THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE

The Gardens^ Bulletin, Singapore is a peer-reviewed journal publishing original papers and

reviews on a wide range of subjects: plant taxonomy (including revisions), phytogeography,

floristics, morphology, anatomy, as well as horticulture and related fields, such as ecology and

conservation, with emphasis on the plant life of the Southeast Asian-Pacific region.

'w'

Dr. K.M. Wong Dr, Jana Leong-Skomickova

(Editor-in-Chief) (Managing Editor)

S. Lee Y.W. Low Christina Soh

(Graphics Editor) (Copy Editor) (Business Manager)

Editorial Advisory Board

Professor Sir Peter Crane

Yale University

U.S.A.

Dr. Rogier P..T. de Kok

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

U.K.

Dr. WJ. Kress

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Dr. David J. Middleton

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

U.K.

Dr. Kiat W. Tan

Gardens By The Bay

Singapore

Dr. Nigel P. Taylor

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr. I.M. Turner

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr. J.F. Veldkamp

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland

The Netherlands

Dr. Jun Wen

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

U.S.A.

Professor Nianhe Xia

South China Institute of Botany

PR. China

Published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore, the annual subscription for the journal

is Singapore $100.00 including postage. Overseas subscribers should make payment in the form of

bank draft or international money order in Singapore currency, payable to National Parks Board. Please

forward payment to ‘■'■Accounts Receivable Section, National Parks Board, Headquarters,

Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569”.

Instructions for contributing authors

(more details in http://www.sbg.org.sg/research/instructions-for-authors.pdf)

Manuscripts should be sent by e-mail to <gardbullsing@gmail.com> or posted to

The Editor, Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road,

Singapore 259569.

The language used is English. Prior to submission, it may be advisable to have manuscripts checked by

someone fluent or proficient in that language. Contributions must not have been published or be under

consideration elsewhere. There are no page charges. Submitted material cannot be returned.

Authors cuiTently opt for 50 paper offprints and/or a pdf reproduction of their conti'ibution, gratis.

Cover letter, submission and copyright. In your cover letter or message, state clearly you are submitting

your manuscript (state title) for publication in the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore. By submitting the

manuscript(s), authors agree that upon acceptance, copyright of the entire work becomes the property

of the Singapore Botanic Gardens National Parks Board, Singapore. Authors must ensure aU required

permission has been obtamed in writing to publish any material they present; proof may be required.

Manuscripts are best submitted in electronic form (Microsoft Word 97-2003 preferred). Use Times New

Roman, 10-point font, 1.5-line spacing. Do not send original artwork unless requested by the Editor.

Number all pages serially including the title and abstract on the first.

Instructions for contributing authors (continued)

Title and authorship. The title should concisely describe the contents. If a scientific name is used, its

authority is nonnally excluded, but the family name would be provided. Authors’ names, affiliations

and postal/ e-mail addresses are stated below the title. If more than one author, indicate “corresponding

author”. Avoid footnotes. A short running title (up to six words) should also be provided.

Abstract, The abstract is at most 100-300 words. It should concisely indicate the article’s contents without

summarising it; mentioning novelties and name changes. Keywords: Suggest at most eight keywords, in

alphabetical order.

Scientific names and author abbreviations. Genus and species names of organisms must be italicised and

followed by the authority (with family name in parentheses) when first mentioned in the text or diagnoses.

Standards for author abbreviations include:

Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E. {1991) Authors of Plant Names. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kirk, P.M, & Ansell, A.E. (1992) Authors of Fungal Names [Index to Fungi Supplement], Wallingford:

CAB International.

Herbarium abbreviations follow

Thiers, B. (2013) [continously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and

associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium, <http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/>

Journal and book title abbre\nations. For journals:

Bridson, G.D.R., Townsend, S.T., Polen, E.A. & Smith, E.R. (eds) (2004) BPH-2: periodicals with

botanical content: comprising a second edition qf Botanico-Periodicum-Hiinlianum. Pittsburg: Hunt

Institute for Botanical Documentation.

For books:

Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S, (eds) (1976-88) Taxonomic Literature. 2nd edition. 7 vols [Regnum Veg.

vols 94, 98, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116].

Stafleu, F.A. & Mennega, E.A. (eds) (1992-) Taxonomic Literature. Supplements [Regnum Veg. vols

125,130,132],

(A useftd source of verify ing names of publications is

<http://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/publication_index.html>. If in doubt, list full titles.

Other abbreviations and units of measurement. If using standard abbreviations and acronyms, give the

full term on first mention. Dates are cited as: 1 Jan 2000. SI (metric) units of measurement are used and

spelled out except when preceded by a numeral; they are abbreviated in standard form: g, ml, km, etc.

Tables. Tables are numbered in arabic numerals in the order they are first mentioned in the text and caivy

an indicative legend at the head. Tables ai e given at the end of the manuscript.

Illustrations. All drawings, maps, graphs and photographic images (individually or collected in a plate)

are to be numbered in arabic numerals in the order they are first mentioned in the text, as Fig. 1, Fig. 2,

etc. (plate components would be referred to in the text as Fig. 1 A, IB, Fig. 1 A-D, etc.). If relevant, scale

bars should be used to indicate magnification.

When grouping photographs, the maximum page area 19.5x13 cm must be heeded. High resolution digital

images may be submitted as separate files (line drawings in black and white at 600 dpi, photographs at

300 dpi) sent electronically or in a CD. Do not embed images into the main text file.

References in the text. Citation in the text should take tlie fonn: King & Gamble (1886) or (King &

Gamble 1 886), or King et al. (1886) if more than two authors to a work. Use 2000a, 2000b, etc. if several

papers by the same author(s) in one year are cited.

References listed at the end. There, works mentioned in the text are listed alphabetically as follows:

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1999) User’s Guide to the DEETA Editor, http://

biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ (accessed on 2 Aug. 2010).

Persson, C. (2000) Phylogeny of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences from the

rps 16 intron and r/7jL(UAA)-F(GAA) intergenic spacer. Nordic J. Bot. 20: 257-269.

Ridley, H.N. (1930) The Disper^sal of Plants Throughout the World. Ashford, U.K.: L. Reeve.

Smith, A.C. & Darwin, S.P. (1988) Rubiaceae. In: Smith, A.C. (ed) Flora Viliensis Nova, A New Flora of

F//7 4: 143-193.

References to web-based resources should include either a doi (digital object identifier) specification

or full URL mentioning also the date it was accessed. Use of DNA sequences from GenBank should be

acknowledged and the studies for which the sequences were generated should be cited.

Style of nomenclatural summaries. The following style is required:

Gardenia anisophylla Jack ex Roxb., FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 561 (1824).

Medinilla alternifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 19 (1849).

If authors include flill bibliographic data for these works in the list of references at the end of the paper,

they should also be mentioned in the text briefly, e.g., “Nomenclatural references researched include

Blume (1849) and Roxburgh (1824).”

Homotypic synonyms should be provided in a block, stating the type at the end.

(continued on inside back cover)

Front cover picture: Didymocarpus kerrii Craib (Photo by Preecha Karaket)

The Gardens ’ Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 65(2) 2013 ISSN 0374-7859

CONTENTS

W.H. Ardi, I.M. Ardhaka, M. Hughes,

N.K.E. Undaharta, D. Girmansyah and S. Hidayat

Two new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Bali and Lombok 135

E.S. Fernando and M. Rodda

Marsdenia purpurella (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae),

a new species from the Philippines 143

R. Kiew

Clarification of Hermann H. Kunstler’s

botanical collecting localities in Peninsular Malaysia 149

A. Kurniawan, Ni Putu Sri Asih, Yuzammi and P.C. Boyce

Studies on the Araceae of the Lesser Sunda Islands I;

New distribution records for Alocasia alba 157

H. Kurzweil

Calanthe punctata (Orchidaceae),a new species from southern Myanmar 163

J. Leong-§kornickova & H.D. Tran

Two new species of Curcuma subgen. Ecomata (Zingiberaceae)

from southern Vietnam 169

D.J. Middleton & P. Triboun

Anew species of Somrania (Gesneriaceae) from Thailand 181

P. Nangngam and J.F. Maxwell

Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand 185

I.M. Turner

A new species of Monoon (Annonaceae) from Brunei 227

P. Wilkie, A.D. Poulsen, D. Harris, Laura L. Forrest

The collection and storage of plant material

for DNA extraction: The Teabag Method 231

K.M. Wong, M. Sugumaran and J.B. Sugau

Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, V. The Fagraea complex in Borneo:

New generic assignments and recombinations 235

Y.S. Yeoh, C.K. Yeo, W.F. Ang and Y.W. Low

Marsdenia maingayi (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae),

a rare rainforest woody climber rediscovered in Singapore 241

Date of publication: 24 December 2013

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

1 Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 135-142. 2013

135

Two new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae)

from Bali and Lombok

Wisnu H. Ardi^, LM. Ardhaka^, M. Hughes^,

N.K.E. Undaharta-, D. Girmansyah^ and S. Hidayat^

^Bogor Botanic Garden, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 13, Bogor, Indonesia

wisnOO 1 @lipi.go .id

^Bali Botanic Garden, Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan 82191, Indonesia

^Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row,

Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, U.K.

'‘Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences,

C ibinong 16911, Indonesia

ABSTRACT. Two new species of Begonia, B. /wgrae Ardhaka & Undaharta and5. sendangensis

Ardi are described from Bah and Lombok, respectively. The species belong to Begonia section

Reichenheimea. A checklist and identification key to the Bali and Lombok species of Begonia

are provided.

Keywords. Bali, Begonia, Lombok, new species

Introduction

Begonia is one of the largest angiosperm genera, comprising approximately 1500

species which are distributed in tropical and subtropical Africa, America and Asia and

Pacific Islands (Hughes 2008). The Southeast Asian species remain the most poorly

known, with many novelties still being discovered recently (Ginnansyah 2012; Sang

et al. 2013; Phutthai et al. 2012). The first account dedicated to the Begonia of Bali and

Lombok was published by Girmansyah (2009), which reported five new species and

one new record, bringing the total number of species known from the two neighbouring

islands to eight species.

During field surveys of Begonia in Gianyar, Bali in 2010 organised by the Bali

Botanic Garden, and in Lombok in 2012 led by the Bogor Botanic Garden, two new

species of Begonia were collected, here newly named as Begonia lugrae Ardhaka &

Undaharta and Begonia sendangensis Ardi. All available specimens from ANDA, BO,

E, K, L and SING have been consulted, and hence it must be assumed, at least until

more intensive collecting in Bali may reveal otherwise, that the species have a very

restricted range (Fig. 1). All the specimens cited are included in the Southeast Asian

Begonia Database (Hughes & Pullan 2007), which is accessible online (http://elmer.

rbge.org.uk/begonia/).

Four of the species are classified in Begonia sect. Sphenanthera (Hassk.)

Warb., another four including the two new species are in Begonia sect. Reichenheimia

136

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

1 1 r

0 25 50 100 Kilometers

Fig. 1. Distribution of Begonia lugrae (squares) and 5. sendangensis (triangles).

(Klotzsch) A.DC., and a single species each are in Begonia sect. Parvibegonia A.DC.

and Begonia sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A.DC. (Table 1). The two new species

exhibit typical characters of Begonia sect. Reichenheimia: rhizomatous or tuberous

stems, protandrous inflorescences, and three locular ovaries with entire placentae

(Doorenbos et al. 1998).

Table 1. The indigenous Begonia species of Bali and Lombok.

Section

Species

Parvibegonia

Begonia tenuifolia Dryand.

Petermannia

Begonia lombokensis Gimi.

Reichenheimia

Begonia coriaceae Hassk.

Begonia lugrae Ardhaka & Undaharta

Begonia sendangensis Ardi

Begonia pseudomuricata Girm.

Sphenanthera

Begonia baliensis Girm.

Begonia lempuyangensis Girm.

Begonia longifolia Blume

Begonia multibracteata Girm.

Bali and Lombok Begonia

137

la.

2a.

3a.

4a.

5a.

Key to Begonia from Bali and Lombok

Plant with erect stems 2

Plant repent or stemless 6

Female inflorescences basal to male; male and female flowers with 2 tepals; fruit

a dry capsule with well developed equal wings B. lombokensis

Female and male flowers occurring together in cymose inflorescences; male

flowers with 4 tepals, female 5 or 6 tepals; fruit fleshy with reduced wings or one

wing larger 3

Fruit wings reduced to three equally short wings or ridges; lamina oblong

to lanceolate; margin shallowly toothed to sub-entire; female flowers with 6

tepals B. longifolia

Fruit with one larger wing; lamina ovate to broadly ovate; margin scalloped;

female flowers with 5 tepals 4

Inflorescence hairy; bracts persistent B. multibracteata

Inflorescence glabrous; bracts caducous 5

Lamina ovate; stem hairy B. baliensis

Lamina broadly ovate; stem glabrous B. lempuyangensis

6a. Plants tuberous 7

b. Plants rhizomatous 8

7a. Stem erect and weak; intemodes elongated; inflorescence terminal, racemose;

female flowers with 5 tepals; ovary with 2 locules; placentation bilamellate

B. tenuifoUa

b. Stemless; intemodes compressed; inflorescences lateral, cymose; female flowers

with 3 tepals; ovary with 3 locules; placentation entire B. sendangensis

8a. Leaves peltate B. coriacea

b. Leaves basiflxed 9

9a. Lamina 14-16.5 x 12-15 cm; margin crenate or minutely toothed to entire,

peduncle shorter than petioles 5. lugme

b. Lamina 5.5-10 x 5-9 cm; margin undulate, peduncle longer than petioles

B. pseudomuricata

138

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

The new species

Begonia lugrae Ardhaka & Undaharta sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

Similar to Begonia pseudomuricata, differing from that species by the broader,

asymmetric stipules with a fleshy extension, subentire (not undulate) leaf margin,

larger leaf lamina (14-16.5 x 12-15 cm) compared to in that species (5.5-10 x 5-9

cm), and the peduncle being shorter than the petioles.

TYPE: Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta RS 03, cultivated at Bali Botanic Garden from

vegetative material collected in the wild from Melinggili village, Yeh Ayung River,

Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia, 08°26'50.3"S 115°13'55.9"E, 26 Jul 2013 (holo BO; iso E,

KRB, Bali Botanic Garden Herbarium). Fig. 2.

Perennial, creeping, rhizomatous monoecious herb, 15-17 cm tall. Stems intemodes

short, 5-8 mm long, glabrous, reddish with white spots at the nodes; stipules semi-

circular, 6-10 X 12-15 mm, asymmetric, pale green, with an abaxially prominent

hirsute reddish midrib up to c. 15 mm long, persistent. Leaves alternate; petioles 24-

33.5 cm long, glabrous, reddish at base and green towards to apex; lamina basifixed,

14-16.5 X 12-15 cm, asyimnetric, ovate, base cordate, lobes overlapping, apex shortly

attenuate, margin sub-entire, with minute recurved teeth at the end of the veins, adaxial

surface glabrous, green, raised slightly between the veins; venation palmate, veins

paler green above, primary veins 7-8. Inflorescence cymose, with 5-10 flowers,

axillaiy, protandrous, bisexual; peduncles 19.5-27.5 cm long, pale green, glabrous;

bracts sub-orbicular, red, c. 2 x 3 mm, margin slightly fimbriate, deciduous. Male

flowers: pedicels 5-15 mm, glabrous; tepals 4, white, outer tepals 2, c. 13 x 16 mm,

sub-orbicular, base slightly cordate, margin entire, apex rounded or slightly undulate,

glabrous; inner tepals 2, c. 13x8 mm, narrowly obovate, glabrous; androecium yellow,

symmetric, globose; stamens c. 90, filaments c. 1 mm long, fused at the base, anthers

c. 3 mm long, obovate, dehiscing through lateral slits c. 1/2 as long as the anther,

connective not projecting. Female flowers: pedicels 7-15 mm, glabrous, bracteoles

absent; tepals 3, white, unequal, two outer tepals orbicular to sub-orbicular, 12 x 14

mm, margin entire, apex rounded or undulate , one inner tepal, narrowly obovate, 6 x

12 mm; ovaiy sub-globose, 8-9 x 6-7 mm (excluding wings), locules 3, placentation

axile, placentae entire, wings 3, subequal, triangular, rounded at the base and cuneate

at the apex, the widest point at the middle of the ovary, glabrous; stigmas 3, shallowly

U-shaped, stigmatic surface once spirally twisted. Fruits not seen.

Distribution. Endemic to Bali, Gianyar District, Melinggih village, Yeh Ayung River

embankment.

Habitat. This species grows on the shaded steep rocky cliffs in the Yeh Ayung River

embankment at 630 m elevation.

lUCN Conservation category. Begonia lugrae is currently only known from a single

population, which is not in a formally protected area. Although locally abundant.

Bali and Lombok Begonia

139

Fig. 2. Begonia lugrae from cultivated material in the Bali Botanic Garden. A. Habit. B-D.

Lamina. E. Rhizomes. F-G. Stipule. H-I. Inflorescence. J. Male flowers. K. Female flower. L.

Fruit, side view. M. Fruit, apical view. N. Ovary transverse section. Scale bars: J (1 em); F, G,

I, K-N (2 em); A-D, H (10 em). (Photos: A-I & K-N, Gede Wawan; J, Wisnu H. Ardi)

with at least 75 plants in the population, this makes the species vulnerable to future

disturbance, and a provisional lUCN category of VUD2 is appropriate.

Notes. The species is named in honour of the Director of Bali Botanic Garden, I

Nyoman Lugrayasa who generously supported many Begonia expeditions. This

species is morphologically similar to Begonia pseudomuricata Girmansyah. However

B. lugrae is distinct in its bigger leaves 14-16.5 x 12-15 cm (versus 5.5-10 x 5-9

cm) with sub-entire margin, whereas in B. pseudomuricata the margin is undulate.

The length of the inflorescence peduncle and the shape of the stipules are further

differences: the peduncles of B. lugrae (19.5-27.5 cm long) are always shorter than

the petioles (24-33.5 cm long) while in B. psedomuricata the peduncles (10-25 cm

140

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

long) are always longer than the petioles (5-20 cm long); in B. lugrae the stipules are

very distinctive, being asymmetric and having a fleshy extension at the tip.

Begonia sendangensis Ardi sp.nov. § Reichenheimia

B. sendangensis differs from B. pseudomuricata and B. lugrae in its considerably

smaller stature and in possessing a tuber; the latter character also distinguishes it from

all other Indonesian species of Begonia sect. Reichenheimia.

TYPE: W1 82, cultivated at Bogor Botanic Garden from vegetative material collected

in the wild from Senaru Village, Sandang Forest Reserve, Bayan Sub district, Lombok

Utara District, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, 08°18’23.3”S 116°24’47.9”E, 20 Apr

2013 (holo BO). Fig. 3.

Peremiial, tuberous, monoecious herb, up to 1 0 cm tall. Stems very reduced, intemodes

c. 1 mm long; stipules, ovate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, midrib prominent, sparsely hirsute, tip

projecting c. 1.5 mm, persistent. Leaves alternate; petioles, 2. 7-3. 5 cm long, green,

with scattered multicellular glandular hairs; lamina basifixed, 3.3-9 x 2.7-6 cm,

asymmetric, ovate, base cordate, lobes rarely overlapping, apex attentuate, margin

shallowly lobed, sparsely villose, with minute recurved teeth at the end of the veins,

adaxial surface glabrous, green, raised slightly between the veins; venation palmate,

veins pale green, primary veins 5-6. Inflorescence cymose, few-flowered, axillary,

protandrous, bisexual; peduncles 2. 5-3. 9 cm long, pale green, glabrous; bracts minute,

sub-orbicular, margin slightly fimbriate, deciduous. Male flowers: pedicels 14-20

mm long, tepals 4, pink, outer tepals 2, 10-12 x 12-15 imn, sub-orbicular, abaxially

sparsely hairy, inner tepals 2, 11-1 3 x 6-9 mm, obovate to elliptic; androecium yellow,

synmieti'ic, globose, stamens c. 35, filaments fused at base into a short column c. 1.5

mm long; anther c. 1 mm long, nan*owly obovate, dehiscing through lateral slits longer

than half the length of the anther, apex retuse. Female flowers: 1 or 2, pedicels 15-17

mm long, bracteoles present, subulate, c. 2 mm long, persistent; tepals 3, pink, unequal,

two outer tepals broadly ovate, c. 9-10.5 x 14 mm; sparsely hairy on abaxial surface,

one inner tepal elliptic, 9.5 x 5.5 mm, glabrous; ovaiy 5-7 x 5-5.5 mm (excluding

wings), ellipsoid, glabrous, green, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae entire, wings

3, equal, pinkish, rounded at base, rounded to truncate at apex, widest point 6-8 mm

long just below the apex; stigmas 3, U-shaped, stigmatic surface once spirally twisted.

Fruit with pedicel c. 15-18 mm long, capsule ellipsoid, c. 8 x 6 mm, (excluding

wings), dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachments, wing shape as for the ovary,

wings widest subapically, c. 8.5 mm wide.

Distribution. Endemic to Lombok, in the Sendang Gile Forest Reserve.

Habitat. This species grows on limestone cliffs in semi-shade.

lUCN Conservation category. Begonia sendangensis is probably a narrow endemic,

restricted to the Sendang Gile Forest Reserve, where it does not form large colonies

Bali and Lombok Begonia

141

Fig. 3. Begonia sendangensis. A-B. Habit. C. Stipule. D. Lamina. E. Inflorescence. F. Male

flower. G. Female flower showing ovary, side view. H. Female flower, top view. I. Fruit. J.

Ovary transverse section. Scale bars: C (1 mm); J (5 mm); E-I (1cm); A, B, D (5 cm). (Photos:

A-H & J, Wisnu H. Ardi; I, Syamsul Hidayat)

142

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

but appears to occur as scattered individuals on steep cliffs at the edge of the reserve.

The narrow distribution and dependence on limestone means that a provisional lUCN

categoi*y of VUD2 is appropriate, despite the area being protected.

Notes. The epithet ‘sendangensis’vQiQvs to Sendang Gile Forest Reserve from where

the type material was collected. Begonia sendangensis is unique in Begonia section

Reichenheimia in Indonesia on account of its tuberous habit. The presence of tubers

in this species are probably an adaptation to its limestone habitat and the seasonally

dry climate in the Lombok region. This is convergent with a number of other species

which are found in the seasonally dry limestone habitats of continental Asia (southern

China, Indochina, and the Thai Peninsula). Some of these are also currently in Begonia

sect. Reichenheimea (e.g., Begonia harmandii Gagnep, B. hymenophylla Gagnep,

B.intermixta Irmsch., B. panmla Irmsch.), but are likely to belong to the ‘Diploclinium

grade' (Rajbhandary et al. 2011) which has its centre of diversity in this area. The

region also harbours most of the species in Begonia sect. Pat'vibegonia (e.g., Begonia

integrifolia Dalzel., B. bella Putthai, B. sinuata Meisn.) which are characterised by the

presence of tubers. Tuberous species are not well represented from the ever-wet areas

of the Sunda shelf.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors would like to express gratitude to Ir. I Nyoman

Lugrayasa (Bali Botanic Garden Director) for supporting Begonia expeditions on Bali; and to

the curators of AND A, BO, E, K, L and SING for allowing us access to herbarium material.

References

Doorenbos, J., Sosef, M.S.M. & de Wilde, J.J.F.E. (1998) The sections of Begonia including

descriptions, keys and species lists (Studies in Begoniaceae VI). Agric. Univ. Wageningen

Pap. 98(2); 1-266.

Girmansyah, D. (2009) A taxonomic study of Bali and Lombok Begonia {Begoniaceae).

Reinwardtia 12(5): 419-434.

Girmansyah, D. (2012) Begonia ranaiensis (Begoniaceae), a new species from Mt Ranai,

Natuna Island, Indonesia. Kew Bulletin 68:1-4.

Hughes, M. (2008) An Annotated Checklist of Southeast Asian Begonia. U.K.: Royal Botanic

Garden, Edinburgh.

Hughes, M. & Pullan, M. (2007) Southeast Asian Begonia Database, http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/

Begonia/

Sang, J., Kiew, R. & Geri, C. (2013) Revision of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the Melinau

Limestone in Gunung Mulu National Park and Gunung Buda National Park, Sarawak,

Borneo, including thirteen new species. Phytotaxa 99(1): 1-34.

Phutthai, T, Hughes, M. & Sridith, K. (2012) A new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from

Peninsular Thailand. Edinburgh J. Bot. 69(2); 287-292.

Rajbhandary, S., Hughes, M., Phutthai, T., Thomas, D.C. & Shrestha, K.K. (2011) Asian

Begonia', out of Africa via the Himalayas? Gard. Bull. Singapore 63(1&2): 277-286.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 143-148. 2013

143

Marsdenia purpurella (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae),

a new species from the Philippines

Edwino S. Fernando^ and Michele Rodda^

' Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestiy and Natural Resources,

The University of the Philippines - Los Banos, College, 403 1 Laguna, Philippines

edwino. femando@giTiail.coin

" Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,

1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore

ABSTRACT. Marsdenia purpurella Fernando & Rodda, a new species from the Philippines,

is described and illustrated. It is distinguished Ifom all known species of Marsdenia from the

Philippines in its rotate corolla lacking a corolline corona, simple umbelliform inflorescence,

and very short peduncle.

Keywords. Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gymnema, Marsdenia, serpentine soils

Introduction

Marsdenia R.Br. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Marsdenieae) includes about 300

species from tropical and warm temperate areas of the world, including Central and

South America, Afi'ica, the Mediterranean, Asia, Malesia, Australia, and Melanesia

(Forster 1995b). The genus was revised, in part, for Asia, Malesia, and Australia (Forster

1995a, b), and now includes, among others, Gymnema R.Br. and Dregea E.Mey., two

previously segregate genera also with representative species in the Philippines.

Merrill (1923) first recorded four species of Marsdenia for the Philippmes,

including three endemic species earlier described by Schlechter (Schlechter &

Warburg 1904) and the widespread Marsdenia tinctoria R.Br. Two widespread

species, Marsdenia volubilis (L.f.) Cooke, a species earlier enumerated by Merrill

(1923) mtdQX Dregea, mid Marsdenia vehitina R.Br. (Forster 1995b), should now also

be added to the list. Another two species, Marsdenia tingens (Roxb.) P.l.Forst., also

a widespread species, and the Philippine endemic Marsdenia pachyglossa (Schltr.)

P.l.Forst., were name combinations from Gymnema R.Br. (Forster 1995a). Six more

Philippine endemic species of Gymnema, however, still need to be fomially transferred

to Marsdenia. Because the type materials for these six remaining species have not been

available for examination and while awaiting the results of an extensive molecular

phylogenetic study on Marsdenia (Livshultz pers. comm.), no name transfers are made

at this time.

Following recent surveys of the metallophyte flora in the Philippines (Fernando

et al. 2012), a new species of Marsdenia with woody climbing habit, clear exudate,

umbellifomi and unbranched inflorescences, and attractive greenish or yellow-green

144

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

flowers with purple tinge, was discovered in forest at middle elevations on Luzon

Island. This particular taxon does not match any of the currently known species and is

described below.

The new species

Marsdenia purpurella Fernando & Rodda, sp. nov.

Distinguished from all known species of Marsdenia from the Philippines in its rotate

corolla lacking a corolline corona, simple, umbelliform inflorescence, and very short

peduncle.

TYPE: Fernando 2415, Philippines, Luzon Island, Zambales Province, Candelaria,

Malimlim area, in forest on seipentine soils, on gentle slope, 695 m elevation,

15°41’13”N 120°02’54”E, flowers and young fruit, 19 Apr 2011 (holotype LBC;

isotypes CAHUP, K, PNH, SING). Fig. 1-2.

Terrestrial liana with clear and sticky exudate from stems and leaves. Stems woody,

branching, up to 8 m long, climbing on tree stems and branches; base of stems 6-10

mm in diameter; adventitious roots not observed; stems climbing by twining, the apical

part green, and covered with brownish indumentum, turning light brown, smooth

when mature, then wrinkled, and lightly fissured towards the base; intemodes 5-12.5

cm long on young growing stems, up to 3-7(-12) cm long, 3-4 mm thick on mature,

flower-bearing stems. Leaves simple, opposite, petiolate; petiole terete, 5-10 x 1-2

mm; lamina obovate, very rarely elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5.4-10 cm long x 2-5

cm wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, discolorous, adaxial surface glossy

dark green, abaxial surface pale green or sometimes glaucescent, newly expanding

leaves glossy green; secondary nerves 4-6 on each side of the midrib, diverging at

65-70° from the midrib, the tips joined by an intra-marginal vein; leaf base obtuse

to cuneate, sometimes nan*owly and shallowly cordate; apex apiculate to cuspidate;

the lamina edges thickened and distinctly finely revolute when dry; colleters or

glands sometimes present at base of lamina. Inflorescences axillary, one per node,

umbelliform, unbranched, up to 4 cm long, 3-5 cm wide; flowers 15-23 per umbel,

rather loosely arranged and arching or pendulous; in young plants the very first few

inflorescences bear only single flowers with shorter pedicels; very young developing

inflorescence covered with brown indumentum, subtended by 1 or 2 minute, leaf-

like bracts, to 2-5 mm long. Flower buds ovoid, purple to purplish-brown, rather

glossy, turning paler just before anthesis; aestivation imbricate, young buds pubescent;

peduncle axillary, brown-hairy, 2-4 mm long, rather persistent, bracts at base of the

flower pedicels persistent; pedicel 1.5-2.2(4) cm long, terete, 1 mm diameter, pale

brown to purplish-brown, the very basal part attached to the peduncle purplish; sepals

ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-2 x 1-1.5 mm, purplish-brown, sparsely pubescent outside,

glabrous inside, ciliate. Flowers at anthesis up to 1.8 cm diameter; corolla rotate,

5-lobed, greenish or yellow-green to light yellow; the corolla lobes basally fused for

A new Philippine Marsdenia

145

1.5-2 mm, lobes 7-7.5 x 3.5-4 mm, spreading, broadly lanceolate or linear, the distal

portion lightly twisted, both surfaces smooth, glabrous, with slightly wavy, rather

membranaceous margins; apices unequal, sometimes slightly twisted and strongly

recurved, also with a purplish tinge; a darker mid-vein is faintly visible; corolline

corona absent. Staminal corona not overtopping the style-head, c. 4.5 mm wide, 3 mm

high, lobes 5, free, adnate to staminal column, same colour as the corolla, the central

part of the corona pui*plish-white, adaxial appendages rounded to truncate, white on

the outside and purple inside; style-head whitish at the tip and purple on the sides; alar

fissures c. 2 mm long; style-head depressed-globose, 1-1.2 mm diameter. Pollinarium

erect, with corpuscle and two pollinia; pollinium 300-340 x 120-140 pm, erect, nearly

kidney-shaped or reniform, laterally attached near the base to the caudicles, pellucid

margin absent; coipuscle narrowly ovoid, rather large, 260-300 pm long x 150 pm

wide, brownish; caudicles 140-170 pm x 25 pm; ovary ovoid, 1.7-1. 8 mm long x 1 nun

wide. Fruit a follicle, solitary, pendulous; broadly ensifomi to fusiform-ovoid, 9-10

cm long X 1 ,9_2,7(-3) cm wide x 1.2-2. 5 cm thick, dull green or slightly glauscecent,

the surface generally smooth, drying longitudinally ribbed; fruit cross-section oblong

to nearly circular; many-seeded; pericarp 4-5 mm thick; pedicel 1. 8-2.2 cm long x

1-1.5 mm wide; sepals persistent in fmit; juvenile fruit ovoid, glossy purplish-green;

seeds broadly ovate, 10-12 mm long x 5-7 mm wide, coma 1.5 cm long.

Notes. The Philippine species oi Marsdenia originally belonging to Gymnema or still to

be transferred to Marsdenia present a corolline corona, whereas Marsdenia purpurella

is distinct because it only has a staminal corona. Among the further four Marsdenia

species from the Philippines, M. philippinensis Schltr., M. tinctoria R.Br., M. velutina

R.Br., and M. yvarburgii Schltr. have branched or raceme-like inflorescences, whereas

M. purpurella has simple, umbellifomi inflorescences. Marsdenia pergulariiformis

Schltr. inflorescences are similar to those of M. purpurella, but they are held by a

longer peduncle (1.5-2 cm vs. 2-4 mm long). Further, the pedicels of the flowers of

M. pergulariiformis are shorter (0.5-0. 7 cm vs. 1.5- 2.2(^) cm long) and the flowers

are campanulate, not rotate.

Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Island (Zambales Province) and Palawan Island.

Endemic.

Specimens examined. PHILIPPINES. Luzon Island. Zambales Province, Candelaria,

Malimlim area, 695 m elevation, open flowers and young fruit, 19 Apr 2011, Fernando 2415

(holotype LBC; isotypes CAHUP, K, PNH, SING); ibidem, flower buds and immature fruits,

1 Apr 2012, Fernando 3006 (LBC, PNH, SING); ibidem, newly developing flower buds, 18

Jan 2013, Fernando 3081 (LBC); Palawan Island. Taytay, open flowers. May 1913, Merrill

9355 (SING).

Etymology. The epithet pwpurella refers to the purple tinge on the style head of the

staminal corona and on the apices of the corolla lobes.

146

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Fig. 1. Marsdenia purpurella Fernando & Rodda: A. Habitat at type loeality. B. Young branch

showing twining habit and leaf shape and arrangement. C. Newly emerging inflorescence.

D. Flower buds. E. Mature stem with clusters of open flowers and one leaf showing abaxial

surface. Scale bars: B, D, E (1 cm); C (1 mm). B & E from Fernando 3006; C from Fernando

308 F, D from Fernando 2415. (Photos: Edwino S. Fernando)

A new Philippine Marsdenia

147

Fig. 2. Marsdenia purpurella Fernando & Rodda: A. Clusters of open flowers. B. Close up of

a single flower showing discoid outline of staminal corona. C. Pollinarium with a rather large

corpuscle and pollinia lacking pellucid margins. D. Young fruit. E. Immature fruit. Scale bars:

A, B (5 mm); C (300 pm); D, E (1 cm). A, B from Fernando 2415; C based on material in spirit,

Fernando 2415; D, E from Fernando 3006. (Photos: Edwino S. Fernando)

148

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Habitat and ecology^ The type specimen of this species was discovered in forest on

serpentine soils on a gentle slope at about 695 m elevation. The trees in this area may

reach up to 20 m tall and includes the nickel hyperaccumulator Rinorea bengalensis

(Wall.) Kuntze. Some of the other common plants that grow together with this species

include the bamboo Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr. and the rattan Calamus

vidalianus Becc. Other species of Apocynaceae seen in this area are the white-flowered

vine Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke and the epiphytic shrubs Hoya multiflora

Blume and/f. cumingiana Decne., although these are infrequent. Chemical analyses of

the soil from this particular area in Zambales indicate 0.53-0.81% nickel, 0.28-0.40%

cobalt, and 24.09-29.55% iron (Fernando et al. unpubl. data). The Palawan specimen

{Merrill 9355) was collected from Taytay, a non-ultramafic area in the northern part

of the island.

Conservation status. We consider this species to be Endangered (EN B12ab(ii,iii,iv)).

Its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5000 km^, and thus far, it is known

only from two distant locations in the Philippines. A continuing decline is observed,

inferred, and projected in its (a) area of occupancy; (b) area, extent and/or quality of

habitat, and (c) number of locations or subpopulations. Part of the area of the type

locality in Zambales is subject to open pit mining for heavy metals. The other locality

in Palawan is now largely degraded habitat and thus far represented only by a single

century-old collection.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Field work for this study was funded, in part, by the Department of

Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources

Research and Development (DOST-PCAARD). Pennit to collect plant specimens for scientific

research puiposes was covered by Gratuitous Pennit Nos. 1 99 and 2 1 1 issued by the Department

of Enviromnent and Natural Resources - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (DENR-PAWB)

of the Philippines. The Zambales Diversified Metals Corporation is gratefully acknowledged

for allowing access to their mining concession and for help with providing transport logistics.

References

Fernando, E.S., Quimado, M.O., Trinidad, L.C. & Doronila, A.I. (2012) The potential use

of indigenous nickel hyperaccumulators for small scale mining in the Philippines. In:

Handayanto, E., Krisnayanti, B.D., & Suhartini (eds) Proceedings of the International

Conference on the Environmental, Socio-Economic, and Hecdth Impacts of Artisanal

and Small Scale Mining. Pp. 83-90. Indonesia, Malang: Brawijaya Press.

Forster, P.l. (1 995a) New names and combinations in Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae)

from Asia and Malesia (excluding Papuasia). Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 691-701.

Forster, P.L (1995b) Circumscription of Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae), with a

revision of the genus in Australia and Papuasia. Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 703-933.

Merrill, E.D. (1923) An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Vol. 3, Manila: Bureau

of Printing.

Schlechter, R. & Warburg, O. (1904) Asclepiadaceae. In: Perkins, J.R. (ed) Fragmenta Florae

Philippinae, Vol. 1. Pp. 119-136. Leipzig: Gebr. Borntraeger.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 149-156. 2013

149

Clarification of Hermann H. Kunstler’s botanical

collecting localities in Peninsnlar Malaysia

Ruth Kiew

Forest Research Institute Malaysia,

52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

ruth@frim. go V. my

ABSTRACT. Kunstler’s collections made in Gopeng, Perak, in 1880 had labels wrongly

printed with ‘Larut’; herbarium specimens from Ulu Bubong, Ulu Kerling, and Sungai Kul

were wrongly localised as from Perak instead of from Selangor; ‘G.M.’ on Kunstler’s labels

from his 4th expedition to Gopeng in 1885, which included plants restricted to limestone,

refers to Gunung Mesah south of Gopeng (not Gunung Megua or Gunung Malacca, names

that do not exist, nor does it refer to Gunung Bujang Melaka, a granite peak south of Kampar,

Perak); lastly ‘near G.M.’ probably refers to Gunung Tempurong, Perak. Paraboea capitata

Ridl. and P vulpina Ridl., both strict calcicoles, were not collected from G. Bujang Melaka as

was reported by Ridley.

Keywords. Gopeng, Gunung Bujang Melaka, Gunung Mesah, Gunung Tempurong, limestone,

Perak, Selangor, Ulu Bubong

Introduction

The first Flora to deal with Peninsular Malaysia was J.D. Hooker’s seven volume Flora

of British India (1872-1897) based on herbarium collections at the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, U.K., and Calcutta, India. However, owing to a paucity of herbarium

specimens at that time the results are very incomplete. George King, Director of the

Royal Botanic Garden Calcutta, therefore organised systematic botanical collecting

in Peninsular Malaysia in order to enable him to undertake the first detailed and

comprehensive Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula (begun in 1889 and

completed together with other botanists in 1936). He aiTanged with Sir Hugh Low,

then British Resident at Perak, to employ plant collectors to make good this collections

deficit. Between 1880 and 1886, Benedetto Scortechini, a Jesuit priest, and Hermann

H. Kunstler, a German explorer fi'om Australia, collected specimens that were sent to

Calcutta with duplicates to Kew (Burkill 1927). For this reason many of the labels on

Kunstler’s specimens record liim as ‘King’s Collector’ rather than as Kunstler. The

Singapore Herbarium later acquired a partial set of Kunstler’s specimens. Kunstler’s

specimen labels are exemplary in the detail they give of characters that cannot be

seen in dried herbarium specimens, as well as often providing infomiation on habitat.

He collected about 1 1 ,000 numbers, with many becoming the type specimen for a

plethora of new species described as the flora of the Malay Peninsula was becoming

150

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

better known, including more than a hundred named in his honour, such as Homalium

kunstleri King and Plectranthus kunstleri Prain, both species that he collected from

limestone in Perak.

Kunstler’s botanical collecting localities

With the patronage of Sir Hugh Low, Kunstler collected mostly in Perak, in the Larut

and especially in the Gopeng district. The latter in his day was a centre for tin-mining,

which had already resulted in extensive degradation by forest clearing and the silting

of river systems, and where around Kuala Dipang the forest was being opened up

for European plantations (Burkill 1927). Narayanaswami (1931) in his article on

the Provenance of Early Plant Collections provided a useful itinerary of Kunstler’s

collecting trips based on information from his diaries and drew attention to some

confusion about the exact location of Kunstler’s collecting localities. Unfortunately,

to date, there is no database of Kunstler’s specimens making it difficult to directly

trace his itinerary in detail. Narayanaswami ’s list was extracted from Ridley’s five

volume Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1922-1927) but Ridley, in reporting a species’

distribution did not always provide a specimen number and/or precise locality, and in

any case Narayanaswami ’s list is incomplete. Although Narayanaswami was based in

the Calcutta herbarium, he does not appear to have consulted the first set of Kunstler’s

specimens there.

In spite of information provided by Burkill (1927) and Narayanaswami (1931),

inaccuracies continue to appear in the literature concerning the localities where

Kunstler collected. Three sources of error are clarified below.

1. Labels printed ^Laruf that were collected from the Gopeng District

Narayanaswami (1931) has drawn attention to the labels for Kunstler’s specimens

collected from the Gopeng District between August and December 1880 being

mistakenly printed ‘Larut’ in Calcutta, although the actual collecting locality is clearly

written on the label.

2. Specimens collected in northern Selangor but recorded as from Perak

Narayanaswami (1931) reported that Kunstler in January and between March and

August 1886 ‘crossed the borders of Perak and wandered in Northem Selangor’.

However, the herbarium labels, while clearly providing the correct locality (Table

1), placed them in Perak and not Selangor. Unfortunately, this correction has been

overlooked and the majority of botanists still cite these localities as in Perak, not in

Selangor.

Narayanaswami (193 1) is correct in surmising that Kunstler’s locality ‘near K.L’

is probably between Ulu Bubong and Ulu Selangor because, for example, Codonoboea

pectinata (Oliv.) Kiew {Kunstler 10711) recorded from ‘near K.L. ’ is hyper-endemic to

Kunstler’s localities clarified

151

that part of the Main Range. The herbarium label records C. pectinata from limestone,

but it is in fact a calcifuge species. This is the single instance of inaccurately recorded

rock type.

Table 1. Kunstler’s collecting localities in northern Selangor frequently incorrectly cited as

being in Perak.

Locality

District

Latitude and longitude

Ulu Bubong

Hulu Selangor

3°3rN 101°43'E

Ulu Kerling

Hulu Selangor

3°35'N 101°36'E

Sungai KuP

Hulu Selangor

3°35'N 101°45'E

^often written by Kunstler as Kal. For current correct names and spelling of

botanical collecting localities see Hamidah et al. (2011).

3. Location of Kunstler limestone collecting localities

Even more confiision has arisen over Kunstler’s collecting localities from limestone

hills in Perak. There are at least 45 limestone hills in the Kinta valley presently named on

topographical maps (Malayan Nature Society 1991). However, Kunstler did not name

specific hills on his specunen labels but instead noted the area where they occurred,

such as Kinta, Gopeng, and Kuala Dipang (which he spelt Goping and Kwala Depang,

respectively). Perhaps because he could obtain the name of a river or village from local

people, the two exceptions were Sungai Raia, which he variously spelt as Sungei Raia,

Rayah, Ryah, Ryoh, and Gunung Mesah (4°26’N 101°10’E), spelt Meusah on older

maps. Sungai Raia rises in the Main Range and flows east past Gunung Datoh (4°36’N

101°09’E), a limestone karst hill, then southwest to the confluence with Sungai Kinta

near Batu Gajah (Malayan Nature Society 1991) while Gunung Mesah, which is a few

miles south of Gopeng, is the site of a Malay village. Incidentally he never used Tpoh’

as a locality. (In his time Ipoh was a village at the highest navigable point on the Kinta

River. Ipoh only developed into a town in the early twentieth century when the British

Tin-mining Company, followed by several banks, were established there).

Burkill (1927) reported that Kunstler set up his headquarters in Gopeng

(4°28’N 101°10’E), which is an area rich in limestone hills. Altogether he made four

expeditions in the Gopeng area and since he was careful to specify soil type, the plants

from limestone can be identified. Henderson (1939) noted that Kunstler, or the clerk

transcribing labels, consistently spelt limestone as Timbstone’ or shortened it to ‘limbs’

or ‘limbs hills’, occasionally giving ‘Limbo Hills’ as the locality. In addition, in most

cases it is possible to use the label data of species known to be restricted to limestone

substrate to check whether the locality recorded is limestone or not.

152

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

1 St Expedition to Gopeng, Kinta District, in 1880

(From Narayanaswami’s incomplete list, Kunstler’s collecting numbers run from at

least 449 to 985).

Months: Locality:

August-September, November Gopeng

October Sungai Raia

This first expedition included several species restricted to limestone, such as

Monophyllaea hirticalyx Franch. {Kiinstler 449) and Paraboea capitata Ridl.

var. oblongifolia Ridl. {Kunstler 456) from Gopeng; Monophyllaea elongata

B.L.Burtt (Kings Coll 614) from Kinta; Paraboea capitata var. capitata (Kunstler

978) and Epithema saxatile Blume (Kunstler 983) from Sg. Raia; and Saprosma

glomerulatum King & Gamble (Kunstler 783) and Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.

(Kunstler 1064) from G. Mesah.

2nd Expedition to Gopeng, Kinta District, in 1883

(From Narayanaswami’s incomplete list, Kunstler’s collecting numbers run from at

least 4177 to 4814).

Months: Locality:

June-August Gopeng

The second expedition included hills to the north of Gopeng, probably around

Gunung Rapat (4°34’N 101°08’E). Apparently few limestone species were

collected, but he did, however, collect Paraboea capitata var. capitata (King’s

Coll. 4325) from Sg. Raia at this time.

3rd Expedition to Gopeng, Kinta District, in 1884

(From Narayanaswami’s incomplete list, Kunstler’s collecting numbers run from at

least 5872 to 6031).

Months: Locality:

April-May Gopeng

The third expedition collected plants fi'om the east of Gopeng from the Chenderiang

area and included a few limestone plants, such as Epithema saxatile (Kunstler

5872).

4th Expedition to Gopeng, Kinta District, in 1885

(From Narayanaswami’s incomplete list, Kunstler’s collecting numbers run from

at least 7026 to 7222 for specimens collected from Gopeng, and 8130 to 8424 for

specimens collected around Kuala Dipang and Sungai Siput Selantan).

Kunstler’s localities clarified

153

Months: Locality:

Januaiy Gopeng, ‘G.M.’, Gunung Mesah

September-October Kuala Dipang/Sungai Siput Selantan

The last expedition visited Kuala Dipang (4°23’N 101°10’E), which is a village

southeast of Gopeng. Many collections from limestone were made, such as

Plectranthus kunstleri Prain {Kings Coll. 8240), Paraboea caerulescens (Ridl.)

B.L.Burtt {Kunstler 8276) and Paraboea paniculata (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt {Kunstler

8271).

It was from this expedition that the confusion of the identity of the locality written

as ‘G.M.’ originates. Narayanaswami (1931, pg 329) mistakenly supposed it to be

Gunung Bujung Melaka, writing that in January 1885 Kunstler ‘went to Gunong

Bujong Malaka (sometimes written as G.M. and mistaken for Gunong Mesah)’

even though labels bearing ‘G.M.’ clearly state the plants are from limestone. It is

likely that Narayanaswami was not aware of the different geology of the two hills;

Gunung Bujang Melaka (4°20’N, 101°12’E, old spelling Gunong Bujong Malacca)

is a granite peak on the Main Range just outside Kampar; while Gunung Mesah is

a limestone tower karst hill south of Gopeng.

The issue has been further confused because Ridley in his Flora interpreted ‘G.M.’

as ‘Gunong Malacca’, a place name that does not exist on maps. That his Gunong

Malacca is a limestone hill is seen by his recording Kunstler’s specimens of Impatiens

albqflava Miq. {Kunstler 7057) and Sonerila elliptica Stapf from ‘limestone rocks in

Perak, Kinta District’. However, some specimens such as Strobilanthes pachyphylla

C.B.Clarke {Kunstler 7150) he did record as from ‘Gunung Meusah, Kinta’.

This error that ‘G.M.’ was Gunung Bujang Melaka was repeated by Steenis-

Kruseman (1950) and Burtt (1978). However, one way to solve the provenance of

these G.M. specimens is to check whether they are plants that grow on limestone or

granite. For example, Monophyllaea elongata is a species restricted to limestone. Burtt

(1978), who described this as a new species, drew attention to Kings Coll. 7052 where

the label recorded that it was collected from ‘Kinta, near G.M’ and ‘has pencilled

alongside the G.M of the label “Gunong Magua”?.’ It is not known who wrote Gunong

Magua (perhaps a clerk?), because the handwriting does not con'espond to any

botanists’ handwriting who has studied Malaysian plants. However, Gunung Magua

does not exist as a place name. Burtt followed Narayanaswami ’s conclusion that it was

Gunong Bujong Malaka. This is certainly an error because Monophyllaea elongata has

an extremely restricted distribution and is confined to limestone substrate.

Another specimen that Ridley (1923) localised as fr'om ‘Kinta, Gunong

Megua’ was Kings Coll. 7191 that he identified as Didissandra glabrescens Ridl.,

now considered as a synonym of Ridleyandra atrocyanea (Ridl.) A.Weber, and that

is known only from granite substrate, never from limestone, and for which Ridley

(1923) gave its locality as ‘Bujong Malacca’. In this instance Weber (1998) is correct

in thinking that G.M./Gunong Megua ‘certainly means Gunung [Bujang] Melaka’.

154

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Gunung Mesah was revisited to check if the plants recorded from ‘G.M’ or ‘near

G.M.’ grow on this limestone hill. Although the surrounding forest has been cleared

for village orchards, agriculture and fish farms, the hill itself is relatively untouched.

A Chinese temple that occupied the cave has been abandoned. Fortunately the hill has

been spared from quarrying, unlike Gunung Panjang, the next small hill to the south

that is already half consumed by an active quarry, Gunung Mesah is a relatively low

hill reaching 262 m altitude and the summit, although craggy, is covered by a deep leaf

litter layer that supports a complete tree canopy with Hopea bilitonensis P.S. Ashton

as a dominant species. Without a database of Kunstler’s specimens, it is difficult to

extract a complete list of plants that he collected. However, three that Kunstler had

collected there were recollected after an interval of 125 years, namely Thunbergia

laurifolia {Kunstler 1064), Paraboea capitata var. oblongifolia {Kunstler 456), and

Monophyllaea hirticalyx {Kunstler 449).

Notable is a group of species collected by Kunstler in January 1 885 that were

recorded as from ‘ near G.M, ’ but were not refound on G. Mesah. These include species,

such as Callicarpa angustifolia King & Gamble {Kunstler 8236), Homalium kunstleri

King {Kunstler 7109), Paraboea caerulescens {Kunstler 7062, 7175), and Paraboea

parviflora {Kunstler 7108), that grow on exposed summits of limestone hills where the

trees are stunted and the canopy is open. This habitat is found on the summit of Gunung

Tempurong (4°25’N 101°12’E), the highest limestone karst in Perak that reaches 611

m altitude. In addition, it is one of the two localities from Paraboea pajyiflora is

known. Monophyllaea elongata {King’s Coll 7052) is another hyper-endemic species

that is known only from Gunung Tempurong, where it grows in abundance on damp,

vertical rock faces around the base of the hill, where a river runs out of the cave. Such

a habitat does not exist on Gunung Mesah.

Gunung Tempurong houses the largest cave in Peninsular Malaysia so it was

surely known to local people, who could act as guides. However, the name Gunung

(Mount) or Gua (Cave) Tempurong was not cited as a collecting locality by Kimstler,

C. Curtis nor Ridley, nor it is mentioned by Burkill (1927). However, the present

distribution of these hyper-endemic species, and their exacting habitat requirements,

leads to the conclusion that Kunstler’s locality ‘ near GM’ refers to G. Tempurong.

One enigma remains, namely from where Paraboea capitata was first collected.

Ridley described capitata from a specimen collected by Curtis {Curtis 3215)

in December 1 895 that gave ‘Bujong Malacca’ as its provenance in spite of it being a

strict calcicole. This is likely due to a simple error caused by a mix up of specimens

because in December 1895 Curtis had collected both on limestone hills in Ipoh and

Kuala Dipang as well as on Gunung Bujang Melaka (Burkill 1927). (Later in the

Penang Botanic Gardens, Curtis grew plants from this gathering that he also supplied

to Ridley who described them as new species, Paraboea curtisii Ridl. and P polita

Ridk, in spite of the specimens having the same collecting number, Curtis 3215. They

are now both synonyms of P. capitata var. capitata). Subsequent collections show

that P. capitata var. capitata is quite common on limestone hills around Ipoh town

but since Curtis did not number his specimens in a strict sequence, it is not possible

to know exactly where he collected Curtis 3215. Ridley (1923) described P. vulpina

Kunstler’s localities clarified

155

Ridl., another strict calcicole, from a collection from the Hot Springs in Ipoh {Curtis

3132), which is a limestone locality, as well as recording this species from ‘Biijong

Malacca’ but without citing the collector. However, this latter specimen has never been

found and until about 20 years ago this species was known only from a limestone hill

at the Hot Springs, Ipoh (Burtt 1984). In this case too, it is clear that ‘Bujong Malacca’

is a mistake.

Conclusion

Until a complete database for the specimens that Kunstler collected becomes available,

it is not possible to track his itinerary in detail. Many of Kunstler’s collections are type

specimens or are of rare species, several of which have not been recollected. Being able

to pinpoint his collecting localities has implications for taxonomy and conservation

because it would allow a search of these places to enable the collection of complete

material of problematic species and assessment of their conservation status. This is

because, in the intervening 125 years, many of his collecting localities are likely to

have become degraded and their habitats may no longer exist having been replaced by

tin-mines or plantations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I am indebted to the Malaysian Nature Society for facilitating

my participation in the 1990 biodiversity survey of limestone hills in the Kinta Valley and

subsequent field trips to Gunung Mesah; and to the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)

under the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project (funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology

and Innovation through the National Council for Scientific Research and Development

under Project No. 01-04-01-000 Khas 2 entitled “Safeguarding the Forest Plant Diversity of

Peninsular Malaysia”) and the 1 0th Malaysia Plan Development Project entitled “Dokumentasi

dan Inventori Flora Malaysia” for financial and logistic support; and to G.W.H. Davison, Y.C.

Chan, J.P.C. Tan and the FRIM herbarium staff for support in the field; and to the curators of

the herbaria of K, KEP and SING for permission to examine specimens in their care.

References

Burkill, I.H. (1927) Botanical collectors, collections and collecting places in the Malay

Peninsula. Card. Bull Straits Settlem. 4: 113-202.

Burtt, B.L. (1978) Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World. A preliminary revision of

Monophyllaea. Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 37: 1-59,

Burtt, B.L. (1984) Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World. Revised generic concepts of

Boea and its allies. Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 41 : 401^52.

Hamidah, M,, Chua, L.S.L., Suhaida, M., Yong, W.S.Y. & Kiew, R. (2011) Botanical Gazetteer

for Peninsular Malaysia. Research Pamphlet No. 131. x + 129 pp. Kepong: Forest

Research Institute Malaysia.

Henderson, M.R. (1939) The flora of the limestone hills of the Malay Peninsula. J. Malayan

Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 13-87.

156

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Malayan Nature Society (1991) ^4 Conservation Assessment of Limestone Hills in the Kinta

Valley. 202 pp. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Nature Society.

Narayanaswami, V. (193 1) Provenance of early Malayan plant collections. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

27: 327-477.

Ridley, H.N. (1923) The Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2. vi + 672 pp. London: L. Reeve.

Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. van (1950) Malaysian plant collectors and collections. Flora Malesiana

1, 1: 1-639.

Weber, A. (1998) (‘1997’) Revision of the genus Ridleyandra (Gesneriaceae). Beitr. Biol.

Pflanzen 70: 225-273.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 157-162. 2013

157

Studies on the Araceae of the Lesser Sunda Islands I:

New distribution records ior Alocasia alba

Agung Kumiawan^’^, Ni Putu Sri Asih^, Yuzammi^ and Peter C. Boyce^

'Bali Botanical Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),

Candikuning, Batiiriti, Tabanan, Bali 82191

‘aracasia@gmail.com

^Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),

Jl. Ir. H. JuandaNo. 13, Bogor 16003

"^IPusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat (School of Biological Sciences),

Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. Alocasia alba Schott is a new record for the islands of Bali and Lombok, in the

Indonesian Lesser Sunda Islands. An expanded description is given, and the species illustrated

from living plants. A key to species of Alocasia for the Lesser Sunda Islands is provided.

Keyn’ords. Alocasia alba, aroids, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, new record

Introduction

The Lesser Sunda Islands (LSI) comprise many small islands of two countries,

Indonesia (the majority of the islands), and Timor Leste (comprising the eastern portion

and a discrete north western enclave of Timor Island). In Indonesia, administratively,

the LSI belong to tlu'ee provinces: Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat (comprising Lombok

and Sumbawa Islands), and Nusa Tenggara Timur (comprising Sumba and Flores

Islands, and most of the western half of Timor Island). The LSI are among the least

well investigated parts of Malesia for many families, including the Araceae, although

in the past five years fieldwork in the LSI focusing on Araceae has been undertaken

by the first and second authors. One aim of this fieldwork has been to establish a

living research collection in the Bali Botanical Garden, an essential prerequisite

for working on the aroid flora. From this so far three novelties Ifom Sumbawa and

Lombok have been identified (one species of Alocasia and two of Homalomena), all

as yet undescribed, together with at least 10 new species records for Bali.

Alocasia comprises about 100 species of mainly understoi'y herbs from humid

evergreen tropical and subtropical forest in Asia and Australia (Boyce 2007, 2008;

Hay 1998, 1999, 2000; Hay & Wise 1991; Kumiawan & Boyce 2011; Medecilo et al.

2007; Nauheimer et al. 201 2). The latest monograph for Alocasia of West Malesia and

Sulawesi is Hay (1998), since when several additional species have been described

from Borneo (Hay 2000; Boyce 2007, 2008; Kumiawan & Boyce 2011). A recent

phytogeny of Alocasia by Nauheimer et al. (2012) suggested several dispersal events

leading to speciation in Malesia, and revealed tfvdA Alocasia and Leucocasia (fonnerly

158

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Colocasia) gigantea (Blume) Schott formed a lineage separate from the rest of the

Colocasieae sensu Mayo et al. (1997).

Hay (1998) records only one Alocasia species for the Lesser Sunda Islands,

the widespread cultivated/feral and certainly non-indigenous A. macrorrhizos (L.)

G.Don. Over the course of fieldwork on Bali and Lombok, plants of what are without

doubt A. alba (Fig. 1) have been encountered in habitats well-away from possible

human introduction, such that we are now confident that Alocasia alba is naturally

occurring on these islands, representing a new distributional record for a species until

now considered primarily a Javan species (Hay & Yuzammi 2000).

Alocasia alba Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 2: 59 (1852); Miq., FI. Ind. Bat. 210

(1856); Schott, Syn. Aroid. 48 (1856); Schott, Prod. Syst. Aroid. 149 (1860); Engl., in

A. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 500 (1879); Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 6: 528 (1893); Hay,

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50: 289 (1998); Hay & Yuzammi, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 17(3):

216-220, PL 403 (2000). TYPE: Schott leones nos. 86-88 (neotype W, designated by

Hay 1998). [fiche 68: d6-d8 in the microfiche edition].

Alocasia bantamensis Koord., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 1 : 1 62 ( 1 9 1 8); K. Krause,

in Engl. & K. Krause, Pflanzenr. 71(IV.23E): 84 (1920); Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 4:

195-196, fig. 395-396 (1923); Backer & Bakli.f., FI. Java 3: 119 (1968). TYPE: 5'. K

Koorders 4 1 44 5 Indonesia, Java, Bantam, Danoe-moeras, 26 May 1912 (Lectotype

L!, selected by Hay 1998).

Alocasia crassifolia Engl., in Engl., Pflanzenr. 71: 82 (IV.23E) (1920); Koord., FI.

Tjibodas 6 (1922). TYPE:H. Engler 4101, Indonesia, Java, Hort. Bogor, Jan-Feb 1906

(holo B!).

Large, stout, often helophytic, pachycaul, up to 2 m tall; leaves several together, held

erect and declined near post mature, petiole green, whitish-greenish at the sinus, with

scattered yellowish glands, up to 170 cm long, sheathing in the lower, 1/4-1/3 of its

length, persistent wings, green-purplish, straight to recurved; blade thick, rather stiff.

Fig. 1. Alocasia alba Schott. A. Plants in natural habitat in Bali’s Batukaru Reserve. B. Plants

from Mt. Rinjani, East Lombok in cultivation at the Bali Botanical Garden. C. Inflorescence

at onset of staminate anthesis. Note that the spathe limb has reflexed and is just beghming to

degrade. D. Plant from Bali, Munduk Pengubengan, with inflorescence at pistillate anthesis,

nearside part of lower spathe artificially removed. Note the erect spathe limb; at this stage the

stigmas are sticky. E. Detail of the spadix of same inflorescence as D, at staminate anthesis.

Note that the spathe limb has reflexed (just visible) and that pollen release has started. At this

stage the stigmas are hardly sticky. F. Detail of the upper portion of staminate flowers and lower

part of appendix. G. Plant at early fruiting stage, West Lombok. Note that the infructescences

are paired. A fromM Putu SriAsih 30; B from Wayan Warnata 775; C from Agung Ktirniawan

338; D-F from Bayu Adjie 753; G no voucher. (Photos: A, D, E & F, Ni Putu Sri Asih; B-C,

Gede Wawan Setiadi, used with permission; G, Agung Kumiawan).

Lesser Sunda Araceae; Alocasia

159

160

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

slightly bullate, green adaxially, greenish-green abaxially, broadly ovato-sagittate to

cordato-sagittate, margin entire; anterior lobe c. 80 cm long, c. 75 cm wide at base, apex

shortly acuminate; anterior midrib with up to 1 1 primal^ veins diverging at 40°-60°,

prominent on both surface with conspicuous small flat glands in the axils abaxially;

secondary veins impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, interprimary collective

vein well-defined; submarginal vein 1-2 mm from margin; posterior lobes obtuse c.

45 cm long from the sinus; inflorescence in groups of up to c. 10, not interspersed with

foliage leaves (but occasionally occuring as a solitaiy pair of inflorescences); peduncle

up to 38 cm long, with scattered small broadly elliptic glands; spathe to c. 17 cm long,

constricted at level of sterile zone of the spadix, lower spathe broadly ovoid-cylindric,

c. 5 cm from the base, green-ivory greenish, the limb reflexed between staminate zone

and sterile zone, thinly leathery, greenish yellow to greenish white, up to 12 cm long;

spadix cylindrical, c. 15 cm long, sessile to very shortly stipitate; pistillate flower

zone c. 1. 7-2.2 cm long, 1-1.4 cm wide, with c. 60-100 pistils, densely an'anged;

ovary green, ovoid to subglobose, 2-3 mm in diam.; style abruptly-differentiated from

ovary and c. 1mm long, to lacking; stigma white-ivory-yellowish, 2-3 lobed, sterile

interstice c. 1-1.6 cm long, with c. 5-6 whorls of rhombo-hexagonal synandrodia, the

lowermost whorls isodiametric with pistillate zone and resembling sterile synandria;

staminate flower zone ivory, c. 2. 5-3. 5 cm long, c. 1-1.5 cm wide; synandria white-

ivory, swollen-topped, rhombo-hexagonal, 2 mm diam., thecae overtopped by

synconnective; appendix ivory, c. 5.5-8 cm long, tapering, smooth to faintly rugose

and composed of in'egular sinuous staminode, basally isodiametric to or slightly

narrower than the staminate zone; fruiting peduncle to c. 25 cm long; fruiting spathe

broadly ovoid, to 6 cm long; fruit ellipsoid, orange, 5mm.

Distribution, Widespread at low to medium elevation on Java. Hay (1998) stated he

saw plants likely to be z/. alba near Telukbetung, on the Palembang road, SE Sumatera

in 1996, but circumstances prevented preparation of a voucher. This observation is

supported by a collection in Leiden (barcode L 0295537), determined by Schott as A.

alba, with label data stating Telukbetung.

Specimens examined from LSI localities. INDONESIA, Bali: Tabanan District, Batukaru

Reserve, 08°22'18"S n5°06T5"E, Ni Putu Sri Asih 30 [Bali Botanical Garden Accession

E2012100002]; Tabanan District, Pengelengan Hill, 08°15'27"S 115°10'26"E, Agung

KurniaMmi 338 [Bali Botanical Garden Accession E201 1073]; Karangasem District, Munduk

Pengubengan, 08°21'31"S 115°27'48" E, Bayu Adjie 753 [Bali Botanical Garden Accession

E20110952] . Lombok: East Lombok District, Mt Rinjani, 08°19'42"S n6°30'08"E, Wayan

Warnata 775 [Bali Botanical Garden Accession E20100797] .

The material listed above is vouchered by specimens kept in the Herbarium of the Bali

Botanical Garden. In addition to the above vouchered material, the first author saw A. alba

growing in Aik N yet Village (08°32'01"S 1 16°14'05"E), West Lombok District in 2010.

Ecology. In open and shaded areas in forest, edge of forest, beside roads and fields,

sandy-stony soil in river banks, on well-drained soils, in Bali and Lombok found at

300-1300 m asl.

Lesser Sunda Araceae: Alocasia

161

Notes. Alocasia alba is known from four locations in the Lesser Sunda Islands: tliree on

Bali, and one on Lombok. Plants at all sites are similarly characteristic with prominent

primary veins on both surfaces of the blade, with the sinuous interprimary collective

veins abaxially very well-defined, and the sinus of the posterior whitish in colour, the

spadix with the lowermost whorls of synandrodia isodiametric with the pistillate zone,

the style abruptly-differentiated from ovary, and 2-3 lobed stigmas. However there is

some variation in plants between the four sites. Plants at Pengelengan Hill (Tabanan,

Bali) have a sessile spadix with the sterile interstice and pistillate flower zones of equal

length and some of the stigmas deeply lobed and ivory in colour, and the leaf blade

cordato-sagittate. These moiphological traits are shared by plants of A. alba at the

Batukaru Reserve (Tabanan, Bali). Furthennore A. alba from Batukaru Reserve (Bali)

has the longest staminate zone than other A. alba, a staminate zone of somewhat equal

length to the sterile appendix, the most slender sterile interstice compared to other A.

alba, and a sterile interstice almost equal to or shorter than the pistillate zone. Plants

of^. alba from Munduk Pengubengan (Karangasem, Bali) have the spadix sessile, and

white-yellowish stigmas, with the sterile interstice shorter than the pistillate zone, and

a leaf blade ovato-sagittate in outline, with the petiolar sheath proportionately shorter

than the other zl. alba (c. 1/4 length of petiole).

Alocasia alba from Mount Rinjani (Lombok) has a very shortly stipitate spadix,

white stigmas, a sterile interstice shorter than pistillate zone, but longer than in other

populations, and a leaf blade cordato-sagittate in outline.

Key to Species of Alocasia in the Lesser Sunda Islands

la. Leaf blades without interprimary collective veins or these poorly-defined;

inflorescences paired among leaf bases, spathe 1 3-35 cm long, limb membranous;

stigma yellow, 3-5 -lobed, appendix yellowish (widespread in ruderal situations,

naturalised) A. macrorrhizos

lb. Leaf blades with well-defined interprimary collective veins, inflorescences

forming a dense cluster at the apex of the stem, not interspersed with foliage

leaves (sometimes a solitary pair of inflorescence); spathe c. 17 cm long, thin-

leathery; stigma white-ivory-yellowish, 2-3 -lobed, appendix ivory A. alba

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We wish to thank Wayan Wamata who collected the living

specimens Ifom Mount Rinjani, Lombok. We also thank Cede Wawan Setiadi for the

photographs.

References

Boyce, RC. (2007) Studies on the Alocasia Schott (Araceae-Colocasieae) of Borneo I: Two

new species from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Card. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 141-154.

Boyce, RC. (2008) A review of Alocasia (Araceae: Colocasieae) for Thailand including a novel

species and new species records from S.W Thailand. Thai For Bull., Bot. 36: 1-17.

162

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Hay, A. (1998) The genus Alocasia (Araceae-Colocasieae) in West Malesia and Sulawesi.

Gard. Bull. Singapore 50: 221-334.

Hay, A. (1999) The genus Alocasia (Araceae-Colocasieae) in the Philippines. Gard. Bull.

Singapore 51: 1-41 .

Hay, A. (2000) Alocasia nebula. Curtis ’s Bot. Mag. 17(1): 14-1 8, PI. 381 .

Hay, A. & Wise, R (1991) The gQrms Alocasia (Araceae) in Australasia. Blumea 35: 499-545.

Hay, A. & Yuzanimi. (2000) Alocasia alba. Curtis s Bot. Mag. 17(4): 216-220, PI. 403.

Kumiawan, A. & Boyce, P.C. (2011) Studies on Alocasia Schott (Araceae-Colocasieae) of

Borneo 11: Alocasia baginda, a new species from Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesian

Borneo. Acta Pliytotax. Geobot. 60: 123-126.

Mayo, S.J., Bogner, J. & Boyce, P.C. (1997) The Genera of Araceae. U.K.: Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew.

Medecilo, M.P., Yao, G.C. & Madulid, D.A. (2007) A new species of Alocasia (Araceae:

Colocasieae) fromPanay Island, Philippines. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(2): 815-818.

Nauheimer, L., P.C. Boyce & S.S. Renner. (2012) Giant taro and its relatives: A phytogeny

of the large genus Alocasia (Araceae) sheds light on Miocene floristic exchange in the

Malesian region. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 63: 43-51.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 163-168. 2013

163

Calanthe punctata (Orchidaceae), a new species from

southern Myanmar

H. Kurzweil

Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

hubert_kurzweil@nparks.gov.sg

ABSTRACT. A new species of Cedant he (Orchidaceae) from southern Myamuar is described

and illustrated. The new species belongs to subgenus Preptanthe (Rchb.f ) Schltr. and is very

distinctive with its upright and strongly red-dotted petals. Differences from C. labrosa (Rchb.f)

Hook.f which appears to be its closest relative are discussed.

Keywords. Calanthe, Orchidaceae, southern Myanmar

Introduction

The orchid flora of Myanmar is among the poorest known in continental Asia which

is largely caused by periods of past instability and political isolation of the country

(Ormerod & Sathish Kumar 2003). According to recent estimates about 800 different

orchid species are known to occur in Myanmar (Onnerod unpubL; Kurzweil unpubl.),

but this number is likely to grow in the near future. Several new distribution records

or descriptions of entirely new species have been published in the last few years (e.g.,

Ormerod 2002, 2006, 2012; Ormerod & Sathish Kumar 2003, 2008; Ormerod & Wood

2010; Nyunt 2006; Kurzweil et al. 2010; Kurzweil & Lwin 2012a, b; Tanaka et al.

2011; Watthana & Fujikawa in press), and fiirther floristic exploration of the country

will most likely result in additional discoveries.

Material of an unknown Calanthe species was recently collected during an

orchid survey trip in and around Taninthayi Nature Reserve in southern Myanmar, and

was sent to the author of the present paper for identification. The genus Calanthe is

rather well represented in Myanmar; about twenty-three species are cun'ently known

to occur in the country (Onnerod unpubl.), with all of them belonging to widespread

taxa and none being endemic. The specimen from Tanmthayi turned out not to match

any known species of the genus, and is therefore described as new.

Calanthe punctata Kurzweil, sp. nov.

Similar to Calanthe labrosa (Rchb.f.) Hook.f. but differing by green sepals, green and

strongly red-dotted petals and a 3-lobed lip.

TYPE: Myanmar, Taninthayi Region, about 45 km north of Dawei, Yae Kan Taung,

degraded forest, 700 m, 22 Nov 2012, Saw Lwin, Pan KhetKhet & Zaw Oo Wai TNRO

153 (holo SING; iso Myanmar Floriculturist Association). Fig. 1-2.

164

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Erect lithophytic or terrestrial herb, deciduous, 24^3 cm tall. Basal sheaths not

seen. Pseudobulbs prominent, ovoid or conical, mostly constricted in the middle,

5.4-7. 5(-l 3,5) X 2.5-3.75 cm, adjacent, several-noded, covered by thin and dry pale

brown leaf sheaths, glabrous. Leaves not present at the flowering time (but see note

below). Inflorescence arising from the pseudobulb base, erect, nodding in the apical

part, softly pubescent; sterile bracts: 3-5 home along the stem plus a few clustered at

its base, lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, pubescent, dry during the flowering

time, lower sterile bracts erect or suberect and largely sheathing, 2-3 cm long, upper

sterile bracts spreading and to 1.5 cm long; raceme lax, 3- to 7-flowered, pubescent;

floral bracts persistent, ovate-lanceolate or broadly ovate- lanceolate, long-acuminate,

the lower 15x8 mm, much shorter than the pedicel plus the ovary, pubescent. Flowers

with green sepals and petals, lip white with pink-flushed side lobes, spur green; petals

and lip side lobes strongly red-dotted; column pink, anther whitish. Sepals ovate-

lanceolate, ari state-acuminate, strongly hairy on the outside, very sparsely hairy on

the inside, 3-veined, reflexed and revolute; median sepal 9-10 x 4 . 9 - 5.4 rnm; lateral

sepals 9.5-10 x 5.2-6 mm. Petals elongate ovate-elliptic, apex variable from acute to

subacute, donkey ear-like pointing upwards, 3- to 5-veined, glabrous, lateral edges and

apex bent backwards and petals therefore appearing narrow and apically blunt, 12.5-

14 X 4 . 4 - 5. 1 mm. Lip 10-11.5 x 12.8-14 mm, 3-lobed with the side lobes inserted at

± right angle when spread out, lip blade attached to the distal end of the column-foot

but not united with the sides of the column as in most species of Calanthe subgenus

Calanthe, with a basal claw to 2 x 4 mm, lower part of lip blade a strongly convex

hump with three obscure ridges; midlobe ovate, obtuse, 6.5-8 x 8-9 mm; side lobes

oblong, obtuse, 5-5.5 x 3-3,8 mm, erect and enveloping the column; spur cylindric,

slender, 15-16 mm long, pubescent, straight, parallel to the ovaiy. Column 3-3.5 mm

long, glabrous, with a 2-3 mm long column-foot. Ovary (including pedicel) 28-32

mm long, densely and softly pubescent. Fruit not seen.

Distribution . Currently only known from the type collection made in southern Myanmar.

Calanthe punctata is currently the only Calanthe species endemic to Myanmar.

Ecology. The type specimen was found growing on rocks in degraded forest at about

700 m altitude.

Phenology. Flowering from late October till November. Fruiting season not known.

Etymology. The new species is named after the prominently punctate petals.

Notes. Calanthe punctata is very distinctive with its green, reflexed and revolute

sepals, the green and strongly red-dotted donkey ear-like petals, and the white and

puik-flushed three-lobed lip with red spotting. It seems closest to C. labrosa which also

occurs in Myanmar (Seidenfaden 1995; Chen et al. 2009; Clayton & Cribb 2013). This

species has similar reflexed sepals and some spotting on its lip and more rarely also

on the petals, but differs by having entirely pink or white flowers and an unlobed lip.

New Calanthe from southern Myanmar

165

Fig. 1. Calanthe punctata Kurzweil. A. Habit. B. Flowers. (Photos: Saw Lwin)

The leaves of the new species could not be examined as they were not present

at the flowering time. However, about two months before the collection of the type

specimen of the new species, several plants of a Calanthe with well-developed leaves

were found at the same locality. It is likely that these were also specimens of the new

species. Their leaves can be described as follows: leaves 4, plicate, lanceolate-oblong,

acute or shortly acuminate, 24-29 x 6. 9-9. 6 cm; petioles 2-3 cm long and forming a

short pseudostem.

A preliminary study of the development of the flower of Calanthe punctata

indicates that the column-foot is a compound structure. Its median tissue, stretching

from the proximal part of the column-foot to its apex, is derived from the lip base;

as a consequence the lip spur is inserted in the proximal part of the column-foot. In

contrast, the two lateral portions of the column-foot are derived from bulges that are

developed on the column in early development, and therefore constitute column tissue.

It appears that these lateral bulges are identical to the ‘ventral structures’ previously

observed in Calanthe x veitchii Hort. in early ontogeny (Kurzweil 1987: 433^34),

where they were interpreted as probably representing vestiges of the adaxial stamens

(which in orchids are generally not developed as prominent organs). It is here assumed

New Calanthe from southern Myanmar

167

that this mode of development is also found in other related species of this Calanthe

group.

The new species belongs to Calanthe subgenus Preptanthe (Rchb.f ) Schltr.

which is a small group of only about 8-9 species centred in mainland Asia (Myanmar,

Thailand, Indochina, south-western China and Peninsular Malaysia) although ranging

into Malesia. The plants are characterised by prominently swollen pseudobulbs,

deciduous leaves, and long- and soft-hairy inflorescences. The large green, greyish

green or brownish green pseudobulbs are more or less ovoid and frequently constricted

in the middle. It is thought that the prominent pseudobulbs are an adaptation to the

periodically dry growing conditions found in many parts of mainland Asia. Although

primarily terrestrial, some species in the group grow as lithophytes on limestone cliffs

or occasionally as epiphytes in forest, which is also facilitated by the large pseudobulbs.

As already suggested by Seidenfaden (1975) two distinct subgroups can be recognised

in subgenus Preptanthe. The subgroup including C. vestita Wall, ex Lindl. and C.

rubens Ridl. is characterised by an extensive fusion of the lip base and the sides of

the column like in most species of Calanthe subgenus Calanthe. Both species have

a three-lobed lip with deeply bilobulate midlobe. The second subgroup includes C.

succedanea Gagnep., C. cardioglossa Schltr., C. hirsuta Seidenf., C. rosea (Lindl.)

Benth., C. labrosa as well as the new species, and is characterised by having a lip

which is not united with the sides of the column. The lip of this subgroup is unlobed or

three-lobed and always has an entire or more or less emarginate midlobe.

As the new species is currently known from a single collection and the orchid

flora of Taninthayi is generally poorly known, an assessment of its conseiwation status

can obviously not be made. According to the notes supplied by the collector, the new

species was only seen in this one locality where it was rather abundant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I express my sincere gratitude to my long-time collaborator Dr.

Saw Lwin for collecting the specimen and for drawing my attention to this collection; I am also

indebted to the collector for supplying photographs of the plant. Dr. P.J. Cribb is thanked for

valuable comments and suggestions. I also wish to acknowledge Serena Lee for help with the

photographs and Evonne Tay for making the line drawings.

References

Chen, S.-C., Cribb, P.J. & Gale S.W. (2009) Calanthe. In: Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds)

Flora of China. Vol. 25. Pp. 292-309. Beijing: Science Press & St. Louis: Missouri

Botanical Garden Press.

Clayton, D. (fe Cribb, P.J. (2013) The genus Calanthe. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History

Publications (Borneo), in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kurzweil, H. (1987) Developmental studies in orchid flowers I: Epidendroid and vandoid

species. Nordic J. Bot 7: 427^42.

Kurzweil, H. & Lwin, S. (2012a) First record of Taeniophyllum (Orchidaceae) in Myanmar.

Card, Bull Singapore 6A\ 133-137.

Kurzweil, H. & Lwin, S. (2012b) New records in the orchid flora of Myanmar. Thai Forest

Bull, Bot.40\ 108-113.

168

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Kurzweil, H., Watthana, S. & Lwin, S. (2010) Phaius takeoi (Orchidaceae) Newly Recorded

from Thailand and Myanmar. Gard. Bull. Singapore 62: 105-109.

N5aint, K. (2006) Paphiopedilutn tigrinum in Myanmar. Orchid Rev. 114: 11-1 A.

Onnerod, R (2002) Taxonomic changes in Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae).

Lindleyana 17: 189-238.

Onnerod, R (2006) Notulae Goodyerinae (111). Taiwania 51: 153-161.

Ormerod, R (2012) Orchidaceous Additions to the Floras of China and Myanmar. Taiwania

57: 117-126.

Ormerod, R & Sathish Kumar, C. (2003) Orchidaceous Additions to the Flora of Burma

(Myanmar). Rheedea 13: 43-50.

Ormerod, R & Sathish Kumar, C. (2008) Orchidaceous Additions to the Flora of Myanmar 2.

Rheedea 1 8: 75-80.

Ormerod, R & Wood, E.W. (2010) A new species of Pinalia (Orchidaceae: Eriinae) from

Myanmar. Haiward Pap. Bot. 15: 349-351.

Seidenfaden, G. (1975) Orchid genera in Thailand 1. Calanthe R.Br. Dansk Bot. Ark. 29 (2):

9-50.

Seidenfaden G. (1995) Contributions to the orchid flora of Thailand. XII. Opera Bot. 124:

1-90.

Tanaka, N., Yukawa, T., Khin Myo Htwe, Koyama, T. Murata, J. (2011) New or Noteworthy

Plant Collections from Myanmar (7): Fourteen Additional Species of Orchidaceae. Acta

Phytotax. Geobot. 61: 161-165.

Watthana, S. & Fujikawa, K. (in press) First record of Cremastra Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in

Myanmar. Makinoa.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 169-180. 2013

169

Two new species of Curcuma subgen. Ecomata

(Zingiberaceae) from southern Vietnam

V A

J. Leong-Skomickova and H.D. Tran

Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens,

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

jana_skomickova@seznam.cz

ABSTRACT. Two new species of Curcuma subgenus Ecomata (Zingiberaceae) from southern

V V

Vietnam, C newmanii Skomick. and C. xanthella Skornick., are described and illustrated

here. Their similarities and differences from their closest allies in the subgenus Ecomata, C.

singularis Gagnep. and C. flaviflora S.Q.Tong, are discussed.

Keywords. Curcuma flaviflora, Curcuma newmanii, Curcuma singularis, Curcuma xanthella,

Zingibereae, Zingiberoideae

Introduction

The Indochinese region is one of the diversity hotspots for the Zingiberaceae. With

the last comprehensive account over a century old (Gagnepain 1908), the ginger flora

is not well known. During our extensive explorations of the family for the Flora of

Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, numerous interesting ginger species have been recently

described including a new genus Newmania from Vietnam (Ly et al. 2010; Leong-

Skomickova et al. 2011; Lamxay & Newman 2012; Nguyen & Leong-Skomickova

2012; etc.) and six Curcuma species. Four of the Curcuma species are from the

subgenus Ecomata Skomick. & Sida f. (Zaveska et al. 2012) — C. vitellina Skomick. &

H.D. Tran (Leong-Skomickova et al. 2010b), C. pambrosima Skomick. & Ly (Leong-

Skomickova & Ly 2010), C. corniculata Skomick. ined. and C. flcimmea Skomick.

ined, (Leong-Skomickova et al., submitted), while two others are from the subgenus

Hitcheniopsis — C. pygmaea Skomick & Sida f. ined. (Leong-Skomickova et al., in

press) and C. leoniclii Skomick. & Luu (Leong-Skomickova & Luu 2013).

With the progressing revision of the genus Curcuma for Indochina, another

two species from the subgenus Ecomata were found to be new and are described and

illustrated below (Fig. 1, 2, 3 & 5). The terminology follows Beentje (2012). The new

species, C. newmanii and C. xanthella, are morphologically close to C. singularis

Gagnep. and C. flaviflora S.Q.Tong (Fig 4.) and for this reason they are compared

to them here. The recent molecular phylogeny of the genus Curcuma (Zaveska et al.

2012) showed that C. newmanii and C. xanthella cluster with other Vietnamese species

from the the subgenus Ecomata and that they are distinct from C. singularis & C.

flaviflora.

170

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Curcuma newmanii Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Curcuma singularis Gagnep., but differs by its unique shape of anther

characterised by short anther spurs with two blunt knobs at apex (forming a heart-

shaped structure in front view) and longer, more prominent lateral staminodes.

TYPE: Tran 204, Vietnam, Dak Lak Prov., Ban Don village, 12°55’11.07”N

107°49’16.32”E, alt. 205 m, 27 April 2010 (holo SING; iso VNM). Fig. 1.

Rhizomatous herb to 0.8 m tall. Rhizome ovoid, 2-4 x 1-1.5 cm, light brown

externally, cream white internally; root tubers not seen, likely to be well distanced

from the rhizome. Leafy shoot with 3-6 leaves, developing at the same time or shortly

after flowering; pseudostem to 30 cm long, green, composed of leaf sheaths; sheathing

bracts I -3, tinged with dark red-purple, fast drying out and decaying; leaf sheaths green,

with red-purple tinge especially towards the basal part, puberulent; ligule up to 3 mm

long, bilobed, hyaline, greenish white, translucent, externally puberulent; petiole up to

1 1 cm long (petiole of outemiost leaf shortest, innermost leaves longest), canaliculate,

green, puberulent; lamina slightly unequal, narrowly lanceolate (sensu Lindley), up

to 32 X 8 cm (possibly larger later in the season), slightly plicate, adaxially medium

to dark green with a dark red band running along the midrib across the entire lamina

length, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, puberulent; base obtuse, slightly oblique;

apex caudate, puberulent. Inflorescence lateral, peduncle and often also base of the

spike subterranean; peduncle c. 3 cm long, up to 5 mm diam., cream-white, with up to

4 sheathing bracts; spike 4-6 cm long, c. 2-3 cm diam. in the middle, wider apically,

coma dih^Qwi’, fertile bracts 3-8 per inflorescence, bract 4.5 x 4 cm (larger at the base of

the inflorescence, inner ones gradually smaller and narrower), broadly ovate to ovate

with acute apex, whitish at base, green with various degree of deep red tinge towards

the apex, both sides pubemlent, connate in the lower 1/3- 1/4, apex narrowly acute,

reflexed; cincinni with 2-3 flowers at the base of the inflorescence, 1 flower at the top;

bracteoles rudimentary, thread-like and irregularly curled, 1-3 x 0.5-1 mm (outer ones

larger, imier ones are gradually smaller), hyaline, translucent white, glabrous. Flower

c. 8 cm long, much exserted from the bracts; calyx up to 23 mm long, 3-toothed,

with unilateral incision c. 10 imu, translucent white, sparsely puberulous; y/ora/ tube

3. 5-4.5 cm long, externally white, densely puberulous throughout, intemally white,

glabrous at basal half, densely puberulous in apical half, with dorsal groove holding

the style; dorsal corolla lobe c. 25 x 10 mm, triangular ovate, concave, glabrous,

pure white, apex mucronate, mucro c. 2 mm long, puberulous; lateral corolla lobes

c. 20 X 9 mm, tiiangular ovate, concave, glabrous, pure white; labellum c. 26 x 20

mm, obovate, apex emarginate, incised up to 5 mm, white except a bright yellow

median band, puberulent with glandular hairs; lateral staminodes c. 26-30 x 16-18

mm, iiTegularly obovate, white with short glandular hairs on the adaxial side. Stamen

10-1 1 mm long; filament 2-3 mm long, white, c. 4 mm broad at base, 2-2.5 mm broad

at apex (the point of attachment to the connective), covered with short glandular hairs;

anther c.lO mm long (measured along side view with spurs unmanipulated), spurred;

connective white, densely covered with short glandular hairs; anther spurs c. 1 mm

long, with two blunt knobs at apex (forming a heart-shaped structure in front view);

Two new Curcuma from Vietnam

171

Fig. 1. Curcuma newmanii A. Habit (after flowering, late stage in the season). B. Infloreseence

with flower (side view). C. Habit (flowering stage, beginning of the season). D. Flower (front

view). E. Flower dissection (from left): Labellum, two lateral staminodes, dorsal corolla lobe,

two lateral corolla lobes, anther in side view, floral tube dissected, ovary with epigynous

> r

glands, and calyx. A-E: Tran 204, Dak Lak Prov., Ban Don village, from cultivation. (Photos:

J. Leong-Skomickova)

172

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

anther crest not obvious; anther thecae 7-8 mm, dehiscing along the entire length.

Epigynous glands two, c. 5-7 mm long, c, 0.5 mm in diam, cream-white. Style thin,

white, glabrous, placed in the groove in dorsal side of floral tube; stigma c. 1 .5 mm

long, 1.75 mm wide, white; ostiole shortly ciliate, facing forward. Ovary 4x2 mm,

trilocular, densely pubemlent. Fruit not seen.

Habitat. Grows in lowland, deciduous dipterocarp forests.

Phenology. The inflorescences appear and the first flowers open from April to May,

just before the leaves, with leafy shoots appearing shortly after.

Distribution. So far known only from southern Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, in the

vicinity of Ban Don village.

Etymology. Named after Dr. Mark Fleming Newman, a ginger specialist from the

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Other specimens examined: VIETNAM. Dak Lak. Ban Don village, 12°54’37.0” N

107°50’19.3”E, 223 m, 25 June 2008, Tran et al. s.n. (collected from cultivation, 21 May

2009, JLS 365) (SING incl. spirit); ibidem, 12°55’11 .07”N 107°49’16.32”E, 205 m, 27 April

2010, Tran 204 (collected tfom cultivation 25 April 2013, GRC 142) (SING incl. spirit).

Notes: Curcuma newmanii has a unique anther shape (Fig. 5A) by which it is readily

recognised from the otherwise similar C. singularis (fig. 5B). This species was

discovered in the vicinity of Buon Ma Thuot during the Sud Expert Plantes (SEP 350)

expedition led by Dr. Mark Newman in June 2008. At that time, the plant was past its

flowering stage and its identity could not be confiraied from old sterile inflorescences.

Only after this particular collection flowered in cultivation, did it become clear that it

represents a new taxon. The species has been re-collected from the same locality in

April 201 0 by the second author.

While C. singularis seems to be a widespread species occuring from Thailand

through Cambodia and Laos to Vietnam, C. newmanii is so far known only from the

type locality.

Curcuma xanthella Skomick., sp. nov.

Similar to Curcuma flaviflora S.Q.Tong, but differs by thinner and prominently plicate

leaf blades with rounded to cordate base and longer, more prominent lateral staminodes.

TYPE: Ly 348, Vietnam, Binh Thuan Prov., Ham Thuan Nam Distr., Ta Kou Nature

Reserve, alt. 145 m, 10°48’51”N 107°54’45”E, 11 June 2009 (holo SING; iso E,

VNM). Fig. 2 & 3.

Small rhizomatous herb to 0.6 m tall. Rhizome ovoid, c. 1.5-3 x 1-2 cm, with thin

branches (c. 3-6 mm in diam.), light brown externally, light yellow internally, slightly

Two new Curcuma from Vietnam

173

Fig. 2. C'Ucc'intici occiTithdlci Uo-bit flowerings l3-te st^nge in the se^-son^. Hnbit

(flowering stage, beginning of the season). C. Infloreseenee with flowers in side and back view.

D. Flower (front view). E. Flower dissection (from left): Labellum, two lateral staminodes,

floral tube with stamen in side view, dorsal corolla lobe, two lateral corolla lobes, calyx, ovary

with epigynous glands, bracteoles (two sizes), and fertile bract. A-E: Tran et al. s.n., Bao Loc

Pass, from cultivation. (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

174

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Tru'dn^ N^oc Giu

Fig. 3. Water colour painting of Curcuma xanthella at the Paris Herbarium library. (Photo: J.

Leong- Skornickova)

Two new Curcuma from Vietnam

175

Fig. 4. Two closest allies from the subgenus Hitcheniopsis. A & B. Curcuma singularis

{Newman etal. MFN 2413, Cambodia). C & D. C.flaviflora {Leong-Skornickovd & Suksathan

JLS 2220, N. Thailand). (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

aromatic with bitter almond-like scent, bitter to taste; root tubers elliptic, 2-3 cm long,

light brown externally, cream white internally, developing some distance from the

rhizome. Leafy shoot with 3-6 leaves, developing at the same time or shortly after

flowering; pseudostem to 15(-30) cm long, green, composed of sheathing bracts and

leaf sheaths; sheathing bracts 1-3, tinged with light purple when young, fast drying

out and decaying; leaf sheaths green, glabrous; ligule up to 3 mm long, bilobed,

hyaline, greenish white, translucent, glabrous; petiole up to 23 cm long (petiole of

outermost leaf shortest, innermost leaves longest), canaliculate, green, glabrous;

lamina slightly unequal, elliptic lanceolate (flde Lindley), to 32 x 9.5 cm, prominently

plicate, adaxially bright green, glabrous, abaxially lighter green, glabrous; midrib

green, glabrous on both sides; base rounded to cordate; apex acuminate, puberulent.

176

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Fig. 5. Comparison of anthers of the two newly deseribed speeies and their elosest allies. A.

C. newmanii {Tran 204, Vietnam). B. C. singularis {Newman et al. MFN 2413, Cambodia). C.

C. xanthella {Tran et al. s.n., Vietnam). D. C. flaviflora {Leong-Skornickovd & Suksathan JLS

2220, N. Thailand). (Photos: J. Leong-Skomickova)

Two new Curcuma from Vietnam

111

Inflorescence lateral, peduncle and often also base of the spike subterranean; peduncle

to c. 1 5 cm long, to 6 mm diam., cream-white, with up to 5 sheathing bracts; spike 4-5

cm long, c, 1.5-2 cm diam. in the middle, wider apically, coma absent; bracts

4-8 per inflorescence, bract 4.5 x 2.1 cm (larger at the base- of the inflorescence), ovate

to narrowly ovate, smaller and ovate at the apex, whitish at base to light green or with

vaiying degree of deep rusty-red to purple at apices, both sides puberulent, connate in

the lower 1/4, apex narrowly acute, reflexed; cincinni with 2 flowers at the base of the

inflorescence, 1 flower at the top; bracteoles one per flower, nan'owly triangular, 2-8

X 1-1 .5 nuTi (outer ones larger, inner ones are gradually smaller), hyaline, translucent

white, glabrous, but shortly hairy on apex. Flower c. 7.5 cm long, much exserted

from the bracts, calyx up to 30 mm long, 3-toothed, with unilateral incision c. 11 mm,

translucent white, sparsely puberulous; tube c. 3.5 cm long, externally white

and almost glabrous in the basal part, yellowish and shortly densely hairy internally

and extemally in the apical part (upper 2/3), with dorsal groove holding the style;

dorsal corolla lobe 30-34 x 10-12 mm, triangular ovate, concave, glabrous, whitish

at base, yellowish towards the apex, apex mucronate, mucro 2-3 miu long, sometimes

with a few short hairs; lateral corolla lobes 27-28 x 9-10 mm, triangular ovate,

concave, glabrous, whitish at base, yellowish towards the apex; labelliim 32-35 x

22-25 mm, obovate, apex emarginate, incision to 12 mm, base of the labellum white

to light yellow, middle and apical part warm yellow, with two yellow-orange swollen

bars running across the centre (fonning a median band), densely puberulent with

glandular hairs; lateral staminodes c, 32-35 x 15-16 mm, irregularly oblong, bright

warm yellow with short glandular hairs on the adaxial side. Stamen 1 2-1 3 mm long;

filament 4-9 mm long, cream white, c. 4 mm broad at base, 2-2.5 mm broad at apex

(the point of attaclnnent to the connective), covered with short, glandular hairs; anther

c.8-9 mm long (measured in side view with spurs unmanipulated), spurred; connective

cream white, densely covered with short glandular hairs; anther spurs c. 6 mm long,

narrowly acute, pointing outwards (making the anther appear as L-shaped); anther

crest not obvious; anther thecae 3^ mm, heart-shaped, placed apically, dehiscing

along the entire length. Epigynous glands two, c. 15 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm in diam.,

cream-white. Style thin, white, glabrous, placed in the groove in dorsal side of floral

tube; stigma c. 1.5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, white; ostiole ciliate, facing forward.

Ovary 4 x 2.5 mm, trilocular, densely pubemlent. Fruit a globular trilocular capsule,

c. 1-1 .5 cm in diam., white, puberulent; seeds irregularly obovoid, c. 4 mm long, light

brown, shiny, enclosed in a translucent white, laciniate aril.

Habitat. Occurs in mixed broad-leaved semi-deciduous forests (Ta Kou Nature

Reserve) as well as in evergreen mountain forest (Bao Loc Pass).

Phenology. Flowering starts by end of April and continues throughout May and June,

fruiting occurs at the end of May and in June and likely continues until July.

178

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Distribution. So far recorded from two places in southern Vietnam, in Binh Thuan

province, Ta Koii mountain, and Lam Dong Province, Bao Loc pass. The distance

between the two localities is about 80 km. The plants growing in Bao Loc at a higher

elevation (c. 550 m) exhibit narrower leaves compared to those from lowland in Ta

K6u (c. 150 m), but there are are no obvious differences in floral features.

Etymology: The speciflc epithet derived from the Greek refers to the yellow colour of

the flowers.

Other specimens examined: Vietnam, Binh Thuan Prov.: Ta K6u mountain, 30 May 2009,

Nguyen Thien Tich (under Tran collection number), Trdn-158 (E, SING, inch spirit). Lam

Dong Prov.: Bao Loc Pass, 22 June 2008, Tran et al s.n. (collected from cultivation, 6 May

2013), (SING, incl. spirit)

Notes: With its spike composed of a few bracts, yellow flowers and L-shaped anthers,

C. xanthella is somewhat similar to C. flaviflora, but C. flaviflora is a high-elevation

species known to occur in Pine forests in mountains of northern Thailand and southern

China and differs from C. xanthella by the fairly leathery leaves with no prominent

plication, and different shape and proportions of various flower parts. Especially, the

staminodes are particularly large and prominent in C. xanthella (compare Fig. 2 and 4

C, D). The shape of the anther is also different (compare Fig. 5C and 5D).

It is also similar to C. singularis in that the flowers are well-exserted from

the bracts and the L-shaped anthers, but C. xanthella differs by its yellow flowers

(vs. pure white flowers with yellow median band) and bright green, thin, plicate leaf

blades with a rounded to cordate base (vs. thicker, dull, darker leaf blades with no

prominent plication and an attenuate to obtuse base) and longer, more prominent

lateral staminodes. The anther thecae in C. xanthella are short, almost heart-shaped

and positioned at the top, while those in C. singularis are much longer (compare Fig.

5B and 5C). While the occurrence of white and yellow variation of flower parts of

staminodial origin (labellum, lateral staminodes and anthers) within a single species

(and withing same population) has been previously reported from India for certain

species in the subgeus Curcuma, e.g., C. cannanorensis R.Ansari, V.J.Nair & N.C.Nair

(Leong-Skoraickova et al. 2010a), it has so far not been observed in members of the

subgenus Ecomata.

Curcuma xanthella was first discovered a centuiy ago by A. Krempf and painted

by Truong Ngoc Giu; the colour painting is found in the Icon collection of the Paris

Herbarium Library (Fig. 3). On the reverse side of this painting the date is given as 1 8

June 1908, however it is not clear if this date refers to the date of plant collection or

the date of presentation of the painting to the Library. There is no locality given, but it

is likely to be southern Vietnam as Krempf is known to have collected in Amiam. We

have encountered this species several times around the Bao Loc pass area during the

Sud Expert Plantes (SEP 350) expedition. However the plants were not flowering at

the time. Subsequently, our collections have repeatedly flowered in cultivation since

Two new Curcuma from Vietnam

179

2009, but also new collections have been made in the Ta K6u Nature Reserve around

the same time by Mr. Ly Ngoc Sam and by Mr. Nguyen Thien Tich and Dr. Luu Hong

Trirmig (SGN); all of them have provided us with additional photographs or herbarium

specimens. We have chosen the most complete collection Ly 348 as the type.

The colour of the bracts in C. xanthella may be light green (as seen in Fig 2C)

or cream with various degrees of purple red tinge (as seen in Fig 3).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank the curators of the BK, BKF, E, HN, K, P, SING & VNM

herbaria for letting us examine specimens in their care, the Asian Zingiberaceae Infonnation

Centre at the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and the Zingiberaceae Resource Centre at the Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh (http;//elmer.rbge.org.uk7ZRC/) for providing protologues and

related references. We thank the librarians at the Paris Herbarium (Museum national dhiistoire

naturelle) for their assistance with locating the drawings. Dr. Axel D. Poulsen and an anonymous

reviewer are acknowledged for helpful coimnents on the manuscript. We are grateful to Prof

Le Cong Kiet and Dr. Tran Triet for their support during our fieldwork in Vietnam and Dr.

Pyiakaset Suksathan (QBG) for support during fieldwork in Thailand. We also extend sincere

thanks to Mr. Ly Ngoc Sam, Dr. Luu Hong Trirong (SGN) and Mr. Nguyen Thien Tich for

contributing pictures and specimens of C. xanthella for our research. The funding provided by

Sud Expert Plantes, France [SEP project 350], by the National Parks Board (Singapore), and

by the Czech Science Foundation, GACR [grant numbers 521/09/0202 and P506/1 0/0623] is

gratefully acknowledged.

References

Beentje, H. (2012) The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (revised

edition), Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gagnepain, F. (1908) Zingiberacees. In: Lecomte, H. (ed), Flore Generale de ITndo-Chine. Vol.

6. Pp. 25-121. Paris: Masson & Co.

Lamxay, V. & Newman, M.F. (2012) A revision of Amomum (Zingiberaceae) in Cambodia,

Laos and Vietnam. Edinburgh J. Bot. 69(1): 99-206.

Leong-Skornickova, J. & Luu, H.T. (2013) Curcuma leonidii, a new species from southern

Vietnam. Phytotaxa 126(1): 37-42.

Leong-Skomickova, J. & Ly, N.S. (2010) Curcuma pambrosima sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from

central Vietnam. Nordic J, Bot. 28: 652-655.

Leong-Skornickova, J., Sida, O. & Marhold, K. (2010a) Back to types! Towards stability of

names in Indian Curcuma L. {Zingiberaceae). Taxon 59: 269-282.

Leong-Skornickova, J,, Sida, O. & Tran, H.D. (in press) Curcuma pygmaea sp. nov.

{Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam and notes on the two related species C. pai^iflora and C.

thorelii. Nordic J. Bot.

Leong-Skornickova, J., Tran, H.D. & Newman, M.F. (20 1 Ob) Curcuma vitellina (Zingiberaceae),

a new species from Vietnam. Card. Bull. Singapore 62: 1 1 1-117.

Leong-Skornickova, J., Ly, N.S., Poulsen, A.D., Tosh, J. & Forrest, A. (2011) Newmania: A

new ginger genus from central Vietnam. Taxon 60: 1386-1396.

Leong-Skornickova, J., Sida, O., Bouamanivong, S., Souvannakhoummane, K. & Phatavong,

K. (submitted) Three new ginger species (Zingiberaceae) from Laos. Blumea.

180

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Ly, N.S., Hul, S. & Leong-Skornickova, J. (2010) Siliquamomum oreodoxa (Zingiberaceae): a

new species from Southern Vietnam. Gard. Bull. Singapore 61: 359-367.

Nguyen, Q.B. & Leong-Skomickova, J. (2012) Distichochlamys benenica (Zingiberaceae), a

new species from Vietnam. Gard. Bull. Singapore 64: 195-200.

Zaveska, E., Fer, T., Sida, O., Krak, K., Marhold, K. & Leong-Skornickova, J. (2012) Phylogeny

of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequences: Proposal of the

new svhgQmxs Ecomata. Taxon 6 1(4): 747-763.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 181-184. 2013

181

A new species of Somrania (Gesneriaceae) from Thailand

David J. Middleton^ and Pramote Triboun^

^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row,

Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK

d.middleton@rbge.ac.uk (corresponding author)

^ Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Technopolis, Klong 5, Klong

Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

pramtrib@gmail . com

ABSTRACT. The new species Somrania flavida D.J.Middleton & Triboun, from Khao Sok

National Park in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, is described. It is the third species in this

genus which is restricted to karst limestone habitats in Thailand. A key to the species of

Somrania is provided.

Keywords. New species, Somrania, Thailand

Introduction

The genus Somrania D.J.Middleton was originally described from karst limestone

habitats in southern Thailand with two new species, Somrania albiflora D.J.Middleton

and S. lineata D.J.Middleton & Triboun (Middleton & Triboun 2012). Its distinctive

characters are branched hairs, tubular corolla, a stigma with only the lower lobe

developed and bifid, and short straight fruit. From DNA sequence data it is most

closely related to Damrongia Kerr ex Craib (Puglisi, pers. comm.) in the ''Boea group”

sensu Moller et al. (2009).

At the time of publication we were aware that there may be a third species

from Khao Sok National Park but the available material was inadequate to describe

it. Plants grown fi'om seed collected at Khao Sok in 2008 have now flowered at the

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and we have been able to confirm that it is indeed a

new species of Somrania.

The new species is described below and a key to the species of Somrania is

provided.

Key to the species of Somrania

la. Corolla c. 13.5 mm long, white throughout with no coloured lines inside tube

S. albiflora

lb. Corolla 15-18 mm long, with orange-brown or yellowish markings on ventral

surface inside corolla tube 2

182

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

2a. Corolla with sharp orange-brown lines on ventral surface inside corolla tube;

branched hairs on leaves but not on inflorescence axes; petioles 3-10.2 cm long ..

S. lineata

2b. Corolla with difftise yellowish lines on ventral surface inside corolla tube;

branched hairs present on leaves and inflorescence axes; petioles 1-3 cm long ....

S.flavida

Somrania flavida D.J.Middleton & Triboun, sp. nov.

Differs from Somrania albiflora in the diffuse yellowish lines on the ventral surface

of the inside of the corolla (white throughout in Somrania albiflora), and the denser

hair covering on the upper surface of the leaves. Differs from Somrania lineata in

the difhise lines on the ventral surface of the inside of the corolla (two sharp lines

in Somrania lineata), shorter petioles, and in the presence of branched hairs on the

inflorescence (inflorescence hairs unbranched in Somrania lineata).

TYPE: Middleton 5297, cultivated at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland,

1 Oct 2013 (holo E). Originally from Thailand, Surat Thani, Ban Thakhun District,

Khao Sok National Park, edge of the lake, 100 m alt., 6 Sep 2008, Middleton , Triboun,

Chamchumroon, Saengrit & Sirnma 4324, cultivated as RBGE 20081567. Fig. 1 .

Herb, acaulescent or fonning a short stem to 1.5 cm long at flowering. Leaves'.

petioles 1-3 cm long, densely covered in branched hairs and sessile glands; lamina

broadly elliptic to orbicular, 1.1-12,2 x 0. 8-8.4 cm, 1.2-1 .5 times as long as wide,

apex rounded, base rounded to subcordate, slightly unequal or not, margin crenate,

with 4-6 pairs of steeply ascending secondaiy veins, densely covered in a mixture

of unbranched slightly cuiwed eglandular hairs and with occasional sessile or shortly

stalked gland-tipped hairs above, densely covered with branched hairs and sessile

glands beneath. Inflorescence 12-1 3 -flowered, densely pubescent with a mixture of

eglandular branched hairs (but see note below) and short gland-tipped hairs throughout;

bracts naiTowly ovate, pubescent as on calyx; 2-A x 0.5-0. 9 mm, peduncle 7. 5-9. 5 cm

long; pedicels 3-8 mm long. Calyx of 5 lobes almost free to base (fused for < 0.5 mm);

lobes narrowly triangular, c. 4.4 x 0.9 mm, apex acute, densely pubescent outside with

a mixture of eglandular branched hairs, shorter eglandular hairs and short gland-tipped

hairs, inside with sessile glands. Corolla white throughout except with 2 broad and

diffuse yellow bands from sinuses of lower lip down into tube, fainter yellow spots at

other 3 sinuses, mouth slightly oblique, limb 2-lipped, 15-17 mm long; tube c, 12 mm

long, outside with a mixture of eglandular branched hairs, simple eglandular hairs and

gland-tipped hairs, inside glabrous; lower lip c. 5 mm long, upper lip c. 3.5 mm long;

upper lobes orbicular, c. 3.5 x 4 mm, apices rounded; lateral lobes orbicular, c. 3.6 x

4 mm, apex rounded; lower lobe orbicular, c. 3.8 x 4.5 mm, apex rounded. Stamens

2, anterior, white throughout, inserted at 2.5 mm from corolla base which is 21% of

tube length; filaments straight, c. 4 mm long, glabrous; anthers oriented with locules

upwards and downwards in tube, fused by the apices and touching face to face, 0.7 x

1.7 mm; 2 lateral staminodes c, 1.5 mm long, geniculate, medial staminode c. 1 mm

long, straight. Disc 0.7 mm long, a simple annular ring. Pistil c. 12 mm long; ovary

New Thai Somrania

183

Fig. 1. Somrania flavida D.J.Middleton & Triboun. Inflorescence showing diffuse yellow

bands in corolla. Inset: corolla side view. (Photos: D.J. Middleton)

c. 3.5 mm long, pinkish, with a mixture of unbranched eglandular hairs and shorter to

subsessile gland-tipped hairs; style c. 8.5 mm long, white, with a mixture of unbranched

eglandular hairs and shorter gland-tipped hairs; only lower lobe of stigma developing,

bifid, lobes c. 0.7 mm long. Fruit a plagiocarpic capsule, narrowly fusiform, c. 8 mm

long. Seed ellipsoid, apiculate at each end, c. 4 x 2 mm, surface reticulate.

Distribution. Only known from Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani Province,

Thailand.

Ecology. In partial shade on limestone cliffs at low altitude.

Etymology. The name refers to the yellowish throat of the corolla tube.

Provisional lUCN Conservation Assessment. Least Concern (LC). Although this

species is known from very few collections and the size of the population is unknown

it was collected from a limestone site in Khao Sok National Park. It occurs on

inaccessible cliffs, not prone to human disturbance, and the National Park status will

prevent exploitation of the limestone for the construction and chemical industry.

Additional specimen studied. Middleton, Triboun, Chamchumroon, Saengrit & Simma 4324,

Thailand, Surat Thani, Ban Thakhun District, Khao Sok National Park, 100 m alt., 6 Sep 2008

(BKF, E).

184

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Note. Middleton et al. 4324 is the parent plant from which seeds were taken to grow

the plants later vouchered as Middleton 5297, the type specimen. The branched hairs

are very much more obvious in the live plants than they are in dried plants so care

should be taken when studying material.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank V. Chamchumroon, S. Saengrit and R. Simma of the

Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation and the staff of Khao Sok

National Park for their help in the field. We thank S. Scott, S. Barber and E. McCardy for their

care of the living Gesneriaceae collections at RBGE.

References

Middleton, D.J. & Triboun, P. (2012) Somrania, a new genus of Gesneriaceae from Thailand.

Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 40: 9-13.

Moller, M., Pfosser, M., Jang, C.G., Mayer, V., Clark, A., Hollingsworth, M.L., Barfuss,

M.H.J., Wang, Y.Z., Kiehn, M. & Weber, A. (2009) A preliminary phylogeny of the

‘didymocaipoid Gesneriaceae’ based on three molecular data sets: Incongruence with

available tribal classifications. Amer. J. Bot. 96: 989-1010.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 185-225. 2013

185

Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand

France Nangngam^ and J.F. MaxwelP

^Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University,

Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand

praneepa@nu.ac.th (coiTesponding author)

^CMU Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

scopplm@chiangmai.ac.th

ABSTRACT. A taxonomic revision of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand has result-

ed in eighteen species. Three new species are described: Didymocarpus inflatus J.F.Maxwell

& Nangngam, D. jaesonensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell, and D. payapensis Nangngam &

J.F.Maxwell. A key to the Thai species, detailed descriptions, and notes on distribution, ecol-

ogy, phenology, salient morphological traits, and illustrations are presented.

Keywords. Didymocarpus, Gesneriaceae, taxonomic revision, Thailand

Introduction

Until relatively recently Didymocarpus Wall, was a large genus with approximately

180 species (Wang et al. 1998). However, Weber & Burtt (1997) split Didymocar-

pus into three genera: Didymocarpus s.s., Henckelia Spreng,, and HovaneUa A.Weber

& B.L.Burtt. Didymocarpus was left with about 70 species after the removal of the

Madagascan, southern Indian and Sri Lankan, and most Malesian species. The geo-

graphical range of Didymocarpus is from northwest India, eastwards through Nepal,

Bhutan, northeast India, Burma (Myanmar), to southern China, Vietnam, Laos, Cam-

bodia, Thailand, and the Malay Peninsula, with one species, D. cordatus Wall, ex DC.,

reaching northern Smnatra (Weber & Burtt 1997).

Didymocarpus has been divided into two sections, (1) the entirely Malesian

Didymocarpus sect. Elati Ridl., including D. corchorifolius Wall, ex DC., D. antir-

rhinoides A.Weber, D. sulphureus Ridl., and D. rohustus Ridl.; and (2) Didymocarpus

sect. Didymocaipus including all species not in Didymocarpus sect. Elati, i.e., most

of the genus (Weber & Burtt 1997). The distinction between the two sections is not

very satisfactory, especially for D. citrinus D.Don and D. cordatus Wall, ex DC. from

Didymocarpus section Didymocarpus, species which are rather similar to those in Did-

ymocarpus section Elati. The results of molecular phylogenetic studies and character

evolution in Didymocarpus from Thailand show that D. citrinus D.Don is in the same

clade as D. corchorifolius Wall, ex DC. and D. antirrhinoides A.Weber with 100 %

bootstrap support (Palee et al. 2006). As the infrageneric classification of Didymocar-

pus requires further research we do not attempt to place the species from Thailand into

the existing structure.

186

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Ten species of Didymocarpus were published in the Flore Generale de Vlndo-

Chine, six of them occumng in Thailand (Pellegrin 1 930). An additional species, Did-

ymocarpus bonii Pellegr. is now recognised as Petrocodon honii (Pellegr.) A.Weber &

Mich.Moller (Weber et al. 2011). Surprisingly, none of the 31 species found in China

are also found in Thailand (Wang et al. 1998).

Twenty three species of Thai Didymocarpus were listed by Barnett (1962a),

fourteen of which still belong in Didymocarpus, although sometimes now in the syn-

onymy of other taxa. One species, D. venosus Barnett, is the type species of the new

genus Tribounia (Middleton & Moller 2012).

Materials and Methods

Herbarium specimens were examined from ABD, BCU, BK, BKF, CAL, CMU, E, K,

L, PSU, QBG and SING (herbarium abbreviations from Thiers (2012)). Other speci-

mens were collected from field surveys and deposited in the CMU Herbarium. Extra

flowers and fi*uits were preserved in 70% ethanol for morphological, palynological,

and taxonomic studies. Pollen and seeds of some species were investigated by scan-

ning electron microscopy and viewed with a JEOL JSM-840 SEM system at 15-20 kV.

Didymocarpus Wall.

Didymocarpus Wall., Edinburgh Philos. J. 1: 378 (1819); Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 121

(1825); Clarke in Hooker, FI. Brit. India 4: 345 (1884); Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5):

518 (1930); Bamett, FI. Siam. 3: 211 (1962); Wang et al, FI. China 18: 349 (1998);

Weber & Burtt, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 70: 333 (1997); Weber et al, Ann. Naturhist.

Mus. Wien, B 102: 448 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull, Bot. 29: 91 (2001). TYPE SPE-

CIES: Didymocarpus primulifolius D.Don

Deciduous perennials, terrestrial or epilithic, often succulent herbs (no shrubs in

Thailand). Stems erect, glabrous or pubescent, with few nodes; new vegetative buds

produced from the rhizome during the dry season which then develop during the

rainy season. Leaves opposite and distichous, less commonly temate, simple, few to

many, usually in unequal pairs (anisophyllous), sometimes isophyllous, new vegeta-

tive leaves slightly whorled or tufted in close pairs; exstipulate. Leaf blades mostly

subcoriaceous; asymmetrically ovate, lanceolate, elliptic-oblong, oblong, obovate, or

orbicular; apex rounded, obtuse or acute; bases obliquely acute or rounded to shal-

lowly cordate; margins variously serrate-dentate; upper surface sparsely to densely

sericeous with multicellular hairs, rarely nearly glabrous; lower surface glabrous or pi-

lose, sparsely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs; pigment glands, if present,

usually on the undersurface or sparsely so on other organs. Inflorescence cymose, with

few to many flowers. Bracts free, paired, ovate, apex rounded; bases broad, margin

entire, caducous to persistent. Calyx mostly regular, less commonly irregular; tubular

Didymocarpus in Thailand

187

and free to the base or variously connate, 5-lobed, glabrous or covered with multicel-

lular glandular hairs. Corolla thin, salverform, campanulate or personate; limb bila-

biate, 5-lobed, lobes usually rounded; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, anterior (lower)

lip 3-lobed; glabrous or covered with multicellular glandular hairs. Fertile stamens 2,

anterior; anthers coherent, oblong, bilocular, dorsifixed, glabrous or sometimes with

white moniliform hairs, villous; locules dehiscing longitudinally; filaments inserted

on inside of corolla tube, slender, altemipetalous, glabrous or covered with glandular

hairs on the upper part. Staminodes 2-3, posterior, altemipetalous, reduced to minute

filaments of unequal length. Pollen spheroidal, tricolpate with long apertures or nar-

rowly elliptic with pointed ends; sculpturing microreticulate, microreticulate-scabrate

and rugulate; 10-15 pm diameter. Disc cylindric or cupular, irregularly and shallowly

lobed, glabrous, usually persistent on the capsule. Ovary superior, stipitate, cylindri-

cal, glabrous or with multicellular glandular hairs, 2-locular, with parietal placenta-

tion and numerous ovules; style well-developed, glabrous or with glandular hairs;

stigma one, capitate or concave. Capsules straight in relation to the pedicel, stipitate,

bivalved, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds numerous, unappendaged; elliptic to reniform;

testa reticulate, cell omamention straight, cell faces smooth, vermcate, or tuberculate.

Basic chromosome numbers x= 11, 12, 14, 16, and 18.

Distribution. About 70 species in North-West India, southern China, South-East Asia

and northern Sumatra including 1 8 species in Thailand.

Habitat and ecology. Didymocarpus species are usually found in shaded and moist

areas, terrestrial, on trees and on various bedrocks. Most species are found between

500-1800 m elevation in primary forests such as mixed evergreen with pine forest and

deciduous dipterocarp-oak seasonal hardwood forest, distributed tliroughout Thailand.

Habit. Thai Didymocarpus species are perennial herbs usually growing in seasonally

moist rocky places. The stems are succulent and somewhat lignified in some species

{D. corchorifolius Wall, ex DC.), usually curved at base, if erect often with many

nodes, up to 1.5 m tall.

Key to Thai Didymocarpus species

la. Calyx fomied into a tube at base with all calyx lobes less than half the length of

the calyx 2

b. Calyx with lobes free to the base (i.e., at least 2 sepals free) or with a short calyx

tube and the lobes more than half the length of the calyx 9

2a. Corolla salverform, tube geniculate or straight 3

b. Corolla flinnelfomi, tube gradually widening from the base to the throat 5

188

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

3a. Corolla > 3 cm long (East-Central Thailand) 6. D. epithemoides

b. Corolla < 2.5 cm (North Thailand) 4

4a. Corolla tube geniculate, dark violet, lobes whitish or pale green, anthers glabrous

11./). kerrii

b. Corolla tube straight, purplish- whitish, lobes pui*plish, anthers white-bearded

16. /). purpureopictus

5a. Corolla < 3.5 cm long, crimson or violet 6

b. Corolla at least 4 cm long or more, of other colours 7

6a. Corolla c. 3 cm long, violet; corolla, ovary and anthers glabrous (North Thailand)

iO. D. Jaesonensis

b. Corolla c. 3.5 cm long, crimson-red; corolla and ovary covered with

multicellular glandular hairs; anthers white-bearded (South Thailand)

12./). megaphyllus

7a. Corolla 6-7 cm long, deep maroon-red, paler at anthesis, ovary with pigment

glands; leaves with pigment glands; capsule 6 cm long 18. D. wattianus

b. Corolla < 5 cm long, violet or whitish; ovary glabrous; leaves without pigment

glands; capsule 5.5 cm long 8

8a. Bracts and calyx not inflated, green-maroon to purple without pinkish hue; calyx

asyimnetrically campanulate with tube < 1.5 cm long; corolla dark violet with

white lines extending to the base of the anterior lip; anthers white-bearded; fila-

ments straight, glabrous 3. Z). biserratus

b. Bracts and calyx appearing inflated, dull light violet to white with a faint pinkish

hue; calyx campanulate with tube c. 1 .5 cm long; corolla tube pale violet to whit-

ish, lobes reddish; anthers glabrous; filaments flexed at the middle, upper part

pubescent 8. /). inflatus

9a. Corolla white or pale pinkish 10

b. Corolla purple, violet, or distinctly reddish 13

10a. Corolla fumielform 11

b. Corolla companulate, personate 12

11a. Corolla 3 cm long, with violet or maroon streaks, ovary pubescent (North Thai-

land) 1. Z). aureoglan didos us

b. Corolla 1.5 cm long, without streaks, ovary glabrous (Northeast Thailand)

5. Z). dongrakensis

12a. Corolla personate, whitish, with yellow streaks below each sinus of the anterior

lip (Peninsula) 4. Z). corchorifolius

Didymocarpus in Thailand

189

b. Corolla campanulate, white, without streaks newmanii

13 a. Corolla fiinnelform 14

b. Corolla salverfomi 15

14a. Calyx irregular, upper lip composed of 2 free lobes, lower lip connate at base,

3-lobed at apex, leaves opposite (Ranong) ID. geesinJdanus

b. Calyx regular, free, 5-lobed to the base, leaves temate (Northeast Thailand)

9. D. insulsus

15a. Corolla bicolorous with tube reddish and lobes pale green or whitish (Loei)

2. D. bicolor

b. Plant not as above 16

16a. Calyx campanulate, lobed c. 2/3 to the base, pubescent (North Thailand)

15. D. payapensis

b. Calyx free, 5-lobed to the base, glabrous (Southeast & Southern Thailand) ... 17

17a. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous; pigment glands absent, anthers white-bearded

(Southern Thailand) 14. T). ovatus

b. Leaves temate or 3-pseudoverticillate; red-brown pigment glands present; an-

thers glabrous (Chanthaburi) \1 .D. tristis

An enumeration of the species follows. Appendix A gives an identification list of spec-

imens examined, and Appendix B lists accepted and new species names, as well as

synonyms.

1 . Didymocarpus aureoglandulosus C.B. Clarke

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 292 (1907) (as aureo-glandulosa); Hosseus, Beih.

Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 439 (1911) (aureo-glandulosa)\ Craib, Bull. Misc. Infonn. Kew

1911; 431 (1911); Craib, Aberdeen Univ. Stud. 57; 149 (1912) {aureo-glandulosa);

Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5): 525 (1930) (aureo-glandulosus); Barnett, Dansk Bot.

Ark. 20(2); 202 (1962); Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 211 (1962); Hilliard & Burtt, Edin-

burgh J. Bot. 52(2); 215 (1995); Weber & Burtt, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 70; 308 (1997);

Weber et ah, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 453 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull.,

Bot. 29; 91 (2001). TYPE; Hosseus 220, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep [Doi Su-

thep], 1650 m, 23 Dec 1904 (holotype K; isotypes BM, E, M, P). Fig. lA.

Didymocarpus rodgeri W.W.Sm. & S.C.Banerji, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6(2); 42 (1913).

TYPE; Roger 161, Bumia, Ruby Mines Div., Mogok, 4000 ft (lectotype CAL, desig-

nated by Hilliard & Burtt (1995); isotype K).

190

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Didymocarpus rodgeri var. siamensis W.W.Sm. & S.C.Banerji, Rec. Bot. Surv. India

6(2): 43 (1913). TYPE: Kerr 1996, Thailand, Doi Sootep [Suthep], 5200 ft, 27 Aug

1911 (lectotype CAL, designated here; isotypes BM, E).

Deciduous, epiphytic, perennial herb, less commonly epilithic, up to 33 cm tall. Rhi-

zome erect to ascending, 1-2 cm long, c. 5-7 mm thick. Stems erect, light green to

dark maroon, sparsely to densely sericeous, with peltate, red-brown pigment glands

and multicellular glandular hairs. Dry season leaves dormant from November-May;

blades subcoriaceous, light green, symmetrically ovate, 1.5-3. 8 cm long, 2. 8-6. 5 cm

wide, apex obtuse, base acute to truncate, margins shallowly serrate, upper surface

densely sericeous with silvery-green/grey multicellular eglandular hairs, lower surface

sparsely strigose on the main veins, less so otherwise, densely covered with minute,

one-celled, red-brown, peltate, sessile pigment glands, midrib with 6-8 ascending

pinnate secondary veins on each side, sunken above, raised underneath, finer vena-

tion invisible; petioles terete, 1.3-2 cm long, sparsely sericeous and densely covered

with red-brown, pigment glands as on the blades underneath. Rainy season leaves

developing from the dormant ones at the beginning of the rainy season (June-August)

and continuing growth until after fruiting in September when they abscise; blades

subcoriaceous, asymmetrically oblong to elliptic, upper surface dark green, 9-23 cm

long, 6-14 cm wide, apex rounded to obtuse, base obliquely rounded on one side,

acute on the other, margins shallowly and coarsely doubly serrate, upper surface mod-

erately strigose with multicellular eglandular hairs, epidermis visible, lower surface

main veins sparsely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs, scattered one-celled,

pigment glands, midrib with 6-8 ascending pinnate secondary veins on each side,

sunken above, raised undemeath; petioles terete, 2-9 cm long, sparsely velutinous

with multicellular eglandular hairs, dorsally maroon, ventrally light green. Inflores-

cences arising from among the leaves, axillary, erect, laxly cymose, 10-20 cm long,

axes sparsely velutinous with multicellular glandular hairs, peduncle pale brown, other

axes pinkish-light green; peduncle 10-16 cm long; pedicels 0.5-1. 8 cm long. Bracts

slightly asymmetric, thin, lanceolate, 3-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, densely covered

with multicellular glandular hairs as on the peduncle. Flowers several, c. 3 cm long.

Calyx 5-lobed to the base, lobes symmetrically linear-lanceolate, 9-12 mm long, 2

mm wide, tips acute, outside sparsely covered with multicellular glandular hairs as on

bracts, light green -whitish. Corolla funnelform, 3 cm long, glabrous, whitish to pale

pink-whitish with pale violet or pale maroon streaks; tube 2.5 cm long; anterior (low-

er) lip 3-lobed, lobes orbicular, 6x6 mm; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes elliptic,

6x3 mm. Fertile stamens inserted above the middle of the tube; filaments 3-5 mm

long, glabrous on the lower part, upper part covered with glandular hairs, light yellow

to white; staminodes 3, reduced to filaments, c. 3-5 mm long, glabrous; anther locules

oblong, 2 mm long, tips and bases acute, glabrous, cream, orange or white. Pollen

spheroidal, 11-12 pm, microreticulate; long aperture partly covered with glandular

elements. Disc cylindric, 3 mm long, margin irregularly lobed. Ovary cylindrical, 10

mm long, sparsely setulose, with indumentum as on the outside of the calyx, pale

pinkish; style glabrous, whitish; stigma capitate, whitish or reddish. Capsules erect.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

191

symmetrically cylindric, glabrous, 2-valved, loculicidally dehiscent, 4.5 cm long, 0.2

cm wide. Seeds numerous, narrowly elliptic, 0.5 x 0.5 mm, cell orientation straight.

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology. Moist, shaded areas in primary evergreen forest, usually growing on tree

trunks or in moist rocky places.

Phenology. Flowering July-September, fruiting August-December.

Vernacular name. Dok Kra Ding

Etymology. The .s-pecific epithet refers to the golden colour of the pigment glands.

Notes. Didymocarpus aureoglandulosus is distinct from most species found in north-

ern Thailand in the whitish corolla while the other species have a purple to violet or

reddish corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Doi Siitep [Suthep] Pui National Park, c.

1600 m, 1 7 Aug 2002, Palee 524 (CMU); ibid., 12 Nov 2002, Palee 549 (CMU); ibid., 1 1 Aug

1996, BGO staff 7057 (QBG); ibid., 17 Sep 2008, Middleton et al. 4453 (E); ibid., 13 Aug

2012 Middleton et al. 5578 (E); ibid., 22 Jul 1958, Larsen & Hansen 4341 (ABD); ibid., 11

Sep 1958, Larsen & Hansen 4902 (ABD); Mae Wang District, below Pah Ngaem (limestone

cliffs), c. 1700 m, 26 Aug 2004, Palee 701 (CMU); Mae Awn District, Doi Lohn (Lahn), west

side, Jae Sawn National Park, c. 1550 m, 28 Sep 2004, Maxw-ell 04-526 (CMU); Jawm Tong

[Chom Thong] District, near the summit of Mae Soi Ridge, Mae Soi Subdistrict, c. 1 625 m, 5

Sep 1 992, Maxwell 92-496 (CMLI); Doi Chiang Dao, c. 1300-1500 m, 1 5 Aug 1 963, Smitinand

& Sleumer 1012 (E); ibid., 24 Feb 2003, Palee 570 (CMU); Mae On, Doi Lan Ranger Unit, Jae

Son National Park, epiphyte on tree, c. 1500 m, Pooma & Pattharahirantricin 7722 (E). Nan.

Doi Phu Kha National Park, 19.0° N, 101.0° E, c. 1630 m, 30 Jul 1998, Srisanga 251 (QBG).

2. Didymocarpus bicolor Craib

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 168 (1926); Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5): 521 (1930);

Bamett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 212 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102:

454 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 91 (2001). TYPE: Unknown collector 83/3,

cultivated plant grown from seeds collected by Kerr from Pu Tong, Thailand, Loei,

1000-1200 m, which flowered in Aberdeen in 1924 (holotype ABD). Fig. IB.

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb. Diy season plants unknown. Rainy season stem

erect, simple or with a few branches, c. 50 cm tall, green, covered with multicellular

eglandular hairs. Leaves: blades green above, pale green beneath, broadly ovate or

oblong-ovate, c. 7-1 1 cm long, 5. 5-6. 5 cm wide, apex obtuse, base cuneate, slightly

oblique, margins denticulate-serrate with fine hairs, upper surface sericeous, lower

192

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

surface with veins covered with multicellular eglandular hairs, pigment glands absent,

midrib with 5-6 ascending pinnate secondary veins on each side, obscure above,

prominent undemeath; petioles 1-3 cm long, covered with multicellular eglandular

hairs. Inflorescences cymose; peduncle c. 5.5 cm long; pedicels c. 1 cm long, glabrous

or sparsely pilose, often reddish. Bracts free, broadly ovate, c. 6 mm long, glabrous

or sparsely covered with multicelluar gland-tipped hairs, apex green, base reddish.

Flowers numerous. Calyx 5-lobed to the base, lobes linear- lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm long,

1-1.5 mm wide, apex obtuse, glabrous. Corolla salverfonn, 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous,

tube pale reddish, lower lobes pale green or whitish, upper lobes dark violet-reddish;

tube 1 .5-2 cm long, basal diameter c. 4 mm; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes oblong,

c. 3-5 mm long, c. 3-4 mm wide, tips rounded-truncate; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed,

c. 2 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide, apex rounded. Fertile stamens inserted m the upper part

of the corolla tube; anthers with very short hairs; filaments slender, whitish, c. 4 mm

long; staminodes 2, whitish, c. 1 mm long, occasionally smaller or not well-developed.

Disc cylindric, 1 .5 mm long. Ovaiy 1 .8 cm long; ovary lower part reddish, upper part

pale gi'een, with scattered, glandular-capitate hairs; style glabrous, pale green; stigma

capitate, papillose, green. Capsules erect, cylindric, green, 2 cm long, 2 mm wide.

Seeds numerous, other details not studied.

Distribution. Endemic to Thailand. Only known from Loei province, northeast

Thailand.

Ecology. Plants grow in shade, near streams with higher humidity, or on rocks in

evergreen forest.

Phenology. Flowering September-November, fruiting December.

Vernacular name. Dok Song See (l^iaflGia'acl).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the two different colours in the corolla.

Notes. The distinctive character of this species is the bi-coloured corolla, of which the

tube is reddish or wine-coloured wliile the three lower lobes are greenish or whitish.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Loei. Phu Luang, 26 Nov 1957, Dee Bunpheng 998 (ABD);

Phu Ruea National Park, along stream, 9 Sep 2009, Nangngam 2552 (CMU); Plants cultivated

at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh from seeds collected from Phu Luang by T. Smitinand,

flowering in 14 Oct 19^6, Accession no. RBG 19850475 (E).

3. Didymocarpus biserratus Barnett

Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20(1); 11 (1961); Barnett, Kew Bull. 15(2): 250 (1961);

Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 212 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102:

Didymocarpus in Thailand

193

454 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 91 (2001). TYPE: Smitinand 1870 (R.F.D

9482), Thailand, Loei, Phukrading [Phu Kradueng], c. 1300 in, 20 Aug 1954 (lecto-

type E, designated by Barnett in Kew. Bull. (1961); isotypes BKF, L). Fig, 1 C.

Didymocarpus siamensis Barnett, Dansk Bot. Ark. 20(2): 201 (1962); Barnett, FI.

Siam. 3(3): 217 (1962). TYPE: Larsen 6258, Thailand, Loei, Poo Kradeng [Phu Kra-

dueng], c. 1250 m, 27 Nov 1958 (holotype ABD; isotypes K, BKF).

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb. Dry season plants unknown. Rainy season stems

8^4 cm tall, sparsely and finely villous with multicellular eglandular hairs; green-ma-

roon. Leaves paired, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, pale green, symmetrically

suborbicular to elliptic, 6-13.5 cm long, 3-8.5 cm wide, apex obtuse to bluntly acute,

base rounded to cordate, margins shallowly (smaller blades) to deeply (larger ones)

doubly serrate, lower surface with indumentum as on stem, pigment glands absent

on both surfaces, midribs with 6-8 ascending secondary veins on each side, obscure

above, prominent underneath; petioles dark green, 1.5-10 cm long, covered with an

indumentum as on the stems. Inflorescences terminal and also often in the upper leaf

axils, cymose, 7-14 cm long, axes glabrous; peduncles 5-8 cm long; pedicels 1.5^

mm long. Bracts paired, thin, suborbicular, c. 7 mm long and wide, tips broadly round-

ed, glabrous, green-maroon to purple, in pairs below and concealing two pedicels and

lower parts of the calyx. Flowers numerous. Calyx asymmetrically campanulate, gla-

brous, green-maroon to purple; tube 1-1.3 cm long, diameter 4 mm; lobes subequal,

apices broadly rounded, anterior 2 lobes 2.5 mm long, posterior 3 lobes 1.5 mm long.

Corolla funnelfoiin, 4 cm long, glabrous, dark violet with 4 white lines extending to

the base of the anterior lip; tube 3-3.5 cm long, basal diameter c. 3 mm, gradually wid-

ening from the base to tliroat; lobes elliptic, tips broadly rounded; anterior (lower) lip

3-lobed, lobes 4 mm long, 7 mm wide; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, slightly smaller.

Fertile stamens inserted c. 1.8-2 cm from the base of the corolla tube; filaments 7

mm long; anthers oblong, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, densely villous (white-bearded);

filaments straight, glabrous, whitish; staminodes 3, inserted c. 1 mm below the level

of the stamens, glabrous, lateral staminodes 2.5 mm long, the other one c. 1 mm long.

Disc tubular, thickened, margin undulate, c. 1.5 mm long, persistent in fruit. Ovary

cylindric, c. 1.2 cm long, glabrous; style continuous with the ovaiy, c. 4 nun long,

glabrous; stigma flat, circular, thin, peltate, c. 2 mm diameter and much wider than the

style, level with the middle of the anthers. Capsules erect, cylindric, green and matur-

ing light brown, 4-5.5 cm long, c. 1.5 nun wide. Seeds elliptic, 0.4 x 0.2 mm, apex

truncate, cell orientation straight, cell shape nan*owly lineate-polygonate, cell edges

elevated and smooth, cell crests fused, faces depressed and finely verrucate.

Distribution. Endemic to Thailand. Only known from Loei province, northeast Thai-

land.

Ecology. Plants grow in shade, near streams with higher humidity, or on rocks in

evergreen forest.

194

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Phenology. Flowering July-August, fmiting August-October, leaves May-October.

Vernacular name. Dok Bai Yak ((^QfllllVI^fl).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the doubly serrate leaf margin.

Notes. Didymocarpus biserratus is easily recognised by the doubly serrate leaf mar-

gin. It differs from Didymocarpus inflatus in having smaller bracts and corollas.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Loei. Phu Kradueng National Park, Wang Kwang Cave,

1 125 m, 5 Oct 2003, Palee 639 (CMU, E); ibid., 24 Aug 1948, DE 191 (E); ibid. 4 Sep 1967,

Shimizu et al. T8863 (SING); Plant cultivated at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; origi-

nally from Phu Kmding [Kradueng] National Park, 1200 m, seeds from Smitinand 10471 col-

lected 18 Oct 1968, flowered Edinburgh 15 Aug 1969, vouchered Sep 1977 as C6744, acces-

sion no. 19683012 (E); ibid., C8459, accession no. 19741960 (E); ibid., C8460, accession no.

19741960 (E); without locality, cultivated at Edinburgh 15 Sep 1961, C3717, accession no.

19611998 (E).

4. Didymocarpus corchorifolius Wall, ex DC.

Prodromus 9: 265 (1845) (corchorifolia R. Br.) [Wall., Numer. List 792 (1829), nom.

nud.; R.Br. in Benn., PL Jav. Rar. 2: 1 19 (1840), nom. nud.]; Clarke, Monogr. Phan. 5

(1): 85 (1883) {corchorifolia R. Br.); Clarke, FL Brit. India 4: 351 (1884) {corchori-

folia Wall.); Ridley, FI. Malay Penins. 2: 508 (1923); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.

Edinburgh 21: 204 (1954); Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 212 (1962); Weber et al., Ann.

Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 455 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 91 (2001).

TYPE: Wallich 792, Malaysia, Penang (lectotype G-DC, designated by Weber & Burtt

(1983), isotypes BM, E, G, GZU, K, K-W, E, M, WU). Fig. ID.

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb, up to 60 cm tall. Dry season new shoots arising

from the rhizome. Dry season stems erect, densely covered with multicellular eglan-

dular hairs and sparsely covered with one-celled, conical, brown, pigment glands. Dry

season leaves anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, ovate, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.8-1 cm

wide, apex acute-acuminate, base obtuse, slightly oblique, margins crenate-serrate,

upper surface densely covered hahs as on stem, lower surface densely covered with

one-celled conical, brown, pigment glands, venation pinnate, secondary veins 5-6,

ascending, obscure above, raised underneath, with dense multicellular eglandular

hairs. Rainy season stems erect, zig-zag, all parts of plant always densely covered

with one-celled, conical, brown, pigment glands. Rainy season leaves anisophyllous;

blades subcoriaceous, upper surface dark green, lower surface pale green, oblong-

lanceolate, 4-17 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, apex acute, base obliquely acute, margins

serrate, covered with multicellular eglandular hairs on both sides, venation pinnate,

secondary veins 1 1-14, ascending, obscure above, raised underneath; petioles 1-2.5

Didymocarpus in Thailand

195

Fig. 1. A. Didymocarpus aureoglandulosus C.B. Clark. B. D. bicolor Craib. C. D. biserratus

Barnett. D. D. corchorifolius Wall, ex DC. (Photos A, C, D: P. Nangngam, B: W. Makerd)

196

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

cm long, densely multicellular eglandular hairs. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, up

to c. 9 cm long, few-flowered; peduncles 5-7 cm long, glabrous, light green; pedicels

3-5 mm long, glabrous, light green. Bracts paired, broadly ovate, 3 mm long, 5 mm

wide, glabrous, light green. Calyx 5-lobed to the base, glabrous, lobes symmetrical,

lanceolate, c. 3 nun long, 1 mm wide, apex acute, light green. Corolla personate, 2 cm

long, glabrous, whitish; tube 1 .5 cm long, widest at throat with a diameter to c. 1 cm;

anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, with a yellow alternipetalous streak below each sinus of

the anterior lip, extending nearly to the base of the corolla, lobes sub-orbicular, 8 mm

long, 6 mm wide, much longer than posterior lip, lateral lobes reflexed; posterior (up-

per) lip 2-lobed, lobes 7 mm long, 5 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted at the base of

the corolla tube; anthers orbicular, white, c. 2 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, white-bearded;

filaments slender, 5 nun long, with monilifonu hairs on the upper part; staminodes 3,

reduced to filaments, 1-2 mm long. Pollen spheroidal, tricolpate with short apertures

and venucate sculpturing, 10 pm diameter. Disc tubular, c. 1.5-2 mm long, margins

very irregular. Ovaiy 1 cm long, sparsely covered with glandular hairs; style 3-5 mm

long, glabrous; stigma ligular, 2-lobed, the longer lobe thin, c. 1 mm long, the other

lobe minute. Capsules erect, cylindric, green, pubescent, 3^ cm long, c. 1 mm wide.

Seeds elliptic, cell orientation straight, polygonate, faces smooth to slightly verrucate.

Distribution. Southern Thailand and western Peninsular Malaysia.

Ecology. Evergreen forest on exposed granite bedrock, along streams or on mossy

cliffs and the shaded areas of quartzitic-epilite ridges.

Phenology. Flowering July-October, fiuiting October-December.

Vernacular name. Kra Ding Dok Khao (f1'32i^'3^afl2ni).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to having leaves like Corchorus (Tiliaceae).

Notes. Didymocarpus corchorifolius is distinct from the other species by the personate

corolla with yellow streaks in the throat.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Songkhla. Khao Nam Khang National Park, 2 Nov 2003,

Palee 662 (CMU, E); ibid., 21 Sep 2010, Middleton et al. 5501 (E); ibid., 28 Aug 1995 Larsen,

et al. 46087 (AAU). Yala. Betong District, Ban Ko, 8 Aug 2009, Wai 1123 (PSU).

5. Didymocarpus dongrakensis B.L.Burtt

Thai For, Bull., Bot. 29: 91 (2001). TYPE: Maxwell 76-531, Thailand, Si Sa Ket,

Kantaralak District, Dongrak Range, Chong Bat Lak, 14°30'N, 104°E, 17 Aug 1976

(holotype AAU; isotypes BK, E, L). Fig. 2A.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

197

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb, 20-30 cm tall. Stems erect, glabrous, light green,

all parts of plant densely covered with 4-celled, red-brown, pigment glands. Dry sea-

son new shoots arising from the rhizome. Dry season leaves anisophyllous, temate;

blades symmetrical, subcoriaceous, lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm long, 0. 5-0.8 cm wide, apex

acute, base acute, margins very shallowly seiTulate, upper surface silver-grey, seri-

ceous, lower surface sparsely sericeous on the veins, densely covered with brown

pigment glands, venation pinnate, secondary veins 5-7, ascending, obscure above,

prominent underneath. Rainy season leaves anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, ob-

long, lanceolate to elliptic, light green above, pale green beneath, 7.5-11.5 cm long,

2. 5^.5 cm wide, apex acute, base acute, slightly oblique, margins shallow serrulate,

often entire in the lower half, upper surface sparsely covered with multicellular eg-

landular hairs, lower surface glabrous, venation pinnate, secondary veins 5-7; peti-

oles terete, 1-6 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary, crowded among the upper

leaves, cymose, 10-11 cm long; peduncles densely covered with multicellular glan-

dular hairs, dull maroon to pinkish; pedicels 1-3 cm long. Bracts thin, lanceolate, 5

mm long, 2 mm wide, glabrous, light green-pale pinkish. Calyx symmeti'ic, 5-lobed

to the base, lobes linear-lanceolate, 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apices acute, slightly

reftexed, glabrous, dull light green. Corolla funnelform, c. 1 .5 cm long, glabrous, tube

light violet-pinkish; tube 1 cm long; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes orbicular, c. 6

mm diameter, much longer than the posterior ones; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes

suborbicular, c. 4 imu long, 3 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted above the middle

of the tube; anthers oblong, c. 2 mm long, glabrous, cream; filaments 3-5 mm long,

glabrous, white; staminodes 3, minute, posterior, unequal in length. Pollen spheroidal,

10 pm diameter, tricolpate, long apeitures with granular elements, sculpturing micro-

perforate. Disc tubular, margin in'egularly lobed, c. 1.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical,

c. 1 cm long, glabrous, light green; style glabrous, whitish; stigma capitate, concave,

reddish. Capsules erect, c. 1.3-1 .5 cm long. Seeds elliptic, cell orientation straight.

Distribution. Northeast Thailand. Probably also in northern Cambodia.

Ecology. Shaded, moist, rugged sandstone gully in the upper catchment basin, in de-

ciduous forest.

Phenology’. Flowering July-August, fruiting August-October.

Vernacular name. Muang Dong Rak (uq'3(^'3'3fl).

Etymology’. Specific epithet refers to the Dongrak Range.

Notes. Didymocarpus dongrakensis differs from D. insulsus Craib in the smaller and

purple corolla. The stems and leaves of both taxa are otherwise quite similar.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Si Sa Ket. Panom Dongrak Wildlife Sanctuary, Thai-Cam-

bodia border, Chong Bat Lak area, Bak Dong Subdistrict, c. 610 m, 23 Oct 2003, Palee 658

(A, BKF, C, CMU, E, L).

198

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

6 . Didymocarpus epithemoides B.L.Burtt

Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 92 (2001). TYPE: Larsen et al 10683, Thailand, Nakhon

Nayok, Khao Yai National Park, Khao Kieo [Khiao], c. 1350 m, 20 Jul 1963 (holotype

E; isotypes AAU, C, E, BKF). Fig. 2B, Fig. 3.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb, 30 cm tall. Stems single, erect, densely covered

with whitish multicellular eglandular hairs. Pigment glands absent. Dry season new

shoots arising from the rhizome. Dry season leaves opposite, anisophyllous; blades

subcoriaceous, dark green above, pale green beneath, symmetric, elliptic, 1.5-2 cm

long, 1-1.5 cm wide, apex obtuse, base acute, margins shallowly serrate, both sides

densely covered with whitish, eglandular, multicelluar hairs, venation pinnate, sec-

ondary veins obscure on both sides. Petioles 1-3 cm long, with indumentum as on the

stem. Rainy season plants elongating from the rhizome. Rainy season leaves often

solitary at base, much larger than the upper ones, upper leaves mostly paired and

slightly anisophyllus; blades subcoriaceous, suborbicular to broadly ovate, 6-16 cm

long, 4.5-1 5 cm wide, apex acute, base slightly oblique, rounded to shallowly cordate,

margins finely serrate or finely doubly seixate, venation pinnate, secondary veins 5-6

pairs, ascending, obscure above, prominent below, upper surface densely covered with

eglandular, multicelluar hairs, sparsely so on the lower surface; petioles 5-9 cm long,

covered with whitish multicellular eglandular hairs as on the stems. Inflorescences

tenninal or Ifom the upper leaf axils, cymose, c. 10 cm long; peduncles 2-7.5 cm

long, sparsely covered with multicellular glandular hairs, dull green-dull violet; pedi-

cels 3-5 mm long, glabrous or sometimes with indumentum as on the peduncle, dull

green-dull violet. Bracts orbicular, 5 mm long and wide, glabrous, violet-pale pinkish.

Calyx symmetrically campanulate, c. 5 mm long, c. 4 mm diameter, glabrous, violet to

maroon, margins shallowly 5-lobed, lobes much less than half the length of the calyx

tube, c. 2.5 mm long, apices rounded. Corolla salverform, 3-3.5 cm long, glabrous or

with few scattered multicellular glandular hairs outside, diameter c, 3 mm, dark violet;

tube 2-2.5 cm long; corolla lobes suborbicular; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, c. 8 mm

long, 6 mm wide; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, c. 4 mm long, 4 mm wide. Fertile

stamens inserted c. 1.5-1. 7 cm from the base of the corolla tube; anther locules c. 2

mm long, 1 mm wide, white-bearded; filaments slender, c. 6 mm long, glabrous; sta-

minodes 3, glabrous, reduced to thin filaments of unequal lengths. Pollen spheroidal,

tricolpate with long apertures, sculpturing microreticulate, 10-15 pm diameter. Disc

cylindrical, imegularly lobed, c. 2 mm long. Ovary c. 15 mm long, glabrous; style c. 3

mm long, sparsely covered with gland-tipped unicellular hairs; stigma capitate, con-

cave, c. 1 .5 mm diameter, papillose, cream. Capsules erect, symmetrically cylindric,

2.5-3 cm long, glabrous. Seeds narrowly elliptic, cell orientation straight.

Distribution. East-central Thailand.

Ecology. In evergreen forest.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

199

Fig. 2. A. Didymocarpus dongrakensis B.L.Burtt. B. D. epithemoides B.L.Burtt. C. D. inflatus

J.F.Maxwell & Nangngam. D. D. insulsus Craib. (Photos A: P. Nangngam, B & C: P. Triboun,

D: W. Makerd)

Fig. 3. Didymocarpus epithemoides B.L.Burtt. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Stamens and

staminodes. D. Ovary. E. Capsule. Scale bars: A=2 cm, B, D, E=5 mm, C=2 mm. (Drawn by

P. Nangngam)

Phenology. Flowering June- July, fruiting August-October.

Vernacular name. Muang Khao Yai (§>n'3l,2)n1,Vlf]J).

Didymocarpus in Thailand

201

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to a similarity to species of the genus Epithema

(Gesneriaceae).

Notes. Didymocarpus epithemoides differs from D. biserratus by the shorter corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Nakhon Nayok. Khao Yai National Park, Khao Kieo, ev-

ergreen forest, 19 Oct 1969, Shimizu et al. 19724 (BKF); ibid., 1250 m, 20 Jul 1963, van

Beusekom & Charoenpol 1757 (paratype E); ibid., c. 1350 m, 7 Jul 1966, Larsen et al. 51

(BKF); northeast side of Kow Kiew [Khao Kieo], Pah Deo Dai, 150 m, 14 Aug 2000, Maxwell

00-404 (CMU); ibid., 1200 m, 10 Jul 2003, Palee 603 (CMU); ibid., c. 1100 m, 14 Aug 1993,

Kunwasi 9 (BCU); ibid., c. 750 m, 2 Dec 1983, Fukuoka & Ito T-34993 (BKF); ibid., c. 1170

m, 23 Aug 2012, Middleton et al. 5653 (E); summit of Khao Kieo, c. 1250 m, 23 Aug 2012,

Middleton et al. 5644 (E).

7. Didymocarpus geesinkianus B.L.Burtt

Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 92 (2001). TYPE: Geesink, Hattink & Charoenphol 7416,

Thailand, Ranong, Khao Pota Luang Kaeo, 8°50’N, 99°E, 700-900 m, 22 Jun 1974

(holotype L; isotypes AAU, BKF).

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb. Dry season plants unknown. Rainy season stems

densely appressed-piibescent, c. 1 1 cm tall. All parts of plant distinctly covered with

4-celled, conical, red-brown, pigment glands. Leaves opposite, slightly anisophyllous,

crowded at the top of the stem; blades subcoriaceous, oblong to lanceolate, c. 4. 5-6. 5

cm long, 2.5^ cm wide, apex acute, base acute to cuneate, usually oblique, margins

serrate, upper surface very densely white sericeous, sparsely so on the lower surface,

densely on veins, venation pinnate, 5-6 pairs of ascending, secondary veins on each

side of midrib, obscure above, raised underneath; petioles 2. 5-3. 5 cm long, with in-

dumentum as on the stem. Inflorescences 1 or 2 from the upper leaf axils, cymose,

c. 10 cm long; axes with sparse coarsely multicellular glandular hairs; peduncles 3-8

cm long; pedicels 0.8-1 cm long. Bracts paired, elliptic, c. 2-3 mm long, 0.5-2 mm

wide, covered with multicellular glandular hairs, and sparsely covered with 4-celled,

red-brown pigment glands outside, inside glabrous, soon caducous. Calyx irregular,

pink; posterior (upper) lip composed of 2 free lobes, lobes lanceolate, c. 2.7-4 mm

long, 1 .2-1.7 mm wide; anterior (lower) lip of a tube at base and 3-lobed at apex with

lobes half the length of the calyx tube, lobes c. 4-5 mm long, 2-8 mm wide, covered

with multicellular glandular hairs outside. Corolla funnelfomi, c. 2.5 cm long, c. 2

mm diameter, glabrous, purple, ventral part of tube white, lobes purple; tube c. 1 .8-2

cm long; lobes suborbicular; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, c. 5 mm long, 4 mm wide,

much longer than the upper lip; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, slightly oblique. Fertile

stamens inserted in upper part of the corolla tube; anthers c. 3 mm long, c. 2 mm wide,

white-bearded; filaments slender, 5 mm long, glabrous; staminodes 3, posterior, re-

duced to thin filaments of unequal lengths, hairy at tips. Ovary glabrous, 12 mm long;

202

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

style glabrous, 2 mm long; stigma capitate, concave, papillose. Capsules glabrous,

erect, synmietrically cylindrical, 22-2.1 cm long. Pollen and seed not seen.

Distribution. Southwest Thailand. Known only from the type locality.

Ecology. Only known from evergreen forest in an open place on clay-shale.

Phenology. Flowering June-July, fruting June- July.

Vernacular name. Tian Khao Pho Ta (t'M£J'WI,2n‘V^a(?n).

Etymology. The specific epithet honours Dr. Rob Geesink (1945-1992), a botanist

from Leiden, the Netherlands.

Notes. Didymocarpus geesinkianus is a distinct species with readily observable unique

characters but is only known from the type collection. It is perhaps a rare species.

8. Didymocarpus inflatus J.F.Maxwell & Nangngam, sp. nov.

A Didymocarpo biserrato folii basi oblique, bracteis calycibusque albis vel obsure

dilute violaceis, calyce maiore (16-17 mm) corollis non purpureis, filamentis prope

antheras pillis paucis multicellulosis apicaliter glandulosis, anthers glabris, discis

obliquis irrgulariter lobatis differt.

TYPE: Maxwell 04-490, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Mae Awn District, west side of Doi

Lohn (Lahn) along Mae Gahm Bawng [Mae Kom Pong] Falls, c. 1125 m, 20 Sep 2004

(holotype CMU; isotypes A, BKF, CAS, L, MO). Fig. 2C.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb, 32-60 cm tall. Dry season juvenile leaves dis-

tinct, blades with much denser indumentum than when mature. Rainy season stems

succulent, with a few scattered, multicellular glandular hairs, glabrescent, light green.

Pigment glands absent. Leaves opposite, decussate, anisophyllous; blades thin, upper

surface dull dark green and drying medium brown, lower side pale light green and

drying light brown, ovate, 6-19 cm long, 3.5-11 cm wide, apex acute, base obliquely

rounded to cordate, margins seirate, often irregularly so, or doubly serrate, both sides

with sparse and scattered, eglandular, multicelluar hairs, midrib with 6-7 arching sec-

ondary veins on each side, distinct on both surfaces, finer venation reticulate; petioles

0.7-13.5 cm long, with indumentum as on the stems. Inflorescence terminal, erect,

14-19 cm long, glabrous, laxly cymose, axes succulent, light green; peduncles 5. 5-7. 5

cm long; pedicels c. 4 mm long. Bracts paired, concealing a pair of pedicels and em-

bracing the lower part of the calyx, thin, elliptic, c. 8 mm long, 14 mm wide, concave,

dull light violet to white and often white with a faint pinkish hue to purplish- white.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

203

Flowers numerous. Calyx campanulate, glabrous, often white on both side; tube c. 1.5

cm long, throat 7-8 mm wide; lobes subequal, apices broadly rounded to acute; ante-

rior 2 lobes 2-2.5 mm long, posterior 3 lobes 1 .5-2 mm long. Bracts and calyx appear-

ing inflated. Corolla fuimelfomi, 4 cm long, glabrous, tube pale violet to reddish, up-

per part of the tube light violet to whitish, lower part violet to reddish, lobes very dark

violet-reddish; tube gradually widening from the base to the throat, c. 3.5 cm long;

lobes suborbicular, broadly rounded; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, 5-6 mm long, 7-8

mm wide, posterior (upper) lip smaller and 2-lobed. Fertile stamens inserted in the

middle of the corolla tube, below the corolla throat; anthers oblong, c. 3 mm long, c.

1 mm wide, glabrous, cream; filaments flexed at the middle, very pale violet- white, c.

8 mm long, upper part covered with several minute, gland-tipped hairs; stamiiiodes 3,

inserted slightly below the stamens, lateral ones 4 mm long, the other one 2 mm long,

glabrous. Disc tubular, thickened, glabrous, margin oblique and irregularly lobed, 2-3

mm high, persistent in fruit. Ovary cylindric, glabrous, light green, c. 2 cm long, 1

mm wide; style continuous with the top of the ovary, c. 5 mm long, glabrous, whitish

or light green; stigma discoid, concave medially, whitish, 1 mm diameter. Capsules

cylindric, erect, straight, light green and maturing light brown, 4.5-5 cm long, 2.5 mm

wide. Seeds elliptic, cell omamention straight, cell faces finely vemicate.

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology’. Moist, rugged places in primary evergreen or seasonal, hardwood forests on

granite bedrocks.

Phenology. Flowering August-September, fruiting September-March, leaves May-

October.

Vernacular name. Chomphu Phu Hin (^BJVjrt'M'W).

Etymoloy. The specific epithet refers to the seemingly inflated bracts and calyx.

Notes. Didymocarpus inflatus differs from D. biserratus particularly in the serrate leaf

margin and the larger corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Mae Awn District, west side of Doi Lohn

(Lahn) along Mae Gahm Bawng [Mae Kom Pong] waterfalls, c. 1125 m, 2 Mar 2005, Carrot

4 (CMU); Mae Lai Stream, c. 1150 m, 25 Oct 2005, Pcdee 839 (CMU); Mae On, trail to Mae

Kom Pong waterfalls, c. 1100 m, 7 Sep 2011, Pooma et al. 7782 (E). Phitsaniilok. Nakhon

Thai District, Phu Hin Rong Kra National Park, trail to Lan Hin Pum, c. 600 m, 12 Oct 2003,

Palee 642 (CMU); ibid., 25 Sep 2005, Palee 802 (CMU); ibid., 3 Sep 1988, Giravatanapan 1

(BCU); ibid., 1200 m, 2 Sep 1995, Herb trip 1135 (BCU); ibid., 10 Oct 2009, Middleton et al.

5070 (E).

204

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

9. Didymocarpus insulsus Craib

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 169 (1926) {insulsa)', Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine. 4(5):

522 (1930) (insulsa); Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 214 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist.

Mus. Wien, B 102: 458 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 92 (2001). TYPE: Un-

known collector 93, plant from Thailand cultivated in Aberdeen from seeds received

from Dr. A.F.G. Kerr which flowered in Aberdeen in October 1925; collection locality

of seeds not indicated, 3 Oct 1925 (holotype ABD). Fig. 2D.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb; stems single, up to 30 cm tall, erect, glabrous, all

parts with scattered, brown, 4-celled pigment glands. Dry season new shoots arising

from the rhizome. Diy season stems glabrous. Dry season leaves: blades coriaceous,

2 cm long, 1 cm wide, venation pinnate, obscure above, prominent undemeath. Rainy

season leaves temate or 3-pseudoverticillate, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous,

dark green above, pale light green beneath, elliptic to oblong, 9.5-20 cm long, 6.5-

13.5 cm wide, apex obtuse, base acute, margins shallowly, irregularly serrulate, upper

surface sparsely sericeous with minute, multicellular eglandular hairs, lower surface

glabrous, sparsely covered with pigment glands as on the stem, venation pinnate, sec-

ondary veins 6-9 pairs, ascending, obscure on the upper surface, prominent on the

lower surface, brownish; petioles terete, 2-6 cm long, unequal in length, glabrous. In-

florescences axillary, cymose, 5-1 5 cm long, axes sparsely covered with multicellular

glandular hairs; peduncles pale green, 2.5-5 cm; pedicels maroon, 0.6-1. 3 cm long.

Bracts elliptic, 3-4 mm long, 3 mm wide, glabrous, green. Calyx 5-lobed to the base,

lobes linear-lanceolate, 4 mm long, c. 1.5-2 mm wide, apices obtuse, glabrous, light

green-reddish. Corolla frinnelform, 2.5 cm long, pale violet or purple; tube c. 1 ,5 cm

long; lobes suborbicular; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, c. 5 mm long, 6 mm wide, much

longer than the posterior lobes; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, slightly ovate, c. 3 mm

long, 6 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted at c. 1 .7 cm from the base of the corolla

tube; anthers cream, oblong, c. 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, white-bearded; filaments gla-

brous; staminodes 3, reduced to filaments, 1-2 mm long. Pollen spheroidal, rugulate,

12-13 pm. Disc slender, irregularly lobed, 2 mm high. Ovary glabrous, light green, 2

cm long; style glabrous; stigma capitate, concave, light green, 0.5 mm diameter. Cap-

sules erect, symmetrically cylindric, glabrous, 3^.5 cm long, 0.2 cm wide, calyx per-

sistent. Seeds nan'owly elliptic, c. 0.3 x 0. 1 imn; testa cell orientation slightly spiral.

Distribution. North-Eastern Thailand.

Ecology. Moist places in primary evergreen forests on granite bedrock, near streams,

on rocks.

Phenology. Flowering July-September, fruiting September-October.

Vernacular name. Kam Pong Din (fiqil£l'3^'W).

Didymocarpus in Thailand

205

Etymology. The specific epithet means tasteless, without salt; the allusion of this epi-

thet to this species is not understood.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Doi Inthanon National Pai'k, c. 600-700 m,

dipterocarp forest, on rock by the stream, 19 Jul 1988, Tamura T-6011 (BKF). Chaiyaphum.

Pa-Hin Ngam Forest Park, c. 850 m, 4 Sep 1993, Suddee 169 (BCU); Thep Sathit District, Wat

Khao Pratuchumpon, c. 700 m, 20 Sep 1992, O.TI252 (BCU). Nakhon Nayok. Khao Yai Na-

tional Pai'k, Pah Da Baek Waterfalls, c. 750 m, 19 Oct 2003, Pcdee 645 (CMU, E); ibid., c. 660

m, 20 Aug 2012, Middleton et al. 5634 (E); Pah Deo Dai, c. 1150 m, 14 Aug 2000, Maxwell

00-391 (CMU); ibid., c. 1170 m, 23 Aug 2012, Middleton et al. 5651 (E); Khao Rom, c. 700-

1200 m, 2 Dec 1983, Fukuoka & Ito T-34610 (BKF). Nakhon Ratchasima. Sakaerat District,

experimental Research Station, c. 360 m, 4 Dec 1983, Fukuoka & M. Ito T-35034 (BKF); Kliao

Laem, c. 1100-1200 m, 19 Oct 1969, van Beusekom & Charoenpol 1756 (E); Plant cultivated

at Royal Botanic Edinburgh, originally from Kliao Kieo, 1000-1200 m, seeds from Smitinand

7558, which flowered at Edinburgh in Sep 1964, vouchered as C4304 E00628027 (E), C4512

& E00628030 (E). Loei. Phu Ki-admig National Park, 4-5 km along the way to Wang Kwang

Station, c. 1025-1200 m, 5 Oct 2003, Palee 638 (CMU, E); along the trail to Headquarters

National Park, c. 900-1200 m, Gen Murata et al. T-42099 (BKF); Wat Phra Kaeo (RS-10) to

Pha Nok En, sun set cliffs area, c. 1280-1260 m, 5 Sep 1988, Takaliashi & Tamura T-63384

(BKF); Plant cultivated at Royal Botanic Edinburgh, originally from Phu ICrading [Kradueng]

National Park, 1200 m, seeds from Smitinand 10477, collected 18 Oct 1968, which flowered at

Edinburgh in Nov 1970, vouchered as C8069 & E00628026 (E).

10. Didymocarpus jaesonensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell, sp.nov.

A Didymocarpo kertii calyce glabro, corollis strictis infundibularibus c. 3 cm longis,

filamentis glabris, antheribus basi apiceque subtiliter pubemlis, stigmate discoideo dif-

fer!.

TYPE: Maxwell 96-1093, Thailand, Lampang, Muang Balm (Pan) District, Jae Sawn

[Chae Son] National Park; 1225-1250 m, 21 Aug 1996 (holotype CMU; isotypes A,

BKF, CAS, L, MO). Fig. 4A.

Deciduous, epilithic, peremual herb (4-) 16-1 7 cm tall. Dry season plants unknown.

Rainy season stems with scattered, multicellular eglandular hairs, pigment glands

absent throughout plant. Leaves paired, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, dark

green above, pale light green beneath, oblong to lanceolate, 3.5-7 cm long, 1.5^. 5

cm wide, apex obtuse to bluntly acute, base symmetrically acute, margin shallowly

and somewhat irregularly serrate, upper surface with scattered multicellular eglan-

dular hairs, lower surface with indumentum as on upper surface, midrib with 4-5

ascending secondary veins on each side, obscure above, prominent underneath; peti-

oles 2^.5 mm long, with indumentum as on the stem. Inflorescences terminal, laxly

cymose, (4-)9-l 3 cm long, axes with scattered multicellular glandular and eglandular

hairs, rapidly glabrescent, dull dark violet, sometime glabrous; peduncle (2.2-)4-8

cm long; pedicels 4 imn long. Flowers numerous. Bracts paired at the base of a pair

206

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

of pedicels, broadly rounded, c. 8 mm long, 8 mm wide, glabrous, violet, caducous.

Calyx of a campanulate tube and undulate margin, glabrous, violet; tube c. 7 mm long,

3-5 mm diameter. Corolla narrowly funnelfonn, straight, c. 3 cm long, glabrous, tube

pale violet, throat with whitish streaks inside, lobes violet; tube c. 2 cm long, diameter

c. 2 mm;lobes suborbicular; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, c. 5 mm long, 7 mm wide;

posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, slightly smaller. Fertile stamens inserted in the upper

1/3 of the corolla tube; anthers oblong, glabrous, cream, c. 2 mm long, 1 mm wide;

filaments c. 6 mm long, glabrous in the lower part, multicellular glandular hairs in

the upper part; staminodes 3, glabrous. Disc cylindric, coriaceous, margins obscurely

undulate-truncate, c, 1 mm high, persistent in fruit. Ovary cylindric, slender, glabrous,

dull brown- violet; style c. 4 mm long, continuous with the ovary, glabrous; stigma

discoid, centrally depressed, c. 1 mm diameter. Capsules 3-4 cm long. Seeds elliptic,

cell orientation straight, cell faces smooth, cell edges auriculate.

Distribution. Northern Thailand. Only known from the type locality.

Ecology. In evergreen forest, near streams or waterfalls.

Phenology. Flowering August, fruiting August-September, leaves in May-October.

Vernacular name. Khao Kam Pha Chae Son. (2Jninn NT 1,1,^21014).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Chae Son National Park, the type locality.

Notes. Didymocarpus jaesonensis resembles Didymocarpus kerrii Craib which differs

in having multicellular glandular hairs on the calyx and a generally smaller salver-

form, geniculate corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Lampang. Muang Pan District, Chae Son National Park,

trail to waterfall, c. 520 m, 12 Aug 2012, Middleton et al. 5568 (E).

11 . Didymocarpus kerrii Craib

Bull. Misc. Infonu. Kew 1911:431 (1911); Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5): 525 (1930);

Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 215 (1962); Barnett, Dausk Bot. Ark. 20(2): 201 (1962); We-

ber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 458 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot.

29: 91 (2001). TYPE: Keir 786, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep [Suthep]-Pui Na-

tional Park, on rocks in open jungle area, c. 1350 m, 5 Sep 1909 (holotype K; isotype

E). Fig. 4B.

Didymocarpus squamosa Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 71 (1913). TYPE:

Kerr 2636, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep, on damp rocks in evergreen jungle, c.

900 m, 4 Aug 1912 (holotype K; isotype E).

Didymocarpus in Thailand

207

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb. Stems single, erect, 4-21 cm tall, densely se-

riceous with multicellular eglandular hairs, all parts of plant sparsely covered with

one-celled, golden-brown, peltate, pigment glands. Dty season leaves: blades coria-

ceous, symmetrical, ovate, 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, apex acute, base cordate, margins

crenate, both sides densely covered with silvery or whitish multicellular eglandular

hairs, venation pinnate, obscure on the upper surface, prominent on underneath; peti-

oles c. 1 cm long, densely sericeous, with indumentum as on the stem. Rainy season

leaves opposite, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, dark green above, broadly el-

liptic to oblong-ovate, 4-10 cm long, 3-13 cm wide, apex obtuse, base shallowly

and unequally cordate, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, venation pinnate, secondary

veins 5-6 pairs, ascending, obscure on the upper surface, prominent and covered with

indumentum as on the stem underneath, upper surface densely covered with whitish

multicellular eglandular hairs, lower surface glabrous, otherwise main veins with scat-

tered, adpressed, brownish multicellular eglandular hairs and pigment glands; petioles

terete, 1-13 cm long, pairs slightly unequal, indumentum as on the stems. Inflores-

cences axillary, cymose, up to c. 7 cm long, many-flowered, axes dark green to dark

violet; peduncles 2-5 cm long, sparsely covered with multicellular glandular hairs;

pedicels dull green-dull violet, 3-5 mm long. Bracts suborbicular, 3.5 mm long, 4

mm wide, glabrous, violet-pale pinkish or whitish, caducous. Calyx symmetrically

campanulate, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely covered with multicellular

glandular hairs, pinkish-white or sometimes dark violet, 5-lobed, lobes less than half

the length of the calyx tube, 2 mm long, 3 mm wide at base, apices rounded. Corolla

salverform, 2-2.5 cm long, tube narrowly geniculate in the upper half, glabrous, tube

violet with white lines ventrally, lobes dark violet, sometimes white, sometimes with

2 violet streaks below middle of anterior lip; tube 1 .5 cm long; lobes rounded; anterior

(lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes 4 mm long, 5 imn wide; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes

3 mm long, 4 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted 1 .7 cm from the base of the tube;

anthers oblong, c. 2 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, white, glabrous; filaments slender, ge-

niculate, 4 mm long, glabrous; staminodes 3, reduced to unequal filaments, glabrous;

1-2 mm long. Pollen spheroidal, microreticulate-scabrate, 10-13 pm diameter. Disc

cyliiidric, glabrous, irregulary lobed, 2 mm long. Ovary glabrous, 7-8 mm long; style

glabrous, 2-3 mm long, 1 mm wide; stigma capitate, papillose, cream. Capsules erect,

2 cm long. Seeds elliptic, 0.27 x 0.12 mm, cell orientation straight, cell shape narrowly

lineate-polygonate; cell edges slightly elevated and smooth, cell crests fused, faces

slightly depressed and smooth.

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology. In evergreen forest, occurring on both limestone and granite bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering July-September, fruiting July-October.

Vernacular name. Kam Pong Din Dok Lek (finiJa'3^'W^ani§n).

208

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Etymology. The specific epithet honours Dr. A.RG. Kerr (1877-1942), a pioneer bota-

nist in Thailand from 1902 to 1932.

Notes. The most distinctive character of this species is the strongly geniculate corolla

tube.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Doi Inthanon National Park, Doi Ang Ka,

c. 1160 m, 9 Sep 1927, Garret 441 (ABD); ibid., c. 1300 m, 31 Aug 1958, Larsen & Hansen

4649 (ABD); ibid., c. 1400-1700 m, Larsen & Larsen 34408 (AAU); north of kin 38, c. 1700

m, 9 Sep 1994, Maxwell 94-986 (CMU); Wachirathan waterfall, 8 Aug 1988, H. Takahashi

T-62781 (BKF); ibid., 28 Jul 1988, Phengkhlai et al. 7188 (BKF); Siriphum waterfall, 1360 m,

1 9 Sep 2008, Middleton et al. 4506 (E); route to Mae Jaem, c, 1 800 m, 26 Aug 1 997, BGO staff

9552 (QBG); Pha Ngaem (limestone cliff's), c. 1850 m, 26 Aug 2004, Palee 702 (CMU); ibid.,

c. 1925 m, 5 Oct 2004, Palee 741 (CMU); PaNgem [Pha Ngaem], 6 Apr 1925, Wiiiit 1425

(K); Bong Noi village, along Huay Yaow stream, c. 1125 m, 15 Dec 2004, MaxM’ell 04-804

(CMU); Doi Song Mea, Chom Thong, c. 1600 m, 21 Aug 1999, Watthana et al. 586 (QBG).

Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Doi Mon Long , c. 1360 m, evergreen forest, 18 Sep 1995, BGO

staff 4544 (QBG), 3 Aug 1996, BGO staff 6988 (QBG), 28 Sep 1997, BGO staff 9678 (QBG);

summit cliff of Doi Mon Long, c. 1400 m, 9 Aug 2002, Palee 539 (CMU), 16 Sep 2002, Palee

550 (CMU); ibid., c. 1450-1475 m, 23 Aug 2002, Maxwell 02-284 (CMU); Ban Huay Mae

Sa Mai, 1275 m, 31 Oct 1989, Maxwell 89-1338 (E); Huay Khok Ma, 1050-1275 m, 22 Nov

1989, Maxwell 89-1433 (E); Doi Chang Kien, 1250 m, 28 Oct 1975, Sadakorn 588 (E); ibid., c.

1100 m, 16 Sep 2002, Palee & Toktang 668 (CMU); ibid., c. 1350 m, 13 May 1914, Kerr 3443

(ABD); ibid., c. 1350-1500 m, 9 Jan 1966, Iwatsuki & Fukuoka 4484 (E); Doi Chiang Dao

Wildlife Sanctuary, Huay Mae Gawk [Kok] (Den Yah Kat) Station, c. 1500 m, 22 Feb 2003,

Palee 568 (CMU); ibid., 4 Nov 1 995, Maxwell 95-1066 (CML9; Mae Chaem, Doi Pha Ti Do, c.

1700 m, 21 Sep 2009, Middleton et al. 4941 (E). Lampang. Jae Sawn [Jaeson] National Park,

east side, along Mae Mawn stream at Jae Son waterfall, c. 525 m, 22 Aug 1995, Maxwell 95-

533 (CMU); ibid., c. 500 m, 10 Aug 1996, Panatkol 156 (CMU). Nan. Doi Phu Kha National

Park, 1 800 m, 31 Aug 2000, Srisanga 1534 (E). Phitsanulok. Phu Soi Dao National Park, Tan

Sa Wan Waterfalls, c. 1580 m, 14 Aug 2000, Suksathan 2693 (QBG). Uttaradit. Klong Dtrawn

[Tron] National Park, ridge above the upper water catchment valley of Klong ( stream) Dtrawn,

north side of Pu Miang, c. 1300 m, 14 Oct 2005, Palee 808 (CMU).

12. Didymocarpus megaphyllus Barnett

Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20: 11 (1961); Barnett, Kew Bull. 15: 250 (1961); Bar-

nett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 215 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 460

(2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 92 (2001). TYPE: Kerr 13215, Thailand, Surat

Thani, Ban Kawp, on rocks in evergreen forest, c. 100 m, 5 Aug 1927 (lectotype K,

designated by Baniett in Kew. Bull. (1961); isotypes ABD, BK, BKF, BM). Fig. 4D.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb up to 80 cm tall. Stem erect, green with sparsely

scattered crimson blotches and multicellular eglandular hairs; pigment glands absent

throughout plant. Dry season new shoots arising from the rhizome. Dry season leaves

Didymocarpus in Thailand

209

opposite, decussate; blades subcoriaceous, dark green above, light green beneath, sym-

metrically ovate, 1.5-3 cm long, 1-1 .5 cm wide, apex broadly acute, bases subcordate

to truncate, margins crenate, sparsely adpressed puberulous on both sides, venation

pinnate, obscure above, prominent underneath, covered with multicellular eglandular

hairs along the veins; petioles terete, 3-8 cm long, pubescent as the blades. Rainy

season leaves numerous, opposite, decussate, the pairs often anisophyllous; blades

subcoriaceous, oblong to lanceolate, 12-19 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, apex acute, base

oblique, one side somewhat rounded or acute, margins regularly crenulate-serrate, up-

per surface with scattered white multicellular eglandular hairs, dark green, lower sur-

face glabrous, with scattered crimson blotches, light green, venation pinnate, second-

ary veins 7-1 1 pairs, sunken above, prominent underneath, covered with multicellular

eglandular hairs; petioles terete, 2.5-10 cm long, pairs unequal, pale light green, with

multicellular eglandular hairs or glabrous, and scattered crimson blotches as on the

stem. Inflorescences axillary, arising from the leaf axils along stem, cymose up to c. 7

cm long; many-flowered; peduncles slender, 2-5 cm long, glabrous or with some mul-

ticellular glandular hairs, light green; pedicels 0.3-1. 2 cm long, glabrous, light green.

Bracts paired, hemispheric, 8 mm long, 5 mm wide, overlapping, glabrous, light green

to dull green. Calyx symmetric, campanulate, c. 8 mm long, 3-4 mm diameter, tube

slender, covered with multicellular glandular hairs; shallowly 5-lobed, lobes triangu-

lar, c. 2 mm deep, 1.5 mm wide, apices acute. Corolla ftmnelfomi, c. 3.5 cm long,

covered with multicellular glandular hairs outside, crimson-red; tube c. 2 cm long,

base narrow, c. 2 mm diameter, widening abruptly, especially on anterior side, wid-

est at throat, diameter c. 1 cm diameter; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes rounded,

c. 6-8 mm long, 7-9 mm wide and more or less equal; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed,

lobes broadly rounded, 5 mm long, 7 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted c. 2 cm above

the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, c. 3 long, 1 mm wide, whitish, tips and bases

rounded, white-bearded; filaments sparsely unicellular, gland-tipped hairs on the up-

per part, slender, 1 cm long; stamuiodes 3, glabrous, reduced to filaments, c. 3 mm

long, tips ciliate. Disc cupular, c. 1 .5 mm long, margins in-egular. Ovary cylindrical, c.

3 cm long, glabrous, light green; style red-violet, covered with multicellular glandular

hairs; stigma peltate, concave, papillose, whitish. Capsules erect, symmetrically cy-

lindi'ic, 4.5-5 cm long. Seeds elliptic, apex truncate, 0.35 x 0.15 mm, cell orientation

straight, cell shape lineate-polygonate, cell edges depressed and smooth, cell crests

fused, cell faces elevated and tuberculate.

Distribution. Southern Thailand.

Ecology. In evergreen forest, along streams where the humidity is higher.

Phenology. Flowering August-October, fruiting September-December.

Vernacular name. Puang Sai Rung (\Ml'3?n£J‘|'3).

Etymology. The specific epithet is in reference to the large leaves (Greek).

210

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Notes. The distinctive characters of this species are the dark red or crimson-red corol-

la, the overall pubescence, and the inflorescences in the axils of leaves along the stem.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Trang. Sai Roong Waterfalls, Nah Chum Het Subdistrict,

Yahn Dah Kow District, 175 m, 12 Dec 2003, Palee 686 (CMU); ibid., 441 m, 5 Oct 2004,

Palee & Tantana 752 (CMU, PSU). Nakhon Si Thammarat. Kiriwong, Tam Suae, 400 m,

herb 80 cm tall, 19 Dec 1951, Plernchit 245 (E); Kliao Luang National Park, 800 m, 21 Jul

1999, Watthana et al. 484 (E).

13 . Didymocarpus newmanii B.L.Burtt

Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 92 (2001). TYPE: Newman 926, Thailand, Chanthaburi, Khao

Khitchakut, 12°34'N 102°16'E, 20 Jun 1999 (holotype E; isotype BKF). Fig. 4C, Fig.

Deciduous perennial, epilithic herb. Stems single, erect, up to 20 cm tall, densely cov-

ered with multicellular eglandular hairs; pigment glands absent throughout plant. Dry

season new shoots arising from the rhizome, bearing dry infructescence of the previ-

ous year. Dry season leaves temate, anisophyllous; blades sericeous on both sides as

on stem, venation pinnate, veins obscure both sides; petioles 5 mm long, with sparse

indumentum as on the stem. Rainy season leaves anisophyllous; blades subcoria-

ceous, dark gi'een above, pale green beneath, asymmetrically elliptic, 6-1 1.5 cm long,

3-5.5 cm wide, apex acute, base rounded to acute, margms irregularly coarsely doubly

dentate, upper surface densely covered with white, multicellular eglandular hairs, con-

cealing the tertiary veins, lower surface sparsely covered with eglandular as on upper

surface, densely so on the veins; venation pinnate, with 5-8 pairs of ascending sec-

ondary veins on each side, obscure on the upper surface, prominent on lower surface;

petioles terete, 1.5-4 cm long, unequal in length, with indumentum as on the stem. In-

florescences axillary, tenninal, often paired, laxly, cymose, to c. 12 cm long, glabrous;

peduncles slender, 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous, light green; pedicels 1-2 cm. Bracts

ovate-orbicular, c. 2 mm long, 2 nun wide, apex acute, glabrous. Calyx 5-lobed to

the base, lobes lanceolate, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apex obtuse, glabrous, light green.

Corolla obliquely campanulate, c. 1-1.2 cm long, glabrous, white; tube very short, 3

mm long; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, mid-lobe c. 3 nuu long, 4 mm wide; posterior

(upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes rounded, c. 2 mm long, 3 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted

at the base of the corolla tube; anthers cream, bearded, c. 1 mm long; filaments c. 2.5

mm long, upper part sparsely covered with gland-tipped, unicellular hairs; staminodes

3, posterior, reduced to minute filaments. Disc annular, margins undulate, c, 0.25 mm

high. Ovary cylindrical, 4 mm long, glabrous, light green; style whitish, 4 mm long,

covered with gland-tipped, hairs. Capsules erect, glabrous, green, 7 mm long. Seeds

numerous, narrowly elliptic, 0.4 x 0.12 mm, cell orientation straight, cell shape nar-

rowly lineate-polygonate.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

211

Fig. 4. A. Didymocarpus jaesonensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell. B. Didymocarpus kerrii

Craib. C. D. newmanii B.L.Burtt. D. D. megaphyllus Barnett. (Photos A: W. Makerd, B & C:

P. Nangngam, D: P. Karaket)

Didymocarpus in Thailand

213

Distribution. Only known from Clianthaburi Province.

Ecology. In evergreen forest, on moist cliffs, granite bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering June- July, fruiting August-December.

Vernacular name. Kliao Tok Rue Si (2m^aflf|ny).

Etymology. The specific epithet honours the collector of the type specimen. Dr. Mark

Newman (bom 1959), botanist in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

Notes. The spelling of the specific epithet has been changed from the spelling “new-

mannii” in the protologue to the correct spelling “newmanii”. The original “newman-

nii” is a typographical error to be corrected under Art. 60.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al.

2012 ).

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chanthaburi. Khao Kitchakut National Park, tChao Pra

Bat, c. 640 in, 13®27'N 101"58'E, 13 Aug 2000, Phonsena 2675 (BKF); ibid., c. 850 m, along

the way to the summit of Khao Kitchakut, 8 Jul 2002, Palee 532 (CMU); ibid., c. 1200 m, 24

Sep 2003, Palee 622 (CMU); ibid., 800 m, 27 Aug 2012, Middleton et al. 5672 (E).

14. Didymocarpus ovatus Barnett

Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20: 12 (1961); Barnett, Kew Bull. 15: 251 (1961); Bar-

nett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 216 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 461

(2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 93 (2001). TYPE: Kerr 13259, Thailand, Surat,

Kao Nawng, on rocks in evergi*een forest, c. 900-1200 m, 10 Aug 1927 (lectotype K,

designated by Barnett in Kew Bull. (1961); isotypes ABD, BK). Fig. 6A.

Deciduous, epilithic, perennial herb up to 30 cm tall. Stems erect, densely sericeous

with multicellular eglandular hairs; pigment glands absent tliroughout plant. Dry sea-

son leaves opposite, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, ovate, 2 cm long, 1 cm wide,

apex acute, base obtuse, margins serrate, densely sericeous on both sides, venation ob-

scure. Rainy season leaves opposite, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, dark green

above, pale green beneath, ovate, 5-14.5 cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, apex acute, bases

attenuate, upper surface very densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs, con-

cealing the tertiary veins, lower surface pubescent as on upper surface, more so along

the veins; petioles 1 .5-9 cm long, unequal in length, with indumentum as on the stem.

Inflorescences axillary, from the upper node, cymose, up to c. 12 cm long; peduncles

6-9 cm long, sparsely covered with multicellular glandular hairs, green-maroon; pedi-

cels c. 3-5 mm long, densely covered with indumentums as on the peduncles, light

green. Lower bracts orbicular, c. 4 mm long, 4 mm wide, apex rounded, sometimes

carinate, pinkish, glabrous, veins conspicuous; upper bracts smaller than the lower

214

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

ones, obovate-oblong, c. 3^ mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, pinkish turning whitish. Calyx

5-lobed to the base, lobes lanceolate, glabrous, c. 4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apex

acute, violet or greenish-whitish. Corolla c. 2.5 cm long, salverform, glabrous, tube

dark violet or reddish, becoming paler to white, lobes reddish; tube c. 2 cm long, basal

diameter c. 2 mm; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes elliptic, c. 4 nmi long, 6 mm

wide; posterior (upper) lip shallowly, 2-lobed, emarginate. Fertile stamens inserted

near the middle of the corolla tube; anthers elliptic, c. 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apex

and base rounded, white, densely white-bearded; filaments slender, c. 4.5 mm long,

glabrous; staminodes 3, unequal, reduced to filaments, 1-2 mm long, glabrous. Pollen

spherical, aperture long, sculpturing micro-reticulate, 10-11 |.un. Disc cylindric, mar-

gins irregularly lobed, 1-1.5 mm long. Ovaty glabrous, c. 1 cm long; style slender, c.

1 .8 cm long, glabrous; stigma globose, peltate, concave, c. 1 mm diameter. Capsules

erect, c. 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous. Seeds numerous, narrowly elliptic, c. 0.28 x 0.10

mm, apex truncate, cell orientation straight.

Distribution. Southern Thailand.

Ecology. In evergreen forest, along stream and waterfalls, granite bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering June-August, fruiting October-November.

Vernacular name. Tian Hin (L'MEJ'U^'W).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the shape of the leaves.

Notes. Didymocarpus ovatus is similar to a number of northern Thai species where

the calyx lobes are free to the base but is distinctive in it dark violet to reddish corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Songkhla. Dton [Ton] Nga Chang Falls, c. 500 m, near

the stream, 21 Aug 1992, Niyomdham 3130 (AAU, BKF); ibid., c. 475 m, 4 Nov 2003, Palee

664 (CMU). Nakhon Si Thammarat. Khao Luang, c. 1600 m, 25 Jun 1953, Phloenchit 584

(E); ibid., c. 600 m, 31 Aug 1952, Phloenchit 418 (E); ibid., c. 1100-1786 m, on mossy rocks

in deep shade, 21 .Ian 1966, Tagawa et al. 4852 (E); Nam Tok Yong National Park, c. 50 m, 4

Oct 1972, Smitinand 11698 (E); ibid., 3 Dec 1972, Santisuk et ai 262 (E); ibid., c. 140-150 m,

9 Oct 2002, Palee 553 (CMU); ibid., c. 130 m, 9 Feb 2005, Williams et al. 1337 (E). Krabi.

Kliao Panom Bencha National Park, c. 1200 m, trail to summit of Kliao Panom Bencha, 19 Jun

2006, Williams et al. 1940 (E). Without locality, cultivated in Aberdeen in 1930, E00628037,

Kerr 206, (E, K, US) & in 1929, Kerr 197 (K), Kerr 198 (K).

15. Didymocarpus payapensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell, sp. nov.

N Didymocarpus insulsus caulibus brevioribus (ad 10 cm longis, nec ad 30 cm longis),

calyce c. 2.5 mm longo ad c. 2/3-plo lobato, lobis patentibus ad reflexis (nec liberis

erectisque) c. 1.5 mm longis differt.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

215

Fig. 6. A. Didymocarpus ovatus Barnett. B. D. payapensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell. C. D.

purpureopictus Craib. D. D. tristis Craib. (Photos A: P. Nangngam, B: S. Gardner, C:

W. Makerd, D: P. Karaket)

216

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

TYPE: Maxwell 93-1098, Thailand, Lamphun, Doi Kuhn Dtan [Tan] National Park,

825 m, 24 Sep 1993 (holotype CMU; isotype L). Fig. 6B, Fig. 7.

Deciduous, perennial, terrestrial or epilithic herb. Rhizome 1-2 cm long, 0.5-1 .5 cm,

thick. Stems erect, unbranched, up to c. 10 cm tall; sparsely to densely covered with

whitish, multicellular eglandular hairs,dull green to medium green, all parts of plant

covered with dark brown, 4-celled, pigment glands. Dry season leaves clustered on the

rhizome; blades 5-10 imn long and wide, densely sericeous with multicellular eglan-

dular hairs above, lower surface mostly glabrous and with scattered pigment glands,

venation pinnate, obscure on both sides. Rainy season leaves temate or opposite and

decussate, pairs slightly anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, medium to dark green

above, pale dull light green beneath, elliptic, 6-12 cm long, 2-9 cm wide, apex obtuse,

base acute to rounded, margins shallowly and irregularly serrulate, lower part more

entire, upper surface sparsely sericeous with minute, multicellular eglandular hairs,

lower surface glabrous, except for the main veins, with scattered, 4-celled, dark brown

pigment glands, venation pinnate, secondary veins ascending, 5-7 on each side of the

midrib, sunken above, prominent underneath; petioles sulcate above, 2-8 cm long,

with indumentum as on the stem. Inflorescences axillary, laxly and broadly cymose,

many-flowered, with occasional multicellular glandular hairs and scattered pigment

glands, green to maroon, c. 10 cm long; peduncles 3-7 cm long; pedicels 0.5-1. 5

cm long. Bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide, green, sparsely covered

with indumentum as on the inflorescence axes, rapidly caducous. Calyx symmetrically

campanulate, sparsely covered with multicellular glandular hairs and scattered pig-

ment glands, maroon; calyx tube 2.5 mm long, lobed c, 2/3 to the base; lobes spreading

to reflexed, equal, triangular, c. 1.5 mm long, apices obtuse. Corolla c.. 2.5 cm long,

salverform, glabrous, dark purple; corolla tube c. 2 cm long, basal diameter c. 3 mm;

anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes rounded, c. 5 mm high, 6 mm wide; posterior (up-

per) lip 2-lobed, lobes rounded, c. 3 mm high, 4 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted

above the middle of the corolla tube; anthers oblong, c. 2 nun long, cream, tips and

bases rounded, white-bearded; filaments slender, c. 5 mm long, glabrous, white; sta-

minodes 3, posterior, reduced to minute filaments, glabrous, whitish-very pale light

greenish. Pollen 10-11 pm, spheroidal, tricolpate with long aperture, sculpturing

micro-reticulate. Disc cylindric, margin irregularly lobed, glabrous, c. 1.5 mm high.

Ovary cylindric, glabrous, light green, c. 7 mm long; style c. 3.5 mm long, sparsely

covered with multicellular glandular hairs; stigma discoid, peltate, reddish, c, 1 .2 mm

diameter. Capsules erect, symmetrically cylindric, c. 2 cm long, glabrous. Seeds el-

liptic, 0.31 X 0.14 mm, cell omamention straight, cell shape lineate-polygonate, cell

edges elevated and smooth, cell crests fused, faces depressed and smooth.

Distribution. Northern Thailand.

Ecology. Open, moist areas in evergreen forest, near streams, on granite bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering September, fruiting September-November.

Didymocarpus in Thailand

217

Fig.7. Didymocarpus payapensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell. A. Habit (holotype: Maxwell 93-

1098, CMU). B. Inflorescence. C. Calyx and corolla. D. Stamens and staminodes. E. Capsule.

Scale bars: A=1 cm; B, C, E=5 mm. (Drawn by P. Nangngam)

Vernacular name. Muang Pha Yap

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the region of north-west Thailand.

Notes. Barnett (1962a: 215), under Didymocarpus insulsus Craib, indicated that three

218

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

specimens (Kerr 6277, Winit 749 and Winit 1164), all from northern Thailand, differed

from D. insulsus in having the calyx lobed c. 1/2-2/3 to the base of the calyx tube.

These specimens, along with a number of additional collections, belong to what we

describe here as D. payapensis. Didymocarpus insulsus was described from material

cultivated in Aberdeen, Scotland which was grown from seeds collected by Dr. Kerr

from a now unknown locality in Thailand. Bamett was reluctant to describe a new spe-

cies based on these three specimens since environmental conditions were thought to be

possible reasons for their differences from the type of D. insulsus. Plant stature could

possibly be influenced by habitat, but not a morphological feature such as the degree

of calyx lobing. We have seen several specimens wih this morphology and a molecular

phylogenetic study showed a well supported separation between D. payapensis and D.

insulsus (Palee et al. 2006). Didymocarpus insulsus Craib, as far as we can determine,

is found only in the Chaiyaphum, Loei and Nakhon Nay ok (Khao Yai National Park)

Provinces.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Mae Chem, 1500 m, 14 Sep 1922, Kerr 6277

(K); Aob Kahn National Park, Kuhnwin village, 4 Oct 2001, Sangkamathawee & Palee 499

(CMU); Mae Awn District, above Mae Lai village, c. 1150 m, 25 Oct 2005, Palee 836 (CMU);

Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, west side of Pah Glawng, above Mae Sa Mai village, c. 1300 m,

5 Dec 2007, Maxwell 07-718 (CMU). Chiang Rai. Doi Tung, Mae Sai District, in front of the

entrance to Wat Pra Tat Doi Dtiing [Tung], c. 1375-1400 m, 5 Nov 2004, Palee 761 (CMU);

ibid., 30 Oct 2005, Palee 871 (CMU). Lampang. Mae Ngow, c. 440 m, 26 Aug 1922, Winit

749 (K); ibid., c. 300 m, 4 Sep 1923, Winit 1164 (K). Lamphun. Doi Kuhn Tan National Park,

along the trail to Mali Meun station, c. 825 m, 29 Sep 2001, Palee 495 (CMU); ibid., 10 Oct

2003, Palee 641 (CMU). Uttaradit. Klong Tron National Park, Nam Pad District, west slope

of Pu Miang, along the way to Huay Sai waterfalls, c. 1 550 m, 16 Oct 2005, Palee 815 (CMU).

16. Didymocarpus purpureopictus Craib

Bull Misc. Infonn. Kew 1911: 431 (1911); Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5): 523 (1930)

(purpureo-pictus); Bamett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 217 (1962) (purpureo-pictus); Weber et

al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 464 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 29: 93

(2001). TYPE: Kerr 1414, Thailand, Chiang Mai: Doi Sutep [Suthep], on rocks by a

stream, 750 m, 25 Sep 1910 (holotype K; isotypes BM, E). Fig. 6C.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb. Stems erect, 15-30 m high, densely covered with

whitish multicellular glandular hairs, all plant parts sparsely covered with one-cell,

globose, red-brown, pigment glands, Dty season leaves opposite, decussate; blades

subcoriaceous, ovate, c. 2 cm long, 1 .5 cm wide, apex acute, base subcordate, margins

sermlate, upper surface covered with whitish multicellular eglandular sericeous hairs,

concealing the veins, lower surface sparsely covered with indumentum as on the upper

surface and with scattered pigment glands; petioles terete. Rainy season stems simple,

erect, densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs, caducous. Rainy season

Didymocarpus in Thailand

219

leaves', blades subcoriaceous, dark green above, pale light green beneath, elliptic to

oblong, 12-20.5 cm long, 7-9 cm wide, apex bluntly acute, basal oblique, subcordate,

margins serrulate, upper surface densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs,

lower surface glabrous, with scattered pigment glands, venation pinnate with 4-8 pairs

of ascending secondary veins, curved near the margin, concealed by indumentum,

prominent underneath; petioles 4-8 cm long, with indumentum as on the stem. Inflo-

rescences cymose, tenninal, and axillary from the upper nodes, up to c. 8 cm long,

axes covered with multicellular glandular hairs, sometimes glabrescent, light green;

peduncles 5-6 cm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long. Bracts ovate-orbicular, c. ?>-A mm

long, c. 5 mm wide, glabrous, pale green-dull green, caducous. Calyx symmetrically

campanulate, glabrous, whitish; tube c. 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm diameter; shallowly

5-lobed, lobes triangular, 2.5 mm deep, 3 mm wide, apices acute. Corolla salverform,

2.5 cm long, glabrous, puiplish; tube c. 1.5 mm long, nan'ow not enlarged, c. 3-4 mm

diameter; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, c. 4 mm long, 4 mm wide, posterior (upper) lip

2-lobed, c. 3 mm long, 3 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted at c. 1 cm from the base

of the tube; anthers whitish, elliptic, white-bearded; filaments slender, 5 mm long, with

sparsely unicellular, gland-tipped hairs in the upper part; staminodes 2, slender, re-

duced to filaments. Disc cylindric, margin in'egularly lobed, glabrous, c. 1.5 mm long.

Ovaty cylindric, glabrous, pale pinkish, stalk c. 5 mm long, ovaiy c. 1 cm long, 3 mm

wide; style c. 5 mm long, covered with gland-tipped hairs; stigma capitate, reddish.

Capsules erect, cylindric, slightly curve, up to 3 cm long. Seeds not studied.

Distribution. North-Eastern Thailand.

Eccology. Moist areas in evergreen forest and sometimes in degraded areas on granite

bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering July-August, fruiting August-September.

Vernacular name. Pra Dap Pha

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the purplish colour of the corolla.

Notes. Didymocarpus purpu reop ictus is most easily recongnised by the tubular calyx

and the pale violet to whitish corolla.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Mae Hong Son. Bahng Mah Pah District, 400 m, 5 Aug

1999, Maxwell 99-82 (CMU). Chiang Mai. Doi Suthep Pui National Park, Mahidol Falls, 1250

m, 9 Feb 2003, Palee 567 (CMU); ibid., 1250 m, 14 Sep 2003, Palee 667 (CMU); (CMU);

Huay Mae Nai, 1200 m, 17 Aug 1988, Maxwell 88-1008 (CMU); ibid., 650 m, Mae Sa Botani-

cal Garden, along Mae Sa Noi Stream, 8 Aug 1989, Maxwell 89-1011 (CMU); Mae Lai village,

Huay Kaew Subdistrict, c. 1175 m, 24 Oct 2005, Palee 827 (CMU). Nan. Doi Phuka National

Park, Bua District, 1300 m, 22 Sep 1996, Pooma 1373 (CMU, BKF). Loei. Phu Ruea district,

Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 1560 m, 15 Oct 2009, Middleton et al. 5160 (E); ibid., 1475

220

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

m, 15 Oct 2009, Middleton et al. 5138 (E); Cultivated at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in

21 Oct 2010 originally from Loei, Phu Ruea, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 1505 m, 15 Oct

2009, collected as Middleton et al. 5152, accessioned as 20091940*A, vouchered as Middleton

5231 (E).

17 . Didymocarpus tristis Craib

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 170 (1926); Pellegrin, FI. Indo-Chine 4(5): 522 (1930);

Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 218 (1962); Weber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102:

467 (2000); Burtt, Thai For, Bull., Bot. 29: 93 (2001), TYPE: Unknown collector,

plant cultivated in Aberdeen which flowered for the first time in Oct 1925, from seeds

collected by Dr. Kerr at Kliao Soi Dao, Chanthaburi Province, 1400 m, on rocks (lec-

totype K [K000858323], designated here; isolectotype ABD (no. 97, leaf only)). Fig.

6D.

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb. Stems simple, erect, sparsely covered with mul-

ticellular eglandular hairs, green, up to 36 cm tall, all parts of plant covered with

4-celled, conical, dark brown or red-brown, pigment glands. Dry season leaves temate

or 3-pseudoverticilate, anisophyllous; blades subcoriaceous, ovate, 1.5-2 cm long, 1

cm wide, apex acute, base shallowly cordate, upper surface silvery sericeous, lower

surface very densely covered with pigment glands, venation obscure above, prominent

underneath. Rainy season leaves temate or 3 -pseudo vertieilate, anisophyllous; blades

subcoriaceous, glossy dark green above, light green beneath, oblong to lanceolate,

4-15 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, apex acute, base obliquely, rounded to cordate, margins

finely semilate, upper surface densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs,

concealing the veins, lower surface sparsely covered with multicellular eglandular

hairs and scattered pigment glands, venation pinnate, with 4—6 ascending second-

ary veins on each side, prominent beneath; petioles 4-9 cm long, slightly unequal in

length, covered with indumentums as on leaves surface, light green. Inflorescences

axillary, from the upper node, cymose, 1 5 cm long, many-flowered, axes light green-

cream to light maroon; peduncles 6-14 cm long, densely covered with multicellular

glandular hairs, light maroon; pedicels c, 0,5-1 cm long, sparsely covered with in-

dumentum as on the peduncles, light green or light maroon. Bracts elliptic, c. 2.5-4

mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apex acute, maroon, glabrous, caducous. Calyx 5-lobed to

the base, lobes lanceolate, not reflexed, glabrous, c. 3-4 mm long, 1 mm wide, apices

obtuse, green-dull maroon. Corolla salverform, c. 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous, dark vio-

let-dull reddish; tube c. 1.5-2 cm long, basal diameter of corolla tube 2 mm; anterior

(lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes rounded, midlobe 5 mm long, 6 mm wide; posterior (upper)

lip 2-lobed, rounded, 3 mm long, 3 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted c. 1 .2 cm from

the base of the corolla tube; anthers oblong, c. 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, light violet-

whitish glabrous, ; filaments c. 2.4 mm long, glabrous; staminodes 3, unequal, reduced

to filaments, c. 1-2 mm long, glabrous. Disc cylindric, margin in*egularly lobed, 1-2

mm long. Ovary glabrous, 1 cm long, light green; style c. 5 mm long, glabrous, light

Didymocarpus in Thailand

221

green; stigma capitate, concave, cream. Capsules erect, 3 cm long. Seeds numerous,

reniforai, c. 0.27 x 0.13 mm, cell orientation straight.

Distribution. South-Eastern Thailand, only known from Chanthaburi.

Ecology. Moist, rugged, rocky and fog-covered areas in primary evergreen forest on

granite and limestone bedrock.

Phenology. Flowering July-September, fruiting August-December.

Vernacular name. Ra Yab Mok ('JtimJ'mjafi).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the dull colour of the corolla.

Notes. Didymocarpus tristis differs from D. insulsus most obviously in the opposite

rather than 3 -pseudo verticillate leaves.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chanthaburi. Khao Kitchakut National Park, Khao Pra

Bat, 600 m, 13 Aug 2000, Phonsena 2674 (BKF); ibid., c. 1200 m, 24 Sep 2003, Palee 625

(CMU); ibid., c. 920 m, 20 Jul 1999, Newman 927 (BKF, E); ibid., c. 800 m, 27 Aug 2012, Mid-

dleton et al. 56 73 (E); Khao Soi Dao, 1400 m, 14 Dec 1924, Kerr 9648 (K); Plant cultivated in

Aberdeen from seeds collected from Khao Soi Dao, 1400 m, 14 Dec 1924 by Kerr 9648 (K).

18. Didymocarpus wattianus Craib

Card. Chron. 72: 363 (1922) (w’attiana); Craib, Card. Chron. 75: 89 (1924) (wattiana);

Barnett, FI. Siam. 3(3): 218 (1962); Barnett, Dansk Bot. Ark. 20(2): 202 (1962); We-

ber et al., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 102: 468 (2000); Burtt, Thai For. Bull., Bot.

29: 93 (2001). TYPE: Specimen not found (the species was described from a plant

which flowered in November 1922, grown by James Cromar Watt in Aberdeen from

seed collected by Kerr without a known locality). NEOTYPE: Specimen collected

from “Type plant” cultivated in Aberdeen, 31 Oct 1930 (neotype K [K000858325],

designated here).

Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb. Stems covered with multicellular eglandular

hairs, c. 6-1 8 cm tall. Leaves opposite; blades subcoriaceous, dark green above, pale

green beneath, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, to 9 cm long, to 5.5 cm

wide, apex subacute to acuminate, base slightly obliquely cordate, margins denticu-

late, densely covered with whitish multicellular eglandular hairs and golden pigment

glands, secondary with sparse indumentum as on the upper surface and sparse golden

pigment glands; venation pinnate, sunken, with c. 12 ascending secondary veins on

each side, prominent; petioles up to 8 cm long, with indumentum as on the stem. In-

florescences tenninal, or from the axils of upper leaves, cymose, up to c. 7 cm long.

222

Card. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

several flowered, axes covered with spreading, white multicellular glandular hairs and

sparsely covered with one-celled, sessile, golden, pigment glands; peduncles 6 cm

long; pedicels 5 mm long, with glandular, capitate hairs, sometimes with some pig-

ment glands. Bracts 2, caducous, glabrous. Flowers several, pendulous in bud. Calyx

campanulate, c. 1.9 cm long, c. 1 cm diameter, slightly asymmetric, glabrous, dark

pink; shallowly 5-lobed, lobes triangular, c. 3 mm deep, 2 mm wide, apex rounded.

Corolla c. 6-7 cm long, funnelform, glabrous, buds glossy, deep maroon-red, paler

at anthesis; tube c. 4-4.5 cm long, base narrow, c. 3 mm diameter, widening at 2 cm

from the base, throat c. 1 cm diameter; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes rounded, c.

8 mm long, 9 mm wide; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes, rounded, smaller than the

anterior lobes, 5 mm long, 7 mm wide. Fertile stamens inserted at c. 3-3.5 cm above

the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, c. 3 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, white-bearded;

filaments glabrous, c. 1 cm long; staminodes 3, glabrous, reduce to filaments. Disc

tubular, c. 2 mm long, margins irregular. Ovary’ cylindric, 4.5 cm long including stalk

and style, light green, covered with multicellular glandular hairs; stigma peltate, con-

cave, papillose. Capsules erect, c. 6 cm long. Pollen and seeds not studied.

Distribution. Northern Thailand, only known from Nan.

Ecology. Moist areas near streams in evergreen forest.

Phenology. Flowering September, fruiting October-December.

Vernacular name. Muang Dok Yai (J41'3^anT.‘HflJ).

Etymology. The specific epithet honours James Cromar Watt, a contemporary of Craib

and horticulturist in Aberdeen.

Notes. We have been unable to locate a specimen which is unequivocally original ma-

terial. The neotype we have chosen states it is a collection from the same living plant

in cultivation in Aberdeen but from several years after the protologue was published.

No provenance information was given in the protologue but the seed that KeiT sent to

Aberdeen could have been collected on Kerr’s tour through northern Thailand to Nan

via the mountainous district of Muang Pua in early 1921 . Our evidence for this is that

the cultivated neotype specimen is a close match to Srisanga 1708 (E) from Doi Phu

Klia in Pua District. Barnett ( 1 962a, 1 962b) included in this species Larsen 490, col-

lected on 11 Sep 1958 from Doi Suthep (Chiang Mai) at 1500 m. We have also been

unable to locate this specimen.

Specimens examined: THAILAND. Nan. Doi Phu Kha National Park, Pua, 19°13'N 101° 05 'E,

25 Sep 2000, 1 1 70 m, Srisanga 1 708 (E). Chiang Mai. Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Mahidol

Falls, 1250 m, 8 Nov 1989, Maxwell 89-1377 (E).

Didymocarpus in Thailand

223

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Financial support from the Thailand Reseai'ch Fund thi'ough the

Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (grant no. PHD/0188/2543) to Pranee Nangngam (for-

merly Pranee Palee) and Assoc. Prof. Dr.Vilaiwan Anusarnsunthorn is gratefully acknowl-

edged. A part of this work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodi-

versity Research and Training (grant no. BRT R_147011) along with financial support from

the Faculty of Science, Nai'esuan University to the first author in 2013 to travel to the Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh. We would like to thanlc the staff of all National Parks in Thailand

which we visited and where we collected specimens for this study. Dr. J.F. Veldkamp (National

Hebarium, Leiden, Netherlands) is thanked for correcting our Latin diagnoses. We thank the

curators and staff at all herbaria for permission to examine their collections and for the loan of

some specimens. We thank Dr. David Middleton for his comments on the manuscript. Finally,

we would like to thank the reviewers for their suggestions.

References

Barnett, E.C. (1961) Contributions to the Flora of Thailand: LV. Kew. Bull. 15: 249-259.

Barnett, E.C. (1962a) Gesneriaceae. Florae Siamensis Enumeratio 3(3): 196-238. Bangkok:

Siam Society.

Barnett, E.C. (1962b) Gesneriaceae. DanskBot. Ark. 20(2): 200-203.

Hilliard, O.M. & Burtt, B.L. (1995) Old World Gesneriaceae IV. Notes on Didymocarpus and

Lysionotus. Edinburgh J. Bot. 52: 215-224.

McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Heren-

deen, P.S., Knapp, S. Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prudhomme van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F.,

Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for Algae,

Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code), http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php (Ar-

ticles 60.1, 118.)

Middleton, D.J. & Moller, M. (2012) Tribounia, a new genus of Gesneriaceae from Thailand.

Taxon 6\(6): 1286-1925.

Palee, R, Denduangboripant, J., Anusarnsunthorn, V. & Moller, M. (2006) Molecular phylog-

eny and character evolution of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand. Edinburgh J.

Bot. 63(2&3): 231-251.

Pellegrin, F. (1930) Gesneriaceae (Cyrtandrees). Flore Generale de L’ Indo-Chine 4(5): 456-

608.

Thiers, B. (2012) (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public

herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium, http://

sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/

Wang, W, Kaiyn, P, Zhengu, L., Weitzman, A.L. & Skog, L.E. (1998) Gesneriaceae. Flora

of China 18: 349-358. Beijing: Science Press & St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.

Weber, A. & Burtt, B.L. (1983) Didymocarpus corchorifolius and its allies (Gesneriaceae).

Bliimea 28: 291-309.

Weber, A. & Burtt, B.L, (1997) Remodelling of Didymocarpus and associated genera (Gesneri-

aceae), Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 70: 293-363.

Weber, A., Wei, Y.G., Puglisi, C., Wen, F., Mayer, V. & Moller, M. (2011) A new definition of

the genus Petrocodon (Gesneriaceae). Phytotaxa 23: 49-67.

224

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Appendix A. Identification list.

All collections examined are identified according to this species list:

l=Didymocarpus aiireogJanduIosus C.B. Clarke

2=Didymocarpus bicolor Craib

3=Didymocarpus biserratus Barnett

4=Didymocarpiis corchorifolius Wall, ex DC.

5=Didymocarpus dongrakensis B.L.Burtt

6=Didymocarpus epithemoides B.L.Burtt

l=Didymocarpus geesinkianus B.L.Burtt

^=Didymocarpus inflatiis J.F.Maxwell & Nangngam

9=Didymocarpus insidsiis Craib

\0=DidyTnocarpus jaesonensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell

ll=Didymocarpus kerrii Craib

ll^Didyrnocarpus megaphyllus Barnett

\3=Didymocarpus newmanii Barnett

\4=Didymocarpus ovatus Barnett

\5=Didymocarpus payapensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell

\6=Didymocarpus pwpureopictus Craib

\l=Didymocarpus tristis Craib

\^=Didymocarpus wattianus Craib

Adisai 925 : 1 8 — Geesink et al. 74 1 6:7 (type) — BGO staff 7057: 1 , 9552: 1 1 , 4544: 1 1 , 6988: 1 1 ,

9678:11 — C6744 accession no. 19683012:3, C8459 accession no. 19741960:3, C8460 ac-

cession no. 19741960:3, C3713 accession no. 19611998:3, C4304 E00628027:9, C4512

£00628030:9, C8069E00628026:9 — Carrot 4:8 — DE 191:3 — Dee Bunpheng 998:2 —

E00421472 accession no. 20091940*A:16, E00628037 Kerr 206:14, E00628037 Ker 197:14,

E00628037 Kerr 198:14 — Fukuoka and Ito T-34993:6, T-35034:9, T-34610:9 — Garret

441:11 — Geesink, Hattink, and Charoenphol 7416:7 (type). — Gen Murata et al.T-42099:9

— Giravatanapan 1:8 — Herb trip 1131:8 — Hosseus 220:1 (type) — Iwasuki & Fukuoka

4484:11 — Jatupol 08-409:2 — Kerr 1996:1 (type of syn.), 786:11 (type), 3443:11, 3215:12

(type), 13259:14 (type), 6277:15, 1414:16 (type), 9648:17 — Kunwasi 9:6 — Larsen 6258:3

(type) — Larsen 490:16 — Larsen & Hansen 4341:1, 4902:1, 4649:11 — Larsen & Larsen

34408:11 — Larsen, et al. 46087:4, 51:6, 10683:6 (type) — Maxwell 04-526:1, 92-496:1, 76-

531:5 (type), 00-404:6, 04-490:8 (type), 00-391:9, 96-1093:10 (type), 02-284:11, 04-804:11,

89-1338:11, 89-1433:11, 94-986:11, 95-533:11, 95-1066:11, 07-718:15, 93-1098:15 (type),

88-1008:16, 89-1011:16, 89-1377:16, 99-82:16, 89-1377:18 — Middleton 5653:6 — Middle-

ton et al. 4453:1, 5578:1, 5501:4, 5644:6, 5070:8, 5634:9, 5651:9, 5568:10, 4506:11, 4941:11,

5672:13, 5138:16, 5152:16, 5160:16, 5673:17 — Nangngam 2552:2 — Newman 926:14 (type),

927:17 — Niyomdham 3130:14 — O.T. 1252:9 — Palee 524:1, 549:1, 570:1, 701:1, 639:3,

662:4, 658:5, 603:6, 642:8 (type), 802:8, 839:8, 638:9, 645:9, 539:11, 550:11, 568:11, 668:11,

702:11, 741:11, 808:11, 686:12, 532:13, 622:13, 553:14, 664:14, 495:15, 641:15, 761:15,

815:15, 836:15, 871:15, 567:16, 667:16, 827:16, 543:17, 551:17, 625:17 — Palee & Tantana

752:12 — Palee & Toktang 668:11 — Panatkol 156:1 1 — Phengklilai et al. 7188:11, 6736:15,

7188:11 — Phonsena 2675:13, 2674:17 — Pleoenchit 418:14 — Plemchit 245:12, 584:14 —

Pooma 1373:16 — Pooma & Pattharahirantricin 7722:1 — Pooma et al. 7782:8 — Put 401:17

— RBG 19850475:2 — Roger 161 :1 (type of syn.) — Sadakom 588:11 — Sangkamathawee

& Palee 499:15 — Shimizu et al. T8863:3, 19724:6 — Smitinand 11698:14 — Smitinand and

Didymocarpus in Thailand

225

Sleumer 1012:1; 1870:3 (type); 10471:3 — Smitinand et al. 262:14 — Santisuk et al. 262:14

— Srisanga 251:1, 1534:11, 1708:18 — Suddee 169:9 — Suksathan 2693:11 — S. P, et al.

57663:9 — Tagawa et. al. 4852:14 — Takahashi andTamuraT-63384:9, T-62781:ll — Tamura

T-6011:9 — van Beusekom and Charoenpol 1757:6, 1756:9 — Wai 1123:4 — Wallich 792:4

(type) — Watthana et al. 586:11,484:12 — Williams et al. 1337:14, 1940:14 — Winit 1425:11,

749:15, 1164:15.

Appendix B. Index to names.

Numbers refer to the species number given in the text. Synonyms are in italics and new

taxa are in bold:

Didymocarpus aureoglandulosus C.B. Clarke 1

Didymocaipus bicolor Craib 2

Didymocaipus biseiTatus Barnett 3

Didymocarpus corchorifolius Wall, ex DC. 4

Didymocaipus dongrakensis B.L.Burtt 5

Didymocarpus epithemoides B.L.Burtt 6

Didymocarpus geesinkianus B.L.Burtt 7

Didymocarpus inflatus J.F.Maxwell & Nangngam 8

Didymocaipus insulsus Craib 9

Didymocarpus jaesonensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell 10

Didymocarpus kerrii Craib 1 1

Didymocarpus megaphyllus Barnett 1 2

Didymocarpus newmanii B.L.Burtt 13

Didymocaipus ovatus Barnett 14

Didymocarpus payapensis Nangngam & J.F.Maxwell 15

Didymocarpus purjmreopictus Craib 1 6

Didymocarpus W.W.Sm. 1

Didymocarpus rodgeri W.W.Sm. var. siamensis W.W.Sm. 1

Didymocarpus siamensis Barnett 3

Didymocarpus squamosa Craib 1 1

Didymocaipus tristis Craib 17

Didymocaipus wattianus Craib 1 8

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 227-229. 2013

227

A new species of Monoon (Annonaceae) from Brunei

LM. Turner

Fairfield, Pett Level Road, Winchelsea Beaeh,

East Sussex TN36 4ND, UK

tumerl 87@btintemet.com

ABSTRACT. Monoon bathrantherum LM.Turner is newly described. It is only known from

Brunei on the island of Borneo and is notable for bearing reproductive structures on branched

inflorescences confined to the base of the trunk.

Keywords. Annonaceae, Borneo, Enicosanthum, Malesia, Monoon bathrantherum, Polyalthia

Introduction

The genus Monoon was originally described by Miquel (1865). He included a rather

disparate selection of species but the majority were considered allied to Polyalthia.

Bentham and Hooker (1867) reduced Monoon to a section of Polyalthia which is

where it has stayed, and been rather neglected, until being resurrected recently (Xue et

al. 2012) as part of the shake-up of Polyalthia based on molecular and morphological

analyses. The remodelled Monoon includes Enicosanthum Becc., Woodiellantha

Rauschert and Cleistopetalum H.Okada and their synonyms as well as Polyalthia

section Monoon. The genus thus consists of some 60 species ranging from India to

Australia.

The new species here described would certainly have beenplaced mEnicosanthum

until recently as it has the imbricate perianth aestivation that distinguished the genus

before molecular evidence indicated that this character was not sufficient to maintain

a distinction from the rest of Monoon. The most remarkable feature of the new species

is the presence of basal twiggy inflorescences.

Monoon bathrantherum LM.Turner, sp. nov.

The new species bears reproductive structures on branched inflorescences confined to

the base of the trunk similar to Monoon congregatum (King) B.Xue & R.M.K. Saunders

of the Malay Peninsula but differs in having longer inflorescence axes (to 20 cm versus

6 cm in M. congregatum) and less thick and fleshy petals.

TYPE: Sands 5749, Brunei, Belait, Labi, Rampayoh, Rampayoh river valley c. 2.5

km from the Labi Road, 8 July 1993 (holo K[x2] (barcode nos. K000582145 and

K000582146); iso BRUN [x2] (sheet nos. B 004 226, B 004 227). Fig. 1.

Tree to 20 m or more tall, 20 cm dbh or more. Twigs drying brown, latticed or

longitudinally wrinkled, youngest parts covered with a short dense brown tomentum

giving a soft feel to the touch. Leaves subcoriaceous, drying brown above, grey-green

228

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

«Ci^ SOTAMC OdtaKXSKEW

nERB.HORrKEW. ||'|ni|||||;|||| |

^19 3V

Sii£.Ej: J

With: S.Ali:iD.4. EJ.C^lay. A«(W( Ihcahim AbjLilah.

/v^iusn Ak Efi. Ni(» ViAfki) k Raatlef Ak Luulj,'.

HERB. HORT. KEW.

ROYAL UTAWG LLAH^Cin it| n

s-te^r- 2

inir. Z^**.*!.

BeliJl 4*2I'N )]4‘i7'C

L*bi

Ronpayoh- lUjiipayiA nvcr viJlc). c.2.Sk]n fioni Um Litii

(o*d; c. lOOm iTTHn lh£ river

Tlxtiubed Luwlini] DiptenKirr' Form Lunbii fomuinn:

UAilAifta juhI btiale L/Adulalins vtllBy l>aor

Fifii lo ml

AltlTudp: 3CMan)

Enci Iras 2010 i ZtVin dbli

Oiler bi/t; trsy.imer haik hulT mlh a ml inner line, s^i-

wiud yrlhnrisl] CTum: loivcf diiV green pain

bnvcoili. with rusty liurt; flaureMiig .« «Uaisivr|} hiuched

iilvs4«nd rtuchtm.

RoMfx; Crway while.

MJ.S.Sikn& 5749 STTm

Willi; S.AUira. EJ. Cowley, AHiirmg Ebnihim Abdullah.

Jengunn Ak En, Niga Nahg^ A Ruiiln Ak Luaag,

V I FOREST DEPARTMhlNT BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

& ROYAL BOTANIC CARDENS KEW

Fig. 1. Photograph of Sands 5749, the holotype (mounted on two sheets) of Monoon

bathrantherum I.M.Tumer. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Director and the Board

below, some hairs along midrib, otherwise glabrous above, short hairs on midrib and

major nerves below, lamina laneeolate to oblanceolate, 34-36 x 11-12 cm, lateral

nerves, 21-24 pairs, arching forward and looping indistinctly near the margin, tertiary

venation scalariform. Petiole c. 10 mm long, 4 mm in diameter, densely short brown

hairy. Inflorescences of robust, much-branched leafless twigs, to at least 20 cm long,

arising from the base of the main trunk. Flower pedicel to 6 cm long, 1.5 mm thick,

drying brown, covered in a dense short brown tomentum, medial bract ovate, c. 7 x 3

mm, apex acute, covered in dense short tomentum abaxially, glabrous adaxially; flower

in bud broadly conical with a flat base, sepals valvate, chartaceous, ovate, c. 14 x n

mm, apex acute, densely covered in brown tomentum, outer petals imbricate in bud,

ovate, c. 5-9 x 1.8-2 cm, dense, very short brown hairy outside with faint longitudinal

lines, inside more sparsely hairy, inner petals slightly shorter and narrower than outer

petals, centre of longitudinal edges folded inwards to middle and apex incurved giving

a hooded appearance to the distal portion, torus more or less flat with erect brown

hairs, stamens many, c. 4 mm long, connective apex with white hairs, carpels many c.

4 mm long, brown hairy. Monocarps stipitate, ellipsoidal, c. 5 x 2 cm, beaked, dark

brown hairy.

New Monoon species from Brunei

229

Other specimens examined: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM. Belait. Labi, Mendaram, trail to

Wasai Kadir, 4 Apr 1996, Said BRUN 16181 (BRUN: sheet no. B 004 229; K), Wong Kadir,

trail to Wasai Wong Kadir, 15 Dec 1997, Ariffin & al. BRUN 18723 (BRUN: sheet no. B 004

230), Teraja, first waterfall, 28 Mar 2006, Mohd. Ariffin <& al. BRUN 21689 (BRUN: sheet no.

B 004 228).

Etymology:. The specific epithet is derived from Greek: bathro- = basal, antheros =

flower and reflects the basiflory exhibited by the species.

Notes. Cauliflory is a relatively common feature in the Annonaceae, and occurs quite

frequently in Monoon. The restriction of reproductive structures to the base of the

trunk is a relatively rare phenomenon in trees but again it is found in the Annonaceae

and is observed in Monoon in species such as M. hypogaeum (King) B.Xue &

R.M.K.Saunders which also occurs in Borneo. Monoon hypogaeum is unlikely to be

confused with M. hathrantherum as its inflorescences have long, slender, apparently

flexible, axes compared to the relatively stout and stiff axes of the latter. The flowers

of M. hypogaeum are smaller (petals to only 2 cm long) and the monocarps are

distinctively fusiform.

Vegetatively M. hathrantherum is like the Bornean M. erianthoides (Airy

Shaw) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, but the branched inflorescences and the stipitate

monocarps (subsessile in M. erianthoides) readily distinguish it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Thanl^s to Jacqueline Heiirot (L) and Joffre b. Hj. Ali Ahmad

(BRUN) for facilitating access to photographs of the material in BRUN. I.M. Turner is a

Research Associate of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Singapore Botanic Gardens.

References

Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1867) Genera Plantanim. Volume 1, part 3. London: L. Reeve.

Miquel, F.A.W. (1865) Anonaceae Archipelagi hidici. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 1^5.

Xue, B., Su, Y.C.F., Thomas, D.C. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2012) Pruning the polyphyletic genus

Polyalthia (Amionaceae) and resurrecting the gQxms Monoon. Taxon 61: 1021-1039.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 231-234. 2013

231

The collection and storage of plant material

for DNA extraction:

The Teahag Method

Peter Wilkie^’^ Axel Dalberg Poulsen-, David Harris^ and Laura L. Forrest^

‘ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,

Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK

^ Oslo Botanical Garden, Natural History Museum,

University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindem

NO-0318 Oslo, Norway

^p.wilkie@rbge.org.uk (corresponding author)

ABSTRACT. Silica gel has become the most common instalment for preserving leaf material

in the field for future DNA extraction. This has generally mvolved leaf material being placed

in silica gel in zip-lock type bags. Although effective it often requires a large amount of silica

gel and large number of plastic bags to be taken into the field, something which is problematic

during long field trips to remote areas. It also has the disadvantage that if the silica gel becomes

hydrated or the plant material damp, replacement of the silica gel is difficult and can result

in contamination. An alternative method using empty teabags avoids the need to carry large

amounts of silica gel and plastic bags into the field and reduces the difficulty of replacing

hydrated silica gel during fieldwork and longer temi institutional storage.

Keywords. Collection, DNA, plant, silica gel, storage, teabag

Introduction

The success of global initiatives such as the Angiospemi Phylogeny Group

(Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998; Angiospemi Phylogeny Group II 2003;

Angiospemi Phylogeny Group III 2009) and the Barcode of life (Hollingsworth et al,

2011) have relied very much on high levels of species sampling and the availability of

suitable material for DNA extraction. Taxa from temperate zones, botanic gardens or

that are cultivated are often well sampled but species found in the tropics, in particular

in more remote areas, are poorly represented (Harris 1 993). To address this problem,

extraction of material from herbarium material suitable for DNA analysis has been

investigated with varying degrees of success depending on age, preservation methods

and storage conditions (e.g. Lister et al. 2008; Liston et al. 1990; Andreasen et al.

2009; Rogers & Bendich 1985; Sarkinen et al. in press). This practice, however, has

raised concern from collection curators about the destructive nature of this sampling

from often irreplaceable herbarium material. Extraction has also been problematic

from herbarium specimens pressed in spirit or poisoned - a common practice in South

232

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

East Asia. The collection of plant material dried in silica gel, in addition to herbarium

material, is now a common practice and helps avoid the difficulties of DNA extraction

from herbarium material.

Chase & Hills (1991) suggested the collection of about 4-6 grams of fresh leaf

material tom into pieces not exceeding 2 cm^ and then placed into a zip-lock type

sealable plastic bag with silica gel at a ratio of not less than 10 to 1. This is considered

a highly effective method of drying material and minimising DNA degradation.

The storage of material in zip-lock bags appears effective but requires a large

amount of silica gel and plastic bags to be taken into the field, something which can be

problematic during long field trips to remote areas. It also has the disadvantage that if

the silica gel becomes hydrated (a small hole in the bag will cause hydration in tropical

environments) the replacement of the silica gel is difficult and its reuse can result in

contamination. This paper summarizes a method which is becoming more widely used

but currently unpublished. It should be useful to researchers wishing to refine their

field practices.

Methods

An alternative method of drying and storing plant material for DNA extraction uses

empty teabags such as those that are widely available in supermarkets and specialist

tea shops. Instead of placing the material in silica gel in a sealable plastic bag, as

suggested by Chase & Hills (1991), the material is placed inside the teabag with a

collector label placed against the wall of the bag so that it is easily legible (Fig. lA)

and sealed (usually by folding the top over). The teabag is then placed in an airtight

container and completely submerged in silica gel until completely dry (Fig. IB). The

container is shaken frequently over the first day to make sure dry silica gel is always in

close contact with the plant material. Once the material is completely dry, the teabag

can then be removed from the silica gel and placed in an airtight container which has

a fresh layer of silica gel at its base (Fig. 1C) for longer term storage. This silica gel

layer can be easily replaced if it becomes hydrated.

Fig. 1. A. Ripped leaf material placed in teabag with internal paper label. B. Teabag submerged

in silica gel (regularly shaken). C. Longer term storage of teabags in sealable container with

layer of silica gel at base. (Photos: P. Wilkie)

Collecting plant material in silica gel

233

Results

In the field, plant material placed in teabags has been found to dry within the same time

scale as material placed directly into silica gel in zip-lock bags. The amount of silica

gel and zip-lock bags needed to be taken into the field has been reduced significantly

and it has been much easier to replace hydrated silica gel in the field.

Material collected and stored in this manner over the past seven years at the

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh appears equally effective as material stored using

zip-lock bags at providing non-degraded DNA. Although not statistically rigorous,

parallel QIAextractor (Qiagen) extraction of material from the same plant accession

collected three years previously using both traditional and teabag collection and

storage methods provided equivalent quantities and qualities of DNA, as assessed by

gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometiy. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of

plastid loci trnL and rbcL was also confirmed. No contamination of material between

collections has been recorded, indeed it is probable that this method reduces this risk,

especially when having to replace silica gel, as the plant material remains contained

within the teabag at all times.

The teabag method has simplified the management of collections during longer

terai institutional storage and has proven particularly useful in tropical environments

which have to deal with very high ambient humidity and thus more regular changing

of silica gel.

Discussion

This short paper suggests a modified method of collecting leaf material for subsequent

DNA extraction. Much of the infonnation gathered has been from our own experience,

with a range of researchers using this method in the field in different continents over

the past few years. Some variations to this method can be found on the web, such

as the use of envelopes and coffee filters (http://evol.mcmaster.ca/~brian/evoldir/

Answers/Leaf.Preservation.answers). The most obvious benefit to the field botanist is

the reduced amount of silica gel and plastic bags needing to be transported to and from

the field. In tropical climates the ability to easily change the silica gel has also been an

important improvement, as it has been found that zip-lock bags are not 100% airtight

(particularly when silica grams get into the mechanism), which can lead to rehydration

of plant material. No obvious difference in efficacy of the material for DNA extraction

has been noticed compared to the zip-lock bag method although we acknowledge that

our trials did not provide statistical support for this observation. Indeed we hope that

this paper may generate further investigations and publications on this topic.

Of equal importance to the long tenu preservation of plant material suitable for

DNA extraction is the environmental conditions in which the desiccated material (be

it in a teabag or zip-lock bag) is stored over the long tenn. As noted by Hollingsworth

et al. (2011) there is a need for guidelines on the optimum storage conditions for

234

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

desiccated material, though it appears that the dryer, colder and more stable the

environment, the less likely the DNA is to degrade.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Louise Buchholt Johansen is thanked for suggesting the idea to

the second author. Staff at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) are thanked, as are

George Staples and Jana Leong-Skomickova of Singapore Botanic Gardens and Tim Utteridge

of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for higlilighting the benefit of publishing this method.

Kate Annstrong is thanked for the field processing of the material used in this study (supported

by the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration Grant number 7727-04).

Comments from Peter Elollingsworth and Colin Pendry of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

were very much appreciated. This paper was partially written while P.W. was based at FRIM

under EPU pemiit 40/20019/2522.

References

Andreasen, K., Manlctelow, M. & Razafimandimbison, S.G. (2009) Successfi.il DNA

amplification of a more than 200 year-old herbarium specimen: recovering genetic

material from the Linnaean era. Taxon 58(3): 959-962.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering

plants. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(4): 531-53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2992015

Angiospenn Phylogeny Group II (2003) An update of the Angiospenn Phylogeny Group

classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG 11. Bot. J Linn. Soc.

141; 399-436.

http://w3.ufsm.br/herb/An%20update%20of%20the%20Angiosperm%20Phylogeny%20

Group.pdf

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

161 : 105-21. http://www3.interscience.wiley.eom/journal/122630309/abstract

Chase, M.W. & Hills, H.H. (1991) Silica gel: an ideal material for field preservation of leaf

samples for DNA studies. Taxon 40(2): 215-220.

Harris, S.A. (1993) DNA analysis of tropical plant species: an assessment of different drying

methods. Plant Syst. Evol. 188: 57-64.

Hollingsworth, P.M., Graham, S.W. & Little, D.P. (2011) Choosing and Using a Plant DNA

Barcode. PLoS ONE 6(5): el9254. doi:10.1371/joumal.pone.0019254

Lister, D.L., Bower, M.A., Howe, C.J. & Jones, M.K. (2008) Extraction and amplification of

nuclear DNA from herbarium specimens of ennner wheat: a method for assessing DNA

preservation by maximum amplicon length recovery. Taxon 57(1): 254-258.

Liston, A., Rieseberg, L.D,, Adams, R.P., Do, M. & Zhu, G. (1990) A method for collecting

dried plant specimens for DNA and isozyme analyses and the results of a field test in

Xinjiang, China. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 859-863.

Rogers, S.O. & Bendich, A.J. (1985). Extraction of DNA from milligram amounts of fresh,

herbarium and mummified plant tissues. PL Molec. Biol. 5: 69-76.

Sarkinen, T., Staats, M., Richardson, J.E., Cowan R. & Bakker F.T. (in press) How to open

the treasure chest? Optimising DNA extraction from herbarium specimens. PloS ONE.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 235-239. 2013

235

Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, V.

The Fagraea complex in Borneo:

New generic assignments and recombinations

K.M. Woiig^ M. Sugumaran- and J.B. Sugaid

^Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,

1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

wkm2000@gmail.com (corresponding author)

^Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences,

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

maran@um.edu.my

^Forest Research Centre, Forestry Department,

P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia

John.Sugau@sabah.gov.my

ABSTRACT. A new classification of the Fagraea complex (Gentianaceae) based on recent

molecular studies and taxonomic considerations now recognises the genera Cyrtophyllum,

Fagj^aea in the strict sense, Limahlania, Picrophloeus, and Utania. The Bornean species

of this complex are listed following the new perspective and the remaining necessary new

combinations (seven, in Utania) are made.

Keywords. Borneo, Cyrtophyllum, Fagraea, Gentianaceae, Limahlania, Picrophloeus, Utania

Introduction

Wong & Sugau (1996) revised the Bornean speeies of the Fagraea Thunb. eomplex. In

their work, they reviewed a number of species limits that had previously been masked

by the broader concepts adopted by Leenhouts (1962b), and revived a number of

names that had been enumerated or described by Cammerloher (1923) and others. In

addition, a number of species were also newly recognised. Subsequently, Sugumaran

& Wong (2012) demonstrated good support from molecular evidence for reasonably

clear lineages that could be identified with genera within the Fagraea Complex. Their

new classification recognised Cyrtophyllum Reinw., Fagraea (in the strict sense),

Limahlania K.M. Wong & M. Sugumaran, Picrophloeus Blume, and Utania G.Don.

Genera and sections

Of the three sections of Fagraea recognised by Leenhouts (1962b), F. section

Cyrtophyllum (Reinw.) Blume (Blume 1 838) is considered to have included two distinct

groups, which Wong & Sugau (1996) simply referred to as the “7^ fragrans complex”

(axillary inflorescences) and 'F. elliptica complex” (terminal inflorescences). There

are further differences (e.g., plant architecture) and these groups are now recognised as

236

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Cyrtophyllum (five species, revised by Wong & Sugumaran 2012b) and Picrophloeus

(four species: Wong 2012).

All species of F. section Fagraea {sensu Leenhouts 1962b) remain in Fagraea

sensu stricto, except for F. crenulata Maingay ex Clarke which was transferred to

the new monospecific genus, Limahlama K.M.Wong & M. Sugumaran (Wong &

Sugumaran 2012a). The species of F. section Racemosae Benth. (Bentham 1 856), with

a rather distinct inflorescence structure in which the elongate panicle bears condensed

branches that are much shorter than the rachis (in the other genera of this complex, the

basal cyme branches are similar to the rachis in length), are transferred to the genus

Utania G.Don.

Taxonomic assignment of Bornean species in the Fagraea Complex

Here we outline the generic designation of 43 known Bornean species from the Fagraea

Complex according to this new classification. Species distributions have been given in

the Bornean enumeration of Wong & Sugau (1996) except that of the newly described

Cyrtophyllum minutiflorum K.M.Wong, in Wong & Sugumaran (2012b).

CYRTOPHYLLUM (4 spp.)

Fagraea caudata Ridl. = Cyrtophyllum caudatum (Ridl.) K.M.Wong, Gard. Bull.

Singapore 64: 499 (2012).

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. = Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC., Prodromus 9: 31

(1845).

Fagraea gigantea Ridl. = Cyrtophyllum giganteum (Ridl.) Ridl., FI. Malay Penins.

2:421 (1923).

Cyrtophyllum minutiflorum K.M.Wong, Gard. Bull. Singapore 64: 507 (2012).

FAGRAEA (27 spp.)

Fagraea acutibracteata K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 49 (1996).

Fagraea auriculata Jack, Malayan Misc. 2, 7: 82 (1822).

Fagraea blumei G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 69 (1837) (in Don 1838).

Fagraea borneensis Scheff., Flora 52: 309 (1869).

Fagraea carnosa Jack, Malayan Misc. 2, 7: 81 (1822).

Fagraea dulitensis K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 59 (1996).

Fagraea floribunda K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 62 (1996).

Fagraea havilandii K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 64 (1996).

Fagraea iliasii K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 66 (1996),

Fagraea involucrata Merrill, J. Straits Branch Roy, Asiat. Soc. 77: 233 (1917).

Fagraea kalimantanensis (Leenh.) K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 69 (1996).

Fagraea kinabaluensis K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 69 (1996).

Fagraea kuminii K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 71 (1996).

Fagraea complex in Borneo; name changes, new combinations

237

Fagraea littoralis Blume var. borneensis K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 73

(1996).

Fagraea longipetiolata K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 75 (1996).

Fagraea macroscypha Baker, Kew Bull.: 25 (1896).

Fagraea megalantha K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 77 (1996).

Fagraea oblonga King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74, 2: 612 (1908).

Fagraea oreophila K.MWong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 78 (1996).

Fagraea rarissima K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 82 (1996).

Fagraea renae K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 82 (1996).

Fagraea resinosa Leenli., Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Bruxelles 32: 429 (1962a).

Fagraea ridleyi King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74, 2: 612 (1908).

Fagraea splendens Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 : 168 (1850).

Fagraea stonei K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 88 (1996).

Fagraea tiiyukii K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 90 (1996).

Fagraea sp. A., K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 92 (1996).

LIMAHLANIA(1 sp.)

Fagraea crenulata Maingay ex Clarke in Hooker f., FI. Brit. India 4 (1883) 83 =

Limahlania crenulata (Maingay ex Clarke) K.M.Wong & M.Sugumaran, Gard.

Bull. Singapore 64: 492 (2012).

PICROPHLOEUS (4 spp.)

Fagraea belukar K.M.Wong & Sugau = Picrophloeus belukar (K.M.Wong & Sugau)

K.M.Wong, Gard. Bull. Singapore 64: 513 (2012).

Fagraea collina K.M.Wong & Sugau = Picrophloeus collinus (K.M.Wong & Sugau)

K.M.Wong, Gard. Bull. Singapore 64: 514 (2012).

Fagraea elliptica auctt. incl. Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8 (1996) 21 = Picrophloeus

javanensis Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Tnd. 16: 1020 (1826).

Fagraea rugulosa K.M.Wong & Sugau = Picrophloeus rugulosus (K.M.Wong &

Sugau) K.M.Wong, Gard. Bull. Singapore 64: 520 (2012).

UTANIA (7 spp.)

Fagraea cuspidata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 170 (1850); Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8:

28, f. 9 (1996) = Utania cuspidata (Blume) K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau,

comb. nov.

TYPE: Blume, s.n., Borneo, Tanjong Java (iso L).

Fagraea montana K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 31, f. 10 (1996) = Utania

montana (K.M.Wong & Sugau) K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb. nov.

TYPE: Aban SAN 50722, Sabah, Ranau, Mamut, copper mining area (holo SAN;

iso K, L).

Fagraea philippinensis K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 35, f. 12 (1996) = Utania

philippinensis (K.M.Wong & Sugau) K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb,

nov.

TYPE: Ahern s Coll. For. Bur. 3270, Philippines, Luzon, Rizal (holo K).

238

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Fagraea spicata Baker, Kew Bull. (1896) 25; Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8:38 (1996)

= Utania spicata (Baker) K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb. nov.

TYPE: Creagh, s.n., British North Borneo, east coast (holo K).

Fagraea stenophylla Becc. ex Merrill, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 77: 236

(1917); Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 38, f. 13 (1996) = Utania stenophylla

(Becc. ex Memll) K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb. nov.

TYPE: Native Coll Bun Sci. 2828, Sarawak, Upper Baram, Sehmgo (iso A, UC).

Fagraea teysmannii Camnierloher, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3,5:314, f. 3 (1923);

Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8 (1996) 40 = Utania teysmannii (Camnierloher)

K.M.Wong, M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb. nov.

TYPE: Teysmann, s.n,, Karimata, Soengai Tajan (lecto L; chosen by Wong &

Sugau 1996).

Fagraea voluhilis Wall, in Roxb., FI. Ind. 2: 36 (1824); Wong & Sugau, Sandakania

8: 40 (1996) = Utania voluhilis (Wall.) M.Sugumaran, Gard. Bull. Singapore 64:

493 (2012).

TYPE: Jack, E. Bencoolen (sheet marked “1600. E. Bencoolen” on bottom left)

(holo K-W).

Fagraea voluhilis var. microcalyx K.M.Wong & Sugau, Sandakania 8: 43, f. 14

(1996) = Utania voluhilis var. microcalyx (K.M.Wong & Sugau) K.M.Wong,

M.Sugumaran & Sugau, comb. nov.

TYPE: Burley, Tukirin et ai 372, Kalimantan, 5 km NE of Hamwu village (holo

KEP; iso A, BO).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank the Keepers and Curators of the A, BO, K, KEP, KLU,

L, NY, US, SAN, SAR and SING herbaria for permission to eonsult reference materials and

loans of specimens.

References

Baker, J.G. (1896) Decades Kewensis. Plantarum novarum in Herbario Horti Regii

Conservatamm. Decas XXlll-XXV. Kew Bull. (1896): 16-26.

Bentham, G. (1856) Notes on Loganiaceae. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 52-114.

Blume, C.L. (1826) Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Part 14, pp. 731-850; Part

16, pp. 943-1066. Batavia; Lands Drukkerij.

Blume, C.L. Rumphia. Vol. 2. 176 pp., 105 pi. Amstelodam: C.G. Sulpke.

Blume, C.L. (1850) Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum. Vol. 1. 396 pp., 59 fig. Lugduni-

Batavorum: E.J. Brill.

Cammerloher, H. (1923) Die Loganiaceen und Buddleiaceen Niederlandisch-Indiens. Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buitenzoig, ser. Ill 5(4): 295-338.

Candolle, A.LP.P. de ( 1 845) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 9. 573 pp.

Paris; Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz.

Don, G. (1 838) A Genercd System of Gardening and Botany. Vol. 4. viii + 908 pp. London: J.G.

& F. Rivington, etc.

Fagraea complex in Borneo; name changes, new combinations

239

Hooker, J.D. (1883) The Flora of British India. Vol. 4. 780 pp. London: L. Reeve & Co.

Jack, W. (1822) Descriptions of Malayan Plants. Malayan Miscellanies 2(7). iii + 96 pp.

Bencoolen: Sumatran Mission Press.

King, G. & Gamble, J.S. (1908) Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. J. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal 74(2): 603-612.

Leenhouts, P.W. (1962a) Notes on some species of Fagraea Thunb. Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat

Bruxelles 32: 418^58.

Leenhouts, P.W. (1962b) Loganiaceae. In: Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed) Flora Malesiana. Series

1, vol. 6. Pp. 293-336. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhotf Publishing.

Merrill, E.D. (1917) Alabastra Bomeensia. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 77: 189-247.

Ridley, H.N. (1923) The Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2. vi + 672 pp. London L. Reeve

& Co.

Roxburgh, W. (1824) Flora indica; or, Descriptions of Indian plants. Vol. 2. 583 pp. Serampore:

Mission Press.

Scheffer, R.H.C.C. (1869) Observationes phytographicae. F’/ora; oder, (allgemeine) botanische

Zeitung 52: 305-310.

Sugumaran, M. & Wong, K.M. (2012) Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, 1. Fagraea sensu

lato — complex genus or several genera? A molecular phylogenetic study. Gard. Bull.

Singapore 64(2): 301-332.

Wong, K.M. (2012) Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, IV. A revision of Picrophloeus. Gard.

Bull. Singapore 64{2): 511-522.

Wong, K.M. & Sugau, J.B. (1 996) A revision of Fagraea (Loganiaceae) in Borneo, with notes

on related Malesian species and 21 new species. Sandakania 8: 1-93.

Wong, K.M. & Sugumaran, M. (2012a) Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, 11. A taxonomic

framework for the Fagraea complex, including the new genus Limahlania. Gard. Bull.

Singapore 64(2): 481-495.

Wong, K.M. & Sugumaran, M. (2012b) Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, III. Cyrtophyllum

reapplied to the Fagraea fragrans alliance. Gard. Bull. Singapore 64(2): 497-510.

Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 65(2): 241-249. 2013

241

Marsdenia maingayi (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae),

a rare rainforest woody climber

rediscovered in Singapore

Y.S. Yeoh', C.K. Yeo^ W.F. Ang’ and Y.W. Lo\V

'NUS High School of Mathematics and Science,

20 dementi Avenue 1, 129957 Singapore

wywyas@gmail.com

^Office of the Chief Science and Teehnology Officer,

Ministry of Home Affairs, New Phoenix Park,

28 Irrawaddy Road, 329560 Singapore

yeo_chow_khoon@mha.gov.sg

^Horticulture and Community Gardening Division, National Parks Board,

lOOK Pasir Panjang Road, 118526 Singapore

ang_wee_fooiig@iiparks .gov. sg

"^Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,

1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore

low_yee_wen@nparks.gov.sg

ABSTRACT. Marsdenia maingayi, a rare rainforest climber previously thought to be extinct

in Singapore, was rediscovered in the vicinity of MacRitchie Reservoir, Central Catchment

Nature Reserve in July 2012. This is the second sighting of the taxon in Singapore since it was

first collected in Changi in 1885 — ^more than 120 years later. Based on this recent discovery,

additional observations on the taxon are provided here and the conservation status of this

species is revised to Critieally Endangered for Singapore. Marsdenia maingayi is leetotypified

here.

Keywords. Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Central Catchment Nature Reserve, extinct,

lectotypifi cation, MacRitchie Reservoir Park, Marsdenia maingayi, rediseovery, Stephanotis

maingayi

Introduction

Marsdenia R.Br. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) is a genus consisting of about

200 species of twining woody climbers and subshrubs distributed worldwide in the

warm tropical and subtropical regions (Mabberley 2008). Robert Brown dedicated

the genus to the First Secretary of the British Admiralty, William Marsden (1754-

1836), who was an authority on Sumatran history and an avid promoter of botany

(Brown 1810). Marsdenia maingayi (Hook.f.) P.l.Forst. is an elusive rainforest woody

climber endemic to the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore). It has

only been recorded five times (four records from Peninsular Malaysia, and once from

Singapore) based on a survey of herbarium materials available in the Herbarium of the

242

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong (KEP),

and Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING) (herbarium acronym follows Thiers 2013).

The species was initially described as Stephanotis maingayi Hook.f. (Hooker 1885),

based on a collection from Melaka made by Maingay on 23 June 1865 or 1866. Forster

(1995a) later recombined it as Marsdenia maingayi after conclusive findings based

on morphological characters revealed that Stephanotis Thouars and Marsdenia were

taxonomically congeneric (Forster 1995b).

The first collection of the species in Singapore was made by Hullett from

Changi in 1885 (Gamble 1908; Ridley 1923). Ridley (1923), however, could not find

any living material in Singapore or Peninsular Malaysia and remarked that the species

could have gone extinct. As the species was not sighted in Singapore in the more than

a century since Hullett ’s discovery this prompted Tan et al. (2008) and Chong et al.

(2009) to list the taxon as Presumed Nationally Extinct in Singapore. However, in

2012 we rediscovered this flowering climber in the vicinity of MacRitchie Reservoir

Park and report it here. The conservation status for the species in Singapore is revised,

based on Davison (2008).

The lUCN conservation status of Marsdenia maingayi is also assessed

throughout its range using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011), an lUCN Red List (lUCN

2001) compliant sofiware that generates the lUCN threat categories based on (i) extent

of occurrence (EOO), and (ii) area of occurrence (AGO). Data used for the assessment

here are based on herbarium records that are represented in three herbaria, i.e., K, KEP

and SING.

The discovery at MacRitchie Reservoir Park

The Marsdenia maingayi specimen discovered in the vicinity of MacRitchie Reservoir

is a vigorous woody climber found just beside a jogging trail, along the forest margin

(Fig. 1), The climber was undetected initially, even though the first author made

regular visits to the park, as it was growing high up in the tree canopy at about 8-10

m above ground. However, a recent tree fall at the spot eventually brought parts of

the climber down, closer to the ground. Subsequently, the climber flowered, and was

spotted by the first author in July 2012, who collected a small flowering specimen and

forwarded it to SING for identification. The newly collected material was eventually

found to match the Hullett collection from Changi. Furthermore, it also matched the

type specimens {Maingay 1731 /Kew Distrib. No. 1112) in the Herbarium of the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew (K). Upon ascertaining the identity and rarity of this plant, a

second visit to the site was made in August 2012 to properly document, observe and

make a herbarium collection of the specimen to be deposited at SING, along with

duplicate material of this rare species.

Marsdenia maingayi not extinct in Singapore

243

Fig.l. The vigorous MacRitchie specimen of Marsdenia maingayi growing along the forest

margin, beside a jogging track (Photo: C.K. Yeo). Inset: Gregarious flowering observed in July

2012. (Photo: Y.S. Yeoh)

244

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Taxonomy

Marsdenia maingayi (Hook.f.) RLForst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 700 (1995). —

Stephanotis maingayi Hook.f., FI. Brit. India 4: 39 (1885); Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal 74(2): 550 (1908); Ridley, FI. Mai. Pen. 2: 389 (1923). TYPE: Maingay 1731,

Peninsular Malaysia, Melaka, 23 Jun 1865-1866 (Kew Distrib. No. 1112) (lecto K!

barcode K000821736, designated here; isolecto K! barcode K000821737). Fig. 2.

Robust twining woody climber, exudate clear. Indumentum of pale yellow-brown erect

unicellular eglandular trichomes on most parts. Stems woody, twining, cylindrical,

2-4(-5) mm wide, sparsely pubescent when young, usually glabrous on older parts,

older parts lenticellate; intemodes (9.2-)10-15.5(-l 8.5) cm long. Petiole (l,8-)2-

2.5(-3) cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, sparsely pubescent. Leaf lamina elliptic to ovate,

(8-)9.5-ll(-15) cm long, (4.6-)5.5-5.8(-9.5) cm wide, chartaceous; colleters on

adaxial surface of the lamina base up to 9, conical, pale to dark brown; lamina base

cordate; apex acute to acuminate; venation pinnate, midrib flat to sunken and minutely

puberulent on upper surface, prominent and puberulent on lower surface; secondary

veins 6-9(-ll) pairs, flat and subglabrous on upper surface, prominent and sparsely

puberulent on lower surface; tertiary venation reticulate. Inflorescence extra-axillary,

racemiform, 2.5-6 cm long; peduncles 2.5-5 cm long, 1.7-2 mm wide, sparsely

pubescent; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, outside sparsely pubescent, inside

glabrous. Flowers 2-5 per uiflorescence, 7.5-9 cm long, 7-8 cm wide; pedicels 2-3.5

cm long, 1-1.8 mm wide, sparsely pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, 1. 4-2.4 cm long, 2-3

mm wide at base, 5-10 mm at the widest portion narrowing towards the apex; outside

sparsely pubescent, inside glabrous. Corolla salver-shaped with right-contorted lobes,

white turning pale yellow, then yellow-orange; tube 1. 8-2.7 cm long, 4-5.5 mm wide

at the mid portion, 4-7 mm wide at tliroat, outside sparsely pubescent, inside glabrous

on most of the upper parts except for nan'ow V-shaped patches of retrose trichomes

around the base of the staminal column; lobes 5, lanceolate, 2-3.2 cm long, 7-1 1 mm

wide, outside sparsely pubescent, inside glabrous. Staminal corona 8-9 mm long,

up to 5 mm wide, tips overtopping style-head. Staminal column up to 12 mm long,

up to 5 mm wide; anther appendages with an irregularly hyaline-membranous apex

surrounding the style-head, ovate, 4-5 mm long, up to 2 mm wide; alar fissure c. 4

mm long. Style-head umbonate, c. 4 mm long, c. 2 mm wide. Pollinarium c. 1.2 mm

long, c. 1.5 mm wide; pollinium ellipsoid, c. 1 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide; corpusculum

ovate, c. 0.8 mm long, c. 0.7 mm wide; caudicles c. 0.3 mm long, c. 0.1 nun wide.

Fruit a single follicle, cylindrical-oblong, c. 24.6 cm long, c. 4 cm wide; seeds many,

ovate, 1.3-1. 5 cm long, 0.7-0. 9 cm wide, comose at germinating end, coma c. 8 cm

long, golden brown.

Distribution. Endemic to the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore)

(Fig, 3).

Marsdenia maingayi not extinct in Singapore

245

Fig. 2. Marsdenia maingayi (Hook.f.) P.I. Forst. A. The showy pendulous inflorescence with

salver shaped flowers. B. Lenticellate bark observed on older woody stems. C. Close-up of dark

coloured colleters at the base of lamina on adaxial surface. D. Flower bud with right contorted

corolla lobes. E. Close-up of staminal column. F. Hyaline-membranous anther appendages

artiflcially forced open to expose the pale green umbonate stigma. G. Close-up of a pollinarium

showing dark-coloured corpusculum with two pollinia attached. (Photos: A, C.K. Yeo; B-C &

E-F, Y.S. Yeoh; D, W.F. Ang; G, YW. Low)

246

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Habitat and ecology. Forest margin and open forest gaps of disturbed lowland forests,

to 230 m elevation.

Proposed conservation status. Marsdenia maingayi is proposed here for Singapore as

Critieally Endangered (CR), as the MacRitchie specimen is the only mature individual

known to exist in the wild. This matches the status proposed in Davison (2008). This

is largely due to habitat loss attributed to Singapore’s economic transformation and

development since colonial times.

Over its entire distribution the lUCN conservation status for Marsdenia

maingayi is assessed using GeoCAT as Endangered EN B2ab(iii,iv) (lUCN 2001).

The B2 designation is given because the Area of Occurrence ( AOO) is estimated to be

less than 500 km^ (about 24 km^ for Marsdenia maingayi)', the ‘a’ designation because

it is known to exist at no more than five locations (Singapore; MacRitchie Reservoir;

Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Aring Forest Reserve (Kelantan), Jengka (Pahang),

and Gunung Panti Forest Reserve (Johor)); and the b(iii, iv) categoiy indicates that

there is a continuing decline in area and quality of habitat, and number of locations.

Habitat loss is a major concern for the species as Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore

continue to undergo modernisation. However, these proposed statuses for the species

would require reassessment periodically as more efforts are underway in the region

to systematically document the flora of Singapore, as well as the flora of Peninsular

Malaysia.

Additional notes. Two sheets of the type material, Maingay 1731 (Kew Distrib. No.:

1112) were present at Kew. As these were not clearly indicated in Forster (1995a),

we would here like to designate the sheet identified by barcode K000821736 as the

lectotype, while the other sheet (K000821737) is an isolectotype. At MacRitchie, the

flowers of Marsdenia maingayi were observed to be visited by lepidopterans, Quedara

monteithi monteithi (Wood-Mason & de Niceville 1887), a dark-coloured skipper. A

dark-coloured liquid, possibly nectar (Fig. 4), was also observed to be present. The

nature of the dark-coloured liquid was not investigated, but was suspected to be

produced by the plant as it was sweet to taste. Furthenuore, coloured nectar has been

recorded for other members of the Asclepiadoideae {Hoya R.Br. species) (Hansen et

al. 2007). The plant failed to produce mature fruits after the end of the flowering

period based on observations carried out by the first author on subsequent visits over a

period of six months. Ex situ conservation attention for the species has been initiated

at the National Parks Board’s Pasir Panjang Nursery as this is the only known living

specimen to exist in Singapore. As this species certainly has much ornamental value,

given its large showy and mildly fragrant flowers that change from white to yellow-

orange as they mature, it could be introduced to streetscapes in the near fiiture. Special

effort is also needed to protect and preserve this living specimen on site, in the vicinity

of MacRitchie Reservoir, as a long terai in situ conservation effort.

Additional specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Kelantan. Kuala Aring Forest

Reserve, 1992, Kiew KBH26 (KEP; SING! barcode no. SING0015422); Pahang. Jengka,

Marsdenia maingayi not extinct in Singapore

247

SOUTH

CHINA

SEA

o^.SINCJAPORE-A,

Vl ^ Oo *0

Fig. 3. Distribution of Marsdenia maingayi in the Malay Peninsula, indieated by blaek dots.

18 May 1983, Ng FRI27408 (SING! bareode no. SING0122332); Johor. Gunung Panti, 22

May 1966, Heaslett s.n. (SING! barcode no. SING0122331). SINGAPORE. Changi, July

1885, Hullett 147 (SING! 2 sheets, barcode nos. SING0003975 & SING0003974); Central

Catchment Nature Reserve, MacRitchie Reservoir Park, 27 Aug 2012, Low et al. LYW523 (K!

SING! barcode no. SINGO 166282)

248

Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(2) 2013

Fig. 4. The dark brown skipper, Quedara monteithi monteithi (Wood-Mason & de Nieeville,

1887), was spotted yisitmg Mars denia maingayi flowers. (Photo: W.F. Ang)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We would like to thank the Keepers and Curators of K, KEP

and SING for permission to examine specimens in their collections; National Parks Board

for permission to access and obtain herbarium collections in the MacRitchie Reservoir Park,

Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Much help in obtaining literature was kindly provided by

Prof H.T.W. Tan and Dr. K.Y. Chong (National University of Singapore); and Dr. P.I. Forster

(Queensland Herbarium, Australia). A.T. Gwee (SING) helped with initial identification of

the specimen, and Serena Lee (SING) provided BRAHMS support; Timothy Harris, Elizabeth

Woodgyer, and Dr. David Goyder are thanked for facilitating type images from Kew; and

three senior members of the ButterflyCircle Group (Singapore) and Anuj Jain (NUS) assisted

with the identification of the butterfly photographed. Finally, we would like to express our

appreciation to the two reviewers. Dr. David J. Middleton and Dr. Michele Rodda, for their

constructive comments in improving this manuscript.

References

Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W, de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat

assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith, V. &

Penev, L. (eds) e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys

150: 117-126. (Version BETA)*

Brown, R. (1810) Prodromus Flora Novae Hollandiae et Insulae van Diemen. Nuremberg:

Leomard Schrag. 590 pp.

Marsdenia maingayi not extinct in Singapore

249

Chong, K.Y., Tan, H.T.W. & Corlett, R.T. (2009) A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora

of Singapore: Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species. 273 pp. Singapore: National

University of Singapore, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research.

http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/raffles_museum_pub/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf (accessed on 14

Nov 2012).

Davison, G.W.H. (2008) The Red List Categories. In: Davison, G.W.H., Ng, RK.L. & Ho, H.C.

(eds) The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened Plants and Animals of Singapore. 2nd

edition. Pp. 1-4. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore).

Forster, P.I. ( 1 995a) New names and combinations in Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae)

from Asia and Malesia (excluding Papusia). Austral. Syst. Bot. 8: 691-701.

Forster, P.I. (1995b) Circumscription of Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae), with a

revision of the genus in Australia and Papuasia. Austral. Syst. Bot 8: 703-933.

Gamble, J.S. (1908) Stephanotis (Asclepiadaceae). In: ICing, G. & Gamble, J.S. (eds) Materials

for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, no. 19. J. Asiat Soc. Bengal 74(2): 549-550.

Hansen, D.M., Olesen, J.M., Mione, T., Johnson, S.D. & Miiller, C.B. (2007) Coloured nectar:

distribution, ecology, and evolution of an enigmatic floral trait. Biol. Rev. 82: 83-111.

Hooker, J.D. (1885) Flora of British India. Vol. 4. L. London: L. Reeve & Co. Ltd.

lUCN (2001) /t/C/V Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.L 2nd ed. Switzerland, Gland

and UK, Cambridge: lUCN.

Mabberley, D. (2008) Mabberley’s Plant-book: a portable dictionaiy of plants, their

classification and uses. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ridley, H.N. (1923) The Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2. London: L. Reeve & Co. Ltd.

Tan, H.T.W., Tan, B.C., Tan, K.X., Ali bin Ibrahim, Chew, P.T., Chua, K.S., Duistermaat, H.,

Ganesan, S.K., Goh, M.W.K., Gwee, A.T., Kiew, R., Lee, S., Leong, P.K.F., Lim, J.,

Lok, A.F.S.L., Loo, A.H.B., Lum, S.K.Y., Morgany, T., SaiRiddin bin Sman, Sim, S.,

Haji Samsuri bin Haji Ahmad, Wee, Y.C., Yap, K.F,, Yeo, C.K. & Yong, J.W.H, (2008)

Checklists of threatened species: seed plants. In: Davison, G.W.H. , Ng, RK.L. & Ho,

H.C. (eds) The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened Platits and Animals of Singapore.

2nd ed. Pp. 213-245. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore).

Thiers, B. (2013) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directoiy of public

herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium, http://

sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed on 11 Oct. 2013)

Wood-Mason, J. & de Niceville, L. (1887) List of lepidopterous insects collected in Cachar by

Mr. Wood-Mason, part II, Rhopalocera. J. Asiat Soc. Bengal 55(4): 343-393, pi. 1 5-18.

The Gardens’ Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 65 2013

ISSN 0374-7859

VOLUME 65

No. 1 pages 1-134 (published 30 June 2013)

No. 2 pages 135-249 (published 24 December 2013)

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN, SINGAPORE

The Gardens^ Bulletin^ Singapore is a peer-reviewed journal publishing original papers and

reviews on a wide range of subjects: plant taxonomy (including revisions), phytogeography,

floristics, morphology, anatomy, as well as horticulture and related fields, such as ecology and

conservation, with emphasis on the plant life of the Southeast Asian-Pacific region.

Dr. K.M. Wong Dr. Jana Leong-Skomickova

(Editor-in-Chief) (Managing Editor)

S. Lee Y.W. Low Christina Soh

(Graphics Editor) (Copy Editor) (Business Manager)

Editorial Advisory Board

Professor Sir Peter Crane

Yale University

U.S.A.

Dr. Rogier P.J. de Kok

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

UK.

Dr. W.J. Kress

National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Institution

USA.

Dr. David J. Middleton

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

UK.

Dr. Kiat W, Tan

Gardens By The Bay

Singapore

Dr. Nigel P. Taylor

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr. I.M. Turner

Singapore Botanic Gardens

National Parks Board, Singapore

Dr. J.F. Veidkamp

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland

The Netherlands

Dr. Jun Wen

National Museum of Natural History

Sm ithson ian 1 nsti tution

USA.

Professor Nianlie Xia

South China Institute of Botany

PR. China

Published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore, the annual subscription for the journal

is Singapore $100.00 including postage. Overseas subscribers should make payment in the form of

bank di'aft or international money order in Singapore cuiTcncy, payable to National Parks Board. Please

forward payment to “Accounts Receivable Section, National Parks Board, Headquarters, Singapore

Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569”.

National Parks Board

Singapore Botanic Gardens

1 Cluny Road

Singapore 259569

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers Pte Ltd