TEE DER NEE ET Ez

i4 0 dut

site a eae

"nor

» vie«tivisidinn a sit sit

po^

eno bone? "o

» "ose t

Se Bieieia 41d v léei

salate igi thi CI at

mona

oa (4 vivant

Mr LL

alrloisiatelsiaiate

ahah

num

sinit eio icit

sad apetito ayer

sit i nl on

sin có n ulnas

ous use vas Fort

2449.09 9 4408

ego uo IE

vo...

aiqiest di rialoinsa hala ih dealt

nnnm

à 24 2744 48/412 fais ar titio titi a i

aM dis

— IL

u. ene td rer SL I D

-— DE

144482495

MM ete

vata mene

saisis sjatchaheieishe qoid 1

aat ga eee

nnns

"ety rm

Dot

+ py pe PET

Per mar

eee

UOTE -

"Once * Cerere eer V

non

"mono AE

wur uh "^. u

f dun Malte

J D

eisen m melninde

n n | e muc

dte

m -

Don DE

DP lave’

erbe

. 4 ‘

rrt

e ;

Fee

de rr *

seen

DII

tetdieith

asie

nun

"PULL

shee EL

HIT ILLALL LM

ie à

CORRE

one COLLE 4

——

piepeteteiote:

nne

Rain

"nn

und“

je. a a 6 on

nre

PRIOR

OPINIONS

HR aia ^ni pia aret

un Liv

patat

aisi 0 (ata(e st vei tn botas

naine d nin

soi eelal a d Mn

40 Blak Bele Ore

rein eee

D an

nnno apn Ops ee eas

‘

nnno d

Vena

DUREE ILES

Diamar!

D n

4. ritiene aiaisio a ein

e Lu

m D

sieieich "o

BIETE dee

jeis(o eio vu fe gut Pd rents

si ginielele acstaieie weile

oe i

+ us ve

“ soe

“«

je QUO]

eens

Soalasedase!

pep

DO mr * €i irit mia aos on nn

DRMDONIOE

u. Mieioialaiaho iejjenje asie Are

es DE su. ^. T n

ote) ; er

Re aR een

: : me

um og lg vomit nm ny

tt Fe QAM

Loti dn ot n

rati t y

lorte nee:

vhs nn)

a mg phe TEE

oe ee! DL

ern

LII se e mt

DOUCE

PETER

"hr Marre ere =

nop

c-r

nee

oh ae ele eee

nan"

ie m oon

tr aod a d n n

je &je/e(a oitéi are oies

“sinus

COPAIN

sisiqreiainiaieig

eee ee

een 2n B

CLIC IL OPEN the

semis

. oi

CRIER CR LS

DL eicit

DUMP

nine ne ain timere 88 ia et eu n

un Dates rore pepe P

DEEE un pn

em $iqidieit qeeiei cina nn pa acci

Freie eutuà bret eae an sere pv E

Donde

—À

eie eiaiereteLest (élu a etnies

ei 2

Tete

wee rper II

nn rf

Pre voi

eee ere B

nn eam eee à

" .

POELE

-—^

n rt

Lah 46:6)6.0- 4-0 :0ie ctim cm Ld eset eiit

nan

nobi)

pene m eit patr m T .

e RUM Np etr tete EE Done

— jur ae i

ee eem

pet aha mie.

en roman M—

rs esie ehe rer tm nt

a m

| FOR THE PEOPLE |

| FORSEDVGATION

ROR. SCDENGCE

LIBRARY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

Canoes

Dr ^ J

OE TE PLE

7 he we EU

56me FASCICULE DIPTERA

GENERA

I NSECTORUM

DIRIGES PAR

P.WYTSMAN

DIPTERA

> BAM. BLEPHA ROCERI DE

By VERNON L. KELLOGG

1907

Prix : FR. 6.20

On souscrit chez M. P. Wytsman, Zoologiste, 43, rue Saint-Alphonse, à Bruxelles

Prospectus gratis et franco sur demande.

DE , ATO, 3

s SER LT IS LU

DIPTERA

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDÆ

DIPTERA

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDÆ

by VERNON L. KELLOGG

WITH 2 PLAIN PLATES

HE flies belonging to the family Blepharoceridæ, or net-winged midges, have long been of

ety peculiar interest to entomologists because of the small number of known species and their

supposed rarity, because of the wide and discontinuous distribution of these known

forms, because of the remarkable aquatic life of larvae and pupæ, and the strange

modification of the body in both these stages in conformity with the curious habits, and because of the

peculiar pseudo-net-veining of the wings of the imagines produced by a series of folds in the wing

membranes. The imagines also present a structural peculiarity of interest in the divided character of

the compound eyes. The eyes of these flies (as shown by the writer in 1900) are composed of ommatidia

of two types, differing in size, in amount of pigmentation, and to some extent in arrangement of the

retinal elements, and in their situation in the eye. These differences result in the possibility of a certain

degree of accommodation to different intensities of light.

The Blepharoceride were introduced as a family by Rondani (Prodr. Dift., Vol. 1, 1856) under

the name of Asfhenide, without any definition. In 1862 (Monogr. N. A. Dipt., Vol. 1, p. 6, 1862) the generic

name Z£Esthenia Westwood having to be given up as preoccupied, Loew gave the family name of Blepha-

roceridæ. « He had no other choice for the name », says Osten-Sacken, « because the genus Blepharicera

Macquart (or Blepharocera, as Loew amended it) was in 1862 the only published genus in the family. »

Liponeura Loew (1844) was at that time considered by Loew as a synonym of Blepharocera and the genus

Tanyrhina, from Ceylon, which he mentions at the same time with Blepharocera was merely a name

without description, Osten-Sacken, in 1895 (« Contr. to the Study of the Liponeuridæ », Berl. Ent.

Zeitschr., Vol. 40, p. 148-169, 1895), gave the name Liponeuridæ to the family, but in a supplement to

this paper (Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 40, p. 351-355, 1895), and even previous to that (Ent. Monthly Mag.,

Vol. 31, p. 118, 1895), reestablished the name Blepharoceridæ. The first species descrided in the family

DIPTERA

was Blepharocera (Æsthenia) fasciata Westwood, described in 1842 from a specimen taken in Albania on

the Balkan peninsula. Macquart described the same species, in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1843, from a

female specimen taken by Mr. Arnaud in 1841. The other few European species were discovered slowly,

one at a time, as were also the few South and Central American species, and the single species recorded

from Ceylon. In 1863 Osten-Sacken found the first North American species, Blepharoccra tenuipes. Since

that time the additional North American species have been found also slowly and one at a time until

1901, when four new species were discovered in one locality in California. There are known to-day

twenty species of these curious flies, well distributed over the world. There are certainly other species

to be found, but there are probably not many. The.flies are too conspicuous and characteristic long to

be overlooked in any locality visited by collectors. However, their favorite haunts are rather removed

from the more usual collecting grounds of entomologists. Special search will have to be made in

mountain regions, where clear, swift streams run over clean rock beds, if the still unknown living species

of the family are to be discovered.

Family Characters. — The flies are moderate-sized, elongate and bare, with long legs and

broad wings. These wings (pl. 2) contain no discal cell and have a peculiarly large and angular anal

lobe. In some species there is apparent a strong iridescence of the wing surfaces, although in others

these shifting colors are not so obvious. Alula, tegula and anti-tegula are absent or rudimentary. The

unique character is the presence of the « secondary venation », or the net of rather faint, fine crease-like

lines on the wings (pl. r, fig. 7; pl. 2, fig. 19). This net-like lining has nothing in common with the

primary or true venation, but is simply the result of the folding of the wings in the pupa. Because of the

curious habits of life (spoken of in the latter paragraph on the biology of the insects) the wings must

necessarily be fully developed at the moment that the imago issues from the pupa. But that these fully

developed wings may be accomodated underneath the pupal cuticle it is necessary that they be strongly

and repeatedly folded. The lines of these foldings constitute the so-called « secondary venation » charac-

teristic of the imaginal wings. The eyes are usually dichoptic in both sexes, but are occasionally

holyptic in one or both sexes. They are usually bi-sected by an unfaceted cross-band or line separating

each eye into two fields, an upper and lower one, the upper composed of larger and less pigmented

ommatidia (large and brown facets), the lower composed of smaller and more strongly pigmented

ommatidia (small black facets) (pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12). In a few species the eyes are bi-sected only

in one sex. Three rather large ocelli are present. The antenne (pl. 2, figs. 16 and 17) are slender, with

from nine to fifteen segments clothed with a short pubescence. The mouth parts (pl. r, fig. 13) are

elongate, the females having in addition to labium and maxille, slender flattened elongate saw-like

mandibles; the males are without these mandibles. Both sexes have a slender elongate labrum-

epipharynx, a similarly slender elongate hypopharynx, a pair of slender blade-like maxillar with

five-segmented palpi, and labium with slender elongate basal sclerite and a pair of free, fleshy, terminal

lobes without pseudo-trachez and with no palpi. The thorax has a distinct, broadly interrupted, trans-

verse suture. The legs are moderately slender and comparatively long, the hind pair much longer than

the anterior ones, the front femora of the males curved in some species, the tibiæ with or without spurs,

the ungues generally somewhat incrassate at the base, sometimes beset with stiff, minute bristles on the

outside; the empodia very small, almost rudimentary, and the pulvilli wanting. The forceps of the

male (pl. 2, fig. 15) are somewhat like those in Limnobina, but are flatter, with various modifications;

the ovipositor of the females (pl. 2, fig. 14) is composed of two small, rather obtuse, lamella.

Biology and Habits, — The eggs and egg-laying of the Blepharoceride are yet unknown.

However, from the circumstances of the larval life it is nearly certain that the eggs are deposited on

sprayed or otherwise wetted stones just above the water in swift, clear mountain streams, or on wetted

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDÆ 3

stones at the water’s edge. The larvæ and pupæ of one European species, one Brazilian species and one

North American species, are known. The larvæ of all Blepharoceridæ yet known live submerged in

swiftly running clear streams, which practically limits their occurence to mountainous, or at least, to

hilly regions. They are found usually in groups of lesser or greater number in favorable spots, some-

times, as in the case of Blepharocera tenuipes, in Coy Glen, near Ithaca, N. Y., forming « patches » of

hundreds of individuals clinging to the smooth rock bed of the stream, with from an inch to two inches

of water running swiftly over them. In Colorado and California the larvæ of Bibiocephala and of

Blepharocera have been found more scattered, and usually more deeply submerged; this is usually

caused, or at least the other condition made impossible, by the broken condition of the stream beds,

which are usually composed of separate stones of various sizes rather than of smooth bed rock. The

larve (pl. 1, f. 5, 6, 8 and 9) are curious, flattened, slug-like creatures, legless, but enabled to cling

firmly to the rock by means of six ventral suckers (whose structure and mode of use are described by

Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Science, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 203, ff., 1903). When disturbed, the larvæ can hold

so fast to the rock that the body is more readily torn in two than dislodged as a whole. Locomotion,

which, though slow, is freely accomplished, is in a lateral direction; the moving larva loosens the hold

of three suckers at a time and swings to one side the hinder half of the body thus released, the suckers

again attach this part of the body in its new position, and the other half of the body is loosened and

swung over, and thus a slow lateral translation of the larva takes place.

The larva seem to feed chiefly on diatoms, although other food is doubtless taken. The older

larvee of Blepharocera tenuipes (New York) almost always bear a dorsal, felt-like covering, which is com-

posed of a close growth of diatoms. The most abundant diatom in this group was one of the stalked

Gomphonema. The basis of the covering is the gelatinous mass at the base of the stalked diatoms.

Scattered upon and through this mass were individuals of Nitzschia, and several olher diatomaceous

genera. An examination of the alimentary canal of Blepharocera tenuipes larvee always reveals scores or

hundreds of the siliceous tests of the diatoms. In the Colorado and California larvae of the various

Bibliocephala species and of Blepharocera jordant, the dorsal covering of diatoms is rather uncommon

though not infrequently to be seen.

The larve cannot live in stagnant or even quiet or slow running water. Indeed if, in the falling

of the stream, larve get stranded in a suddenly made pool or still, quiet-water part of the stream, they

soon die. They must have the highly erated, swift water of the stream’s center. They like the lip of a

fall, the rocks of cascades, and the sides of a pot-hole in which the water is ever whirling and boiling.

They can live therefore only in clear, swiftly running streams witha rapid fall, and this practically limits

these insects to mountain regions.

The pupæ (pl. 1, f. ro and 11) are found in the same places as the larvæ; that is, the larvæ, when

ready to pupate, do little more than arrange themselves, almost always in small or large groups, with

heads pointing down-stream, and there make the last larval molt. Each pupa is fastened to the rocks

by six pads, three on each lateral margin of the ventral aspect of the abdomen; these pads are not like

the suckers of the larva whose hold can be voluntarily loosened, but they permanently attach the pupa

to one spot. The pupa is even more extraordinarily shaped than the larva. It is strongly convex above,

with a dark brown or black, heavily chitinized body-wall, and is perfectly flat on its ventral aspect,

which lies smoothly against the rock. The wings and legs lie folded on the ventral aspect, which is

covered only by a thin colorless pupal cuticula. From the prothorax projects dorsally a pair of respira-

tory organs, each composed of four thin, double-walled plates, the outer plates of each set being strongly

chitinized, and acting as protecting covers for the two delicate membranous inner ones (the whole

arrangement like a two-leaved book, with board covers).

Of absorbing interest to the observer is the course of emergence of the adult from its submerged,

4 DIPTERA

fixed pupal case. Professor Comstock seems to have been the first to watch the process carefully, and he

describes it as follows :

« Each midge on emerging forced its way out through a transverse rent between the thorax and

abdomen. It then worked its body out slowly, and in spite of the swift current held it vertical. The

water covering the patch of pupæ varied from one-fourth to one-half inch in depth. In the shallower

parts the adult had trouble in working its way to the surface, still clinging to the pupa-skin by its very

long hind legs. While still anchored by its legs, the midge rests on the surface of the water for one or

two seconds and unfolds its wings; then freeing its legs it takes flight. The adults emerging from the

deeper water were swept away by the current before they had a chance to take wing. The time

required for a midge to work its way out of the pupa-skin varied from three to five minutes. »

As is obvious, the whole process of emergence and escape into free air must bea quick one.

Usually with insects it takes some time for the proper expansion of the wings, which are, in the pupa,

neither wider nor longer than the pupal wing-cases, but attain their full size only after withdrawal trom

these cases. But in the Blepharocerid there is no time for that; the slender legs cannot hold long

against the beating of the swift water, and so the remarkable condition of a full development and

expansion of the wings in the pupa obtains in this family. The fully developed wings lie in the pupal

case folded both longitudinally and transversely, and only need to unfold to be ready to carry the fly

into the safe air. It is this folding which produces the secondary veining of the wings characteristic ot

the family, this veining being simply the persisting creases and lines of the folding.

The writer has often watched the emergence of adults, and has been struck by the great loss

(apparently) of life in the process. So many flies are swept away by the swift water before the wings

can be unfolded or before the legs can be loosened from the pupal sheath, that it seems no wonder that

the family is a disappearing one. It is a case of the dangers of an extreme specialization. If the fixed

pupz lie in water too deep (easily occasioned by a sudden rise in the stream at the time for emergence),

or on the other hand, become wholly bereft of the life-giving water by a falling of the stream, there is

no hope for the fly. The first contingency seems indeed to be somewhat provided for by the apparent

power of the insect of postponing for some time, if necessary, its emergence. Thus, in the event of a

heavy rain and consequent rise of the stream, the too deeply submerged pupa may lie unchanged

until the water has run off (a matter which happens speedily in swift streams) to a safe shallowness.

The fully developed flies have been found numerously in the case of but few species. The flies

of Blepharocera tenuipes are found abundantly along certain small streams near Ithaca, N. Y., U. S. A.

The flies at rest cling by their long legs to the under sides of leaves on the bank from the water's edge

to eight or ten feet away. Of the hundreds of flies which were seen here in two or three visits all were

females; and they were engaged busily in feeding. This was accomplished by capturing on the wing

small Chironomid midges, and then returning to a leaf, where the unfortunate prey was lacerated by

the long, strong, saw-like mandibles, and the blood and body-juices drunk. The empty torn skin of the

prey was then dropped. As the males do not have mandibles, they must have a wholly different food

habit (probably non-predatory) and this may account for the absence of males from this feeding-ground.

The flight is rather slow and weak, a sort of timid fluttering. The flies of Bibiocephala elegantulus were

found by Kellogg to be numerous along the Big Thompson river, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,

U. S. A. The flies spent most of their time at rest on the vertical sides of the boulders from a few

inches to two feet above the water surface, but always where the rock face was frequently wetted by

the spray of the dashing water. The flies rested with legs and wings outstretched and body close to the

rock. The wings touched the rock face and, indeed, the attitude seemed to be adapted to bring as much

ofthe body as possible into contact with the wet, smooth face of the rock, as if to resist, by increased

friction, the tendency of the fly to slide down the vertical surface. None of these flies was seen feeding,

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDZE 5

mating or egg-laying, although many hours were spent in watching them. They were most numerous

on bright, sunshiny days; on cloudy days the favorite rocks were often entirely deserted. The flight

is poor and numerous flies were caught readly in the hands.

Schnuse found the flies of both sexes of Afistomia elegans on composite flowers, sucking! But the

females were probably hunting small insects, not nectar or pollen. Scherfling and Bezzi have described

some of the habits of Hafalotherix lugubris found on the southern slopes of the Alps in North Italy. Males

were seen flying in and out of the foam of a falls at the tongue of a glacier; no females were with them.

As soon as the shadow of the mountains reached the falls the flies dissappeared. When at rest the flies

sit on stones and cliff walls near the stream with half opened wings and raised hind body. Females

appeared to bein much smaller numbers than males. Various mating pairs resting on the water were

washed by the waves on to the banks and often drowned. Several species of Hilara were found

associated in flight with Hapalothrix individuals and served as prey for them. Hapalothrix was found

flying from the end of May to the end of August, depending somewhat on the altitude.

For a satisfactory discussion of the feeding habits of these flies a knowledge of the anatomy of

the mouth parts is indispensable. The females of Blepharocera,like the females of Simulium,Ceratopogon

Dixa, Culex, and some other Nematocera, are bloodsucking, and while the mouth parts of these forms are

not strictly of biting type the mandibles are present as cutting or sawing or piercing organs. The males

of these forms are nectar-feeding, and have lost the mandibles. In the mouth parts (pl. 1, f. 13) of the

female Blepharocera all of the parts of the typical biting mouth are present, namely, the mandibles,

maxilla and labium. The mandibles are long and serrate on their inner edges so as to be effective

lacerating instruments. The maxillæ are elongate and blade-like, and have 4-segmented palpi. The

labium is, though somewhat elongated, truly lip-like, and has its terminal lobes not coalesced and

without pseudo-trachee. The hypopharynx is not short and tongue-like, as in the orthopterous mouth,

but is long and slender and stylet-like. Altogether the difference between the mouth parts of Blepharocera

and the typical biting type is one of modification, and of modification not sufficient to obscure the

homologies, although a modification more profound than that shown by the most generalized Lepidoptera

or Hymenoptera. On the other hand, there is not much difficulty in tracing the development of the

dipterous mouth from the generalized condition of Blepharocera (or Simulium, or Dixa, e¢a/.) to that extra-

ordinary specialized condition shown by Musca, where the mandibles and maxilla are lost, and the

labium is so modified that it has no longer any likeness to the lower lip of the orthopterous mouth.

With regard to the curious condition of the eyes of the adult Blepharocerids, the following is

taken from the account in the Extomological News (Kellogg. 1900) of the eyes of Blepharocera capitata :

« A specially interesting point in the imaginal anatomy of Blepharocera is the structural condition

of the compound eyes. It has long been observed that several flies (Simulium, Tabanus, e£ al.) and certain

other insects (Libellulidæ, Ascalaphus, Ephemeride, ef al.) have two sizesof facets in each compound

eye; and that some have the field containing these differently sized facets well delimited, the fields being

in some cases actually separated from each other by a non-facetted line or by a constriction. When this

constriction is so complete that the eye is truly divided, it may fairly be said that there are two pairs of

compound eyes, the two eyes of each lateral pair differing in the size of the facets. This last extreme

condition exists in the case of the males of certain Ephemeridæ and in both males and females of Ble-

pharocera capitata. (And in almost all other Blepharocerid species.)

» The eyes of Blepharocera are plainly divided; or it may be said that there are two on each

side (pl. 1, f. 12). One of these eyes is dark-colored, has small facets, and faces ventrally, anteriorly and

laterally. It is fairly convex. The other is reddish brown, is composed of much larger facets, faces

dorsally, and has a nearly flat surface. This red, large-facetted dorsal eye has the appearance of a

flattened mushroom head, or thick plate, resting above the other eye. In the males, the dorsal, large-

6 DIPTERA

facetted eye is much smaller and less conspicuous than in the female, but both parts of the eye (or both

eyes) are plainly present. This difference in the two parts of the eye is more radical, however, than can

be discovered by a mere examination from without. The ommatidia, or eye elements, of each of the

regions differ, as shown by sections, in several particulars. Corresponding with the difference in size of

the facets (the corneal lenses of the ommatidia), there is a marked difference in the diameter of the

ommatidia from the two regions. The ommatidia of the dorsal, large-facetted eye are nearly twice as

wide, and they are fully twice as long, as the ommatidia of the small facetted eye. Another striking and

important difference is that the larger ommatidia are very much less strongly pigmented than the

smaller ommatidia. There are, also, some differences in the character of the inner optic « layers » lying

between the hypodermal portion of the eye and the brain ; characters too technical for discussion here.

In sum, however, it is evident that there is so marked a difference in structure between the two eye

regions that there must be a difference in exercise of the function. The seeing by one of the eye regions

differs from the seeing by the other eye region.

» In brief discussion elsewhere of the «divided eyes of Arthropods» (Kellogg, Zool. Anzeig. 1898)

reference has been made to the observations of Chun (Bibliotheca Zool., 1896). who has described

the structure of the divided eyes of certain pelagic crustaceans, and to the observations of Zimmer

(Zeitschr. f.wiss. Zool., Bd.63, p. 236-262, 1898), who has studied the divided eyes of certain male May-flies.

In both of these cases the eyes show two sizes of facets, and accompanying this are both those other

structural difference which are apparent in Blepharocera viz., the large ommatidia and small amount of

pigment of the large-facetted eyes as compared with the small ommatidia and heavy pigmenting of the

small-faceted eyes. Here are three groups of Arthropods, viz., certain crustaceans, certain May-flies,

and the Blepharoceridæ, widely separated genetically and of widely varying habits, showing a common

structural modification of the eyes. We have evidently to do with independent adaptations determined

by some common functional need.

» The large size of the ommatidia and the small amount of pigment are characters which adapt

the large-facetted eyes for seeing in poor light (in the dark) and for readily perceiving moving objects

(delicate perception of shadows). The normal, small-facetted eyes see more accurately the actual shape

of visib'e objects; they have better definition, but require much light. Chun explains that the large-

facetted eyes of the pelagic crustacea enable them to perceive their prey (for the crustacea possessing

these eyes are all predaceous) in the poorly lighted levels of the water. The large facetted eves of the

male May-flies enable them, according to Zimmer's explanation, to perceive the advancing female during

the twilight marriage flight peculiar to these forms. What is the special use of the large-facetted eyes in

the case of Blepharocera ?

» The females are predaceous ; they capture other smaller live insects, and, lacerating them with

the saw-edge mandibles and blade-like maxillae, lap their blocd. The males, on the other hand, presu-

mably, do not capture insects; they have no mandibles, and are probably nectar-feeding. The female

might advantageously be possessed of a number of those large, weakly pigmented eye elements which

are specially adapted to the quick perception of moving objects. But what makes this explanation less

convincing is the fact that the males also possess these large-facetted ommatidia, although, to be sure,

in fewer number. Perhaps both males and females are active in twilight. Search as carefully as one

might, never but very few of the adult Blepharocera could be found along the stream, ‘from which they

were certainly issuing by thousands. Until the habits of our fly are better known, then, it is hardly

profitable to speculate on the special use of its large-facetted eyes ».

Distribution. — All the six species of Blepharoceridæ so far found in Europe occur in Italy or

adjoining islands; but most of them occur also elsewhere in southern or central Europe. Of the eleven

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDZE 7

North American species one is found in the eastern (Allegheny). mountains, two in the middle (Rocky)

mountains and six in the western (Sierra Nevada and Coast Range) mountains and two in the West

Indies or Mexico. Beside the North American and European species, two species are found in Brazil

and one in Ceylon,

The Blepharoceridz are too unfamiliar to allow us to make any generalizations yet regarding

their distribution. Although so few species are known, three continents are included in the range of the

family. These conditions suggest that we have to do with a family probably formerly including nume-

rous species scattered over the world, but now dying out, a species persisting here and there through the

wide range. These persisting species agree remarkably in the habits of the immature stages, and indicate

in just what kind of habitat we should look for other members of the family in regions from which as yet

no Blepharoceridæ are recorded. The great loss of larva and pupæ by the drying up or contamination

of streams and the enormous loss of the issuing flies carried away by the current at the time of emer-

gence from the pupa are evidently factors in the peculiar life of these insects tending to prevent them

from holding their own. The larvæ and pupæ live shallowly submerged only in swiftly running, clear,

fresh water; such conditions are provided by all, or nearly all, mountain or hill brooks and hardly

anywhere else. As the known species extend from the Equator to sub Arctic latitudes, temperature or

climate offer probably no barriers, nor probably does altitude, the North American species alone ranging

from nearly sea-level to 8000 feet above sea-level.

Desiderata. — There must be several living species of this family yet to be found. In a single

summer's attention to the streams in the low mountains near Stanford University, California, the writer

was able to add as many species to the North American fauna as had been known before from the

whole country. Wherever there are mountains or hills with swift, clear streams one can almost assert

that Blepharoceridæ will be found. In America the streams of the Ozarks, the Georgia hills, the Tennes-

see and North Carolina mountains, the Cascades and Olympics of Puget Sound regions, the Rockies of

New Mexico and Arizona and the mountains of Southern California should all be examined. Wherever

in the world explorers or collectors are penetrating into mountain regions these insects should be looked

for along the streams and cascades.

With additional species and a widened distribution of old forms known, classification can be

revised and more satisfactorily founded.

The life-history of no Blepharoceridz is fully known; the first eggs of any species are yet to be

found; the food habits of the males are unknown; a host of observations on the habits are to be made.

No one has studied the « secondary venation », the creasing of the wings. Are these lines of

folding uniform in the species, genus, family? Are there classificatory characters to be derived from

them? What is the significance of the little chitinous thickening or knot in the re-entrant angle of the

anal margin of the wing?

Do the well-developed and plainly differing external genitalia, especially those of males, offer

characters which can be used in classification? This is practically certain, but as yet no one has even

attempted their use.

Classification. — The nine genera are readily separable into two principal groups on the basis

of a venational character. The characters drawn from the veins and eyes are chiefly depended on to

distinguish the genera.

[9 0)

DIPTERA

TABLE OF GENERA

No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings (= an incom-

plete media; lacking).

Eyes bi-sected by an unfacetted cross-band or line into a dorsal brownish

region of larger facets and a lower black region of smaller

facets.

A longitudinal vein between the first and fourth veins (= radial )

vein at least two-bvanched). . . . . . . . . . I. Genus ApıstomyIa, Bigot, p. 8.

No longitudinal vein between the first and fourth veins (— radial

vein unbranched) . . . 2 . . . . . . . . 2. Genus HAMMATORHINA, Loew, p. 9.

Eyes not bi-sected by an unfacetted cross-band; a longitudinal vein

between the first and fourth veins (— radial vein branched).

Eyes separated by a broad front.

Proboscis long, palpi but little developed . . . . . . . . 3. Genus ParrosTOMA, Schiner, p. 9.

Proboscis not longer than the vertical diameter of the head ; well

developed four-segmented palpi. . . . . . . . . 4. Genus Kerrocerna, Williston, p. 10.

Eyes contiguous.

Ungues of the ordinary structure ; tibie with spurs at the tip . . 5. Genus Curupira, F. Müller, p. ro.

Ungues abnormal, pulvilliform; no spurs at the tip of the tibie . 6. Genus HAPALOTHRIX, Loew, p. 10.

An incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings (= an incom-

plete medias present).

Second longitudinal vein with two branches (— radius, partly distinct);

a cross-vein connecting veins 4 and 5 (= a medio-cubital

cross-vein).

Anterior branch of second vein and veins 2 and 3 all separating at

a common point or close together (vadius,, vadius, and

radius, all separating at a common point or close together). 8. Genus BIBIOCEPHALA,O.-Sacken,p.13.

Second longitudinal vein simple, without branches (= radius, wholly

fused with radiuss). —

No cross-vein connecting veins 4 and 5 (— no medio-cubital cross-

vem) . 2 x4 s ee we 3 09 D GEDUS BLEPHAROCERA, Miacquantspacis

A cross-vein connecting veins 4 and 5 (= a medio-cubital cross-

VEN) Ino cx. LENS TN OR NT 9.2GEenUsTEHIEORUSTRellocerap EON

I. GENUS APISTOMYIA, BIGOT

Apistomyia. Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), Vol. 2, p. 100, pl. 1, f. 1 (1862); Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent.

Ital, Vol. 1, p. 97, pl. 2, £. 1-3: (1869); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr..t. Font NF VOLU Ep MOT

pl. 1, f. 1 (1877), Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 36, p. 410 (1891) and Vol. 40, p. 162 (1895);

Sknuse, Zeitschr. f. Hym. u. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 145 (1901), ISertész Cat Dipts\.0]. 1,9225

(1902) (elegans).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; eyes bisected by

an unfacetted cross band or line into a dorsal brownish region of larger facets and a lower black region

of smaller facets; a longitudinal vein between the first and fourth veins.

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDZE 9

Biology. — Both males and females have been found. Life-history and immature stages

unknown. Schnuse found both sexes at composite flowers, sucking. But the females were probably

not there for nectar, but hunting small iusects, as they are blood-drinkers.

Geographical distribution of species. — The single species of the genus is recorded, so

far, only from the islands of Corsica and Cyprus.

1. A. elegans, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), Vol. 2, p. 110, pl. 2, f. 1 (1862) (Corsica, Cyprus). —

Pll Ris; 16; Pl. 2, hig. 20;

2. GENUS HAMMATORHINA, LOEW

Hammatorhina. Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. Vol. 1, p. 94, pl. 3, f. 3-6 (1869); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr.

fh Bote NISE2VOol 6, p. 75. ple te 2 (1877); Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 36, p. 189

and p. 411 (1892); Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 40, p. 162 (1895); Kertész, Cat.

Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 284 (1902) (bella).

Tanyrhina. Loew, Mon. N. Amer. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 8 (1862).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; eyes bisected by

an unfacetted cross band or line into a dorsal brownish region of larger facets and a lower black region

of smaller facets; no longitudinal vein between the first and fourth veins.

Biology. — Only the male sex of this genus is known. Life-history unknown. At the Oct. r,

1890 meeting of the London Ent. Society « Mr. C. J. Gahan exibited a curious little larva-like creature

found by Mr. A. P. Green in a rapid mountain stream in Ceylon, and observed that there was some

doubt as to its true position in the animal kingdom. » Thereupon the savants of the Society proceeded

to make guesses as to the general identity of this little Ceylonese visitor. Mr. Hampson pointed out its

likeness to chaetopod worms (especially because of the parapodia-like lateral appendages) but added that

all the known polychaetous worms were marine. Lord Walsingham and Mr. McLachlan expressed the

opinion that the animal was of myriapodous affinities, and was not the larva of an insect. After this

meeting Mr. Gahan had his specimen examined by Baron Osten-Sacken and Professor Packard, who

recognized it as a Blepharocerid larva. As Hammatorhina bella is the only Blepharocerid species so far

found in Ceylon Mr. Gahan's specimen may provisionally be looked on as the larva of this species.

Geographical distribution of species. — The single species of this genus is recorded, so

far, only from Ceylon.

I. H. bella, Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. Vol. 1, p. 96 (1869) (Ceylon). — PI. 2, Fig. 17, 27.

3. GENUS PALTOSTOMA, SCHINER

Paltostoma. Schiner, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 16, p. 931 (1866); Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital.

Moll p 05 pl. 2, f. 7 and 8 (1869); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr. f. Ent. Neue Folge, Vol. 6,

posu sod pl. 1,0. 7 (1877)\> Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Vol. 36, p. 419 (1892); Osten-

Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 40, p. 162 (1895); Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 284 (1902);

Aldrich, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 171 (1905) (superbiens).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; eyes not bisected

by an unfacetted cross band; a longitudinal vein between first and fourth veins; eyes separated by a

broad front; proboscis long, palpi but little developed.

10 DIPTERA

Biology. — Only males of this genus known. Life-history and immature stages unknown.

Geographical distribution of species. — Of the two known species one is recorded only

from St. Vincent Id., West Indies, the other from Columbia, S. A., and, doubtfully, from Mexico.

I. P. schineri, Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 296, pl. 8, t. 27, 27a, 27b (1896). (St. Vincent Id.,

West Indies). — Pl. 2, Fig. 26.

2. P. superbiens, Schiner, Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 28, pl. 2, f. 4 (1869) (Columbia, South America, and

Mexico [?]). — Pl. 2, Fig: 21;

4. GENUS KELLOGGINA, WILLISTON

Kelloggina. Williston, Journ. New York Ent. Soc. Vol. 15, (1907) (rufescens).

Snowia. Williston, Kansas Univ, Quart. Vol. 1, p. 119 (1893); Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 40,

p. 162 (1895) (rufescens).

Sackienella. Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 270 (1896); Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 284 (1902)

(rufescens).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; eyes not bisected

by an unfacetted cross-band; a longitudinal vein between first and fourth veins; eyes separated by a broad

front; proboscis not longer than the vertical diameter of the head, well developed 4-segmented palpi.

Biology. — Female only known. Life-history and immature stages unknown.

Geographical distribution of species. — The single known species in this genus (represented

by a single female specimen) is recorded from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

I. K. rufescens, Williston, Kansas Univ. Quart. Vol. 1, p. 290 (Snowia) (1893) (Rio de Janeiro).

5. GENUS CURUPIRA (F. MULLER), OSTEN-SACKEN

Curupira (F. Müller). Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 40, p. 162 (1895); & p. 165 ff. of same

reference; Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 284 (1902) (forrentium).

Paltostoma. Brauer, Zool. Anz. Vol. 3, p. 134 (1880); F. Müller, Kosmos, Vol. 8, p. 37, figs. (1881);

F. Müller, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro, Vol. 4, p. 47, pl. 4-7 (1882) (torrentium).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; eyes not bisected

by an unfacetted cross-band; a longitudinal vein between the first and fourth veins; eyes contiguous;

ungues of the ordinary structure; tibiæ with spurs at the tip.

Biology. — Males and females, and larvæ and pupæ known. The anatomy of larvæ and pupæ

exhaustively studied by F. Müller (Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro, Vol. 4, p. 47 ff., pl. 4-7, 1882).

Larva and pupa found abundantly in the Garcia, Jordao and Caeté rivers in the province of Santa

Catherina, Brazil.

Geographical distribution of species. — The single species of this genus so far known is

recorded only from Brazil.

I. C. torrentium, F. Müller; Brauer, Zool. Anz. Vol. 3, p. 134 (1880) Brazil). — Pl. 2, Fig. 24.

6. GENUS HAPALOTRHIX, LOEW

Hapalothrix. Loew, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. Vol 20, p. 211 (1876); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr. f. Ent.

N. F. Vol. 6, p. 81, pl. 1, f. 8 (1877); Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 36, p. 411 (1892);

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDE II

Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 40, p. 162 (1895); Bezzi, Zeitschr. f. Hym. u. Dipt. Vol. 1,

p. 275 (19o1); Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1. p. 285 (1902) (lugubria).

Characters. — No incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings. Eyes not bisected

by an unfacetted cross band; a longitudinal vein between first and fourth veins; eyes contiguous;

ungues about normal, pulvilliform ; no spurs at the tip of tibia.

Biology. — Males and females known. Life-history and immature stages unknown. Loew writes,

« Herr Scherfling entdeckte diese interressante Art am rr. Juli an der Südseite des Monte Rosa in der

Nähe von Macuguaga in einer Meereshóhe von etwa 6000 Fuss. Die Mànnchen derselben trieben sich

da, wo der Gletscherbach aus dem unteren Gletscher hervorkommt, auf dem vom schnell abwärts

strómenden Wasser erzeugten Schaune in ziemlicher Anzahl spielend herum; sie waren wegen der

schweren Zuganglichkeit der Stelle gar nicht leicht zu erlangen; zuweilen von spritzendem Wasser

getroffen und mit fortgenommen, kehrten sie doch stets bald auf die alte Stelle und zu dem altem

Spiele zurück. Weibchen waren, trotz aller längere Zeit hindurch darauf verwendeten Sorgfalt nicht zu

entdecken. Das Spiel der Männchen währte so lange, die Stelle von der Sonne beschienen wurde,

ununterbrochen fort; sobald diese aber soweit gesunken war, dass der Schatten der Berge den

Tummelplatz traf, hórte das Spiel so fort auf, und sämtliche Männchen waren gar bald wie vóllig ver-

schwunden. » Bezzi writes, « Ich habe Hapalothgix lugubris am 13. Juli d. J. bei Chiesa in Valmalenco

(Sondrio), auf einer Meereshóhe von etwa 1000 Meter, unter ähnlichen Umständen wie H. Scherfling

gefunden; nur kein Gletscher war hier in der Nähe; und die Lebensdauer der Thiere schien länger zu

sein, da ich die Art an derselben Stelle noch am 21. Juli zahlreich beobachten konnte. Die Mànnchen

halten beim Flug die hinteren Beine so gestellt, wie einige Arten der Gattung Bibio. In der Ruhe sitzen

sie an Steinen und Felsstücken ganz nahe dem Strome mit halbgeöffneten Flügeln und erhobenen

Hinterleibe. Die Weibchen sind in viel geringerer Zahl vorhanden, als die Männchen. Die begattung

findet auf dem Wasser statt; und die copulirten Párchen werden von den Wellen hier und da ans Ufer

gebracht und oft auch verschlungen. Die fünf Weibchen, welche ich gefangen habe, waren alle in

Copula und wurden von den Wellen getragen. Wo die Weibchen sitzen oder fliegen habe ich mit

Sicherheit nicht in Erfahrung bringen kónnen. In Gesellschaft mit Hapalothrix fliegen einige Hilara

Arten; und die ersteren werden oft von letzteren erbeutet... Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Hapalothrix

wird hewiss auf der ganzen Südseite der Alpen zu suchen sein. sie lebt wahrscheinlich an allen grósseren

Gewässern, welche von den Gletschen herabfliessen. Ihre Verwandlung wird gewiss im Wasser statt-

finden und durfte nicht sehr verschieden sein von derjenigen der brasilianischen Arten, welche

Dr. Fritz Müller beschreibt. Die Flugzeit wird je nach der Hóhe von Ende Mai bis Ende August

reichen; die Art wird gewiss auch nicht ohne praktischen Nutzen sein, indem sie der alpinen Forelle

als Nahrung dienen durfte. »

Geographical distribution of species. — The single known species of this genus has been

taken near Macuguaga (Italy) (alt. 2000 m.) on the south side of Monte Rosa, and at an altitude of

1000 m. near Sondrio (Italy).

I. H. lugubris, Loew, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 20, p. 212 (1876) (Northern Italy). — PI. 2, Fig. 18;

Plis2, Fig. 28.

7. GENUS BLEPHAROCERA, MACQUART

Blepharocera. Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) Vol. 1, p. 61 (1844); (amended in 1862 by Loew

to Blepharocera) (fasciata).

Asthenia. Westwood, in Guérin Mag. Zool. (2) Vol. 4, pl. 94 (1842) (fasciata).

12 DIPTERA

Asyndulum. Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. Vol. 1, p. 86 (1848) ( fasciata)

Liponeura (in part). Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 5, p. 118 (1844) (cinerascens).

Blepharocera (Macquart). Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. Vol. r, p. 85 (1869); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr.

f. Ent. N. F. Vol. 6, p. 54, pl. 1(1877)5. Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent: Zeit. Vol. 40, pP. 149 (1855);

Kellogg, Ent. News. Vol. 10, pp. 305-318, f. 5 (1900); Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 282 (1902);

Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. (3), Zool. Vol. 3, pp. 187-223, pl. 18-22 (revision of the genus)

(1903); Aldrich, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 171 (1905) ( fasciata).

Characters. — Incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; second longitudinal

vein simple without branches ; no cross vein connecting veins four and five.

Biology. — Males and females, and larvæ and pupæ known. Anatomy of larvæ, pupæ and imago

studied by Dewitz (Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 35, pp. 61-66, pl. 3-4, 1880), and Weirseijski (Krakow,

1881), for B. brevirostris Loew, and by Kellogg (Ent. News. Vol. ro, pp. 305-318, f. 5, 1900; and Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sc., (3), Zool. Vol. 3, pp. 187-233, pl. 18-22, 1903) for B. tenuipes. Dewitz found larvae

and pupz in the Ockerthal near Goslar (Harz Mts.) fastened to loose stones in the swift water, and

imagines flying about over the stream and often settling on projecting rocks. Riley found (1881) larvae

and pupe of B. tenuipes near Watertown, New-York (U.S. A.), and Constock has long known them at

Ithaca, New-York (U. S. A.) Kellogg has found the immature stages of B. fenuipes at Ithaca and in the

Riviere des Chiens near Quebec, and of B. jordani in many streams near Stanford University, in the

Coast Range (60 miles away), while Grinnell has found them in a mountain stream near Pasadena in

Southern California. Kellogg records the immature stages of B. Osten-Sackeni from several streams in

Northern, California. He noted young larvae of B. tenuipes 2.5 mm. long in Coy Glen stream near

Ithaca, New-York on May 9; on May 14 the first pupæ were noted; on May 20 the pupa outnumbered

the larvæ, and on fune 1 the'first flies issued, most of the pupe being transformed by June 9. On June

27 many female flies were found feeding along another near-by stream. Both of these streams were

carefully watched through the rest of the summer and all the autumn, but no other generation appeared.

Do the frail imagines live through the winter? The larvæ of B. jordani Kell, have been found by Kellogg

in Los Gatos Creek near Stanford University, California, as early as Feb. 23 and as late as June r

(Stevens Creek, an adjoining stream), and at various times in the intervening three months. Pupæ were

first found in these streams on April 1 and as late as June 4.

The females of B. tenuipes catch small Chironomid mites on the wing, lacerate their bodies and

drink the body juices. The feeding of the males has not been observed.

Geographical distribution of species, — Of the six species assigned to this genus three are

European and three North American.

I. B. fasciata, Westwood, Mag. Zool. (2), vol. 4, pl. 94 (Aesthenia) (1842) (Europe). Type species. —

Plo; Fig..43 P2 EIBpE2 B:

limbipennis, Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), vol. 1, p. 63. pl. 3 (1843).

. B. cinerascens, Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 5, p. 118, pl. 1, f. 6-10 (Liponeura) (1844) (Europe).

fasciata, Schiner, Fauna Austr. Dipt. Vol. 2, p. 638 (excl. male) (1864) (Blepharicera).

limbinervis, Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), Vol. 2 p. 69, pl. 3 (1844) (Blepharicera).

3. B. brevirostris, Loew, Schles. Zeitschr. f. Ent. N. F. Vol. 6, p. 67 (Liponeura) (1877) (Central Europe :

Bohemia, Silesia).

4. B. tenuipes, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. Vol. 1, p. 86 (Asyndulum) (1848) (Northeastern United

States and Eastern Canada). — PI. I, Fig. 7, 12.

capitata, Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 7, p. 298 (1863).

3. jordani, Kellogg. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. (58), Zool. Vol:3, p. 189; pl. 18; f pro ES, pl. 20;

fig. 1 and 2 (1903) (California). — Pl. I, Fig. 8,9. —

6. B. osten-sackeni, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. (3), Zool. Vol. 3, p. 191, pl. 18, f. 2, pl. 19, f. 2,

pl. 20, f. 3 and 4 (1903) (California).

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDÆ 13

8. GENUS BIBIOCEPHALA, OSTEN-SACKEN

Bibiocephala. Osten-Sacken, Geol. Survey of the Terr. for 1873, p. 564 (1874); Loew, Schles. Zeitschr.

f. Ent. N. F. Vol. 6, p. 95 (1877); Osten-Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 36, p. 409 (1892)

Vol. 40, p. 161 (1895); Kertész, Cat. Dipt. Vol. 1, p. 281 (1902); Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc.

(3) Zool. Vol. 3, pp. 187-221, pl. 18-22 (1903) (revision of the genus); Aldrich, Cat. N. Amer.

Dipt., p. 171 (1905) (grandis).

Agathon. Röder, Wien. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 9, p. 230 (1890) (elegantula).

Characters. — An incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; second longitudinal

vein with two branches; cross vein connecting veins four and five; anterior branch of second vein, and

veins two and three all separating at a common point or close together.

Biology. — Males and females and pupæ known. On June 22 to 25 (1901) Kellogg found

imagines of B. elegantula numerous among the boulders of Big Thompson stream, Estes Park, Colo-

rado (altitude 7,500 feet), where the stream breaks through the Willow Park terminal moraine. At this

time, old pupæ and empty pupal skins were found, but no larvae except two very young ones. On

August 10 to 12, the flies were found still common and numerous larvæ, young and old, but no pupa.

In three other nearby mountain torrents, viz. Wind Creek, Mill Creek and South Fork of Big Thompson,

adults and old pupa were found. A note made at this time is as follows : « It seems to me that I have

got here just as the last adults of one generation are issuing, and that the larvæ of August are larvæ

from eggs laid by these adults. This would mean a generation of flies appearing about July 1, say, and

a second one appearing later, say about September 15. » This is, of course, mere conjecture.

The larva of B. doanei were taken as early as February 25 (Los Trancos Creek, California), and

as late as July 26 (Red Cap Creek, Hoopa Indian Reservation, Humboldt County, California), and in

all the intervening months; pupa are first recorded March 31 (Campbell Creek, California) and from

then till July 26 (Red Cap Creek, Humboldt County, California); the only free-flying imago was taken

on July r5 (Congress Springs, Campbell Creek, California).

Kellogg's earliest recorded date of taking the laryæ of B. comstocki is February 11 (Alembique

Creek, California), the latest April 3o (Stevens Creek, California); the earliest pupæ are of the date

February 27 (Los Gatos Creek. California). A free-flying imago was taken April 6 (Saratoga Springs,

Campell Creek, California).

Geographical distribution of species. — The four species included in this genus are all

North American coming from the Rocky, Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains of Colorado, New

Mexico and California.

I. B. grandis, Osten-Sacken, Geol. Survey of the Terr. for 1873, p. 566, fig. (1874) (Colorado, New

Mexico, Utah, Idaho).

. B. comstocki, Kellogg, Calif. Acad. Sc. (3), Vol. 3, p. 192, pl. 18, f. 6 and 7, pl. 20, f. 5 and 6, pl. 21,

ia ngo3)r(Galitormia)4 — Pl. I, Figs, 2, 5, 6,11.

3. B. doane, Kellogg, Psyche, Vol. 9, p. 39 (1900) (Liponeura) (California). — Pl. I, Fig. 10, 13;

prae: 29:

4. B. elegantula, Róder, Wien. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 9, p. 230 (1890) (Agathon) (Sierra Nevada Mountains,

Idaho, Colorado). — Pl. 2, Fig. 14, 15, 19.

14 DIPTERA

9. GENUS PHILORUS, KELLOGG

Philorus(1). Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Sc. Calif. (3), Zool. Vol. 3, p. 199 (1903) (bilobata).

Liponeura (in part). Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 5, p. 118 (1844) (bilobata). |

Blepharocera (in part). Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), Vol. 1, p. 61 (1843) (ancilla).

Characters, — An incomplete vein near the posterior margin of the wings; second longitudinal

vein simple, without branches; a cross-vein connecting veins 4 and 5.

Biology. — Males and females and larvæ and pupæ known. Osten Sacken’s specimens of

P. yosemite were three males caught on the wing on the bridle-path to the foot of the upper Yosemite

Fall (California), 3 p. m., June 6, 1876. No other specimens of this species are recorded until 1903 when

Kellogg records (Psyche, Vol. 10, p. 186) the finding on July 15 of larve and pupe (and male and

female flies dissected out from pupæ just ready to transform) in the King’s River Canon (another great

California canon of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada about 60 miles south of the Yosemite). These

larvæ and pupæ were taken from the smooth submerged surfaces of great granite blocks fallen into a

swift, little, clear-water stream called Granite Creek which flows into King’s River.

Geographical distribution of species. — Of the three species included in this genus one is

found in Europe and two in the mountain region of the western United States.

1. P. bilobata, Loew, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. Vol. 1, p. 97 (1869) (Liponeura) (Southern Europe : Greece,

Italy). — Pl. 2, Fig. 22.

2. P. ancilla, Osten-Sacken, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt. (2 ed.), p. 266 (1878) (Blepharocera) (California).

3. P. yosemite, Osten-Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, Vol. 3, p. 195 (1877) (Liponeura) (California,

U. S. A‘, Yosemite Valley):

(x) Professor Aldrich writes me that the name PArloros was used by Walker in 1854 for a Lepidopterous genus, but the difference in spelling,

slight as it is, constrains me to hold to the present generic name.

INDEX

Pages. Pages Pages.

Agathon (genus), Röder 13 elegans, Bigot (g. Apistomyia) 9 osten-sackeni, Kell. (g. Blepharo-

Apistomyia (genus), Bigot 8 elegantula, Röder (g. Bibiocephala) 13 cera) T2, 10

Asthenia (genus), Westw. II

Asyndulum (genus), Walk. 12 fasciata, Westw. (g. Blepharocera) I2 Paltostoma (genus), Brauer B

ancilla, O.-S. (g. PAilorus 14 fasciata, Schiner (g. Blepharocera) 12 Philorus (genus), Kell.

Blepharocera (genus), Macq. 11, 14 grandis, O.-S. (g. Bibiocephala) D3 rufescens, Will. (g. Kelloggina) Io

EW torhi

bella, Loew (g. Hammatorhina) 9 Mamma tonninall ccna Slicer x |

brevirostris, Loew (g. Blepharocera) 12 . Sackienella (genus), Will. 10

i Hapalothrix (zenus), Loew 10 RES

Bibiocephala (genus), O.-S. 13 schineri, Will. (g. Paltostoma) IO

i r (g lorus : i Vill. IO

bilobata, Loew (g. Philorus) I4 jordani, Kell. (g. Blepharocera) 2 Snowia (genus), Will

superbiens, Schiner (g. Paltostoma) 10

Curupira (genus), O.-S. 10 Kelloggina (genus), Will 10

cinerascens, Loew (g. Blepharocera) 12 Tanyrhina (genus), Loew 9

capitata, Loew (g. Blepharocera) 12 limbicornis, Macq. (g. Blepharocera) 12 torrentium, Brauer (g. Curupira) 10

comstocki, Kell. (g. Bibiocephala) 13 limbipennis, Macq. (g. Blepharocera) 12 tenuipes, Walk. (g. Blepharocera) 12

Liponeura (genus), Loew r2

doanei, Kell. (g. Bibiocephala) 165) lugubris, Loew (g. Hapalothrix) II yosemite, O.-S. (g. Philorus) 14

H O

13%

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDE 15

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

IERANET:

Head of Bibiocephala comstocki, Kellogg, Q (after Kellogg).

= a= — — Cf (after Kellogg).

— Apistomyia elegans, Bigot, Q (after Schnuse).

. Larva of Bibiocephala comstocki, Kellogg, dorsal aspect; ant., antenna; /. p., lateral processes.

— — -— — ventralaspect;. g., tracheal gills; s., sucker (after Kellogg).

. Blepharocera tenuipes, Walker, cy (after Kellogg).

. Larva of Blepharocera jordani, Kellogg, dorsal aspect (after Kellogg).

= = — — ventral aspect (after Kellogg).

. Pupa of Bibiocephala doanet, — dorsal aspect (after Kellogg).

— — comstocki, | — — — (after Kellogg).

. Section through compound eyes and brain of head of Blepharocera tenuipes, Walker, showing

difference in character of ommatidia in the two parts (dorsal and ventral) of each eye;

o., ocelli; br., brain; /. f., large facets; s. f., small facets; o. /., optic lobes (after Kellogg).

Mouth parts of Bibliocephala doanet, Kellogg, Q ; md., mandible; mx., maxilla; mx./., maxillary

lobe; mx.p., maxillary palpus; /7., labium ; fg., paraglossa; kyp., hypopharynx; /. ep., labrum-

epipharynx (after Kellogg).

PLATE 2;

. External genitalia of female Bibiocephala elegantula, Röder, dorsal aspect (after Kellogg).

m. ME male = = = — (after Kellogg).

. Antenna of male Apystomia elegans, Bigot (after Bigot).

— — Hammatorhina bella, Loew (after Loew).

. Tip of fore-leg of male Hapalothrix lugubris, Loew (after Loew).

. Venation of Apistomyia elegans, Bigot (after Schnuse).

-—- Paltostoma superbiens, Schiner (after Schiner).

— Philorus bilobata, Loew (after Loew).

— Bibiocephala doanei, Kellogg (after Kellogg).

— Curupira torrentium, Müller (after Müller).

— Blepharocera fasciata, Westwood (after Loew).

= Paltostoma schineri, Williston (after Williston).

— Hammatorhira bella, Loew (after Loew).

— Hapalothrix lugubris, Loew (after Loew).

Stanford University, Calif., U. S. A., March 15, 1907.

GENERA INSECTORUM

DIPTERA

Blepharocera tenutpes Kellogg,d

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDA,

GENERA INSECTORUM DIPTERA

FAM. BLEPHAROCERIDA.

Lees Wey

x ue

"ue à

€

pee eee t

Briss

Meg epo aso no oi het

M ste 7e eee

CROIS

Leb dale wees

stone mis tete

5t. ojala ia iesein ie fede e e

OSEE Ld visite

Seeman Do

pea jo ada ITS msi d

etel ieletetemeimiminie. "o ME annua

na ee

servistete .

eni aPe »

apa Mme CHO haha a II

” no » ar

eRe #0. ein .**

Dnm

ti '

DONNE seras SOON NE

DEN Br X ne

pierres Ü sand fala Na pares "n ?

eT N à ai ere n n

acaba «M AAA esae la

pee BUTS ie on

uda Mole tt dà

mne eieroje a ei 4818 + DOE - one

RCE Trier jute mia AME + x Lon qon « via Se ai ehale

annette eque me e ^i es tele rater ete reset t we pe em " L 2 ^ . n

; N . . .

nent Maier breere iau RR TER EIER . AT ia 6. ehe [0/8] 020. 0

Paesi «

DOTE LEE

CIRE

Ta 6: eai tie irr yy "

E LJ m ..

YY LAUREA u...

má LU He

e ete ele DS] .

| «ev elerte AMANDINE tor

DET ours ..

cape mare

Tarecein a jesse

Das ^ I e

I ^ LJ 1 rn. Eu IE

BD mars nl efere o baie 4

ree rer sbotel

"erae i pet AA aio aM Malen a o anl ss |

: - v ve ++ Mad ) aute ard qs 00486: t€

nt RANDE MYT cy hk) ELA ds les or

meets hA dover TOUS tesa tr ; Long trate BODL x

^a nd . *

Oe in aU HII ga ne

' Ye ppesanen pees

nm Mana wa rise

yet eae

acean à Vac ES

"T DLL

TIBET

LL LES

rente

AA eem

hehe TCHAD SOR Ha La TER En

^r . TT QS Ax lol Rer 4p A MAT rie bete ph hs

rte n - J ^ m 1 piliers stetuis ie

Tina uia quie vale 4 pin CRAP niela ina gta eines nsniafeielahehejnie eme ee

aha jei eier niet = ein) alae eipiate.e)ofeial

L > LI LI

deeie 4 a MOM jAUo ib a sy 148

-—

aad

ss...

non sisisl eine nie ee

Mere er en fn? se s» aha oie à €

. : ta. rtm vieistels ganan"

LE ee € t -— berti les ereieisi ei wm à iati bal 4 m $

rt ie eue tn ae HC Inc KT, lolol Slade Telsialsteratelatareratercte ara fola o Sine nn en

apte alee eee

Maa eaa soie bia Vie e$ eje e bela ia ty

III

maisioinie à «

DI arae eoa 0 2 9 a alala à abat Ohl ee nie

wen cess à aveva aei ee ee

mnm

— ee

innen in mn

siaibhaheie ee

ershersis rim n

«ai egabeial ose lade?

siehe»). reiate pare

ELA A COLLIER D EEE

males aca à ET IE Md à EEE

Dan

Hae

"U"————— ILLE

“rennen ie nnn ew alain viser

mL m " MS saa dee

sms ene et

- - ^ (e

eee tere

un a ncm - . nmn

Maa ^ tye

wee

Maia aei sea ei COOP aN ee

nord eee meee

-— E " : 2d P le telersiolerereiate

DOE een re - "m A wu Heese eerate'sieleisisfeteieiniaiejahpLginiadeieininieinjelaie

pas . ... p na ne" eiim m

SERA EE we le ales vicia sale Baia nee

eee eee eas ere H & 2 eii à =» ttt

‘ ENT isie sisigness te

ne nina UH 0. stole baia; serie

' 2e à aai eia d 4H UNION

M cesepeterete

DELE

M. et aa d ERI ACA Rai

LU rtovsiapeioteije nne e MO aiM ...

fe Sek

INEST:

nm mm

iaa sa pret

wit nl

M eee

dete core ee cee EEE eee ea dee ae ees beer

Ttrerieiele

... Soret) rss sms Trois

ey aie e*t e > ; " s j ware gis 0 2A sere

na dde

4842424294 92652

m ELLAS

al a 4 Mas acini n

: " n e " L L ^

p D ee ee PET SL eate a ia bein m ! 4 Metetatsbataheie

EI I TIL JS Are * ass ale

EU CRI ED iJ en ta are tt ye 2 LE MAMMA a Vien vale air une

M EE raa eir nn Y RARE we ds :

— : ieee i or asain ana tarte en eames ease Soins sis 9A 4/6.

. » mer ; Dm TY »

ms + : nevepaperoheteiataian aire) titt a LE Seen Wann nd Pond s na acne " : misisti einqala aieia nt

aleinjeieinhninin 2/64) sae à

oe a aaa

^ sense tte eee

À wies, sun tti alo dran

- * (98999493344 44 408 « 4 9440

dete ei «seit eje sie a ESS ..

see ee beeen ee

wre ae ®

T ;ais| aie feit. . 4 "m « " 4 -

anne m Js : m

CLILCLEELERS Sais nn .

- - Ioan n

nennt 4 Seine slaleia abt +

nn e ees tan rn non nennen ‘4 pe vincat T t von vae t

bestie wiareneewsenrses opus thm mát apt ré ru er m T

Len neret e rtr tin n s IRA eu u mn a + -

nn pures ene Sesbeoteres open, x ; 2 gate DEAE

! n 1 "E ein wa qua dr

” DIEI

naue rta: ^

DELIS

dra ath x

2 ag EURE Aerie bee ae “eee

menm "nnn

wna Quim enter ini ete miens) rere " i vas) M

TE ET en rs te: 2 n ^ " . -—""————

ESS NÉ On nern

ib egnóo IDG Ut greta «(0-2 cs 8 pater

ttem nn rtm n M er al t jajetereje e e simi eia mime jui

nn un quM : eerie

atat

PP ai o. trat ee enge an par sar 7

mt sen Pt rim ra rh PR LR. gon

Re nn Gr LE DON ran ; : 1e 00 vu... Le: à

Pa EP e pen lt J $n de D x 5 ^ dete tete lejos

DD MC ne . : um , C Sieteiefelohe late

M RON UNE rina Sos «

pa ele tera see teen Tree

Lire ne 'sieleiateninie wee

aaa le

“nn.

mn ne nn an nn enter ereteceh

me PA MR AE SR MU e i a cam

mtm qnin Urs PATIOR I S E] access Pitt nn

Pte ed eia Parit t irn en n M PAIS gure nts v4 (6 1 SENT E ; :

—— rn anne x i crs : sh

LÉ einen Edge Tree dites i sane

rr vien whois asereieie

NU 27

ore

t : r puis slabs mm à mim

e stans a Le Le a/2ieniae sine seen