THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE

The Gardens^ Bulletin, Singapore is a peer-reviewed journal publishing original papers and

reviews on a wide range of subjects: plant taxonomy (including revisions), phytogeography,

floristics, morphology, anatomy, as well as horticulture and related fields, such as ecology and

conservation, with emphasis on the plant life of the Southeast Asian-Pacific region.

Dr David J. Middleton Dr Jana Leong-Skomickova

(Editor-in-Chief) (Managing Editor)

S. Lee Y.W. Low Christina Soh

(Graphics Editor) (Copy Editor) (Business Manager)

Editorial Advisory Board

Professor Sir Peter Crane

Yale University!

USA.

Dr Rogier P.J. de Kok

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

UK.

Dr W. John Kress

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

USA

Dr Mark Hughes

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

UK.

Dr Kiat W. Tan

Gardens By The Bay

Singapore

Dr Nigel P. Taylor

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr Ian M. Turner

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr J.F. Veldkamp

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland

The Netherlands

Dr Jun Wen

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

US.A.

Professor Nianhe Xia

South China Institute of Botany

PR. China

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Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E. (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kirk, P.M. & Ansell, A.E. (1992). Authors of Fungal Names [Index to fungi Supplement]. Wallingford:

CAB International.

Herbarium abbreviations follow

Thiers, B. (2013). [continously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory! of public herbaria and

associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium, <http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/>

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Institute for Botanical Documentation.

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Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (eds) (1976-88). Taxonomic Literature. 2nd edition. 7 vols [Regnum Veg.

vols 94, 98, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116],

Stafleu, F.A. & Memiega, E.A. (eds) (1992-). Taxonomic Literature. Supplements [Regnum Veg. vols

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papers by the same author(s) in one year are cited.

References listed at the end. There, works mentioned in the text are listed alphabetically as follows:

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1999). User's Guide to the DELTA Editor, http://

biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ (accessed on 2 Aug. 2010).

Persson, C. (2000). Phylogeny of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences from the

rps 16 intron and //77L(UAA)-F(GAA) intergenic spacer. Nordic J. Bot. 20: 257-269.

Ridley, H.N. (1930), The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. Ashford, U.K.: L. Reeve.

Smith, A.C. & Darwin, S.P. (1988). Rubiaceae. In: Smith, A.C. (ed) Flora Viliensis Nova, A New Flora

of Fiji A\ 143-193.

References to web-based resources should include either a doi (digital object identifier) specification

or full URL mentioning also the date it was accessed. Use of DNA sequences from GenBank should be

aeknowledged and the studies for which the sequences were generated should be cited.

Style of nomenclatural summaries. The following style is required:

Gardenia anisophylla Jack ex Roxb., FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 561 (1824).

Medinilla alternifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. 1:19 (1849).

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Front cover picture: Orchidantha lengguanii (Photo by Jana Leong-Skomickova)

The Gardens ’ Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 66(1) 2014 ISSN 0374-7859

CONTENTS

D.J.Middleton

Editorial 1

K.H. Lau

The conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys (Zingiberaceae) 3

J. Leong-Skornickova

Orchidantha lengguanii (Lowiaceae), a new species

from Peninsular Malaysia, and typification of O. maxillarioides 15

J. Leong-Skornickova, H.-J. Tillich & Q.B. Nguyen

Two new species and one new variety of Aspidistra

(Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) from southern Vietnam 27

J. Leong-Skornickova, H.D. Tran, Q.B. Nguyen & O. Sida

Siliquamomum alcicorne (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioideae),

a new species from central Vietnam 39

Y.W. Low, P.K.F. Leong, S.P. Tee, Rajesh Singh,

M.L.C. Tay & K.M. Wong

Margaritaria (Phyllanthaceae), a new generic record

for the Singapore flora 47

D.J. Middleton

Anew combination in Liebigia (Gesneriaceae) 57

T.K.T. Nguyen & N.T. Nguyen

A new species of Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) from Vietnam 61

V.D. Nguyen, H.Q. Bui & J. Bogner

The status of Cryptocoryne annamica

(Araceae: Aroideae: Cryptocoryneae) in Vietnam 67

S.M. Scott & D.J. Middleton

A revision of Ornithoboea (Gesneriaceae) 73

Date of publication: 10 July 2014

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

1 Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd

Editorial

After around three years as editor of Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore Dr Wong Khoon

Meng is stepping down and I shall now be attempting to maintain the high standards

we have become used to. Singapore Botanic Gardens was fortunate to have such a

capable editor to see tlirough the passage of two particularly notable volumes of the

Bulletin during his tenure. These were volume 63, the Proceedings of the 8'^ Flora

Malesiana Symposium, and volume 64, comprising the two issues that marked the 100

years of the Gardens 'Bulletin Singapore in its various guises. We thank Klioon Meng

wholeheartedly for his service to the Bulletin in this period.

Apart from a change in editor there have been a few fonuat changes in the journal.

Rather than list them here it is perhaps easiest for authors to follow the format of

papers in this issue or, if in doubt, to contact the editor for advice. All papers will

continue to be peer reviewed and we will ensure that the period from submission to

publication is as short as possible for those papers accepted for publication. We will

also continue to offer free publication, including for colour figures, and all published

papers will appear freely online (i.e. Open Access publication). Authors will no longer

receive reprints as these have rapidly fallen out of favour. Instead the lead author will

receive a copy of the issue in which the paper is published plus an electronic PDF copy

of their paper.

The rest of the editorial team at Singapore Botanic Gardens will remain the same,

namely Serena Lee, Jana Leong-Skomickova, Yee Wen Low and Christina Soh.

The core work of the journal has always primarily been to publish high quality

botanical papers on the plants of Southeast Asia and the Pacific (with forays into the

plants of South and East Asia), focusing on plant taxonomy and phylogeny, floristics,

biogeography, nomenclature, morphology, anatomy and conservation. The subject and

geographical foci of the journal will continue as before under my editorship and 1 look

forward to receiving your contributions.

David J. Middleton

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 3-14. 2014

The conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

(Zingiberaceae)

K.H. Lau

Forest Research Institute Malaysia,

52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

laukh@frim.gov.my

ABSTRACT. There are currently 15 species of Geostachys in Peninsular Malaysia of which

13 are hyper endemic to their localities. Four taxa are categorised as Endangered, eight as

Vulnerable and one each as Near Threatened, Least Concern and Data Deficient. Maps showing

the Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy for each species are included. Key issues

and recommendations on conservation measures, particulai'ly with respect to ecotourism, are

discussed.

Keywords. Area of occupancy, assessment, conservation, extent of occurrence, Geostachys,

Peninsular Malaysia

Introduction

Geostachys (Baker) Ridl. is a genus of lesser-known gingers distributed in Vietnam,

Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Of the 25 taxa currently known

(The Plant List, 2013), 15 occur in higher altitude lush rain forests of Peninsular

Malaysia (Lau et al,, 2007; Lau & Lim, 2012). This makes Peninsular Malaysia the

genus hotspot. Among the 1 5 taxa, 1 3 are hyper-endemic to their localities and the

other two are quite widespread.

In Malaysia, the main threats to lowland forest are from deforestation and

changes in land use. Despite their preference for higher altitudes, Geostachys habitats

suffer from similar disturbances. While there are several works describing the genus

in Peninsular Malaysia (Ridley, 1899, 1920, 1924; Holttum, 1950; Stone, 1980), none

address the conseivation perspective. This paper discusses threats faced by the species

and their conservation status. It also complements an earlier account (Lau & Lim,

2012) by presenting further insights into the current conservation issues involving the

genus.

Materials and methods

Dried specimens from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Herbarium (UKMB), Kepong

Herbarium (KEP), University Malaya Herbarium (KLU), Singapore Herbarium (SING)

and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Herbarium (K) were scrutinized and recorded into

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

the Botanical Research and Herbarium Management System (BRAHMS). All species

were assessed using the modified Malaysian Red List Categories (Chua, 2012). The

modification from the standard lUCN (2001) system involves the addition of a Rare

(RA) category. This category has this definition: the taxon is not exposed to any known

direct or plausible potential threat and does not qualify under the five TUCN criteria

AND occurs in not more than two sites OR has an Extent of OccuiTence (EOO) not

more than 100 km- OR Area of Occupancy (AOO) not more than 10 knE. A taxon data

information sheet was completed for each species and the infonnation was uploaded

into the Malaysia Clearing House Mechanism website (http://www.chm.frim.gov.

my/). The EOO and AOO were calculated for each species using Arc View GIS 3.2a

software. Forest cover data was obtained from the Third National and State Forest

Inventories (1991-1993). Field efforts were made to gather fresh data and analyse

current threats.

Results

Table 1 summarises the conservation status of each species of Geostachys in Peninsular

Malaysia.

Table 1. Conservation status of Geostachys following the modified Malaysian Red List

Categories.

Species

Category

EOO (km^)*

AOO (km")

Endemicity

G. belumensis

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. decurvata

EN D2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. densiflora

3,172

Widespread

G. elegans

23,108

Widespread

G. erectifrons

VU D2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. leiicantha

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. megaphylla

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. montana

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. penangensis

EN B2ab(iii)

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. primulina

EN D2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. rupestris

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. secunda

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. sericea

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. tahanensis

VUD2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

G. taipingensis

END2

n.a.

Hyper-endemic

*EOO can only be calculated if at least 3 localities are present.

The species calculated to be Endangered (EN) are Geostachys decurvata

(Baker) Ridl., G. penangensis Ridl., G. primulina Ridl. and G. taipingensis Holttum,

Conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

Geographical Distribution of EN Geostachys

(Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

LEGEND

LOCALITIES

■ Geostachys decurvata

^ Geostachys primulina

E Geostachys penangensis

® Geostachys taipingensis

1. Penang Hill

2. G. Hijau

3. Fraser’s Hill

Fig. 1. Distribution of Endangered (EN) Geostachys species in Peninsular Malaysia.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

all of which are hyper-endemic (Fig. 1). Found growing discreetly within the cool

atmosphere of hill forests in Perak, Penang and Pahang, these taxa are endangered

mainly due to low numbers of individuals per species. With the exception of Geostachys

penangensis, several attempts to locate additional populations of these species in

these forest reserves proved futile. Geostachys decurvata and G. taipingensis occur

sympatrically on Gunung (G.) Hijau, Maxwell’s Flill. These two taxa have both

been very infi'equently collected and G. taipingensis has not been collected for the

herbarium since 1949. Lau (2006) reported the rediscovery of Geostachys primulina

from Fraser’s Hill for the first time in more than 80 years. Geostachys penangensis

can still be found quite abundantly on Penang Hill (Lau, 2004) with populations at

several locations on the hill such as Government Hill, Tiger Hill, Western Hill and

Moniot Road West. However, road widening activities along the main road (Jalan

Tuanku Yahaya Petra) have caused much destruction to the clumps. The increase in

human activities on the hill is of concern and long-term monitoring of the impacts on

the populations is required. In addition, the sites of these four taxa are also used as

eco-forest trails and are exposed to the risk of being trampled.

The Vulnerable (VU) taxa are Geostachys belumensis C.K.Lim & K.H.Lau, G.

erectifrons K.H.Lau, C.K.Lim & K.Mat-Salleh, G. leucantha B.C. Stone, G. megaphylla

Holttum, G. rupestris Ridl., G. secunda (Baker) Ridl., G. sericea (Ridl.) Holttum and

G. tahanensis Holttum (Fig. 2). In Taman Negara National Park, three taxa are found,

namely Geostachys erectifrons, G. sericea and G. tahanensis. Their distributions are,

however, very localised. So far, Geostachys erectifrons is only known from the area

between Pennatang and Kubang campsites (Merapoh) at an elevation of 1000-1200 m

(Lau et al., 2005). Scattered clumps can be seen on ridges and slopes along both sides

of the main trail. The distribution of Geostachys tahanensis is also veiy restricted,

occurring on a different side of the mountain near Kuala Tahan Rest Camp, formerly

known as Wray’s Camp, at about 1100 m above sea level. Geostachys sericea has a

wider distribution on both the Kuala Tahan and Merapoh sides, but is loosely scattered

from the lower montane forest to upper montane forest. Until more populations are

discovered beyond these well-used trails and spots, they remain vulnerable as they

are at risk of being trampled or collected. For Geostachys belumensis, some of

the populations in Gerik are now likely protected since 18,866 ha of the Amanjaya

Forest Reserve (FR) was gazetted in May 2013. The area has also been identified

as an important wildlife corridor under the Central Forest Spine (CFS) Masterplan.

This provides protection to many other flora and fauna species along the East- West

Highway. Recent discoveries include populations in Piah FR (Perak) and G. Tebu

(Terengganu) (C.K. Lim pers. obs.). However, the type location of this taxon, which

is in Gerik, is showing signs of degradation due to encroachment. In particular the

surrounding area has been cleared, probably for the harvesting of non-timber forest

products. Geostachys leucantha and G. megaphylla are found in G. Ulu Kali (Genting

Highlands) and G. Brinchang (Cameron Highlands) respectively. Although there are no

immediate direct threats to these populations, the environmental impacts arising from

non-forest land use will likely affect the viability of the populations. Infrastructure

projects, such as for resorts, power lines and slope enhancement structures, as well as

Conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

LEGEND

Geostachys befumensis

Geostachys erectifrons

Geostachys leucantha

Geostachys megaphylla

® Geostachys rupestris

® Geostachys secunda

® Geostachys sericea

® Geostachys tahanensis

LOCALITIES

1. G. Jerai

2. Amanjaya FR

3. G- Brinchang

4. G. Batu Puteh

5. G. Ulu Kali

6. Taman Negara National Park

O-

■sr

O-

-O

CJ>

-o

-O

-o

1 : 3,500,000

SINGAPORE

Geographical Distribution of VU Geostachys

(Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

100^00’ 101*00' 102*00' 103*00' 104*00'

100 * 00 ’

101 * 00 '

102 * 00 '

103*00'

104*00'

□ Forest cover as in National

Forest Inventory III (1991-1993)

50 Kilometers

NFI III Courtesy of Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 2. Distribution of Vulnerable (VU) Geostachys speeies in Peninsular Malaysia.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

forest clearance for agriculture, especially around Brinchang town and above, have

imposed great pressures on the health of the species’ populations. For Geostachys

mpestris, which is found on G. Jerai (Kedah), dumpsites at forest fringes are slowly

degrading the quality of the habitat where clumps once grew. Part of the forested area

on G. Jerai serves as a tourist attraction. In the pristine forest of G. Batu Puteh (Perak)

Geostachys secimda is found along trails used by the local communities and are,

therefore, at risk of being trampled.

The two more widely distributed species are Geostachys densiflom Ridl. and G.

elegans Ridl. Geostachys densiflom is mauily found in the mountainous area along the

Titiwangsa Ridge in the Cameron Highlands and on Fraser’s Hill (Fig. 3). Until recently

this species was only Imown from Pahang and Perak but a 2010 expedition to G.

Chamar and G. Chamar Anak, Kelantan revealed new sites for Geostachys densiflom.

These new populations occur at an elevation of 1300 m and 1700 m respectively. This

has expanded its AGO to close to 32 km“. At the type locality in G. Korbu it was last

collected in 1913 and it is not known if it still occurs there; flirther investigation is

needed to verify its status.

Most populations of Geostachys elegans are restricted to the state of Pahang

although the type locality is G. Ledang in northern Johor (Fig. 4), The populations in

both Taman Negara National Park and G. Ledang State Park are relatively safe within

their Protected Areas (PAs).

Geostachys montana (Ridl.) Holttum is Data Deficient (DD) as it could not

be relocated on G. Berembun in the Cameron Highlands (Fig. 5) even after several

attempts. There are two possibilities, i.e., either the original locality details were

inaccurate or it has gone extinct in the wild. Further research is required to determine

its status in the near future.

Discussion

Protected areas remain the best places for material for taxonomic research and the most

likely place for the discovery of new species. In Malaysia, the pristine conditions of its

National and State Parks and other protected forest areas provide the last refuges for rich

biodiversity that tropical forests are famed for. For instance, examples of new species

discovered from protected areas in Malaysia include two new Geostachys species (Lau

et al., 2005) in Taman Negara National Park, another Geostachys species in Maliau

Basin, Sabah (Lim & Lau, 2006), a Pennilabium orchid in Endau Rompin National

Park, Johor (O’Byme et ah, 2009), two gingers from the genus Scaphochlamys in Krau

Wildlife Reserve, Pahang (Sam et al., 2010) and 13 new species oi Begonia from G.

Mulu National Park and G. Buda National Park, Sarawak (Sang et al., 2013). These,

and many others, indicate that more inventory attention should be given to areas that

are ‘botanical black holes’. It is anticipated that more new species will be found in the

future as the diversity in the protected areas continues to be studied.

With 60% of the world’s Geostachys species occumng in Peninsular Malaysia,

with more than 85% of these taxa hyper-endemic, this region is regarded as the genus

.OOoZ

Conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

Geographical Distribution of Geostachys densiflora

(Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

100“00' 10r00' 102“00' 103“00' 104°00'

Localities

Extent of Occurrence (EOO) :

3172.193 sq km

1. Gn. Chamar, Gn. Chamar Anak 6. Gn. Jasar

2. Fraser's Hill 7. Gn. Brinchang

Area of Occupancy (AOO) :

3. Gn. Korbu 8. Cameron Highlands

32 sq km

4. Gn. Chamar

5. Gn. Irau

Forest cover within EOO :

97%

Fig. 3. Distribution of Geostachys densiflora Ridl. in Peninsular Malaysia.

.OOoe .OOot^ .00o9 ,00o9 lOOoZ

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

THAILAND

Geographical Distribution of Geostachys elegans

(Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

100 ° 00 '

ioroo’

102 “ 00 ’

103°00'

104"00'

1 : 3,500,000

Location based on :

# Herbarium specimen(s)

□ Forest cover as in National

Forest Inventory III (1991-1993)

50 0 50 Kilometers

NFI III Courtesy of Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Localities

Taman Negara, Gn. Tahan

Gn. Tapis

Gn. Ledang

Genting Highlands, Gn. Ulu Kali

Bukit Kinta F.R.

Krau W.R., Gn. Benom

SINGAPORE

104°00

Extent of Occurrence (EOO)

23108.1 12 sq km

Area of Occupancy (AOO) :

24 sq km

Forest cover within EOO :

53%

Fig. 4. Distribution of Geostachys elegans Ridl. in Peninsular Malaysia.

7°00'

Conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

Geographical Distribution of DD Geostachys

(Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

LEGEND

LOCALITY

@ Geostachys montana

1. G. Berembun

Fig. 5. Distribution of Data Deficient (DD) Geostachys species in Peninsular Malaysia.

,06cZ

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

hotspot. Therefore, conservation of these gingers should be given priority. While some

taxa occur in Protected Areas, there are many which do not. These taxa are exposed

to threats such as habitat encroachment and land use changes, i.e, in the Cameron

Highlands and Genting Highlands. The expansion of forest trail packages by tourist

operators in the Cameron Highlands could further disturb the ecosystem due to higher

footfall. Currently, there are no specific guidelines and support given to the ecotourism

companies to encourage conservation mindfulness. In the Genting Highlands,

massive developments over recent decades have altered the forested landscape and

environment and consequently affected the viability of all species of flora and fauna.

In the development of management plans for such sites, the effects of how changes in

land use negatively impact on the environment, and how this can be mitigated, must

be researched.

The occurrence of Geostachys species in tourist sites also means additional

conservation measures to protect the taxa must be adopted. For instance, although the

habitat is well-protected in National and State Parks, the populations of Geostachys

species themselves may not be. Stricter rules and regulations should be imposed on

forest trails which are heavily used by tourists. These should include a total ban of

removal of any flora and fauna found in the forests, and higher fines if caught doing so.

Hikers should not be allowed to clear vegetation for the setting up of camps anywhere

in the forest outside designated camping grounds. This is to protect the indiscriminate

or unintentional removal of rare plants. Also, unauthorised clearing of new forest

paths must be prohibited for the same puipose, to avoid the killing and trampling of

plants and disturbance of the ecosystem. Prominent notice boards should be erected at

strategic locations to seiwe as reminders.

There are a few ecotourism models that have set good examples of balanced

development, such as can be found on Fraser’s Hill and Maxwell’s Hill. These places

have developed into niche-market tourist attractions. On Fraser's Hill, the annual bird

race competition that attracts thousands of people has proven that retaining forested

areas is rewarding. The annual event has also directly increased the public’s awareness

of forest conservation. On Maxwell’s Hill, where the state government-owned resort

has full administrative authority, including accessibility to the peak, the impact from

tourism is very much minimized. For example, only authorised vehicles have access

to the hill. Tourists have to be carried in these vehicles from the base of the hill to their

destinations and the somewhat antiquated transport style adds allure to the concept of

the cool private highland getaway.

The threat assessment process itself has been a daunting task. It has been long

believed that taxa which are confined to protected areas are not really at any risk

of extinction due to decades-old protection legislation (Chua, 2012). However, each

should be reviewed on a case by case basis. It has not been easy to determine the

conservation status for some species, especially those from protected habitats where

threats are nevertheless believed to exist. The three species in Taman Negara National

Park may at first seem to fit into the Rare (RA) category (sensu Chua, 2012), but

further analyses showed that they deseiwed a threatened category. Although their AGO

qualified the species under both categories, i.e., not more than 10 km^, the RA category

Conservation of Peninsular Malaysian Geostachys

is not suitable for species under tlireat. Therefore, for the reasons discussed above, the

Vulnerable category is more appropriate.

It is clear that the survival of Geostachys is very much dependent on the

management strategies employed by forest managers who in turn have to balance their

management practices with their obligations to deliver government policy. What is

needed is that Malaysia’s biodiversity heritage is given ample attention and protection

so that its full potential can be appreciated not only now but also by future generations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I am grateful to Datuk Seri Lim Chong Keat for first bringing

the genus to my attention, and for his sincere guidance throughout the process. Many of the

localities would not have been rediscovered without his keen knowledge. Dr Lillian Chua was

very helpful with her critical comments and suggestions during the early stage of the manuscript.

Her expertise with conservation assessments is much appreciated. Sincere gratitude also goes

to Hamidah Mamat and Wendy Yong S.Y. for their technical input in the preparation of the

maps. Further thanks are due to the herbarium curators at K, KEP, KLU, SING and UKMB

for access to spechnens. The work could not have been completed without the assistance of

the staff of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN), Johor State Park,

Penang Botanic Gardens and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The State Forestry of Kedah,

Penang, Perak and Pahang granted the forest pemiits.

References

Chua, L.S.L. (2012). Conservation. In: Kiew, R., Chung, R.C.K., Saw, L.G. & Soepadmo, E.

(eds) Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Series II. Vol. 3. Kepong: Forest Research Institute

Malaysia.

Holttum, R.E. (1950). The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Singapore 13(1):

224-236.

lUCN (2001). Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1. Switzerland, Gland and UK,

Cambridge: lUCN..

Lau, K.H. (2004). Observations on the endemic Geostachys of Penang Hill and its environment.

Folia Malaysiana 5: 109-114.

Lau, K.H. (2006). A ginger lost and found. Conservation Malaysia 2: 3.

Lau, K.H. & Lim, C.K. (2012). Revision of the genus Geostachys (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular

Malaysia. Folia Malaysiana 13: 7^2.

Lau, K.H., Lim, C.K. & Mat-Salleh, K. (2005). Two new species of Geostachys (Zingiberaceae)

from Peninsular Malaysia. Folia Malaysiarm 6: 83-94.

Lau, K.H., Lim., C.K. & Mat-Salleh, K. (2007). Materials for a taxonomic revision of

Geostachys (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Gard. Bull. Singapore 59: 129-

138.

Lim, C.K. & Lau, K.H. (2006). A new Geostachys species from Maliau Basin, Sabah. Folia

Malaysiana 1: 33^0.

O’Byme, P, Phoon, S.N. & Ong, P.T. (2009). Permilabiurn armanii: A new species from

Peninsular Malaysia. Orchid J. 3: 113-116.

Ridley, H.N. (1899). The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula. J. Str^aits Branch Roy. Asiat.

Soc. 32: 157-160.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Ridley, H.N. (1920). New and rare species of the Malayan plants. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat.

Soc. 82: 1-201.

Ridley, H.N. (1924). The Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 4. London: Reeve & Co. Ltd.

Sam, Y.Y., Ibrahim, H. & Saw, L.G. (2010). Scaphochlamys krauensis and S. pusilla spp. nov.

(Zingiberaceae) from Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Nord. J.

Botany 28: 673-679.

Sang, J., Kiew, R. & Geri, C. (2013). Revision of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the Melinau

Limestone in Gunung Mulu National Park and Gunung Buda National Park, Sarawak,

Borneo, including thirteen new species. Phytotaxa 99: 1-34.

Stone, B.C. (1980). A new Geostachys (Zingiberaceae) from Gunung Ulu Kali, Pahang,

Malaysia. /. Sci. 6(A): 75-81.

The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplanthst.org/

(accessed January 2014).

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 15-25. 2014

Orchidantha lengguanii (Lowiaceae), a new species from

Peninsular Malaysia, and typification of O. maxillarioides

J. Leong-Skomickova

Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

jana_skomickova@seznam.cz

ABSTRACT. A new Orchidantha species from Endau-Rompin National Park (Johor,

Peninsular Malaysia), O. lengguanii Skomick., is described and illustrated. It is compared to

its morphologically most similar species Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K.Schum., which

is also illustrated. A lectotype and epitype for Orchidantha maxillarioides are also designated

here.

Keywords. Epitype, Johor, lectotype, Lowia, Orchidantha maxillarioides, Protamomum,

Sungai Selai, typification

Introduction

The Lowiaceae, with a single genus Orchidantha, is one of three small families in the

Zingiberales, The entire family was last revised by Holttum (1970) who recognised

six species. Since then there have been numerous additions, mainly from Borneo

(Nagamasu & Sakai, 1999; Pedersen, 2001) but also from Thailand (Jentjittikul &

Larsen, 2002) and Vietnam. Currently 20 species are recognised, including two recent

V V

additions from Vietnam, Orchidantha stercorea (Tran & Leong-Skomickova, 2010)

and O. virosa (Leong-Skomickova et ah, in press). Some of the more recent works

include a more detailed introduction to the genus and this information is not repeated

here.

Four species are currently known to occur in Peninsular Malaysia: Orchidantha

longiflora (Scort.) Ridl. (Scortechini, 1886; Ridley, 1924), O. maxillarioides (Ridl.)

K.Schum. (Ridley, 1893; Schumann, 1900), O. fimbriata Holttum (Holttum, 1970),

and O. siamensis Larsen (Larsen, 1961). Orchidantha calcarea Henderson (1933) is

currently recognised as a heterotypic synonym of O. longiflora.

In August 2002, Dr Saw Leng Guan and his team (FRIM) encountered an

interesting Orchidantha during the ‘Second Scientific Expedition 2002’ to the Sungai

Selai area of Endau-Rompin National Park. As the new collection seemed to be closely

related to Orchidantha maxillarioides, and without comparative material of the latter

to hand, they did not pursue the description of a new species. Dr Saw, however, brought

a living specimen back for cultivation at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia in

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Kepong {FRIM 2002-0665), and this plant has established well. During my work

towards a monograph of Lowiaceae, the novelty has been confirmed and is therefore

described and illustrated below.

It is compared to the morphologically similar species Orchidantha maxillarioides,

and both species are illustrated with detailed colour plates here. The temiinology

follows Beentje (2012).

Orchidantha lengguanii Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Orchidantha maxillarioides, but an overall larger plant with flesh-coloured

to msty-brown labellum with a prominent bulge opposite the stigma (versus cream to

pinldsh coloured labellum with minute dark purple violet dots, without a prominent

bulge opposite the stigma) and stigma with broadly U-shaped viscidium (versus stigma

with V-shaped viscidium).

TYPE: Voucher from a cultivated plant at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia,

Kepong {FRIM 2002-0665), 25 Nov 2013, R. Kieyv FRI 75738 (holotype KEP,

including a fiower in spirit collection; isotype SAN, SING (incl. spirit)). (Fig. 1, 2)

Clump-forming herb to 1 m high. Juvenile and adult plants with distinctly petiolate

leaves, leaves of mature plants up to 1 05 cm long, arching, petiolate; petiole up to 85

cm long, green, glabrous; lamina narrowly elliptic, slightly unequal, 38-50 x 8.5-11.5

cm, green and glabrous on both sides, base obtuse to attenuate, apex acute to attenuate,

mid-vein pale green, impressed (gi’ooved) above, prominent beneath. Inflorescence

on branched, subterranean stem with prominent bracts and/or their scars; prophyll,

second and third bracts cream (subterranean parts) to light gi*een (above ground parts);

prophyll triangular (roundly triangular), 2-keeled, c. 7 nun long, c. 6 miu wide; second

bract c, 13 mm long, 8-9 mm wide; third bract c. 21 mm long, c. 8 imn wide; //ora/

bract appearing above the soil or with the proximal part embedded in the soil and/

or leaf litter, light green, tinged slightly maroon, c. 45 mm long. Flowers appearing

above the ground, emitting a very slight, almost imperceptible, scent of mushrooms;

ovary extension c. 55 mm long, cream-white with slight reddish tinge towards the

sepals; sepals semi-translucent deep purple-red (claret) with greenish apices, narrowly

elliptic, cuspidate, slightly unequal (dorsal being shorter and narrower); dorsal sepal c.

40 mm long, c. 8 mm wide, with slightly reflexed margins, bending backwards; lateral

sepals c. 43 mm long, 9-10 mm wide; lateral petals asymmetric, oblong, c. 7 mm long,

c. 3 mm wide, overlapping along inner side covering stamens and style, dark purple-

violet with a white thick patch at base, semi-translucent greenish towards the apex,

apiculate to cuspidate (c. 1 mm); labellum elliptic to mildly obovate with naiTow base,

30-35 mm long (incl. base), 18-21 nmi at widest point, flesh-coloured to rusty brown,

with a raised midrib (midrib c. 5 mm wide) and few (usually 2) raised lines along the

midrib, margin entire, irregularly undulate, greenish or dark brown, base c. 7 mm long.

Orchidantha lengguanii from Peninsular Malaysia

— ^ — —

Fig. 1. Orchidantha lengguanii Skomick. A. Habit. B. Flowers. Photographed at the Forest

Researeh Institute Malaysia, Ace. No. FRIM 2002-0665. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 2. Orchidantha lengguanii Skomick. A. Flower (semi-side view). B. Flower (front view).

C. Detail of stigma (dorsal view) with anthers attached and petals removed, stigma (ventral

view) and petals (scale in mm). D. Detail of petals and a prominent bulge on the basal part of

the labellum opposite the stigma. Photographed at Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Ace. No.

FRIM 2002-0665. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

with prominently inflexed side lobes, 4 mm wide (with side lobes unextended - i.e.

in their inflexed position), dark maroon-purple (almost black) but lighter towards the

ovary extension. Stamens c. 3 mm long', filament c. 0.5 mm long, anther thecae c. 2.5

mm long, longitudinally dehiscent throughout their length. Style 2-3 mm long; stigma

2-2.5 mm long, deeply three-lobed, dorsal surface pink with purple patches; stigma

lobes pink purple, conduplicate, with margin whitish, semi-translucent, membranous,

irregularly and sparsely serrated; median lobe 2-2.5 mm long; lateral lobes c. 2 mm

long; viscidium broadly U-shaped. Fruits and seeds not seen. Based on living and

spirit material of FRI 75738 and spirit material of FRI 48193.

Etymology. The species is named after its discoverer. Dr Saw Leng Guan, an excellent

held botanist from the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. He is not only a well-

known palm specialist, but also has a particular interest in the Zingiberales of Peninsular

Malaysia (see e.g. Larsen et al., 1999).

Orchidantha lengguanii from Peninsular Malaysia

Distribution. So far known only from the type locality in Endau-Rompin National

Park, Sungai Selai area.

Ecology? & phenology. Growing in lowland dipterocarp forest, river side. The phenology

is not well understood. The original collection made in August 2002 was flowering only

sparsely. In cultivation, profuse flowering has been observed in November-December.

Notes. Based on its morphology, Orchidantha lengguanii appears to be closely related

to O. maxillarioides (Fig. 1-4). Both species have petiolate leaves (both as juveniles

and adult plants) making them hardly distinguishable when sterile, except that O.

lengguanii is somewhat larger, reaching up to 1 m in height (versus up to 0.7 m in

height for O. maxillarioides). Both species have dark maroon sepals, with a dorsal

sepal reflexed, but the labella of both species are markedly different: Orchidantha

lengguanii has a larger (30-35 x 18-21 mm), flesh-coloured to rusty-brown labellum

with irregularly undulate green or dark brown margin compared to O. maxillarioides

(20-23 X 10-11 mm) which has a recurved cream to pinkish coloured labellum with

minute dark puiple violet dots and mildly crisp purplish margin. A prominent bulge on

the basal part of the labellum opposite the stigma is a typical feature of O. lengguanii

(Fig. 2D). Other clearly visible differences are in the shapes and sizes of lateral petals,

the shape of the stigma (broadly U-shaped viscidium in O. lengguanii vs. V-shaped

viscidium in O. maxillarioides) and the anthers (compare Fig. 2C-D and 4C-D).

Other specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Johor. Endau-Rompin National

Park, Sungai Selai, 8 Nov 2005, Saw, L.G. FRl 48193, collected from material cultivated at

Kepong Botanic Gardens as FRJM 2002-0665 (KEP, only spirit material).

Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K.Schum. in Engler, H.G.A. (ed), Pflanzenr. IV,

45: 42 (1900). - Protamomum maxillarioides Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3:

383, t. 66 (1893). -Lowia maxillarioides (Ridl.) Baker, Bot. Mag. 120: t.7351 (1894).

TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pulau Tawar woods, H.N. Ridley 2399 (lectotype

SING [SING0043128], designated here; isolectotypes K [K000292166, K000292166],

SING [SING0043127]). EPITYPE: Protamomum maxillarioides, colour painting by

James de Alwis, SING, designated here. (Fig. 3-5)

Notes. Orchidantha maxillarioides was first described and illustrated by Ridley as

Protamomum maxillarioides based on material collected from Kota Glanggi limestone

rocks in the woods of Pulau Tawar [Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia] (Ridley, 1 893). He

brought living material to Singapore Botanic Gardens and sent some of it to Kew

Gardens, where it flowered in June 1893. The plant was then illustrated for Botanical

Magazine (t. 7351), where Baker provided it with a short note and description, and

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 3. Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K.Schum. A. Habit. B. Flowers. Photographed at

Singapore Botanic Gardens, SBG 20104107. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

Orchidantha lengguanii from Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 4. Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K.Schum. A. Flower (side view). B. Flower (front

view). C. Detail of stigma (dorsal view) with anthers attaehed and petals removed, stigma

(ventral view) and petals (seale in mm). D. Detail of petals (side view). Photographed at

Singapore Botanic Gardens, SBG 20104107. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

transferred it to the genus Lowia (Baker, 1894). Finally, Sehumman made the transfer

to Orchidantha in 1900.

Turner (2000) published an aecount of all Zingiberalean taxa ever published

by H.N. Ridley and attempted to clarify typification of these names. The methods

outlined in Turner’s paragraph on typification of Ridleyan names are generally sound. It

stresses the facts that Ridley rarely used the term type, often did not indicate collectors,

collection numbers or herbaria, and was lax regarding annotating specimens, resulting

in the need to lectotypify most of the names coined by Ridley. While Turner’s paper

certainly serves as a good overview, further refinement through lectotypifications is

needed for numerous names. One of such names is Protamomum maxillarioides, for

which Turner’s entry reads as:

TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pulau Tawar Woods, H.N. Ridley 2399

(holotype, SING!; isotype Kl).

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

In the protologue, Ridley (1893) only cited the locality ‘Pulaii Tawar woods’,

with no particular reference to a collection number, where the herbarium material was

deposited, or the number of sheets collected. The protologue was included in an article

dealing with the flora of the Eastern Coast of the Malay Peninsula and it is obvious

from the context that Ridley was the collector. Holttum (1970) indicated that Ridley

2399 was the type but did not comment further on the number or distribution of the

specimens. The search for original material yielded four sheets collected by Ridley in

Pulau Tawar in 1991 (all labelled as Ridley 2399), of which two are located at SING

and two at K. It is the only Ridley collection of this taxon available from this location.

Both specimens at SING are labelled ‘holotype’ in Turner’s handwriting. As both

sheets contain entire plants with flowers/flower and fruits, and they are not labelled as

parts of a single specimen (ICN 8.3., McNeill et al., 2012), they must, along with the

two sheets at K, be considered to be syntypes. SING 0043 128, with flowers and fruits,

has been selected here as the lectotype.

The shape and colour of the floral parts of Lowiaceae (labellum, petals and stigma

in particular) are critical for identification of the species but preserve poorly in dry

material. Designation of an epitype for such cases, as outlined by Leong-Skomickova

et al. (2010), is therefore desirable if any suitable high-quality drawings/paintings

exist. Two colour paintings directly linlced to the original material are available in this

case. The existence of the above mentioned coloured lithograph, based on the original

living material Ridley sent to Kew and published in Botanical Magazine (t. 7351), is

already well known. There is, however, another fine colour paintmg of this species

which is less well known.

Ridley’s paper (1893) containing the protologue included a black and white

lithograph (t. 66). This was prepared by .I.N. Fitch [.I.N. Fitch lith & imp.; right bottom

comer] who based it on a painting made from a living specimen by James de Alwis

[J.D. Alwis ad viv.; left bottom comer]. From Ridley’s letter to Sir Joseph Hooker

(dated 30 September 1893, Singapore; attached to one of the specimens at K) it is

clear that Ridley sent a drawing of Protamomum maxillarioides from Singapore to

the Linnean Society to be included in his paper on the flora of Pahang which was yet

to be published when Ridley wrote the letter. A search in the Archive collections of

Singapore Botanic Gardens yielded an almost identical colour painting. The painting

bears annotations ‘Pahang, Sept. 1893’ and lacks a signature of the artist. However,

from its fine execution it seems beyond any doubt, that it was painted by James de

Alwis who was employed by H.N. Ridley from 1 890. It is not clear if two copies of

this painting were prepared in Singapore, with one being sent to the Linnean Society,

or if the Singapore painting is the only original and was returned after the lithograph

was prepared. What is not in doubt is that it is directly linked to Ridley’s original

material and approved by Ridley, and hence an invaluable resource for the correct

interpretation of the name. The painting, which shows the habit of the plant as well

as some very fine flower details, is reproduced here (Fig. 5) and is designated as an

epitype.

Orchidantha lengguanii from Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 5. The colour painting of Protamomum maxillarioides made from living material in

Singapore Botanic Gardens by James de Alwis, designated as epitype. Reproduced with

permission of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. My foremost thanks are due to Dr Saw L.G, who introduced me

to this new species and let me work on the spirit and living material that he collected in 2002,

despite his own interest in the Zingiberales of Peninsular Malaysia. I also thank Ihm for sharing

his insights on tliis species and other Lowiaceae from Peninsular Malaysia. 1 am also grateful

to Dr Ruth Kiew for her time and help during my visits to FRIM. My thanks are due to the

curators of the AAU, BK, BKF, K, KEP, P and SING herbaria and to associated libraries for

letting me examine Lowiacaeae specimens and references. I am also grateful to the Singapore

Botanic Gardens for granting pemiission to reproduce the painting and herbarium sheet, I also

thank Dr Axel D. Poulsen and Dr David Middleton for detailed comments on this manuscript.

The funding of my research by National Parks Board (Singapore) and by the Czech Science

Foundation, GACR [grant number 14- 1354 IS] is gratefully acknowledged.

References

Baker, J.G. (1894). Lowia maxillarioides. Bot. Mag. 120: t. 7351

Beentje, H. (2012). The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (revised

edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.

Henderson, M.R. (1933). Additions to the flora of the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Straits

Settlem. 7: 87-128.

Holttum, R.E. (1970). The genus Orvhidantha (Lowiaceae). Gar^d. Bull. Singapore 25: 239-

247.

Jenjittikul, T, and Larsen, K. (2002). Orchidantha foetida (Lowiaceae) a new species from

Thailand. Aort/. J. Bot. 22: 405^08.

Larsen, K. (1961). New species of Veratrurn and Orchidantha from Thailand and Laos. Bot.

Tidsskr 56: 345-350.

Larsen, K., Ibrahhn, L, Khaw, S.H. & Saw, L.G. (1999). Ginger\s of Peninsular Malaysia and

Singapore. 135 pp. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo).

■V V

Leong-Skornickova, J., Nguyen, Q.B. & Sida, O. (in press). Orchidantha virosa (Lowiaceae),

a new species endemic to northern Vietnam. Adansonia.

Leong-Skomickova, J., Sida, O. & Marhold, K. (2010), Back to types! Towards stability of

names in Indian Curvuma L. (Zingiberaceae). Taxon 59(1): 269-282.

McNeill, J. Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen,

P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, .1., Prud‘hoimne van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F.,

Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae,

fungi and plants (Melbourne Code). 205 pp. Konigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books.

[Regnum Veg. 1 54]

Nagamasu, H. & Sakai, S. (1999). Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae), a new species from

Borneo. Ao/V. J. Bot. 19: 149-152.

Pedersen, L.B. (2001). Four new species of Orchidantha (Lowiaceae) from Sabah. Nord. J.

Bot. 21: 121-128.

Ridley, H.N. (1893). On the flora of the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula. Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, Bot. 3: 267-408,

Ridley, H.N. (1924). Lowiaceae. The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 4: 291-293. London: L.

Reeve & Co.

Schumann, K. (1900). Musaceae. In: Engler, H.G.A. (ed) Das Pflanzenreich IV, 45: 1^2.

Leipzig: Engelmann.

Orchidantha lengguanii from Peninsular Malaysia

Scortechini, B. (1886). Descrizione di nuove Scitamineae trovate nella Peninsula Malese.

Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18: 308-311.

Tran, H.D. & Leong-Skomickova, J. (2010). Orchidantha stercorea sp. nov. (Lowiaceae) from

Vietnam. Nord. J. Bot. 28: 299-303.

Turner, I. (2000). The plant taxa of H. N. Ridley, 3. The Zingiberales. Asian J. Trap. Biol. 4(1):

1^7.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 21-17. 2014

Two new species and one new variety of Aspidistra

(Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) from sonthern Vietnam

J. Leong-Skomickova^ H.-J. Tillich^ & Q.B. Nguyen^

’Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

jana_skomickova@seznam.cz

^Ludwig-Maxiinilians-University, Systematic Botany,

Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany

hjtillich@gmx.de

Vietnam National Museum of Nature,

Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,

1 8 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

ABSTRACT. Two new species and one new variety of Aspidistra Ker-Gawl, (Asparagaceae:

Nolinoideae) from southern and central Vietnam, A. ventricosa Tillich & Skornick., A.

mirostigma Tillich & Skornick., and A. connata Tillich var. radiata Tillich & Skornick., are

described and illustrated here.

Keywords. Asparagaceae, Aspidistra, Convallariaceae s. str., Nolinoideae, Ruscaceae s.l.,

Vietnam

Introduction

The genus Aspidistra Ker-Gawl. (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae - formerly also placed in

Convallariaceae and in Ruscaceae) ranges from Assam (India) in the west to southern

Japan in the east, and from central China southwards to the Malay Peninsula. Its centre

of diversity is in southeast China (Guangxi Province) and adjacent northern Vietnam

(Tillich, 2005). The number of known species continues to grow as the Indochinese

floristic region is better explored. Cun*ently more than 100 species are recognised

(Tillich & Averyanov, 2012) of which many were first reported from Vietnam only

in the last decade (Bogner & Arnautov, 2004; Brauchler & Ngoc, 2005; Tillich, 2005,

2006, 2008; Tillich et ah, 2007; Tillich & Aveiyanov, 2008, 2012; Averyanov & Tillich,

2012, 2013, submitted; Tillich & Leong-Skomickova, 2013; Vislobokov et ah, 2013).

Forty-three Aspidistixi species are currently known from Vietnam (Tillich, 2014),

During recent joint expeditions conducted by the Vietnam National Museum of Nature

and Singapore Botanic Gardens, we discovered yet another three taxa confirmed to be

new to science by the second author.

In line with collecting practices as outlined by Tillich (2005), the spirit conserved

flowers are part of the type specimens. These are labelled in confonnity with ICN

Art 8.3. (McNeill et ah, 2012). The type specimens are also accompanied by colour

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

photo documentation of important characters including the flower dissection. The

terminology follows Beentje (2012) and the ^tdinddivd Aspidistra works eited above.

Aspidistra ventricosa Tillich & Skomick., sp. nov.

Aspidistra ventricosa is similar to A. cryptantha Tillich (Tillich et al., 2007), but differs

in the larger perigone (c. 17 mm in diam. with c. 6 mm apical opening versus 6-7

mm in diam. and 2-3 mm apical opening in A. cryptantha) and in the position of the

anthers, which are positioned basally at the margins of a flat fleshy base (compared to

anthers positioned halfway along tube in A. cryptantha).

TYPE: Vietnam, Ninh Thuan Province, Binh Tien District, Cong Hai Commune, Nui

Chua National Park, 11°46'44.8"N 109°10'44.5"E, 97masl,31 Oct lOU, Jana Leong-

Skornickovd, Nguyen Quoc Binh, Aung Thame & Edward Ong JLS-2581 (holotype

SING, including a flower in liquid collection; isotypes M, VNMN. (Fig. 1, 2)

Rhizomatous herb up to 50 cm tall. Rhizome epigeous, with veiy short intemodes, 5-10

nuu diam., with many swollen roots (up to 7 mm in diam). Leaves crowded, cataphylls

deep puiple when young, ribbed, up to 1 0 cm long; petiole up to 35 cm long, stout, stiff,

ventrally with a fun^ow, deeper in apical part, shallower towards the base, basal 5-7

mm swollen; blade elliptic to ovate, slightly unequal, 15-25 x 4.5-9 cm, apex acute

to attenuate, base obtuse to attenuate, mid-green, semi-glossy above, slightly lighter

beneath with strongly protruding midvein, secondary veins visible but not promment,

margin very minutely serrate towards apex, making the margin somewhat sharp to

touch. Peduncle up to 3.5 cm long, semi-erect, white, with 6 scales, 3 subtending the

flower (white with purple tinge) and 3 along the scape (white). Perigone upright, tube

urceolate, deep purple internally and externally, c. 17 mm in diameter, with nearly flat,

fleshy base, distal opening c. 6 mm; lobes 6, triangular, reflexed, in a single whorl,

upper surface finely verrucose, each with three shaip ridges, lobes c. 4-5 mm long,

5-6 mm wide at base. Stamens 6, inserted at base of the tube, completely covered by

stigma; anthers on short white filaments, anther thecae c. 1 mm long; pollen bright

yellow. Pistil table shaped; style cylindrical, c. 2 mm long, cream-coloured; stigma

more or less circular, c. 15 mm in diameter, the upper surface is rough with projections,

cream-coloured with purple tinge, the lower surface is smooth, its cream-coloured

centre is star-shaped with 6 larger and 6 alternating smaller tips (see comment below),

margin richly tinged with purple. Fruit almost spherical, 1.7-2 cm diam., green with

purple tinge, more or less smooth at base, with irregular protrusions on the upper half;

seeds 6, wedge-shaped, light brown.

Habitat and phenology. Aspidistra ventricosa is a fairly conunon species, occurring

between 90-350 m in the understorey of semi-arid forest and growing among shrubby

vegetation on stony slopes. Flowering in September-October, fruiting October-

November.

New Aspidistra species and a variety from Vietnam

— __ ^ — —

Fig. 1. Aspidistra ventricosa Tillich & Skomick. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Fruit. D. Rhizome and

basal part of the plant showing young purple cataphylls. E. Basal part of the plant with flower

rising from the rhizome. From type JLS-2581. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 2. Aspidistra ventricosa Tillich & Skomick. A. Dissection of the flower (scale in mm). B.

Detail of basal part of the flower showing subtending braets. C. Disseetion of fruit. D. Detail of

stigma (top and bottom view). From type JLS-258L (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

Distribution. So far known only from the type loeality where it is loeally abundant.

Etymology. The specific epithet denotes the shape of the flower.

New Aspidistra species and a variety from Vietnam

Notes. The morphology described above for the stigma indicates that it is composed of

three broad lobes, each lobe consisting of two sublobes. The larger star tips point to the

6 sublobes, the smaller tips to the incisions between lobes and sublobes, respectively.

Aspidistra ventricosa differs from A. ayptantha in the features outlined in the

diagnosis, as well as in habitat and ecological requirements. Aspidistra ayptantha is

so far known only from the type locality in Cao Bang Province in northern Vietnam

where it occurs in remnants of evergreen forests on limestone mountains at 600-800

m asl.

Aspidistra connata Tillich var. radiata Tillich & Skomick., var. nov.

The new variety differs from the type variety m the lobes which open upon maturity

compared to the type variety where the lobes remain connate until senescence of the

flower. The flowers of Aspidistra connata var. radiata are larger, with the bowl-shaped

base of the perianth c. 1 .8-2 cm diam. (3.5-5 cm when lobes are open), compared to

A. connata var. connata with the bowl-shaped base of the perianth 1 cm diam. (2-3 cm

when lobes are open).

TYPE: Vietnam, Ninli Thuan Province, Ninh Hai District, Vmh Hai Commune, trek

from Kien Kien village to Nui Chua peak, 1 1°44'09.4"N 109°07'06.8"E, 595 m asl, 1

Nov 2013, Jana Leong-Skornickovd, Nguyen Quoc Binh, Aung Thame & Edward Ong

JLS-2594 (holotype SING, including flowers in liquid collection; isotypes M, VNMN,

both including flowers in liquid collection). (Fig. 3, 4)

Rhizomatous herb up to 40 cm tall. Rhizome epigeous, with very short intemodes, c.

7 mm diam., with numerous rigid roots, velamen visible on young roots. Leaves few

at the actively growing apex of the rhizome, cataphylls light green, weakly ribbed, up

to 10 cm long; petioles up to 30 cm long, stout, stiff, ventrally with a furrow, deeper in

apical part, shallower towards the base, base swollen; blade elliptic, slightly unequal,

up to 30 X 8 cm, apex acute, base asymmetrical, cuneate to attenuate, mid-green or

sometimes with white blotches, glossy above, slightly lighter beneath with strongly

protmding mid-vein, secondary veins visible but not prominent. Peduncle up to 4

cm long, or flowers subsessile, semi-erect to erect, white, with 6 cream to light green

scales, 3 subtending the flower and 3 along the scape. Perigone upright, divided almost

to the base, with almost flat, widely bowl-shaped, fleshy base, c. 1 .8-2 cm diam.,

intemally white, externally red-pui*ple; perigone including lobes 35-50 mm diam.;

lobes 8 (rarely 9 or 10), arranged in two whorls (two whorls are clearly visible only

in late bud stage and are rather inconspicuous once the lobes open), lobes c. 2-2.5 cm

long, 4-8 mm wide at base, naiTowly triangular with blunt apex and revolute margins,

intemally deep puiple-red, finely vermcose, externally light greenish, mottled with

red-puiple, glabrous. Stamens 8(-10), inserted near the base of the tube, completely

covered by stigma; anthers on short white filament, anther thecae bean-shaped,

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

— __ __ ^

Fig. 3. Aspidistra connata Tillich var. radiata Tillich & Skomick. A. Habit. B. Detail of

cataphyll. C. Flower arising direetly from rhizome (sessile; in side view). D. Flower on a

pedunele (side view). E. Young flower bud. F. Flower bud just before anthesis. G. Fully open

flower. From type JLS-2594. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

New Aspidistra species and a variety from Vietnam

— __ __

Fig. 4. Aspidistra connata Tillich var. radiata Tillich & Skomick. A. Dissection of the flower

& detail of the basal part of the flower (seale in mm). B. Dissection of fruit (scale in mm). C.

Fruit. From type JL5'-2594. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

c. 2 mm long; pollen cream white. Pistil mushroom-shaped; style 4-5 mm long, cream-

coloured; stigma dome-shaped, 15-20 mm in diameter, cream-coloured with purple

mottling on the upper exposed side, cream-white on the lower side facing anthers

Fruit almost spherical, up to 2.3 cm diam., green with fine purple-black mottling,

mildly irregularly verrucose; seeds c. 8, light brown.

Habitat and phenology. Abundant in lower montane broad-leaved evergreen forest at

altitudes between 500-800 m. Flowering in October-November, fruiting observed at

the end of October and estimated to continue to December.

Distribution. So far known only from the type locality where it is locally abundant.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Etymology.ThQ varietal epithet denotes the radiating perigone lobes (eompared to the

eonnate lobes in Aspidistra connata van connata).

Notes. In the late bud stage (Fig. 3E) Aspidistra connata van radiata resembles the

type variety (compare to Tillich, 2005, fig. 2C, D) but, unlike the latter, the petals

of Aspidistra connata van radiata open fully at maturity into a star-shaped flower,

while the petals of^. connata van connata remain connate until senescence. The petal

margins of Aspidistra connata van radiata are strongly revolute, while in those of A.

connata van connata only a narrow marginal strip is revolute.

The nominal variety of Aspidistra connata was described in 2005 from Central

Vietnam and is known to occur in Gia Lai and Kon Turn Provinces, while A. connata

van radiata is so far known only from Ninh Thuan Province.

Aspidistra mirostigma Tillich & Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Aspidistra phanluongii N.Vislobokov in shape and colour of the perigone

tube, but differs in a pistil shape that is unique in the genus, and triangular yellow-

green lobes with 4 keels (versus ligulate white lobes with two keels in Aspidistra

phanluongii).

TYPE: Vietnam, Kon Turn Province, Kon Plong Dist., Xa Hieu, 14°39’02.2”N

108°24’46.7”E, 1266 m asl, 25 Apr 2012, Jana Leong-Skornickovd, Nguyen Quoc

Binh, Tran Hmi Dang, Eliska Zdveskd JLS-1571 (holotype SING, including a fiower

in liquid collection; isotype VNMN). (Fig. 5)

Rhizomatous herb up to 15-30 cm tall. Rhizome epigeous, horizontal to slightly

ascending, with very short intemodes, 3-5 mm diam., with numerous rigid roots

Leaves few (2-3) at the actively growing apex of the rhizome, cataphylls 3, dark

maroon-purple, finely ribbed, up to 6 cm long; petioles up to 17 cm long, stout, stiff,

ventrally with a shallow furrow, base swollen; blades lanceolate, slightly unequal,

up to 12.5 X 4.5 cm, apex attenuate, base asymmetrical, obtuse, mid-green to dark

green both sides, beneath with strongly protruding mid- vein and two secondary veins

(one on each side of the midvein; clearly visible as depressions on upper surface),

margin entire except very minutely serrate apex, making it somewhat sharp to touch.

Peduncle 1-3 cm long, dark purple, with 3 dark purple scales along the scape and 2

scales (green with more or less rich dark purple tinge) subtending the fiower. Perigone

upright, tube urceolate, 13-15 mm diam. (at widest point), internally and externally

deep purple (almost black); lobes 6 arranged in one whorl, triangular with blunt apex,

c. 4 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at base, thick, suberect to slightly curving outwards,

externally deep purple (almost black) with bright green margin, almost smooth,

internally greenish-yellow, with 4 prominent ribs, the two median ones running down

to lower third of tube, the submarginal ones fusing with the neighbouring rib of the

adjoining lobe. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the tube, completely covered by

stigma; anthers sessile, anther thecae bean-shaped and arranged in v-shape, c. 2.5 mm

long; pollen bright yellow. Pistil c. 12-14 mm diam., entire surface dark purple with

New Aspidistra species and a variety from Vietnam

— __ — —

Fig. 5. Aspidistra mirostigma Tillich & Skomick. A. Habit. B. Flower (top view). C. Flower

(semi-side view). D. Dissected flower. E. Flower arising from rhizome (side view). From type

JLS-1571. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

velvety appearance; style inconspicuous; stigma subsessile, lower half obconical, with

6 prominent longitudinal ridges in contact with the tube wall, ending in 6 triangular

teeth (in upper view), upper half a truncated cone with numerous longitudinal grooves.

Fruit echinate (only a very young fruit seen).

Habitat and phenology. Aspidistra mirostigma grows in the undergrowth of primary

montane broad-leaved evergreen forest at about 1260 m altitude. Flowering is in

April-May, fruiting May-June.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Distribution. So far known only from the type locality where it is locally abundant.

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the strange yet wonderful stigma with its

unique shape and dark purple velvety surface.

Notes. Aspidistra mirostigma differs from A. phanluongii in the features outlined in the

diagnosis, especially in its unique pistil shape. (Sub)sessile obconoid pistils are also

known in Aspidistra marginella D.Fang & L.Zeng and A. longanensis Y.Wan from

Guangxi Province in China. However, the stigma surface in Aspidistra marginella is

slightly convex and smooth, the perigone lobes are linear (9x2 mm) and without keels.

In Aspidistra longanensis the stigma surface is flat, with 4 central ovoid appendages,

and the perigone lobes are 9-11 mm long with two indistinct basal keels and a basal

2-3-fid appendage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The research of the first author is fliuded by the National Parks

Board, Singapore. We would like to thank the People’s Committee of Kon Turn and Ninh

Thuan Provinces, the Agriculture and Rural Development Department of Kon Turn and Ninh

Thuan Provinces, Mr D^ng Kim Cu’ong, the Director of Nui Chua NP, and Mi' Tran Van Tiep,

the Head of the Department of Science (Nui Chua NP), for issuing peimits and for giving

various logistical and manpower support to our fieldwork. We thank Prof Nguyen Dinh Cong

and Prof Liru Dam Cu from the Vietnam National Museum of Nature for their support of our

collaborative research. We thank Mr Aung Thame and Mr Edward Ong from Singapore Botanic

Gai'dens and Mr Tran Huu Dang for their assistance in the field, Ms Ng Hui Lin, Republic

Polyteclmic (Singapore) for her help in assembling the colour plates, and Mr Peter C. Boyce,

Dr Li Heng and Dr David Middleton for their helpful co mm ents on the manuscripts.

References

Averyanov, L.V. & Tillich, H.-J. (2012). New taxa of Aspidistra (Asparagaceae) from Central

Vietnam. Turczaninowia 15: 5-10.

Averyanov, L.V. & Tillich, H.-J. (2013). Aspidistra truongii - a new species of Asparagaceae

(Convallariaceae s.str.) from southern Vietnam. Taiwania 58(2): 108-111.

Averyanov, L.V., Tillich, H.-J. (submitted). Four new species of Aspidistra (Asparagaceae,

Convallariaceae s. str.) from Indochina. Nord. J. Bot.

Beentje, H. (2012). The Kew Plant Glossaiy, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (revised

edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.

Bogner, J. & Amautov, N.N. (2004). Aspidistra locii (Convallariaceae), an unusual, new species

from Vietnam. Willdenowia 34: 203-208.

Brauchler, C. & Ngoc, L.H. (2005), Aspidistra renatae (Ruscaceae) - A new species from

Central Vietnam. Blurnea 50: 527—529.

McNeill, J., Bairie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V, Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen,

P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud‘homme van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F.,

Wiersema, J.H, & Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae,

New Aspidistra species and a variety from Vietnam

fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Konigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. [Regnum

Veg. 154]

Tillich, H.-J. (2005). A key for Aspidistra (Ruscaceae), including 15 new species from Vietnam.

Feddes Repert. 116 (5-6): 313-338.

Tillich, H.-J. (2006). Four new species o^ Aspidistra (Ruscaceae) from China, Vietnam, and

] 2 ip 2 A\. Feddes Repert. 117: 139-145.

Tillich. H.-J. (2008). An updated and improved determination key for Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.

(Ruscaceae, Monocotyledons). Feddes Repert. 119: 449^62.

Tillich, H.-J. (2014). The genus Aspidistra Ker-Gawl. (Asparagaceae) in Vietnam. Taiwania

59(1): 1-8.

Tillich. H.-J. & Averyanov, L.V (2008). Two new species and one new subspecies of Aspidistra

Ker-Gawl. (Ruscaceae) from Vietnam. Feddes Repert. 119: 37-41.

Tillich. H.-J. & Averyanov, L.V. (2012). Four new species of Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.

(Asparagaceae) from China and Vietnam with a comment on A. longifolia Hook.f and

A. hainanensis W.Y.Chun & F.C.How. Card. Bull. Singapore 64(1): 201-209.

Tillich, H.-J., Averyanov, L.V. & Dzu, N.V (2007). Six new species of Aspidistra (Ruscaceae)

from northern Vietnam. Blumea 52: 335-344.

Tillich, H.-J. & Leong-Skomickova, J. (2013). Aspidistra jiewhoei (Asparagaceae), a new

species from north Vietnam. Card. Bull. Singapore 65(1): 101—105.

Vislobokov, N.A., Kuznetsov, A.N., Sokoloff, D.D. (2013). A new species of Aspidistra

(Ruscaceae s.l., Asparagales) from southern Vietnam, held observations on its howering

and possible pollination by hies (Phoridae). PI. Syst. Evol. 299: 347-355.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 39-46. 2014

Siliquamomum alcicorne (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioideae),

a new species from central Vietnam

J. Leong-Skomickova^, H.D. Tran^, Q.B. Nguyen^ & O. Sida^

‘The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cliiny Road, Singapore 259569

jana_skornickova@seznam.cz

^ Vietnam National Museum of Nature,

Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,

1 8 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

^Department of Botany, National Museum in Prague, Cirkusova 1740,

Praha 9 - Homi Pocernice 190 00, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT. Silicfuamomum alcicorne (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioideae) from central Vietnam is

described and illustrated here. It is compared to the other two species so far known in the genus,

S. tonkinense and S. oreodoxa. A key to the thi'ee species and a map of their distribution are

given. The genome size of each species has been estimated by FCM analysis. The occurrence

of flexistyly in the genus Siliquamomum is reported here for the first time.

Keywords. Alpinioideae, flexistyly, flow cytometry, genome size, Siliquamomum oreodoxa,

Siliquamomum tonkinense, Vietnam, 2C value

Introduction

The genus Siliquamomum Baill. was describedby Baillon (1 895) from northern Vietnam

and was considered monotypic for over a century. Its only species, Siliquamomum

tonkinense, was later also found in Yunnan in southeastern China (Wu & Larsen, 2000;

Gao et ah, 2005). A second member of this genus, Siliquamomum oreodoxa N.S.Ly

& Skomick., was discovered four years ago in Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Lam

Dong Province, southern Vietnam (Ly et al., 2010). Subsequently this species has

also been found 30 km Rirther east at Hon Ba Nature Reserve, Khanh Hoa Province

{Leong-Skornickovd et al. HB-32 - PR, SING, VNM). A more detailed introduction to

Siliquamomum was presented in Ly et al. (2010) and is, therefore, not repeated here.

On examination of the Zingiberaceae material in HN herbarium the first author

came across an unidentified sheet {D.K. Harder et al 4618) which, together with a

single photograph of flowers supplied by Prof. Leonid Averyanov, hinted at the

existence of a third Siliquamomum species in central Vietnam. Initially insufficient

material prevented its formal description. We revisited the locality twice, in July 2010

and April 2012, and now with flowering and fruiting material to hand, the species is

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

V '

described below as Siliquamomum alcicorne Skomick. & Tran H.D. The key to the

species of Siliquamomum is updated. The terminology follows Beentje (2012).

Siliquamomum alcicorne Skomick. & Tran H.D., sp. nov.

Similar to Siliquamomum tonkinense Baill. in its robust habit, but differs in having

more leaves per leafy shoot (8-11 vs. 3-6), sessile leaf blades (vs. petiolate) and an

anther which is deeply divided up to 1/3 from apex with two spathulate, green lobes

(as opposed to an emarginate apex without a prominent anther crest).

TYPE: Vietnam, Kontum Province, Kon Plong Dist., Xa Hieu, 14°38’57.7”N

108°24’57.7”E, 1223 m, 24 April 2012, J. Leong-Skonrickovd, Nguyen Q.B., Tran

H.D., E. Zdveskd JLS-1560 (holotype SING; isotypes E, PR, VNMN). (Fig. 1)

Terrestrial rhizomatous herb forming loose clumps. Rhizome shallowly subterranean,

branched, up to 2 cm in diam., creamy white with violet-black tinge externally, cream

white internally, slightly aromatic with cinnamon and camphor scent (notable also in

cmshed leafy shoot); scales papei*y, brown to black. Leafy shoots c. 3-5 cm apart, up

to 2 m long, leafless for about 20^5 cm from the base with 3-5 sheathing bracts, with

8-11 leaves per shoot; sheaths green, glabrous, slightly reticulate, margin dark (almost

black); ligule 2-3 mm long, bilobed, dark brown to black, becoming papery and brittle

with age, glabrous; petiole inconspicuous; lamina elliptic to narrowly elliptic, up to

40 X 9 cm, dark green with greyish sheen and glossy above, slightly lighter beneath,

glabrous on both sides, apex attenuate, base attenuate, margin entire. Inflorescence

terminal; peduncle enclosed by leaf sheaths of the pseudostem, tenninated by a lax

pendulous thyrse with 7-10 flowers, (lowemiost) and second bract at the base of

thyrse boat-shaped, c. 9 x 3.7 cm, light green, glabrous, mucronate (c. 4 mm long),

enclosing the inflorescence when flowers in bud, soon caducous, leaving semicircular

scars on the Sixh; fertile bracts usually minute or completely reduced, whitish green,

soon dehiscent (best seen in young inflorescences with unopened buds); axis of thyrse

to 15 cm long (measured from the lowennost caducous bract to the top of the axis),

light green, pruinose, glabrous; cincinni 1 -flowered; bracteoles absent; pedicels 3-6

mm long, c. 1 mm diam., light green, glabrous, with a minute white extrafloral nectary.

Flower c. 7-8 cm long; calyx barrel-shaped c. 26-30 mm long, to c. 13 mm diam.,

unilaterally slit c. 9-1 1 mm, translucent cream-white, glabrous, 3-toothed at apex, teeth

Fig. 1. Siliquamomum alcicorne. A. Habit. B. Detail of ligules. C. Inflorescence (side view).

D. Fruits. E. Fruit dissected (scale bar in cm) with detail of seeds (inset; scale bar in mm). F.

Dissection (from left): labellum, dorsal corolla lobe, lateral corolla lobes, calyx, floral tube

with anther (front view with tube dissected and opened), ovary with epigynous glands, bract

(scale bar in cm). G. Detail of ovaiy with epigynous glands and anther (front and side view;

scale in mm). Based on JLS-1560. (Photos: Jana Leong-Skomickova)

A new Siliquamomum from Vietnam

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

7-10 nim floral tube c. 14 mm long, cream- white and entirely glabrous externally

and internally; staminal tube 6-7 mm long, greenish yellow and glabrous externally

and internally, with two bulges covered with glandular hairs clasping the style; dorsal

corolla lobe broadly elliptic, concave, c. 28 x 20 imn, cream-white, glabrous on both

sides, lateral corolla lobes elliptic, concave, c. 27 x 17 mm, cream-white, glabrous on

both sides; labellum obovate, c. 32 mm long, c. 24 mm wide at broadest (c. 40 mm

wide inch staminodes), apex rounded, irregularly crisped, sulphur-yellow with green

patches at apical free part, adaxially with a few glandular hairs in centre in upper third

and on the green patch, glabrous abaxially; lateral staminodes connate to labellum

in basal 2/3, oblong-obovate, apex rounded, c. 24 x g mm, greenish-sulphur yellow,

glabrous, margin slightly undulate. Stamen to 22 mm long, filament c. 3 x 3 mm,

greenish- white, sparsely hairy at back; anther 18 x 5.5-6 mm, attached to filament

at an 180° angle, greenish to cream- white at the back, yellow towards the apex and

thecae, with short and fairly dense glandular hairs on connective, apex deeply divided

in upper third, each lobe ending in spathulate green anther crest 3-7 x 3-6 mm, each of

which may be either entire or divided into 2 lobes; anther thecae c. 1 1 nun long, light

cream, dehiscing longitudinally for their entire length, glabrous. Epigynous glands

two, each c. 4 mm long, c. 1 .5 mm in diam., apex in'egulaiiy truncate, cream to light

brown. Style c. 35 mm long, white, glabrous, flexistylous, basal half fully adnate to

the flower tube; stigma c. 1.8 mm in diam., club-shaped, ciliate on top; ostiole ciliate,

sub-apical, transverse elliptic, c. 1.5 mm wide, facing foi*wards to upwards. Ovary

narrowly cylindrical, 20-25 mm long, c. 2.5 mm in diam. at base, up to 4 mm at apex,

mid-green, glabrous, trilocular, placentation axile. Fruit green, up to 20 cm long, c. 1

cm in diam., with numerous seeds, seeds 7-10 mm long, bluntly ridged, rusty-brown

with cream to light brown aril.

Phenology. The phenology of this species is not yet well understood. The presence

of flowers has been confirmed from early March and rarely extending into April.

However, the presence of fruit in various stages of ripeness in April suggests that

flowering perhaps starts much earlier, possibly in January. The flowers last for two

days.

Distribution & Ecology. So far known only from two locations in Kon Plong District,

Kontum Province (central Vietnam), where it is locally common on slopes in montane

evergreen broadleaved forest at an elevation of 1100-1300 m. It also occurs near

shallow streams.

Provisional lUCN conservation assessment. Endangered EN Blab(iii) (lUCN, 2012).

Siliquamomum alcicorne is currently known from three populations in two locations.

Two large populations are within a 1 km radius, while the third small population is

about 20 km away in a NW direction. Logging activities have been noticed in the area,

which is not protected by any legislative status. We, therefore, propose to treat this

species as Endangered.

A new Siliquamomum from Vietnam

Etymology^ The specific epithet 'alcicorne' refers to the peculiar shape of the anther

crest which extends above each anther thecae and is re min iscent of the antlers of the

Eurasian elk {Alces alces).

Other specimens examined (paratypes). VIETNAM, Kontum Province: Kon Plong Dist.,

Hieu Municipality, Mang La Forest Enterprise Station, 14°38’55.7”N 108°25’15”E, 1186 m, 1

Mar. 2000, Harder et al. 4618 (E, HN, MO n.v.); ibidem, 14°42’34.3”N 108°14’35.9”E, 1257

m, 20 July 2010, Tran et al. 364 (PR, SING, VNM).

Notes. Siliquamomum alcicorne has a uniquely shaped anther. While a deeply divided

apex to the anther is also seen in other Alpinioideae, an anther crest with spathulate lobes

seems so far to be unique in the family (see Fig. IG). In its robust habit Siliquamomum

alcicorne is similar to S. tonkinense, but differs in having more leaves per leafy shoot

(8-11), leaf blades with no petioles, and an anther divided up to 1/3 from apex with

each lobe ending in a spathulate green anther crest. Siliquamomum tonkinense has

leafy shoots with 3-6 leaves, clearly petiolate leaf blades and an anther with a weakly

divided apex without a prominent anther crest. In the shape of the leaf blades it is also

similar to the second known species, Siliquamomum oreodoxa, which is, however,

much smaller in habit with leafy shoots up to 0.9 m long and with petiolate leaves

blades up to 18 x 4.5 cm, compared to leafy shoots up to 2 m long with leaf blades up

to 40 X 9 cm. The flowers of Siliquamomum oreodoxa are more open and the anther is

weakly divided at apex (c. 1/6 way from the apex) and, while the two tips may end in

sharp teeth, it does not form the prominent spathulate anther crest. The colour of the

labellum in Siliquamomum alcicorne is sulphur-yellow with green patches, while the

labellum of the other two species is white or cream-white with yellow and olive-green

patches.

Of the three species, Siliquamomum tonkinense is the most widely distributed,

with herbarium records from six provinces in northern Vietnam (Ha Giang, Lao Cai,

Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho and Hoa Binh) as well as from southern Yunnan

(all confirmed specimens are from close proximity to the Vietnam border across from

Ha Giang and Lao Cai provinces). While Siliquamomum oreodoxa and S. alcicorne

are each known only from two locations (in each case the populations are separated by

20-30 km), it is predicted that with further floristic exploration of southern and central

Vietnam, these species will be reported from adjacent areas as suitable habitats for

these species still exist in the region (Fig 2,),

The genome size of all three Siliquamomum species has been estimated following

the methodology as outlined in Leong-Skomickova et al. (2007). The genome size of

Siliquamomum alcesinum has been estimated at 2C=3.83 pg (internal standard Beilis

perennis 2C=3.42 pg). This value is nearly identical (4% difference) to the genome

size of Siliquamomum oreodoxa (2C=3.99 pg), while S. tonkinense has a much larger

genome size (2C=5 .3 8 pg). These data suggest closer affinity of the southern and central

Vietnamese species to each other than to the northern Siliquamomum tonkinense.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 2. Distribution of the three Siliquamomum speeies. Siliquamomum tonkinense (red), S.

alcicorne (blue) and S. oreodoxa (green); type localities (star symbol), distribution records

supported by specimens at HN, IB SC, KUN, P, SING and VNMN (circle).

Flexistyly, a special form of stylar behaviour promoting outcrossing in

Zingiberaceae, has so far been reported to occur in more than 10 species in three

Alpinioideae genera, namQly Alpinia, Amomum (including Par amomum petaloideum)

and Etlingera (e.g. Li et ah, 2002; Takano et ah, 2005; Ren et ah, 2007). It is reported

here for the first time that flexistyly also occurs in all three species of Siliquamomum.

Both anaflexistylous and cataflexistylous flowers were observed in the field. More field

observations and further studies at the population level are needed to better understand

floral and pollination biology of Siliquamomum species.

A new Siliquamomum from Vietnam

Key to the species of Siliquamomum

la. Pseudostem with 3-6 leaves; petiole 2.5-9 cm long (northern Vietnam &

southeastern Yunnan, China) S. tonkinense

lb. Pseudostem with 8-13 leaves; petiole inconspicuous or up to 2 cm long 2

2a. Pseudostems up to 2 m long, petiole inconspicuous, anther with prominent

spathulate crest-lobes above each theca (central Vietnam) S. alcicorne

2b. Pseudostems up to 0.9 m long, petiole up to 2 cm long, anther with minute sharp

point above each theca (southern Vietnam) S. oreodoxa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors thank the Asian Zingiberaceae Information Centre

at Singapore Botanic Gardens and the Zingiberaceae Resource Centre at the Royal Botanic

Garden Edinburgh (http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/ZRC/) for providing protologues and various

Zingiberaceae related references. The first author thanks Prof Leonid Aveiyanov for sharing

extensive numbers of localised images, which, in conjunction with his specimens, are an

invaluable resource to revise Vietnamese Zingiberales, Dr Mark F. Newman and Dr Axel D.

Poulsen are acknowledged for helpful remarks on our manuscript, and Dr Robert Mill for

advice on the formation of the Latin epithet. Our research is funded by the National Parks

Board, Singapore, the Czech Science Foundation, GACR (grant number 14-13541 S) and the

Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2014/11, National Museum, 00023272).

We thank the Agi'iculture Department of Kontum province for granting the pennission for our

fieldwork and for providing support in various ways, and to Prof Le Cong Kiet, Mr Nguyen

Duy Linh and Mr Vu Huy Diic for their help during the field trips. We are grateful to Prof

Nguyen Dinh Cong and Prof Luu Dam Cu from the Vietnam National Museum of Nature for

support given to our collaborative research.

References

Baillon, M.H. (1895). Une Musacee-Zingiberee a fruit siliquiforme. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn.

Paris!: 1193-1194.

Beentje, H. (2012). The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (revised

edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.

Gao, J.-Y., Xia, Y.-M., Huang, J.-Y. & Li, Q.-J. (2005). The Zingiberaceae of China. Beijing:

Scientific Publisher.

lUCN (20 1 2), lUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. Second edition. Switzerland,

Gland and UK, Cambridge: lUCN.

Leong-Skomickova, J., Sida, O. Jarolimova, V., Sabu, M., Fer, T., Travnicek, P. & Suda, J.

(2007). Chromosome numbers and genome size variation in Indian species of Curcuma

(Zingiberaceae). 4/7/7. Bot. (Oxford) 100: 505-526.

Li, Q.-J., Kress, W.J., Xu, Z.-F., Xia, Y.-M, Zhang, L., Deng, X.-B. & Gao, J.-Y. (2002).

Mating system and stigmatic behaviour during flowering of Alpinia kwangsiensis

(Zingiberaceae). PI. Syst. Evol. 232:123-132.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Ly, N.S., Hul, S. & Leong-Skornickova, J. (2010). Siliquamomum oreodoxa (Zingiberaceae): a

new species from Southern Vietnam. Gard. Bull. Singapore 61: 359-367.

Ren, R-Y., Liu, M. & Q.-J. Li (2007). An example of flexistyly in a wild cardamom species

(Amomum maximum (Zingiberaceae)). PI. Syst. Evol. 267:147-154.

Takano. A., Gisil, J., Yusoff, M. & Tachi, T. (2005). Floral and pollinator behaviour of

flexistylous Bornean ginger, Alpinia nieuwenhuizii (Zingiberaceae). PI. Syst. Evol. 252:

162-173.

Wu, T.-L. & Larsen, K. (2000). Zingiberaceae. In: Wu, C.-Y. & Raven, RH. (eds) Flora of

China. 24: 222-511 . Beijing: Science Press.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 47-56. 2014

Margaritaria (Phyllanthaceae),

a new generic record for the Singapore flora

Y.W. Low", P.K.F. Leong", S.P. Tee^ Rajesh Singtf , M.L.C. Tay^ and K.M. Wong'

‘Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Boai'd, 1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore

low_y ee_wen@;nparks . gov. sg

‘^Streetscape Division,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore

-'‘ArborCulture Pte. Ltd., Block 53, #01-398,

Stirling Road, 141053 Singapore

ABSTRACT. The Warren Golf Club in south-central Singapore, established in 1962 and

sandwiched between Dover Road and the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE), retained some tree

stands that could have unwittingly seiwed as a refugium for some forest species before it was

relocated elsewhere in 2000 to make way for the development of University Town, or UTown,

an extension of the National University of Singapore. At this locality, Margaritaria indica,

a new genus and species record for Singapore, was discovered. The distribution, rarity, and

conservation status of this taxon for Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia are discussed.

Keywords. Margaritaria, new genus record. Peninsular Malaysia, Phyllanthaceae, rare plant,

Singapore

Introduction

Singapore is an island nation located in Sundaland, one of the world’s richest

biodiversity hotspots. This floristically diverse region also includes Brunei, Indonesia,

and Malaysia, and is estimated to harbour about 25,000 species of plants (Myers et ah,

2000). Singapore’s land area as of 2013, taking into account some land reclamation,

is more than 715 kni^ (Department of Statistics, Singapore, 2014; Chou, 2011). In a

recent enumeration of Singapore’s total flora by Chong et al. (2011) they recorded

4173 species, of which 2141 species are native to the island. Tan (2008) indicated that

close to 89% of Singapore’s native flora requires immediate conservation attention in

the remaining forest reserves of Singapore.

As NParks, the National University of Singapore (NUS) and other local tertiary

education institutions, as well as non-govermnental organisations (NGOs) such as the

Nature Society (Singapore), continue to monitor the present flora of Singapore, many

new and excithig discoveries have come to light, including the rediscovery of taxa

once thought extinct. Several recent examples are Ampelocissus ascendiflora and A.

thyrsiflora (Vitaceae) (Yeo et al., 2013); Ficus stricta (Moraceae) (Yeo et al., 2012);

Marsdenia maingayi (Apocynaceae) (Yeoh et al., 2013); and Viydagzynea lancifolia

(Orchidaceae) (Lim et al., 2014).

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

The new genus and species record highlighted in the present paper illustrates

how a tree-conservation enactment was able to protect a rare taxon despite changes

in land use. The Wan*en Golf Club, before being relocated to its cun*ent location at

Choa Chu Kang in 2000, was located at the south-central part of Singapore, between

Dover Road and the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE). The club site was earmarked for

development as an extension of the NUS complex located at Kent Ridge. This new

extension, named University Town or UTown was functional by 201 1, except for the

north-west portion of the site which is now still under construction. As the site is

located withm one of the Tree Conservation Areas gazetted under the Parks and Trees

Act, (Preservation of Trees) Order 1991, trees growing within the site with a girth

size of more than one meter are protected by law. In 2012, an unidentified tree at the

construction site of UTown was discovered by the developers and was cordoned off

by the site managers. A herbarium voucher consisting of a leafy branch with fmits was

forwarded to NParks’ Streetscape Division, and then on to Singapore Botanic Gardens,

for identification. At the Singapore Herbarium (SING) this specimen was matched to

Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw which is a new genus and species record for

the Singapore flora.

The lUCN conservation status of Margaritaria indica is assessed for Singapore

based on Davison (2008); and for Peninsular Malaysia using GeoCAT (Bachman et ah,

2011), an lUCN Red List (lUCN, 2001) compliant software that generates the lUCN

threat categories based on (i) extent of occun*ence (EOO) and (ii) area of occurrence

(AGO). Data used for the assessment here are based on herbarium records that are

represented in SING.

Taxonomic notes on the new record

Margaritaria L.f , Suppl. PL 66 (1781); Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 60: 403 (1979);

Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 44 (1994); Barker, Blumea 46: 506 (2001).

The genus is pantropical (excluding the Pacific Islands), with 14 species, of which only

two {Margaritaria indica and M. Juzoniensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw) occur in Malesia.

Webster (1979) revised the entire genus and Barker (2001) treated the Malesian

species. The species are variously found in deciduous forest, dry forest and evergreen

forest in the lowlands, as well as on limestone or in riparian vegetation, and also in

secondary forests.

Margaritaria species are dioecious. The distichous leaf arrangement, axillary

flowers produced singly or in small clusters, four sepals in two series, absence of

petals, annular disc and absence of a pistillode in the staminate flower, bifid or bipartite

stigmas in the pistillate flower, capsular 3-locular fruits, bluish purple sarcotesta around

the seed, and thick bony endotesta, are characteristic features ( Webster, 1979; Barker,

2001). It was fonnerly placed in Euphorbiaceae subfamily Phyllanthoideae Asch. by

Webster (1994) and is now in the Phyllanthaceae (APG 111, 2009). It is distinguished

from Phyllanthus L. by its annular (instead of lobed) disc in the staminate flower.

New generic record for Singapore

sarcotesta and thick bony endotesta; and from Flueggea Willd. by its four (not five)

sepals, absence of a pistillode in the staminate fiower and sarcotesta.

Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw

Kew Bull. 20: 398 (1966); Aiiy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 492 (1971); Barker, Blumea

46: 507 (2001). - Prosorus indicus Dalzell, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 345

(1852). - Phyllanthus indicus (Dalzell) Mull.Arg., Linnaea 32: 52 (1863). - TYPE:

India, Deccan, Dalzell s.n. (holo K).

Barker (2001) recognised two fonns: Margaritaria indica f. indica is completely

glabrous, with leaves drying dark brown, acute to acuminate leaf apices, and slender

fruiting pedicels of 0.3 mm diameter (in dried material); and Margaritaria indica f

vestita (known only from East Java), is sparsely pubescent on at least the pedicels, with

leaves drying olive brown, obtuse to rounded leaf apices, and thicker fmiting pedicels

c. 1 mm diameter (in dried material). The Singapore material is clearly Margaritaria

indica f. indica (Fig. 1 & Fig. 2).

Below we provide an augmented description of Margaritaria indica f. indica

adapted from Barker (2001) with additional information based on the Singapore

collection:

Tree, up to 30 m high with a solitary or multiple trunks, clear trunk height c. 4-15

m, trunk diameter c. 45-80 cm, buttresses absent to a few, c. 1 .2 m high, c. 1 5 cm

wide and c. 25 cm thick. Bark smooth, finely cracked, or scaly, pale to greyish

brown, to red-brown or orange-brown, the bark scales iiTegularly peeled to give a

dippled appearance and exposing newer bark of various shades ranging from fawn to

orange-brown; all parts glabrous. Twigs generally terete, distal parts somewhat sub-

compressed, older portions greyish brown and sometimes peeling to expose newer

orange-brown bark, the younger distal parts dark green to reddish brown, densely

lenticellate throughout, lenticels elongate, pale grey. Stipules triangular to lanceolate,

2^.5 mm long, scarious, caducous, leaving behind a semi-circular scar on the twig,

apex acuminate. Leaves alternate; petiole adaxially chamielled, 3.5-7(-ir) mm long;

lamina elliptic to obovate, smaller at the more proximal nodes on a twig, larger more

distally, 3-17 x 1.8-8. 3 cm, chartaceous, adaxially medium green, abaxially pale

green, very slightly glaucous, midrib pale green on both sides, slightly raised above,

prominent below, secondary veins 6-12 pairs, distinct on both sides, faintly looped

towards the leaf margin, tertiary venation barely visible on both sides, reticulate; apex

acute, acuminate to apiculate, base cuneate to rounded, sometimes slightly oblique,

very slightly decuirent; margin entire, sometimes slightly undulate. Staminate flowers

minute, in clusters of 2-28; pedieels up to 7 mm long; inner sepals obovate, 1 .2-1 .6

X 1-1.4 nun wide; outer sepals ovate, 0.8-1. 3 x 0.8-1 mm wide; disc large, flattened,

slightly lobed, diameter c. 0.6-1. 3 nun; filaments 0.8-1. 5 mm long; anthers oblong,

0. 7-0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers in clusters of 1-7; pedicels up to 2.2 cm long;

inner and outer sepals obovate to oblong, inner sepals c. 1.5-2 x 1-1.8 mm, outer

sepals c. 1.5-2 x 1-1.3 mm; disc diameter 1.8-2. 6 mm; stigmas spreading, sessile, flat.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 1. Margaritaria indica: a several-stemmed tree with a eharacteristically sealy-dippled bark

with grey-fawn and orange-brown patches. (Photo: P.K.F. Leong)

New generic record for Singapore

Fig. 2. Margaritaria indica: leafy fruiting twigs. (Photo: P.K.F. Leong) Inset: Close-up of a

eluster of immature tri-loeular fruits with conspieuous fine suture running longitudinally along

the length of eaeh locule. (Photo: Y.W. Low)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

1 .5-2 mm long, apically bifid to about a third its length. Fruits solitary or in pairs from

leaf axils, superior, subglobose, very slightly 3-lobed with a pale fine longitudinal

suture along the median of each lobe, (0.6-)0.9-l .2 cm diameter, pale to medium green

before maturity, drying ochreous brown; stigmas persistent, columella occasionally

persistent; pedicels 0.8-2 cm long, 0.3-1 mm diameter, pale green. Seeds (immature)

plano-convex, 3.5-5 x 2.8-4 mm, pale yellowish brown, with a thin translucent bluish

purple sarcotesta.

Specimens examined: SINGAPORE. South-central Singapore, between Dover Road and Ayer

Rajah Expressway, National University of Singapore, University Town, 29 May 2012, Leong

et al. SING 2012-252 (SING! barcode no. SING0166292).

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Pahang. Pulau Berhala, 15 Jun 1932, Corner s.n. (SING!

barcode no. SINGOl 66291); northwest of Pulau Tioman, Pulau Chibeh, sea level, 19 Aug 1935,

Corner SFN29829 (SING! 2 sheets, barcode nos. SING0166290 & SING0165787). Johor.

Pulau Sibu, Jun 1992, sine coll. P.P. Kumar 101 (SING! 2 sheets, barcode nos. SINGOl 660 10

& SINGOl 66011).

Distribution. From India (Deccan plateau), Sri Lanka, through Myanmar, Thailand,

northern Vietnam, southern China (SW Guangxi) and Taiwan, across Malesia, to

Australia (N Queensland). In Malesia, it has been recorded from Sumatra, Peninsular

Malaysia (Chibeh Island, Berhala Island and Sibu Island off the east coast, and

not recorded on the mainland) and Singapore (this contribution) (see Fig. 3 for the

distribution of Margaritaria indica in the Malay Peninsula), Java, Borneo (Sarawak),

the Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, Mindanao, Sulu Islands), Lesser Sunda Islands

(Sumba), Moluccas (the Sula Islands of Mangoli and Tanimbar), and the Ani Islands.

The distribution of Margaritaria indica has been described by Barker (2001) as

“rare and veiy scattered in primary forests, in riverine forests and peat swamps” and

also “on limestone... up to 650 m altitude”. Earlier, Webster (1979) remarked: “This

widespread species has a curious spotty distribution which perhaps reflects vagaries of

collecting.” That the Singapore record has been elusive until now lends some support

to the notion that local populations occur at low frequencies. However, the species is

indeed generally rare in Malesia, apparently occurring only on the smaller islands or

around the coastline on the bigger island of Borneo (see Map 1 showing the distribution

in Barker (2001)).

Relationships. The only other congener of Margaritaria indica in Malesia is the

Philippine M. luzoniensis. That species, restricted to Luzon Island, has small leaves

up to 4 cm long only, with petioles that are not adaxially channelled, small fruits of

6-8 mm diameter, and a smooth seed endotesta. In contrast, Margaritaria indica has

larger leaves to 17 cm long, petioles that are adaxially channelled, larger fruits of

9-12 mm diameter, and a rugose seed endotesta (Barker, 2001). The taxa overlap

in the Philippines, where Barker (2001) suspects some degree of “intergradation”

(introgression) could have taken place, accounting for somewhat intermediate forms.

New generic record for Singapore

Proposed lUCN Conservation Assessment. The Margaritaria indica individual

discovered for Singapore is the only one known, hence the national conservation

status assessment, based on Davison (2008), is Critically Endangered (CR) with the

designation Category D. The category ‘D’ designation is for fewer than 50 mature

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

individuals known with some evidence of decline or fragmentation (in fact this is the

only mature and living individual known for Singapore).

In contrast, based on all the distribution known for Peninsular Malaysia, the

lUCN conservation status assessed using GeoCAT categorised Margaritaria indica

as Endangered (EN) (lUCN, 2001), with the designation B2ab(iii,iv). The ‘B2’

designation results from an area of occurrence (AGO) estimated to be less than 500

km^ (about 12 km^ forM. indica); ‘a’ is due to a severely fragmented distribution and

occurrence in three locations, namely, Pulau Berhala and Pulau Chibeh (Pahang), and

Pulau Sibu (Johor); and ‘b(iii, iv)’ considers likely continuing decline in area, extent

and quality of habitat, and number of locations. Habitat loss is a major concern for the

species especially in Peninsular Malaysia as islands and coastal areas are becoming

more disturbed, not free from human activities.

Notes. The earliest records of Margaritaria indica for Peninsular Malaysia came from

Pulau Berhala and Pulau Chibeh, tiny islands northwest of Tiomaii Island in the South

China Sea, off the eastern Pahang coast. Comer (1985) described Pulau Chibeh as

consisting “of immense granite blocks more or less in situ, immense fallen boulders, a

bare granite face above tide level, and more or less of a submerged talus of boulders and

pebbles”. He characterised Pulau Berhala as “a flat granite platfonn, roughly circular,

about 400 ft wide, raised a foot or more above sea level and, probably, awash at highest

tides or in storms.” Comer’s collection from Chibeh, SFN 29829, was “a frequent

small tree on rocks at the top of the island and on the west slope”. He described it as

resembling the guava-tree (Psidium) with slightly papery-flaky bark and collected it

as “Aporosa ?” although later in the herbarium Henderson thought it was possibly

a species of Celastnis (Celasfraceae) (Comer, 1985: 15). In his records comparing

species distributions among the different islands suiweyed (Comer, 1985: 17), Comer

recorded this taxon as present in Pulau Chibeh and Pulau Sepoi, but not Pulau Berhala;

we cannot explain this apparent discrepancy with the herbarium vouchers available.

The seed sarcotesta is reported to ripen a glistening bluish purple suggesting it

would attract bird dispersers (Barker, 2001).

Possible medicinal and economic value. Little is known about the medicinal properties

of Margaritaria indica, although Burkill (1935) mentioned it as an example (under

Phyllanthus) of a poisonous taxon, explaining only that medicinal uses of various

Phyllanthus spp. are “chiefly for external application”. Webster (1979) suggests

that it is closely related to the African Margaritaria discoidea, the healing and anti-

inflammatory properties of which are known (Dickson, 2010). Ekuadzi et al. (2013)

have demonstrated that flavonoid glycosides from stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea,

traditionally used in Ghana for the management of skin infections and wounds, helped

reduce microbial load in wounds and facilitated healing. Kaaya et al. (1995) found that

water soluble extracts of that species induced high mortalities in some ticks; and Cho-

Ngwa et al. (2010) showed that such extracts are potential sources of microfilaricidal

compounds for the treatment of onchocerciasis, a parasitic disease of man caused by

New generic record for Singapore

a filarial wonn. Continuing research (Obiri et aL, 2014) has found that Margaritaria

discoidea suppresses allergy and promotes anti-infianunatory responses in mice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The National Parks Board provided the opportunity to extend

studies on this rare and biogeographically interesting species. We are grateful to ArborCulture

Pte. Ltd. for assistance rendered in the field. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation

to the two reviewers, Prof Dr Peter van Welzen and Dr Chong Kwek Yan, for their constructive

comments in improving this manuscript.

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(Euphorbiaceae) stem bark extract attenuates allergy and Freund’s adjuvant-induced

arthritis in rodents. Pharmacognosy Research 6(2): 163-171.

Tan, FI.T.W. (2008). Flora: preamble. In: Davison, G.W.FI., Ng, P.K.L. & Ho, H.C. (eds) The

Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened plants and animals of Singapore, 2nd ed. Pp.

15-16. Singapore: The Nature Society (Singapore).

Webster, G.L. (1979). A revision of Margaritaria (Euphorbiaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 60: 403-

444.

Webster, G.L. (1994). Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Ann.

Mis.souri Bot. Card. 81: 43^4.

Yeo, C.K., Ng, X.Y., Ng, W.Q., Chong, K.Y., Ang, W.F. & Ali Ibrahim (2012). Ficus stricta: a

new record in Singapore. Nat. Singapore 5: 351-358.

Yeo, C.K., Ang, W.F., Lok, A.F.S.L. & Ong, K.H. (2013). The conservation status of

Ampelocissus (Vitaceae) of Singapore, with a special note on Ampelocissus ascendiflora.

Nat. Singapore 6: 45-53.

Yeoh, Y.S., Yeo, C.K., Ang, W.F. & Low, Y.W. (2013). Marsdenia maingayi (Apocynaceae,

Asclepiadoideae), a rare rainforest woody climber rediscovered in Singapore. Gard.

Bull. Singapore 65: 241-249.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 57-59. 2014

A new combination in Liebigia (Gesneriaceae)

DJ. Middleton

Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

david_middleton@nparks .gov. sg

ABSTRACT. The new combination Liebigia barbata (Jack) D.J.Middleton is made for the

species previously known as either Chirita asperifolia (Blume) B.L.Burtt ox Liebigia speciosa

(Blume) DC. The complex nomenclatural history of these latter names is discussed. Liebigia

barbata is neotypified.

Keywords. Chirita asperifolia, Didymocarpus, lectotype, Liebigia speciosa, neotype, new

combination, Sumatra, Tromsdorffia.

Introduction

The genus Liebigia Endl. was described by Endlicher (1841) but was reduced to a

section of Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don by Clarke (1 883). When Wood (1974) revised

Chirita he synonymised Chirita sect. Liebigia (Endl.) C.B.Clarke within Chirita sect.

Chirita and included most of Clarke’s species from Chirita sect. Liebigia within a very

broadly defined Chirita asperifolia (Blume) B.L.Burtt, the remaining species being

insufficiently known or unrelated, Hilliard (2004) resurrected Chirita sect. Liebigia

and recognised 12 narrowly defined species. Weber et al. (2011) provided a detailed

phylogenetic analysis of the relationships of the species of Chirita to each other and

to the rest of the Gesneriaceae and concluded that Liebigia should be recognised at

generic rank. They provided new combinations for 11 of the 12 species included by

Hilliard (2004) and listed only the type, which they called Liebigia speciosa ‘'(Blume)

Endl.” with Chirita asperifolia in synonymy, as not requiring a new combination in

Liebigia. This is a mistake and a new combination for this species is still required in

Liebigia.

Liebigia barbata (Jack) D.J.Middleton, comb. nov.

Basionym: Didymocarpus barbatus Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 38 (1823).

TYPE: Sumatra, Sumatra, Lintang River, Forbes 2579 (neotype BM, designated here).

Agalmyla asperifolia Blume, Bijdr. Ned. Ind. 767 (1826). - Busea asperifolia (Blume)

Miq., FI. Ned. Ind. 2: 733 (1858). - Dichrotrichum asperifolium (Blume) C.B.Clarke

in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: 54 (1883). - Tetradema asperifolium (Blume)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Schltr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin 7: 361 (1920). - Didymocarpus asperifolius

(Blume) Bakli.f. in Backer, Beknopte FL Java, Afl. ix a. Fam. 195, 8 (1949); Bakli.f.,

Blumea 6: 394 (1950). - Chirita asperifolia (Blume) B.L. Burtt, Notes Roy, Bot. Gard.

Edinburgh 24: 41 (1962). TYPE: Java, Blume (lectotype L, designated by Wood (1974:

182)).

Twmsdorffia speciosa Blume, Bijdr. Ned. Tnd. 763 {\ ^26). -Liebigi a speciosa (Blume)

DC., Prod. 9: 259 (1845). - Chirita blumei C.B. Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr.

Phan. 5: 122 (1883). TYPE: Java, Blume (lectotype L [L0003333], designated here).

Further synonyms are listed by Hilliard (2004) under the name Chirita asperifolia

(Blume) B.L.Burtt.

Blume (1826) published the two new genera Agalmyla Blume and Tromsdorffia

Blume which included, amongst others, the species Agalmyla asperifolia Blume

and Tromsdorffia speciosa Blume, Endlicher (1841) replaced Tromsdorffia by the

new generic name Liebigia Endl. because Tromsdorffia Blume is a later homonym

of Trommsdorffia Bemh. Clarke (1883) and Weber et al. (2011) treated Liebigia

speciosa as having been published by Endlicher. However, Endlicher (1841) did not

mention any species names in his publication of Liebigia so the supposed combination

''Liebigia speciosa (Blume) Endl.” (1841) does not in fact exist. Instead, the first valid

publication of this combination was by Candolle (1845). Clarke (1883) transferred

Tromsdorffia speciosa Blume, and combinations based on it, to Chirita under the name

C. blumei C.B. Clarke due to the unavailability of the epithet speciosa in Chirita.

Bakliuizen van den Brmk (1950) later noted that Agalmyla asperifolia and

Tromsdorffia speciosa are conspecific and synonymised them under the name

Didymocarpus asperifolius (Blume) Bakh.f. Burtt (1962) agreed with the synonymy

and transfen'ed the species back to Chirita as C. asperifolia (Blume) B.L.Burtt. Wood

(1974) and Hilliard (2004) also recognised the synonymy and treated this species as

Chirita asperifolia. Weber et al. (2011), when resurrecting Liebigia, took up the name

Liebigia speciosa, presumably believing that in Liebigia the epithet speciosa could

again be used as it would not be a later homonym and had priority over asperifolia.

Agalmyla asperifolia Blume and Tromsdorffia speciosa Blume were

simultaneously published by Blume and have equal priority. Under Art. 11.5 of the

ICN (McNeill et al., 2011) the author who first places one name in synonymy of the

other establishes the priority. This was done by Backhuizen van den Brink (1950)

when making the combination Didymocarpus asperifolius. He included Tromsdorffia

speciosa in synonymy, thereby establishing the priority of Agalmyla asperifolia over

Tromsdorffia speciosa. Even if Endlicher (1841) had validly made the combination

Liebigia speciosa this would not have established the priority of that epithet. Despite

the backwards and forwards competition between the epithets speciosa and asperifolia

it is quite clear that asperifolia has priority and that, in the absence of other factors, a

new combination in Liebigia would have been necessary.

The most important element of this problem, however, was also overlooked

A new combination in Liebigia

by Weber et al. (2011) in that neither Agalmyla asperifolia Blume nor Tromsdorffia

speciosa Blume is the oldest name for this taxon. Hilliard (2004) inehxdedDidymocarpus

barhatus Jack in synonymy of Chirita asperifolia whilst noting that this conclusion

was based on the description alone as the type material is lost. Didymocarpus barbatus

Jack from 1 823 has priority over Agalmyla asperifolia Blume from 1826 but in Chirita

the epithet barbata is not available due to Chirita barbata Sprague (which is now

Microchirita barbata (Sprague) A. Weber & D.J.Middleton). However, in Liebigia

there is no such impediment and a new combination can be made. Although the type

material, which was collected in southern Sumatra, is lost Jack (1823) provided a very

thorough and unmistakable description such that we can be confident it is the same

taxon. Therefore, as well as the new combination, a neotype is proposed for this name.

The specimen chosen as neotype, Forbes 2579, is also a syntype of Chirita forbesii

Ridl. nom. illeg. and Chirita ridleyandra S. Moore.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This research is funded by the National Parks Board, Singapore. I

am very grateful to Jana Leong-Skomickova for guiding this paper through the review process

and to John McNeill for alerting me to a name 1 had overlooked when tackling this problem.

I also thank Roxali Bijmoer of Naturalis in Leiden, Netherlands, for her help with specimens

in Naturalis.

References

Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1950). Notes on the Flora of Java VI. Blumea 6: 363^06.

Blume, C.L. (1826). Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Batavia: Lands Drukkerij.

Burtt, B.L. (1962). Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World XXII: Miscellaneous transfers

and new species. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinbwgh 24: 41^9.

Candolle, A.P. de (1845). Cyrtandraceae. Prodrornus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 9:

258-286, 564. Paris: Treuttel & Wiirtz.

Clarke, C.B. (1883). Cyrtandreae. In: Candolle, A. de & Candolle, C. de (eds) Monographiae

phanerogamarum 5: 1-303. Paris: Masson.

Endlicher, S.L. (1841). Genera Plantarum, suppl. 1. Wien: Fr, Beck.

Hilliard, O.M. (2004). A revision of Chirita sect. Liebigia (Gesneriaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot.

60: 361-387.

Jack, W. (1823). On Cyrtandraceae, a new natural order of plants. Trans. Linn. Soc. London

14: 23-45.

McNeill, J., Banie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W, Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen,

P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud’homme van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F.,

Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae,

fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Konigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. [Regnum

Veg. 154]

Weber, A., Middleton, D.J., Fon'est, A., Kiew, R., Lim, C.L., Rafidah, A.R., Sontag, S., Triboun,

R, Wei, Y.-G., Yao, T.L. & Moller, M. (2011). Molecular systematics and remodelling of

Chirita and associated genera (Gesneriaceae). Taxon 60: 767-790.

Wood, D. (1974). A revision of Chirita (Gesneriaceae). Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33:

123-205.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 61-65. 2014

A new species of Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) from Vietnam

T.K.T. Nguyen* & NT. Nguyen

Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science,

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

334, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam

*kimthanh_bio@yalioo .com

ABSTRACT. A new species of Euphorbiaceae, Mallotus phongnhaensis, is described from

Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This new species belongs to Mallotus sect.

Axenfeldia and is distinguished from other species in several significant features including its

shrubby habit up to 1 m high, submarginal extrafloral nectaries with 6-12 per side, and few-

flowered, cauliflorous inflorescences.

Keywords. Euphorbiaceae, Mallotus phongnhaensis, Mallotus sect. Axenfeldia, new species,

Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam

Introduction

Mallotus Lour, is a large genus of c. 150 species in Euphorbiaceae, subfamily

Acalyphoideae, subtribe Rottlerinae (Sierra et ah, 2007). Although two species in

the genus occur in Africa and Madagascar, most are from tropical Asia with over 34

species known from Vietnam (Thin, 1999, 2007).

During an expedition to Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park in the summer of

2006, an undetennined collection of Mallotus with shrubby habit, many submarginal

extrafloral nectaries and cauliflorous inflorescences and fruits in the lower stem was

collected. Based on comparisons with herbarium specimens at HNU and HN, and a

study of the pertinent literature (Airy Shaw, 1972, 1975; Pax & Hoffmann, 1914; Ho,

1999; Thin, 1999, 2007; van Welzen et ah, 2007), we detennined that this collection

did not coiTespond to any previously known Mallotus species. This new species is thus

described below.

Mallotus phongnhaensis Thin & Kim Thanh, sp. nov.

This new species differs fi'om other species in Mallotus sect. Axenfeldia by its shrubby

habit, presence of submarginal extrafloral nectaries along the leaf margin, and relatively

few-flowered, cauliflorous inflorescences. — TYPE: Vietnam, Quang Binh Province,

Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Doc Tau area, 17°32'24"N, 106°16'59"E, 83 m, 1

July 2006, Nguyen Nghia Thin 20060701-09 (holot3T>e HNU; isotype HN). (Fig. 1, 2)

Shrub up to 1 m high, dioecious. Indumentum scattered, composed of stellate hairs.

Branches with scattered hairs, cylindrical. Stipules deciduous, triangular, c. 1.2 mm,

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 1. Mallotus phongnhaensis Thin & Kim Thanh. A. Habit. B. Part of staminate inflorescence,

the axis shown c. 3 cm long. C. Detail of staminate flower (scale in mm). D. Fruit, c. 1 cm

across. (Photos: Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

glabrous. Leaves opposite, equal in size; petiole 1.5-4 cm long, glabrous; blade

elliptic, 11 .5-21.5 x 5.5-11 cm, papery; base cuneate; apex acuminate, 1-1.5 cm long;

margin entire or subentire; adaxial surface glabrous, extrafloral nectaries submarginal

throughout blade, 6-12 per side, 0.3-1 cm from margin, elliptic to orbicular, 0.3-0. 5 x

0.2-0. 3 mm, conspicuous; abaxial surface glabrescent, with scattered glandular scales,

mainly on basal or marginal nerves; venation pinnate, nerves 7-10 per side, arching

and ending near margin, veins conspicuous. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences

cauliflorous on lower stem, short and thick. Staminate inflorescences 2-3 cm long,

with 10-15 flowers, one flower per bract; bracts triangular, 22-2.5 x 1.2-1. 6 mm.

Staminate flower with 3 sepals that are elliptic to obovate, 3. 2-3. 7 x 1-1.3 mm; petals

and disc absent; stamens 1 5-20, filaments 4-5 mm long; pistillode present. Pistillate

inflorescences 2.5-3 cm long with 2-4 flowers, one flower per bract; bracts triangular,

c. 1.5 mm long. Pistillate flower With 3 sepals; petals and disc lacking; ovaiy 3-locular,

covered with stellate hairs and dense spines, spines 0.5-1 mm long; styles 0.2-0. 3 mm

long, stigmas c. 1.5 mm long, plumose. Fruit a loculicidal-septicidal capsule, c. 1.2

X 0.9 cm, on a long (up to 2 cm long) pedicel, spines sparse, blunt, c. 0.5-1 mm long;

style persistent. Seed unknown.

Distribution and ecology. This species is only known from one population near a small

stream within a humid forest not far from the road in Doc Tau area, Phong Nha - Ke

Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam.

Flowering and fruiting. Mallotus phongnhaensis was observed in flower and fruit

from May to July.

Etymology. The new species is named after its type locality.

Provisional lUCN conservation assessment. The type locality, the only known site,

occurs within Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park and is, therefore, under protection.

However, the population size of this new species is fewer than 100 mature individuals.

We, therefore, assess it as Endangered EN D under the lUCN Red List categories and

criteria (lUCN, 2001) because it has fewer than 250 mature individuals.

Notes. The most comprehensive revision of Mallotus in Vietnam was done by Thin

(1999, 2007), who recognised six sections: Axenfeldia (Baill.) Pax & Hoffm., Hancea

(Seem.) Pax & Hoffm., Rottleropsis Mull.Arg., PhiUppinense Pax & Hoffm. (formerly

section Airy Shaw), Stylanthus (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Pax & Hoffm. sindMallotus

Mull.Arg. With its opposite leaves and pinnate venation, Mallotus phongnhaensis

clearly falls within section Axenfeldia, which currently includes eight known species

in Vietnam. Our new species is different from others in this section by the occurrence

of 6-12 extrafloral nectaries just behind the leaf margin and the cauliflorous flowering

habit.

A new Mallotm from Vietnam

References

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1972). The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bull. 26: 292-308.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1975). Notes on Malesian and other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. CXCIX. New or

noteworthy species of Mallotus Lour. Kew Bull. 29: 401^07.

Ho, P.H, (1999). An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam. 2: 248-256. Hanoi, Vietnam: Youth Publ.

House.

lUCN (2001). \UCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Gland, Switzerland, and

Cambridge, United Kingdom: lUCN Species Survival Commission. lUCN.

Pax, F. & Hoffinann, K. (1914). Euphorbiaceae-Acalypheae-Mercurialinae. In: Engler, A. (ed)

Das Pflanzenreich, IV, 147, vii: 145-208. Leipzig, Berlm: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Sierra, S.E.C., Aparacio, M., Gebraad, M.J.H., Kulju, K.K.M. & van Welzen, PC. (2007).

The morphological range in Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) and a taxonomic revision of its

section Rottlerpsis {mcXudung Axenfeldia) in Malesia, Thailand and Africa. Blumea 52:

21-113.

Thin, N.N. (1999). Key to taxa and classification of Euphorbiaceae of Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam:

Agr. Publ. House.

Thin, N.N. (2007). Taxonomy of Euphorbiaceae in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam: VNU Publ.

House.

Welzen, P.C. van. Sierra, S.E.C., Slik, J.W.F. & Bollendorff, S. (2007). Mallotus. In: Welzen,

PC. van & K. Chayamarit, K. (eds) Flora of Thailand 8, 2: 384—437. Bangkok, Thailand:

The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife & Plant Conservation Department.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 67-72. 2014

The status of Cryptocoryne annamica (Araceae: Aroideae:

Cryptocoryneae) in Vietnam

V.D. Nguyen^’*, H.Q. Bui^ & Josef Bogner^

^ Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources - Vietnam Academy of Sciences and

Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Aandul 78@gmail.com

^Augsburger Str. 43a, D-86368 Gersthofen, Gemiany

ABSTRACT. Cryptocoryme annamica Serebryanyi, an endemic species from Gia Lai province

in Vietnam, was first described in 1991. Until recently only two collections were known but a

new collection has now been made in the Kon Ka King National Park, Gia Lai province. The

species description is elaborated and notes on its biology, distribution, ecology and cultivation

are given. A proposed lUCN conservation assessment is given. A key to the Cryptocoryne

species of Vietnam is included.

Keywords. Conservation, cultivation, distribution, ecology, taxonomy

Introduction

Gagnepain (1942) recognised four species of the genus Cryptocoryne Fisch. ex

Wydler for Vietnam, namely C. ciliata (Roxb.) Fisch. ex Wydler, C. retrospiralis

(Roxb.) Kunth, C. tonkinensis Gagnep. and C. balansae Gagnep. Jacobsen (1991)

reduced two of Gagnepain’s species to varieties of C. crispatula Engl.: C. crispatula

var. tonkinensis (Gagnep.) N, Jacobsen and C. crispatula var. balansae (Gagnep.)

N. Jacobsen, Cryptocoryne retrospiralis has not subsequently been confimied as

occurring in Vietnam. Since then Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi (1991) and C.

vietnamensis Hertel & Miihlberg (1994) have been described. Therefore, there are four

species of Cryptocoryme recorded for Vietnam, one of them with three varieties; C.

crispatula var. tonkinensis, C. ci'ispatula var. yimnanensis (H.Li) H.Li & N. Jacobsen,

C. crispatula var. balcmsae, C. ciliata, C. annamica, and C. vietnamensis. Both C.

annamica and C. vietnamensis are endemic to Vietnam (Nguyen, 2005). Conflision

over the type locality of Cryptocoryne annamica was clairified by Bogner (2001) as

Kon Ha Nung, K’Bang district of Gia Lai province. Recently it has become apparent

that two type localities are much disturbed. Peter Boyce (then at K) and the first author

exhaustively tried to relocate Cryptocoryme annamica at its type locality near Buon

Luoi (Buoenloy) in 1 996 but were unable to find it. It is likely that this species does

not exist there anymore. The populations of Cryptocoryne vietnamensis near Ba Na

have been damaged seriously by tourist activities such as cable car construction, house

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

building, etc. Cryptocojyne vietnamensis still exists near Ba Na but the plants are very

scattered and it is highly threatened.

In light of the above it is good to report that a new locality for Cryptocoryne

annamica was discovered in the Kon Ka King National Park, K’Bang district, Gia Lai

province during an investigation of the medicinal plants used by the Ba Na minority in

this area. Two other localities for Cryptocoiyne annamica are known, also in Gia Lai

province. In this paper the description of Ciyptocoiyne annamica is elaborated along

with additional infonnation on its distribution and habitat. An lUCN conservation

assessment and a key to the Vietnamese species of this genus are included.

Key to Cryptocoryne in Vietnam

la. Leaf blade linear to very narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, more than 5 x as long as

wide; spathe limb few to several times twisted C. crispatula

lb. Leaf blade ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, not longer than 2-3 x as long as wide;

spathe limb straight or only once to twice twisted 2

2a. Spathe limb with cilia along the margin (Mekong delta) C. ciliata

2b. Spathe limb without cilia along the margin 3

3a. Spathe limb straight, mside completely deep puiple C. vietnamensis

3b. Spathe limb straight to once or twice twisted, inside yellow at margin and apex,

red to red-brown in centre C. annamica

Description of the species

Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi

Aqua-Pl. 16(3): 98 (1991). TYPE: Collected from a cultivated plant in Main Botanical

Garden Moscow, Russia, Serebryanyi N16, (holotype MHA, spirit specimen);

originally collected by N. Orlow in Vietnam, Gia Lai Province, Ankhe Dt, Buoenloy

(now K’Bang distr.).

Rhizomatous aquatic plant 7-15 cm tall. Rliizome stout, 2-4(-10) cm long, 4-6 mm

diam., covered by abundant roots and with one or two stolons per leaf tuft, these

initially horizontal and creepmg, 5-7 cm long, later turning upward and developing

into a new plant. Leaves (4-)7-12 in a rosette, flowering specimens with several

narrow triangular cataphylls, 2. 5-3. 5 cm long, light green to slightly reddish; petiole

rather stout, 5-13 cm long, sheathed basally for (3-) 5-7 cm long, lower part white (in

the soil), upper portion slightly canaliculate, light to dark brown or dull grey-green in

upper emergent parts but red-puiple in submerged parts; leaf blade more or less elliptic,

7-10.5 cm long, (3-)4^.5 cm wide in the middle, flat, uniformly green (more or less

Cryptocoryne annamica in Vietnam

pale to darker green) or sometimes with very light reddish spots, underneath light

green in emergent plants but red to dark puiple underneath and dark green on the upper

side and bullate in submerged plants; blade acute at apex and obtuse to auriculate at

base, midrib distinct, 3^ primary lateral veins on each side. Inflorescences several in

a plant; peduncle 3-6 cm long in emergent plants and up to 12 cm long in submerged

plants, 2.5 mm diam., white; spathe (4— )5-7 cm long; kettle cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm

long and c. 7 mm in diam., white inside and outside; tube between the kettle and the

limb of spathe brown-violet to slightly reddish and nan'ower in diam. than the kettle;

spathe limb triangular, 2-3 cm long, straight to once or twice twisted, apex cuspidate

to acuminate, margin scattered with small teeth, brown- violet outside, surface inside

rough, yellow at margin and apex, centre red to red-brown, collar lacking. Spadix

1.5-2 cm long; female portion 4 mm tall, sterile axis between female and male flowers

slender, c. 8 mm long, smooth; male portion cylindrical, c, 2.5 mm long and 1 .5 imn in

diam., yellow, appendix conical, wide at base and suddenly acute apically; flap c. 2.5

mm long, yellowish. Female flowers 5-6, yellowish to cream coloured, style short, 1

mm long; stigma round; olfactory bodies roundish. Male flowers 30-50, 0.5 mm long;

thecae with a horn, dehiscent by an apical pore. Chromosome number: 2n = 34. (Fig.

1 ).

Notes on distribution. Serebryanyi (1991) cited an additional sterile collection, Clemens

4310, 28 Aug. 1927 (P) from Ba Na, 25 km from Da Nang, when he described this

species. However, Clemens 4310 h Cryptocoiyne vietnamensis. The emergent leaves

of Ciyptocoryne annamica and C. vietnamensis are very similar. Kobayashi (2004)

reported Cryptocoryne annamica fi'om near Pleiku in Gia Lai province.

Ecology. Cryptocoryme annamica grows in or along small streams in tropical, partly

deciduous forests at 600-750 m. Submerged plants can be found in water of shaded

streams to a depth of 50 cm. (Fig. 2).

Preliminary lUCN conservation assessment. Based on known populations and the

perceived or actual threats, Cryptocoryne annamica can be classified as Vulnerable

VU A2a; B2ab(ii,iii); Cl, according to lUCN criteria (lUCN, 2001).

Additional specimens examined: VIETNAM. Gia Lai province: K’Bang district, Kon Ka

King National Park, 5 km southwest direction from forest station No. 5 of Kon Ka King NR,

Nguyen Van Du & others CTTN 84 & 85 (HN); Kon Ha Nung, Buoenloy [Buon Luoi], 16 May

1985 Orlov LX-VN 1994 (LE, HN); ibidem, 18 Dec 1985, Orlov LX-VN 2756 (LE, HN).

Plants of Ciyptocoryne annamica which grow in water and plants which grow on

stream banks produce quite different leaves. The submerged leaves are red to deep

purple underneath and dark green on the surface, and the surface is bullate, whereas

the leaves of emergent or terrestrial plants are green in all parts and the blades are flat.

(Fig. l.A-B).

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 1. Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi. A. Flowering emergent plant - note the green

flat leaf blades and the twisted spathe limb. B. Flowering submerged plant - note the bullate

leaf blades, which are deep purple underneath, the purple petioles, the long peduncle, and the

straight spathe limb. C. Rhizome with stolons and roots. D. Spathe of a submerged plant - note

the long peduncle and the straight spathe limb which is yellow around the margin and apex,

red-brown in the centre; the swollen part above the peduncle is the kettle with the spadix (not

visible from outside). E. Section through the kettle of the spathe to show the spadix with female

flowers below and the male flowers above. (Photos: Nguyen Van Du)

Cryptocoryne annamica in Vietnam

Fig. 2. Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi. A. Emersed growing plant along a stream; note

the green, flat leaf blades with red spots and the twisted spathe limb. B. Submersed plants

growing in a stream, note the bullate leaf blades. (Photos: Nguyen Van Du)

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Ciyptocoryne annamica is grown as an ornamental plant in aquaria or in pots in

Europe and elsewhere. The pot plants can be cultivated in a soil of leaf litter of Fagtis

sylvatica L. (Fagaceae) with the addition of sand and fertilizer, or in a sandy loam with

some rough peat. It can be also kept in the aquarium with only sand on the bottom but

then it also requires specialised aquatic plant fertiliser.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The first author is grateful for support from the National

Geographic Society (grant No. 904011) and the National Program Tay Nguyen III (grant No.

TN3/10) of Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology for the fieldwork in Kon Ka King

National Park and other works for this paper.

References

Bogner, J. (2001). Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi. Aqua PI. 26(1): 25—28.

Gagnepain, F. (1942). Aracees. In Lecomte, H. (ed) Flore Genhnl cle I’lndo-Chine 6(9): 1075—

1196. Paris.

Hertel, I. & Miihlberg H. (1994). Cryptocoryne vietnamensis sp. nov. (Araceae) aus Vietnam.

Aqua PI. 19(2): 77-81.

lUCN (2001). lUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. Switzerland, Gland and

U.K.: Cambridge: lUCN.

Jacobsen, N. (1991). Die schmalblattrigen Cryptocorynen des asiatischen Festlandes. Aqua PI.

16(1): 1-33.

Kobayashi, K. (2004). Cryptocoryne annamica. Aqualife 2004— 132—133, 136—137.

Nguyen, V.D. (2005). Araceae. In: Nguyen, T.B. (ed) Checklist of Plants in Vietnam 3: 883.

Serebryanyi, M. (1991). Eine neue Cryptocoryne- KxX (Araceae) aus Vietnam. Aqua PI. 16(3):

98-101.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 66(1): 73-119. 2014

A revision of Ornithoboea (Gesneriaceae)

S.M. Scott^ & D J. Middleton^

^Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,

20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 SLR, Scotland

whiskysteve@gmail.com

^Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

david_middleton@nparks .gov. sg

ABSTRACT. The genus Ornithoboea C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae) fi*om limestone habitats

in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar (Bunna), Laos, Vietnam and Southern China

is revised. It has 16 species, three of which are newly described; Ornithoboea maxwellii

S.M. Scott from Thailand, Ornithoboea puglisiae S.M. Scott fi'om Thailand and Ornithoboea

obovata S.M. Scott from Vietnam. The plants are characterised by small, bilabiate flowers with

a distinctive palatal beard on the lower lobes and a circlet of hairs around the mouth of the

corolla tube. A key is provided, all species are described, and distribution maps and lUCN

conservation assessments are given for all species.

Keywords. Karst limestone, Ornithoboea, taxonomic revision

Introduction

The genus Ornithoboea C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae) consists of a group of herbaceous

plants on karst limestone from Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma),

Laos, Vietnam and Southern China, its most northerly occurrence. No species have yet

been recorded from Cambodia.

Ornithoboea was first described by Clarke (1883) from a specimen sent to him

by the Rev. C. Parish from his collections in Burma. The specimen was accompanied

by a drawing and analysis by Parish who commented on its resemblance to Boea except

for the corolla and broader submembranous capsule. Clarke (1883) also compared

it to Boea but stated that the capsule valves are more twisted, a comment that was

probably why three more Ornithoboea species published soon thereafter, all of Chinese

origin, were included in Boea rather than Ornithoboea. Three genera, now treated as

synonyms of Oniithoboea, were also described: Lepadanthus Ridl., Brachiostemon

Hand.-Mazz. and Sinoboea Chun. In the case of Sinoboea, Chun considered it to be

closely related to Ornithoboea but that it differed in the rounded, not acuminate corolla

lobes, the anther dehiscence and the pilose hairs on the inner surfaces of the corolla.

Brachiostemon was considered to differ by its lanceolate sepals, branched filaments

and many-valved capsules. Ridley (1909) never made any comparison of Lepadanthus

to Ornithoboea but did liken it to the habit of Rhynchotechum Blume {"'Rhyncotecum'')

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

with a capsular fi'uit. The fruits in the single species of Lepadanthus, L. Jiexuosus (=

Ornithoboea flexuosa), are very short and show little sign of twisting. Burtt (1958)

suggested it may have been for this reason that Ridley never made the comparison

with Ornithoboea. Burtt (1 958) also observed that had an amended generic description

been available for the species already then known, then Brachiostemon and Sinoboea

might not have been proposed.

Molecular phylogenetic research in Gesneriaceae has consistently shown

Ornithoboea to be monophyletic, sister to a clade of Kaisupeea B.L.Burtt and

Rhabdothamnopsis Hemsl. (Moller et ah, 2009, 2011; Puglisi pers. comm, [expanded

unpublished sampling]). These studies also confirm Ornithoboea as belonging to

subfamily Didymocaipoideae, tribe Trichosporeae, subtribe Loxocarpinae (Weber at

al., 2013).

The last taxonomic account of the entire genus was by Burtt (1958). Since then

four new species have been described (Wu & Li, 1983; Burtt, 2001; Middleton &

Ly, 2008) and an account of the genus for the Flora of China (Wang et al., 1998) has

been published. To incorporate these new species into an overall view of the genus

and to account for the many new collections from Thailand and Vietnam since the

last revision (Burtt, 1958), many of which have remained unidentified, Ornithoboea

is revised anew.

Morphological characters

Burtt (1958) gave detailed morphological information on the habit, leaves,

indumentum of vegetative parts, inflorescence, gynoecium, and fruit. His work is an

excellent introduction to Ornithoboea which we expand on slightly here. In summary

Ornithoboea is readily recognised by the distinctive morphology of its flowers, more

specifically the palatal beard and circlet of hairs round the mouth of the corolla tube

(Fig. 1). Most species are rather similar in vegetative characters and, consequently,

difficult to distinguish when sterile. The exceptions to this are Ornithoboea arachnoidea

(Diels) Craib and O. maxwellii S.M.Scott due to their distinctive indumentums.

Habit: It is not clear whether most species are annual or perennial. They often

have a base which has tightly packed persistent leaf bases, more than would grow in

one season, with the bulk of the specimen taken up by the inflorescence. This would

suggest a perennial growth pattern and this has been partly confirmed in cultivation.

Plants will remain compact in habit until they are ready for flowering. This shoot

dies after fruiting but in cultivation Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L.Burtt produces

new shoots at the base and flowers again in subsequent years. Field observations are

necessary to ascertain whether the base of the stem does indeed survive the dry season

and produce new shoots as the rains start.

Leaves: The leaves are thin and delicate except in Ornithoboea arachnoidea. In

cultivation the leaves are thicker and fleshier than in the wild except in Ornithoboea

flexuosa (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt, O. multitorta B.L.Burtt and O. pseudoflexuosa B.L.Burtt

where no observable difference has been noted. The leaves are always opposite, well

developed, slightly anisophyllous, petiolate, more or less ovate in outline, crenate/

bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate on the margins (rarely serrate), and unequal

Revision of Ornithoboea

sided at the base which is usually cordate to rounded.

Vegetative indumentum: Ornithoboea arachnoidea and O. maxwellii have a

covering of arachnoid hairs (spider web- or felt-like) over all parts of the plant except

for the flowers. All other Ornithoboea species have glandular hairs. Hair length on any

individual usually varies considerably.

Inflorescence: Ornithoboea species have the characteristic “pair-flowered

cymes”, found only in Gesneriaceae and a few genera of Scrophulariaceae (Weber,

2004). In this the tenninal flower of each cyme unit is associated with an additional

flower in a frontal position so that each cyme unit seems to end in a flower pair. In

general, the front flower has no subtending bracteole, while the lateral flowers are

usually subtended by bracteoles. In many instances this form of cyme is modified by

suppression of one branch of the inflorescence on alternate sides of each node resulting

in a pseudoracemose as in Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa and O. flexuosa.

Calyx: The five lobes are always divided to the base, only weakly imbricate

in bud and hairy. They are usually green but can be white, pink or purple. In some

species, such as in Ornithoboea arachnoidea, they are reflexed when in flower, whilst

in others, like O. obovata S.M. Scott, they are reflexed when in fmit.

Corolla and androecium: The most important diagnostic characters of the genus

Ornithoboea are the palatal beard and the circlet of hairs round the mouth of the corolla

tube (Fig. 1). Only in Ornithoboea maxwellii is there no obvious beard present. The

lower lip of the corolla is three lobed and the palatal beard is located at the base of

the lip before the division into lobes. On either side of the beard a line of hairs runs

marginally across the sinus between the upper and lower lips of the corolla and then

along the ridge of tissue at the base of the two-lobed upper lip. This fornis a ring of

hairs around the mouth of the corolla tube; this is called the circlet (circulus) (Fig. I).

The hairs of the beard and circlet are remarkable structures and differ from the

smaller multicellular hairs that fonn the indumentum on the rest of the plant. They are

larger, unicellular, varying in length and colour, flattened to a certain degree, dilated

at the tips and the wall has a covering of scattered tubercles (easier to observe on

rehydrated flowers). Burtt (1958) found very similar hairs when he compared those

found at the base of the corolla lobes of Ramonda myconi (L.) Rchb. and on the

filaments and mouth of the corolla tube in Verbascum L. Further comparisons were

made with unicellular palatal hairs on Mimulus L. and other Scrophulariaceae which

lacked the dilated tips.

Other characters of the corolla and androecium vary greatly between species.

The most straightforward condition is found in Ornithoboea feddei (H.Lev.) B.L.Burtt

which has long sti'aight filaments and a long tube which widens gradually and evenly

towards the mouth. Other species vaiy from this simple fonn by the shortening of

the corolla tube, the inflation of the tube in the upper part, the increase in size of the

lower lip and the shortening and thickening of the filaments and the gradual retraction

of the fertile ann so that finally it no longer points towards the mouth of the tube but

upwards and backwards. Enantiostyly also occurs where the style is deflected to the

left or right. In some species there is a well-marked thickened knee on each filament

and the eventual production at the knee of a distinct sterile process and the formation

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

V ^ /

V' ^ N. /

'S/

Ornithoboea pugUsiae S.M. Scott.

Fig. 1. Illustrations highlighting the characters of the circlet (blue); the pronounced sterile

projections on the stamens (yellow); and the palatal beard (green). Drawn by Claire Banks.

Revision of Ornithoboea

of a pronounced sterile projection. This sterile process continues along the original

line of the filaments along the floor of the corolla tube while the fertile arm branches

off upwards and backwards to the roof of the tube. The sterile ami is swollen at the

apex, often wrinkled and coloured yellow to blue: these are usually visible when the

flower is open and can be mistaken for anthers. With the shortening of the filaments,

and their change in direction, it means the anthers are held just below the dorsal side

of the corolla tube at the point where the narrow basal tube expands into the upper

inflated portion. The anthers of all species are coherent face to face and are connected

at the tips by a short delicate process (easily damaged on herbarium specimens).

Gynoecium and fruit: Ornithoboea species have a superior ovary which is short

and conical and which nairows into a well-developed style. The T-shaped parietal

placentae are rather thin, of equal thickness throughout their length but with somewhat

swollen cuiwed ends where the production of ovules is usually confined (Weber, 2004).

According to Burtt (1958), the sterile inner surfaces often abut closely on one another

but apparently do not fuse.

The mature fmit varies greatly in length from 4.7-21 mm and also varies

from straight to spirally twisted. Burtt (1958) suggested that the twisted fmit was a

good generic character and that where it was not present this was due to the lack of

opportunity for its expression, i.e. small fruits, rather than to its genuine absence.

However, both Ornithoboea maxwellii and O. obovata have consistently non-twisted

or almost non-twisted fmits with lengths of up to 5.8 and 1 1.3 mm respectively, longer

than other species with twisted fruits. The style is also persistent in many Ornithoboea

species and is a good species character.

Reproduction and Dispersal

It is not known what pollinates the flowers of Ornithoboea and nothing is written on

the specimen labels to indicate a pollinator was observed prior to collection. From

the shape of the corolla with its narrow corolla tube, the anthers located dorsally in

the tube, and the cuiwed style (enantiostyly) located at the mouth of the tube, bee

pollination can be speculated?

Seed dispersal is likely to be over relatively short distances as there is no

adaptation to wind or animal dispersal. The seeds are probably dispersed by the wind

rocking the whole plant, rain washing the seeds away, and the untwisting of the fmit

flinging the seeds for a short distance in response to drying conditions.

Materials and Methods

This work is based primarily on an examination of herbarium material from A, AAU,

ABD, B, BK, BKF, BM, E, GH, HNU, K, KEP, KUN, L, MO, NY, P, PSU, SING,

US, VNM (Thiers, continuously updated). All specimens have been seen except where

indicated by “n.v.” for non vidi. The maps are based on coordinates recorded from

the specimens or by geo-referencing the localities from gazetteers. Not all localities.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

however, could be found so parts of the distribution for some species may be missing

from the maps.

All morphological characters were observed or measured from the herbarium

material. Floral measurements were taken from pickled or rehydrated flowers. As

Ornithoboea flowers are moi*phologically fairly complex our interpretation of them was

aided by living collections of O. barbanthera at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

(RBGE ) and photographs of several species taken by a number of photographers (see

Acknowledgements). Measurements were made with an elecfronic digital caliper, a

ruler and with the aid of a trinocular dissecting microscope. As such, measurements

using the calipers and microscope were accurate to one tenth of a millimetre. All

dissections were photographed using a Nikon Coolpix 4500 camera attached to the

microscope.

This revision is based on a traditional taxonomic approach utilising a

morphological species concept. Species are delimited based on discontinuous

differences assessed by observations and measurements of herbarium specimens.

Our knowledge of Ornithoboea species is only as good as the specimens that have

been collected so far and yet collecting has been sporadic, particularly in Myanmar,

Laos, Vietnam and southern China. New collections are necessary in these areas to

both improve the descriptions here presented, to clarity difficult species delimitation

problems, and potentially to uncover further new taxa.

Ornithoboea Parish ex C.B. Clarke

in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 147 (1883); Hook.f., FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 365

(1884); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 287 (1958); Wang, FI. Reipubl.

Popularis Sin. 69: 476 (1990); Wang etal,,Fl. China 18: 369 (1998); Weber in Kubitzki,

Fam. Gen. Vase. PI. 7: 147 (2004). TYPE: Ornithoboea parishii C.B.Clarke.

Lepadanthus Ridl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(2): 782 (1909). TYPE:

Lepadanthus fiexuosus Ridl. (= Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt).

Brachiostemon Hand.-Mazz., Sinensia 5: 9 (1934). TYPE: Brachiostemon macrocalyx

Hand.-Mazz. (= Ornithoboea Mdldeana Craib).

Sinoboea Chun, Sunyatsenia 6: 271 (1946). TYPE: Sinoboea microcarpa Chun (=

Ornithoboea feddei (H.Lev.) B.L.Burtt).

Herbs, lithophytic, annual to perennial, to 200 cm tall, stems simple or branched, erect

to decumbent. Indumentum of stems, leaves and inflorescences densely arachnoid

{Ornithoboea arachnoidea and O. maxwellii), pilose or pubescent; all hairs are

Revision of Ornithoboea

glandular except those found in the palatal beard and circlet. Leaves opposite and

petiolate, often slightly anisophyllous, more or less ovate, acute to nan'owly acute,

base often unequal; cordate to rounded, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate

to dentate/duplicato-dentate; basal leaves often withered and persistent and variable

in number, their position indicated by scars or persistent corky peg-like leaf bases.

Inflorescences axillary, cymose, with paired flowers; sometimes pseudoracemose by

abortion of one branch at each dichotomy; bracts small, linear to triangular, pubescent.

Calyx 5-lobed, 3-veined, divided to the base, weakly imbricate, sometimes nearly as

long as the corolla, ovate to elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, apex acute to naiTowly

acute, pubescent, often ciliate, persistent and often reflexed in flower and fruit or both.

Corolla zygomorphic, with a short tube which is broadly funnel-shaped or distinctly

inflated in the upper part, and a bilabiate limb; upper lip 2-lobed, short, often reflexed,

with emarginate or notched lobes; lower lip 3-lobed and much larger, often partially

reflexed, lobes obovate to oblong; base of lower lip bearded (palatal beard) with large

unicellular hairs which are dilated at the tips; the same hairs run across the sinus of

the upper lip and lower lip on a ridge of tissue towards the base of the lower lip, thus

fonning a circlet, a ring of short hairs around the mouth of the corolla tube. Fertile

stamens 2, adnate to the tube near base of corolla tube; filaments simple and straight

or geniculate, or with a pronounced sterile projection at the knee; when geniculate

or with a sterile projection the fertile arm is erect or sloping backwards towards the

base of the corolla tube; anthers renifonu, cohering face to face, connected at the

tips. Staminodes 3 (2 lateral and 1 medial), adnate to tube near base of corolla tube,

2 laterals well developed, medial small and inconspicuous. Ovary conical, pubemlent

or pubescent; placentae parietal, T-shaped, ovules present on the in-turned ends, not

on the inner face. Style longer than the ovary, enantiostylous, pubemlent to pubescent,

ending in a swollen terminal stigma. Fruit a capsule, narrowly oblong to short and

oblong, either twisting spirally or with a straight line of dehiscence, pubemlous to

pubescent or arachnoid. Seeds small.

Distribution. Southern China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and northern

Peninsular Malaysia.

Ornithoboea is a genus of 16 species that typically grow on karst limestone in hollows

where organic matter collects, in cave mouths and in fissures on vertical or sloping

rock faces. They tend to grow near the base of cliffs or slopes of limestone fonnations

rather than at the drier and more exposed suimnits. Some species have wide ranges of

altitudes due to their occun*ences in both lowland hills and in mountain ranges where

the bases of the hills are still at much higher altitude. In each locality the species

tend to occupy the same sort of elevations in the actual fonnations. The genus can

be recognised by the glandular pubescence throughout and the bilabiate flowers with

unicellular hairs with dilated tips. These hairs fonn a palatal beard on the lower corolla

lip and a ring of hair around the mouth of the corolla tube (Fig. 1).

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Key to Ornithoboea species

la. Stems, petioles, leaves and inflorescence with arachnoid (spider web- or felt-

like) indumentums 2

lb. Stems, petioles, leaves and inflorescence with puberulent, pilose or pubescent

indumentums 3

2a. Dense arachnoid indumentum; sepals reflexed when in flower and fruit; filaments

not thickened, 2-3 mm long; fruit twisted; plant 20-50 cm tall

\.0. amchnoidea

2b. Sparse arachnoid indumentum; sepals not reflexed; filaments thickened, 1-1.5

mm long; fruit with straight line of dehiscence; plant 6-10.5 cm tall

9.0. maxwellii

3a. Filaments straight or geniculate, without a sterile projection 4

3b. Filaments with a pronounced sterile projection 8

4a. Filaments 1.7-3. 8 mm long, straight 5. O.feddei

4b. Filaments 1-2 mm long, geniculate 5

5a. Fmit with straight line of dehiscence, style persistent in fruit, characteristically

curved tlirough 180°; Vietnam 11. (9. obovata

5b. Fruit weakly to strongly twisted, style not persistent in fruit; Thailand, Myanmar,

China 6

6a. Corolla c. 14 mm long; fmit < 6.5 mm long; calyx lobes longer than fmit and

slightly reflexed in fmit 12. O. occulta

6b. Corolla <13 mm long; fmit 8.8-14 mm long; calyx lobes shorter than fruit and

reflexed in fmit 7

7a. Corolla c. 9.3 mm long; lobes of lower lip narrowly obovate, central lobe slightly

reflexed; upper lip lobes glabrous; fmit densely pubemlent 1.0. henryi

7b. Corolla c. 13 mm long; lobes of lower lip oblong, central lobe fully reflexed;

upper lip lobes puberulous; faiit pubemlous 13.0. parishii

8a. Inflorescence pseudoracemose; corolla <10 mm long 9

8b. Inflorescence a pedunculate cyme; corolla > 1 0 mm long 11

9a. Corolla tube < 4 mm long; lobes of lower lip mm long, central lobe not fully

reflexed; anthers glabrous; fmit barely twisted, less than a quarter turn; sepals

4. 5-5. 5 mm long 6. O. flexuosa

9b. Corolla tube > 4 mm long; lobes of lower lip 2.2-3 .5 mm long, central lobe fully

reflexed; anthers bearded; fruit barely twisted to tightly twisted; sepals 5-7.3

mm long 10

Revision of Ornithoboea

10a. Corolla tube 4.5-5. 1 nmi long; sepals 5-6 mm long; fruit tightly twisted, 7.5-

12.3 mm long 10. O. multitorta

10b. Corolla tube c. 6.7 mm long; sepals 5.7-7.3(-l 0.3) mm long; fruit twisted to over

half turn or barely twisted, 6.1- 9.6 mm long 14. (9. pseudoflexuosa

11a. Filaments 1.4-1. 6 mm long, anthers densely bearded; fruit twisted to barely

twisted, densely pubescent 12

1 lb. Filaments 0.3-1 .3 mm long, anthers glabrous to sparsely bearded; fruit twisted,

puberulous to pilose 13

12a. Corolla c. 20 mm long, lower lip c. 13 mm long, lobes not emarginate; peduncle

8-30(-36) mm long; Thailand 2.O. barbanthera

12b. Corolla c. 16 mm long, lower lip c. 10.5 mm long, lobes distinctly emarginate;

peduncle 6-16 mm long; Vietnam 4. (9. emarginata

13a. Corolla 17-25 mm long, tube (6.5-)7.8-11.4 mm long; sepals ovate to elliptic;

filaments 0.3-1 mm long; stems 30-150 cm tall 14

13b. Corolla 12.7-16.5 mm long, tube 6-8 nmi long; sepals elliptic; filaments 1-1 .3

mm long; stems 40-62 cm tall 15

14a. Corolla 22-25 nmi long, pink/pmple; each lobe of lower lip oblong, apices

distinctly emarginate, central lobe not overlapping lateral lobes 8. (9. lacei

14b. Corolla c. 17 mm long, blue/purple; each lobe of lower lip obovate, apices

rounded, not emarginate, central lobe overlapping lateral lobes

16. (9. wildeana

15a. Corolla c. 16.5 mm long, tube c. 8 mm long, deep violet/blue throughout,

pubescent outside; lower lip reflexed through 90°, lobes 2.5-3. 1 mm long,

apices slightly triangular; tube c. 8 mm long; fruit 18-21 mm long, style not

persistent 3. (9. calcicola

15b. Corolla c. 12.7 mm long, tube c. 6 mm long, light purple/pink to white, glabrous

outside; lower lip slightly reflexed, lobes 3. 5-4. 5 mm long, oblong, apices

rounded; fruit 11.6-14.3 mm long, style often persistent 15. O.puglisiae

1 . Ornithoboea arachnoidea (Diels) Craib

Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 11: 251 (1920); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Card.

Edinburgh 22: 294 (1958); Wang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 477 (1990); Wang et

al., FI. China 18: 369 (1998); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 100 (2001). — Boea

arachnoidea Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 5: 225 (1912). TYPE: China,

Yunnan, Ming kwang valley. Near Pei sha, 1828-2137 m, October 1905, G. Forrest

929 (holotype E; isotypes BM, K). (Fig. 2, 3).

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Ornithoboea lanata Craib, Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1914: 130 (1914); Pellegrin in

Lecomte, FI. Indo-Chine 4: 551 (1930). TYPE: Thailand, Doi Chiang Dao, 670 m, 27

January 1913, A.F.G. Kerr 2852 (holotype K; isotypes ABD, BM).

Ornithoboea forrestii Craib, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 252 (1920). TYPE:

China, Yunnan, Shwei-Salween divide, 1917-1919, G. Forrest 1755 7 (holotype E;

isotypes BM, E, K, P).

Herb\ stem 20-50 em tall, to 2-5.4 mm diameter, brown to white glandular arachnoid

throughout, leaf intemodes (3.3-)5.5-10 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole (2-)4.3-

9.8(-12.3) cm long; blade herbaceous, broadly to narrowly ovate, 7.8-16.3(-24) x

5- 11 (-22) cm, apex acute to acuminate, base unequal, oblique to rounded/cordate,

margin narrowly crenate/bicrenate to dentate, the teeth 0.5-2. 9 mm; 8-10(-12) pairs

of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, lanate to

arachnoid below. Inflorescence axillary, 3-7 (-8. 3) cm long, arachnoid throughout;

peduncle 1.8^. 8 cm long; bracts linear to elliptic, c. 5 x 1 mm; pedicels 9.7-19.6

mm long. Sepals broadly elliptic, white to pink, 3-veined, c. 6.5-10 x 2.5-4 mm,

apices acute to narrowly acute, puberulous on inside, arachnoid on outside, ciliate;

sepals reflexed when in flower and fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 13 mm long, glabrous

Fig. 2. Ornithoboea arachnoidea (Diels) Craib. Photograph of Middleton et al. 4523 by

Preecha Karaket.

Revision of Ornithoboea

Fig. 3. Distribution of Ornithoboea arachnoidea (Diels) Craib (□); Ornithoboea barbanthera

B.L.Burtt (A); Ornithoboea calcicola C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li (•); Ornithoboea emarginata

D.J.Middleton & N.S.Ly (■); and Ornithoboea feddei (H.Lev.) B.L.Burtt (A).

outside; tube c. 5.2 mm long, white to blue, pubemlent on inside; upper lip slightly

2-lobed, each lobe 0.2 mm long, blue, apices rounded, glabrous except for a ring of

blue short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 8 mm long, blue, glabrous

except for a large palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 3.5^ x 2. 4-3. 5 mm, oblong

to slightly obovate, apices broadly acute to rounded. Stamens without a pronounced

sterile projection; filaments 2-3 mm long, geniculate and curved through 90“; anthers

c. 1 X 2.1 mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.5-1. 8

mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovaiy c. 2 x 1.5 mm, densely glandular pubescent

throughout; style c. 5 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 9.1-16.7 x 1. 9-2.2

mm, twisted, glandular pilose, style persistent.

Distribution. Southern China and Thailand. Very likely to also occur in Myanmar and

Laos.

Ecology. On karst limestone, usually in shade or in cave mouths or soil pockets on

cliffs and slopes, over a wide altitudinal range of 490-2420 m.

Provisional lUCN Consery^ation Assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is

widespread and locally common.

Additional specimens examined: CHINA. Yunnan: Unknown Yunnan, Howell, E.B. 67 (E);

ibidem, Oct 1924, Forrest, G. 25273 (E, K); Baoshan, Tengchong, Oct 1912, Forrest, G.

9272 (E); Pu’er City, JingdongYi Autonomous County, 18 Aug 1959, Unknown 5134 (KUN);

Salween-Chu-kiang divide, Aug 2013, Forrest, G. 11962 (BM); Xishuangbanna, Menghai

County, 7 Oct 1989, Unknown 39452 (KUN).

THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Road to Wiang Haeng, 21 Sep 2008, Middleton,

DJ. et cd. 4538 (E); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuaiy, 5 Nov 1961, Bunchuai,

K. 1174 (BKF); ibidem, 4 Nov 1995, Gardner, S. & Gardner, N. H238 (L); ibidem, 15 Aug

1935, Garrett, H.B.G. 979 (E, K); ibidem, 10 Aug 1935, Garrett, H.B.G. 973 (A, ABD, L, P);

ibidem, 17 Aug 1935, Garrett, H.B.G. 982 (K, P); ibidem, 8 Oct 1995, Maxyvell, J.F. 95858 (A,

BKF, L); ibidem, 13 Aug 1995, Parnell, J. et al 95048 (BKF, K); ibidem, 23 Oct 1926, Put,

N. 429 (ABD, BM, K); ibidem, 11 Sep 1967, Tagawa, M. etal 9783 (BKF); Chiang Dao, Doi

Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Pha Blong Cave area, 10 Sep 1989, Maxwell, J.F. 891070 (A,

E, L, MO); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuaiy, ThamPha Phlong, 20 Sep 2008,

Middleton, D.J. et al. 4523 (E); Mae Taeng, Doi Mawn Ngaw, 12 Aug 2002, Palee, P. 542 (L).

Chiang Rai: Mae Sai, Doi Tung, 14 Nov 2010, van de Bult, M. 1122 (BKF); Wiang Pa Pao, 28

Sep 1996, Poorna, R. 1390 (BKF). Lampang: Mueang Pan, Jae Son National Park, Wang Di,

Doi Pha Ngam, 25 Aug 1996, Maxwell, J.F. 961149 (BKF, L). Mae Hong Son: 10 Sep 1974,

Larsen, K. & Larsen, S.S. 34327 (AAU, E); Pangmapha, Tham Lot cave area, Middleton, D.J.

et al. 5232 (E).

Notes. This species is recognisable by the distinct arachnoid (woolly, spider-web-like)

indumentum which covers the whole plant. Ornithoboea maxwellii, far smaller in size,

is the only other species to have this type of indumentum, but not nearly as densely.

The flowers of Ornithoboea arachnoidea might be mistaken for those of O. occulta

but the corollas of the latter species are slightly larger, but with a shorter corolla tube

and lower lip, and the sepals are longer and elliptic.

Revision of Ornithoboea

2. Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L.Burtt

Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 22: 297 (1958); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29:

101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Sam Roi Yot, 50 m, 13 July 1926,

A.F.G. Kerr 10977 (holotype ABD; isotypes BM, E, K). (Fig. 3, 4, 5).

Herb; stem 1 1-32(-39) cm tall, to 2-5.6 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout,

leaf intemodes 7-48(-90) mm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2.4-7(-9) cm long, densely

glandular pubescent; blade herbaceous, ovate, 3.5-7.5(-ll) x 22-6.1 cm, apex

acute, base slightly unequal, rounded to cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate to

bicrenate, the teeth 1. 5-3.1 (-7. 6) mm; 7-10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiaiy venation

reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath with hairs of various

lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 2.5-8 cm long, densely glandular pubescent

throughout; peduncle 8-30(-36) mm long; bracts linear to triangular, 3. 9-5. 5 x 0.8-1 .3

mm; pedicels 5-17 mm long. Sepals narrowly elliptic, green, 3-veined, 7-9.2 x 3.2-

3.5 mm, apices nan*owly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath,

ciliate; sepals mostly reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 20 mm long, lilac

throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 7.5 imn long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect,

each lobe 1,5-3 mm long, apices rounded, glabrous except for a ring of short hairs on

the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip;

lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 13 nmi long, glabrous except for palatal beard

at base of lobes, each lobe c. 6.5 x 6.5 mm, obovate, central lobe overlapping lateral

lobes, lobes not ciliate. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, yellow, 1.8-2

mm long; filaments 1.4-1. 6 mm long; anthers 1 x 2-2,2 mm, densely bearded, lightly

fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c. 1 .5 mm long, yellow, the third 0.3 imn

long. Ovary 2.8-3 x 1,7 mm, glandular pubemlent; style c. 8.5 mm long, glandular

puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 4.7-12.4 x 2.2-3.4 mm, twisted to barely

twisted, densely pubescent.

Distribution. Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan Province).

Ecology^ Growing on karst limestone, often in full sun, at 0-500 m altitude.

lUCN Consen’ation Assessment. Least Concern (LC) (Middleton & Suksathan,

2012a). Ornithoboea barbanthera is restricted to a very small area, mostly within a

national park. It is still common and no major threats are known to affect the species.

However the mangrove areas around the national park have been converted to shrimp

farms which could affect the local microclimate. The population needs to be monitored

to ensure that this species is not impacted by this.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Prachuap Khiri Khan: Muang Prachuap Khiri

Khan, Khao Klong Wan, 23 Aug 1982, Shimizu, T et al. T-28746 (BKF); Khao Loom Muak,

5 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4274 (BKF, E); Pran Buri, Sam Roi Yot, 14 Sep 1926, Put,

N. 249 (ABD, BM, K); ibidem, 12 Jul 1926, Kerr, A.F.G. 10956 (ABD, BM, K); ibidem, Jul

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 4. Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L.Burtt. Photograph of RBGE cultivated collection

20081569 by David Middleton.

1966 - Aug 1966, Larsen, K. et al. 1236 (AAU, BKF, L); ibidem, 29 Jun 2000, Newman, M.F

et al. 1138 (BKF); ibidem, 29 Jun 2000, Newman, M.F. et al. 288 (E, KEP); ibidem, 14 Aug

1992, Niyomdham, C. 3012 (BKF); ibidem, 16 Aug 1992, Niyomdham, C. 3027 (BKF); ibidem,

3 Dec 1929, Put, N. 2513 (ABD, BM); Pran Buri, Sam Roi Yot, Ban Khao Daeng, 15 Jul 2004,

Pooma, R. et al. 4288 (BKF, E); Pran Buri, Sam Roi Yot, Khao Chrongwan, 18 Aug 1967,

Shimizu, T. et al. T-7675 (BKF); Pran Buri, Sam Roi Yot, Khao Daeng Trail, 17 Aug 2002,

Middleton, D.J. et al. 1150 (BKF [2], E, SING); ibidem, 4 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al.

4257 (BKF, E); Pran Buri, Sam Roi Yot, Khao Pha Daeng, 30 Aug 2006, Triboun, P. 3639 (E).

Notes. This species is very similar to Ornithoboea emarginata from Vietnam. They

both have light blue flowers with a pronounced sterile projection but Ornithoboea

barbanthera has larger flowers with a longer corolla tube and larger corolla lobes. The

fruit is also nearly twice as long as that found in Ornithoboea emarginata. The whole

plant is small when compared to other species of Ornithoboea. The leaves are small

and somewhat thicker than other species. In addition, the plant has remnants of the

previous year’s growth in the form of dried leaf bases and a corky base to the plant.

This was evident in all specimens examined, including plants in the living collections

at RBGE. This might indicate a perennial growth habit, as was suggested by Burtt

(1958), and the thicker leaves may be an adaptation to exposed conditions.

Revision of Ornithoboea

Fig. 5. Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L.Burtt. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Calyx opened out. D.

Corolla dissection showing the two small lobes of the upper lip, the three larger lobes of the

upper lip, two stamens and three staminodes. E. Pistil. F. Fruit. All parts from RBGE cultivated

collection 20081569 except fruit from Middleton et al. 4257 (E). Scale bars: A = 5 cm; B, D-F

= 1 cm; C = 0.5 cm. Drawn by Claire Banks.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

3. Ornithoboea calcicola C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li

Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(2): 42 (1983); Wang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 481

(1990); Wang et al., FI. China 18: 370 (1998). TYPE: China, Yunnan, Mengla Xian,

Yiwu, Xiangming, Manpei, 1000 m, 9 September 1959, SJ. Pei 5910072 (holotype

KUN n.v\ isotype KUN). (Fig. 3).

Herb\ stein 50-62 cm tall, to 2.9^. 1 mm diameter, yellow glandular pilose throughout,

leaf intemodes 4. 7-8. 5 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 5-10(-13) cm long; blade

herbaceous, ovate to broadly ovate, 5.5-12 x 3.2-1 0 cm, apex acute to narrowly acute,

base unequal, oblique to nan*owly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate

to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.2^. 5 mm; 8-10 pairs of secondary veins,

tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath with

hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillai*y, 5,5-6 cm long, yellow

glandular pilose throughout; peduncle 1. 4-4.1 cm long; bracts elliptic, 7-14.3 x 1.4-

3.9 mm; pedicels 11.8-16.8(-24.9) mm long. Sepals elliptic, green, 3-veined, 7. 3-9.7

X 2-2.7 mm, apices naiTowly acute, glandular puberulous above, more densely so

beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 16.5 mm long, blue/violet throughout, pubescent

outside; tube c. 8 mm long, glabrous inside; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, triangular,

erect, each lobe 0.6-0. 7 mm long, apices acute to emarginate, glabrous except for a

ring of blue short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down

to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, reflexed 90*^ downwards, 7. 3-9. 5

mm long, glabrous except for blue palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 2.5-3. 1 x

2-3 mm, orbicular, apices slightly triangular, central lobe overlapping lateral lobes.

Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, yellow, projection 1.5- 1.7 mm long;

filaments 1-1 .3 mm long; anthers 0.5 x 2.3-2. 5 mm, sparsely hairy, lightly fiised at the

tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1,5-2. 3 mm long, the third 0.2(-0.5) mm long. Ovary

1.7-3 X 1.3-1. 7 mm, glandular pubescent tliroughout; style 6.1-9 mm long; stigma

globose/rounded. Fruit 1 8-21 x 1. 7-2.4 mm, twisted, puberulous, style not persistent.

Distribution. China and Vietnam.

Ecology. Growing on karst limestone in seasonal evergreen and mixed forests at 150-

1000 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species has a

wide Area of Occurrence but is known from fairly few collections in a region that is

poorly collected. Its precise distribution, population stability, and potential threats are

all unknown.

Additional specimens examined: VIETNAM: Lao Cai: 16 Nov 1963, Unknown 3426 (HNU).

Quang Binh: Minh Hoa, Thong Hoa Municipality, 17 May 1997, Averyanov, L. et al. VH4770

(E); Tuyen Hoa District, Chuoi Village, 3 May 2011, Averyanov, L. et al. CPC2708 (E); Tuyen

Hoa District, Hung Village, 29 Apr 2Q\\, Aveiyanov, L. et al. CPC2501 (E).

Revision of Ornithoboea

Notes. Only an isotype was available to study but the holotype is also at KUN. This

species was previously only known from Yunnan province in China. It is similar to two

other species, Ornithoboea lacei and O. wildeana. However, it can be differentiated by

its flowers that have a violet/blue corolla, the lower lip reflexed through 90°, and the

lower lobes which are small and rounded with a slightly triangular apex. The plant is

smaller in height and has longer fruits than Ornithoboea lacei and O. wildeana. From

Ornithoboea wildeana it also differs in its smaller inflorescences and leaves which are

broader and shorter. From Ornithoboea lacei it differs in its longer bracts, shorter corolla

tube and longer fllaments. The new collections from Vietnam confirm Ornithoboea

calcicola as a distinct species and with a wider distribution than previously known.

4. Ornithoboea emarginata D.J.Middleton & N.S.Ly

Edinburgh J. Bot. 65: 354 (2008). TYPE: Vietnam, Kieng Giang Province, Kien Luong

District, Hang Ca Sau Hill, 10-50 m. 14 July 2007, NS. Ly 94 (holotype E). (Fig. 3).

Herb\ stem 20-80 cm tall, to c. 4 mm diameter, glandular pubescent tliroughout,

leaf intemodes 18-26 mm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2. 5-8. 6 cm long, densely

glandular pubescent; blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic 3-11 x 2,4-7, 3 cm, apex

obtuse, base slightly unequal, rounded to cordate, margin weakly to strongly dentate

to duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.5-5. 8 mm; 8-11 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary

venation reticulate; glandular pubemlous above, more densely so beneath with hairs of

various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3.3-8 cm long, densely glandular

pubescent tliroughout; peduncle 6-16 mm long; bracts linear to triangular, c. 3,8 x 0.8

mm; pedicels 12-16 mm long. Sepals natTowly elliptic, green, 3-veined, 8.5-9 x 2-2.5

mm, apices narrowly attenuate, sparsely glandular pubemlous above, more densely so

beneath, ciliate; sepals not reflexed when in fmit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 16 mm long,

lilac throughout, glabrous outside except lobes ciliate; tube c. 4.5 mm long; upper lip

slightly 2-lobed, c. 2 mm long, somewhat erect to slightly reflexed, each lobe c. 0.6

mm long, apices rounded, each lobe slightly notched towards the smus side, glabrous

except for a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs

down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 10.5 mm

long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe c. 3.2 x 3.8 mm,

ciliate, obovate, distinctly notched at each apex, central lobe overlapping lateral lobes.

Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, c. 1 .7 mm long, yellow; fllaments c. 1 .5

mm long; anthers 1.8 x 2.5 mm, densely bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes

3, two of which c. 1,5 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1.8 x 1.5 mm, densely

glandular puberulent; style 9 mm long, glandular pubemlent; stigma globose/rounded.

Fruit 6-7 x 3 mm, twisted to barely twisted, densely pubescent, style persistent.

Distribution. Southern Vietnam.

Ecology. In fissures and small soil pockets on karst limestone at 10-50 m altitude.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

lUCN Conservation Assessment. Critically Endangered Blab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)

(Middleton, 2012a). The habitat where this species is found has suffered from human

impacts such as small scale agriculture (Middleton & Ly, 2008). In at least one of

the dolines there has been firewood collection, the caves are sometimes used, and

there have been problems with invasive alien species. Lime exploitation and cement

production have been especially devastating. Bai Voi Hill is scheduled for quarrying,

with about two-thirds of the hill to be exploited for cement production (Truong et al.,

2004). By the time the limestone exploitation contract is completed, less than 2 kiiE

in several separate limestone blocks will be left in the Vietnamese portion of the karst,

making the Kien Giang hills one of the most threatened karst ecosystems in the world

(Truong et al., 2004).

Additional specimens examined: VIETNAM: Kien Giang: Kien Luong, Ba Tai Hill, 12 Jul

2007, Ly, N.S. 54 (VNM); Kien Luong, Bai Voi Hill, 19 Aug 2007, Ly, N.S. 108 (VNM).

Notes. This species is similar to Ornithoboea lacei Craib from Myanmar with which it

shares the character of emarginate lower corolla lobe apices. It differs from Ornithoboea

lacei, however, in its densely bearded anthers, barely twisted fruit, shorter corollas

and much shorter peduncles. It shares the characters of densely bearded anthers

and fruit barely twisted with Ornithoboea barbanthera. It differs from Ornithoboea

barbanthera in having shorter peduncles, corolla lobes with emarginate apices and

lacks the remnants of the previous year’s growth in the fonn of dried leaf bases at the

base of the stem. This species is from very close to the Cambodian border although no

species of the genus are yet recorded from Cambodia.

5. Ornithoboea feddei (H.Lev.) B.L.Burtt

Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 296 (1958); Wang et al., FI. China 18: 369 (1998).

- Boea feddei H.Lev., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 449 (1911). - Boea darrisii

H.Lev., Repert, Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1 1 : 494 (1913). - Ornithoboea darrisii (H.Lev.)

Craib, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 252 (1920). TYPE: China, Kweichow

[Ghuizhou], J. Esqtdrol 730 (lectotype E, designated here; isotype K). (Fig. 3).

Sinoboea microcarpa Chun, Sunyatsenia 6: 271 (1946). TYPE: China, Pin-Jao,

Chenfeng, 23 September 1936, S.W. Teng 91032 (lectotype KUN, designated here;

isotype A «.v.)

Ornithoboea leptonema B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 295 (1958).

TYPE: Vietnam, Hoa Binh, Cho Che, August 1887, B. Balansa 4310 (holotype P;

isotype P).

Herb', stem 18-51 (-100) cm tall, to 2. 1-4.7 mm diameter, glandular pubescent

throughout, leaf intemodes 2.5-10 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 1.6-8. 7 cm long,

pubescent; blade herbaceous, broadly to narrowly ovate, 2.5-11.5 x 2.4-8. 9 cm, apex

Revision of Ornithoboea

acute to naiTOwly acute, base slightly cordate, occasionally oblique, margin crenate/

bicrenate, the teeth 1.6-5. 5 ram; 9-10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation

weakly percurrent; glandular puberulous above and below with hairs of various

lengths tlii'oughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3. 5-7. 9 cm long, glandular pubescent

throughout; peduncle 1.3-2. 7 cm long; bracts linear to triangular, 3. 1-4.5 x 0.4-0. 9

mm; pedicels 6.7-15.3 mm long, weakly or strongly curved. Sepals ovate to elliptic,

3-veined, 4.5-8. 1 x 2-2.4 mm, apices naiTowly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more

densely so beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 15.5 mm long, light blue, glabrous

outside, densely pilose inside; tube 5. 4-6. 5 mm long; upper lip 2-lobed, each lobe

2-3.5 mm long, apices retuse, pubescent inside in addition to the ring of thick short

hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which mns down to the sinus with

the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, 5.5-9. 1 mm long, pubescent in addition to the palatal

beard at base of lobes, each lobe 2-3.5 x 1 .8-2.3 mm, lobes orbicular, apices broadly

pyramidal. Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments thin, long and

straight, 1.7-3. 8 mm long; anthers 0.5-1 x 1.5-1. 8 imn, glabrous, lightly fused at the

tips; staminodes 3, two of which 0.7-1. 4 mm long, the tliird 0. 1-0.2 mm long. Ovary

0.5-1 .3 X 1.3-2. 5 mm, conical, glandular puberulent; style 4.1-5 mm long, glandular

puberulent, often persisting on the fruit; stigma swollen and flat headed. Fruit 6.3-14

X 23-2.1 mm, twisted, puberulous.

Distribution. China and Vietnam.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 500-550 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from a small number of localities in China and Vietnam. The precise localities

of the Chinese specimens and all but one of the Vietnamese specimens is unknown.

There is only one recent collection, in 2003, from Vietnam with most of the specimens

dating back over a hundred years. Middleton (2012b) also published an assessment of

DD for Ornithoboea leptonema^ now treated as a synonym of O.feddei.

Additional specimens examined: CHINA: Guizhou: June 1912, Cavalerie, J. 3975 (E, P);

ibidem, Aug \9\\,Esquirol, J. 3012 (E).

VIETNAM: ‘Tonkin’, Apr 1908, Alleizette, A.C.d. 5412 (L). Hoa Binh: Cho Che, Sep 1887,

Balansa, B. 4311 (K, P). Thanh Hoa: Ba Thuoc District, 15 Oct 2003, Averyanov, L. etal. HAL

4331 (MO).

Notes. Burtt (1958) suggested thdit Boea feddei and B. darrisii were based on the same

specimen, Esquirol 730 (E), and that, when describing B. darrisii, Leveille (1913)

failed to recognise it as a species he had already described based on the same collection.

This may be true but as no single specimen is stated in either protologue and as there

is more than one specimen of this collection there is no holotype for either name. Burtt

assumed the holotype for both names was the Edinburgh specimen, in which case they

would be homotypic and Boea darrisii would be illegitimate under Art. 52.1 of the

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). This is not correct because there is no holotype and when

Boea dairisii was described it did not “definitely included the type of a name that

ought to have been adopted” (Art. 52.1, McNeill et al., 2012) or “all syntypes” (Art.

52.2, McNeill et al., 2012) and must, therefore, be treated as legitimate. Burtt (1958)

did, however, effectively lectotypify both names on Esquirol 730 (E).

This species is distinguished by the long and narrow corolla tube, which is

densely pilose inside, and by its straight thin filaments. It has the simplest androecium

structure found in the genus. Ornithoboea feddei is similar to O. parishii with which

it shares the character of long filaments. However, in Ornithoboea parishii they are

much thicker and geniculate. Ornithoboea parishii differs further in having a shorter

corolla, oblong lower lobes and short inflorescences.

The specimen Thorel 2347 (P) from Champasak in Laos was included in

Ornithoboea feddei by Burtt (1958). However, this specimen has stamens with a

pronounced sterile projection rather than the straight filaments found in Ornithoboea

feddei. The assigmnent of Thorel 2347 to a species has still not been established and

further collections from the region are necessary to clarify its status (see note under

Ornithoboea lacei).

6. Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt

Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 22: 297 (1958); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101

(2001). - Lepadanthus flexuosus Ridl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(2):

782 (1909); Ridley, FI. Mai. Pen. 2: 538 (1923); Henderson, Joum. Malay. Br. Roy.

As. Soc. 17: 61 (1939). TYPE: Malaysia, Kedah, Gunung Geriang [Keriang], March

1910, //.A. Ridley 14912 (neotype BM, designated here; isoneotypes E, K, SING, US).

(Fig. 6).

Herb\ stem 10^5(-200) cm tall, to 1.9^. 5 mm diameter, glandular pubescent

throughout, leaf intemodes (1.3-)2.5-5.5 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole (1.3-)2.8-

11.5(-25.1) cm long, densely puberulous, blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 6-20 x

4-12 cm, apex acute to broadly acute, base unequal, oblique to rounded, margin weakly

to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.9-4.7(-5.7) mm;

8-10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; light green above, paler

below, glandular puberulous above, more dense beneath with hairs of various lengths

throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3-9.1 (-10.8) cm long, pseudoracemose, densely

glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle (1.5-)1.9^.7(-5.7) cm long; bracts linear

to lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm; pedicels 8-1 1(-13) mm long. Sepals ovate, green to white,

3-veined, 4. 5-5. 5 x 1 ,5-2.2 mm, apices nan*owly acute, glandular puberulous outside,

more densely so beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 9.5-10 mm long, purple/lilac

throughout, glabrous outside; tube 3.2-4 mm long; upper lip very slightly 2-lobed, 1.2

mm long, lobes c. 0.7 mm long, white, erect to reflexed, notched in centre, glabrous

except for a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which

runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, c, 7 mm long, lip slightly

reflexed, glabrous except for white palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe c. 3-A x

Revision of Ornithoboea

Fig. 6. Distribution of Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt (□); Ornithoboea hemyi Craib

(A); Ornithoboea obovata S.M.Scott (o); Ornithoboea parishii C.B.Clarke (■); Ornithoboea

pseudoflexuosa B.L.Burtt (•); and Ornithoboea wildeana Craib (A).

1.3-1.6(-2.5) mm, lateral lobes slightly falcate, apices narrowly rounded to acute,

central lobe oblong to slightly ovate, apex narrowly rounded to acute. Stamens with a

pronounced sterile projection, 1-1.5 mm long; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers 0.5 x

1 .5(-3) mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1 .2-1 .4 mm

long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1.2 x 0.7-1. 2 mm, densely glandular puberulent;

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

style 3-5.5 mm long, densely glandular pubescent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit

4.3-7 (-8.2) X 1.6-2. 5 nun, barely twisted by quarter turn to non-twisted, glandular

puberulous.

Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand.

Ecology. Growing in fissures or small soil pockets on cliff faces and cave mouths on

karst limestone at 10-150 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Consen^ation Assessment. Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). This species

has an Area of Occupancy of about 32 lau^ and the laiown localities are mostly not in

protected areas. Gunung Keriang in Kedah is heavily impacted by tourism.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Pattani: 23 Jul 1923, Kerr, A.F.G. 7307 (BM,

K); ibidem, 26 Jul 1923, Kerr, A.F.G. 7307 A (BM, K). Songkhia: Khao Chang Low, 24 Jul

1928, Kerr, A.F.G. 15892 (BM, K); Saba Yoi, 25 Nov. 1990, Larsen, K. et al. 41696 (AAU);

ibidem, 4 Jun 2001, Pooma, R. et al. 2052 (BKF). Yala: Bukit Tapang, May 1917, Gwynne-

Vaughan, D. T 480 (K); Tham Talu, 1 6 Jun 1 970, Smitinand, T. 11008 (BKF); Than To, 22 Apr

2005, Pooma, R. et al. 5147 (BKF); ibidem, 17 Jul 2004, Poopath, M. 104 (BKF, E).

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kedah: Alor Star, Gunung Keriang, 15 Nov 1915, Haniff, M.

640 (SING); ibidem, 18 May 1938, Kiah 35419 (SING); ibidem, 18 May 1938, Kiah s.n.

(SING); ibidem, 1986, Weber, A, s.n. (SING); Bukit Hantu, 23 May 1957, Chew, W-L. CWL203

(SING).

Notes. The type of Ornithoboea flexuosa is Fox 381 1. According to Ridley (1909) this

was a poor specimen from Gunong Geriang [Keriang], Kedah. We have been unable

to locate this specimen and it was also not referenced by Burtt (1958) as having been

seen. We, therefore, designate H.N. Ridley 14912 (BM), collected near to the type

locality, as a neotype.

This species is only found in northern Peninsular Malaysia and the far south

of Peninsular Thailand. It is veiy similar to Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa and O.

multitort a with which it shares large delicate leaves, leaf margins crenate/bicrenate to

dentate and stamens with a pronounced sterile projection. It differs from these species

in the shape of the corolla.

When Burtt (1958) described Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa in 1958 he stated it

bore a resemblance to O. flexuosa, but that its much larger flowers and bearded anthers

distinguished it. Although the two species do indeed differ in the anther character we

have found that the flowers do not differ appreciably in size. The character that most

easily distinguishes the two species is whether the central lobe of the lower lip is

reflexed or not: it is reflexed in Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa (and in O. multitorta) but

not reflexed in O. flexuosa. This is not always easily observed in herbarium specimens

but is very evident in fresh material and we have seen no material or photographs of

either species which contradicts this observation. The fruits also differ: Ornithoboea

flexuosa generally has short straight fruits and any twist is no greater than a quarter

turn; O. pseudoflexuosa can have a twist to over half turn; and O. multitorta is distinctly

Revision of Ornithoboea

twisted. The fruits of Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa and O. multitorta are generally

longer than those of Ornithoboea flexuosa. The distribution of Ornithoboea flexuosa

does not overlap with any other species in the genus.

7. Ornithoboea heniyi Craib

Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1913: 115 (191 3); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22:

297 (1958); Wang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 479 (1990); Wang et al., FI. China

18: 369 (1998). TYPE: China, Yunnan, Pu’er, 1350 m, A. Henry 13378 (holotype K;

isotypes E, NY). (Fig. 6).

Herb\ stem 9-23 cm tall, to 1. 8-4.1 mm diameter, glandular pubescent tliroughout,

leaf intemodes 2.5-5. 5 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2.5-11.2 cm long, puberulous;

blade herbaceous, ovate to narrowly ovate, 4.5-13 x 3. 5-6, 5 cm, broadly attenuate,

base slightly unequal, broadly oblique, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate to

dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.2-2. 9 mm; 7-8 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary

venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above and below with hairs of various

lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3.5-8 cm long, colour unknown, glandular

pubescent throughout; peduncle 8.1-1 1 .5 mm long; bracts linear to triangular, 3. 6-3. 9

X 0.8-1 mm; pedicels 9-20 mm long. Sepals ovate to elliptic, 3-veined, 5-5.8 x 1.7-

2.8 mm, apices attenuate, sparsely pubemlous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate,

sepals reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 9.3 mm long, glabrous outside; tube

4-4.8 mm long; upper lip 2-lobed, erect or slightly reflexed, each lobe c. 2 mm long,

apices rounded, glabrous except for the addition of a ring of short hairs on the ridge

of tissue at the base of the lip which mns down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower

lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 5.5 mm long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base

of lobes, lobes 2.5-3 x 2 nnn, lobes obovate, apices rounded with occasional notch

in central lobe. Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments thickened

and curved with slight twist, c.1.7 mm long; anthers 0.4-0.7 x 1.2-1. 7 mm, glabrous,

lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1-1 .2 mm long, the third 0. 1-0.3

mm long. Ovary 1.3-2. 3 x 0.8-1. 3 mm, glandular puberulent; style c. 1 nnn long

(immature), glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 8.8-14 x 2-3.2 mm,

twisted, densely puberulent.

Distribution. Southern China.

Ecology. On karst limestone at around 1360 m.

Provisional lUCN Consen>ation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from very few collections and its precise distribution, population stability, and

any potential threats are all unknown.

Additional specimens examined: CHINA: Yunnan: Pu’er City, Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va

Autonomous City, 22 Aug 1973, Unknown 010292 (KUN); Xishuangbanna, Menghai County,

1 8 Aug 1959, Unknown 720 (KUN).

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Notes. This species is recognisable by its short corolla, lower lip with a dense palatal

beard and lobes which are short and narrowly obovate. It is similar to Ornithoboea

occulta and O. obovata with which it shares the characters of thickened geniculate

filaments, glabrous anthers, reflexed sepals, and crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-

dentate leaf margins. It differs from both species particularly in the twisted ITuits, from

Ornithoboea obovata also in the lack of a persistent style in fruit and from Ornithoboea

occulta in its lack of a red-glandular indumentum.

Burtt (1958) suggested an affinity to Ornithoboea flexuosa. It differs from

Ornithoboea flexuosa particularly in lacking a pronounced sterile projection on the

stamens but also in the size of the leaves and overall size of the plant.

8. Ornithoboea lacei Craib

Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1913: 115 (1913); Craib, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. t. 8627 (1915);

Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 22: 297 (1958). TYPE: Burma, Anisakan,

Maymyo Plateau, 900 m, 25 August 1912, Lace 5926 (holotype K; isotype E). (Fig. 7).

Herb\ stem 37-80 cm tall, to 2. 5-5.2 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout,

leaf intemodes 3. 7-7.6 cm. Leaves opposite, light green above, paler below; petiole

2. 3-8. 6 cm long, densely yellow-glandular pubemlous; blade herbaceous, broad to

narrowly ovate, 4-1 1 .8 x 2.3-8 cm, apex acute or somewhat acuminate, base unequal,

oblique to rounded, margin weakly to strongly crenate to bicrenate, the teeth 1-3.2

mm; c. 9 pairs of prominent secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular

pubemlous above, more densely so beneath, red-glandular spots on the under surface

of the leaf blades. Inflorescence axillary, 5-9.5 cm long, yellow-glandular pubescent

throughout; peduncle 1 .8-3.7 cm long; bracts linear to triangular, 5. 3-8. 8 x 1-1.8 mm;

pedicels 11-20 mm long. Sepals elliptic, green with white tips, 3-veined, 7.5-10.1 x

2. 5-3. 5 mm, apices narrowly acute, red-glandular pubemlous above, more densely

so beneath, ciliate, sepals rarely reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, 22-25 mm

long, pink/purple throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 1 1 .4 mm long; upper lip barely

2-lobed, erect, tips white, each lobe 0. 6-0.8 mm long, apices emarginate, pubemlous

at the base and the central part of the lobe towards the ring of thick white hairs on the

ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which mns down to the sinus with the lower lip;

lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 9.4 mm long, glabrous except for white palatal

beard at base of lobes, each lobe c.3.5 x 3-3.5 mm, oblong, apices distinctly emarginate.

Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, yellow, e. 1.9 mm long; filaments 0.3-

0.7 mm long; anthers 1-1.2 x 2-2.5 mm, sparsely bearded, lightly fused at the tips;

staminodes 3, two of which c. 1 mm long, yellow, the third 0,2 mm long. Ovary 1-1.8

X 1.8-2 mm, glandular pubemlent; style 6-8.3 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma

globose/rounded. Fruit 10.1-16.1 x 1. 8-3.1 mm, twisted, glandular pubemlous, style

persistent.

Revision of Ornithoboea

Fig. 7. Distribution of Ornithoboea lacei Craib (A); Ornithoboea maxwellii S.M.Scott (□);

Ornithoboea multitorta B.L.Burtt (•); Ornithoboea occulta B.L.Burtt (■); and Ornithoboea

puglisiae S.M.Scott (A).

Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

Ecology. On karst limestone at around 1060 m.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from very few collections and its precise distribution, population stability, and

any potential threats are all unknown.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND; Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, vouchered from

cultivated collection, 4 Dec 1961, Unknown C.4080 (E).

VIETNAM; Ha Giang: Hang Co mountain, vouchered from cultivated collection, 16 Apr

2004, Scott s.n. (E). Son La: Moc Chau, Chieng Hac Municipality, 31 Oct 2006, Hiep, N.T. et

al. HAL9419 (MO). Thanh Hoa: Quan Hoa District, Phu Le Municipality, Hang Village, 4 Oct

2003, Averyanov, L. et ai HAL3889 (MO).

Notes. This species is known from very few collections but the description and

material available is full and complete and is based on a specimen sent to Craib in

1923 by Mr J.H. Lace. The emarginate lower corolla lobes are very distinct and make

it easy to recognise but it does closely resembles a few other species of Ornithoboea.

It is similar to Ornithoboea wildeana in the sparsely bearded anthers and elliptic to

ovate sepals. It differs from Ornithoboea wildeana in having a much longer corolla,

emarginate corolla lobes, shorter pedicels, and sepals which are shorter with narrowly

acute apices. Ornithoboea lacei is generally a smaller plant and has distinctive red-

glandular spots on the leaves. It is also similar to Ornithoboea calcicola with the same

elliptic sepals and short peduncles but it differs from O. calcicola in having shorter

bracts, a longer corolla tube and shorter filaments. Its differences to the only other

species with emarginate corolla lobes, Ornithoboea emar^ginata, are discussed under

that species. Munzinger 247 (P) from Champasak in southern Laos is very similar

to this species but the flowers on the specimens are too poor to be certain and this

collection is from much further south than the other collections. Thorel 2347 (B, GH,

K, P), also from Champasak, could also be Ornithboea lacei but again the available

material is too poor (see note under O.feddei).

9. Ornithoboea maxweUii S.M. Scott, sp. nov.

Differs from all other Ornithoboea species in not having the palatal beard found

on the lower corolla lip and from all except O. arachnoidea in having an arachnoid

indumentum. It is most similar to Ornithoboea obovata with which O. maxwellii

shares the character of non- twisted fruits with straight dehiscence but differs in having

lanceolate sepals and arachnoid indumentum throughout. TYPE: Thailand, Chiang

Mai Province, Hang Dong Subdistrict, Ban Pong, 850 m, 3 September 2003, J.F.

Maxwell 03-268 (holotype E; isotypes A, CMU n.v., L). (Fig. 7-9).

Herb; stem c. 6-10.5 cm tall, to 1 .3-2.4 mm diameter, glandular arachnoid pubescence

throughout, leaf intemodes 2.5-8 mm. Leaves opposite, deep green above, purple/red

below; petiole 2.2-5. 5 cm long; blade herbaceous, orbicular, 2. 6-5. 6 x 3-3.5 cm, apex

obtuse, base slightly unequal, oblique to cordate, margin weakly to strongly dentate to

crenate, rarely bicrenate, the teeth 1 .5^.6 mm; 5-6 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary

Fig. 8. Ornithoboea m

view. D. Calyx opened

the three larger lobes ol

J.F. Maxwell 05-268 (E;

A = 2.5 em; B-G = 0.5

i^lower, fi

the upper

G. Fruit.

). Scale b

ellii

S.M. Scott.

Habit. ;

B. FI

E.C

orolla disse

cti(

3n show

ing tl

uppe

-F = .

r lip, two st

ens and

three

f.F.Maxweh

^69

M (BKF

Dra\

vn by Clairi

anks.

100

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 9. Ornithoboea maxwellii S.M. Scott. (Photo: Prance Nangngam).

venation reticulate. Inflorescence axillary, 18-31 mm long, glandular arachnoid

pubescence throughout; peduncle 6.3-7. 1 mm long; bracts lanceolate, c. 1.6 x 1 mm;

pedicels 4.5-6 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, light green, 3-veined, 3.7-4 x 1.2-1. 7 mm,

apices narrowly acute, sparsely arachnoid above, more densely so beneath, ciliate.

Corolla bilabiate, c. 14 mm long, white, glandular pubescence throughout; tube c. 4.3

mm long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe c. 0.5 mm long, apices rounded,

hairy in addition to a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of

the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly

reflexed, c. 5 mm long, lobes hairy but without characteristic palatal beard, lobes c.

1.5-2. 3 X 0.6-1. 7 mm, slightly obovate, apices rounded. Stamens without pronounced

sterile projection; filaments thickened, geniculate and curved through 90°, 1-1.5 mm

long; anthers 0.6 x 1.5-2. 3 mm, slightly hairy, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3,

two of which c. 1 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary c. 1-1.5 x 1 mm , glandular

puberulent; style (5-)6-8 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded.

Fruit 5.8 x 1.4- 1.9 mm, slightly curved with no twist, slightly arachnoid to densely

puberulous.

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 850-925 m altitude.

Etymology. Named after the prolific collector J.F. Maxwell (1945-).

Revision of Ornithoboea

101

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from veiy few collections from only one locality. It is not known if it also

occurs in other areas or what the threats are where it is known.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Hang Dong, Ban Pong, 19 Aug

2004, Maxwell, J.F. 694 (A, BKF); ibidem, 2004, Moller, M. 04-439 (E).

Notes. This new species differs from all other Ornithoboea species in not having the

distinctive palatal beard found on the lower corolla lip. There is some hair present

but it does not resemble the palatal beard found in all other Ornithoboea species.

Ornithoboea maxwell ii does have the circlet of hairs around the mouth of the corolla

tube and geniculate filaments which curve through 90°. Ornithoboea maxwellii

shares the distinctive character of an arachnoid indumentum with one other species,

Ornithoboea arachnoidea. It is most similar to Ornithoboea obovata from Vietnam

with which O. maxwellii shares the character of non-twisted fmits with a sti*aight line

of dehiscence. It differs from Ornithoboea obovata in having lanceolate sepals and

an arachnoid indumentum throughout. It is also similar to Ornithoboea calcicola but

differs in its short fruits and stamens without pronounced sterile projections.

Ornithoboea maxwellii is known from a small number of collections, all from

the same area, the Hang Dong Subdistrict in Thailand.

10 . Ornithoboea multitorta B.L.Burtt

Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Phatthalung, Amphoe Sii

Ban Phot, Khao Pu-Kliao Ya National Park, 140 m, 14 Jul 2000, D.J. Middleton, T.

Boonthavikoon, S.J. Davies, C.Hemrat & M.F Newman 444 (holotype E, untraced;

lectotype K, designated here; isotypes AAU, BKF, P, SING). (Fig. 7).

Herb; stem 30-100(-150) cm tall, to 2. 7-5. 2 mm diameter, glandular pubescent

throughout, leaf intemodes 2-11.5 cm. Leaves opposite, green above, paler below;

petiole 3.5-13(-17,5) cm long, densely glandular puberulous, blade herbaceous,

ovate to broadly ovate, 4-17.8(-22) x 4-12.5 cm, apex narrowly acute to attenuate,

base slightly unequal, oblique to slightly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate/

bicrenate to dentate, the teeth 1.3-4. 7 mm; 9-11 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary

venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more dense beneath with hairs of

various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 4-9.5 cm long, pseudoracemose,

densely glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 1 .7^.4 cm long; bracts Imear to

triangular, c. 3.5 x 0.4 imii; pedicels 7.1-10.9 mm long. Sepals ovate to lanceolate,

green, 3-veined, 5-6 x 1. 8-2.7 mm, apices naiTowly acute, sparsely puberulous above,

more densely so beneath, ciliate; sepals often reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate,

c. 10 mm long, pale lavender/lilac throughout, glabrous outside; tube 4.5-5. 1 mm

long; upper lip very slightly 2-lobed, c. 1.5 mm long, reflexed, emarginate in centre,

c. 0.6 mm deep, glabrous except for a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at

the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed,

102

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

c. 5 mm long, central lobe reflexed, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes,

each lobe c. 3.5 x 1.8-2. 6 mm, lateral lobes slightly falcate, central lobe slightly ovate,

apices rounded, fully reflexed. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, 0.7-1

mm long, yellow; filaments 1.2-1. 6 nun long; anthers 0.6-1 x 1. 5-2.1 mm, hairy,

lightly flised at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1-1.5 imn long, the third 0.2 mm

long. Ovary l-1.4(-2) x 1. 5-2.1 mm, glandular pubescent; style 5.5-6. 1 mm long,

glandular pubescent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 7.5-12.3 x 1, 9-2.4 mm, tightly

twisted, pubescent to densely pubescent.

Distribution. Southern Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone, usually shaded, at 80-350 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Near Threatened (NT). The currently

known EOO of this species is < 5000 km^ and the AOO 16 km-, both of which would

qualify it for Endangered if there were associated threats. However, most of the

known localities are in National Parks where there is some disturbance but the extent

of which is not currently likely to qualify the species as Endangered. Therefore, it is

given a category of Near Threatened and its status should be monitored. Middleton

(2012c) gave this species an assessment of Data Deficient but at that time the species

delimitation only included the type collection.

Additional specimens examined'. THAILAND: Nakhon Si Thammarat: Nopphitam, Tham

Lot Cave, 13 Feb. 2005, Williams, K. et al. 1460 (BKF, E, K, KEP). Phatthalung: 23 Sep.

1986, Maxwell, J.R 86-700 (A, BKF, PSU); Ban Phot, 20 Dec. 1979, Shimizu, T. etal. T-27741

(BKF); Si Banphot, Khao Pu-Khao Ya National Park, 26 Oct. 1993, Larsen, K. et al. 44040

(A, AAU, BKF, K). Surat Thaiii: Tai Rom Yen National Park, Tham Kliamin, 18 Dec. 2006,

Pooma, R. et al. 6411 (A, BKF).

Notes. Even though the species was described only relatively recently the holotype at

E could not be traced in spite of concerted effort. Therefore, the isotype at Kew has

been designated as the lectotype.

This species, like Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa and O. flexuosa, is only found

in southern Thailand. It can be recognised by the fully reflexed central lobe of the

lower corolla lip, tightly twisted fruit and short corolla tube. It shares the characters

of a reflexed corolla lobe, a pseudoracemose inflorescence and ovate to lanceolate

sepals with Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa. There has been much confusion between

Ornithoboea flexuosa, O. pseudoflexuosa and O. multitorta and the three species

are often misidentified, especially when sterile (see notes on O. flexuosa and O.

pseudoflexuosa). Ornithoboea flexuosa does not have the reflexed cenflal lobe and its

fruits are smaller and almost straight. In addition Ornithoboea multitorta has a longer

corolla tube and sepals and bearded anthers. Ornithoboea multitorta shares a greater

affinity to O. pseudoflexuosa but they can be distinguished by the tightly twisted fruits,

longer intemodes, shorter inflorescences, and longer sepals of O. multitorta.

Revision of Ornithoboea

103

11. Ornithoboea obovata S.M.Scott, sp. nov.

Most similar to Ornithoboea maxwellii in non-twisted fruits with straight dehiscence

but differing in having fully reflexed sepals, shorter fruits and a palatal beard. It differs

from Ornithoboea barbanthera in its smaller fiaiits and stamens without a pronounced

sterile projection. TYPE: Vietnam, Quang Binli Province, Minli Hoa District, Hoa

Tien municipality. La Van village, 200-450 m, 30 April 201 1, Z. Avetyanov, RK. Loc,

N.Q. Hieu, RV.The&N.T. Vinh CRC2552 (holotype E; isotype HN n.v.). (Fig. 6, 10).

Herb; 16-32(^0) cm tall, to (l.l-)2.3-3.4 mm diameter, red glandular pubescent

throughout with hairs of various lengths, leaf intemodes 5.4-1 6(-76) mm. Leaves

opposite, bright green; petiole 12.1-13.1 cm long; blade herbaceous, ovate, 3. 3-8. 7

X 2. 9-6.5 cm, apex acute, base slightly unequal, oblique to rounded, margin weakly

to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1 .4^.2 mm; 6-7

pairs of prominent secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate. Inflorescence axillary,

2.3-3 cm long, red glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 9-26 mm long; bracts

linear to lanceolate, c. 2.7 x l mm; pedicels 9-13 mm long, pilose. Sepals ovate,

3-veined, c. 4.5 x 2 mm, apices naiTowly acute, puberulent above, puberulous below,

ciliate; sepals fully reflexed when in fmit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 10.5 mm long, light to

dark blue, glabrous outside; tube c, 4.5 mm long, light blue; upper lip slightly 2-lobed,

2 mm long, each lobe c. 1 .5 mm long, broadly rounded and notched, pubescent with a

ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the

sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, c. 6.2 mm long, glabrous except for palatal

beard at base of lobes, lobes 2. 5-3. 5 x 2. 8-3. 5 mm, lobes distinctly obovate and

overlapping, apices rounded. Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments

curved through 90”, 1.5-2 mm long; anthers 0.5 x 1.5-2 mm, white, glabrous, lightly

fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.2-1. 8 mm long, the third 0,2-0.4 mm

long. Ovary 1.2-1. 5 x 1.2 mm, glandular puberulent; style 4.5-6 mm long, glandular

puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 8.1-11.3 x 1.8-2 mm, non-twisted, red

glandular pubescent; style persistent and characteristically curved through 1 80”.

Distribution. Vietnam.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 200^50 m altitude.

Etymology. Named for the distinctly obovate lobes found on the lower corolla lip.

Rrovisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from very few collections and its precise distribution, population stability, and

any potential threats are all unknown.

Additional specimens examined’. VIETNAM: Quang Binh: Minh Hoa, Hoa Tien municipality,

la Van Village, 30 Apr 2011, Aveiyanov, L. et al CRC2556 (E); Quang Ninh District, Truong

Son, long Son Village, 12 Apr 2008, Aveiyanov, L. et al. HAL11510 (E); Van Xuan Village, 26

Mar 1 936, Petelot, A. 2234 (P).

Revision of Ornithoboea

105

Notes. This new species is most similar to Ornithoboea maxwellii from Thailand with

which it shares the character of non- twisted fruits with straight dehiscence. It differs

from Ornithoboea maxwellii, however, in having fully reflexed sepals, shorter fruits

and a palatal beard. It differs from Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L.Burtt in its smaller

fruits and stamens without a pronounced sterile projection.

This species can be distinguished by the lobes on the lower corolla lip which

are large and obovate, fruits which are long and tubular with no twist and a straight

dehiscence, and an indumentum of long red glandular hairs. These characters, and the

small habit, make it easily recognisable.

12. Ornithoboea occulta B.L.Burtt

Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Kanchanaburi, Between Huay

Ban Kao and Kritee, 500 m, 4 July 1973, R. Geesink & C. Phengklai 6078 (holotype

E; isotypes AAU, K, L, P). (Fig. 7, 11-13).

Herb', stem 9-30 cm tall, to 1.9-4. 8 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout,

leaf intemodes 1. 7-6.2 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 4.5-11.5(-15) cm long,

puberulous; blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 4-21 x 2.5-12 cm, apex narrowly

acute, base slightly unequal, broadly oblique, margin weakly to sfrongly crenate/

bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.3-4. 8 mm; 7-10 pairs of secondary

veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular pubemlous above and below with hairs of

various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3-7 cm long, glandular pubescent

throughout; peduncle 9-26 mm long; bracts linear to triangular, 2.5-5. 1 x 0.8-1 .3

mm; pedicels 9-21 mm long. Sepals ovate to elliptic, white, 3-veined, 5. 8-7. 3 x 2.5-

3.2 mm, apices nan'owly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath,

ciliate; sepals slightly reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c, 14 mm long, dark

blue, glabrous outside; tube 3. 5-4.6 mm long, white; upper lip slightly 2-lobed,

erect, each lobe c. 2 mm long, apices retuse, pubescent on inside lower half of lobe

in addition to a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which

runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 6.8

mm long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, lateral lobes c. 6.8 x 4.2

mm, central lobe c. 5.7 x 4.2 mm, lobes oblong, apices rounded with occasional notch.

Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments thickened, geniculate and

curved through 90°, 1-1,7 mm long; anthers 0.6-0. 8 x 1.2-1. 8 mm, glabrous, lightly

fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1-2.2 mm long, the third 0.3 mm long.

Ovary c. 1.2 x 0.7-0.9 mm, glandular pubemlent; style c. 5.5 mm long, glandular

pubemlent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 5-6.5 x 1 .8-2.8 mm, smaller than the calyx

lobes, barely twisted, densely pubescent.

Distribution. Western Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 500-800 m altitude.

106

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD) (Middleton & Suksathan,

2012b). This species is known from a relatively small area and most of the collections

are from unprotected areas. However, the known localities are all in Thailand close to

the border with Myanmar and the limestone areas on the Myanmar side of the border

have not been explored for this species.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Kanchanaburi: s.l., 16 Aug 1971, Unknown

2983 (BKF); Thong Pha Phum, 4 Jul 1973, Maxwell, J.F. 73-105 (AAU); ibidem. Maxwell,

J.F. 73-105 (AAU); ibidem, 22 Aug 2006, Triboun, P. 3638 (E); Thong Pha Phum, Huai Lam

Khlong Ngu, Suthasorn 2490 (BK). Tak: Khao Pha Wo, 23 Jul 1973, Murata, G. et al. 16925

(L); Mae Sot, Phawo Shrine, 1 1 Sep 2009, Middleton, D.J & Triboun, P 4858 (E); Umphang,

14 Apr 1999, Chayamarit, K. 1588 (BKF).

Notes. There are many similarities between Ornithoboea occulta and O. obovata and

they share the characters of geniculate filaments, long peduncles and slightly refiexed

lower corolla lobes. However, Ornithoboea occulta has slightly twisted fruits, longer

infiorescences, a large palatal beard, and oblong corolla lobes. Ornithoboea obovata

differs in having almost non-twisted fruits with a distinctive persistent style curved

through 180°, a shorter inflorescence, a small palatal beard, and obovate corolla lobes.

Fig. 11. Young fruit of Ornithoboea occulta B.L.Burtt. Photograph of Middleton & Triboun

4858 by David Middleton.

Revision of Ornithoboea

107

Fig. 12. Flower of Ornithoboea occulta B.L.Burtt. Photograph of Middleton & Triboun 4858

by David Middleton.

13. Oniithoboea occulta B.L.Burtt. A. Habit B.

alyx opened out. E. Corolla dissection showing

! larger lobes of the upper lip, two stamens and f

ileton & Triboun 4858 (E). Scale bars: A = 9 cm:

view, C.

lower, froi

It vie^

11 lobes 0

the upper

lip, tl

noi

des. F. Pi

il. G. Frui

t. Fro

CIT

1 . Drawn

b’

V Claire B

anks.

Revision of Ornithoboea

109

13. Ornithoboea panshii C.B. Clarke

in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 148 (1883); Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 4: 366

(1884); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 22: 296 (1958). TYPE: Burma,

Moulmein, 1060 m, 1862, C.S.P. Parish 434 (holotype K). (Fig. 6).

Stem 18 cm tall, to 2.6 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf intemodes

30-40 mm. Leaves opposite; petiole 5-8 cm long, puberulous; blade herbaceous,

ovate to elliptic, 6-14 x 5-7 cm, apex acute, base oblique, rounded, margin weakly

to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate, the teeth 1-1.5 mm; c. 10 pairs of secondary

veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular pubemlous above and below with hairs

of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 4.2-4. 5 cm long, pubemlent

throughout; peduncle 1.4— 1.8 cm long; bracts linear to triangular, 6.4-11.4 x 2.2-2. 7

cm; pedicels 8.7-12.4 mm long. Sepals naiTowly ovate, green, 3-veined, c. 5.7 x 2.2

mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely pubemlous above, more densely so beneath,

ciliate; sepals mostly reflexed in mature fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 13 mm long, pale

blue; tube c. 5.5 mm long, glabrous; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe c.l mm

long, apices obtuse, reflexed, puberulous in addition to a ring of short hairs on a ridge

of tissue at the base of the lip which mns down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower

lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed with central lobe fully reflexed and flush against tube,

glabrous except for a thick palatal beard at base of lobes, lateral lobes c. 9 x 1.8 mm,

oblong, apices rounded, central lobe c. 7 x 2.3 mm, oblong, apices rounded. Stamens

without a pronounced sterile projection; filaments 1.5 mm long, thickened, geniculate;

anthers 0.5 x 2 mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c.

0.8 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1.5 x 2 mm, glandular puberulent; style

c. 4.5 mm long, glandular pubemlent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit c. 12 x 2 mm,

green, slightly twisted, pubemlous.

Distribution. Myanmar and Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 500-700 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

known from only the 19* century type collection from Bunna and two more recent

collections from western Thailand. Its true distribution is unknown, as are any potential

threats.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Tak: Umphang, 24 Apr 2004, Pooma, R. et al.

4644 (BKF); ibidem, 14 Jul 1999, Wongprasert, T. 99753 (BKF).

Notes. This species is known from very few and somewhat inadequate collections. It

bears a resemblance to Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa with its reflexed lobes. However,

in Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa only the middle lobe of the lower lip is reflexed

whereas in O. parishii it would appear that all three lobes are reflexed. Ornithoboea

Card. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

parish a also has geniculate filaments whereas O. pseudoflexuosa has pronounced

sterile projections.

The hairs of the circlet are very short but none the less visible.

14. Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa B.L.Burtt

Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 22: 299 (1958); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29:

101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Chumphon Province, Siepynan, [Ban Siep Yuan], 6

September 1927, N. Put 964 (holotype K (see note below); isotypes E, BM). (Fig. 6,

14).

Herb\ stem 18-80 cm tall, to 2.1 x 5.2 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout,

leaf intemodes 2.8-7. 7 cm. Leaves opposite, pale green above, paler below; petiole

2.8-12(-18.5) cm long; blade herbaceous, elliptic to ovate, 6-19(-26) x 3. 9-9. 7 cm,

apex acute to attenuate, base unequal, oblique to slightly rounded, margin weakly to

strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.7-6. 7 mm; 8-10

pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; densely to sparsely yellow-

glandular puberulous throughout with hairs of various lengths. Inflorescence axillary,

3-8.2(-13.3) cm long, pseudoracemose, densely glandular pubescent throughout;

peduncle 2.2^.7(-6) cm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, 3.1-5.6(-25.6) x 1(^.9)

mm; pedicels 6-1 2,1 (-16.4) mm long. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, green, 3-veined,

5.5-7.3(-10.3) X 2. 1-2.5 mm, apices naiTowly acute, puberulous above, more densely

so beneath, ciliate; some sepals reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 10 mm

long, purple/white to violet throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 6.7 mm long; upper

lip very slightly 2-lobed, erect to reflexed, 1.5-2 mm long, lobes c. 0.5 mm long,

emarginate in centre, c. 0.6 mm deep, glabrous except for a ring of short white hairs on

the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip;

lower lip 3-lobed, c. 6.6 mm long, central lobe completely reflexed, glabrous except

for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 2.2-3. 5 x 2.2 mm, lateral lobes slightly

falcate, apices rounded, central lobe slightly ovate. Stamens with a pronounced sterile

projection, projection 1.5-1. 9 mm long, yellow; filaments 0.6-l(-1.5) mm long;

anthers 0.5-0. 7(-l. 3) x 1. 8-2.2 mm, hairy, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3,

two of which 1.3-2 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 0.9-2. 1 x 0.9-1 .2 mm,

glandular puberulent throughout; style 5.5-6 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit

6. 1-9.6 X 2. 1-3.3 mm, twisted to more than half a turn or barely twisted, glandular

puberulous.

Distribution. Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone, usually in shade, at 30-200 m altitude.

lUCN Conservation Assessment, Least Concern (EC) (Middleton 201 2d). This species

has a fairly large extent of occurrence and is locally common. Some of the sites are

found within protected areas and there do not appear to be any major threats at the

moment.

Revision of Ornithoboea

111

Fig. 14. Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa B.L.Burtt. Photograph of Middleton et al. 5545 by

Preecha Karaket.

Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Chumphon: Sawi, Khao Khai, Tham Thip

Prida San Chang Len, 26 Dec 2006, Pooma, R. et al. 6679 (A, BKF, E); Thung Tako, Ban Khao

Talu, 4 Dec 2002, Koonkhunyhod, N. & de Wilde-Duyjjes, B.E.E. 309 (BKF). Phatthalung:

12 Apr 1928, Kerr, A.EG. 15145 (BM, K). Ranong: Ko Thalu, 3 Feb 1927, Kerr, A.F.G. 11790

(ABD). Surat Thani: Khao Wong, 24 Sep 1963, Smitinand, T & Sleumer, H.O. 1236 (BKF);

Phanom, 16 Feb 2005, Williams, K. & Pooma, R. 1546 (BKF); Phanom, Khao Sok National

Park, 6 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4318 (E); Phanom, Khlong Phanom National Park,

21 Oct 2010, Middleton, D.J. 5230 (E); ibidem, 26 Sep 2010, Middleton, D.J. et al. 5545 (E);

ibidem, 7 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4336 (E). Trang: Huay Yot, Wat Tham Iso, 9 Sep

200^, Middleton, D.J. etal. 4426 (E, KEP); ibidem, 10 Aug 2005, Pooma, R. etal. 5630 (BKF);

ibidem, 14 Jun 2006, Williams, K. et al. 1741 (A, BKF, E); Lamphura, 15 Nov 1990, Larsen,

K. et al. 41388 (AAU, BKF).

Notes. In the protologue Burtt (1958) cited the holotype as being at ABD but no

specimens of this collection could be found there. However, there is a specimen at K

(over two sheets labelled sheet 1 and 2) which has clearly been labelled as the holotype

by Burtt. We consider this to have been an error in the protologue to be corrected rather

than that the K material requires lectotypification.

This species is only found in the south of Thailand and is recognisable by its

large leaves, longish pseudoracemose inflorescences and the distinct character of a fully

reflexed central lobe on the 3-lobed lower lip, a character it shares with Ornithoboea

multitorta. Many other Ornithoboea species have a reflexed central lobe, such as

112

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

O. calcicola, O. emarginata, O.flexuosa and O. piiglisiae, but in none of these does the

lobe reflex past 90° as in O. multitorta and O. pseudoflexuosa.

There has been much confusion between Ornithohoea pseudoflexuosa, O.

flexuosa and O. multitorta. Ornithohoea pseudoflexuosa can be separated from

Ornithohoea flexuosa by the fully reflexed central lobe of the lower corolla lip. In

Ornithohoea flexuosa the central lobe is not or only slightly reflexed. It differs further

in having a fruit which is longer and more twisted, and anthers which are distinctly

bearded.

Ornithohoea pseudoflexuosa bears a strong resemblance to Ornithohoea

multitorta but differs in the barely twisted fruit, the longer corolla tube and longer

sepals.

15. Ornithohoea puglisiae S.M. Scott, sp. nov.

Most similar to Ornithohoea calcicola in the elliptic sepals with a narrowly acute apex

but differs in having shorter fruits with a persistent style, glabrous anthers, and petioles

up to twice as long. Differs from Ornithohoea wildeana in its shorter corolla, smaller

lower lobes with triangular apices and shorter sepals. TYPE: Thailand, Nan, Muang

Nan, Tham Pha Toop, Trail to Plira Cave, 300 m, 16 August 2012, D.J. Middleton, R

Karaket, S. Siiddee & P. Trihoun 5617 (holotype E; isotypes BKF, P). (Fig. 7, 15, 16).

Herb', stem 40-50 cm tall, to 2. 7-6, 5 mm diameter, pubescent, leaf intemodes 3.8-

6.7 cm. Leaves opposite, light green; petiole 6-20 cm long; blade herbaceous, ovate

to elliptic, 4-21 (-25) x 4-11.8 cm, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, base slightly

unequal, oblique to narrowly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate to dentate,

rarely bicrenate to duplicato-dentate, the teeth 0.8-3 mm; c. 8 pairs of secondary veins,

tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath,

ciliate. Inflorescence axillary, 7-13 cm long, glandular pubescent throughout;

peduncle 2. 3-3. 6 cm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, 4.1-13 x 0.5-1 .6 mm; pedicels

6.7- 19.1 mm long. Sepals elliptic, pale green, 3-veined, 8.2-8. 7 x 3-3.3 mm, apices

narrowly acute, glabrous inside, densely glandular puberulous outside, ciliate. Corolla

bilabiate, c. 12.7 mm long, light puiple to white throughout, glabrous outside; tube

c. 6 rmu long; upper lip 2-lobed, erect, each lobe 0.2-0. 4 mm long, apices notched,

puberulous in addition to a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the

lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed,

6.8- 9 nun long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 3. 5^. 5

X 2.5-3 nun, oblong, apices rounded. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection,

projection 1 .4-2 mm long, yellow; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers 1 .2-1 .6 x 2.4-2. 7

mm, slightly bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1 .8-2.5 mm

long, the third 0. 3-0.4 mm long. Ovary 1.5-1. 8 x 1,2-1 .5 imn, glandular puberulent

throughout; style c. 9.2 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 11.6-14.3 x 1. 7-2.1

mm, twisted, puberulous, style often persistent.

Revision of Ornithoboea

113

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology. On karst limestone at 300-800 m.

Etymology. Named after Carmen Puglisi for her contribution to our understanding of

the Loxocarpinae, the subtribe of Gesneriaceae that includes Ornithoboea.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species is

only known from three collections with one of the collections quite widely disjunct

from the others. Its occurrence between these areas, where there are many suitable

habitats, is unknown.

Additional specimens examined'. THAILAND: Mae Hong Son: Muang Mae Hong Son, Doi

Pui, 23 Sep 1995, Larsen, K. et al. 46865 (AAU, BKF). Nan: Tham Pha Toop, 13 Sep 1995,

Larsen, K. et al. 46424 (AAU).

Notes. In addition to the similarities noted in the diagnosis Ornithoboea ptiglisiae

shares some similarities with O. wildeana: a long style, long peduncles and twisted

fruits. It differs, however, in the shorter inflorescences, elliptic sepals and oblong lobes

on the lower lip each having a rounded apex. Ornithoboea puglisiae is also small in

stature compared to O. wildeana and O. lacei.

16 . Ornithoboea wildeana Craib

Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1916: 268 (1916); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22:

298 (1958); Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(2): 42 (1983); Wang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis

Sin. 69: 479 (1990); Wang et al., FI. China 18: 370 (1998); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull.,

Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, from cultivated

collection at Trinity College Dublin Botanic Garden, 5 Aug 1914, Unknown s.n.

(holotype K). (Fig. 6, 17).

Brachiostemon macrocalyx Hand.-Mazz., Sinensia 5: 10 (1934). TYPE: China,

Kwangsi, Pu-hi, 730m., 27 July 1928, Ching 6565 (lectotype W, designated by Burtt

(1958); isolectotypes A, NY).

Herb, stem 30-150 cm tall, to 2. 5-5. 3 (-8. 9) mm diameter, red glandular pilose

throughout, leaf intemodes 3-10.2 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2-11.5 cm long;

blade herbaceous, ovate to narrowly ovate, 4-21 (-25) x 4-11.8 cm, apex acuminate

to narrowly acute, base slightly unequal, oblique to narrowly cordate, margin weakly

to strongly crenate to dentate, rarely bicrenate to duplicato-dentate, the teeth 0.8-3

mm; 8-10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate, ciliate; glandular

puberulous throughout with hairs of various lengths. Inflorescence axillary, 3-1 5(-

25) cm long, red glandular pilose throughout; peduncle 1. 1-3.1 (-5.2) cm long; bracts

114

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 15. Ornithoboea puglisiae S.M. Scott. Photograph of Middleton et al. 5617 by Preecha

Karaket.

linear to lanceolate, 6.5-18.3x0.8-1.6 mm; pedicels (6.7-) 1 1 . 1-20.3 mm long. Sepals

ovate to narrowly ovate, purple/pink to purple/green, 3-veined, 8-14.6 x 1.5-3 .2 mm,

spreading, apices narrowly attenuate, glandular puberulous above, more densely so

beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 17 mm long, blue/purple throughout, glabrous

outside; tube (6.5-)7.8-9 mm long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe 0.5-0. 7

mm long, apices emarginate, glabrous except for a ring of short hairs on the ridge of

tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower

lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 8 mm long, glabrous except for pale palatal beard

at base of lobes, each lobe 3-4(-5) x 2.3-3 mm, slightly obovate, apices rounded,

central lobe overlapping lateral lobes. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection,

projection 1.5-1. 6 mm long, yellow to light blue; filaments 0.7-1 mm long; anthers

(0. 5-) 1-1. 5 X 2-2.8 mm, sparsely bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two

of which c. 1.5-2(-2.5) mm long, the third 0.3 mm long. Ovary 1.3-2.4(-3) x 0.9-1. 5

mm, glandular puberulent throughout; style (6.1-)9-12.4 mm long; stigma globose/

rounded. Fruit 9.8-17.4 x 1. 8-3.2 mm, twisted, pilose.

Distribution. China, Thailand, Laos, (Vietnam?).

Ecology. On karst limestone at 150-2100 m altitude.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is

widespread (even allowing the doubt over the distribution in Vietnam) and locally

fairly common.

B. Flower, side vie

ing the two small lol

id three staminodes

B-G = 1 cm. Drawr

116

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

Fig. 17. Habit of Ornithoboea wildeana Craib. Inset: close up of flower. Photographs of

Middleton et al. 5000 by David Middleton.

Revision of Ornithoboea

117

Additional specimens examined: CHINA: Yunnan: Mar-li-po, 5 Nov 1943, Feng, KM. 14074

(KUN).

THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, 6 Nov 1961,

Bunchuai, K. 1177 (BKF); ibid, 3 Dec 1922, Kerr, A.KG. 6552 (ABN, BM, K); ibid, 25 Sep

1971, Murata, G. et al. T14927 (BKF); ibid, 26 Sep 1971, Murata, G. et al. T15257 (AAU,

BKF); ibid, 18 Oct 1926, Put, N. 394 (BM, K); ibid, 4 Dec 1961, Smitinand, T. & Anderson,

J.A.R. 7361 (BKF); ibid, 10 Nov 1962, Smitinand. T. et al. 7786 (BKF); ibid, 11 Sep 1967,

Tagawa, M. et al. T9787 (BKF); ibid, 16 Aug 2006, Triboun, P. 3632 (E); ibid, ace. no. 3

vouchered as Jan 1962, Unknown 9562 (US); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary,

Trail to summit of Doi Chiang Dao, 27 Sep 2009, Middleton, D.J. etal. 5000 (E); Chiang Dao,

Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Way to Muang Kong, 20 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al.

4531 (E); San Kamphaeng, Sahagon, Doi Muang Awn, 29 Oct 1992, Maxwell, J.F. 92651 (A,

L). Chiang Rai: 21 Sep 1924, Garrett, H.B.G. 200 (ABN, BM, E, K). Khon Kaen: 9 Sep 1963,

Smitinand, T. & Sleumer, H.O. 1126 (BKF, E, L, SING). Lampang: Ngao, 28 Aug 1922, Winit

755 (ABN, K); Tham Pha Thai, 23 Sep 1967, Tagawa, M. et al. T 1062 5 (BKF); Wang Nuea,

Chae Son National Park, Bassac, 3 Oct 1996, Maxwell, J.F. 96-1283 (B); Wang Nuea, Chae

Son National Park, siunmit above Maw Cave, 3 Oct 1996, Maxwell, J.F. 96-1283 (A). Mae

Hong Son: 10 Sep 1974, Larsen, K. & Larsen, S.S. 34335 (AAU, SING); Muang Mae Hong

Son, Doi Mae Sakut, 23 Sep 1995, Nanakorn, W et al. 4690 (E); Pang Mapha, Tahm Lawt, 10

Nov 2004, Palee, P 768 (BKF); Pangmapha, Tham Lot Cave, 23 Sep 2009, Middleton, D.J.

et al. 4975 (BKF, E); Pangmapha, Ban Jah Bo, Mae La Nah Cave, 30 Sep 2003, Maxwell, J.F.

03304 (BKF). Sukhothai: Khiri Mat, 27 Nov 77, Phengklai, C. et al. 3930 (BKF).

LAOS: S.I., 12 Sep 1929, Poilane, E. 16931 (P).

VIETNAM; Bac Kan: Ba Be District, Nam Mau Municipality, Nam Dai Village, Ba Be

National Park, 12 Jul 2004, Atha, D.E. et al. 4723 (NY).

Notes. The identification of the collection from Vietnam is not without doubt and

further collections are necessary fi-om Vietnam to be sure of its presence there.

Ornithoboea wildeana has one of the widest geographical distributions in the

genus and is also one of the most variable, particularly in the flowers, especially in the

degree of development of the sterile processes on the stamens. There is also variation

in the shape and size of the sepals with some being ovate and short and others being

narrowly ovate to over 14 mm long.

It shares similarities to Ornithoboea lacei in having a long corolla, short

filaments, and the same tall stature. It differs in Ornithoboea lacei in having much

shorter inflorescences, shorter sepals and fruit with a persistent style.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We give particular thanks to Hannah Atkins for providing many

helpful comments as the revision progressed; Pranee Nangngam for her insights on the genus

and for her help with the geography of Thailand and the region in general; Mark Hughes for

the maps; and Claire Banks for her excellent illustrations. We also thank the curatorial staff of

RBGE for their help with the herbarium materials, Martin Pullan for help with the database,

and Canuen Puglisi for sharing her molecular phylogenetic work. Many thanks also to Pranee

Nangngam and Preecha Karaket for the additional photographs. We are very grateful to Jana

Leong-Skomickova for guiding this paper through the review process and to Low Yee Wen,

Ruth Kiew and Pranee Nangngam for their comments on the manuscript.

118

Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(1) 2014

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