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LIBRARY

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

VOLUME 50

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Singapore, 1998

Applications for reproduction should be

made to the Singapore Botanic Gardens,

1 Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE TWO PARTS WERE:

Part 1 Pp. 1-124 31 July 1998

Part 2 Pp. 125-336 31 December 1998

Singapore Gardens Bulletin 50 (1998) iti.

CONTENTS

Choo-Toh, G.T., S.L. Chaw, C.E.Z. Chan, D.H.W. Goh and E.Y.H. Lee.

A survey of termites in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Rain Forest....... 171 — 183

Chung, R.C.K. New species of Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer (Proteaceae)

LI MERAE SUBARU eee ae Clay Ua afafe rn ocapsbt st cabas neleata tousuulintessdnadssvoweap¥sosaeudeses ccs 151 — 160

Hay, A. A new species of Aglaonema Schott (Araceae) from

Seger LL M ALANS Pesta Ree GUao rye Leen ache carci slant LL Ue weacuadensbawn tt ve rabsinndr cous 1—4

Hay, A. The genus Alocasia (Araceae-Colocasieae) in West Malesia

PURI Re SHR Wee ee tha SENT ste got cle mem daatso ih Sukie date lancer ty sabes cana pede samt 220 — 334

Julia, S. and E. Soepadmo. New species and new record of Lithocarpus

Blume (Fagaceae) from Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia ............cccseeseeeeeee 125 — 150

Kiew, R. Niche partitioning in limestone begonias in Sabah, Borneo, including

MPIEEMOMRUCINC CHENG pete Nay LAs cso tay Melty susie Wtcds eyluib ect dvess cdbglices stoned 161 — 169

Kiew, R. The unique elements of the limestone flora of Batu Tengar Cave

Cie CeO a SAID AIMA IVA IANS Hed AN ae Wal A Hcy Lo DAN aubdel heghcseeocibaitsccosstvecancies teas 185 — 196

Kiew, R. and P. van Welzen. Codiaeum variegatum var. cavernicola var.

nov. (Euphorbiaceae), the second Codiaeum from, BOMME6 \|....00..4.4.....0/..060 31 — 34

Kochummen, K.M. New species and varieties of Moraceae from Malaysia......... 197 — 219

Lim C. K. Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) sensu Scheffer, Beccari and

ANPP IAONTD ey MUNOR ED. eevee e ety Ss Wasdale va koteatesh Meare sbatl uaclath openeaetanevacenst uate ceddemaees 83 — 98

Lim C. K. Four new Pinanga Blume (Palmae) species from

SDSS ULE TES WU FUE RSTO AARSgRere Mie Aen ve Rg ee GEILE eas UE By Oeire oeeMegaL 99 — 114

Reza Azmi and R. Kiew. Begonia lazat (Begoniaceae), a new culinary begonia

ain Es OTM aD pects cael iret sata VS seasdueisns ia deeath des uk getuesbueahas wv dea teakiSa fee dace 43 — 48

Tan, B.C. The types and original specimens of published names of mosses

preserved in the Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING)............ 49 — 57

Tanaka, N. The angiosperm flora of Singapore. Part 8 Cannaceae .......... cesses: 35 — 37

Turner, I. M. Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium

(Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae)

SCE CE Sie Sir (7S PAD OLACCRE )i\y cu. ciat eueat ones tupnce esbcesbiecesieraulnsccdoadiadeocensedesd sins 39 — 41

Turner, ILM. and M.R. Cheek. ‘Some New Eastern Gingers’ — a paper by

H.N. Ridley containing descriptions of four species overlooked since

BER ea PETLUHOP EN SIR WOON ee ea a ad oes adusladdeuapasvanedeseses 115 — 119

Singapore Gardens Bulletin 50 (1998) iv.

Turner, I.M., C.M. Boo, L.M.J. Chen, J.P.S. Choo, A. Latiff and A.

Zainuddin Ismail. The botany of the islands of Mersing District,

Johore, Peninsular Malaysia. 2. The floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau

Pemanggil, with notes on the smaller islamds\...0.) 1.2.0. 59 — 81

Zhu Hua, Wang Hong and Li Baogui. The structure, species composition and

diversity of the limestone vegetation in Xishuangbanna, SW China............... 5 — 30

BOOK REVIEWS

Flora Malesiana Series II — Ferns and Fern Allies, Volume 3 .............0..0.cceeeeeeeeee 335 — 336

Kochummen, K.M. Tree Flora of Pasoh Forest )....7 233.122 ee eee 121 — 122

Sornsamran, R. and O. Thaitong. Bryophytes in Thailand ......... eee ececeseeneeee 123 — 124

The Gardens' Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 50 (Part 1) July 1998 ISSN 0374-7859 :

NATIONAL PARKS BOARD Renal

Singapore Botanic Gardens Cluny Road Singapore 259569 Tel: 4741165 Telefax: 4754295 abner scan ARet

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore publishes papers on plant taxonomy (including revisions),

horticulture, phytogeography, floristics, morphology, anatomy and related fields with

emphasis on plants in the West Malesian region.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr Ruth Kiew Dr R.T. Corlett

(Editor) University of Hong Kong

Singapore Botanic Gardens Hong Kong

Dr T.W. Foong Dr M.C. Roos

(Assist. Editor) Rijksherbarium

Singapore Botanic Gardens Leiden, Netherlands

Dr S.C. Chin ' Dr E. Soepadmo

Singapore Botanic Gardens Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Kepong, Malaysia

Dr M.J.E. Coode

Royal Botanic Gardens Dr W.K. Tan

Kew, U.K. Singapore Botanic Gardens

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore.

Neither the National Parks Board nor the Editorial Board is responsible for the opinions or

conclusions expressed by the contributing authors.

The annual subscription for the Gardens’ Bulletin is Singapore $100.00 including

postage. Overseas subscribers are required to make payment in the form of bank drafts or

international money orders in Singapore currency payable to National Parks Board,

Singapore.

Instructions for contributing authors are found on the inside backcover.

PREVA 1 UII

The Gardens' Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 50 (Part 1) July 1998 ISSN 0374-7859

CONTENTS

Hay, A.

A new species of Aglaonema Schott (Araceae) from Terengganu, Malaysia. .................. 1

Zhu Hua, Wang Hong and Li Baogui

The structure, species composition and diversity of the limestone vegetation in

Pola erga IMMA eS WN MO NM orto catrtilaaoieneewdes.fa ceeenpbiverboeles SF wbeslialibenaiichinasWUsverpddedebernanensednusavavonies 5

Kiew, R. and P. van Welzen

Codiaeum variegatum var. cavernicola var. nov. (Euphorbiaceae), the second

BG Asa oerad RUG OAUAV ER UN SSIMISR eee aL Ney ratele casrseneaats ane < leu Saesueeat aouk sbaliaelatd dh scvlsdannevaressarsabebopsiyeessy yeas St

Tanaka, N.

he anciospeun ora of Singapore Part 8 Canmaceae ..j..2.0...ccccseronccsnsssepossensesansnentcusonannese 35

Turner, I.M.

Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae),

Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia

ia acre eer ea ent Ce a IE Lye Mes: Poel Nese ceca nicat Rasa: neadeslab ont cus idess lipevuedeaerernands 39

Reza Azmi and R. Kiew

Begonia lazat (Begoniaceae), a new culinary begonia from Borneo.......... ce eeeeeeeeeeees 43

Tan, B.C.

The types and original specimens of published names of mosses preserved in the

Metoamumot Singapore Botanic; Gardens (SING) 220s ic. csllicl diese cesslecataends bees 49

Turner, I.M., C.M. Boo, L.M.J. Chen, J.P.S. Choo, A. Latiff and A. Zainudin Ismail

The botany of the islands of Mersing District, Johore, Peninsular Malaysia. 2. The

floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with notes on the smaller islands.................. a0

Lim Chong Keat

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) sensu Scheffer, Beccari and Ridley non Blume ..... 83

Lim Chong Keat

Four New Pinanga Blume (Palmae) Species from Peninsular Malaysia ...............0008 99

Turner, I.M. and M.R. Cheek

‘Some New Eastern Gingers’ — a Paper by H.N. Ridley Containing Descriptions of Four

Species Ovenooked emce their Publication 1m L9OD) s...f..clicscceckcstesensscnssnccsscscctecsootesceanes Lu5

BOOK REVIEWS

Rocwummnen mali dl ree Poneo7 Paso: FOPeSt 5.5. .s0..0..3c.coneiuessesarntesndantaotacenesscacines S.C. Chin - 121

Ne REMAN Ra IRN 282 8 sec e ch kcdnos ope pov chap savkon th bavshanp eradediacausnbyevedecantendes Benito C. Tan - 123

Date of Publication: 31 July 1998

Published by

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 1-4.

A New Species of Aglaonema Schott (Araceae) from

Terengganu, Malaysia.

A. HAY

Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquarie’s Road, Sydney 2000, Australia.

Abstract

Aglaonema flemingianum is described as new from Terengganu State in Peninsular Malaysia.

The new species is illustrated and fitted into a previously published key to the species of

Aglaonema.

Introduction

Aglaonema Schott (Araceae) is a genus of about 22 species of rainforest

herbs, several of which are much prized as ornamental foliage plants since

they are often variegated in nature (Jervis, 1980). The genus occurs in

Indochina and southwestern China (9 species), West Malesia (6 species)

and Central Malesia (incl. Philippines; 6 species), with only one species, A.

marantifolium Bl., extending into East Malesia. Aglaonema was revised by

Nicolson (1969), who divided the genus into two sections based on

vegetative architecture: Sect. Chamaecaulon, with creeping branched stems,

very short leaf sheaths and cataphylls subtending each petiole, and Sect.

Aglaonema, with erect stems, longer leaf sheaths and cataphylls rarely

present among the petioles. The new species belongs to the latter group.

Nicolson also discussed the great variability of several species, and their

tendency to be rather poorly differentiated from one another at the extremes

of their variation. This new plant, however, is vegetatively so distinct from

others as to warrant recognition as a discrete species, though known only

from a single collection.

Aglaonema flemingianum A. Hay sp. nov. Fig. 1.

Ab aliis speciebus A glaonematis petiolo brevissimo omnino vaginato, vagina

apice ligulata ad marginem membranacea, laminae nervis primariis

numerosissimis superne impressis, inferne prominentibus, pistillis paucis

differt.

TYPUS: Cult. Hort. Reg. Bot. Sydney (Acc. No. 940284) originally collected

from Malaysia, Terengganu, Sekayu, Ayer Terjun, Hay et al. 9216 (NSW,

holo).

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Erect herb to c. 30 cm tall; stem 1-2 cm diam., internodes c. 1 cm long,

dark green, smooth; leaves in a tight rosette, subtended by cataphylls only

at the beginning of a sympodium module; cataphylls 2—?3 becoming

progressively elongate, up to c. 7 cm long; petiole c. 4 cm long, c. 4 mm

wide at the apex, sheathing throughout its length and clasping the stem

more or less throughout; wing of sheath 6-8 mm wide, not or hardly tapering

distally, membranous, the very margin eventually (in oldest leaves)

becoming dry, brown and scarious, the apex of each wing extending free

for c. 1 cm and overlapping the lower part of the leaf blade; leaf blade

ovate to narrowly ovate, to c. 22 cm by c. 8 cm, widest at the middle, mid-

green, not glossy; apex of blade acute to rounded and very shortly (c. 5-8

mm) acuminate and mucronate for c. 2 mm, the base tapering and narrowly

rounded; midrib basally c. 5 mm broad and distally tapering, flat and slightly

raised on the adaxial side, distally becoming flush and then impressed in

the distal quarter, abaxially conspicuously raised and rounded in cross-

section; primary lateral veins numerous, c. 12 on each side of the midrib,

inserted c.5 mm apart in the basal part of the midrib, further up c. 1 cm

apart and distally c. 2 cm apart, diverging at c. 30° and gradually curving

towards the leaf apex before running into the margin, adaxially impressed,

abaxially prominent; secondary (interprimary) venation parallel to primary

and flush ab- and adaxially; higher order venation forming an inconspicuous

tessellate reticulum between the primary and interprimary veins;

inflorescences to 2 together; peduncle concealed among leaf bases at

anthesis, later extending somewhat to be exposed for c. 2 cm, subtended

by short blunt cataphylls; spathe pale green, c. 3 cm long, broadly ovate,

held boat-shaped at anthesis, c. 1.5 cm wide, open almost to the base,

convolute in the lower 4 mm, inconspicuously keeled along the abaxial

midline, the apex obtuse, mucronate for c. 2 mm; spadix somewhat

exceeding the spathe, 3-5 cm long, stipitate for c. 5 mm at anthesis

(elongating slightly afterwards), the stipe mostly adnate to the spathe, free

in the upper 2 mm; female zone free, a. single whorl of pistils; ovaries

subcylindric, c. 2 mm tall, 1 mm diam.; stigma discoid, cap-like, sessile, c. 2

mm diam.; male zone 2.5 cm long, 8 mm wide at base, tapering in the

upper half to a blunt tip, at the base with a whorl of incompletely fertile

stamens; stamens not ostensibly arranged into male flowers, close-packed,

irregularly 4-lobed, c. 2 mm diam.; fruit unknown.

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia and known only

from the type collection from Terengganu, on the floor of wet lowland rain

forest on slopes.

Notes: Aglaonema flemingianum can be incorporated into Nicolson’s (1969)

key to Aglaonema species thus:

New Species of Aglaonema 3

Lesle

Eka,

Figure 1. Aglaonema flemingianum. Hay et al. 9216. a, habit; b, inflorescence; c, inflorescence

with part of spathe removed; d, pistils and stamens. Scale bar to a = 4.5 cm; b = 2 cm;c = 1.3

cm; d=5 mm.

4 Gard. Bull. Sing. 50(1) (1998)

12. Venation differentiated into primary and secondary veins.

12a. Petiole about 1/Sth the length of the blade, sheathing throughout;

blade with 24 primary Veins .)..53.:.2 600, hes A. flemingianum

12b. Petiole generally about or more than half the length of the

blade, sheathing for about 1/2 to 4/Sth its length; blade with 4-

LO primary VEINS: 3. chided acapa ieee 13 etc. as Nicolson (1969).

Some difficulty may be experienced with lead 6 in that key however,

since A. flemingianum falls rather between the two alternatives there,

though it nevertheless matches the second alternative (spadix cylindric;

spathe elongate) better than it does the first (spadix clavate; spathe globose).

Insufficient material exists for the making, designation and distribution

of isotypes. However, as soon as the plant from which the holotype was

prepared flowers again, further material will be preserved for distribution

to KEP, SING and other relevant herbaria.

The new species is named in grateful recognition of Conrad D.

Fleming who has generously supported many expeditions by Araceae

botanists working in tropical Asia.

Unlike many other Aglaonema species which are easily cultivated

and fast growing, A. flemingianum is very slow-growing, but with very

long-lived leaves. The dense rosette of almost sessile leaf blades may

represent a useful feature for breeders of ornamental Aglaonema cultivars.

Acknowledgements

I thank Conrad D. Fleming for generous financial support of my fieldwork

in Malaysia in 1994, when this species was first collected. I also thank Dr

Jambari Hj. Ali, Head of the Department of Biology, Universiti Pertanian

Malaysia, for allowing me to be affiliated with that department during my

stay in Malaysia. Prof. Ruth Kiew, Mr Anthonysamy and Mr Roy Bangka

provided generous hospitality and invaluable assistance with field work. I

am indebted to Lesley Elkan for the botanical drawing, to Clare Herscovitch

for technical assistance, Ian McLellan and nursery staff of the Royal Botanic

Gardens Sydney for cultivating the living plants, and to Dr D.H. Nicolson

for expert comment on the manuscript.

References

Jervis, R.N. 1980. Chinese Evergreens: Aglaonema Grower’s Notebook.

Clearwater, Florida.

Nicolson, D.H. 1969. A revision of the genus Aglaonema. Smithsonian

Contributions to Botany. 1: 1-69.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 5-30.

The Structure, Species Composition and Diversity of the

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna, SW China

ZHU HUA, WANG HONG anp LI BAOGUI

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science,

Mengla, Yunnan 666303 P.R.China

Abstract

The limestone vegetation in Xishuangbanna, tropical southwest China, includes three

main vegetation types, six formations, and nine communities, which are described in detail

with enumerations of forest profiles and species composition. Species diversity is discussed

based on Shannon-Wiener’s indexes for each forest formation. Comparison between the

limestone seasonal rain forests and the ones on non-limestone reveals that the limestone

seasonal rain forest has a lower species diversity index value per unit area but higher

community diversity than the rain forest on non-limestone.

Introduction

Limestone vegetation is one of the principal vegetation types in tropical

Yunnan of southwest China. Because of the great diversity of habitat and

topography, limestone vegetation is extremely diverse in community types

and very rich in endemic taxa. However, limestone vegetation is even less

well known than that not on limestone, owing to the rugged topography.

About 19% (3600 km) of Xishuangbanna, the southern-most part of

Yunnan, is limestone. Most of the limestone area is still covered by forests

and although these have been studied (Liu, 1987; Xu et Jian 1987), little

has been published in English. This paper is based mainly on three years’

field work on plots and is a phytosociological study of the limestone

vegetation.

General Geography

Location and topography

Xishuangbanna lies between 2109' and 2236' N, 9958' and 10150' E. The

region, which borders Burma and Laos, is a mountainous area at the

northern margin of mainland southeast Asia and the southern end of the

Hengdwan Mountains (part of the Himalayas). Basically, the area has a

mountain-valley topography with the mountains running north-south with

lower elevations towards the south. Altitude varies from 480 m at the

bottom of the lowest valley in the south to 2429 m at the top of highest

6 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

mountain in the north.

The limestone occurs mainly in the south-eastern part of

Xishuangbanna as a basically north-south-trending tract and ranges in

altitude from 600 m to 1600 m (Fig. 1). There are two main types of

limestone topography. One is typical karst hills, which have rocky tops

without soil, and slopes partially covered by thin soil. The other is usually

much bigger mountains, which also have rocky tops without soil, but have

slopes, especially the lower ones, covered by thick soil with fewer limestone

outcrops. Because of the diversity of topography and the great site to site

variance of soil depth and cover of outcrops, there is a wide range of

micro-habitats, i.e. there is a great spatial heterogeneity in the limestone.

Climate

The region of Xishuangbanna has a typical tropical monsoon climate. In

the limestone area, climatic change with altitude is conspicuous. The annual

mean temperature is 22°C (600 m alt.) to 18.4°C (1600 m), and the annual

temperature accumulation (the sum of daily temperature means where

they are > 10°C) is 8000°C (600 m) to 6600°C (1600 m); the monthly mean

temperature is 15.9°C (600 m) to 12.3°C (1600 m) for the coldest month

and 25.7°C (600 m) to 22°C (1600 m) for the hottest month. The annual

precipitation varies from 1200 mm to 1556 mm of which more than 80

percent falls during the rainy season which starts in May and lasts till the

end of October.

The Hengdwuan Mountains to the north of the region act as a huge

barrier keeping out the cold air from the north in winter. Dense fog

always exists for the whole of the dry season on the lower hills and in the

valleys (average 146 foggy days per year and | mm precipitation per foggy

day recorded in Mengla County in the south of the region), which

compensates for the insufficient precipitation, so that a tropical moist climate

occurs locally in spite of the fact that the region is controlled by strong

monsoon climate and at a relatively high latitude and elevation.

Methods

Limestone vegetation is extremely diverse, especially because there are

many communities, which are in different stages of succession. After initial

floristic investigation (Zhu et al., 1996), the main and representative primary

forest types (which occupied relatively large areas and are climax

communities judged by field observation) were selected for establishing

plots. For each selected forest type, one to several plots were laid out.

The number of plots (or the total sampling area) for a forest type was

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna

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8 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

determined mainly depending on floristic variance of the forest type.

Sixteen plots were used for the analysis described in this paper. Different

sized plots were used for different forest types in different topographical

sites Owing to considerations of phytocoenological minimal area and in

some situations for facilitating field work. Plots were basically 2000-2500

m for seasonal rain forest (7 plots), 500-2000 m for seasonal moist forest

(7 plots) and 100 m for dwarf forest (2 plots) on tops of hills or mountains.

(It is difficult to fix plot size even for the same forest type because of the

very rugged topography).

In each plot, all trees were identified and their dbh. (minimum 5

cm), height and crown coverage measured. Each plot was roughly divided

into 5 strips so that frequency of tree species could be calculated (except

plots 102-16 and 102-15 in Tables 1 and 7, which were investigated by

another botanist’s group without subdivision of the plots). Furthermore,

in 3-5 subplots (in each plot) of 5 x 5 m (for seasonal rain forest) or 3 x 3

m (for others), saplings and shrubs were counted, and the cover of seedlings

and herbaceous plants were estimated by Braun-Blanquet’s degree of

abundance (Braun-Blanquet, 1932). Epiphytes and lianas were identified

and abundance estimated by eye. Importance value indexes (IVI) devised

by Curtis & McIntosh (1951) were calculated and shown in tables from

data of plots except for Tables 1 and 7 in which percentage of total

dominant density (% Dens.) and percentage of total dominant breast area

(%BA) were calculated from data of plots 102-16 and 102-15. Shannon-

Wiener’s indexes (Shannon-Wiener, 1949) for species diversity and

Evenness Indexes of Pielou (1966) were calculated from data of plots. For

all species in plots, specimens were collected and identified. Species

authorities follow Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Specimens are

kept in the herbaria at KUN and HITBC as well as at SYS.

Structure and species composition

The primary limestone vegetation can be classified into three vegetation

types i.e. tropical seasonal rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest and

tropical montane dwarf forest based on physiognomic, structural and floristic

characters as well as habitats (Wang et al., 1997). The tropical seasonal

rain forest occurs mainly in wet valleys and on lower slopes below 850-

900 m altitude. The tropical seasonal moist forest occurs mainly on middle

slopes and tops of lower hills. However, the distribution of vegetation

types is greatly affected and modified by local micro-habitats. Topography

seems to have the stronger effect on distributional patterns of vegetation

than elevation. For example, the tropical seasonal rain forest occurs

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna 9

occasionally on the upper valleys near 1000 m altitude in some particular

sites because of the temperature inversion appearing in the mountain areas.

The tropical montane dwarf forest occurs on the tops of hills or mountains.

Each vegetation type is further subdivided into formations.

1. Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest

Like equatorial lowland rain forest, tropical seasonal rain forest has 3-4

indistinct tree layers. The top layer is mainly emergent trees more than 30

m tall (tallest up to 45 m) and has c. 30% of crown coverage; the second

layer, up to 30 m tall with almost continuous crowns (70-80% coverage)

and a greatest density of stems, is the main canopy layer; the third layer,

5-18 m tall, and with crown cover of c. 40%, consists of small trees and

juveniles of species from the upper layers. In some sites, the third tree

layer can be further divided into two sublayers: upper sublayer (10-18 m

tall) and lower sublayer (5-9 m tall). Buttresses and cauliflory are common,

and both big woody climbers and vascular epiphytes are abundant. The

forest is mainly evergreen in spite of the fact that there are some deciduous

trees in the emergent layer. This forest type occurs in wet valleys and

lower slopes of hills or mountains and below 1000 m altitude.

Tropical seasonal rain forest contains two main formations:

la. Ravine seasonal rain forest

This occurs in the wettest valleys and lower slopes as well as shaded slopes

(usually northeast facing). It has fewer than 10% deciduous trees, either

in number of species or in individuals and all exist in upper layer.

Floristically the formation is characterized by Pometia tomentosa (Fig. 2).

The similar forest type, which occurs on non limestone habitats in the

region, was called “wet seasonal rain forest” in early Chinese botanical

references (Qu, 1960), but the term “ravine seasonal rain forest” was

preferred by recent authors owing to its valley habitat (Jin and Ou, 1997;

Zhu et al., 1998). There are 90 tree species, 16 shrub species, 32 herbaceous

species, 26 liana and 5 epiphyte species in the plots (cumulative area of

7400 m ). Two communities have been recorded:

(i) Pometia tomentosa-Alphonsea monogyna community. This

community occurs in the wettest bottom of valleys or on lower slopes, with

Pometia tomentosa as dominant species of the upper tree layer. Its canopy

is usually 35-40 m tall. Alphonsea monogyna is the dominant species and

Pseuduvaria indochinensis the sub-dominant species in second tree layer.

Horsfieldia pandurifolia is the dominant in the upper sublayer of the third

tree layer ( 9-20 m tall) and Cleidion spiciflorum is the dominant in lower

sublayer of the third tree layer (5-10 m tall). The understorey, with a

10 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

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Figure 2. Forest profile of ravine seasonal rain forest

1. Terminalia myriocarpa; 2. Pometia tomentosa; 3. Alphonsea monogyna; 4. Knema furfuracea;

5. Baccaurea ramiflora; 6. Garcinia cowa; 7. Syzygium latilimbum; 8. Barringtonia macrostachya;

9. Lasioccoca comberi var. pseudoverticillata; 10. Pittosporopsis kerrii; 11. Pseuduvaria

indochinensis; 12. Pterospermum lanceaefolium; 13. Drypetes cumingii; 14. Horsfieldia

pandurifolia; 15. Musa acuminata; 16. Trigonostemon thyrsoideum; 17. Ventilago calyculata;

18. Neottopteris nidus; 19. Rhaphidophora hongkongensis; 20. Combretum latifolium; 21.

Fissistigma sp.; 22. Cleidion spiciflorum.

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna 11

cover of 30-40%, consists mainly of saplings and young woody lianas.

Pseuderanthemum polyanthum and Leea compactiflora are the commonest

shrub species. The herb layer is developed with a cover of 60%. The

commonest species are the ferns Crenitopsis fusipes and Bolbites heteroclida,

the herb Ophiopogon latifolius and Piper boemerifolium, and the lianas

Derris cudatilimbum, and Strychnos nitida. Its physiognomy and profile

are almost exactly the same as those of wet seasonal rain forest on non-

limestone in the region (Zhu, 1992, 1997). Most species of the community

are also found in non-limestone seasonal rain forest, but the latter has

many species not present on the limestone (Table 1).

Table 1. Pomentia tomentosa-Alphonsea monogyna community

Plot no.:102-16 Location: Meng-yue, Mengla

Altitude (m): 700-720 Area of plot (m): 80 x 30

Aspect: NE Slope (degree): 0-5

Height of canopy: 40 m Coverage of vegetation: >90%

No. of species (2 5 cm d.b.h.): 45 No. of stems: 140

Name of species % Dens. % BA % Dens.+% BA

Pometia tomentosa 10.71 20.41 lt Ws

Amoora tetratepala 0.71 21.36 22.07

Alphonsea monogyna 15.00 2.76 17226

Horsfieldia pandurifolia 6.43 me 12.14

Ficus altissima 0.71 9.98 10.69

Garuga floribunda var. gamblei Ot 8.56 O24

Cleidion spiciflorum 7.86 0.77 8.63

Diospyros hassellii. - 6.43 HONS) 8.62

Pseuduvaria indochinensis 6.43 1253 7.96

Glycosmis ferruginea 2.14 4.55 6.69

Litsea pierrei var. szemaois 2.86 3:25 611

Debregeasia squamata So, 0.85 4.42

Celtis timorensis 1.43 2.32 395

Prunus zippenliana 2.86 0.72 3.58

Picrasma javanica 2.14 0.74 2.88

Garcinia cowa 2.14 0.70 2.84

Erythrina stricta 1.43 E33 Bae (S

Cryptocarya acutifolia 0.71 1,92 2.63

Macropanax dispermus 2.14 0.36 250

Canarium album 0.71 hk 2.42

Litsea dilleniaefolia 1.43 O75 2AS

Elaeocarpus austroyunnanensis 1.34 0.67 2.10

Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticillata 1.43 0.45 1.88

Cont:

12 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Name of species % Dens. % BA % Dens.+% BA

Diospyros nigrocortex 1.43 0.45 1.88

Antidesma montana 1.43 0.30 1.73

Tapiscia yunnanensis 0-71 0.94 HIE cs

Pterospermum lanceaefolium 1.43 0.20 1.63

Laportea sinuata 1.43 0.15 1.58

Tetrameles nudiflora 0.71 0.67 1.38

Semecarpus reticulatus 0.71 0.64 1.35

Macaranga indica 0.71 0.57 1.28

Toona ciliata 0.71 0.43 |

Dysoxylum lukii 0.71 0.40 itt

Phaeanthus saccopetaloides 0.71 0.38 1.09

Dysoxylum binectariferum 0.71 0.27 0.98

Drypetes perreticulata 0.71 0.17 0.88

Canarium pimela 0.71 0.14 0.80

Phoebe puwenensis O74 0.11 0.82

Chisocheton sinensis 0.71 0.11 0.82

Trigonostemon thyrsoideum 0.71 0.11 0.82

Antidesma bunius O71 0.07 0.78

Sarcospermum arboreum 0.71 0.03 0.74

Sumbaviopsis albicans 0.71 0.02 0.73

Drypetes cumingii 0.71 0.02 0.73

Dichapetalum gelonioides | 0.71 0.02 0.73

Total 100 100 200

(11) Pometia tomentosa-Celtis philippensis var. wightii community.

This community occurs near the bottoms of valleys and on lower slopes in

somewhat less wet habitats, with rock outcrops usually covering more than

30% of the ground. It usually has Celtis philippensis var. wightii and

Lasioccoca comberi var. pseudoverticillata as co-dominant species in the

second tree layer and Pometia tomentosa as a dominant species in the

upper tree layer. Sumbaviopsis albicans is the dominant in the upper

sublayer of the third layer and Cleidion spiciflorum in the lower sublayer

(Table 2). The understorey with a cover of 50% consists almost entirely of

saplings. Only a few shrub species are recorded and the common ones are

Psychotria siamica, Sauropus macranthus and Miliusa tenuistipitata. The

herb layer has a cover of 30%, and the commonest are Tectaria cordatum

(a fern), Pilea balansae and Piper polysyphorum. Ventilago calyculata var.

trichoclada and Loeseneriella lenticellata are the commonest lianas.

Rhaphidophora hongkongensis and Pothos chinensis are frequent epiphytes.

This community is transitional toward lower hill seasonal rain forest in

physiognomy and floristic composition.

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna

Table 2. Pometia tomentosa—Celtis philippensis var. wightii_ community

Plot no.: HW9203 HW9202

Location: Menglun Menglun

Altitude (m): 700 740

Area of plot (m): 50 x 50 50 x 50

Aspect: NE NE

Slope (degree): es 10

Height of canopy (m): a3 30

Coverage of vegetation (%): 100 100

No. of tree species (=>5 cm DBH): 25 19

No. of stems: 118 164

Name of species IvI” IVI Average

Celtis philippensis var. wighttii 41.3 56.1 48.7

Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticillata 45.1 39.8 42.6

Cleidion spiciflorum 18.7 40.2 29.4

Sumbaviopsis albicans 24.7 30:7 pe

Pometia tomentosa 11.8 18.5 (se

Ficus altissima Dee —) 13.6

Neonauclea tsiana 12.5 22 12.4

Caryota urens 14.3 11.4 12.8

Amoora tetrapetala a9 15.6 1 a,

Drypetes perreticulata 2.7 8.2 10.4

Mitrephora maingayi 8.8 10.2 95

Tetrameles nudiflora - ie eg 8.8

Terminalia bellerica 13.7 - 6.9

Garcinia xanthochymus 3.0 9.0 6.0

Mitrephora wangii yh — 4.9

Duabanga grandiflora 8.7 - 4.3

Alphonsea monogyne 8.2 +9) 4.1

Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina 7.6 ~ 3.8

Dysoxylum hainanensis + cae 3.8

Randia wallichii 5.9 + pss |

Pterospermum lanceifolium 5.4 ~ 27,

Pseudostreblus indica + 5.6 2.8

Ficus benjamina + 3:3 2.6

Morus macroura 4.0 — 2.0

Ficus glaberrima ae - 1.6

Dysoxylum lenticellatum a2 - 1.6

Glycosmis ferruginea - 3.0 LS

Ficus cyrtophylla ~ 3.0 15

Diospyros hassellii - 3.0 5

Horsfieldia tetratepala + jabs Ls

Laportea sinuata 2.9 ~ 1.4

Total 300 300 300

YTVI=% Density + % Frequency + % Dominance

*)_: not recorded in the plot

+: only saplings (<5 cm d.b.h.) or seedlings were recorded in the plot

14 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

1b. Lower hill seasonal rain forest

Lower hill seasonal rain forest occurs in even less wet habitats mainly on

lower hills and sometime on lower sun-facing (usually southwest) slopes.

It has the same altitudinal range as formation la, but is never found in

valleys. Deciduous trees make up 10-30% of the number of species or

individuals and exist in upper layer and as emergents. The similar forest

type occurs on non-limestone habitats in the region, and was also called

“dry seasonal rain forest” (Qu., 1960), but the term “lower hill seasonal

rain forest” was preferred recently considering its habitat.(Jin and Ou,

1997; Zhu et al., 1998). It has a canopy about 30 m tall and relatively

clear stratification. The upper layer with a crown cover of 40-50%, is

20-30 m tall. The second layer, which is the main canopy layer, has a

crown cover of 70-80% and 10-20 m tall. The third layer with a cover of c.

50-60% is 3-10 m tall. There are some scattered emergents such as

Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina, Tetrameles nudiflora and Garuga

floribunda var. gamblei (Fig. 3). There are 67 tree species, 12 shrub species,

13 herbaceous species, 32 liana and 4 epiphyte species in the plots

(cumulative area of 7400 m’).

Figure 3. Forest profile of lower hill seasonal rain forest

1. Tetrameles nudiflora; 2. Celtis philippensis var. wightii; 3. Lasioccoca comberi var.

pseudoverticillata; 4. Sumbaviopsis albicans; 5. Cleidion spiciflorum; 6. Alphonsea mollis; 7.

Amoora tetrapetala; 8. Tarenna sylvestis; 9. Garcinia bracteata; 10. Metadina trichotoma; 11.

Alphonsea monogyna; 12. Beilschmiedia yunnanensis; 13. Combretum latifolium; 14. Ventilago

calyculata; 15. Tetrastigma henryi.

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna 15

There are several other communities that occur on non limestone habitats

in the region but only one community was recorded in the limestone:

Celtis philippensis var. wighti—Lasiococca comberi var.

pseudoverticillata community. This is the commonest community on lower

slopes of limestone. The upper tree layer is dominated by Celtis philippensis

var. wightii, with some scattered deciduous emergents. Lasiococca comberi

var. pseudoverticillata is the dominant in the second layer. Sumbaviopsis

albicans and Cleidion spiciflorum are still the dominants in the third layer

(Table 3). The understorey with a cover of 30-50%, consists of saplings.

Fewer true shrub species were recorded. The herb layer is very undeveloped

and consists of seedlings and a lot of creeping lianas. The commonest

creeping lianas are Derris caudatilinba and Loeseneriella yunnanensis. Big

woody lianas, such as Combretum spp., Tetrastigma spp. Ventilago spp.

etc., are frequent. Epiphytes are less frequent than in the ravine seasonal

rain forest.

Table 3. Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticellata—Celtis philippensis var. wightii

community

Plot no.: 94-03-01 93-12-03 9203 102-13

Location: | Mengyen Yingchan Yingchan Mengyen

Altitude (m): 800 1000 1060 825

Area of plot (m): 50:x30 , 20(10 x10); 5(10.x 10), 40x 60

Aspect: SW NW SW W

Slope (degree): 40 5-15 10 10

Height of canopy (m): 30 30 30 i)

Coverage'(%):) 0" >90 90 95 90

Novof species (25cem'd.0.h:)) | 27 25 12 11

No. of stems 102 Saf 44 142

Name of species IVI IVI IVI IVI Average

Lasiococca comberi var.

pseudoverticellata 67.12 1261 101 io ea! tales

Celtis philippensis var. wightii 23.64 44.18 30.37 ee 48.85

Chukrasia tabularis var.

velutina 15.57 11.42 30.24 — 14.26

Garuga floribunda var.

gamblei 9.66 32.16 8.97 - 12.70

Tetrameles nudiflora 40.67 - ~ - 10.17

Sumbaviopsis albicans 11.81 O35 7.64 6.39 8.8

Cleidion spiciflorum 10.67 6.67 Pol 9.3 8.55

Cont:

16 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Name of species IVI IVI IVI IVI Average

Alphosea mollis 10.81 ~ 18.42 - 72

Tarena sylvestis - 14.1 yee | ~ 5.42

Bombax insignis 17.00 - - — 4.25

Metadina trichotoma - pe i Be Fe - 4.03

Amoora tetrapetala - 4.99 8.34 — 3.33

Laportea sinuata 5.84 piss) - _ 3.55

Syzygium szemaoensis - ~ - 12.8 as

Fortunella polyandra ~ 127 + — 3.14

Garcinia bracteata 9:91 214 + - 3.01

Polyalthia cheliensis i ie a - + - 2.93

Alphonsea monogyna 6.31 3.45 — — 2.44

Croton crassifolium 3.09 — - 6.23 pe)

Symphyllia silhetiana ~ ~ ~ 8.9 225

Beilschmiedia yunnanensis 6.66 Pie Ws - - 2.20

Caryota urens - - 8.42 - 2A

Walsura robusta — - Tot ~ 1.89

Ficus conccina 6.24 — - ~ 1.56

Celtis bodinieri 5.95 ~ ~ - 1.49

Lagerstroemia tomentosa 5.79 ~ - - 1.45

Dracaena cochinchinensis 4.02 1.68 1.43

Ficus racemosa 5.34 - - - 1.34

Murraya tetramera - 5.10 + - 1.28

Ficus glaberrima 2.96 ita 2 an 1.28

Ficus virens 4.59 ~ - - 115

Vitex quinata var. puberula 3.14 a ~ ~ 0.79

Syzygium melanophylla - - - 3.0 0.75

Dysoxylum lenticellata 2.94 — — - 0.74

Mitrephora thorelii 2.94 - - - 0.74

Wrightia tomentosa 2.90 - — - 0.73

Ehretia tsangii 2,89 - aes ~ 0.73

Mitrephora maingayi - 2.38 - ~ 0.6

Derris robusta — — — VPA | 0.55

Diospyros yunnanensis - i ps — - 0.44

Mitrephora wangii ~ saya - ~ 0.43

Amoora calcicola - 1.68 + - 0.42

Aglaia testicularis ~ 1.66 - - 0.42

Randia acuminatissima + — — 1:55 0.39

Xeromphis spinosa ~ — - 1.40 0.35

Total 300 300 300 300 300

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna ry

2. Tropical Seasonal Moist Forest

Tropical seasonal moist forest was recognized as a vegetation type based

on its profile and its occurrence mainly on the middle and upper slopes

ranging from 650-1300 m altitude on limestone. It usually has two distinct

tree layers with the canopy 20-25 m tall although some scattered big trees

can reach more than 30 m tall in some sites. Woody lianas are abundant

and vascular epiphytes with small, thick leaves are common. Buttresses

and cauliflory are relatively rare. This forest type is somewhat diverse in

physiognomy and floristic composition because of the great diversity of

micro-habitats on the mid and upper slopes of the limestone. This vegetation

type was called “monsoon forest” in Chinese botanical references (Liu,

1987). The term seasonal moist forest is preferred because the forest is

not equivalent to Schimper’s monsoon forest in many ways in spite of the

fact that it is affected by seasonal dryness and contains a variable percentage

of deciduous trees.

Two main formations can be recognized:

2a. Tropical seasonal evergreen moist forest

This formation occurs on upper slopes, shady slopes or tops of lower hills

with more than 90% of rock outcrops from 650 m to 1300 m alt. The

forest is evergreen, with two distinct tree layers. The upper layer with a

crown cover of 40-60% is 15-25 m tall and the second layer with a crown

cover of 70-80% is 3-15 m tall. Woody climbers are very abundant.

Vascular epiphytes with small, thick leaves are frequent. There are 50 tree

species, 8 shrub species, 10 herbaceous species, 10 liana and 11 epiphyte

species in the plots (cumulative area of 3500 m ). It is intermediate between

lower hill seasonal rain forest and montane dwarf evergreen forest.

Two main communities have been recorded:

(i) Osmanthus polyneurus—Dracaena cochinchinensis community. This

community usually occurs on the upper slopes of mountains or hills above

1000 m altitude (Fig. 4). Osmanthus polyneurus is the dominant species in

the top layer and Dracaena cochinchinensis is usually the dominant in the

second layer (Table 4). The understorey consists of saplings and creeping

lianas. The commonest lianas are Loeseneriella yunnanensis and Hiptage

benhalensis. Herbaceous species of the family Urticaceae, such as Procris

crenata, Elatostema spp. and Pilea spp., are abundant. Lithophytes are also

frequent.

18 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

10 20 30 M

Figure 4. Forest profile of Osmanthus—Dracaena community

1. Dracaena cochinchinensis; 2. Amoora tetrapetala; 3. Tarenna sylvestris; 4. Garcinia bracteata;

5.Mallotus philippinensis; 6. Diospyros yunnanensis; 7. Syzygium balsameum; 8. Photinia

angusta var. hookeri; 9. Alphonsea mollis; 10. Engelhardtia spicata; 11. Clausena excavata; 12.

Osmanthus polyneurus

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna

Table 4. Osmanthus polyneurus—Dracaena cochinchinensis community

Plot no.: 9207 9208

Location: Long-pa, Mengla Long-pa, Mengla

Altitude (m): 1320 1420

Area of plot (m): 22 X20 25 x 20

Aspect: E 30 NW

Slope (degree): 40 25

Height of canopy (m): 20 20

Coverage of vegetetion (%): 85 90

No. of tree species (>5 cm d.b.h.): Bs: pA

No. of stems: af 42

Name of species IVI IVI Average

Osmanthus polyneurus 74.83 90.86 82.84

Dracaena cochinchinensis 106.49 + D320

Tarenna sylvistris 24.14 £1.53 AWE ps

Syzygiun sp. -- 24.22 111

Wightia tomentosa vrei) 14.9 11.35

Sterculia villosa - 19:75 9.88

Murraya tetramera 6.99 LiGy 9.03

Schefflera glomerulata ~ 1637 8.16

Mitrephora calcarea 9.56 5.99 7.82

Engelhardtia spicata 6.96 7.46 123

Alphonsea mollis not 6.55 6.93

Myrsine semiserrata + 132 6.76

Mallotus philippinensis 7.08 D102 6.35

Garcinia bracteata + 12.3 6.15

Celtis timorensis + 11.74 5.87

Ficus curtipes _ 9.34 4.67

Garruga pinnata W271 — 4.64

Ficus orthoneura 9.26 ~ 4.64

Kopsis officinalis - 8.18 4.09

Photinia arguta var. hookeri 8.08 - 4.04

Eriolaena kwangsiensis T79 - 50

Micromelum integerrimum vat.mollisimum 7.34 _ 3.67

Diospyros yunnanensis - Tih 3159

Clausena excavata 6.96 + 35

Ulmus lanceifolia + 6.7 5.35

Fortunella polyandra ~ 3,89 EM a)

Schoepfia fragrans - 5.85 2.93

Wrightia laevis - 5.62 2.81

Total 300 300 300

20 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

(11) Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticillat—Cleistanthus sumatranus

community. This occurs only on dry slopes and the tops of lower hills in

Menglun between altitudes 650-800 m. There are two tree layers, of which

the upper layer is 16 to 23 m tall and has a coverage of 50%; the lower

layer is 5—16 m tall and has a coverage more than 70 %. Lasiococca comberi

var. pseudoverticillata is the predominant species in the upper tree layer

and Cleistanthus sumatranus in the lower tree layer (Fig. 5). It abuts lower

hill seasonal rain forest, which is on the lower slopes and in valleys. Some

deciduous emergent trees, such as Tetrameles nudiflora, Garuga pinnata,

and Chukrasia tabularis, are sparsely dotted through the forest (Table 5).

The understorey is similar to the former community.

’ Pay) ff Nt ¥2

4 hee 4 |

aL IS

Figure 5. Forest profile of Lasiococca—Cleistanthus community

1. Tetrameles nudiflora; 2. Cleistanthus sumatranus; 3. Laportea urentissima; 4. Pothos repens;

5. Sumbaviopsis albicans; 6. Garruga floribunda var. gamblei; 7. Mallotus paniculata; 8.

Lasioccoca comberi var. pseudoverticillata; 9. Cleidion spiciflorum; 10. Sterculia lanceolata;

11. Murraya tetramera; 12. Musa acuminata; 13. Alocasia macrorhizza; 14. Colona floribunda;

15. Unknown; 16. Celtis philippensis var. wightii; 17. Santaloides roxburghii; 18. Sumbaviopsis

albicans; 19. Dracaena cochinchinensis; 20. Aglaia parviridis; 21. Saurauia tristyla;22. Mitrephora

thorelii; 23. Salacia polysperma; 24. Leea crispa; 25. Mallotus philippinensis; 26. Caryota

monostachya; 27. Dead tree.

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna

Table 5. Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticellata—Cleistanthus sumatranus

community

Plot no.: 950506

Altitude (m): 750

Aspect: NW

Height of canopy: 22 m

No. of species (25 cm DBH): 29

Name of species

Cleistanthus sumatranus

Croton crassifolius

Lasiococca comberi var.

pseudoverticellata

Celtis philippensis var. wightii

Garuga pinnata

Tetrameles nudiflora

Glycosmis ferruginea

Mayodendron igneum

Tarena sylvestris

Alphonsea monogyna

Cipadessa baccifera

Beilschmeidia yunnanensis

Trigonostemon lyi

Ehretia tsangii

Syzygium cuminii

Amoora tetrapetala

Ficus orthoneura

Wrightia tomentosa

Amoora Stellata

Zanthoxylum planispinum

Ficus concinna

Laportea basirotunda ©

Amoora calcicola

Mitrephora calcarea

Murraya microphylla

Lagestroemia tomentosa

Harpullia cupanioides

Stereospermum tetragonum

Lepisanthes sp.

Total

Location: Menglun

Area of plot (m): 50 x 50

Slope (degree): 30

Coverage of vegetation: >95%

No. of stems: 445

% Dens. % Freq. % B.A. IVI

45.6 7.8 12.66 66.1

8.5 Tee 37.5 53.9

27.19 1d 4.9 39.9

4.7 6.3 2143 323

2.0 7.8 6.9 16.8

0.2 1.6 jb 135

1.8 6.3 0.5 8.6

1.34 6.26 0.95 7.96

135 4.69 0.27 6.31

0.67 4.69 0.79 6.15

112 4.69 0.19 6.0

0.67 S10 0.29 4.09

0.67 a3 0.04 3.84

0.45 3:13 0.09 3167

0.45 3.13 0.04 3.62

0.22 1.56 1.14 2.92

0:22 1.56 0.66 2.44

0:22 1.56 0.13 1.91

0.22 1.56 0.10 1.88

0.22 1.56 O11 1.88

0.22 1.56 0.07 1.85

022 1.56 0.07 1.85

022 1.56 0.17 1.95

0.22 1.56 0.03 1.81

0.22 1.56 0.02 1.8

O22 1.56 0.01 1.79

0.22 1.56 0.01 1.79

100 100 100 300

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

2b Tropical seasonal semi-evergreen moist forest

This formation occurs on much drier lower and middle slopes and in wide

valleys within the range of 600-1200 m altitude. The forest is semi-evergreen

with deciduous trees making up 30-60 % of the number of species and

35-70 % of the sum of cumulative importance value index (from plot data

in Tables 6 and 7). The upper layer trees are usually deciduous with

umbrella crowns and rough and thicker bark. The dominant species in

the upper layer is usually Bombax insignis, but in some sites Colona

floribunda, Tetrameles nudiflora or Erythrina lithosperma are either

dominant or co-dominant. The second tree layer is evergreen. Small woody

climbers are abundant but vascular epiphytes are less frequent. There are

80 tree species, 12 shrub species, 21 herbaceous species, 25 liana and 10

epiphyte species in the plots (cumulative area of 6150 m ).

Two communities have been recorded:

(1) Bombax insignis-Colona floribunda community. This occurs on

lower and middle dry slopes and covers a relatively large area. Bombax

insignis is dominant. In some sites Colona floribunda, Erythrina lithosperma

are co-dominant species in the top layer. Pistacia weinmanifolia is usually

dominant in the second layer (Table 6). The understorey consists of saplings,

lianas and shrubs. Common shrub species are Murraya koenigii,

Colebrookea oppositifolia and Allophylus hirsutus. Common lianas are

Amalocalyx yunnanensis, Porana spectabilis and Acacia pinnata. Epiphytes

are rare.

Table 6. Bombax insignis—Colona floribunda community

Plot no.: HW9201 93-12-01 94-03-02

Location: Huiwa Yingchan Mengyen

Altitude (m): 980 1200 1000

Area of plot (m): 30 x 30 25 x 30 40 x 50

Aspect: SW SE SW

Slope (degree): 37 10 45

Height of canopy (m): 20 20 22

Coverage of vegetetion (%): 95 u5 fis,

No. of spp.(25 cm D.B.H.) 19 2 16

No. of stems 70 38 57

Name of species IVI IVI IVI Average

Bombax insignis 22.82 - 98.89 40.57

Colona floribunda 36.36 67.23 6.25 36.61

Erythrina lithosperma ame 84 40.14 ~ 21.78

Cont:

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna

Name of species

Lagerstroemia venusta

Pistacia weinmannifolia

Dracaena cochinchinensis

Hymenodictyon excelsum

Kydia calycina

Schima wallichii

Celtis philippensis var. wightii

Mallotus philippinensis

Spondias pinnata

Ehretia tsangit

Phyllanthus embelica

Millettia tetraptera

Ficus orthoneura

Grewia eriocarpa

Premna fulva

Sarcosperma kachinensis

Derris robusta

Lithocarpus microspermus

Helicia cochinchinensis

Litsea glutinosa

Sterospermum tetragonum

Tetrasmeles nudiflora

Sterculia villosa

Lepisanthes senegalensis

Eriolaena kwangsiensis

Melia toosenden

Engelhartia roxburghiana

Alphonsea mollis

Ficus hispida

Toona ciliata

Wrightia tomentosa

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

Ulmus lanceifolius

Phoebe puwensis

Cipadessa baccifera

Croton crassifolius

Cratoxylon cochinchinensis

Mayodendron igneum

Zanthoxylum planispium

Dolichandrone stipulata

Radermachera microcalyx

Elaeocarpus varunum

Beilschmiedia yunnanensis

Ficus glaberrima

Total

IVI IVI

64.28 ue

43.48 “

10.84 “

~ 2013

- 9.08

10.95 12.9

_ 19.07

~ 7.29

~ 14.79

11.75 —

Cy, —

~ 11.26

10.87 ~

_ 127

_ 9.69

9.32 +

— 9.3

- 8.86

_ 8.86

_ 8.65

~ Lge

= TiS

7.07 _

_ 6:71

+ 6.54

_ 6.63

6.18 _

5.40 2

5.02 _

4.94 =

4.76 +

4.74 a

4.62 Le

+ oa,

300 300

pi,

Average

21.43

20.9%

13.76

11.42

9.04

9.02

8.66

7.25

6.36

5.43

4.93

24 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

(ii) Bombax insignis-Garcinia bracteata community. This occurs on

lower drier gentle slopes or in wide valleys. Bombax insignis as emergent

trees reaches up to 35 m tall. Garcinia bracteata and Dracaena

cochinchinensis are co-dominant species in the second layer (Table 7).

The understorey is similar to the former community.

Table 7. Bombax insignis—Garcinia bracteata’ Community

Plot no.: 102-15 Location: Mengyen, Mengla

Altitude (m): 800 Area of plot (m): 50 x 50

Aspect: Slope (degree): 8-12

Height of canopy: 40m Coverage of vegetation: >90%

No. of species (25 cm d.b.h.): 27 No. of stems: 115

Name of species % Dens. % BA % Dens. + % BA

Bombax insignis 7.83 23.08 30.91

Garcinia bracteata 14.78 Tz 22.70

Dracaena cochinchinensis 11.30 9.02 20.32

Laportea sinuata 10.43 6.87 17.30

Tetrameles nudiflora 2.61 12.43 15.04

Glycosmis ferruginea 8.69 5.69 14.38

Celtis bodinieri Bey. 5.01 11.03

Sumbaviopsis albicans 6.09 273 8.82

Dysoxylum lukii 4.35 3.45 7.80

Phaeanthus saccopetaloides 4.35 3.36 Tale

Vitex quinata var. puberula 2.61 a5 5.96

Ficus racemosa 2.61 20g 5a

Cleidion spiciflorum 3.48 1.42 4.90

Tarenna sylvestris 2.61 2.09 4.70

Wrightia tomentosa 2.61 2.00 4.61

Wrightia pubescens 0.87 1.36 223

Ficus virens 0.87 95 1.82

Diospyros yunnanensis 0.87 0.90 ty |

Garuga floribunda var gamblei 0.87 0.82 1.69

Clausena excavata 0.87 0.82 1.69

Croton crassifolius 0.87 0.78 1,65

Hymenodictyon excelsum 0.87 0.68 1:55

Garuga pinnata 0.87 0.49 1.36

Alphonsea mollis 0.87 0.34 Pea |

Unknown sp. 0.87 0.34 1.21

Cipadessa baccifera 0.87 0.27 1.14

Polyalthia cheliensis 0.87 0.27 1.14

Total 100 100 200

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna DD

3. Montane Dwarf Forest

Tropical montane dwarf forest occurs on the tops of hills and summits of

mountains at an altitude range between 900-1600 m. The forest has only

one dwarf tree layer with canopy height of 7-15 m. Epiphyte ochids and

non-vascular epiphytes are abundant. Small woody climbers are also

abundant in some sites. The forest is usually characterized by Agapetes

burmanica, which has swollen roots for water storage.

Two formations were recognised.

3a. Montane evergreen dwarf forest

This occurs on shady tops of hills and summits of relatively higher mountains

above 1000 m altitude. Pistacia weinmannifolia and Myrsine semiserrata

are usually dominant or co-dominant. Lithophytic orchids are very

abundant on rocks; creeping climbers are also abundant. Only a

representative community was plotted and analysed because of difficult

field work in the very rugged topography.

Photinia angusta—Pistacia weinmannifolia community. This occurs

mainly on limestone summits above 1200 m altitude. Photinia angusta and

Pistacia weinmannifolia are co-dominant species (Table 8).

Table 8. Photinia angusta-Pistacia weinmannifolia community

Plot no.: 93-12-02 Location: Ying-chan,Mengla

Altitude (m): 1380 Area of plot (m): 10 x 10

Aspect: SW Slope (degree): 20

Topography: on top of a hill Height of canopy: 7 m

Coverage of vegetation: 95%

No. of species (25 cm d.b.h.): 4 No. of stems: 6

Name of species %Dens. %Freq. % BA IVI

Photinia arguta var. hookeri 33.33 33:33 43.72 110.38

Pistacia weinmanifolia 35:95 30:33 43.72 110.38

Myrsine semiserrata 16.67 16.67 8.69 42.03

Pterospermum proteum 16.67 16.67 3.87 S21

Total 100 100 100 300

Understorey *Abund. Freq. Understorey Abund. Freq.

Agapetes burmanica 32 80 Derris caudatilimbum + 40

Eria hainanensis 22 100 Peperomia heyniana + 20

Hedychium villosum + 80 Bauhinia carcinophylla + 20

Fagopyrum tataricum + 80 Kalanchoe laciniata + 20

Tetrastigma delavayi 2.1 40 Pyrrosia adnascena + 20

Pilea platanifolia + 40 Eria javanica + 20

Clematis kerrii + 40 Campylotropsis pinatorum + 20

* Braun-Blanquet’s degree of abundance

26 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

3b. Montane semi-evergreen dwarf forest

The formation occurs only on some dry tops of hills. Deciduous trees

make up 40 % of the number of species and 60 % of the sum of cumulative

importance value index. Epiphytes are rare but woody climbers are still

abundant. Also only a representative community was plotted and analysed.

Ficus neriifolia—Dracaena cochichinensis community. This occurs

on dry and gentle tops of hills with an altitude of 900-1200 m. Deciduous

species Ficus neriifolia is dominant (Table 9).

Table 9. Ficus neriifolia-Dracaena cochichinensis community

Plot no.: 93-12-04 Location: Yingchan,Mengla

Altitude (m): 930 Area of plot (m): 10 x 10

Aspect: S Slope (degree): 15

Height of canopy: 15m Coverage of vegetation: 85%

No. of species (25 cm d.b.h.): 5 No. of stems: 14

Name of species % Dens... Freq... \FoBA A. / PI

Ficus neriifolia var. trilepis 42.86 40.00 44.50 127.36

Sterculia villosa 14.29 20.00 21.14 Sas

Dracaena cochinchinensis Mine aN 20.00 3.78 52.35

Celtis philippensis var. wightii 7.14 10.00 20.23 eet

Pistacia weinmannifolia 7.14 10.00 10:32 ZFS

Total 100 100 100 300

Understorey *Abund. Freq. Understorey Abund. Freq.

Schefflera glomerulata = 2.2 80 Phymatodes cuspidata + 80

Combretum punctatum — 2.2 60 Bauhinia carcinophylla + 40

Boehmeria siamensis Ze 80 Peperomia dindygulensis + 40

Pilea platanifolia ~ 100 Hedychium villosum ~ 20

Hoya pottisii + 80

* Braun-Blanquet’s degree of abundance

Species diversity

From the data, tree species diversity indexes were calculated and results

presented in Table 10. The highest value of diversity index is for the

Pometia-Alphonsea community of ravine seasonal rain forest, which occurs

mainly on bottoms of wet valleys, while the lowest value appears in the

communities of the montane dwarf forest, which occurs on upper slopes

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna 27

Table 10. Species diversity of limestone vegetation

Forest type Plot Area |'Alt, |) Habitat)", Sl")|'NS| NIH? | E

(m?) | (m) | (?)

I. Tropical seasonal rain

forest

a. Ravine seasonal rain forest

al Pometia-Alphonsea Com. | 102-16 | 2400 | 700 | Wet valley | 0-5 | 45 | 140 | 3.2627] 0.8571

terrace

HW9203) 2500 | 700 | Wet slope | 25 | 23 | 118 | 2.4269) 0.774

HW9202 | 2500 | 740 | Shade 10 | 19 | 164 | 2.0464 | 0.693

lower slope

a2 Pometia- Celtis Com.

b. Lower hill seasonal rain

forest

bl Lasiococca-Celtis Com.

940301 | 2500 | 800 | Shade 40 | 27 | 102 | 2.5277 | 0.7669

slope

. Tropical seasonal moist

forest

a. Evergreen moist forest

al Lasiococca-Cleistanthus 950506 | 2500 | 750 | Sun-facing | 30 | 29 | 445 | 1.7393 | 0.5165

Com. Slope

b. Semi-evergreen moist

forest

bl Bombax-Garcinia Com. 102-15 | 2500 | 800 | Light slope} 8-12 27 | 115 | 2.8613 | 0.8682

III. Montane dwarf forest

a. Evergreen dwarf forest 931202 | 100 | 1380) Top of hills} 20 |4 |6 | 1.3297/0.9592

Upper hill

b. Semi-evergreen dwarf 931204 | 100 | 930 | slope 155) Sh bh WA FOL 0.855

forest |

Sl: Slope; NS : Number of species (25 cm dbh); NI: Number of individuals (=5 cm

dbh); H’: Shannon-Wiener’s diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, 1949); E:

Evenness indices of Pielou (1966)

and tops of hills. —The communities on sun-facing steep slopes, which are

usually consociations or associations with co-dominant species, such as the

Lasiococca comberi var. pseudoverticillat -Cleistanthus sumatranus

community, have relatively lower diversity index values than the

communities on sun-facing gentle slopes.

Compared with seasonal rain forests on non-limestone, the limestone

seasonal rain forests show lower index values (Table 11) and this agrees

with Cao’s results (Cao and Zhang, 1997). The communities of seasonal

28 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Table 11. Comparison of species diversity between the limestone seasonal rain forest and

the seasonal rain forest on non-limestone

Forest type Habitat

1. Tropical seasonal rain

forest on limestone

a. Ravine seasonal rain forest | 102-16

Wet valley

terrace

HW9203) 2500 |700 | Wet slope

HW9202) 2500 |740 | Shade lower

slope

b Lower hill seasonal rain =| 940301 =| 2500 |800 | Shade slope

forest | it

Tropical seasonal rain forest

on non-limestone

a. Ravine seasonal rain forest | 940102 |2500 |650 | Wet valley slope | 5-10) 49 |108 | 3.586 | 0.9263

940103 |2500 |675 | Wet valley slope | 30 |57 |194 | 3.573 | 0.8727

940101 {2500 |700 | Wet valley slope | 25 |48 |96 | 3.599 | 0.9297

b Lower hill seasonal rain =| 931206 = |2500 |650 | Lower hill slope | 10 {52 | 182 | 3.3765 | 0.8545

forest 9201 2500 |680 | Lower hill slope | 30 |46 |207 | 3.1594 | 0.825

SI: slope; NS : Number of (25 cm dbh); NI: Number of individuals (25 cm dbh); H’:

Shannon-Wiener’s diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, 1949); E: Evenness indices

of Pielou (1966)

rain forest on non-limestone have almost identical values for diversity

index and evenness, while the communities of limestone seasonal rain

forest show a clear disparity in the values. This implies that the limestone

seasonal rain forest has higher community diversity than the rain forest on

non-limestone substrates.

Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (part of the

project KZ951-A1-104-03) and the Yunnan Science & Technology

Committee. I thank Prof Xu Zaifu, Director of Xishuangbanna Tropical

Botanical Garden and Prof Wu Zheng-yi, Prof Zhang Hong-da, my

academic advisors, and my colleagues Mr Cao Min and Mr Zhang Jianhou

for their great help with my research. I also wish to acknowledge the

Limestone Vegetation in Xishuangbanna 29

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge and especially the

Ecology Group in the Department for help of various kinds. I particularly

thank Dr E. Tanner and Dr P.Grubb for their great help in analyzing my

data and writing this paper during my year’s stay at the University of

Cambridge as a visiting scholar. Finally, I particularly thank Dr

T.C.Whitmore who has greatly supported and helped me in my research .

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 31-34.

Codiaeum variegatum var. cavernicola var. nov.

(Euphorbiaceae), the second Codiaeum from Borneo

RUTH KIEW

Singapore Botanic Gardens,

Cluny Road,

Singapore 259569

AND

PETER VAN WELZEN

Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus

University of Leiden

P.O.Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden

The Netherlands

Abstract

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume var. cavernicola, a cave dwelling shrub, is described from

two limestone hills (Dulong Lambu and Madai) in Sabah, Malaysia.

Introduction

Merrill (1926) had already noted that Codiaeum is extremely poorly

represented in Borneo; in his time there being a single wild species, C.

affine Merrill. C. affine is still known only from the type collection from

Banggi Island, Sabah.

A second taxon is described here. It differs from C. affine in its

broader leaves 5.5-8.5 cm wide, with longer petioles 9-13 cm long (as

opposed to C. affine with leaves 4 cm wide and petioles 5—7 cm long),

fewer stamens (25 versus about 50 in C. affine), and trifid style (bifid in C.

affine). :

Merrill (1926) considered C. affine to belong to a group of Philippine

species that have bifid styles, e.g. C. Juzonicum Merr. and C. palawanense

Elmer. The latter two have much larger laminas (up to 45 by 10 cm) than

C. affine (15-25 by 4-6 cm). According to Merrill the main difference

between C. affine and the other two is in the presence in C. affine of an

upper sessile leaf subtending the inflorescence, which seems to be present

in at least some specimens (called bract in our description), and absent

from C. luzonicum and C. palawanense. This bract in C. affine is c. 9 by 4

32 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

cm, much larger than the one in the variety we describe here (up to 3.25 by

2.5 cm in C. variegatum var. cavernicola).

In the trifid style, fewer stamens and the five disc glands of the

staminate flower, the new taxon is closer to wild plants of C. variegatum

(L.) Blume, which is a species of the W. Pacific and Polynesian islands

reaching its most northerly limit on the coasts of E. Java. It is not known

wild in Borneo, although cultivated forms of C. variegatum are widely

planted. The new variety differs from other wild populations of C.

variegatum, which have shorter petioles (0.5—5 cm long), longer pedicels (3

cm long at the staminate flower and short, thick styles. These distinctions,

coupled with its unique habitat, warrant its recognition as an ecovariety of

the widespread C. variegatum.

Codiaeum variegatum (L. ) Blume var. cavernicola Kiew & Welzen var.

nov.

Typus: Kiew & Lim BDL-1, 29 Oct 1996 (staminate plant) - holo SING.

A Codiaeo affini folius latioribus et staminibus paucioribus. a C. variegato

pedicellis masculinis brevioribus, ab ambobus petiolis longioribus differt.

Erect shrub 0.5-2 m tall. Stem glabrous, slender up to 4-5 mm thick in

dried state. Leaves spiral, thinly subcoriaceous, glabrous, matt above: petiole

slender, 9.25—13.25 cm long, lamina slightly oblanceolate to broadly oblong,

17.5-25 cm by 5.5-8.5 cm, index 2.9-3.2, base cuneate, margin entire, apex

bluntly acuminate, midrib plane above, prominent beneath, veins 9-14

pairs, scarcely prominent above and beneath, perpendicular to midrib and

margin, looped and closed near the margin, tertiary venation faint. Bracts

foliaceous, sessile, broadly oval, 2.5—3.25 by 2.3-2.5 cm, bracteoles c. 1 mm

long. Inflorescences axillary racemes, slender, erect, glabrous, one per axil.

unbranched, 5-merous. Staminate inflorescences 12—15 cm long, of which

the peduncle 0.75-5.5 cm long. Staminate flowers in clusters of up to 3

spaced 1-3 mm apart with the flowers developing in succession: mature

buds globose, 3 mm diam.; pedicels slender, up to 10 mm by 0.75 mm; in

open flower calyx lobes strongly reflexed. calyx c. 5 mm long, lobes c. 2.5

by 2.5 mm, margin recurved; corolla thin and delicate, c. 2 mm long with

narrow base, broadening distally to 3 mm wide, apex shallowly bilobed

and reflexed; disc glands 5, fleshy, c. 1 by 1.25 mm, grooved above; stamens

c. 25, filament 1.5-4 mm long, anther spathulate, c. 1 by 1 mm, connective

broad; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 17—36.5 cm long, of which

the peduncle 7-20 cm. Pistillode flowers solitary, 3-13 mm apart, sessile or

with pedicel up to 3 mm long, calyx orbicular-ovate, glabrous. c. 1.5 by 1

Codiaeum variegatum var. cavernicola 33

mm; corolla absent: disc absent; ovary glabrous. columnar with 3

longitudinal grooves corresponding to 3 locules. 3-4 mm by 2-2.5 mm, 1

ovule per locule, style trifid, filiform, c. 6 mm long. Fruit a regma, apex and

base flattened, c. 8 by 10 mm, glabrous, septicidal, splitting into 3 cocci,

later twisting and falling from central column on drying; pedicel elongating

to 4 mm long and stout, c. 1.5 mm thick; calyx and style base persistent,

epicarp fleshy, c. 0.3 mm thick; mesocarp fibrous, c. 0.75 mm thick. Seeds

ovoid, c. 6 mm long, 4.5 mm wide and 5.5 mm thick; testa smooth and

hard, c. 0.5 mm thick, brown and minutely speckled black; endosperm

COpious.

Distribution: Borneo, variety endemic to Sabah (Dulong Lambu and Madai).

Bulit Dulong Lambu is commonly, though incorrectly, referred to as

Gomantong Cave (Lim and Kiew, 1997).

Codiaeum variegatum is distributed from the Pacific Islands to E.

Java, the two Sabah populations represent the species’ most northerly

limit of geographical distribution. In E. Java, wild populations of C.

variegatum are found only in coastal areas in Nusa Burung. Since coastal

areas are relatively well collected, its absence from this habitat in Borneo

is not due to an artefact of botanical collection.

Ecology: Elsewhere Codiaeum variegatum grows in open areas but in Sabah

the new variety is restricted to limestone, where it grows inside caves.

Specimens examined: BORNEO: Sabah - Bukit Dulong Lambu, Simud

Hitam Cave Kokawa & Hotta 533 31 October 1968 (SAN), Meijer SAN

136164 21 June 1992 (unicate SAN); Kiew & Lim BDL-I 29 October 1996

(unicate SING), BDL-2 (unicate L); Madai Cave A. Berhaman et al. AB

90 10 June 1996 (SAN. SING).

Notes: Codiaeum variegatum var. cavernicola is presently known from two

localities, both on limestone, and brings to eight the number of Bornean

euphorbs restricted to limestone (Airy Shaw, 1975), of which four are

endemic to Borneo (three from Sarawak and C. variegatum var. cavernicola

from Sabah). The varietal epithet reflects its cave-dwelling habitat. The

two caves from which it is known are famous for their bird’s nests. The

annual harvest from the Simud Hitam Cave is estimated at about one

million Malaysian dollars.

That it is not widespread is probably due to its extremely specialised

niche. It grows within caves on limestone rubble rooted in guano, where

light reaches the floor of the cave. In the case of Simud Hitam Cave,

collapse of a large part of the upper cave wall has opened a 'window'

34 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

through which skylight penetrates to the cave floor. In this cave, var.

cavernicola forms a dense shrubby thicket but does not extend into areas

with a soft, deep layer of guano. This habitat has not so far been encountered

on other limestone hills in Sabah, which perhaps accounts for its absence

elsewhere.

These two isolated populations exhibit some differences. The Madai

Cave population includes plants with leaves with a large number of veins

(13 or 14 pairs as opposed to 9-11 in leaves of the Simud Hitam Cave

population) and longer pistillate inflorescences (up to 36.5 cm versus 17

cm in Simud Hitam Cave plants) with longer pedicels (up to 3 mm versus

sessile in Simud Hitam Cave plants).

Acknowledgements

The first author thanks the Ministry of Science, Technology and the

Environment, Malaysia, for funding field work under IRPA research grant

52858 and to Universiti Putra Malaysia for research leave to visit European

herbaria, to A. Berhaman, Lim S. P. and staff of the Forest Research

Centre, Sandakan for help and support in the field and to the Keepers of

the Herbaria at BM, K, L and SAN for permission to examine specimens

in their care. The second author would like to thank M. M. J. van Balgooy

for his help in genus identification of the plant. The pertinent comments of

A. Radcliffe-Smith on the manuscript are much appreciated.

References

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1975. The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin.

Additional Series 4:1—245.

Lim, S.P. and R. Kiew. 1997. Gazetteer of limestone localities in Sabah.

Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 49: 111-118.

Merrill, E. D. 1926. The Flora of Banguey Island. Philippine Journal Science.

29: 385.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 35-37.

The Angiosperm Flora of Singapore Part 8

Cannaceae

N. TANAKA

Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Tokyo Metropolitan University

1-1, Minamiosawa, Hatiouji City, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan

Canna L.

Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 1; Woodson & Schery, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 32 (1945): 74—

80.

Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, distichous, the sheaths

opening gradually and passing into a petiole and a large, oblong, acute or

acuminate lamina with a distinct midrib. Inflorescence a terminal raceme.

Flowers bisexual, asymmetrical; petals 3, basally connate with the innermost

staminode (labellum), style and 1 petaloid stamen with a 1-celled anther

attached to its margin; sepals 3, free, imbricate; staminodes excluding

labellum 2-3; ovary inferior, trilocular, containing many anatropous ovules,

subglobose. Capsule globose to ovoid, conspicuously warty, crowned by

the persistent sepals. Seeds many per fruit.

Distribution — Native of South America, now naturalized or

cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Only C. indica is naturalized in

Singapore.

Ecology — Most species inhabit forest margins, open fields or along

streams and disturbed areas.

Uses — C. edulis and its allies are cultivated for their starchy rhizomes

in the tropics. In Vietnam, noodles are made from the rhizome starch of

C. discolor. In Middle America the leaves and raw tubers are fed to pigs

(Morton, 1981). In W. Africa a fibre can be extracted from Canna species

and is of a quality to substitute jute in the making twine and sacking.

(Burkill, 1985). Canna spp. and hybrids are also commonly cultivated in

the tropics and subtropics as ornamentals. C. glauca is also cultivated as

an ornamental aquatic.

1. Canna indica L.

Sp. pl 1 (1753) 1; Ridl., J. Straits Brch R. Asiat. Soc. 33 (1900) 166;

36 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

H.T.W.Tan et al., Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 44 (1992) 128; I.M.Turner, Gdns’s

Bull., Singapore 45 (1993) 49; I.M. Turner, Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 47 (1995)

515.

C. orientalis Roscoe, Monandr. pl. Scitam. (1826) t. 12; Ridl., FI.

Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 291.

ENS

ees AN

Figure 1. Canna indica L. a. Inflorescence. b. Leaf and part of stem. c. Two capsules on part

of rachis. d. Flower. e. Cross section of ovary. f. Sepal. g. Floriferous bract. h. Style and stigma.

i. Stamen.

Flora of Singapore Cannaceae ce

Plants 1.5—2.0 m tall. Laminas green and glaucous on both surfaces,

oblong to oblong-elliptic, 30-60 cm long, 15-25 cm wide, acute to shortly

acuminate, margin membranous, gradually sheathing to the stem.

Inflorescence spike-like. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes paired; petals

3, erect, red to reddish white, oblong-lanceolate, 4.0-4.5 cm long, narrowly

acuminate; sepals 3, pale green, sometimes reddish or white, oblong-

lanceolate, c. 1 cm long, glaucous; floriferous bracts green, sometimes

reddish, oval-orbicular, 1.0-1.5 cm long, glaucous, persistent; staminodes

2-3, obovate to spathulate, 5.0-6.0 cm long; labellum reflexed, red-spotted

yellow towards the base, often dentate at the apex; style yellowish basally,

narrowly oblanceolate. Capsules green when unripe, subglobose, 3.0—3.5

cm long, 2.0-2.5 cm wide, conspicuously warty. Seeds black, globose, c. 5

mm in diam., hard; radicle dark brown to black.

Distribution — Singapore: naturalized along roadsides; Ponggol Road,

Sungei Buloh Nature Park, Upper Thomson Road, Woodlands Road, etc.

Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Japan, etc.

Ecology — In open field and forest margins.

Uses — Cultivated in beds as an ornamental. In Africa, the seeds

are made into necklaces and rosaries (Purseglove, 1972) and also yield an

attractive, evanescent purple dye (Burkill, 1985). In India, the stalks are

chopped up and boiled in rice-water with pepper and fed to cattle as an

antidote after eating poisonous grasses. The leaves are commonly used to

wrap parcels (Burkill, 1985).

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Overseas Scholarship of Graduate Student

of Nihon University.

References

Burkill, H.M. 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, 2nd ed.,

Vol. I, Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew pp. 313-315.

Morton, J.F. 1981. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America: Bahamas

to Yucatan, Charles C. Thomas Publisher; Springfield, U.S.A. pp. 111-

1A.

Purseglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons, Longman Group

Limited; London. pp. 92-93.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 39-41.

Nomenclatural Changes for Four Malayan Species in

Phrynium (Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae),

Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia

(Zingiberaceae)

I.M. TURNER

Center for Ecological Research

Kyoto University

Shimosakamoto

Otsu

520-0105 Japan

Abstract

A new name is provided to substitute for a later homonym in Marantaceae. Phrynium

venustum I.M. Turner, nom. nov., replaces Phrynium gracile Holttum. Solanum maingayi

Kuntze (Solanaceae) is shown to be the correct name for what has generally been referred

to as Solanum sarmentosum Nees. Stachyphrynium cylindricum K. Schum. (Marantaceae)

and Boesenbergia flava Holttum (Zingiberaceae) have to be considered new names because

they were published as new combinations based on later homonyms. These illegitimate

names, Phrynium cylindricum Ridl. and Gastrochilus flavus Ridl., are lectotypified.

A new name for a Malayan Phrynium

In his monograph of the Malayan Marantaceae, Holttum (1951) described

a new species from the freshwater swamp forests of Johore as Phrynium

gracile. Unfortunately, this combination had already been employed by

Schumann for a species from New Guinea. A new name is provided for

the Malayan plant.

Phrynium venustum 1.M. Turner, nom. nov.

Phrynium gracile Holttum, Gard. Bull., Singapore 13 (1951) 282, nom.

illegit., non K. Schum. (1905). Type: Peninsular Malaysia, S.E.JJOHORE,

Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Sungai Kayu Ara, E.J.H. Corner S.F.N. 29981, 5

January 1935 (holotype, SING!; isotype, K!).

Holttum /oc. cit. gives the collecting locality of the type (Corner S.F.N.

29981) of this species as an uncertain site in Southeastern Johore, and

refers to another, unnumbered, Corner collection from Sungei Kayu Ara.

However, S.F.N. 29981 specimens at SING and K are both clearly labelled

as originating from Sungei Kayu Ara. This anomaly is not easily explained.

40 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

The correct name for Solanum sarmentosum

The prickly, prostrate Malayan nightshade generally known as Solanum

sarmentosum Nees cannot correctly be referred to as such, as the

combination was used earlier by Lamarck. Ridley, in his Flora of the Malay

Peninsula synonymized Solanum maingayi Kuntze to S. sarmentosum Nees.

Inspection of the type of Kuntze’s species at Kew confirmed the correct

placement by Ridley, and hence means that the Malayan plants must be

referred to as Solanum maingayl.

Solanum maingayi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 454. Type: Peninsular

Malaysia, MALACCA, A.C. Maingay 1158, 1867 (holotype, K!).

Solanum sarmentosum Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17 (1837) 58, nom.

illegit., non Lam. (1794).

The correct citation for Stachyphrynium cylindricum

Stachyphrynium cylindricum is a member of the Marantaceae found growing

on limestone in the Malay Peninsula (Holttum 1951). The combination

was published by Schumann based on Ridley’s Phrynium cylindricum.

However, this is an illegitimate later homonym. The International Code

for Botanical Nomenclature Article 58.1 allows a new combination based

on a later homonym to be considered as an avowed substitute (nomen

novum) or a new name. As Schumann clearly intended to make a new

combination based on the type of Phrynium cylindricum Ridl.,

Stachyphrynium cylindricum should be considered a nomen novum for the

former. Ridley did not designate a holotype from among the two collections

of Phrynium cylindricum he cited. I therefore take this opportunity of

lectotypifying the species.

Stachyphrynium cylindricum K. Schum., nom. nov., Pflanzenr. 4 (1902)

49; Holttum, Gard. Bull., Singapore 13 (1951) 278.

Phrynium cylindricum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899)

178, nom. illegit., non Roscoe (1828). Syntypes: Peninsular Malaysia, Perak,

Ipoh, C. Curtis 3318, August 1898 (SING!, 2 sheets); Kwala Dipang, H.N.

Ridley 9787, 1898 (lectotype, selected here, K!).

The correct citation for Boesenbergia flava

An identical nomenclatural circumstance to the previous example surrounds

the Malayan endemic ginger Boesenbergia flava. Holttum transferred the

Nomenclatural Changes for Malayan Species 41

species from its original position in Gastrochilus, where it was a later

homonym. Therefore, the combination must be considered a nomen novum

with the same epithet as the illegitimate basionym. Gastrochilus flavus

Ridl. is lectotypified.

Boesenbergia flava Holttum, nom. nov., Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950)

113.

Gastrochilus flavus Ridl., Fl. Malay. Penins. 4 (1924) 248, ‘flava’, nom.

illegit., non (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1887). Syntypes: Peninsular Malaysia,

PERAK, Batang Padang, C. Curtis s.n. (lectotype, selected here, K!); Bujong

Malacca, H.N. Ridley s.n., September 1898 (SING!); Bukit Kepaiyang,

H.N. Ridley s.n., February 1904 (SING!).

Acknowledgements

The Director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens and the Keeper of the

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, kindly allowed the author access

to the collections in their respective herbaria. Martin Cheek, Jill Cowley

and Alan Paton are thanked for their help at Kew. An anonymous reviewer

and Dr K. Gandhi provided invaluable assistance with nomenclature.

References

Holttum, R.E. 1951. The Marantaceae of Malaya. Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore 13: 254-296.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 43-48.

Begonia lazat (Begoniaceae), a New Culinary Begonia

from Borneo

Reza Azmt! AND RutTH KIEWw?

'WWE-Malaysia, Locked Bag No. 911, Jalan Sultan P.O.,

Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

“Singapore Botanic Gardens, 259569 Singapore

Abstract

A striking new large-fruited begonia is described from the floodplain forest in the lower

reaches of the Kinabatangan River, Sabah. Although rare, this begonia is known by some

older local residents as a culinary delicacy when eaten with prawns and chilli.

Introduction

At just over 560 km long, the Kinabatangan River is the largest river in

Sabah and, where it begins its lower course, flows through a floodplain

that remains one of the largest forested floodplains in Malaysia (Figure 1).

This floodplain is one of the most important conservation areas in Sabah

as well as being a major nature tourist destination where the proboscis

monkey, a Bornean endemic, is reliably and highly visible along some of

its tributaries.

Besides supporting a variety of wildlife, the Kinabatangan floodplain

also includes an array of lowland habitats - remnant dipterocarp forest,

freshwater swamp forest and open swamps, riverine forest, ox-bow lakes

and limestone outcrops (Reza Azmi, 1996). In addition, a truly bewildering

richness of natural resources characterises this vast floodplain. Reza Azmi

(1996) recorded over a hundred useful plants with 22 species used for

structural purposes (house and boat building, fencing, etc.), 12 for firewood,

35 as food, 73 in traditional medicine, and a further 27 species for

miscellaneous uses (making fish-traps, parang (Malay=machete) handles,

for ceremonial or pagan practices, etc.).

There is, however, increasing pressure for forest conversion from the

expansion of agricultural estates (Payne, 1989). The vulnerability of the

floodplain region has prompted the Sabah Government to recognise the

Kinabatangan floodplain region as one of the highest priority habitats for

conservation.

These floodplain habitats were surveyed by WWF-Malaysia in 1994.

With the help of local residents, an initiative was started to document the

uses of local plants by village residents living near the remnant floodplain

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

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Begonia lazat 45

forests (Reza Azmi, 1996). The new begonia described here was discovered

during this study with the help of two knowledgeable elders from Buang

Sayang village, which lies near the banks of the lower Kinabatangan River

(Figure 1). The wife of one of our local collectors recounted how leaves of

this plant are used as a vegetable and that it is delicious when cooked with

prawns and chilli.

Despite this begonia being known to the informants, attempts to

relocate the plant or other individuals of it a year later proved fruitless and

no other specimens have been discovered since the first collection. It is

possible that this species may have a narrow habitat preference as it appears

to be restricted to early secondary growth of indundated forest, the habitat

where it was first discovered.

Begonia lazat Kiew & Reza Azmi sp. nov.

Holotype: Reza Azmi RA206 near Kampung Buang Sayang, Kinabatangan

District, Sabah, Borneo (SAN, unicate, fruits in spirit).

Figure 2.

Ab aliis speciebus Begoniae Borneensibus in sectione Petermannia fructibus

magnis bene distincta, sed combinatione petiolis longitudine laminis

aequante, laminis latioribus quam longioribus et textura in sicco tenuissimis,

inflorescentia compacta et fructu basi attenuatis.

Cane-like glabrous begonia branching from base. Stems erect, reddish,

slightly fibrous, 75—100 cm tall, 0.4 mm thick in dried state. Leaves alternate.

Petiole as long as lamina, 9.5—12 cm long in fully grown leaves, dark red.

Lamina of young leaves ovate (longer than broad) and almost symmetrical

becoming suborbicular and slightly unequal when fully expanded, 9.5-12

by 12—12.5 cm, basal lobes rounded, 44.5 cm long (not overlapping), margin

minutely serrulate, apex shortly acuminate, main veins 5, radiating from

base, bifurcating two to three times before reaching the margin with up to

2 minor veins in basal lobes, veins impressed above and prominent beneath,

in life glossy dark green with large and small silvery blotches arranged

more or less in a line between veins, pale green beneath, succulent in life,

drying tissue-paper thin and transparent. Stipules pale green, elliptic, up to

20 by 8 mm, entire, apex apiculate, drying thinly papery, caducous on the

lower nodes. Inflorescence axillary, bisexual, a compact panicle with total

length c. 2.25 cm, peduncle stout 1.5-7 mm long with 2-3 female flowers at

base, male rachis erect c. 12-18 mm long lateral branches up to 3 mm long

with dense clusters of male flowers. Bracts pale green, broadly ovate, 14 by

10 mm, partially enclosing the inflorescence, bracteoles similar in shape

46 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

and decreasing in size towards apex of inflorescence. Female flowers: pedicel

in flower 3 mm long, straight with the flower held horizontally, in fruit 5—7

mm becoming thickened and recurved so the fruit is pendant; ovary pale

green, cylindric, c. 10 mm long and 5 mm wide, 3-loculate, placentas

bilamellate, wings 3 and isomorphic; tepals white, 5, broadly elliptic, the

largest 8.5 by 5 mm, apex rounded, entire; styles 3, bifid, falling in fruit.

Male flowers: numerous, small, pedicels slender up to 11 mm long; tepals 2,

glabrous, isomorphic, rosy red outside, broadly oblong, 6.5—8 by 5—5.5 mm,

Figure 2. Begonia lazat.

A Habit (x 0.3), B Inflorescence with male flowers (x 0.6), C Male bud (x 2), D Open male

flower (x 1.3), E Androecium (x 3.3), F Stamen (x 7), G T.S. Ovary (x 0.6), H Seed (x 13).

Begonia lazat 47

entire, apex rounded; androecium c. 50 stamens, sub-spherical, staminal

column c. 4 mm long, filaments c. 1 mm long, anthers narrowly oblanceolate,

1 by 0.5 mm, apex trunctate. Capsule pale green ripening brown and papery,

obconic, 3.5 cm long and 2.75 cm wide, wings thin c. 9 mm wide, base

narrowing into pedicel, apex trunctate by the rounded wing angle. Seeds

broadly oblong, less than twice as long as broad, c. 0.3 mm long.

Distribution: Known only from type locality at Kampung Buang Sayang

i 30'N 117° 30° E).

Habitat: Growing on a lightly shaded, low earth bank in disturbed seasonally

innundated forest close to Kinabatangan River, not common. Apparently

intolerant of competition as it is eliminated by subsequent growth of a

shrubby layer.

Notes: Begonia lazat is one of several cane-like Begonia species with large

fruits 3.5 cm long, such as B. erythrogyna Sands and B. tawaensis Mertr.,

which belong to section Petermannia. Like B. erythrogyna, it is atypical of

this section in the male flower possessing two instead of four tepals.

However, it is unique among Bornean begonias in possessing the following

combination of characters: large fruits, which narrow towards the base and

have a short stalk; extremely thin glabrous leaves, which are broader than

long; petioles as long as the lamina; and inflorescences where the terminal

part with small male flowers is extremely short.

‘Lazat’ (Malay=delicious) indicates the use of its leaves as a sourish

vegetable, which together with chilli are cooked with prawns. It is not

unique in this respect as several other Malesian begonia species, which

have glabrous, tender leaves, are also used, particularly for flavouring fish

and prawn dishes.

Acknowledgements

The field work, which led to the discovery of this species, was conducted

under WWF-Malaysia Project MYS304/94 entitled ‘Conservation of the

Kinabatangan Floodplain Flora, Habitats and the Role of Local

Communities’. RA wishes to thank the Forest Research Centre, Sepilok,

and SAN, who freely provided facilities to WWF during the period of

study. RK thanks the Curators of the herbaria at BM, E, K, SAN and

SING for permission to examine specimens in their care and for funding

from the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment under

IRPA Programme grant 08-02-04-025. The authors also thank Mdm P.H.

Yap for the accomplished drawing.

48 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

References

Payne, J. 1989. A Tourism Feasibility Study for the Proposed Kinabatangan

Wildlife Sanctuary. WWF-Malaysia.

Reza Azmi. 1996. Protected areas and rural communities in the Lower

Kinabatangan region of Sabah. Sabah Society Journal. 13: 1-32.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 49-57.

The Types and Original Specimens of Published Names

of Mosses Preserved in the Herbarium of Singapore

Botanic Gardens (SING)

BENITO C. TAN

School of Biological Sciences,

National University of Singapore

Singapore 119260

And

The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens

Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

Abstract

A total of 51 types and original specimens of published names of mosses, mostly collected

from West Malesia, are preserved at the herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING).

Information about the locality, collector and collector’s number, date of collection,

nomenclatural status, and the currently accepted name, for each of the types and original

specimens are presented.

Introduction

The well known herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING) has a

small, less known and little used collections of bryophytes. The specimens

were collected mainly from Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, Sabah formerly

British North Borneo and Sarawak. The entire bryophyte collections consist

of about 10,000 packets, of which 51 are types and original material of

published names of moss taxa. In addition, there are 13 moss specimens

with unpublished herbarium names and marked as new species by the

eminent English muscologist, Mr. H. N. Dixon, who also identified many

of the moss collections at SING. Furthermore, a nearly equal number of

Specimens were indicated to be types of various hepatic taxa. The

information on the hepatic types at SING will be dealt with in a separate

report.

In preparing the list of moss types kept at SING, I have endeavored

to confirm the nomenclatural status of all the specimens marked as types.

Because many of the new species were described by Dixon, the holotypes

are, presumably, with The Natural History Museum in London (BM) where

the herbarium of Dixon was relocated after his death in 1944. The duplicate

specimens at SING, even though represented by a larger quantity in several

instances, can only be the isotypes or isoparatypes. It is interesting to note

50 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

that some type packets at SING include handwritten field data not published

in the species’ protologue.

I also include in the present listing original materials of a handful of

nomina nuda inadvertently published by Dixon based on the moss

collections at SING. Often, this original material is needed to elucidate

the intent of the author or to resolve the taxonomic enigma of a “nomen

nudum”. Some have subsequently been shown to represent distinct species.

Lastly, to help users of the type collections at SING, I have indicated

the currently accepted name as a note under the binomial of the moss

taxon concerned.

Catalogue of Species

Acroporium macroturgidum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Pahang, G. Tahan, 28 Aug 1928, RE Holttum 20920.

Acroporium surculare Dix. |

[Isolectotype] Malaysia, Perak, Bidor Road, Tapah, Nov 1908, HN Ridley

£55:

Note: Recombined as Isocladiella surcularis (Dix.) B.C. Tan and H.

Mohamed, the name of this species was lectotypified by Tan and Mohamed

(1990).

Breutelia kinabaluensis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 9000 ft, 16 Nov 1931, RE Holttum

25337.

Calymperes carrii Dix.

[Isotype] Papua New Guinea, Kanosia, Feb 1935, CE Carr 11473.

Note: This taxon was treated as a synonym of Calymperes crassinerve

(Mitt.) Jaeg. in Reese et al. (1986). The isotype was distributed as a

number of Musci Selecti et Critici, Ser. WI , 1936.

Chionoloma latifolium Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Langkawi, Pulau Dayang Bunting, 23 Aug 1925, RE

Holttum 15130.

Cladopodanthus microcarpus Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Koyan, 22-25 Sep 1932, PW

Richards M2034.

Mosses at SING 51

Clastobryella asperrima Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Pakka, 15 Nov 1931, RE Holttum

25646.

Dicranoloma angustifrondeum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Tenompok, 4000 ft, 17 Jun 1925, CM Enriquez

LOTTI.

Note: A synonym of Dicranoloma braunii (Dozy & Molk.) Par. (Tan

1989).

Dicranoloma brevicapsularis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Pahang, G. Tahan, 12 Jun 1922, Mohd. Haniff Nur

7915 a.

Note: A synonym of Dicranoloma billarderi (Brid. Ex Anon.) Par. (Tan

1989).

Dicranoloma euryloma Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Tenompok, Lumu-Lumu, 12 Nov

1931, RE Holttum 25633.

[Isoparatype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Koyan , 15 Sep 1932, PW

Richards M1853.

Note: A synonym of Dicranoloma assimile (Hampe) Ren. (Tan 1989).

Diphyscium rhynchophorum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Koyan, 15 Sep 1932, PW

Richards M1868.

Note: The specimen bears the annotation of M. Manuel in 1978 as an

isotype. According to Hyvonen (1989a), this species is a synonym of

Diphyscium loriae C. Muell.

Distichophyllum sinuosulum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Perak, Birch’s Hill, 3 Mar 1924, [TH Burkill 12606.

Note: A synonym of Distichophyllum cirratum Ren. & Card. (Mohamed

and Robinson 1991).

Endotrichella formosa Dix., nom. nud.

[Original material] Malaysia, Pahang, Kota Gelanggi, 4 Aug 1929, MR

Henderson 22405.

Note: A synonym of Garovaglia elegans (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande

Lac. (Mohamed and Tan 1988).

52 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Fissidens albolimbatus Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Long Kapa, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Tinjar, 31 Aug

1932, PW Richards M1587.

Note: A synonym of Fissidens ceylonensis Dozy & Molk. fide Tan and

Iwatsuki (1989).

Fissidens pachyphyllus Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Koyan, 22 Sep 1932, PW

Richards M2039.

Fissidens perpellucidus Dix.

[Isoparatype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Tinjar, 29 Aug 1932, PW

Richards M1589.

Note: A synonym of Fissidens pallidus Hook. f. & Wils. fide Tan and

Iwatsuki (1989).

Forsstroemia rigida Dix.

[Isotype] Papua New Guinea, above Port Moresby, Boridi, Nov 1935, CE

Carr 13559.

Note: The specimen was distributed as a number of Musci Selecti et Critici,

Ser. V, 1938. The species was synonymized with Neolindbergia vitiensis

(Bartr.) Enroth by Akiyama et al. (1991) who also reported the Carr

specimen at BM as the lectotype. However, only one specimen (Carr

13559) was mentioned in the protologue (Dixon 1943), so there is no need

for lectotypification.

Hypnodendron copelandii Broth. var. latifolium Dix.

[Holotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Lamu-Lamu, 5000 ft, 18 Jun

1925, CM Enriquez 18146.

Note: In the protologue, Dixon (1935: 96) indicated the holotype of his

new variety to be at SING. The specimen was annotated by A. Touw in

December of 1968 as Hypnodendron diversifolium Broth. & Geh. (Touw

1971).

Hypnodendron wrayi Broth. ex Dix., nom. nud.

[Original material] Malaysia, Perak, G. Batu Puteh, 4500 ft, L Wray Jr.

301.

Note: Specimen annotated by A. Touw in December of 1968 as

Hypnodendron diversifolium Broth. & Geh. (Touw 1971).

Leptodontium kinabaluense Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 13,400 ft, 14 Nov 1931, RE Holttum

25685.

Mosses at SING D5

[Isoparatype] Ibid, RE Holttum 25688.

Note: A synonym of Leptodontium flexifolium (Dicks.) Hampe (Zander

1993).

Leptodontiopsis orientalis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 1,500 ft, 14 Nov 1931, RE Holttum

25668.

[Isoparatype] Ibid, RE Holttum 25689.

Mastopoma papillatum Dix., nom. nud.

[Original material] Malaysia, Kelantan, G. Sitong, 2600 ft, 6 Mar 1924,

Mohd. Haniff Nur 12234.

Note: The name was published invalidly by Dixon in 1926.

Macromitrium ochraceoides Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, between Kamborangah and Pakka,

7,200-10,200 ft, 13 Nov 1931, RE Holttum 25481.

[Isoparatype] Ibid, below Pakka, 10,200 ft, 15 Nov 1931, RE Holttum 25663.

Piloecium acroporioides Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, Marudi (Claudetown), 300 m, Nov 1932, PW

Richards M2672.

Pogonatum euryphyllum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, near Kamborangah, 7,200 ft, 13

Nov 1931, RE Holttum 25644.

[Isoparatype] Ibid, Tenompok, 4,700 ft, 11 Nov 1931, RE Holttum 25344.

Note: A synonym of Pogonatum cirratum (Sw.) Brid. ssp. macrophyllum

(Dozy & Molk.) Hyvonen (Hyvoénen 1989b).

Pseudoracelopus borneensis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Bettolan, near Sandakan, 21 Aug 1927, CB

Kloss 19171.

Note: A synonym of Pogonatum iwatsukii Touw (Touw 1986).

Rhaphidostegium complanatulum Dix., nom. nud.

[Original material] Malaysia, Perak, Padang Rengas reservoir, 18 Jan 1925,

Mohd. Haniff Nur 14981.

Note: The name was published invalidly by Dixon in 1926.

Rhaphidostichum aquaticum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sarawak, G. Matang, 500 ft, 22 Jan 1930, RE Holttum

23165.

54 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Note: The species is now known as Papillidiopsis aquaticum (Dix.) Buck

and B.C. Tan.

Sclerohypnum riparium Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Pahang, Tahan River, 24 Aug 1928, RE Holttum 20089.

Note: The species is now known as Sclerohypnumi littorale (Hampe) B.C.

Tan (Tan 1991).

Sphagnum cuspidatulum C. Muell. var. trengganuense A. Johnson

[Holotype] Malaysia, Trengganu, G. Padang, 4,000 ft, Jun 1937, Moysey

and Kiah 31023.

Note: Eddy (1977) listed this trinomial under the synonymy of Sphagnum

cuspidatum Hoffm. subsp. subrecurvum (Warnst.) Eddy.

Sphagnum flaccidifolium Dix. ex A. Johnson

[Holotype] Malaysia, Selangor, Telok Forest Reserve, 7" Milestone Klang,

Carrick 500.

[Paratypes] Malaysia, Selangor, Telok Panglima Garang, May 1933, RE

Holttum 28317; Indonesia, Sumatra, near Palan Borae, 24 Feb 1933, RE

Holttum 28127.

Note: Annotated by A. Eddy in 1968 as Sphagnum subrecurvum var. The

taxon is subsequently treated by Eddy (1977) as Sphagnum cuspidatum

Hoffm. ssp. subrecurvum (Warnst.) Eddy var. Mae Mt Cees (A. Johnson)

Eddy.

Sphagnum holttumii Dix. ex A. Johnson

[Holotype] Malaysia, Pahang, G. Tahan, 5 000 ft, 30 Aug 1928, RE Holttum

20906.

[Paratypes] Malaysia, Pahang, G. Tahan, ca 5,000 ft, 30 Aug 1928, RE

Holttum 20908; ibid, ca 6,000 ft, 31 Aug 1928, RE Holttum 20909; ibid,

6,000 ft, 31 Aug 1928, RE Holttum 20910; ibid, 3500-4500 ft, 28 Aug 1928,

RE Holttum 20916; Cameron Highlands. 4800 ft, 1 Apr 1930, RE Holttum

23300; Johore, G. Pantai, 1600 ft, 9 Jun 1930, EJH Corner 23207.

Note: All the above mentioned specimens bear the unpublished herbarium

name, Sphagnum kedahense Dix. The species is treated as a synonym of

Sphagnum perichaetiale Hampe (Eddy 1977).

Sphagnum roseotinctum A. Johnson

[Holotype] Malaysia, Kelantan State, G. Sitong, 2,600 ft, 6 Mar 1924, Mohd.

Haniff Nur 12244.

Note: The specimen was first reported by Dixon in 1926 as Sphagnum

kelantanense, a nomen nudum. Johnson (1958) described it as a new species

Mosses at SING 55

and Eddy (1977) reduced it to one of the many synonyms of Sphagnum

perichaetiale Hampe. In the protologue (Johnson 1958), two paratype

specimens of S. roseotinctum collected by Spare (no. 1439 and 1430) were

mentioned, but I cannot find these two specimens at SING at present.

Stephanodictyon borneensis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Lobang, 19 Nov 1931, RE Holttum

25637.

Note: The genus was combined with Trichostomum by Zander (1993) and

the species is now known as T. borneensis (Dix.) Zand.

Symphyodon complanatus Dix.

[Isotype] India, Assam, watershed of Egar to Serpo, 5500 ft, 23 Jan 1912,

IH Burkill 36208 (ex Herb. Hort. Bot. Calcuttensis).

Syrrhopodon perakensis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Perak, Lumut, Dindings, 1896, HN Ridley 449.

Note: Annotated by H. Mohamed in September of 1983 as Syrrhopdon

fallax Lac., a synonym of Syrrhopodn aristifolius Mitt. As asynonym, this

taxon was not mentioned by Mohamed and Reese (1985) in their taxonomic

revision of the genus for Malaysia and adjacent regions.

Taxithelium bilobatum Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Perak, Bujang, Malacca, 1891, HN Ridley 739.

Note: The species is now known as Glossadelphus bilobatus (D1x.) Broth.

_ The isotype packet at SING has the collection number written as Holttum

739, probably an error. In the protologue, the holotype was indicated to

be at Mitten Herbarium (Dixon 1924)

Tayloria borneensis Dix.

[Isotype] Malaysia, Sabah, Tenompok, 11 Nov 1931, RE Holttum 25329.

References

Akiyama, H., T. Koponen and D. H. Norris. 1991. Bryophyte flora of

Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. XLV. Neolindbergia

(Prionodontaceae, Musci). Acta Botanica Fennica. 143: 77-89.

Dixon, H. N. 1924. New species of mosses from the Malay Peninsula.

Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club. 51: 225-259.

Dixon, H. N. 1926. A list of the mosses of the Malay Peninsula. Gardens’

Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 4: 1-46.

56 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Dixon, H. N. 1935. A contribution to the moss flora of Borneo. Journal of

Linnean Society of Botany. 50: 57-140.

Dixon, H. N. 1943. Alpine mosses from New Guinea. Farlowia. 1: 25-40.

Eddy, A. 1977. Sphagnales of tropical Asia. Bulletin of the British Musuem

(Natural History), Botany. 5: 359-445.

Hyvonen, J. 1989a. The bryophytes of Sabah (North Borneo) with special

reference to the BRYOTROP transect on Mount Kinabalu. VI.

Polytrichaceae and Buxbaumiaceae (Bryopsida). Willdenowia. 18: 569-

589.

Hyvonen, J. 1989b. A synopsis of genus Pogonatum (Polytrichaceae,

Musci). Acta Botanica Fennica. 138: 1-87.

Johnson, A. 1958. The genus Sphagnum in Malaysia. The Gardens’ Bulletin

Singapore. 17: 312-324.

Mohamed, H. and W. D. Reese. 1985. Syrrhopodon (Musci:

Calymperaceae) in Malaysia and adjacent regions. Bryologist. 88: 223-

254.

Mohamed, H. and H. Robinson. 1991. A taxonomic revision of the moss

families Hookeriaceae and Hypopterygiaceae in Malaya. Smithsonian

Contributions to Botany. 80: 1-44.

Mohamed, A. and B. C. Tan. 1988. A checklist of mosses of Peninsular

Malaya and Singapore. Bryologist. 91: 24-44.

Reese, W. D., T. Koponen and D. H. Norris. 1986. Bryophyte flora of the

Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. XIX. Calymperes, Syrrhopodon

and Mitthyridium (Calymperaceae, Musci). Acta Botanica Fennica. 133:

151-202.

Tan, B. C. 1989. The bryophytes of Sabah (North Borneo) with special

reference to the BRYOTROP transect of Mount Kinabalu. II.

Dicranoloma and Brotherobryum (Dicranaceae, Bryopsida).

Willdenowia. 18: 497-512.

Tan, B. C. 1991. Miscellaneous notes on Asiatic mosses, especially Malesian

Sematophyllaceae (Musci) and others. Journal of Hattori Botanical

Laboratory. 70: 91-106.

Tan, B. C. and Z. Iwatsuki. 1989. The bryophytes of Sabah (North Borneo)

with special reference to the BRYOTOP transect of Mount Kinabalu.

VII. Fissidentaceae (Bryopsida). Willdenowia. 18: 591-602.

Mosses at SING 57

Tan, B. C. and H. Mohamed. 1990. Novelties for Peninsular Malayan

moss flora. Cryptogamie, Bryologique et Lichénologique. 11: 353-362.

Touw, A. 1986. A revision of Pogonatum sect. Racelopus, sect. Nov.,

including Racelopus Dozy & Molk., Pseudoracelopus Broth. and

Racelopodopsis Ther. Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 60: 1-

a3:

Zander, R. H. 1993. Genera of the Pottiaceae: mosses of harsh

environments. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 32: 1-

378:

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 59-81.

The Botany of the Islands of Mersing District, Johore,

Peninsular Malaysia. 2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and

Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands

I.M. TuRNER!, C.M. Boo, L.M.J. CHEN, J.P.S. CHoo?’,

School of Biological Sciences

National University of Singapore

Singapore 119260

A. LATIFF & A. ZAINUDIN ISMAIL

Department of Botany

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

All the records for vascular plants found growing on Pulau Aur, its small neighbour Pulau

Dayang, and Pulau Pemanggil, islands in the Mersing District of Johore, Peninsular Malaysia

are collated and listed. Notes on the botany of some of the smaller islands in the vicinity

are also presented. A total of more than 180 species are listed for Pulau Aur. It is notable

as the only Malaysian locality for the rubiaceous tree Zuccarinia macrophylla. Other rare

species recorded from the island include Selaginella plana (Selaginellaceae), Operculina

riedeliana (Convolvulaceae), Thrixspermum carinatifolium (Orchidaceae), Rauvolfia

sumatrana (Apocynaceae), Canarium hirsutum (Burseraceae) and Hymenodictyon orixense

(Rubiaceae). A list of the 172 vascular plant species recorded as growing on Pulau Pemanggil

is presented. Notable collections include Lasianthus barbellatus (Rubiaceae), Didymocarpus

tiumanicus (Gesneriaceae), Mallotus moritzianus (Euphorbiaceae) and Margaritaria indica

(Euphorbiaceae). Pulau Sibu is relatively well-known botanically. Details of some recent

collections from Pulau Besar are given. Pulau Tengah is notable for records of Argusia

argentea (Boraginaceae) and Schizachyrium sanguineum (Gramineae).

PULAU AUR

Introduction

Pulau Aur (104° 32' E 2° 27' N) is the most remote of the Johore islands

(Fig. 1), lying some 62 km from the Johore coast, about 74 km due east of

Mersing. Aur covers about 19 km’, and the nearby Pulau Dayang about

' Present address: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Shimosakamoto, Otsu 520-0105,

Japan.

* Present address: Rutgers University, Cook Campus Foran 135, Picataway, New Jersey 08903, USA.

60 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

1.8 km’ (Fig. 2). The first botanical collections were made on Pulau Aur

more than a century ago when J. Feilding visited the island in 1892. In

April-May 1927, M.R. Henderson visited Pulau Aur, Pulau Dayang and

Pulau Tioman. Henderson (1930) reported that the human population

numbered about 400, which was a considerable reduction compared to a

mid-nineteenth century estimate of 1400. Much of the native vegetation

was cleared for cultivation when Aur was heavily populated, but since

then secondary forest has developed on many areas away from the coasts.

Except for a short note on some common plants (Marchette 1964), there

has been no publication on the flora of Pulau Aur since Henderson’s

paper. In this paper we collate all vascular plant records for Aur and

Dayang that we have been able to verify from material in various herbaria

(SING, SINU and UKMB) in Malaysia and Singapore. Recent collecting

trips were made by a group from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in January

1988, and by Boo, Chen and Choo in August 1996.

P. TIOMAN

P. Sembilang ;

P. Seri Buat

P. Jahat

Fen P. Tokong

Bahara

P. Pemanggil

P. Harimau

P Gual “P Rawa

P. Hujung

P. Tengah

MERSING. P. Besar P. Aur

P. Dayang

: Malay

P. Ibui Peninsula

Mainland P. Tinggi" 446

P. Sibu

P. Sibu Tengah

Figure 1. Map of the islands off the east coast of Johore. P. = Pulau, spot heights in metres.

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 61

Literature Records

There are a few records for plants from Aur for which specimens have not

been located recently. Balanophora abbreviata Blume was reportedly

collected by Feilding on Aur (Ridley 1924, as Balanophora insularis), but

the specimen seems to have eluded all recent authors. All other collections

of this parasitic herb from Peninsular Malaysia come from Perak (Kiew

1978). Feilding’s Johore grass collections were written up for publication

by Rendle (1894), probably based on specimens deposited in the Kew

herbarium. Feilding is reported to have collected five species from Pulau

Aur, probably Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv., Coix lacryma-jobi L.,

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. and

Setaria sp., but without reference to the specimens it is not possible to be

absolutely certain.

Tg Jongka Baii

Tk Berhala 3

Tg Rekai

Pasir Teluran

4 420

Bt Blakang

Parang Tg Runjat

PULAU AUR

Tk Besar

a 621

Tk Galing Bt Makum

P. Pinang

Tk Dalam

Tk Ayer Nenek

Tg Jongkar

= Citi Pasir Lambing

Figure 2. Map of Pulau Aur and its neighbouring islands. P. = Pulau, Tg = Tanjung, Tk =

Telok, Bt = Bukit, spot heights in metres.

62 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Collections of Interest

We have amassed records of over 180 species from Pulau Aur. These are

listed in Appendix 1. Nomenclature follows Turner (1995) where possible.

Probably the most important is that of Zuccarinia macrophylla, which is

the only collection of this species (and genus) from Malaysia (Wong 1989).

It is a small rubiaceous tree from lowland forest, and has not been

recollected recently from Aur. Other very rare plants found on Aur include

Selaginella plana (Wong 1983), Thrixspermum carinatifolium (Seidenfaden

& Wood 1992), Canarium hirsutum (Turner et al. 1993) and Operculina

riedeliana (this study). The apocynaceous shrub Rauvolfia sumatrana was

previously reported from Perak alone in Peninsular Malaysia (Markgraf

1984). Our recent record from Pulau Aur extends the species to Johore.

Our discovery of Hymenodictyon orixense on Aur is also notable

biogeographically being the first record of this species from the east coast

of the Malay Peninsula.

PULAU PEMANGGIL

Introduction

Pulau Pemanggil is an island of about 12 km’ (Fig. 3) lying between Pulau

Tioman and Pulau Aur in the South China Sea, about 50 km from the

Johore mainland (Fig. 1). Pulau Pemanggil is one of the botanically least

well-known of the islands of Mersing district. It was the subject of a paper

by Latiff (1982), but otherwise little has been published regarding the

vascular plants found on the island. Md. Noor and Samsuri collected on

the island in 1966. Latiff and his students visited in January 1980 and Boo,

Chen and Choo collected there in August 1996. We have collated all the

records for vascular plants collected from Pulau Pemanggil in herbaria

available to us (KEP, SING, SINU and UKMB) and a list of 172 species is

given in Appendix 1.

Notable Collections

Lasianthus barbellatus, Didymocarpus tiumanicus and Mallotus moritzianus

are very rare species in Peninsular Malaysia that are recorded from Pulau

Pemanggil. Henderson (1930) reported the first two species as endemic to

Pulau Tioman, but both have subsequently been found on Pulau Pemanggil.

Didymocarpus tiumanicus has also been recorded from Pulau Tinggi (Turner

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 63

Batu Sudil

Tg Batu Selat

SR SOS we ON

PEMANGGIL

Tg Atok Tk Kador

Tk Buau

Pasir Sempit

Tg Telaga

Besdarah

(rece ener men med

Figure 3. Map of Pulau Pemanggil. Tg = Tanjung, Tk = Telok.

et al. 1997). Margaritaria indica is confined to the Tioman island group in

its Peninsular Malaysian range, having also been recorded from Pulau

Sibu Tengah and two small islets to the northeast of Pulau Tioman. Mallotus

moritzianus has been recorded from Trengganu as well as Pulau Pemanggil

(Whitmore 1973).

Not quite so rare, but still notable are the occurrence of Selaginella

plana (Wong 1982), Aganosma wallichii (Middleton 1996) and Marsdenia

acuminata (Ridley 1923, as Gymnema acuminatum).

Deeringia polysperma is a species generally confined to limestone in

Peninsular Malaysia (Chin 1979). Pemanggil does not have any limestone

outcrops, and the presence of the species on the island is probably a

reflection of the tendency to dry spells of the climate of Pulau Pemanggil

and its neighbours, and the abundance of well-drained rocky substrates.

Limestone, often being freely draining, tends to support species with ranges

extending into drier climates.

64 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

THE SMALLER ISLANDS

Introduction

We have given accounts of the floras of Pulau Tinggi (Turner et al., 1997)

and Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil. There are many other islands, though

mostly much smaller than the three already covered, in the Mersing District.

In this final section our knowledge of these islands, including some

unpublished data, is summarized.

Pulau Sibu

Pulau Sibu is the best studied island in terms of its botany. A detailed

account of the flora and vegetation was given by Turner et al. (1993).

Pulau Sibu has little undisturbed inland vegetation remaining, but good

examples of a number of coastal vegetation types. The peculiar shrubby

heathland found on hills overlooking the sea on Pulau Sibu was the topic

of a study by Turner et al. (1995).

Pulau Besar

There has been little published about this island. On a brief visit in June

1996, Dr C.L. Loh of the Malaysian Nature Society made some plant

collections. A list of the species collected is given in Appendix 1. There are

some seagrass meadows in the waters surrounding Pulau Besar. Japar (1994)

reports the presence of Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila

ovalis, Halophila spinulosa and Syringodium isoetifolium.

Other Islands

E.J.H. Corner visited a number of the small islands in the Tioman group

on various trips in the period 1932-1936. He reported his botanical findings

nearly fifty years later (Corner 1985). Most of the islets he visited were in

Pahang, but he did make collections on Pulau Setindan and Pulau Tengah.

Notable collections from Pulau Tengah were the first record from the east

coast of Peninsular Malaysia for the small coastal shrub Argusia argentea

(Messerschmidia argentea in his paper) and the first record from the

Peninsula for the grass Schizachyrium sanguineum. Japar (1994) lists the

following seagrass species from Pulau Tengah: Cymodocea serrulata,

Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis.

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 65

In the Herbarium of the Singapore Botanic Gardens there are a

number of collections made by Mrs Betty Molesworth Allen in July 1955

from Pulau Yu, an island south of Pulau Tinggi. Her ten collections are

listed in Appendix 1.

Acknowledgements

The Malaysian Nature Society are thanked for their support of studies of

the plant diversity of the Johore Islands. We are particularly grateful to Dr

C.L. Loh for making collections during his visit to Pulau Besar. Dr Ruth

Kiew kindly contacted Mrs Molesworth Allen to confirm which Pulau Yu

she visited more than forty years ago.

References

Chin, S.C. 1979. The limestone hill flora of Malaya Il. Gardens’ Bulletin

Singapore 30: 165-219.

Corner, E.J.H. 1985. The botany of some islets east of Pahang and Johore.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 38: 1-42.

Henderson, M.R. 1930. Notes on the flora of Pulau Tioman and

neighbouring islands. Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlement. 5: 80-93.

Japar, S.B. 1994. Status of seagrass resources in Malaysia. In Proceedings,

Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Vol.

1 CLR. Wilkinson, S. Sudara & L.M. Chou (eds). Australian Institute of

Marine Science, Townsville. Pp. 283-289

Kiew, R. 1978. The genus Balanophora in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan

~ Nature Journal. 30: 539-549.

Latiff, A. 1982. Notes on the vegetation and flora of Pulau Pemanggil.

Malayan Nature Journal. 35: 217-224.

Marchette, N.J. 1964. Notes on some flowering plants of Pulau Aur. Malayan

Nature Journal. 18: 50-59.

Markgraf, F. 1984. Florae Malesianae Praecursores LXIV. Apocynaceae

VI. Rauvolfia. Blumea 30: 157-167.

Middleton, D.J. 1996. A revision of Aganosma (Blume) G. Don

(Apocynaceae). Kew Bulletin 51: 455-482.

66 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Rendle, A.B. 1894. Grasses from Johore. Journal of Botany 32: 100-104.

Ridley, H.N. 1923. Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Volume 2. L. Reeve &

Co., Ashford.

Ridley, H.N. 1924. Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Volume 3. L. Reeve &

Co., Ashford.

Seidenfaden, G., & Wood, J.J. 1992. The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia

and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg.

Turner, I.M. (1995) A catalogue of the vascular plants of Malaya. Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore 47: 1-757.

Turner, I.M., Ong, B.L., & Tan, H.T.W. 1995. Vegetation analysis, leaf

structure and nutrient status of a Malaysian heath community. Biotropica

27: 2-12.

Turner, I.M., Tan, H.T.W., Kumar, P.P., Chua, K.S., & Haji Samsuri bin

Haji Ahmad 1993. The vegetation of Pulau Sibu, Johore. Malayan Nature

Journal 46: 169-188.

Turner, I.M., Yong, J.W.H., A. Zainudin Ismail, & Latiff, A. 1997. The

botany of the islands of Mersing District, Johore. 1. The plants and

vegetation of Pulau Tinggi. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 49: 119-141.

Whitmore, T.C. 1973. Euphorbiaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya. 2: 34-136.

Wong, K.M. 1983. Critical observations on Peninsular Malaysian Selaginella.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 35: 107-135.

Wong, K.M. 1989. Rubiaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya. 4: 324-425.

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 67

Appendix 1. A List of the Plant Species Recorded from Islands in the Mersing

District, Johore.

The species are listed with one representative collection for each. Where possible,

for Pulau Aur, an indication of records from Pulau Aur and/or Pulau Dayang is given

in brackets after each species. A ‘c’ in the margin next to an entry indicates a species

only found in cultivation.

Pulau Aur

PTERIDOPHYTA

Aspleniaceae Polypodiaceae

Asplenium nidus L. - Boo, Chen & Choo Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching - Boo,

399 [P. Aur] (SINU) Chen & Choo 402 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell - Boo,

Cyatheaceae Chen & Choo 257 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel. -Boo, (SINU)

Chen & Choo 386 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pteridaceae

Dennstaedtiaceae Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. - Boo, Chen &

Lindsaea cultrata ( Willd.) Sw. - Boo, Chen Choo 186 [P. Aur] (SINU)

& Choo 384 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Schizaeaceae

Dryopteridaceae Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. -

Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.)

Copel.- Boo, Chen & Choo 420 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Hymenophyllaceae

Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch

- Boo, Chen & Choo 286 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Marattiaceae

Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 383 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Oleandraceae

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ.

- Boo, Chen & Choo 382 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen - Boo,

Chen & Choo 217 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

M.R. Henderson, S.EN. 18247 (SING)

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella plana (Desv.) Hieron. - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18365 (BM)

Thelypteridaceae

Pronephrium repandum (Fée) Holttum -

Boo, Chen & Choo 388 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Vittariaceae

Vittaria ensiformis Sw. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 379 [P. Aur] (SINU)

SPERMATOPHYTA

Acanthaceae

c Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 195 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Alangiaceae

Alangium kurzii Craib - Boo, Chen &

Choo 280 [P. Aur & P. Dayang] (SINU)

Amaranthaceae

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume - Boo,

Chen & Choo 294 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Amaryllidaceae

Crinum asiaticum L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

144 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 326 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Anacardiaceae

c Anacardium occidentale L. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 327 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Annonaceae

c Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. &

Thomson - A. Latiff & A. Zainudin

2708 [P. Aur] (UKMB)

Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Mig. - MLR. |

Henderson, S.F.N. 18360 (SING)

Friesodielsia affinis (Hook.f. &

Thomson) D. Das - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 2699 [[P. Aur] (UKMB)

Friesodielsia kingii (J. Sinclair) Steenis -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18235 (SING)

Polyalthia cinnamomea Hook.f. &

Thomson- M.R. Henderson, S.F.N.

18216 (SING)

Apocynaceae

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don - Boo,

Chen & Choo 248 [P. Aur & P.

Dayang] (SINU)

Cerbera manghas L. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 2668 [P. Aur] (UKMB)

Cerbera odollam Gaertn. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 314 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack - Boo, Chen &

Choo 159 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Araceae

Aglaonema simplex Blume - M.R.

Henderson S.F.N. 18221 (SING)

Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott - Boo,

Chen & Choo 380 [P. Aur] (SINU)

c Syngonium podophyllum Schott - Boo,

Chen & Choo 284 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Araliaceae

Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18362 (SING)

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms - A.

Latiff & A. Zainudin 2701 [P. Aur]

(UKMB)

Schefflera heterophylla (Wall. ex G. Don)

Harms - M.R. Henderson, S.EN. 18238

(SING)

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia tagala Cham. - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18226 (SING)

Asclepiadaceae

Dischidia bengalensis Colebr. - Feilding

s.n. (SING)

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don - Boo,

Chen & Choo 289 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Boraginaceae

Ehretia timorensis Decne. - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18203 (SING)

Bromeliaceae

c Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 222 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Burseraceae

Canarium hirsutum Willd. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18242 (SING)

Cactaceae

Opuntia monacantha Haw.- Boo, Chen &

Choo 238 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 69

Cannaceae

c Canna edulis Ker Gawl. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 213 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Capparaceae

Cleome viscosa L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

151 [P. Aur & P. Dayang] (SINU)

Cecropiaceae

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume)

Merr. - A. Latiff & A. Zainudin 2705 [P.

Aur] (UKMB)

Combretaceae

Quisqualis indica L. - M.R. Henderson,

S.EN. 18227 (SING)

Commelinaceae

Commelina diffusa Burm.f. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 269 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan - Boo,

Chen & Choo 163 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Compositae

Elephantopus scaber L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 150 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 179 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 257 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 220 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 233 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 265 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Operculina riedeliana (Oliv.) Ooststr. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 409 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 196 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Cycadaceae

Cycas ?siamensis Miq. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 305 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Cyperaceae

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 373 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Dilleniaceae

Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr.

- Boo, Chen & Choo 168 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Dracaenaceae

Dracaena elliptica Thunb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 419 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros cauliflora Blume - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18276 (SING)

Escalloniaceae

Polyosma integrifolia Blume - Boo, Chen

& Choo 421 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Euphorbiaceae

Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume)

Hassk. - Boo, Chen & Choo 279 [P.

Aur] (SINU)

Cnesmone javanica Blume - Boo, Chen

& Choo 393 [P. Aur] (SINU)

c Jatropha curcas L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

272 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.)

Miill.Arg. - Boo, Chen & Choo 353

[P. Aur] (SINU)

c¢ Manihot esculenta Crantz - Boo, Chen &

Choo 245 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex

Blume) Rchb.f. & Zoll. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 278 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

c Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 293 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Miill.Arg. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 189 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Flacourtiaceae

c Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 405 [P. Aur & P.

Dayang] (SINU)

Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi - A.

Latiff & A. Zainudin 2665 [P. Aur]

(UKMB)

Flagellariaceae

Flagellaria indica L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

172 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Gnetaceae

c Gnetum gnemon L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

331 P. Dayang

Gnetum latifolium Blume var. funiculare

(Blume) Marker. - Boo, Chen & Choo

290 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Gnetum macrostachyum Hook.f. - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18250 (SING)

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. - Boo, »

Chen & Choo 231 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Gramineae

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steud.) Stapf

- M.R. Henderson, S.EN. 18225 (SING)

Guttiferae

Calophyllum inophyllum L. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 219 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Garcinia parvifolia Miq. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 365 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Hypoxidaceae

Molineria latifolia (Dryand.) Herb. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 374 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Labiatae

Leucas zeylanica (L.) R.Br.- Boo, Chen

& Choo 339 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Leeaceae

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. - Boo, Chen

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

& Choo 162 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Leguminosae

Abrus precatorius L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

239 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18233 (SING)

Canavalia cathartica Thouars - Boo, Chen

& Choo 226 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Crotalaria pallida Aiton - Boo, Chen &

Choo 267 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Crotalaria retusa L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

270 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Crudia lanceolata Ridl. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 410 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 341 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 360 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 381 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 281 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Roxb. - MLR.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18240 (SING)

Mimosa pudica L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

164 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Mucuna biplicata Teijsm. & Binn. ex

Kurz - Boo, Chen & Choo 425 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 274 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Senna alata (L.) Roxb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 145 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link - Boo, Chen

& Choo 173 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Loganiaceae

Fagraea auriculata Jack - Boo, Chen &

Choo 325 [P. Aur] (SINU)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 71

Malvaceae

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 2 [P. Aur] (UKMB)

Sida cordifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

362 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Sida rhombifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

263 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Urena lobata L. - Boo, Chen & Choo 304

[P. Dayang] (SINU)

Melastomataceae

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don - Boo, Chen

& Choo 404 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Melastoma malabathricum L. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 193 [P. Aur & P.

Dayang] (SINU)

Memecylon caeruleum Jack - Boo, Chen

& Choo 143 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Meliaceae

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 275 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18354 (SING)

Menispermaceae

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 424 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 198 [P. Aur & P.

Dayang] (SINU)

Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson

- Boo, Chen & Choo 275 [P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Monimiaceae

Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tul. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 422 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Matthaea sancta Blume - Boo, Chen &

Choo 418 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Moraceae

Ficus aurantiacea Griff. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 2677 [P. Aur] (UKMB)

Ficus recurva Blume - Boo, Chen & Choo

375 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Ficus superba (Miq.) Mig. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 272 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Myristicaceae

Knema curtisii (King) Warb. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18220 (SING)

Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18244 (SING)

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 320 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Ardisia lanceolata Roxb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 174 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Ardisia lurida Blume - Boo, Chen &

Choo 200 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Ardisia solanacea Roxb. - M.R.

Henderson, S.E.N. 18232 (SING)

Myrtaceae

c Psidium guajava L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

170 [P. Aur & P. Dayang] (SINU)

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 300 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

c Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston - Boo,

Chen & Choo 201 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Syzygium pseudoformosum (King) Merr.

& L.M. Perry - Boo, Chen & Choo 397

[P. Aur] (SINU)

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa L.- Boo, Chen & Choo

214 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Orchidaceae

Cirrhopetalum puguahaanense (Ames)

Garay et al. - Boo, Chen & Choo 429

[P. Aur] (SINU)

Thrixspermum caranatifolium (Ridl.)

Schltr. - J. Fielding s.n., 1892 (SING)

Palmae

Arenga westerhouti Griff. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 356 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume -

M.R. Henderson S.F.N. 18358 (SING)

c Metroxylon sagu Rottb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 205 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pandanaceae

Freycinetia imbricata Blume - Boo, Chen

& Choo 408 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

251 [P. Aur & P. Dayang] (SINU)

Piperaceae

c Piper betel L. - Boo, Chen & Choo 376

[P. Aur] (SINU)

Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 192 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Portulaca quadrifida L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 309 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya bengalensis (Roxb.) Hook.f.

- M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18211

(SING)

Rubus moluccanus L. var. angulosus

Kalkman - A. Latiff & A. Zainudin 2692

{P. Aur] (UKMB)

Rubiaceae

Borreria laevicaulis (Mig.) Ridl. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 229 [P. Aur & P.

Dayang] (SINU)

Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. var.

asiatica (Cham. & Schldtl.) Fosberg -

Boo, Chen & Choo 359 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G. Don -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18356 (SING)

Hedyotis dichotoma Koenig ex Roth -

Boo, Chen & Choo 371 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume - Boo, Chen

& Choo 361 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Hedyotis vestita R. Br. ex G. Don - MLR.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18364 (SING)

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

- A. Latiff & A. Zainudin 2706 [P. Aur]

(UKMB)

Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18218 (SING)

Ixora nigricans Wight & Arn. - MLR.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18212 (SING)

Ixora pendula Jack - Boo, Chen & Choo

202 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Ixora umbellata Koord. & Valeton - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18219 (SING)

Kailarsenia tentaculata (Hook.f.) Tirveng.

- ?Feilding 4082 (SING)

Morinda citrifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

247 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Morinda elliptica (Hook.f.) Ridl. - MLR.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18363 (SING)

Morinda umbellata L. - M.R. Henderson,

S.F.N. 18210 (SING)

Ophiorrhiza discolor R.Br. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 407 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Paederia foetida L: - Boo, Chen & Choo

372 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pavetta naucleiflora R.Br. ex G. Don -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18245 (SING)

Tarenna costata (Mig.) Merr. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18375 (SING)

Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton

- Boo, Chen & Choo 391 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Zuccarinia macrophylla Blume - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18213 (SING)

Rutaceae

c Citrus maxima (L.) Merr. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 149 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Glycosmis chlorosperma Spreng. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 157 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka -

Boo, Chen & Choo 313 [P. Dayang]

(SINU)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands Hie)

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. - A.

Latiff & A. Zainudin 2707 [P. Aur]

(UKMB)

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack - Boo,

Chen & Choo 207 [P. Aur] (SINU)

c Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P. Wilson -

Boo, Chen & Choo 167 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Sapindaceae

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18369 (SING)

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 161 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18205 (SING)

Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. -

M.R. Henderson, S.EN. 18372 (SING)

Scrophulariaceae

Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 175 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Simaroubaceae

Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. - M.R.

Henderson, S.F.N. 18207 (SING)

Eurycoma longifolia Jack - Boo, Chen &

Choo 364 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Solanaceae

c Datura metel L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

142 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Solanum erianthum D. Don - M.R.

Henderson, S.EN. 18201 (SING)

Sterculiaceae

Leptonychia caudata (Wall. ex G. Don)

Burret - M.R. Henderson, S.EN. 18355

(SING)

Taccaceae

Tacca palmata Blume - Boo, Chen & Choo

306 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Tiliaceae

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 268 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Umbelliferae

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 335 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Urticaceae

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 190 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr. -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18202 (SING)

Callicarpa longifolia Lam. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 155 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume - Boo,

Chen & Choo 208 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Gmelina elliptica Sm. - M.R. Henderson,

S.F.N. 18209 (SING)

Lantana camara L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

188 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Peronema canescens Jack - Boo, Chen &

Choo 153 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Premna serratifolia L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 244 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl - Boo,

Chen & Choo 221 [P. Dayang] (SINU)

Vitex trifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo 227

[P. Dayang] (SINU)

Violaceae

Rinorea horneri (Korth.) Kuntze - MLR.

Henderson, S.EN. 18217 (SING)

Vitaceae

Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 253 [P. Aur]

(SINU)

Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep. -

M.R. Henderson, S.F.N. 18206 (SING)

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin - A. Latiff

& A. Zainudin s.n. [P. Aur] (UKMB)

Cissus repens Lam. - Boo, Chen & Choo

181 [P. Aur & P. Dayang] (SINU)

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.)

Alston ex Mabb. - Boo, Chen & Choo

392 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Tetrastigma pisicarpum (Miq.) Planch.- A.

Latiff & A. Zainudin 2698 [P. Aur]

(UKMB)

Pulau

PTERIDOPHYTA

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium affine Sw. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

Asplenium polyodon G. Forst. - A. Latiff

& A. Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

Asplenium robustum Blume - A. Latiff &

A. Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

Dryopteridaceae

Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum —

- Boo, Chen & Choo 95 (SINU)

Lycopodiaceae

Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 24 (SING)

Marratiaceae

Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 84 (SINU)

Oleandraceae

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ

- Boo, Chen & Choo 127 (SINU)

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl - R.

Jaman 480 (UKMB)

Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Pres]

- Boo, Chen & Choo 55 (SINU)

Pteridaceae

Acrostichum aureum L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 112 (SINU)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Zingiberaceae

c Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 258 [P. Aur & P. Dayang]

(SINU)

Alpinia mutica Roxb. - M.R. Henderson,

S.F.N. 18228 (SING)

Amomum uliginosum J. Konig - Boo,

Chen & Choo 369 [P. Aur] (SINU)

Pemanggil

Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 126 (SINU)

Pteris venulosa Blume - R. Jaman 474

(UKMB)

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella plana (Desv.) Hieron. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 77 (SINU)

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker - R.

Jaman 479 (UKMB)

Thelypteridaceae ©

Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holttum

- Boo, Chen & Choo 77 (SINU)

Vittariaceae

Vittaria angustifolia Blume - A. Latiff &

A. Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

SPERMATOPHYTA

Amaranthaceae

Deeringia polysperma (Roxb.) Mog. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 49 (SING)

Amaryllidaceae

c Hippeastrum reticulatum (L’Hér.) Herb.

- Shafiee Daud s.n. (UKMB)

Ancistrocladaceae

Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr. -

Shafiee Daud s.n. (UKMB)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands bs)

Annonaceae

c Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. &

Thomson - Boo, Chen & Choo 76

(SINU)

Apocynaceae

Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G. Don -

Boo, Chen & Choo 66 (SINU)

Aganosma wallichii G. Don - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 54 (SING)

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don - Saidah

Mamat s.n. (UKMB)

Araceae

Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth - Ramli

Khamis s.n. (UKMB)

Aglaonema simplex Blume - Ramli

Khamis s.n. (UKMB)

Epipremnum giganteum (Roxb.) Schott

- A. Latiff & A. Zainudin 156 (UKMB)

Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll.

& Moritzi - Boo, Chen & Choo 94

(SINU)

Scindapsus beccarii Engl. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 38 (SINU)

Araliaceae

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms - Boo,

Chen & Choo 16 (SINU)

Schefflera oxyphylla (Miq.) R. Vig. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 57 (SINU)

Asclepiadaceae

Hoya diversifolia Blume - Md. Noor &

Samsuri 32 (SING)

Marsdenia acuminata (Roxb.) I.M. Turner

- Boo, Chen & Choo 120 (SINU)

Cecropiaceae

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume)

Merr. - Md. Noor & Samsuri 38 (SING)

Celastraceae

Loesneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C. Sm.

- Md. Noor & Samsuri 19 (SING)

Microtropis valida Ridl. - Md. Noor &

Samsuri 41 (SING)

Combretaceae

Combretum tetralophum C.B. Clarke -

Boo, Chen & Choo 13 (SINU)

Quisqualis indica L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

46 (SINU)

Terminalia catappa L.- Boo, Chen & Choo

106 (SINU)

Commelinaceae

Belosynapsis ciliata (Blume) R.S. Rao -

Boo, Chen & Choo 48 (SINU)

Commelina diffusa Burm.f. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 70 (SINU)

Compositae

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 59 (SING)

Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother - Boo,

Chen & Choo 122 (SINU)

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 55 (SING)

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 40 (SINU)

Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 20 (SINU)

Convolvulaceae

c Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. - Arishah

Hashim s.n. (UKMB)

Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 45 (SINU)

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 123 (SINU)

Crassulaceae

¢ Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 41 (SINU)

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 102 (SINU)

Cycadaceae

Cycas rumphii Mig. - Boo, Chen & Choo

141 (SINU)

Dilleniaceae

Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr.

- Boo, Chen & Choo 98 (SINU)

Dracaenaceae

Dracaena maingayi Hook.f. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 61 (SINU)

Euphorbiaceae

Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Miill.Arg. var.

javanica (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri MN14 (SING)

Antidesma cuspidatum Mill.Arg. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 85 (SINU)

Antidesma japonicum Siebold. & Zucc. -

Rahim Hamid s.n. (UKMB)

Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook.f. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 26 (SINU)

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.

Fisch. - Md. Noor & Samsuri 9 (SING)

Mallotus moritzianus Miill.Arg. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 17 (SING)

Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Miill.Arg. - -

Saidah Mamat s.n. (UKMB)

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Miil.Arg. -

Shafiee Daud s.n. (UKMB)

c Manihot esculenta Crantz - Boo, Chen &

Choo 81 (SINU)

Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw

- Boo, Chen & Choo 18 (SINU)

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex

Blume) Rchb.f. & Zoll. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 72 (SINU)

Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Mill.Arg. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 113 (SINU)

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill.- A. Latiff

& A. Zainudin 148 (UKMB)

Flacourtiaceae

c Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 111 (SINU)

Flagellariaceae

Flagellaria indica L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

116 (SINU)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Gesneriaceae

Didymocarpus tiumanicus (Ridl.) B.L.

Burtt - Md. Noor & Samsuri MN72

(SING)

Gnetaceae

c Gnetum gnemon L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

90 (SINU)

Gnetum latifolium Blume var. funiculare

(Blume) Markgr. - Md. Noor & Samsuri

MN68 (SING)

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 105 (SINU)

Gramineae

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 69 (SINU)

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. -

Md. Noor & Samsuri 50 (SING)

Guttiferae

Calophyllum inophyllum L. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 107 (SINU)

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 25 (SING)

Joinvilleaceae

Joinvillea ascendens Brongn. & Gris. ssp.

borneensis (Becc.) Newell - Arishah

Hashim 43 (UKMB)

Labiatae

Leucas zeylanica (L.) R.Br. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 34 (SINU)

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 23 (SINU)

c Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd -

Shafiee Daud s.n. (UKMB)

Lauraceae

Cassytha filiformis L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 25 (SINU)

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 6 (SING)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands ral

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz - Boo,

Chen & Choo 346

Leeaceae

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.- Md. Noor &

Samsuri 4 (SING)

Leguminosae

Abrus precatorius L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

117 (SINU)

Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen

- Arishah Hashim 60 (UKMB)

Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 9 (SINU)

Canavalia cathartica Thouars - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 60 (SING)

c Cassia fistula L. - Saidah Mamat 32

(UKMB)

Crotalaria pallida Aiton - Boo, Chen &

Choo 29 (SINU)

Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 118 (SINU)

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 6 (SINU)

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Roxb. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 133 (SINU)

Mucuna biplicata Teijsm. & Binn. ex

Kurz - Arishah Hashim 73 (UKMB)

c Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. -

Rahim Hamid s.n. (UKMB)

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 8 (SINU)

Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 10 (SINU)

Lythraceae

Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst & G. Forst. -

Shafiee Daud s.n. (UKMB)

Malvaceae

c Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. - Zainal

Mustaffa s.n. (UKMB)

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet - Rahim

Hamid s.n. (UKMB)

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

100 (SINU)

Sida acuta Burm.f. - Boo, Chen & Choo

24 (SINU)

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corréa -

Md. Noor & Samsuri 53 (SING)

Urena lobata L. - Boo, Chen & Choo 11

(SINU)

Melastomataceae

Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Blume)

Blume - Zainal Mustaffa s.n. (UKMB)

Memecylon caeruleum Jack - Boo, Chen

& Choo 47 (SINU)

Memecylon edule Roxb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 30 (SINU)

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Blume

- Boo, Chen & Choo 54 (SINU)

Menispermaceae

Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. -

Boo, Chen & Choo 32 (SINU)

Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 80 (SINU)

Moraceae

Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. - A. Latiff

& A. Zainudin 132 (UKMB)

Ficus callosa Willd. - Rahim Ahmad 65

(UKMB)

Ficus deltoidea Jack - Arishah Hashim

66 (UKMB)

Ficus drupacea Thunb. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 63 (SINU)

Ficus hispida L.f. - Boo, Chen & Choo

52 (SINU)

Ficus schwarzit Koord. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 134 (UKMB)

Ficus superba (Migq.) Miq. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 43 (SINU)

Ficus tinctoria G. Forst. ssp. gibbosa

(Blume) Corner - Boo, Chen & Choo

7 (SINU)

Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner - Boo,

Chen & Choo 92 (SINU)

Myristicaceae

Knema laurina (Blume) Warb. - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 69 (SING)

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. - Arishah Hashim

67 (UKMB)

Ardisia oxyphylla Wall. ex DC. - A. Latiff

& A. Zainudin 1394 (UKMB)

Ardisia villosa Roxb. - Md. Noor &

Samsuri 74 (SING)

Myrtaceae

c Psidium guajava L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

37 (SINU)

Nytaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

2 (SINU)

Onagraceae

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell - —

Boo, Chen & Choo 87 (SINU)

Opiliaceae

Lepionurus sylvestris Blume - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 67 (SING)

Orchidaceae

Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 28 (SING)

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 62 (SINU)

Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh -

Boo, Chen & Choo 109 (SINU)

Phaius callosus (Blume) Lindl. - Md. Noor

& Samsuri 26 (SING)

Palmae

Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart.

- Arishah Hashim s.n. (UKMB)

Daemonorops sabut Becc. - R. Jaman 484

(UKMB)

Daemonorops sepal Becc. - Shafiee Daud

49 (UKMB)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Nypa fruticans Wurmb - Boo, Chen &

Choo 114 (SINU)

Pandanaceae

Pandanus dubius Spreng. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 138 (SINU)

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

71 (SINU)

Rhamnaceae

Gouania leptostachya DC. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 133 (UKMB)

Rubiaceae

Canthium glabrum Blume - A. Latiff &

A. Zainudin 135 (UKMB)

Chasalia chartacea Craib - Ramli Khamis

41 (UKMB)

Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 139 (SINU)

Hedyotis dichotoma Koenig ex Roth -

Boo, Chen & Choo 130 (SINU)

Lasianthus barbellatus Ridl. - Md Noor

& Samsuri 48 (SENG)

Morinda citrifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

101 (SINU)

Prismatomeris tetranda (Roxb.) K.

Schum. ssp. malayana (Ridl.) J.T.

Johanss. - Md. Noor & Samsuri 23

(SING)

Tarenna mollis (Wall. ex Hook.f.) B.L.

Rob. - Shafiee Daud 47 (UKMB)

Rutaceae

Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 136 (SINU)

Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka -

Boo, Chen & Choo 119 (SINU)

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack - Boo, Chen

& Choo 110 (SINU)

Sapindaceae

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 51 (SINU)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 79

Sapotaceae

Pouteria linggensis (Burck) Baehmi - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 35 (SING)

Simaroubaceae

Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. - Md. Noor &

Samsuri 12 (SING)

Solanaceae

Physalis ?pubescens L. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 49 (SINU)

Solanum nigrum L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

79 (SINU)

Solanum torvum Sw. - Md. Noor &

Samsuri 15 (SING)

Stemonaceae

Stemona curtisii Hook.f. - Boo, Chen &

Choo 104 (SINU)

Sterculiaceae

Leptonychia caudata (Wall. ex G. Don)

Burret - Md. Noor & Samsuri 42

(SING)

Turneraceae

Turnera ulmifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

5 (SINU)

Ulmaceae

Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 5 (SING)

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa longifolia Lam. - Boo, Chen

& Choo 15 (SINU)

c Clerodendrum calamitosum L. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 4 (SINU)

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. - Boo,

Chen & Choo 27 (SINU)

c Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon -

Arishah Hashim 90 (UKMB)

c Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf.f. - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 11 (SING)

Lantana camara L. - Boo, Chen & Choo

22 (SINU)

Vitex trifolia L. - Boo, Chen & Choo 108

(SINU)

Violaceae

Rinorea bengalensis (Wall.) Kuntze - Md.

Noor & Samsuri 43 (SING)

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus cinnamomea (Wall.)

Planch. - Saidah Mamat s.n. (UKMB)

Cissus nodosa Blume - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 138 (UKMB)

Cissus repens Lam. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.)

Alston ex Mabb. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin 122 (UKMB)

Tetrastigma pedunculare (Wall. ex

Lawson) Planch. - A. Latiff & A.

Zainudin s.n. (UKMB)

Pulau Besar

PTERIDOPHYTA

Adiantaceae

Adiantum stenochlamys Baker - C.L. Loh

PB-20 (SINU)

Blechnaceae

Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook.

& Grev. - C.L. Loh PB-30 (SINU)

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. -

C.L. Loh PB-22 (SINU)

Oleandraceae

Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen - C.L.

Loh PB-28 (SINU)

Schizaeaceae

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.- CL.

Loh PB-4 (SINU)

SPERMATOPHYTA

Anacardiaceae

c Anacardium occidentale L. - C.L. Loh

PB-37 (SINU)

Apocynaceae

c Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. -

C.L. Loh PB-16 (SINU)

Asclepiadaceae

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don - C.L. Loh

PB-10 (SINU)

Cycadaceae

Cycas rumphii Mig. - C.L. Loh PB-41

(SINU)

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz -

C.L. Loh PB-42 (SINU)

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma cuspidatum Miill.Arg. - C.L.

Loh PB-3 (SINU)

Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook.f. - C.L.

Loh PB-17 (SINU)

Macaranga heynei 1.M. Johnst. - C.L. Loh

PB-40 (SINU)

Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Mig. - C.L. Loh

PB-23 (SINU)

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill. - C.L.

Loh PB-33 (SINU)

Guttiferae

Calophyllum inophyllum L.- C.L. Loh PB-

36 (SINU)

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz -

C.L. Loh PB-26 (SINU)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Leguminosae

Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth. -

C.L. Loh PB-9 (SINU)

c Tamarindus indica L. - C.L. Loh PB-19

(SINU)

Loranthaceae

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Mig. - C.L.

Loh PB-13 (SINU)

Malvaceae

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. - C.L. Loh PB-14

(SINU)

Moraceae

Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume - C.L. Loh

PB-38 (SINU)

Moringaceae

c Moringa oleifera Lam. - C.L. Loh PB-12

(SINU)

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. - C.L. Loh PB-1

(SINU)

Myrtaceae

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.

_- CL. Loh PB-45 (SINU)

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. - C.L. Loh

PB-11 (SINU)

Oleaceae

Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr. - C.L. Loh

PB-31 (SINU)

Opiliaceae

Cansjera rheedei J.F. Gmel.- C.L. Loh PB-

8 (SINU)

Polygalaceae

Polygala paniculata L. - C.L. Loh PB-46

(SINU)

2. The Floras of Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil, with Notes on the Smaller Islands 81

Rubiaceae

Guettarda speciosa L. - C.L. Loh PB-18

(SINU)

Timonius compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl. -

C.L. Loh PB-2 (SINU)

Santalaceae

Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Mig. - C.L.

Loh PB-48 (SINU)

Sapindaceae

Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk. - C.L.

Loh PB-7 (SINU)

Simaroubaceae

Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. - C.L. Loh PB-

25 (SINU)

Theaceae

Gordonia multinervis King - C.L. Loh PB-

5 (SINU)

Umbelliferae

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban - C.L. Loh PB-

34 (SINU)

Verbenaceae

Vitex pinnata L. - C.L. Loh PB-29 (SINU)

Pulau Yu

PTERIDOPHYTA

Oleandraceae

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ. -

B. Molesworth Allen 2575 (SING)

SPERMATOPHYTA

Celastraceae

Salacia chinensis L.- B. Molesworth Allen

s.n., 30 July 1955 (SING)

Guttiferae

Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. - B.

Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. - B. Molesworth

Allen s.n., 30 July 1955 (SING)

Rubiaceae

Gynochthodes sublanceolata Mia. - B.

Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. - B.

Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Timonius compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl. -

B. Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Sapindaceae

Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk. - B.

Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume - B.

Molesworth Allen s.n., 30 July 1955

(SING)

Verbenaceae

Premna serratifolia L. - B. Molesworth

Allen s.n., 30 July 1955 (SING)

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 83-98.

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) sensu Scheffer, Beccari and

Ridley non Blume.

LIM CHONG KEAT

Palm Search Malaysia Project

215 Macalister Road, 10450 Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

Preparatory to a revision of the genus Pinanga Blume as found in Peninsular Malaysia,

three taxa hitherto related to P. patula Blume by Scheffer, Beccari, and Ridley are discussed

in the light of uncertainties pertaining to Blume’s species. The paper presents fresh

nomenclatural notes on P. riparia Ridley, and describes P. auriculata Becc. var. merguensis

Becc. as a new combination, and a new variety, P. auriculata Becc. var leucocarpa..

Introduction

In 1838, Blume (Bull. Neerl. 1:65) introduced the genus Pinanga and

described a number of new species, including P. patula Blume, based on

specimens from the interior mountains of Sumatra collected by his friend

Praetorius. The type location of P. patula has yet to be identified. From

the text and illustration in his subsequent publication (Rumphia ii, 86, 87,

t.115), the taxon was clearly characterised by having four to seven pairs of

leaflets, and inflorescences having two rachillae. The herbarium specimens

at Leiden (lectotype: Herb. Lugd. Bat. 900-182-241, L; syntype: 900-182-

241, L) display pinnate leaves with up to five pairs of leaflets, “spreading,

falcate-lanceolate, acuminate” on laminas small enough to lie comfortably

within the dimensions of a herbarium sheet (Plate 1), and are thus smaller

than those of the taxa subsequently considered to be conspecific or varieties.

Contemporaneously, Martius held a different view of Blume’s genus,

and placed the new taxa under Seaforthia in his publication Historia

Naturalis Palmarum (1837-1850). Later, in 1855, Miquel also disregarded

Pinanga and relisted the lot under Ptychosperma, redescribing Ptycosperma

patula (Flora van Nederlandsch Indie.3:26) presumably using the same

original specimens, but in greater detail, indicating that the stem was three

to four feet tall. As with Blume, he was silent on whether the taxon was

solitary or clustering.

Scheffer, then Director at Hortus Botanicus Buitenzorg (now Kebun

Raya Bogor), subsequently revised Miquel’s account, reinstating Pinanga,

including P. patula and the other Blume species with further descriptions

(Natuurkundig Tjidschrift voor Ned. Indie. 32, 1871), freshly indicating

84 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

that P. patula was stoloniferous (as distinct from being caespitose). He,

however, appears to have added further cloudiness by reference to other

taxa he considered to be conspecific or related, including P. inaequalis

Blume, P. minor Blume, P. furfuracea Blume, and P. junghuhnii Blume. In

1876, he elaborated further on his Pinanga listing, and published

photographs of the palms growing at Buitenzorg, including the clump

labelled “P. patula”, which might well be the same still to be seen at

present-day Bogor. I believe, however, that it is not the same as the

Blume taxon, as will be explained below, and it can be suggested that

Scheffer had not been familiar with the original species from the type

location, and has misled Beccari and others in this identification.

Beccari made three visits to Bogor, first meeting Scheffer on his

way to New Guinea in 1871, and in 1874 when he became acquainted with

the Javan flora. During these visits, he had so accepted P. patula sensu

Scheff. as a distinct and stoloniferous species that during his third trip in

1878, when he travelled to Padang Pajang and Gunung Singalang he did

not appear to have tried to find the Blume species. In 1885, after Scheffer’s

death, he wrote up Reliquiae Schefferianae, obviously accepting P. patula

sensu Scheff., and in Malesia 3, reconfirmed his concept of the taxon and

its variety, P. patula var. junghuhnii Scheff., describing the latter as a

“mountain form” of the species (citing his own specimen from Lubu-Raja,

at 3000-4000 ft altitude).

It would appear that after Praetorius, there had been no subsequent

collections over the next 30 years or so; specimens by Korthals at Leiden

are undated and without location notes. Collections from locations near

Palembang were later made by Grashof (c. 1915), and by Teysmann

probably earlier. In 1971-73, Dransfield collected from Gunung Tujuh

and G. Kerinci at 1400-1900 m, but labelled his specimens (e.g. JD2689,

K) tentatively “aff. P. patula”; whereas his specimen from Jambi (JD2555,

BO, K) from a peat swamp were called “P. patula”, but they resemble

more closely P. patula sensu Scheff. (as will be discussed later).

In Sarawak, Beccari had begun to find innumerable new species,

including the solitary and distinctive P. auriculata Becc. (Malesia. 3, 1886:

134-135), which he clearly considered to be distinct from the clustering P.

patula sensu Scheff.. Viewing Beccari’s own collections in Florence, we

can observe interesting but curiously variable determinations of specimens

sent to him between 1866 and 1892, and later, with particular reference to

the Malayan ones. Several, which he labelled as P. patula have to be

regarded as incorrect or dubious. He also began to coin new varieties,

which were not published, as far as I have been able to discover, e.g. “var.

kalamantanica”, “var. lianggagangensis”, and “var. borneensis”. The last-

named was presented as P. patula Blume forma borneensis by Winkler

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae)

(1913), together with P. patula Blume var. microcarpa Becc., also from

Borneo.

Following Beccari’s wishes, posthumously Martelli published P. patula

Blume var. merguensis Becc. (in Martelli, 1934), and in 1935 relisted: P.

patula var. celebica Scheff. (which he proposed to be synonymous with P.

inaequalis, P. minor, and P. furfuracea - a three-way puzzle to be resolved

elsewhere), P. patula var. gracilis Scheff. (synon. of P. gracilis Blume), P.

patula var. junghuhnii Scheff. from Sumatra, and introduced P. patula Blume

var. riparia Becc. in Martelli, the last-named being a reduction of P. riparia

Ridley — which will be discussed later.

Plate 1. Pinanga patula Blume (lectotype: Praetorius, Herb. Lugd. Bat. 900-182-241, L). By

courtesy of Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

86 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

§ 2

eat

Plate 2. Pinanga riparia Ridley, cultivated in Singapore Botanic Gardens, c.1934. By courtesy

of Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Plate 3. Pinanga paradoxa (Griff.) Scheff., Plate 4. Pinanga riparia Ridley, leaves.

leaves (*H0942).

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) 87

Significantly, especially in the context of this account, Beccari

determined the specimen Ridley 3158 from Kuala Tenok, Pahang collected

in 1891 as P. patula Blume, thus “importing” the nomenclature into

Peninsular Malaysia. Another specimen collected in 1892 from Ulu Bubong,

Perak (King’s Collector 10702, K, FI and CAL) was similarly cited by

Beccari and J.D. Hooker (and propagated as such by a fine drawing in the

Bentham Trust) further contributed to the spread of this error. I am positive,

however, that this is a specimen of P. pectinata Becc. & J.D. Hooker,

which is distinct, as will be discussed more fully in my revision (in prep.) of

Pinanga in Malaya.

Hooker had asked Beccari to collaborate on the palm section of

Flora of British India but, although identified as precedent co-author, it is

believed that Beccari had not responded to the invitation. From the

correspondence between the two, it emerges that in 1886, Hooker had

wanted Beccari (who was then preoccupied with the third volume of his |

own Malesia) to go to Kew to work on the Scortechini material; in

September 1891, he offered Beccari 15 pounds sterling to provide diagnoses

and descriptions of the Indian species. In the above-mentioned Flora itself,

J.D. Hooker published P. pectinata based on King’s Collector 4393 together

with other Pinanga taxa, but called P. patula Blume “a doubtful species”!

Ridley, in Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1907) and

Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1925) reinstated P. patula as a Malayan

species, citing his own Kuala Tenok collection, and the Ulu Bubong one

mentioned above, thus leaning on Beccari’s authority. Here, sensu Ridley,

three different taxa are being confused. Although his Pahang specimen

was of a solitary species, Ridley described the lot as “tufted”. He, however,

chose to ignore Beccari’s efforts to sink his P. riparia (1905), but in this

paper, P. patula var. riparia (1935) will revert to being a synonym. This

also contradicts Whitmore’s taxonomic note (Principes. (1970) 14:125),

where he incorrectly deemed P. riparia to be synonymous with P. pectinata,

but suggested that P. patula sensu Ridley was distinct.

It is obviously urgent and desirable to seek out the “real” P. patula

and to collect fresh herbarium and live specimens (for propagation) from

the probable type location in Sumatra, on the mountains. The prominent

clumps labelled as this taxon in Kebun Raya Bogor and also those previously

in the Singapore Botanic Gardens (Plate 2) - as shown in a photograph

c.1934 by a Captain Johnstone, which correspond with herbarium specimens

originally labelled “P. disticha”, but determined by Furtado in 1929 as “P.

patula var.” are indistinguishable from P. riparia Ridley, which is a

stoloniferous species found in low and wet places, and should now be

recognised as such. It appears to adapt well to garden conditions, as

evidenced at Bogor, and is indeed a handsome horticultural attraction.

88 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Dransfield (1974) believes that his specimen (JD 3590, BO, K, L,

SING) from Bengkulu at 500 m altitude matches with the type; his, however,

has larger leaves and inflorescences with three or more branches. Another

specimen (JD 2679, BO, K) collected at 800 m from Kepahiang, Bengkulu

(which occupies six sheets), displays various forms of leaf dissection,

including one that does seem similar to the Praetorius specimen at Leiden.

I would be inclined, however, to defer a definitive verification of P. patula

Blume until field visits to the “interior mountains of Sumatra” yield more

conclusive results. My suspicion is that the elusive palm may prove to be

closer in appearance to P. paradoxa (Griff.) Scheff. (Plate 3) and P.

salicifolia Blume, from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo respectively. The

Praetorius specimens have slender stems of similar dimensions to these.

With regard to the species of relevance to Peninsular Malaysia, I

propose to address the following three taxa: P. riparia (also found in

Thailand, and probably once in Singapore), P. patula var. merguensis (now

known to be widespread in South Thailand and in Perlis), and P. patula

sensu Beccari and Ridley non Blume (in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia

and Singapore).

I. Pinanga riparia Ridley. J. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 44 (1905) 201.

Type: Johor: Sg. Tebrau, 1903, Ridley 11518 (SING — lectotype here chosen,

K iso).

Synon : P. patula Blume var. riparia Becc. in Martelli. Nuov. Giorn. Bot.

Ital. NS 42 (1935) 71. Type: Johor, Kukub, 1909, Ridley 14170 (FI, SING).

Notes: Viewing the herbarium specimens in Leiden, I became convinced

that Ridley’s taxon is not related to P. patula Blume. Although they may

both be clustering species, P. riparia is distinctly stoloniferous, and has

laminas which are usually larger, have more numerous leaflets, and broader

apical ones (Plate 4). From Ridley’s accounts and field familiarity, I was

also positive that the Bogor clump is P. riparia and not Blume’s taxon,

which, as conjectured above, neither Scheffer nor Beccari had the

opportunity of verifying from live specimens.

The error becomes clear from Beccari’s account of P. patula (Malesia.

3: 139-140), from which we learn that the Bogor live specimen had been

collected from Banka by Teysman (and was similar to Beccari’s own find

at Sungai Bulu in Padang), both undoubtedly from riverine habitat. Beccari

further commented on Teysman’s Bornean collections from Kapuas and

Sg. Landak, which he felt were varieties or other forms of P. patula sensu

Scheffer. Presented with Ridley’s specimen 14170 collected from Kukup in

1909, he obviously could only treat it as a variety of P. patula sensu Scheffer.

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) 89

John Dransfield (pers. comm.) believes that in Borneo, there may be

other swamp-dwelling, stoloniferous taxa which relate with P. riparia, and

might even be conspecific; indeed, collections of P. patula var. borneensis,

and other specimens from Kalimantan, Brunei and Sarawak have to be

reexamined (also in relation to the puzzling P. furfuracea) - an interesting

prospect for further research in that domain.

P. riparia is easily identifiable after acquaintance in the field; in its

natural habitat, it is practically rheophytic. The shiny leaves vary not only

in size, but also in number of pinnae, and the petiole and rachis are

sometimes glaucous. The stolons arise often at a distance from the main

plant, and the nodal sections of the stems are green, light or darker, and

“unwoody”, often to 4m in height. The deflexed inflorescence has usually

two rachillae distinctively purple (coral red initially), with elliptical light

green drupes (Plate 10), turning red to black. Specimens in herbaria have

sometimes been mislabelled as P. singaporensis Ridley (with which P. riparia

is often sympatric in Johor), and which in turn has often been misidentified

as P. pectinata. :

Distribution: Thailand: Narathiwat (viz. Phengklai & Niyomdham, 1991);

Peninsular Malaysia: Terengganu (Saw Leng Guan pers. comm.), Pahang,

Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Johor; Indonesia: S. Sumatra, Banka.

Habitat: peat swamps, river banks; not rare, but endangered by habitat

destruction.

Specimens examined: Thailand: Narathiwat, 1974, Larsen 33092 (K);

Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor, Tanjong Karang, 1937, Nur 34126 (SING);

Johor: Sg. Tebrau, 1903, Ridley 11518 (Type, K, SING), 1906, Ridley 13235

(K, SING), Kukub, 1909, Ridley 14170 (Type of P. patula var. riparia Becc.

in Martelli, FI, SING), Sg. Sedili, 1935, Corner 29239 (K).

2. Pinanga auriculata Becc. var. merguensis (Becc. in Martelli) C.K. Lim

comb. nov.

Synon.: P. patula Blume var merguensis Becc. in Martelli. Atti. Soc. Toscana

Scienze Naturali Res. Pisa Memorie 44 (1934): 125,126; (“merguiensis”:

Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. NS 42 (1935):71).

Type: Myanmar: Mergui, Tarapon, 1911, Meebold 14380 (two sheets),

(WSRL).

90 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Notes: From wider field observations and collections, this taxon is confirmed

as widespread from Mergui and along the west coast of Peninsular Thailand

— where indeed it had been collected by Kerr, Whitmore and others — and

within Perlis, where it was collected in 1995 by L.G. Saw and C.K. Lim

(H1837, H1840 KEP), and noted as a new record for Peninsular Malaysia

(Lim, Principes 42: 115). It is a solitary species clearly unrelated to the

Sumatran taxon, P. patula Blume, as discussed earlier. Observing the striking

similarity in habit and habitat of P. auriculata Becc. (1886), which Beccari

collected at Kuching (holotype PB589, FI), I propose to transfer var.

merguensis to varietal status under it.

Although I had felt an earlier hesitance and reluctance to “cross the

Sunda shelf” to relate Peninsular Malaysian and Bornean Pinanga species,

recent field trips to Sarawak have provided new perceptions. Furthermore,

the two taxa display many features in common, and it would seem that

Pinanga taxa with affinities to P. auriculata may be quite widespread in the

western Malesian region. The bifid eophyll and juvenile leaves (Plate 6)

are quite indistinguishable within the group (and similar also with P. limosa

Ridley); the prophylls are also similar, and dry into papery tatters. Ligules

or auricles subtending from the leafsheath, where the petiole splits away,

are often variable even in P. auriculata var. auriculata, and may not always

be prominent. |

The leaflets of var. merguensis (and of another new variety to be

described below) differ from those of P. auriculata var. auriculata, which

are more numerous and longer; in the variety, these are more sigmoidal

(Plates 7), with pinnae that may be closely or more distantly spaced. They

both have inflorescences usually with four to six rachillae; in var. merguensis

the infructescence, often profuse and abundant, has drupes which are

distinctively shiny and almost translucent, wine-red, (Plate 11) before

ripening black. Meebold’s fine specimens (Plate 5) has been well curated

at Wroclaw (earlier known as Braslav). Beccari, who designated the type

in 1913, originally annotated it as “P. patula Bl. forma merguensis Becc.”.

Distribution: Myanmar: Mergui; Thailand: Ranong, Trang, Surat Thani,

Phuket, Satun; Peninsular Malaysia: Perlis.

Habitat: hill forests or lowland, riverine; not rare.

Specimens examined: Thailand: Ranong, 1918, Kerr 16386 (K), 1927, Kerr

11763 (K), Trang, Khao Chong Nat. Park, 1979, Dransfield JD 5451 (K).

Peninsular Malaysia: Perlis, Mata Ayer F.R., 1995, C.K. Lim H1837, H1840

(KEP), 1996, C.K. Lim H1942*

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) 9]

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Plate 5. Pinanga auriculata Becc. var. merguensis (Becc. in Martelli) C.K. Lim (holotype:

1911, Meebold 14380, WSRL). By courtesy of WSRL.

92 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Plate 7. Pinanga auriculata var merguensis, leaves and fruit (*H1837).

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) 93

*Note: Within this account, as in my other taxonomic papers, certain

specimens (prefix: H) currently kept in the Palm Search Malaysia collection

are cited to supplement herbarium collections examined. Although it is

intended eventually to deposit more specimens in the major reference herbaria,

many items represent field records of the in situ conservation status, which

the PSM project is in the process of monitoring.

3. Pinanga auriculata Becc. var leucocarpa C.K. Lim var. nov.

A varietate typica fructibus albidis in statu immaturo distinguibilis.

Typus: Pahang, Kuala Tenok, 1891, Ridley 3158 (holotypus, SING; isotypus,

FI, K)

Synon nov.: P. patula sensu Ridley non Blume, Ridley. Materials for a

Flora of the Malay Peninsula. 2 (1907) 143; P. bowiana Hodel. The Palm

Journal 134 (1997) 35. (Type: Thailand: Narathiwat, 1997, Hodel &

Vatcharakorn 1608, BK)

Stem, size and habit similar to P. auriculata var. merguensis; similarly,

leaves divided with six to eleven pairs of leaflets, sigmoidal, with four

nerves, sometimes bullate, glabrous, light or dark green, lighter on

underside; prophyll drying papery; inflorescence infrafoliar, pendent, with

two to six rachillae, usually light green; floral pits distichously arranged,

flowers not examined; drupes globose, 6 x 8 mm, distinctively creamy

white with green tips when immature, ripening red to black.

Geographical range: only along east coast of peninsular Thailand and

Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore.

Notes: As discussed in the Introduction, the specimen from Pahang collected

by Ridley was incorrectly determined by Beccari, who may not have known

that the Malayan taxon was distinctively solitary. Ridley had later described

it as “tufted” or with “several” stems, and also confused it with P. pectinata.

Whitmore (1973: 92) was obviously aware that Ridley’s descriptions of P.

patula were faulty, and from his field observations pointed out that it was a

solitary species (Plate 8). In habit and leaf form, which are pronouncedly

sigmoidal (Plate 9), it could sometimes be confused with P. auriculata var.

merguensis, which it closely resembles, but can be distinguished by the

fruit, which are more globose and creamy white (with green tips) when

immature, or nearly mature (Plate 12) — hence the varietal epithet. The

fruit is also reminiscent of those of P. limosa, which is a diminutive species

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Plate 8. Pinanga auriculata Becc. var. leucocarpa C.K.Lim, at Merapoh, Pahang.

Plate 9. Pinanga auriculata var. leucocarpa, leaves and inflorescence (*H0583).

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae)

Plate 12. Pinanga auriculata var. leucocarpa, inflorescence and fruit (*H1259).

96 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

with spicate inflorescences. It should be noted that when dried, drupes

tend to look quite similar to those of P. /imosa but are more elliptical or

fusiform, and no longer globose.

Both varieties of P. auriculata are quite variable in robustness and

size — seen fruiting at heights varying from 2 to 4 m. In the inflorescence of

var. /eucocarpa, the rachillae are usually light green, but coral red variants

have been observed, with immature drupes not the usual creamy colour,

but red; this rare variation has also been noticed in P. limosa.

In an earlier paper (Lim, 1998), I determined that P. bowiana Hodel

was conspecific with “P. patula Blume” — more correctly, with P. patula

sensu Ridley non Blume. In the light of further research on the basionym,

both will now be reduced to synonymity under P. auriculata var. leucocarpa,.

In his account, Hodel did not seem aware of the many herbarium collections

of the Malayan taxon, or of those collected previously in the Narathiwat

area. His description also lacked the essential mention of the fruit and

diagnostic colour of the drupes, but from familiarity with his collection

sites, I feel sure that his specimen is of this particular variety.

The Ridley specimen from Pahang is for Malesian taxonomy

important and historical, and has drawn with it numerous other collections

designated similarly. For this reason, it continues to serve as the type for

the new variety. The many herbarium specimens hitherto labelled P. patula

by Ridley and others, however, may now have to be redesignated, and

sorted out to differentiate var. leucocarpa from var. merguensis, the

convenient initial guide being the collection site, and better, from clear

evidence of the inflorescence and fruit. |

As a result of more extensive field monitoring, territoriality becomes

a useful indicator where it can be reasonably sure that certain taxa are

localised. In geographical range, var. Jeucocarpa is widespread along the

east coast of Peninsular Malaysia from Singapore and Johor to Kelantan,

and in the Narathiwat area of Southern Thailand, but has so far not been

found in the western side of the Peninsula where var. merguensis is

common, from Perlis northwards.

Distribution: Thailand: Narathiwat; Peninsular Malaysia: Kelantan,

Terengganu, Pahang, Johor; Singapore.

Habitat: hill forests or lowland, swamp; not rare in Peninsular Malaysia.

Specimens examined: Thailand: Narathiwat, 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn

1608, BK (Holotype of P. bowiana Hodel); Peninsular Malaysia:

Terengganu, Kemaman, 1935, Corner30165 (K, SING), Ulu Setiu, 1977, J.

Dransfield JD5175 (K), G. Padang, 1969, 7.C. Whitmore FRI 12749 (KEP),

Sg. Kerbat, 1971, 7-C. Whitmore FRI 20222 (KEP), Kelantan, Bukit Batu

Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) 97

Papan, 1935, Henderson 29525 (SING), Pahang, Temerloh, 1967, Palmer

18 (SING), K. Kenyam, 1985, J. Dransfield JD6224 (K); Singapore: Bukit

Timah, 1902, Ridley s.n., (SING).

Acknowledgements

To the Directors of the Herbaria at BK, BO, CAL, FI, K, KEP, L, SING

and WSRL special thanks, and for permission to reproduce illustrations of

types. For invaluable taxonomic advice, consultation and discussion: Dr.

Chin See Chung, Dr. Ed de Vogel, Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Ruth Kiew,

Dr. C. Nepi, Dr. Saw Leng Guan, Dr. Wanda Stojanowska and Dr. Tim

Whitmore. To the members of the Palm Search Malaysia crew, for their

field efforts and support.

References

Beccari, O.D. 1885. Reliquiae Schefferianae. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 2.

Beccari, O.D. 1886. Nuovi studi sulle palme asiatiche. Malesia. 3:134-135,

139-140.

Blume, C.L. 1838. Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Neerlande.

EGS.

Blume, C.L. 1838-39. Rumphia. 2 (18): 87, t. 115.

Dransfield, J. 1974. Notes on the palm flora of Central Sumatra.

Reinwardtia. 8: 519-531.

Hodel, D. 1997. New species of palms from Thailand. The Palm Journal

134: 35.

Hooker, J.D. 1892. Palmae. Flora of British India 6: 411-412.

Lim, C.K. 1998. Notes on recent palm species and records from Peninsular

Thailand. Principes. 42: 110-119.

Martelli, U. 1934. Generi, specie e varieta nuove di palme gerontogee

della triba Arecaceae lasuate. inedite dal Dr. O. D. Beccari ed. Ordinate

a cura di U. Martelli. Toscana Science Nature 44: 125,126.

Martelli, U. 1935. La sinonimia dele palme gerontogee della tribu

delleAreceae. Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital. 42 : 71.

Miquel, F.A.W. 1855. Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 3: 19, 26.

98 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Phengklai, C. and C. Niyomdham. 1991. Flora in Peat Swamp Areas of

Narathiwat. p. 263. Phikul Thong Study Centre, Bangkok.

Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G. and C.G.G.J. van Steenis 1983. Dedication. Flora

Malesiana. 9: 7-44.

Ridley, H.N. 1905. New Malayan plants. Journal Royal Asiatic Society

Straits Branch. 44:201.

Ridley, H.N. 1907. Palmae. Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula.

2:133-221.

Ridley, H.N. 1925. Palmaceae. Flora of the Malay Peninsula.5: 1-72.

Scheffer, R.H.C.C. 1871. Sur quelques palmiers du groupe des Arecinees.

Natuurkundig Tyjidschrift voor Ned. Indie.32:173, 176-179.

Scheffer, R.H.C.C. 1876. Sur quelques palmiers du groupe des Arecinees.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 1: 148, 150,151, pl.19.

Whitmore, T.C. 1970. Taxonomic notes on some Malayan palms. Principes.

14: 125.

Whitmore, T.C. 1973. Palms of Malaya: Oxford University Press, Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia.

Winkler, H. 1913. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora und Pflanzengeographie

von Borneo. Botanische Jahrbucher. 48:89.

ERRATA

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 48 (1996)

Lim, C.K. Unravelling [guanura BI. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Page 62: Acknowledgements: Third paragraph, lines 9 & 10:-

“Mr S. Nadarajah” should read “Mr D. Nadarajah”

“Ahmad Ismail” should read “ Ismail Ahmad”

“Mohamad Noor Jamalulail” should read “Mohd Nor Jamalulail”

Lim, C.K. Palms in the Farquhar Collection of Natural History Drawings

Page 70: Item 7, line 2: “tunngal” should read “tunggal”

Page 72: Second paragraph, line 21: “Rottl.” should read “Rottb”

line 25: “Findlaysonis” should read “Findlayson’s”

Page 72: Fourth paragraph, line 11: after “mystery” insert: “had been”

Page 73: Plate 6: The illustration is erroneously that of “Nipah: Nipa

fruiticans”

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 99-114.

Four New Pinanga Blume (Palmae) Species from Peninsular

Malaysia

LIM CHONG KEAT

Palm Search Malaysia Project

215 Macalister Road, 10450 Penang, Malaysia

with contributions by

JOHN DRANSFIELD', RUTH KIEW? ann SAW LENG GUAN?

Abstract

Four new Pinanga species, all from Johor, are described: P. jamariensis, P. johorensis, P.

palustris and P. pantiensis.

Introduction

Since 1989, the Palm Search Malaysia project has made innumerable and

repeated trips around Peninsular Malaysia, gaining important field

experiences and findings of new or forgotten species. Stimulated by fresh

data, the genera /guanura Blume and Pinanga Blume have been given

priority for updating and revision — a process of “unravelling”, especially

because of historical uncertainties, inherent in the monumental and

strenuous efforts of earlier collectors including H.N. Ridley and others, in

the determination of some herbarium specimens. The /gwanura_ revision

has since been published (Lim, 1996).

To facilitate the ongoing revision of Pinanga within Peninsular

Malaysia, I decided to sort out certain vexatious aspects relating to P.

patula sensu Scheffer, Beccari and Ridley non Blume (Lim, 1998), and

now, for taxonomic convenience, to publish four new species, which have

been in draft since 1994 or earlier. The taxa are all coincidentally from

Johor: P. jamariensis C.K. Lim, P. johorensis C.K. Lim & L.G. Saw, P.

palustris Kiew, and P. pantiensis J. Dransfield.

Saw Leng Guan had shared the discovery of P. johorensis, for which

he is co-author. We gladly decided to honour the State of Johor by the

epithet, as indeed it is quite widespread there (several previous collectors

‘Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK

*Singapore Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

*Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

100 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

having considered it to be P. malaiana (Mart.) Scheff., e.g. Whitmore FRI

0187, SING). P. jamariensis and P. pantiensis are more localised in their

known habitat, the latter being probably more seriously endangered by

forest clearance at Linggiu and Gunung Panti, where an in situ conservation

effort would be most desirable and urgent. P. palustris, although earlier

thought to be localised to the Endau area, is now known to be quite

widespread not only in Johor but also along the east coast of the Peninsula

up to Terengganu. As with P. johorensis, with which it often shares its

habitat, many early collections of this taxon have been labelled as P.

malaiana, e.g. Tan Ah King 23 from Mawai, 1959, SING (but note: Tan Ah

King 23A, SING, collected contiguously is P. johorensis). It is also one of

the few Malayan Pinanga species that appears to have an affinity with

Sarawak ones, in particular, P. mirabilis Becc. (1886).

Note: Within this account, as in my other taxonomic papers, certain specimens

(prefix: *H) currently kept in the Palm Search Malaysia collection are cited

to supplement herbarium collections examined. Although it is intended

eventually to deposit more specimens in the major reference herbaria, many

items represent field records of the in situ conservation status, which the

PSM project is in the process of monitoring.

1. Pinanga jamariensis C.K.Lim sp. nov

P. auriculatae var. merguensi similis sed foliis parvidissectis et glaucis bene

distincta.

Typus: Johor: Bukit Jamari, 1993, C.K.Lim H1456 (holotypus SING,

isotypus KEP).

Plates 1-4.

Solitary, stilt-rooted; stem grey-brown, erect, 3—8.5m tall, slender, 2 cm

diam., internodes 5-12 cm. Crown with eight or more leaves; leaf sheath c.

28 cm, distinctly glaucous, white, tinged pink within; petiole 5 mm diam. to

30 cm long, glaucous; lamina thick and fleshy, 65 x 40 cm, glaucous, darker

green above, lighter below and white to silvery, sometimes prominently

whitish along nerves; blade often entire in juveniles, later divided into

three or more irregular pairs of leaflets, with three to five nerves, leaves

sometimes (rarely, e.g. *H/460) with serrated leaf edges. Inflorescence

infrafoliar, pendent, with 3-4 branches; prophyll thin, papery, brown, often

lingering though shrivelled; peduncle short c. 10 cm, 6 mm wide; rachillae

slender, to 15 cm, reddish, with distichous floral pits. Staminate and pistillate

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia 101

flowers not seen. Fruit distichously borne, c. 24 pairs per rachilla; immature

drupes light green with darker tips, ellipsoid, elongate and pointed, ripening

to buff colour then blood red to black, broadening ellipsoid, c.12 x 10 mm;

testa fibrous. Seedling leaf entire-bifid, acute, dark green, glabrous.

Notes: This handsome and elegant palm is relatively rare, found so far in

Johor from Gunung Panti (where I first saw it) to Kahang, Mersing Forest

Reserve, and at its type location in Bukit Jamari (Plate 3), which its epithet

identifies. Its glaucousness is indeed quite diagnostic, and the thick white

Plate 1. Pinanga jamariensis C.K.Lim (holotype: 1993, C.K. Lim H1456, SING).

By courtesy of SING.

102 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Plate 3. Pinanga jamariensis, solitary Plate 4. Pinanga jamariensis, young adult

palm at Bukit Jamari, Johor. plant.

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia 103

leaves with fewer and broad leaflets (Plates 2 & 4) tell it apart from P.

auriculata Becc. var. leucocarpa C.K. Lim (synon: P. patula sensu Ridley

non Blume, see Lim, 1998) found in the same areas, which, however, has

leaves with more numerous leaflets that are glabrous and sigmoidal in

shape, and fruits that are globose and creamy white when immature,

resembling those of P. limosa Ridley. Juvenile stages of the new species

may indeed also look similar to the diminutive P. limosa, which occasionally

has glaucous leaves, entire or dissected, and similarly thick; the eophylls

are practically indistinguishable, and suggest an affinity within what might

be called the ‘limosoid group’. Curiously, in these two Pinanga taxa,

serrations to leaf edges beyond the apical teeth have been observed (which

I have also seen in P. subintegra Ridley), although as a rare occurrence.

Although compared with P. auriculata Becc. var. merguensis C.K.

Lim (1998), the precedent variety, in the diagnosis (the habit and

infructescence are similar), the drupes of that taxon are, however, different

in colour, being distinctively shiny, wine-red, and its leaves (similarly with

var. leucocarpa) are glabrous, and quite different in dissection and shape.

Furthermore, their respective domains are geographically distant and

disjunct. The new species is often sympatric with P. auriculata var.

leucocarpa, aS mentioned above, and also with P. limosa, P. simplicifrons

(Miq.) Becc. and the other new species to be described in this paper, P.

Johorensis, and P. singaporensis Ridley in the Kahang area and at Gunung

Panti.

It may be found fruiting at less than 2 m in height, contrasting with

the surprisingly tall individuals towering at over 8 m, with disproportionately

slender stems, able to endure in wind-sheltered habitat at Jamari, where P.

Johorensis and Johannesteijsmannia altifrons Reichenb.f. & Zoll. are also

luxuriant. This new and attractive Pinanga can easily become endangered

due to deforestation, as at Kahang, where it is already rare, and may

require protection.

Distribution: Johor: Mersing F.R., Bukit Jamari, Kahang, Gunung Panti.

Habitat: lowland dipterocarp forest, to 50 m a.s.l., not common.

Specimens examined: Johor: Gunung Panti, 1990, C.K.Lim *H0515, Bukit

Jamari, 1991, C.K.Lim H1004 , 1992, C.K.Lim H1149 , 1993, C.K.Lim

H11455, 1993, C.K.Lim H1457 (SING), C.K.Lim H1402, H1459, H1460,

H1526, 1994, C.K.Lim H1674, H1682, 1995, C.K.Lim H1895, H1923 , 1996,

CR W195.

104 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

2. Pinanga johorensis C.K.Lim & L.G.Saw sp. nov

A P. malaiana minor, rachillis plerumque 2-ramulis, longis stolonibus bene

distincta.

Typus: Johor: Lenggor F.R., 1993, L.G.Saw FRI 37435 (holotypus KEP,

isotypus K).

Plates 5-7.

Clustering, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem with basal suckers forming

very loose clumps, stoloniferous with distant stems up to 3 m apart; stem

to 7 m tall, slender to 3 cm diam.; nodal scars conspicuous, 1 cm wide,

internode to 15 cm apart; stem surface green, sometimes sparsely lepidote,

with brown scales. Crownshaft to c. 65 cm long, dark green, sometimes

glaucous, conspicuously swollen in developing inflorescences. Leaves six

to nine in crown; leaf sheath to 32 cm long, glaucous on freshly exposed

parts, prominently lepidote on older parts; leaf with sheath to 1 m or

longer; petiole to 38 cm long, c. 1 cm diam., slightly channelled adaxially,

round abaxially, lepidote; leaflets acuminate, often five to seven regularly

arranged on each side of rachis, broad with 4-5 nerves (sometimes with 17

to 22 pairs of leaflets, each with fewer nerves), the apical leaflets broader,

very prominently toothed and deeply lobed; lamina up to 122 cm long by

75 cm wide, shiny green, coriaceous, drying dull greenish brown on upper

surface, darker brown on abaxial surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar,

pendulous; prophyll from immature inflorescence elliptic, strongly two-

keeled, pink when fresh; peduncle short to 1.5 cm long, flattened, wide at

the prophyll scar; rachillae two, rarely three, with floral triads arranged

distichously. Immature staminate flowers asymmetrical, sessile; calyx with

three free triangular unequal lobes, c. 2 mm long; corolla with three well-

developed ovate lobes, joined shortly below; stamens c. 38. Immature

pistillate flower sessile; globose, calyx with three triangular, ciliate-margined

lobes, about the same size as calyx lobes; staminodes absent; ovary

cylindrical to ovoid, c. 1.5 x 1 cm; stigma with short style c. 0.5 mm long,

0.5 mm wide; stigma irregularly lobed and flattened. Infructescence

infrafoliar strongly reflexed, up to 22 cm long. Immature fruits buff coloured

with pink tips, maturing to bright red and black, with black calyx and

corolla, borne on coral red rachillae. Mature fruit ellipsoid to 3 x 1.5 cm,

with a distinct low collar surrounding the apical stigmatic remains; epicarp

smooth; endocarp with conspicuous longitudinal fibres; seed adhering to

endocarp, 1.5 x 1.2 cm, attached basally; endosperm deeply and irregularly

ruminate; embryo basal.

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia 105

Plate 5. Pinanga johorensis C.K.Lim & Plate 6. Pinanga johorensis, note toothed

L.G.Saw, stoloniferous palm at apical leaflets.

Bukit Jamari.

Plate 7. Pinanga johorensis, inflorescences and fruit, Kahang, Johor (*H0744).

106 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Notes: This smaller relative of P. malaiana (Mart.) Scheffer has undoubtedly

been often confused with its larger kin, and perhaps many herbarium

specimens still exist under that appellation. It can frequently be seen along

the road from Kluang to Jamaluang, where it is under threat from forest

clearance, and at Bukit Jamari (Plate 5). Apart from the two-, sometimes

three-branched rachillae (Plate 7), it can be differentiated by the slender

stems growing out of surprisingly distant stolons, and its fewer broad leaflets

with the apical leaflets prominently toothed (Plate 6), although multi-pinnate

forms with narrower leaflets can also be found. In the field, the swollen

leaf sheaths have been observed to be penetrated by insects eager to ravage

the inflorescence within; one rarely sees exposed flowers in anthesis. After

abscission the prophyll may sometimes be erect, but are usually deflexed.

It is relatively widespread in Johor, justifying its epithet. From the

Lenggor F.R. to Mersing, it grows sympatrically with P.limosa, P. palustris

Kiew (see below), Nenga grandiflora Fernando, and N. pumila var.

pachystachya (Blume) Fernando, I. geonomiformis Griff. ex Mart., I. asli

C.K. Lim, and the rattans of the area including Korthalsia echinometra

Becc., and K. flagellaris Miq.. Ridley’s 1903 specimen indicates its presence

in Singapore. Further research might possibly yield collections in Sumatra

and the Riouw islands.

Distribution: Johor, Lenggor F.R., Mersing F.R., Bukit Jamari; Singapore.

Habitat: lowland dipterocarp forest, to 80 m a.s.l.; common palm.

Specimens examined: Johor: Kota Tinggi, Mawai, 1959, Tan Ah King 23A

(SING), Kahang, Kg. Sri Lukud, 1990, C.K.Lim *H0512, 1991, C.K.Lim

H0745, H0970, H1051, H1057, Bukit Jamari, 1991, C.K.Lim H1003, 1993,

C.K.Lim H1458 (SING), H1400, H1525, 1994, C.K.Lim H1683, 1995,

C.K.Lim H1896, H1924, Labis F.R., 1966, T.C.Whitmore FRI 0187 (SING),

1970, T.C.Whitmore FRI 15618 (KEP), 1993, C.K.Lim H1519 , Lenggor

F.R., 1993, C.K.Lim H1588, H1589 ; Singapore: Bukit Panjang, 1903, Ridley

1841 (SING).

3. Pinanga palustris Kiew sp.nov.

A P. malaiana fructibus grandibus_ infructescentia erecta et interfoliacea

differt.

Typus: Pahang: Sg. Kinchin, 1989.R. Kiew RK2806 (holotypus KEP).

Plates 8-9.

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia 107

Robust, clustering palm, clumps c.1 m across at the base, consisting of 10

or more stems with leafy canopy more than 3 m across. Majority of stems

in clump either short and completely covered by leafsheaths, or are basal

suckers with undivided leaves. Juvenile undivided leaf with lamina up to

50-80 cm by 14-17 cm with a deep apical notch, apical leaflet prominently

toothed, petiole c. 65 cm long. Tallest stem in clump 1.5-3.5 m tall and 3

cm thick with whitish annuli 1-2 cm apart, and c. 1 cm wide. Individual

stems with c. 3 leaves. Crownshaft c. 25 cm long, lower 1-2 leafsheaths

dead and partially rotten. Leafsheath 15 cm long, reddish-brown, or stems

yellow within sheath, persistent. Petiole 1.5 m long, yellowish-green,

glabrous, channeled above. Lamina pinnately divided, up to 2.5 m long

and 90 cm wide, with six to eight pairs, not constricted at insertion, mid-

leaflets c. 60 cm by 5 cm, each with three to four veins, veins minutely

furfuraceous on lower surface, distal leaflets 35-40 cm by c. 6 cm, with

deeply serrate margin, with teeth 1.5—3 cm long. Inflorescences interfoliar,

produced in lower leaf axils and only emerging through rotten leafsheath

when in fruit, glabrous, stout, erect, peduncle flattened 2—3 cm by 1-1.5

cm, thickening and becoming 2 cm wide in infructescence; rachillae two to

three (rarely four), 10 cm long and 5-10 mm wide, flattened, in

infructescence yellowish with ruby red or crimson hue. Fruit scar circular,

flat c. 10-12 mm across. Prophyll 9 cm by 3.5 cm, rosy red or white flushed

at apex when immature. Flower triads alternate and distichous, 3-4 mm

apart. Male flowers (from immature inflorescence) with perianth parts

fleshy, more or less triangular, stamens 30 plus (to 44), and sessile with

oblong anthers. Female flowers with three imbricate sepals, broadly ovate

with minutely apiculate apex, 4 mm by 8 mm; petals three, apically valvate,

basally imbricate, with acute apex, 8 mm by 5 mm, margin finely ciliate.

Ovary with capitate stigma. Immature fruit ellipsoid and peachy-pink in

colour, swelling when ripening, ovoid, 30-35 mm by 18 mm and rosy-red to

black. Calyx persistent, black in fruit. Epicarp smooth and matt with apical

“nose” 3 mm long, mesocarp spongy, endocarp fibrous. Seed deeply

ruminate.

Notes: In Kiew and Dransfield (1987), this species was referred to as Pinanga

aff. mirabilis and was subsequently listed as such in several checklists. The

current epithet denotes its characteristic swamp and wet habitat. It does

resemble the Bornean P. mirabilis Becc. not only in habit and habitat, but

also in the large size of fruit (up to 25 x 12 mm in the latter). The new

taxon is quite different from the other large Pinanga, P. malaiana, which

has taller and distinct stems, although caespitose, not clumping, and having

longer pendulous infructescences with red to shiny black drupes, which are

not as large.

108 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

AOWERT VEG AmE NEIYFOre COFON Maa cca

» - WeLetyré

Uae Prats per esee

m Sa. lie on Seg BE

MOLETY PE

Pmtepn prdecg Wis ay

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SS Le Lite mt a: Nad, i

“Sao ovnd

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trad)

se Le tong OE

moe po lnitit ee

Plate 8. Pinanga palustris Kiew (holotype: 1989, R. Kiew 2806 KEP). By courtesy of KEP.

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia 109

Plate 9. Pinanga palustris, with leafsheaths stripped, at Kahang, Johor.

P. mirabilis has leaves which are usually entire, although pinnate

plants are not uncommon and are sometimes sympatric (Dransfield, 1991);

the stems are taller, up to 5 m, but usually 2—3 m, cleanly exposed by the

abscissing leaves, which also reveal pendent or infrafoliar inflorescences,

although some have been observed to be erect as at Lambir Hills; its fruits

are different in colour when immature, a brownish-pink, whereas they are

coral red in P. palustris. Again, the Malayan species has characteristic

orange stems, when revealed by stripping the rotting leafsheaths (Plate 9),

and so far, no large entire-leaf forms have been encountered, barring the

juveniles.

110 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

As for P. johorensis, many herbarium specimens of this new taxon

have been filed under P. malaiana. Furtado in his determinations (at SING)

had noticed differences, and began to suggest comparisons with P. malayana

(Griff.) Scheff. var. sumatrana Becc. or with P. malayana var. baramensis

(P. malaiana (Griff.) Scheff. var. barramenis Becc. in Martelli), which are

Sumatran and Bornean taxa respectively, the latter since reduced under P.

mirabilis by Dransfield (1991).

Distribution: Johor: Ulu Endau, Lenggor F.R., Kahang, widespread, also

Pahang: Rompin, Kedaik.

Habitat: usually along sides of streams, or in swampy places, sometimes on

hills up to 300 m as observed at Ulu Endau on sandstone, growing among

Johannesteijsmannia altifrons.

Specimens examined Johor: Mawai, 1935, Corner & Furtado 29240 (K,

SING), 1959, Tan Ah King 23 (SING), Sg. Kayu, 1937, Keah 32423 (SING),

Gunung Panti East, 1892, Ridley s.n. (SING), 1973, J. Dransfield JD3044

(SING), Ulu Endau, Dransfield JD3548 (SING), B.H. & R. Kiew RK1613

(KEP), 1977, J. Dransfield & F.W. Fong JD5040 (K, KEP), Sg. Sempanong

1985, R. Kiew RK1743 (KEP), Kuala Marong, 1985, R. Kiew RK1761 (KEP),

Kahang, 1990, C.K.Lim *H0279, H0426, H0533, Lenggor F.R., 1991, C.K.

Lim H0933, L.G. Saw et alia FRI 37439 (KEP), Ulu Sedili, 1991, C.K. Lim

H0929; Pahang: Sg. Kinchin (see type), Endau-Rompin, 1985, C.M. Low

FRI 25900 (KEP), Kedaik, 1991, C.K. Lim H1001, Lesong F.R., 1992, L.G.

Saw FRI 37532 (KEP), 1993, L.G. Saw FRI 38522 (KEP).

4. Pinanga pantiensis J.Dransf. sp. nov.

Inter species Malayanas rachillis luteis vel aurantiacis valde fractiflexis bene

distincta, P. pachyphyllae, specie Borneensis, verosimiliter affinis sed textura

et dissectione folti et rachillis fractiflexis differt.

Typus: Johor: Kota Tinggi, Gunung Panti.F.R., 1973, J. Dransfield et alia

JD3048 (holotypus SING).

Plates 10-13.

Clustering undergrowth palm to 6 m tall. Stem c. 20 mm diam., green with

grey-brown leaf scars; internodes 40-50 mm long, with scattered caducous

black scales when newly exposed. Crownshaft c. 35 cm long; sheaths pale

green, c. 25 cm long, striate when dry, minutely dotted with small caducous

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia i

scales. Leaves arcuate, to 2 m long; petiole c. 50 cm long, c. 5 mm diam.

near base; rachis light orange-yellow when fresh; leaflets 10-16 on each

side of the rachis, arcuate, diverging at angle of about 30 degrees from the

rachis, the longest to 38 x 3 cm, very coriaceous, glossy green when fresh,

acuminate and consisting of three to ten folds except for the apical two

leaflets on each side, consisting of three to ten folds and lobed to a depth

of 1 cm at the tips; transverse veins conspicuous, close, leaflet surfaces

glabrous, ramenta absent. Inflorescence infrafoliar, known only in immature

to mature fruiting state, to 15 cm long with three to five branches; prophyll

14 x 4x 2 cm, thick, yellow green; peduncle c. 3 cm long, c. 8-10 mm wide

at the base, tapering to 2 mm wide, rachillae conspicuously zig-zag, yellow

to orange; rachilla bract triangular, c. 2-4 mm, flower scar 4 mm diam.

Immature fruit green, mature fruit satiny-black, ovoid, 32-35 x 15-17 mm;

epicarp minutely striate, pericarp c. 4 mm thick. Seed 10 x 20 mm,

endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Seedling leaf coriaceous.

Notes: When Dransfield recognised this as a new taxon, after viewing

herbarium records deposited by Corner as early as 1936, and from his own

collections, it was thought to be localised and endemic to the unique flora

of Gunung Panti, hence the epithet. The species has since been found in

adjacent areas in Johor, especially at Linggiu where the recently constructed

dam has diminished its population, further threatening what is undoubtedly

a rare palm. On a recent collection trip to that locality, on the stems of the

few residual plants the internodes were seen to vary from 13 cm at the

base, to 4 cm at the upper end, providing an indication of effects on growth,

perhaps due to ecological change and disturbance.

In appearance the taxon resembles P. malaiana, though it is not

observed to be as tall or robust. Although clustering, it usually has one or

two dominant stems (Plate 11). The pinnae are usually narrower and more

widely spaced (than in P. malaiana), and are characteristically tough and

stiff. The inflorescence is its striking feature (Plate 12), with zig-zag rachillae,

often bright yellow in colour and glossy black fruit (Plate 13). The recently

described palm from Khao Sok in Thailand, P. fractiflexa Hodel (1997),

has wavy but green, and not so strongly fractiflexing rachillae.

Distribution: Johor: Linggiu, Kota Tinggi, Gunung Panti F.R.(east).

Habit: Hill slopes, ridge top, dipterocarp forest, to 250 m a.s.l.

Specimens examined: Johor: Linggiu, 1992, C.K. Lim *H1343, 1993, C.K.Lim

H1530, 1998, H2001; Kota Tinggi, 1957, T.C. Whitmore 63 (SING); G.

Panti, Ulu Segun (300m alt) 1936, Corner SFN 30659 (SING); G. Panti

112 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

‘Ma y, y ‘ *

I aaa

Fl ee Ii bs x

Plate 10. Pinanga pantiensis J.Dransfield (holotype: 1973, JD3048 SING).

By courtesy of SING.

Four New Pinanga Species from Peninsular Malaysia i3

Plate 11. Pinanga pantiensis, dominant Plate 12. Pinanga pantiensis, inflorescences

stem in clump, at Linggiu, Johor. infrafoliar.

Plate 13. Pinanga pantiensis, zig-zag rachillae, and fruit (*H/343).

114 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

(forested eastern slope, 300m alt.) 1967, 7.C. Whitmore FRI 4515 (KEP),

1967, Suppiah FRI 98978 (KEP); Ulu Sedili, 1991, C.K. Lim H0926;

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Ruth Kiew and Dr. Saw Leng

Guan for generously contributing new species and collaboration, and to

the Directors of the herbaria at L, K, KEP, SING and WSRL, and to

friends at KEP, Dr. Lilian Chua, Kamarudin bin Salleh, Mat Asri bin

Ngah Sanah, and at SING, Dr. Chin See Chung, Mohamad Shah bin

Mohamad Noor, Ali Ibrahim, to my field collectors Adong Pandak, Alus

Sarip, Hamid Busu, Adnan bin Yusuf, Busu Ngah, Mohamed Noh bin

Muhamad, to Dr. Tim Whitmore for his ready help and advice, and to the

Minister for Primary Industries, Malaysia, Datuk Seri Dr. Lim Keng Yaik,

and the Departments in his portfolio for their assistance to the Palm Search

Malaysia project.

References

Beccari, O.D. 1886. Nuovi studi sulle palme asiatiche. Malesia. 3:126.

Dransfield, J. 1991. Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Sarawak. Kew Bulletin.

46:697.

Hodel, D. 1997. New species of palms from Thailand, part II. The Palm

Journal. 136: 19.

Kiew, R. and J. Dransfield. 1987. An annotated checklist of palms at Ulu

Endau, Johor, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal. 41: 257-265.

Lim, C.K. 1996. Unravelling /guanura BI. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore. 48: 1-64.

Lim, C.K. 1998. Unravelling Pinanga patula (Palmae) sensu Scheffer,

Beccari and Ridley non Blume. Gardens’ Bulletin. 50: 83-98.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 115-119.

‘Some New Eastern Gingers’ — a Paper by H.N. Ridley

Containing Descriptions of Four Species Overlooked

since their Publication in 1900

I.M. TURNER

Center for Ecological Research

Kyoto University

Shimosakamoto

Otsu 520-01, Japan

AND

M.R. CHEEK

Herbarium

Royal Botanic Gardens

Kew, Richmond

Surrey TW9 3AB, UK

Abstract

Attention is drawn to four Malesian species of ginger (Alpinia pectinata, Alpinia celebica,

Amomum terminale and Tapeinochilos koordersianus) validly published by H.N. Ridley in

1900 that do not appear in Index Kewensis. We lectotypify Alpinia pectinata Ridl., a new

synonym of Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum. Alpinia celebica Ridl. pre-dates Schumann’s

use of the same combination.

Introduction

In the July 1900 issue of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal

Asiatic Society, there appeared on pages 97-99 a short, anonymous, paper

entitled ‘Some New Eastern Gingers’ (Ridley 1900). The paper contained

descriptions of four species named as Alpinia pectinata, Alpinia celebica,

Amomum terminale and Tapeinocheilus koordersiana. The only one of

these names to appear in Index Kewensis is Alpinia celebica, which is

attributed to K. Schumann in a publication of 1899 (though this was a

nomen nudum only validated in 1904). Therefore, if these are validly

published names, they require to be circulated to prevent the unwitting

adoption of later homonyms when new names or combinations are put

forward.

116 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

Validity of the Four Species

It is first necessary to establish the author of these names. This is not

difficult. At the time of the paper’s publication, H. N. Ridley was Director

of the Singapore Botanic Gardens and a well-known authority on the

Scitamineae (Zingiberales) of tropical Asia. The first sentence of the paper

states: “The following new species of Scitamineae have passed through my

hands since writing the paper published in Journal No. 32 and do not

appear in Schumann’s paper.’ Ridley (1899) published a monograph of

‘The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula’ in the Journal of the Straits

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society No. 32, pp. 85-184, leaving no doubt

that Ridley must be the author of the ‘New Eastern Gingers’. The Schumann

paper referred to is probably K. Schumann’s ‘Monographie der

Zingiberaceae von Malaisien und Papuasien’ (Schumann 1899).

The species descriptions of the four gingers are written in English,

which does not invalidate the names for a publication of this date. The

descriptions are reasonably detailed, certainly sufficiently so, to make

rejection of the names on such grounds untenable. Finally, there is the

problem of typification. There is no specific mention of herbarium specimens

directly associated with any of the species described. Instead after the

diagnosis of each species there is a locality stated. For three of the species

this is Celebes (the former name of Sulawesi), with the following extra

information being given for Alpinia pectinata: ‘at Gunong Klabat 1300 to

1600 metres elevation, fruiting in January.’ The fourth species, Amomum

terminale, is referred to as from ‘Bismarck Archipelago (Micholitz.)

Flowered in Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Feb. 1900.’ Micholitz is known

to have collected in the Bismarcks (van Steenis-Kruseman 1950), and

presumably he sent live material to Singapore for Ridley to have cultivated

in the Botanic Gardens. The final sentence of the paper may offer a clue to

the identity of the collector of the specimens that Ridley was sent from

Celebes. He writes: ‘I have great pleasure in associating it [the new species

of Tapeinochilos| with the name of Dr. Koorders, who made such fine

collections of plants in Celebes recently.’ Koorders collected on Celebes in

1894-95 and visited Gunong Klabat on 17-19 January 1895 (van Steenis-

Kruseman 1950). It seems highly probable therefore that the three species

from Celebes described by Ridley should be typified by Koorders’

collections.

Identity of Alpinia pectinata Ridl.

Unfortunately, a thorough search of the herbarium of the Singapore Botanic

Gardens (SING) has failed to locate any likely material to typify any of

New Eastern Gingers 147

the four names. This may be accounted for by Ridley’s opening reference

to the new species as having ‘passed through my hands.’ Possibly, Koorders

sent material to Ridley for naming but without sufficient duplicates, at

least of some collections, for any material to be lodged at SING. The

absence of any collections of the Amomum terminale grown in the Singapore

Botanic Gardens is less easily explained.

A visit to Herbarium Bogoriense in Indonesia was more successful.

A Koorders specimen exactly matching the collecting details indicated for

Alpinia pectinata by Ridley was discovered. This we select as the lectotype

for the species since it is determined ‘A/pinia pectinata Ridley’ apparently

in Ridley’s hand and signed and dated by him ‘Ridley 10.x.99.’

Smith (1990), in her synopsis of Alpinia, referred to Alpinia pectinata

Ridl. as a nomen nudum first employed by Holthuis (in Holthuis & Lam

1942), who was given the name on material identified at Bogor. Smith

identified the species as Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum., which she claimed

was only validly published in 1904, with the 1899 publication of the name

representing a nomen nudum. We cannot agree with this conclusion. Name,

diagnosis and type specimens are all included in the original protologue of

Alpinia eremochlamys. We conclude that Alpinia pectinata Ridl. is valid,

and represents a new synonym of Alpinia eremochlamys as summarized

below:

Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 288. Syntypes:

Sulawesi; Tomohon, Sarasin 412, 6 June 1894; Tondano, A.B. Meyer s.n.,

May 1871; Kandari Peninsula, Beccari, May 1874.

Alpinia pectinata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 97

synon. nov.. Type: “Celebes at Gunong Klabat 1300 to 1600 metres

elevation, fruiting in January,” Koorders 196508, 19 January 1895 (lectotype,

selected here, BO!).

Three Unidentified Species

Type material for the three other Ridley names has yet to be found and we

cannot therefore identify the species concerned with certainty, but we

conclude that all three were validly published. However, it would be

premature to propose any formal name changes or new synonyms. The full

citation and Ridley’s original diagnoses (with their idiosyncratic

punctuation) of the three species are given below as an aid to others who

may want to attempt to resolve the problem.

Alpinia celebica Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 98.

Type: “Celebes.” [non Alpinia celebica K. Schum., Pflanzenr. 20 (1904)

362. Type: Sulawesi, Riedel s.n. (K!, lectotype, selected by Smith, 1990)].

118 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

‘A (Hellenia) Celebica n. sp. A herb more than 18 inches tall with glabrous very long

pointed lanceolate leaves, 8 inches long 1'/2 inch wide, petiole terete striolate graceful one

inch long ochrea oblong truncate. Panicle graceful erect branches short many flowered five

inches long. Bracts caducous. Flowers 1!/2 inch long. Calyx tubular truncate '/2 inch long.

Corolla tube twice as long, lobes oblong obtuse '/2 inch long. Lip narrow shorter than

corolla, deeply bifid, lobes spathulate emarginate. Staminodes narrow subulate. Stamen

with a rather long filament, another [sic] oblong not crested. Style graceful.’

Amomum terminale Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 98.

Type: “Bismarck Archipelago (Micholitz.) Flowered in the Botanic Gardens,

Singapore, Feb. 1900.”

‘Amomum terminale n. sp. Stems crowded slender about 2 feet tall, or much taller '/s inch

through. Leaves dark green, elliptic lanceolate acuminate thinly coriaceous pale beneath

glabrous 7 inches long, 2 inches wide, petiole very short, ocrea [sic] '/s inch long rounded.

Spike terminal or basal cylindric 4 inches long */s inches through. Bracts ovate obtuse

margins hairy */4 inch long '/2 inch wide red. Bracteole '/4 inch long oblong obtuse pink.

Flowers in pairs. Calyx tubular dilated upwards trifid pink 7/4 inch long. Corolla tube one

inch long slender white, lobes lanceolate acute '/2 inch long. Lip three lobed, two lateral

lobes shorter curved outwards, acute, median obovate obscurely lobed, '/2 inch long. Anther

with a broad connective rounded crenulate.’

Ridley added after the diagnosis:

‘The habit of this plant and its red bracts cause it to resemble some species of Zingiber, but

it has not the long anther beak of that genus. It is abnormal among Amomums in having

the spike terminal, but it.is also said to produce basal spikes from the rhizome. It is indeed

difficult to refer it to any genus but I am unwilling to make a distinct genus for it alone. In

some respects it may be classed with an ornamental plant known as Costus Zebrinus of

gardens, which however has no relationship with the genus Costus at all.’

Tapeinochilos koordersianus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34

(1900) 99, sphalm. Tapeinocheilus koordersiana. Type: “Celebes.”

‘Tapeinocheilus Koordersiana n. sp. A tall plant, 25 feet tall. Leaves broadly oblong nearly

four feet long 8 inches wide, subcoriaceous pubescent or glabrous narrowed at the base.

Spike subcylindric 8 inches long, 4 inches wide. Bracts stiff coriaceous not woody oblong or

ovate cuspidate ribbed pubescent the larger ones 2'/2 inches long and one inch wide, the

inner ones lanceate cuspidate pubescent longer. Bracteoles linear narrowed acute shorter

than flowers. Calyx tube one inch long narrow little enlarged above, lobes lanceolate acute

quite covered with silky hairs. Corolla tube hairy but little longer, lobes narrow acute. Lip

oblong rounded hairy. Anther oblong hairy. Capsule an inch long obovate warted covered

with brown wool.’

After is added:

‘Another species of this grand Eastern island genus, allied to Miquel’s 7. pungens but with

larger flowers and pubescent bracts.’

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the directors of the Singapore and Bogor Herbaria for

allowing us access to the material under their charge. D.J. Middleton kindly

New Eastern Gingers 119

checked the Rijksherbarium for potential type material. R.K. Brummitt is

thanked for valuable comments he gave on a draft of this paper.

References

Holthuis, L. B. and H. J. Lam. 1942. A first contribution to our knowledge

of the flora of the Talaud Islands and Merotai. Blumea. 5: 93-256.

Ridley, H.N. 1899. The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the

Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 32: 85-184.

Ridley, H.N. 1900. Some new eastern gingers. Journal of the Straits Branch

of the Royal Asiatic Society. 34: 97-99.

Schumann, K. 1899. Monographie der Zingiberaceae von Malaisien und

Papuasien. Botanische Jahrbucher fiir Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und

Pflanzengeographie. 27: 259-350.

Smith, R. M. 1990. Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): a proposed new infrageneric

classification. Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 47: 1-75.

Steenis-Kruseman, M. J. van. 1950. Malaysian plant collectors and

collections being a cyclopedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia. Flora

Malesiana, series 1, 1: 3-606.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 121-122.

TREE FLORA OF PASOH FOREST

Kochummen, K.M. 1997. Tree Flora of Pasoh Forest. Malayan Forest

Records No. 44. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. xv + 416. Figs. 1-20, 29-42, coloured plates; figs 21-28

b&w line drawings. ISBN 983-9592-69-6. Hardbound. Price RM60.00.

Available from the Director General, Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Pasoh Forest Reserve, a patch of rain forest in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia,

has been made internationally known for the biological research carried

out in it since 1970, first under the auspices of the International Biological

Programme (IBP) and later by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

(STRI). The research station in the reserve is managed by the Forest

Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM).

In 1985 a joint research programme between STRI and FRIM, based

on a 50 hectare plot, took off. All trees with a diameter of 1 cm and above

were enumerated. The task of identifying all the 335,240 individuals (in

814 species, 290 genera and 78 families) was carried out by K.M.

Kochummen and his team. As most individuals would not be flowering or

fruiting at the time of sample, they had to be identified based on vegetative

characters. This required a special skill of which Kochummen is the master

practitioner and in this publication he has made available a useful summary

of the work done.

This book, therefore, is not only the definitive account of the flora of

the 50 hectare plot, but also a practical manual to the art and science of

identifying southeast Asian rainforest trees using vegetative characters.

In the first part of the book, vegetative characters useful for the

identification of trees are defined and, in many cases, illustrated.

The second part consists of three keys to species or genera. The first

key identifies selected trees with “spot” characters, for example, those

with large leaves at least 20 cm long and 10 cm wide, with latex from cut

bark, or whose boles have thorns; the second key uses mainly bole and

bark characters and the third, leaf characters. As each key is broken into

several sub-groups each with a new numbering sequence, it would have

been useful at the beginning of each key to have an index listing the

sub-groups and the pages on which they begin. Keys two and three list the

sub-groups, but do not provide the page numbers.

In the key using bole and bark characters, the bole surface is divided

into four types, smooth or cracking, scaly, fissured, and dippled. However,

in the illustrations on bole characters there are also lenticellate and cankered

types; both of which appear more smooth than scaly, fissured or dippled.

Where would they go in the key? As it turns out, Parartocarpus bracteatus

122 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

(lenticellate bole), keys out under the sub-group “bole smooth or cracking.”

However, Pterocymbium javanicum (cankered) does not appear in the key

using bole and bark characters. |

The third, and major part of the book, is a description of the families,

genera and species covered. Where there is more than one genus per

family, a key to the genera is provided under each family. However, this is

not always consistent, sometimes in place of a Key to genera is a key to

“genera and species” (Anacardiaceae) and sometimes there may be more

than one key to the genera (Leguminosae, one generic key based on bole

characters and another based on leaf characters). Following this, there is

often a “forest key” to the species of the family. Again, there are some

families in which this key is not provided. Subsequently each species is

keyed under the respective genus.

The families, genera (except where there is only one species) and

species are all described. It is explained that as there is already a Tree

Flora of Malaya, this account, which covers about one quarter of that

flora, gives only brief mention of flower and fruit characters. The distribution

of each species in the 50-hectare plot is given.

A number of typographical errors are noted in passing, but these are

minor and should not detract from the main achievement of this book as a

major contribution to the use of vegetative characters in the identification

of rainforest trees. The only disturbing feature to the reviewer is the use of

slash characters (latex, colour and texture of inner bark). Although this is

not essential to identification in most cases, slashing at boles has become a

standard procedure for foresters and botanists in this part of the world.

Over the years most trees in a place like the 50-hectare plot (which

presumably would be heavily used for teaching) would run the risk of

being slashed repeatedly. The growth and health of such trees could be

affected.

This is a reasonably priced book that is of great practical use for

students of Malesian botany and all who are interested in the identification

of trees of the region.

Chin See Chung

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 123-124.

BRYOPHYTES IN THAILAND compiled by Renoo Sornsamran and

Obchant Thaitong, Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry

of Science Technology and Environment. 19 colored photographs + One

Map + 274 pp (1995). Free upon request from the Office of Environmental

Policy and Planning of the Ministry of Science Technology and Environment

at 60/1 Soi Pibulwattana Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

This nicely designed checklist of bryophytes of Thailand with good quality

printing came to my attention in 1997 when an announcement of its

existence was made public through the Bryonet listserve system.

According to the two authors, the checklist was compiled to help

researchers in Thailand who have little access to references of Thai

bryophytes. Yet, for reasons beyond my comprehension, the authors limit

their reference sources to publications dated from 1900 to 1979. Prof. Z.

Iwatsuki and I published in 1993 an updated checklist of the mosses of

Indochina, Thailand included, in Vol. 74 of the widely circulated Journal

of Hattori Botanical Laboratory. Our 1993 checklist and many monographs

published in the 80’s (e.g., Iwatsuki and Suzuki 1982; Mohamed and Reese

1985; Reese and Mohamed 1985) were not consulted by the compilers for

nomenclatural update of their new checklist. As a result, this is the first

checklist of mosses that I know which became outdated on the day it was

published.

Since I study mainly mosses of East and Southeast Asia, I shall

confine my review to the moss part of this new publication. The 1995

listing included 644 species of mosses for the entire country while Tan and

Iwatsuki (1993) counted 563 species of mosses in Thailand. The increase

in the number of mosses is not due to later discovery but is the result of

extensive use of old and discarded synonyms, and even basionyms.

Furthermore, the compilers of the checklist under review have not been

careful and accurate in their bibliographical work. In a number of instances,

the same binomial has been repeated on two different pages, thus, inflating

further the total number of moss species. Misspelled names of taxa are

not uncommon.

The new checklist of Thai bryophytes is done in a tabulated format

consisting of four columns entitled Order/Family, Species, Site Found, and

Reported by/year. Unfortunately, the arrangement of moss taxa is

alphabetical by their ordinal names first, and then the families and genera.

Most practising taxonomists, not to mention the students of bryophytes in

general, may know well the genera and families of mosses, but will not

know by heart the classification of various orders of mosses. This

arrangement has made it a difficult reference from which to retrieve

information. To aggravate the confusion, the arrangement of liverwort

124 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(1) (1998)

genera in the book is done in a different manner. The hepatic taxa are

arranged alphabetically by family and genus after grouping them first under

Marchantiales, and followed by Metzgeriales, Calobryales and

Jungermanniales. This inconsistency of system of arrangement of taxa

leaves the finding of a taxon only by way of the Index of Species that

concludes the book.

Because of the limitation to references only from 1900 to 1979, the

locality information of each species is neither complete nor up-to-date in

coverage. However, for local consumption, the compilers are correct to

include the names of mountains and other specific locations where the

species had been reported in literature. Compared with the latest and

electronic catalogue of Thai mosses prepared by the Missouri Botanical

Gardens (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/moss/Thailand/ thailand.htm), this

1995 checklist, with its enumeration of localities under each province

reported for a species, is more useful this way. In the MO’s catalogue of

Thai mosses, the locality information stops at the provincial level.

One other feature that I like about the new publication is the coloured

pictures of a number of Thai bryophytes identified to genus. Unfortunately,

the usefulness of this Thai checklist of bryophytes is handicapped by the

outdated nomenclature and limited search of literature.

References

Iwatsuki, Z. and T. Suzuki. 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Japanese

species of Fissidens (Musci). Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory.

51: 329-508.

Mohamed, H. and W. D. Reese. 1985. Syrrhopodon (Musci: Calymperaceae)

in Malaysia and adjacent regions. Bryologist. 88: 223-254.

Reese, W. D. and H. Mohamed. 1985. A synopsis of Calymperes (Musci:

Calymperaceae) in Malaysia and adjacent regions. Bryologist. 88: 98-

109.

Tan, B. C. and Z. Iwatsuki. 1993. A checklist of Indochinese mosses. Journal

of Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 74: 325-405.

Benito C. Tan

School of Biological Sciences

National University of Singapore

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

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The Gardens' Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 50 (Part 2) December 1998 ISSN 0374-7859

NATIONAL PARKS BOARD > ce RTE va

Singapore Botanic Gardens naan Road Singapore 259569 Tel: 4741165 5; Telefax: 4754295 erat

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore publishes papers on plant taxonomy (including revisions),

horticulture, phytogeography, floristics, morphology, anatomy and related fields with

emphasis on plants in the West Malesian region.

Dr Ruth Kiew

(Editor)

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Dr T.W. Foong

(Assist. Editor)

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Dr S.C. Chin

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Dr M.J.E. Coode

Royal Botanic Gardens

Kew, U.K.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr R.T. Corlett

University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong

Dr M.C. Roos

Rijksherbarium

Leiden, Netherlands

Dr E. Soepadmo

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Kepong, Malaysia —

Dr W.K. Tan

Singapore Botanic Gardens

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore.

Neither the National Parks Board nor the Editorial Board is responsible for the opinions or

conclusions expressed by the contributing authors.

The annual subscription for the Gardens’ Bulletin is Singapore $100.00 including

postage. Overseas subscribers are required to make payment in the form of bank drafts or

international money orders in Singapore currency payable to National Parks Board,

Singapore.

Instructions for contributing authors are found on the inside backcover.

Phe a8 a V LDS De Pe)

The Gardens' Bulfétin

Singapore

VOL. 50 (Part 2) December 1998 ISSN 0374-7859

CONTENTS

Julia, S. and E. Soepadmo

New species and new record of ne Blume (Fagaceae)

Riad AA AM SATAW AK. WIALAV BNA) 1c ciesk) ct aessdaveenccdsnc.cencecsehsuarsdqceeveressosshecsaderaancesdtesencese 125

Chung, R.C.K.

New species of Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer (Proteaceae)

SAO RIABES ROMO Mecca a cde ec un eee at Cm ENE rere Uc key 2) eee AI ie Doce Gen zh sunt sa Uekndaeunens ilPop

Kiew, R.

Niche partitioning in limestone begonias in Sabah, Borneo,

ATS BUCO S TE IVEY TSUTOMU S aa dha d) Jase ve silgebee mull ntdea tis Ladmadeadiedebatiedse stil 161

Choo-Toh, G.T., S.L. Chaw, C.E.Z. Chan, D.H.W. Goh and E.Y.H. Lee

A survey of termites in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Rain Forest... eee ig

Kiew, R.

The unique elements of the limestone flora of Batu Tengar Cave

aN ADEA ONAN NUM ii oe ey eho ee eta gah nese Negus eanlediadesovanienesdeacebetinbyasonte 185

Kochummen, K.M.

INew species and varieties of Moraceae from Malaysia ....1....2.c.ccccesescecscseocsstaceoncesenesones 197

Hay, A.

The genus Alocasia (Araceae-Colocasieae) in West Malesia

BARN CUR ESI ree ees eM ee ee NL eA Ci Men eee Me Bs had LS la aileaiy ouduesms bine ndaltevemdestve vA

BOOK REVIEW

mierda Miabesiata series TNE WV OlUme Bio. iis eel ves i iidoculesccssdpocsdaceasecgneeoscdecsvescssernee Benito C. Tan - 335

Date of Publication: 31 December 1998

Published by

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 125-150.

New Species and New Record of Lithocarpus Blume

(Fagaceae) from Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia

S. JULIA and E. SOEPADMO

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Kepong, 52100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Eleven new species and one new record of Lithocarpus are described from Sabah and

Sarawak. The new species are L. brochidodromus, L. corneri, L. kalkmanii, L. keningauensis,

L. kochummenii, L. melataiensis, L. muluensis, L. oblancifolius, L. sandakanensis, L. stonei,

and L. tawaiensis, and the new record is L. hystrix. Descriptions of the new taxa are

provided.

Introduction

In his account of the Malesian Fagaceae, Soepadmo (1972) recognised 49

species of Lithocarpus in Sabah and Sarawak. Upon revision of the genus

for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, eleven new species and one new

record are to be added, making the number of Known species from the two

eastern states of Malaysia 61. Of the eleven described new taxa, six occur

in Sabah only, two in Sarawak only, two both in Sabah and Sarawak, and

one in Sarawak and Brunei.

Description of the New Species

1. Lithocarpus brochidodromus S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.1

(Latin, brochidodromus=loop-veined; referring to the leaves)

Lithocarpo cooperto simillimus, sed foliis multo maioribus crassioribusque,

venis lateralibus valide brochidodromis, glande ovoideo-globosa differt.

Typus: Dewol & Lideh SAN 105591, Borneo, Sabah, Pensiangan, Sapulut,

Sg. Saburan (holotypus SAN!).

Tree up to 20 m tall, 15-55 cm in diameter. Bark flaky, greyish or brownish;

inner bark reddish or greyish or greenish. Sapwood brownish or whitish.

Twig densely tomentose with appressed stellate and simple hairs, later

subglabrescent, smooth or sparsely large-lenticellate, sometimes scaly.

Stipules linear or ovate, 5-15 x 2-5 mm. Leaves coriaceous, rigid, sparsely

appressed yellowish tomentose with simple and stellate hairs or rarely

126 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

glabrous above, densely appressed yellowish tomentose below; blades

broadly elliptic-oblong or ovate, 14—22(-—32) x 5—9(-11) cm, base rounded

or broadly acute, margin strongly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen

15-20 mm long; midrib broad, slightly raised above, strongly raised below,

densely stellate-tomentose above, sparsely appressed, stellate-tomentose

below; lateral veins thick, 7-12 pairs, lax, strongly impressed above, strongly

raised below, clearly and strongly joining near the margin, forming an

angle of 20°-30° with the midrib; intercostal veins scalariform or

subscalariform, lax, prominent and impressed above, clearly prominent

below; petioles 4-12 x 2-5 mm. Inflorescences male and female. Male

inflorescences solitary in the axils of distal leaves or in subterminal, lax

paniculate clusters on the new shoot, 6-10 cm long; bracts linear to acute,

1.5-3.5 x 1-2 mm; bracteoles linear, c. 1.7 x 0.6 mm. Male flowers solitary

along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, thick coriaceous, elliptic, 2.5-3 x

1-1.5 mm; stamens 12, filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode subglobose,

1.5—2 mm in diameter. Female inflorescences in subterminal, lax paniculate

clusters on the new shoot or solitary in the axils of distal leaves, 14-18 cm

long; bracts acute, 2—2.5 x 1-1.7 mm; bracteoles linear-elliptic, c. 2 x

0.5 mm. Female flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, thick

coriaceous, acute-rounded, 0.4—0.7 mm across; staminodes 12; styles 3,

conical, slightly recurved, 1.5—2.5 mm long. Cupules solitary along the

rachis, c. 5-mm-stalked, deeply cup-shaped, 1.5—2.5 x 2—2.5 cm, densely

appressed stellate-tomentose, scaly or set with spine-like appendages; wall

bony, thick, enclosing the acorn completely or more than half of the acorn;

scales distinct, sturdy, hook-like, set irregularly. Acorn ovoid-globose,

1.5-2 cm across, sparsely tomentose with simple hairs, brown, base flat,

top rounded-acute; scar convex, c. 1 cm in diameter; wall woody, thin,

greater parts free from the cupule. |

Vernacular names: Sabah: tikalod (Dusun Ranau); Sarawak: tekalat (Murut).

Distribution: Endemic to Borneo. In Sabah, recorded from Sapulut in

Keningau, Ulu Tungud in Beluran, and Sg. Timbulanan in Labuk Sugut

area. In Sarawak, collected from Sg. Plieran, Belaga and Lambir NP in

Miri.

Ecology: In primary to secondary forests, including riparian forest. Usually

grow on hill slopes, up to 465 m.

Notes: A species closely allied to Lithocarpus coopertus but differs by its

much bigger and thicker leaves with strongly looped lateral veins, and its

ovoid-globose acorn.

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 127

Figure 1. Lithocarpus brochidodromus S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, flowering (female)

leafy twig; B, female flower; C, longitudinal section of female flower; D, part of male

inflorescence; E, longitudinal section of male flower; F, infrutescence (A—C from SAN 103647,

D-E from S 24089, F from SAN 106929).

128 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Labuk Sugut, Sg. Timbulanan,

Aban SAN 90489 (K, KEP!, L, SAN!, SAR!); Beluran, Ulu Tungud, Sg.

Dual, Joseph et al. SAN 96531 (K, KEP!, KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!); Keningau,

Sapulut FR, Sg. Tibou, Sumbing & Soludi SAN 103647 (K, KEP!, L, SAN!);

Nabawan, Sapulut, Sg. Saburan, RP. 474, Dewol & Lideh SAN 105591

(SAN!); Sapulut, Sg. Saburan, Fidilis & Omar SAN 106929 (SAN!);

Keningau, Sapulut, East of Sg. Saburan RP. 474, Leopold Madani SAN

119228 (K, KEP!, SAN!). SARAWAK: Miri, Lambir NP, Chai S 24089

(KEP!, SAN!, SAR!); 7 Division, Belaga, Plieran Rapids, Sg. Pleieran,

Murum, Lai et al. §S 67948 (SAR!); F: Division, Belaga, Plieran Rapids, Sg.

Pleieran, Murum, Lai et al. S 67949 (SAR!).

2. Lithocarpus corneri S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.2

(E. J. H. Corner, 1906-1996, prominent former Professor of Tropical

Botany, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom)

In folii characteris Lithocarpo ruminato simillimus, sed cupula glandeque

obconica, foliis venis intercostalibus densis facile distinguendus. Typus:

Berhaman SAN 132620, Borneo, Sabah, Tenom District, Lumaku FR

(holotypus: SAN!; isotypi KEP!, L, SAR!).

Tree 10-15 m tall, 20-30 cm in diameter. Bark rough, brown. Twig sparsely

tomentose, glabrescent, greyish brown, sparsely lenticellate, sometimes

smooth. Stipules linear, 3-4 x 1 mm, persistent. Leaves thin coriaceous,

sparsely appressed yellowish tomentose above, densely appressed yellowish

tomentose below; blades elliptic, (6—)8-12 x 3-4.5 cm, base acute to broadly

acute, margin recurved, apex acuminate, acumen 5-10 mm long; midrib

raised on both surfaces, stronger above, sparsely appressed tomentose on

both surfaces; lateral veins thin, 5-8 pairs, lax, flat above, slightly raised

below, disappearing towards the leaf margin, forming an angle of 45°-60°

with the midrib; intercostal veins scalariform or subscalariform, dense,

obscure on both surfaces or slightly prominent below; petioles 5-10 x

2 mm. Inflorescences and flowers unknown. Cupules solitary along the

rachis, sessile, obconical, 2.5—4.5 x 3.5-5.5 cm, base rounded-acute, top flat,

densely appressed tomentose, lamellate; wall woody, 2-3 mm thick,

completely enclosing the acorn except for an opening of 1-2 cm in diameter;

lamellae distinct, entire, set in 12-15 regular lines, denser towards the top.

Acorn obconical, 2-4 x 3-5 cm, densely tomentose with simple and stellate

hairs, brown; wall woody, thick, greater parts adnate to the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, Borneo. So far collected from Lumaku

FR, Tenom and Mark Pang logging area, Ranau.

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 129

Figure 2. Lithocarpus corneri S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, leafy twig; B, stipules; C,

mature cupule; D, longitudinal section of the cupule showing the acorn (A—C from SAN 132620,

D from SAN 110435).

130 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Ecology: In primary to disturbed forests on hillsides.

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus ruminatus in leaf characters

but can be easily distinguished by its obconical cupule and acorn, densely

lamellate cupule, and leaves with dense intercostal veins.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Ranau, Mark Pang Logging

area, Amin & Lideh SAN 110435 (SAN!); Tenom, Lumaku FR, Berhaman

et al. SAN 132620 (KEP, L, SAN!, SAR!); Tenom, Lumaku FR, Maikin et

al. SAN 132937 (K, KEP!, L, SAN!).

3. Lithocarpus kalkmanii S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.3

(C. Kalkman, 1928 - 1998, former Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden,

the Netherlands)

In characteris cupulae Lithocarpo halleri simillimus et in folii Lithocarpo

pulchro, sed ab Lithocarpo halleri foliis crassis coriaceis rigidis, venis

lateralibus densis costa angulis 30°40° abeuntibus, venis intercostalibus dense

scalariformibus differt. Ab Lithocarpo pulchro cupula obovoideo-globosa

lamellata glandem praeter aperturam c. 0.5 cm in parte apicali omnino tegenti

distinguendus. Typus: Meijer & Hendry SAN 42460, Borneo, Sabah, Ranau,

Kinabalu NP, W border, N of Sosopodon (holotypus SAN!; isotypi: AA,

K-E).

Tree up to 30 m tall, 45-60 cm in diameter. Bark large-lenticellate or

cracky, brownish or greyish; inner bark reddish brown. Sapwood yellowish.

Twig sparsely brownish tomentose, later glabrescent, smooth or sparsely

large-lenticellate. Leaves thick coriaceous, sometimes rigid, densely

appressed yellowish tomentose above, densely appressed greyish brown

tomentose below; blades broadly elliptic, 11-15.5 x 5-8 cm, base broadly

acute, margin recurved, apex acuminate, acumen 5-12 mm long; midrib

slightly raised above, strongly raised below, sparsely appressed tomentose

on both surfaces; lateral veins thick, 12-14 pairs, dense, flat above, strongly

raised below, disappearing near the margin, forming an angle of 30°-40°

with the midrib; intercostal veins scalariform, dense, obscure above, slightly

prominent below; petioles 15-20 x 2-3 mm. Inflorescences and flowers

unknown. Cupules solitary along the rachis, sessile, obovoid-globose, 5—7 x

4-5.5 cm, base rounded, top flat, glabrous, lamellate; wall woody, thick,

completely enclosing the acorn or with an opening of c. 0.5 cm in diameter;

lamellae distinct, entire or minutely denticulate, especially the upper-most

ones, set in 6-7 regular lines. Acorn obovoid-globose, 4.5-6 x 3-5 cm,

densely tomentose, dark brown; scar deeply concave, c. 1 cm in diameter;

wall woody, thick, greater parts adnate to the cupule.

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 131

Figure 3. Lithocarpus kalkmanii S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

detailed of lower leaf surface; C, longitudinal section of cupule; D, young infructescence (A-

B from SAN 42460, C-D from SAN 5671/4).

132 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, Borneo. So far only found in the Kinabalu

NP and Sosopodon FR in Ranau area and one collection from Nabawan.

Ecology: In primary upper hill mixed dipterocarp to submontane oak-

laurel forests at altitude 1080-1500 m.

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus halleri in cupule characters

and to Lithocarpus pulcher in leaf characters but differs from Lithocarpus

halleri by its thick coriaceous and rigid leaves, its dense lateral veins forming

an angle of 30°-40° with the midrib and densely scalariform intercostal

veins. From Lithocarpus pulcher it can be distinguished by its

obovoid-globose, lamellate cupule, which completely encloses the acorn

except for an opening of c. 0.5 cm on the apical part.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Ranau, Kinabalu NP, W. border

N. of Sosopodon, Meijer & Henry SAN 42460 (AA, K, L, SAN!); Ranau,

Kinabalu, Jalan Liwagu, Francis Sadau SAN 42825 (SAN!); Ranau,

Sosopodon FR, Aban Gibot SAN 56714 (KEP!, K, L, SAN!); Nabawan,

Ignasius SAN 139147 (SAN!).

4. Lithocarpus keningauensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.4

(Of Keningau, Sabah)

In folti characteris Lithocarpis meijeri luteo sericobalanoque simillimus, ab

his cupula magna lignosa glandem omnino tegenti, lamellis etiam in iuventu

arcte distinctis facile distinguiendus. Typus: Amin SAN 95311, Borneo,

Sabah, Keningau, Bukit Kitau (holotypus SAN!; isotypi K!, KEP!, L, SAR!).

Tree 15-20 m tall, 25-60 cm in diameter. Bark fissured or scaly, brown or

reddish; inner bark brown or reddish. Sapwood yellowish to brownish.

Twig densely appressed tomentose, later glabrescent, slightly fissured or

sparsely large-lenticellate or smooth. Leaves thick coriaceous, rigid, glabrous

or densely appressed yellowish tomentose above, densely appressed

yellowish or brownish tomentose below; blades elliptic or broadly elliptic,

12.5-16.5(-29) x 4.5-7(-12.5) cm, base acute, margin recurved, apex

acuminate, acumen c. 10 mm long; midrib broad, slightly raised above,

strongly raised below, densely appressed tomentose on both surfaces; lateral

veins thick, 12-14 pairs, lax, slightly raised or flat above, raised below,

disappearing near the margin, forming an angle of 35°—45° with the midrib;

intercostal veins scalariform, dense, obscure above, slightly prominent

below; petioles 10-15 x 3-5 mm. Inflorescences and flowers unknown.

Cupules solitary along the rachis, sessile, obovoid, 7-11 x 5-6.5 cm, base

acute, top flat, glabrescent, lamellate; wall woody, thick, completely

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 133

Figure 4. Lithocarpus keningauensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, leafy twig; B, young

infructescence; C, mature cupule; D, longitudinal section of mature cupule (A & D from SAN

50208, B from SAN 92174, C from SAN 95311).

134 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

enclosing the acorn; lamellae strongly distinct even in the young cupule,

folded inwardly, longitudinal groove entire or wavy at the top, set in 6-10

regular lines, protruding from the cupule surface. Acorn obovoid globose,

4.5-6 x 3-5 cm, densely tomentose, dark brown; scar deeply concave, c.

1 cm in diameter; wall woody, thick, greater parts adnate to the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, Borneo. Known only from Ulu Biah, Bukit

Kitau and Keningau trail in Keningau, Sabah.

Ecology: In primary to disturbed forests on hill slopes, up to 300 m, on

dark brown soils.

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus meijeri, Lithocarpus luteus

and Lithocarpus sericobalanus in leaf characters but can be easily

distinguished from the three by its big and woody cupule, which is

completely enclosing the acorn and by its strongly distinct lamellae even in

the young cupule.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Papar, Keningau trail, Francis

Sadau SAN 50208 (KEP!, SAN!, SAR!); Keningau, Ulu Biah, Oikawa

SAN 92174 (K!, KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!); Keningau, Bukit Kitau, Amin

SAN 95311 (K!, KEP!, L, SAN!, SAR!).

5. Lithocarpus kochummenii S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.5

(K. M. Kochummen, senior forest botanist at the Forest Research

Institute Malaysia, Kepong)

Lithocarpo cooperto simillimus, sed foliis maioribus crassioribus, venis

lateralibus distincte brochidodromis, cupula maiore appendiculis validioribus

spiniformibus differt. Typus: Bernard Lee S 38884, Borneo, Sarawak, Miri,

Gunung Mulu NP (holotypus SAR!; isotypi K!, KEP!, SAN!).

Tree 15-30 m tall, 10-60 cm in diameter; stilt root up to 2 m high. Bark

fissured or lenticellate, reddish brown. Twig densely tomentose, later

glabrescent, sparsely to densely large-lenticellate. Stipules linear, 6-10 x

1 mm. Leaves thick coriaceous, rigid, sparsely appressed tomentose or

glabrescent above, densely appressed brownish or yellowish tomentose

below; blades broadly or rarely narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, (10-

)14-18(-22) x (4-)5-7(-8.5) cm, base cordate or rounded, margin strongly

recurved, apex sharply acute or acuminate, acumen 15-20 mm long; midrib

broad, raised on both surfaces, stronger below, glabrescent or sparsely

tomentose on both surfaces; lateral veins thick, (11—)14—18(—20) pairs, dense,

strongly impressed or rarely flat above, strongly raised below, clearly joining

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak

135

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Si ti A zal

Nye

Figure 5. Lithocarpus kochummenii S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

part of female inflorescence; C, longitudinal section of female flower; D, longitudinal section

of male flower; E, top view of cupule; F, side view of cupule; G, longitudinal section of cupule

showing the free acorn (A from S 4557, B—D from DK 964, E-G from S$ 38884).

136 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

near the margin, forming an angle of 30°—40° with the midrib; intercostal

veins thin, scalariform, rarely subscalariform, lax, obscure above, thinly

prominent below; petioles 5-10 mm long. /nflorescences male, female or

androgynous. Male inflorescences in lateral or subterminal, dense paniculate

clusters on the new shoot or solitary in the axils of distal leaves, 5-13 cm

long; bracts acute-linear, 1.5-1.7 x 0.8 mm; bracteoles oblong, c. 0.5 x

0.2 mm. Male flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, thin

coriaceous, elliptic, c. 1.2 x 1 mm; stamens 12, filaments 2—2.5 mm long;

pistillode c. 1 mm in diameter. Female or androgynous inflorescences solitary

in the axils of distal leaves or in terminal, lax paniculate clusters on the

new shoots, 7-15 cm long; bracts acute, c. 1.2 x 0.6-1 mm; bracteoles acute,

c. 1 x 0.8 mm. Female flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed,

thick coriaceous, ovate-acute, c. 1.1 x 0.8 mm; staminodes 10-12; styles 3,

conical, recurved, c. 2 mm long. Cupules solitary along the rachis, sessile,

conical-ovoid, 2—2.5 cm across, densely tomentose with simple and stellate

hairs, scaly or with spine-like appendages; wall woody, thin, enclosing the

acorn completely; spine-like appendages distinct, broad and sturdy, straight

or slightly recurved, set irregularly. Acorn conical, 1.5—2 cm across, densely

tomentose with simple hairs, rarely glabrous, brown, base flat, top acute;

scar deeply concave, 1.3-1.5 cm in diameter; wall woody, thin, greater

parts free from the cupule.

Vernacular name: Sarawak: salad (Murut).

Distribution: Endemic to Borneo. Recorded from Gunung Mulu, Ulu Sg.

Kayan in Belaga, Batu Lawi in Bario and Ulu Sg. Masia, Kota FR in

Lawas, Sarawak. Also known from Bukit Tudal, Temburong, Brunei.

Ecology: In submontane, kerangas and riparian forests, at 900-1280 m.

Notes: Closely related to Lithocarpus coopertus but differs by its much

larger and thicker leaves with clearly looped lateral veins, and larger cupule

with sturdier spine-like appendages.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SARAWAK: Kalabit Highland, foot of

Batu Lawi, a tributary of Sg. Tabun, Nooteboom & Chai 2314 (K!, KEP!,

SAR!). Baram, Gunung Mulu, path from Sg. Melinau Paku, Anderson S

4557 (K!, SAN!, SAR!); Limbang, Lawas, along Sg. Masia at Maligan

Range, Ilias Paie S 32852 (KEP!, SAR!); Limbang, Lawas, Ulu Sg. Masia

in Kota FR, Tong & Jugah S 32911 (KEP!, SAR!); Miri, Gunung Mulu

NP, Martin S 38182 (K!, KEP!, SAN!, SAR!); Miri, Gunung Mulu NP,

Bernard Lee S 38884 (K!, KEP!, SAN!, SAR!); Kapit, Belaga, Dulit Range,

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak Lay

Ulu Sg. Kayan, Dayang Awa & Yii S 46836 (K!, KEP!, SAR!); BRUNEI:

Temburong subdistrict Amo, Bukit Tudal, Kirkup 964 (BRUN, K!, KEP!).

6. Lithocarpus melataiensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.6

(Of Bukit Melatai, Sarawak)

In folii characteris Lithocarpo pusillo simillimus, petiolo longiore, cupula

maiore, glande piloso differt. Typus: Yti S 48455, Borneo, Sarawak, Kapit,

Batang Balleh, Bukit Melatai (holotypus SAR; isotypi: BKF, K, KEP!,

KELL! L).

Tree 12-27 m tall, 25—70 cm in diameter. Twig sparsely tomentose, smooth

or fissured. Stipules linear, c. 10 x 1 mm. Leaves thin coriaceous, sparsely

appressed brownish tomentose above, densely yellowish brown tomentose,

sometimes with simple hairs below; blades narrowly elliptic, 9-13.5 x

2—3 cm, base sharply acute or cuneate, margin recurved, apex caudate or

long acuminate, acumen 15-22 mm long; midrib slightly raised on both

surfaces, glabrous above, sparsely appressed tomentose with simple hairs

below; lateral veins thin, (8—)9-12 pairs, dense, flat above, raised below,

faintly joining towards the margin, forming an angle of 30°—40° with the

midrib; intercostal veins (sub)scalariform, lax, obscure on both surfaces or

slightly prominent below; petioles 6-12 mm long. /nflorescences male and

female. Male inflorescences in lateral or subterminal, lax to dense paniculate

clusters on the new shoot or solitary in the axils of distal leaves, 5—11 cm

long; bracts linear-triangular, 1-1.3 x 0.3 mm; bracteoles acute, 0.4—0.6 x

0.3-0.5 mm. Male flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed,

coriaceous, ovate-rounded, 1—1.2 x 0.5—1 mm; stamens 12, filaments 2—2.5 mm

long; pistillode globose, c. 1 mm in diameter. Female inflorescences in

terminal, lax paniculate clusters on the new shoot, 9.5—12.5 cm long; bracts

linear-triangular, c. 1.2 x 0.3-0.5 mm; bracteoles acute-rounded, 0.2-0.3 mm

across. Female flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, thick

coriaceous, ovate-acute, 0.4—-0.6 x 0.2-0.3 mm; staminodes 10; styles 3,

conical, straight, c. 1 mm long. Cupules solitary along the rachis, sessile,

deeply saucer-shaped, 0.4—0.7 x 1.2-1.7 cm, densely tomentose with stellate

and simple hairs, lamellate; wall bony, thin, enclosing less than half of the

acorn; lamellae distinct, minutely denticulate, set in 6-8 regular lines. Acorn

conical, 1.7—2 x 1.1-1.5 cm, densely simple hairy, brown; scar concave, 0).7—

1 cm in diameter, base flat, top sharply acute; wall bony, thin, greater parts

free from the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sarawak, Borneo. So far only collected from

Bukit Melatai and Ulu Balleh in Kapit division.

138 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Figure 6. Lithocarpus melataiensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

male inflorescence; C, longitudinal section of male flower: D, female inflorescence; E,

longitudinal section of female flower (A, D & E from S 48455, B-C from S 48454).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 139

Ecology: Mixed dipterocarp forests at altitude 300-880 m.

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus pusillus in leaf characters

but differs by its bigger cupule, hairy acorn and longer petiole.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SARAWAK: Kapit, Ulu Balleh, above

Sg. Mengiong, Othman Haron S 29203 (AA, BO, K, KLU!, L, MEL, SAN!,

SAR!); Kapit, Batang Balleh, Bukit Melatai, Camp. 2, Yii & Jegong S

48440 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!, L, SAR!); Kapit, Batang Balleh, Bukit

Melatai, Camp. 2, Yii S 48454 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!);

Kapit, Batang Balleh, Sg. Melatai, Bukit Melatai, above camp 2, Yi S$

48455 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!, L, SAR!), S 48463 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!,

L, SAR!).

7. Lithocarpus muluensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.7

(Of Gunung Mulu, Sarawak)

Folii textura Lithocarpo rigido simillimus, folii basi late acuto ad rotundato,

petiolo plerumque longiore, venis lateralibus angustioribus, glandis apice

rotundato differt. Typus: Illias Paie S 15082, Borneo, Sarawak, Gunung

Mulu (holotypus SAR!).

Tree 12-24 m tall, 15-75 cm in diameter. Bark flaky. Twig glabrescent,

fissured or sparsely lenticellate. Leaves thick coriaceous, rigid, glabrous

above, sparsely appressed yellowish tomentose below; blades elliptic to

broadly elliptic, (8—)11-17 x (4.5—)5.5-8.5(—9) cm, base broadly acute, margin

strongly recurved, apex acute to acuminate, acumen (5—)13—23 mm long;

midrib raised on both surfaces, stronger above, glabrescent; lateral veins

thin, 9-15 pairs, dense or lax, slightly raised on both surfaces, faintly joining

towards the margin, forming an angle of 40°—50° with the midrib; intercostal

veins (sub)scalariform, lax, obscure on both surfaces; petioles (8—)10—13(-

15) mm long. Inflorescences and flowers unknown. Cupules in clusters of 2

along the rachis when young, later solitary along the rachis, sessile, saucer-

shaped, 1.8—2.4 x 2—2.5 cm, sparsely stellate-tomentose, scaly; wall woody,

thick, enclosing less than half of the acorn; scales distinct, broad and rigid,

set irregularly. Acorn depressed subglobose, 1.8—2.4 x 2-2.5 cm, glabrous

and shiny, dark brown, base flat, top rounded; scar deeply concave, 1.5—1.7 cm

in diameter; wall woody, thick, greater parts free from the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sarawak, Borneo. So far only collected from

Gunung Mulu in Miri division.

Ecology: In primary hill and submontane forests, 1350-1500 m.

140 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Figure 7. Lithocarpus muluensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

infructescence showing cup-shaped cupules; C, acorn; D, longitudinal section of acorn (A—B

from § 15082, C—D from S 15081).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 141

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus rigidus in leaf texture but

differs by its broadly acute or rounded leaf base, usually longer petiole,

thinner lateral veins, and acorn with rounded apex.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SARAWAK: Gunung Mulu, path from

Sg. Melinau Paku, Anderson S 4506 (AA, K, L, SAN!, SAR!, SING), S$

4598 (AA, K, L, SAN!, SAR!, SING); Gunung Mulu, //ias Paie S 15077

(SAR!), S 15081 (BO, K, L, SAN!, SAR!, SING), S 75082 (SAR!); Miri,

Mulu NP, Gunung Mulu, Camp. 3, Yi & Abu Talib S 58283 (K, KEP!,

KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!).

8. Lithocarpus oblancifolius S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.8

(Latin, oblancifolius=with reversed spear-shaped leaves)

In folii characteris Lithocarpo lucido simillimus, sed cupula minore tenuiore,

glande conico, venarum lateralium numero minoribus, venis intercostalibus

minus prominentibus differt. Cupula cupulae Lithocarpi papilliferi similis

sed folia differunt. Typus: Leopold Madani SAN 133942, Borneo, Sabah,

Tawau, Tawau Hill Park (holotypus SAN!).

Tree up to 24 m tall, 20-45 cm in diameter. Bark lenticellate or smooth,

brown or greyish; inner bark greyish to yellowish. Sapwood whitish to

yellowish. Twig sparsely tomentose, later subglabrescent, smooth or sparsely

large-lenticellate. Stipules linear, c. 2 x 1 mm. Leaves thin coriaceous,

glabrous above, sparsely appressed greyish tomentose below; blades

oblanceolate, (6—)8-13.5 x (2.5—)3—4.5 cm, base cuneate, margin recurved,

apex rounded or shortly acute; midrib raised on both surfaces, stronger

below, glabrescent; lateral veins thin, 8-13 pairs, lax, flat or impressed

above, raised below, joining near the margin, forming an angle of 30°-50°

with the midrib; intercostal veins reticulate or subscalariform, dense, obscure

above, prominent below; petioles 3-5 x 2 mm. Inflorescences male, female,

androgynous or mixed. Male inflorescences in lateral, lax to dense paniculate

clusters on the new shoot, 3-11 cm long; bracts linear, c. 1 x 0.3 mm;

bracteoles linear, c. 5 x 0.1 mm. Male flowers solitary along the rachis;

perianth 6-lobed, thin coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, 0.8-1 x 0.6—-0.8 mm;

stamens 10-12, filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode globose, 0.7—-0.8 mm in

diameter. Female or androgynous inflorescences in subterminal, lax

paniculate clusters on the new shoot or solitary in the axils of distal leaves,

4-12 cm long; bracts linear-acute, 1—1.2 x 0.2-0.4 mm; bracteoles acute, c.

0.5 x 0.2 mm. Female flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed,

coriaceous, broadly acute or rounded, 0.5-0.9 x 0.5—0.7 mm; staminodes

12; styles 3, conical, recurved, 1—-1.2 mm long. Cupules solitary along the

rachis, sessile, saucer-shaped, 1—1.2 x 1.6—2 cm, densely appressed tomentose

142 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Figure 8. Lithocarpus oblancifolius S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

male inflorescence; C, longitudinal section of male flower; D, female inflorescence; E,

longitudinal section of female flower (A from SAN 132942, B-C from SAN 91636, D-E from

SAN 111174).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 143

with stellate and simple hairs, lamellate; wall woody, thin, enclosing less

than half of the acorn; lamellae distinct, entire, set in 6-8 regular lines.

Acorn ovoid-conical, 1.6-1.8 x 1.6-2 cm, glabrous, brown, base flat, top

acute; scar concave, c. 1.5 cm in diameter; wall bony, thick, greater parts

free from the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, Borneo. Collected from Tawau Hill Park

in Tawau and Sg. Piso in Labuk Sugut area.

Ecology: Near the riverbank, rather open area at altitude c. 90 m.

Notes: A species closely allied to Lithocarpus lucidus in leaf characters but

differs by its smaller and thinner cupule, conical acorn, less number of

lateral veins and by its less prominent intercostal veins. The cupule is

similar to that of Lithocarpus papilifer but the leaves are different.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Labuk Sugut, Sg. Piso, Aban

Gibot & Dewol SAN 91636 (K, SAN!); Tawau, Tawau Hill Park, Water

Pump, Leopold Madani & Sigin SAN 111174 (K, L, SAN!, SAR!); Tawau,

Tawau Hill Park, Leopold Madani et al. SAN 133942 (SAN!).

9. Lithocarpus sandakanensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.9

(Of Sandakan, Sabah)

Lithocarpo stonei simillimus, foltis tenuioribus, cupula parum minore, glande

piloso distinguendus. Typus: Wood SAN A 4697, Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan,

Sepilok FR, Compartment 17 (holotypus KEP!; isotypi AA, L, MEL, SING).

Tree 10-45 m tall, 15-90 cm in diameter; buttresses small. Bark smooth,

greyish or brownish; inner bark yellowish. Sapwood whitish or purplish.

Twig glabrescent, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, sparsely appressed

yellowish tomentose or glabrescent above, densely appressed brownish

tomentose below; blades broadly elliptic-oblong, 26-39(—46) x 7.5—11.5 cm,

base acute-rounded, margin recurved, apex sharply acute to acuminate,

acumen c. 15 mm long; midrib flat or slightly raised above, strongly raised

below, glabrous on both surfaces; lateral veins thick, 11-14 pairs, dense,

flat or impressed above, strongly raised below, disappearing towards the

margin, forming an angle of 30°-45° with the midrib; intercostal veins

subscalariform or reticulate, lax, thinly prominent on both surfaces, stronger

below; petioles 8-18 x 3-6 mm. Male inflorescences c. 10 cm long; bracts

linear-acute, 1—1.1 x 0.4 mm; bracteoles linear-acute, c. 0.6 x 0.2 mm. Male

flowers solitary along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, coriaceous, elliptic, 1.1-

144 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

wie.

Figure 9. Lithocarpus sandakanensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, leafy twig; B, part of

infructescence; C, longitudinal section of cupule and acorn (All from SAN A 4697).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 145

1.3 x 0.6—0.8 mm; stamens 10, filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode subglobose,

0.6-1 mm in diameter. Female inflorescences and flowers unknown. Cupules

solitary along the rachis, 0.5—0.7-cm-stalked, cup-shaped, 1.5—2 x 3-3.5 cm,

densely tomentose, lamellate; wall woody, thick, enclosing up to half of the

acorn; lamellae distinct, minutely denticulate or wavy, set in 7-8 regular

lines. Acorn depressed ovoid, 3.5—4 cm across, densely tomentose with

simple hairs, dark brown, base flat, top acute; scar deeply concave, c. 2 cm

in diameter; wall woody, thick, greater parts free from the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, Borneo. All known specimens were

collected from Sepilok FR, Sandakan.

Ecology: Primary lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, on yellow soil, up to

15 m altitude.

Notes: A species closely related to Lithocarpus stonei but can be

distinguished by its much thinner leaves, slightly smaller cupule and by its

hairy acorn.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Sandakan, 15 miles W of

Sandakan, Sepilok FR, Compartment 17, Wood SAN A 4697 (AA, KEP!,

L, MEL, SING); Sandakan, Sepilok FR, Jalan Batu 15, Patrick SAN 19698

(KEP!, SAN!); Sandakan, Sepilok FR, Batu 15, Meijer SAN 34286 (K, L,

SAN!); Sandakan, Sepilok FR, Jalan Kantor Pos, Patrick SAN 62061

(SAN!); Sandakan, Arboretum, Mile 14, Aban Gibot, Kumin & Rakim

SAN 73710 (SAN!).

10. Lithocarpus stonei S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.10

(B. C. Stone, 1933 — 1994, former Reader in Botany, Department of

Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Species cupula magna lignosa cupuliformi, glande magno glabro apice nitido

rotundato, foliis crassis rigidis notata. Cupulae Lithocarpi revoluti satis similis

sed folti characteri differunt. Typus: Yap & Khairuddin SAN 106051, Borneo,

Sabah, Tambunan road (holotypus SAN!; isotypus KEP!).

Tree 10-25 m tall, 60-100 cm in diameter. Bark fissured or smooth or

lenticellate, dark grey; inner bark fibrous, yellowish brown or whitish.

Sapwood whitish. Twig densely tomentose, sparsely to densely large-

lenticellate. Leaves thick coriaceous, rigid, densely appressed yellowish

tomentose above, sparsely yellowish tomentose below; blades broadly

elliptic-oblong, 28—36(-40) x 9-14 cm, base rounded to broadly acute, margin

recurved, apex acuminate, acumen c. 15 mm long; midrib strongly raised

146 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

on both surfaces, stronger below, sparsely appressed tomentose on both

surfaces, denser above; lateral veins thick, (9—)10-12 pairs, lax, flat or

impressed above, strongly raised below, disappearing towards the margin,

forming an angle of 30°-45° with the midrib; intercostal veins reticulate,

lax, obscure above, prominent below; petioles 10-15 x 5-7 mm, kneed.

Male inflorescences and flowers unknown. Female inflorescences solitary

in the axils of distal leaves, much branched and sturdy, c. 20 cm long;

bracts linear-acute, 2—2.5 x 0.2-0.5 mm; bracteoles broadly acute, c. 0.5 x

0.7 mm. Female flowers in clusters of 2—3 along the rachis; perianth 6-

lobed, coriaceous, acute, c. 1 x 0.5 mm; staminodes 12; styles 3, conical,

straight, c. 1.5 mm long. Cupules in clusters of 2-3 or rarely solitary along

the rachis, sessile, deeply cup-shaped, 2—3 x 4-5 cm, densely tomentose,

lamellate; wall woody, 3—5 mm thick, enclosing half or more than half of

the acorn; lamellae strongly distinct, folded inward, wavy, set in 7-9 regular

or irregular lines. Acorn depressed ovoid globose, 3—4 x 3—5 cm, glabrous

and shiny, brownish, base flat, top rounded; scar deeply concave, 2—2.5 cm

in diameter; wall woody, thick, greater parts free from the cupule.

Vernacular name: Sarawak: saled urong (Kelabit).

Distribution: Endemic to Borneo. In Sabah, collected from Crocker Range

in Tenom, Gunung Alab and Tambunan road in Tambunan. In Sarawak,

collected only from Sg. Marariro in Bario area.

Ecology: In lower montane forest, on recent alluvium, clay soils, at 960-

1050 m.

Notes: A species characterised by its big, woody and cup-shaped cupule,

big, glabrous acorn with shiny and rounded apex, and by its thick and rigid

leaves. The cupule is rather similar to that of Lithocarpus revolutus but the

leaf characters are different.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Tambunan District, Crocker

Range, Kota Kinabalu to Sunsuron Road, Andrews 851 (K!); Tambunan,

Crocker Range, along Tambunan-Penampang road, Sugau et al. JBS 66

(AA, AAU, EDH, HAST, K, KEP!, L, PNH, SAN!, SAR!, SING); Kota

Kinabalu, Tambunan Road, Yap & Khairuddin SAN 106051 (KEP!, SAN!);

Tambunan, Gunung Alab, km 56, Jalan Kota Kinabalu-Tambunan, Fidilis

& Sumbing SAN 121701 (K!, KEP!, L, SAN!); Tenom, Crocker Range,

Meijer SAN 136522 (CHI, KY, SAN!). SARAWAK: Bario, Ulu Baram,

path to Pa’Main, near Sg. Marariro, Anderson S 20067 (SAN!, SAR!).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 147

Figure 10. Lithocarpus stonei S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A, fruiting leafy twig; B,

longitudinal section of cupule; C, female inflorescence; D, female flower; E, longitudinal section

of female flower; F, part of female inflorescence (A-B from SAN 106051, C-F from SAN

136522).

148 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

11. Lithocarpus tawaiensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. Fig.11

(Of Bukit Tawai, Sabah)

Ab generis speciebus omnibus foltis sessilibus crasse coriaceis rigidis, basi

cordato, venis lateralibus fere invisibilis, inflorescentiis masculis validis differt.

Typus: Berhaman et al. SAN 134267, Borneo, Sabah, Bukit Tawai (holotypus

KEP!).

Stunted treelet of about 1-1.5 m tall and c. 5 cm in diameter. Bark pale

brown. Twig sparsely appressed tomentose, smooth. Stipules ovate-rounded,

10-13 x 10-18 mm. Leaves sessile, thick coriaceous, rigid, glabrous above,

sparsely appressed yellowish tomentose or glabrescent below; blades ovate-

rounded, 6.5—10.5 x 6-9 cm, base cordate, margin recurved, broadly acute;

midrib raised on both surfaces, slightly stronger below; lateral veins thin,

10-12 pairs, dense, flat and almost invisible on both surfaces, faintly joining

near the margin, forming an angle of 20-30° with the midrib; intercostal

veins reticulate, dense, obscure above, slightly prominent below. Male

inflorescences in lateral or terminal, lax paniculate clusters on new shoots

or solitary in the axils of distal leaves, 6-15 cm long; bracts and bracteoles

ovate-acute, 0.6—0.8 x 0.4-0.6 mm. Male flowers solitary or in clusters of

2-3 along the rachis; perianth 6-lobed, thick coriaceous, elliptic, c. 1.2 x 0.7 mm;

stamens 12, filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode globose, c. 0.5 mm in diameter.

Female inflorescences and flowers unknown. Young cupule solitary along

the rachis, sessile, saucer-shaped, 1-1.3 x 0.3-0.4 cm, scaly, enclosing less

than half of the acorn; scales distinct, set irregularly. Acorn for the greater

parts free from the cupule.

Distribution: Endemic to Borneo. Twice collected from Bukit Tawai,

Telupid, Sabah.

Ecology: Primary hill forest on ultrabasic soil.

Notes: A species differs from any other known species of the genus by its

sessile, thick coriaceous and rigid leaves with cordate base and almost

invisible lateral veins, and its sturdy male inflorescences.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Telupid, summit of Bukit Tawai,

Berhaman et al. SAN 134267 (KEP!); Telupid, Bukit Tawai, Sugau et al.

SAN 138832 (KEP!, SAN!).

Lithocarpus from Sabah and Sarawak 149

Figure 11. Lithocarpus tawaiensis S. Julia & Soepadmo, sp. nov. A and B, flowering (male)

leafy branches; C, distal twig with axillary, branched male inflorescence; D, distal part of male

inflorescences with flower buds; E, cluster of 3 male flowers; F, proximal twig with young

infructescence; G, cluster of 3 developing cupules and acorns; H, very young developing cupule;

I, young infructescence; J, mature cupules; K, detailed venation on the leaf undersurface (A-

H from SAN 134267; I-K from SAN 138832).

150 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

New record

Lithocarpus hystrix (Korth.) Rehder

The species is previously known from Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and

Kalimantan in Borneo (Soepadmo 1972). Recent collections extend the

distribution to Sarawak and Brunei.

Specimens Examined: SARAWAK: Bintulu division, Bukit Lumut, Abg.

Mohtar & Yii S 65896 (BKF, K, KEP!, L, SAN!, SAR!); 7 Division,

Belaga, Dulit Range, Ulu Sg. Kayan, Dayang Awa & Yii S 46731 (BKF, K,

KEP!, KLU!, L, SAR!); Lundu, Pasir Tengah/Biawak, Othman Ismawi et

al. S 63890 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!, L, SAR!); 1° division, Lundu, Sampadi

FR, Syarikat Woodworking Salmas, Othman Ismawi S 37824 (K, KEP!,

KLU!, L, SAR!); Kapit District, Bukit Raya, Soepadmo & Chai S 28198

(AA, BO, K, KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!, SING); Simanggang, Ulu Skrang,

path to Bukit Sadok, J/lias Paie, Banyeng & Manggi S 44907 (BKF, K,

KLU!, L, SAR!); 4" division, Gunung Mulu NP, Martin S 38902 (K, KEP!,

KLU!, L, SAN!, SAR!); 1st and 2™4 division boundary, Ulu Simunjan,

Gunung Angkong, Martin S 36953 (K, KEP!, KLU!, L, MO, SAR!); 1*

division, Padawan, Bukit Woen, Yii S 61453 (BKF, K, KEP!, KLU!, L,

SAR!). BRUNEI: Temburong River Valley, Johns 7325 (BRUN, KEP!).

Acknowledgements

We wish to extend our gratitude for the support and encouragement

extended by the Director-General of FRIM, Kepong and to the Curators

of K, L, SAN and SAR herbaria for the loan of specimens. We are also

deeply indebted to Dr. J.F. Veldkamp of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the

Netherlands for providing the Latin diagnoses of the new species, and to

Ms. Rosemary Wise (OFI) and Mr. Joseph Pao (SAR) for preparing the

illustrations. The research was part of the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak

Project, funded by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO),

the Malaysian Government, and the Overseas Development Administration

of the United Kingdom (ODA-UK).

References

Soepadmo, E. 1972. Fagaceae. Flora Malesiana 7, 2: 318-385.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 151-160.

New Species of Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer

(Proteaceae) from Borneo

R.C.K. CHUNG

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Two new species of Helicia Lour. (H. sessilifolia and H. symplocoides) and two new species

of Heliciopsis Sleumer (H. percoriacea and H. litseifolia) are described and illustrated from

Borneo.

Introduction

In his accounts of Malesian Proteaceae, Sleumer (1955a, 1955b) recognised

eight species of Helicia and two species of Heliciopsis from Borneo. The

revision of the genera Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer (Proteaceae)

for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak revealed, four new species. Helicia

symplocoides and Heliciopsis percoriacea are endemic to Sabah and Sarawak

respectively, while Helicia sessilifolia is known from Sabah and Sarawak

only. Heliciopsis litseifolia is common throughout Borneo (except Brunei),

Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. These species are described and

illustrated below.

Helicia

1. Helicia sessilifolia R.C.K. Chung, sp. nov. Fig. 1

(Latin, sessilis=stalkless, folium=leaf)

Helicia sessilifolia Heliciae maxwellianae similis, sed in ramulis gracilibus,

folii margine erecurvata, foliis anguste coriaceis flavido brunnescentibus in

sicco, fructu stipitato ellipsoideo-apiculato castanescenti in sicco differt. Typus:

Borneo, Sarawak, Limbang Division, Lawas, Ulu Trusan, Bt. Tebunan, 9

May 1986, Bernard Lee S 52436 (holotypus KEP!; isotypi K, L, MO, SAN!,

SAR!).

Treelet to small tree, up to 10 m tall. Twigs: youngest parts subangular,

older ones terete, light brown, glabrous. Leaves spiral or subopposite; blades

broadly oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate, (6—)9-17 x (4.5—)5—8.5 cm, thinly

152 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

coriaceous, yellowish brown when dry, not shining, glabrous; base rounded

to subcordate, margin entire, apex acute; midrib slightly raised above,

prominent below; lateral veins 6-7 pairs, curving and joining near margin,

prominent on both surfaces; intercostal veins reticulate, inconspicuous on

both surfaces; petioles extremely short, up to 2 mm long, slightly swollen

at base, dull brown, glabrous. /nflorescences racemose, axillary, solitary, c.

7 cm long, laxly flowered near the base; rhachis terete, c. 1 mm diameter,

glabrous; bracts minute, less than 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Flowers: pedicels

5—6 mm long, in pairs, not winged, connate up to about 2-3 mm from the

base, glabrous; perianth (12—)16-19 mm long, glabrous, limb ellipsoid, 0.8-

1.2 mm diameter; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, glabrous; style

filiform, apex clavate, glabrous; stigma punctiform, terminal, stigmatic

surface glandular; disk glands almost entirely connate in a crenulate ring.

Fruits ellipsoid, 44.5 x 2.4-2.7 cm, slightly oblique, glabrous, chesnut-

brown when dry, apiculum 1—4 mm long, contracted into a stipe of c. 3 mm

long; pericarp smooth, 2.5—3 mm thick; fruit stalk unknown.

Distribution: Endemic to Borneo. Rare in Sarawak and Sabah, known in

Sarawak only from Bt. Tebunan, Lawas (S 52434 and S$ 52436) and in

Sabah from Tambunan (SAN 60837 and SAN 111305). Not yet recorded

from Brunei and Kalimantan.

Ecology: Mixed dipterocarp forest, up to 900 m.

Notes: This species is similiar to H. maxwelliana, from which it is

distinguished by its slender twigs (stout in H. maxwelliana), non-recurved

leaf-margin (curled inwards in H. maxwelliana), thinly coriaceous leaves

(thickly coriaceous in H. maxwelliana) which turn yellowish brown when

dry (olivaceous-yellowish to dark brown in H. maxwelliana), long-apiculate

and stiped ellipsoid fruit, which turns chesnut-brown when dry (subglobose

fruit, without apiculum and stipe, and black when dry in H. maxwelliana).

The new species 1s apparently confined to hill mixed dipterocarp forest. In

contrast, H. maxwelliana is restricted to submontane forest.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SARAWAK: Limbang Division—Lawas,

Ulu Trusan, Bt. Trusan, 9 May 1986, Bernard Lee S 52434 (K, KEP!, L,

MO, SAN!, SAR!), S 52436 (K, KEP!, L, MO, SAN!, SAR!). SABAH:

Pedalaman District—Tambunan, 21 July 1984, Amin & Suali SAN 60837

(AA, K, KEP!, L, SAN!, SAR!, SING!), Rafflesia FR, 7 Sept. 1985, Leopold

Madani & Ismail SAN 111305 (K, KEP!, SAN!).

153

Helicia and Heliciopsis from Borneo

Figure 1. Helicia sessilifolia. A, leafy twig; B, flower buds; C, base of ovary with disk glands;

D, fruit; E, fruit in longitudinal section; F, seed. (A—C from S 52436, D-F from S 52434.)

154 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

2. Helicia symplocoides R.C.K. Chung, sp. nov. Fig. 2

(Greek, -oides=resembling; with leaves resembling those of Symplocos)

Hac species nova a generis speciebus aliis foliis crasse coriaceis c. 10 cm

longis 5 cm latis, apice emarginato vel obtuso, basi decurrenti cuneata,

marginibus recurvatis, fructibus minutis ad 1.7 cm longis 1.4 cm latis differt.

Typus: Borneo, Sabah, Pantai Barat District, Mt. Kinabalu, Mesilau Cave,

1 April 1964, Chew & Corner RSNB 4786 (holotypus SAN!; isotypi K, L).

Tree 15 m tall, 25 cm diameter. Twigs terete, grey or greyish brown, glabrous

with distinct leaf scars up to 3 mm diameter. Leaves spiral; blades obovate,

5—10 x 2.5—5 cm, thickly coriaceous, deep green above, brown below, not

shining, glabrous; base cuneate, decurrent, margin entire or occasionally

with 1-3 minute teeth in the upper half, recurved, apex obtuse or

emarginate; midrib raised above, prominent below; lateral veins 6-8 pairs,

curving near the margin and joining with next one to form looped

intramarginal veins, visible below, inconspicuous above; intercostal veins

inconspicuous on both surfaces; petioles 2-4 x 1.5—2 mm, swollen and

wrinkled at the base, dark brown when dry, glabrous. Flowers not known.

Fruits ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 1.5—1.7 x 1.2-1.4 cm, oblique, glabrous,

black when dry, shortly apiculate, apiculum c. 1 mm long, stipe c. 2 mm

long; pericarp smooth, 0.8—1.5 mm thick; fruit stalk 5-7 x 1.5—2 mm.

Distribution: Recorded only from Sabah where it is known from a single

collection, Chew & Corner RSNB 4786, from Mt. Kinabalu, Mesilau Cave,

on ultramafic soil.

Ecology: Submontane forest at 1850 m.

Notes: The leaves of the new species resemble those of Symplocos Jacquin

(Symplocaceae). :

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SABAH: Pantai Barat District—Mt.

Kinabalu, Mesilau Cave, 1 April 1964, Chew & Corner RSNB 4786 (K, L,

SAN!).

Heliciopsis

1. Heliciopsis litseifolia R.C.K. Chung, sp. nov. Fig. 3

(With leaves resembling those of Litsea, Lauraceae)

Heliciopsis litseifolia Heliciopsidi montanae proxime affinis, a posteriore

foliis simplicibus anguste coriaceis basi attenuata decurrenti, apice acuto vel

Helicia and Heliciopsis from Borneo 155

Figure 2. Helicia symplocoides. A, leafy twig; B, fruiting leafy twig; C, fruit; D, fruit in

longitudinal section. (From RSNB 4786. )

156 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

acuminato, marginibus integris, petiolis brevibus ad 2 cm longis

distinguendam. Typus: Borneo, Sarawak, Kapit Division, Belaga, 2 Sept.

1958, Jacobs 5401 (holotypus SAR!; isotypi B, CANB, G, K, L, S, US).

Small to medium-sized tree, 6-25 m tall, 10—25(-50) cm diameter. Twigs:

youngest parts angular, older ones terete, grey-brown, glabrous. Mature

leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, 10-25 x 4-11.5 cm, thinly coriaceous,

yellowish green to olivaceous brown when dry, not shining, glabrous; base

attenuate, decurrent, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate; midrib slightly

raised above, prominent below; lateral veins 5-6 pairs, curved upwards

and joining near the margin to form loops, prominent on both surfaces;

intercostal veins reticulate, faint above, typically visible below; petiole

(0.5—)1—2.5 cm long, swollen at the base, black and rarely yellowish brown

when dry, glabrous. Inflorescences racemose, axillary or born on older,

leafless branches, solitary, 12-26 cm long, laxly flowered except for about

3 cm from the base; rhachis 1-1.5(—2) mm diameter, rufous pubescent,

soon glabrescent; bracts subulate, 1-2 mm long, persistent, rufous pubescent.

Flowers: pedicels 5-8 mm long, mostly in pairs, connate up to 3-5 mm

from the base, rufous pubescent; perianth 8-10 mm long, rufous pubescent

to glabrescent, limb clavate, c. 1.5 mm diameter; anthers 1—-1.5 mm long;

ovary glabrous; style filiform, clavate towards the apex, glabrous; stigma

discoid, lateral, stigmatic surface glandular, with distinct cleft; disk glands

truncate, free, spaced. Fruits cylindric ellipsoid, (2.7—)3-3.5(-3.8) x

(1.7—)2-2.2(-—2.5) cm, smooth, shining black when dry; exocarp leathery, c.

1 mm thick; mesocarp built up by radial, soft brown fibres c. 2.5 mm long;

endocarp woody, thin; fruit stalk 10-12 x 3-4 mm.

Distribution: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Ecology: Lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forest, up to 900 m.

Notes: In Borneo, the leaf and petiole characters are rather variable. In

Othman Haron S§ 29994, Sumbing Jimpin SAN 110338, and Church 173,

the leaves range from 16-25 cm long and 9-11.5 cm wide, and the petioles

from 2-2.5 mm in diameter. Furthermore the fruits in de Wilde & de

Wilde-Duyfjes 16611 from Sumatra, are larger (c. 4.5 x 3.5 cm) than those

of the Bornean specimens and the endocarp is thicker (c. 3 mm).

Specimens Examined: SUMATRA. Atjeh, G. Leuser Nature Reserve, G.

Mamas, 5 May 1975, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 16611 (BO, KEP!, L).

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. TERENGGANU—Ulu Setiu FR, 4 Aug.

1977, Chan FRI 23980 (K, KEP!, L, SING!). JOHORE—Ulu Sg. Anak

Endau, 3 April 1968, Cockburn FRI 8118 (K, KEP!, SING!). BORNEO.

Helicia and Heliciopsis from Borneo 157

Figure 3. Heliciopsis litseifolia. A, leafy twig; B, male inflorescence; C, male flower buds; D,

open female flower; E, base of ovary with disk glands; F, stigma; G, infructescence; H, fruit in

longitudinal section. (A, G-H from SAN 67659, B-C from S$ 34497, D-F from Jacobs 5401.)

158 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

SARAWAK: Kuching Division—Sematan, G. Pueh, 23 June 1974, James

et al. S 34497 (A, K, L, MO, SAN!, SAR!). Samarahan Division—Serian,

Sabal FR, 14 May 1974, Tong S 34320 (K, KEP!, L, MO, SAN!). Sibu

Division—Anap, Ulu Muput Kanan, Bt. Kemantan, 12 Oct. 1963, Chai S$

19547 (A, BO, K, L, MEL, SAN!, SAR!, SING!), Ulu Kakus, 9 March

1970, Othman Haron S 29994 (A, K, KEP!, L). Kapit Division—Belaga,

Rajang R., 2 Sept. 1958, Jacobs 5401 (B, CANB, G, K, L, SAR!, SING!,

US), Batu Laga, 4 Sept. 1984, Abg. Mohtar S 48191 (K, KEP!, L, MO,

SAN!, SAR!). SABAH: Pedalaman District—Keningau, Pensiangan FR,

16 Oct. 1985, Sumbing Jimpin SAN 110338 (SAN!). Tawau District—Tawau,

Sg. Pang Burong FR, 17 July 1969, Leopold Madani & Saikeh SAN 67659

(K, L, SAN!, SAR!), Kinabutan Kecil, 20 May 1963, Aban Gibot SAN

35872 (SAN!, SAR!). KALIMANTAN: Kalimanatan Barat—Sintang, Bt.

Baka NP, 17 Oct. 1993, Church 173 (A, BO, KEP!). Kalimantan Tengah—

Ulu Barito, 22 June 1990, Ridsdale PBU 595 (BO, KEP!, L).

2. Heliciopsis percoriacea R.C.K. Chung, sp. nov. Fig. 4

(Latin, per=exceedingly, coriaceus=leathery, referring to leaves)

Heliciopsidi montanae similis, foliis late ellipticis, petiolis glabrescentibus,

pedicellis 8-10 mm longis, periantho 12-15 mm longo limbo c. 2.5 mm

diam. distinguendam. A Heliciopside litseifolia in foltis crasse coriaceis, apice

obtuso, petiolis perianthiis longioribus differt. Typus: Borneo, Sarawak,

Kuching Division, Lundu, G. Pueh, 4 Oct. 1985, Othman Ismawi et al. S

49967 (holotypus KEP (Sheet 1)!; isotypi K, KEP (Sheet 2)!, L, MO, SAN!,

SAR!)

Medium-sized tree, 21 m tall, 36 cm diameter. Twigs terete, greyish brown,

rufous tomentose when young, soon glabrous. Mature leaves broadly elliptic,

(10—)12-18(-21) x (7—-)8-11(-12.5) cm, thickly coriaceous, yellowish

olivaceous or yellowish brown when dry, shining above, glabrous; base

acute, margin entire, recurved, apex obtuse; midrib slightly raised above,

distinctly prominent below, rufous tomentose, becoming glabrescent; lateral

veins 7-8 pairs, curving and joining near the margin, slightly raised above,

distinctly prominent below; intercostal veins reticulate, prominent on both

surfaces; petioles 3.5-4.5 x 2.5-3 cm, rufous tomentose when young,

glabrescent. Inflorescences racemose, solitary on older, leafless branches,

26-28 cm long, laxly flowered except for 1-2 cm from the base; rhachis

terete, c. 2.5 mm diameter, rufous tomentose; bracts subulate, c. 1 mm

long, persistent, rufous tomentose. Flowers (male): pedicels 8-10 mm long,

in pairs, connate up to 4-6 mm from the base, rufous tomentose; perianth

12-15 mm long, rufous tomentose, limb ellipsoid, c. 2.5 mm diameter;

anthers c. 2 mm long; disk glands ovate, free, slightly distant from each

Helicia and Heliciopsis from Borneo 159

x 3

ni Ey

\\ i

YW es

NY €

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Figure 4. Heliciopsis percoriacea. A, leafy twig; B, male inflorescence; C, longitudinal section

of male flower. (From S 49967 (Sheet 1).)

160 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

other. Flowers (female) and fruits not known.

Distribution: Endemic to Sarawak, it is very rare, once collected from G.

Pueh. No record from Sabah, Brunei and Kalimantan.

Ecology: In Heath forest.

Specimens Examined: BORNEO. SARAWAK: Kuching Division—Lundu,

G. Pueh, 4 Oct. 1985, Othman Ismawi et al. S 49967 (K, KEP (2 Sheets)!,

L, MO, SAN!, SAR!).

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude for the support and encouragement extended

by the Director-General of FRIM, Kepong, the Directors of the Forestry

Departments of Sabah and Sarawak. I am grateful to the Curators and

Keepers of the BM, BO, BRUN, K, KEP, KLU, L, SAN, SAR and SING

herbaria for loan of specimens and for permission to consult specimens at

their institutions. I thank Dr J.F. Veldkamp of the Rijkksherbarium, Leiden

for providing Latin diagnoses of the new species. Dr Martin Cheek of the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Mr Steve Cafferty of the Natural History

Museum, London and Ms Stans Kofman of the Rijsherbarium, Leiden, for

providing photographs of the type specimens. Dr L.G Saw of Forest

Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, for his assistance in searching the

needed specimens during his tenure of Liaison Officer for the Tree Flora

of Sabah and Sarawak Project. Grateful acknowledgement is also due to

Dr E. Soepadmo and Mr K.M. Kochummen of Forest Research Institute

Malaysia, Kepong, for their guidance and comments in the preparation of

this paper. Mr Zainal bin Mustafa, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,

and Ms Rosemary Wise, Oxford Forestry Institute, U.K. kindly prepared

the illustrations for this account. The present investigation is part of a

revision of the Proteaceae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project,

funded by the U.K. Overseas Development Administration (ODA), the

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and the Malaysian

Government.

References

Sleumer, H. 1955a. Studies in Old World Proteaceae. Blumea. 8(1): 1-95.

Sleumer, H. 1955b. Proteaceae. Flora Malesiana. 1, 5(2): 147-206.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 161-169.

Niche Partitioning in Limestone Begonias in Sabah,

Borneo, Including Two New Species

RUTH KIEW

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

Abstract

The begonia flora of limestone hills in Sabah is extremely biodiverse with several begonias

being found at a single locality, the great majority of which have extremely local distributions.

For example, on Bukit Dulong Lambu (better known as Gomantong Cave) four species co-

exist. Two are new species, Begonia gomantongensis and B. postarii for which descriptions

are provided. The former is endemic to Bk. Dulong Lambu, as is B. malachosticta Sands.

The fourth species, B. gueritziana Gibbs is widespread on limestone, as well as on other

rock types. Field observations show that niche partitioning occurs between these four

species based on light conditions (that also relate to severity of water stress) and substrate.

All four begonias are vulnerable to habitat changes — B. gomantongensis and B. postarii

that grow in the damp and shaded conditions around the base of the hill are vulnerable to

clearance or disturbance to the tree canopy, while all species are endangered by the periodic

forest fires. Indeed, the summit vegetation of Bk. Dulong Lambu has still not recovered

from the 1983 fires.

Introduction

The richness of the limestone flora in Peninsular Malaysia compared with

the land area it occupies was highlighted by Chin (1977). Kiew (1991)

ascribed this richness in part to the variety of microhabitats that limestone

hills provide within a very confined area, from the damp dark conditions at

the base of the hill, to the vertical walls that with increasing height become

more exposed to sunlight, heat and water stress, to the variety of substrates

- the friable soil at the base, the pocked boulders, crevices in rocks, peat-

filled pockets and so on.

Begonias are one group of plants that are well represented on

limestone. For example in Peninsular Malaysia, nine of the 55-odd begonia

species grow on limestone and six of these are restricted to limestone.

Most limestone hills support at least one species (the peltate B. kingiana

Irmsch. is the most widespread) and frequently a second species occurs.

For example on Batu Caves, B. kingiana grows on shaded vertical cliffs

near the base of the hill while B. phoeniogramma Ridl. grows on steep

earth slopes in gullies.

In Borneo, the genus Begonia is much more speciose and begonias

162 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

are well represented on limestone. Indeed, it is common for several begonias

to be found on the same hill. (There is still a great deal to be learnt about

Bornean begonias as there are more species undescribed than described

and field collecting continues to discover novalties).

This paper examines niche partitioning of begonias on Bukit Dulong

Lambu (5° 31°30”N 118° 4°15”E), a tower karst massif 229 m high in the

Gomantong Virgin Jungle Reserve. This limestone hill is famous for its

caves from which birds’ nests are harvested. It is better known as

Gomantong Cave (Lim & Kiew, 1997). Four begonias are known from this

massif, two are endemic to it (B. malachosticta Sands and B. gomantongensis,

described here as a new species), one (B. postarii, also described here as a

new species) is found in another two limestone localities on the

Kinabatangan River, and B. gueritziana Gibbs, a widespread species, is

found, not only on almost every limestone outcrop, but also on other rock

types too.

Populations of these four species were observed in the field to see

whether differences in their habitat characteristics could be discerned to

explain how they co-exist in the same locality. At the base of the hill grow

B. gomantongensis and B. postarii, both confined to damp shaded conditions

below intact forest canopy. Ascending the hill, these two species are

replaced by B. malachosticta that grows in rocky crevices in the sheer cliffs

or on jagged outcrops. It is not found in deep shade but occurs at a height

where the tree canopy begins to open up. Unlike any begonia species in

Peninsular Malaysia, it can grow on the exposed summit fully exposed to

full sunlight, heat and presumably also water stress. At one time, its

population must have been quite plentiful on the summit as it is reported

as eaten as a vegetable by the birdnest collectors who camp on the summit

of Bk. Dulong Lambu. Leaves of some begonias are pleasantly sourish, cf.

Reza and Kiew (1998). However, it is no longer found on the highly

disturbed summit except for the inaccessible shoulders.

Begonia gueritziana is also not found growing in the deep shade at

the base of the cliff nor is it found growing in habitats exposed to full

sunlight. Unlike the other three species, it produces a compact rhizome,

which grows closely appressed to its substrate. (The other three species are

erect begonias, B. malachosticta produces woody cane-like stems, while B.

gomantongensis and B. postarii have rather lax stems that tend to become

decumbent). B. gueritziana is most frequently found in soil-filled crevices

and is particularly common on lightly-shaded, humus-covered ledges.

Of the other two species, B. postarii is a delicate begonia with soft

leaves and it is not found in conditions exposed to either hot or dry

conditions. It grows most profusely in sheltered, deeply shaded habitats at

the base of the hill. Substrate does not seem critical as it grows both on

Niche Partitioning in Limestone Begonias 163

soil, limestone boulders and even on the base of tree trunks (semi-epiphytic).

Its distribution overlaps with that of B. gomantongensis and in one

shaded area where the jagged limestone bedrock is exposed at soil level,

both species grow together in profusion. However, B. gomantongensis 1s

also found growing on vertical rock faces, but only in deep shade within 3

m of ground level where the cliff or boulder is covered by a black layer of

algae. In contrast, B. postarii is never found on such deeply shaded vertical

rock faces.

This rich biodiversity of begonias is a characteristic of the Sabah

limestone flora and many other hills support at least three species, one at

the base, another on the summit, as well as B. gueritziana. In this respect,

Sabah is richer in its limestone begonia flora than Peninsular Malaysia

where no begonia is found above the tree canopy, i.e no begonia is adapted

to living on the exposed summit.

The niche partitioning of these four begonias illustrates the

importance of protecting Bukit Dulong Lambu from habitat disturbance in

order to conserve the rich biodiversity of the limestone flora. In the past,

limestone hills in Sabah have been particularly vulnerable to burning in

drought periods and the summit vegetation of hills such as Bk. Dulong

Lambu, Gunung Madai and Batu Batangan, for example, have still not

recovered from the Great Burn of 1983 and the blackened trunks of large

dead trees still stand and the summit is covered by a tangle of creepers.

The flora that grows at the base of the hill is particularly vulnerable to

forest clearance that opens up the canopy and would expose tender species,

such as B. gomantongensis and B. postarii to the drying conditions of high

light and temperature. To conserve the limestone flora of these hills, it is

therefore necessary to protect a broad buffer zone of primary forest around

the base of the hill to prevent fire spreading from the surrounding area. In

addition, Bk. Dulong Lambu and G. Madai remain particularly vulnerable

to accidental fires as birdnest collectors live on or close to these hills. It is,

however, in their interest to prevent fires as smoke from the burning drives

away the birdnest swiftlets.

While Bk. Dulong Lambu and G. Madai are protected within virgin

jungle reserves, the majority of limestone localities are not adequately

protected as they are not surrounded by protected forest (Lim and Kiew,

1997). In view of the extremely rich biodiversity of the limestone flora, a

strategy needs to be implemented to protect key limestone localities of

which Bk. Dulong Lambu is one (Kiew, in press).

164 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

Two New Begonia Species

Both new species belong to Section Petermannia in possessing an erect,

branching habit; stamens produced on an elongated column; obovate

anthers, which are about the same length as the filament; female flowers

with five tepals, a trilocular ovary with three bifurcating styles, the stigma

forming a continuous spiral papillose band; and trilocular fruits with three

equal wings, bilamellate placentas and caducous styles.

Begonia gomantongensis also possesses male flowers with two tepals,

which is characteristic of Section Petermannia. However, B. postarii has

male flowers with four tepals. Sands (1990) has already noted that a few

species of this section, such as B. malachosticta, are anomalous in this

respect.

Begonia gomantongensis Kiew sp. nov.

Holotype: James Awing SAN 47257 (SAN, unicate).

A Begonia pryeriana Ridley petiolis longioribus laminis latioribus et fructibus

verruculosis differt.

Erect monoecious begonia up to 60 cm tall, sparsely branched. Young stem,

petioles and lower surface of veins minutely bristly. Stems green, purplish

at nodes, up to 4-5 mm thick when dry. Stipules green, narrowly lanceolate,

up to 2 cm long, 5 mm at base strongly tapered towards acute apex. Leaves

alternate, distant and held horizontally. Petiole deep purplish towards apex

and base, 10-16 cm long. Lamina glossy, mid-green to dark green above,

pale green beneath, unpatterned, glabrous above, obliquely subrotund,

13-16(-30) by 13.5—14(-23) cm, base cordate, not overlapping, basal lobe

rounded 6-8 cm long, margin minutely serrulate, apex shortly acuminate,

acumen 0.5 cm long; veins slightly impressed above, conspicuously

prominent beneath, main vein and 4 lateral veins radiating from the petiole

with an additional 2-4 veins supporting the basal lobes, veins bifurcating

three times before reaching the margin. /nflorescence axillary, protogynous,

with 1-2 female flowers produced from the leaf axil and many male flowers

on an erect monopodial rachis up to 5 cm long with short cymose branches

c. 0.5 cm long. Bracts foliaceous, broadly ovate to semi-circular, up to 25

by 17 mm, diminishing in size towards the shoot apex, margin undulate,

upper bracts enveloping clusters of male flowers and overlapping with

bract above. Female flowers with pale yellow-green pedicels c. 10-12 mm

long, ovary oblong tapered into pedicel, 16 by 11 mm, outer surface

verruculose, wings pale yellowish green c. 4 mm wide, 3-loculate, placentas

axile, bilamellate with many ovules on both surfaces, tepals 5, white, margin

Niche Partitioning in Limestone Begonias 165

entire, apex acute, outer tepals ovate 11 by 7 mm, inner narrower 7 by

4 mm, styles c. 3-4 mm long divided to base, bifurcating, stigma papillose

forming a continuous twisted band. Male flowers with slender pedicels

3—3.5 mm long, densely bristly, tepals 2, white, rotund, 3.5—4 by 3-3.5 mm,

stamens (45—)51(—53) in an obovoid cluster 1.25 by 2 mm, torus columnar

c. 0.75 mm long, filament c. 0.5 mm long, anther yellow, ovoid, c. 1 by

0.5 mm, apex emarginate. Capsule pendant, pedicel 1.5—2.5 cm long, oblong,

17-20 by 13-15 mm, base broadly rounded, wings 3, equal, 4-5 mm wide,

drying stiffly papery (not fibrous), wing tip abruptly truncate or rounded,

3-loculate with the locule reaching to the base, outer surface of locule flat

and completely verruculose, dehiscing along suture between locule and

wing, placentas axile, bilamellate with numerous minute seeds on both

surfaces, styles caducous. Seeds broadly ovoid, 0.3 by 0.2 mm, base truncate,

apex rounded, testa strongly reticulate.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, known only from Bk. Dulong Lambu,

Sandakan District.

Habitat: Base of limestone hill in deep shade on boulders or cliff faces.

Specimens examined: James Awing SAN 47257 11 Oct 1964 (SAN), S.P.

Lim & Ubaldus LSP 785 6 Aug 1996 (SAN, SING), R. Kiew & S.P. Lim

BDL 3 29 Oct 1996 (SAN, SING).

Notes: In its inflorescence with 1—2 female flowers at the base and an erect

rachis bearing male flowers and its oblong capsules 17-19 mm long, it

resembles B. pryeriana Ridl., which was first described from Sandakan,

Sabah. However, it would not be mistaken for this species as the leaves of

B. gomantongensis are subrotund and 13-16 cm wide (those of B. pryeriana

are lanceolate acuminate and about 5 cm wide) and its petioles are much

longer (only 2.5 cm long in B. pryeriana). In addition, the outer wall of the

locules of the ovary and capsule are remarkable in being verruculose,

those of B. pryeriana are smooth.

In the field, B. gomantongensis is a very striking species as its large

subrotund leaves are held horizontally and look like tea plates. The leaves

form a perfect leaf mosaic without any overlap.

Label notes on the type specimen record flower colour as yellow. All

the plants I have seen have white tepals.

Begonia postarii Kiew sp. nov.

Type: R. Kiew & Lim S. P. RK 422] Bukit Panggi, Kinabatangan (holo

166 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

SAN, iso SING)

Figure 1.

A Begonia congesta Ridley petiolis longioribus, laminis brevioribus,

staminibus 23 vel 35 (non 12) et fructibus brevioribus differt.

Weak erect but rather straggling branched monoecious begonia to 50 cm

tall becoming decumbent and rooting at nodes. Plant hispid with uniseriate,

glandular, white (sometimes red) trichomes 1-3 mm long on the stem,

stipules, petioles and lamina, bracts, inflorescence, outside of male and

female tepals and the ovary, particularly dense and brownish on young

stems, petioles and lower surface of veins, on upper lamina surface trichomes

have raised bases. Stem reddish, c. 8 mm thick when dry. Stipules foliaceous,

broadly elliptic with a distinct dorsal midrib, up to 2.5 by 1.5 cm, margin

entire with dense fringe of hairs, apex rounded or slightly acute, persistent.

Leaves alternate and distant. Petiole reddish, (4-)6-8 cm long. Lamina

plain pale green above and beneath, soft and thin in life, drying thinly

papery, obliquely ovate, (8.5—)10-11(-14) by 7—9(-12) cm, base cordate

(not overlapping), basal lobe rounded, (3.5—)6-8 cm long, margin minutely

dentate, apex cuspidate, acumen to 1.25-1.5 cm long, main veins 5, of

almost equal length radiating from the petiole and bifurcating twice before

reaching the margin, with 2 minor veins running into basal lobes, slightly

impressed above and raised beneath. /nflorescence erect and projecting

above leaves, paniculate, 13.5-18 cm long, peduncle 5.5—7-cm long, lowest

1-2 branches 1.5-3.5 cm long, each producing 2-3 female flowers, upper

branches branching three times, ultimate branch 1.5—-3 cm long with many

male flowers. Bracts, peduncle and rachis pale green and fleshy, upper

bracts tipped red and ultimate branches of rachis reddish. Lower bracts

broadly oval up to 1.5 by 1 cm, margin minutely toothed; ultimate bracteoles

broadly ovate, c. 3 by 4mm with dentate margin each tooth tipped by long

trichome. Female flowers with reddish pedicels c. 7-10 mm long, ovary

broadly ovate, 8 by 9.5-10 mm, wings crimson, c. 2 mm wide, 3-loculate,

placentas axile, bilamellate with many ovules on both surfaces, outer surface

smooth, tepals 5, pink, margin entire, apex rounded, outer broadly ovate 8

by 4 mm, inner narrower 4.5 by 2.5 mm, slightly tapered to base, styles

3 mm long divided to base, bifurcating, stigma papillose forming a

continuous twisted band. Male flowers with pedicels up to 8 mm long,

tepals 4, outer 2 white tinged pink merging to cerise towards centre, elliptic

7-8 by 4.5-5 mm, apex rounded, conspicuously hirsute outside, inner pair

glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, 7 by 1.3-2 mm, stamens 23-35 in a conical

cluster c. 3 by 1.7 mm, torus columnar c. 2 mm long, filament c. 0.5 mm

long, anthers yellow, 1 by 0.5 mm, apex emarginate. Capsule pendulous on

Niche Partitioning in Limestone Begonias 167

vga’

if), Vit

SYS AS

top

tly

p tN ae

4 /

Witte t

Np len

Figure 1. Begonia postarii

A Habit (x 0.4), B Anther (x 8), C Male flower (x 2), D Androecium (x 4.8), E Branchlet with

male flowers (x 1.6), F Male bud (x 2.8), G Capsule (x 1.2).

168 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

a thin thread-like stalk c. 1.5—2 cm long, broadly ovate, (8—)10 by (9-)13 mm,

hirsute outside, 3-loculate, locules bulging, wings 3 equal, narrow 3 mm

wide, distinctly rounded at base, truncate distally, tip sometimes acute,

drying thin and papery and dehiscing along suture between locule and

wing, styles caducous leaving a scar. Seeds ovoid, apex and base truncate,

c. 0.4 by 0.3 mm, testa strongly reticulate.

Distribution: Endemic to Sabah, known only from two limestone hills along

the Kinabatangan River (Bukit Dulang Lambu and Bukit Panggi) and

from a low unnamed outcrop in the Subak Estate on opposite side of the

Kinabatangan River from Bukit Garam.

Habitat: At base of the limestone hill (but not on cliff faces) at about

100 m a.s.l., growing in deep shade in sheltered, damp habitats on soil, low

limestone boulders or base of tree trunks.

Specimens examined: Bukit Dulong Lambu Joseph B. et al. SAN 122763 21

Jan 1988 (SAN), Lim S.P. & Ubaldus LSP 802 7 August 1996 (SAN,

SING), R. Kiew & Lim S.P. BDL4 29 Oct 1996 (K, SAR, SAN, SING);

Bk. Panggi R. Kiew & Lim S.P. RK4221 19 Sept 1996 (SAN, SING);

Subak Estate, Lower Kinabatangan River J. Dransfield et al. JD5770 17

Oct 1979 (SAN).

Notes: This softly hairy begonia is quite unlike any other limestone species

in Sabah. Neither are any of the Sarawak limestone begonias as hairy. B.

congesta Ridl. from limestone in Sarawak is scantily hairy on the young

shoots, leaf margins and lower vein surface but B. postarii is distinct from

this species in leaf indumentum, shape and margin (the lamina of B. congesta

is longer and more oblong ranging from 15-23 cm in length, is more than

1.5 times longer than wide and its margin is undulate), longer petiole c.

7.5 cm long, glabrous male flowers and fruits, and a longer oblong fruit 2.5

by 1.25 cm and, according to Ridley, only 12 stamens.

This begonia is named in honour of Postar Jaiwit, tree climber at

SAN, whose sharp eyes and interest in plants led him to discover this

species on Bk. Panggi. |

Acknowledgements

This work forms part of the collaborative project between Universiti Putra

Malaysia and Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forest Department on “The

Biodiversity and Conservation of the Limestone Flora of Sabah’. The author

Niche Partitioning in Limestone Begonias 169

thanks the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia,

for funding the project under IRPA Grant No. 52858; A. Berhaman and

Lim S.P. for organising field excursions; herbarium staff at SAN for help

in the field and in processing herbarium specimens; and Mdm Yap P. H.

for the botanical drawing of Begonia postarii. The author particularly

appreciates the constant and enthusiastic support of the project by Wong

Khoon Meng and Robert C. Ong. Mark J.E. Coode is thanked for correcting

the latin.

References

Chin, S. C. 1977. The limestone hill flora of Malaya. I. Gardens’ Bulletin

Singapore. 30: 165-219.

Kiew, R. 1991. The limestone flora. In: R. Kiew (ed.) The State of Nature

Conservation in Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia. pp. 42-50.

Kiew, R. (in press) Towards a limestone flora of Sabah. In: K.M. Wong

(ed.). Proceedings of Stone Memorial Symposium, Malaysian Nature

Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Lim, S.P. and R. Kiew. 1997. Gazetteer of limestone localities in Sabah,

Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 49: 111-118.

Reza Azmi and R. Kiew. 1998. Begonia lazat (Begoniaceae), a new culinary

begonia from Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 50: 43-48.

Sands, M.J.S. 1990. Six new begonias from Sabah. Kew Magazine. 7: 57-85.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 171-183.

A Survey of Termites in the Singapore Botanic Gardens

Rain Forest

G.T. CHOO-TOH!, S.L. CHAW!, C.E.Z CHAN’, D.H.W. GOH? AND

0) io EN ad he

‘Singapore Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

?Anglo-Chinese Junior College, 25 Dover Close East, Singapore 139745

Abstract

A survey on termites in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Rain Forest included termite

collection and quantitative assessment of vegetation, dead trees and wood litter in 15

random sample plots, which covered 7.5% area of the forest. Termite infestation was high

in the northern zone, moderate in the central and light in the southern zones. The abundance

of termite-infested microhabitats shows a positive relationship with the number of big

trees, dead standing trees and ground timber, and a negative relationship with the number

of herbs. A total of 22 termite species were found. Three genera of gallery-forming termites

identified were Bulbitermes, Nasutitermes and Microcerotermes. The major fungus-growing

genera were Macrotermes, Odontotermes and Microtermes. The ground-nesting genera

included Termes, Dicuspiditermes, Hospitalitermes and Prohamitermes. The other genera

found were Coptotermes, Schedorhinotermes, Subulitermes and Procapritermes. Three new

records for Singapore are Bulbitermes borneensis, B. constrictus and Microcerotermes crassus.

Microcerotermes and Nasutitermes are involved in the self-pruning of trees. The Bulbitermes,

Macrotermes and Odontotermes are dominant in ground timber. The different species

richness and uneven distribution of termites in different parts of the forest is attributed, not

only to the differences in forest structure and flora, but also the degree to which the forest

floor space has been depleted for visitor and horticultural activities.

Introduction

The Singapore Botanic Gardens (SBG) includes a 6.3-ha plot of forest,

which according to Corlett (1992), no longer resembles primary rain forest

in structure or flora. The insect fauna is similarly depleted as exemplified

by the ants (Murphy, 1973). There are few publications on the vegetation

in the early years although Corner (1935) did make an interesting study of

higher fungi. Turner et al. (1996) surveyed the vegetation and compared it

with historical records of herbarium collections made since 1893 and

revealed that the forest has suffered a significant loss of species. They

attributed this to the rampant growth of climbers, dense undergrowth of

exotic and clonal herbs and a loss of animal disposal agents, which have

led to a low density of saplings and seedlings and hence no recruitment of

the high forest species. Calophyllum ferrugineum (Guttiferae) is an

exception being numerically the dominant species making up 26.2% of the

172 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

trees. The death of trees, caused either by lightning strike, disease or other

factors, has given rise to a great variety of fallen and standing dead timber

in all stages of decay. The aim of the survey of the termite fauna in this

disturbed rain forest was to record termite species diversity and their

distribution and also the roles the different species play in the decomposition

of the dead timber, as well as the effects the different vegetation life forms

have on termite distribution.

Methods of Study

Sampling methods

A map of SBG rain forest by the Nature Conservation Branch was used

for the selection of sampling points. The map has grid lines spaced 40 m

apart, which give rise to 45 points evenly spaced over the entire area.

Using a random table (Snedicor & Cochran, 1969), one third of these

intersection points, 1.e. 15, were picked as the sample points for the termite

survey. These sample points, i.e. points 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 28, 31, 34,

40, 41, 42, 45, were located and pegged on site (Fig.1). Around each point,

a sample plot of radius 10 m was cordoned off for the survey. The 15

sample plots covered a total area of 7.5% of the 6.3-ha rain forest. The

sampling of termites and the quantitative assessment of the vegetation and

wood litter were conducted once to three times a week from end May to

end August 1998.

Termite Collection and Identification

Within each sample plot, the following microhabitats were searched: ground

nests, inside of dead logs, fallen branches, leaf litter under rotten logs and

galleries on logs and tree trunks up to a height of 2 m above ground level.

Termites in soil, high canopy, tree stumps and fallen macro-timber equal

or greater than 30 cm diameter were not surveyed. From each infested

microhabitat, one series of termites comprising soldiers and workers was

collected for each species found. The soldiers were identified to species

level as far as possible using taxonomic keys (Thapa, 1977; Tho, 1992;

Holmgren, 1913). The location of each infested microhabitat was mapped.

Quantitative assessment of vegetation and wood litter

Each sample plot was divided into quarters and a systematic count of

vegetation categorised into trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers was made. To

correctly categorise the plants, especially the seedlings, to their life forms,

the identity of the plants was confirmed with assistance of SBG Herbarium

Termites in SBG Rain Forest we

aa SB wa

! o =

Sof 2 a

3 4

Plot 5 Plot 6 6 =

eos

\ N Highly Infested ~~ [-\\ 2 &

Vv Northern Zone

A 8 15 16

7S aierapte plots

as —

No. of infested

microhabitats

Moderately Infested

Central Zone

B Sample plots

on =~ |

: oT 16

TS w 4

£8 12

2 2 io

4 ee,

pa te

Ze +

Sample plots

os infested

Southern Zone Ay AN

is lo we

| 4 a ne)

neo

Figure 1. The three zones of SBG Rain Forest with different termite infestation levels. The

locations of the termite infested microhabitats within the sample plots are marked by black

dots, while their abundance is depicted by the histograms for A. northern zone, B. central

zone and C. southern zone.

174 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

staff and checked to be consistent with previous studies (Turner et al.,

1996). The trees were further categorised into big trees (=>0.1 m dbh), the

remainder into smaller trees and seedlings (below 1.5 m tall). Because the

shrubs were very low in number, they were grouped into the same category

as herbs during data analysis. Palm trees were assessed as a separate

category as they were mostly in seedling stages and the mature ones, if

present, were in very small numbers. The abundance of the wood litter on

the forest floor was assessed by counting the number of logs and fallen

branches above 1.5 cm in diameter. |

Results

Distribution and infestation level of termites

For each sample plot, the locations of individual termite-infested

microhabitats (e.g. a nest, a log or a living tree, etc.) were mapped and

their abundance was depicted (Fig. 1). Termites were found in 98

microhabitats in only 13 of the 15 sample plots. Of these infested

microhabitats, 65 (1.e.66.5% ) were in the northern part of the rain forest,

25 (1.e.25.5%) in the central part and 8 (i.e.8.2%) in the southern part.

Using F Test followed by LSD tests (Snedicor & Cochran, 1969), the

number of termite infested microhabitats in the northern zone was found

to be significantly higher than that in the southern zone (P=0.01) and in

the central zone (P=0.05). Based on the abundance of the infested

microhabitats, which reflects the infestation level of the termites, the SBG

Rain Forest can therefore be divided into three zones: a) the highly infested

northern zone, b) the moderately infested central zone and c) the lightly

infested southern zone (Fig. 1).

The influence of vegetation and wood litter on termite infestation

The abundance of termite-infested microhabitats, the different types of

vegetation and logs/branches in the sample plots are depicted in Fig. 2A-

G. The abundance of termite-infested microhabitats (Fig. 2A) follows almost

the same trend as the abundance of the wood litter (Fig. 2B), big trees =>

0.1 m dbh (Fig. 2C) and dead standing trees (Fig. 2D), that is, high in the

northern zone, moderate in the central zone, and low or absent in the

south. On the other hand, a comparison of Fig. 2A and Fig. 2E shows that

the abundance of termite-infested microhabitats was in contrast to the

abundance of herbs and shrubs in the sample plots. Fig. 2F and 2G show

that the abundance of palm trees and climbers in the sample plots do not

have any influence on the abundance of the termite-infested microhabitats.

Termites in SBG Rain Forest 75

A E

; 8 1000 +

B 2. | = 800 }

ee: % 600

or . S 400 + =

cz : 5 200 4

za : . :

By Osea Wom ith 520424) 28 St) 38'40) 411142 .45 | 5 6 8 15 16 17 20 24 28 31 34 40 41 42 45

Sample plots Sample plots

{pial oe 8

3 300

S 250

o 7)

5 200 : E

Oo 50 6

5 6 8 15 16 17 20 24 28 31 34 40 41 42 45

Sample plots Sample plots

Cc G

40 500

3 2 |

Fe E 300

2 : = 200

5 TE :

2?)

= 0 BREESE SSR Es : : ds : 0 + : cS

Aare re ee ree rere 5 6 8 15 16 17 20 24 28 31 34 40 41 42 45

Sample plots

No. of dead trees

15 16 17 20 24 28 31 34 40 41 42 45

Sample plots

Figure 2. Characteristics of the sample plots

A. No. of infested microhabitats; B. No. of logs and fallen branches; C. No. of mature trees (=>

0.1 m dbh); D. No. of dead trees; E. No. of herbs and shrubs; F. No. of palm trees; G. No. of

climbers.

176 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

The number of logs and fallen branches and the various vegetation

life forms were plotted against the corresponding number of termite-infested

microhabitats (Fig. 3A-F). As expected, the figures indicate that the

abundance of termite-infested sites has a positive relationship with the

abundance of wood litter (Fig. 3A), big trees (Fig. 3B) and dead trees (Fig.

3C), and a negative relationship with the abundance of herbs and shrubs

(Fig. 3D). There is no relationship with the presence of palms and climbers

(Fig. 3E and 3F).

A D

rs] “ 900

cd 2

s 2 800

a 5 700

“

s 8 600

= 4 500

7) © 400

8 = m0

: A

S Z 100

= 0

0 5 10 15 20

No. of termite-infested microhabitats No. of termite-infested microhabitats

B E

No. of big trees

0 5 10 15 20 0 E 10 15 20

No. of termite-infested microhabitats

No. of dead trees

No. of climbers

On fA OD

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

No. of termite-infested microhabitats No. of termite-infested microhabitats

Figure 3. The relationship between the abundance of termite-infested microhabitats and the

various types of vegetation and wood litter.

A. Logs and fallen branches; B. Big trees =>0.1 m dbh; C. Dead trees; D. Herbs and shrubs; E.

Palms; F. Climbers.

Termites in SBG Rain Forest aa

The termite fauna

a) Species diversity

A total of 102 series of termites were collected from the 98 microhabitats

(4 of the microhabitats had series of two co-existing termite species). These

termites were identified to 22 species. The species diversity of the northern

part of the forest was distinctly different from those of the other two parts.

The northern zone had 20 of the 22 species, the central zone 10 species,

and the southern zone only 6 species. All but 2 species in the central and

southern zones were found in the northern zone.

b) The habitats, feeding and nesting behaviour

Table 1 indicates the occurrence of the 22 species of termites, which are

described below:

1) The wood-feeding cum gallery-forming termites

As shown in Table 1, Bulbitermes was the commonest and most widespread

genus, which made up 29.4% of the 102 series collected and occurred in

69.2% of the 13 infested plots. It was represented by three species: B.

borneensis, B. constrictus and B. kraepelini. The latter was rare, being

collected only once. B. constrictus was slightly more widespread than B.

borneensis. The Bulbitermes consumed mainly the sapwood and sometimes

the heartwood of dead fallen branches. They frequently formed brown,

crumbly galleries on the branches and logs where they were found.

Two other genera that form galleries are the Nasutitermes, which are

closely related to Bulbitermes, and Microcerotermes. The latter made up

15.7% and Nasutitermes 10.8% of the series collected. Although

Microcerotermes was second in frequency of collection to Bulbitermes, it

was comparatively very localized in its occurrence, as reflected by the

lower percent incidence of 46.2%. Likewise, Nasutitermes was also very

localized in its occurrence, being found in only 38.5% of the plots studied.

Of the two Nasutitermes species present, N. matangensiformis was

rare being only collected once. N. havilandi formed galleries on both dead

and live trees and was confined mainly to the northern zone. It was highly

concentrated south of sample plots 5 and 6. The Nasutitermes fed on the

dead branches of both live and dead trees. On dead fallen timber, they

consumed both the sapwood and heartwood, often after these had been

invaded and deserted by other species such as the Macrotermes. They were

found mainly inside small stems or branches as small as 1.5 cm diameter.

Microcerotermes was represented by three species: M. serrula, M.

havilandi and M. crassus. M. serrula was found once, in a nest at the base

of a live tree. M. havilandi formed galleries at two plots. M. crassus, the

178 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

most common species, was collected from many different infested

microhabitats including seven around a ground nest in plot 15. It formed

characteristic small and hard galleries on both live and dead trees as well

as fallen branches. It attacked the sapwood of dead branches as small as

1.5 cm diameter.

Table 1. Termite species collected from the Singapore Botanic Gardens Rain Forest

Species No. of % of No. of plots % of plots Sample plots where

series series with termites | with termites termites are found

collected | collected

| Bulbitermes) 1) yo) WN) M308 || ORR VS A eS ane

| bormeensiss | NO MOE LE Ie

ee 2. ee) De ae eS OR

ee ee i ES as a

| Miioroceratermess.). Vile. V6 \s jy MGB A vids Boies see a ORT Cg i

2 a EE TE IG AOE ER

Po Micarat 2 SPSREEL TIS TALE AT RESET ea |e A Te Meee

aE eee nn ec eT mn eee yr

ll 10.8 BBS ual lain Ms eee

havilandi US Jee Se

PY spncatcanpersiforsmis 0 TOUT» AEA MY (iS GSR AA eee ae)

| Macrotermes |. \ 5.) ASAI) 8 Se es OA

eC eee ae en ee AR eee Te

| paclaccensis 97 NT |

| Odontotermes” 5) NN SA 8 SET ag aa

Me ee Se Mn ie a Soa se

Te) ee OTR ey NLT WT RI Eee er

Dermestids

a Li A ATR AD Nila is gh icy, Wisp

ee em SMe MSE eS See

| Dicuspiditermes (0.4 3 ).2 2 |wwe 2eO cody pa GN yal ae Al fen a

2 :

RE a

Hospratitermes ©) 2 2.0" ee Tae aa

umbrinus ae PO eee

Atevonermes 220 2 aA

STG EY PE

| Schedorhinotermes °F) 20 NG | So, SARIS a) a a ae

Te A AE RS

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Termites in SBG Rain Forest 179

ii) The wood-feeding cum leaf-litter feeding termites

The two common and widespread genera found belong to Macrotermes

and Odontotermes (Macrotermitinae). These are capable of growing fungi

in their underground nests (Collins er al. 1983; Collins, 1981). Typical signs

of their presence are the clayey soil refill inside the burrowed dead branches

or stems. They were found inside branches or in the soil among leaf litter

just beneath the branches. It was observed that both genera burrowed into

the sapwood and sometimes heartwood under the bark of branches greater

than 4 cm diameter.

Of the two Macrotermes species, M. malaccensis and M. gilvus, M.

malaccensis was more widespread (Table 1). A nest of M. gilvus contained

fungus gardens. Of the two Odontotermes, O. denticulatus was collected

from only two northern plots, and O. oblongatus was present in eight plots

all over the rain forest.

Microtermes was the other Macrotermitine found, with only two

collections of M. pallidus from one plot.

iii) The ground-nesting termites

Species of Termes were most prevalent with eight series collected from

five plots. Two series of 7. comis were found but no nest could be located.

On the other hand, 7. rostratus was found inside two hard ground nests

and in another nest freshly made with black soil refills inside a piece of

rotted log. The nests were fairly easily broken into soil crumbs.

The three other species, Dicuspiditermes nemorosus, Hospitalitermes

umbrinus and Prohamitermes mirabilis, formed prominent ground nests.

Their percent incidence was comparatively low, especially for P. mirabilis.

Dicuspiditermes made raised, ball-like nests. Two Hospitalitermes nests

were found, one being free-standing while the other leaned against the

base of a large tree.

iv) Other soil and wood-feeding termites

The other species made up only 1-2% of the series collected and included

Coptotermes travians and Schedorhinotermes medio-obscurus of the

Rhinotermitidae, an unidentified species of the Subulitermes complex and

Procapritermes augustignathus of Termitidae.

Discussion

The distribution and infestation levels of termites in the SBG Rain Forest,

as in other ecosystems, are dependent on the availability of their food

sources. These include the wood and leaf litter on the forest floor, the

180 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

standing dead trees and the dead branches of live trees. The northern part

of the forest has a higher population of live trees than the central and

southern parts and larger amounts of ground and standing dead timber as

evidenced by our quantitative assessments. Having greater amounts of

food for termites explains why the northern part of the rain forest is

significantly more heavily infested than the central and southern parts.

In the central and southern parts, where herbaceous undergrowth

thrives, there is a lower density of trees and saplings. The abundance of

herbaceous plants, which are often accompanied by the presence of ants,

has a negative relationship with the presence of termites. Ants have often

been considered as enemies of termites (Eisner et al., 1976) and strong

negative associations between ants and termites had been attributed to

competition between the two groups (Fowler et al., 1980).

The total of 102 series of 22 termite species collected within three

months is high when compared with the 70 species collected over several

years from the much larger Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature

Reserves (Murphy, 1997). Due to the short time frame of the study, the

collection though fairly intensive is by no means exhaustive. There was

probably under-collection of the fungus-growing Macrotermitinae, which

reportedly consumed over 75% of total organic matter taken by termites

in Peninsular Malaysian rain forests (Collins et al., 1983) and 95% of leaf

litter in Nigerian savanna (Collins, 1981). Other than Macrotermitinae, the

termite species inhabiting the soil and the macro-timber are probably also

under-represented. According to the lists of termite species compiled for

Singapore’s nature reserves (Murphy, 1997) and Malaysia’s Pasoh Forest

Reserve (Jones & Brendell, 1998), the soil-inhabiting species and the wood-

feeding Rhinotermitidae together constitute about 40% to 50% of all species

recorded. Further studies need to focus on these soil and wood-feeding

termites to cover the entire termite fauna in the rain forest.

Of the species collected, three are of particular interest because they

have not been reported by earlier collectors and are not in the most recent

list of termites species reported from Singapore (Murphy, 1997). These are

the Bulbitermes borneensis, B. constrictus and Microcerotermes crassus.

The northern zone of the rain forest contains some species that are

common in the actively regenerating secondary forests of the Central

Catchment Nature Reserves (Murphy, 1997). These include the gallery-

forming Microcerotermes and Nasutitermes, which are actively involved in

the self-pruning of younger trees, and the wood-feeding Bulbitermes.

However, unlike the nature reserves, the nest of Bulbitermes was not found.

Murphy (1997) reported the widespread occurrence of Macrotermes and

Odontotermes in the more established secondary forests and the primary

forests. This holds true for both genera in the northern and central zones

Termites in SBG Rain Forest 181

but not in the southern zone, which has very little ground timber. Separate

studies have been initiated to check whether the fallen timber in the

northern zone are attacked by Kalotermitidae (dry wood termites) including

species of Cryptotermes, Glyptotermes and Neotermes, which reportedly

had a high incidence of attack in the nature reserves’ secondary forests.

Eggleton et al. (1995) found that species diversity of termites was

greatly reduced in severely disturbed plots of forests, but increased

marginally in slightly disturbed regenerating plots. The different termite

species diversity of the three zones of the rain forest reflects to a certain

extent the different degrees to which the forest has been disturbed. The

study of the forest vegetation also reveals that different parts of the forests

differ in their structure and regeneration. For instance, much of the northern

zone of the forest has high forest species of Calophyllum and Garcinia

(Guttiferae) and Syzygium (Myrtaceae), which are common in established

secondary forests (Wong et al., 1994). Other than having a large gap caused

by trees struck by lightning, and an adjacent patch with a large number of

small trees and rapid turnover of saplings, the northern zone is not much

disturbed in most parts. This could account for its relatively high termite

diversity. In contrast, the central and southern parts of the forest which

have lower mature tree populations but contain more specimens of the

larger sized trees e.g. dipterocarps, are much more disturbed. Here the

faunal diversity, forest structure and tree regeneration are clearly affected

by the rampant growth of climbers, dense undergrowth of herbs and

ornamentals, and large spaces created by paved roads criss-crossing the

forest, the encroachment of buildings and horticultural facilities and the

proximity of the forest to public roads. The three zones were markedly

different in the amount of space utilised for human activities. Assuming

that plots of radius 10 m are drawn around each of the 15 or so transect

points within each zone, the northern zone would have 7 plots trespassed

mainly by 1.3m wide paths; whereas the central zone would have 9 plots

trespassed by 2 m, 4 m and 6 m wide roads, while the southern zone would

have 12 out of 14 plots depleted of floor space by 2 m, 4m, 5.5m and6m

wide roads, as well as by a gazebo and potting yard.

In conclusion, the reduction of space depletion of this rain forest and

removal of the herbaceous undergrowth and the tree-smothering climbers

will do much to minimise the loss of its termite species.

Acknowledgements

We are most grateful to Professor D. H. Murphy for his guidance in the

project and particularly in his assistance in identifying the termites found.

182 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

We also wish to thank the Chief Executive Officer of National Parks Board

and the Director of Singapore Botanic Gardens for their encouragement,

to the staff of SBG Herbarium for plant identification and Nature

Conservation Branch especially Chew Ping Ting and Cheryl Chia for

supplying the map of SBG Rain Forest and for giving information about

the Biological Survey of Singapore’s nature reserves. We would also like

to thank the staff of SBG Management in providing assistance with some

of the field work.

References

Collins, N. M. 1981. The role of termites in the decomposition of wood and

leaf litter in the Southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Oecologia. 51:

389-399

Collins, N. M., S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore, and A. C. Chadwick. 1983.

Termite populations and their role in litter removal in Malaysian rain

forests. In: S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore, and A. C. Chadwick. (eds.)

Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management, Blackwell, U.K. pp.

311-3235.

Cores BT, 1992... The ecological transformation of Singapore, 1819-

1990. Journal of Biogeography. 19: 411-420.

Corner, E. J. H. 1935. The seasonal fruiting of agarics in Malaya. Gardens’

Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 9: 79-88.

Eggleton, P., D. E. Bignell, W .A. Sands, B. Waite, T. G. Wood and J. H.

Lawton. 1995. The species richness of termiites (Isoptera) under differing

levels of forest disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern

Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 11: 85-98.

Eisner, T., I. Kriston and D. J. Aneshansley. 1976. Defensive behaviour of

a termite (Nasutitermes exitiosus). Behavioural Ecology and

Sociobiology. 1: 83-125.

Fowler, H. G., B. L. Haines and P. Jaisson. 1982. Species diversity in leaf-

cutting ants and mound-building termites in relation to the succession of

vegetation in Paraguayan grasslands. In: Jaisson, P. (ed). Social Insects

in the Tropics. pp. 187-201.

Holmgren, N. 1913. Termitenstudien 4. Versuch einer systematishen

Monographie der Termiten der orientalischen Region. Kungliga Svenska

vetenskapsakademiens handlingar. 50: 1-276

Termites in SBG Rain Forest 183

Jones, D. T. and M. J. D. Brendell. 1998. The Termite (Insecta: Isoptera)

Fauna of Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of

Zoology. 46: 79-91.

Murphy, D. H. 1973. Animals in the forest ecosystem. In: Chuang, S. H.,

(ed). Animal Life and Nature in Singapore. Singapore University Press.

pp. 53-73.

Murphy, D. H. 1997. Faunistic Survey Part 2 — The Isoptera. Unpublished

technical report of a survey commissioned by the National Parks Board,

Singapore.

Snedicor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran. 1969. Statistical Methods. The lowa

State University Press. U.S.A.

Thapa, R. S. 1977. Termites of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records. 12: 1-374

Tho, Y. P. 1992. Termites of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Forest

Records.No. 36. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. Malaysia.

rent Woo kK. Ss. Chua, J. 5S. Y. Ong, BoC. Soong and H. ‘T. W.. Tan.

1996. A century of plant species loss from an isolated fragment of lowland

tropical rain forest. Conservation Biology. 10: 1229-1244.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 50 (1998) 185-196.

The Unique Elements of the Limestone Flora of Batu

Tengar Cave (Segarong), Sabah, Malaysia.

RUTH KIEW

Singapore Botanic Gardens,

Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

Abstract

Unique elements of the flora of the Batu Tengar Cave include Begonia keithii (Begoniaceae),

a new species endemic to this hill, and the phytogeographic affinities of its flora, which are

not only with the nearby Madai limestone hills, but also with limestone in Kalimantan

(Borneo) and the Philippines. Notes on species of special interest, Euphorbia lacei

(Euphorbiaceae), Jmpatiens winkleri (Balsaminaceae) and Paraboea madaiensis

(Gesneriaceae) are given.

Introduction

Batu Tengar Cave (4° 42’ 00”N 118° 00’ 30”E) is located within the Segarong

Protected Forest Reserve (Lim & Kiew, 1997), adjacent to the Segarong

River. Commercial quantities of bird nests are still collected from the cave.

The earliest botanical collections from this locality (called ‘Segarong’

on herbarium labels) date from 1938 when Symington with Agama and

then Keith collected a handful of plants. These few collections are, however,

extremely interesting as they included the first collection of a balsam from

limestone in Sabah, the succulent Euphorbia lacei (Euphorbiaceae) and a

begonia with decorative leaves. In May 1997, as part of the botanical survey

for “The Biodiversity and Conservation of the Limestone Flora of Sabah

Project’, this hill was revisited to relocate these species and to make a

general collection of fertile material (Kiew, in press).

The hill is now a 25-minute journey from Semporna by speedboat to

the jetty built by the birdnest concessionaire on the Segarong River. It is

then a short walk through cultivated land to the hill base that is surrounded

by a narrow strip of forest. The summit of the hill (about 200 m a.s.1.)

closest to the river shows signs of burning being bare of vegetation apart

from dead tree trunks that are still standing (Fig. 1). However, the way to

the cave on a well-beaten track is through primary forest that provides the

damp shaded conditions that support lush vegetation. Once the cliff base is

reached, the path ascends a narrow gully, where on the large scattered

limestone boulders, Impatiens winkleri (Balsaminaceae) and Epithema

186 Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2) (1998)

dolichopodum Hillier & Burtt (Gesneriaceae) are encountered in

abundance.

As the path ascends, it becomes steeper and the canopy is more

open and here Begonia keithii (the new species described below) is first

encountered. Higher up on the exposed shoulders of the summit it is

abundant. It is an extremely decorative species with glossy cardinal red

stems that look lacquered, narrowly scolloped leaves and bright red male

flower buds.

The summit vegetation is remarkable being completely dominated

by a cactus-like forest of Euphorbia lacei with a candelabrum-like crown

(Fig. 2). This is unique to Batu Tengar Cave as no other limestone hill in

Sabah has this type of forest on the summit. On the sheer cliffs, Paraboea

madaiensis (Gesneriaceae) 1s abundant.

Phytogeographic Affinities of the Flora

Apart from the begonia, which is endemic to Batu Tengar Cave itself, two

species (Epithema dolichopodum and Paraboea madaiensis) are endemic

to Sabah, while /mpatiens winkleri and Euphorbia lacei, while not endemic,

are rare in Sabah being known from a few other localities.

Impatiens winkleri was first described from south Kalimantan and in

Sabah is known from just four other limestone localities all in the south

east (Fig. 3). Discounting common species that are everywhere widespread,

it is the only rare species from Sabah limestone that is known to occur in

both Sabah and Kalimantan.

Euphorbia lacei is rare in Sabah being known from just three localities

(all close to Semporna, but the other two are not limestone). However,

elsewhere it is a widespread species ranging from Myanmar, though

Thailand and IndoChina to the Philippines where it reaches Palawan.

Three of these species are also known from Gunung Madai. Paraboea

madaiensis is only known from Gunung Madai and Batu Tengar Cave,

Impatiens winkleri is known also from Baturong, Batu Belas and

Tempadong, while Epithema dolichopodum is known from six other

localities, which are all located in the southeast, Batu Tengar Cave,

Baturong, G. Madai and Tempadong (Fig. 3), except for one population

on limestone on Pulau Balambangan and one collected by Elmer (Elmer

20569) from Tawau but without a specific locality.

Termites in SBG Rain Forest 179

ii) The wood-feeding cum leaf-litter feeding termites

The two common and widespread genera found belong to Macrotermes

and Odontotermes (Macrotermitinae). These are capable of growing fungi

in their underground nests (Collins et al. 1983; Collins, 1981). Typical signs

of their presence are the clayey soil refill inside the burrowed dead branches

or stems. They were found inside branches or in the soil among leaf litter

just beneath the branches. It was observed that both genera burrowed into

the sapwood and sometimes heartwood under the bark of branches greater

than 4 cm diameter.

Of the two Macrotermes species, M. malaccensis and M. gilvus, M.

malaccensis was more widespread (Table 1). A nest of M. gilvus contained

fungus gardens. Of the two Odontotermes, O. denticulatus was collected

from only two northern plots, and O. oblongatus was present in eight plots

all over the rain forest.

Microtermes was the other Macrotermitine found, with only two

collections of M. pallidus from one plot.

iil) The ground-nesting termites