to 1500 m, mostly in lowland swamps;

Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Stemonurus umbellatus Becc., FMP1 431, FM17 62, TFM3 118; tree to 30

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1400 m; Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh.

ILLICIACEAE

Illicium peninsulare A.C. Sm., $28 56, TFM2 254, S05 343; //licium

cambodianum auct. non Hance, FMP1 18 in part incl. var. crassifolia Ridl.

in part; tree to 7.5 m; montane forest at 450-1500 m; Ph, SI, Ml, Jh.

Ilicium ridleyanum A.C. Sm., $28 66, TFM2 254, S05 344; Jllicium

cambodianum auct. non Hance, FMP1 18 in part incl. var. crassifolia Ridl.

in part; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest at 600-2010 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

Jh; endemic.

269

270

114.1.3

1d.

115.15

116.

116.1.1

116.2.1

116.2.2

aT?

L712

17.13

117.1.4

118.

118.1.1

Illicium tenuifolium (Ridl.) A.C. Sm., $28 68 incl. vars. angustifolium A.C.

Sm. and obovatum A.C. Sm., TFM2 254, $05 349; Illicium cambodianum

auct. non Hance, FMP1 18 in part; I/lici'um cambodianum var. tenuifolia

Ridl., FMP1 18; tree to 7.5 m; lowland to montane forest at 1500 m; P.

Langkawi, Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

IRVINGIACEAE

Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn., FMP1 364, FMi6 225, TFM2 350; tree to

40 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

IXONANTHACEAE

Allantospermum borneense Forman, TFM2 347; tree to 40 m tall; hill and

lower montane forest; Kd, Tg, Pk.

Ixonanthes icosandra Jack, FMP1 325, TFM1 307, FM110 625; tree to 30 m

tall; primary and secondary forest, mostly lowlands; throughout.

Ixonanthes reticulata Jack, FMP1 326, TFM1 307, FM110 626; tree to 40 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; throughout.

JUGLANDACEAE

Engelhardtia apoensis Elmer ex Nagel, FMi6 151, TFM1 234; tree to 30 m

tall; lower montane forest; Main Range (KI to Sl).

Engelhardtia roxburghiana Wall., FM16 154, TFM1 235; Engelhardtia

wallichiana Lindl., FMP3 370; tree to 20 m tall; hill and montane forest at

700-1500 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph.,.

Engelhardtia serrata Blume, FM16 150, TFM1 236; Engelhardia nudiflora

Hook.f., FMP3 369; tree 20-25 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 2000

m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Engelhardtia spicata Lesch. ex Blume, FMP3 368, FMi16 151, TFM1 236;

tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk.

LABIATAE

Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sivad., N11 151; Acrocephalus

capitatus (Roth) Benth., FMP2 644; Acrocephalus indicus (Burm.f.) Kuntze,

FMi8 365; herb to 1 m tall; open sandy places; once from Ph.

118.2.1

118.3.1

118.3.2

118.4.1

118.5.1

118.6.1

118.6.2

118.6.3

118.6.4

118.6.5

118.7.1

118.7.2

118.7.3

118.8.1

118.9.1

Acrymia ajugiflora Prain, FMP2 654, FMi8 312; low softly-woody shrub;

lowland forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, FM18 329: Anisomeles ovata R.Br., FMP2

649; herb to 2 m tall; waste ground; Pn, Pk, SI, Ml, Sp.

Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. ex Sims, FMP2 649, FMi8 329; shrubby

herb to 1.5 m tall; waste ground; twice from Pn; probably introduced.

Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench, FM18 366, M47 316; Moschosma

polystachyum (L.) Benth., FMP2 644; herb to 1 m tall; rice-fields; Ps, Kd,

Pn.

Cymaria dichotoma Benth., FMP2 654, FMi8 315; shrub to 2 m tall; mostly

on limestone; Ps, Kd, Pk.

Gomphostemma curtisii Prain, FMP2 654, FMi8 322; Cyrtandromoea repens

Ridl., FMP2 543; herb to 1.5 m tall; hill and montane forest at 250-1300 m;

Pk, Ph.

Gomphostemma crinitum Wall. ex Benth., FMP2 652 incl. var. griffithii

Prain, FMi8 321; herb to 1.5 m tall; mostly on limestone; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, M1.

Gomphostemma javanicum (Blume) Benth., FM18 322; Gomphostemma

oblongum Wall. ex Benth., FMP2 653 incl. var. setosa Ridl.; Gomphostemma

lacteum Ridl., FMP5 326; erect herb to 2 m tall; montane forest; Kd, Pn,

K], Ph, SI, Jh.

Gomphostemma microcalyx Prain, FMP2 652, FMi18 321; herb to 1.5 m

tall; lowland forest; Pk, MI.

Gomphostemma scortechinii Prain, FMP2 653, FMi8 323; herb to 1.5 m

tall; hill forest; Kl, Pk, SI.

Hyptis brevipes Poit., FMP2 645, FMi8 369, M47 318; herb to 1.5 m tall;

damp waste ground; Ml, Jh, Sp; naturalized from Mexico.

Hyptis capitata Jacg., FM18 369, M47 320; herb to 2.5 m tall; waste ground;

Pk, Ph, Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., FMP2 645, FMi8 371; aromatic herb to 2 m

tall; dry open places, often near the sea; Sl, Sp; naturalized from tropical

America.

Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., FM18 335; herb to 2.5 m tall; waste ground;

widespread; naturalized from tropical Africa.

Leonurus sibiricus L., FMP2 651, FMi18 336; herb to 1.5 m tall; waste places;

K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Sp; naturalized from temperate Asia.

271

272

118.10.1

118.10.2

118.10.3

118.10.4

118.10.5

118.11.1

113102

106-215

118.11.4

118.12.1

118.13.1

118.14.1

118.15.1

118.15.2

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, FM18 337; herb to 60 cm tall; dry open sites;

scattered.

Leucas decemdentata (Willd.) Sm., FM19 567, $32 237; Leucas flaccida R.

Br., FM18 340; Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth., C14 160; herb to 60 cm

tall; on limestone rocks; Kd.

Leucas lavandulifolia Sm., FMP2 650, FMi8 338, M47 322, 829 238: Leucas

linifolia (Roth) Spreng., FM19 566; herb to 80 cm tall; waste ground, coconut

plantations; Pn, MI, Sp.

Leucas martinicensis R.Br., FMP2 650, FMi8 340; herb to 60 cm tall; waste

ground; once from Pk.

Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br., FMP2 650, FMi8 338; herb to 60 cm tall; waste

ground, roadsides; Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Ocimum americanum L., FM18 376; Ocimum canum Sims, FMP2 644;

aromatic herb to 1 m tall; cultivated and waste ground; Pk, Sp.

Ocimum basilicum L., FMP2 643, FMi18 377; very aromatic herb to 1 m

tall; waste ground, much cultivated; Pn, Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Ocimum gratissimum L., FMP2 644, FM18 377; herb to 3 m tall; roadsides,

waste ground; Pk.

Ocimum tenuiflorum L., FMi8 378; Ocimum sanctum L., FMP2 643; bushy

herb to 60 cm tall; common weed of waste ground; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn,

Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Mig., FMi8 380; Orthosiphon stamineus

Benth., FMP2 645; herb to 2 m tall; forest margins, widely cultivated; P.

Lankawi, KI], Pk, Ph.

Paraphlomis javanica (Blume) Prain ex Back. & Bakh.f., FMi18 350;

Paraphlomis rugosa (Benth.) Prain, FMP2 651; subshrub to 1.8 m tall;

clarings in lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Plectranthus kunstleri Prain, FMP2 646, FMi8 392, C14 160; herb to 120

cm tall; on limestone; P. Laggun (Langkawi group) and Kuala Dipang, Pk;

endemic.

Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk., FMi8 356, M47 324; Dysophylla

auricularia (L.) Blume, FMP2 648; herb to 80 cm tall; damp open places;

Kl, Ph, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., FM18 353; aromatic erect herb to 1 m

tall; clearings; once from Sl.

118.15.3

118.15.4

118.16.1

118.17.1

118.18.1

119.

119.1.1

119.1.2

119.1.3

119.1.4

119.1.5

119.1.6

119.1.7

119.1.8

119.1.9

Pogostemon heyneanus Benth., FMP2 647, FMi8 353; aromatic erect herb

to 1.5 m tall; forest clearings; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Pogostemon stellatus (Lour.) Kuntze, FM18 352; Dysophylla verticillata

(Roxb.) Benth., nom. illeg., FMP2 648; herb to 1 m tall; weed of rice fields;

Ps, P. Langkawi, Pk.

Satureja gracilis (Benth.) Loes., FMi8 361; Calamintha gracilis Benth..,

FMP? 648; slender prostrate herb; open ground in the hills; around Taiping,

Pk.

Scutellaria discolor Wall. ex Benth., FMP2 649, FMi8 324: herb to 50 cm

tall; mountains; Kd, Pk, Ph.

Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd, $32 222; Coleus atropurpureus

Benth., FMP2 646; Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br., FM18 389; herb

with multi-coloured foliage to 1.5 m tall; waste ground; Pn, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh,

Sp.

LAURACEAE

Actinodaphne borneensis Meisn., TFM4 103; shrub to 5 m tall; swampy

lowland forest; Tg, Jh.

Actinodaphne concinna Rid!., FMP3 110, TFM4 104; shrub to 3 m tall;

montane forest; Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Actinodaphne cuspidata Gamble, FMP3 111, TFM4 104; small tree to 15

m tall; lowland forest; known only from type, Ulu Bera, Pk; endemic.

Actinodaphne fragilis Gamble, FMP3 111, TFM4 104; tree to 18 m tall;

lowland forest; twice from Pk; endemic.

Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees, FMP3 108, TFM4 104; tree to 18

m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Jh, Sp.

Actinodaphne johorensis Gamble, FMP3 109, TFM4 104; small tree to 6

m tall; hill forest; once each from Ph and Jh; endemic.

Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees, TFM4 105; Actinodaphne

maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 108; tree to 24 m tall; lowland to montane forest;

Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Sh.

Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook.f., FMP3 109, TFM4 105; Actinodaphne

hullettii Gamble, FMP3 110; tree; lowland forest; Pk, Ml, Sp; endemic.

Actinodaphne montana Gamble, FMP3 108, TFM4 105; small tree; montane

forest; once from Gg Tahan, Ph.

273

274

119.1.10

119.1.11

179i?

119.1.13a

119°1.13b

119.1255c

119.1.14

be A Es)

119. 1216

EIGA. TF

117.1.18

12 RR

139.22

i19.23

119.2.4

M325

Actinodaphne oleifolia Gamble, FMP3 111 incl. var. glabra Ridl., TFM4

106; Actinodaphne gelonioides Ridl., FMP3 111; shrub to 3 m tall; montane

forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees, FMP3 110 incl. var. kunstleri Gamble, TFM4

106; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Sl, NS, MI, Sp; endemic.

Actinodaphne ridleyi Gamble, FMP3 109, TFM4 106; shrub or small tree;

montane forest; once from Gg Pulai, Jh.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. var. glabra, TFM4 108; tree to 15 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; K1, Tg, Ph.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. var. macrocarpa (Gamble) Ridl.,

FMP3 108, TFM4 108; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest above 1200 m; Pk,

Ph.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. var. sesquipedalis, FMP3 107, TFM4

108; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl, NS.

Actinodaphne sphaerocarpa (Blume) Nees, TFM4 108; tree to 30 m tall;

lowlands; Kd, Pn, Pk.

Actinodaphne sp. A, TFM4 108; shrub to 5 m tall; peat swamp forest; once

from Jh; ?endemic.

Actinodaphne sp. B, TFM4 108; shrub; montane forest above 1200 m; only

known from Fraser’s Hill, Ph; ?endemic.

Actinodaphne sp. C, TFM4 109; shrub; heath forest; once from Tanjong

Hantu ER., Pk; ?endemic.

Actinodaphne sp. D, TFM4 109; tree to 21 m tall; montane forest at 1200-

1500 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph (common); endemic.

Alseodaphne albifrons Kosterm., TFM4 111; tree to 39 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Tg, Jh.

Alseodaphne bancana Mig., FMP3 98, TFM4 111; tree to 27 m tall; swampy

lowland forest; SI, Jh, Sp.

Alseodaphne corneri Kosterm., TFM4 111; tree to 6 m tall; lowland forest;

Jh thrice collected; endemic.

Alseodaphne dura Kosterm., TFM4 112; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Tg, Ph; endemic.

Alseodaphne foxiana (Gamble) Kosterm., TFM4 112; Beilschmiedia foxiana

Gamble, FMP3 86; Nothaphoebe reticulata Gamble, FMP3 102 in part; tree

to 15 m tall; montane forest above 1000 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

119.2.6

119.2.7

119.2.8

119.2.9

119.2.10

119.2.11

992.12

119.2.13

119.2.14

119.2.15

119.2.16

119.2.17

119.2.18

119-219

119.2.20

119.2.21

Alseodaphne garciniicarpa Kosterm., TFM4 112; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

forest; thrice from Pk; endemic.

Alseodaphne insignis Gamble, FMP3 99, TFM4 112; tree to 39 m tall:

lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Alseodaphne intermedia Kosterm., TFM4 113; tree to 45 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

Alseodaphne macrantha Kosterm., TFM4 113; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to

montane forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Alseodaphne micrantha Kosterm., TFM4 114; tree to 38 m tall; lowland

forest; Jh; endemic.

Alseodaphne nigrescens (Gamble) Kosterm., TFM4 114; Dehaasia

nigrescens Gamble, FMP3 88; small tree to 15 m tall; lowland to montane

forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Alseodaphne oblanceolata (Merr.) Kosterm., TFM4 114; tree to 18 m tall;

hill forest; Kd, Sl], Jh.

Alseodaphne obovata Kosterm., TFM4 115; tree to 33 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Jh.

Alseodaphne paludosa Gamble, FMP3 99, TFM4 115; tree to 30 m tall;

swampy lowland forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Alseodaphne peduncularis (Wall. ex Nees) Meisn., FMP3 98, TFM4 115:

Nothaphoebe fruticosa Gamble, FMP3 101; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Jh.

Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamble, FMP3 100, TFM4 115; tree to 18 m

tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh.

Alseodaphne perakensis (Gamble) Kosterm., TFM4 116; Stemmatodaphne

perakensis Gamble, FMP3 106; tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI, Jh.

Alseodaphne ridleyi Gamble, FMP3 99, TFM4 116; tree to 21 m tall; lowland

forest; Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Alseodaphne rubrolignea Kosterm., TFM4 116; A/seodaphne petiolaris auct.

non Hook.f., FMP3 99; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest; Ph.

Alseodaphne wrayi Gamble, FMP3 98, TFM4 116; tree; lowland forest:

Pk.

Alseodaphne sp. 1, TFM4 117; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

twice from Jh; endemic.

275

276

£19227

119.2.23

119.3.1

419,32

1193.3

119.3.4

119.3.5

119.3.6

1193.7

119.3.8

119.39

119.3.10

119.3.11

179-312

119.3.13

119.3.14

Alseodaphne sp. 2, TFM4 117; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland swamp forest;

once from Jh; ?endemic.

Alseodaphne sp. 3, TFM4 117; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

1000 m; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Beilschmiedia brevipes Ridl., FMP3 86, TFM4 118; small tree; lowland

forest near streams; once each from K1, Tg, Ph; ?endemic.

Beilschmiedia dictyoneura Kosterm., TFM4 119; tree to 35 m tall; lowland

to lower montane forest at 1000 m; Kd, K1, Tg, NS, Jh.

Beilschmiedia glabra Kosterm., TFM4 119; tree to 24 m tall; lowland and

hill forest to 900 m; Ph, Jh.

Beilschmiedia glauca S.K. Lee & L.F. Lau, TFM4 119; tree to 21 m tall;

montane forest; KI, Tg, Ph.

Beilschmiedia insignis Gamble, FMP3 82, TFM4 119; tree to 34 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble, FMP3 83, TFM4 120; small tree; lowland

and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Beilschmiedia lucidula (Mig.) Kosterm., TFM4 120; tree to 21 m tall;

lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, KI], Ph.

Beilschmiedia lumutensis Gamble, FMP3 84, TFM4 120; shrub or small

tree to 6 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Beilschmiedia madang Blume, TFM4 120; Beilschmiedia malaccensis

Hook.f., FMP3 83; Beilschmiedia curtisii Gamble, FMP3 84; Beilschmiedia

scortechinii Gamble, FMP3 84; tree to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

900 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Sh.

Beilschmiedia maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 84, TFM4 121; tree to 18 m tall;

hill and montane forest to 1200 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, MI.

Beilschmiedia membranacea Gamble, FMP3 86, TFM4 121; tree to 6 m

tall; hill forest; once each from Pk and Ph; endemic.

Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble, FMP3 86, TFM4 121; tree to 15 m tall;

common on riverbanks in lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Beilschmiedia palembanica (Mig.) Kosterm., TFM4 121; Beilschmiedia

longipes Hook.f., FMP3 85; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to montane forest;

Pk, Ph, SI, Ml, Jh.

Beilschmiedia penangiana Gamble, FMP3 85, TFM4 122; tree to 12 m tall;

hill forest; Pn; endemic.

£19:3:15

119.3.16

119.3.18

119.4.1

199:5.1

119.6.1

119.6.2

119.6.3

119.6.4

119.6.5

119.6.6

119.6.7

119.6.8

119.69

119.6.10

119.6.11

Beilschmiedia perakensis Gamble, FMP3 85, TFM4 122; tree to 10 m tall:

lowland and hill forest; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Beilschmiedia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Ridl., FMP3 85, TFM4 122: tree to

15 m tall; lowland forest, often coastal; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Beilschmiedia wallichiana Kosterm., TFM4 122; tree to 15 m tall: twice

collected, Pn, Pk.

Beilschmiedia sp. A, TFM4 123; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest

750-1500 m; Ph; endemic.

Cassytha filiformis L., FMP3 137, TFM4 102; leafless twining parasitic vine;

common on sandy coasts; widespread.

Cinnadenia malayana Kosterm., TFM4 123; tree to 22 m tall; hill forest; Sl,

NS; endemic.

Cinnamomum altissimum Kosterm., TFM4 127; tree to 39 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, KI], Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Cinnamomum aureofulvum Gamble, FMP3 95, TFM4 125; small tree to

12 m tall; montane forests above 1200 m; Sl, Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum cordatum Kosterm., TFM4 125; tree to 6 m tall; montane

forests; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum cuspidatum Miq., TFM4 126; Cinnamomum graciliflorum

Gamble, FMP3 91; tree; lowland to montane forest; K1, Pk, Ph.

Cinnamomum impressicostatum Kosterm., TFM4 126; tree to 15 m tall;

~ montane forest at 1200-1500 m; Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum iners Reinw., FMP3 92 incl. var. angustifolium Ridl., TFM4

126; Cinnamomum paraneuron Mig., FMP3 92; tree to 24 m tall; primary

and secondary forest in lowlands and hills; common throughout.

Cinnamomum javanicum Blume, FMP3 94, TFM4 126; tree to 21 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Cinnamomum kunstleri Ridl., FMP3 94, TFM4 127; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ml (once each); endemic.

Cinnamomum microphyllum Ridl., FMP3 92, TFM4 127; shrub or small

tree to 6 m tall; montane forest at 1000-1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum mollissimum Hook.f., FMP3 95, TFM4 128; tree to 15 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, MI, Jh; endemic.

Cinnamomum pachypes Kosterm., TFM4 128; tree to 13 m tall; hill forest;

known only from type, SI; endemic.

277

278

119.6.12

Nye

119.6.14

119:6.15

119.6.16

119.6.17a

119.6.17b

119.6.18

119.6.19

117.6.20

119.6.21

119.7.1

119.7.2

119.7.3

119.7.4

Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm., TFM4 128; Cinnamomum

parthenoxylon Meisn., FMP3 96; Cinnamomum inunctum Meisn., FMP3

97; tree to 45 m tall; lowlands to mountains; MI and Ph northward.

Cinnamomum puberulum Ridl., FMP3 96, TFM4 128; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland to montane forest; Kd, Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen, TFM4 129; small tree to 7 m tall;

montane forest at 1500 m; only known from Cameron Highlands, Ph;

endemic.

Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum Mig., FMP3 93 incl. var. lampongum Migq.,

TEM64 130; tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Cinnamomum saffrol Kosterm., TFM4 130; tree to 21 m tall; hill forest at

about 400 m; thrice from Ph; endemic.

Cinnamomum scortechinii Gamble var. scortechinii, FMP3 95, TFM4 130;

Cinnamomum velutinum Ridl., FMP3 95; tree to 30 m tall; lower montane

forest at about 1200 m; KI, Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Cinnamomum scortechinii Gamble var. selangorense Ridl., FMP3 95, TFM4

131 ‘selangorensis’; tree to 30 m tall; montane forest at about 1500 m; twice

from Gg Ulu Kali, Sl; endemic.

Cinnamomum sintoc Blume, TFM4 131; Cinnamomum cinereum Gamble,

FMP3 96; tree to 39 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Kd, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl,

MI, Jh.

Cinnamomum subavenium Mig., TFM4 131; Cinnamomum ridleyi Gamble,

FMP3 93: tree to 30 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1200 m; Kd, KI],

Tg, Sl, Sp

Cinnamomum subcuneatum Mig., TFM4 131; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest; Pn, Pk, Ml, Jh.

Cinnamomum vimineum Nees, FMP3 92, TFM4 132; small tree; hill and

montane forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Ph.

Cryptocarya bracteolata Gamble, FMP3 79, TFM4 133; tree to 20 m tall;

rocky forests in lowlands and mountains; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Cryptocarya caesia Blume, FMP3 81, TFM4 133; tree; lowland forest; Ml,

Sp.

Cryptocarya costata Blume, TFM4 133; tree to 21 m tall; lowland forest by

streams; Kd, Ph, Jh.

Cryptocarya crassinervia Mig., FMP3 78, TFM4 133; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

119.75

119.7.6

£99. 7.7

119.7.8

119.7.9

119.7.10

119.7.11

119.7.12

119.7.13

119.7.14

119.7.15

119.7.16

119.7.17

119.7.18

119.7.19

119.8.1

Cryptocarya densiflora Blume, FMP3 77, TFM4 134: tree to 20 m tall; hill

and montane forest to 1500 m; KI], Pk, Ph, SI.

Cryptocarya enervis Hook.f., FMP3 81, TFM4 134; small tree; lowland

forest; Sl, Ml.

Cryptocarya ferrea Blume, FMP3 79, TFM4 134; tree to 22 m tall; lowland

to montane forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Ph, SI.

Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight, FMP3 77, TFM4 134; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Cryptocarya impressa Mig., FMP3 78, TFM4 135; tree to 33 m tall; lowland

forests and swamps; NS, M1, Jh.

Cryptocarya infectoria Mig., TFM4 135; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 600 m; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Cryptocarya kurzii Hook.f., FMP3 80, TFM4 135; Cryptocarya argentea

Gamble, FMP3 81; tree to 21 m, usually smaller; lowland forest; Kd, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh.

Cryptocarya laevigata Blume, TFM4 136; small tree; lowland swamp forest;

once from Jh.

Cryptocarya nitens (Blume) Koord. & Valeton, TFM4 136; Cryptocarya

areolata Gamble, FMP3 80; Cryptocarya bubongana Gamble, FMP3 81;

tree to 27 m tall; lowland riversides; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook.f., FMP3 78, TFM4 136; tree to 40 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Tg, M1, Jh, Sp.

Cryptocarya scortechinii Gamble, FMP3 80, TFM4 136; tree to 24 m tall;

lowland and montane forest to 1500 m; Pk, Ph, NS.

Cryptocarya teysmanniana Mig., TFM4 137; tree to 12 m tall; hill forest;

Sl, Jh.

Cryptocarya tomentosa Blume, FMP3 79, TFM4 137; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pk.

Cryptocarya wrayi Gamble, FMP3 77, TFM4 137; tree to 20 m tall; lower

montane forest at 900-1200 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Jh; endemic.

Cryptocarya zollingeriana Miq., TFM4 137; Cryptocarya tenuifolia Ridl.,

FMP3 81; shrub or small tree to 9 m tall; hill forest; KI, SI.

Dehaasia candolleana (Meisn.) Kosterm., TFM4 138; Dehaasia cuneata auct.

non (Blume) Blume, FMP3 87 in part; small tree; lowland forest; Kd, Pk,

NS.

279

280

119.8.2

119.8.3

119.8.4

119.8.6

119.8.7

119.8.8

119.8.9

11994

119,92

119.933

119.9.4

FIO.9S

119.9.6

119.9.7

119.9.8

Dehaasia cuneata (Blume) Blume, FMP3 87 in part, TFM4 139; tree to 33

m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm., TFM4 139; Dehaasia microcarpa

Blume, FMP3 87; tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest by streams; K1, Pk, Ph,

SI, Ml.

Dehaasia lancifolia Ridl., FMP3 88, TFM4 139; small tree to 8 m tall;

montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Dehaasia longipedicellata (Ridl.) Kosterm., TFM4 140; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Dehaasia longipetiolata Kosterm., TFM4 140; tree to 24 m tall; lowland

forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph.

Dehaasia pauciflora Blume, TFM4 140; Dehaasia curtisii Gamble, FMP3

88; tree to 21 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Pn, K1, Ph.

Dehaasia polyneura (Miq.) Kosterm., TFM4 140; Dehaasia elliptica Ridl.,

FMP5 329; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Dehaasia tomentosa (Blume) Kosterm., TFM4 141; Dehaasia cuneata auct.

non (Blume) Blume, FMP3 87; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Pk, Ph.

Endiandra holttumii M.R. Hend., H35 120, TFM4 141; tree to 17 m tall;

swampy lowland forest; Ph, Jh.

Endiandra kingiana Gamble, FMP3 89, TFM4 142; tree to 33m tall; lowland

forest; Kl, Pk, NS, Jh.

Endiandra macrophylla (Blume) Boerl., TFM4 142; shrub or small tree to

7 m tall; lowland and hill forest; P. Tioman, Jh.

Endiandra maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 89, TFM4 142; tree to 40 m tall; lowland

to montane forest at 1200 m; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh; endemic.

Endiandra praeclara Gamble, FMP3 90, TFM4 143; tree to 30 m tall; hill

and montane forest at 300-1200 m; Kd, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Endiandra rubescens (Blume) Mig., FMP3 89, TFM4 143; tree to 27 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, SI.

Endiandra scobiculata Kosterm., TFM4 143; tree to 33m tall; montane forest

at 1200 m; known only from Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Endiandra wrayi Gamble, FMP3 89, TFM4 143; tree to 15 m tall; hill forest;

Kd, Pk, Sl; endemic.

439.9.9

119.9.10

119.10.1

119.102

119.10.3a

119.10.3b

119.10.4

119.10.5

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119.10.8

119.10.9

117.10.10

119.10.11

119.11.1

110 112

119.11.3

Endiandra sp. 1, TFM4 143; tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest; once from Ph.

Endiandra sp. 2, TFM4 144; tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest; once from Jh.

Lindera bibracteata (Nees) Boerl., FMP3 136, TFM4 145; shrub to 6 m

tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Lindera caesia Blume, FMP3 136, TFM4 145; tree to 15 m tall; montane

forest; Pk, Ph, SI.

Lindera concinna Rid. var. concinna, FMP3 137, TFM4 146; shrub; montane

forest; only known from Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Lindera concinna Rid. var. reticulata Kochummen, TFM4 146; shrub;

montane forest; Genting Highlands, Ph, Gg Moyang, SI; endemic.

Lindera lucida (Blume) Boerl., TFM4 146; Lindera malaccensis Hook.f,

FMP3 133; Lindera selangorensis Ridl., FMP3 134; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

to montane forest; common throughout.

Lindera montana Ridl., FMP3 135, TFM4 146; Lindera stricta Ridl., FMP3

135; shrub; montane forest at 900-1500 m; Gg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Lindera oxyphylla Hook./f., FMP3 134, TFM4 146; Lindera polyantha Boerl.,

FMP3 135; tree to 36 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 750 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS.

Lindera pipericarpa (Meisn.) Boerl., FMP3 135, TFM4 147; tree to 18 m

tall; hills and mountains; common and widespread.

Lindera reticulosa Kosterm., TFM4 148; tree to 27 m tall; montane forest;

Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Lindera rufa (Stapf) Gamble, FMP3 136, TFM4 148; shrub to 2 m tall;

montane forest; Pk, Sl.

Lindera subumbellifera (Blume) Kosterm., TFM4 148; Lindera caudifolia

Ridl., FMP3 135; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland to montane forest;

Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, SI.

Lindera wrayi Gamble, FMP3 134, TFM4 148; shrub or small tree to 6 m

tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl., TFM4 151; Litsea singaporensis Gamble,

FMP3 122; tree to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Jh, Sp.

Litsea acrantha Ridl., FMP3 123 TFM4 151; Litsea terminalis Ridl., FMP5

330; shrub to 2 m tall; montane forest; Kd, Kl, Ph; endemic.

Litsea angulata Blume, FMP3 120, TEFM4 152: tree to 17 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Sl.

281

282

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a sw 1

V1.8

Tro try

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149.11 -0%

$29 1142

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119.11.14

119.11.15

119.11.16

119.11.17

119.11.18

Litsea artocarpifolia Gamble, FMP3 116, TFM4 152; tree to 18 m tall; hill

forest; Kd, Pk, Sl.

Litsea brachystachya Boerl., FMP3 119, TFM4 152; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk.

Litsea castanea Hook.f, FMP3 121, TFM4 152; Litsea quercina Gamble,

FMP3 121; tree to 33 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph,

Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Litsea cinerascens Ridl., TFM3 118, TFM4 153; small tree; hill and montane

forest at 600-1200 m; P. Langkawi, Kd, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Litsea claviflora Gamble, FMP3 125, TFM4 154; tree to 12 m tall; lowland

forest; known only from type, Pk; endemic.

Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f., FMP3 118, TFM4 154; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Litsea costalis (Nees) Kosterm., TFM4 154; Litsea megacarpa Gamble,

FMP3 127; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forests to 500 m; Pk, Ph, Sl,

MI, Sp.

Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl., TFM4 154; Litsea perakensis Gamble, FMP3

122; Litsea pustulata Gamble, FMP3 122; Litsea patellaris Gamble, FMP3

123; Litsea kunstleri Gamble, FMP3 125; tree to 18 m tall; lowland to

montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Litsea curtisii Gamble, FMP3 127, TFM4 155; tree to 42 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Litsea cylindrocarpa Gamble, FMP3 121, TFM4 155; tree to 42 m tall;

lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Jh.

Litsea elliptica Blume, TFM4 155; Litsea petiolata Hook.f., FMP3 119; tree

to 45 m tall; mostly in the lowlands; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Litsea erectinervia Kosterm., TFM4 156; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest;

Tg, Ph, Sl, MI, Sp.

Litsea fenestrata Gamble, FMP3 123, TFM4 156; tree to 30 m tall; lowlands

including swamps; Tg, Pk.

Litsea ferruginea (Blume) Blume, FMP3 129, TFM4 156; Litsea griffithii

Gamble, FMP3 129; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Litsea firma (Blume) Hook.f., FMP3 116, TFM4 156; tree to 42 m tall;

lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

a ite at.

119.11.19

119.11.20a

119.11.20b

Sh oS RAL

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119.11.23

119.11.24

119.11.25

119.11.26a

119.11.26b

oS 1L27

119.11.28

119.11.29

119.11.30a

119.11.30b

Litsea foxiana Gamble, FMP3 123, TFM4 157; tree; hill forest; only known

from type, Penang Hill; endemic.

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. var. brideliifolia Merr., TFM4 157; tree

to 15 m tall; on limestone; only known from Baling, Kd; endemic variety.

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. var. glutinosa, TFM4 157; Litsea sebifera

Blume, FMP3 157; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd.

Litsea gracilipes Hook.f., FMP3 130, TFM4 157; tree to 21 m tall; fresh

water and peat swamp forest; Pk, Ph, SI, Jh.

Litsea gracilis Gamble, FMP3 117, TFM4 158; small tree; lowland forest;

only known from type, Pk; endemic.

Litsea grandis (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f., FMP3 115, TFM4 158; tree to 30m

tall; lowland and montane forest to 1500 m; P. Langkawi, Kd, K1, Pk, Ph,

Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Litsea helferi Hook.f. var. ovata Gamble, FMP3 125, TFM4 158: tree to 8

m tall; montane forest above 1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic variety.

Litsea hirsutior Kosterm., K58 207; tree to 5 m tall; only known from type;

Sg Lebir, K1; endemic.

Litsea hirsutissima Gamble var. geniculata Gamble, FMP3 118, TFM4 158;

shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; hill forest; only known from type, Pk; endemic

variety.

Litsea hirsutissima Gamble var. hirsutissima, FMP3 118, TFM4 158; shrub

or small tree to 5 m tall; hill forest; Kl, Pk; ?endemic.

Litsea insignis (Blume) Boerl., TFM4 159; Litsea glabrifolia Ridl., FMP3

119; tree to 21 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Ph, Sl.

Litsea johorensis Gamble, FMP3 114, TFM4 159; Litsea trunciflora Gamble,

TFM3 114; tree to 18 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m;

K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, Jh.

Litsea lanceolata (Blume) Kosterm., TFM4 159; Litsea sarawacensis

Gamble, FMP3 130; shrub or small tree to 7 m tall; lowland to montane

forest; Ph, Jh, Sp.

Litsea lancifolia (Roxb. ex Wall.) Hook.f. var. lancifolia, FMP3 130, TFM4

160; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Sp.

Litsea lancifolia (Roxb. ex Wall.) Hook.f. var. rufa Gamble, FMP3 130,

TFM4 160; small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Sl; endemic variety.

283

284

119.11.31

119.11.32

299-15.55

119.11.34

T9415

119.1156

No 11 37a

119.11.37b

119.11.38a

119.11.38b

119.11.39

119.11.40

119.11.41

119.11.42

119.11.43

119.11.44

Litsea machilifolia Gamble, FMP3 126 incl. var. angustifolia Gamble and

var. montana Ridl., TFM4 160; lowland and montane forest to 1500 m; Pn,

Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Litsea magnifica (Miq.) Villar, FMP3 115 incl. var. pahangensis Ridl., TFM4

160; small tree; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Ph, M1, Jh.

Litsea maingayi Hook.f., FMP3 128, TFM4 161; tree to 34 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh.

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers., TFM4 161; shrub or small tree to 9 m

tall; lowlands near streams; K]1, Ph, Sl.

Litsea myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f., FMP3 125, TFM4 161; tree to

27 m tall; lowland to montane forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS,

MI, Sp.

Litsea nidularis Gamble, FMP3 127, TFM4 161; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI.

Litsea noronhae Blume var. hexandra Gamble, FMP3 129, TFM4 162; small

tree; hill forest; once from Genting Bidai, Sl; endemic variety.

Litsea noronhae Blume var. noronhae, FMP3 128, TFM4 162; shrub or

small tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; K1, Pk, Sl.

Litsea ochracea (Blume) Boerl. var. oblanceolata (Gamble) Kochummen

ex I.M. Turner, TFM4 162, T24 222: Litsea oblanceolata Gamble, FMP3

125; tree to 28 m tall; swamp forest; Pk, Jh; endemic variety.

Litsea ochracea (Blume) Boerl. var. ochracea, FMP3 124, TFM4 162; tree

to 28 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph.

Litsea panamonja Hook.f., FMP3 127, TFM4 162; tree to 12 m tall; lowland

forest; once each from Pk and MI.

Litsea penangiana Hook.f., FMP3 121, TFM4 163; shrub or small tree to 9

m tall; hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Litsea polyantha Juss., FMP3 118, TFM4 163; tree to 18 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph.

Litsea resinosa Blume, TFM4 163; Litsea monticola Gamble, FMP3 124;

tree to 30 m tall; lowland swamps to montane forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Litsea ridleyi Gamble, FMP3 120; small tree; lowland forest; Sp; ?endemic.

Litsea robusta Blume, FMP3 129, TFM4 163; tree to 36 m tall; low hills;

Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

119.11.45

119.11.46

119.11.47

119.11.48a

119.11.48b

119.11.49

119.11.50

119.11.51la

119.11.51b

119.11.52

119.11.53

119.11.54

119.11.55

119.11.56

119.12.1

Litsea rubicunda Kosterm., TFM4 164; shrub or small tree to 6 m or more

tall; hill and montane forest; Ph, P. Tioman, Sl.

Litsea scortechinii Gamble, FMP3 124, TFM4 164; small tree; only known

from type, Pk; endemic.

Litsea sessiliflora Hook.f., FMP3 131, TFM4 164; Litsea ujongensis Gamble,

FMP3 131 incl. var. nervosa Gamble; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland and montane

forest to 1500 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Litsea spathacea Gamble var. spathacea, FMP3 120, TFM4 165; shrub or

small tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh;

endemic.

Litsea spathacea Gamble var. tomentosa Gamble, FMP3 120, TFM4 165;

small tree; hill forest; Pk; endemic.

Litsea teysmannii Gamble, FMP3 126, TFM4 165; tree to 27 m tall; peat

swamp forest; Pk, Sl, MI.

Litsea tomentosa Blume, FMP3 115, TFM4 165; tree to 27 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 750 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr. var. fuscotomentosa (Meisn.) Kochummen

ex I.M. Turner, TFM4 166, T24 222; Litsea amara Blume var. fuscotomentosa

Meisn., FMP3 117; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forests; Pn, Tg,

Pk, Sl, NS, Jh.

Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr. var. umbellata, TFM4 166; Litsea amara

Blume, FMP3 117 incl. vars. angusta (Wall. ex Nees) Meisn. and attenuata

Gamble; shrub or small tree to 12 m tall; lowland forests; common

throughout.

Litsea wrayi Gamble, FMP3 122, TFM4 166; tree to 25 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Kd, Pk, Sl, NS; endemic.

Litsea sp. 1, TFM4 166; tree to 18 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m;

Ph, Jh; endemic.

Litsea sp. 2, TFM4 166; tree to 15 m tall; lower montane forest at 1000 m;

once from Fraser’s Hill, Ph; ?endemic.

Litsea sp. 3, TFM4 167; tree to 27 m tall; montane forest; thrice collected,

Ph & Jh; ?endemic.

Litsea sp. 4, TFM4 167; shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest at 1100 m; known

only from Gg Belumut, Jh; ?endemic.

Micropora curtisii Hook.f, FMP3 90; Hexapora curtisti Hook.f., TFM4 144;

tree to 18 m tall; hill forest at 300 m; only known from Penang Hill; endemic.

285

286

119.13.1

119.13.2

419.13.3

119.13.4

419.135

119.13.6

119.14.1

119.14.2

119.14.3a

119.14.3b

119.14.4

119.14.5

119.14.6

Ftv. 31

119:15.2

119.15.3

Neolitsea coccinea B.C. Stone, TFM4 168; shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest

at 1600 m; only known from Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; endemic.

Neolitsea kedahensis Gamble, FMP3 132, TFM4 168 ‘kedahense’; shrub or

small tree to 6 m tall; montane forest at 1000 m; only known from Gg Jerai,

Kd; endemic.

Neolitsea mollissima Gamble, FMP3 132, TFM4 168; small tree; montane

forest at 1000 m; known only from type, Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr., FMP3 132, TFM4 168; tree to 18 m tall;

montane forest at 1200 m; Pk, Ph.

Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr., FMP3 132, TFM4 169; shrub or small

tree; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; throughout.

Neolitsea sp. 1, TFM4 169; shrub or small tree to 9 m tall; montane forest

at about 1000 m; Fraser’s Hill & Gg Tapis, Ph; endemic.

Nothaphoebe condensa Ridl., FMP3 102, TFM4 170; tree; once from P.

Langkawi; endemic.

Nothaphoebe coriacea (Kosterm.) Kosterm., TFM4 170; tree to 36 m tall;

peat swamp forest; Tg, Ph, SI.

Nothaphoebe kingiana Gamble var. glabrescens Gamble, FMP3 102, TFM4

171; tree to 30 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Pk, Jh; endemic.

Nothaphoebe kingiana Gamble var. kingiana, FMP3 101, TFM4 171; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Nothaphoebe pahangensis Kosterm., TFM4 171; tree to 24 m tall; montane

forest at about 1200 m; only known from Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Nothaphoebe panduriformis (Hook.f) Gamble, FMP3 102, TFM4 171; tree

to 24 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Nothaphoebe umbelliflora Blume, FMP3 101, TFM4 172; tree to 33 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m; Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Jh, Sp.

Persea declinata (Blume) Kosterm., TFM4 173; Phoebe declinata Nees,

FMP3 104; tree to 30 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1300 m; Pn, K1],

Tg, Ph, Sl, Sp.

Persea fruticosa (Kurz) Kosterm., TFM4 173; Nothaphoebe angustifolia

Ridl., FMP3 103; shrub or small tree to 9 m tall; montane forest at 1000 m

and above; Kd, Ph.

Persea sp. nov. 1, TFM4 174; tree to 18 m tall; lowland heath and montane

forest; KI, Ph.

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£t9.15.7

119.15.8

119.16.1

119.16.2

119.16.3

119.16.4

119.16.5

119.16.6

120.

120.1.1

120.1.2

120.2.1a

Persea sp. nov. 2, TFM4 174; small tree to 7 m tall; montane forest above

1200 m; once each from Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Persea sp. nov. 3, TFM4 174; tree to 24 m tall; montane forest; Kd, Ph;

endemic.

Persea sp. nov. 4, TFM4 174; tree to 30 m tall; montane forest; twice from

Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Persea sp. nov. 5, TFM4 174; shrub to 3 m tall; river banks; only known

from Sg Tahan, Ph; endemic.

Persea sp. nov. 6, TFM4 175; tree to 9 m tall; lowland forest; twice from Ph;

endemic.

Phoebe elliptica Blume, TFM4 176; Phoebe macrophylla Blume, FMP3

105; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr., TFM4 176; Phoebe kunstleri Gamble, FMP3

105; Phoebe opaca Blume, FMP3 105 incl. var. cuspidata Gamble; Phoebe

cuneata Blume, FMP3 106; tree to 21 m tall; lowland to montane forest;

throughout.

Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex Nees) Nees, FMP3 104, TFM4 176; shrub or

small tree to 9 m tall; lowland riverbanks; K1, Tg, Ph, SI.

Phoebe scortechinii (Gamble) Kochummen, TFM4 177; Machilus

scortechinii Gamble, FMP3 103; tree to 15 m tall; montane forest; only

known from Maxwell’s Hill, Pk; endemic.

Phoebe tavoyana (Meisn.) Hook./., FMP3 104 incl. var. villosa Ridl., TFM4

178; tree to 14 m tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, KI], Pk.

Phoebe sp. A, TFM4 178; tree to 33 m tall; montane forest at about 1350

m; once each from Fraser’s Hill & Gg Ulu Kali, Ph; ?endemic.

LECYTHIDACEAE

Abdulmajidia chaniana Whitmore, W12 209; Lecythidacea sp. A, TFM2 266;

small tree about 10 m tall; lowland forest to 570 m; Bt Chini, Ph, Gg Pulai,

Jh; endemic.

Abdulmajidia maxwelliana Whitmore, W12 210; Lecythidacea sp. B, TFM2

266; small tree about 10 m tall; lower montane forest at about 600 m;

Maxwell’s Hill, Pk; endemic.

Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. ssp. acutangula, P14 228, TFM2 259;

Barringtonia pedicellata Rid|., FMP1 759; shrub or small tree to 13 m tall;

lowland forest, usually near rivers; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

287

288

120.2.1b

120.2.2

120.2.3

120.2.4

120.2.5

1202.6

120.2.7

1202.8

120.2.9

120.2.10

120.2.11

120.2.12

120.2.13

120.2.14

120.2.15

Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. ssp. spicata (Blume) Payens, P14 231,

TFM2 259; Barringtonia spicata Blume, FMP1 759; shrub or small tree to

13 m tall; lowland forest near rivers or the sea; Ml and Ph northward.

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz, P14 184, TFM2 258; Barringtonia speciosa

J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., FMP1 756; tree to 20 m tall or more; sandy shores;

all coasts.

Barringtonia conoidea Griff., FMP1 757, P14 189, TFM2 258; sparsely

branching shrub or small tree to 4 m tall; tidal estuaries; commoner on the

west coast.

Barringtonia corneri Kiew & K.M. Wong, K49 457; monopodial treelet to

10 m tall; swampy lowland forest; Jh; endemic.

Barringtonia filirachis Payens, P14 188, TFM2 259; small tree about 8 m

tall; swampy lowland forest; S.E. Jh.

Barringtonia fusiformis King, FMP1 759, P14 240, TFM2 259; shrub or small

tree to 8 m tall; lowland forest often near rivers; Pk to Jh; endemic.

Barringtonia macrocarpa Hassk., P14 237, TFM2 259; shrub or small tree

to 6 m tall; lowland forest near rivers; widely scattered.

Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz, FMP1 758, P14 244, TFM2 260;

tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, rarely in the mountains; throughout.

Barringtonia pauciflora King, FMP1 757, P14 243, TFM2 260; small tree to

13 m tall; hill forest; once from Larut, Pk.

Barringtonia payensiana Whitmore, TFM2 259; small tree; lowland forest;

once each from P. Pangkor, Pk, and Ulu Batang Kali, Sl; endemic.

Barringtonia pendula (Griff.) Kurz, P14 248, TFM2 261; Barringtonia

musiformis King, FMP1 758; tree to 33 m tall; lowland forest to 500 m;

throughout.

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng., FMP1 757, P14 192, TFM2 259; shrub

or tree to 20 m tall; periodically flooded forest; widespread.

Barringtonia revoluta Merr., P14 199, TFM2 259; tree; lowland forest; Ph,

Jh.

Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq., P14 252, TFM2 260; Barringtonia

sumatrana Mig., FMP1 758; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; sandy shores

and tidal creeks; Pk, Jh, Sp.

Barringtonia scortechinii King, FMP1 757, P14 233, TFM2 262; tree to 21

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; throughout.

120.3.1

120.4.1

120.4.2

121.

121.1.1

Bia?

121.1.3

121.1.4

121.1.5

121.1.6

2417

121.1.8

122.

{22-53

122.1.2a

2.170

Careya arborea Roxb., FMP1 760, TFM2 264; tree to 12 m tall; open sandy

country; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd.

Planchonia grandis Ridl., FMP1 760, TFM2 264: tree to 36 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 600 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Jh, Sp.

Planchonia valida (Blume) Blume, FMP1 760, TFM2 264: tree to 30 m tall:

lowlands; K]1, Pk, Ph.

LEEACEAE

Leea aequata L., FMP1 486, FMi7 775, TFM4 481; Leea robusta auct. non

Roxb., FMP1 486; shrub; lowland forest; Kd, Pk.

Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq., FMP1 485, FM17 772, TFM4 481: tree to7m

tall; open sandy places; K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Sp.

Leea curtisii King, FMP1 485, FMi17 773, TFM4 481; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

Leea guineensis G. Don, FM17 777, TFM4 481; small shrub; lowland forest;

Kl, Ph, Sl, Sh.

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr., FM17 779, TFM4 482; Leea gigantea Griff.,

FMP1 484; Leea sambucina Willd., FMP1 484; Lee sundaica Miq., FMP1

485; Leea javanica auct. non Blume, FMP1 486; tree to 10 m tall; lowland

forest, particularly secondary regrowth; throughout.

Leea rubra Blume ex Spreng., FMP1 485, FM17 776, TFM4 482; shrub to 2

m tall; lowland forest; Ps, Kd, Pn, KI.

Leea saxatilis Ridl., FMP1 486, FMi7 777, C14 172, TFM4 482; shrub to 1.5

m tall; mostly on limestone; P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Leea simplicifolia Zoll. & Moritzi, FMP1 483, FM17 766, TFM4 482; Leea

pauciflora King, FMP2 483; shrub to 1 m tall; lowland forest; K1, Pk.

LEGUMINOSAE

Abrus precatorius L., FMP1 558; vine; hedges and thickets often near the

sea; widespread.

Abrus pulchellus Thwaites ssp. mollis (Hance) Verdc., V37 248; Abrus mollis

Hance, H35 99; vine; on limestone; once from Gua Nangka, KI.

Abrus pulchellus Thwaites ssp. pulchellus, FMP1 558; vine; hedges inland;

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

289

290

12221

12222

122.2.3

122.2.4

42725

122.2.6

122358

W232

1225.3

122.4.1

122.4.2

122.4.3

122.5.1

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., FMi11 58; spreading tree to 28

m tall; waste places and secondary forest; throughout; naturalized from

tropical Australia.

Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC., FMi11 48; Acacia pennata auct. non (L.)

Willd., FMP1 657; erect or scrambling shrub or woody climber; lowland

forest margins; commoner in the north.

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., FMP1 636, FMi11 44; shrub or small tree to

4 m tall; open sandy places; Pn, Ph, SI; naturalized from tropical America.

Acacia kekapur I.C. Nielsen, FM111 50; Acacia pseudointsia auct. non Migq.,

FMP 1 657 in part; scandent shrub or woody climber; lowland forest, often

in secondary forest; Sp.

Acacia mangium Willd., FMi11 59; tree to 27 m tall; much planted for timber,

but escaping with increasing regularity; native to Queensland and New

Guinea.

Acacia pseudointsia Mig., FMP 1 657 in part, FM111 55; straggling shrub or

woody climber to 40 m long; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m, often along

rivers.

Adenanthera malayana Kosterm., FMr11 170; Adenanthera bicolor auctt.

non Moon, FMP1 654, TFM1 276; tree sometimes to 45 m tall; lowland

and hill forest to 900 m, often planted; widespread but scattered.

Adenanthera marina [.C. Nielsen, FMi11 172; shrub to 3 m tall; sandy

beaches; Tg, Ph; endemic.

Adenanthera pavonina L., FMP1 653, TFM1 276, FMi11 173; tree

25—40 m tall; lowland forest, usually near the sea; often planted; wild on

East Coast and offshore islands.

Aeschynomene americana L., R32 165, T05 130; herb to 2 m tall; waste

ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Aeschynomene aspera L., FMP1 602, R32 162; erect herb to 2 m tall; wet

spots; MI.

Aeschynomene indica L., FMP1 602, R32 163, M47 326; erect herb to 2.5

m tall; damp open places, waste ground; widespread, naturalized from South

America.

Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill, P21 268; Derris sinuata Benth. ex

Thwaites, FMP1 594; Derris heptaphylla (L.) Merr., K09 34; scandent shrub;

tidal riverbanks, coastal areas; widespread.

T7252

122.6.1

122.6.2

122.6.3

122.6.4

122.6.5

122.6.6

122.7.1

122.8.1

122.8.2a

122.8.2b

122.8.2c

Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill, P21 268; Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.)

Benth., FMP1 594; scandent shrub; common in open country, forest margins;

widespread.

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., FMP1 658, TFM1 279, FM111 75; tree to 30 m

tall; open sandy places, also cultivated; Ps, Kd; naturalized from continental

Asia or Africa.

Albizia myriophylla Benth., FMP1 658, TFM1 277, FMi11 77; scandent

shrub or woody climber; lowland forest margins and open sites; Ps, Kd, KI],

Tg, Pk, Ph.

Albizia pedicellata Baker ex Benth., FMP1 659, TFM1 279, FMi11 78; tree

to 33 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, SI.

Albizia retusa Benth., TFM1 280, FMi11 80; Albizia littoralis Teijsm. &

Binn., FMP1 659; tree to 25 m tall; sandy beaches on offshore islands; Pn,

P. Tioman, Sp.

Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Blume ex Mig., TFM1 280, FMr11 82; tree to 15

m tall; secondary forest near the sea; only known from Kuala Selangor, Sl.

Albizia splendens Mig., FM111 83; Pithecellobium confertum Benth., FMP1

661; Pithecellobium splendens (Migq.) Corner, TFM1 287; big tree sometimes

in excess of 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; scattered throughout.

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC., FMP1 604, V10 87; Alysicarpus

nummularifolius (Willd.) DC., FMP1 604; prostrate or ascending herb to

60 cm tall; dry grassy places; throughout.

Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.-C. Nielsen, FM111 96; Pithecellobium

bubalinum (Jack) Benth., FMP1 661, TFM1 284; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest, often in belukar; widespread.

Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen ssp. clypearia var. casai (Blanco)

I.C. Nielsen, FMi11 98; Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Benth., FMP 1 664

in part, TFM1 284 in part; Pithecellobium angulatum Benth., FMP1 664 in

part; shrub or tree to 22 m tall; montane forest.

Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen ssp. clypearia var. clypearia,

FMi11 98; Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Benth., FMP 1 664 in part, TFM1

284 in part; Pithecellobium angulatum Benth., FMP1 664 in part; shrub or

tree to 22 m tall; lowland forest to 1200 m; widespread.

Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen ssp. clypearia var. sessiliflorum

(Merr.) I.C. Nielsen, FM111 99; Pithecellobium cuneadenum Kosterm.,

TFM1 2835: shrub or tree to 22 m tall; lowland forest to 1200 m; only known

from Fraser’s Hill, Ph.

291

292

122.8.3

122.8.4

122.8.5

122.8.6

122.8:]

122.8.8

2229

729.4

1229.2

L293

122.9.4

122.9.5a

122.9.5b

Archidendron contortum (Martelli) I.C. Nielsen, FM111 100; Pithecellobium

contortum Martelli, FMP1 664, TFM1 285; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall;

common in secondary forest, usually near the sea; widespread.

Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) I.C. Nielsen, FMi11 100; Pithecellobium

ellipticum (Blume) Hassk., FMP1 662, TFM1 286; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest including belukar; widespread.

Archidendron globosum (Blume) I.C. Nielsen, FMi11 104; Pithecellobium

affine Baker ex Benth., FMP1 662; Pithecellobium globosum (Blume)

Kosterm., TFM1 286; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk southward.

Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen, FMr11 106; Pithecellobium

lobatum Benth., FMP1 661; Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain, TFM1 286;

shrub or tree to 21 m tall; lowland forests, often cultivated; widespread.

Archidendron kunstleri (Prain) I.-C. Nielsen, FM111 107; Pithecellobium

kunstleri Prain, FMP1 662, TFM1 287; shrub or tree to 15 m tall; often

swampy, lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) I.C. Nielsen, FM111 109;

Pithecellobium microcarpum Benth., FMP1 663, TFM1 287; small tree to

15 m tall; lowland, often secondary, forest; widespread.

Archidendron pahangense (Kosterm.) I.C. Nielsen, FM111 110;

Pithecellobium pahangense Kosterm., TFM1 287; tree to 25 m tall; lower

montane forest at 600-1500 m; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Bauhinia acuminata L., FMP1 625, D19 393, FMi12 444; shrub about 3 m

tall; doubtfully wild.

Bauhinia andersonii K. Larsen & S. Larsen, L03 330, FM112 463; tendrilled

woody climber; limestone hills; Kl, Ph; endemic.

Bauhinia audax (de Wit) G. Cusset, C35 278, FM112 464; Bauhinia calycina

(non Pierre) Ridl., FMP1 626; Phanera audax de Wit, D19 441; tendrilled

woody climber; lowland forest; Sl, NS, M1, Jh; endemic.

Bauhinia bassacensis Pierre ex Gagnep., FM112 464; Bauhinia bracteata

auct. non Grah. ex Baker, FMP1 634; Phanera bassacensis (Pierre ex

Gagnep.) de Wit, D19 472; climber; lowland and hill forest; Kd, KI].

Bauhinia bidentata Jack var. bidentata, FMP1 629, FMi12 508; Bauhinia

scortechinii Prain, FMP1 631; Phanera bidentata (Jack) Benth., D19 495;

large woody climber; montane forest at 900-1500 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS;

endemic.

Bauhinia bidentata Jack var. breviflora (Ridl.) K. Larsen & S. Larsen, LO5

663, FM112 508; Bauhinia breviflora Ridl., FMP5 306; tendrillous climber;

lowland forest; widespread; endemic variety.

122. 5:5¢

122.9.5d

#229 5e

122.9.6

LIU F

122.9.8

122.9.9a

122.9.9b

122.910

72911

i229 32

1£22.9.13

Bauhinia bidentata Jack var. cornifolia (Baker) Bennet, L05 663, FM112

509; Bauhinia cornifolia Baker, FMP1 629; Phanera bidentata (Jack) Benth.

ssp. bicornuta (Miq.) de Wit var. cornifolia (Baker) de Wit, D19 500; lofty

climber; hill forest; KI, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS; endemic variety.

Bauhinia bidentata Jack var. fraseri (de Wit) K. Larsen & S. Larsen, L05

663, FMi12 509; Phanera bidentata (Jack) Benth. ssp. bidentata var. fraseri

de Wit, D19 497; climber; lower montane forest 1200-1500 m; Gg Bujong

Malacca, Pk, Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic variety.

Bauhinia bidentata Jack var. monticola (Ridl.) K. Larsen & S. Larsen, L05

663, FMi12 510; Bauhinia monticola Ridl., FMP1 630; climber; hill forest

at about 1500 m; Pk, Sl; endemic variety.

Bauhinia cuprea Ridl., FMP1 630, FMi12 512; Phanera cuprea-(Ridl.) de

Wit; D19 503; climber; hill forest; only known from Gg Keladang, Pk;

endemic.

Bauhinia curtisii Prain, FMP1 633, FMi12 499; Lasiobema curtisii (Prain)

de Wit, D19 424; woody climber; usually on limestone; P. Langkawi, Kd,

Pk.

Bauhinia decumbens M.R. Hend., H33 99, FMi12 513; Phanera decumbens

(M.R. Hend.) de Wit, D19 503; scrambling shrub; on limestone; only known

from type, Gg Senyum, Ph; endemic.

Bauhinia ferruginea Roxb. var. ferruginea, FMP 1 628, FM112 475; Bauhinia

hullettii Prain, FMP1 627; Phanera ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth., D19 453;

large tendrillous climber; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pn; Pk; SI.

Bauhinia ferruginea Roxb. var. griffithiana (Benth.) Baker, FM112 475;

Bauhinia griffithiana (Benth.) Prain, FMP1 628; Phanera griffithiana Benth.,

D19 455; climber or scandent shurb; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, MI,

Jh.

Bauhinia finlaysoniana (Grah. ex Benth.) Baker, FMP1 632, FMr12 514;

Phanera finlaysoniana Grah. ex Benth., D19 505; large climber; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Pk.

Bauhinia flava (de Wit) G. Cusset, C35 278, FM112 500; Lasiobema flavum

de Wit, D19 425; woody climber; on limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi; endemic.

Bauhinia franckii K. Larsen & S. Larsen, L04 633, FMi12 518; large-

tendrilled liana; lower montane forest; only known from Fraser’s Hill, Ph;

endemic.

Bauhinia glabrifolia (Benth.) Baker var. maritima K. Larsen & S. Larsen;

FMP1 634, FMi12 476; Phanera glabrifolia Benth., D19 486; slender climber

to 25 m long; hill forest; Pn, Pk.

293

294

122.9.14

122.9.15

122.9.10

229A)

122548

122.9.19

122.9.20a

122.9.20b

122.9.20c

122.9.21

122.9.22

122.9.23

Bauhinia glauca (Wall. ex Benth.) Benth., FMP1 629, FM112 478; Bauhinia

micrantha Ridl., FMP1 633; Phanera glauca Wall. ex Benth., D19 489; liana

or climbing shrub; on rocks or climbing in lowland forest; Ps, Kd, Pk, Ph,

Sl.

Bauhinia hirsuta Weinm., D19 399, FM112 449; Bauhinia mollissima auct.

non Wall. ex Prain, FMP1 626 in part; erect shrub 1-3 m tall; open country;

north of Malaya.

Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb., FMP1 631, FM112 480; Bauhinia flammifera

Ridl., FMP1 631; Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Benth., D19 478; large

climber; lowlands to mountains at 1200 m; K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh.

Bauhinia kingii Prain, FMP1 632, FMi12 521; Phanera bidentata (Jack)

Benth. ssp. bidentata var. kingii (Prain) de Wit, D19 498; slender climber;

hill forest; Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Bauhinia kockiana Korth., FMP5 306 ‘kochiana’, FMi12 522; Phanera

kockiana (Korth.) Benth., D19 521; tendrilled liana to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Ph, Jh.

Bauhinia lucida (Miq.) Prain, FMP 1 630, FM112 527; Phanera lucida Migq.,

D19 511; large climber or creeper to more than 30 m long; lowland forest;

Pn, Pk.

Bauhinia pottsii G. Don var. mollissima (Wall. ex Prain) K. Larsen & S.

Larsen, FMi12 451; Bauhinia mollissima Wall. ex Prain, FMP1 626; climbing

shrub; lowlands; West Coast south to MI.

Bauhinia pottsii G. Don var. pottsii, D19 402, FM112 451; slender climbing

shrub to 30 m long; forest margins and river banks in the lowlands; Kd, Pn,

Pk.

Bauhinia pottsii G. Don var. subsessilis (Craib) de Wit, D19 406, FMi112

452; climbing or straggling shrub; lowlands; Kangar, Ps.

Bauhinia praesignis Ridl., FMP5 305, FM112 489; Phanera praesignis (Ridl.)

de Wit, D19 444; woody climber; lowland forest; Ph, NS; endemic.

Bauhinia ridleyi Prain, FMP1 628, FM112 490; Phanera dasycarpa Miq. var.

ridleyi (Prain) de Wit, D19 450; strong shrubby climber to 8 m tall; lowland

forest; Kd, K1, Pn, Pk.

Bauhinia semibifida Roxb., FMP1 627, FM112 490; Phanera semibifida

(Roxb.) Benth., D19 465; scandent shrub or liana; lowland and hill forest;

Tg, Sp.

122.9.24

122.9.25a

P22 9.25b

122.9.26

122.10.1

et |

F7Z.142

122.11.3

122.11.4

£27115

122.11.6

122.11.7

122.11.8

a72.519

Bauhinia strychnoidea Prain ex King, FMP1 633, FMi12 533; Lasiobema

strychnoideum (Prain ex King) de Wit, D19 429; woody climber to 30 m

long; often, but not exclusively, on limestone; KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS; endemic.

Bauhinia wrayi Prain var. cancellata (Ridl.) K. Larsen & S. Larsen, L05

662, FMr12 530; Phanera wrayi (Prain) de Wit var. cancellata (Ridl.) de

Wit, D19 518; climbing shrub; hill forest; only known from Gg Angsi, NS;

endemic variety.

Bauhinia wrayi Prain var. wrayi, FMP1 632, FM112 530; Phanera wrayi

(Prain) de Wit var. wrayi, D19 517; woody creeper or straggling shrub;

lowland forest; Pk.

Bauhinia sp.; Lasiobema sp. nov. A, D19 430; climber; Ps, P. Langkawi:

endemic.

Burkilliodendron album (Rid1.) Sastry, $02 243; Burkillia alba Ridl., FMP5

305; shrub to 1 m tall; Pk; endemic.

Caesalpinia andamanica (Prain) Hattink, H25 15, FM112 539; Mezoneuron

kunstleri Prain, FMP1 647; big prickly liana to 20 m tall; lowland forest

margins to 500 m; Ps, Pk.

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., FMP1 649, H25 17, FM112 541; Caesalpinia

bonducella (L.) Fleming, nom. illeg., FMP1 649; prickly liana to 15 m tall;

often coastal but also found inland; widespread.

Caesalpinia crista L.,H25 20, FM112 542; Caesalpinia nuga (L.) Ait., FMP1

650; prickly liana to 15 m tall; sandy beaches, back mangrove and on

limestone; widespread.

Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb., H25 22, FM112 543; prickly climber; P.

Langkawi.

Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston, H25 24, FM112 543; Caesalpinia

sepiaria Roxb., FMP1 650; prickly shrub or liana; hill forest margins; once

from Penang Hill.

Caesalpinia digyna Rottler, FMP1 651, H25 28, FM112 544; prickly shrub

or climber to 10 m; forest fringes and scrub; Ps, Kd. P. langkawi, Pn.

Caesalpinia parviflora Prain, FMP1 650, H25 45, FM112 549; climber or

small tree; lowland forest; Pk, Sl, NS.

Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb.,H25 55, FM112 553, Mezoneuron sumatranum

(Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Miq., FMP1 647; prickly liana climbing to 20 m

high; lowland and hill forest margins; K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb., FMP1 651, H25 57, FM112 555; prickly climber

or shrub to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Jh, Sp.

295

296

£22.124

122123

122.12.4

172.15.%

127,03.2

122.155

122.14.1

£22.15.1

| ah E ie Pe

122.16.1

PPM eR

22.407 2

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., V04 65; shrub to 4 m tall; naturalized from India.

Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King) van der Maesen, V04 105; Atylosia crassa

Prain ex King, FMP1 564; twining climber; open country; Ps.

Cajanus goensis Dalzell, V04 117; climber; forest margins; P. Langkawi.

Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars, V04 189; Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.)

Benth., FMP1 564; slender twining vine; sandy shores; once from Pulau

Besar, Ml.

Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot, $08 15; Adinobotrys atropurpureus

(Wall.) Dunn, FMP1 587; Millettia atropurpurea (Wall.) Benth., TFM1 296;

tree to 30 m tall; open country, sometimes planted; widespread.

Callerya dasyphylla (Miq.) Schot, S08 20; Padbruggea dasyphylla Miq.,

FMP1 587 ‘Padebruggea’; Padbruggea maingayi (Baker) Dunn, FMP1 587

‘Padebruggea’; Millettia dasyphylla (Miq.) Boerl., TFM1 298; Millettia

maingayi Baker, TFM1 298; large woody climber; lowland forest; scattered.

Callerya eriantha (Benth.) Schot, $08 21; Adinobotrys erianthus (Benth.)

Dunn, FMP1 586; Millettia eriantha Benth., TFM1 298; liana; lowland forest;

widespread.

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv., C23 662, M28 288; twining or trailing

vine; waste places; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Canavalia cathartica Thouars, $03 158; Canavalia turgida Grah. ex A. Gray,

FMP 1 573; creeping and climbing vine; thickets near the sea; all coasts.

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC., N11 128, L24 101; Canavalia obtusifolia (Lam.)

DC., FMP1 572; Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Thouars, $03 163; trailing vine;

sandy shores; all coasts.

Cassia javanica L. ssp. nodosa (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) K. Larsen & S.

Larsen, FM112 564; Cassia nodosa Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., FMP1 616, D18

223, TFM1 247; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest; middle of Malaya, Ph

particularly.

Centrosema plumieri (Turp. ex Pers.) Benth., FMP1 615, K09 33, M28 304;

twining vine; hedges, fences, waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical

America.

Centrosema pubescens Benth., C26 662, M28 302; slender twining vine;

roadsides, waste places; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

122.18.1

122.18.2

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7201

"27.2.2

27.21.)

a227 22.1

1272 22,2

| Fat Oe

122.22.4

ta it A

122.22.6

EPS |

*122.22.8

Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (DC.) Degener, FM112 566; Cassia

leshenualtiana DC., FMP1 619, D18 280; Chamaecrista nictinans (L.)

Moench. ssp. patellaria (Collad.) Irwin & Barneby var. glabrata (Vogel)

Irwin & Barneby, 104 822; herb, sometimes woody at the base, to 1.5 m tall;

grassy spots, roadsides; widespread.

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene, FM112 567; Cassia mimosoides L.,

FMP1 619, D18 283; herb, sometimes slightly woody, to 1 m tall; weed,

grassy spots; widespread; naturalized from continental Asia.

Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh.f., V10 90, RO7 177; herb or lax shrub

with obdeltoid leaves; weed of dry places; ?Pn, SI; very rare, possibly native.

Clitoria laurifolia Poir., M28 307; Clitoria cajanifolia (Presl) Benth., FMP1

569; shrub to 1.5 m tall; roadsides, waste ground; naturalized from tropical

America.

Clitorea ternatea L., FMP1 569; vine; hedges and fences; widespread;

naturalized - origins obscure.

Codariocalyx gyroides (Roxb. ex Link) Hassk., 001 43; Desmodium

gyroides (Roxb. ex Link) DC., FMP1 611, K55 250; shrub to 3 m tall;

lowlands; Pk.

Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham. ex G. Don, FMP1 560, D11 200, P22 372;

Crotalaria bialata Schrank., K09 33; subshrub to 60 cm tall; waste places,

sandy beaches; Jh, Sp.

Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth, FMP1 561, D11 200; subshrub to 30 cm

tall; roadsides; SI.

Crotalaria chinensis L., FMP1 560, D11 202; herb to 60 cm tall; on rocks;

Crotalaria cleomifolia Welw. ex Bak., D11 203, A14 57, P22 203; much-

branched shrub to 4 m tall; Cameron Highlands, Ph (? died out); naturalized

from ?tropical Africa.

Crotalaria cytisoides Roxb. ex DC., A14 53 ‘cysticoides’; shrub to 2 m tall;

waste places and plantations; naturalized from continental Asia.

Crotalaria ferruginea Grah. ex Benth., FMP1 560, D11 203; herb to 60 cm

tall; open sandy places; Ph.

Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr., A14 54, P22 104; shrub to | m tall;

waste places, plantations; naturalized from tropical Africa.

Crotalaria incana L., FMP1 562, D11 205, P22 95; shrub to 120 cm tall;

waste places; Pn, Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

297

298

122.22:9

122.22.10

122.22-18

1222-12

122.22.14

7 e2AD

122.22.16

122.2210

| a ae

122.22.18

We ta Be he

122.23.1

2229-2

122.23.3

Crotalaria juncea L., D11 206, P22 372; erect, laxly branched herb; waste

places; Jh, Sp; naturalized from India.

Crotalaria laburnifolia L., FMP1 563, D11 206, P22 76; shrub to 120 cm

tall; seashores, waste places; Ml; ?naturalized from drier climates.

Crotalaria micans Link, P22 371; Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth, A14 56;

shrub 2-4 m tall; waste places, plantations; naturalized from tropical

America.

Crotalaria pallida Aiton, P22 184; Crotalaria saltiana (non Andr.) Prain ex

King, FMP1 562; Crotalaria mucronata Desv., D11 209, K09 34; shrub to

100 cm tall; waste places; widespread; naturalized from Africa.

Crotalaria quinquefolia L., FMP1 563, D11 212; herb to 60 cm tall; waste

ground; widespread.

Crotalaria retusa L., FMP1 561, D11 212, P22 272; shrub to 120 cm tall;

seashores, waste places; widespread.

Crotalaria semperflorens Vent., FMP1 562, D11 213; herb to 1 m tall;

roadside weed; widespread.

Crotalaria sessiliflora L., FMP1 560, D11 214; herb to 60 cm tall; open sandy

places; Tg.

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, P22 373; Crotalaria sericea (non Burm.f.) Retz.,

FMP1 561; herb 1-2 m tall; waste places; scattered; naturalized from Asia.

Crotalaria uncinella Lam., FMP1 562, D11 216, P22 166; procumbent herb

or subshrub; sandy shores; mostly East Coast.

Crotalaria verrucosa L., FMP1 561, D11 561, P22 373; shrub to 60 cm tall;

roadside weed; widespread.

Crotalaria zanzibarica Benth., P22 191; Crotalaria usaramoensis Baker f.,

A13 54; herb or shrub to 2 m tall; waste places, plantations; naturalized

from East Africa.

Crudia caudata Prain, FMP1 644, TFM1 249, FM112 580; tree to 8 m tall;

lowland forest, river banks; Tg, Jh.

Crudia curtisii Prain, FMP1 644, TFM1 249, FMi12 581; Crudia glauca Prain,

FMP 1 644, TFM1 251; tree to 25 m tall; rare in lowland and hill forest; Tg,

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml; endemic.

Crudia evansii Ridl., FMP1 645, TFM1 251, FM112 583; tree or liana; on

limestone; Gg Senyum, Ph.

——

122.23.4

t222955

122.23.6

122.23.7

122.23.8

122.23.9

122.23.10

peo. 4

122.24.1

122.24.2

122.24.3

122.25.1

122.25.2

122.25.3

122.25.4

Crudia gracilis Prain, FMP1 646, TFM1 251, FM112 583; Crudia brevipes

Ridl., FMP1 645, TFM1 249; shrub to 2 m tall; swampy lowland forest;

once each from Tasek Gelugor, Pn, Taiping, Pk, and Kota Tinggi, Jh.

Crudia lanceolata Ridl., FMP1 645, TFM1 251, FMi12 584; tree: sometimes

on limestone; P. Langkawi, Sl, Jh.

Crudia penduliflora Ridl., FMP1 645, TFM1 251, FMr12 588; tree; one,

possibly two, collection from MI; endemic.

Crudia scortechinii Prain, FMP1 644, TFM1 252, FMi12 590: tree to 35 m

tall; locally abundant in lowland forest; Pk; endemic.

Crudia sparei Whitmore, TFM1 252, FMr12 591; ?liana; only known from

type, Sg Kriang, Pk; endemic.

Crudia velutina Ridl., TFM1 252, FMi12 594: tree to 25 m tall: lowland

forest; Tg, Ph, Jh.

Crudia wrayi Prain, FMP1 646, TFM1 252, FM12 596; tree to 6 m tall;

swampy lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Jh.

Crudia sp., TFM1 253; Rompin, Ph (KEP 80951).

Cynometra iripa Kostel., K54 21, TFM1 254, FM112 603; Cynometra

ramiflora L. var. mimosoides Baker, FMP1 635; shrub or small tree to 8 m

tall; mainly coastal, but sometimes inland; Ps, Kd, Sl, MI.

Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen, K54 18, TFM1 254, FM112 604;

Cynometra inaequifolia (non A. Gray) Baker, FMP1 635 ‘inaequalifolia’;

tree 20—40 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Pk, Ph, SI, MI.

Cynometra ramiflora L., FMP1 635, K54 23, TFM1 254, FM112 606; bushy-

crowned tree to 25 m tall; riverbanks and swamps especially near the coast;

widespread.

Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain, T12 45, R32 220; Dalbergia torta

Grah. ex A. Gray, FMP1 591; scandent shrub or liana; coastal scrub and

mangroves; widespread.

Dalbergia curtisii Prain, FMP1 589; scandent shrub; lowland and hill forest;

Pn, Pk, MI.

Dalbergia hullettii Prain, FMP1 590; shrub or treelet; open swampy ground;

Sp; ?endemic.

Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth., K09 34; Dalbergia scortechinii Prain, FMP1

589; Dalbergia stercoracea Maingay, FMP1 589; scandent shrub; lowland

forests; widespread.

299

300

122.25.5

122.25.6

122.25.7

122.258

7775.9

122,29.10

122.25.11

472:26.1

122.262

122271

722A

122.27.2b

122:27 3a

LORIE A htc:

122.27.4

PRES hs

122.27.6

Dalbergia kunstleri Prain ex King, FMP1 592; liana; riverbanks or on

limestone; Pk (twice collected); endemic.

Dalbergia menoeides Prain, FMP1 591; liana; Krian, Pk; endemic.

Dalbergia parviflora Roxb., FMP1 589; large liana; lowland forest margins;

widespread.

Dalbergia phyllanthoides Blume, FMP1 590; scandent shrub; lowland forest;

Pa: PE.

Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain, B02 614, L24 62; Dalbergia tamarindifolia

Roxb., FMP1 591; scandent shrub or small tree; open forest near water;

PayPk, Ph:

Dalbergia pseudosissoo Mig., R31 220, L24 62; Dalbergia rostrata (non

Hassk.) Grah. ex Prain, FMP1 590; liana; lowland forest; Sp.

Dalbergia velutina Benth., FMP1 592; scandent shrub or liana; forest

margins; widespread.

Dendrolobium rugosum (Prain) Schindl., O01 72; Desmodium rugosum

Prain, FMP1 607, C14 167; shrub to 2.5 m tall; P. Langkawi.

Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth., O01 82; Desmodium umbellatum

(L.) DC., FMP1 607, K55 263; shrub 2-3 m tall; muddy and sandy shores;

all coasts.

Derris affinis Benth., FMP1 597; liana; forest; Pn, Pk.

Derris amoena Benth. var. amoena, FMP1 597; liana; lowland forests; Pk.

Derris amoena Benth. var. maingayana (Baker) Prain, FMP1 597; liana;

lowland forests; widespread.

Derris elegans Grah. ex Benth. var. elegans, FMP1 596, V39 319; slender

liana; hill and montane forest; Pk, Sl.

Derris elegans Grah. ex Benth. var. vestita (Baker) Prain, FMP1 597, V39

320; slender liana; hill forest; Pk, M1.

Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth., FMP1 597, V39 320; scrambling shrub; on

rocks, formerly often cultivated; Ps, Pn.

Derris malaccensis Prain, FMP1 598, V39 322: scandent shrub; lowland

forests; widespread.

Derris microphylla (Miq.) B.D. Jacks., R32 234; Derris dalbergioides Baker,

FMP1 595, TFM1 290; small tree to 12 m tall; secondary forest particularly

in the mountains; NS northward.

122.27.7

122.27.8

2279

122.28.1

122.29.1

$2779 2.

I a!

122.29.4a

122.29.4b

122.29.5

122.29.6

122.29.7

122.29.8

122.29.9

122.29.10

122.29.11

Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth., FMP1 595, R32 230; large high-climbing

liana; lowland forest often near the sea; P. Langkawi, Pn, Sp.

Derris trifoliata Lour., V39 326, R32 232; Derris uliginosa (Roxb. ex Willd.)

Benth., FMP1 595; slender liana; mangrove swamps; widespread.

Derris yappii Craib, FMP1 598; liana; once from Kuala Aring, KI; endemic.

Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd., FM111 213; shrub; waste ground; Sp;

naturalized.

Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC., K55 245, 001 199; Desmodium

trifoliastrum Miq., FMP1 606; prostrate shrub; swampy forest; Pk, Ph.

Desmodium caudatum (Thunb. ex Murr.) DC., K55 248, O01 184;

Desmodium laburnifolium (Poir.) DC., FMP1 608; shrub; lowland forest.

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC., FMP1 610, K55 249, O01 184; slender

shrub to 120 cm tall; weed of shady waste ground; widespread.

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. ssp. heterocarpon, K55 251, O01 210,

D44 136; Desmodium polycarpum (Poir.) DC., FMP1 609; shrub to 1 m

tall; waste ground and roadsides; widespread.

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. ssp. ovalifolium (Prain) H. Ohashi, K55

251, O01 210, D45 139; Desmodium ovalifolium Wall. ex Merr., FMP1 610;

shrub to 1 m tall; waste ground and roadsides; widespread.

Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC., FMP1 606, K55 251, O01 239;

trailing herb; common among short grass; widespread.

Desmodium laxiflorum DC., K55 252, V39 401, O01 101; prostrate shrub;

waste ground; scattered.

Desmodium laxum DC., FMP1 608, K55 253, O01 134; wiry plant to 120

cm tall; hill and montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Desmodium megaphyllum Zoll., FMP1 608, K55 253, O01 111; bushy shrub

to 2.5 m tall; lowland forest; once from Ulu Batang Padang, Pk.

Desmodium obcordatum (Migq.) Kurz,T19 127; Hegnera obcordata (Miq.)

Schindl., 001 257; twining shrub; limestone, waste ground; Ps, Kd.

Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC., K55 258, O01 160; Desmodium scalpe

DC., FMP1 608; slender shrub to 1 m tall; damp lower montane forest;

Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr., K55 259, O01 224; Desmodium

capitatum (Burm.f.) DC., FMP1 609; creeping shrub; open sandy places;

widespread.

301

302

122.29.12

122.29.13

122.29.14

122.30.1a

122.30.1b

122, Za

122.30.2b

172,309

122.30.4

| i

L227 32

122.33.1

| 0 Ree, Ws

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC., FMP1 606, K55 261, O01 245; creeping

herb; common in lawns and waste places; throughout.

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC., K55 264, O01 82; Desmodium

virgatum Zoll. & Moritzi ex Prain, FMP1 611; Desmodium lasiocarpum (P.

Beauv.) DC.,H35 99; shrub to 120 cm tall; lowland forest and on limestone;

rs. 7k.

Desmodium zonatum Miq., K55 265, O01 107; Desmodium ormocarpoides

(non DC.) Moritzi, FMP1 610; shrub to 60 cm tall; lowland forest; north of

Peninsula.

Dialium indum L. var. bursa (de Wit) Rojo, FM112 612; tree to 35 m;

scattered in swampy lowland forest; widespread.

Dialium indum L. var. indum, FMP1 622, TFM1 259, FMi12 609; Dialium

laurinum Baker, FMP1 622, TFM1 260; Dialium patens Baker, FMP1 622,

TFM1 260; Dialium marginatum de Wit, TFM1 260; tree to 35 m tall;

scattered in lowland forest; widespread.

Dialium kunstleri Prian var. kunstleri, FMP1 621, TFM1 259, FM112 614;

tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest; rare.

Dialium kunstleri Prain var. trifoliatum (de Wit) Rojo, FM112 614; tree to

35 m tall; lowland forest.

Dialium platysepalum Baker, FMP1 incl. var. ambiguum (Prain) Ridl.,

TFM1 261, FMi12 612; Dialium kingii Prain, FMP1 624, TFM1 259; Dialium

maingayi Baker, FMP1 622, TFM1 260; Dialium wallichii Prain, FMP1 623,

TFM1 261; tree to 35 m tall; scattered in the lowland forest; throughout.

Dialium procerum (Steenis) Steyaert, TFM1 261, FM112 614; tree to 35 m

tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Dioclea javanica Benth., FMP1 571, M28 270; high-climbing liana; lowland

forest; Pk, SI.

Dioclea reflexa Hook.f., FMP1 571; liana; thickets and forest margins;

widespread.

Dunbaria nivea Mig., N06 126; Dunbaria scortechinii Prain, FMP1 563;

climber; forest margins; Ps, Pn, Pk, Ph.

Entada rheedei Spreng., FMI11 180; Entada schefferi Ridl., FMP1 654; huge

woody climber reaching lengths of 120 m; lowland forest to 400 m, often

near the sea; widespread.

Entada spiralis Ridl., FMP1 655, FMi11 180; woody climber to 25 m long;

lowland forest to 540 m; south of the Peninsula.

122.34.1

122.35.1

£22352

122.36.1

122.36.2

122.37.1

122.37.2

122.37.3

122.37.4

122.37.5

122.37.6

122.37.7

122.37.8

Eriosema chinense Vogel, FMP1 565, M28 380: herb to 50 cm tall: rare in

dry grassy places; Pk, MI.

Erythrina fusca Lour., TFM1 291, K72 340; Erythrina atrosanguinea Ridl.,

FMP 1578; Erythrina ovalifolia Roxb., FMP1 579; tree to 25 m tall; lowland

forest; widespread, commoner in the north.

Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr., TFM1 292, K72 355; Erythrina

lithosperma (non Blume) Migq., FMP1 579: tree to 15 m tall: hill forest;

Main Range.

Erythrina variegata L., K72 430; Erythrina indica Lam., FMP1 578:

Erythrina rostrata Ridl., FMP2 580; Erythrina orientalis (L.) Murr., TFM1

292; tree to 15 m tall; rare in the wild on sandy beaches, widely cultivated:

P. Langkawi, East Coast.

Flemingia macrophylla ( Willd.) Merr.,M28 362; Flemingia congesta Roxb.,

FMP1 566; shrub to 1.5 m tall; open dry places; widespread.

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Roxb., FMP1 565, M28 360; shrub to 1.5 m tall:

dry open spots, roadsides; widespread.

Fordia albiflora (Prain) Dasuki & Schot, D06 195; Millettia albiflora Prain,

FMP1 584, TFM1 296: tree 6—30 m tall: lowland forest, often near rivers:

Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh; endemic.

Fordia bracteolata Dasuki & Schot, D06 196; tree about 12 m tall: lowland

forest; Pk, Sl: endemic.

Fordia incredibilis Whitmore, TFM1 293, D06 197; tree to 8 m tall:

gregarious in lowland forest; only known from NW slopes of Gg Belumut,

Jh; endemic.

Fordia johorensis Whitmore, TFM1 293, B38 251; tree to 6 m tall: lowland

forest; Jh; endemic.

Fordia lanceolata Ridl., FMP5 304, TFM1 294, B38 253; tree to 10 m usually

smaller; gregarious in hill forest 500-700 m; Sl, NS; endemic.

Fordia ngii Whitmore, TFM1 294, D06 199; tree 4-6 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Ph, Jh; endemic.

Fordia ophirensis Ridl., FMP5 304, TFM1 294, B38 254: small tree or shrub;

hill forest 300-400 m; twice collected from Mt Ophir, Jh; endemic.

Fordia pauciflora Dunn, FMP1 586, TFM1 294, B38 254: slender treelet to

3 m tall: lowland forest; Pk.

303

304

$22.37.9

122.37.10

122.38.1

122.991

122.39.2

2.4993

122.39.4

122.39.6

122.40.1

122.41.1

122.41.2

122.42.1

122.42.2

122.43.1

122.43.2

Fordia unifoliata (Prain) Dasuki & Schot, D06 202; Millettia unifoliata Prain,

FMP1 584, TFM1 298; tree to 10 m tall; hill slopes, often near the sea; Pk

including P. Pangkor; endemic.

Fordia sp. a, D06 202; tree about 9 m high; once from Gg Panti, Jh; endemic.

Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arn., FMP1 600; trailing herb; open sandy

places, rice-fields; Ps, Kd.

Indigofera galegoides DC., D09 118; Indigofera finlaysoniana Grah. ex Rid1.,

FMP1 581; shrub 1-4 m tall; roadsides and thickets; sporadic.

Indigofera hirsuta L., FMP1 580, D09 120; shrub to 1.5 m tall; sandy

seashores; fairly widespread.

Indigofera spicata Forssk., D09 132; shrublet 40-75 cm tall; grassy places;

naturalized from drier parts of Asia.

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., D09 134; shrub to 2.5 m tall; waste places;

naturalized from tropical America.

Indigofera tinctoria L., FMP1 581, D09 136; shrub 60-100 cm tall; waste

places; escape, naturalized.

Indigofera zollingeriana Mig., D09 142; shrub or small tree; sandy beaches.

Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosberg, TFM1 295; small, multi-stemmed

tree; brackish swamp forest; only known from Sg Sedili, Jh.

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze, TFM1 262, FM112 623; Afzelia bijuga

(Colebr.) A. Gray, FMP1 639; Afzelia retusa Kurz, FMP1 639; tree to 25 m

tall; coasts and tidal reaches of rivers; throughout.

Intsia palembanica Mig., TFM1 262, FM112 62; Afzelia palembanica (Miq.)

Baker, FMP1 640; large-buttressed tree to 55 m tall; common in lowland

forests; throughout.

Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub., FMP1 620, TFM1 264, FMi112 632; very

tall tree reaching over 70 m in some instances; lowland forest; Ph and SI

northward.

Koompassia malaccensis Maing. ex Benth., FMP1 620, TFM1 265, FMi12

634; big tree to 60 m tall; common in lowland and hill forests; throughout.

Kunstleria curtisii Prain, FMP1 599 incl. var. laxiflora Prain, R12 469; stout

liana; lowland forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Kunstleria forbesii Prain, FMP1 600, R12 471; liana to 10 m long; lowland

forest; Pk.

122.43.3

122.43.4

122.44.1

122.45.1

122.46.1

122.47.1a

122.47.1b

122.48.1

122.48.2

122.48.3

122.48.4

122.48.5

122.48.6

122.48.7

122.48.8

122.49.1

Kunstleria kingii Prain, FMP1 599, R12 476; stout liana to 30 m long: hill

forest; Pk; endemic.

Kunstleria ridleyi Prain, FMP1 600, R12 480; Kunstleria derryi Prain, FMP1

600; big liana; lowland forest; M1, Sp.

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, FMI11 182; Leucaena glauca Benth..,

FMP 1 655; shrub or small tree to 10 m tall; widely planted, establishing in

waste ground; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Leucostegane latistipulata (Prain) Prain, FMP1 643, TFM1 266, FMi12 636;

tree to 6 m tall; gregarious in understorey of hill forest; only known from

Lumut, Pk.

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.; M28 343; Phaseolus semierectus L..,

FMP 1 567; shrub or climber; waste ground; Sp and probably elsewhere:

naturalized from tropical America.

Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms var. kurzii (Prain) Meeuwen, K54 44,

TFM1 267, FMr12 645; Cynometra polyandra Roxb. var. kurzii Prain, FMP1

636; large tree; hill forest; Pn; poorly known.

Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms var. polyandra, FMr12 645; large tree:

hill forest; Pn; poorly known.

Millettia decipiens Prain, FMP1 585, TFM1 297; tree; lowland riverbanks;

once from Kuala Dipong, Pk.

Millettia galliflagrans Whitmore, TFM1 297; tree to 4 m tall; swampy

lowland forest; only known from Kluang F.R., Jh: endemic.

Millettia hemsleyana Prain, FMP1 585, TFM1 297; tree; often leaning over

lowland rivers; widespread, common in K] and Ph.

Millettia pterocarpa Dunn, FMP1 585, TFM1 298; tree; lowland forest;

thrice collected from Pk; endemic.

Millettia sericea (Vent.) Benth., FMP1 584, TFM1 298; liana; common in

lowland forest; widespread.

Millettia sp., B38 257; Fordia filipes (non Dunn) Whitmore, TFM1 293.

Millettia sp. a, TFM1 298; tree to 4 m tall; MI.

Millettia sp. b, TFM1 299; small tree; Ulu Endau, Jh.

Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze, FMr11 184; Mimosa sepiaria Benth.,

FMP1 656: shrub or tree to 8 m tall; roadsides, waste ground; Sp; naturalized

from South America.

305

306

122.49.2

122.49 .5

122.49.4a

122.49.4b

122.49.4c

122.49.5

122501

122,50,2

122.50.3

122.50.4

127,505

122.51.1

jay She 5 es

122.52.1

2252-0

Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle, FM111 184; Mimosa invisa |non

Mart. ex Colla] Mart., M47 328; straggling or scrambling shrub; waste

ground, plantation weed; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Mimosa pigra L., FM111 185; spreading and arching shrub to 4 m tall; waste

places, roadsides; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Mimosa pudica L. var. hispida Brenan, FMP1 656 in part, FM111 186; erect

or prostrate herb or subshrub; waste places, weed of grassland, to 1000 m;

throughout; naturalized from South America.

Mimosa pudica L. var. tetranda (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC., FMP1

656 in part, FMr11 186; erect or prostrate herb or subshrub; waste places,

weed of grassland, to 1000 m; throughout; naturalized from South America.

Mimosa pudica L. var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb., FMP1 656 in

part, FMi11 186; erect or prostrate herb or subshrub; waste places, weed of

grassland; throughout; naturalized from South America.

Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var. leptocarpa (DC.) Barneby, B06 50; procumbent

shrub to 50 cm tall; waste places, roadsides; Kd, Pn, Pk; naturalized from

South America.

Mucuna acuminata Grah. ex Baker, FMP1 577, W18 214; slender climber;

lowland forest, often near rivers; Pn, Pk, Sl, Sp.

Mucuna biplicata Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz, FMP1 576, W18 228; large

climber; lowland forest margins; P. Langkawi, K1, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Mucuna gigantea ( Willd.) DC., FMP1577, W18 21; large sprawling climber;

thickets, often near the sea; Kd, Pk, ?Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., FMP1577, W18 235; long slender climber; forest

margins; Ps, Pk.

Mucuna stenoplax Wilmot-Dear, W18 218; climber; lowland forest; only

recorded from Kaki Bukit, Ps.

Neptunia oleracea Lour., FMP1 653, FMi11 189; aquatic floating herb to

2.5 m long; pools and ditches in the lowlands; widespread.

Neptunia plena (L.) Benth., $59 188, FMi11 214; herb or subshrub; waste

places, plantations; Jh, Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr., R32 169; Ormocarpum

glabrum Teijsm. & Binn., $23 32; shrub or small tree to 7 m tall; Sp.

Ormosia bancana (Miq.) Merr., K54 229, TFM1 300; Ormosia parvifolia

Baker, FMP1 614; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest, often near rivers or the

sea; P. Lankawi, P. Pangkor, Ph, MI, Sp. |

122.53.2

122.53.3

122.53.4

122.53.5

122.53.6

127,593.17

122.53.8

$272.55.9

122.54.1

R225 ht

122.55.2

1272.55.53

122.55.4

122.56.1

Ormosia gracilis Prain, FMP1 613, K54 230, TFM1 301; tree to 15 m tall:

lower montane forest; a few collections from Kd, Pk and NS; endemic.

Ormosia grandistipulata Whitmore, TFM1 301; Ormosia sp., K54 236; small

tree to 4 m tall; Tg.

Ormosia macrodisca Baker, FMP1 613, K54 230, TFM1 301; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland forest; once each from SI, MI and Sp.

Ormosia penangensis Ridl., FMP1 613, K54 233, TFM1 301; tree to 25 m

tall; hill forest; twice from Penang Hill.

Ormosia polita Prain, K54 233, TFM1 301; Ormosia nitida (non Vogel)

Prain, FMP1 613; tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, SI, NS;

endemic.

Ormosia scandens Prain, FMP1 612, K54 236, TFM1 299; woody climber;

hill forest; only known from type, Larut, Pk; endemic.

Ormosia sumatrana (Mig.) Prain, FMP1 614, K54 234, TFM1 301; Ormosia

microsperma Baker, FMP1 614; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, K1,

Ph, Jh, Sp.

Ormosia venosa Baker, FMP1 615, K54 236, TFM1 302; tree to 25 m tall;

hill forest; few collections from Tg, SI, MI.

Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielsen, FMr11 151; Albizia moluccana

Migq., FMP1 659; Albizia falcata auct. non (L.) Backer, TFM1 277; tree to

40 m tall or greater; secondary forest and waste ground; Sp and probably

elsewhere; naturalized from East Malesia.

Parkia singularis Mig., TFM1 281, FMr11 197; tree to 30 m or more tall;

lowland and hill forest to 500 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Parkia speciosa Hassk., FMP1 652, TFM1 281, FMr11 198; tree to 35 m

tall, sometimes bigger; lowland and hill forest to 900 m, often planted;

widespread.

Parkia sumatrana Mig. ssp. streptocarpa (Hance) H.C. Hopkins, FM111

200; Parkia sumatrana Miq., TFM1 282; tree to 35 m tall; rare in lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Pk.

Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr., FM111 201; Parkia roxburghii G. Don, FMP 1

652; Parkia javanica auct. vix (Lam.) Merr., TFM1 281; very big tree to 50

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m, sometimes planted; widespread.

Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz, FMP1 647, TFM1 267, FMil2 650;

tree to 20 m tall; lowland primary and secondary forest; West Coast, MI

northward.

307

308

122.56.2

7 ay Bek

2256-4

422.59.1

122.60.1a

122.60.1b

122.61.1

127.62-1

122.63.1

122.63.2

122.64.1a

122.64.1b

122.65.1

122.66.1

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Heyne, TFM1 268, FM112 651;

Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth., FMP1 646; tree to 20 m tall;

rocky and sandy shores, widely planted inland; all coasts.

Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites, TFM1 302; tree; near the sea; once each

from P. Langkawi, Kd mainland and ?Ph.

Phylacium bracteosum Benn., FMP1 604, B35 490; twining vine; forest

margins; once from Gg Pondok, Pk.

Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv., O01 276; Desmodium pulchellum (L.)

Benth., FMP1 607, K55 256; shrub to 2 m tall; open sandy places;

widespread.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre var. pinnata, TFM1 303; Pongamia glabra

Vent. var. typica, FMP1 593; small tree sometimes to 20 m tall; sandy and

rocky shores; all coasts.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre var. xerocarpa (Hassk.) Alston, TFM1 303;

Pongamia glabra Vent. var. xerocarpa (Hassk.) Prain, FMP1 593; small tree

sometimes to 20 m tall; inland, often along rivers; Pk, Ph, MI, Sp.

Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn., V10 165, $22 32; herb; Sp;

naturalized from drier parts of Asia.

Pterocarpus indicus Willd., FMP1 593, TFM1 303; tree to 30 m tall; coastal,

along tidal rivers, extensively planted; Ph, Jh (wild localities).

Pterolobium densiflorum Prain, FMP1 648, FMi112 657; prickly liana;

lowland forest; Pn.

Pterolobium microphyllum Miq., $59 188, FM112 659; liana or scrambling

shrub; hill forest; Bt Lagong, SI.

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Benth.) Baker, V05

75; Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., FMP1 571 in part; creeping or

climbing vine; roadsides, waste places, forest margins; widespread.

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. phaseoloides, V05 78; Pueraria

phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., FMP1 571 in part; creeping or climbing vine;

roadsides, waste places, forest margins; widespread.

Rothia indica (L.) Druce, R32 184; Rothia trifoliata (Roth) Pers., FMP1

559; herb to 20 cm tall; sandy shores and fields; Pn.

Saraca cauliflora Baker, FMP1 641, FM112 671 in synonymy; Saraca

thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain, FMP1 640, Z02 416, TFM1 270, FMi12 671;

Saraca declinata auct. non (Jack) Mig., FMP1 641; tree to 15 m tall; lowland

and hill forest, often riverine; Ml and Ph northward.

122.66.2

122.66.3

122.67.1

122.67.2

122.67.3

122.67.4

122.67.5

122.67.6

122.67.7

122.67.8

122.68.1

122.69.1

Saraca declinata (Jack) Mig., Z02 419, TFM1 269, FMr12 665: Saraca

macroptera Miq., FMP1 642; Saraca palembanica (Mig.) Baker, FMP1 642;

Saraca triandra auct. non (Roxb.) Baker, FMP1 642; tree to 15 m tall:

common in lowland and hill forest, often riverine; widespread.

Saraca indica L., Z02 422, TFM1 269, FM112 668; Saraca bijuga Prain, FMP1

641; Saraca kunstleri Prain, FMP1 641; tree to 15 m tall: lowland and hill

forest; Kd, Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Senna alata (L.) Roxb., 104 460, FMi12 675; Cassia alata L., FMP1 619,

D18 231; shrub to 5 m tall; common in damp waste ground; throughout;

naturalized from tropical America.

Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby, 104 425, FMr12 679: Cassia hirsuta L.,

FMP 1 618, D18 250; foetid herb, sometimes shrubby, to 2.5 m tall; waste

ground; sporadic; naturalized from tropical America.

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby, 104 252, FMr12 681: Cassia

obtusifolia L., FMP1 618, D18 254; herb, sometimes shrubby, to 2 m tall:

waste ground; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, 104 436, FM112 681; Cassia occidentalis L.,

FMP1 618, D18 256; herb, sometimes shrubby, to 3 m tall; waste ground;

widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby, 104 98, FMi12 685; Cassia siamea

Lam., FMP1 617, D18 263, TFM1 247; tree to 20 m tall; waste ground around

villages, much cultivated; possibly native.

Sennna sulfurea (Collad.) Irwin & Barneby, 104 78, FM112 687; Cassia glauca

Lam., FMP1 616; Cassia surattensis Burm.f.,D18 269; shrub or small tree

to 7 m tall; waste places; to India and Burma.

Senna timoriensis (DC.) Irwin & Barneby, 104 98, FM112 689; Cassia

timoriensis DC., FMP1 617; tree to 8 m tall; lowlands, often on limestone;

Kd, P. Langkawi, K1], Pk, Sl.

Senna tora (L.) Roxb., FM112 689; Cassia tora L., FMP1 618, D18 276;

foetid herb to 120 cm tall; weed of cultivation; widespread; naturalized from

tropical America.

Serianthes grandiflora Benth., FMP1 657, FMil1 160; Serianthes dilmyi

Fosberg, TFM1 289; tree to 35 m tall, usually smaller; sea shores, commoner

on offshore islands; Ml, Jh, Sp.

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Poir., FMP1 582, V39 360; herb to 2 m tall;

damp open spots; Ps, Pk, Sp; naturalized - origin unclear, probably

Australasia.

309

310

122:69.2

122.704

| A Be |

122.70.3

122.70.4

127,709

72.71.12

IL 28 |

Tae

422, 7RS

122.73.4

1272.13.28

122,300

122.73.6

122/84

Sesbania javanica Miq., V39 362; Sesbania paludosa (Roxb.) Prain, FMP1

582; herb to 4 m tall; open marshy ground; Kd.

Sindora coriacea (Baker) Maingay ex Prain, FMP1 539, TFM1 271, FM112

697; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Sindora echinocalyx (Benth.) Prain, TFM1 272, FM112 698; tree to 30 m or

more tall; hill forest to 700 m; widespread.

Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Mig., FMP1 638, TFM1 272, FMi12 703; tree

to 30 m tall; hill forest; recorded once from KI.

Sindora velutina Baker, FMP1 638, TFM1 273, FM112 707; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; widespread but scattered.

Sindora wallichii Grah. ex Benth., FMP1 637, TFM1 273, FMi112 708;

Sindora intermedia (Baker) Prain, FMP1 638; tree to 30 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; widespread but absent from north-west.

Smithia sensitiva Aiton, FMP1 601, V39 370, R32 171; diffuse spreading

herb; open sandy places; Ps, Pk.

Sophora tomentosa L., FMP1 612; silvery shrub to 5 m tall; sea shores;

common on the East Coast.

Spatholobus acuminatus Benth., FMP1 575, R13 161; stout woody climber;

lowland forest margins; Pn.

Spatholobus auritus Ridd.-Num., R13 160; liana; forest; only known from

type, Pn; endemic.

Spatholobus bracteolatus Prain ex King, FMP1 574, R13 167; liana; hill

forest; Pn, ?7Pk; endemic.

Spatholobus dubius Prain, FMP1 575, R13 169; high-climbing liana; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth. var. ferrugineus, FMP1

574, R13 170; high-climbing liana; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m;

widespread.

Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth. var. sericophyllus Rid1.,

FMP1 574, R13 172; high-climbing liana; lowland forest; Sp; endemic variety.

Spatholobus gyrocarpus Benth., FMP1 574, R13 172; liana to 45 m long;

lowland forest; north of Malaya.

Spatholobus harmandii Gagnep., R13 173; Spatholobus compar Craib, H33

99; liana to 15 m high; forest margins; north of Malaya.

122.73.8

122::73.9

122.73.10

122.74.1

122.74.2

122.75.1

#22.79:2

122.76.1

122.77,1

a22 71-2

$22.7).3

122.78.1

122.79.1

122.79.2

122.793

Spatholobus macropterus Miq., R13 178; liana reaching to 35 m; lowlands

and hills; north of Malaya (3 records).

Spatholobus maingayi Prain ex King, FMP1 575, R13 180; liana climbing

to 25 m; lowland forest margins; more frequent in the south.

Spatholobus ridleyi Prain ex King, FMP1575, R13 194; large liana exceeding

30 m in length; lowland forest; twice collected in Sp; endemic.

Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., V39 373, C26 662, R32 179: herb to

1.5 m tall; waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical America.

Stylosanthes humilis Kunth, V39 373, R32 180; Stylosanthes sundaica Taub..,

K09 39; prostrate or erect herb; waste ground; Sp; naturalized from tropical

America.

Sympetalandra hildebrandii Steenis, V19 166, FM112 711; Sympetalandra

borneensis auct. non Stapf, TFM1 274 in part; tree to 15 m tall; hill forest:

Ph, Jh; endemic.

Sympetalandra unijuga (Airy Shaw) Steenis, FM112 166; Sympetalandra

borneensis auct. non Stapf, TFM1 274 in part; tree to 30 m tall; hill forest;

Jh.

Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi, 001 290; Desmodium triquetrum (L.)

DC., FMP1 611, K55 262; shrub about 1 m tall; lowland forest and other

shady places; north of the Peninsula.

Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC., B22 445; shrub 1-3.5 m tall; forest margins

and waste ground; sporadic; naturalized from India.

Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker, B22 458; Tephrosia subamoena Prain,

nom. inval., FMP1 581; herb or shrub to 7.5 m tall; waste ground;

widespread.

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., FMP1 582, B22 464; herb or small shrub;

waste ground; scattered throughout; naturalized from dryer parts of Asia.

Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng., FMP1 570, M28 296; twining vine; open

rocky places; Ps, Pn.

Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC., FMP1 602; shrub to 1 m tall; open ground,

waste places; widespread.

Uraria lagopodioides (L.) Desv. ex DC., FMP1 603, V39 415, M47 332;

creeping shrub; open sandy places; Ph, SI northward.

Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC., FMP1 603, V39 416; sparsely-branched

shrub to 2 m tall; open sandy spots; Pn.

311

312

122.80.1

122.80.2

122.80.3

122.80.4

122.80.5

122.80.6a

122.80.6b

122.81.1

T23.

7341

73.02

L734:3

123.1.4

LA 9 the

Vigna adenantha (G. Mey.) Maréchal & al., M11 202, M28 340; Phaseolus

adenanthus G. Mey., FMP1 567; twining vine; open country.

Vigna hirtella Ridl., FMP1 568; ?climber; once from the bank of Sg Chaning,

KI.

Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.; M28 324; Vigna retusa Walp., FMP1 568;

trailing or twining vine; common on sandy shores; all coasts.

Vigna malayana M.R. Hend., H35 99; Vigna parviflora (non Baker) Rid1.,

FMP1 569; trailing vine; open sandy places; Pk, Ph, NS; endemic.

Vigna pilosa (Willd.) Baker, FMP1 568, V25 381; Dysolobium pilosum

(Willd.) Maréchal & al.;L24 107; hairy twining vine; once from P. Langkawi.

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi var. gracilis (Prain) Maréchal

& al.; M28 337, N06 192; Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. var. gracilis Prain,

FMP 1 567; twining vine; open places, forest margins, waste ground;

widespread.

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi var. umbellata; M28 337,

N06 192; Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb., FMP1 566 as var. typica; twining vine;

open places, forest margins, waste ground; widespread.

Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers., FMP1 601; diffuse prostrate herb; open sandy

places; Pn, Sp.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Utricularia aurea Lour., FM18 296, T07 623; Utricularia flexuosa Vahl, FMP2

491; aquatic herb with emergent infloresence to 25 cm long; ponds and

ditches; widespread.

Utricularia bifida L., FMP2 492, FMi8 281, T07 307; herb to 20 cm tall;

damp sandy places; widespread.

Utricularia caerulea L., FMi8 287, T07 187; Utricularia albina Ridl., FMP2

493; Utricularia ophirensis Ridl., FMP2 495; herb to 30 cm tall; damp sandy

spots; widespread.

Utricularia gibba L., T07 572; Utricularia exoleta R.Br., FMP2 491, FMi8g

294; aquatic herb, emergent infloresence to 20 cm tall; ponds and ditches;

widespread.

Utricularia involvens Rid!., FMP2 493, FMi8 279, T07 314; herb with twining

inflorescences to 60 cm long; damp grassy places; Gg Jerai, Kd.

123.1.6

roat.?

123.1.8

123.1.9

123.1.10

ees.1 Ti

123.1.12

123.1.13

124.

124.1.1

124.2.1

125.

125.1.1

Utricularia limosa R.Br., FM18 292, T07 550; Utricularia verticillata Benj.,

FMP2 493; semi-aquatic herb to 35 cm tall; open wet places; P. Langkawi,

Ph, M1.

Utricularia minutissima Vahl, FMP2 492, FMi8 286, T07 170; Utricularia

nigricaulis Ridl., FMP2 493; erect herb to 15 cm tall; damp ground in the

lowlands and mountains; quite widespread.

Utricularia punctata Wall. ex A. DC., FMP2 491, FMi8 293; Utricularia

fluitans Ridl., FMP2 491; aquatic herb with inflorescences emerging to 30

cm tall; lakes and slow flowing rivers; Ph, Jh, Sp.

Utricularia scandens Benj., FM18 283, T07 379; Utricularia wallichiana (non

Benj.) Wight, FMP2 493; twining herb to 35 cm long; damp grassy spots;

once from Gg Ledang, MI.

Utricularia striatula Sm., FMP2 495, FMi8 289, T07 479: herb to 20 cm tall:

on wet rocks, mostly in the mountains; widespread.

Utricularia subulata L., FM18 292, T07 524; herb to 50 cm tall; damp soil;

Sl.

Utricularia uliginosa Vahl, FM18 282, T07 333; Utricularia griffithii Wight,

FMP2 492; semi-aquatic herb to 30 cm tall; shallow water, pool margins;

MI, Sp.

Utricularia vitellina Ridl., FMP2 492, FMi8 279, T07 399; tiny herb to 5 cm

tall; peaty stream banks near mountain tops; Gg Kerbau and Gg Tahan,

Ph; endemic.

LINACEAE

Hugonia costata Miq., FM110 611; liana; lowland forest; once from Labis

ER., Jh.

Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier f,, TFM1 306, FMi10 617;

Roucheria griffithiana Planch., FMP1 323; hooked liana to 30 m long;

lowland and hill forest; widespread.

LOGANIACEAE

Fagraea acuminatissima Merr., FM16 319, TFM2 271; Fagraea obovata auct.

non Wall., FMP2 418; epiphytic climber or shrub; rocky coasts and inland

forests of lowland and hills; widespread.

313

314

125.12

12:13

125.1.4

1515

125.1.6

IDAs

125.1.8

125,19

125.1.10

125.411

125.1.12

125.1.13

125.1.14

Fagraea auriculata Jack, FMP2 416, FM16 326, TFM2 270; shrubby epiphyte

or climber, sometimes free-standing; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m,

sometimes cultivated; widespread.

Fagraea blumei G. Don, FMi6 320, TFM2 271; Fagraea vaginata King &

Gamble, FMP2 418; tree, shrub, epiphyte or climber; lowland and hill forest,

often near rivers; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Fagraea calcarea M.R. Hend., FMi16 332, TFM2 271, C14 172; climbing

shrub; limestone rockface; known only from type, Bt Chintamani, Ph;

endemic.

Fagraea carnosa Jack, FMP2 416, FMi6 331, TFM2 271; Fagraea rotundifolia

Ridl., FMP2 416; Fagraea flavidula Ridl., FMP5 322; epiphytic shrub or

climber; lowland to montane forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb., FMi6 315, TFM2 271; Fagraea oblonga King &

Gamble, FMP2 417; epiphytic shrub, climber or small tree; coasts to

mountain tops; K1, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Fagraea crenulata Maingay ex C.B. Clarke, FMP2 420, FM16 324, TFM2

271; thorny-trunked tree to 23 m tall; swampy forest near the sea, also

planted; widespread, mostly along the west coast.

Fagraea curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 417, FM16 332, TFM2 271, C14

172; spreading tree or sometimes epiphytic; usually on limestone; P.

Langkawi, Kd, KI], Pk, Ph, SI.

Fagraea elliptica Roxb., FM16 303, TFM2 272; Cyrtophyllum speciosum

Blume var. montanum Ridl., FMP§5 322; tree to 28 m tall; montane forest;

Kd, Ph.

Fagraea fastigiata Blume, FM16 324, TFM2 270; liana, epiphytic shrub; hill

forest; KI, Pk.

Fagraea fragrans Roxb., FMi6 304 in part, TFM2 273 in part; Cyrtophyllum

lanceolatum DC., FMP2 421; Cyrtophyllum peregrinum Blume, FMP2 421;

tree to 30 m tall; open and swampy places, also planted; throughout.

Fagraea gardenioides Ridl., FMP2 416, FMi6 331, TFM2 270; epiphytic

shrub; montane forest at 1200-1650 m; Pk, Ph, Sl.

Fagraea gigantea Ridl., TFM2 273; Cyrtophyllum giganteum (Ridl.) Ridl.,

FMP2 421; Fagraea fragrans auct. non Roxb., FM16 304 in part; tree

sometimes to 55 m tall; lowland forest to 600 m; Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1, Sp.

Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall., FMP2 418, FMi6 311, TFM2 270; Fagraea

maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 419; Fagraea pauciflora Ridl., FMP2 419;

Fagraea ligustrina Blume, FMP2 420; shrub, tree or straggling climber;

common in secondary forests; widespread.

315

125.1.15 Fagraea ridleyi King & Gamble, FMP2 417, FMi6 320, TFM2 271: scandent

shrub or small tree; on cliffs and along rivers; scattered.

125.1.16 Fagraea tubulosa Blume, FMP2 415, FM16 320, TFM2 270; scrambling

shrub; hill forest; Pk.

125.1.17 Fagraea wallichiana Benth., W30 267; Fagraea fragrans auct. non Roxb.,

FMi6 304 in part; tree; hill ridge forest; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Jh; endemic.

1252-1 Mitrasacme indica Wight, FM16 384; Mitrasacme alsinoides auct.non R.Br.,

FMP2 413; herb to 15 cm tall; paddy field weed; KI.

125.1.2a Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br. var. malaccensis (Wight) Hara, FM16 383:

Mitrasacme polymorpha auct. non R.Br., FMP2 413; erect herb to 35 cm

tall; open grassy places; scattered.

125.1.2b Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br. var. pygmaea, FM16 383; Mitrasacme nudicaulis

auct. non Blume, FMP2 413; erect herb to 20 cm tall; open grassy places;

once from Bt Sialang, MI.

1753.1 Mitreola paniculata Wall. ex G. Don, FM16 375 in synonymy; Mitreola

oldenlandioides G. Don, nomi. illeg., FAP2 413; Cynoctonum mitreola (L.)

Britt., FMi6 375, TFM2 268, C14 171; erect herb to 50 cm tall; on limestone;

P. Langkawi.

125.4.1 Norrisia maior Soler., FMi16 341, TFM2 274; Norrisia malacennsis Gardner

var. major Ridl., FMP2 414; tree to 24 m tall; lowland forest, often near

rivers; S] southward.

125.4.2 Norrisia malaccensis Gardner, FMP2 414, FM16 341, TFM2 275; tree to 42

m tall; lowland forest; Pk southward.

$25.5.1 Strychnos axillaris Colebr., FM16 358; Strychnos pubescens C.B. Clarke,

FMP2 424; Strychnos quintuplinervis A.W. Hill, FMP2 424; Strychnos

malaccensis Benth., FMP2 425; Strychnos penicillata A.W. Hill, FMP2 425;

Strychnos scortechinii A.W. Hill, FMP2 425; liana; lowland forest;

widespread.

125.5.2 Strychnos colubrina L., FM16 355; Strychnos septemnervis C.B. Clarke,

FMP? 423 incl. var. imberbis A.W. Hill; big liana; lowland forest; Pn, Pk,

MI.

125.5.3 - §trychnos curtisii King & Gamble, FMP2 424, FMi6 353; large liana; hill

forest; Pn, Pk; endemic.

125.5.4 Strychnos flavescens King & Gamble, FMP2 423, FM16 357; liana; swampy

lowland forest; Pn, Pk, MI.

$275:3.3 Strychnos ignatii Berg., FM16 347; Strychnos ovalifolia Wall. ex G. Don,

FMP? 425; large liana; lowland and hill forest; widespread.

316

125.5.6

125.5.7

1255-8

125.5.9

125.5.10

126.

126.1.1

Pag

A Ae Uae

leap em |

127 Suk

127.4.1

127.4.2

127.4.3

Strychnos quadrangularis A.W. Hill, FMP2 426, FMi6 356; liana; lowland

forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Strychnos maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP2 423, FMi6 350; liana; lowland forest;

Pk, Sp.

Strychnos ridleyi King & Gamble, FMP2 424, FMi6 360; climbing shrub;

lowland forest; Sp; endemic.

Strychnos rufa C.B. Clarke, FMP2 426, FMi6 361; liana, flowers unknown;

montane forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Strychnos villosa A.W. Hill, FMi16 351; Strychnos hirsutiflora A.W. Hill,

FMP2 423; large liana; lowland forest; Pk, Jh.

Strychnos ovata A.W. Hill [FMi6 351] may be represented by one doubtfully

identified specimen from Pn.

LOPHOPY XIDACEAE

Lophopyxis maingayi Hook.f., FMP1 435, FM17 91; large liana; lowland

forest and forest margins; Pn to MI.

LORANTHACEAE

Amyema beccarii (Tiegh.) Danser, D03 326, B12 313; mistletoe; lowlands;

Ph, Jh.

Amylotheca duthieana (King) Danser, D03 244, B12 112; Loranthus

duthieanus King, FMP3 156; Elytranthe rubra Ridl., FMP3 159; shrubby

mistletoe; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; Pk, Sp.

Barathranthus axanthus (Korth.) Mig., D03 393; Loranthus lobbii Hook.f,

FMP3 153; shrubby mistletoe; lowlands to mountains; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, Jh, Sp.

Barathranthus productus (King) Tiegh., D03 396; Loranthus productus

King, FMP3 152; stout, bushy mistletoe; montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh., D03 403; Loranthus longiflorus Desr.,

FMP3 155; large shrubby mistletoe; MI.

Dendrophthoe grandifrons (King) Danser, D03 410; Loranthus grandifrons

King, FMP3 155; big shrubby mistletoe; lowlands; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1.

Dendrophthoe lanosa (Korth.) Danser, D03 412; Loranthus casuarinae

Ridl., FMP3 154; slender hanging mistletoe; lowlands; Ph.

127.4.4

Bi5f.

127.5.2

127.6.1

127.6.2

127.6.3

127.6.4

127.6.5

127.6.6

127.6.7

127.7.1

127.8.1

127.9.1

127.10.1

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Mig., D03 417; Loranthus pentandrus L.,

FMP3 155; Loranthus crassus Hook.f., FMP3 155; large shrubby mistletoe;

lowlands to mountains, common; Kd, KI], Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Elytranthe albida (Blume) Blume, FMP3 158, D03 305; large shrubby

mistletoe, high on tall trees; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, MI, Jh., Sp.

Elytranthe arnottiana (Korth.) Mig., D03 307; Elytranthe maingayi

(Hook.f.) Tiegh., FMP3 158; small shrubby mistletoe; low on small trees;

MI, Sp.

Helixanthera apodanthes Danser, D03 371; Loranthus pulcher var.

sessiliflora Ridl., FMP3 151; shrubby mistletoe; lowlands and mountains;

Pk, Ph; endemic.

Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser, D03 374; Loranthus coccineus Jack,

FMP3 152; bushy mistletoe; lowland and hill forest; Pg, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh,

Sp.

Helixanthera crassipetala (King) Danser, D03 376; Loranthus crassipetalus

King, FMP3 152; stout shrubby mistletoe; hill forest; Pk, Sl; endemic.

Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser, D03 377; Loranthus heteranthus DC.,

FMP3 151; big stout mistletoe; lowland and hill forest; 1000 m; Kd, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl.

Helixanthera parasitica Lour., D03 381; Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb.,

FMP3 152; bushy mistletoe; lowlands; Ps, Kd, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Sp.

Helixanthera pulchra (DC.) Danser, D03 384; Loranthus pulcher DC.,

FMP3 151 incl. var. parishii (Hook.f.) Gamble; shrubby mistletoe to 2 m

tall; hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Helixanthera valida (Ridl.) Danser, D03 390; Loranthus validus Ridl.,

FMP5 330; Gerik, Pk; endemic.

Kingella scortechinii (King) Tiegh., D03 426; Loranthus scortechinii King,

FMP3 156; big shrubby mistletoe; Pk, NS; endemic.

Lepeostegeres beccarii (King) Gamble, FMP3 162, D03 262, BI3 119;

creeping mistletoe to 10 m long; lowland and hill forest; Pk, SI.

Lepidaria kingii (King) Danser, D03 312; Lepeostegeres kingii (King)

Gamble, FMP3 162; bushy mistletoe; lowlands; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh;

endemic.

Loxanthera speciosa Blume, FMP3 157, D03 254, B13 115; shrubby

mistletoe; lowland to montane forest at 1600 m; Pk, Sl, NS, Ml, J h.

317

318

es Be

ETAL 2

4 om i Be

127.11.4

127.11-5

6 is Bs

127.11.8

127.119

127.11.10

127.12.1

Pp aes

Macrosolen avenis (Blume) Danser, D03 275; Elytranthe avenis (Blume)

G. Don, FMP3 160; shrubby mistletoe; montane forest above 900 m.

Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh., D03 279; Elytranthe barnesii

Gamble, FMP3 161; Elytranthe globosa G. Don, FMP3 161 incl. var.

puberula Ridl.; shrubby mistletoe; common; Ps, Kd, K1, Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Macrosolen dianthus (King) Danser, D03 287; Elytranthe diantha (King)

Gamble, FMP3 161; Elytranthe wrayi Gamble, FMP3 161; shrubby mistletoe

to 1 m tall; Pk; endemic.

Macrosolen formosus (Blume) Migq., D03 287; Elytranthe formosa (Blume)

G. Don, FMP3 158; Elytranthe kunstleri (King) Gamble, FMP3 159; big

shrubby mistletoe; high on tall trees; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m; K1],

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Macrosolen melintangensis (Korth.) Miq., B14 26; Elytranthe lowii (King)

Gamble, FMP3 160; Macrosolen lowii (King) Tiegh., D03 292; slender

shrubby mistletoe; hill forest; Pk, Ph.

Macrosolen papillosus (Gamble) Danser, D03 293; Elytranthe papillosa

Gamble; FMP 160; slender shrubby mistletoe; Jh, Sp.

Macrosolen platyphyllus (King) Danser, D03 294; Elytranthe platyphylla

(King) Gamble, FMP3 159; shrubby mistletoe; lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, Jh; endemic.

Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Mig., D03 296; Elytranthe retusa (Jack) G. Don,

FMP3 160; stout shrubby mistletoe to 60 cm tall; often on low trees near

the sea; Tg, Pk, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Macrosolen robinsonii (Gamble) Danser, D03 297; Elytranthe robinsonii

Gamble, FMP3 161; straggly mistletoe; montane forest at 900-1500 m; G.

Tahan, Ph.

Macrosolen tubiflorus (Ridl.) Danser, D03 303; Elytranthe tubaeflora RidL.,

FMP3 159; shrubby mistletoe; montane forest at about 1650 m; G. Inas,

Pk; endemic.

Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser, D03 432, B11 73; Loranthus ferrugineus

Jack, FMP3 153; slender bushy mistletoe; common in lowland forest to

1000 m; Tg, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Sp.

Scurrula parasitica L., B11 80; Loranthus malaccensis Hook.f., FMP3 154;

Loranthus obtectus DC., FMP3 153; Scurrula fusca (Blume) G.Don, D03

434; slender shrubby mistletoe to about 1 m tall; lowlands and hills; Kd, K],

Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

127.13.1

128.

128.1.1

128.2.1

128.3.1

128.4.1

128.4.2

128.4.3

128.4.4

128.4.5

128.4.6

128.5.1

128.6.1

128.6.2

128.6.3

Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, B11 82; Loranthus estipitatus Stapf, FMP3

154; Taxillus estipitatus (Stapf) Danser, D03 445; slender mistletoe: mostly

in the hills; Pk, Sl.

LYTHRACEAE

Ammania baccifera L., FMP1 820, TFM2 276, M47 338; herb to 30 cm tall:

damp open places; Kd, Pk, Jh, Sp; origin uncertain.

Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr., TFM2 276; herb; waste places;

scattered; naturalized from South America.

Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp., FMI4 289, TFM1 444;

Duabanga sonneratioides Buch.-Ham., FMP1 824; tree to 35 m tall; lowland

and hills, often near rivers; NS northward.

Lagerstroemia anisoptera Koehne, TFM2 278; tree to 10 m tall; lowlands;

P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn.

Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack, FMP1 823, TFM2 279; tree to 18 m tall;

open country, often near rivers; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn.

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Furtado & Montein, TFM2 278, C14 174; small

tree 4-6 m tall; on limestone; P. Langkawi; endemic.

Lagerstroemia ovalifolia Teijsm. & Binn., FMP1 823, TFM2 280; tree to 30

m tall; lowland forest; P. Lankawi (once), Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Ml, Jh.

Lagerstroemia siamica Gagnep., TFM2 278; small tree to 12 m tall; once

from Kd.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., TFM2 280; Lagerstroemia flos-reginae

Retz., FMP1 823; Lagerstroemia macrocarpa auct. non Kurz, FMP1 824;

tree to 15 m tall; open country, often near rivers; NS northward, but a

commonly cultivated ornamental elsewhere.

Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., FMP1 821, TFM2 276; shrub to 8

m tall; rocky and sandy shores; scattered, commonest in the south.

Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne, TFM2 276, C22 108, M47 344; Ammania

peploides Spreng., nom. illeg., FMP1 820; erect or trailing herb to 40 cm

tall; open damp places, rice fields; Ps, P. Langkawi, Kd, Tg, Pk, MI.

Rotala rosea (Poir.) C.D.K. Cook, C19 86, M44 350; Rotala pentandra

(Roxb.) Blatt. & Hallb., TFM2 276; semi-aquatic herb to 30 cm tall; margins

of ponds and rivers; once from MI.

Rotala wallichii (Hook.f.) Koehne, C22 29; semi-aquatic creeping herb;

rivers and streams; P. Langkawi, Jh.

319

320

1288771

£28.7.2

123.7,3

128.7.4

1294:

129.1.2a

129,1.2b

129.126

129.13

129.1.4

1279:4,5

Sonneratia alba J.J.Sm., FM14 285, TFM1 445; Sonneratia griffithii auct. non

Kurz, FMP1 825; tree to 30 m tall; mangroves; all coasts.

Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Eng]., FMi4 283, TFM1 445; Sonneratia acida

L.f., FMP1 825; tree to 15 m tall; mangroves, tidal river banks; commonest

on the west coast.

Sonneratia griffithii Kurz, FM14 286, TFM1 445; tree to 20 m tall; mangroves;

very rare, a few locations.

Sonneratia ovata Back., FMi4 285, TFM1 445: Sonneratia alba auct. non

J.J.Sm., FMP1 825; tree to 8 m tall; mangroves, tidal creeks; uncommon,

scattered widely.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia bintuluensis (A. Agostini) Noot., FM10 577; Aromadendron

nutans Dandy, TFM2 284; tree to 25 m tall; peat swamp forest; once from

Pontian, Jh.

Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng var. candollii, FM110 582; Manglietia

sebassa King, FMP1 14; Talauma kunstleri King, FMP1 16; Talauma

longifolia (Blume) Ridl., FMP1 16; Talauma mutabilis Blume, FMP1 16;

Talauma candollii Blume, TFM2 293; Talauma gracilior Dandy, TFM2 294;

Talauma peninsularis Dandy, TFM2 294; Talauma rubra Migq., TFM2 294;

Talauma sebassa Miq. ex Dandy, TFM2 294; tree to 10 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; widespread.

Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng var. obovata (Korth.) Noot., FM110

585; Talauma oblanceolata Ridl.; FMPS5 286, TFM2 294; Talauma betongensis

Craib, TFM2 291; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk,

Jh.

Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng var. singapurensis (Ridl.) Noot., FMi10

586; Talauma singapurensis Ridl., FMP1 16, TFM2 293; tree to 10 m tall;

wet lowland forest; Jh, Sp.

Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng, FM110 577; Aromadendron elegans

Blume, FMP1 17, TFM2 283; tree to 50 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn,

Pk, SL Sp.

Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy var. beccariana (A. Agostini) Noot.,

FM110 571; tree to 23 m tall; montane forest; once from Maxwell’s Hill, Pk.

Magnolia maingayi King, FMP1 13, TFM2 285, FM110 573; tree to 18 m

tall; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m; Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

129.1.6

2.b7

a7) 3.1

1293.2

17935

129.3.4

129.4.1

130.

130.1.1

130.1.2

130.2.1

130.3.1

130.3.2

Ings

Magnolia pahangensis Noot., FM110 579; tree; hill forest; only known from

type; Bt Jeriau, Ph; endemic.

Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H. Keng, FM110 588; Talauma lanigera Hook.f. &

Thomson, FMP1 15; Talauma villosa Mig., TFM2 293; tree to 18 m tall;

lowland to lower montane forest; Pn, Pk, SI, MI, Sp.

Manglietia dolichogyna Dandy ex Noot., FM110 591; Manglietia glauca auct.

non Blume, FMP1 14 in part; tree to 21 m tall; montane forest; Pk, Ph.

Michelia champaca L. var. pubinervia (Blume) Mig., TFM2 287, FM110

603; tree to 50 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest; [var. champaca

widely planted]; P. Langkawi, KI], Ph.

Michelia koordersiana Noot., FM110 601; tree to 32 m tall; lowland and hill

forest; Sl.

Michelia montana Blume, FMP1 15, TFM2 288, FMi10 603; tree to 40 m

tall; lowland to mountains; Pk, Ph.

Michelia scortechinii (King) Dandy, TFM2 288, FM110 601; Manglietia

scortechinii King, FMP1 14; tree to 37 m tall; hill and montane forest; Pk,

Ph:

Pachylarnax praecalva Dandy, TFM2 289, FM110 593; Manglietia glauca

auct. non Blume, FMP1 14 in part; tree to 48 m tall; lowland and hill forest;

Kd, Pn, Sl.

MALPIGHIACEAE

Aspidopterys concava (Wall.) A. Juss., FMP1 329, FMi5 129; liana to 20 m

long; lowland forest; Pn, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Aspidopterys tomentosa (Blume) A. Juss. var. obcordata (Hemsl.) Nied.,

FMi5 130; liana; once from Kd.

Brachylophon curtisii Oliv., FMP1 329 incl. var. hullettii (King) Ridl., FMi15

138; shrub to 2 m tall; lowlands; west coast Pn to Jh.

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz, FMi5 132; Hiptage madablota Gaertn.,

FMP1 328; large liana to 30 m long; mostly garden escape; wild in open

country in Ps.

Hiptage burkilliana Arénes, FM15 131; liana; lowlands; twice from Ph;

endemic.

Hiptage sericea Hook.f., FMP1 328, FM15 131; slender liana; lowland forest

margins, riverbanks; Pn, Ph, Ml, Jh, Sp.

324

322

130.4.1

15f.

131.1.1

xi 7d

i384

$983.2

13133

131.3.4

131.4.1

131.5.1

131.5.2

315.5

131.5.4

151,5:50

131.5.5b

131.6.1

Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich., FMP1 327, FMi5 136; slender liana to

10 m long; back mangroves, also widely cultivated; widespread.

MALVACEAE

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik., TFM1 310; Hibiscus abelmoschus L.,

FMP1 258; erect herb to 2 m tall; weed of cultivation; Pk, Sl, MI.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, FMP1 256, V02 170, TFM1 310; small shrub;

waste ground; common throughout.

Hibiscus floccosus Mast., FMP1 259, TFM1 312; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forests, often along rivers; MI northward; endemic.

Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. ex Hornem., FMP1 258, TFM1 312; tree to

20 m tall; lowland forest; Ml northward.

Hibiscus surattensis L., FMP1 258; scrambling spiny shrub; waste ground,

open places; widespread.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L., FMP1 259, TFM1 312; tree to 12 m tall; sea shores,

rocky coasts and river banks; throughout.

Pavonia rigida (Wall. ex Mast.) Hochr., V02 136, TFM1 310; Urena rigida

Wall. ex Mast., FMP1 257; shrub to 1 m tall; open dry sites; MI.

Sida acuta Burm.f., V02 186, TFM1 310; Sida carpinifolia auct. non Lf,

FMP1 255; shrub to 1 m tall; waste places; common throughout.

Sida cordifolia L., FMP1 254, V02 199, TFM1 310; herb to 1 m tall; sandy

open places; north of Peninsula.

Sida javensis Cav., V02 184, TFM1 310; Sida veronicifolia (non Lam.)

Moritzi, FMP1 254; trailing herb; dry open spots; north of Peninsula.

Sida mysorensis Wight & Arn., FMP1 254, V02 180, TFM1 310; herb to 1 m

tall; roadsides; Pk, Ph.

Sida rhombifolia L. ssp. retusa (L.) Borss.Waalk., V02 198; Sida rhombifolia

L. var. retusa (L.) Mast., FMP1 254; erect shrub to 1 m tall; sea shores and

waste places; widespread.

Sida rhombifolia L. ssp. rhombifolia, Y02 195; Sida rhombifolia L. var.

rhomboidea (DC.) Mast., FMP1 254; erect shrub to 1 m tall; sea shores

and waste places; widespread.

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corréa, FMP1 260, TFM1 313; tree to 15

m tall; sany and rocky shores; all coasts.

131.7.1a

131.7.1b

$Stc7.1¢

131.7.1d

131.8.1

132.

132.1.1

FA BE |

132.1.4

132.1.5

132.1.6

132.1.7

132.1.8a

Urena lobata L. ssp. lobata var. lobata, V02 140; Urena lobata L. var. lobata,

FMP1 256 in part; shrub to 1.5 m tall; open places, roadsides, commoner in

the hills; throughout.

Urena lobata L. ssp. lobata var. viminea (Cav.) Giirke, V02 141; Urena lobata

L. var. lobata, FMP1 256 in part; shrub to 1.5 m tall; open places, roadsides,

commoner in the hills; throughout.

Urena lobata L. ssp. sinuata (L.) Borss.Waalk. var. glauca (Blume)

Borss. Waalk., V02 144; Urena lobata L. var. sinuata (L.) Hochr., FMP1 256

in part; shrub to 1.5 m tall; open places, roadsides, commoner in the

lowlands; throughout.

Urena lobata L. ssp. sinuata (L.) Borss. Waalk. var. sinuata, V02 142; Urena

lobata L. var. sinuata (L.) Hochr., FMP1 256 in part; shrub to 1.5 m tall;

open places, roadsides, commoner in the lowlands; throughout.

Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl ex Thwaites, V02 156, TFM1 310;

Wissadula zeylanica Medik., nom. illeg., FMP1 255; shrub to 1 m tall; dry

open places; Ps, Kd, Ph.

MELASTOMATACEAE

Anerincleistus cornutus J.F. Maxwell, M26 61; shrub to 3 m tall; hill forest;

only known fron Gg Lawit, Tg; endemic.

Anerincleistus curtisii Stapf, M26 43; Phaulanthus curtisii (Stapf) RidL.,

FMP1 777; shrub to 2.5 m tall; hill and montane forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl;

endemic.

Anerincleistus fruticosus Rid!.,M26 61; Perilimnastes fruticosa (Ridl.) Ridl.,

FMP1 773; shrub to 1 m tall; exposed rocky areas on mountains; KI], Ph;

endemic.

Anerincleistus grandiflorus Ridl., M26 62; Oritrephes grandiflora (Ridl.)

Ridl., FMP1 771; shrub to 4 m tall; montane forest; Tg, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Anerincleistus griffithii (Hook.f. ex Triana) Ridl.,M26 48; Phaulanthus rudis

Ridl., FMP1 777; shrub to 2.5 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Ph, SI, NS.

Anerincleistus helferi Hook.f. ex Triana, M26 49; Phaulanthus helferi

(Hook.f. ex Triana) Ridl., FMP1 777; shrub to 1 m tall; lowland forest; Ph.

Anerincleistus macranthus King, FMP1 776, M26 51; shrub to 3 m tall;

montane forest; Pk, Ph; endemic.

Anerincleistus pauciflorus Ridl. var. brevipedunculus M.P. Nayar, M26 53;

shrub to 3 m tall; hill and montane forest, 600-1100 m; SI; endemic.

323

324

132.1.8b

132.1.9

132.1.10

132.2.2

132.3.1a

1323.4

132.4.1

1325.1

132.6,

132.6.2

132.6.3

132.6.4

132.6.5

Anerincleistus pauciflorus Rid. var. pauciflorus, FMP1 776, M26 52; shrub

to 6 m tall; hill and montane forest; Tg, Sl, NS; endemic.

Anerincleistus pulcher (Ridl.) Ridl., M26 63; Oritrephes pulchra Ridl.,

FMP1 771; Oritrephes barnesii (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 772; Oritrephes

robinsonii (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 773; shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest to

2100 m; K1, Tg, Ph; endemic.

Anerincleistus stipularis (Ridl.) J.F. Maxwell, M26 60; Phaulanthus stipularis

Ridl., FMP1 777; shrub; only known from type, Bundi, Tg; endemic.

Astronia macrophylla Blume, TFM4 182, M27 97; tree to 25 m tall; lowland

forest; once from Labis ER., Jh.

Astronia smilacifolia Triana ex C.B. Clarke, FMP1 807, TFM4 183, M27

113; tree to 15 m tall; hill and montane forest at 200-1350 m; Pn, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, MI.

Blastus borneensis Cogn. var. borneensis, H15 58; Blastus cogniauxii Stapf,

FMP1 773; shrub to 3 m tall; hill forest; widespread.

Blastus borneensis Cogn. var. pulverulentus (Ridl.) C. Hansen, H15 61;

Blastus pulverulentus Ridl., FMP1 774; shrub; Ulu Langat, SI.

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don, FMP1 807; weedy shrub to 2 m tall; forest

margins, shady places; widespread; naturalized from tropical America.

Creochiton anomala (King & Stapf ex King) Veldkamp, M24 162;

Anplectrum anomalum King & Stapf ex King, FMP1 800; liana; lowland

forest; Pk, Jh.

Diplectria anomala (King) Veldkamp, V34 426; Dissochaeta anomala King,

FMP1 798; liana; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Sl; endemic.

Diplectria conica Bakh.f., V34 414, M24 156; liana; hill forest; Ulu Gombak,

Sl.

Diplectria divaricata (Willd.) Kuntze, V34 417, M24 157; Anplectrum

glaucum (Jack) Triana, FMP1 799; Anplectrum divaricatum (Willd.) Triana,

FMP 1 800; woody root climber; common, mostly lowland forest; Pn, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Sp.

Diplectria stipularis (Blume) Kuntze, V34 424, M24 157; Anplectrum lepido-

setosum King, FMP1 799; liana to 15 m long; lowland and hill forest; Pn,

Kl, Tg, Pk, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Diplectria viminalis (Jack) Kuntze, V34 427, M24 157; Anplectrum pallens

(Blume) Triana, FMP1 800 incl. var. petiolare Ridl.; liana; lowland and hill

forest; Pn, KI, Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

132.7.1a

132.7.1b

132.7.2

132.7.3

132.7.4

$32.35

132.7.6

132.7,7a

132.7.7b

132.7.8

132.7.9

132.7.10

132.7.1la

132.7.11b

132.7.12

132.7.13

132.7.14a

Dissochaeta annulata Hook.f. ex Triana var. annulata, FMP1 796, M24 157:

liana; lowland and hill forest; scattered throughout.

Dissochaeta annulata Hook.f. ex Triana var. griffithii (M.P. Nayar) JF.

Maxwell, M22 313, M24 157; liana; forest; Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh: endemic variety.

Dissochaeta biligulata Korth., M24 158; liana; Kd, Pn, Pk, SI, Jh.

Dissochaeta bracteata (Jack) Blume, FMP1 797, M24 158; liana: lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Sl, MI.

Dissochaeta celebica Blume, FMP1 798, M24 158; liana; forest margins,

lowlands and hills; common throughout.

Dissochaeta fallax (Jack) Blume, M24 158; liana; montane forest; Gg Ulu

Kali, Sl and Gg Telapak, NS.

Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume, FMP1 797, M24 158; liana; forest

margins; common throughout.

Dissochaeta intermedia Blume var. intermedia, FMP1 798, M24 158: liana:

lowland and hill forest; Ph, Jh, Sp.

Dissochaeta intermedia Blume var. sagittata (Blume) J... Maxwell, M22

315, M24 159: liana; forest; MI.

Dissochaeta monticola Blume, M24 159: liana; hill and montane forest:

Fraser’s Hill, Ph; Ulu Gombak, SI.

Dissochaeta pallida (Jack) Blume, FMP1 797, M24 159; liana; lowland to

montane forest; widespread and common.

Dissochaeta punctulata Hook.f. ex Triana, FMP1 796, M24 159: liana; forest

margins; Tg, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. hirsuta (Hook.f. ex Triana) J. Maxwell,

M22 319, M24 159: Dissochaeta hirsuta Hook.f. ex Triana, FMP1 797; liana;

open country; Jh.

Dissochaeta rostrata Korth. var. malayana (Furtado) J.F. Maxwell, M22

320, M24 159; liana; forest; Tg, Sl.

Dissochaeta spectabilis J.F. Maxwell, M22 321, M24 160; liana; montane

forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Dissochaeta vacillans (Blume) Blume, M24 160; liana; montane forest; Pk,

Ph, SI.

Dissochaeta velutina Blume var. reticulata (Blume) J.F. Maxwell, M22 321,

M24 160; liana; montane forest; Genting Highlands, SI.

325

326

132.7.14b

132.8.1

{Re PA

132.9.2a

£329.20

132.9:3

132.9.4

132.9.5a

132.9.5b

132.9.6

132:9.7

132.10.1

132.10.2a

132.10.2b

Dissochaeta velutina Blume var. velutina, M24 160; liana; montane forest;

Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml.

Lijndenia laurina Zoll. & Moritzi, B34 122; Memecylon oligoneurum Blume,

FMP1 811 ‘oligoneuron’, M19 99, TFM4 194; shrub or tree to 15 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Macrolenes dimorpha (Craib) J.F Maxwell, M22 321,M24 160; liana; forest;

widespread.

Macrolenes echinulata (Naudin) Bakh-f. var. echinulata, M24 161; Marumia

rhodocarpa Cogn., FMP1 795; liana; swampy lowland forest; Ml, Jh, Sp.

Macrolenes echinulata (Naudin) Bakh.f. var. esetosa (Craib) J.E Maxwell,

M22 321, M24 161; lowland forest; only known from Jabi, Tg.

Macrolenes glabrata M.P. Nayar, M24 161; liana; montane forest; Genting

Highlands, Sl; endemic.

Macrolenes muscosa (Blume) Bakh.f., M24 161; liana; once from P. Buru,

Sp.

Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh.f. var. nemorosa, M24 161; Marumia

nemorosa (Jack) Blume var. nemorosa, FMP1 795; slender liana; forest

margins; common throughout.

Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh.f. var. verrucosa (Cogn.) J.F. Maxwell,

M724 161; Marumia nemorosa (Jack) Blume var. verrucosa (Cogn.) Ridl.,

FMP1 795; slender liana; forest margins; widespread.

Macrolenes rufolanata (Ridl.) J.-F. Maxwell, M22 321, M24 162; Marumia

rufolanata Ridl., FMPS5 310; liana; forest; Kl, Ph, Sl; ?endemic.

Macrolenes stellulata (Jack) Bakh.f. var. ciliatiloba (Baker f.) J.K Maxwell,

M22 321, M24 162; liana; forest; Kl, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Medinilla alternifolia Blume, M20 149; Medinilla scandens King, FMP1 801;

root climber to 12 m long; lowland and hill forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh.

Medinilla clarkei King var. clarkei, FMP1 803, M20 150; Medinilla

pahangensis Ridl., FMP1 804; Medinilla perakensis King, FMP1 804; shrub

to 2.5 m tall, usually epiphytic; montane forest above 1000 m; KI, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, MI, Sh.

Medinilla clarkei King var. crassiramea (M.R. Hend.) J.-F Maxwell, M20

156; Medinilla crassiramea M.R. Hend., H35 103; shrub to 2 m tall, usually

epiphytic; montane forest; Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic variety.

132.10.3

132.10.4

132.10.5

132.10.6

132.10.7

132.10.8

132.10.9

132.10.10

132.10.11

132.10.12a

132.10.12b

132.10.13

132.11.1

132.11.2

132.11.3

Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume, M20 157; Medinilla hasseltii

Blume, FMP1 802; epiphytic shrub to 3 m tall; lowland to lower montane

forest at 1500 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Medinilla pendens Ridl., FMP1 803, M20 164; pendent shrubby epiphyte

to 1.5 m long; lowland forest; Kota Tinggi District, Jh; endemic.

Medinilla penduliflora Ridl., FMP1 804, M20 167; epiphytic shrub to 6 m

tall; montane forest above 1000 m; Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Medinilla radicans (Blume) Blume, M20 169; Medinilla crassinervia auct.

non Blume, FMP1 804; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland to montane forest; Pk,

Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Medinilla rubicunda (Jack) Blume, M20 174; once from Pn.

Medinilla scortechinii King, FMP1 803, M20 175; epiphytic shrub to 3 m

tall; lowland to montane forest at 1600 m, also on limestone; KI, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh; endemic.

Medinilla selangorensis J.F. Maxwell, M20 180; scandent shrub, often

epiphytic; montane forest at 1600-2000 m; Ph, Sl; endemic.

Medinilla speciosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume, FMP1 801, M20 185; shrub

to 3 m tall, often epiphytic; hill forest, 500-1200 m; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl; endemic.

Medinilla succulenta (Blume) Blume, M20 187; epiphytic shrub; lowland

to montane forest; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Medinilla varingiifolia (Blume) M.P. Nayar var. bakhuizenii (M.P. Nayar)

J.F. Maxwell, M20 194; Pachycentria speciosa Ridl., FMP1 806; montane

forest; Ph; endemic.

Medinilla varingiifolia (Blume) M.P. Nayar var. varingiifolia, M20 189;

Medinilla heterantha King, FMP1 802 incl. var. /atifolia King; shrub to 3 m

tall, often epiphytic; montane forest 1000-2200 m; Tg, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Medinilla venusta King, FMP1 802 incl. var. chionantha (Stapf) Ridl., M20

195; shrub to 5 m tall, sometimes epiphytic; hill and montane forest at 500-

1700 m; P. Langkawi, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Melastoma imbricatum Wall., FMP1 765, C27 299: shrub; mountains.

Melastoma malabathricum L., FMP1 764, C27 300; Melastoma normale

Don, FMP1 765; Melastoma polyanthum Blume, FMP1 765; Melastoma

scabrum Ridl., FMP 1 766; shrub to 3 m tall; secondary growth in lowlands

and hills; throughout.

Melastoma molle Wall.; C27 299; Melastoma perakense Ridl., FMP1 764 in

part; low shrub; dense forests, often near streams; scattered in the north.

327

328

132.11.4

P2115

132.12.1a

13212.05

|i PAS BA

132.12.3

132.12.4

132255

132,12.6

S227

132.12.8a

132.12.8b

132.12.9a

132.12.9b

Melastoma muticum Ridl., FMP1 766, C27 300; Melastoma perakense RidL.,

FMP 1 764 in part; shrub; hill forest; widespread.

Melastoma sanguineum Sims, C27 301; Melastoma schizocarpa Ridl., FMP1

764; shrub to 2 m tall; open places; north and the east coast.

Memecylon acuminatum Sm. var. acuminatum, FMP1 817, M2157, TFM4

187; tree to 15 m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1200 m; Kd, K1, Pk, Ph,

Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Memecylon acuminatum Sm. var. flavescens C.B. Clarke, M21 58, TFM4

187; tree to 15 m tall; hill forest; Pn, Ml; endemic.

Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb., FMP1 815, M2158, TFM4 187; tree to 18

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI, Jh,

Sp.

Memecylon caeruleum Jack, FMP1 816, M21 61, TFM4 188; shrub or small

tree to 12 m tall; lowlands near the sea; Ps, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh,

Sp.

Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke, FMP1 818, M21 63, TFM4 188;

tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Memecylon cantleyi Ridl., FMP1 818, M21 64, TFM4 188; shrub or tree to

15 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1200 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk,

Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Memecylon cinereum King, FMP1 817, M21 66, TFM4 187; shrub or small

tree to 4m tall; hill and montane forest; Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, ?Sp; endemic.

Memecylon corticosum Ridl.,M21 67, TFM4 187; shrub to 3 m tall; lowland

forest, also on limestone; KI, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King var. dichotomum, FMP1 812

incl. var. eugentiflorum (Ridl.) Ridl., M21 69, TFM4 189; tree to 12 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1500 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh.

Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King var. rotundatum (Craib) J.F.

Maxwell, M21 71, TFM4 189; Memecylon gracilipes (non C.B. Rob.) Ridl.,

FMP1 811; Memecylon perakense Merr., M28 132; tree to 6 m tall; Pk.

Memecylon edule Roxb. var. edule, FMP1 819, M21 72, TFM4 189; tree to

12 m tall; lowland forest, often near the sea; Kd, Kl, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Memecylon edule Roxb. var. ovatum (Sm.) C.B. Clarke, M21 74, TFM4

190; Memecylon laxiflorum Wall. ex Ridl., FMP1 815; tree to 18 m tall;

open places, often near the sea, also on limestone; Ps, Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph,

SI, M1, Jh, Sp.

132.12.10

132.12.11

PZ IZA2

$3212.13

132.12.14

132.12.15

132.12.16

132.1217

132.12.18

132.12.19

132.12.20

132.12.21

SZ 1222

Memecylon excelsum Blume, M21 76, TFM4 190; Memecylon

heteropleurum Blume, FMP1 813; Memecylon maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP1

813; tree to 18 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph,

NS, MI, Sh.

Memecylon floridum Ridl., FMP1 816, M21 78, TFM4 190; tree to 17 m

tall; hill forest to 1200 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, Sp; endemic.

Memecylon fruticosum King, FMP1 812, M21 79, TFM4 187; Memecylon

epiphyticum King, FMP1 811; Memecylon tenuifolium Ridl., FMP1 812;

shrub to 3 m tall, often epiphytic; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, Sp.

Memecylon garcinioides Blume, FMP1 818, M21 81, TFM4 191; shrub or

tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Memecylon globosum Bakh.f., M21 82, TFM4 186; shrub to 5 m tall; hill

forest; Jh, Sp.

Memecylon hullettii King, FMP1 813, M19 83, TFM4 187; shrub to 3 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Jh; endemic.

Memecylon intermedium Blume, FMP1 819, M21 84, TFM4 192; tree to 25

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1800 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml,

Jh.

Memecylon kunstleri King, FMP1 814, M21 86, TFM4 192; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, Pk, Sl; endemic.

Memecylon lilacinum Zoll. & Moritzi, M21 87, TFM4 192; Memecylon

laevigatum Blume, FMP1 817; Memecylon myrsinoides Blume, FMP1 817;

tree to 25 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Ps, Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk,

Ph, SI, M1, Jh.

Memecylon malaccense (C.B. Clarke) Ridl., FMP1 816, M21 90, TFM4 187;

shrub to 4 m tall; only known from type, MI; endemic.

Memecylon megacarpum Furtado, M21 91, TFM4 193; tree to 15 m tall;

lowland to montane forest at 1800 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg. Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh,

Sp.

Memecylon minutiflorum Mig., FMP1 818, M21 93, TFM4 193; tree to 25

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1800 m; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Memecylon oleifolium Blume, FMP1 814 ‘oleaefolium’ ,M21 95, TFM4 193;

tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

329

330

¥32.12:23

132.12.24

£32.:12;25

132:42.260

132.13.1

£32,13.2

13233

132.13.4

132,135

132.14.1

132.14.2

132.14.3

432.131

1S2 152

Memecylon paniculatum Jack, M21 101, TFM4 194; Memecylon caloneuron

Miq., FMP1 812; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd,

Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, M1, Jh, Sp.

Memecylon pauciflorum Blume, FMP1 816, M21 102, TFM4 194; tree to 8

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m, often on limestone; P. Langkawi,

Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Memecylon pubescens (C.B. Clarke) King, FMP1 814, M21 104, TFM4 195;

tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS,

MI, Jh, Sp.

Memecylon wallichii Ridl., FMP1 813, M21 106, TFM4 187; Memecylon

longifolium (non Cogn.) Ridl., FMP1 814; small tree to 5 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ml; endemic.

Ochthocharis borneensis Blume, FMP1 775, H16 16; shrub to 2 m tall;

mangroves, along river mouths; Jh, Sp.

Ochthocharis decumbens King, FMP1 775, H16 18; Ochthocharis sylvestris

Ridl., FMP1 775; shrub to 1 m tall; wet and swampy places in the lowlands;

Sl, Jh.

Ochthocharis javanica Blume, FMP1 775, H16 15; shrub to 2 m tall;

mangroves and other tidal areas; Ml, Jh, Sp.

Ochthocharis ovalifolia Ridl., FMP1 774, H16 28; shrub; swampy lowland

forest; only known from type (?lost), Sedenah, Jh; [doubtful species].

Ochthocharis paniculata Korth., FMP1 774, H16 20; shrub to 3 m tall;

swampy lowland forest; Sp.

Osbeckia chinensis L., FMP1 762, H13 52; herb to 60 cm tall; open country;

once from Padang Pa’anat, KI.

Osbeckia nepalensis Hook., H13 67; shrub to 2 m tall; damp open places;

Cameron Highlands, Ph; ? recent range extension, no collections before

1960s.

Osbeckia rubicunda Arn., H13 89; Osbeckia perakensis Ridl., FMP1 762;

shrub about 5 m tall; montane forest; twice from Pk.

Oxyspora acutangula King, FMP1 769, M25 221; Oxyspora hirticalyx (Rid1.)

Ridl., FMP1 769; shrub; montane forest; Pk; ?endemic.

Oxyspora bullata (Griff.) J.F. Maxwell, M25 216 and 221; Allomorphia

malaccensis Ridl., FMP1 770; Allomorphia bullata (Griff.) Cogn., FMP1

771; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland forests; widespread; ?endemic.

132453

132.15.4

132.15.5

132.15.6

£32.15.1

132.15.8

132.15.9

132.15.10

UZASA1F

132.15.12

132.15.13

132.16.1

132.16.2

132.16.3

132.17.1

Oxyspora collina (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 768; shrub to 2 m tall; lowland forest;

P. Langkawi, Pk; ?endemic.

Oxyspora curtisii King, FMP1 769, M25 219; Allomorphia alata Scott. ex

King, FMP1 770; shrub; montane forest; Kd, KI, Pk; ?endemic.

Oxyspora exigua (Jack) J.F. Maxwell, M25 216, 220, 221 and 222;

Allomorphia exigua (Jack) Blume, FMP1 770 incl. var. capillaris (Cogn. ex

Ridl.) Ridl.; Allomorphia porphyranthera Ridl., FMP1 770; shrub to 1 m

tall; rocky places in hill forests; Pn, Pk; ?endemic.

Oxyspora floribunda Ridl., FMP1 768; shrub to 5 m tall; montane forest;

Pk; ?endemic.

Oxyspora hirta Ridl., FMP1 768; shrub; montane forest; Gg Tahan, Ph;

?endemic.

Oxyspora hispida Ridl., FMP 1 767; shrub; montane forest; Gg Mengkuang

Lebah, Sl; endemic.

Oxyspora rosea (Ridl.) Ridl., FMP1 768, M25 222; low shrub; lowland forest;

Ph; ?endemic.

Oxyspora scabrida Ridl., FMP5 310; shrub; montane forest; Gg Tahan, Ph;

?endemic.

Oxyspora sublepidota (King) J. Maxwell, M25 218 and 222; Oxyspora

microcarpa Ridl., FMP1 767; shrub to 3 m tall; montane forest; Ph.

Oxyspora stellulata King, FMP1 767; shrub or small tree to 8 m tall; montane

forest; Kl, Pk.

Oxyspora wrayi (King) J.F Maxwell, M25 218; Campimia wrayi (King) Rid1.,

FMP1 778; shrub about 1 m tall; montane forest; Taiping Hills, Pk; ?endemic.

Pachycentria constricta (Blume) Blume, M20 202; Pachycentria tuberculata

Korth., FMP1 805; shrub to 1 m tall, on trees or rocks; lowland to montane

forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Pachycentria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) J.F. Maxwell, M20 203; Medinilla

maingayi C.B. Clarke, FMP1 803; epiphytic shrub to 1 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Jh, Sp.

Pachycentria microsperma Becc., M20 207; epiphytic shrub to 2 m tall; on

limestone; once from Bt Cheras, Ph.

Phyllagathis cordata Ridl., FMP1 793, K29 223; creeping herb; on sandstone

rocks and cliffs; Ulu Endau, Jh; endemic.

331

332

ioe.f7.2

132419.3

132.17.4

132.075

132:17.6

12757

132.178

132:17,9

132.47.10

£3213. 1

192,104

132.204

£32,20:2

132.20.3

132.20.4

Phyllagathis griffithii (Hook.f. ex Triana) King, FMP1 793; ‘herb’ with

slender creeping woody stem; lowland forest; widespread; ?endemic.

Phyllagathis hispida King, FMP1 794; creeping herb; lowland and montane

forest; widespread; ?endemic.

Phyllagathis magnifica A. Weber, W02 189; Phyllagathis tuberculata auct.

non King, FMP1 792 in part; shrub to 2.5 m tall; understorey of montane

forest; Genting Highlands, Ph/Sl; endemic.

Phyllagathis praetermissa A. Weber, W04 21; creeping herb; lowland to

montane forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume, FMP1 794; creeping herb; lowland

and montane forest; widespread.

Phyllagathis scortechinii King, FMP1 793; creeping herb; montane forest;

Pk, Sl; ?endemic.

Phyllagathis stolonifera Kiew, K29 224; Phyllagathis maxwellii B.C. Stone

& A. Weber, $70 307; herb, sometimes stoloniferous to 1 m long; on rocks

in hill and heath forest; Jh, Ph; endemic.

Phyllagathis stonei A. Weber, W02 192; unbranched ‘shrub’ to 2 m tall; hill

and montane forest; Genting Highlands and Ulu Gombak, SI; endemic.

Phyllagathis tuberculata King, FMP1 792 in part, W02 187; unbranched

shrub to 2 m tall; on damp rocks in montane forest; Gg Bujong Malacca,

Pk; endemic.

Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Ridl., FMP1 806; epiphytic shrub to 1 m

tall; mangroves or on limestone; SI, Jh, Sp; endemic.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Blume, FMP1 805, M20 209; shrub to

1.5 m tall, on trees or rocks; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Pternandra coerulescens Jack, FMP1 808, M23 26, TFM4 196; Pternandra

capitellata Jack, FMP1 808; Pternandra jackiana Ridl., FMP1 808; tree to

20 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Pternandra echinata Jack, FMP1 809 incl. vars. bracteata Ridl. and pubescens

(Decne.) King, M23 42, TFM4 197; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 1200 m; Kd, Pn, KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Pternandra galeata (Korth.) Ridl., FMP1 808, M23 49, TFM4 198; tree to

22 m tall; wet lowland forest, swamp forest; Ph, Jh.

Pternandra tuberculata (Korth.) M.P. Nayar, M23 73, TFM4 198; Pternandra

paniculata Benth. ex Ridl., FMP1 809; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 1200 m;.Pn, Tg, Pk, Sl, M1, Sp.

3221.1

13222731

932.222

#32722.5

132.22.4

132.22:5

132.22.6

322201

132.22.8

eae 229

132.22.10

132.22.11a

132.22.11b

132-22.12

132.22.13

132.22.14a

132.22.14b

Sarcopyramis napalensis Wall., FMP1 792 ‘nepalensis’, H14 180; herb to

15 cm tall; montane forest; Ph.

Sonerila albiflora Stapf, FMP1 782; subshrub to 50 cm tall; montane forest;

widespread; ?endemic.

Sonerila barbata Ridl., FMP1 789; herb to 50 cm tall; lowland forest; K1];

? endemic.

Sonerila bellula Ridl., FMP1 787; herb to 10 cm tall; on shady forest; Gg

Banang, Jh; ?endemic.

Sonerila bicolor Stapf, FMP1 792; herb to 25 cm tall; hill forest; Pk, Sl;

? endemic.

Sonerila brachyantha Stapf, FMP1 791; herb to 20 cm tall; montane forest;

widespread; ?endemic.

Sonerila bracteata Stapf, FMP1 788; hill forest; Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila caesia Stapf, FMP1 788; herb to 10 cm tall; montane forest; Pk,

Ph; ?endemic.

Sonerila calaminthifolia Stapf & King, FMP1 780; wiry herb to 30 cm tall;

montane forest; Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; endemic.

Sonerila calophylla Ridl., FMP1 786; succulent herb to 20 cm tall; Gg Jerai,

Kg; ?endemic.

Sonerila calycula Stapf, FMP1 789; herb to 10 cm tall; lowland forest; Ph;

? endemic.

Sonerila capitata Stapf var. capitata, FMP1 787; Sonerila whittyi M.R.

Hend.; H32 249; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest; Pk, Sl; ?endemic.

Sonerila capitata Stapf var. longipetiolata Ridl., FMP1 788; herb to 30 cm

tall; montane forest; Kd, Ph; ?endemic.

Sonerila congesta Stapf, FMP1 785; herb to 10 cm tall; hill forest; Gg

Chinchang, P. Langkawi; ?endemic.

Sonerila costulata Stapf, FMP1 790; herb to 5 cm tall; lowland forest; Jh;

? endemic.

Sonerila cyclaminella Stapf var. canescens Stapf, FMP1 786; herb to 30 cm

tall; lower montane forest; Pk, Sl; ?endemic.

Sonerila cyclaminella Stapf var. cyclaminella, FMP1 786; herb to 30 cm

tall; lower montane forest; Pk; ?endemic.

333

334

$32,22:15

1432.22.16

032 22.17

132.22.18

1392.22.19

£5222.20

132.2221

1352.22.22

Oo2.20-2>

132.22.24

1222-20

132.22.26a

132.22.26b

| oe

132.22.28

132.22.29

132.22.30

Sonerila elatostemoides Stapf, FMP1 791; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

Gg Bubu, Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila elliptica Stapf, FMP1 784; fleshy herb to 25 cm tall; on limestone;

Pk; endemic.

Sonerila erecta Jack, FMP1 780; wiry herb to 50 cm tall; montane forest;

Pn, Pk, Ph; endemic.

Sonerila fraseri Kiew, K45 68; herb to 12 cm tall; lower montane forest at

1500 m; Pine Tree Hill, Fraser’s Hill, Ph; endemic.

Sonerila gimlettei Ridl., FMP1 789; herb to 15 cm tall; lowland forest; Kuala

Lebir, Kl; ?endemic.

Sonerila glabriflora Stapf, FMP1 787; herb to 15 cm tall; Larut, Pk;

?endemic.

Sonerila griffithii C.B. Clarke, FMP1 786; slender fleshy herb to 15 cm tall;

montane forest; Mt Ophir, MI; ?endemic.

Sonerila heterostemon Naudin, FMP1 787; herb to 50 cm tall; lowland

forest; widespread.

Sonerila hirsuta (Stapf) Ridl., FMP1 781; herb to 15 cm tall; montane forest;

widespread; ?endemic.

Sonerila integrifolia Stapf, FMP1 788; herb; lowland to montane forest;

common on the Main Range.

Sonerila linearis Hook.f., FMP1 780; slender herb to 40 cm tall; hill forest;

Gg Jerai, Kd; endemic.

Sonerila macrophylla Stapf var. laxipilosa Stapf, FMP1 791; herb to 20 cm

tall; forest; Pn, Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila macrophylla Stapf var. macrophylla, FMP1 791; herb to 20 cm

tall; forest; Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila microcarpa Stapf, FMP1 790; herb to 15 cm tall; lowland forest;

Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila mollis Stapf, FMP1 783; herb to 50 cm tall; upper montane forest;

Gg Batu Puteh, Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila moluccana Roxb., K09 82; Sonerila begoniifolia Blume, FMP1 790;

herb to 15 cm tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Sonerila muscicola Stapf, FMP1 785; herb to 15 cm tall; on trees; P.

Langkawi; ?endemic.

1392.22:31

ae 32

132.22.33

132.22.34a

132.22.34b

132.22.34c

132.2235

132.22.36a

132.22.36b

| Mee AS

132.22.38

132.22.39

132.22.40

132.22.41

132.22.42

132.22.43a

132.22.43b

Sonerila nidularia Stapf, FMP1 789; herb; montane forest; Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila nodosa Ridl., FMP1 785; fleshy herb to 10 cm tall; montane forests;

Pk; ?endemic.

Sonerila pallida Stapf, FMP1 783; herb; montane forest; scattered.

Sonerila picta Korth. var. concolor Ridl., FMP1 785; succulent herb to 30

cm tall; hill forest; widespread.

Sonerila picta Korth. var. maculata Ridl., FMP1 785; succulent herb to 30

cm tall; montane forest; widespread.

Sonerila picta Korth. var. picta, FMP1 785; succulent herb to 30 cm tall;

lowland and hill forest; widespread.

Sonerila populifolia Stapf, FMP1 784; herb to 25 cm tall; lowland and hill

forest.

Sonerila prostrata Ridl. var. johorensis (M.R. Hend.) M.P. Nayar, N01 806;

Sonerila johorensis M.R. Hend.; H33 411; creeping herb; on rocks; Gg Panti,

Jh; endemic.

Sonerila prostrata Ridl. var. prostrata, FMP1 782; slender mat-forming

creeping herb; shady rocks; Cameron Highlands, Ph; Klang Gates, Sl;

endemic.

Sonerila ramosa Ridl., FMP1 782; subshrub to 50 cm tall; montane forest:

Gg Mengkuang, SI; ?endemic.

Sonerila repens Stapf, FMP1 784; fleshy creeping herb; hill forest; Pk, Ph;

?endemic.

Sonerila rudis Stapf, FMP1 783; herb to 30 cm tall; montane forest;

widespread; ?endemic.

Sonerila saxosa Stapf, FMP1 786; herb to 15 cm tall; on shady rocks; Penang

Hill; ?endemic.

Sonerila setosa Ridl., FMP1 789; herb to 20 cm tall; montane forest; Gg

Tahan, Ph; ?endemic.

Sonerila succulenta Stapf, FMP1 784; succulent herb; montane forest; Pk;

? endemic.

Sonerila suffruticosa Stapf var. lasiantha Ridl., FMP1 783; shrublet to 50

cm tall; montane forest; Gg Bubu, Sl; ?endemic.

Sonerila suffruticosa Stapf var. suffruticosa, FMP1 783; shrublet to 50 cm

tall; montane forest; Gg Bubu, Pk; ?endemic.

335

336

132.22.44

132.22.45

$333:

£33.11

i 75 a

513

133.1.4

133:1:5

£33.16

19547.

153.15

L33A9

133.¢46

133,141

$53:1512

Sonerila tenera Royle, FMP1 781; herb to 15 cm tall; on limestone; P.

Langkawi.

Sonerila tenuifolia Blume, FMP1 781; herb to 30 cm tall; on damp rocks in

montane forest; widespread.

MELIACEAE

Aglaia angustifolia Pannell, TFM4 211, P04 337, FMi12 309; unbranched

tree to 4 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Jh.

Aglaia argentea Blume, FMP1 405, TFM4 211, P04 125, FMi12 237; Aglaia

splendens (Koord. & Valeton) Koord. & Valeton, FMP1 405; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland forest; widespread.

Aglaia coriacea Korth. ex Mig., TFM4 213, P04 297, FMi12 295; tree to5 m

tall; lowland forest; Ph, Sl, Jh.

Aglaia crassinervia Kurz ex Hiern, P04 213, FM112 267; Aglaia cinerea King,

FMP1 404; Aglaia sp. 6, TFM4 229; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 800 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl], NS.

Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr., TFM4 214, P04 58, FMi12 213; Amoora

cucullata Roxb., FMP1 399; tree to 30 m tall; tidal rivers, back mangrove,

lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia densitricha Pannell, P04 90, FM112 224; tree to 5 m tall; lowland

forest; only known from type, Belara F.R., Tg; endemic.

Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall., P04 229, FMi12 272; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

and hill forest; Kd, Ph, Sl.

Aglaia eleagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth., P04 143, FM112 243; shrub or tree to

10 m tall; once from Kaki Bukit, Ps.

Aglaia elliptica Blume, TFM4 214, P04 275, FMi12 288; Aglaia

tembelingensis M.R. Hend., H33 94; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd,

Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia erythrosperma Pannell, P04 76, FM112 219; Aglaia sp. 2, TFM4 228;

tree to 35 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1300 m; Ph, NS, Jh.

Aglaia eximia Mig., TFM4 215, P04 121, FM112 236; Aglaia argentea Miq.

var. eximia (Miq.) Miq., FMP1 405; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd,

K], SI.

Aglaia exstipulata (Griff.) W. Theob., TFM4 215, P04 320, FMi12 303; Aglaia

griffithii (Hiern) Kurz, FMP1 409; tree to 25 m tall; lowland and hill forest

to 1400 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

$33.1.13

133.1.14

133.1.15

133.1.16

133.1.17

133.1.18

£33.1.19

133.1.20

133471

133.4,22

133.1.23

133.1.24

133.4 ;75

133.1.26

Aglaia forbesii King, FMP1 406, TFM4 215, P04 207, FM112 265; Aglaia

humilis King, FMP1 407, TFM4 218; tree to 35 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 900 m; widespread.

Aglaia foveolata Pannell, P04 211, FM112 266; Aglaia sp. 7, TFM4 230; tree

to 22 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Kd, Tg, Ph, Jh.

Aglaia glabrata Teijsm. & Binn., P04 177, FMi12 254; tree to 20 m tall;

lowland forest; Tg, Ph.

Aglaia grandis Korth. ex Mig., TFM4 217, P04 111, FMi12 232; Aglaia

lanuginosa King, FMP1 407; tree to 27 m tall; lowland forest; Kl, Pk, Ph,

NS, Jh.

Aglaia hiernii King, FMP1 408, TFM4 218, P04 341, FMi12 310; Aglaia

curtisii King, FMP 1 408; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk,

Sl, Jh.

Aglaia korthalsii Mig., P04 167, FM112 251; Aglaia sp. 4, TFM4 228; tree to

10 m tall; lowland forest, also cultivated; Kd, Ph, Jh.

Aglaia lawii (Wight) Saldanha ex Ramamoorthy, P04 97, FM112 251;

Amoora maingayi Hiern, FMP1 400; Lansium pedicellatum Hiern, FMP1

411; Aglaia oligocarpa Miq., TFM4 221; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest;

Oe ag

Aglaia leptantha Mig., P04 201, FMi12 228; Aglaia glabriflora Hiern, FMP1

404, TFM4 217; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, NS, M1, Sp.

Aglaia leucophylla King, FMP1 403, TFM4 218, P04 226, FMi12 271; Aglaia

kunstleri King, FMP1 406; Aglaia heteroclita King, FMP1 410; tree to 20 m

tall; lowland and hill forests to 700 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Sl, NS, Jh.

Aglaia macrocarpa (Miq.) Pannell, P04 65, FM112 215; Amoora rubescens

Hiern, FMP1 399; Aglaia rubescens (Hiern) Pannell, TFM4 223; tree to 35

m tall; lowland to montane forest at 1750 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS,

Jh, Sp.

Aglaia macrostigma King, FMP1 410, TFM4 219, P04 236, FM112 275; tree

to 25 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pk, Sl, NS; endemic.

Aglaia malaccensis (Ridl.) Pannell, TFM4 219, P04 70, FM112 216; Amoora

malaccensis Ridl., FMP1 399; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to

700 m; Kd, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh.

Aglaia membranifolia King, FMP1 406, TFM4 221, P04 316, FMi12 301;

tree to 10 m tall; lowland forest; Pk, Ph.

Aglaia monozyga Harms, P04 311, FM112 299; tree to 10 m tall; once from

Bt Kajang, Tg.

337

338

195-127

133.1.28

£335,.129

£53.1:50

433.1334

133.1.32

1332133

133.1.34

$33:150

133.1.36

£33,137

133.1.38

1331.59

133.1.40

133.1.41

Aglaia multinervis Pannell, P04 84, FM112 222; Amoora lanceolata Hiern,

FMP1 399; Aglaia sp. 3, TFM4 228; tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest to 400

m; Pk, Sl, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia odoratissima Blume, FMP1 404, TFM4 221, P04 237, FMi12 276;

tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1370 m; throughout.

Aglaia oligophylla Mig., FMP1 403, TFM4 222, P04 302, FMi12 297; Aglaia

fusca King, TFM4 216; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Jh,

Sp.

Aglaia pachyphylla Miq., P04 117, FMi12 234; Aglaia barbatula Koord. &

Valeton, TFM4 213; tree to 40 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, K1, Pk,

Ph, Jh.

Aglaia palembanica Mig., FMP1 409, TFM4 223, P04 323, FM112 304; tree

to 5 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Aglaia perviridis Hiern, P04 198, FMi12 260; Aglaia kingiana Ridl., FMP1

404, TFM4 230; tree to 12 m tall; once from Gopeng, Pk.

Aglaia rubiginosa (Hiern) Pannell, TFM4 225, P04 92, FM112 260; Amoora

rubiginosa Hiern, FMP1 398; tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest including

peat swamps; Pk, SI, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia rufibarbis Ridl., FMP1 409, TFM4 225, P04 344, FMi12 312; tree to

10 m tall; lowland forest; KI, Tg, Ph, MI.

Aglaia rufinervis (Blume) Bentv., P04 317, FM112 302; Aglaia trichostemon

C. DC., FMP1 407, TFM4 227; tree to 15 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, Sp.

Aglaia rugulosa Pannell, P04 73, FM112 217; Aglaia sp. 1, TFM4 227; tree

to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Tg, ?Pk, Ph, Jh.

Aglaia scortechinii King, FMP1 403, TFM4 230, P04 175, FMi12 254; tree

to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Sl.

Aglaia sexipetala Griff., P05 348, FM112 268; Aglaia aspera Teijsm. & Binn.,

P04 217; Aglaia sp. 5, TFM4 229; tree to 20 m tall; lowland forest; Ph, NS.

Aglaia silvestris (M. Roem.) Merr., P04 193, FMi112 259; Aglaia ganggo

Miq., TFM4 217; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Ph, SI.

Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms, P04 306, FMi112 298; ?Beddomea

racemosa Ridl., FMP1 414; Aglaia meliosmoides Craib, TFM4 219; tree to

8 m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Sl, ?Jh, ?Sp.

Aglaia speciosa Blume, P04 164, FM112 250; tree to 35 m tall; lowland and

hill forest; Pk, Ph.

133.1.42

133.1.43

133.1.44

133.1.45

133.1.46

133.1.47

133.1.48

133.2.1

133.22

133.3.1

133.4.1

133.4.2

133.4.3

133.4.4a

Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S.S. Jain & Bennet, P04 79, FM112 221; Amoora

ridleyi King, FMP1 398; Aglaia ridleyi (King) Pannell, TFM4 223; tree to

40 m tall; lowland forest to 300 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI], NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia squamulosa King, FMP1 406, TFM4 225, P04 129, FMr12 239; tree

to 20 m tall: lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern, FMP1 408, TFM4 226, P04 313, FMr12 301; tree

to 10 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh,

Sp.

Aglaia teysmanniana (Miq.) Miq., TFM4 226, P04 108, FMi12 231; tree to

15 m tall; lowland forest; P. Langkawi, Ph, SI.

Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn., TFM4 226, P04 331, FM112 306; Aglaia

cordata Hiern, FMP1 409, TFM4 213: tree to 15 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Aglaia variisquama Pannell, P04 153, FM112 245; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

forest; Pk, Jh.

Aglaia yzermannii Boerl. & Koord., TFM4 227, P04 244, FMi12 278; Aglaia

salicifolia Ridl., FMP1 403; rheophytic tree to 5 m tall; on riverbanks; K],

Tg, Pk, Ph.

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker, TFM4 230, FM112 188;

Aphanamixis rohituka (Roxb.) Pierre, FMP1 401; tree to 20 m tall; lowland

to montane forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Ml, Jh, Sp.

Aphanamixis sumatrana (Mig.) Ridl., FMP1 400, TFM4 231, FMr1i2 194;

tree to 6 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS,

Ml, Jh, Sp.

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs, TFM4 233, FMi12 357; tree to 50 m

tall; lowland forest and villages; Pn, Pk, Sl, MI.

Chisocheton amabilis (Mig.) C. DC., TFM4 234, FMr12 163; tree to 17 m

tall; lowland peat swamp and riparian forest; ?S1, Ph, Jh.

Chisocheton ceramicus (Mig.) C. DC., TFM4 234, FMr12 179; Chisocheton

macrothyrsus King, FMP1 389; tree to 30 m tall; lowland forest; Kd, K1, Tg,

Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern, FMP1 388, TFM4 235, FMi12 183; tree

to 25 m tall; lowland forest, often near the sea; Kd, K1, Tg, Ph, NS, M1, Jh,

Sp.

Chisocheton macrophyllus King ssp. fulvescens Mabb., TFM4 235, FM112

178; tree to 35 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1100 m; Kd, K],

Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl.

339

340

133.4.4b

133.4.5

133.4.6

133.4.7

133.4.8a

133.4.8b

133.4.9

133.4.10

133.4.11

353

133.6.1

13/4

133.7.2

Chisocheton macrophyllus King ssp. macrophyllus, FMP1 389, TFM4 235,

FMi12 179; tree to 35 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at 1100 m;

Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, SI, Sp.

Chisocheton patens Blume, TFM4 235, FMi12 167; Chisocheton glomeratus

Hiern, FMP1 389; Chisocheton divergens Blume, FMP1 390; tree to 30 m

tall; lowland forest; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, Sp.

Chisocheton pauciflorus King, FMP1 387, TFM4 237, FMr112 173; tree to

16 m tall; lowland forest to 500 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Jh, ?Sp; endemic.

Chisocheton penduliflorus Planch. ex Hiern, FMP1 388, TFM4 237, FMi12

145; sparsely branching tree to 11 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m;

Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, NS, MI.

Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) Mabb.,

TFM4 238, FM112 183; Chisocheton spicatus Hiern, FMP1 387; tree to 18

m tall; lowland forest; Pn, Pk, Ph, SI, Jh, Sp.

Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus, TFM4 237, FM112

182; tree to 18 m tall; dry lowland forest; only known from Jason Bay, Jh.

Chisocheton perakensis (Hemsl.) Mabb., TFM4 238, FM112 171;

Megaphyllaea perakensis Hemsl., FMP1 386; Megaphyllaea annulata (King)

Ridl., FMP1 386; tree to 16 m tall; hill forest at 900-1150 m; Maxwell’s

Hill, Pk; endemic.

Chisocheton sarawakanus (C. DC.) Harms, TFM4 238, FMi12 161;

Chisocheton laxiflorus King, FMP1 390; tree to 12 m tall; lowland forest to

250 m; KI, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Chisocheton tomentosus (Roxb.) Mabb., TFM4 238, FM112 143;

Chisocheton princeps Hemsl., FMP1 388; Chisocheton rubiginosus King,

FMP 1 389; tree to 21 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn, Kl, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., TFM4 256, FMi12 355; Chickrassia tabularis

(A. Juss.) Wight & Arn., FMP1 415; tree to 40 m tall; lowland forest; Ps,

Kd, Pn, K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Mig., TFM4 239, FM112 59; small tree 2-6 m

tall; once from base of Gg Baling, Kd.

Dysoxylum acutangulum Mig., FMP1 393, TFM4 240, FMi112 129; tree to

37 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume, TFM4 240, FM112 106; Dysoxylum

thyrsoideum Griff., FMP1 393; Dysoxylum costulatum (Miq.) Miq., FMP1

394; Dysoxylum pulchrum Ridl., FMP1 395; tree to 38 m tall; lowland to

montane forest at 1800 m; throughout.

133.7.3

133.7.4

5.75

133.7.6

1IS4. 7d

133.7.8

133.7.9

133.7.10

133.7.11

133.7.12

133.7.13

133.7.14

133.7.15

133.7.16

133.7.17

Dysoxylum angustifolium King, FMP1 392, TFM4 242, FM112 112;

rheophytic tree to 9 m tall; banks of fast-flowing rivers; KI, Tg, Ph; endemic.

Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq., FMP1 391, TFM4 242, FMi12 103;

tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1500 m; throughout.

Dysoxylum carolinae Mabb., M05 305, FMr12 131; Dysoxylum sp. 1, TFM4

246; tree to 33 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Kd, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh, Sp.

Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern, FMP1 396, TFM4 242, FMr12 86; tree to 30

m tall; lowland and hill forest; throughout.

Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Mig., TFM4 243, FM112 123; Dysoxylum

venulosum King, FMP1 393; Dysoxylum alternatum Ridl., FMP1 397; tree

to 27 m or more tall; lowland and hill forest to 800 m; throughout.

Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Mig., FMP1 396, TFM4 243, FMr12 81;

tree to 45 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 900 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Dysoxylum dumosum King, FMP1 392, TFM4 243, FMr12 99; bushy tree

to 6 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Dysoxylum excelsum Blume, TFM4 244, FM112 109; Dysoxylum

macrothyrsum auct. non Miq., FMP1 394 incl. var. microbotrys (King) Rid1L.;

Dysoxylum turbinatum King, FMP1 244; tree to 36 m tall; lowland to

montane forest at 1300 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Dysoxylum flavescens Hiern, FMP1 396, TFM4 244, FMi12 128; tree to 33

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Ph, Sl, NS, M1, Sp.

Dysoxylum grande Hiern, TFM4 244, FMr12 117; Dysoxylum interruptum

King, FMP1 392; Dysoxylum corneri M.R. Hend., H35 92; tree to 39 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1300 m; Kd, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, Jh.

Dysoxylum macrocarpum Blume, TFM4 244, FMi12 116; tree to 33 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Tg, SI, Ph, Jh.

Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume, TFM4 245, FMi12 90; tree to 33 m tall;

lowland and hill forest to 800 m; Tg, SI.

Dysoxylum papillosum King, FMP1 397, TFM4 245, FMi12 116; tree to 6

m tall; lowland forest; Tg, Pk, Ph, SI.

Dysoxylum rigidum (Ridl.) Mabb., TFM4 245, FMi12 105; tree to 30 m tall;

lowland forest; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh.

Dysoxylum rugulosum King, FMP1 397, TFM4 245, FMi12 127; Dysoxylum

undulatum M.R. Hend., H33 90; tree to 20 m tall; lowland and hill forest:

Pk, Ph, S1, M1.

341

342

133.8.1

133.9.1

133.10.1

Pg Att

eM ba |

SS5AZ2

135.154

TSSASZ

133.14.1

133.14.2

133.14.3

133.14.4

133,15.1

Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims, FMP1 413, FMi12 41; Walsura tenuifolia

Ridl., FMP1 413; Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv., TFM4 251;

tree to 8 m tall; lowland forests; Kd, Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS.

Lansium domesticum Corréa, FMP1 411, TFM4 246, FMi12 315; tree to 15

m tall; lowland forests, frequently cultivated; widespread.

Munronia pinnata ( Wall.) W. Theob., S59 189, TFM4 202, FM12 30; shrublet

to 65 cm tall; on limestone cliffs near the sea; once from near Tanjong Rhu,

P. Langkawi.

Pseudoclausena chrysogyne (Miq.) T.P. Clark, C17 291, FM112 55; Walsura

chrysogyne (Miq.) Bakh.f., TFM4 254; Walsura multijuga King, FMP1 412;

tree to 12 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; K1, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl, NS, M1,

Jh, Sp.

Reinwardtiodendron cinereum (Hiern) Mabb., TFM4 247, FMr12 324;

Lansium cinereum Hiern, FMP1 411; tree to 27 m tall; lowland and hill

forest to 700 m; Kd, KI, Pk, Ph, Sl.

Reinwardtiodendron humile (Hassk.) Mabb., TFM4 249, FMi12 326; tree

to 27 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 700 m; K1, Tg.

Sandoricum beccarianum Baill., TFM4 249, FMi12 353; Sandoricum

emarginatum Hiern, FMP1 385; tree to 35 m tall; lowland forest, often near

the sea; Sl, Ph, Jh, Sp.

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f) Merr., TFM4 249, FMi12 345; Sandoricum

indicum Cav., FMP1 385; Sandoricum maingayi Hiern, FMP1 385;

Sandoricum nervosum Blume, FMP1 385; tree to 45 m tall; lowland and

hill forest, often cultivated; widespread.

Toona ciliata M. Roem.; FM112 366; tree to 35 m tall; lowlands and hills to

1500 m; P. Langkawi, Pk.

Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe; FMr12 370; tree; Ph, SI; [status dubious,

may be variety of Joona ciliata).

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem., TFM4 256, FMi12 360; tree to 36 m

tall; hill and lower montane forest, 600-1200 m; Pk, Ph.

Toona sureni (Blume) Merr., TFM4 258, FM112 363; Cedrela febrifuga

Blume, FMP1 415; tree to 30 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1200 m; Ps, P.

Langkawi, Kd, Pn, KI], Ph, Sl, Jh.

Turraea breviflora Ridl., FMP1 383, TFM4 252, FM112 29; suckering

shrubletto 1 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Sl, Jh, Sp; endemic.

133.16.1

133.16.2

EB 171

133.472

133.17.3

134.

134.1.1

134.1.2

134.1.3a

134.1.3b

134.1.4

134.1.5

134.1.6

Walsura pinnata Hassk., TFM4 254, C17 276, FMi12 48; Walsura neurodes

Hiern, FMP1 412; Napeodendron altissimum Ridl., FMP1 505; tree to 20

m tall; lowland and hill forest to 600 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, Ml, Jh.

Walsura robusta Roxb., C17 259, FMi12 47; tree to 25 m tall; lowland forest;

once from Taman Negara, Ph.

Xylocarpus granatum J. Konig, TFM4 260, FMi12 378; Carapa moluccensis

auct. non Lam., FMP1 414; tree to 15 m tall; mangroves; all coasts.

Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem., TFM4 260, FM112 376; Carapa

obovata auct. non Blume, FMP1 414; tree to 18 m tall; mangroves; all coasts.

Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb., TFM4 260, FM112 375; tree to 12 m

tall; rocky headlands; Kd, Pn, Ph, NS, Jh, Sp.

MELIOSMACEAE

Meliosma lanceolata Blume, FMP1 516, TFM4 427, FMi110 704; Meliosma

levis King, FMP1 515; tree to 25 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at

1500 m; widespread.

Meliosma lepidota Blume ssp. dolichomischa (Vidal) Beusekom, TFM4

428, FM110 696; Meliosma monophylla Ridl., FMP1 514; tree to 15 m tall;

montane forest at 1200-1500 m; Pk, Ph; endemic subspecies.

Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. arnottiana (Wight) Beusekom,

TFM4 429, FM110 709; tree to 20 m tall; montane forest; Tapah Hills, Pk,

and Cameron Highlands, Ph.

Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. ridleyi (King) Beusekom, TFM4

429 incl. var. elegans (Ridl.) L.G. Saw, FM110 710; Meliosma ridleyi King,

FMP1 516; Meliosma elegans Ridl., FMP1 515; shrub or tree to 20 m tall;

lowlands and mountains; Sl, Jh, Sp.

Meliosma rufopilosa M.R. Hend., H33 96, TFM4 429, FM110 714; tree to

30 m tall; montane forest at 1350-1700 m; Cameron and Genting Highlands,

Ph/SI.

Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. fruticosa (Blume) Beusekom,

TFM4 429, FM110 701; Meliosma elliptica Hook.f., FMP1 514; Meliosma

lancifolia Hook.f., FMP1 514; shrub or tree to 20 m tall; lowland to

mountains; Kd, Pn, Pk, Ph, Sl, M1, Sp.

Meliosma sumatrana (Jack) Walp., TFM4 430, FM110 702; Meliosma nitida

Blume, FMP1 515: tree to 20 m tall; lowland to lower montane forest at

1500 m; widespread.

343

344

195.1.1

1955.12

13521

135.5.1

135.4.1

135.4.2

$35:5:1

135.3.2

135.6.1

135.7.1

135.8.1

135.9.1

135.9.2

135.10.1

MENISPERMACEAE

Albertisia crassa Forman, FM110 181; liana; lowland forest; once each from

Ph and SI; endemic.

Albertisia megacarpa Diels ex Forman, FM110 181; large liana; montane

forest at 1500-1600 m; twice from Cameron Highlands, Ph; endemic.

Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr., FM110 210; Arcangelisia loureiri (Pierre) Diels,

FMP1 107; large liana; lowland forest; Pk.

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC., FM110 231; Cocculus ovalifolius (Vahl ex

Pers.) DC., FMP1 110; Cocculus elegans (Ridl.) Ridl.; FMP2 111; slender

liana; sandy shores; both coasts.

Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr., FM110 215; Coscinium

wallichianum Miers, FMP1 106; Coscinium blumeanum (non Miers ex

Hook.f. & Thomson) Miq., FMP1 106 in part; large liana; lowland forest;

widespread.

Coscinium blumeanum Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 106 in part,

FM110 216; large liana; lowland forest; Pn, P. Pangkor.

Cyclea elegans King, FMP1 115, FM110 239; slender climbing shrub; hill

forest; Pk.

Cyclea laxiflora Miers, FMP1 114, FM110 241; slender climber to 15 m long;

forest margins, lowlands to mountains at 1200 m; widespread and common.

Diploclisia kunstleri (King) Diels, FMP1 107, FM110 230; large liana to 30

m long; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Ph, Jh.

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., FM110 207; Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers, FMP1

105; large liana to 40 m long; lowland forest and forest margins; widespread

and common.

Hypserpa nitida Miers, FM110 219; Hypserpa cuspidata (Hook.f. &

Thomson) Miers, FMP1 111; scandent shrub; lowland forest margins;

widespread.

Limacia oblonga Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 109, FM110 223; liana to about

10 m tall; lowland and hill forest; Pn & Pk to Sp.

Limacia scandens Lour., FM110 223; Limacia velutina Hook.f. & Thomson,

FMP 1 109; liana; lowland forest margins; Pn to Sp.

Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr., FM110 229; Pericampylus incanus

(Colebr.) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 112; Pericampylus membranaceus

Miers, FMP1 112; Cissampelos pariera auct. non L., FMP1 114; liana;

lowland forest; widespread.

}

135.11.1

135.12.1

135.12.2

135.12.3

135.12.4

133,13.1

135.14.1

135.13.1

135.15.2

155:153

136.

136.1.1

136.1.2

136.1.3

Pycnarrhena lucida (Teijsm. & Binn.) Mig., FM110 174; Pycnarrhena

fasciculata (Miers) Diels, FMP1 108; scandent shrub; lowland forest; Pk,

MI.

Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng., FMP1 113, FM110 252; slender liana

to 15 m long; lowland and hill forest; Pk, Jh.

Stephania corymbosa (Blume) Walp., FMP1 113, FM110 249; slender liana;

montane forest; Maxwell’s Hill, Pk.

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers var. discolor (Blume) Forman, FM110

248; Stephania hernandiifolia (Willd.) Walp., FMP1 113; tuberous vine to

10 m long; lowland and hill forest; Pn.

Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng., FM110 248; Stephania rotunda (non

Lour.) Miq., FMP1 113; slender vine to 20 m long; open country, on

limestone; Ps, P. Langkawi.

Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels, FMP1 110, FM110 185; slender liana;

lowland and hill forest; P. Langkawi, Kd, Pn, Tg (once each).

Tinomiscium petiolare Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 105, FM110 205; large

liana reaching 30 m; forest margins; widespread and common.

Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson, FMP1 103, FMr10 194; liana

reaching to 15 m; waste ground, forest margins; widespread, possibly

introduced.

Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.) Merr., FM110 199; liana; lowland forest; Ps, K1],

Pk.

Tinospora macrocarpa Diels, FMP1 103, FM110 198; scandent shrub;

lowland forest; Pn, Sl, MI, Sp.

MEN YANTHACEAE

Nymphoides aurantiaca (Dalzell) Kuntze, C32 211; Villarsia aurantiaca Rid.

ex C.B. Clarke, FMP2 435; small stoloniferous herb; shallow water; once

each from P. Langkawi and Ph.

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze, C32 207, M47 296; Limnanthemum indicum

(L.) Griseb., FMP2 436; aquatic herb with floating leaves; ponds, ditches;

widespread.

Nymphoides parvifolia (Griseb.) Kuntze, C32 210; Limnanthemum

parvifolium Griseb., FMP2 436; small aquatic herb with floating leaves;

ponds; scattered.

345

346

13}.

T31.1-1

it. oem |

138.

156.31

138.21

MOLLUGINACEAE

Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC., FM14 270, M47 360; Glinus mollugo Fenzl,

FMP 1 867; herb to 45 cm tall; open sandy places; KI, Ph.

Mollugo pentaphylla L., FMP1 867, FM14 268, M47 362; herb to 30 cm tall;

sandy places, waste ground; widespread.

MONIMIACEAE

Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tul., FMP3 75, FM110 298, TFM4 261; Kibara

chartacea Blume, FMP3 74; Kibara serrulata Perkins, FMP3 75; shrub or

small tree to 13 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pn, Tg, Pk, Ph, Sl,

NS, MI, Jh, Sp.

Matthaea sancta Blume, FMP3 73, FMi110 323, TFM4 263; shrub or small

tree to 7 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Pk, Ph, Sl, Jh, Sp.

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