ran)

ay

(Re

DIRIGES PAR | ;

“FAM. ‘LOCUSTI DA

BRAM. PROPHALANGOPSIN A

A esd ye DN /CAUDELL ;

i re = owen tare :

191 2a

ERTENEUIL LL AEs, Desmer, Imprimeurs-Editeurs, 60-62, rue T’Kint, BRUXELLES.

"Prospectus gratis et franco sur demande

pel

irection scientif ue: M. ae WYTSMAN, Paatseites ieee iat Bras, “TERVUEREN (Belgique).

Ce at Si . ghey

sa hy : i,

ORTHOPTERA

siti Bin % wit aa |

Plt a

NS 4, t | ,

1s

. Ny ’

oe

ORTHOPTERA

FAM. LOCUSTIDA

¥ SURAT, PROPHALANGOPSINZE ; |

| i

ORTHOPTERA

FAM. LOCUSTID”

INTRODUCTION — SUBFAM. PROPHALANGOPSINE

by Ay NE CAUIDEIEIE

WITH I COLOURED PLATE

INTRODUCTION

S\ He Locustide, the long-horned grasshoppers or katydids, is, next to the Acridide,

AN or short-horned grasshoppers, the largest family of Orthoptera. The forms are extremely

diverse in structure and habit. A large majority of the members of this family are herb-

; # ivorous, but exceptions occur, some being carnivorous, while others are omnivorous. In

structure there is great variation, some forms being small wingless ant-like creatures, while others are

large long-winged insects often of grotesque shape. In most of the subfamilies comprising this family

the color is green, but many forms are brown, while others are yellow or variegated with various bright

colors, some even gorgeous in their color patterns. Some forms are mimetic, certain species resembling

dead leaves so closely that a keen eye is needed to detect them; others resemble insects of different

orders, some mimicing certain Coleoptera and others looking very much like ants. Some of the Locus-

tidz also mimic in form other families of the Orthoptera, one subfamily for example bearing a very close

superficial resemblance to the Phasmidz, or walking-sticks.

Most of the Locustide live above ground, frequenting vegetation. tree, shrub or grass. Some,

however, are subterranean, living in caves or under stones or burrowing in the earth. No species are

recorded as aquatic, though some frequent low swampy places 2).

t; the name Locustide# is wrongly used in this connection, but for the sake of uniformity with my fasciculeof Genera Insectorum already

published, the Decticinz, I use it. The short-horned grasshoppers will have to be called by the above title has the genus Zocwsfa pertains to that group.

The katydids are termed Phasgonuride by Kirby, but as the Linnean genus Zetfigonia has page precedence over Phasgonura, also Linnean, the

name Tettigonid# seems the proper name for the family.

2) G. P. Engelhardt writes me that Orchelimum volantum McNeill dives into the water when persued and hides under the leaves of water lilies.

ORTHOPTERA

'S)

In classification the head affords several features of taxonomic importance, the shape and size of

the head itself being used in some cases for specific differentiation. The most important characters of

the head, however, as used in the determination of genera and higher groups lie in the shape and position

of the fastigium of the vertex, that of the face, the position of the occiput and the place of insertion of

the antenne. In some groups the fastigium of the vertex is horizontal and often considerably extended

(Plate, Fig. 1), while in others it is nearly vertical and rounded(Plate, Fig. 2); the width of the vertex,

usually as compared with the basal segment of the antenne, is also used, especially in specific determi-

nation. The facial fastigium, or fastigium of the front, is used in connection with the fastigium of the

vertex as a synoptic character, the feature usually considered being whether they touch or are distant

from each other, and if they do meet, whether the junction is in a transverse line (Plate, Fig. 3), ora

point (Plate, Fig. 4). The occiput, or top of the head, affords a character for the limitation of some of

the subfamilies, the Bradyporine and Saginz. In these groups the occiput is elevated considerably

above the fastigium of the vertex, while in most others it is but little elevated. In the groups where the

occiput is much elevated the antenne are inserted below the eyes, or between their lower borders, and

nearer the clypeal suture than to the top of the occiput (Plate, Fig. 2). The size and shape of the eyes

and the structure of the mouth parts are also of importance in classification.

The thorax offers several taxonomic structures. [he presence or absence of lateral carina and

transverse sulci on the pronotal disk, the development of the lateral lobes and the general shape of the

pronotum, whether short and posteriorly obtuse (Plate, Fig. 15), or long and posteriorly produced, or

acute (Plate, Fig. 16), are characters much used in classification, and the absence or presence of spines

on the prosternum is a point of much importance. The form of the meso- and metasternal lobes and of

the anterior border of the mesosternum are characters considerably used as are also those furnished by

the pits, or foveole, of both the meso- and metasterni.

The abdomen is not productive of many characters, with the exception of the genital organs.

Here, however, are often found characters of great importance to the systematist, the ovipositor

of the female and the cerci and the supraanal and subgenital plates of both sexes often proving

invaluable for generic and specific differentiation.

The legs furnish the most used characters for the definition of groups. The shape of the tarsi,

whether depressed or compressed, and the presence or absence beneath of pads, or pulvilli, are important

characters. The number of segments in the tarsi of the Locustide is typically four, but in one genus of

Raphidophorine the fore and hind tarsi are tetramerous, and in the aberrant subfamily Prophalango-

psine all the tarsi are three-jointed. The first and second tarsal segments are used in the definition of

the subfamily Phaneropterine, here being smooth laterally (Plate, Fig. 6), while in most groups

they are sulcate laterally (Plate, Fig. 7). The form and armature of the tibiae and femora afford many

much used characters. The shape, whether rounded or sulcate on the various sides, and the presence or

absence of spines and spurs, especially the terminal ones of the posterior tibiz, are points of consider-

able taxonomic importance, as are also character of the anterior coxa, whether armed or not, and of

the geniculations of the femora, whether rounded or developed into acute points or spines. The hearing

organs, or foramina, on the sides of the basal portion of the anterior tibiz, are of prime classifactory

importance. They are absent in the Gryllacrine and some members of other groups, but, when present,

they occur in three forms which were defined and figured by Brunner von Wattenwyl1) over thirty years

ago. These organs are called tympani by some writers and foramina by others. Brunner called them

tympani, but I prefer foramina, as the singing areas of the tegmina of the male are usually called

tympani and to designate the auditory organs by the same name would be confusing. The three forms

1) Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 24, p. 287 (1874).

EAN LOCUS DAE 3

of foramina are as follows: The open foramina, tympanum apertum of Brunner, is an open cavity opening

laterally in the side of the tibiee, the covering membrane usually plainly exposed to view (Plate, Fig. 8).

The shell-shaped or ear-like foramina, tympanum conchatum of Brunner, has the hind margin of the

strengthened frame of the orifice drawn over the opening like an ear or a shell, covering but not closing

the foraminum (Plate, Fig. 9). The linear foramina, tympanum rimatum of Brunner, is similar to the

last, but here the covering shell closes the orifice completely, leaving only a fine slit visible (Plate,

Fig. 10). The last two forms, especially the second, open more or less anteriorly as opposed to the first

described form, which open laterally. The foramina of the opposite sides of the tibize are usually of the

same form, but occasionnally that of one side is of one form, while that of the opposite side is of another.

The organs of flight are much used in generic and specific determination. Their absence or

presence and, when present, their development and shape are important characters, and the venation,

especially of the elytra, is often used in classification. The main veins of the elytra and wing are

named in Figures II, 12 and 13. The males of most winged Locustide are very musical and the

elytra are furnished with specialized stridulating areas. These sound producing organs are called crepi-

taculii, taboretts or tympanii, the last preferable as it is the most used. They are best developed on

the right elytron and in both elytra they are usually limited to the anal field.

The classification of the Locustidze, while fairly satisfactory as compared with some other groups

of insects, is not perfect by any means. Many of the subfamilies have been monographed more or less

elaborately and with varying success. The group relationship of many of the forms is but poorly indi-

cated by many of the published tables, the writers seemingly preparing a theoretic table and then

forcing various forms in where their natural characters illy justify their being placed. It is an almost

impossible task, however, to construct keys to higher groups which will unfailingly carry all species into

their proper places, owing to the almost infinite variation of nearly all taxonomic characters. With

sufficient material much improvement could certainly be made on the classification which follows. The

tables are mostly compilations of ones previously published, not enough material of the world’s richness

of form being available to justify any material revision.

The subfamilies of the Locustidee may be separated by the following key, which is mostly an

adaptation from the works of Brunner :

INDY RO THE SUBFAMILIES OF LOCUSTIDA:

t. Larsi three-jointed 22

— Tarst four-jointed. (In the American genus Daihinia of the subfamily

Fehadophorinae the fore and hind tarsi ave tetramerous and in at least

SUN? SPAMS Of @ TMGT OTIS WHO HONE CSD GRE Uo) 5 8 6 6 5 6 6 a 6 5 ¢ 6 2

ZEMIN STMI/LONCEO WIE SSHU CDV ESSE Wim MUP Wace LWMyAD 2) ete wis Out WV ad os oy ee) SN he Vp ee RSE

= Wars dusomiby compressa, ((WSHBIG) GRAOBS)o 5 0 20 co 6 6 © 6 6 5615 » © 6 5 ag o Bite

3). ACY WADE ODEO DIP THUR. gs 8 lll Ce

= Alnor labia CON POO kk ee ll Gl 8 BOY

4. Antennae inserled between the eyes, less remote from the top of the occiput

than from the clypeal suture (Plate, Fig. 1) . 5.

— Antennae inserted below the eyes or between their lower margins, nearer the

elypeal suture than to the top of the occiput (Plate, Fig 2). . . . . . =.=. =. .... I.

5. First and second tarsal joints smooth (Plate, Fig. 6.) (Hind tibiae with

an apical spine above on each side.) ee pey Maa. Sar) ot rs . Subfam. PHANEROPTERINE.

— First and second tarsal joints longitudinally sulcatelaterally (Plate,Fig.7). . . . . . .... #6.

ORTHOPTERA

4

6. Foramina typically open (Plate, Fig. 8) rt . . . eye oe ve OUR, BGS eee

— Foramina typically linear or shell-shaped (Plate, Fig. 9 or lo). oe Ne ee ea

7. Posterior tibiae with an apical spine on both sides above . . 2. © 1 6 ee we ee es 8.

— Posterior tibiae without apical spines abore. (Phasmid-like in appearance.) . Subfam. PHasMopin«:.

8. Prosternum unarmed . . . . «we eee) Sub fam. MECONEMINA.

— Prosternum armed with a pair of spines or tubercles. . 2. «© 2. 6 6 6 ee ee ee we Qe

9. Pronotum hood-like, posteriorly strongly and acuminately produced ; lateral

carinae of the pronotum dentate or crenulate (Plate, Fig. 16) . . . Subfam. Puy_LopHorina:.

— Pronotum not hood-like nor posteriorly much produced (Plate, Fig. 15) . Subfam. Mecopopina:.

10. Anterior tibiae without terminal spines above. . . . «© «© . we 6 w 6 ew ew ew ew ee ee UT

— Anterior tibiae with a terminal spine above on the outer side. Cee) oon oe oc ore 17/6

11. Antennal scrobae with the margins produced. . . . . . . . . . Subfam. PsEUDOPHYLLINE.

— Antennal scrobae with the margins hardly produced... 6 we ee ee TR

12. Posterior tibiae without apical spinesabove . . . . . . . . . . Subfam. Sacins.

— Posterior tibiae with an apical spine above on one or both sides... 1 we ee ee ee TL

13. Posterior tibiae with an apical spine only on the outer side above. . . . Subfam. TyMpANoPHoRINa®.

— Posterior tibiae with an apical spine on both sides aboveor onlyon the nner side. . . «ew ee eT

14. Fore and middle tibiae armed with short or medium spines, 5. 1 ee ee TD

— Fore tibiae, or both fore and middle tibiae, armed with long spines, decreasing

in length towards the apex . . . . . . 3 «. «. . . . . . Subfam. LisTRoscerine.

15. All the femora unarmed beneath, vavely the posterior ones aymed on the outer

side, sometimes on both sides. (Size usually smaller.) . . . . . . Subfam, ConocrpHALIn& 2).

— All the femora usually spined below, varely the posterior ones armed only on

the outer side, in which case the fastigium of the vertex ts either forked or

extented considerably beyond the basal segment of the antenna. (Usually

UTZ GS Aen De nn eee re eM. og DR cS oy tS

16. Fastigium of the vertex usually noticably narrower than the basal segment

of the antenna, sometimes dorsally sulcate. . . . . . . . . . Subfam., AGRA&CINE.

— Fastigium of the vertex usually distinctly broader than the basal segment of

the antenna, never sulcate . . . . . «SSS SSC Sub fam. CoPrpHORIN# 2).

17. First joint of the posterior tarsus with a free plantula beneath(Plate,Fig.5). Subfam. Drcricin».

— First joint of the posterior tarsus without a free plantula, or with a very

SHO 6 2 8 6 @ oo @ 6 6 6 6 6 oy o 6 4 gq willbe, IPENSeONWIA 2.

18. Posterior tarsi with the third joint shorter than the second; antertoy and

posterior tibiae with an apical spine above on both sides. . . . . . Subfam, Brapyporine.

— Posterior tarsi with the third joint longer than the second ; antertor tibiae with

an apical spine above on the inner side, the posterior tibiae without an

RCH SATO GOUT OPT CERT sy Boo bo 6) a 6 2 G50 6 6 0 0 6 2 8Q);

19. Antennae inserled between the lower margins of the eves (Plate, Fig. 2).

Pronotum unarmed. Both sexes winged. Anterior tibiae with an apical

spine above on the outer side. Posterior tibiae with four apical spurs below. Subfam. EpHippIGERIN#&.

— Antennae inserted distinctly below the eves. Pronotum spined. Female apterous.

1) I fo low Brunner in the use of the foramina in this connection. hey do not constitute a desirable diagnostic character at this place as each

alternate countains a number of forms which really fall under the opposite.

2) The laws of nomenclature necessitate the relegation of the genera \zphidion and Anssoptera to the synonymy under Conocephalus. This

unfortunate but unavoidable change results in the old subfamily Conocephaline being renamed Copiphorine, while the subfamily Xiphidine is to be now

known as Conocephalinz.

On

FAM. LOCUSTIDA

Anterior tibiae without apical spines above. Posterior tibiae without

apical spurs below or with buttwo. . . . . . . . =. . ~. +. Subfam. Herropinz.

20. Head horizontal. Body long and slender, in geneval appearance very phasmid-

like. Wingless, at least in the female. . . . . . . =. =. =. +. Subfam. PHasmopinz.

Head vertical. Body not very long and slender, in no ways phasmid-like.

Winged, only occasionally apterous :

21. Tarst provided beneath with pulvilit, that on the metatarsus double ; inserting

angle of the posterior femora situated on the front sde. . . . . . Subfam. STENOPELMATINE.

— Tarst without pulvilit beneath; inserting angle of the posterior femora

Subfam. GRYLLACRINZ.

situated on the wmner side eee a : Subfam. RiapoPHoRIN&.

. Here comes the subfamily PropHaLtancopsina&, established by Saussure for the aberrant genus

Prophalangopsis of Walker. It is not clear to me that this remarkable form is a Locustiian, but

I follow Saussure and Kirby in considering it as such.

The genus and only species are listed as follows :

6 ORTHOPTERA

SUBFAM. PROPHALANGOPSINA

GENUS PROPHALANGOPSIS, WALKER

Prophalangopsis. Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus. Vol. 5, Suppl. p. 116 (1871); Kirby, Syn.

Cat. Orth. Vol. 11, p. 290 (1906).

Tarraga. Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus. Vol. 1, p. 100 (1869); Saussure, Rev. Suisse, Zool.

Vol. 5, p. 241 (1898).

Characters. — Head as broad as the anterior margin of the pronotum. Vertex broad, broader

than the basal segment of the antenne, strongly declivent. Eyes moderate, oval, prominent; ocelli

present, three in number. Antenne moderately slender, the joints short beyond the larger basal one.

Mandibles compressed, dentate; maxillary palpi long, the terminal segment the longest. Pronotum

smooth, swollen in the posterior three-fourths, the anterior portion parallel, the anterior margin

truncate, the posterior margin rounded; lateral lobes small, roundly inserted; anterior transverse sulcus

prominent, posterior one absent. Prosternum unarmed but provided on each side towards the coxee witha

process, which is rounded when viewed from the side. Abdomen moderately large and plump; subgenital

plate of the male concave, with long swollen styles. :

Legs slender, anterior and intermediate ones scarcely compressed, the femora unarmed; tibie

quadricarniate, the posterior ones with an apical spine above and below on both sides; anterior tibie

scarcely dilated basally, the foramina open, oblong, mesially narrowed; tarsi subcompressed, tetramerous,

the first joint shorter than the third, sulcate below, the second joint minute. The tibie are but little

shorter than the femora and are sulcate on each side, spined above and below.

Organs of flight fully developed, the wings shorter and narrower than the elytra. Elytra broad

and long, extending far beyond the abdomen and fully one-half as broad as long, apically broadly

rounded; the discal and marginal fields lateral, the anal field only dorsal; tympanum large, extending

over the anal and discal fields, the stridulating veins not very strong.

Type. — Tarraga obscura, Walker.

Geographical distribution of species. — India.

1. P. obscura, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus. Vol. 1, p. 100 (1869) (Tarraga). Hindostan.

PAN EO CUS TTD AS 7

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

1. Head showing horizontal type of fastigium of the vertex.

20 — vertical type of fastigium of the vertex.

3. Frontal view of head showing the fastigium of the vertex and that of the front meeting ina line.

4. Frontal view of head showing the fastigium of the vertex and that of the front meeting ina point.

5. Tarsus showing the free plantula beneath the first joint.

6 — — laterally smooth segments.

7 sulcate segments.

8. Tibia showing open foramina.

9 — — shell-shaped or ear-like foramina.

Io. — — linear foramina.

11. Elytron illustrating venation.

12. Same.

13. Wing illustrating venation.

14. Prophalangopsis obscura, \Walker (C*).

15. Pronotum showing ordinary form.

16. — — hooded form.

Washington, U.S. A., 15th June rort.

ORTHOPTERA

PAM. LOCUSTIDAL

GENERA INSECTORUM ORTHOPTERA

/Branch of posterior

radial vein. ~_

Antertor radial vein

_ Mediastinal

< (vel.

=<_ Posterior ulnar

vein.

Prophalangopsis obscura Walk.

10

Posterior wlnar vet.

Posterior radialvein. |

Arterior radial vei.

Mediastinal vein. !

Anterior '

ulnarvem

Anterior --? ~

ulnar vei.

~ Posterior

radiai rain.

Dividing veir.

Triangular field. Axilary veins,

Dividing vewr. Posterior udnar vem.

FAM. LOCUSTIDAL

INTRODUCTION TO LOCUSTIDA.- SUBFAM. PROPHALANGOPSINASXS

Bacto usin, Wem burs Cee [NE ie

8 nes

Perezil Bolivar,

ne,

y | bssommeNS

; f cosearecele 3 praerhirrigera® S.

Mai Lucas,

Sy

Ephigpieer

Jong icaud &

: polivay,

Fett. Lo ee Vey

tiblac,. job ae

@: 2660 f e ce Lf fe Z BA ts + mu

1 a | Locusridae . Y/, CCA

Supt. | Ephippigerinae

A = 4 Sl ay

Fen A A ym tg may dA are ae er

Heod and peras of Collamenis .

— Phasgoruma veridisscina Lum. 9 a we

LAk

oct? KL

SUBFAM. TYMPANOPHORINA , BRACHYPORINEZ, PHASGORUNIN-A.

~a1e .

i

#

‘

‘

n

e

a er a eae ya a oe Sie - Srl

Tag is ety aM ~ F

+ a’ i : t

-) ! . xu \

. ¢ °

y ae

4

yo 5

*

7

fos

NS,

er

(Ue

Cerro

' Phasmodes canadritormis West:

es

Tees SSS <H

aS SESS

SS >

/ ~~ Zahcochetus australis Brulli.

TS

Arriytta ticonspecnae Bruner. S

Cyrtospis rarcopicta Caster. ©

fawn. Ko eesti

SUBFAM. PHASMODINA., MECONEMIINA, PHYLLOPHORIN-AX

)

01270 3914

a

7