MEGALOPTERA

FAM. RAPHIDID&

by Espen PETERSEN

WITH 2 COLOURED PLATES

From the Szalid@ the family may be known by the very long prothorax, which is

nearly as long as the rest of the body, by the small wings with open nervatur and well-

developed pterostigma, by the long ovipositor of the female, and by the terrestrial habits of the larve.

HISTORICAL NOTES

The family Rafhidide was established by Latreille in « Considérations générales sur |’Ordre

naturel_des Animaux, etc. », 1810. In « Monographia generis Rhaphidie », Vratislavie, 1843,

Schneider described Inocellia as a sub-genus, which later on has got generic rank. The two genera,

Raplidia and Inocellia, are still the only known in the family, although the number of species is growing

\arger. Here follows a list of the most important litterature concerning the family :

Albarda:

Revision des Rhaphidides (Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 65-184, t. 2-11, 1891).

Banks :

A Synopsis, Catalogue, and Bibliography of the Neuropteroid Insects of temperate North America

(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 19, p. 327-374, 1892).

Some Mexican Neuroptera (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. (2), Vol. 5, p. 515-522, 1895).

Neuropteroid Insects from Arizona (Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash. Vol. 5, p. 237-245, 1903).

MEGALOPTERA ~

Descriptions of new Nearctic Neuropteroid Insects (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 32, p. 1-20, t. 1, 2,

1905).

Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odonata) of the United States, Philadelphia, 1907.

Descriptions of new Species of North American Neuropteroid Insects (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37,

390-960, t. 11, 12, 13, I9Q11).

Burmeister :

Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 2, 1839.

a Brauer : \

Neuroptera Austriaca, Wien, 1857.

, Die Neuropteren Europas und insbesondere Oesterreichs, ete. Wien, 1876.

a Costa : ;

Fauna di Regno di Napoli. Neurotteri. Rafidiidei. Napoli, 1885. i

Curtis: Pia

British Entomology, Vol. 1, 1824.

ae!

Girard :

Considérations générales sur le genre Raphidia (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 4, p. 069-675, 1864).

Traité élémentaire d’Entomologie, Vol. 2, Paris, 1876 (Rhaphidiens, p. 491-506).

Guérin-Méneville :

Observations sur la nymphe agile de Raphidia (Ann, Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 3, p. 34, 1845).

_ Fabricius:

Entomologia Systema, Vol. 2, Hafnie, 1792; Suppl. ibidem, 1798.

Mantissa Insectorum, Vol. 1, Hafnizw, 1787.

Species Insectorum, etc., Hamburg et Kiel, 1781.

Systema Entomologie, etc. Flensburg et Leipzig, 1775.

Hagen :

Notes on the Genus Raphidia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, p. 493-499, 1867).

Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, Washington, 1861.

Die neueren Arbeiten iiber das Genus Raphidia, Linn. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 180-186, 1844).

Vergleichung der von Rambur in seiner « Histoire Nat. des Ins. Neuropt. », p. 436-440, beschriebenem

- Arten der Gattung Raphidia, etc. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 250-256, 1845). j

Klapalek :

Description of a new species of Raphidia, L., and of three new species of Trichoptera from the Balkan a

Peninsula, ete. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 489-495, 1894).

Bemerkungen iiber die Trichopteren — und Neuropteren — Fauna Ungarns (Természetrajzi Fiizetek,

; Vol. 22, p. 429-443, t. 18, 19, 1899). ;

Ueber neve und wenig bekannte Arten der paliarktischen Neuropteroiden (Bull. intern, de l’Acad.

des Sciences de Bohéme, p. 1-14, 1901).

Kirby & Spence:

duction to Entomology, London, 1822-1828.

FAM. RAPHIDID 3

Latreille:

Considérations générales sur |’Ordre naturel des Animaux, etc., Paris, 1810.

Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, etc., Paris, 1807.

Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes, Paris, 1810-181r.

Observation sur la Raphidia ophiopsis (Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 1, p. 153-154, 1798).

Linné:

Fauna suecica, Stockholm, 1746.

Systema Nature, ed. 12, Stockholm, 1767.

Mac Lachlan :

A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 145-224, 1868).

A Sketch of our present knowledge of the Neuropterous Fauna of Japan (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

p. 167-190, 1875).

Raphidia cognata, Rambur, as a British insect (Ent. Monthl.’Mag. Lond. Vol. 26, p. 304, 18go).

Mioberg :

Svensk Insektfauna. Neuroptera. Planipennia (Int. Tidskr., Stockholm, p. 129-162, 1g09).

Meyer-Dir :

Die Neuropteren-Fauna der Schweiz. (Mittheil. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. Bd. 4, p. 281-436, 1874).

L. Navas:

Les Rhaphidides du Musée de Paris (Ann. Soc. Scientif. Bruxelles, 1909).

Neuropteros de Espajia y Portugal (Brotéria, Série Zoologica, Vol. 5, 6, 7, p. 272-274, 1906-08).

E. Petersen :

Neuroptera Danica. Planipennia (Ent. Medd. Kébenhavn, p. 21-49, 1906).

A few new Neuroptera Planipennia (Ent. Mitteil., Berlin, p. 267-273, 1912).

Notes concerning Neuroptera from Caucasus (Mitteil. Kaukas. Mus. Tiflis, Bd. 7, p. 1-8, 1913).

M. Ed. Pictet :

Synopsis des Névroptéres d’Espagne, Genéve, 1865.

Percheron :

Memoire sur les Raphidies (Guérin, Mag. Zool, Vol. 3, 1833).

Rossi :

Fauna Etrusca, etc. Vol. 2, 1807.

O. M. Reuter :

Neuroptera Fennica. Férteckning och Beskrifning 6fver Finlands Neuropterer (Acta Soc. pro Fauna

et Flora Fennica, Bd. 9, 1894).

Rostock :

Neuroptera germanica. Die Netzfliigler Deutschlands, Zwickau, 1888.

Ratzeburg :

Die Forstinsekten, Bd. 3, Berlin, 1844.

4 MEGALOPTERA

Rambur :

IJistoire naturelle des Insectes. Névropteres, Paris, 1842.

Schummel :

Versuch einer genauen Beschreibung der in Schlesien einheim, Arten der Gattung Raphidia Linné,

Breslau, 1832.

Stein:

Entwickelungsgeschichte mehrerer Insectengattungen aus der Ordnung der Neuroptera (Wiegm.

Archiv f. Naturg. Vol. 4, p. 315, 333, 1838).

3eitrag zur Neuropteren-Fauna Griechenlands (mit Beriicksichtigung dalmatinischer Arten). (Berl.

Ent. Zeitschr. Bd. 7, p. 451-422, 1863).

Schneider :

Monographia generis Rhaphidiz, Vratislaviz, p. 1-99, t. 1-7, 1843.

gtap S$ ] 9 7 4

Stephens:

Illustrations of British Entomology, etc. London, Vol. 6, 1836.

Schock :

Neuroptera Helvetiae. Planipennia, Schaffhausen, 1885.

Schoyen :

Fortegnelse over de i Norge hidtil observerede Neuroptera Planipennia og Pseudo-Neuroptera (Christ.

Vidensk. Forhandl. N® 13, 1887).

Wallengren :

Skandinaviens Neuroptera. Neuroptera Planipennia (INongl. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. Bd. g,

Stockholm, 1871).

Waterhouse :

Description of the larva and pupa of Raphidia ophiopsis (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 23, 27,

1834).

Zetterstedt :

Insecta Lapponica, Leipzig, 1840.

Imago. — Ilead elongate, contracted behind, Antenne slender, filiform and nearly as long as

the head and prothorax together; the basal joint very large, the second smaller but larger than the rest.

Vertex nearly plane. Eyes prominent; ocelli present in Rafhidia, but absent in Inocellia. Clypeus

transverse, almost four times broader than long and with the front angles rounded. Labrum small, nearly

quadrate. Mandibles (PI. |, Fig. Ab) curved towards the tip and with two teeth on the inner side.

Maxille (Pl. |, Fig. Ac) short and broad with a two-jointed maxillary lobe and with a four-jointed

maxillary palpus. Labium (PI. |, Fig. Aa) longer than broad; labial palpi three-jointed, the third joint

is the longest. Prothorax sub-cylindrical, long, much narrower than the head, dilated posteriorly. The

prosternum in the genus Raphidia only visible at the posterior end, the rest concealed by the sides of

prothorax. Meso- and metathorax almost equal, transverse and broader than the prothorax.

Wings hyaline, nearly of the same shape and size; the forewing the largest. The nervation mostly

similar in both pairs and very open. The costal area dilated in the middle. especially in the forewings;

FAM. RAPHIDIDA® 5

the cross veins simple. The subcosta reaches the margin before the pterostigma. Radius running

parallel with the subcosta to the apex, where it is usually ending in one or more furcations. In the

subcostal area one or two cross veins are present in the forewing, one or none in the hindwing. Ptero-

stigma more or less coloured, very conspicuous, circumscribed by a cross vein on each side, and in the

genus Raphidia with one or more cross veins in the area. The radial sector furcates very soon, and the

branches are forked, some twice, towards the apical margin. The bases of the radius and the media are

fused for some distance, and before the middle of the wing the media furcates; its two branches emit

forks to the hind margin, and these forks are again forked as in the radial sector. The cubitus is

start ng directly from the base of the wing and furcates soon after, especially in the hindwing. In the

forewing the first cubital branch and the media are fused for a short distance; in the hindwing the first

cubital branch is free, but the second fuses with the first anal vein through the middle third of its course.

Besides the above mentioned cross veins a few more are present, and thereby are formed cellules,

some of which are of specific value. Here shall be mentioned those which are placed between the radius

and the radial sector. In imsularis and Ratzeburgi the number of these is three, in the other species of

Raphidia only two. Between the pterostigma and the first branch of the media are found three cellules in

the greater part of species, f. inst. in :msularis, but in some the number is four. In the forewing is lying a

row of cellules under the media and its first branch, the number of which is three in the greater part of

species, reckoned from the place, where the media and the first cubital branch are separated; in a few

species there are four cellules, and in the genus [nocellia there are two rows. The place and length of the

pterostigma in proportion to the below placed cellule is of specific value, likewise the colour of the

pterostigma and the number and shape of cross veins in its area, but it may be remembered that the

nervation of wings is liable to vary, and therefore no hasty conclusion should be formed from single

specimens presenting unusual characters in this respect.

Legs are of moderate size; tarsi five-jointed; the third cordate and nearly concealing the fourth,

which is the smallest. Claws with a broad basal part and with a much narrower, strongly curved,

apical part.

Abdomen slender in the male, rcbust in the female; it is formed of nine segments, of which the

eigth and ninth ventrally are cleft in the male to admit the insertion of the anal appendages

(Pl. !, Figs Ca, Cb). The penis (Pl. |, Figs. Da, Db) is generally narrow at the base, dilated

in the middle and furcated at the apex. The female is furnished with a very long and flexile ovipositor

(Pl. |, Fig. Cc), composed of two transversally striated divisions,

Larva (PI. 2, Fig. 8) long and slender. Head elongate, subquadrate. Antenne three-jointed.

The mouth parts (PI. |, Figs. Ea, Eb, Ec) nearly asin the imago. Prothorax elongate, subquadrate

and almost of same length as the head. Meso- and metathorax shorter and broader than prothorax.

Legs short, tarsi two-jointed and with simple claws. Abdomen long, broadest in the middle.

The Pupa (PI. 2, Fig. 9) has much likeness to the imago, and the sex is indicated.

Biology. — The imagines and larvee are carnivorous. The larve live beneath bark of trees,

especially coniferous trees, and feed on small insects and larve frequenting such places. The pupa lives

in a cell formed by the larva. After the lapse of some short time it emerges from this cell, and travels

until it finds a favourable place, where it remains, till the emergence of the imago takes place.

Geographical distribution of the species. — The species of Rapfidide ave found in the

palz- and neattic regions, one species however is found in the neotropic region.

6 MEGALOPTERA

TABLE OF GENERA

1. Three ocelli, Prosternum mostly concealed by the sides of the

prothovax., Plerostigma divided by one or more cross veins. 1. Genus Rapnipra, Linne.

(Type: R. ophiopsis, Linné).

2. No ocelli, Prosterynum free. Plerostigma without cross veins, 2. Genus INoceLtia, Schneider. >

(Type : I. crassicornis, Schneider).

1. GENUS RAPHIDIA, LINNE

Raphidia. Linné, Syst. Nat. (ed. 1) (1735).

Rhaphidia. Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Bd. 2 (1839).

Characters. — Three ocelli. The sides of prothorax closing over the prosternum, and leaving

the latter free in a limited space at the posterior end. The greater part of nervures, running to the apical

and hind margin of wings, are forked there, Pterostigma divided by one to three cross veins. Only one

row of cellules under the upper branch of media. The genitalia of male projecting. The descriptions of a

the five species, aymentaca, corsica, bavaria, cyprica and taurica, given by Hagen, are very short and uncom- “3

plete; he only gives descriptions of the appendices anales, and he does not give other informations as to

localities than those, which the names of species indicate.

PAE AAR CiMCs Sint Clas

1. R. adanana, Albarda (1891). Asia Minor, Beyroot, Akbés. 7

Rhaphidia adanana, 2, Albarda, Vijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 138, pl. 7, 4

fig. 20 (1891). | a

Raphidia adanana, O, Navas, Ann, Soc. Scientif. Brux.. p. 4 (sep.) (1909). in

2. R. Aloysiana, Costa (1855). — Pl. 2, Fig. 12. Italy. a

Raphidia Aloysiana, 2, Costa, Fauna Regno di Napoli, Raphidiideti, p. 4,

pl. 12, fig. 3 (1855).

Rhaphidia Aloysiana (Costa), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 133, —

pl. 7, fig. 18 (1891). “iy

3. R. armeniaca, Hagen (1867). ? —

Raphidia armeniaca, Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, p. 497 (1867).

4. R. bavaria, Hagen (1867). ?

Raphidia bavaria, Hagen, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, p. 497 (1867).

5. R. baetica, Rambur (1842). — Pl. 2, Fig. 6. Spain.

Raphidia baetica, Rambur, Hist. natur. Insectes, Névroptéres, p. 437 (1842).

Raphidia baetica (Rambur), Pictet, Névropt. d’Espagne, p.54, pl. 5, fig. 10

et 12 (nec fig. 13 et 15) (1865).

Rhaphidia baetica (Rambur), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol.34,p. 127, pl. 6,

fig. 16 (1891).

6. R. caucasica, Petersen (1913). Caucasus. D

Raphidia cancasica, Petersen, Mitteil. Kaukas, Mus. Bd. 7, p. 8, fig. 1&2 :

(1913).

7. R. cognata, Rambur (1842). England, Holland, Bel-

Raphidia cognata, Rambur, Hist. natur. Insectes, Névroptéres, p. 438 (1842). gium , France, Spain,

Raphidia cognata (Rambur), Pictet, Névropt. d’Espagne, p. 53 (nec pl. 5, Corsica, Italy, Carinthia,

fig. 7-9) (1865).

Raphidia cognata (Rambur), Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, Vol. 5, p. 497

* (1867).

Raphidia cognata (Rambur), Mac Lachlan, Brit. Neuroptera-Planipennia,

p. 159, pl. 9, fig. 1 (1868).

Rhaphidia cognata (Rambur), Meyer-Diir, Neuropt. d. Schweiz, p. 356

(1875).

Dalmatia.

GENERA INSECTORUM MEGALOPTERA

Raphidia xanthostigma

Larva of Raphidia

Fea

Raphidia major 9

FAM. RAPHIDIDASY

GENERA INSECTORUM MEGALOPTERA

Raphidia notata 3

Lnocellia crassicornis 9

RP. oblita R. baetica

.obli

FAM.RAPHIDIDA.

FAM. RAPHIDIDAE

Rhaphidia cognata (Rambur), Albarda, Tijdschr, v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 135,

pl. 7, fig. 19 (1891).

Raphidia afinis, Stephens (ex parte), Ill. Brit. Ent. Vol. 5, p. 131 (1830).

Raphidia conjinis, S, Stephens, ibidem.

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Schneider, Monogr. gen. Raphid., pl. 3. fig

(1843). :

Raphidia colubroides, Costa, Fauna Nap. Neur. Rafid., p.5, pl.12, fig.4 (1855).

8. R. corsica, Hagen (1867).

Raphidia corsica, Hagen, Trans. Int. Soc. Lond. Vol.

g. R. cyprica, agen (1867).

Raphidia cyprica, Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol.

10. R. etvusca, Albarda (1891).

Rhaphidia etrusca, A\barda, Tijdschr.v, Ent. Vol.34, p.113,pl.5, fig.10 (1891).

11. R. flavipes, Stein (1863) — PI. 2, Fig. 5.

Raphidia flavipes, Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 7, p. 416 (1863).

Rahphidia flavipes (Stein), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 110, pl. 4,

fie. g (1891).

Raphidia flavipes (Stein), Wlapalek, Vermészetrajzi Fiizetek, Vol. 22,

P- 439 (1899).

Raphidia ophiopsis, var. e, Schummel, Versuch, etc., p. 11 (1

Riaphidia affinis, Schneider, Monog. gen. Raphid. etc. p.73,

(nec Stephens) (1843).

Raphidia affints (Schneider), Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. Vol. 5, p. 496

(1867).

Raphidia affints (Schneider), Brauer, Neuropt. Europa’s, p. 15 (1876).

Raphidia affinis (Schneider), Rostock, Neuropt. Germ., p. 113 (1888).

Raphidia baetica,Brauer & Low, Neuropt. Austr., p.53 (nec Rambur) (1857).

Raphidia baetica, Meyer-Diir, Neuropt. Schweiz, p. 356 (1875).

12. R. Harmandi, Navas (1909).

.aetd

5. p. 496 (1867).

5, p- 498 (1867).

32).

pl.3, fig.fetg

Raphidia Harmandi, Navas, Ann. Soc. Scientif. Brux., p.2(sep.), fig.1(1909).

13. R. insulavis, Albarda (1891). — Pl. 1, Figs. Ba & Bb.

Rhaphidia tnsularis, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 117, pl.5, fig. 12

(1891).

Raphidia insulayis, Petersen, Ent. Medd. Kobenh. Bd. 10, p. 26 (1913).

14. R. ligurica, Albarda (1891).

Rhaphidia ligurica, G, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34. p. 140, pl. 8,

fig. 21 (1891).

15. R. longicauda, Stein (1863).

Raphidia longicauda, 2 Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 7, p. 416 (1863).

Rhaphidia longicauda (Stein), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 98,

pl. 3, fig. 4 (1891).

Raphidia longicauda, S, (Stein),

Bohéme (1901). A

16. Fe. maculicollis, Stephens (1836). — Pl. 2, Fig. 10.

Raphidia maculicollis, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Vol. 6, p. 131 (1836).

Raphidia maculicollis (Stephens), Mac Lachlan, Brit. Neur. Plan., p. 160,

pl. 9, fig. 2 (1868).

Raphidia maculicollis (Stephens), Navas, Ann. Soc. Scientif. Brux., p. 4

(sep.) (1909).

Rhaphidia maculicollis (Stephens), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 124,

pl. 6, fig. 15 (1891).

Raphidia affinis, Stephens, 1. c. (ex parte),

Raphidia hispanica, Rambur, Hist. natur. Insectes Névropt. p. 438 (1842).

Rafhidia hispanica (Rambur), Schneider, Stett. Ent. Zeitschr. p.255 (1845).

Raphidia hispanica (Rambur), Pictet, Névropt. Espagne, p. 52, pl. 5,

fig. 1-6 (1865).

Raphidia hispanica (Rambur), Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol.5, p. 496

(1867).

17. Rt. major, Burmeister (1839). — Pl. |, Fig. |.

Rhaphidia major, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 964 (1839).

Rhaphidia major \Burmeister), Schneider, Monogr. gen. Rhaphid. p. 79,

pl. 4, fig. g, h et ¢ (1843)

Klapalek, Bull. intern. Acad. Scienc.

Poul

Italy.

Germany, Bohemia, Aus-

tria, Hungaria, Switzer-

land, Sicily, Balkan pe-

ninsula, Asia Minor.

Japan.

Sicily, Corsica.

Italy.

Greece.

England, Holland, Bel-

sium, Spain, Portugal,

Algiers.

North, Central & East Eu-

rope.

= Raphidia laticeps (Wallengren), Rostock, Neuropt. germ. p. 114 (1888).

: Raphidia laticeps (Wallengren), Petersen, Ent. Medd., }. 46 (1906).

Raphidia laticeps (\Wallengren), Mjoberg, Ent. Tidskr. p. 157 (1900).

5 18. R. microstigma, Stein (1863). eGieecc:

1g. R. notata

' Raphidia ophiopsis (nec L.inné}, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 37 (1824).

Rhaphidia media, Meyer-Diir, Neur. d. Schweiz, p. 355 (1875). —

, Raphidia media, Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 184 (1844). : .

Raphidia media, Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, p. 495 (1867). : 1 fj

; Raphidia media, Brauer & Low, Neuropt. Austr. p. 53, fig. ror (1857). }

} Raphidia media, Wallengren, Oefv. Kong]. Vet. Akad. Foérhandl. p. 16

(1863).

20. R. nigricollis, Albarda (1891). Francfurt am Main.

. (1891).

at. R. ophiopsis, Linné (1758). — Pl. 2, Fig. 4. Europe, Mingrélie, Syria,

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Syst. Nat.(ed. 10), Vol. 1, p. 552 (ex parte) (1758). Caucasus, Mesopotamia.

MEGALOPTERA

Rhaphidia major Burmeister), Ratzeburg,Forstinsekten Vol. 3,p 254 (1844). .

Rhaphidia major (Burmeister), Albarda. Tijdschr.v. Ent. Vol. 34, p.95, pl. 3,

fig. 3 (1891).

Raphidia notata (nec Fabricius), Saint-Fargeau & Serville, Encycl. Méth.

Vol. 10, p. 269 (1825).

Raphidia notata, Stein, [sis von Oken, p. 99 (1837).

Raphidia notata, Brauer & L6w, Neuropt. Austr. p. 53. fig. 100 (1859).

Raphidia notata, Vlagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. Vol. 5, p. 498 (1867).

Rhaphidia nolata, Burmeister, Handb Ent. Vol. 2, p. 964 (1839).

Rhaphidia nolata, Meyer-Diir, Neuropt. Schweiz, p. 357 (1875).

Raphidia laticeps, Wallengren, Skand. Neuropt. Plan. p, 62 (1871).

Raphidia laticeps (Wallengren), Brauer, Neuropt. Europa's, p. 15 (1876).

Raphidia microstigma, Stein, Berl, Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 7, p. 417 (1863).

Rhaphidia microstigma (Stein), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 108,

pl. 4, fig. 8 (1891).

mlabriciisi(i7S0)y— Pile, Wiig. 2: Europe, except the Tberian

Raphidia nolata, Fabricius, Spec. Insect. Vol. 1, p. 402 (1781). and the Balkan penin-

Raphidia notata, Fabricius, Mant Insect. Vol. 1, p. 251 (1787).

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Schummel, Versuch. Schles. Art. Gatt. Rha-

pidia, p. 13, fig. 3 et 3c (1832),

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Rambur, Hist. nat. Insectes Névropt. p. 436

(1842).

Raphidia notata (Pabricius), Mac Lachlan, Brit. Neuropt. Plan. p. 155,

pl. 8. fig. 3 (1868).

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Wallengren, Skand. Neur. Plan. p. 61 (1871).

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Brauer, Neuropt. Europa’s, p. 15 (1876).

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Rostock, Neuropt. Germ. p. 113 (1888).

Rhaphidia notata( Fabricius), Albarda, Tijdschr. v, Ent. Vol. 34,p. 91, pl. 2,

fig. 2 (1891).

Raphidia notala(Pabricius), Reuter, Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Mennica,

p. 30 (sep.) (1894).

Raphidia notata (Fabricius), Petersen, Ent. Medd. (K6benh.) p. 45 (1906).

Raphidia notata( Fabricius), Mjoberg, Ent. Tidskr. p. 157, fig. 40 (1909).

sula.

Raphidia ophiopsis, Stephens, Mustr. Brit, Ent, Vol. 6, p. 130, pl. 31. fig.1 >

(1836). : : :

Raphidea megacephala, Stephens, ibidem (1836).

Rhaphidia media, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 964 (1839). i

Rhaphidia media, Schneider, Monogr. gen. Rhaphid. p. 76, pl. 4, fig. a-f

et pl.5, fig. @ (1843).

Rhaphidia media, Schneider, Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 252 (1845).

Rhaphidia media, Ratzeburg, Forstinsekten, Vol. 3, p. 254, pl.16, fig. 5 (1844).

Rhaphidia nigricollis, Albarda, Tijdschr. v, Ent. Vol.34,p. 142, pl. 8, fig. 22

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Faun. Suec. (ed. 2), p. 385 (ex parte) (1761).

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Syst. Nat. (ed.12),Vol. 1, p. 916 (ex parte) (1767).

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Schummel, Versuch. Schles. Art. Gatt. Rha-

phidia, p. 10, fig. 1 (1832).

Raphidia ophiopsts (Linné), Percheron, Mag. Zool. Vol. 3, n. 66, fiz. 30(1833).

Raphidia ophiopsts (Linné), Stein, Isis von Oken, p. 99 (1837).

23.

2h.

25.

26.

29.

RANT RAISED TD Ag

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Rambur, Hist. nat. Ins. Névropteéres, p. 439

(1842). e

Raphidia ophiopsis (\.inné), Costa, Faun. Nap. Neur. Rafid. p. 3, pl. 12,

fig. 2 (1855).

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Brauer & Low, Neuropt. Austr. p. 53 (1857}.

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linne), Wallengren, Skand. Neur. Planip. p. 63 (1871).

Raphidia ophiopsts (Linne), Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.Vol.5.p. 494, fig. 1

(1867).

Raphidia ophtopsis (Linné}, Girard, Vraité d’Entom, Vol. 2, p. 504, pl. 64,

fig. 2 (1876).

Raphidta ophiopsis (Linne), Rostock, Neur. Germ, p. 1ry4 (1858).

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Reuter, ActaSoc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fennica,

p. 30 (sep.) (1894).

Raphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Mj6berg, Ent. Vidskr. p. 158, fig. 41 (1909).

Rhaphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Burmeister, Handb. Int. Vol. 2, p. 963(1839).

Rhaphidia ophiopsts (Linné), Schneider, Monogr. yen. Rhaphid. p. 68,

pl. 2, fig. @ et b (1843).

Rhaphidia ophiopsis (Linné), Ratzeburg, Forstinsekten, Vol.3, p. 253 (1844).

Rhaphidia ophiopsts (Linné), Meyer-Diir. Neuropt. Schweiz, p. 357 (1875).

Rhaphidia ophtopsits (Linné), Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 104,

pl. 4, fig. 7 (1891).

vt. prlicollis. Stein (1863).

Raphidia pilicollis, 2, Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. p. 415 (1863).

Rhaphidia pilicollis, Albarda, Tijdschr. v, lint. Vol. 34, p. 100, pl. 3, fig. 5

(1891).

Raphidia pilicollis, O, Klapalek, Bull. intern. Acad. Sciences de Bohéme,

p. 5 \sep.) (1901).

. pontica, Albarda (1891).

Rhapidia pontica, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol.34, p. 102, pl. 4, fig. 6 1891).

. Ratzeburgi, Brauer (1876).

Raphidia Ratzeburgi, Brauer, Neuropt. Europa's, p. 15 (1876).

Rhaphidia Ratzeburgi, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 115, pl. 5,

fig. 11 (1891).

Raphidia Schneideri (nec Ratzeburg), Brauer & Low, Neuropt. Austr.

p. 53 (1857).

Rhaphidia Schneideri, Meyer-Diir, Neuropt. Schweiz, p. 356 (1875).

. vhodopica, Klapalek (1894).

Raphidia rhodopica, S, Klapalek, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 489, pl. 10,

fig. 1-4 (1894).

. Schneidert, Ratzeburg (1844).

Rhaphidia Schneidert, Ratzeburg, Fortinsekten, Vol. 3, p. 254 (1844).

Rhaphidia Schnetderi, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 120, pl. 6

fig. 13 (1891).

Raphidia Schneideris, Hagen, Trans. nt. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5. p. 493, fig. 3

(1867).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Girard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France. Vol. 4, p. 6 (1864).

. sericea, Albarda (1891).

Rhaphidia sericea, 9, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. ent. Vol. 34, p.122, pl. 6, fig. 14

(1891).

. tauvica, Hagen (1867).

Raphidia taurica, Hagen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, p. j97 (1867).

. anthostigma, Schummel (1832). — Pl. 2, Fig. & (Larva) et Fig. 9

(Pupa).

Raphidia xvanthostigna, Schummel, Versuch, Schles. Art. Gatt. Raphidia,

p- 12, fig. 2, a et b (1832).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Stein, Isis von Oken, p. 99 (1837).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Brauer & Low, Neuropt. Austr. p. 53 (18

Raphidia vanthostigma, Wallengren, Skand. Neur. Planip. p. 64 (187

Raphidia xanthostigma, Hagen, Trans. Ent.Soc. Lond. Vol.5, p. 495, fi

(R=

(1867).

Raphidia vanthostigma, Mac Lachlan, Brit. Neur. Planip. p.157, pl. 8, fig. 4

(1868).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Girard, Traité d’Entom. Vol. 2. p. 504 (1876).

Greece.

Asia Minor, Siwas, Amasia,

Boz-Dagh.

France, Alsace, Switzer-

‘land, Saxony, Austria.

Bulgaria.

Pomerania, France, Swit-

zerland, Greece.

Eurape, locality ?

“UO

Iurope, Caucasus, Sibiria.

MEGALOPTERA

_Raphidia vanthostigma, Rostock, Neur, Germ. p. 114 (1888).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Reuter, Acta Soc. pro Faun, et Flor, Fenn. Vol. 9,

p. 30 (1894).

Raphidia xanthostigma, Petersen, Ent. Medd. (KGbenh.) p. 46 (1906).

Raphidia xanthostigma, MjSberg, Ent. Tidskr. p. 158, fig. 42 (1909).

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Burmeister, Handb, Entom. Vol. 2, p. 963 (1839).

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Schneider, Monogr. gen: Rhaphidia, p. 71 (1843)

(nec fig. pl. 3 a et 0).

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Ratzeburg, Forstinsekten, Vol. 3, p. 254 (1844).

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Meyer-Dur, Neur. der Schweiz, p. 356 (1875).

Rhaphidia xanthostigma, Albarda, Tijdschr, v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 130, pl. 7,

fig. 17 (1891).

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Syst. Nat. (ed.10), Vol. 1,p.552 (ex parte) (1758).

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Faun, Suec. (ed. 2), p. 385 (ex parte) (1761).

Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12), Vol.2, p.g16 (ex parte) (1767).

Raphidia ophiopsis, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. Vol. 1, p. 251 (1787).

Raphidia Londinensis, Stephens, Ill. of Brit. nt. Vol. 6, p. 130 (1836).

Raphidia ajfinis, Stephens, ibidem (ex parte.

Raphidia confinis, 2, Stephens, ibidem, p. 131.

Raphidia Schummeli, Girard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 4. p. 673 (1864).

Raphidia cognata, Pictet, Neuropt. d’ Espagne, pl. 5, fig. 9 (1865).

NEARCTRIC SP Cres

30. R. adnixa, Hagen (1861). United States.

Raphidia adniva, Hagen, Synops. Neuropt. North America, p. 195 (1861).

Raphidia adnixa, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Raphidia adnixa, Banks Trans. \mer. Ent, Soc, Vol. 37, p. 330, pl. 11, fig. 7

(1911).

Rhaphidia adnixa, A\barda, Vijdschr.v. Ent. Vol.34, p-146,pl.g, fig.26 (1891).

31. R. avizonica, Banks (1911). Arizona.

Raphidia avizonica, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc, Vol.37, p. 338, De Talay

fig. 8 (1911).

32. R. assimilis, Albarda (1891). — Pl. 2, Fig. |. Colorado.

Rhaphidia assimilis, A\barda, ‘Vijdschr, v. Ent. Vol. 34, p.144, pl.8, fig. 23

(1911).

Raphidia assimilis, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Raphidia assimilis, Banks, ‘Vrans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vol. 37, p. 339, pl. 11

fig. 5 (1911).

33. R. astuta, Banks (1911). Southern California.

Raphidia astuta, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37, p. 338 (1911).

34. R. australis; Banks (1895). Mexico.

Raphidia australis, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc.Vol. 2, p. 515 (1895).

35. R. bicolor, Albarda (1891). Colorado.

Rhaphidia bicolor, Albarda, Vijdschr. v, Ent. Vol. 34, p. 152, pl. 9, fig. 24

(1891).

Raphidia bicolor, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Raphidia bicolor, Banks, ‘Trans. Amer. Ent Soc, Vol. 37, p. 339, pl. 11,

fig, 9 (1911).

36. R. distincta, Banks (1911). -- Pl. 2, Fig. | 1. California,

Raphidia distincta, Banks, Yrans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37, p. 338, pl. 11,

fig. 1 et 6 (1911).

37. R. minuta, Banks (1903), ‘Arizona, New Mexico.

38. R. oblita, Hagen (1861). — Pl. 2, Fig. 7. : United States.

Raphidia minuta, Banks, Proc Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. 5, p. 239, pl. 4, fig. 7

(1903). :

Raphidia minua, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Raphidia minuta, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37, p. 339, pl. 11,

fig. 2 et 10 (1911).

Raphidia oblita, Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. North America, p. 195 (1861).

Raphidia bist Ee Cat. Neuropt. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

FAM. RAPHIDIDAz

Raphidia oblita, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37, p.330, pl.11, fig. 3

({Ig1t). -

Rhaphidia oblita, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol.34, p. 149, pl.o, fig. 25 (1891).

39. R. occulta, Banks (1905).

Raphidia occulta, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 32, p. 4 (1905).

Raphidia occult, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Raphidia occulta, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 37, p. 339, pl. 11,

United States.

fig. 4 (1911).

NEODPRORICG SPECIES

40. R. Herbsti, Petersen (1912). Chile.

Raphidia Herbst’, S, Petersen, Ent. Mitteil. Berlin, p. 273, fig.7 (1a12).

2. GENUS INOCELLIA, SCHNEIDER

Inocellia. Schneider, Monographia generis Rhaphidize Linnzei, p. 32 (1843).

Characters. — No ocelli. Prosternum free. Some of the nervures, running to the apical margin

of the wing, are forked there. Pterostigma without cross veins. Two rows of cellules under the upper

branch ofthe media. The genitaliz of the male not very projecting, hardly visible.

PAL-EARCTIC SPECIES

1. I. crasstcormis, Schummel (1832). — Pl. 2, Fig. 3.

Raphidia crassicornis, Schummel, Versuch. Schles. Art. Raphidia, p. 15, phalia, Silesia, Hungary,

Halo ee : ] Italy, Syria, Sibiria, Ja-

Raphidia crassicornis, Percheron, Mag. de Zool. Vol. 3, n. 66, fig. 4 (1833). :

Raphidia crassicornis, Stein, Isis von Oken, p. 100 (1837). oe

Rhaphidia crasstcornis, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 964 (183a):

Tnocellia crassicornis, Schneider, Monogr. gen. Raphid. p. 89, pl. 7 (1843).

Inocellia crassicornis, Costa, Faun. Nap. Neur. Rafid. p. 7, pl. 12, fig. 5

(1855). “

Inocellia crassicornis, Brauer & Low, Neur. Austr. p. 54 (1857).

Inocellia crassicornts, Mac Lachlan, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 174 (1875).

Inocellia crasstcornis, Girard, Traité d’Ent. Vol. 2, p. 506 (1876).

Inocellia crassicornis, Rostock, Neuropt. Germ. p. 114 (1888).

Tnocellia crassicornis, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 160, pl. 10, fig. 28

(1891).

Inocellia crasstcornis, Borg, Ent. Tidskr. p. 175 (1901).

Tnocellia crassicornis, Mj6berg, ibidem, p. 156 (1909).

2. I. Brauert, Albarda (1891). ; ; Europe merid. without indi-

Tnocellia Branert, 29, Albarda, Vijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 165. pl. 11, cation of locality.

fig. 30 (1891). 7

3. I. Maclachlani, Albarda (1891). : Sardinia, Corsica.

Tnocellia Maclachlani, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 162, pl. 10,

fig. 29 (18ar).

Rafhidia crassicornis (nec Schummel), Rambur, Hist. nat. Ins. Neuropt.

p- 439 (1842).

NEARCTIC SPECIES

4. I. inflata, Hagen (1861). United States.

Raphidia inflata, Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. North America, p. 196 (1861).

Sweden, Saxony,

adanana

adnixa

affinis

aloysiana

arizonica

armeniaca

assimilis

astuta

australis

baetica

bavaria

bicolor

braueri

caucasica

cognata

colubroides

Tnocellia inflata, Albarda, Tijdschr. v. Ent. Vol. 34, p. 167, pl. 11, f

(1891).

Inocellia inflata, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

5. I. Hageni, Albarda (1891).

Tnocellia Hageni, 9, Albarda, Tijdschr, v. Ent. Vol. 34, p.171, pl. 11, fig. 33

(1891).

Tnocellia Hageni, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

6. I. longicornis, Albarda (1891).

fig. 32 (1891).

MEGALOPTERA

Tnocellia longicornis, Banks, Cat. Neuropt. U.S. p. 22 (1907).

Pages

They 22, ake)

“I

ie. 31

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES

confinis

corsica

crassicornis

cyprica

distincta

etrusca

flavipes

hageni

harmandi

herbsti

hispanica

inflata

Inocellia

insularis

(Synonyms in /falics)

Page

“I

Wat

laticeps

ligurica

londinensts

longicauda

longicornis

maclachlani

maculicollis

major

media

megacephala

microstigma

minuta

nigricollis

notata

oblita

occulta

Pages

California.

ophiopsis

ophiopsts

pilicollis

pontica

Raphidia

ratzeburei

Rhaphidia

rhodopica

schneideri

schneidert

schummelt

sericea

taurica

xanthostigma

“I

oOo nwo oO

Fig.

PAM. RAPHIDIDA: 13

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE I

. Raphidia major, Burmeister, Q.

. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel.

Aa Labium, seen from below; 4é right mandible, seen from above; Ac right maxilla, seen

from below.

. Raphidia insulavis, Albarda.

Ba Forewing; Bb hindwing — c = costa; sc = subcosta; y = radius; sy = radiai sectors;

m = media; cu = cubitus; a = anal veins.

. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel.

Anal parts of Gt, Ca seen from below (apical part of penis cut off); Cd seen from side.

Anal parts of Q, Ce seen from side (apical part of ovipositor cut off).

. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel.

Da Penis, seen from side; Db seen from below.

. Larva of Rapfhidia sp.

Ea left mandible, seen from below; £é left maxilla, seen from below; Ec labium, seen from

below.

PLATE 2

. Raphidia assimilis, Albarda, right forewing.

. Raphidia notata, Fabricius, of.

. Inocellia crassicornis, Schummel, Q.

. Raphidia ophiopsis, Linné, left forewing.

. Raphidia flavipes, Stein, left forewing.

. Raphidia baetica, Rambur, left forewing.

. Raphidia oblita, Hagen, left forewing.

. Raphidia anthostigma, Schummel, larva.

. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel, pupa.

. Raphidia maculicollis, Stephens, right forewing

. Raphidia distincta, Banks, right forewing.

. Raphidia Aloysiana, Costa, right forewing.

Silkeborg (Denmark), 15. November 1913.