THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE

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conservation, with emphasis on the plant life of the Southeast Asian-Pacific region.

Dr David J. Middleton Dr Jana Leong-Skomickova

(Editor-in-Chief) (Managing Editor)

Felicia Tay Yee Wen Low Chiistina Soh

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Yale University

US. A.

Dr Rogier P.J. de Kok

Honoraty Research Associate

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Dr W. John Kress

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Dr Mark Hughes

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

UK.

Dr Kiat W. Tan

Gardens By The Bay

Singapore

Dr Nigel P. Taylor

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr Ian M. Turner

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

UK.

Dr Jan-Frits Veldkamp

National Biodiversity Center

The Netherlands

Dr Jun Wen

National Museum of Natural Histoty

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Professor Nianhe Xia

South China Institute of Botany

PR. China

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References listed at the end. There, works mentioned in the text are listed alphabetically as follows:

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1999), User’s Guide to the DEETA Editor, http://

biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ (accessed on 2 Aug. 2010).

Persson, C. (2000). Phylogeny of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences from the

rps 16 intron and //7?L(UAA)-F(GAA) intergenic spacer. Nordic J. Bot. 20: 257-269.

Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. Ashford, U.K.: L. Reeve.

Smith, A.C. & Daivvin, S.P. (1988). Rubiaceae. In: Smith, A.C. (ed) Flora Viliensis Nova, A New Flora

of Fiji 143-193.

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Ornithoboea arachnoidea (Diels) Craib, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 251 (1920); Burtt, Notes

Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 294 (1958).

Ornithoboea parishii C.B. Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 148 (1883).

If authors include full bibliographic data for these works in the list of references at the end of the paper,

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Front cover picture: Begonia jamilahanuiana (Photo by S. Julia)

The Gardens ’ Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 68(2) 2016 ISSN 0374-7859

CONTENTS

M. Rodda, N. Simonsson Juhonewe & D.J. Middleton

The taxonomic status of the presumed extinct Singaporean

Hoya wallichii (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) 175

R.P.J. de Kok, S. Sengun & G.L.C. Bramley

Two new records for the Lamiaceae of Singapore 189

R.P.J. de Kok

Notes on the monotypic genus Hexapora (Lauraceae),

endemic to Peninsular Malaysia 201

J. Leong-Skornickova & R. Kiew

Hanguana fraseriana (Hanguanaceae),

a new species from Peninsular Malaysia 209

T.L. Yao

Nomenclatural updates and new records

in Peninsular Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae 215

R. Kiew

Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) species from karst limestone

in Kelantan, Malaysia, including three new species 225

R. Kiew, S. Julia & C.Y. Ling

The Calcarea group of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Borneo,

including four new species from Sarawak

239

S. Julia & R. Kiew

Eight new Begonia (Begoniaceae) species from the Lanjak Entimau

Wildlife Sanctuary and Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Borneo 257

N.K.E. Undaharta & W.H. Ardi

Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Moluccas III:

A new Begonia from Seram, Indonesia 279

J. Leong-Skornickova, Q.B. Nguyen, H.D. Tran & E. Zaveska

Etlingera poulsenii and Hornstedtia bella (Zingiberaceae: Alpinieae),

two new species from central Vietnam 287

J. D. Mood, N. Tanaka, M.M. Aung & J. Murata

The genus Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae)

in Myanmar with two new records 299

K. Karthigeyan, M. Das Das & L.S. Wijedasa

Memecylon cerasiforme (Melastomataceae): a poorly known species

rediscovered, redescribed and newly recorded for India 319

BOOK REVIEW

Flora Malesiana, series I - Seed Plants. Volume 22: Lythraceae.

W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duy^es. PC. van Welzen (Ed.) 2016.

(D.J. Middleton) 327

Date of publication: 15 November 2016

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

1 Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 175-187. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000132

175

The taxonomic status of the presumed extinct

Singaporean Hoya wallichii

(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae)

M. Rodda', N. Siinonsson Juhonewe^ & DJ. Middleton^

'Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,

1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

rodda.michele@gmail.com

^National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea, RO. Box 1 - 524,

Ukarumpa, Eastern Highlands Province 444, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT. After critical study of type material and all available collections, the identity

of Hoya wallichii (Wight) C.M.Burton as a species distinct from Hoya campanulata Blume

is clarified. Hoya wallichii was previously considered to be endemic to Singapore but had

become nationally extinct and consequently globally extinct. This study reveals, however,

that it is also found in Peninsular Malaysia and Bmnei and, even though it is still nationally

extinct in Singapore, it is no longer globally extinct. Hoya campanulata is widespread and

locally common in Sundaland but also nationally extinct in Singapore. The two species are

fully described and illustrated by line drawings and coloiu' photographs. Two conservation

assessments are made, three names are lectotypified, and one name is epitypifed. This paper

exemplifies how critical taxonomic understanding is fundamental to meaningful conservation

assessments.

Keywords. Borneo, Brunei, conservation, epitype, lUCN, lectotype, Malaysia

Introduction

There are very few endemic plant species in Singapore as almost all species originally

described from Singapore have later been found to also occur in Malaysia and/or

Indonesia. Ridley (1900) listed 33 species endemic to Singapore. This number was

greatly reduced by Kiew & Turner (2003) who listed only five taxa (plus two endemic

hybrids). Of these five, Spatholobus ridleyi King has since been found in Malaysia

(specimens in L) and the others are presumed extinct (Kiew & Turner, 2003; Chong

et al., 2009). Due to discoveries made since the publication of Kiew & Tumer (2003)

there are now considered to be four extant species of plants endemic to Singapore (Tan

et al., 2004; Leong-Skomickova et al., 2014; Leong-Skomickova & Boyce, 2015).

Hoya wallichii (Wight) C.M.Burton, however, has been overlooked in the previous

studies on Singaporean endemics, largely due to its unclear identity and subsequent

conflision with H. campanulata Blume. Hooker (1 885) noted i\miHoya R.Br. is a ‘most

difficult genus to describe from dried specimens’ because the complex morphology of

the corolla and corona is obscured in dried specimens. This is a problem in many

groups of plants but for some, including Hoya, closely related species that are readily

176

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

distinguished from fresh or pickled flowers can be extremely difficult to tell apart

from herbarium collections alone. Problems of name application in Hoya are not rare.

Recent interest in Hoya has focused on phylogeny (Wanntorp et ah, 2006a, 2011,

2014) and generic circumscription (Wanntorp et al., 2006b), as well as on species-

level taxonomy (e.g. Rodda, 2015 and references therein). Typification of Hoya names

where necessary, followed by taxonomic revision based on both herbarium specimens

and new collections from areas previously poorly collected, are urgently needed to

ensure con*ect name usage in phylogenetic and biogeographic studies.

No collections have been reported from Singapore of plants identified as Hoya

wallichii since 1 894. If it is a species distinct from Hoya campanulata and is endemic

to Singapore this leads to the presumption that it is nationally and globally extinct.

In this paper we set out to investigate whether Hoya wallichii is distinct from H

campanulata, clarify whether H. wallichii is an endemic species in Singapore, and

assess whether H. wallichii has become globally extinct.

The taxonomic history of Hoya wallichii

Hoya M^allichii was first published as Physostelma w’allichii Wight (Wight, 1834).

Physostelma Wight, initially a monotypic genus, was separated from Hoya on

filament characters. It was also described as having a campanulate corolla, a character

already known in Hoya at that time but for only a handful of species, including Hoya

campanulata described by Blume (1826) from Java. As more Hoya species were

subsequently described, a campanulate or semi-campanulate corolla was observed for

many species ranging from Myanmar to Papua New Guinea (Rodda & Nyhuus, 2009).

Despite this, and the lack of any real distinction from Hoya in the filament characters,

Physostelma wallichii was transferred to Hoya only relatively recently (Burton, 1996).

Recognition of the similarity between Hoya wallichii and Hoya campanulata

began when Decaisne (1844) moved Hoya campanulata into Physostelma as P.

campanulatum (Blume) Decne. He separated the two species of Physostelma, P.

wallichii and P. campanulatum, based on differences in the pollen masses whilst

suggesting the corolla and corona were similar. Hasskarl (1845), however, designated

Hoya campanulata as the type of the monotypic genus Cystidianthus Hassk., leaving

P. wallichii in Physostelma. Hasskarl emphasised the similarities of the corolla and

corona of Physostelma and Cystidianthus but did not highlight any differences to justify

the segregation of the two genera. Bentham & Hooker (1876) later placed Physostelma

wallichii in synonymy of Hoya campanulata without comment. The synonymy was

generally accepted by later authors who treated the taxon either as Hoya campanulata

(King & Gamble, 1908; Rintz, 1 978) or as Physostelma campanulatum (Hooker, 1 885;

Boerlage, 1891). Only Ridley (1900) recognised Physostelma wallichii as a separate

taxon, but later treated it as a synonym of Physostelma campanulatum (Ridley, 1923).

Lastly, Physostelma wallichii was considered a separate taxon by Burton (1996) and the

combination Hoya wallichii (Wight) C.M.Burton was made. However, she incorrectly

applied the name to material later identified as a new species endemic to Borneo, Hoya

Taxonomic status of Hoya walichii

111

danumensis Rodda & Nyhuus. This chain of events shows that researchers have long

been unclear whether Hoya waUichii and H. campanulata are distinct from each other

and, even when recognised as separate taxa, how the name H, wallichii should be

correctly applied. For these reasons the endemic status of Hoya wallichii in Singapore

and the fact that it appeared to have become extinct were long overlooked.

Distinction between Hoya wallichii and Hoya campanulata

We have examined the status of these two taxa by examination of original material

and other herbarium specimens originally identified as either Hoya wallichii or H.

campanulata, or were previously unidentified to species, in BM, BO, BRUN, FI, K,

KEP, L, P, SAN, SAR, SING and SNP (Thiers, continuously updated). In addition

we examined living material fi*om across Sundaland, including recent observations in

Peninsular Malaysia. We conclude that Hoya wallichii and H. campanulata are distinct

species. Hoya wallichii has solitary flowers (two or three flowers may be present in

each inflorescence but only one is open at a time) while H. campanulata has convex

umbels with up to 30 flowers (Fig. 1); H. wallichii has a corolla 3^ cm in diameter

whereas that of H. campanulata is (1 .5-)2-3 cm broad; H. wallichii has a corona that is

purple with kidney-shaped lobes terminating in a short acuminate inner process while

that of H. campanulata is white or cream-coloured and star-shaped with spreading,

almost linear lobes (Fig. 2 A-D).

As the two species are easily distinguished, the confiision between them has

primarily been caused by inaccuracies in the literature, starting with the description

of Physostelma wallichii. The species was described as bearing 10 filaments and five

anthers. The type specimen has typical Hoya filaments that are fused and form a tube,

while the five anthers are alternate with the corona lobes. At the time of publication of

Physostelma wallichii fewer than 30 species of Hoya had been described, with great

variation in corona moiphology. It may be possible that Wight interpreted the two

guide rails subtending each anther as two filaments. No subsequent authors attempted

to explain or justify the distinction between these two genera and, indeed, there is no

possible explanation or justification. Eventually Bentham & Hooker (1876) concluded

that there was no distinction between these two genera, combining them into Hoya, but

they went too far in synonymising Hoya wallichii under H. campanulata, a surprising

action which requires comment given the clear distinction between the two species.

We speculate that the diagnostic characters of the corona were not actually examined

in detail by Bentham & Hooker and most other authors. In Kew all herbarium

specimens of Hoya wallichii have the corona hidden within the campanulate corolla.

There is one specimen on which a detailed illustration of the corona is appended but

this specimen was likely not seen by any of these authors as it was only found amongst

undetermined material in the general collection (see further discussion below). This

apparent lack of observation of the corona is evident in King & Gamble (1908) and

Ridley (1923) because they include specimens of Hoya waUichii and H. campanulata,

as well as specimens of two other species only recently described {H. danumensis

178

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

and H. mappigera Rodda & Simonsson), within their single species concept. These

species all have thin leaves and a campanulate corolla but are clearly distinguishable

in corona characters. Interestingly Ridley is the only author that correctly described

Physostelma wallichii as having a red corona (Ridley, 1900), a character that he no

longer mentioned in his later treatment (Ridley, 1923).

Typification of Hoya wallichii

The collections that Wight examined were indicated in the protologue of Physostelma

wallichii and were clarified in Noltie (2005) as ‘Singapore, Wallich, Wall Asclep.

130[A = Wall. Cat. 8171A. [?Malaya], herb. Finlayson, Wall. Asclep. 130[B = Wall.

Cat. 8171B]’. Noltie (2005) did not locate any possible type material in E or K. Wight

worked on specimens in his own ‘working herbarium’ sent from the East India Company

(Noltie, 2005). The list of specimens he received can be found in Manuscript 1284,

Linnean Society. These specimens usually bear a Herbarium Robert Wight Proper

(HRWP) label and were in Wight’s private possession until 1871 (Noltie, 2005). The

list includes ‘(Asclep) n 130: (a) Singapore Herb. Wall; (b) Herb Finl.’. Examination

of the Hoya specimens in the main herbarium at Kew revealed an undetermined

specimen with a HRWP label (Fig. 3B, C). This specimen bears the Wight number

‘130’ but no ‘A’ or ‘B’ and furthemiore bears two labels in Wight’s handwriting with

a manuscript description of Physostelma wallichii and a line drawing of the corona

(Fig. 3C). As this specimen is part of the original material and represents a complete

and well-preserved specimen belonging to Wight’s personal ‘working herbarium’

it is selected as the lectotype of Hoya wallichii. Two additional specimens labelled

Physostelma wallichii are present in the East India Company Herbarium (better known

as the Wallich Herbarium, K-W): Singapore, Wallich 8 171 A and Finlayson in Herb.

Wallich 817 IB, and can be considered syntypes. Both of them have ‘Ascl. 130a’ (a

for Wallich 81 71 A] b for Wallich 817 IB) pencilled on the lower left comer, probably

in C.B. Clarke’s hand. Additionally Wallich 8171 A is also pencilled ‘Ascl. 130a’ in the

upper right comer by an unidentified hand.

It is possible that if the late 19th century and 20th century authors had had

access to the HRWP specimen and been able to observe the corona characters Hoya

wallichii would not have been synonymised with H. campanulata and much of the

subsequent confusion would have been avoided.

Implications for conservation

As noted earlier, even after the existing herbarium material was carefully determined to

species, there is no evidence of collections of Hoya wallichii made in Singapore after

1894. All of the recorded localities have been lost to development and recent survey

work in still-forested areas of Singapore has not resulted in any new collections. Hoya

wallichii favours primary forest where it grows in dappled shade on the ground or on

Taxonomic status oiHoya walichii

179

Fig. 1. Comparison between the inflorescences of Hoya wallichii and H. campanulata. A.

Hoya wallichii in situ in Brunei, with a single flower. B. Hoya campanulata, cultivated at the

Singapore Botanic Gardens, with an umbelliform inflorescence. (Photos: A, J. Henrot; B, M.

Rodda)

Fig. 2. Morphological comparison between campanulata (left) din&Hoya wallichii (right)

A, B. Corona, from above. C, D. Corona, side view. E, G. Pollinarium. F, H. Calyx and ovaries.

I, J. Leaf (A, C, E, F, I Hoya campanulata, from [L0004389]; B, D, G, H, J Hoya wallichii,

from [K000449753]. Seale: A, B, C, D, F, H: 1 mm; E, G: 500 pm; I, J: 1 cm). Drawn by M.

Rodda.

Taxonomic status oiHoya walichii

181

Fig. 3. A. The lectotype of Hoya campanulata in L [L00043 89] , bearing a label with [Tjunkankan]

and [Java] in Blume’s hand (label in the lower left eomer of the sheet). B. Lectotype of Hoya

wallichii in K [ K000449753], bearing a [Herb. R. Wight Prop, Presented 1871] label and

pencilled [(Wall Asclep. n.) 130]. The large manuscript label is a description of the species

attributed to Wight. C. Drawing of the corona of H. wallichii found on the lectotype (Visible

folded in the upper right comer of Fig. 3B). Scale: 5 cm. (Photos: M. Rodda, reproduced with

the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Naturalis, Leiden.)

moss-covered rocks. Suitable habitats may still be present in the remaining patches of

primary forest in the Central Nature Reserves area and the search for H. wallichii and

other rare or extinct Hoya species is still on-going. However, a specimen eollected in

1939 in Johor, Malaysia {Ngadiman s.n. [SINGO 120876]), earlier identified as Hoya

campanulata, and a collection made in Brunei in 2010 (Henrot, J. JH/509, BRUN),

have been identified by us as Hoya wallichii. In addition the species was photographed

in Johor in 2012 (Rodda & Henrot, 2013). We can conclude, therefore, that although

Hoya wallichii is extinct in Singapore it is no longer to be considered globally extinct.

A formal conservation assessment of Critically Endangered using lUCN (2012)

methodology is given below.

182

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Hoya campanulata is a widespread species in SE Asia, occurring from

Peninsular Malaysia to Java but not in Borneo. It occurs up to 1600 m a.s.l. in Sumatra

{de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 18595, L), but is largely absent at low altitudes. Aforaial

conservation assessment of Least Concern using lUCN (2012) methodology is given

below.

Taxonomic treatment

Hoya wallichii (Wight) C.M.Burton, Hoyan 18(1:2); 5 (1996). -Physostelma wallichii

Wight, Contr. Bot. India 40 (1834). - TYPE; [Singapore] Herb. R. Wight Prop. [Wall

Asclep. n.] ‘130’ (lectotype K [K000449753], designated here).

Semi-woody, slender, wiry ten*estrial twiner or sub-slmib; latex white. Leafy stems

cylindrical, 1.5-3 mm diameter, apically sparsely puberulent, older stems leafless,

glabrous with waxy bark. Internodes (l-)2.5-5(-15) cm long, adventitious roots

absent. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole flattened or channelled above, rugose

below, 5-10 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, glabrous; lamina chartaceous, flexible, elliptic-

lanceolate, 4.5-10 X (1.5-)2-3(^) cm, widest in the central portion, apex apiculate-

cuspidate, base cuneate, margin entire, penninerved, main vein depressed on adaxial

surface, evident on abaxial surface, secondary veins 5-8 pairs, evident when dry,

curved and anastomosing to fonn an intra-marginal nerve along the edge, branching

at 70-80°(-90°) from main vein. Inflorescences with only one flower fully open at a

time; peduncles terete, extra-axillary, perennial, bearing scars of previous flowerings,

1.5-3 cm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, glabrous; pedicels terete, 2-4 x c. 1 mm, glabrous,

fruit-bearing pedicels more stout, c. 1.5 mm wide. Calyx c. 4 mm in diameter, sepals

round to rhomboid, 1.5 x 1-1.5 mm, apex round, margins denticulate, sparsely ciliate;

basal gland at the junction between the sepals c. 0.3 mm long. Corolla campanulate,

membranaceous, 5-A cm in diameter, white to cream-coloured, glabrous; corolla lobes

fused with a central free triangular acute tip 5 x 3 mm. Staminal corona 5-6 mm

high, 6-7 mm diameter, purple, lobes erect, kidney-shaped, c. 5 mm high, c. 2 mm

wide, basally broadened into a swollen process with basal revolute margins, apically

forming a single acuminate appendage c. 1 .2 mm long, extending c. 2 mm above the

anthers. Pollinarium (all measurements approx.) 800 pm long, pollinia oblong, 600 x

200 pm, apex and base round, corpusculum 300 x 170 pm, caudicles 200 pm long.

Ovary bottle-shaped, c. 2 mm long. Fruits cylindrical follicles, developing singly,

12-20 cm long, 5-7 mm in diameter; seeds comose, spindle-shaped, 7-8 x c. 2 mm.

Distribution. Brunei, Peninsular Malaysia (Johor), Singapore (extinct).

Additional specimens examined. SINGAPORE; sin. loc., 1821 or 1822, Wcdlich, N. 8 171 A

(syntype K-W [K000438428]); sin. loc,, 4 Nov 1889, Ridley, H.N. 2604 (BM); sin. loc., ex

Hb. Finlayson, Wallich, N. 817 IB, (syntype K-W [K000438429]); KTanji: 29 Nov 1889,

Goodenough, J.S. 2684 (SING [S1NG0120837]); 8 Jan 1890, Ridley H.N. s.n. (SING

Taxonomic status of Hoya walichii

183

[SING0120836]); Tampines: River, Feb 1894, Ridley, H.N, s.n. (SING [SINGOO 12208]);

Sarimbuii: 2 Oct 1894, Mat 6691 (SING [SING0012207]).

BRUNEI: Belait: Labi, 2 Oct 2010, Henrot, J. JH/509 (BRUN).

MALAYSIA: Johor: Pontian, Pengkalan Raja, 25 Jun 1939, Ngadiman, I. s.n. (SING

[SINGO 120876]).

Provisional lUCN consen’ation assessement. Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).

Previously believed to be endemic to Singapore and presumed extinct, it is now only

known from two quite disjunct localities in Johor and Brunei. In Johor it is known

from a collection from 1939 in Pengkalan Raja, too long ago to be considered in a

new conservation assessment without coiifinnation the species still occurs there, and a

recent photograph. The condition of the locality in Brunei is uncertain but the locality

of the recently photographed plant in Johor is on the edge of a forest park that is quite

disturbed.

Hoya campanulata Blume, Bijdr. 1064 (1826). - Physostelma campanulatum

(Blume) Decne. in A.DC., Prod. 8: 633 (1844). - Cystidianthus campanulatus (Blume)

Hasskarl, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 125 (1843). - TYPE: Indonesia, Java,

‘ex horto, mento septembre, Tjunkankan, Burangarang’ (lectotype L [L0004389],

designated here).

Cystidianthus laurifolius Blume, Mus. Bot. 1(4): 57 (1849). - Hoya cystiantha

Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 127 (1913). - TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, 'Cystidianthus

laurifolius BT, Korthals s.n.. (lectotype L [L0004387], designated here; isolectotype L

[L0004388]). - EPITYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Ketambe, Aceh Province, South edge

of Taman Gunong Leuser, Green, T. 99009 (epitype BISH [BISHl 016621], designated

here).

Semi-woody, slender, wiry terrestrial or epiphytic twiner or sub-shrub; latex white.

Leafy stems cylindrical, 1.5-3 mm diameter, apically sparsely puberulent, older stems

leafless, glabrous, rugose. Internodes 3-5(-18) cm long, adventitious roots absent,

unless in direct contact with substrate. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole channelled

above, rugose below, 4-8 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, glabrous; lamina chartaceous,

flexible, elliptic-lanceolate, 5-7(-12) cm by (2-)3-5 cm, widest in the central portion,

apex apiculate-cuspidate, base cuneate, margin entire, penninerved, main vein depressed

on adaxial surface, evident on abaxial surface, secondary veins 4-6(-8) pairs evident

when dry, curved and anastomosing to foiTn an intra-marginal nerve along the edge,

branching at 50-60° from main vein. Inflorescences pseudo-umbellifonn, convex,

positively geotropic, up to 20-flowered; peduncles terete, extra-axillary, perennial,

bearing scars of previous flowerings, about l-2(-5) cm long, c. 1 .5 mm wide, glabrous;

pedicels terete, 3^ cm by c. 1 mm, glabrous, fruit-bearing pedicels more stout, up to

2 mm wide. Calyx c. 5 mm in diameter, sepals lanceolate to oblong, 2-2.5 x 1-1.5

mm, apex rounded, margins ciliate; basal gland at the junction between the sepals c.

184

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

0.4 mm long. Corolla campanulate, membranaceous, (1.5-)2-3 cm in diameter, white

to cream-coloured, sometimes yellow or pink-flushed, glabrous; corolla lobes laterally

fused with a central free acute triangular tip, 2x2 mm. Staminal corona star shaped,

3-4 mm high, 7-10 mm diameter, white, corona lobes boat-shaped, terete, 4. 5-5. 5 mm

long, 1 .5-2 mm broad, basally presenting revolute margin, outer process ascending;

basal process laterally spreading, when viewed perpendicularly to the corona forming

a disk of 3^ mm radius. Pollinarium (all measurements approx.) 1 mm long, pollinia

oblong, 800 X 230 pm, apex and base rounded to truncate, corpusculum 280 x 130

pm, caudicles 150 pm long. Ovary bottle-shaped, c. 1.5 nuu long. Fruits cylindrical

follicles, developing singly but up to 5 for each inflorescence, 12-1 8 cm long, 5-7 mm

in diameter; seeds comose, spindle-shaped, 4-5 x c. 1 mm.

Distribution. Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore (extinct).

Additional specimens examined. Unlocalised, Cult. Kew, ‘Bot. Mag. T 4545’ (K); label

unreadable (L [L0796650]), (L [L0796647]).

SINGAPORE: Tampines: November 1893, Almeida, E.D. s.n. (SING [SING0012210]).

MALAYSIA: Unknown locality: King’s collector 2587, fragment (K); Wray, L.W. 3139,

fragment (K); Wray, L.W. 4041, fragment (K). Selangor: Ulu Gombak, 17 mile, 25 Oct 1937,

Md. Nur 34219 (A n.v., P [P00700460], SING); Sungai Rangkap, 500 ft, 23 May 1976, Rintz,

R.E. RER58 (KEP [KEP160389]); Sungai Semangkok, 2200 ft, 27 Sep 1976, Rintz, R.E.

RER124 (KEP [KEP160391]); Sungai Semangkok, 2700 ft, 25 Sep 1976, Rintz, R.E. RER119

(KEP [KEP 160390]); 15 mile Sungai Gombak, River edge in lowland forest, 700 ft, Rintz, R.E.

RER22 (L [L0796665], KEP [KEP160393]); Klang Gates, 22 Jul 1927, Strugnell, E.F. 13033

(KEP [KEP160399]). Perak: Larut, 300-380 ft, Jan 1883, King, G. 3849 (K); Thaiping Hills,

Feb 1900, Ridley, H,N. sjj. (SING [SING0120878]); Tenok Road, Tapah, Ridley, H.N. s.n.

(SING). Negeri Senibilan: Jelebu, Berembun F.R., Jeram Toi, Riverside trail, Across river,

2°5r40"N 102°00'58"E, 332 m a.s.k, 10 Apr 2008, Yat, T.L. FRI57949 (KEP [KEP159153]).

Malacca: mS, Ridley, H.N. 9712 (SING).

INDONESIA: Java sin. loc.: s.d., s.coll. "misit Blume’, 1836 (P [P00700459]); 25 Jun

1848, Zollinger, H. s.n. (P [P00700458]); s.d., Blume s.n. (L [L0796663]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L

[L0796664]); 1 878, s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796649]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796652]); ex herb. Blume

(L [L0796648]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796651]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796653]). West Java:

Buitenzorg, ‘KikandeP, Lecomte, P.H. & Finet,A.s.n. (P [P0021 8897]); Buitenzorg, 1 Sep 1 926,

herb d'Alleizette 4853 (L [L0796646]); ‘ex horto, mento septembre, Tjunkankan Burangarang’

(L [L0004389]); ‘Tjunkankan’ (L [L0004390]); Preanger, Guenueng Beser Tjigagap, 1000

m a.s.k, 6 Nov 1917, Bakhuizen Van den Brink R.C. 2946 (L [L0796655]); Preanger, Tjadas

Malang, 1 000 m, 25 Mar 1917, Bakhuizen Van den Brink R.C. 2896 (L [L0796656]); Batavia, 2

Mar 1929, Bakhuizen Van den Brink R.C. 71 76 (L [L0796654]); TJiandjun Distr. Gunung Boser

near Tjidadep, 1100 m a.s.k. May 1968, Kostermans, A.J.G.H. s.n. (L [L0794340]). Sumatra

sin. loc.: s.d., s.coll. s.n. (syntype L [L0004386]); s.d., Forbes, H.O. 2257, fragment (K); s.d.,

s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796657]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796658]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (L [L0796659]);

s.d., Wray, L.W. 1841 (SING [SINGO 120872]). Aceh: Gajolanden, Goempang to Kongke, c.

800 m., 12 Mar 1937, van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 9759 (K, L [L0796660]); Gunung Leuser Nature

Reserve, Camp Simpang and vicinity, 3-5 km upstream Lau Ketambe, c. 33 km NW of

Kutatjane, 20 Jul 1972, de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & de Wilde- Duyfjes, B.E.E. 13837 {V [L0794352]);

Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, Ketambe, valley of Lau Alas, near tributary of Lau Ketambe, c.

Taxonomic status of Hoya walichii

185

35 kiiiNW ofKutatjane, 200^00 m alt., de Wilde, WJJ.O. & de Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. 12166

(L [L0794348]), 12167 (L [L0794347]); Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, Ketambe, valley of

Lau Alas, near tributary of Lau Ketambe, c. 35 Km NW of Kutatjane, 200-400 m alt., 29

May 1972, de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & de Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. 12455 (L [L0794347]); P. T. Hargas

logging concession, c. 2°43'N 97°34', c. 10 m alt., 3 Aug 1985, de Wilde, WJJ.O. & de Wilde-

Duyfjes, B.E.E. 20578 (L [L0794360]); Upper Mamas River valley expedition, c. 18 km W of

Kutacane, c. 3°25'N 97°40'E, 1600 m alt., 22 Jun 1979, de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & de Wilde-Duyfjes,

B.E.E. 18595 (L [L0794349]). West Sumatra: near Mount Sigirik within Bulcit Sebelah nature

reserve, 500 m alt., 15 May 1983, Laumonier, Y. TFB 4379 (L [L0794350]); Taram, East of

Pajakumbuh, region of river Tjampo, 500-1000 m alt, Mundji 340 (L [L0796661]); Padang

Highlands, 1200 m, 10 Oct 1919, Batten Pool, A.H. s.n. (SING [SING0121892]).

Provisional lUCN consei^ation assessement. Least Concern (LC). This species is

widespread and, despite the paucity of very recent collections, is still locally common

and not under any known threat (MR pers. obs.).

Notes. Blume (1 826) did not cite any specimens in the proto logue of Hoya campanulata

but specified ‘in fruticetis montanis Javae occidentalis’, flowering ‘toto anno’ and

gave the local name as ‘Tjunkankan’. A specimen labelled Hoya campanulata Blume

[L0004389], bearing a label with [Tjunkankan] and [Java] in Blume’s hand has been

found in L (Fig. 3). This is the only specimen found with elements from the protologue.

The specimen is well preserved with both leafy shoots and flowers and is therefore

designated as the lectotype of Hoya campanulata.

The original description of Cystidianthus laurifolius Blume, later Hoya

cystiantha Schltr., is similar to H. campanulata in all aspects except with smaller

flowers (Blume, 1848). Hoya campanidata flowers are very variable in size across

its range, without any other morphological discontinuity, and therefore H. cystiantha

is here treated as a synonym of H. campanulata. Cystidianthus laurifolius (and its

replaced synonym Hoya cystiantha) was neotypified by Green (2011) where he stated

that no extant original material could be traced. Blume (1849) only mentioned ‘In

Sylvis Sumatris’. In L we found three specimens from Sumatra annotated in Blume’s

handwriting as Cystidianthus laurifolius. Two of these were collected by Korthals

[L0004387 and L0004388], and are likely to be duplicates, while the third is from

an unknown collector [L0004386]. We believe these to be original material. All three

specimens lack complete flowers but [L0004387] has an intact calyx and, being the

least sterile specimen, is therefore selected as lectotype for the name. As the lectotype is

nevertheless ahnost sterile we select Green’s neotype {Green 99009 [BISH1016621])

as epitype for Cystidianthus laurifolius Blume.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Jana Leong-Skomickova was the handling editor for this

manuscript. This research received support from the National Parks Board (Singapore) that

sponsored herbari um visits in Asia and Europe (MR & DJM). We thank the curators of the BM,

BO, BRUN, FI, K, KEP, L, P, SAN, SAR, SNP and SfNG herbaria for allowing access and/or

for providing high quality images of herbarium specimens. We thank J. Hem-ot for providing

186

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

photographs of Hoya wallichii in situ in Brunei. Two anonymous reviewers and Jana Leong-

Skomickova are thanked for suggesting improvements to the manuscript.

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 189-200. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000144

189

Two new records for the Lamiaceae of Singapore

R.P.J. de Kok’, S. Sengun^-^ & G.L.C. Bramley^

^Honorary Research Associate, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

dekokrogier@gmail.com

^Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WCIE 7HX, U.K.

•^Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, U.K.

ABSTRACT. The species of Lamiaceae have recently been revised for Singapore. In total

44 species in 21 genera are recorded, of which 23 species are native, an additional five are

probably native, and 16 are non-native species which have naturalised in Singapore. One new

record for Singapore has been found {I'ltex rotundifolia) and one species reinstated {Callicarpa

pentandra) after being ignored for over a hundred years.

Keywords. Callicarpa pentandra, conservation, distributions, Vitex rotundifolia

Introduction

The Lamiaceae (Mint Family) is of major ecological and economic importance

in Southeast Asia. It includes major (Gmelina L. & Tectona L.f.) and minor

{Teijsmanniodendron Koord. and Vitex L.) timber groups. It is important horti culturally

{Clerodendnim L. and its close relatives), culinarily {Mentha L. and Ocimum L.) and

medicinally {Vitex). As a consequence, members of the family are often cultivated and

have been moved around the region, in some case over many centuries. Taxonomically

the family is complex with many species-rich genera, some of which have undergone

major nomenclatural changes in the last 10 years (De Kok, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013;

Brantley, 2009; De Kok et al., 2009; Weam & Mabberley, 2011). Worldwide, the

family consists of around 236 genera and about 7200 species (Harley et al., 2004),

while in the Flora Males iana region 50 genera with 302 species are recorded (Brantley

et al., in press). In the latest checklist for Singapore, 71 species in 29 genera were

recorded (Chong et al., 2009) but this included 25 species and 12 genera kitown only

in cultivation. Since then a number of genera have been revised and, as a consequence,

many names have been reduced into synonymy and a few new species have been

recognised. In addition, a number of genera have been investigated using molecular

phylogenetic techniques, which has led to some genera being lumped together (e.g.

Brantley et al., 2009), while others have been split (e.g. Yuan et al., 2010).

One of the key problems in this study has been how to detemiine if a species

is native or naturalised in Singapore. Thaitks to the taxonomic work done by several

authors in the last 10 years on a series of genera, our understanding of the distribution

of Lamiaceae taxa throughout Southeast Asia is much improved. This has resulted in

190

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

a change in opinion on a whether a number of species are native or introduced. A clear

example of this is Gmelina asiatica L., which was thought to be native in Singapore

(Chong et al., 2009), but is now considered to be native to India, Thailand and Southern

China, but cultivated and naturalised tliroughout the Southeast Asian region (De Kok,

2012). However, it is clear from looking at herbarium specimens and the available

literature, that for some species this cannot always be satisfactorily established. For

instance, some species of Clerodendrum and Ocimum have been moved around so

much in the past that it is often impossible now to determine their original native

distribution (see Bramley et al., in press).

The combination of recent taxonomic and systematic studies has established

that there are 44 species in 21 genera in Singapore. Of these, 23 species are native,

an additional five are probably native, and 16 are non-native species which have

naturalised. These will be enumerated in the forthcoming Flora of Singapore account

(De Kok & Bramley, submitted).

Changes to the species list

The number of species now recognised as growing in Singapore has decreased. This

can be attributed in part to a reduction in species to synonymy (see Bramley et al., in

press). A good example is the genus Premna L., where three names {Premna corymbosa

Rottler & Willd., P foetida Reinw. ex Blume and P pimctulata C.B.Clarke) have been

placed in the synonymy of P. serratifolia L. (De Kok, 2013). In addition, only one

name has been added to the list due to a species being split. This is the recognition of

Ocimum x africanum Lour, as distinct after previously being placed in synonymy of

Ocimum americanum L. (Suddee et al., 2005).

The number of genera has also changed. For instance, both Hyptis Jacq, and

Clerodendrum L. have been split into several distinct genera: Hyptis is now recognised

as three genera in Malesia {Hyptis, Cantinoa Harley & Pastore and Mesosphaerum

P.Browne - see Harley & Pastore, 2012), and Clerodendrum also as three genera in

Malesia {Clerodendrum, Rotheca Raf. and Volkameria L. - see Yuan et al., 2010).

Only two species have been added to the Singapore checklist. Callicarpa

pentandra Roxb. was previously recorded by Ridley in 1900 since when it has been

entirely omitted from any mention in the Singapore flora. We, therefore, treat it here

as effectively a new record. Vitex rotundifolia L.f. has never previously been recorded

for Singapore.

Conservation

In the last200 years Singapore has lost 99.8% of its primary forests and this deforestation

has had a particularly bad impact on its coastal habitats (39% species loss), but a lesser

impact on inland forests (29% species loss) and open vegetation (5% species loss)

(Turner et al., 1994). In terms of life forms, over the same period, 19% of trees, 34%

Two new Lamiaceae records for Singapore

191

of shrubs, 1 7% of herbs, 23 % of climbers and 62% of epiph 5 d:ic species have been lost

(Tumer et al., 1994). In the Lamiaceae, 33% of coastal species, 45% of inland species

and 25% of open vegetation species are presumed extinct. This translates into the loss

of 28% of its trees, 57% of its shrubs, and all of its true climbers. However, all of its

herbs have survived.

In Chong et al.’s 2009 checklist, all native species were given a national

lUCN conservation assessment, while those deemed non-native were designated as

cultivated, casual or naturalised (Chong et al., 2009). In our study native species as

accepted in the Flora of Singapore (De Kok & Bramley, submitted) and not accounted

for in Chong et al. (2009) are given a national lUCN conservation assessment.

From Table 1 it is clear that in general, the numbers of nationally extinct and

Critically Endangered species have decreased, while the number of species of least

concern has increased. This is mainly due to the fact that some of the presumed extinct

species in Chong et al. (2009) have now been placed in synonymy of more common

species. Also, some species which were previously thought to be introduced have now

been reclassified as native and Least Concern.

Table. 1. Difference in the number of native species for each category in national lUCN

conservation assessments between the 2009 checklist (Chong et al., 2009) and the as-yet

unpublished Flora of Singapore account (De Kok & Bramley, submitted). LC = Least Concern;

VXJ = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered; EX = Extinct.

Local lUCN assessments

Chong et al.,

2009

De Kok & Bramley, submitted

Least Concern (LC)

Vulnerable (VU)

Endangered (EN)

Critically Endangered (CR)

Extinct (EX)

New Records for Singapore

Callicarpa pentandra Roxb., FI. Ind. 1: 409 (1820); Moldenke, Phytologia 50: 365

(1982); Bramley, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 443 (2009). - Geunsia pentandra (Roxb.)

Men*., Philipp. J. Sci. Cll: 309 (1916). - TYPE: Indonesia, Moluccas, collector

uncertain (lectotype G-DC [G003 12486], designated in Bramley (2013)). (Fig. 1)

Geunsia farinosa Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg 12 (1823); Ridl., FI. Singapore 96

(1900). - Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. forvadi farinosa (Blume) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenzorg, ser. Ill, 3: 13 (1921). - TYPE: Indonesia, Blume s.n. (holotype L).

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Geunsia farinosa Blume van callicarpoides H.J.Lam ex Moldenke, Phytologia 50:

220 (1982). - TYPE: Indonesia, Kalimantan, collector unknown (holotype L).

Callicarpa cumingiana Schauer in A.DC., Prodr. 11: 644 (1847). - Geunsia

cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe, Joum. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 315 (1884). - Callicarpa

pentandra van cumingiana (Schauer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sen III, 3:

16 (1921). - TYPE: Philippines, Cuming 1707 (lectotype K, designated in Bramley

(2013); isolectotype P).

Callicarpa hexandra Teijsm. & Binn., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor 410 (1863). - Geunsia

hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 559 (1898). -

Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. forma hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Bakli., Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenzorg, sen 111, 3: 13 (1921). - TYPE: Celebes [Sulawesi], Menado, Minahassae,

de Vriese & Teijsmann s.n., (lectotype L, designated in Bramley (2013)).

Geunsia hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord. van macrophylla Moldenke, Phytologia

49: 430 (1981). -TYPE: Malaysia, Sabah, Tawau district, Luasong, 25 February 1979,

Fedilis & Sumbing SAN89702 (holotype SAN; isotype K).

Callicarpa affinis Elmer, Leaf!. Philipp. Bot. 3: 864 (1910). - TYPE: Philippines,

Mindanao, Davao district, Todaya (Mt Apo), June 1909, Elmer 11102 (lectotype K,

designated in Bramley (2013); isolectotypes GH, L, L, NY, US).

Callicarpa serrulata (Hallier f.) Govaerts, World Checklist Seed PI. 3(1): 12 (1999).

- Geunsia sermlata Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37: 27 (1918). - TYPE: Borneo,

Gebiet des Sambasstromes, 30 October 1893, Hallier 801 (holotype L; isotypes BO x3).

Geunsia serrulata forma anisophylla (Hallier f.) Moldenke, Phytologia 50: 378 (1982).

- Geunsia anisophylla Hallier f, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37: 29 (1918). - TYPE: Borneo,

Miillergebirge, 14 March 1894, Hallier B27 41 (holotype L; isotypes BO x3).

Callicarpa subternata (Hallier f.) Govaerts, World Checklist Seed PI. 3(1): 12 (1999).

- Geunsia subternata Hallier f , Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37: 25 (1918). - TYPE: Borneo,

Sungei Tikung, November 1912, Amdjah 973 (holotype L; isotype BO).

Geunsia hookeri Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 342 (1912). - TYPE: Philippines, Cebu,

Cuming 1773 (lecto K, designated in Bramley (2013); isolectotypes GH, K, L).

Callicarpa weberi Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 12: 298 (1917). -TYPE: Philippines, Bancalan

Island, 26 September 1916, Weber 68 (lectotype A, designated in Bramley (2013)).

Callicarpa longivillosa Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 17: 313 (1920). - TYPE: Philippines,

Mindanao, Surigao prov., 19 April 1919, Ramos & Pascasio Bur. Sci. 34538 (lectotype

K, designated in Bramley (2013); isolectotypes BM, BO).

Two new Lamiaceae records for Singapore

193

Fig. 1. Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. A. Habit. B. Inflorescences. (Photos: G. Bramley from

Lambir, Sarawak)

Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. var. paloensis (Elmer) Bakh. forma furfuracea Bakh.,

Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. Ill, 3: 15 (1921). - Geunsia furfuracea (Bakh.)

Moldenke, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 612 (1945). - TYPE: Indonesia, Celebes [Sulawesi],

Kp. Tapalang Mamoedjoe, 4 August 1912, Van Vuuren & Noerkas 425 (lectotype BO,

designated in Bramley (2013); isolectotypes K, L).

Geunsia cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe var. pentamera H. J.Lam, Verbenaceae Malayan

Archipel. 36 (1919). - TYPE: Philippines, Daraga, Com. d.l. FI. for. no 844 (syntype

not found); New Guinea, Hollandia, Gjellerup 416a 416b, 416c (syntypes all BO

not found); Stephansort, Nyman 52 (syntype BO not found); Kaiser Wilhelmsland,

Weinland s.n. (syntype BO not found).

Callicarpa pentandra var. cumingiana (Schauer) Bakh. forma dentata Bakh., Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. Ill, 3: 17 (1921). - Callicarpa cumingiana var. dentata

(Bakh.) Moldenke, Phytologia 5: 8 (1954). - TYPE: Java, Noesa Kembangan, Backer

4611 (lectotype BO, designated in Bramley (2013); isolectotype BO).

Callicarpa ridleyi S.Moore, J. Bot 63 (SuppL): 80 (1925). - TYPE: Java, Mt Salak,

November 1879, Forbes 272 (holotype BM).

194

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Callicarpa pullei (HJ.Lam) Govaerts, World Checklist Seed PL 3: 12 (1999). -

Geunsia pullei H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. 35 (1919). - TYPE: West Papua

[West Irian], nr Kloofbivak, Pulle 261 (holotype L; isotypes BO, Z).

Shrub or tree to 20 m, DBH 2-35 cm; outer bark light brown, ± smooth, inner

bark yellowish, fibrous. Young branches/twigs with a dense indumentum of brown

plumose or short-branched hairs, often farinose, or longer, patent hairs that appear

simple but have numerous short branches at the base, also with yellow sessile glands.

Leaves often with apparently altemate leaves between opposite pairs, naiTowly elliptic

to elliptic to nan'owly ovate to almost ovate, 11-29 x 4-15 cm, margins ± entire to

shallowly dentate, apex markedly to shortly acuminate, base acute to attenuate, rarely

almost rounded, truncate or cordate, upper surface variable, either ± glabrous, or with

hairs present along the midvein only, or with simple hairs and hairs that are bratiched

near the base, or farinose, with scattered branched hairs, these present especially when

young, lower surface variable, either with an indumentum of short-branched hairs on the

venation only (including tertiary), or on the lamina and the venation, fonning a raised

layer but not obscuring the lamina surface, or with a dense pale coloured indumentum

of matted plumose hairs on the lamina, often the individual hairs not visible to the

naked eye, in this case the leaves discolorous, in all cases also with yellow sessile

glands, occasionally peltate scales present either side of the midrib towards the leaf

base; petioles 1.5-3. 5 cm, indumentum as twigs. Inflorescence axillary, sometimes

appearing tenninal, peduncles 40-90 mm long, indumentum as stem; pedicels 2-2.5

mm long, indumentum as stems; bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous, linear, 0.2-10

mm long. Calyx cupular, 1-2 (2.5-3) mm long, =b truncate or with (4)5(6) shallow

triangular lobes, outer surface densely covered with short-branched or ± plumose hairs,

in the latter case the surface obscured, also with yellow sessile glands and occasional

peltate scales, inner surface ± glabrous. Corolla purple, sweetly scented, 4-6 mm long,

divided into (4)5(6) lobes, 1-2 mm long, often reflexed, outer surface with short hairs

or papillae and yellow sessile glands, sometimes also with longer branched hairs, inner

surface ± glabrous or papillose, especially on the lobes. Stamens (4)5(6), exserted for

4-5 mm, filaments purple, 5. 5-8. 5 mm, anthers oblong, pink or purple, 1.5-3 mm

long. Stigma capitate, divided into (4)5(6) small lobes, surface glandular. Fruit green,

maturing red, 2-5 mm wide (in dry specimen), slight depression near apex, outer

surface glandular, subtended by the calyx, most of which has broken away, sometimes

the calyx remaining more intact; (8)10(12) 1 -seeded pyrenes.

Distribution. Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, the

Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, New Guinea and possibly the Solomon Islands.

In Singapore a native species which has only been recorded twice.

Ecology. In the rest of its range grows mainly in disturbed areas such as roadsides,

occasionally found in secondary forest or along margins of primary forest; at 15-1500

m altitude.

Two new Lamiaceae records for Singapore

195

Provisional Regional lUCN Conser\’ation Assessment. In Singapore believed to be

extinct. Globally it is Least Concern (Bramley et al., in press).

Note. Callicarpa pentandra has traditionally been distinguished by its 5-merous

flowers; as noted previously (Bramley, 2009), it is not uncommon to find both

4-merous, 5-merous and 6-merous flowers on the same tree. This species was first

recorded for Singapore by Ridley (1900), as Geunsia farinosa Blume, but has since

been ignored by later authors. For notes on the typification of Callicarpa pentandra

refer to Bramley (2013) and discussion of interspecific variation (see Bramley et al.,

in press).

Callicarpa pentandra is one of the most common species of Callicarpa in

Southeast Asia. It is, therefore, surprising that it has only been collected twice in

Singapore. The first time was by Nathanial Wallich when he visited the island in 1822

(specimens housed at BM & K-W), and the second time in 1861 by Thomas Anderson

(specimen housed at BM), Interestingly it is the only species of Lamiaceae which is

not represented by any Singaporean specimens housed at SING. The presence of this

species in Singapore is not surprising given its abundance in the wider region and its

ecology. Given that it has not been collected in more than 150 years it is believed to

be extinct in Singapore.

Specimens examined. SINGAPORE: Oct 1822, Wallich 1836 (BM, K-W); Oct \^6l, Anderson

142 (BM).

Vitex rotundifolia L.f., Suppl. PI. 294 (1782). - TYPE: Japan, Thunberg s.n. (holotype

LINN-SM; isotype UPS-THUNB 14619). (Fig. 2)

Vitex ovata Thunb. in Murray, Syst. Veg. 57 (1784); Henderson, Malay. Wild FI. 1:

387 (1959). - Vitex trifolia var. obovata (Thunb.) Benth., FI. Austr. 5: 67 (1870),

nom. supeffl. - Vitex agnus-castiis var. ovata (Thunb.) Kuntze, Revis, Gen. PI. 2: 511

(1891). - Vitex trifolia var. ovata (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 92 (1903),

nom. superfl. - TYPE: Japan, Thunberg s.n. (holotype UPS-THUNB 14619).

Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia Cham., Linnaea 7: 107 (1832); De Kok, Kew Bull. 63:

32 (2008). - TYPE: Philippines, Luzon, Cavite, Dec 1817-Jan 1818, Chamisso s.n.

(holotype LE).

Vitex repens Blanco, FI. Filip. 513 (1837); Memll, Species Blancoanae 332 (1918).

- TYPE: Philippines, Luzon, Batangas, Merrill 814 (neotype K [KOOO 182650],

designated here by Sengun; isoneotypes L, BM, US, NY).

Vitex trifolia var. B unifoliolata Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 683 (1847).

- TYPE: Japan, Thunberg s.n. (lectotype UPS-THUNB 14619, designated here by

Sengun).

196

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Vitex trifolia van repens RidL, FI. Malay Penin. 2: 631 (1923); Munir, J. Adelaide Bot.

Gard. 10: 53 (1987). - TYPE: Malaya, Kelantan, Ridley s.n. (lectotype K, designated

here by Sengun; isolectotype SING).

Vitex trifolia subsp. Uttoralis Steenis, Blumea 8: 516 (1957). - TYPE: [Indonesia]

Lesser Sunda Island, Kisar, E of Wonreli, 22 Mar 1939, Bloembergen 3894 (holotype

L; isotype BRI).

Prostrate to small erect shrub, 10-60 cm high, sometimes forming dense mats of several

metres diameter, rooting at nodes. Leaves 1-foliolate, round to obovate or obovate-

spatulate, tenninal leaflet 1 .4-5.3 x 0. 8-3.3 cm, ratio 1 .6-1.8, upper surface glabrous or

with only few hairs on the veins, lower surface velutinous, hairs whitish, base cuneate,

apex mostly rounded, sometimes subacute, margin entire, aromatic when crushed;

upper surface green; lower surface pale green to grey-green or silvery; venation 4-7(-

9) slightly prominent side veins visible on both surfaces; hairs simple, appressed, with

powdery wax; petiole 3-12 mm long, round in cross-section; hairs velutinous, white,

appressed, simple. Inflorescence tQrmmdi\ and axillary, paniculate, consisting of lateral

cymes in dense clusters, 4-12 cm long, angular; hairs dense, appressed, simple. Bracts

usually reduced relative to leaves; bracteoles triangular to linear, up to 2 mm long,

appressed, velutinous, usually caducous. Calyx 5-lobed, velutinous, weakly 5-ribbed,

slightly accrescent, lobes 2-6 x 3-11 mm; hairs appressed, simple; glands few;

flowering calyx 3-4 mm diameter, erect; fruiting calyx 3. 5^. 5 mm diameter, erect,

covering most of the mature fruit. Corolla 5-lobed, covered outside with appressed

hairs, base glabrous, purplish blue to white; glands many, white; anterior lip 3.9-7 x

3. 3- 7.4. mm, spatulate, apex rounded to truncate, margin entire, hairs concentrated

at base; lateral lobes 3^.2 x 2-3 mm, reflexed, apex rounded; posterior lip 2-lobed,

lobes 3-3.5 by 3-3.5 mm, reflexed to erect, fused from 10-100% of total length, apex

acute; tube 5. 3-8.3 mm long, infundibular. Stamens with filaments 5.2-8. 2 mm long,

slightly to strongly didynamous, glabrous except for tuft of erect simple multicellular

hairs at base, inserted third to half of tube length from corolla base, clearly exceeding

the corolla tube; anthers c. 1.5-2 mm long. Style 9.8-14.6 mm long, glabrous; stigma

2-lobed, lobes 6-13 mm long, apex pointed. Ovary 1-1.5 mm diameter, globose,

glabrous, apex covered with glands. Fruit when fresh unknown; dried fruit globose,

4.4- 5. 3 X 4.3-5 mm, glabrous, smooth, turning first purplish, then black when mature.

Seeds 4 (or fewer by abortion) per fruit.

Distribution. Widespread from Samoa to the east and north coast of Australia, north to

Southern China, Thailand and Japan. The species is apparently absent from most of the

central Pacific, but an isolated population occurs in Hawaii. It grows along beaches. In

Singapore it is a native species although now believed to be extinct.

Ecology. In the rest of its range grows on sandy seashores, coastal dunes and on

sandbars along river. Sometimes grows slightly above the high water mark.

Two new Lamiaceae records for Singapore

197

Fig. 2. Vitex rotundifolia L.f. A. Habit. B. Flowers. (Photos: R.P.J. De Kok from Queensland,

Australia)

198

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Provisional Regional lUCN Conservation Assessment. In Singapore it is known only

from one collection from 1926 and must now be considered to be extinct. Globally

considered to be Least Concern (De Kok, 2007).

Phenology. Flowering and fruiting from June to January.

Notes. Flowers reported to smell like lavender. Otherwise, the whole plant has a

pungent smell.

In Singapore this species is only recorded from a single specimen collected by

A.W. Hamilton in 1926 which is housed at SING. The collection does not mention any

locality details other than ‘Singapore’.

This species has often been confused with Vitex trifolia L. and is sometimes

treated as a subspecies (De Kok, 2007). Singapore Botanic Gardens was a centre of

research on this species complex. Its fonner Director, Henry Ridley, wrote that Vitex

trifolia ‘has 2 forms, one a woody sand-creeper with simple round leaves and the other

a bush or small tree, growing inland with trifoliate leaves . . . plants of the creeping form

which I brought from the sand-hills of the east coast of the Malay Peninsula developed

into the bush form when cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore’ (Ridley, 1930).

However, Comer, not having ever seen any intennediate form between the two, tested

this claim by growing 10 plants in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. In the four years

these plants were alive, they never became erect shrubs. In addition, he cited upright

Vitex trifolia plants that grew on the coastline which did not become creepers; i.e. both

plants kept their individual characteristics wherever they grew (Comer, 1939). As a

result of an investigation as part of a Ph.D. project (Sengun, in prep.), this taxon is now

recognised at the species level.

The coastal vegetation in Smgapore has been especially hard hit by development

(Turner et al., 1994) and this habitat loss has probably caused the decline of the species

in Singapore. Given that it is known only from one collection from 1926 it must be

considered nationally extinct.

No type material of Blanco species Vitex repens Blanco could be found. The

specimen at K from MeiTill’s Species Blancoanae series has been selected here as the

neotype.

Of the various possible syntypes available for lectotypification of Ridley’s taxon

Vitex trifolia var. repens, the one collected by himself and housed at K, is selected here

as the lectotype.

Of the various syntypes available for lectotypification of the Schauer taxon Vitex

trifolia var. B iinifiolata, the Thunberg specimen housed at the Uppsala Herbarium was

selected here as the lectotype, since it was the only one available for detailed study.

Specimens examined. SINGAPORE: 19 Sep 1926, Hamilton s.n. (SING).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This research was supported in 2016 by a Singapore Botanic

Gardens Research Fellowship to the first author, which is gratefully acknowledged. The first

Two new Lamiaceae records for Singapore

199

author is grateful to Nigel Taylor and David Middleton for all their support. Thanks are due to

Bazilah Ibrahuu, Serena Lee and many others at the Singapore Botanic Gardens for all their

help. We would also like to acknowledge the curators of the BM and K herbaria for access to

the specimens used in this study.

References

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416^55.

Bramley, G.L.C. (2013). The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) in the Philippines. Ke\v Bull. 68:

369-418.

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New Guinea. Kew Bull. 63: 17-40.

De Kok, R.P.J. (2012). Arevision of the genus Gmelina L. (Lamiaceae). Kew Bull. 67: 293-329.

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Bull. 68: 55-84.

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(Lamiaceae). Kew Bull. 64: 587-625.

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Hyptidinae (Lamiaceae), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytotaxa

58: 1-55.

Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A.L., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B.J., Grayer, R., Harley, M.M.,

De Kok, R.P.J., Krestovskaja, T., Morales, R., Paton, A. J., Ryding, O. & Upson, T. (2004).

Labiatae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Lamiales

(except Acanthaceae including Avecenniaceae) VII: 167-275. Berlin: Springer- Verlag.

Ridley, H.N. (1900). The flora of Singapore. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 33: 27-196.

Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. Pp. 309-310. London: L.

Reeve & Co. Ltd., Ashford.

Suddee, S., Paton, A. J. & Parnell, A.J.N. (2005). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 201-208. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000156

201

Notes on the monotypic genus Hexapora (Lauraceae),

endemic to Peninsular Malaysia

R.P.J. de Kok‘

^Honorary Research Associate, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

dekokrogier@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. An account of the genus Hexapora (Lauraceae) is presented. It comprises

morphological descriptions of the genus and species, a provisional lUCN conservation

assessment, ecological information and taxonomic notes. The morphology of the genus is

coiupared to that of a number of possible close relatives, leading to the conclusion that it most

likely belongs within the Beilschmiedia clade, and is likely closely related to Sinopora.

Keywords. Beilschmiedia clade, Penang, Sinopora, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Hexapora Hook.f, was first described by J.D. Hooker in his Flora of British

India in August 1 886 (Hooker, 1 886a). It was based on material sent to him by Charles

Curtis, a plant collector and Superintendent of the Gardens and Forests of Penang, in

what is now Peninsular Malaysia. The specimens anived at Kew just before the pages

of the Flora were sent to the printers, with the result that Hooker only briefly mentioned

the genus at the end of the family account. The generic name, according to Hooker,

alludes to the pore-like openings at the apices of the cells of the six anthers, and the

specific epithet, ''ciirtisiF, is in honour of Charles Curtis. However, in November of the

same year, Hooker (1886b: t.l547) decided to change the generic name to Micropora

Hook.f. when he realised that although each flower has six stamens, each stamen has

two pores, thus giving a total of 12 pores per flower, rather than six. However, this

name change is superfluous and the original name is the nomenclaturally coiTect one.

The genus is monotypic and endemic to the island of Penang, but in the older

literature there has been some conflision about its distribution. Ridley (1893: 341 ) cited

a number of sterile specimens from Pahang as belonging to the genus. These collections

were also labelled as Hexapora by Henderson in 1925. However, they were later

identified as Beilschmiedia glauca by Kostemians in 1952, following Gamble (1912:

70-71) who had earlier already placed them in Beilschmiedia Nees. Gamble also cited

a collection from Perak as belongmg to Hexapora curtisii Hook.f. but the confusion

regarding the locality was caused by the collection labels which are part of a series of

King’s Collector printed labels that have a standard locality: Perak, Lamt. However, in

the same hand as the rest of the written part of the label, the locality of Penang is given

(see label of Kings Collector 5215). This mistake was corrected by Ridley (1924: 90).

202

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

The classification and circumscription of the various genera in the Lauraceae

have always been problematic. This is particularly true for Hexapom as only a few

specimens are known of which none has fully mature fimits and only one of which has

very immature fruits. Recently, molecular data have helped to elucidate relationships

in the Lauraceae (Rohwer et al., 2014). In the case of Hexapora, given that all known

specimens are old, generating molecular data is currently problematic.

Since it was described, Hexapom has been compared with a number of other

genera, suggesting various possible relationships. It was placed in the Apollonieae

by a number of authors (Pax, 1889; Von Dalla Torre & Hanns, 1901; Uphof, 1910),

together with genera such as Beilschmiedia and Dehaasia Blume, while other authors

(Durand, 1 888; Boerlage, 1900) placed it in the Perseeae, together with a large number

of other genera of Lauraceae. More recently, Kostennans (1957) placed it in the

subtribe Beilschmiedineae, comparing it with Endiandra R.Br. and Beilschmiedia, and

Rohwer (1993: 378) put it in the Beilschmiedia group of the Perseeae, together with

Beilschmiedia, Endiandra, Brassiodendron C.K.Allen and Potameia Thouars.

Rohwer (1993) also compared it with the Malagasy endemic Aspidostemon

Rohwer & Richter. According to him, the massive cushion formed by the stamens and

staminodes in the flowers of Hexapora is reminiscent of the flowers of Aspidostemon .

The fruits of Aspidostemon are completely enclosed in an accrescent tube (Rohwer,

1993), and according to the Tree Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, the fruit in Hexapora

is seated on the accrescent perianth and stamens (Kochummen, 1989). However, from

my own observations on the one specimen of Hexapora with very immature fmits, it

is clear that the fruit is free and situated above the remains of the perianth and stamens.

Van der Werff (200 1 ) compared Hexapora with Brassiodendron as both have

six stamens per flower, each with two cells. However, the fruits of Brassiodendron

are free on the pedicel, with no remains of the perianth and stamens present, and its

stamens have glands, which are not present in Hexapora.

In 2008, a new genus of Lauraceae, Sinopora J.Li, N.H.Xia & H.W.Li was

described from Hong Kong. It shares several characters with Hexapora, including

some that were previously considered unique to this genus (Li et al., 2008). They

include the presence in each flower of six stamens on short filaments, giving the whole

complex a cushion-like appearance, and 2-celled anthers which open by pores. At the

base of the young fruit in Sinopora are the remains of perianth lobes, stamens and

staminodes. However, these are lost when the fruits mature and then they become very

reminiscent of Beilschmiedia fruits.

Discussion of the taxonomic position of Hexapora

Ever since the discovery of this genus people have wondered where Hexapora fits in

the classification of the Lauraceae. Its vegetative morphology is not distinctive and,

apart from the presence of small terminal buds, which are in fact very common in the

family, all of its vegetative characters are shared with almost all other genera of Asian

Lauraceae. The main features of its flowers and fruits are shown in Table 1 to allow

Notes on Hexapora

203

comparison with selected other genera in the family.

Unfortunately, only very immature fruit is known for Hexapora curtisii.

Anonymous 3158, housed at Kew, has two young fruits, one still attached to the

infmctescence and one unattached and in a packet. At the base of both fruits are the

remains of broken off free perianth lobes, stamens and staminodes. This is in contrast

to what has previously been reported (see Kochummen, 1989; Rohwer, 1993).

Most genera to which Hexapora has been compared have a distinct type of fmit. In

Beilschmiedia, Brassiodendron and Endiandra the mature fruit is on top of the pedicel

without any renmants of the perianth or stamens (Van der Werff, 2001). In addition,

in some species of Beilschmiedia, the apex of the fruit stalk can have a slight circular

restriction just below the fruit. This was observed in some of the Bornean species by

Nishida (2008: Fig 27K) and m some of the Peninsular Malaysian species by De Kok

(in press). This is also found in very young fruit stalks in Hexapora.

In the Lauraceae the numbers of stamens and staminodes in a flower are among

the main characters used to delimit genera. The androecium in this family is typically

organised in four whorls, each composed of three stamens or staminodes. Most genera

have a single diagnostic arrangement, but a small number of genera show some

variation (Van der Werff, 2001, see also Table 1). It is, therefore, no surprise that all

the genera thought to be closely related to Hexapora can have six stamens (see Table

1). In addition, the presence or absence of glands at the base of the stamens is also

an important feature in these genera. The particular organisation of the stamens of

Hexapora in a cushion-like structure is one of its most characteristic features and is

shared with only a few other genera, most notably Sinapora and maybe with some

species of Endiandra. In the latter, the glands at the base of the stamens can be greatly

enlarged and are united, forming a disc that suiTounds the androecium and gynoecium

(Van der Werff, 2001 ).

One of the other main characters used in the classification of the Lauraceae

is the number of cells per anther, and to a lesser extent the shape of the anthers and

their type of opening. As with stamen number, most genera have a constant number of

cells per anther, but variation does occur in some (Van der Werff & Richter 1 996). All

genera in Table 1 have 2-celled anthers, which are either introrse or extrorse. Whether

there is really a difference in the shape of the openings is debatable. Both in Sinopora

and Hexapora the openings are reported to be small and round, whereas in the other

genera in Table I they are more or less oval.

No molecular studies have yet been undertaken on Hexapora, although Sinopora

was included in a study of the Ciyptocarya group (Rohwer et al., 2014). This genus

was well supported as sister to a group of Central American Beilschmiedia species in

the Bayesian analysis, the ITS analysis and in the combined analysis, but received less

than 50% bootstrap support in the parsimony analysis

Sinapora and Hexapora are likely to be closely related and they may even be

congeneric. Taking these two genera together, thefr closest relatives are most likely to

be either Beilschmiedia and/or Endiandra in the Beilschmiedia clade. This conclusion

is mainly based on the possession of similar types of fruit, which is free when mature

and in which the fruit stalk has a slight circular restriction at its apex (common in

204

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Beils chmiedia) and present in at least Hexapora, not yet observed in Sinapora.

Suggestions of their close relationship are further supported by the numbers of stamens

and anther cells in these genera and their geogi*aphical distributions.

Material and Methods

The generic and specific descriptions in this study are based on observations of

herbarium specimens from BM, K and SING. In the following descriptions:

i) all measurements and colour descriptions are from mature material;

ii) all measurements and statements about the position of the veins relative

to the remainder of the leaves are taken from dried material;

iii) all collections of Hexapora seen by the author are cited;

iv) all synonyms of Hexapora are included;

v) for the provisional lUCN conservation assessment, the extent of

occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AGO) were calculated using

http://geocat.kew.org on 3 December 2015.

Taxonomic treatment

Hexapora Hook.f.

FI. Brit. India 5: 189 (1886); Kosterm., Commun. For. Res. Inst. Bogor 57: 38 (1957);

Kostenn., Bibliogr. Laurac. 540 (1964); Kochummen, Tree FI. Malaya 4: 114 (1989);

Rohwer, Fam. Gen. Vase. PL 2: 385 (1993); Van der Werff, Blumea 46: 137 (2001). -

TYPE SPECIES: Hexapora curtisii Hook.f.

Micropora Hook.f, Hooker’s Icon. PI. 16: t. 1547 (1886b), nom. superfl.; Hook.f, FI.

Brit. India 5: 862 (1890); Gamble, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. 75: 70-71 (1912); Ridl., FI.

Malay Pen. 3: 90 (1924). - TYPE SPECIES: Micropora curtisii Hook.f. (= Hexapora

curtisii Hook.f.)

Trees. Terminal buds not perulate. Leaves alternate, somewhat clustered at twig apex,

penninerved, not glaucous below. Inflorescences formed of panicles (type 3 in Van

der Werff (2001)), involucral bracts absent. Flowers trimerous, bisexual; perianth tube

not distinct; perianth lobes 6, equal, erect at anthesis, shorter than stamens. Stamens

6, in 2 whorls, without glands; filaments slightly longer than anthers; 3rd and 4th

rows of androecium consisting of thick staminodes as large as the fertile stamens,

together with the stamens forming a massive cushion in the flower; anthers 2-celled,

each cell opening by a circular apical pore. Ovary glabrous, narrowing into a short

style, stigma minute. Young fruit with persistent perianth and stamens/staminodes at

the base, mature fruit unknown.

Distribution. Only known from the Malaysian island of Penang.

Notes on Hexapora

205

Notes. In his discussion of the inflorescence of Hexapora, Van der WerfiF (2001)

says that it has a ‘type 3’ inflorescence which is paniculate and in which the lateral

flowers of the ultimate cymes are somewhat alternate rather than strictly opposite.

This can be confirmed in this study as the short central axis has cymes coming off at

irregular intervals. Most of these cymes are reduced to single flowered ones although

occasionally there are also two or three flowered ones (see Fig. 1).

Hexapora curtisii Hook.f, FI. Brit. India 5: 189 (1886); Kostemi., Bibliogr. Laurac.

540 (1964); Kochummen, Tree FI. Malaya 4:114 (1989). - Micropora curtisii Hook.f,

Hooker’s Icon. PI. 16: t. 1547 (1886), nom. superfl.; Hook.f , FI. Brit. India 5: 862

(1890); Gamble, Asiatic Soc. Bengal. 75: 70-71 (1912); Ridf, FI. Malay Pen. 3: 90

(1924). - TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, close to Chalet, December 1885, Curtis

524 (holotype K [K000778553]). (Fig. 1)

Trees 12-18 m tall, dbh up to 40 cm. Twigs slender, 1.8-2. 3 mm diameter, velutinous

to densely hairy when young, smooth; terminal buds lanceolate, 2.9^ mm long,

velutinous. Leaves alternate, elliptic, 6-13 x 3-6 cm, apex acute to rounded, base

cuneate, slightly asymmetric, margins straight to slightly recurved when dried, blades

thinly leathei^, dark green; secondaiy veins 7-9 pairs, curved towards the margins and

merging with the tertiary venation; tertiary veins reticulate; upper surface of blades

glabrous apart from a densely hairy main vein, main vein sunken at base, secondary

veins raised, tertiary venation distinct; lower surface of blades glabrous, main vein

and secondary veins raised, tertiary venation distinct. Petioles 9.5-13 mm long, half

terete, slightly swollen at base, velutinous when young, densely hairy when older.

Inflorescences 12-31 mm long, not enclosed by bracts, densely hairy; bracteoles

lanceolate, 0.5-1. 4 mm long, with acute apex, caducous. Flowers pale yellow;

perianth lobes 6, equal, orbicular, 0.75-0.9 x 0.75-0.9 mm, apex rounded, sparsely

to densely hairy, margin not ciliate. Stamens 6, in 2 rows of 3, orbicular, 1 x 0.8 mm,

apex rounded to emarginate, without glands. Ovary 1-1.2 mm diam., ovoid, glabrous;

style c. 0.5 mm long. Fruit (only immature ifuit known) globose, 3. 2-3. 4 x 2. 8-3 .2

mm, smooth, glabrous, free, with remains of perianth, stamens and staminodes present

below the base. Fruit stalk not to slightly swollen, circular restriction at apex of stalk

present.

Distribution. Endemic to Penang Island, Malaysia.

Ecology. Growing in open forest at 240-830 m altitude. Flowering from March to

December; fruiting time unknown.

lUCN Conservation Assessment. Data Deficient (DD). This species has been collected

10 times, all between 1883 and 1901, on the hills of the northern part of the island of

Penang. A fieldtrip in May 2015 failed to locate the species. The Extent of Occurrence

(EOO) suggests a status of Critically Endangered, while the Area of Occupancy (AOO)

gives an assessment of Endangered. However, this part of Penang Island still has much

Card. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Fig. 1. Original plate of Hooker (November 1 886b) of Micropora curtisii Hook/ {= Hexapora

curtisii Hook/). 1 = floral diagram; 2 = flower; 3 = apex of perianth lobes; 4= anther; 5 = ovary

with staminodes; 6 = longitudinal section of flower. Reproduced with the kind pemiission of

the Director and the Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Notes on Hexapora

207

Table 1. Morphological comparison between Hexapora and other genera of Lauraceae with

which it is usually compared.

Genus

Stamen

Anther

Stamens

Glands

Fruit

Perianth

Distribution

number

opening

short and

on sta-

persistent

thick

mens

Anaueria

Valves,

Outer

Absent

Free or

Yes

South

near

whorl

enclosed at

America

apex

short

base

Aspidostemon

3 or 6

Apical

Yes, only

Present

Completely

Yes

Madagascar

valves

the 3th

whorl

enclosed

Beilschmiedia

6 or 9

Valves

Present

Free

Pan tropical

Brassioden-

4, 5 or 6

Valves

Yes

Present

Free

Aus-

dron

tralia

to New

Guinea

Endiandra

2 or 3

Valves

Yes

Usually

present

Free

Asia

Hexapora

Pores at

Yes

Absent

Free

Yes

Peninsular

apex

Malaysia

Sinopora

Pores at

Yes

Absent

Free

Yes, when

China

apex

young

of its original forest surviving in good condition and it is well protected. Given the lack

of recent data concerning this species and its population status, it is listed here as Data

deficient, until more data becomes available.

Notes. Several specimens collected by Curtis are present at K, SING and one at BM;

most have the same number (or give no number). However, these numbers were

added later and are not collection numbers (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1950). Only one

specimen with the number 524 has the collection locality and date mentioned in the

original description, and this sheet [K000778553] is accepted here as the holotype.

Additional specimens examined, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Penang: ‘Perak, Lanit’,

[Penang]: Nov 1883, King’s Collector 5215 (K [4 sheets]); ‘Perak’ [Penang in hand written

notes on label], Cantleys Collector s.n. (SING [2 sheets]); s.d., Anonymous 3158 (K); Jul 1 890,

Curtis s.n. (BM); 1885, Curtis 524 (K [2 sheets]); West Hill, Sep 1887, Curtis 1214 (K); ibidem,

Sep 1887, Cantley’s Collector 1214 (SING); Government Hill, Mar 1890, Cunis 1214 (SING

[2 sheets]); ibidem, Oct 1892, Curtis 524 (SING [3 sheets]); ibidem, 1901, Curtis 524 (K).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The author is grateful to the curators of BM, K, KEP and SING

herbaria for access to the specimens used in the present study. I am very grateful to Helen

Hopkins for checking my English; to Julia Buckley for helping with the Hooker plate; the

Forest Research Institute Malaysia for providing a one month Visiting Research Fellowship as

part of the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project which enabled me to study the material at KEP

208

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

and to visit the old collection sites on Penang Island; Chew Ming Yee from PRIM for all her

help in the field in Penang in 2015 and for her keen plant- spotting skills; and Singapore Botanic

Gardens for providing a one-month Research Fellowship in 2015 and a further three-month

grant in 2016 which enabled me to study their material at SING.

References

Boerlage, J.G. (1900). Handleiding tot de Kermis der Flora Nederlansch Indie vol. 3. Leiden:

Brill.

De Kok, R.P.J. (in press). A revision of Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) of Peninsular Malaysia.

Blurnea.

Durand, T. (1888). Index Generwn Phaneroganiorum. Bruxellis: Sumptibus Auctoris.

Gamble, J.S. (1912). Materials for a Flora of The Malayan Peninsula no. 22. J. Asiatic Soc.

Bengal 75: 1-204.

Hooker, J.D. (1886a). Laurineae. In: Hooker, J.D. (ed) The Flora of British India 5: 116-188.

London: L. Reeve & Co.

Hooker, J.D. (1886b). Micropora curtisii Hook.f. Hooker s Icon. PI. 16: t. 1547.

Kochummen, K.M. (1989). Lauraceae. In: Ng, F.S.P. (ed) Tree Flora of Malaya 4: 98-178.

Malaysia. Longman.

Kostermans, A. J.G.H. (1957). Lauraceae. Cotnmun. Forest Res. Inst. BogorSl: 1-64.

Li, J., Xia, N.H. & Li, X.W. (2008). Sinopora, a new genus of Lauraceae from South China.

Novon 18: 199-201.

Nishida, S. (2008). Taxonomic revision of Beilschtniedia (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blurnea 53:

345-383.

Pax, F.A. (1 889). Lauraceae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds) Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien

nebst ilmen Gattungen urid Mnchtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter

Mitwirkung zahlr-eicher her'\wragender Fachgelehrten begriindet von A. Engler und K.

Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler. 3(2): 106-126.

Ridley, H.N. (1893). On the flora of the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula. Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, Bot. 2nd ser. 3: 267^08.

Ridley, H.N. (1924). The flora of the Malay Peninsula vol. 3. London: L. Reeve & Co.

Rohwer, J.G. (1993). Lauraceae. In: Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (ed) The Families

and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 2. Pp 366-391. Berlin: Springer- Verlag.

Rohwer, J.G., De Moraes, P.L.R., Rudolph, B. & Van der Werff, H. (2014). A phylogenetic

analysis of the Ciyptocarya group (Lauraceae), and relationships of Dahlgrenodendron,

Sinopora, Triadodaphne, and Yasunia. Phytotaxa 158: 111-132.

Uphof, J.C.T. (1910). Die Pfanzengattungen. Leipzig:Weigel.

Van der Werff, H. & Richter, H.G. (1996). Toward an improved classification of Lauraceae.

Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 409^18.

Van der Werff, H. (2001 ). An annotated key to the genera of Lauraceae in the Flora Malesiana

Region. Blurnea 46: 125-140.

Van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. (1950). Malaysian plant collectors and collections: Being a

cyclopaedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia and a guide to the concerned literature

up to the year 1950. Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 1: 5-605. Djakarta. Noordhoff-IColff

Von Dalla Torre, K.W. & Harms, H.A.T. (1901). Micropora. Genera Siphonogamarum ad

systema Englerianum conscripta. P. 178. Lipsiae: Engelmann.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 209-214. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000168

209

Hanguana fraseriana (Hanguanaceae), a new species

from Peninsular Malaysia

J. Leong-Skomickova^ & R. Kiew^

^Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,

1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore

jana_skomickova@nparks.gov.sg

^Forest Research institute Malaysia

Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia

ruth@frim.gov.my

ABSTRACT. Hanguana fraseriana, a new species from Peninsular Malaysia, is described and

illustrated here.

Keywords. Fraser’s Hill, Hanguana exultans, H. stenopoda, H triangulata, Pahang

Introduction

Field-based research on Hanguana Blunie in recent years has led to the realisation that

a genus that was thought to be monospecific is actually very diverse, with an estimate

of at least 50 species in SE Asia (Leong-Skomickova & Boyce, 2015). Based on the

study of herbarium material in several herbaria, we estimate that more than 20 species

will be recognised in Peninsular Malaysia. Indeed, several new species have been

described recently from Peninsular Malaysia (Siti Nurfazilah et ah, 2010, 2011) and

Singapore (Niissalo et ah, 2014; Leong-Skomickova & Boyce, 2015). As previously

mentioned (Leong-Skomickova & Boyce, 20 1 5), the best characters for reliable species

delimitation and descriptions of new species are from living material of mature fmiting

female specimens. Species recognition is possible, but more difficult, from herbarium

material if there are mature fruit but becomes much more difficult or impossible if the

herbarium material only has flowers (male or female) and no mature fmit.

Here we describe a new species from Fraser’s Hill, Peninsular Malaysia. This

species was previously listed in the Seed Plant Flora of Fraser s Hill (Kiew, 1998)

as Hanguana malayana, following the then-accepted monospecific treatment of the

genus by Backer (1951). Examination of 857 herbarium sheets of Hanguana in E, K,

KEP, L, P and SING (Thiers, continuously updated) revealed only a single previous

record of this species from Fraser’s Hill, collected by E.J.H. Comer in 1937, although

without exact locality.

An introduction to the genus was given in a recent work by Leong-Skomickova

& Boyce (20 1 5) and is, therefore, not repeated here. The description follows the fomiat

outlined in Leong-Skomickova & Boyce (2015). An introduction to the vegetation of

Fraser’s Hill has been given by Kiew (1998).

210

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Hanguana fraseriana Skomick. & Kiew, sp. nov.

Similar to Hanguana triangulata Skomick. & Boyce, but differs in less prominently

cormgated leaves, overall longer infmctescence branches (median branches of lower

partial infnictescences 16-21 cm versus 6-8 cm in H. triangulata), by stigma shape

(stigma lobes ovate, connate at base with round apices fonning a trefoil shape versus

stigma lobes trull ate, connate at base with sharply acute apices fonuing a sharply

equilateral triangular stmcture in H. triangulata) and the seed appendage (broadly

triangular appendage versus a blunt appendage composed of two sub-lobes in H.

triangulata). - TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill, along Bishop

Trail, c. 1200 m asl, 11 September 2014, R. Kiew & J. Leo«g-Skomickova FRI89123

(holotype KEP (mounted on 5 sheets and inclusive of fruit in spirit); isotypes K, SING

(both also mounted on 5 sheets and inclusive of fmit in spirit)). (Fig. 1, 2)

Herbaceous, dioecious mesophyte to c. 1.4 m tall; stem terete, to 3 cm in diam., basally

semi-ascending, with age becoming leafless and ‘woody’ (up to 40 cm in length),

terminally ascending with crown of up to 25 leaves; stolons absent. Leaves to 145

cm long, spreading and arching; bases imbricate, margins hyaline (young leaves),

turning erose-marcescent with age; pseudopetiole 40-55 cm long, 8-10 mm wide,

accounting for 1/3-1 /2 of entire leaf length, canaliculate with sharp margins, sparsely

softly flocculose; leaf blade 60-90 x 12-15.4 cm, narrowly elliptic, base attenuate,

tip long naiTowly attenuate, leathery, adaxially dark green, shiny, glabrous, abaxially

matte mid-green, covered with silky flocculose hair (visible in young leaves, falling

off with age); midrib weakly impressed, almost of same colour as rest of lamina,

glabrous adaxially, round-raised, mid green, sparsely flocculose abaxially. Female and

male inflorescences not obseiwed, although, based on obseiwations of infmctescence

architecture, almost certainly erect at anthesis. Female flowers scattered, always

solitary, sessile, each with an associated minute bracteole; perianth composed of

6 tepals in two whorls tightly clasping ovary/fmit in fresh material, all tepals with

prominent bulbous thickening at base (more prominent in outer whorl), light green,

margin 0.4-0. 5 mm wide, hyaline translucent white; outer tepals broadly ovate, c.

2 mm long, 3.5-4 mm broad, free to base, sparsely araclinoid; inner tepals broadly

ovate, c. 3.5 mm long, c. 4.5 mm broad, free to base, almost glabrous (occasionally

sparsely arachnoid); staminodes 6, in two whorls, cream-white, triangular to narrowly

triangular, outer staminodes minute, triangular, c. 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm broad at base,

inner staminodes larger, c. 1 ,5 rmn long, 0,7 mm at base, each with basal staminodial

scale, c. 0.6 mm long, and c. 1 mm broad, irregularly rectangular with blunt comers,

brown with translucent margin. Stigma 3-lobed, each lobe c. 1-1 .2 mm long (fmiting

material), lobes ovate with round apices, basally connate (rarely imperfectly so)

forming trefoil-like structure (c. 2 mm in diam. in fruiting material), raised, matte

dark brown in late fruiting stage. Infructescence erect, comprising of up to 8 partial,

whorled, altemate-secund, thyrsoid infmctescences plus a terminal spike; partial

infmctescences spreading, almost perpendicular to rachis (very weakly ascending);

peduncle and rachis together up to 110 cm tall, mid-green when fresh, conspicuously

grey-flocculose, visible portion of peduncle up to c. 40 cm long; sterile bracts two per

Hanguana fraseriana, a new species from Peninsular Malaysia

211

Fig. 1. Hanguana fraseriana Skomick. & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Close-up of an infructescence.

From type FRI89123. (Photos: J. Leong-Skornickova)

212

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

peduncle, foliaceoiis, ovate with a basal claw, persistent, lower bract 70 (incl. claw) x

13.2 (at widest) cm, upper bract 43 (incl. claw) x 10.3 cm; bract subtending the lowest

partial infructescence similar to sterile bracts 27 x 6 cm, bracts at upper infructescences

diminishing in size distally along the infructescence into small narrowly triangular

bracts, and fully reduced in uppennost partial infructescences; partial infructescences

each comprising of up to 10 branches at basal levels (less towards the apex of the

inflorescence); branches simple (with no further branching), arising simultaneously

from the axil of the subtending bract, lateral branches progressively shorter in length

(outemiost lateral branches 2/3-1 /2 of the median branch); median branch 16-21

cm long (in lower infructescences), c. 3 mm in diam. Fruit cream to pale yellow

externally (almost ripe), pulp 1-2 mm thick, hard, cream- white, globose or almost

so (depending on number of seeds ripening), 7-10 mm diam., ripening from bright

green to cream to pale yellow; seeds one to three per fruit (almost ripe), c. 6 x 5 mm,

pale brown (expected to darken when fully ripe), broadly boat-shaped to bowl-shaped,

deeply excavated, with a broadly triangular appendage with more or less blunt apex

positioned on the distal part of the rim, cavity filled with placental tissue.

Eponymy. Named for James Louis Fraser, who in the 1890s lived and died at the place,

Fraser’s Hill, that later took his name.

Distribution and Ecology. So far known only from the Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Peninsular

Malaysia. This species grows on steep slopes in the undergrowth of broadleaved lower

montane forest, at c. 1200 m altitude.

Preliminary lUCN conservation assessment. This species is so far known only from

the Fraser’s Hill in certain parts of Bishop and Maxwell’s trails, where the total

number of the adult individuals does not exceed 30. It is likely that this species is also

distributed in the surrounding hills, but until better evidence surfaces, we propose, in

lines with lUCN recommendations (lUCN, 2012), to treat Hanguana fraseriana as

Data Deficient.

Additional specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, 12 Aug

1937, Corner, E.J.H. s.n. (SING).

Notes. So far seven species of Hanguana have been described from Peninsular

Malaysia. Of these only two lowland species, Hanguana exultans Siti Nurfazilah et

al. and H. stenopoda Siti Nurfazilah et al., have fruits creamy white at maturity and

therefore could potentially be mistaken for this species. Hanguana exultans can be

distinguished by the partial infructescences with fewer and much shorter branches (up

to 7 branches per partial infructescence, with median branches c. 9 cm long), which

are sharply ascending in the fruiting stage, and a stigma comprised of tliree free lobes.

Hanguana stenopoda, although with similar stigma sti'ucture, has a dark brown-red

peduncle and rachis in the fresh state, fewer and shorter branches (up to 4 branches per

partial infructescence, with median branches c. 5-7 cm long) and female flowers are

mainly arranged in groups of two or three.

Hanguana fraseriana, a new species from Peninsular Malaysia

213

Fig. 2. Hanguana fraseriana Skornick. & Kiew. A. Close up of leaf indumentum (abaxial side).

B. Detail of fruits. C. Detail of rachis with a dense floeeulose indumentum. D. Side view of

a fruit, showing tepals and obliquely positioned stigma. E. Cross-section of a fruit with three

seeds. F. Detail of inner tepals, staminodes and staminodial scales. G. Young seed (lateral

view; scale in mm). H. Young seed (front view; scale in mm). From type FRI89123. (Photos:

J. Leong-Skomickova)

214

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thanlc the curators of KEP and SING for allowing us to

examine the specimens in their care. The herbaria E, K, L and P are thanked for their extensive

on-line resources, which allowed us to review Hanguana sheets online. The research of JL-S

is supported by the National Parks Board Singapore, the research of RK is pan of the Flora

of Peninsular Malaysia project (no. 01-04-01-0000 Khas) funded by the Ministry of Science,

Technology and Innovation. We thank the Fraser’s Hill Development Board for permission to

carry out research at Fraser’s Hill.

References

Backer, C.A. (1951). Hanguana. In: Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed) Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4(3):

248-250.

lUCN (2012). lUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland,

Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: lUCN.

Kiew, R. (1998). The Seed Plant Flora of Fraser s Hill, Peninsular Malaysia, With Special

Reference to Its Conservation Status. Kuala Lumpur: Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Leong-Skomickova, J. & Boyce, PC. (201 5). Hanguana in Singapore demystified: an overview

with descriptions of three new species and a new record. Card. Bull. Singapore 67(1):

1-28.

Niissalo, M., Wijedasa, L., Boyce, PC. & Leong-Skornickova, J. (2014). Hanguana neglecta

(Hanguanaceae): a new plant species from a heavily collected and visited reserve in

Singapore. P/?y/otoA'<7 188(1): 14-20.

Siti Nurfazilah, A.R., Mohd Fahmi, A.B., Ahmad Sofiman, O. & Boyce, PC. (2010). Studies on

Hanguana (Comnielinales-Hanguanaceae) for Sunda II: Five new forest species, a new

species record from Peninsular Malaysia, and a redefinition of the taxonomic limits of

Hanguana nialayana. Willdenowia 40: 205-219.

Siti Nurfazilah, A.R., Ahmad Sofiman, O. & Boyce, PC. (2011). Studies on Hanguana

(Commelinales-Hanguanaceae) for Sunda I: Hanguana bakoensis, a new forest species

from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and notes on critical morphologies for elucidating

Hanguana taxonomy. Acta Phy to tax. Geobot. 61(3): 139-143.

Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria

and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.

nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed on 12 Jun. 2016).

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 215-223. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S238258121600017X

215

Nomenclatural updates and new records in Peninsular

Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae

T.L. Yao

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109,

Selangor, Malaysia

yaotzeleong.lTim@l govuc.gov.my

ABSTRACT. Four nomenclatural updates, viz. Ternstroemia coriacea, T. palembangensis, T.

penangiana and T. wallichicma, and two new records T. patens and Eurya glabra in Peninsular

Malaysia are presented.

Keywords. Ewya, lectotypification, Ternstroemia

Introduction

In Peninsular Malaysia, Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons, is represented hy Anneslea

Wall., Jack, Eurya l\mvA5.,Pentaphylax Gardner & Champ, and Ternstroemia

Mutis ex L.f. These genera were previously variously included in Temstroemiaceae

(Ridley, 1922), Theaceae (Keng, 1978; Corner, 1997) and Pentaphylacaceae sensu

stricto (Van Steenis, 1955; Whitmore, 1973; Yao, 2010). Phylogenetic research by

Anderberg et al. (2002) suggested re-circumscription of these families. Weitzman et

al. (2004) adopted an expanded Temstroemiaceae concept, which included three tribes

(genera that occur in Peninsular Malaysia are listed in parentheses): (i) Pentaphylaceae

P.F.Stevens & A.L.Weitzman {Pentaphylax), (ii) Temstroemieae DC. {Anneslea and

Ternstroemia) and (iii) Freziereae DC. {Adinandra and Etitya). This circumscription

is now widely accepted and referred to as Pentaphylacaceae (Stevens, 2001 onwards;

Culham, 2007; Mabberley, 2008).

A taxonomic revision of Pentaphylacaceae for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia

is in progress. In this precursory paper, confusion over the application of names for

plants that occur both within and outside Peninsular Malaysia is addressed. Images of

type specimens are more accessible now than ever before and their study has enabled

the recognition and clarification of four misapplied names in previous Floras (Dyer,

1874; King, 1890; Ridley, 1922; Keng, 1978). These are discussed below under No-

menclatural Updates. In addition, as additional herbarium materials became available,

especially from previously under-collected areas, two new records for Peninsular Ma-

laysia, one each fi*om Eury^a and Ternstroemia, were discovered. These are discussed

below under New Records. The distribution of these taxa is based on specimens and

literature. The key characters of all taxa treated below are provided. A selection of

Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore specimens deposited in BO,

K, KEP, KLU, L, SING and UKMB (Thiers, continuously updated) are listed.

216

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Nomenclatural updates

1. Ternstroemia penangiana Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 14: 108 (1855); Dyer

in Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 1: 281 (1874), pro parte; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59(2):

193 (1890), pro parte. - Fagraea dubia Wall., Numer. List 4456 (1 830), nom. nud. -

TYPE: Malaysia, Penang, 1822, Wallich 4456 (lectotype G [G00354922], designated

here; isolectotypes G [G00354944] pro parte, K [K000674013]).

Garcinia acuminata Wall., Numer. List 4871 A (1830), nom. nud. (fide Hooker J. Linn.

Soc. 14: 486).

Ternstroemia bancana Miq., FI. Ind. Bat. SuppL: All (1861); Ridley, FI. Malay Pen. 1:

197 (1922); Keng, Tr. FI. Malaya 3: 293 (1978). - Adinandra miquelii King, J. Asiat.

Soc. Bengal 59(2): 192 (1890), nom. illeg. - TYPE: Indonesia, Bangka, Plangas,

Teijsmann 3165 (lectotype U [U1742026], designated here; isolectotype BO [BO-

1607547]), synon. nov.

Distribution. Malaysia (Perak, Selangor, Melaka (Tanjung Tuan [Cape Rachado]),

Pahang, Johor); Singapore; Sumatra (Bangka-Belitung) and Borneo.

Ecology. From lowlands to c. 600 m elevation, by seashore on clay, high heath forest,

low undulating country over sandy soil, damp sandy plateau (Gunung Panti, Johor)

and may survive burnt secondary forest. Locally common to frequent.

Selected specimens. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Perak: Manjung, Bruas, Jun 1900, Curtis

3442 (SING0073934); ibidem, Mar 1896, Ridley 7970 (SING0073940); Lumut, Feb 1896,

Ridley s.n. (SING0074044); Simpit, 1899, Ridley 10256 (SING0074054); Pasir Panjang,

12 Apr 1937, Symington FMS43580 (KEP2 19633); Tanjung Hantu, 13 Mar 1940, London

FMS34818 (KEP111785); ibidem, 18 Oct 1957, Wyatt-Smith KEP78571 (KEP111771,

SING0073923); Segari Melintang F.R., 22 Jun 1964, Kochummen KEP99920 (KEP111791,

SING0073933). Selangor: Hulu Selangor, Batang Kali F.R., 16 Apr 1940, Symington

FMS50878 (KEPI 11 787); Gading F.R., 20 Jul 1969, Loh FR113391 (KEPI 11 767). Melaka:

Alor Gajah, Cape Rachado F.R., 29 Jan 1967, Ng FRI1890 (KEP111789, SING0074109),

FR11891 (KEPI 1 1780, SING0074095). Pahang: Pontian, Ulu Pontian, 7 Jun 1929, Mahamud

14967 (SING0074041); Rompin, Menchali F.R., 10 Feb 1983, Ng FRI27393 (KEP91613);

ibidem, 2 Sep 1966, Rahim KEP98922 (KEPI 11 773, S1NG0073927); ibidem, 3 May 1982,

Vethevelu FRI29662 (ICEP219634, SING0073932); ibidem, 19 Apr 1959, Wy^att-Smith

KEP79180 (KEP111790, SING0073943); Ulu Sg. Anak Endau, 5 Apr 1968, Cockburn

FR18140 (KEP111757, SING0074114); Rompin River, Leban Chondong, Jul 1917, Evans

13243 (SING0073921, SING0073931). Johor: Johor Bahru, G. Pulai, Dec 1904, Ridley 12181

(SING0073929); Gn. Panti, 2 Mar 1968, Cockburn FR17759 (KEPI 11 772, SrNG0074099);

ibidem, 13 Oct 1935, Corner SFN2997 3 (KEPI 11755, SING0073926); ibidem, Dec 1892,

Ridley s.n. (SING0073928); Gn. Panti West, 22 Jan 1970, Everett FRI13824 (KEPI 11784,

SING0074541); ibidem, 25 Jun 1967, Heaslett 6 (S1NG0073925); Kota Tinggi, 5 Sep 1965,

Ng KEP118191 (KEP111786, SrNG0073920); Telok Balau, 4 Sep 1965, Ng KEP118175

(KEP219636); Ulu Sebol F.R., 7 Feb 1980, Mat Asri FR125588 (KEP111788); Mersing,

Peninsular Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae updates

217

Endau, Kpg. Hubong, 22 Jul 1959, Kadim & Molid Noor KN424 (S1NG0073937); Gn. Janing,

23 Oct 1985, W^o/zgF/?/50975 (KEP2 1 9635); LenggorF.R., 28 Aug 1997, Teo & Tetu KL4736

(KEP111793); Piilai, 25 Apr 1922, MohdNur & Kiah 7812 (SING0073930); Segamat, Kuala

Palong F.R., 31 May 1970, Everett FRI 142 59 (KEPI 11 758, S1NG0074104); Segamat W.L.R.,

2 Jun 1970, Lo/zFR/77/32 (KEPI 11770, S1NG0074100, S1NG00741 11); TanahRunto, 14Feb

1890, Goodenough 7959 (SING0073924).

SINGAPORE: s.L, Cantley’ 464 (SING0026364); Bkt. Timah, 19 Jan 1938, Kiah SEN

34666 (SING0026354); ibidem, 1893, Ridley’ 5096 (S1NG0026360); ibidem, 1894, Ridley

6554 (SING0026363); Changi, 1889, Ridley 2028 (SING0026359); Seletar, 16 Oct 1890,

Goodenough 180 (SING0026367); ibidem, Ridley 1802 (BM); ibidem, 1890, Ridley 1948

(SING0026362); Sg. Murai, 1892, Ridley 3986 (SING0026355), s.n. (SING0026356), 1893,

s.n, (SING0026357).

Notes. This species was better known as Ternstroemia bancana in the Malay Peninsula

but is conspecific with the earlier T. penangiana. This name, however, was also

mistakenly widely applied for Ternstroemia coriacea (see below). Ternstroemia

penangiana is easily recognised by the greyish white, angular young twigs, smooth,

thick leathery lamina (9.5-16 x 4.3-7.5 cm) that usually dries reddish grey-brown,

ellipsoid fruits on stout pedicel (to 1 .8 cm long, 3 mm thick), and a smooth to irregularly

ribbed calyx cup clasping the fruit base.

There are two duplicates of Wallich 4456 deposited in Geneva. G003 54922

consists of twigs, leaves, flowers, fruit fragments and has Choisy’s handwriting on the

sheet. This specimen is designated here as the lectotype. G003 54944 is probably a

mixed collection with Ternstroemia penangiana leaves and twigs and a detached fruit

with an atypical warty and thickened calyx cup. Ternstroemia penangiana as treated by

Dyer (1874) and King (1890) consists of two entities, namely the type, Wallich 4456,

and material of Eiythrochiton wallichianum Griff, (see below), which was described

from Bunua. Erythrochiton wallichianum Griff, is also known under the combination

Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engler. King (1890) rightly pointed out these two

might not be conspecific. Dyer (1874) and King (1890) mentioned Java as part of the

distribution. I couldn’t find any Javanese specimens belonging to this species and the

true identity of Javanese specimens determined as Ternstroemia penangiana needs

further study.

Miquel (1861) gave Plangas as the type locality of Ternstroemia bancana and

Teijsmann 3165 is the only collection which would have been available to Miquel

from the locality mentioned. The specimen in Utrecht is hence selected as lectotype.

2. Ternstroemia coriacea Scheff, Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 3 1 : 352 (1870); King, J. Asiat.

Soc. Bengal 59(2): 194 (1890). - TYPE: Indonesia, Bangka, Batoe-Balai, Teysmann

s.n. (holotype BO [BO- 16009 15]).

Ternstroemia penangiana auct. non Choisy: Ridley, FI. Malay Pen. 1: 197 (1922), pro

parte; Keng, Tr. FI. Malaya 3: 295 (1978), pro parte.

218

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Distribution. Sumatra (Aceh, Riau, Bangka-Belitung); Peninsular Malaysia (Penang,

Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Kelantan, Pahang, Johor) and Singapore.

Ecology. Primary and regenerated forest in lowlands to hills up to c. 600 m elevation.

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Penang: Government Hill, Nov 1890, Curtis

1055 (StNG0074034); West Hill, Oct 1886, Cuiiis 1055 (S1NG0074051); ibidem, Apr. 1890,

Curtis 1 055 B (SING0074045). Perak: s.l. Aug 1 885, A7/7g i collector 8113 (L2405899); Batang

Padang, Bkt. Tapah F.R., 3 Apr 1971, Loh FR117373 (KEPI 908, S1NG0074037); Tapa[h],

Wray 1431 (SING0074042, SING0074048, SING0074055); Kuala Kangsar, Piah F.R., 16 Jul

1967, Kochummen FR12470 (KEPI 906, S1NG0074035, SING0074038). Selangor: Gombak,

Bkt. Lagong F.R., 4 Feb 1962, Mohzcm KEP94727 (KEP1904, SING0073922); Hulu Langat,

Genting Temok, 16 Jan 1960, Gadoh KL1947 (KEP1902). Negeri Sembilan: Port Dickson,

Sg. Menyala F.R., 13 Nov 1953, Sinclair SFN40153 (SING0074056, L2405897); ibidem, 9

Jul 1947, Wyatt-Smith KEP64499 (KEPI 907). Melaka: s.l., Ridley s.n. (SING0074040); Sg.

Udang, Oct 1893, Goodenough 1492 (SING0074050). Kelantan: Tamangan, Kpg. Gobek,

Kerilla Estates, 1 Mar 1959, Mohd Shah MS485 (SING0074036), MS543 (S1NG0074039).

Pahang: Raub, 30 Oct 1929, Strugnell 20335 (SING0074049); Rompin, Lesong F.R., 29 Jun

1972, Chan FRI169I2 (KEP1598, SING0074573); ibidem, 4 May 1956, Lindong KEP83469

(KEPI 909). Johor: Johor Bahru, Gn. Pulai, 12 Mai' 1970, Burgess FR19936 (KEP90086);

Kluang, Kluang F.R., 21 Oct 1969, Kochummen FR12853 (KEPI 905); ibidem, 10 May

1968, Whitmore FRI8707 (KEP1599, SING74107); Mersing, Mersing-Endau road, 15 Sep

1969, Kochummen FRI2803 (SING0166137); Mersing F.R., 22 Oct 1997, Perromat KL4744

(KEPI 910).

SINGAPORE: MacRitchie Reservoir, 12 Nov 1951, Sinclair SFN3942 (SING0026358);

Mandai Road, 22 Apr 1941, Collector unknown SFN37271 (SnyG0017178, L2405898).

Notes. The true identity of many Malayan Temstroemia coriacea speeimens has been

masked under the misapplied name T. penangiana auct. non Choisy since the 1920’s.

This species is characterised by dark brown terete twigs, stout petioles (15-25 mm

long, 3-4 mm thick), smooth, leathery oblanceolate lamina (12.5-19 x 4.8-8.4 cm)

that dries dark brown, ellipsoid or globose fruit on a slender pedicel (3.5-6 cm long, 2

mm thick), and a smooth calyx cup with flared lobes.

Only one specimen, BO- 16009 15 (BO), has been located with the locality

information of ‘Bangka, Batoe-Balai’ and the vernacular name ‘Prapat-darat =

Me’ikoh’ exactly as in the Scheffer (1870) protologue, and is, therefore, interpreted

here as the holotype. Other Teysmann collections from the type locality are deposited

in BO (BO-1600916), L (L2405910, L2405911) and U (U1742028).

3. Temstroemia palembangensis Kobuski, J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 427 (1963). -

TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Palembang, Ond. Afd. Banjoeasin en Koeboestreken

bij Bajoenglintjir, L.J.W Dorst 69T-1P-125 (holotype BO [BO-135020]; isotypes A

[A00025066] (fragm.), BO [BO-135018, BO-1 35019], L [L0012421]).

Peninsular Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae updates

219

Ternstroemia corneri H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 29: 143 (1977); Keng, Tr. FI. Malaya

3: 293 (1978); Kochumen, Tr. FI. Pasoh For.: 426 (1997). - TYPE: Malaysia, Johor,

Sungai Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, low altitude, in swampy forest, 6 Feb 1 935,

EJ.H. Corner SFN28740 (holotype SING [SING0055550], isotypes A, B, BM, K

[K000674016], KEP [KEP116328], L [2400447]), synon. nov.

Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Johor);

Singapore and Sumatra (South Sumatra).

Ecology^ Lowland fresh water swamp forests or edge of streams, locally common;

rarely in the valleys of hill forests.

Selected specimens. PENINSLILAR MALAYSIA: Perak: Hilir Perak, Changkat Jong, 17

Feb 1976, Sidek SK466 (KEP219637, S1NG0073945); Sg. Hidup, 17 Feb 1975, Mohd Shah

cfe Shukor MS3462 (KEP 1 16320, S1NG0073944). Selangor: Gombak, Bkt. Lagong F.R., 16

May 1947, yJ// et al. 52239 (KEP 1903). Negeri Sembilan: Jelebu, Pasoh F.R., 11 Aug 1988,

LaFrankie 3217 (KEPI 031 17). Johor: Kota Tinggi, Mawai, 13 Apr 1936, Corner SFN30S88

(SING0073949, L2400484); ibidem, 13 Jan 1938, Ngadiman SFN34736 (BO, SING0073946,

L2400445, L2400446); Mawai-Jemaluang Rd., Sg. Kayu, 6 Feb 1937, Corner SFN32245

(KEP116327, SING0073947, L2400483); Sg. Gambut, 23 Jul 1939, Corner SFN368I5

(KEPI 11 742, S1NG0073950, L2400485); Sg. Sedili, Danau, 27 Mar 1932, Corner s.n.

(SING0073948); Sg. Kayu, 23 Oct 1936, Kiah SFN32158 (SING0073951, L2400482); 25 Jul

2006, Mersing, Lenggor F.R., Teo & Din KL5278 (KEP126426).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Forest, 6 Jan 2009, Gwee et al. SING2009-30 (SING0116942); Nee

Soon Freshwater Swamp Forest, 1 8 Apr 2005, Samsuri et al. SING2005-121 (SING0061029);

Upper Seletar Forest, 25 Aug 2011, Gwee SING2011-331 (SINGO 166745).

Notes. Malayan specimens of this taxon were placed in Ternstroemia corneri which

was regarded as a species endemic to the Malay Peninsula. However, in the diagnostic

characters of vegetative bracts on young twigs and scale-like scars on older twigs, the

large oblanceolate leaves ( 19-)23. 5-36.5 cm long, and at least 12 pairs of clearly visible

lateral veins on lower leaf surface, all specimens detennined as Ternstroemia corneri

match with the type material of T. palembangensis and other Sumatran material.

4. Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engl, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.

Nachtr. 1: 246 (1897); Keng, Tr. FI. Malaya 3: 295 (1978). - Erythrochiton

wallichianum Griff., Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 282 (1846), Notul. PI. Asiat. 4: 565 (1854). -

TYPE. Myanmar, Mergui, Madamacan Island, Dec 1834, W. Griffith 866 [number tag

is upside down on the holotype sheet, seemingly ‘998’] (lectotype K [K000674012],

designated here; isolectotype K [K00067401 1]).

Ternstroemia penangiana auct. non Choisy: Dyer in Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 1: 281

(1874), pro parte; Ridley, FI. Malay Pen. 1: 197 (1922), pro parte. - Ternstroemia

wallichiana Ridl., FI. Malay Pen. 1: 198 (1922).

220

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Distribution. India (Andaman and Nicobai* Islands (Prasad et al., 2009)); Myanmar

(Myeik (Mergui)); Central Thailand (Nakhon Nayok), Peninsular Thailand (Phangnga,

Naklion Si Thammarat, Satun (Ko Tarutaii), Songklila); Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis,

Kedah (inch P. Langkawi), Penang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu (incl. R Redang),

Pahang (inch P. Tioman), Johor (inch P. Tinggi)); Singapore and East Nusa Tenggara

(Flores, Kostermans 22126, 22127 (BO)).

Ecology. Exposed areas such as the seashore, riversides and secondary forests.

Selected specimens. CENTRAL THAILAND: Nakhon Nayok: Muang, Khao Yai National

Park, Mo Singto, 29 Mar 2002, Tanthana & Boonkongchart 39 (L2400316). PENINSULAR

THAILAND: [Lower Siam] 1 7 Mar 1919, Hamid 3866 (SING74059). Nakhon Si Thammarat:

s.l, 15 Sep 1960, Sangkachand 694 (L2400319). Phangnga: Ton Bariwat W.S., 11 Dec 2004,

Gardner et al. ST1243 (KEP204682). Satun: Tarutao N.P., 31 Mar 2006, Gardner ST2530

(KEP225500).Songkhla: Khao Nam KhangN.P., 27 Jan 2006, G<r/rt/;2er57’225(5(KEPl72002).

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Perlis: Titi Tinggi, Rimba Mas Mas F.R., 5 Jun 1941,

Symington 57049 (KEPI 91 849). Kedah: Kota Setar, Tampoi F.R., 14 Jul 1947, Wyatt-

Smith 64266 (KEP191847); Kubang Pasu, Sg. Badak F.R., 27 Apr 2006, Teo & Din KL5235

(KEPI 25591); Langkawi, G. Raya FR, G. Raya, Lubuk Sembilang, 16 Mar 1990, Kamarudin

FR131365 (SING0074118); P. Dayang Bunting, 12 May 1983, Collector iinlmown FR122907

(KEP91617); ibidem, 15 Sep 1983, Collector unknown FRI22918 (KEP91618); Near Telaga

Tujuh, 24 Feb 1983, Kochummen FRI26087 (KEP9 1616, SING0074086); Telok Datai, 2 1 Nov

1921 , Mohd Haniff& Mohd Niir 7514 (SING0074058); Sik, Ulu Muda F.R., 1 6 Jan 1 969, Bray

FR111523 (KEP1901, SING0074115). Penang: Penang Hill, Ridley 9351 (SING0074067);

ibidem, 15 May 1934, Henderson SFN21301 (KEP191846, SING0074062); ibidem, 20

Apr 1938, Kiah SFN35324 (KLP1600, S1NG0074057); Government Hill F.R., 8 May 1926,

Hashim FMS11665 (KEPI 91 852); Govennent Hill, Jun 1890, Curtis 905 (SING0074089);

ibidem, Apr 1897, Curtis 3283 (SING0074061); ibidem, 11 May 1926, Mohd Has hi 11670

(SING0074047); Waterfall Gardens, 27 Mar 1915, Burkill 802 (S1NG0074088), ibidem, Apr

1940, Nauen s.n. (SING0074074); West Hill road, Jun 1886, Curtis 905 (SING74043), Apr

1890, Curtis 905 (S1NG0074046), 905 B (S1NG0074052). Perak: Hulu Perak, Temengor

F.R., Sg. Bekek Trail, 20 Feb 1994, Chua et al. FRI40530 (KEP191843). Kelantan: Kuala

Krai, Stong F.R., 24 Mar 2007, Lim et al. FRI52931 (KEP142688, STNG0109964, L4212024);

Machang, Bkt. Baka F.R., 23 Oct 2008, Teo & Din KL5606 (KEP 163734). Terengganu: s.l., 22

Aug 1889, Ridley’ s.n. (SING0074066); Dungun, Rantau Abang Nursery, 28 May 1986, [Teo &

Perromal] T&P 1023 (SING0074068); Kuala Terengganu, P. Pinang, 3 Aug 1998, Khairuddin

FR135403 (KEP224227, SlNGOl 66136); P. Redang, Pasir Mak Simpan, 11 May 1977, Liew

232 (SING0074614); Kingal [Kijal?], 8 Mar 1973, Ahmad ASH 2 (SING0074064). Pahang:

Jerantut, Kuala Tahan, 10 May 1890, Ridley’ 1425 (SING0074065); Kuantan, BalokF.R., Kpg.

Balok, 28 Mar 1919, Yeop FMS3146 (KEP191851, SING0074090); Bkt. Galing, 24 Oct 1923,

Mahmud FMS6685 (KEP191853); Teluk Sisek, 29 Mar 1920, Yeop FMS878 (KEP191850,

SING0074073); Rompin, Tasik Ayer Puteh, 7 Nov 1929, Mahamud FMS17177 (KEP191845,

SING0074087); P. Tioman, Ayer Batang, 24 May 1927, Henderson 18464 (KEP191842,

SING0074063). Johor: Batu Paliat, Banang F.R., 18 Aug 1953, Lindong & Santiago 71527

(KEP191848); P. Tinggi, 16 May 1954, Sinclair (SING0074070).

SINGAPORE: Batu Putey, 18 Jun 1890, Goodenough 1648 (SING0026369); Changi, 1899,

Peninsular Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae updates

221

Ridley 4646 (SING0026370); Chua Chu Kang, 1894, Ridley 6093 (S1NG0026361); P. Tekong,

Dec mo, Ridley PTl 807 (BO-16040S6, SING0026368), Pr/ 95/ (SING0026371).

Notes. This species is distinctive in its narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate leaves, which

become reddish brown while drying and are covered with minute raised dashes on

both surfaces, and the almost globose fruits with a thick and warty calyx cup.

New records

1 . Ternstroemia patens (Korth.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 14: 107 (1855);

Kobuski, J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 423 (1963). - Reinwardtia patens Korth., Verh. Nat.

Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 102, t. 12 (1840/41). - TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Doekoe,

P. W Korthals s.n. (lectotype L [LOO 12422], designated by Kobuski (1963: 424); prob.

isolectotypes L [LOO 12423], K [K000768053]).

Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Terengganu, Pahang, Johor); Sumatra (West

Sumatra, Bengkulu); Java (Banten, West Java, Central Java); Borneo and Maluku.

Ecology. Lowland primary forest.

Specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Terengganu: Setiu, Bkt. Kesing, 25 Sep

1991, Teo & Remy KL4080 (KEP116346); ibidem, 29 Jul 1993, Perromat & Teo KL4270

(KEP116344). Pahang: Rompin, Lesong F.R., 12 Jun 1979, Chan FR123917 (KEP116345,

SING00741 19). Johor: Kota Tinggi, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Sg. Kayu, 14 Apr 1935, Corner

SFN29244 (SING0073953); ibidem, 17 Mar 1937, Kiah SFN32416 (SING0073956).

Notes. Keng (1978) enumerated seven Ternstroemia species for Peninsular Malaysia

and Latifif et al. (1998) added one more. The new record of Ternstroemia patens

reported here is characterised by obovate-elliptic, medium-sized leaves (10-12.5 x

4-5.5 cm), that dry olive green with a dull yellowish green midrib contrasting with

the lighter lamina, and a single-seeded ovoid fruit with a relatively small calyx cup (7

mm across).

2 . Eurya glabra (Blume) Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 2: 114 (1841);

Miquel, FI. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 472 (1859); Kobuski, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 342

(1938); De Wit, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. Ill, 13: 350 (1947). - Geeria glabra Blume,

Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 3: 125 (1825). - TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Mt. Gede Pangrango,

near crater, Blume s.n. (lectotype BO, designated by De Wit (1947: 351); probable

isolectotypes L [L0624616, L0624621], GH [HUH00024968], M [M0112026,

MOl 12027, MOl 12029], NY [NY003538287, NY00353828]).

Eurya nitida var. siamensis auct. non (Craib) H. Keng: Keng, Tree FI. Mai. 3: 282

222

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

(1978).

Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Pahang, Terengganu); Sumatra (Lampung)

and Java (West Java).

Ecology. In Peninsular Malaysia, it is known only from montane ericaceous forests on

high mountains at 1000-2100 m a.s.l.

Specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Perak: Kuala Kangsar, Korbu P.R.,

Gn. Korbu, 21 Jul 1933, Symington FMS31464 (KEPI 597). Pahang: Cameron Highlands,

Dec \95\, Johnston AMJ70 (SING0082584); Gn. Brinchang, 18 Aug 2006, Kiew^ RK5363 A

(KEPI 16802, SING0092767); ibidem, Whitmore FR115417 (KEP192299); ibidem, 12 Aug

1986, WongFR135238 (KEP1596, SING0081972, S1NG00825S8). Terengganu: Gn. Padang,

Jun 1937, Moysey & Kiah SFN31046 (SING0082585).

Notes. Keng (1978) listed three species of Fury a for Peninsular Malaysia, E. acuminata,

E. nitida and E. trichocarpa. Ewya glabra resembles Eurya nitida in its glabrous

young twigs, teiTninal leaf buds and the outer surface of the cal 3 rK. However, Ewya

glabra is characterised by its conspicuous 9-13 pairs of lateral veins (vs. less distinct

6-9 lateral veins in E. nitida), by a calyx that is densely pubescent on the inner surface

and a ciliate margin (glabrous in E. nitida), by the 17-21 stamens (up to 12 in E.

nitida), and in having filaments longer than the anthers (anthers longer than filaments

in E. nitida). Neither female flowers nor fruit are known from Peninsular Malaysia.

Two varieties are recognised in Eurya glabra (De Wit, 1947) but only the type variety

occurs in Peninsular Malaysia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The present study is part of the ‘Flora of Peninsular Malaysia

Project’ funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Project No. 01-04-

01-0000 Khas2), and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment under the 10th and

11th Malaysian Plans, Curators, keepers and managers of herbaria (BM, BO, G, K, KEP,

KLU, L, SING and UKMB) are thanked for allowing me to examine the specimens in then-

holdings, reproducing and sending images of types, making their specimen images available

online, and sharing their specimen data. I thank Suzana Sabran (SAN), who is revising Bornean

Ternstroemia, for drawing my attention to the occurrence of T. patens in Peninsular Malaysia.

Ruth Kiew (KEP), David Middleton (SING) and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully

acknowledged for their critical and constmctive comments to improve the manuscript.

References

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order Ericales s.L: analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and

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Comer, E.J.H. (1997). Theaceae. In: Wayside tree of Malaya, 4th ed., 2: 719-729. Kuala

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Peninsular Malaysian Pentaphylacaceae updates

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1: 192-209. London: L. Reeve & Co.

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IndieM: 338-375.

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2016).

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Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 225-238. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000181

225

Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) species from karst limestone

in Kelantan, Malaysia, including three new species

R. Kiew

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109,

Selangor, Malaysia

mth@frini.gov.my

ABSTRACT. Peninsular Malaysian Impatiens foxworthyi M.R.Hend. is distinct from the Thai

I. opinata Craib. Three new Impatiens species are described: I. glaricola Kiew with purple

flowers, /. chikuensis Kiew with pale yellow flowers, and I. vinosa Kiew with deep red flowers.

Wliile Impatiens foxworthyi is widespread on karst limestone in Kelantan and Pahang, the tliree

new species are narrowly endemic to Kelantan limestone and are critically endangered.

Keywords. Balsams, conservation assessments, Peninsular Malaysia

Introduction

The last account for balsams from Peninsular Malaysia was by Shimizu (1970) who

recorded 14 species, of which only one, which he called Impatiens opinata Craib,

was from Kelantan. Examination of the type of Impatiens opinata shows that the

Kelantan balsam is distinct from it and should be called /. foxworthyi M.R.Hend. (see

below). During a survey of limestone hills in Kelantan, three new species came to

light (Davison & Kiew, 1990). They are described and illustrated here. Two resemble

Impatiens foxworthyi in having racemose inflorescences, while the third has flowers

singly from the leaf axils.

Impatiens foxw’orthyi is a striking balsam with bright canary-yellow flowers with

deep crimson spots in the throat and its leaves often have a white midrib and veins. The

new species exhibit a range of flower colours from pale creamy yellow with scarlet

spots (I. chikuensis), or pale purple (/. glaricola) or deep ruby red flowers (/. vinosa), the

last a unique colour for Malaysian balsams. All grow at the base of or in damp shaded

gullies on karst limestone hills and the three new species are all critically endangered

as a result of their narrow distributions, small population size, habitat disturbance, and

lack of protected status of the limestone hills where they grow. Impatiens foxworthyi is

widespread on several limestone hills in Kelantan, as well as in Pahang.

Key to balsam species in Kelantan

la. Flowers purple, single from the leaf axils 3. 7. glaricola

lb. Flowers creamy yellow, bright yellow or deep red, arranged on long racemes ... 2

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Card. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

2a. Leaves with 5-7 veins on either side of the midrib, intercostal veins distinct and

parallel to the lateral veins; flowers deep ruby red 4. /. vinosa

2b. Leaves with 3-4 veins on either side of the midrib, intercostal veins obscure;

flowers creamy yellow or bright yellow 3

3 a. Leaf margin teeth tipped by a long glandular hair; flowers bright canary-yellow,

petals lobes not reflexed, lower lip expanding 2.1. foxworthyi

3b. Leaf margin teeth not tipped by a glandular hair; flowers creamy yellow, petal

lobes reflexed and oblong 1.7. chikuensis

1. Impatiens chikuensis Kiew, sp. nov.

It is most similar to Impatiens foxworthyi M.R.Hend. in its ovate leaves with c. 3

pairs of ascending veins, in the erect racemose inflorescences held above the leaves

with persistent, broadly ovate bracteoles, and in the flower with a short stout curved

spur; but it is clearly different in its pale yellow or creamy yellow (vs bright canary-

yellow) flowers that are more narrowly tubular, the petals are strongly reflexed with

an undulate margin (vs the lower petals project forward and spread out and are neither

reflexed, nor undulate), its spur is 11-14 mm long, more than half the length of the

dorsal sepal (vs 6-1 1 mm long and about a third the length of the dorsal sepal) and, in

addition, the teeth on the leaf margin are not tipped by a glandular hair as they are in

1. foxworthyi. - TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Gua Musang District, FELDA

Chiku 8, 1 September 2015, limestone hill, Noor Neknazrul et al. FRI83182 (holotype

KEP; isotypes BKF, K, SING). (Fig. 1-3)

Perennial, glabrous herb. Stems erect, succulent, not expanded at the base nor tuberous,

sparsely branched, 15-20 cm tall, in life to 15 mm diam. at the base. Leaves spirally

arranged, crowded on the upper part of the stem; petioles c. 8 cm long; lamina broadly

ovate, 10-11 X 6-6.5 cm, base cuneate and shortly decuiTent into the petiole, with 2

glands adjacent to the petiole, plain green above or sometimes with white veins, fleshy

in life, membranous when dry, margin shallowly serrulate, without a glandular hair

tenninating the tooth, apex shortly acuminate or acute; lateral veins 3 on either side

of the midrib, ascending and looping toward the margin; intercostal veins obscure.

Inflorescences racemose, axillary or subterminal, erect and held above the leaves,

14-20.5 cm long, slender, simple or two-branched, many-flowered, peduncle slender,

3.5-6 cm long. Bract pair narrowly lanceolate, 10-12 x c. 2 mm long, persistent;

bracteoles pale green, oval to broadly ovate, 3-5 x 3-3.5 mm, apex acuminate,

persistent. Flowers pale yellow or cream-coloured with a few large scarlet spots on

lower petal lobes; pedicels pale green, slender, 1 0-20 mm long; lateral sepals 4, outer

pair broadly ovate-orbicular, shallowly cucullate, greenish white, 4.5-9 x 4.5-10 mm,

apex apiculate, inner pair narrowly lanceolate, c. 2 mm long; lower sepal funnel-

shaped, very pale yellow, 19-23 mm long, 7-17 mm deep, margin entire with a blunt

mucro at the base, abruptly constricted into the stout spur 11-14 mm long, strongly

curved towards the apex, apex blunt (not bilobed); dorsal petal creamy yellow, broadly

Impatiens on Kelantan limestone

227

Fig. 1. Impatiens chikuensis Kiew. A. Plant in situ. B. Raceme with flower in front view. C.

Raceme with flower in side view. From type loeality. (Photos: P.T. Ong)

obovate, keel prominent at base, 6.5-8 x 5 mm, strongly reflexed, margin undulate,

apex emarginate; lateral petals connate, 8-12 x 12-14 mm, split almost to the throat,

strongly recurved, margin undulate, lobes almost equal, apex rounded; stamens white,

c. 4-5 mm long; ovary narrowly obovoid, glabrous, c. 6 mm long, apex apiculate.

Capsules narrowly obovoid, c. 13 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide; pedicel 15-20 mm long.

Distribution. Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia. In Kelantan known only from the

Chiku limestone, from two hills known as FELD A Chiku 5 and 8.

228

Card. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Fig. 2. Distribution of Impatiens chikuensis Kiew (•), I. glaricola Kiew ( A) and/, vinosa Kiew

(■) in Peninsular Malaysia.

Habitat and ecology. On limestone rocks at the base of limestone karst hills in damp

places in deep shade or in shaded gullies. It is nowhere common. It flowers gregariously

from time to time but does not appear to flower seasonally. It has been observed in

flower in January, May-June and August-September. It flowers for two to three weeks,

the flowers opening one at a time, each lasting for a day or two.

Impatiens on Kelantan limestone

229

5 mm

Fig. 3. Impatiens chikuensis Kiew. A. Habit. B. Portion of leaf margin. C. Portion of raceme;

D. Bract. E. Bracteole. F. Flower, side view. G. Flower, oblique front view. H. Outer sepal. 1.

Inner sepal. J. Lower sepal. K. Dorsal petal. L. Connate lateral petals. M. Ovary. Drawn by

Mohamad Aidil Noordin from live plant.

230

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Provisional lUCN Conseiyation Assessment. Critically Endangered A3 c, B2ab(iii, iv).

Known only from the Chiku limestone, a series of small karst limestone hills that lie

within the FELDA oil palm estate. It is nowhere common nor is it found on every

hill. The Chiku 7 & 8 hills are currently scheduled for quarrying for cement that will

eventually consume the two hills completely. The other smaller hill, Chiku 5, where it

is found has no legal protection and is surrounded by oil palm estate and so is isolated

from the other hills and vulnerable to fires associated with agriculture, and clearing of

vegetation for various purposes.

Etymology. Named for the only locality from where it is known, viz. FELDA Chiku

limestone.

Notes. This species was first reported in 1990 from Chiku 5 (Davison & Kiew, 1990).

2. Impatiens foxworthyi M.R.Hend., Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 4: 50 (1927);

Henderson, J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 38 (1939); Henderson, Malayan

Nat. J. 3: 35 (1948). - TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Gua [Goa] Kechapi,

February \92A Md. Nur {with Foxworthy) SFN11912 (holotype SING). (Fig. 4)

Impatiens opinata auct. non Craib: Shimizu, S.E. Asian Stud. 8(2): 216 (1970); Chin,

Gard. Bull. Singapore 32: 96 (1979); Kiew, Malayan Naturalist 38(3): 33 (1985); Kiew

in Henderson’s Malaysian Wild FI. Dicot. 173 (2014).

Peremiial, glabrous herb. Stems erect, succulent, m life to 10 mm thick, smooth (not

corky), not expanded or thickened at the base, often becoming decumbent and rooting,

branched but flowering when still unbranched, 10-35(-70) cm tall, with conspicuous

leaf scars. Leaves spirally arranged, crowded at the top of the stem; petioles 2.3-9 cm

long, petioles of the lower leaves longer than the upper, with a pair of glands adjacent

to the petiole; lamina broadly ovate, sometimes to elliptic, 4.5-1 0(-l 5) x 3-7.5 cm,

green above, often with a broad white band along the midrib and veins, whitish green

beneath, succulent, base narrowed and decurrent into petiole, margin minutely dentate

serrulate; apex shortly acuminate; lateral veins 3-4 on either side of midrib, ascending

steeply and joining at the margin, plane above and beneath when dry. Inflorescences

axillary or subterminal, racemose, erect and above the leaves, (5.5-) 12-30 cm long,

sometimes once branched, flowers numerous at the top of the raceme, opening one at

a time, peduncle succulent, pedicels slender, 1.5-2 cm in flower, lengthening to 2-2.5

cm in fruit. Bracts conspicuous, ovate, 2-4 x 1.5-2. 5 mm, persistent. Flowers canary

yellow with deep crimson to purple-black spots scattered all over the petals or, in some

populations, plain white or white speckled with red spots or pale pink; lateral sepals

4, pale green, outer sepal pair ovate-orbicular, 5-8 x 4-6 mm long, yellow tinged red,

slightly keeled, keel green, apex with a thick blunt mucro, inner sepal pair narrowly

linear, c. 4 mm long; lower sepal funnel-shaped, pale yellow, sometimes reddish, 7-18

mm deep with a short point below, 17-35 mm long of which the stout, incurved spur

Impatiens on Kelantan limestone

231

Fig. 4. Impatiens foxworthyi M.R.Hend. A. White-veined form in situ. B. Raceme with flower

in front view. C. Raceme with flower in side view. All from FRI20150275. (Photos: P.T. Ong)

232

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

is 6-1 1 mm long, apex obtuse; dorsal petal ovate, 7-8 mm long, 4 mm wide, the keel

prominent at base; lateral petals connate, 10-15 mm long and 8 mm broad, sessile,

four-lobed, the lobes rounded and nearly equal, spreading wide; filaments and anthers

pale cream. Capsules obovoid, c. 12 mm long (?mature).

Distribution. Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia. In Kelantan it is common in the south

but has not been found north of Sungai Nenggiri. In Pahang it is less common but is

found on most limestone hills.

Habitat and Ecology. Restricted to limestone, always in shaded areas, on boulders

around the base, or on ledges or in gullies, rooting in cracks with very little soil at 30-

250 m elevation. On the Chiku limestone, this species was heavily grazed by serow,

Capricornis sumatraensis {pers. obs., R. Kiew in 1990 and 2015).

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Least Concern. It is a widespread species,

often common where it occurs.

Etymology. F.W. Foxworthy (1877-1950), American forester and the first forest

research officer (1918-1932) in Malaya.

Notes. Shimizu (1970) synonymised Impatiens foxworthyi with I. opinata on the

grounds that “I have only a photo of the type specimen of /, opinata, its description

agrees well with the specimens referred to as /. foxv’orthyi'. However, examination of

a type specimen of Impatiens opinata {Kerr 7304, BK) shows that while it resembles

/. foxworthyi in its ovate leaves, racemose inflorescences and yellow flowers, it is

very different in its thick, corky stem and expanded bulbous base, larger leaves

(to 16.5 X 10 cm) and shorter inflorescence (8-13 cm). Unfortunately, the state of

preservation of the flowers on the BK duplicate prevented their examination but from

Craib’s description the pedicel is much shorter (7 mm long), the spur much longer (13

mm long), the dorsal petal wider (7 x 7.75 mm) and the lateral sepal longer (2 cm).

Impatiens opinata is a rare species in Thailand, known only from the type collection

and one or two other specimens that possibly belong to this species. All have the thick

corky stem. Plants of Impatiens foxworthyi have thick, succulent gi'een stems that are

quite smooth and the base is not expanded. Therefore the Malaysian species reverts

to its original name, Impatiens foxworthyi M.R.Hend. It is noteworthy that Impatiens

foxworthyi grows within the equatorial zone and does not extend into the north of

Malaysia that borders Thailand that experiences a monsoon climate with a distinct

dry period.

In most populations, the fiower is canary yellow with deep crimson spots in the

tliroat. However, the population on limestone in Taman Negara (Kiew, 1985) either

has a plain white or pale pink flower, while scattered plants among populations of

yQ\\ow-^owQXQ& Impatiens foxworthyi in Chiku 5 have white flowers speckled all over

by tiny red spots.

Impatiens on Kelantan limestone

233

Additional specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA; Kelantan: BukitTapah, 16 Aug

1971, Boev 350 (KLU); Chiku 5, 24 May 1990, Kiew & Anthonysamy RK3106 (KEP); ibidem,

24 May 1990, Kiew RK3095; Chikii 8, 24 May 1990, Kiew & Anthonysamy RK3110 (KEP);

Gua Batu Boh, 4 Mar 2008, Chew et al. FR160155 (KEP); Gua Gagak, 21 May 1990, Kiew

& Anthonysamy RK3066 (KEP, SING); Gua Panjang, Gua Niuik, 22 Oct 1927, Henderson

SFN19558 (SING); Gua Pintu, 3 Nov 2008, Chew & Urn FR163402 (KEP, K); Gua Puyu, 11

Aug 2009, Julius et al FR157654 (KEP, SAN); Gua Tapah, 16 Aug 1971, Chin 1610 (KLU);

Kuala Betis, 15 Feb 2003, Kiew RK5255 (KEP, SING); Pulau Raba, 12 May 1990, Kmv &

Anthonysamy RK2912 (KEP, SING). Pahang; Bukit Sagu, 1 3 Oct 1931, Henderson SFN26087

(SING); ibidem, 27 Nov 1984, Kie^v RK1574 (KEP, SING); ibidem, 5 May 2011, Rafidah et

al. FRI64645 (KEP); Gua Bama, 25 Aug 2008, Mohd Hairul et al. FRI60065 (KEP); Gua

Bekong, 5 Aug 1996, Saw FR144755 (KEP); Gua Kenyam, 2 Aug 1971, Chin 1312 (KLU);

Gua Kumbang, 29 Apr 1975, Yap SK638 (KEP); Gua Layaug, 13 Aug 1971, Chin 1495 (KLU);

ibidem, 18 Aug 1971, Boey 303 (KLU); Gua Luas, 29 Sep 1982, Kiew RK1200 (KEP, KLU);

ibidem, 1 Oct 1984, Kiew RK1350 (KEP); ibidem, 10 Feb 2007, Lim et al., FR156382 (KEP);

Gua Percik, 3 Oct 2013, Imin et al. FRJ78237 (KEP); Gua Telok Gunung, 30 Sep 2013, Imin et

al. FR177866 (KEP); Gua Ulu Rakit Gunimg, 1 Oct 2013, Imin et al FRI77882 (KEP, SAN).

3. Impatiens glaricola Kiew, sp. nov.

Among the Malaysian balsams with solitary flowers with a short recurved spur,

Impatiens glaricola differs from/, macrosepala Hook.f., which has white flowers with

red markings (vs pale purple flower and pale yellow spur), 4 lateral sepals with the

outer pair connate (vs 2 free lateral sepals), shorter lower sepal 12-18 imn and spur

8 mm long (lower sepal c. 33 mm long of which the spur is 16 mm long), and shorter

pedicels to 1 .5 cm long (vs to 4 cm long); and from /. alboflava Miq., which has

broader leaves (3 times vs 2 times longer than wide) that dry pale yellowish brown

(vs dark khaki brown), pale creamy white or white flowers red spotted in the throat

(vs pale purple flower and pale yellow spur), 4 lateral sepals (vs 2 lateral sepals), and

a shorter, 8-13 mm long straight spur (vs a curved spur c. 16 mm long). - TYPE:

Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Kuala Krai District, Gua Ikan, 14 May 1990, Kiew &

Anthonysamy RK29 37 (holotype KEP; isotypes K, E, SING). (Fig. 2, 5)

Perennial, glabrous herb. Stems erect, succulent, smooth, 27-40(-100) cm tall, not

expanded and to 2 cm thick at the base, unbranched or branching and producing a

spreading crown, lateral branches to 10 cm long. Leaves spirally arranged, crowded

near the tip of the branches; petioles succulent, 3-10 cm long; lamina elliptic to

narrowly ovate, (9.5-)15-17 x 5.5-7 cm, pale green, membranous, drying tissue-

paper thin, base cuneate to rounded, not attenuate into the petiole, sometimes unequal,

with a pair of glands on lower surface adjacent to the petiole, margin finely dentate,

apex acuminate, acumen to 1 .5 cm long; midrib and veins impressed above, prominent

beneath; lateral veins 9-16 on either side of the midrib, looping toward the margin.

Bracts lanceolate, ovate, 2-3,5 mm long, persistent, apex acute. Flowers solitary,

axillary, c. 1.5 cm across the mouth; pedicels to 4 cm long slender, pale brownish

green; lateral sepals 2, free, pale green, broadly ovate, c. 12 x 7 mm long, apex acute

Impatiens on Kelantan limestone

235

to apiculate; lower sepal broad and ftinnel-shaped, c. 33 mm long, white merging into

pale orange, c. 20 mm deep, abruptly constricted into a slender, downward curved,

pale yellow spur c. 16 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, apex bilobed, notch 3 mm deep; petals

pale grey-purple, lower petals with fine golden yellow lines running into the throat,

throat speckled with crimson spots; dorsal petal broad, erect to slightly recurved, c.

10 X 22 mm, apex emarginate; lateral petals connate, upper petal of each pair broadly

rounded, c. 8 x 13 mm, reflexed, lower petals connate and forming a broad oblong

lip, c. 18 X 17 mm, projecting more-or-less horizontally, apex emarginate, shallowly

lobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, apex apiculate.

Distribution. Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, known only from Gua Ikan, Kelantan.

Habitat and ecology. Restricted to damp limestone boulders forming a scree at the

base of a limestone karst hill, in light or deep shade, locally conmion.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Critically Endangered B2ab(iii, iv). It is

known from a single karst limestone hill where it is restricted to a single scree slope of

jumbled boulders. This is adjacent to the cave which is a popular recreational area so

the balsam population is tlireatened by disturbance caused by recreational activities.

The hill has no legal protection.

Etymology^ Latin, glara = scree + -icola = dwelling, from its habitat.

Additional specimen examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kelantan: Gua Ikan, 18 Feb

2003, Kiew RK5266 (K, KEP, L, SING).

Notes. This is one of the most attractive balsams in Peninsular Malaysia with its large

purple flowers. In spite of the comprehensive survey of Kelantan limestone hills

(Davison & Kiew, 1990), this species was not discovered on any other hill. Another

purple-flowered balsam has been reported from northern Peninsular Malaysia by

Morgan (2007) who provided photographs of its flowers and a brief description. In its

small leaves, 5-6 x 3-5 cm, lower sepal that nan'ows into a short claw-like spur it is

different from either Impatiens alboflava, I. glaricola or /. macros epala, and is quite

likely to prove to be a new species. At present no Malaysian material of this taxon is

available.

Species with flowers with a short, recurved spur, such as Impatiens albqflava,

which Shimizu (1970) refeiTed to as I. scortechini Hook.f., and /. macrosepala, have

four lateral sepals, an outer pair that encloses the lower sepal, and an inner pair that

is inconspicuous, linear and a few millimeters long. In Impatiens glaricola, the inner

pair is lacking.

4. Impatiens vinosa Kiew, sp. nov.

In its raceme, spirally arranged leaves and short spur strongly incurved at the tip.

236

Card. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

it is similar to the yellow-flowered Impatiens mirabilis and 7. foxworthyi. Impatiens

mimbilis, the gouty balsam, has a massive enlarged tuberous base and a thick trunk-

like stem to 2 m high. In habit, Impatiens vinosa is more like I. foxworthyi but differs

in stouter stem which in life is 8-20 nun thick (vs 10 mm thick in 7. foxworthyi) that

becomes thickened at the base, broader lamina 7-9.5 cm wide (vs 3-7.5 cm wide),

venation with 5-7 lateral veins on either side of the midrib with very fine parallel veins

between (vs 3-4 veins and without any intervening fine veins), flowers deep ruby

red or dark red wine-coloured (vs bright yellow with crimson spots), and spur 12-14

mm long (vs 6-11 mm long). - TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Gua Musang

District, Sungai Nenggiri, Gua Jaya, 13 May 1990, Kiew & Anthonysamy RK2936

(holotype KEP; isotype SING). (Fig. 2, 6)

Robust perennial, glabrous herb. Stems 50-75 cm tall, sometimes once branched,

erect or becoming decumbent, stout and succulent, to 2 cm thick, base becoming

woody and up to 4 cm thick, not expanded at the base. Leaves spirally arranged,

crowded near the top of the stem; petioles 6-9(-14) cm long, c. 3 mm thick; lamina

fleshy, broadly ovate, 8-13.5 x 7-9.5 cm, plain bright green, midrib sometimes white,

white beneath, base truncate to broadly rounded, shortly attenuate into the petiole,

with a pair of glands on the lower surface adjacent to the petiole, margin distantly

and minutely dentate; apex shortly acuminate, acumen 3-10 nun long; lateral veins

5-7 on either side of the midrib, in dry leaf plane above and slightly prominent

beneath, between and parallel to the lateral veins an even finer vein that peters out

before reaching the margin. Inflorescences racemose, axillary or subtenninal, erect

and held above the leaves, 19.5-22 cm long, not branched, many-flowered, peduncle

ridged and 4-angled in cross section. Bract pair narrowly lanceolate, c. 5 x i .5 mm,

persistent; bracteoles broadly lanceolate, c. 3 x 2.5 mm, caducous. Flowers deep ruby

red or dark red wine-coloured; pedicels slender, c. 15-30 mm long; lateral sepals 4,

outer sepal pair deep crimson, tinged green or pale green, ovate-orbicular, 10-12

X 7-11.5 mm long, apex mucronate, inner sepal pair linear, c. 4 mm long; lower

sepal funnel-shaped, reddish green or pale green tinged red, 18-35 mm long, 13-17

mm deep, margin entire, narrowing abruptly into the curved reddish brown or pale

green or cream-coloured spur 10-14 mm long, 1-1.5 mm thick, apex obtuse (not

bilobed); petals ruby red or dark red wine-coloured, throat greenish-yellow or cream-

coloured with a few fine red lines and tiny spots, dorsal petal broadly ovate, c. 1 2 x 13

mm, deep crimson; lateral petals connate, c. 24 mm long, upper petal pair reflexed,

broadly rounded and overlapping the lower petal, 7-9 x 1 1-12 mm, lower petal pair

broadly oblong, 14-17 x 20-26 mm, apical notch c. 5 mm deep; stamens pale green,

c. 7-8 mm long; ovary glabrous, narrowly ovoid, c. 6 mm long, apex acute. Capsules

dark green with 4 white longitudinal lines, obovoid, c. 15 x 5-7 mm, apex apiculate,

pedicel 20-23 mm long.

Distribution. Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia. In Kelantan, known only from Sungai

Bring, and Gua Chawan and Gua Jaya above the Sungai Nenggiri.

lens vinosa Kie

tal. F. Lower se]

D-H from live

;ulen.

238

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Habitat and ecology. Restricted to limestone karst hills, locally very common on

jagged limestone, on shaded ledges on cliffs or on the flat top of boulders at the base

of hills.

Provisional lUCN consei^ation assessment. Critically Endangered B2ab(iii). The

Sungai Bring is threatened by siltation and flooding due to logging upstream and

the forest surrounding the limestone hills does not fall within the network of Totally

Protected Areas.

Etymology. Latin, vinosa = wine-red, referring to the flower colour.

Additional specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kelantan: Sungai Bring, 11

May 1990, Kiew & Anthonysamy RK2910 (KEP, SING); Sungai Nenggiri, Gua Jaya, 27 Jul

1967, Whitmore FRI4245 (KEP); Sungai Nenggiri, Gua Chawan, 13 Mar 2000, Kiew RK4913

(KEP, SING).

Notes. Impatiens vinosa is the only indigenous balsam in Peninsular Malaysia with

deep wine-red flowers; all the others have pale purple, peachy orange, bright yellow

or white ones.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The study is part of the research carried out for the Flora of

Peninsular Malaysia project under ‘Safeguarding the Forest Plant Diversity of Peninsular

Malaysia’ Project No. 01-04-01-000 Khas 2 and Intensified Research in Priority Areas Grant

50282 funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Thanks are due to the

Carlsberg Foundation for providing accommodation that enabled me to visit BK and BKF. I

thanlc the Malaysian Nature Society for the use of a 4-wheel drive vehicle for the 1990 survey

and to G.W.H. Davison, S. Anthonysamy and all the field staff from the Kepong Herbarium

who helped in the surveys, to Ong P.T. for permission to use Ins photographs, to En. Mohamad

Aidil Noordin, J.J. Venneulen, and Zainal Mustafa for the botanical plates, and to Joanne PC.

Tan for nurturing the balsams in the nursery. 1 am indebted to the curators of the herbaria in

BK, BKF, BM, K, KLU, PSU and SING for pemiission to examine specimens in their care.

References

Davison, GW.H. & Kiew, R. (1990). Survey of the Flora and Fauna of Limestone Hills in

Kelantan with Recommendations for Conservation. Unpublished report. Pp. 98. Kuala

Lumpur: Malayan Nature Society.

Kiew, R. (1985). The limestone flora of the Batu Luas area, Taman Negara. Malayan Naturalist

38(3): 30-38.

Morgan, R. J. (2007). Impatiens.- The Vibrant World of Busy Lizzies, Balsams, and Touch-me-

nots. Pp. 219. Portland: Timber Press.

Shimizu, T. (1970). Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia. II. Impatiens of Thailand and

Malaya. S.E. Asian Stud. 8(2): 187-217.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 239-255. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000193

239

The Calcarea group of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from

Borneo, including four new species from Sarawak

R. Kiew\ S. Julia^ & C.Y. Ling^

^Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109,

Selangor, Malaysia

ruth@frim.gov.my

^Botanical Research Centi'e, Sarawak Forestry Corporation,

Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

juliasang@sarawakforestry.com

cylmg@sarawakforestry.com

ABSTRACT. Four new species, Begonia kanaensis Kiew & C.Y.Ling, Begonia lingiae S.Julia,

Begonia ruhrotepala S.Julia and Begonia sadirensis Kiew & S.Julia are described from

Sarawak, Borneo. Notes on habitat, distribution and additional specimens examined fot: Begonia

calcarea and B. sahahensis are also provided. A key to the species in the ‘calcarea group’ is

provided. The status of the ‘calcarea group’ as belonging to Begonia sect. Diplocliniiim or to a

new section is discussed. A provisional conservation status is assigned to each species.

Keywords. Begonias, conservation status, sections

Introduction

The most striking feature of the ‘calcarea group’ of begonias in Borneo is flower

colour. While the great majority of Bornean begonias have pale pink or white flowers,

in this group flower colour ranges from canary yellow, to orangey yellow, to orangey

red to bright red.

The first species described in the ‘calcarea group’ was Begonia calcarea (Ridley,

1906) and it has proved to be the most widespread, being recorded from the Bintulu,

Bau, Kapit, Kuching and Tatau districts in Sarawak. The second. Begonia sabahensis,

was described from Sabah (Kiew & Tan, 2014). Because the two species are different

from the more than 200 other Bomean species, Kiew et al. (2015) assigned this group

to ‘doubtful affinity’ and suggested that these yellow/orange/red-flowered species

belong to their own, as yet undescribed, section, here informally called the ‘calcarea

group’. Recently a further four new species were discovered in Sarawak (Fig. 1 ).

Species in this group are characterised not only by flower colour but also

by a distinct combination of characters that includes the prostrate rhizome; erect,

succulent, extremely hispid petiole; the more or less ovate, succulent lamina 8-17.5

X 6-1 9 cm; separate short, erect male and female inflorescences produced from the

prostrate rhizome at ground level (except in Begonia ruhrotepala that is atypical in

producing male and female flowers on long, slender inflorescences trailing on the soil.

240

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

rather in the manner of geocarpic figs or rumiers with only the small apical portion

erect); the male inflorescences are 3-6-flowered cymes, sometimes condensed and

appearing umbellate; the female inflorescences are single-flowered or, in B. sadirensis,

a compound cyme; the male flower has four rather fleshy tepals that are broad and

more or less isomorphic (except for B. ruhrotepala); stamen number ranges between

17-47; and flower colour in the male and female flowers is the same, with species in

this group having canary yellow, orangey yellow, orangey red or bright red flowers.

Except for Begonia kanaensis and B. sabahensis that grow from lowland forest

to lower montane forest up to 1500 m elevation, most species grow in lowland habitats

below 500 m elevation. Most are found in rocky habitats, often near rivers and streams.

Begonia calcarea grows on a variety of substrates including on limestone or mudstone,

B. lingiae and B. sadirensis grow on sandstone rocks, while B. ruhrotepala grows on

sandy loam soils to within 5 m of the water’s edge in riparian forest.

Key to Begonia species in the ‘calcarea group’

la. Upper surface of laminas conspicuously hairy 2

lb. Upper surface of laminas glabrous or with occasional hairs 4

2a. Leaves crowded in a tuft; female tepals c. 6 x 7 mm; capsules 11-21 x 15-21 ....

B. calcarea

2b. Leaves spaced with intemodes 1-10 cm long; female tepals 10-15 x 5-7 mm;

capsules 8-12 x 11-15 mm 3

3a. Laminas longer than wide, 8-12.5 x 6-11.5 cm, petioles to 8.5 cm long; flower

yellow tinged orange; capsules 10-12 x 12-15 mm B. lingiae

3b. Laminas as wide or wider than long, 8.5-13 x 8.5-16.5 cm, petioles 10-25 cm

long; flower bright red; capsules 8-9 x 11-12 mm B. ruhrotepala.

4a. Lamina longer than wide, 8-13 x 6-10.5 cm, basal lobe 0.5-2 cm long; male

tepals more than 1 .5 times longer than wide, 12-14 x 6-8 mm B. kanaensis

4b. Lamina as wide or wider than long, 8.5-16.5 x 8.5-18.5 cm, basal lobe well-

developed 1-5 cm long; male tepals less than 1.5 times longer than wide, 5-14 x

4-13 5

5a. Lamina 13-17.5 x 13.3-19 cm; stipule c. 5 mm long; flowers deep orangey

red; male and female flowers produced on the same inflorescences; male tepals

isomorphic, 5-8 x 4-7 mm B. sadirensis

5b. Lamina 9-10.5 x 9-12 cm; stipule 7-15 mm long; flowers bright yellow; male and

female flowers produced on separate inflorescences; male tepals dimorphic, outer

tepals 12-14 x 9-11 mm, inner tepals 11-13 x 8-13 mm B. sabahensis

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

241

110°00’ 112°00' 114°00' 116°00' 118°00'

Species Name

O Begonia kanaensis

Begonia lingiae

A Begonia sadirensis

^ Begonia rubrotepala

■jjf Begonia calcarea

□ Begonia sabahensis

Fig. 1. Species distribution in Borneo.

Species treatment

1. Begonia calcarea RidL, J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 46: 260 (1906); Kiew & Geri, Gard.

Bull. Singapore 55: 115 (2003); Kiew et al., Guide to Begonias of Borneo 68 (2015).

- TYPE: Sarawak, Gunung Bra’ang, Haviland s.n. (holotype K). (Fig. 2)

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak where the species is widespread in the Bau, Bintulu,

Kapit, Kuching and Tatau districts but occurring in small populations.

Habitat. The species grows in lowland forests on limestone or mudstone substrates.

Conservation status. Least Concern. The species is widespread in Sarawak and occurs

in a Totally Protected Area (Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary) where there are no

current threats.

Note. Flower colour is variable in this species, ranging from peachy orange to deep

red.

242

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Additional specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Bintulu District, Ulu Segan, 28 Aug

1968, Ilias S27245 (SAR!); Tatau District, Bukit Setiam, 11 Jul 2014, Julia et al. SFC4218

(SAR!), 12 July 2014, Julia et al. SFC4229 (SAR!); Kapit District, Baleh River, Sungai

Sedampa, 16 Jul 1969, Anderson S28853 (SARI), east slope of Hose Mt,, Ulu Sg. Merirai,

Batang Baleh, 28 Mar 1987, YU et al. S53736 (SARI); Julau District, Sungai Mujok, 22 May

2016, Ling & Dino, SFC5936 (SARI); Kuching District, Padawan, Bukit Angob, 38 miles from

Kuching, 6 March 1969, Anderson S27513 (SARI), Padawan, Bukit Manok, 13 May 1975,

Burtt 8134 (SARI); Bau District, Gunung Meraja, 17 May 1975, Burtt 8154 (SARI).

2. Begonia kanaensis Kiew & C.Y.Ling, sp. nov.

Similar to Begonia sabahensis Kiew & J.H.Tan in its prostrate habit, glabrous leaves,

separate male and female inflorescences produced from the prostrate stem and the

yellow flowers, but it is different in its more oval lamina 8-13 x 6-10.5 cm with the

short basal lobe 0.5-2 cm long (vs. more rotund lamina 9-10.5 x 9-12 cm with a

well-developed basal lobe 2-4 cm long in B. sabahensis), longer male and female

inflorescences c. 7.5 cm long and 2-3.5 cm long respectively (vs. c. 3.3 cm long in

male and c. 1.5 cm long in female inflorescences) and narrower male tepals 12-14 x

6-8 mm (vs. 11-14 x 8-13 mm). - TYPE: Borneo, Sarawak, Tatau District, Sungai

Kana, 21 June 2015, Ling et al. SFC6151 (holotype SARI; isotype KEPI). (Fig. 3)

Creeping herb, rooting at nodes. Indumentum: hirsute on stems, stipules and petioles,

hairs red to whitish, to c. 2 mm long, denser on petioles and young shoots. Rhizome

red-brown, unbranched, succulent, 4-5.5 mm thick, intemodes 2.8-4 cm long, slightly

thicker at nodes. Stipules pale green, ovate to oblanceolate, 5-1 2 x 5_6 mm, margin

entire, apex acuminate, acumen 1-2 mm long, persistent. Leaves alternate, distant,

oblique, held more or less vertically; petioles red-brown to pale brown, 6-12(-21)

cm long, terete; lamina plain gi*een above, paler beneath, in life succulent, glossy,

glabrous above and beneath, asymmetric, broadly ovate, 8-13 x 6-10.5 cm, broad

side 4-6.2 cm wide, base cordate, occasionally overlapping, basal lobes 0.5-2 cm

long, margm entire and fi'inged by sparse stiff hairs, apex acuminate, acumen 1-1.5

cm long; venation pinnate-palmate, veins greenish above, pale green beneath, 2 pairs

at the base, 2-3 veins on either side of the midrib, 1-2 veins in basal lobe, slightly

impressed above, prominent and sparsely hispid beneath, hairs red. Male and female

inflorescences separate, produced from leaf axils of the prostrate rhizome. Male

inflorescence a cyme, 9.5-10.5 cm long, with up to 3 male flowers; peduncle 5-7.5 cm

long. Female inflorescence with a single female flower; peduncle 1 .8-3.6 cm. Bracts

pale green, lanceolate, 3-5 x 1-1.5 mm, margin entire, glabrous, persistent; bracteole

oval, 1.5-2 X 0.7 mm. Male flowers: pedicel pinkish, 22-38 mm long, glabrous; tepals

4, yellow to deep yellow, glabrous, broadly elliptic, 12-14 x 6-8 mm, margin entire,

apex broadly acute to rounded; stamens 1 7-24, cluster globose, torus c, 0.75 mm long,

filaments pale yellow, 1.5-2 imu long, anthers lemon yellow, ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm

long, apex emarginate. Female flowers not seen. Capsules pale green or pinkish, 13-

18 X 10-19 mm, beak 2-3 mm long, glabrous, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule, wings

3, equal, narrowed proximally into the pedicel and distally into the beak, 2.5-6 mm

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

243

Fig. 2. Begonia calcarea Ridl. A. Habit. B. Stipule and stem. C. Upper surfaee of leaf. D.

Male infloreseenee. E. Male flower. F, G. Female flower. A, F & G from SFC 5936; B-E from

SFC4229. (Photos: C.Y. Ling)

244

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

wide, thinly fibrous, dehiscing between locule and wing; peduncle in fruit 1.3-4. 5 cm,

straight; pedicel in fruit erect, 4-5 mm long.

Etymology. Named after the locality from where the type specimen was collected.

Distribution. Borneo, Sarawak. Endemic to Sarawak (Kapit and Tatau districts).

Habitat. In lowland or lower montane dipterocarp forest at 190-1500 m elevation.

Creeping on deep shaded rocky bank near waterfall.

Conservation status. Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). The species is known only from two

localities in Kapit and Tatau Districts. In Tatau, the locality lies within the conservation

area of Bukit Kana Management Area; elsewhere, the habitat is threatened due to local

disturbance.

Additional specimens examined. MALAYSIA; Sarawak: Tatau District, Ulu Sangan, Bukit

Kana, 14 Oct 1994, Yii et al. S67062 (SAR!); Kapit District, Hose Mountains, Bukit Nibong, 3

Apr 1980, Bunt 12776 (E!, SAR!).

3. Begonia lingiae S. Julia, sp. nov.

Similar to Begonia calcarea in its hispid stems and petioles, succulent hairy laminas,

male and female inflorescences from the prostrate stems, and its orangey yellow

flowers, but it is different in its longer intemodes 1-2 cm long and spaced leaves (vs.

crowded into a tuft in B. calcarea), shorter petioles to 8.5 cm long and laminas 8-12.5

X 6-11.5 cm (vs. petioles 14-37 cm long and laminas 10-14 x 10-17 cm), much

longer female tepals 12-15 x 5-7 mm (vs. c. 6 x 7 mm) and narrower capsules 10-12

X 12-1 5 mm with a prominent beak c. 2 mm long (vs. capsules 1 1-21 x 1 5-21 without

a beak). - TYPE: Borneo, Sarawak, Tatau District, Anap Muput Forest Management

Unit, Coupe 15, 22 June 2015, Ling et al. SFC6161 (holotype SAR!; isotype KEP!).

(Fig. 4)

Creeping herb, rooting at nodes. Indumentum: hispid on stems, stipules and petioles,

hairs dark red or sometimes white, c. 3 mm long. Rhizomes prostrate, pale green,

unbranched, succulent, in life 5-6 mm thick, intemodes 1-2 cm long, not thicker at

nodes. Stipules pale green, ovate, 5-15 x 6-10 rmii, margin entire, apex setose, seta

1-2 mm long, persistent. Leaves alternate, distant, oblique, held horizontally; petioles

pale brown to pale green, 3. 5-8. 5 cm long, terete; lamina plain green above, pale

green beneath, with scattered erect stiff hairs 1.5-2 mm long on both surfaces, in

life succulent, matt, asymmetric, ovate, 8.5-12.5 x 6-11.5 cm, broad side 4.5-7 cm

wide, base cordate, sometimes slightly overlapping, basal lobes 3-4.5 cm long, margin

with scattered stiff hairs appearing minutely dentate, apex acuminate, acumen 1-1.5

cm long; venation pinnate-palmate, veins greenish on both surfaces, 4-7 veins on

either side of the midrib, 3^ veins in basal lobe, slightly impressed above, prominent

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

245

Fig. 3. Begonia kanaensis Kiew & C.Y.Ling. A. Habit. B. Young leaf. C. Stipule. D. Male

flower with long peduncle. E. Male flower with isomorphic tepals. F. Fruit. G. Cross-section of

fruit. From the type SFC6151. (Photos: C.Y Ling)

246

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

beneath. Male and female inflorescences separate, produced from the leaf axils from

the prostrate rhizome. Male inflorescence a cyme, c. 5.5 cm long; peduncle 2.3 cm long,

pale pink to slightly yellowish. Female inflorescence with a single flower, peduncle

1-2 cm long. Bracts pale green, ovate to lanceolate, 2-4 x 2-4 mm, margin entire,

persistent; bracteoles similar to bracts, pale green, 2-2.5 x 1-1.5 imu, margin entire,

persistent. Male flowers: pedicel pinkish, c. 20 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4, yellow

to deep yellow, tinged orange at the margin, glabrous, outer 2 tepals broadly elliptic,

9-10 X 7-8 mm, margin entire to minutely serrate, apex broadly acute to rounded,

inner 2 tepals obovate to broadly oblanceolate, 8-9.5 x 5-6.5 mm; stamens c. 23,

cluster globose, sessile, filaments pale yellow, 1.5-2 mm long, anthers lemon yellow,

ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm long, apex emarginate. Female flowers: pedicel pale green, 2-3

mm long, glabrous; tepals 5, pale green when young, yellow tinged orange at apex

when open, glabrous, obovate, 12-15 x 5-8 mm, margin entire or sometimes minutely

toothed, apex acute; ovary pale green tinged pink at wings, broadly obovate, 10-13 x

13-16 mm, glabrous, beaked to 3 mm long, wings 3, equal, locales 3, placentas 2 per

locule; styles 3, pale yellow, 4-5 mm long, divided to base, deeply Y-shaped; stigma

pale yellow, papillose forming a continuous twisted band. Capsule single, 10-12 x

12-15 mm with a beak c. 2 mm long, glabrous, locales 3, wings 3, equal, broadly

acute proximally, rounded to truncate distally, 3-5 mm wide, thinly fibrous, dehiscing

between locule and wing; peduncle in fruit 1-2 cm long, slightly pendent, pedicel in

fruit 0.2-1 cm long.

Etymology. Named for Ling Chea Yiing (1983-present), research officer specialising

in orchid taxonomy, in Sarawak Forestry Corporation, who first collected the species.

Distribution. Borneo. Endemic in Sarawak. So far known only from the type locality.

Habitat. Disturbed lowland mixed dipterocarp forest at 335 m elevation, near a cliff,

on sandstone boulders.

Conservation status. Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)). The species is known only

from a single locality that lies outside the network of Totally Protected Areas and the

habitat is tlireatened by logging activities that open up the canopy and cause siltation.

4. Begonia rubrotepala S. Julia, sp. nov.

This species is unique among Bornean begonias for its 10^5 cm long, slender

inflorescences that trail on the ground with only the apical portion erect, compared

with others where the inflorescences are axillary on erect stems. Among the ‘calcarea

group’, its inflorescence is different in that the same peduncle produces a single basal

female flower followed by male flower(s) whereas in the other species male and

female flowers are produced on separate inflorescences. In its petiole as long or longer

than the lamina and its lamina more or less glabrous and broader than long with a

well-developed basal lobe, it most resembles B. sadirensis, but its leaves are smaller

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

247

Fig. 4. Begonia lingiae S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Young leaf. C. Stipule. D. Under surface of

leaf E. Close-up of upper leaf surface. F, G. Male flower. H, I. Female inflorescence. J. Fruit.

K. Cross-section of ovary. From the type SFC6161. (Photos: C.Y. Ling)

248

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

8.5-13 X 8.5-16.5 cm with the basal lobe 1-3.5 cm long (vs. 13-17.5 x 13.3-19 cm

with basal lobe 3.5-5 cm in B. sadirensis), its bracts are larger 15-22 x 6-8 mm (vs.

5-7 X 3 mm), its flowers are bright red (not deep orangey red), the pedicel of the male

flower is short 6 mm long (vs. 5-22 mm), the outer tepal pair larger 1 1-12 x 9-10 mm

(vs. 5-8 X 4-7 min), stamens many 32-47 (vs. 23-27) and the capsule smaller 8-9 x

11-12 mm (vs. 12-15 x 15-17 mm) with a longer stalk 6-7 mm (vs. 2.5-4. 5 mm). -

TYPE: Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok Antu District, Ulu Engkari, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife

Sanctuary, Sungai Segerak, 12 March 2016, Julia et al. SFC3453 (holotype SAR!;

isotypes KEP!, SING!). (Fig. 5).

Creeping herb 25-45 cm long, rhizome and petiole covered with short soft white hairs

(hairs reddish on young stem and petiole). Rhizomes dull brown, 8-10 mm thick,

intemodes (2.5-)5.5-10 cm long, unbranched, very sueculent, slightly thicker at nodes.

Stipules red-brown, ovate, 20-22 x 10-12 mm, margin entire, keeled, apex acuminate,

seta to 5 mm long, caducous. Leaves alteniate, 5-6 leaves per plant, distant, oblique,

held horizontally; petioles dull dark brown, (10-) 15-25 cm long, c. 6 mm diameter,

terete, pilose, hairs brownish; lamina plain, dark green above, pale gi'een beneath,

young leaves olive green above, greenish beneath, in life succulent, matt, hirsute

above, hairs short, stiff and dark brown, asymmetric, broadly ovate or almost rounded,

(8.5-) 10.5-1 3 X (8.5-) 13-1 6.5 cm, broad side (5.5-)7.5-9.5 cm wide, base cordate,

overlapping, basal lobes 1-3.5 cm wide, margin minutely serrate, apex acute; venation

palmate, veins greenish above except near the leaf base, brownish or reddish beneath,

veins 4 on either side of the midrib, 2 veins in basal lobe, prominent above, strongly

prominent beneath; tertiary veins very conspicuous beneath, reticulate. Inflorescences

protogynous, axillary opposite the leaf, 2-3 inflorescences per rhizome, horizontal on

the ground, racemose, 1 0-45 cm long, red-brown. Bracts ovate, red brown, densely

pilose, hairs reddish, keeled, 1 5-20 x 6-8 mm, apex setose, seta 2 mm long; bracteoles

reddish brown, lanceolate or elliptic, lower bracteoles c. 10x6 nrni, upper bracteoles

e. 6 X 6 mm, margin toothed. Male flowers: pedicel red, c. 6 mm long, glabrous;

tepals 4, anisomorphic, outer 2 tepals deep red outside, pinkish inside, outside covered

with dense red hairs, inside glabrous, rounded, 11-12 x 9-10 mm, margin entire, apex

rounded, inner 2 tepals whitish tinged red, glabrous, lanceolate, c. 8 x 4 mm, margin

entire, apex acute; stamens 32-47, cluster globose, sessile, filaments pale to lemon

yellow, c. 1 mm long, anthers pale to lemon yellow, obovate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, apex

emarginate. Female flowers: pedieel red, 7-10 mm long; tepals 5, rarely 6, outer 3-4

tepals broadly elliptic, 10-1 1 x 5-7 mm, bright red outside, reddish or whitish inside,

margin entire, apex broadly acute, inner 2 tepals smaller, narrowly elliptic, 9-10 x 3

mm, pinkish; ovary bright red, covered with white or red hairs to 2 mm long, c. 10

X 13-16 mm, wings 3, equal, 5-6 mm wide, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles

3, lemon yellow, c. 2 mm long; stigma yellow, widely Y-shaped, papillose forming

a continuous twisted band. Capsules 8-9 x 11-12 mm, locules 3, wings 3, equal,

rounded proximally and distally, 4-6 mm wide, dehiscing between the locules and

wings; peduncle in fmit 8-19 cm long, not pendent; pedicel in fruit thread-like, 6-7

mm long.

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

249

Fig. 5. Begonia rubrotepala S.Julia. A. Habit. B. Stipule. C. Young leaf. D, E. Inflorescenee.

F. Male flower. G, H. Female flower. I. Cross seetion of ovary. From type SFC3453. (Photos:

S. Julia)

Etymology. From the tepal colour (Latin, rubro = red; tepala = tepal).

Distribution. Borneo. Endemic in Sarawak, known from Lubok Antu District (Batang

Ai National Park), Song District (Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary) and the Belaga

District.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Habitat. Riparian forest, on steep or gentle slopes less than 5 m from the water’s edge,

on clayey soils.

Conservation status. Least Concern. The species is commonly seen in Totally Protected

Areas (Batang Ai National Park and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary).

Notes. This is a striking species in its bright red flowers. The only other begonia in

this group with red flowers is the Bintulu population of Begonia calcarea. Its 10-

45 cm-long, slender inflorescences are unique among Bornean begonias in that they

trail on the ground with only the apical portion erect. On the same inflorescence they

produce a single female flower followed by male flowers compared with other species

in the ‘calcarea group’ where male and female flowers are produced on separate

inflorescences. In addition, the bracts are large and more prominent. It is also the only

species in the ‘calcarea group’ that does not have male flowers with isomorphic tepals.

Additional specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Lubok Antu District, Batang Ai

National Park, Sungai Bebilong Besai, 2 Aug 201 5, Julia et al. SFC2756 (SAR! ); Lubok Antu

District, Batang Ai National Park, Sungai Bukoh, 17 Mar 2016, Julia et al. SFC3485 (SAR!);

Lubok Antu District, Batang Ai National Park, Sg. Kenaban, \ SMslt 2016, Julia etal. SFC6623

(SARI); Lanjak Entimau PF, Sg. Jelok, near Bukit Sengkajang, 18 Mar 1974, Chai S34013

(SAR!); Song District, Ulu Katibas, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, on ridge going west

up across Sg. Menyarin towai'ds Ulu Menyarin, close to Camp A, base of ridge running SW, 21

Nov 1997, Pearce et al. ITTO/BB0732 (SAR!); Belaga District, up River ex Punan Busang, 18

Jun 1971, Goh & Samsuri GSY703 (SAR!).

5. Begonia sabahensis Kiew & J.H.Tan, Gard. Bull. Singapore 56: 73 (2004); Kiew et

al., Guide to Begonias of Borneo 244 (2015). - TYPE: Sabah, Tenom District, Sungai

Telekoson, 11 February 200A, Recin Sapau & Tan, J.H. AL7 27/2004 (holotype SAN!).

(Fig. 6)

Distribution. The species is known only from the type locality.

Habitat. In transition forest between hill and lower montane forests on steep shaded

slopes.

Conservation status. Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)). It is extremely rare with a

small population that is outside the network of Totally Protected Areas and currently

in danger of habitat disturbance from logging activities.

6. Begonia sadirensis Kiew & S. Julia, sp. nov.

Similar to Begonia sabahensis Kiew & J.H.Tan in its stout petiole that is as long or

longer than the lamina, its lamina broader than long, and lamina more or less glabrous

above, but it is different IfomR. sabahensis in having larger laminas, 13-17.5 x 13.5-

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

251

Fig. 6. Begonia sabahensis Kiew & J.H.Tan. A. Habit and inflorescence. B. Male and female

inflorescence. C. Female flower. All photos reproduced with permission from Kiew et ah, 2015.

19 cm (vs. laminas c. 10 x 12 cm), longer petioles (1 2-) 17.5-32.5 em (vs. petioles

8-17 cm) and orangey red flowers (vs. flowers yellow). - TYPE: Borneo, Sarawak,

Padawan District, Kampung Sadir, 11 July 2015, Julia et al SFC6173 (holotype

SAR!). (Fig. 7).

Creeping herb to 30 cm long, rhizome prostrate, rooting at nodes. Rhizomes, stipules,

petioles and both surfaces of veins hispid with appressed hairs, more noticeable on

petioles and young shoots. Rhizomes red-brown, unbranched, succulent, 6-11 mm

thiek, intemodes 2-4 cm long, slightly thickened at nodes. Stipules red-brown,

broadly lanceolate, 14-24 x 7-15 mm, keeled, densely shortly hispid, margin entire,

apex acute, persistent. Leaves alternate, distant, oblique, held horizontally; petioles

stout, red-brown, (12-)17.5-32.5 cm long, appressed hispid, grooved above; lamina

plain green, paler beneath, in life succulent, glabrous with the oecasional hairs above,

glossy, asymmetric, ovate, 13-17.5 x 13.3-19 em, broad side 8.3-11.2 cm wide, base

deeply cordate and overlapping, basal lobes 3.5-5 em long, margin minutely toothed,

teeth tipped by a hair, apex acuminate, aeumen c. 2 cm long; venation palmate-pinnate,

2 pairs at the base, 2-3 veins on either side of the midrib, 2-3 veins in basal lobe.

252

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

veins plane above, prominent and ferrugineous below. Plant protogynous. Male

inflorescences from upper leaf axils, slender, 1.5^.5 cm long, a cyme 3-6 cm long;

peduncle 22-32 cm long. Bracts several congested at base, reddish to pinkish,

narrowly lanceolate, 5-7 x 3 mm, margin entire, glabrous, persistent; bracteoles ovate,

c. 3 X 2 mm, glabrous, margin entire, caducous. Female inflorescence (young) from

lower leaf axil, a compound cyme to 2 cm long. Bracts red to pale pink, lanceolate to

oblanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, margin entire, apex setose, seta to 1 mm long, persistent;

bracteoles pinkish, lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm, margin entire, apex setose, seta to 1 mm

long, persistent. Male flowers: pedicel pinkish, (5-) 10-22 mm long, glabrous; tepals

4, orangey red, glabrous, broadly ovate, 5-8 x 4-7 mm, margin entire, apex rounded;

stamens 23-27, cluster globose, sessile, filaments pale yellow, 2-2.5 mm long, anthers

lemon yellow, obovate, 1-1.5 x 0.5 mm, apex emarginate. Female flowers: pedicel

pale pink, c. 3 mm long, glabrous; tepals 5, orangey red, glabrous, elliptic, 8-9 x 4-5

mm, margin entire, apex broadly acute; ovai^ deep pink particularly the wings, pale

pink at centre, ovoid, c. 1 2 x 1 g mm, glabrous, wings 3, equal, locules 3, placentas 2 per

locule; styles 3, lemon yellow, c. 3 mm long, divided to base, widely anchor-shaped;

stigma yellow-orange, papillose forming a continuous twisted band. Capsules 1-5

from the lower leaf axil, whitish or pale red, 12-15 x 15-17 mm, glabrous, locules 3,

wings 3, unequal, broadly acute proximally and distally, 4-7 mm wide, thinly fibrous,

dehiscing between locule and wing; peduncle in fruit 2.5-5 cm long, slightly pendent;

pedicel in fmit pendent, 2. 5^. 5 mm long.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Distribution. Borneo. Endemic in Sarawak. Known only from the type locality.

Habitat. A disturbed seasonal creek, near sandstone boulders or rock faces along a

small stream.

Conserx’ation status. Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)). The species is known only

from a single locality outside the network of Totally Protected Areas. The habitat is

threatened due to local disturbance.

Discussion

The large genus Begonia, which is among the ten largest genera of vascular plants

(Frodin, 2004), has more than 1825 species worldwide (Hughes et al., 2015).

The most recent comprehensive sectional classification of the genus is that by

Doorenbos et al. (1998). The sections that include Bornean species are Begonia sect.

Diploclinium (Lindl.) A.DC., Begonia sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A.DC., Begonia

sect. Reichenheimia (Klotzsch) A.DC. and Begonia sect. Sphenanthera (Hassk.)

Warb. Recently a further section, Begonia sect. Baryandra A.DC., was redefined and

now includes a few Bornean species that were previously included in Begonia sect.

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

253

Fig. 7. Begonia sadirensis Kiew & S. Julia. A. Habit. B. Stipule. C. Male infloreseenee. D, E.

Male flowers. F, G. Female flower. H. Fruit. I. Cross-seetion of ovary. From the type SFC61 73.

(Photos: C.Y. Ling)

Diploclinium (Rubite et ah, 2013). Doorenbos et al. (1998) doubtfully placed Begonia

calcarea in Begonia sect. Diploclinium Group I on account of it possessing rhizomes,

an ovary with three locules and bilamellate placentas, and dry capsules. Group II of

Begonia sect. Diploclinium included species from continental Asia, many of which

were tuberous. Based on morphology. Begonia sect. Diploclinium was clearly a

problematic group being heterogeneous and polymorphic.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Thomas et al. (2011) noted that Begonia sect. Diploclinium had become a

dustbin and that phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that Begonia sect.

Diploclinium was polyphyletic. Tn their analysis, Begonia sect. Diploclinium included

two distinct clades: the continental Asian species with tubers (part of their Clade C)

and the rhizomatous Malesian species (Clade D). The type species for Begonia sect.

Diploclinium, Begonia grandis Otto ex A.DC, belongs to the tuberous group, which

formed a basal grade in the analyses of Thomas et al. (2011) in a clade also comprising

species of Begonia sect. Sphenanthera and Begonia sect. Platycentrum. Sectional

delimitation within this group needs to be revised.

Rubite et al. (2013) examined the rhizomatous Malesian Begonia sect.

Diploclinium group, which has a centre of diversity in the Philippines, in detail

and concluded that they were distinct from continental species of Begonia sect.

Diploclinium. They expanded and redefined Begonia sect. Baryandra to accommodate

these species. While the majority of species in this section are from the Philippines

(40 species), a few occur in Bomeo (5 species) and New Guinea (7 species). Of the

remaining Bornean rhizomatous species from Begonia sect. Diploclinium, they note

that B. calcarea and B sabahensis have no affinity with Begonia sect. Baryandra but

that it was not clear to which section they belong.

On morphological grounds (see Introduction) the ‘calcarea group’ of species

is clearly distinct from the other sections occurring in Bomeo. However, until its

species are included in phylogenetic analyses (material will be DNA sequenced in the

near future) and molecular data used to shed some insight into whether they form a

monophyletic group that is distinct from the other sections, it is premature to erect a

new section to accommodate them.

Apart from Begonia calcarea, the other species in the ‘calcarea group’ are to

date known only from one or two localities (Fig. 1). In addition, they all occur as small

populations, which make them particularly vulnerable to habitat disturbance. Of these

narrowly distributed species, only Begonia rubrotepala lies within the network of

Totally Protected Areas (i.e., within the Batang Ai National Park and Lanjak Entimau

Wildlife Sanctuary) whereas the other species {B. kanaensis, B. lingiae, B. sabahensis

and 5. sadirensis) occur outside Totally Protected Areas. Begonia lingiae, B. sabahensis

and B. sadirensis are threatened by habitat disturbance from logging activities or

local disturbance and therefore fall within the Critically Endangered category while

B. kanaensis is considered Endangered. Begonia calcarea is also considered Least

Concern as the localities are widespread and include a Totally Protected Area (Lanjak

Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the Sarawak

Foresti'y Corporation for the field work. We are sincerely grateful to the management team of

Sarawak Forestiy Corporation, particularly the Chief Executive Officer, Wong Ting Chung and

the Deputy General Manager, Julaihi Lai Abdullah, for their continuous support of botanical

research in Sarawak. We thank our colleagues from the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary and

Batang Ai National Park and from AFSID staff, Vihna Bodos, Paul Sawai, Tinjan Kuda, Jaies

Chankul, Sirukit Dubod and Shalih Rebi, for their valuable assistance during the field work,

the Curator of Sarawak Herbarium, Hajjah Mohizah Mohamad, and the Keeper of the Royal

Calcarea group of Begonia from Borneo

255

Botanic Gardens Kew Herbarium for allowing us access to herbarium specimens in their care,

to Daniel C. Thomas for his helpful comments, to Datuk Chan Chew Lun of Natural History

Publications (Borneo) and Anthony Lamb for pennission to reproduce the images of Begonia

sabahensis; and Zedtee Sdn. Bhd. for providing logistic assistance to the third author during

the field trip to Bukit Kana and Anap Muput in 2015.

References

Doorenbos, J., Sosef, M.S.M & De Wilde J.J.F.E. (1998). The sections of Begonia including

descriptions, keys and species lists (Studies in Begoniaceae VI). Wageningen Agric.

Univ. Pap. 98(2); 1-266.

Frodin, D.G. (2004). History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53:753-776.

Hughes, M., Moonlight, P., Jara, A. & Pullen, M. (2015). Begonia Resource Centre. Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh, http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/begonia/ (accessed on 8 May 2016)

Kiew, R. & Tan, J.H. (2014). Begonia sabahensis Kiew & J.H. Tan (Begoniaceae), a new

yellow -flowered 5^go/?/V/ from Borneo. Card. Bull. Singapore 56:73-77.

Kiew, R., Julia, S., Rimi, R. & Joffre, A. A. (2015). A Guide to Begonias of Borneo. 293 pp.

Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo).

Ridley, H.N. (1906). Begonias of Borneo. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46: 260.

Rubite, R.R., Hughes, M., Alejandro, G.J.D. & Peng, C.-I. (2013). Recircumscription of

Begonia section Baiyandra (Begoniaceae) evidence from molecular data. Bot. Stud.

54: 38^2.

Thomas, D.C., Hughes, M., Phutthai, T., Rajbjandary, S., Rubite, R.R., Ardi, W.H. & Richardson,

J.E. (2011). A non-coding plastid DNA phylogeny of Asian Begonia (Begoniaceae):

Evidence for morphological homoplasy and sectional polyphyly. Molec. Phylogenet.

Evol. 60: 428^44.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 257-277. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S238258121600020X

257

Eight new Begonia (Begoniaceae) species

from the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary

and Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Borneo

S. Julia^ & R. Kiew^

^Botanical Research Centre, Sarawak Forestry Corporation,

Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

juhasang@sarawakforestry.com

^Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109,

Selangor, Malaysia

ruth@frim .gov.my

ABSTRACT. Eight new Begonia (Begoniaceae) species. Begonia addrinii S. Julia & Kiew,

Begonia celata S.Julia & Kiew, Begonia crassa S. Julia & Kiew, Begonia devexa S.Julia

& Kiew, Begonia fractiflexa S.Julia & Kiew, Begonia hirtitepala S.Julia & Kiew, Begonia

jamilahanuiana S.Julia and Begonia iihahribuensis S.Julia & Kiew, are described from Lanjak

Entimau Wildlife Sanctuai^ and Batang Ai National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia. Two and four

species are only known from Batang Ai National Park and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary

respectively while two species are found in both sites. Seven species belong to Begonia sect.

Petermannia and the placement of one {Begonia fractiflexa) is uncertain.

Keywords. Begonia, RIMBA, Sarawak, Totally Protected Area

Introduction

In August 2015, the State Government of Sarawak launched the RIMBA SARAWAK

(Research for Intensified Management of Bio-Rich Areas) project focusing on research

in three of its Totally Protected Areas, i.e., Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (WS),

Batang Ai National Park (NP) and Sebuyau National Park. This on-going RIMBA

SARAWAK project was initiated through the Sarawak Forestry Corporation to provide

a platform for research collaboration with international, regional and local researchers

on biodiversity and forests in these bio-rich areas.

Lanjak Entimau WS (111°53'E to 112°28.5'E and ^19^^ to 1°51'N) covers

approximately 192,000 ha of forest on rugged hilly topography in south western

Sarawak. It was gazetted as a wildlife sanctuary in 1983 and its area extended in 2003

(Chai, 2011). It lies in four administrative districts, Lubok Antu District in the southern

part, Julau and Sibu Districts in the northern part and Song District in the eastern

part. In 1994, Lanjak Entimau WS became part of the Trans-boundary Biodiversity

Conservation Area with Betung Kerihun National Park in Kalimantan, Indonesia,

under a project supported by the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO).

As a sanctuary for the protection of wildlife and their habitats, under the National

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Parks Ordinance, 1998, access to Lanjak Entimau WS is restricted to scientists and

researchers with pennits. Batang Ai NP, which is contiguous with the southern part of

Lanjak Entimau WS, was gazetted as a Totally Protected Area in 1991 and, including

a later extension, covers an area of 32,1 00 ha.

Recent field work focusing on begonias by the first author in two of the RIMBA

SARAWAK’S sites, Lanjak Entimau WS and Batang Ai NP, resulted in the collection

and re-collection of materials used to describe eight new species in this paper. Of

these eight species, five species were collected for the first time while three species

had previously been collected but were not described. Meekiong et al. (2010) noted

that 12 species were recorded from Lanjak Entimau WS including the newly described

Begonia kumkura Tawan, Ipor & Meekiong (2009). In Batang Ai NP, nine species

have been described (Lin et al., 2014; Julia & Kiew, 2016).

Seven new species described in this paper belong to Begonia sect. Petermannia

and one {Begonia fractiflexa) is of uncertain placement. Of these eight species, two

species {B. hirtitepala and B. jamilahanuiana) occur in both Lanjak Entimau WS and

Batang Ai NP while four species are presently known only in Lanjak Entimau WS {B.

crassa, B. fractiflexa, B. devexa and B. ubahribuensis) and two species (B. addrinii

and B. celata) are known only from Batang Ai NP. As indicated by the discovery of

new species, particularly from Batang Ai NP, more new species can be expected once

more areas within these Totally Protected Areas are explored.

Although all species have nan'ow distribution ranges and only occur in one or

few localities, all species are considered Least Concern (lUCN, 2012). Their habitats

are well and legally protected within the Totally Protected Areas. The species are also

commonly seen where they occur with populations comprising individuals in various

life stages, including reproductive plants.

Methodology

Materials used for the description of species are based mainly on specimens collected

by the first author and her colleagues during field trips in March 2016 and May

2016, as well as the existing specimens available in the Sarawak Herbarium (SAR).

All measurements are from freshly collected materials unless indicated otherwise.

The diagnostic characters of all new species in this paper were compared with the

characters of similar species based on the descriptions in their protologues unless

indicated otherwise.

Taxonomy treatment

1. Begonia addrinii S. Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

In its creeping habit and small obovate leaves, it is similar to Begonia crockerensis

Rimi but it is different in its shorter intemodes, 1.4-2 cm long (vs. 2.3-2.6 cm long),

smaller stipule, 3-10 x 2-5 mm (vs. 14-23 x 5-7 mm), leaves usually growing flat

against boulders (vs. upstanding or semi-erect), leaf base cordate with a relatively large

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

259

basal lobe, 0. 3-0.7 cm long (vs. leaf base rounded widi smaller basal lobe, c. 0.2 mm

long), laminas that are always plain green and pilose above (vs. glabrous leaves with

two colour forms, green or dark bronze-green), inflorescence in a 3-flowered cyme (vs.

a thryse), and 25-30 stamens (vs. c. 17). - TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok

Antu District, Batang Ai NP, Sungai Buban, 1°17'44"N 112°04'03"E, 153 m, 19 March

2016, Julia et al SFC6653 (holotype SAR!; isotypes KEP!, SING!, SNP!). (Fig. 1)

Creeping herb, rooting at the nodes; stem, leaves and petiole pilose, hairs reddish to

whitish. Stems to 15 cm long, unbranched, green, pilose, hairs brownish or reddish, c. 3

mm thick; intemodes 1 ,4-2 cm long, slightly swollen at nodes. Stipules pale green, acute,

3-10 X 2-5 nuu, margin entire, apex acute, caducous. Leaves closely amanged, flattened

onto boulders, not oblique; petioles pale green, 1 . 1-2.2 cm long, succulent, terete; lamina

plain green above, paler beneath, in life succulent, drying papeiy, slightly asymmetric,

obovate or sometimes orbicular, 2.3-5 x 2.1-5 cm, base cordate, basal lobe 0.3-0.7

cm long, margin seiTate, apex rounded; venation palmate, branching twice towards

the margin, concolorous, slightly impressed above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences

erect, axillary along the creeping stem, red-brown or greenish, unbranched, 4.5-10 cm

long, topped by a cyme of 1 female and 2 male flowers. Bracts reddish or pale green,

lanceolate, 4-7 x 2-3 mm, margin entire, keeled, apex acute, persistent; bracteoles

greenish or reddish, ovate to lanceolate, 2-3 x 1-1.5 mm, margin entire. Male flowers

with white pedicels, 5-17 mm long; tepals 4, white, margin entire, apex broadly acute,

outer 2 tepals elliptic, 6-12 x 4—7 mm, inner 2 tepals nan'owly elliptic, 6-8 x 1.5-4

rmii; stamens 25-30, cluster loosely globose, sessile, filaments c. 1.2 mm long, anthers

lemon yellow, obovate, c. 1 x 0.4 mm, apex eniarginate. Female flowers with whitish or

greenish pedicels, 6-8 mm long; tepals 5, white, pinkish or whitish green, broadly ovate,

outer 4 tepals 4— 12 x 4-5 mm, imier tepal 5-6 x 3 mm, margin entire, apex broadly

acute; ovary white, pinkish or greenish tinged reddish, 5-7 x 6-9 mm, wings 3, unequal,

2-5 mm wide, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, lemon yellow, 2-3 mm long;

stigma lemon yellow, anchor-shaped, papillose. Capsules single, pale green, 5-7 x 12

mm, locules 3, wings 3, unequal, 3^ mm wide, acute proximally anddistally, dehiscing

between the locules and wings; pedicel in fruit pendent, green, stiff, 4-8 mm long.

Etymology. Named for Addrin anak Kemarau, the Park Ranger at Batang Ai National

Park who first discovered this new species.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, as yet known only from the Batang Ai NP.

Habitat. Riparian forest at 153 m elevation, growing on a thin soil layer on sandstone

boulders in shaded area.

Notes. Among begonias that grow in the Batang Ai NP (Julia & Kiew, 2016), this

pretty creeping begonia shares a similar habit and small leaf size with Begonia tebiang

S. Julia & Kiew, but this latter species is different in its ovate leaves, 5.5-10.5 x 4.5-

8.5 cm, and its thryse with persistent and larger bracts, 7-17 x 4-11 mm.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

2. Begonia celata S Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

In its small creeping habit, small hairy, broadly ovate leaves it is similar to Begonia

baik C.W.Lin & C.-l Peng but it is different in its smaller, lanceolate stipules 7-12 x

2.5 mm (vs. ovate and 1 7-20 x 8 mm), longer and grooved petiole 3.3-6 cm long (vs.

1.5-2. 5 cm long in upper leaves, to 7.5 cm in lower leaves), and its shorter and broader

capsules 6-7 x 10-11 mm (vs. c. 9 x 6 mm). - TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak,

Lubok Antu District, Batang Ai NP, Sungai Bebiyong Mit, l°18'0r'N 112°04'24"E,

163 m, 19 March 2016, Julia et ah SFC6661 (holotype SAR!; isotypes KEP!, SING!,

SNP!). (Fig. 2)

Herb to 5-30 cm tall, stem and leaves pilose, hairs purplish. Stems sparsely branched,

green, 4-5 mm thick; intemodes 0.7-2 cm long, slightly swollen at nodes. Stipules

pale green, lanceolate, 7-12 x 2-5 mm, keeled, margin entire, apex setose, seta to

c. 1 mm long, persistent. Leaves sometimes flattened against the steep earth bank,

oblique; petioles reddish brown, 3.3-6 cm long, slightly grooved; lamina plain green

to coppeiy green above, deep red-brown beneath, in life slightly succulent, drying

papery, asyiumetric, broadly ovate to orbicular, 6-7.5 x 5. 5-8. 5 cm, broad side 3. 6-5. 4

cm, base unequal, cordate, sometimes overlapping, basal lobe 0.7-1. 5 cm long, margin

dentate, apex acute; venation pahnate-pinnate, 3^ veins on each side, 2-4 veins on

basal lobe, branching twice towards the margin, impressed above, prominent beneath.

Inflorescences erect, axillai^ on the upper leaf axil, dichasium 4.5-9 cm long, red-

brown with reddish hairs, peduncle 2.3-5 cm long. Bracts pale green, ovate, 6-11

X 3-5 mm, keeled, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen to 1 mm long, persistent;

bracteoles up to 12 pairs per partial inflorescence, lower bracteoles ovate, pale green,

8-9 X 4 mm, slightly keeled, margin ciliate, apex setose, seta to 1 mm long, upper

bracteoles reddish or pinkish, ovate, 4-5 x 2-3 imn, margin ciliate, persistent; margin

toothed, teeth tipped by a hair. Male flowers with white or reddish pedicels, 6-10 mm

long; tepals 4, completely white or pinkish outside, white inside, sprinkled with white

hairs outside, glabrous inside, margin entire, apex broadly acute or rounded, outer 2

tepals broadly ovate, 9-11 x 6-9 mm, inner 2 tepals oblanceolate, 7-9 x 2-3 mm;

stamens 28-35, cluster globose, subsessile, filaments c. 1 mm long, anthers lemon

yellow, obovate, c, 1 x 0.5 mm, apex emarginate. Female flowers with pale green

hispid pedicels, 7-10 mm long; tepals 5-6, bright red, pinkish or white outside, white

inside, hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin entire, apex rounded, outer 3-4 tepals

obovate, 7-10 x 4-6 mm, inner 2 tepals oblanceolate, 8-9 x 2-3 mm; ovary bright red,

pink or green with red wings, 6-7 x 8-9 mm, covered with white hairs, hairs 2-3 mm

long, wings 3, equal, 2-3 mm wide, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, lemon

yellow, 2-3 rmn long; stigma lemon yellow, anchor-shaped, papillose. Capsules (old)

single or 2-3 capsules per infi*uctescence, 6-7 x 10-11 mm, locules 3, wings 3, equal,

broadly acute proximally and acute distally, 2-3 cm wide, dehiscing between the

locules and wings; pedicel in fruit pendent, glabrous, 8-12 mm long.

Etymology. Latin, celatus = hidden; referring to the habitat where it grows hidden

below tree roots or rocky boulders.

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 1. Begonia addrinii S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Hairy upper leaf surfaee. C. Male

infloreseence. D. Male and female inflorescences. E. Male flower. F, G. Female flower. H.

Fruit. I. Cross-section of ovary. From the type SFC6653. (Photos: A-H, S. Julia; I, C.Y. Ling)

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Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, as yet known only from Batang Ai NR

Habitat. Riparian forest below 200 m elevation, growing in shaded areas under rocky

boulders, near tree buttresses or tree roots on a gentle slope.

Notes. Its habitat is unique in that it was only found growing below tree roots or boulders,

perhaps indicating that it is intolerant of its leaves being soaked by rain or the soil being

waterlogged. Among begonias in Batang Ai NP (Julia & Kiew, 2016), Begonia celata

is close to B. tebiang in having small leaves, but B. tebiang has a creeping habit with

longer intemodes (2. 5-8.5 cm long), a glabrous lamina, fewer bracteole pairs, glabrous

female flowers with a shorter pedicel (c. 1 mm long) and a wider ovary (14-15 mm

wide). Begonia celata is rather localised and only found in a few patches along the

stream banks.

3. Begonia crassa S.Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

Similar to Begonia conniegeriae S. Julia & Kiew in its cane-like habit and dense

clusters of many male flowers but it is different in its thick, succulent ridged stem,

its lack of hairs, veins only slightly impressed above compared with B. conniegeriae

that has a slightly woody terete stem, reddish brown indumentum and veins deeply

impressed above. - TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Julau District, Ng. Biladayat,

Ulu Sg. Sugai, Mujok, Lanjak Entimau WS, 1°44'03"N 112°05'52"E, 198 m, 3 March

2003, Rantai et al. S 90832 (holotype SAR!; isotypes K!, KEP!). (Fig. 3)

Cane-like begonia. Stems to 70 cm tall, unbranched, glabrous, translucent, pale green,

very succulent, 10-15 mm thick, ridged; intemodes 4-9(-ll ) cm long, swollen at

nodes. Stipules translucent green, tinged reddish, broadly lanceolate, 20-25 x 8 mm,

reflexed, margin entire, apex sharply acute, persistent. Leaves distant, held more or less

horizontally, oblique; petioles pale green, 1.2-3. 5 cm long, 3-6 mm thick, succulent,

ridged, grooved above; lamina plain green and glossy above, hirsute between the

veins above, paler and glabrous beneath, in life succulent, drying papery, asymmetric,

broadly ovate, 16-23 x 9-1 5 cm, broad side (4-)7-10.5 cm long, base cordate, unequal,

basal lobe 2-2.5 cm long, margin dentate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5-2 cm long;

venation palmate-pinnate with 4-5 veins at the base and 2-3 veins on either side of the

midrib, branching twice towards the margin, concolorous, slightly impressed above,

prominent beneath; lower leaf smaller, ovate, c. 8.2 x 5.3 cm, broad side c. 3.5 cm long,

base cordate, unequal, basal lobe 0.8-1 cm long. Male inflorescences axillary in upper

leaf axils, a compact cluster of cymules, c. 3 cm long, peduncle c. 1 .3 cm long, reddish

green. Bracts reddish with greenish base or sometimes green with red edges, ovate, c.

20 X 15 mm, margin entire, apex acute, persistent; bracteoles red, orbicular, 10-14 x

10-14 mm, margin irregularly toothed, each pair of bracteoles enfolding cymules of

6-12 male flowers. Male flowers with white pedicels, 5-10 mm long; tepals 2, white,

margin entire, apex broadly acute, oval, 6-7 x 4-5 mm, reflexed; stamens 31-35,

eluster conieal, sessile, filaments 0.6-0. 8 mm long, anthers pale yellow, obovate, e.

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 2. Begonia celata S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Hairy upper leaf surface. C. Stipule. D.

Inflorescences. E. Male flowers. F & G. Female flower. H. Cross-section of ovary. From the

type SFC6661. (Photos: A-G, S. Julia; H, C.Y. Ling)

0.6 X 0.2 mm, apex emarginate. Female flowers not seen. Capsules in pairs, oblong in

outline, 15-26 x 10-17 mm, locules 3, wings 3, equal, rounded or truneate proximally,

truncate distally, 5-6 mm wide, dehiscing between the locules and wings; pedicel in

fruit pendent, stiff, 4-6 mm long.

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Etymology. Latin, crassus = thick, referring to the stem.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, as yet known only from Lanjak Entimau WS.

Habitat. Usually in riparian forest at 110-390 m elevation, growing below a cascading

waterfall on a thin layer of soil on constantly wet sandstone boulders or on rocky banks

of small streams; sometimes on slopes in mixed dipterocarp forest.

Notes. Begonia crassa was first collected in 1998 and is apparently widespread in the

Lanjak Entimau WS. However, the species appears to grow in very small localised

populations. Measurement of the fruit is based on dried herbarium specimens {S79226

and 890774). Locally, its young leaves are used for flavouring when boiling fish.

Among Bornean begonias, it is remarkable for its extremely thick, succulent (not

woody), angled stem to 1.5 cm thick. The only other species with a ridged stem is

Begonia papyraptera Sands from Brunei, but it is quite different. Its ridged stem is

conspicuously winged, it has broadly ovate, spotted leaves, and much larger capsules.

Nor do these two species occupy an unusual or specific habitat that could be associated

with this type of stem.

Additional specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Julau District, Lanjak Entimau WS,

Sg. Merinum via Pakan, 2 Nov 1 998, Julaihi et al. S79226 (SAR!, K, KEP, L); Lanjak Entimau

WS, Ng. Biladayat, Ulu Sg. Sugai, Mujok, 3 Mar 2003, Rantai et al. S90774 (SAR!, KEP, K,

L, SAN); Sg. Mujok, Sg. Sugai, 24 May 2016, Ling & Dino SFC5952 (SARI); Mujok, Lanjak

Entimau WS, Sg. Sengkadang, 22 May 2016, Ling & Dino SFC5941 (SARI); Lubok Antu

District, Ulu Engkari, Lanjak Entimau WS, Sungai Jela, 14 Mar 2016, Julia et al. SFC3467

(SAR!); Song District, Hulu Katibas, Sg. Sedin, Mohizah et al. ITTO/BC0083 (SAR!).

4. Begonia devexa S. Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

In its leaves with long erect hairs on the upper surface and the erect unbranched

inflorescences with 2-tepaled male flowers, it is similar to Begonia corrugata Kiew

& S.Julia but it differs in its smaller and sometimes slightly falcate leaves, 9.5-13.5 x

4.5-5.2 cm (vs. 14-25 x 9-16 cm), its smaller basal lobe 0.8-1 em long (vs. 1.5^ cm

long), glabrous tepals (vs. hairy tepals) and smaller capsules 9-10 x 12 imn (vs. 15-

20 X 12-15 imn). - TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok Antu District, Lanjak

Entimau WS, Sungai Segerak, 1°2434"N 112°00T3"E, 371 m, 13 March 2016, Ji/Z/a

et al. SFC3457 (holotype SAR!; isotypes KEP!, SING!, SNP!). (Fig. 4)

Erect herb 20-35 cm tall, whole plant pilose, hairs white or rarely reddish to 5 mm

long. Stems sometimes with one or two slender branches, pale green, 4-5 mm thick;

intemodes 2-3.5 cm long, slightly swollen at nodes. Stipules pale green, ovate, 9-15 x

5-1 1 mm, keeled, margin entire, apex setose, seta to c. 2 mm long, persistent. Leaves

sometimes flattened against the steep earth bank, oblique; petioles pale green, (0.8-)3-

3.7 cm long, slightly grooved; lamina plain green above, paler beneath, upper surface

sprinkled with white or rarely reddish hairs 3-5 mm long, margin ciliate, beneath veins

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 3. Begonia crassa S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Stipule. C. Upper leaf surfaee. D, E. Male

inflorescenee. F. Fruit. A-E from SFC3467; F from S90832. (Photos: A-E, S. Julia; F, C.Y.

Ling)

pilose, in life sueculent, drying papery, asymmetric, ovate to slightly falcate, 9.5-13.5

X 4. 5-5.2 cm, broad side 2. 5-3. 5 cm, narrow side in falcate leaves slightly concave,

base cordate, unequal, basal lobe 0.8-1 cm long, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate,

acumen 4-15 mm long; venation palmate-pinnate, c. 4 veins on each side, 4 veins on

basal lobe, branching 1-2 times towards the margin, concolorous, slightly impressed

above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences erect, from the upper leaf axils, greenish,

unbranched, 3-5.5 cm long, peduncle c. 1.5 cm long. Bracts pale green, ovate, c. 12

X 7-9 mm, margin fringed by hairs to 2 mm long, persistent; bracteoles up to 9 pairs

per inflorescence, pale green, ovate, lower bracteoles 10-12 x 7-9 mm, upper ones c.

8x7 mm, margin fringed by hairs to 2 mm long, persistent. Male flowers with white

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glabrous pedicels, 8-12 mm long; tepals 2 , white, glabrous, margin entire, apex acute,

6-8 X 5-6 mm; stamens 7-10, cluster loosely globose, stalked to 1 mm long, filaments

0.8-1 mm long, anthers pale yellow, obovate, 0.6-1 x 0.2-0.5 mm, apex emarginate.

Female flowers with pale green and pilose pedicels, 7-10 mm long; tepals 5, greenish

white, haiiy outside, glabrous inside, margin toothed on the upper half, apex broadly

acute, outer 3 tepals elliptic, 8-11 x 5-7 mm, inner 2 tepals nan*owly elliptic, c. 9 x

5 mm; ovary pale green, slightly darker and pilose on the wings, 12-16 x 9-14 mm,

wings 3, equal, 3^ mm wide, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, pale yellow,

4-5 mm long; stigma pale yellow, deeply Y-shaped, papillose, forming a continuous

twisted band. Capsules single, pale green, 9-14x8-12 mm, locules 3, wings 3, equal,

acute proximally and truncate distally, 2-4 mm wide, dehiscing between the locules

and wings; pedicel in fruit straight, pale green, glabrous, 6-7 mm long.

Etymology. Latin, devexus = sloping downwards; referring to the leaves that point

downwards against the steep slope on which they grow.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, as yet known only from Lanjak Entimau WS.

Habitat. Steep earth or rocky slopes in riparian forest at 370 m elevation, in semi-

shaded area.

Notes. Falcate leaves are unusual among Bornean begonias and are only seen in

narrow-leaved species, like Begonia eutricha Sands and B. melanosticta F.Y. Chong &

V.S.Guanih. Even so, the cun^ature is not pronounced and nor are all leaves on a single

plant noticeably falcate. Begonia devexa is also notable in having very few stamens

compared with most species that have at least ten and frequently more than twenty.

Begonia baramensis has the most, 49-84 stamens.

5. Begonia fractiflexa S.Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Uncertain)

Similar to Begonia bosuangiana S.Julia in its rounded, hairy leaves but it differs in

its long creeping wiry stem (vs. stem to 4 cm long), its very small stipule c. 4 x 2 mm

and laminas 1.5-3 x 2-2.5 cm (vs. stipule c. 6 x 4 mm and lamina c. 5 x 5.3 cm),

larger tepals, 5-6 x 5 mm in the female flower (vs. 3x2 mm), and capsule 5-6 x 5 cm

with narrower wings 1-1.5 mm wide (vs. capsule broader than long, 5-6 x 9-12 mm

with wider wings 6-9 mm wide). -TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok Antu

District, UluEngkari, Lanjak Entimau WS, Simgai Jela, 1°25'50"N 112°00'07"E, 366

m, 14 March 2016, Julia et al. SFC3466 (holotype SAR!; isotypes KEP!, SING!,

SNP!). (Fig. 5)

Creeping wiry herb to 28 cm long. Stem and petiole densely woolly, dark or reddish

brown, c. 2 mm thick, unbranched; intemodes 1.5-2 . 6 cm long, slightly thicker at

nodes. Stipules brownish green, lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, margin ciliate, apex setose,

seta to 1 mm long, persistent. Leaves alternate, distant, not oblique, held horizontally;

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 4. Begonia devexa S.Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Stipule and lower leaf surface. C. Upper

leaf surface. D. Male inflorescence and old fruit. E, F. Male flower. G. Female flowers. H.

Cross-section of ovary. From the type SFC3457. (Photos: A-G, S. Julia; H, C.Y. Ling)

petioles red brown, 1 .5-3.4 cm long, terete; lamina plain mid-green and hirsute above,

hairs blackish, pale green and glabrous beneath, in life succulent, sometime iridescent,

more or less symmetric, rounded, 1.5-3 x 2-2.5 cm, base cordate, margin finely

serrate, apex rounded; venation palmate, veins 6, prominent above, raised below.

Inflorescences protogynous, axillary on upper parts of the stem, with one female

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flower on a lower branch and up to 3 male flowers on upper branch, zig-zag, erect,

4.5-7. 5 cm long, red or pinkish or white towards apex. Bracts deep red, lanceolate,

c. 4 X 2 mm, margin ciliate, persistent; bracteoles white or reddish (lower bracteoles

of female inflorescence), ovate, c. 3 x 2 mm, margin toothed, up to 5 pairs, persistent.

Male flowers: pedicel white, c. 8 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4, completely white,

glabrous, outer 2 tepals oblong, c. 8 x 5 mm, margin entire, apex rounded, inner

2 tepals lanceolate, c. 7 x 3 mm, margin entire, apex acute; stamens c. 14, cluster

conical, sessile, filaments pale yellow, c. 1 mm long, anthers pale yellow, obovate,

c. 0.8 X 0.3 nun, apex emarginate. Female flowers: pedicel pale pink, 1-3 nun long,

glabrous; tepals 5, white, outer 4 tepals elliptic, c. 6 x 4 mm, margin entire, apex

acute, innermost tepal lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm; ovary pinkish, wings white, c. 6 x 8

mm, glabrous, wings 3, equal, locules 3, placenta 1 per locule; styles 3, pale yellow,

c. 2 mm long, divided to base, anchor-shaped; stigma pale yellow, papillose, fonuing

a continuous twisted band. Capsules (old) 2 per stalk, single on the lower branch,

5-6 X 5 mm, glabrous, locules 3, wings 3, equal, acute proximally and distally, 1-1.5

mm wide, thinly fibrous, dehiscing between locule and wing; pedicel in fmit pendent,

thread-like, 5-7 mm long.

Etymology. hdXin, fractiflexus = zig-zag, referring to the shape of the rachis in the male

inflorescence.

Habitat. Riparian forest below 400 m elevation. Growing on steep earth slopes or on

sandstone boulders with thin layer of soil, in semi-shaded area.

Distribution. Endemic to Sarawak and so far only known from the type locality.

Note. Doorenbos et al. (1998) highlighted the importance of the number of placentas

per locule in assigning species to sections. Bornean species with one placenta, as in this

species, are placed in Begonia sect. Reichenheimia. However, Begonia fractiflexa is

anomalous for this section in being protogynous and lacking a rhizome, both diagnostic

characters for Begonia sect. Petennannia. In addition, many species in Begonia sect.

Reichenheimia have peltate leaves. More specimens in all stages of development of

the ovary and fruit are needed to ascertain whether the single placenta in Begonia

fractiflexa is the result of the failure of one placenta to develop.

6. Begonia hirtitepala S. Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

In its cane-like habit, broad obovate leaves and male flowers with 2 tepals, it is similar

to Begonia flavovirens Kiew & S. Julia but it differs in the hispid indumentum on its

stem, leaves, flowers and fruits, in its broader lamina 1 2.5-1 8 x 5 . 5-1 1 cm (vs. laminas

11-18 X 5.5-9 cm), smaller stipule 8-18 x 3^ mm (vs. c. 20 x 7 mm), female flower

with 3, rarely 4 tepals (vs. 5 tepals) and smaller capsules wider than long, c. 9 x 16 mm

(vs. capsules 10-24 x 10-19 mm). - TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok Antu

District, Batang Ai NP, Sungai Kenaban, 1°18'42''N 112°04'22"E, 19 March 2016,

Julia et al. SFC6614 (holotype SAR!; isotypes KEP!, SING!, SNPI). (Fig. 6 )

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 5. Begonia fractiflexa S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Hairy upper leaf surface. C. Young

inflorescence. D. Male inflorescence. E, F. Male flower. G. Female flower. H. Fruits. I. Cross-

section of ovary. From the type SFC3466. (Photos: A-H, S. Julia; I, C.Y. Ling)

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Erect begonia to 1.6 m tall. Indumentum of stem, stipules, petioles, bract and

bracteoles densely hispid, hairs dark brown to whitish towards apex, 3 -6 mm long.

Stem much- branched, dark brown or blackish, succulent, slender, 5-9 mm diick,

intemodes (2-)4.5-9 cm long, thicker at nodes. Stipules pale green, lanceolate, 8-18

X 3-4 mm, margin entire, keeled, apex setose, seta 2-5 mm long, caducous. Leaves

alternate, distant, held vertically, slightly oblique; petiole greenish, 0.9-1. 8 cm long,

slightly grooved above; lamina plain dark green above, paler beneath, sprinkled with

hairs above, hairs c. 1 mm long, in life slightly succulent, matt, slightly asymmetric,

obovate, 12-1 8 x 5-10 cm, broad side 3-6 cm wide, base unequal, basal lobe rounded,

0.6-0. 8 cm long, margin hispid, minutely dentate, apex acuminate, acumen 5-1 .3 mm

long; venation pinnate, veins 5-6 pairs, concolorous on both surfaces, densely pilose,

1-2 veins in basal lobe, impressed above, raised below. Inflorescences protogynous,

dense paniculate, densely hispid, 3-7 cm long. Bracts pale green, lanceolate, 1 5-22 x

4-8 mm, keeled, margin hispid, apex setose, seta to 1 mm long, persistent; bracteoles

similar to bracts, lanceolate, persistent, lower bracteoles 1 1-18 x 2-5 mm, upper

ones 5-9 x 2 mm. Male flowers with white pedicels, 2-7 mm long; tepals 2, white,

densely hispid outside, hairs white, to 2 nun long, glabrous inside, oval, 5-7 x 4-5

mm, margin entire, apex acute; stamens 30-34, cluster conical, stalked to 0.8 mm

long, filaments 0.8-1 mm long, anthers pale yellow, obovate, 0.8-1 x 0.3-0. 5 mm,

apex emarginate. Female flowers with greenish pedicels 3-5 mm long, sparsely hairy;

tepals 3, rarely 4, white or greenish, hirsute outside, glabrous inside, ovate, 7-8 x

4-5 mm, margin toothed, teeth tipped by a hair, apex acute; ovary greenish, reddish

in the centre, sparsely hairy, ovate, 10-11 x 12-13 mm, wings 3, equal, locules 3,

placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, pale green; stigma shallowly Y-shaped, 2-3 mm long,

divided to base, papillose, foraiing a continuous twisted band. Capsules single or in

pairs, axillary, hispid, 7-12 x 8-13 mm, truncate proximally, distally with pointed tip,

locules 3, wings 3, equal, wings 4-7 mm wide, papery, dehiscing between the locule

and wing; pedicel in fruit 2-6 mm long, pale green.

Etymology. Latin, hirtus = softly hairy; tepalus = tepal; referring to the conspicuously

hairy tepals.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, known from Batang Ai NP and Lanjak Entimau

WS.

Habitat. Riparian forest below 200 m elevation on gentle slopes in deep shade along

slightly disturbed riverbank.

Additional specimen examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Song District: Ng. Biladajat, Ulu Sg.

Mujok, Lanjak Entimau WS, 28 Feb 2003, Rantai et ah S90586 (SAR!, KEP, K, L).

Notes. Among begonias in Batang Ai NP (Julia & Kiew, 2016), in its habit and hispid

leaves Begonia hirtitepala is most similar to B. edgariana S. Julia & Kiew but it is

different in its longer petiole, much larger lamina (6-14 x 2. 5-6. 5 cm) and dense

paniculate inflorescence with 3 tepals in the female flowers.

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

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Fig. 6. Begonia hirtitepala S. Julia & Kiew. A, B. Habit; C. Hairy upper leaf surface. D.

Inflorescence. E. Male inflorescence. F, G. Female flower. H. Female flower and fruit. I.

Cross-section of ovary. From the type SFC6614. (Photos: A-H, S. Julia; I, C.Y. Ling)

7. Begonia jamilahanuiana S. Julia, sp. nov. (SQCtion Petermannia)

This species resembles Begonia malachosticta Sands in its habit and narrowly ovate

leaves that are spotted in the adult plant but it differs in the spots being white (vs. bright

pink in B. malachosticta), male flowers with 2 tepals (vs. 4 tepals), fewer stamens 27-

32 (vs. stamens 75-85 in 5. malachosticta) and smaller capsules 11-17 x 11-15 mm

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with unequal wings (vs. 20-25 x 10-15 mm with equal wings). - TYPE: Malaysia,

Borneo, Sarawak, Lubok Antu District, Lanjak Entimau, Tinteng Kuap, 1°24'31"N

112°00'18"E, 590 m, 12 March 2016, Julia et al SFC3446 fholotype SAR!; isotypes

KEP!, SING!). (Fig. 7)

Cane-like begonia, whole plant glabrous. Stems to 60 cm tall, little-branched, dark red,

slender, 4-5 mm thick; intemodes 3-7 cm long. Stipules caducous. Leaves distant, held

more or less vertically, oblique; petioles red brown, 3 .3-6 cm long, succulent; lamina

dark green with white spots between veins above, white spots persistent on adult

plant, pale green beneath, succulent, drying papery, asymmetric, broadly lanceolate,

6-13 X 2.5-5 cm, broad side 1.5-4. 7 cm long, base cordate, unequal, basal lobe 2.3-

5 cm long, margin shallowly dentate, apex acuminate, acumen 1 .3-2.5 cm long;

venation palmate-pinnate with 3-4 veins at the base, to twice branching towards the

margin and 3^ veins on either side of the midrib, red brown on both surfaces, slightly

raised above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences protogynous, axillary in upper leaf

axils, paniculate, 7-15 cm long, peduncle 1.3-12 cm long. BractsxQd^, ovate, 6-7 x 3^

mm, margin entire, keeled, apex setose, seta to 2 mm long, caducous; bracteoles 3-6

pairs, 2-6 x 2-5 mm, margin toothed, persistent. Male flowers with reddish pedicels,

6-11 mm long; tepals 2, reddish at base, otherwise yellowish, greenish or pinkish,

ovate, 6-7 x 5 mm; stamens 27-32, cluster globose, sessile, filaments yellow, c. 1 mm

long, anthers yellow, obovate, c. 0.8 x 0.5 nmi, apex emarginate. Female flowers with

reddish or reddish green pedicels, 5-6 mm long; tepals 5, yellowish, outer 3 tepals

elliptic, c . 7 X 5 mm, margin entire, apex acute, inner 2 tepals narrowly elliptic, c .

6x3 mm; ovaiy pale green, 17-20 x 13-15 imn, wings 3, unequal, 2-A mm wide,

locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, yellowish, c . 2 mm long; stigma yellowish,

deeply Y-shaped, papillose, forming a continuous twisted band. Capsules in life pale

green or reddish green, 11-17 x 1 1-15 mm, locules 3, wings 3, unequal, narrow wing

acute to rounded proximally, narrowly to broadly rounded distally, c. 2 imn wide, two

broader wings truncate proximally and distally, c. 4 mm wide, dehiscing between the

locules and wings; pedicel in fruit pendent, reddish, 5-10 mm long.

Etymology?. Named in honour ofYABhg. Datin Patinggi Dato Hajah Jamilah bt. Haji

Anu, wife of the fifth and current Chief Minister of Sarawak.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, as yet known only from Lanjak Entimau WS and

Batang Ai NP.

Habitat. Hill mixed dipterocarp forest below 600 m elevation, on shaded ridges with a

thick layer of leaf litter on loamy clay soils.

Notes. It is an attractive begonia unusual in retaining its white spots even in adult

plants. Many begonias have spotted juvenile foliage but usually the spots gradually

disappear in the older leaves. Distinctly unequal wing width in capsules in Begonia

sect. Petermannia is extremely unusual. The most extreme case is seen in Begonia

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

273

Fig. 7. Begonia jamilahanuiana S. Julia. A. Habit of flowering plant. B. Habit of young plant.

C, D. Male inflorescence. E. Male flower. F. Female flower. G. Fruit. H. Cross-section of

ovary. From the type SFC3446. (Photos: A-G, S. Julia; H, C.Y. Ling)

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

amphioxus where one wing and one locule may not develop at all However, an

examination of Begonia amphioxus in the field shows that there is a complete

continuum from capsules with three locules and three equal wings to those with three

locules and two wings, the third being much reduced in size, to capsules with two

locules and two wings (Kiew, 2001).

Among species in the Batang Ai NP (Julia & Kiew, 2016), it most resembles

Begonia acidulenta that also has a cane-like habit, flowers in branched inflorescences

and spotted leaves. Begonia acidulenta differs from B. jamilahanuiana in losing its

spots in adult plants, in its much larger leaves 14-22 x 10.5-17 cm with petioles

4.3-8. 5 cm long and its male flowers with 4 tepals, not 2 as m B. jamilahanuiana.

The habitat of B. jamilahanuiana on shaded ridges is unusual because begonias

usually grow in valleys or close to streams.

Additional specimen examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Lubok Antu District: Batang Ai NP,

Lubang Baya, Lubok Aping trafl, 17 Mar 2016, Shalih et al. SFC6567 (SAR!, SING!).

8. Begonia ubahribuensis S. Julia & Kiew, sp. nov. (Section Petermannia)

This species resembles Begonia lailana Kiew & Geri in its cane-like habit, glabrous

female flower with toothed tepals and similar fruits but it differs in having shorter

intemodes, 3 5-4.5 cm long (vs. 7-11 cm long), smaller stipules, 5-7 x 2 mm (vs.

15-27 X 6-10 mm), shorter inflorescence, 2-5.5 cm long (vs. 10-15 cm long), smaller

tepals in male flower, 9-12 x 9-12 mm (vs, 15-18 x 9-10 mm) and larger outer and

inner tepals in female flower, respectively 15-16 x 6-10 mm and 15-16 x 6-10 mm

(vs. 6-12 X 3-8 mm and 4-10 x 3-7 nmi respectively). -TYPE: Malaysia, Borneo,

Sarawak, Lubok Antu District, Ulu Engkari, Lanjak Entimau WS, Nanga Segerak, trail

to Ubah Ribu, 1°25T2"N 112°00T6"E, 506 m, 15 March 2016, et al SFC3462

(holotype SARI; isotypes KEPI, SING!, SNP!). (Fig. 8)

Erect begonia to 1.57 m tall. Stem unbranched to much-unbranched, blackish or

greenish, pubescent, slightly woody, slender, 6-8 mm thick, intemodes 3. 5-4. 5 cm

long, thicker at nodes. Stipules pale green, lanceolate, 5-7 x 2 mm, margin entire,

apex setose, seta to 2 mm long, caducous. Leaves alternate, distant, held more or less

horizontally, slightly oblique; petiole dull red-brown, 0.4-0. 8 cm long, slightly grooved

above; lamina plain mid-green above, paler beneath, glabrous on both surfaces or

hirsute above, hairs brownish or dark brown, glabrous below, in life slightly succulent,

matt, slightly asymmetric, obovate, elliptic or ovate, 10-17.5 x 4.3-7 cm, broad side

2. 5^. 5 cm wide, base unequal, basal lobe rounded, 0.3-0.8 cm long, margin dentate

and wavy, apex acuminate, acumen 1 0-20 mm long; venation pinnate, 3-5 veins

on each side of the midrib, concolorous, glabrous, 2 -3 veins in basal lobe, strongly

impressed above, raised below. Inflorescences protogynous, glabrescent, racemose,

2-5.5 cm long, peduncle 1-2.5 cm long. Bracts pale green, lanceolate, 7-12 x 2 cm,

apex setose, seta to 3 mm long, caducous, bracteoles similar but slightly smaller, 5-10

X 2 mm, caducous. Male flowers with pale green pedicels, 4-10 mm long; tepals 2,

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

275

Fig. 8. Begonia ubahribuensis S. Julia & Kiew. A. Habit. B. Glabrous upper leaf surface. C.

Hairy upper leaf surface. D. Inflorescence and old fruit. E. Male flower. F, G. Female flower.

H. Fruit. I. Cross-section of ovary. A, C-H from SFC3462; B from SFC3460; I from SFC3462.

(Photos: A-H, S. Julia; I, C.Y. Ling)

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

pale green or greenish yellow, glabrescent outside, hairs whitish, glabrous inside, oval,

9- 12 X 9-12 mm, margin entire, apex broadly acute; stamens 38-46, cluster globose,

sessile, filaments 0.8-1 mm long, anthers pale yellow, obovate, 0.9-1 x 0.5 mm,

apex emarginate. Female flowers with greenish pedicels, 5-7 mm long, glabrescent;

tepals 5, greenish or greenish yellow, glabrescent outside, glabrous inside, ovate or

elliptic, outer 4 tepals 1 5-1 8 x 9-10 mm, inner tepal 15-1 6 x 6-1 0 mm, margin entire

or toothed on the upper half, apex acute; ovary greenish, glabrescent, obovate, 14-18

X 19-22 mm, wings 3, equal, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; styles 3, greenish

yellow; stigma deeply Y-shaped, 3 mm long, divided to base, papillose, forming a

continuous twisted band. Capsules up to 3 per infructescence, axillary, glabrescent,

1 0- 20 X 1 1-20 mm, acute proximally, truncate or rounded distally, locules 3, wings 3,

equal, wings 7-14 mm wide, papery, dehiscing between the locule and wing; pedicel

in fruit pendent, 6-12 mm long, pale green.

Etymology. Named for the Ubah Ribu trail in Lanjak Entimau WS where it was

commonly found.

Distribution. Endemic in Sarawak, known only from the Lanjak Entimau WS.

Habitat. Mixed dipterocarp forest on gentle slope along the ridge in semi-shaded areas.

Notes. Individual plants observed in Lanjak Entimau WS vary in having blackish or

greenish stems, lamina either completely glabrous on both sides or sprinkled with

hirsute black hairs above, glabrous below and the margin of tepals in female flower

either entire or toothed. It is common where it occurs.

Additional specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Lubok Antu District: Ulu Engkari,

Lanjak Entimau WS, Tinting Jela along Ubah Ribu trail, 14 Mar 2016, Julia et al. SFC3460

(SAR!, SING!); Song District, Lanjak Entimau WS, 19 Mar 1998, Pearce etal. S77628 (SARI).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from Sarawak

Forestry Corporation for supporting the field work under RIMBA SARAWAK project. We are

indebted to the management team of Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Chief Executive Officer,

Deputy General Managers and Regional Managers, for their continuous support and guidance.

We thank our fellow colleagues from Lanjak Entimau WS, Batang Ai NP and AFSID for then-

valuable assistance and cooperation during the field work. Also thanlcs to the visiting researchers

from Singapore Botanic Gardens (Michele Rodda and Paul Leong) for their participation

during the first author’s trip, to the Curator of Sarawak Herbarium, Hajjah Mohizah Mohamad,

for allowing us to access the herbarium specimens in her care, and to Daniel C. Thomas for his

helpful suggestions for improving the manuscript. Lastly, we thank Ling Chea Yiing for her

assistance in preparing the plates and for providing the photographs.

Eight new Begonia from Sarawak

277

References

Chai, RRK. (2011). The Lanjak Entimau Stofy: Changing Landscape in Biodiversity

Conservation. 155 p. Sarawak, Kuching: International Tropical Timber Organisation

and Forest Department Sarawak.

Doorenbos, J., Sosef, M.S.M. & De Wilde, J.J.F.E. (1998). The sections of Begonia including

descriptions, keys and species lists (Studies in Begoniaceae VI). Wageningen Agric.

Univ. Pap. 98(2): 1-266.

lUCN (2012). I UCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Switzerland,

Gland & UK, Cambridge: lUCN.

Julia, S. & Kiew, R. (2016). Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Batang Ai National Park and the

adjacent area, Sarawak, Borneo, including six new species. Phytotaxa 252(1): 17-30.

Kiew, R. (2001 ). The limestone begonias of Sabah, Borneo - Flagship species for conservation.

Card. Bull. Singapore 53: 241-286.

Meekiong, K., Ampeng, A., Madeline, G.P., Ipor, I.B., Sapuan, A. & Mohamed, H. (2010). The

Heart of Borneo Series — Lanjak Entimau Wildlfe Sanctuaiy: Sarawak’s Hidden Jewel.

Kuching: Forest Department Sarawak & Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

Lin, C.W., Chung, S.W. & Peng, C.-I. (2014). Begonia balk and B. padawanensis spp. nov.

(Begoniaceae) from sandstone areas in Sarawak, Malaysia. Nordic J. Bot. 33(5): 1-7.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 279-285. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000211

279

Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Moluccas III:

A new Begonia from Seram, Indonesia

N.K.E. Undaharta^ & W.H. Ardi^

'Bali Botanic Garden, Candikiining, Baturiti, Tabanan,

Bali, 82191, Indonesia

nika002@lipi.go.id

^Bogor Botanic Garden, Jl. Ir. H, Juanda No. 13,

Bogor, Indonesia

wisnOO 1 @lip i . go .id

ABSTRACT. Anew species of Begonia., Begonia nephrophylla Undaharta & Ardi, is described

from Manusela National Park, Seram Island, Moluccas, Indonesia. The species is endemic to

Seram and belongs to Begonia section Petermannia. An illustration of the new species and a

key to the Moluccan species of Begonia is presented.

Keywords. Begonia, Indonesia, Moluccas, new species

Introduction

Begonia (Begoniaceae) is one of the largest genera of flowering plants and most species

are found in the understorey in tropical forests (Tebbitt, 2005). The Moluccas have

relatively few species compared to the other islands in the eastern part of Indonesia,

Sulawesi and Papua. As for most of the region, the Begonia flora of the islands is

poorly known, as indicated by recent new species discoveries (Wiriadinata, 2012; Ardi

et al, 2014; Ardi & Thomas, 2015; Ardhaka et ah, 2016;) and as-yet undescribed

species in both living and herbarium collections. Currently there are eight species

known from the Moluccas, of which six are endemic to the archipelago or locally

endemic to a single island (Table 1).

During the Begonia expedition to Seram which was earned out by “Eka Karya”

Bali Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in 2010, several

specimens suspected to be new to science were collected. Here a new species, named

Begonia nephrophylla Undaharta & Ardi, is described from material collected in

Seram and cultivated at Bali and Bogor Botanic Gardens. The species belongs to

Begonia ?,QCi\on Petermannia (Klotzsch ) A.DC. which is characterised by protogynous

inflorescences, 2-flowered female inflorescences or solitary female flowers, 3 -locular

ovaries with axile placentation and bilamellate placentae, fruits with equal or subequal

wings, and anthers with unilaterally positioned slits (Doorenbos et ah, 1998). All

available Begonia specimens from BO, E, K, L and SING (Thiers, continuously

updated) have been consulted without any additional material being found and hence

it must be assumed, at least until more intensive collecting reveals otherwise, that this

species has a restricted range and is endemic to Seram.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Table 1. Begonia species of the Moluccas (Wiriadinata, 2012; Ardi et al., 2014; Ardi & Thomas,

2015; Hughes et al., 2015; Ardhaka et al., 2016).

Species

Locality

Begonia aptera Blume

Mollucas, Papua, Sulawesi

Begonia aketajaw’ensis Ardi & D.C.Thomas

Halmahera

Begonia galeolepis Ardi & D.C.Thomas

Seram

Begonia holosericea (Teijsm. & Binn.) Teijsm. & Binn.

Temate

Begonia holosericeoides Ardi & D.C.Thomas

Halmahera

Begonia manuselaensis Ardhaka & Ardi

Seram

Begonia rieckei Warb. complex species

Mollucas, Papua, Sulawesi

Phillipines, Pacific Islands

Begonia sageaensis Wiriad.

Halmahera

Begonia nephrophylla Undaharta & Ardi, sp. nov. (Section Petermanma)

Species resembling Begonia galeolepis Ardi & D.C.Thomas in the creeping habit and

the sparse to moderately dense indumentum of fleshy, branched, appressed red scales

on stems, petioles and abaxial leaf lamina veins, but differs consistently by shorter

petioles (3-8 cm vs 7-22 cm in B. galeolepis), smaller kidney-shaped leaves (5-7

X 8-11 cm vs 12.5-17.2 x 16-23.8 cm), generally shorter male flower pedicels (4-5

cm vs 4-1 1 cm), obovate male flower tepals (vs broadly ovate), and fewer stamens

(35-40 vs 45-51). - TYPE: Originally a living collection from Indonesia, Moluccas,

Sawai Village, Manusela National Park, grown on as cultivated material, vouchered

and selected as type material on 18 April 2016 as N,K.E. Undaharta 4 (holotype BO;

isotypes THBB (Herbarium Hortus Botanicus Baliense, Bali Botanic Gardens), KRB,

SING. (Fig. 1, 2)

Perennial, monoecious herb, stem creeping, not rhizomatous, rooting where nodes

touch the substrate, up to c. 30 cm long; stems, petioles, primary and secondary veins

on the abaxial leaf lamina surfaces with a sparse to moderately dense mdumentum of

multicellular, red scales up to 4 x 2 mm. Stem branched, intemodes 3-4 cm, green

or reddish with short white stripes or spots. Leaves alternate; stipules persistent,

12-15 X 5-8 mm, ovate to narrowly triangular, acuminate, setose, margin entire and

sometimes slightly revolute, reddish, translucent at the margins; petioles c. 3-8 cm

long, adaxially deeply channelled, moderately covered by red scales which form a ring

at the attachment of the petiole to the lamina base; lamina basifixed, 5-7 x 8-1 1 cm,

broadly ovate to suborbicular, base cordate and lobes not overlapping, apex rounded

or slightly acute, margin denticulate, the teeth bristle-pointed, adaxially dark green,

glabrous, prominent between the veins, abaxial surface green and sparsely hairy

on the veins, primary veins 7-10, actinodromus, secondary veins brochidodromus.

Begonia nephrophylla, a new species from Indonesia

281

Fig. 1. Begonia nephrophylla Undaharta & Ardi A. Growth habit in cultivation. B. Red scales

on stem and stipules. C. Adaxial leaf surfaee. D. Stipules. E. Braets. F. Abaxial leaf surfaee.

G. Infloreseenee. H. Male flower. I. Fruits. J-K. Female flower. L. Ovary transverse seetion.

Seale bars: A-C, F, G = 5 em; D, E, H-L = 1 cm. (Photos: Gede Wawan Setiadi)

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Fig. 2. Distribution of Begonia nephrophylla Undaharta & Ardi. Collection sites are indicated

by a circle (Manusela National Park). Specimen location information was georeferenced using

the GeoNames geographical database (http://www.geonames.org/).

Inflorescences axillary, protogynous, female partial inflorescenee 1-2 -flowered, basal

to the male partial inflorescences, peduncles c. 3 mm long; male partial inflorescences

2-3, monochasial, each monochasium with 2-^ flowers, peduncles c. 5 mm long;

bracts ovate to elliptic, 1 0-20 x 7—1 0 mm, creamy, tinged pink, with an abaxially

prominent midrib and sparse tiny red scales, apex projecting acuminate. Male flowers:

pedicels 4-5 cm long, glabrous; tepals two, white or white with a pink tinge at the

margin, abaxially glabrous, obovate, 14-16 x 14-15 turn; androecium of 35-40

stamens, yellow, filaments 1-2 mm long, slightly fused at the very base, anthers c.

1-1.5 mm long, obovate, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits c. 1/2 as long

as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicel 1.8-2 cm long, sparsely hairy, red to green;

tepals (4-)5, white tinged with pink, unequal, the four larger 20-21 x 12-18 mm,

obovate, the smallest 16-1 7 x 3^ mm, elliptic, abaxially glabrous; ovary obovoid, 10-

12 X 5-6 mm (excluding the wings), green, glabrous but sometimes sparsely red hairy,

locules 3, placentation axile, placentae bilamellate, wings 3, green to reddish, base

rounded, apex cuneate, style basally fused, 3 -branched, each stylodium bifurcate in

the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruits

borne on pedicels up to 4 cm long, capsule obovoid, up to c. 19 x 10 mm (excluding

the wings), sparsely hairy, dehiscent, wing shape as for ovary. Seeds unknown.

Distribution. Endemic to Seram, Manusela National Park, locally common.

Habitat. Primary lowland rainforest, growing on damp soil, near a river in light shade,

19 m altitude.

Begonia nephrophylla, a new species from Indonesia

283

Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek nephros (kidney) and

phyllum (leaf). Refers to the leaf shape which resembles a kidney.

Notes. The character of a creeping stem in Begonia section Petermannia is not

well represented in Asia except in a number of species in Borneo {B. bosuangiana

S.Julia, B. bakunensis S.Julia, B. benaratensis S.Julia, B. conipila Irmsch. ex Kiew,

B. crockerensis Rimi, B. divergens Kiew & S.Julia, B. johariana S.Julia & C.Y.Ling,

B. kachak K.G.Pearce, B. kasutensis K.G.Pearce, B. kiamfeii Kiew & S.Julia, B.

kinahimiae Rimi, B. lucychongiana S.Julia & Kiew) (Kiew et al., 2015; Repin et

al., 2015), the Moluccas (B. aketajawensis, B. holosericea, B. holosericeoides, B.

manuselaensis, B. galeolepis, B. sageaensis) (Wiriadinata, 2012; Ardi et al., 2014;

Ardi & Thomas, 2015; Hughes et al., 2015; Ardhaka et al., 2016) and Sulawesi (5.

gemella Warb. ex L.B.Sm. & Wassh., B. heteroclinis Miq. ex Koord. and B. flacca

Irmsch.) (Thomas et al., 2013), but Begonia nephrophylla can easily be distinguished

from all of these species by the moderately dense indumentum of fleshy, branched,

appressed red scales on the stems, petioles and abaxial leaf lamina veins. Otherwise

Begonia nephrophylla is morphologically similar to B. galeolepis from Seram except

that its creeping stem never tends to be erect or semi erect, while in B. galeolepis it

initially has a semi-erect stem which becomes creeping when older. Other characters

to distinguish the two species are given in the diagnosis.

Provisional lUCN conservation assessment. Data Deficient (DD). Begonia

nephrophylla is known from a single locality in a legally protected area, Manusela

National Parks, where no signs of major anthropogenic disturbance were noticed.

Further exploration is required to assess the species’ current range.

Identification key to Begonia in the Moluccas

(updated from Ardi et al., 2014)

la. Plant erect 2

lb. Plant creeping 3

2a. Leaves broadly ovate; female flowers with 2-5 tepals; male flowers with 2 tepals,

anther connectives not projecting at apex B. rieckei complex

2b. Leaves oblong, elliptic or broadly elliptic; female flowers with 6 tepals; male

flowers with 4 tepals, anther connectives projecting at apex B. aptera

3 a. Stem with branched hairs 4

3b. Stem with red scales 7

4a. Male flower with 4 tepals; leaves obovate to orbicular B. aketajawensis

4b. Male flower with 2 tepals; leaves ovate or broadly ovate to suborbicular 5

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

5 a. Leaves densely hairy on both sides B. sageaensis

5b. Leaves upper surface glabrous 6

6a. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular with rounded apex; female inflorescence

peduncle 2-3 mm long; ovaries densely hairy B. holosericea

6b. Leaves ovate with acuminate apex; female inflorescence peduncle 1.1 -3. 5 cm

long; ovaries sparsely hairy or glabrous B. holosericeoides

7a. Stem thin with sparse, small, red, flattened scales on the stem and petioles; leaves

small (4.8-7 x 3-5 cm), ovate to elliptic; male partial inflorescences l(-2) per

inflorescence B. mamiselaensis

7b. Stem thicker with moderately dense larger red flattened scale and petioles, larger

broadly ovate or suborbicular leaves (>7x5 cm); male partial inflorescences

2-3 per inflorescence 8

8a. Leaves adaxially green to reddish, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 16-23.8 x 12.5-

17.2 cm, apex acuminate; male flower pedicels 4-11 cm long, tepals broadly

ovate, stamens 45-5 1 ; female flower tepals 5(-6), abaxially sparsely hairy to

glabrescent, ovary wings with slightly rounded to cuneate base, apex of wings

truncate B. galeolepis

8b. Leaves adaxially dark green, suborbicular, 8-11 x 5-7 cm, apex shortly acute

or rounded; male flower pedicels 4-5 cm long, tepals obovate, stamens 35-40;

female flower tepals (4-)5, abaxially glabrous, ovary wings with rounded base,

apex of wings cuneate B. nephrophylla

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thanlc the Begonia expedition to Seram team members, 1 Gede

Tirta, I Made Ardhaka and I Putu Suparta, the curators of A, B, BM, BO, CEB, E, K, E and

SING for allowing us access to herbarium material, and Daniel Thomas and David Middleton

for their comments and correcting the English.

References

Ardhaka, I.M., Ardi, W.H., Undaharta, N.K.E. & Tirta, LG. (2016). A new species of Begonia

from Manusela National Park, Seram. Reinwardtia 15(1): 61-64.

Ardi, W.H. & Thomas, D.C. (2015). Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Moluccas II: A

new species from Seram, Indonesia. Card. Bull. Singapore 67(2): 297-303.

Ardi, W.H., Kusuma, Y.W.C., Lewis, C.E., Risna, R.R., Wiriadinata, H., Abdo, M.E. & Thomas,

D.C. (2014). Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new

species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and updated description of Begonia holosericea.

Reinwardtia 14: 19-26.

Doorenbos, J., Sosef, M.S.M. & De Wilde, J.J.F.E. (1998). The sections of Begonia including

descriptions, keys and species lists (Studies in Begoniaceae VI). Wageningen Agric.

Univ. Pap. 98(2): 1-266.

Begonia nephrophylla, a new species from Indonesia

285

Hughes, M., Moonlight, R, Jara, A. & Pullan, M. (2015). Begonia Resource Centre. Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh, http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/begonia/ (accessed on 11 Jun.

2016).

Kiew, R., Sang, J., Repin, R. & Joffre, A. A. (2015). A Guide to Begonias of Borneo. 294 p.

Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo).

Repin, R., Sang, J., Kiew, R. & Mujih, H. (2015). Eleven new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae)

from the Crocker Range, Sabah, Malaysia. Phytotaxa 208(1): 1-20.

Tebbitt, M.C. (2005). Begonias: Cultivation, Identification and Natural History. Portland:

Timber Press, Inc.

Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria

and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.

nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed on 8 Mar. 2016).

Thomas, D.C., Ardi, W.H., Girmansyah, D. & Hughes, M. (2013). Sulawesi Begonia Data

Portal, http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana-prospective/ (accessed on 24

Aug. 2016).

Wiriadinata, H. (2012). A new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Sagea Lagoon, Weda

Bay, Halmahera Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13(3): 263-270.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 287-297. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000223

287

Etlingera poulsenii and Hornstedtia bella (Zingiber aceae:

Alpinieae), two new species from central Vietnam

J. Leong-Skomickova', Q.B. Nguyen’, H.D. Tran^ & E. Zaveska^’^

^The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

jana_skornickova@nparks.gov.sg

’Vietnam National Museum of Nature,

Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,

18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

’National University, University of Science,

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

'^Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University,

Benatska 1, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic

’Institute of Botany, University of Iimsbruck, StemwartestraBe 15,

Innsbruck, 6020, Austria

__ __ __

ABSTRACT. Two new ginger species from central Vietnam, Etlingera poulsenii Skornick. and

Hornstedtia hella Skornick., are described and illustrated here.

Keywords. Endangered, Etlingera pavieana, Etlingera yunnanensis, Hornstedtia sanhan

Introduction

As a result of extensive field exploration and collection of Zingiberales in Vietnam

since 2008, numerous novelties, including a new genus, have already been described

(e.g. Leong-Skornickova & Ly, 2010; Leong-Skomickova et al., 2010, 2011, 2013,

2015a, 2015b; Leong-Skomickova & Luu, 2013; Leong-Skomickova & Tran, 2013).

To put novelties in Indochinese Zingiberales in a wider context, an introduction to

the phytogeography of the region can be found in Averyanov et al. (2003) and an

introduction to the family Zingiberaceae can be found in Leong-Skomickova &

Newman (2015), as well as in some of the papers cited above.

In this paper we fomially describe and illustrate two new species in Alpinieae,

Etlingera poulsenii Skornick. and Hornstedtia bella Skornick., from central Vietnam.

Both species were infonnally mentioned (through use of quotation marks) and

illustrated in Leong-Skomickova & Newman (2015) but were not validly published.

The species descriptions follow the style and tenninology of Poulsen (e.g. 2006, 2012)

and Beentje (20 1 2), and the preliminary conservation assessments follow the guidelines

of lUCN (2012). Herbarium material (or high resolution images of specimens) from

E, HN, HNL, K, P, SING, VNM, VNMN were consulted to compare the new material

to the most similar species within the respective genera and to see if they had been

previously collected. The herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (continuously updated).

288

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Etlingera poiilsenii Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.Sm., but differs in narrower

leaf blades (2.5-5 cm wide versus 6-8 cm in E. pavieana), shorter filament (2-4 mm

long versus 7-8 mm long) which is half the length of the anther or less (versus as long

as or longer than the anther), and the basal lobes of the labellum overlapping and fully

covering the filament (versus basal lobes of the labellum upright but not overlapping

with the filament clearly visible). - TYPE: Vietnam, Kontum Province, Kon Plong

f V

District, Xa Hieu, way to Ka Bang, 27 April 2012, Jana Leong-Skornickovd, Nguyen

Quoc Binh, Tran Hitu Dang, Eliska Zdveskd JLS-1595 (holotype SING (including

spirit); isotypes E, K, P, PR, VNMN (including spirit)). (Fig. 1, 2)

Large terrestrial rhizomatous herb. Rhizome 1 cm in diam., pubescent, scales to 4.5

cm long, delicately papery, dehiscent, glabrous, strongly aromatic with somewhat

unpleasant smell of kerosene; stilt roots absent. Leafy shoots to 2.5 m long, arching,

composed of up to 35 leaves, 20-50 cm between neighbouring leafy shoots, leafless

part c. 0.8 m; base to 3 cm in diam., pale yellowish brown; sheath yellowish green,

striate, not clearly cross-ribbed, glabrous, margin glabrous; ligule to 7-11 mm long,

entire, rounded, yellowish green, glabrous, margin finely ciliate; petiole 3-10 mm

long; lamina nan'owly ovate, to 21-34 x 2.5-5 cm, length to width ratio 6 . 6 - 8 . 5,

smooth, mid-green, pale beneath, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate to 1.5 cm,

margin ciliate in upper third. Inflorescence 8-11 cm long, embedded in the soil,

receptacle dome-shaped, c. 8 cm long, with 19-21 flowers, 1-3 open at a time;

peduncle 3-5 cm long, subterranean, pubescent, peduncular bracts to 3.2 x 3 cm,

upper covering base of spike, cream to reddish, puberulous, margin membranous,

with a few cilia near apex, subapical mucro < 1 mm; spike (including flowers) 6-6.5

cm long, ovoid, flowers extending 1.5 cm above the bracts, spike only including

bracts 4. 5-5. 5 x 2.5-3 cm; sterile bracts: 3, lower to 3. 8-4. 5 x 2. 5-3 . 6 cm, upper

to 4.5-5 X 0.8-3. 2 cm, ovate, red, pubescent in lower fertile bracts 4.2-4. 5 x

0.9-2. 2 cm, ovate, boat-shaped, red, pubescent in lower half and at apex, inner more

narrowly obovate, pale red, semi-translucent; pedicel 2 mm long below bracteole;

bracteole 4 cm long, pale red, with two fissures of 0.2 and 1.5 cm, pubescent in lower

half and near apex, apex bilobed, lobes close together, 1.7 cm short of apex of calyx.

Flower 6-8 cm long; calyx 5.5 cm long, reaching 5-6 mm beyond base of stamen

and 2 mm short of apex of corolla lobes, pale pink, darker at base and apex, with

three fissures of 4, 7 and 22 mm, hirsute, apex trilobed, apices pointed, close together,

floral tube c. 4.7 cm long, pale red to red at apex, hirsute also on staminal tube,

tube inside hairy in a dense band c. 5 mm wide coinciding with attachment of lobes

on the outside; corolla lobes pinkish red, glabrous with a few hairs at apex; dorsal

corolla lobe c. 21 x 6 mm, reaching to base of anther, elliptic, apex rounded; lateral

corolla lobes c. 19 x 5 mm, obovate, apex rounded, with a few hairs at apex, attached

at an angle to the tube, inserted 0-1.5 mm above dorsal lobe; staminal tube c. 1 1 nmi

long; labellum pandurifonn, to 33 x 22 mm, brilliant orange with dark red to maroon

centre, glabrous, lateral lobes erect, c. 16 mm across when flattened, central lobe

extending c. 25 mm beyond anther. Stamen c. 8 mm long (unstraightened), pinkish

Two new gingers from eentral Vietnam

289

Fig. 1. Etlingera poulsenii Skomick. A. Habit. B. Detail of ligule. C. Inflorescence (top view).

D. Flower (side view). E. Flower (front top view). F. Inflorescence attached to rhizome. G.

Inflorescence and infructescence attached to rhizome. H. Detail of infructescence. Based on

type collection JL.S- 7 595. (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

red, darker at apex‘, filament 2^ x 3 mm, pubescent adaxially; anther c. 8 x 3.5 mm,

± parallel-sided, widest in the middle, at an angle of c. 110°, reddish pink, anther

crest emarginate, incision c. 1 mm; anther thecae dehiscent for 6 mm in the centre,

from 1.5 mm above base to 0.5 mm below apex, with a few hairs at base. Ovary c.

5 X 3.5 mm, ± cylindrical, widest in the middle, densely sericeous; epigynous gland

c. 4.5 mm long, bilobed, split to base dorsally and halfway from apex on opposite

side, apex lobes irregularly pointed; style c. 5.7 cm long, red, glabrous; stigma c.

2.6 mm wide, dark burgundy red, with scattered short hairs, ostiole facing forwards,

flexistylous. Infructescence partly embedded in the soil, head c. 6 x 6 cm, irregularly

globose, bracts persistent, with 4-5 fully developed and 2-4 small (possibly aborted)

fmit per head; mature fruit c. 2 x 3 cm, rounded, slightly angular, burgundy, rusty-

pubescent.

Etymology. We dedicate this beautiful species to Axel Dalberg Poulsen, a Danish

ginger specialist focusing on the genus Etlingera (see e.g. Poulsen 2006, 2012).

Distribution & provisional lUCN assessment. So far known only from the primary

forests on the border of Kontum and Gia Lai Provinces. Considering the existence of

suitable habitats in adjacent areas as well as the fact that Etlingera species only rarely

exhibit stenoendemism, we expect this taxon to be reported from more localities in the

near future. Until then we propose to treat this taxon as Data Deficient.

Ecology and phenology. Growing in montane evergreen broad-leaved forest near

streams. Flowering and fruiting observed in late April, but likely to continue over an

extended period of time.

Notes. The plants of Etlingera poulsenii, particularly the rhizomes when crushed,

have a very strong and somewhat unpleasant scent of kerosene. No common names or

uses were reported by local guides. Based on overall morphology, Etlingera pavieana

(Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.Sm., a fairly widespread species from Thailand to Vietnam,

appears to be the closest ally. Plants of Etlingera pavieana are also strongly scented,

although the scent is more pleasant with femiel undertones, making the rhizomes and

the inflorescence buds a popular addition to certain dishes in Thailand. The flowers of

Etlingera pavieana are mostly bright red, although orange-flowered individuals have

also been observed. Although of similar habit, Etlingera poulsenii has significantly

narrower leaf blades with the leaf width 2.5-5 cm (length to width ratio 6. 6-8. 5),

while the leaf blades of E. pavieana on the type specimen are 6-8 cm (with length to

width ratio 5,6-6) in the dried state and therefore likely to be even wider when fresh.

The main differences between the two species are in the floral morphology. Etlingera

poulsenii has a short filament 2-4 mm, which is half the length of an anther (c. 8 mm)

or less, and the filament is not visible in the open flower as it is fully covered by the

overlapping basal part of the labellum. As a result, the labellum appears to be obovate

with a decLUTent base (in top view). The stigma is dark burgundy red, with a glistening

sheen. The filament in Etlingera pavieana is at least of the same length as the anther.

Two new gingers from eentral Vietnam

291

Fig. 2. Etlingera poulsenii Skomick. A. Flower dissection (from left): Flower enclosed in

bracteole, floral and staminal tube with stamen attached, dorsal and corolla lobes, labellum,

calyx, bracteole and bract. B. Detail of ovary with epigynous glands (from two angles) and

the stamen (side and front view). Based on type collection JLS-1595. (Photos: J. Leong-

Skornickova)

or slightly longer, and is visible in the open flower as the basal part of the labellum is

not tightly overlapping and the entire labellum appears to be oblong in top view. The

stigma is white or light red, but never dark burgundy red.

The flowers of Etlingera poulsenii are also somewhat similar to Etlingera

yunnanensis (Wu & Senjen) R.M.Sm. by virtue of the red centre of the labellum, the basal

part of the labellum fully covering the filament, and the dark burgundy red, glistening

stigma. However, Etlingera poulsenii is a smaller species with more slender and arching

leafy shoots not exceeding 2 m in height and composed of leaf blades 21-34 x 2.5-5

cm. The habit of Etlingera yunnanensis is more robust with more or less erect leafy

shoots often reaching 3 m in height and composed of leaf blades 50-60 x 5.5-8 cm, and

the labellum is invariably bright yellow with a dark red centre. For a comparison of the

flowers of all three species see Leong-Skomickova & Newman (2015).

Hornstedtia bella Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Hornstedtia hainanensis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen, but readily recognised by its

prominently pedunculate inflorescences and the bright pink labellum, of which each

lobe has two obscure sub-lobes. - TYPE: Vietnam, Thua Thien-Hue Province, A Luoi

District, A Roang commune, forests around A Ka I village, alt. 554 m, 16°06'56.8"

N 107°22'24.8"E, 8 June 2014, Jana Leong-Skornickovd, Nguyen Quoc Binh, Aung

Thame & Paul Leong JLS-2846 (holotype SING (including spirit); isotype E, P,

VNMN (including spirit)). (Fig. 3-5)

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Card. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Large terrestrial rhizomatous herb. Rhizome 1.5-2. 5 cm in diam.; stilt roots present

but not prominent. Leafy shoots 3-5 m long composed of up to 3 1 leaves, arching,

10-20 cm between neighbouring leafy shoots, leafless in basal 1/3- 1/2; base swollen,

to c. 3 cm in diam.; sheath green, striate, not clearly cross-ribbed, glabrous, margin

glabrous; ligule 11-15 mm long, entire, rounded, yellowish green, glabrous, margin

glabrous; petiole to 10 mm long; lamina elliptic, to 55-65 9-10.5 cm, length to

width ratio 5. 2-7.2, weakly plicate, mid to dark green, glossy, paler beneath, glabrous,

base obtuse, apex acuminate to 1 cm, margin glabrous. Inflorescence to (25-)30-

60 cm long, erect, receptacle flat, with many flowers, 1-5 open at a time; peduncle

(15) 20-50 cm long, erect, peduncular bracts to 7 x 2.3 cm, upper covering base of

spike, yellowish-green with pink tinge at base, turning pink-red toward apex, densely

pubescent at base, less so at apex, margin membranous, densely ciliate, apex blunt;

spike (including flowers) 12-13.5 cm long, fusiform, flowers extending 1.5 cm above

the bracts, spike only including bracts 11-12 x c. 3 cm; sterile bracts’, c. 18, outer

to 6-8 X 2.5-4 cm, pink-red (parts exposed to light, inner bracts or parts shielded

by overlapping outer bracts cream-white) densely pubescent at base (rusty golden

colour in dried material) becoming sparsely pubescent to almost glabrous at apex,

inner c. 8 cm long, but gradually narrower to 1 .8 cm, ovate, boat-shaped, cream-white,

indumentum as on outer bracts;/erh/^ bracts 7-8.5 x 0. 6-2.5 cm (longer and wider in

outer whorls, gradually smaller and narrower towards centre of inflorescence), ovate,

boat-shaped, cream-white, glabrous, semi-translucent; pedicel 2 mm long, bracteole

absent. Flower 8-10 cm long; calyx 4-5.5 cm long, white, with unilateral incision

c. 17 mm, softly sericeous (more towards base), apex trilobed, apices pointed, close

together, tufted; floral tube 6-7.5 cm long, mostly white with light pink tinge at

apex, externally sparsely sericeous, internally long puberulous in apical half, almost

glabrous towards base; corolla lobes dark pink, glabrous; dorsal corolla lobe 20

X 7-8 mm, elliptic, apex obtuse, slightly hooded; lateral corolla lobes 12-13 x 5

mm, elliptic, apex obtuse, attached at an angle to the tube, labellum c. 25 x 5,5-9

mm, pale pink at base, bright pink-red at apex, hairy at base and centre, lateral lobes

somewhat erect, c. 9 mm across when flattened, central lobe bilobed with an incision

of 5-7 mm, each lobe with two obscure sub-lobes. Stamen 10-11 mm long, fllament

fully reduced; anther 10-11 x 3. 5-4. 5 mm, ± parallel-sided, widest at apex, angled

c. 110°, connective tissue white with pale pink tinge dorsally, incision 2-3 mm, no

anther crest; anther thecae slightly extending into floral tube, dehiscent c. 9 mm in the

centre, densely hairy at margins. Ovary 8 x 3 mm, ± cylindrical, widest in the middle,

sparsely softly villous (denser towards apex); epigymous gland c. 5 mm long, bilobed,

enveloping the style, split to base dorsally and ventrally, apex lobes irregular, blunt;

style white, glabrous; stigma c. 2.5 mm wide, white, glabrous, ostiole facing forwards,

flexistylous. Infriictescence c. 12 x 6 cm, broadly spindle-shaped, with numerous Ifuit

developed;//*^/? an indehiscent capsule with persistent calyx, 3.5x1 .3-1 .8 cm (mature

capsule only, without calyx), ellipsoid, slightly angular, cream-white to beige or with

pink tinge throughout, glabrous; seeds irregularly globose, 2-3 mm in diam., dark

brown, fiilly embedded in juicy sour-sweet aril.

Two new gingers from eentral Vietnam

293

Fig. 3. Hornstedtia bella Skornick. A. Habit. B. Detail of ligule. C. Inflorescence. D. Flower

(side view of the apical part exserted from bracts). E. Flower (front top view). F. Flowering

head from outside inclusive the sterile bracts (left), and in cross-section showing the almost

flat receptacle (sterile bracts were removed) G. Fruit and seeds. Based on collections JLS-2846

(type) 2indiJLS-2828. (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

— — —

Fig. 4. Hornstedtia bella Skornick. A. Flower dissection (from left): Flower (bract and bracteole

removed), ovary with floral and staminal tube and stamen attached, dorsal and corolla lobes,

labellum, calyx, bract (from outer part of the inflorescence) and bract (from innermost part of

the inflorescence). B. Detail of ovary with epigynous gland and the stamen (front, side and back

view). Based on ty^QjLS-2846. (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

Etymology. We have chosen the epithet ‘bella’ as we think it is one of the most beautiful

Vietnamese species (see Fig. 5).

Distribution & provisional lUCN assessment. Although Hornstedtia species are not

known to exhibit stenoendemism, this rather conspicuous species has been seen and

collected only from two locations in A Luoi district (unprotected areas), Thua Thien-

Hue Province and once each from Quang Nam and Kontum provinces (both within

Nature Reserves). We have not located any historical specimens of this species in

the numerous herbaria we have studied. Only the recent specimens and photographic

records, which are listed below, are known. Although Averyanov et al. state on the

label of their collection {HAL-7547) that it is locally common, from our surveys and

from interviewing local people almost a decade later, it does not appear to be so. No

uses were reported, but the damage to the existing primary vegetation is considerable

and rapidly expanding outside of the Nature Reserves. The current extent of occurrence

(EOO) has been estimated at about 1250 km2 with only four populations known and

we, therefore, propose that this species be treated as Endangered (EN Blab(iii)).

Ecology and phenology. Growing in montane evergreen broad-leaved forest near

streams and other wet locations, on shale and granite. It has also been seen in secondary

closed broad-leaved forest and disturbed forest mixed with bamboos, but only in

locations with adequate humidity. Flowering has been observed from April to early

June. The first ripe fruit were observed in early June but fruiting is likely to continue

till late July or even early August.

Two new gingers from eentral Vietnam

295

Fig. 5. Horns tedtia bella Skomick. A. Detail of inflorescences (top view). B. Markedly

pedunculate inflorescences and infructescences. C. Detail of inflorescences and an infructescence

(side view). Vxom Averyanov et al. HAL-7547. (Photos: L. Averyanov)

296

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Additional specimens examined. VIETNAM: Thu’a Thien-Hue: A Luai District, Hong Kim

Municipality, proximity of A Nor waterfall, alt. 663 m, 16°18'04.3"N 107°13'07.0"E, 7 Jun

2014, Jana Lt^owg-Skomickova, Nguyen Qiioc Binh, Aung Thame & Paul Leong JLS-2828

(E, P, SING, VNMN). Kontum: Dak Glei District, about 15-18 km to NW of Dak Glei town,

between Mang Khen (Dak Che) and Dak Poko villages, near Laos boundary, 1250-1450 m, 22

November 1995, Averyanov, L. et al. lU 1914 (MO). Quang Nam: Nam Giang Distr., Song

Thanh Nature Reserve, 1 8 Jul 2009, Vu Xudn Plmonig et al TVC-360 (HN).

Additional photographic records seen. VIETNAM: Thtfa Thien-Hue: A Luai Distr., Hong

Kim Municipality, Dut village, about 3 km to NE from point 16°1 7'54"N 107°12'41 "E near A

Nor waterfall, c. 700-800 m a.s.L, 27 Apr 2005, Averyanov L., Loc PK. , Thao, TV. & Vinh,

NT HAL-7547 (flowering and fruiting material seen). Kontum: Dak Glei District, Ngoc Linh

Nature Reserve (fruiting material seen).

Notes. The existence of this beautiful species was brought to our attention by Prof.

Leonid Averyanov who showed us his photographs. Although it was clearly a new

species, the lack of spirit material discouraged us fi*om describing it until we could

collect it ourselves almost a decade later.

Hornstedtia bella is readily distinguished from the only other Hornstedtia

species in Vietnam, H. sanhan M.F.Newman (Newman, 1995), by its prominently

pedunculate inflorescences and the bright pink labellum, each lobe of which has

two further sub-lobes, resulting in a 4-lobed appearance. Although the seeds are like

those of Hornstedtia sanhan, fully embedded in a tasty sour-sweet juicy aril, the local

people do not seem to consume them. The species might have some horticulturural

potential for landscaping. Its flowers are short-lived and without them, the bracts are

not particularly beautiful so there is little prospect for the cut-flower industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank the Asian Zingiberaeeae Information Centre at

Singapore Botanic Gardens and the Zingiberaeeae Resource Centre at the Royal Botanic

Garden Edinburgh (http://elmer,rbge. org.uk/ZRC/) for providing protologues and other

references. We thanlc the Agriculture Department and other authorities of Kontum and Thira

Thien-Hue provinces for granting us pennission and providing support for our fieldwork. We

thank Dr Leonid Averyanov for bringing the existence of Hornstedtia bella to our attention and

for sharing with us his images and locality data. We also thank Maxim Nuraliev for sharing

his photographic records and localities of very many Vietnamese Zingiberaeeae including

Etlingera pavieana. We thank Dr Axel D. Poulsen for useful discussion of the two new species

as well as his guidance for preparing the descriptions to capture all the important characters for

these genera. Ms Anna Pozarowska, a volunteer of Singapore Botanic Gardens, is thanked for

collating the colour plates in Fig. 1-A. Mr Aung Thame and Mr Paul K.F. Leong (Singapore

Botanic Gardens) are thanked for their assistance in the field. We thank Assoc. Prof Dr Nguyen

Trung Minh, Dr Vu Van Lien and Prof Luu Dam Cu from the Vietnam National Museum

of Nature for their support of our collaborative research.The research of the first author is

supported by the National Parks Board, Singapore and the Czech Science Foundation, GACR

(Grant No. P506/14/13541 S). We thank the two reviewers and the editor for their constructive

comments and language improvements of this paper.

Two new gingers from central Vietnam

297

References

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Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina. Komarovia 3: 1-83.

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edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.

lUCN (2012). lUCNRed List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. Second edition. Switzerland,

Gland and UK, Cambridge: lUCN.

Leong-Skomickova, J. & Lira, H.T. (2013). Curcuma leonidii, a new species from southern

Vietnam. Phytotaxa 126 (1): 37-42.

Leong-Skomickova, J. & Ly, N.S. (2010). Curcuma pambrosima sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from

central Vietnam. Nord. J. Bot. 28: 652-655.

Leong-Skomickova, J. & Newman, M.F. (2015). Gingers of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

Singapore: Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, in association with Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden. Leong-Skomickova, J.

& Tran, H.D. (2013). Two new species of Curcuma subgen. Ecomata (Zingiberaceae)

from southern Vietnam. Card. Bull. Singapore 65: 1 69-1 80.

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Leong-Skornickova, J., Ly, N.S. & Nguyen, Q.B. (2015a). Curcuma arida and C. sahuynhensis,

two new species from subgenus Ecomata (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam. Phytotaxa 192

(3): 181-189.

Leong-Skomickova, J., Sida, O. & Tran, H.D. (2013). Curcuma pygmaea sp. nov.

{Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam and notes on the two related species C. parviflora and C.

thorelii. Nord. J. Bot. 31 : 639-647.

Leong-Skornickova, J., Tran, H.D. & Newman, M.F. (20 1 0). Curcuma vitellina (Zingiberaceae),

a new species from Vietnam. Gard. Bull. Singapore 62: 111-117.

Leong-Skomickova, J., Ly, N.S., Poulsen, A.D., Tosh, J. & Forrest, A. (2011). Newmania: a

new ginger genus from central Vietnam. Taxon 60: 1386-1396.

Leong-Skomickova, J., Nguyen, Q.B., Tran, H.D., Sida, O., Rybkova, R. & Truang B.V.

(2015b). Nine new Zingiber species (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam. Phytotaxa 219(3):

201 - 220 .

Newman, M.F. (1995). Anew species of Hornstedtia (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam. Kew Bull.

50: 125-127.

Poulsen, A.D. (2006). Etlingera of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications

(Borneo).

Poulsen, A.D. (2012). Etlingera of Sulawesi. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications

(Borneo).

Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariomm: A global directory of public herbaria

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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 299-318. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000235

299

The genus Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in Myanmar

with two new records

J.D. Mood^ N. Tanaka^, M.M. Aung^ & J. Murata^

'Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawaii, 3860 Manoa Road,

Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

^Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science,

Amakubo 4-1-1, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan

^Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environmental Conservation, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

"'Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-7-1,

Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0001, Japan

ABSTRACT. The taxonomic history of Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Myanmar

is reviewed. Based on specimen records eight species are ciuTcntly confirmed as occumng in

Myamnar. These include two new records, Boesenbergia albomaculata S.Q.Tong and B. kerrii

Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun. Two previously listed species, Boesenbergia plicata (Ridl.)

Holttum and B, thorelii (Gagnep.) Loes., are not considered here due to lack of specimens

originating in Myanmar. A key to the species is provided with a description of each based on

living material.

Keywords. China, Gastrochilus, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Thailand

Introduction

The genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae), first described under the name

Gastrochilus Wall. (Wallich, 1 829), has its taxonomic origins in Myanmar with the

description of two species, B, longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze and B. puJcherrima (Wall.)

Kuntze. These were collected from the Rangoon area (Yangon) during an expedition

by Nathaniel Wallich and his collector, William Gomez, in 1 826. At the time, Wallich’s

initiative to name a new genus was a bold step forward as some botanists of the day,

such as William Roxburgh, might well have classified these new taxa as Alpinia L.

Initially, Wallich did follow this thinking when he amiotated his specimens as '"Alpinia

bicristata no. ISP^ [G. pulcherrima, Wallich 6588 (K-W)] and "Alpinia? calceolaris^'

[G. longiflora, Wallich 6589 (K-W)]. In his circumscription of the new genus (Wallich,

1829) he considered it to be “intermediate” between Alpinia and Kaempferia, Today,

molecular phylogenetic data shows that Alpinia is in a different evolutionary lineage,

while Kaempferia has a close affinity to Boesenbergia and is in the same tribe,

Zingibereae (Kress et al., 2002).

A year after these first discoveries, Gomez found yet another Boesenbergia in

the Tavoy area (Tenasserim Division), south of Rangoon. Wallich never described this

specimen but did include it in Wallich (1832) as Gastrochilus parvula Wall. [Gomez in

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Wallich 6590 (K-W)]. Nearly 60 years later, it was finally described by Baker (1890)

in the Flora of British India under Wallich’s name, but soon thereafter was changed to

Boesenbergia parvula (Wall, ex Baker) Kuntze (Kuntze, 1891).

The first mention of Boesenbergia in a checklist of the plants of Myanmar was

published by Lace (1912) with later revisions by Rodger ( 1 922), Hundley & U Chit Ko

Ko (1961), Hundley (1987) and Kress et al. (2003). This last compilation was based

on original work plus collections in Myanmar by Kress and staff of the Smithsonian

Institution in 1996-2004. Six species of Boesenbergia were listed: B. longiflora (under

Curcumorpha longiflora (Wall.) Rao & Verma), B. pat^ula, B. plicata (RidL) Holttum,

B. pulcherrima, B. rotunda (L.) Mansf, and B. thorelii (Gagnep.) Loes.

During one of the Smithsonian expeditions in 2002, a Boesenbergia taxon

was found in Kachin State near the Indian border at c. 200 m {Kress, WJ. et al. 02-

7056 8l 02-7065 (US)). Living plants of these grown at the Smithsonian Greenhouses

{GH2000-061 & GH2000-231) were later identified by the first author as Boesenbergia

albomaculata S.Q.Tong. Three years later this species was found again, this time in

the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve near Shingbwiyang, Kachin State {Murata, J. et al

20050595K (TNS, Tl)). Living plants were accessioned and grown to flowering at the

Botanical Gardens, The University of Tokyo.

In 2013 three new species were described from Thailand (Mood et al., 2013):

Boesenbergia kingii Mood & L.M.Prince, B. maxwellii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun,

and B. kerrii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun. In the paper, specimens and living plants

of the first two were also documented for Myanmar, while the third species was found

by the second author in the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar in 2015.

In order to verify the current checklist of Boesenbergia species (Ki*ess et al.,

2003) and document their representative specimens, the following herbaria were

checked: AAU, ASSAM, BK, BKF, C, CAL, E, K, L, MBK, P, RAF, RANG, SING,

TI, TNS, and US (Thiers, continuously updated). No specimens from Myanmar could

be found for either Boesenbergia plicata or B. thorelii. The fonner is a robust plant

found south of the Isthmus of Kra in the southern provinces of Thailand and also

Peninsular Malaysia. It occurs in wet forests on non-calcareous soils. Since similar

habitats occur in Tanintharyi Region, it might eventually be found there. The latter

species is not likely to occur in Myanmar, as it is a deciduous forest species found

on sandstone from the drier, eastern provinces of Thailand and the adjoining western

areas of the Lao RD.R. As the morphology of Boesenbergia thorelii is very similar to

B. pulcherrima, it is most likely that a specimen of this was mistaken for B. thorelii.

Consequently, Boesenbergia plicata and B. thorelii are excluded here Ifom further

consideration.

The presence of Boesenbergia rotunda in Myanmar is well documented via

numerous specimens, old and new. Its morphology can vary considerably between

populations. It is quite coimnon naturally and also in cultivation.

The discoveries of Boesenbergia albomaculata {Kress, W.J. et al. 02-7065

(US); Murata, J. et al. 20050595 (TNS, Tl)) and B. kerrii {Tanaka, N. et al. 141

(TNS, RAF)) constitute two new records for Myanmar, bringing the total number of

Boesenbergia species to eight based on verified specimens. These are enumerated

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

301

below with a dichotomous key, individual descriptions based primarily on living

plants, and photography.

Key to Boesenbergia species in Myanmar

la. Inflorescence radical 2

lb. Inflorescence arising on top of a leafy shoot 5

2a. Labellum various shades of yellow with red maculate or streaked patterns 3

2b. Labellum pure white with either red or red and violet patterns 4

3a. Floral tube 12-14 cm long, labellum 3.8-4 cm long 2. B. kerrii

3b. Floral tube to 10 cm long, labellum 2.2-2. 5 cm long A. B. longiflora

4a. Rhizomes running, pseudostems well-spaced 3.5. kingii

4b. Rhizomes non-mnning, pseudostems tufted 5.5. maxwellii

5a. Stems branched 6.5. parvula

5b. Stems unbranched 6

6a. Inflorescence at the terminus of a c. 50 cm stem 7.5. pulcherrima

6b. Inflorescence not as above 7

7a. Inflorescence flabellate to 8 cm long, anther curved, crested 8.5. rotunda

7b. Inflorescence oblong or oblanceolate, to 29 cm, anther straight, uncrested

1.5. albomaculata

1. Boesenbergia albomaculata S.Q.Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 323 (1986). -TYPE:

China, Yumian, November 1984, Tong, S.Q. & Liao, W.D. 24852 (holotype FlITBC!).

(Fig. lA-D, 2A-B)

Evergreen perennial herb to 70 cm tall. Rhizome elongate, c. 7-8 cm long, 1.5-2 cm

wide, extemally brown, internally white, without tuberous roots. Stem erect, up to 24

cm tall, composed of 1-3 leaf sheaths; leafless sheaths 1-2 at the base, longitudinally

ridged, red or green, glabrous, margin membranous, translucent. Leaves 1-2; leaf

sheaths 2-4, red or green, glabrous; ligule slightly bilobed, lobes an extension of the

membranous margin, white, glabrous; petiole 13-20 cm, deeply channelled, green

or red, glabrous; lamina ovate, sometimes elliptic, 20-26 x 9-16 cm, adaxially dark

green, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, sometimes reddish, especially on young

leaves, glabrous, base rounded, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely cuneate, apex acute

to acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, to 29 cm long, exserted from the leaf sheaths;

peduncle 5-15 cm long, light green, reddish or white, glabrous, basal sheaths 1-2,

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green or reddish green, glabrous; spike oblong to oblanceolate, 7-12 cm long, c. 2

cm wide; bracts 8-12, distichous, ovate to lanceolate (flattened), to 5 cm long, to 2.5

cm wide, green or red, apex falsely pungent to acute, tightly appressed or foraiing a

pouch, rachis covered; bracteole tubular, lanceolate (flattened), open to the base, to

2.5 X 1.5 cm, reddish, translucent, glabrous, apex bidentate. Flowers to 6 cm long;

calyx tubular, to 7 mm long, 5 mm wide (opened, flattened), red tinged or greenish,

mostly translucent, glabrous, apex bifid; floral tube to 4 cm long, to 3 mm wide at

the base, red, white, or both, externally and internally glabrous; dorsal corolla lobe

oblong, to 2.2 cm long, to 1.2 cm wide, pink or white, glabrous, margins involute, apex

sometimes emarginate, lateral corolla lobes oblong, to 2.4 cm long, to 1 cm wide, pink

or white, glabrous, margins involute; androecial cup to 1 cm long, to 8 mm diam. at

the top, oriented 90° to the floral tube, white, throat mostly glabrous; labellum saccate,

orbicular, to 4 cm long, to 3.8 cm wide (when flattened), colour either rosy-red from

the throat spreading outwards to the margins/apex, with some interior white patches

and the exterior sometimes covered with glandular hairs, or colour overall white with

dark red throat and centre with lighter red markings, externally with few glandular

hairs, internally glabrous, margin entire, revolute at the margins, crisped, crenulate

or slightly wavy, apex emarginate; lateral staminodes obovate, to 2 x 1.5 cm, white,

dorsal surface glabrous or with numeous glandular hairs, ventral surface glabrous, apex

rounded, revolute. Stamen to 1.7 cm long, filament to 8 mm long, 1.7-1. 8 mm wide at

the base, white, few glandular hairs; anther 8-9 x c. 3.5 mm, thecae c. 7 x 2 mm each,

white, dehiscent for full length, axially rotating 180° at maturity. Ovaiy ellipsoid, c. 5

mm long, c. 4 mm wide, white, glabrous; style filifonn, white, glabrous, stigma funnel-

shaped with 2 opposite teeth on the margin, white, ostiole non-ciliate, sticky liquid

produced at maturity; epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 5 mm long, light yellow. Fruit

ellipsoid, green when young. [Composite description using: Tong (1986), living plants

of Murata, J. et ah 20050595, and Kress, W.J. et al. 02-7056].

Distribution. China, Myanmar.

Ecology & phenology. Found in subtropical evergreen forests with high seasonal

rainfall. Photographs of ex situ living collections show flowering in December-January

and May- August. This species has a two-day flower. On the first day the anther thecae

are held together, clasping the style and stigma. Soon after the flower opens, the thecae

dehisce along their full length, dropping pollen onto the labellum. On the second day,

the thecae begin to rotate radially, reaching c. 180° from their original position. This

action releases the style, allowing the stigma to move downward from the anther.

Soon aftemards a viscous drop appears from the ostiole increasing the opportunity

for pollen adhesion. Later in the second day, the flower closes, but usually remains

attached into the third day when it drops.

Additional specimens examined. CHINA: Yunnan; Jiedaocun, 26°44'N 97°33'E, 240 m asl, 4

Nov 1974, Tao, G.D. 13163 (HITBC!); Xishuangbaiina, cultivated, 25 Nov 2000, Kress, W.J.

etal. (US!).

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

303

Fig. 1. Boesenbergia albomaculata S.Q. Tong. A, B. Inflorescence and flower. C. Second-

day flower showing rotated thecae. D. Second-day flower showing rotated thecae. A-C from

Murata, J. et al. 20050595; D from Kress, J.W. 02-7056. (Photos: A-C, J. Mood; D, L.E.

MYANMAR. Kachin State: Tawa Hka (River), 5 km from Shin Bway Yang toward Pansaung

Pass (Indian Border), 26°43'25"-33"N 96°11'50"-55"E, alt. 200-210 m, 6 Dec 2005, Murata,

J. et al. 20050595 (TI, TNS!); Myitkyina Township, 240 m, 24 Feb 2002, Kress, W.J. et al. 02-

7056 (US!), ibidem, Kress, W.J. et al. 02-7065 (US!).

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Notes. Currently, this species is only documented in Myanmar from the northwest area

of Kachin State with one collection near Shin Bway Yang (Murata, J. et al 20050595)

and another in Myitkyina Township {Kress, W.J. et al 02-7056, 02-7065). These sites

are c. 1 80 km apart and both have an evergreen forest ecology. The type of the species

{Tong, S.Q. & Liao, W.D. 24852) was collected c. 250 km from the Murata collection

to the southeast in Yunnan Province on the China/Myanmar border in similar forest, as

was an earlier specimen in 1974 (Tao, G.D. 13163). More recently (c. 1999) a living

collection was made near Yingjiang, Yunnan, c. 30 km east of the type locality. It was

planted at Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden (XTBG), Yunnan, but with no accession

number.

When the living collections mentioned above are compared to the proto logue

(Tong, 1986), they are readily identified as Boesenbergia albomaculata. The diagnostic

characters include the overall habit which is that the plant is tall and upright with

numerous 1 -3-leaved elements; a large, thick, ovate leaf; a long exserted, terminal,

oblong-shaped inflorescence with distichous bracts; and a flower with an androecial

cup. There are, though, several characters which are variable, such as bract/labellum

colouration and the indumentum on the flowers. Briefly, the Murata collection has

red bracts, a labellum pure white with a red throat and a single red patch near the

apex and wavy margins. The labellum and lateral staminodes are mostly glabrous

with only a few glandular hairs. In contrast, the Kress/XTBG collections have green

bracts, labellum rosy-red (dark pink) with white near the base, crenulate margins, and

an exterior densely covered in glandular hairs. The protologue details red bracts and

a labellum coloured similar to the Kress/XTBG collections, but with no mention of

glandular hairs.

2. Boesenbergia kerrii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun, Gard. Bull. Singapore 65: 64, t.

8, 9, 17, 19B (2013). - TYPE: Thailand, TakProvmce, 1 November 2012, Mood, J. &

Triboun, P. 12P170 (holotype BK!). (Fig. 2C-D)

Deciduous herb to c. 1.2 m tall. Rhizome globular, c. 1 cm diam., externally red, pink

or light tan, internally light yellow to white; many, miniature rhizomes at the base

of the stem, c. 5-10 mm long, pink turning red, easily detached; roots fleshy, few to

numerous, c. 12 x 0.5-0.8 cm, tapering to a point, apex rarely expanded, externally

and internally white, few fibrous roots, c. 1 cm long, white, thin. Stem to c. 4 cm long,

c. 0.7 cm diam., white, glabrous, covered by 5-6 leaf sheaths fonuing a pseudostem,

c. 30 cm long; leafless sheaths 1-2, green. Leaves 5-8; leaf sheaths to c. 44 cm long,

green or reddish, glabrous; ligule bilobed, to c. 2 mm, lobes an extension of the hyaline

margin, green, glabrous; petiole 9-27 cm long, deeply channelled, green, glabrous;

lamina elliptic or ovate, 41-61 x 20-21 cm, base rounded to cordate, sometimes

oblique, apex acute to long acuminate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially lighter

green, slightly pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence radical, 3-6 or more per stem,

3-6 flowers each; peduncle 1-4 cm long, white, glabrous, basal sheaths 1-2, pink

and white, covered with short hairs; spike hom-shaped, 5-12 cm long, 1-2 cm diam.;

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

305

Fig. 2. A, B. Boesenbergia albomaculata S.Q. Tong. C, D. Boesenbergia kerrii Mood, L.M.

Prince, & Triboun. A from Kress, J.W. 02-7056; B from Kress, J.W. 00-6815; C & D from

Institution; C & D, J. Mood)

bracts 4-6, cymbiform, distichous, 5-6 cm long, white (below ground), green and red

(above ground), apex curved; bracteole lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.5 cm, white, translucent,

glabrous. Flowers c. 16 cm long; calyx tubular, 20 x 5 mm, white, translueent, apex

bidentate; tube 12-14 cm long, c. 3 mm diam., white, glabrous; corolla lobes

linear to lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 cm, white to light yellow, mostly glabrous, margins

involute; androecial cup 4-5 mm long, oriented 90° to the floral tube, throat glabrous;

labellum saceate, semi-orbicular, 3.8-4 x 2.2 cm, light yellow, throat centre orange-

red, maculate with yellow showing through as dots, c. 5 mm wide at base, broadening

toward the margins, ending e. 10 mm short of the apex, then dark red streaks to the

apex, margin entire, revolute on the sides, apex shortly to deeply bilobed, lobes 2-8

mm long, slightly wavy; lateral staminodes obovate, c. 1.3 x 1 cm, light yellow, apex

rounded, revolute, margin wavy, dorsal surface with few glandular hairs; Stamen c.

1.1 cm long, scattered glandular hairs full length, apex slightly h\\ohQ&, filament 2x2

mm, light yellow; anther c. 9 x 3 mm (first day), e. 6 mm wide (seeond day), thecae

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c. 9 X 1 mm each, light yellow, dehiscent along the edge for full length, anther crest

absent. Ovary cylindrical, c. 8 x 4 mm, white, glabrous; style filiform, c. 16 cm long,

yellowish- white, glabrous; stigma semi-spherical, ostiole round, non-ciliate, exuding a

sticky liquid on the second day; epigynous glands 2, c. 5 mm long, light yellow. Fruit

not seen.

Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand.

Ecology & phenology’. Semi-deciduous forest on or around limestone outcrops.

Flowering from June to October with a two-day flowering cycle for each flower.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Tanintharyi Region: Mainmapan, Taninthayi

Reserved Forest, Yephyu Township, 14°38T9.18"N 98°1144.27"E, 160 m asl, 31 Jul 2015,

Tanaka, N. et al. 141 (RAF, TNS!).

Notes. Boesenbergia kerrii is similar to B. longiflora, but the former has a more

exserted, longer floral tube, broader, longer lip with a truncate apex, and a different

labellum colour pattern. When the currently known habitats of each are compared,

Boesenbergia kerrii is found only on or around limestone, while the type of B.

longiflora and the specimen Kress, W.J. 03-7305 (US) were collected on sandstone or

shale derived soils.

3. Boesenbergia kingii Mood & L.M.Prince, Gard. Bull. Singapore 65: 76, t. 14, 15,

18, 19E (2013). - TYPE: Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, 1 November 2012, Mood,

J. & Vatcharakorn, P. 12P173 (holotype BK!). (Fig. 3A-B)

Deciduous herb to c. 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes numerous, horizontal runners, variable

in length, 0.5-1. 5 cm diam., multiple nodes, externally pink or red when young,

orange or red when mature, internally yellow to orange; roots few, c. 6 cm long, 3

mm diam., exterior orange or white, fibrous roots few, c. 5 mm long, white. Stem

to 1 cm long, 4 mm diam., white, glabrous, covered by 3-7 leaf sheaths forming a

pseudostem, c. 30 cm long; leafless sheaths 1-2, reddish, c. 4 cm long, ribbed. Leaves

3- 1 \ leaf sheaths to c. 40 cm long, green or reddish, glabrous; ligule bilobed, c. 4 mm

long, lobes triangular, greenish, glabrous; petiole to c. 20 x 1 cm, deeply channelled,

green or red, glabrous; lamina elliptic 40-45 x 15-16 cm, base rounded to cordate,

apex acute to attenuate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, red

or purple, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Inflorescence radical, 3-10 per stem, 4-5

flowers each; peduncle 1-3 x 0.5-1 cm, white or pink, glabrous, basal sheaths 1-2,

4- 6 X 1.5-2 cm, red; spike cylindrical, slightly asymmetrical, 11-14 cm long, 1-1.5

cm diam.; bracts 4-5, distichous, linear, 6-11 x 1.5-2 cm, veined, white, green or

red, glabrous; bracteole lanceolate, 5-6 x 0.5 cm, white, translucent, glabrous, apex

bidentate. Flowers 14-15(-20) cm long; calyx 2-2.3 cm long, 5 mm diam., white,

translucent, apex tridentate; floral tube 10-15 cm long, 4 mm diam., white, tinged

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

307

Fig. 3. A, B. Boesenbergia kingii Mood & L.M. Prince. C, D. Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.)

Kuntze. A & B from Mood, J. & Vatcharakorn, P. 12P173; C & D from Kress, W.J. 03-7305.

(Photos: J. Mood)

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or striped pink, glabrous; dorsal corolla lobe oblong, 3.8-4 x 1.2 cm, creamy-white,

glabrous, margins involute, lateral corolla lobes oblong, 3.5-4 x 1 .1-1.4 cm, creamy-

white, glabrous; androecial cup 10-12 mm long, oriented 45° to the floral tube,

throat glabrous; labellum slightly saccate, broadly oval, 5-6 x 2.5-2. 7 cm, white to

creamy-white, throat centre bright red, maculate with white showing through as dots,

colour broadening outward to c. 8 mm short of the apex, margin wavy, wrinkled, apex

entire, abaxially with few glandular hairs; lateral staminodes obovate, c. 2.5 x 1.5 cm,

creamy-white, abaxially with few glandular hairs, apex revolute. Stamen c. 1.2 cm

long, glabrous; filament 3-4 x 2 -3 mm, white, glabrous; anther 8-9 x 3 mm (first

day), c. 8-9 x 5 mm wide (second day), thecae 9 x 1 mm each, white, dehiscent along

the edge for full length, anther crest absent. Ovary cylindrical, c. 7 x 3 mm, white,

glabrous; style filiform; stigma elongate, ostiole rectangular, non-ciliate, exuding a

sticky liquid on the second day; epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 8 mm long, white. Fruit

not seen.

Distribution. Bangladesh, China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand.

Ecology & phenology. Found in tropical to subtropical evergreen or semi-deciduous

forest, often in alluvial soils near streams or in disturbed forest areas and margins.

Flowers from May to September with a two-day flowering cycle for each flower.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Mandalay Region: Maymyo Hills, Jun 1 888, Khan

50 (CAL!); Kyaukpadaung Township, Mt. PopaPark, 17 May 1996, Kress, W.J. 96-5646 (US!).

Sagaing Region: Katha Dist, Pile R.F., 20 Aug 1915, Rogers, C. 991 (CAL!); Kani Township,

Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, 17 Jul 1997, Kress, W.J. 97-5821 (US!); Kani Township,

Magu Range, along Ngabwe Stream, 370 m, 13 Apr 2000,. Kress, W.J. 00-6646 (US!); Kani

Township, Alaungdaw Kathapa N.P., 470 m, 15 Apr 2000, Kress, W.J. 00-6661 (US!). Shan

State: 45 miles east of Pyin-Oo-Lwin, 630 m, 26 Jun 2003, Kress, W.J. 03-7366 (US!).

Notes. This species is a prolific runner with a mass of rhizomes from 5-10 mm

diameter. In some areas of NE India it has been observed to spread into large

populations from a single plant. This was noted on C. Rodgers 991 (CAL) collected in

the Sagamg Division: “prevents natural regeneration of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)”.

This aggressive rhizome system is believed to be the primary reason for its wide

distribution from Sikkim, India to the Lao P.D.R. The flower is the largest yet recorded

in Boesenbergia with a floral tube length to c. 16 cm. The flower colour on the type is

white with a bright red throat, but there are numerous variations with known hybrids

(Mood et al., 2013).

4. Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2 : 685 ( 1 89 1 ). - Gastrochilus

longifloms Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22, t. 25 (1829) ty longiflora'^). - Curcumorpha

longiflora (Wall.) A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma, Bull. Bot. Suit. India 13: 339 (1974). -

TYPE: Burma, Rangoon, 1827, Wallich, N. 6589 A (lectotype K, designated by Mood

et al. (2013)). (Fig. 3C-D)

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

309

Deciduous herb up to 1 m tall. Rhizome small, in'egularly shaped, c. 1 cm diam.,

externally brown, internally light yellow to white; multiple, small bulb-like rhizomes

above the main rhizome, c. 1 cm long, pink or white; tuberous roots two or more, c.

8 X 0.5 cm, swelling at the terminus, c. 2 x i cm, externally white or pink, internally

white, root hairs few, c. 20 mm long, thin, white. Stem to c. 1 cm, covered by leaf

sheaths fonning a pseudostem, base 2-2.5 cm diam.; leafless sheaths 1-2, 1- 2 cm

long. Leaves 5-8 per pseudostem; leaf sheaths 10-16 cm, longitudinally ridged, green,

glabrous, margin hyaline; ligule slightly bilobed, lobes an extension of the hyaline

margin, 2 mm long, slightly acute, protruding outward, green, glabrous; petiole 9-18

cm, deeply channelled, green, glabrous; lamina elliptic or broadly ovate, 41-61 x 20-

21 cm, plicate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, glabrous with a

few hairs on the midrib, base rounded to cordate, sometimes asymmetric, apex acute

to long acuminate. Inflorescence radical, c. 3^ per pseudostem, up to c. 12 cm long

(including peduncle) produced from the side of the rhizome; peduncle 1-3 cm long,

white, glabrous, basal sheaths 1-2, pink and white, glabrous; spike horn-shaped, 5-10

X 1-2 cm; bracts 3-4, distichous, cymbiform, 5-6 x 1,5 cm, red and green, glabrous,

each bract enclosing one flower, some basal bracts sterile, apex sometimes curved;

bracteole cylindrical, c. 5 x 0.5 cm, white, translucent, glabrous, open to the base, apex

acute. Flowers 2-3 per inflorescence, up to c. 11 cm long. Calyx tubular, 20 x 5 mm,

white, translucent, glabrous, apex bidentate;y?6)ra/ tube 1 0 cm long, c. 3 mm wide at the

base, white, glabrous extemally and intemally, dorsal and lateral corolla lobes linear

to lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 cm, yellowish-white, glabrous, margins involute; androecial

cup 4-5 mm long, c. 7 mm diam. at the top, yellowish-white, glabrous extemally and

intemally; labellum saccate, semi-orbicular, 22-2.5 cm long, 2-2.2 cm wide (when

flattened at broadest point), light yellow, throat centre dark red, maculate with yellow

showing tlirough as dots, red pattern broadening to the lip apex, glabrous, margin

wavy, wrinkled, revolute on the sides, apex elongate, emarginate; lateral staminodes

obovate, c. 1.3 x l cm, light yellow, glabrous, apex rounded. Stamen c. 8 mm long,

filament c. I mm long, c. 2 mm wide at base, light yellow, few short glandular hairs,

anther c. 7 x 2 mm (first day) then c. 5 mm wide (thecae diverging on the second day)

apex rounded, anther crest absent, thecae c. 7 x 1 mm, white, dehiscing along the entire

length. Ovary cylindrical, c. 7 x 3 mm, white, glabrous; style filifonn, white, glabrous,

stigma rounded, white, ostiole transverse, non-ciliate, exuding a sticky liquid on the

second day; epig 5 mous glands 2, linear, c. 4 mm long, light yellow. Fruit not seen.

Distribution. Known only from Myanmar.

Ecology & phenology. Found in the understorey of primary teak forest. Flowering

from May to September with a two-day flowering cycle for each flower.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Rakhine State: 12 miles N of Thandwe toward

Taung-Gok, Kress, WJ. 03-7305 (US!); 32 miles N of Sittwe, along road to Mrauk U, N.

of Ponnagyun, Kress, WJ. 04-7772 (US!). Yangon Region: Insein District, Myaukhlaing

Reseiwe, evergreen forest, sandy places, 30 m, 11 Jun 1948, Khant, P 426 (RAF!).

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Notes. This species is similar to Boesenbergia kerrii, B. kingii and B. maxwellii as all

three have radical inflorescences produced from the rhizome, but is easily distinguished

from the latter two by the yellow flowers. Not much is cun'ently known about the

species even though it was first collected in 1826. More collections are needed to

verify its variation and prefen*ed habitat.

5. Boesenbergia maxwellii Mood & L.M.Prince, Gard. Bull. Singapore 65: 72, t. 12,

13, 18, 19D (2013). - TYPE: Thailand, Tak Province, 1 November 2012, Mood, J. &

Triboun, P. 12P172 (holotype BK!). (Fig. 4A-B)

Deciduous herb c. 1-1.5 m tall; rhizome irregular in shape, 1-2 cm diam., externally

yellow, internally light violet; roots fleshy, cylindrical, 10-20 cm long, 0.5-0. 8 cm

diam., very numerous, extending downward from the rhizome base, externally white,

internally translucent white, core pinkish, the teiminus swollen into a sphere, c. 2 x 3

cm, root hairs c. 18 mm long, c. 2 mm diam., white. Stem to c. 10 cm, c. 1 cm diam.,

white, glabrous, covered by 4-6 leaf sheaths forming a pseudostem, to c. 30 cm long;

leafless sheaths 1 -2, reddish, becoming dry, papery. Leaves 4-6; leaf sheaths to c. 48 x

2.5 cm, green, glabrous, ribbed; ligule bilobed, lobes c. 2 mm, acute; petiole 5-30 cm,

light green, glabrous, finely ribbed; lamina elliptic, 33-50 x 15-25 cm, base rounded

to cordate, apex acute, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, slightly

pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence radical, 3-10 per stem, attached to the rhizome

from below the stem, 4-6 flowers each; peduncle 3-5 cm long, 0.5-8 cm diam., white

or pink, glabrous, 1-2 basal sheaths, 3. 5-4. 5 x 1-1.5 cm; spike hom-shaped, 8-10

cm long, c. 2 cm diam.; bracts 4-6, distichous, cymbifonn, white and pink or red;

bracteole cymbifonn, c. 4 x 0.5 cm, translucent, glabrous, apex bidentate. Flowers

12-16 cm long; calyx tubular, c. 3 cm long, c. 0.5 cm diam., white, translucent, apex

tridentate; tube 12-14 cm long, c. 3 mm diam., white with a pink tinge; dorsal

corolla lobe oblong, c. 3.6 x 1.3 cm, white, glabrous, apex cucullate, margins involute,

lateral corolla lobes oblong c. 4.3 x 1 cm, white, glabrous, apex cucullate, margins

involute; androecial cup 10-16 mm long, oriented c. 45° to the floral tube, throat

glabrous; labellum slightly saccate, broadly oval, 4.5-5 x 2.7-3 cm, white, abaxially

with few glandular hairs, tliroat orange-red in centre, maculate with white showing

through as dots ending at the lip, dark pink band with lighter pink to the apex, surface

and margins crisped, apex entire, irregular, revolute; lateral staminodes obovate, c.

2.3 X 1 cm, pure white, margins irregular, apex revolute, abaxially with few glandular

hairs. Stamen c. 12 mm long; filament c. 3 x 2 mm, white, few glandular hairs; anther

c. 10 X 3 mm (first day), c. 10x6 mm (second day), white, glabrous, thecae c. 10 x 1

mm each, white, dehiscent along the edge for full length, anther crest absent. Ovary

cylindrical, c. 7 x 3 mm, white, glabrous; stigma semi-spherical, ostiole oval, non-

ciliate, exuding a sticky liquid on the second day; epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 6 mm

long, tan. Fruit cylindrical, c. 1 5 x 6 mm, glabrous, white, three longitudinal ridges,

calyx and floral tube remain partially intact; seed globular, c. 3 mm diam., hirsutulous,

yellowish-brown, aril white, translucent.

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

311

Fig. 4. A, B. Boesenbergia maxwellii Mood & L.M. Prince. C, D. Boesenbergia parvula

(Wall, ex Baker) Kuntze. A & B from Funakoshi, H. et al. 085387', C & D from Mood, J. &

Chalermglin, P. 3460. (Photos: A & B, H. Funakoshi (BRIC, Japan); C & D, J. Mood)

Distribution. Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand.

Ecology & phenology. Found in mountainous areas in tropical evergreen or semi-

deciduous forest. Flowering from May to September with a two-day flowering cycle

for each flower.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Chin State: Along the roadside, Natma Taung (Mt.

Victoria) National Park, Tanaka, N. et al. 023015 (MBK, TI!); between Kampetlet and Saw,

21°11.03'N 94°06.8'E, 760 m asl, Funakoshi, H. et al. 085387 (MBK, RAF!); Natmataung

N.P. above Kampetlet, near guest house, 1635 m, 10 Nov 2004, Kress, W.J. 04-7722 (US!);

Natmataung N.P. above Kampetlet, 1635 m, 10Nov2004,Krei'5', W.J. 04-7724 (US!). Mandalay

Region: Near the Education Center, Mt. Popa, 17 Jun 2000, Khin Myo Htwe 020380 (MBK,

TI, herbarium of Education Centre, Popa Mountain Park!). Sagaing Region: Kani Township,

Butolong Reserve, 500 m, 16 Jul 1997, Kress, W.J. 97-5817 (US!); Kani Township, Magu

Range, along Ngabwe Stream, 370 m, 13 Apr 2000, Kress, W.J. 00-6639 (US!); Kani Township,

Magu Range, along Ngabwe Stream, 375 m, 13 Apr 2000, Kress, W.J. 00-6647 (US!).

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Notes. The flower of this species is large and showy with an orange throat and dark

pink crinkled lip margin, but many variations in labellum colour pattern and tint have

been observed. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish from Boesenbergia kingii from

flowers alone as hybrids between the two are known (Mood et ah, 2013). Vegetatively,

Boesenbergia maxwellii is distinguishable by its clumping, few-stemmed habit

and long, vertical, tuberous roots. Also, it tends to grow at higher elevations than

Boesenbergia kingii.

6. Boesenbergia parvula (Wall, ex Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 685 (1891). -

Gastrochilus pai^mlus Wall, ex Baker in Hook.f, FI. Brit. India 6: 218 (^'"parvula'")

(1890). - TYPE: Bunna, Tavoy, 1 827, Gomez, W. in Wallich, N. 6590 (lectotype K-W!,

designated here). (Fig. 4C-D)

Deciduous herb to c. 30 cm, upright to prostrate. Bud-crowned tuberous root,

cylindrical, 1-13 cm long, to c. 2 cm diam., often several attached together at the

proximal end, internally and externally white, covered in short roots; roots few, fleshy,

to c. 3 mm, fibrous roots few, short. Stems succulent, intemodes short, branched from

the lower leaf axils; leafless sheaths corrugate, red or green. Leaves alternating along

the stem, 5-7, mostly congested near the terminus; leaf sheaths 1-3, c. 2 cm long,

corrugate, red or green; ligule bilobed, to c. 5 mm, lobes triangular, green; petiole

subsessile to c. 2 cm, ribbed; lamina oval, to 1 0 x 5 cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate,

adaxially green, with or without a darker centre and silver margins, glabrous, abaxially

green or reddish, mostly glabrous. Inflorescence terminal on the main stem and axillary

stems, tightly clasped between the leaf sheaths, partially exserted, mucilaginous, 3-7

flowers; peduncle to 1 cm long, white; spike fiisifonn, to c. 4 cm long; bracts 3-5,

distichous, lanceolate, to c. 3 cm long, apex acuminate, green or red, covered portions

white, glabrous, finely striate; bracteole lanceolate, to 2.5 cm long, green or white,

glabrous. Flowers c. 3 cm long, oriented 90° to the bract, deflexed downward; calyx

c. 3 mm long, white, translucent, apex UTegular; tube 1.5-3. 5 cm long, white,

glabrous; dorsal and lateral corolla lobes ovate, c. 10 x 5 mm, apex cucullate, white,

glabrous; androecial cup c. 5 mm long, oriented c. 90° to the floral tube, throat with

hairs; labellum deeply saccate, nearly orbicular, c. 2.5 x 2 cm, white with various red

patterns, glabrous, apex entire, margins deflexed; lateral staminodes obovate, c. 7 x

5 mm, white, glabrous. Stamen c. 9 mm long, white, glandular hairs for full length;

filament c. 2 mm long; anther c. 6 x 3 mm, white, thecae 5 x 1.5 mm, dehiscent

for full length, anther crest absent. Ovary cylindrical, c, 3 x 2 mm, white, glabrous;

style filifonn, c. 4 cm long, white; stigma orbicular, white, ostiole circular, ciliate;

epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 2 mm long, light green. Fruit cylindrical, c. 1.2 cm long,

tan; seed elongate c, 6 x 2 mm, brown, hirsutulous, aril medusa-form, c. 3 mm long,

white, translucent, funiculus c. 2 mm diam., white. Bulbils cylindrical, 1-1.5 x 0.7

cm, green, sericeous, occuning under the leaf sheaths at stem nodes.

Distribution. Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Vietnam.

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

313

Ecology & phenology^ Found in tropical evergreen or semi-deciduous forest near

streams in well shaded areas, often in association with bamboo. This species foims

large, spreading populations on hillsides and stream banks where there is good

drainage. Flowering occurs from June to September.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Shan State: Gokteik Gorge, 450 m, 2 Aug 1908,

Lace, J.H. 4163 (E!). Tanintharyi Region: Half mile east of Paungdaw Power station, Aug

1961, Keenan, J. et al 738 (E! ); Inland of river east of Paungdaw Power Station, Aug 1961,

Keenan, J. et al. 829 (E!); Hills west of Paungdaw Power Station, Keenan, J. et al. 971 (E!); 2.5

miles east of Paungdaw Power Station, Aug 1961, Keenan, J. etal. 1008 (E!); East of Paungdaw

Power Station, Sep \96\, Keenan, J. etal. 1399 (E!); Mainmapan, Taninthayi Reserved Forest,

Yephyu Township, 14°37'22.63"N 98°08'17.24"E, 17 m ash, 15 Aug 2015, Tanalca, N. et al.

138 (RAF, TNS!); East of Myitta, 176 m asl, 11 Jul 2014, Mood, J. & Chalermglin, P. 3460

(BKF!).

Notes. This species is easily distinguished from others currently recorded in Myanmar

by its small stature and branched-stem habit. The axillary stems are mostly prostrate

and can also flower. The main stem usually has 3-6 leaves toward the stem tenninus

where a small, few-flowered inflorescence occurs. Often the adaxial lamina surface

is variegated with a dark green feathered midrib with silvery green on either side

extending almost to the margin. Abaxially the lamina is green or bright wine-red.

Plants are almost always found in large populations as they are known to produce

bulbils in the leaf axils late in the season prior to doraiancy. These help to proliferate

the species clonally.

7. Boesenbergia piilcherrima (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 685 (1891). -

Gastrochilus pulcherrimus Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22, t. 24 {"'‘pulcherrima’’') (1829).

-TYPE: Illustration in Wallich, PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22, t. 24 (1829) [lectotype designated

by Aishwarya & Sabu (2015)]. (Fig. 5A-B)

Deciduous herb to c. 70 cm, upright to slightly decumbent, number of stems variable

(one or more). Rhizome with multiple elements developing horizontally, spherical, c.

2 cm diam., externally golden brown, internally white; roots fleshy, swollen, c. 6 cm

long, c. 1 cm diam., externally and internally white, broadest at the tenninus, fibrous

roots c. 2 mm diam., white. Stems to 50 cm, c. 1 cm diam., semi-rigid, nodes c. 10

cm apart; leafless sheaths 1-2, c. 12 cm long, green or reddish, finely ribbed. Leaves

alternate, 6-8, leaf sheaths to c. 18 cm long, finely ribbed, green; ligule bilobed, to

1.5 cm, green becoming papery, glabrous, apices rounded; petiole subsessile, finely

ribbed; lamina elliptic, to c. 25 x 9, base attenuate, apex acuminate, adaxially with

raised veins, dark green, abaxially green or reddish-purple, glabrous. Inflorescence

terminal, clasped between the leaf sheaths, partially exserted, c. 15 flowers; peduncle

to 1 cm long, green, glabrous; spike oblong, to 13 x 1.5 cm, c. 1 cm thick; bracts c.

14, distichous, lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 cm, radially congested in two rows (one-sided),

finely ribbed, light green, papery, sericeous; bracteole elliptic, to c. 3.5 x 1 cm, white.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

sericeous. Flowers to c. 4 cm long, oriented c. 1 35° to the floral tube; calyx to c. 1 cm,

apex mostly entire, white, glabrous; floral tube c. 3 cm long, white, glabrous; dorsal

and lateral corolla lobes elliptic, c. 18 x 8 mm, white, glabrous, apices cucullate;

androecial cup c. 7 mm long, oriented c. 90° to the floral tube, tliroat with hairs;

labellum deeply saccate, obovate, c. 3 x 2 cm, white, throat with two red spots at the

base and two parallel red lines broadening outward, the apex longitudinally streaked

with red or pink, glabrous, margins entire, apex entire or emarginate, deflexed; lateral

staminodes obovate to nearly orbicular, c. 1.3 x 1.1 cm, white with two red spots at the

base, glabrous. Stamen 8-10 mm long, white, glandular hairs for full \Qc\yfh\ filament

c. 2 mm long; anther 6-7 x 4 mm, broader at the apex than at the base, truncate,

thecae 6x1 mm, dehiscent for full length, divergent at the apices. Ovary cylindrical,

c. 2 X 2 mm, light green, glabrous; style fllifonn, c. 4 cm long; stigma semi-spherical,

white, ostiole circular, ciliate; epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 1.5 mm, yellow. Fruit

cylindrical, c. 14 mm long; seed c. 5 mm long, pubescent, aril white.

Distribution. Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, India, Thailand,

Ecology & phenology. Found in mountainous areas in tropical evergreen or semi-

deciduous forest, often along streams and in association with bamboo. Flowering from

August to November.

Additional Myanmar specimens examined. Bago Region: Taungoo Dist,, 4 Aug 1911, Lace,

J.H. s,n. (E! [E00389694]); Taungoo Dist., 4 Aug 1911, Lace, J.H. s.n. (E! [00389695] in

parte, inflorescence = cf. Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker); Paungpyin Township, 400 ni, 13

Jul 2002, Kress, W.J. 02-7151 (US!); Paungpyin Township, 400 m, 13 Jul 2002, Kress, W.J.

02-7153 (US!). Chin State: Chin Hills, Jun 1892, Huk, A. s.n. (SING! [0155288]). Kachin

State: Metkina, Kachin Hills, Aug 1899, Shaik Mokim 140 (CAL, P!). Tanintharyi Region:

Michaung Hlaung (Old village), Tanintharyi Reserved Forest, Yephyu Townslnp, 17 m alt., 15

Aug 2015, A. Tanaka et al. 154 (RAF, TNS!); Thetkaekawt Compartment, Yeph^oi Township,

14°20'45.94"N98°ir28.96"E, 76masl, A. Tanakaetal. 171 (RAF, TNS!).

Notes. Three years after Wallich published the protologue, he listed Wallich 6588 (K-

W) in his Numerical List (Wallich, 1832) as Gastrochilus pulcherrima {Boesenbergia

pulcherrima). The specimen is of a mature, flowering plant with a c. 10 cm long

stem including the inflorescence. This size is in stark contrast to the description and

accompanying icon (tab. 24). Recently, Aishwarya & Sabu (2015) lectotypified Plate

24 in Wallich (1829). Prior to this designation, reference to this specimen led to many

misidentiflcations in the herbarium, especially in India and Thailand. It is the first

author’s opinion that Wallich 6588 most likely represents Boesenbergia parvula as

there are no other described species which are similar that are currently found in

Myamnar.

In the field, Boesenbergia pulcherrima is easily identified by its c. 50 cm long

stem with leaves on the upper half, short or subsessile petioles, and long, bilobed

ligules.

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

315

Fig. 5. A, B. Boesenbergia pulcherrima (Wall.) Kuntze. C, D. Boesenbergia rotunda (L.)

Mansf. A & B from Mood, J. & Vatcharakorn, P. 3363; C & D from Mood, J. & Vatcharakorn,

P. 3037. (Photos: J. Mood)

Often the abaxial lamina surface is red or purplish. The inflorescence is partially

hidden by the two upper leaf sheaths, although may sometimes be more exserted

as depicted in the lectotype (icon). The red and white flowers are very similar to

Boesenbergia parvula, but larger.

8 . Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf, Kulturpfl. 6: 239 (1958); Veldkamp, Philipp.

J. Sci. 142: 215, t. 1-7 (2013). - [Manja-kua Rheede, Hort. Malab. 11: 19, t. 10,

(1692), nom. inval, cited by L., Musa Cliff: 15 (1736] - Curcuma rotunda L., Sp.

PI. 1, 2 (1753). - Kaempferia ovata Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 351 (1807), nom.

nov. propter K. rotundam L. (1753). - Gastrochilus rotundas (L.) Alston, Handb. FI.

Ceylon 6: 281 (1931). -TYPE: Rheede, Hort. Malab. 11: t. 10, (lectotype, designated

by Burtt & Smith (1972)). (Fig. 5C-D)

Zingiber xanthorhizum Moon, Cat. Ceylon 1 (1824), nom. nud.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: 328, t. 2 (1810). -Gastrochilus

panduratus (Roxb.) Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. As. Soc. 32: 110, 114 (1899); Veldk.,

Philipp. J. Sci. 142: 216, t. 5, 6 (2013). - Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.

in Fedde, Report. 12: 316 (1913). -TYPE: Roxburgh, Asiat. Res. 11, t. 2 (1810),

designated by Veldkamp, Philip. J. Sci. 142: 216 (2014).

Kaempferia cochinchinensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 165 (1907). -

Gastrochilus cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II, 27: 88

f'cochinchinense'') (1918). -Boesenbeigia cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Loes. in Engler

& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 15a: 571 (1930). - TYPE: Vietnam [‘Cochichine’],

Thu-dau-moth, Thorel s.n. (lectotype P [P032700], designated here; isolectotype P

[P00686540]).

Deciduous herb to 1 m tall, upright, variable number of stems per clump. Rhizome

with multiple elements developing horizontally and vertically, c. 3 x 2 cm, externally

and internally yellow-orange; roots cylindrical, fleshy, c. 6 x 1 cm, externally and

internally light orange, the lower portion near the terminus thicker, slightly spherical;

fibrous roots few. Stems semi-rigid, of variable length and diameter, covered by 4-6

leaf sheaths forming a pseudostem, variable in length; leafless sheaths 1 -2, short, red or

green, glabrous. Leaves highly variable in size, shape and colouration, adaxial surface

texture mbbery; leaf sheaths extend to the base of the stem forming a pseudostem;

ligule, petiole and lamina variable. Inflorescence tenninal, 5-10 cm long, clasped

between the leaf sheaths, sometimes slightly exserted, c. 10 flowers; peduncle to 2

cm long, white; spike oblong, to c. 6 cm long; bracts c. 10, radially congested in

two rows (one-sided), lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0,5 cm, finely ribbed, light green, glabrous;

bracteole elliptic, to c. 3 x 0.5 cm, white, glabrous. Flowers to c. 6 cm long; calyx to c.

1.5 cm, apex dentate, translucent, glabrous; tube c. 4 cm long, white, glabrous,

with two glands at the filament base; dorsal and lateral corolla lobes oblong, c. 20

X 5 mm, white, glabrous; androecial cup absent; labellum shortly spathulate, slightly

concave, c. 2 x 1.5 cm, white with various combinations of red, pink or violet, crisped,

apex entire or emarginate; lateral staminodes spathulate, c. 15x5 mm, white with

translucent veins, glabrous. Stamen to c. 8 mm long, white or pinkish, few glandular

\\diixs\ filament to 2-3 mm long; anther to 4-5 x 1-3 mm, thecae dehiscent for full

length, diverging hi the upper half. Ovary cylindrical, c. 3 x 2 mm, white, glabrous;

style filiform, to c. 5.5 cm long; stigma flabellate, white or pink, ostiole oval, ciliate;

epigynous glands 2, linear, c. 5 mm, white. Fruit cylindrical, white, glabrous; seed

brown.

Distribution. Widespread, wild and cultivated.

Ecology & phenology. Found in a variety of habitats. Flowering from June to October.

Myanmar specimens examined. Mandalay Region: Pym-Oo-Lwin Township, 650 m, 3 Jul

1999, Kress, W.J. 99-6511 (US!); Thabeikyin Township, 550 m, 11 Jun 2001, Kress, W.J. 01-

Boesenbergia in Myanmar

317

6896 (US!). Sagaing Region: Road 15 mi E of Chindwirm River, 345 m, 19 Jun 2001, Kress,

W.J. 01-6935 (US); Kani Township, Alaungdaw Kathapa N.R, 625 m, 15 Jul 1997, Kress, WJ.

97-5804 (US!); Kani Township, Alaungdaw Kathapa N.R, 560, m, 14 April 2000, Kress, WJ.

00-6648 (US!). Shan State: Nawnghkio Township, 25 miles E of Pwin-Oo- Lwin, 730 m, 2

Jul 1999, Kress, W.J. 99-6502 (US!). Tanintharyi Region: Mainmapan, Taninthayi Reserved

Forest, Yephyu Township, 14°37'22.63"N 98°08T7.24"E, 17 m alt, 31 Jul 2015, Tanaka, N. et

al. 133 (RAF, TNS!).

Notes. This species occurs as both a wild plant and a cultivated plant due to its

medicinal and culinary uses. Its vegetative morphology and labellum form are quite

variable throughout its range. Consequently, the description above is a rather general

one with many variations to be expected. One floral constant is the anther which

is longitudinally curved with a long, deflexed crest. No matter the above ground

variation, it seems the subterranean architecture mostly remains the same with long,

vertical, orange or yellow “keys” or “fingers” which are adventitious storage roots.

This is the only species in Myanmar with a fan-shaped (flabellate) inflorescence and

crested anther.

Conclusions

At this juncture it is recognised that several more Boesenbergia species are likely to be

discovered in Myanmar. One probable example is Boesenbergia siphonantha (King ex

Baker) M.Sabu et al. which is found in northwest Thailand very close to the Myanmar

border. Recently it was added as a new record for Thailand and Vietnam (Mood et

al., 2016). One specimen A. Huk s.n., Upper Biimia, July 1892 (CAL), cited therein,

might be Boesenbergia siphonantha, but that collection is rather poor and cannot be

positively detemiined. Coimnon Peninsular Thai/Malay species such as Boesenbergia

curtisii (Baker) Schltr. and B. plicata are also likely to be found in Myanmar when

Taninthayi Region is better explored and collected.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors thank Dr Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director General, Forest

Department, and Dr Taring Naing Oo, Director of Forest Research Institute, Forest Department,

Myanmar for their arrangement of our field trips; W.J. Kress and M. Bordelon for assistance

(US); and T. Ohi-Toma for his arrangement of the samples. This study was partially supported

by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 13375003 (to J. Murata), 23770101 and 15K07207 (to N.

Tanaka).

References

Aishwarya, K. & Sabu, M. (2015). Boesenbergia pulcherrima and 5. tiliifolia (Zingiberaceae)

in India: Notes on the identity, variability and typification. Rheedea 25: 59-68.

Baker, J.G. (1890). Scitamineae. In: Hooker, J.D. (ed) The Flora of British India 6: 198-264.

London: L. Reeve & Co.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Burtt, B.L. & Smith, R.M. (1972). Key species in the taxonomic history of Zingiberaceae.

Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 177-227.

Hundley, H.G. (1987). List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Principal Climbers, etc. recorded from

Burma with Vernacular Names, 4th Revised Ed. Rangoon: Forest Department, Swe

Daw Oo Press.

Hundley, H.G. & U Chit Ko Ko (1961). List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Principal Climbers,

etc, recorded from Burma with Vernacular Names, 3rd Ed. Rangoon: Superintendent.,

Govt. Printing and Stationary.

Kress, W.J., Prince, L.M. & Williams, K. J. (2002). The phylogeny and a new classification of

the gingers (Zingiberaceae): Evidence from molecular data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1682-

1696.

Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, Y.Y. (2003). A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs

and climbers of Myamiiar. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 1-590.

Kuntze, O. (1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 685. Leipzig: Felix.

Lace, J.H. (1912). List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Principal Climbers, etc. recorded from

Burma. Rangoon: Forest Department, CCF.

Mood, .I.D., Prince, L.M., Veldkamp, J.F. & Dey, S. (2013). The history and identity of

Boesenbergia longiflora (Zingiberaceae) and descriptions of five related new taxa.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65: 47-95.

Mood, J.D., Tran H.D., Prince, L.M. & Veldkamp, J.F. (2016). Boesenbeigia siphonantha

(Zingiberaceae) - A new record for Thailand and Vietnam. Gard. Bull. Singapore 68:

125-137.

Rodger, A. (1922). List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Principal Climbers, etc. recorded from

Bunna with Vernacular Names, Ed. 2. Rangoon: Forest Department.

Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria

and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.

nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed on 12 Jul. 2016).

Tong, S.Q. (1986). Anew species of Boesenbergia from Yunnan. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 323.

Wallich, N. (1829). Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 22-23. London: Treuttel & Wurz.

Wallich, N. (1 832). A Numerical List of Dried Specimens of Plants in the East India Company s

Museum, collected under the superintendence of Dr. Wallich, of the Company ’s Botanic

Garden at Calcutta (The Wallich Catalogue). London: Wallich.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 319-326. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000247

319

Memecylon cerasiforme (Melastomataceae):

a poorly known species rediscovered, redescribed

and newly recorded for India

K. Karthigeyan^, M. Das Das^ & L.S. Wijedasa^’^’^

'Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium,

Howrah -711103, India

karthigeyan.raurthy@gmail.com

^Theoretical Ecology and Modelling Lab,

Department of Biological Sciences,

National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543

^ConservationLinks, 433, Clementi Avenue 3,

#01-258, Singapore 120433

"'Rimba, Kuala Berang 21700,

Terengganu, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. The species Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz was previously known only from the

type which was collected m Chittagong, Bangladesh. A recent collection of the species from the

Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal, India is not only the first since the species was described

in 1877 but also the first record of its occurrence in India and the first flowering collection. Its

flowers can now be described and illustrated for the first time. An emended description, figure,

phenological and habitat infoimation, notes on related species, and a conseivation assessment

are also provided. The only original material available at Kew is designated here as a lectotype.

Keywords. Conservation status, leetotypifieation. West Bengal

Introduction

Memecylon L. is a genus of Old World tropical trees consisting of 3 1 7-343 described

species (Renner et ah, 2007; Hughes, 2013). Clarke (1879) enumerated 40 species

and 27 varieties of Memecylon in the Flora of British India, of which 14 species and

nine varieties were from within the present political boundaries of India. While a

number of these species have since been synonymised, the discovery of new species

has increased the number of accepted taxa in India to 49 (Das Das et al., 2015). The

southern peninsular region of India has been the focus of recent botanical works and

accounts for 34 of the currently known species (Manickam et al., 2007; Sivu et al.,

2014a, 2014b).

The forests in Northeast India, which are contiguous with Myanmar and

northern Thailand, remain relatively underexplored. Currently, six species are known

from Northeast India, viz. Memecylon celastrinum Kurz, M. edule Roxb., M. elegans

Kurz, M. ovatum Sm., M. plebejum Kurz and M. scutellatum (Lour.) Hook. & Am.

320

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Ongoing taxonomic studies have extended the range of some of these species into

Thailand and Indochina (Hughes & Wijedasa, 2012).

Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz (1877) was described from a specimen from

Chittagong in Bangladesh. The description was based on a fruiting specimen. There

is a specimen in Kew with the handwriting of Kurz stating ‘This is the largest half

of the cut specimen at Calcutta’, The other half of the specimen referred to by Kurz

could not be traced at CAL. The Kew specimen matches the description provided

in the protologue well and is hence designated here as the lectotype of Memecylon

cerasiforme.

While caiTying out a floristic inventory of the Jaldapara National Park in West

Bengal state, India, a population of Memecylon cerasiforme was found. Specimens

were collected in fruit in 2013 and in flower the following year.

We supplement the original type description of this poorly known species with

characters from the recent collections, especially flower characters which were absent

from the original description. The plant is also illustrated. The description is based on

recent repeated visits to observe, document and collect specimens Ifom the population

of this species in Jaldapara National Park in eastern India. The conservation status of

the species is also assessed here.

Taxonomic Notes

Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz, Forest FI. Burma 1:516 (1877). - TYPE: Bangladesh,

Chittagong, s.d., Kurz, S. s.n. (lectotype K! [K000357772]), designated here). (Fig.

1-3)

Tree, 10-15 m high; bole 20-35 cm in diam.; bark thin, greyish-brown; young

branchlets greenish, slightly flattened on 2 sides, grooved in the middle, becoming

brown, terete when mature. Leaves opposite, simple, blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic,

6-10 X 3^.5 cm, thin-coriaceous, cuneate to attenuate at base, margins entire, long-

acuminate to caudate-acuminate at apex, acumen 6-10 mm long, dark green, glossy

above, pale green beneath, pale green on drying, glabrous, midrib sunken above,

raised beneath, lateral veins pinnate, 7-9 pairs, obscure above, faintly visible beneath,

regularly spaced, marginal vein faintly visible in dry specimens, 1 .5-2.5 mm from

margin. Petioles 5-10 x 1.5-2 mm, glabrous, canaliculate. Inflorescences axillary

and terminal, lax, compound cymes, 4-30-flowered; primary peduncles 1-4 at a node,

well-developed, 4-angled, 5-13 mm long, elongating in fiaiits up to 20 mm., 1.5-2

mm thick, grooved, green, glabrous, secondaiy peduncles 8-10 mm long, glabrous;

bracts triangular, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, pale brownish; pedicels 5-8 mm, subterete, pale

green, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, buds subglobose, pointed at apex, pale purplish

white; calyx funnel-shaped, calyx rim very shallowly 4-lobed, glabrous, 3.5-5 mm

across, lobes c. 1 x 2.5 mm; internally strongly ridged; petals sub-orbicular, 3.8-4 x

3. 2-3. 5 mm, acute at apex, entire along margins, shortly clawed, claw c. 0.5 x l mm,

pale purplish-white on inner surface, white on outer surface, fleshy in the middle.

Memecylon cerasiforme, a new record for India

321

Fig. 1. Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz. A. Fruiting-twig. B. Habit. C. Bark. D. Flowering-twig.

E. Close-up of buds. F. Infloreseenee. G. Close-up of flower. H. Close-up of anther. (Photos:

K. Karthigeyan)

gradually thinning and membranous along margins, glabrous. Stamens 8, equal;

filaments subulate, c. 3.5 x 0.7 mm, glabrous, light blue; anthers 8, curved, c. 2 x 1

mm, with a c-shaped connective, connective purple near anther theca changing to light

blue towards lower end, gland yellow, c. 0.7 mm long, anther theca purple. Ovary

unilocular; ovules 10-12, placentation free-central; style subulate, 5-6 x 0.4-0. 5 mm,

pale bluish white, glabrous; stigma white. Berries broadly ovoid to subglobose, 1.2-

1.5x1 .2-1 .4 cm, glabrous, pale green, turning dark blackish purple on ripening, shiny,

calyx rim persistent, sunken.

Phenology. Flowering May-June; fruiting February-March.

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Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Habitat and Ecology. Moist areas of dense semi-evergreen forests in Chilapatha range

in the Nalraja Garh area at 60-65 m elevation. The vegetation of this area is classified

as sub-Himalayan secondary mixed forests (Champion & Seth, 1968). This region is

at the northern If inge of the state m the foothills of sub-Himalayan mountain belts with

a moist tropical climate, an annual rainfall averaging 2942 mm and mean monthly

relative humidity between 69 and 91%. (Shukla et al., 2014), The other plant species

commonly found in this habitat are Dillenia indica L. and Knema erratica (Hook.f. &

Thomson) J. Sinclair.

Provisional lUCN consei^ation assessment. Critically Endangered (CR B2a,b(ii, iii,

iv, v); D), following the TUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 (lUCN,

2012). During the present study, the only known living population of this species in

India was documented in Jaldapara National Park with 15 mature individuals and 35

saplings. This population covers an area less than 1 lan^. Further it is confirmed that

there are no recent collection of the species from the type locality (Chittagong hill

tracts, Bangladesh) and no specimens are available in DACB (Sarder Nash* Uddin,

Principal Scientific Officer, DACB, pers. conmi.). The CR status is due to its continuing

decline in AOO, quality of habitat, number of locations or subpopulations and the

small number of mature individuals in the population.

Specimens examined. BANGLADESH: Chittagong: Kurz, S. 557 (K! [K000357772]).

INDIA: West Bengal: Jaldapara National Park, Chilapatha forest range, Nalraja Garh, 2 Mar

2013, Karthigeyan, K. 59218 (CAL); ibidem, 11 May 2014, Karthigeyan, K. 65007 (CAL);

ibidem, 12 May 2014, Karthigeyan, K. 65027 (CAL).

Notes. Cogniaux (1891) stated that the peduncle of Memecylon cerasiforme is 8

mm long which corresponds to the only type sheet available at Kew [K000357772].

Kurz (1877) stated that the fruiting peduncle is not above A in. (= 1.27 cm) long. In

most of the specimens from Jaldapara, the peduncle length varies between 5 and 13

mm. The second author, whilst conducting revisionary studies on the genus in India,

examined several specimens and found the peduncle length often varying from 0.5

to 1 .5 cm within a single species. It is evident from the account of the genus in Sri

Lanka (Bremer, 1979) that in some cases peduncle length varies even from 0 to 10

mm within a single plant in some species. The pedicel length in the freshly collected

specimens slightly exceeds the documented length (3 mm by Cogniaux and 1 line/2.1

mm by Kurz). It can be assumed that Kurz would have described the species based on

a limited number of Ifuiting specimens which might have had shorter pedicels. In all

other characters the new collections fit well within the circumscription of Memecylon

cerasiforme such as leaf-shape, fruit-size and texture.

In addition to Indian materials the authors have also carefully examined the

collections of Memecylon from Myanmar and Bangladesh housed at CAL. The only

species which Memecylon cerasiforme is similar to is Memecylon celastrinum Kurz.

In the latter, the flower buds are much shorter in size and the petals are very much

included in the hypantho-calyx tube with only the apices projecting as a beak in bud.

Memecylon cerasiforme, a new record for India

323

Fig. 2. Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz. A. Flowering-twig (dried material). B. Infloreseence. C

& D. Calyx. E & F. Petals. G & H. Anthers. I. Style. J. Ovary (C.S.). K & L. SEM images of

pollen grains. (Photos: K. Karthigeyan)

324

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Fig. 3. Distribution of Memecylon cerasiforme in India (Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal)

and Bangladesh.

In the recent collection of Memecylon cerasiforme, the buds are larger and the petals

are visible throughout their length, except for the basal portion, and they gradually

taper to an acute tip. All other taxa occurring in the North-Eastern part of the country

and adjacent regions are quite distinct from Memecylon cerasiforme and the newly

collected material.

Memecylon celastrinum is vegetatively similar to M cerasiforme although Kurz

(1877) states that Memecylon celastrinum has larger leaves than M. cerasiforme. We

found these two species could not be distinguished based on a comparison of leaves

in herbarium and fresh specimens. These species differ considerably, however, in the

size of their flowers and fruits. Memecylon cerasiforme is known to produce larger

fmits (up to 2 cm in diameter) compared to M. celastrinum (8-10 mm in diameter).

Furthermore, the recent collections of Memecylon cerasiforme from Jaldapara National

Park, West Bengal showed that the flowers are apparently larger in size with longer

petals (3.8-4 mm) compared to M. celastrinum which has shorter petals (2-2.25 mm).

The present collection of this poorly known species is the first confirmed report of its

occurrence from West Bengal. The reports of Memecylon cerasiforme by Kanjilal et

al. (1938) and Chauhan (2000) were based on misidentifi cations of the closely allied

species, M. celastrinum. Thus, the present collection from Jaldapara National Park is

the first authentic record of Memecylon cerasiforme in India.

Memecylon cerasiforme, a new record for India

325

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The first and second authors are thankful to Dr Paramjit Singh,

Director, BSI, Dr P.V. Prasanna, Scientist "F’ & HoO, Central National Herbarium, Howrah

(CAL), Dr A. Pramanik, Scientist ‘E’ & HoO, A.J.C.B. Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah for

facilities and encouragement, and the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, West Bengal and

District Forest Officer, Wildlife Division III, Cooch Behar and Assistant Wildlife Warden,

Jaldapara National Park, for their kind penuission and support during the survey. Lahim S.

Wijedasa was funded by the Lady Yuen Peng McNiece Graduate Fellowship. We thank Dr

Sarder Nasir Uddin, the Principal Scientific Officer at Bangladesh National Herbarium, for

information on the specimens at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. The help rendered by Mr

G. Gnanasekaran, MH, Coimbatore, for SEM photograph of pollen. Dr C.R. Magesh, CAL,

for preparing maps, Mr K. Dinesh Kumar and Mr A. Balaji, for preparing the photo plate, is

thankfully acknowledged.

References

Bremer, K. (1979). Taxonomy of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) in Ceylon. Opera Bot. 50:

1-32.

Champion, H.G. & Seth, S.K. (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. 404 p.

New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India.

Chauhan, A.S. (2000). Melastomataceae. In: Singh, N.P., Chauhan, A.S. &, Mondal, M.S. (eds)

Flora of Manipur l.Pp. 389-398. Calcutta: Botanical Suiwey of India.

Clarke, C.B. (1879). Melastomataceae. In: Hooker, J.D. (ed) The Flora of British India 2. Pp.

512-565. London: L. Reeve & Co.

Cogniaux, A. (1891). Melastomataceae. In: De Candolle, A. & De Candolle, C. (eds)

Monographiae Phanerogamarum 7. Paris: G. Masson.

Das Das, M., Pramanik, A. & Maity, D. (2015). Typification ofthe rmno Memecylon talbotianum

Brandis (Melastomataceae). Phytotaxa 203: 210-212.

Hughes, M. (2013). Memecylaceae. In: Kiew, R., Chung, R.C.K., Saw, L.G. & Soepadmo, E.

(eds) Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Series II: Seed Plants 4. Kepong: Forestry Research

Institute Malaysia.

Hughes, M. & Wijedasa, L.S. (2012). Memecylaceae of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.

http://elmer.rbge,org.uk (accessed on 9 Sep. 2014).

lUCN (2012). lUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1 (2nd edition). Gland,

Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: lUCN.

Kanjilal, U.N., Kanjilal, PC. & Das, A. (1938). Flora of Assam 2. Pp. 305-306. Shillong:

Assam Government Press.

Kurz, S. (1 877). Forest Flora of British Burma 1 . 549 p. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent

of Government Printing.

Manickam, V.S., Murugan, C., Jothi, G.J. & Sundaresan, V. (2007). Memecylon courtallense -

A new species of Melastomataceae from Courtallum hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian

J. Forest. 30: 77-80.

Renner, S.S., Triebel, D., Almeda, F., Stone, D., Ulloa, C., Michelangeli, F.A., Goldenberg,

R. & Mendoza, H. (2007). MEL names: a Database with Names of Melastomataceae.

http://www.melastomataceae.net/MELnames/ (accessed on 22 Dec. 2015).

Shukla, G., Biswas, R., Das, A.P. & Chakravarty, S. (20 1 4). Plant diversity at Chilapatha Reserve

Forest of Terai Duars in sub-humid tropical foothills of Indian Eastern Himalayas. J.

Forest. Res. 25: 591-596.

326

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

Sivu, A.R., Ratheesh Narayanan, M.K., Pradeep, N.S. & Shaju, T. (2014a). Memecylon

sahyadrica (Melastomataceae), a new species from the Western Ghats, India. Int. J.

Advanced Res. 2: 759-763.

Sivu, A.R., Ratheesh Narayanan, M.K., Pradeep, N.S., Santhosh Kumar, E.S. & Pandurangan,

A.G. (2014b). Anew species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) from the Western Ghats,

India. Phytotaxa 162: 44-50.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 68(2): 327-328. 2016

doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000259

327

BOOK REVIEW: Flora Malesiana, series I - Seed Plants. Volume 22: Lythraceae.

W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes. P.C. van Welzen (Ed.) 2016.

Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 24 x 16 cm, soft cover, 68 pp, 2 plates with colour

photos, 21 black and white line drawings. ISBN 978-90-6519-016-1 (softcover). Price £34.99

(softcover).

Willem J.J.O. de Wilde and Brigitta E.E.

Duyfjes between them have completed

accounts of Campanulaceae, Coriariaceae,

Cucurbitaceae, Hemandiaceae,

Myristicaceae, Passifloraceae, Polygalaceae

and Stemonaceae for Flora Malesiana,

altogether comprising many hundreds of

species. They have now added the Lythraceae

to this list. They are stalwarts of Flora

Malesiana and, indeed, several other Asian

Floras such as the Flora of Thailand, Flora

of Peninsular Malaysia and the Tree Flora of

Sabah and Sarawak. As was noted in Baas et

al. (2016), they accomplish their great feats

of taxonomic botany with generosity and

good humour.

The account of Malesian Lythraceae

comprises 1 1 genera and 47 species,

including alien but naturalised species from

genera such as Cuphea. The account includes

the genera Duabanga, Punica, Sonneratia and Trappa, all now included in Lythraceae,

by reference to earlier Flora Malesiana accounts when they were placed in different

families. As in earlier volumes of Flora Malesiana, the introductory parts include a

description of the family, a discussion of the taxonomy, details on the wood anatomy

and pollen morphology of the included genera, and a short discussion on uses. The

wood anatomy and pollen morphology sections are contributed by Pieter Baas and

Raymond van der Ham respectively.

As would be expected from these authors, all content is logically and clearly

presented. The main part of the work comprises the key to genera and accounts of each

of the genera. The treatment for each genus includes a description of the genus, keys

to the species, notes on morphology in some cases, and a description of each species

- the standard fare of a Flora account. For Lager stroemia, keys are presented for both

flowering and fruiting material. There are two colour plates and a number of expertly

drawn illustrations, mostly by Jan van Os.

The largest genera are Lagerstroemia (14 species), Rottala (8 species) and

Ammania (7 species). Cuphea, with all species introduced from the New World, is

represented by six species. The native species are treated in detail. The naturalised

328

Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(2) 2016

species are treated in less detail but still sufficiently to ensure a positive identification.

One small criticism and that is that in the nomenclatural sections I suspect

there has been some overuse of the term ‘holotype’, particularly for many nineteenth

century names that should rather be lectotypified. For the genera previously treated in

other families, 1 also would have liked to have seen them entirely included again here,

even if just copied from the previous content with acknowledgement. The number of

additional species is not great and it would have made the new treatment here more

complete.

As is well known. Flora Malesiana has struggled to maintain a consistent

output of volumes. This is a reflection of the lack of taxonomists working on basic

biodiversity inventory in Southeast Asia as mstitutions, particularly in Europe, reduce

their commitment to such ambitious projects. This new Flora Malesiana volume is a

great testament to the hard work and tenaciousness of Willem de Wilde and Brigitta

Duy^es, but let us also hope that future volumes will be more frequent, contain more

families, and attract accounts from the best and brightest of botanists who understand

that taxonomic inventory is as vital today as it was when Flora Malesiana first began

over 60 years ago.

Reference

Baas, R, Veldkamp, J.F. & van Welzen, P.C. (2016). On the 80th birthdays of Willem J.J.O. de

Wilde and Brigitta E.E. Duyfjes. Blumea 61: 85-86.

David J. Middleton

Singapore Botanic Gardens

The Gardens’ Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 68 2016

ISSN 0374-7859

VOLUME 68

No. 1 pages 1-174 (printed version published 20 May 2016 )

No. 2 pages 175-328 (printed version published 15 November 2016)

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE

The Gardens^ Bulletin, Singapore is a peer-reviewed journal publishing original papers and

reviews on a wide range of subjects: plant taxonomy (including revisions), phytogeography,

floristics, morphology, anatomy, as well as horticulture and related fields, such as ecology and

conservation, with emphasis on the plant life of the Southeast Asian-Pacific region.

Dr David J. Middleton Dr Jana Leong-Skomickova

(Editor-in-Chief) (Managing Editor)

Felicia Tay Yee Wen Eow Cliristina Soh

(Graphics Editors) (Copy Editor) (Business Manager)

Editorial Advisory Board

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Yale University

U.S.A.

Dr Rogier P.J. de Kok

Honorary Research Associate

Singapore Botanic Gardens

Dr W. John Kress

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Dr Mark Hughes

Royal Botanic Ganlen Edinburgh

UK.

Dr Kiat W. Tan

Gardens By The Bay

Singapore

Dr Nigel P. Taylor

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr Ian M. Turner

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

UK.

Dr Jan-Frits Veldkamp

National Biodiversity Cerjter

The Netherlands

DrJun Wen

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Professor Nianhe Xia

South China Institute of Botany

PR. China

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