Iberus

Revista de la

SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

ComiTÉ DE REDACCIÓN (BOARD OF EDITORS)

EDITOR DE PUBLICACIONES (EDITOR=IN=-CHIEF)

Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España

EDITORA EJECUTIVA (MANAGING EDITOR)

Eugenia M' Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España

EDITORES ADJUNTOS (ASSOCIATE EDITORS)

Benjamín Gómez Moliner Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, España

Angel Antonio Luque del Villar Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España

Emilio Rolón Mosquera Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España

José Templado González Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, ÉSIC, Madrid, España

Jesús S. Troncoso Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España

ComiTÉ EDITORIAL (BOARD OF REVIEWERS)

Kepa Altonaga Sustacha Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España

Eduardo Angulo Pinedo Universidad del Poís Vasco, Bilbao, España

Rofael Araujo Armero Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, España

Thierry Backeljau Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruselas, Bélgica

Rúdiger Bieler The Field Museum, Chicago, Estados Unidos

Sigurd v. Boletzky Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Francia

Jose Castillejo Murillo Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España

Karl Edlinger Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Viena, Austria

Antonio M. de Frias Martins Universidade dos Acores, Acores, Portugal

José Carlos García Gómez Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España

Gonzalo Giribet de Sebastián Harvard University, EE.UU.

Edmund Gittenberger National Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Holanda

Serge Gofas Universidad de Málaga, España

Angel Guerra Sierra Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España

Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung Múnchen, Múnchen, Alemania

Yuri 1. Kontor AN. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscú, Rusia

María Yolanda Manga González Estación Agrícola Experimental, CSIC, León, España

Jordi Martinell Callico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España

Ron K. 0'Dor Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

Tokashi Okutani Nihon University, Fujisawa City, Japón

Marco Oliverio Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia

Pablo E. Penchaszadeh Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Winston E. Ponder Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

Carlos Enrique Prieto Sierra Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España

Me de los Ángeles Ramos Sánchez Museo Nacional de Ciencias Noturales, CSIC, Madrid, España

Francisco Javier Rocha Valdés Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España

Paul 6. Rodhouse British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Reino Unido

Joandoménec Ros ¡ Aragones Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España

María Carmen Salas Casanovas Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España

Gerhard Steiner Institut fúr Zoologie der Universitát Wien, Viena, Austria

Victoriano Urgorri Carrasco Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España

Anders Warén Swedish Museum of Natural History, Estocolmo, Suecia

PORTADA DE Jberus

Iberus gualterianus (Linnaeus, 1758), una especie emblemática de la península Ibérica, que da

nombre a la revista. Dibujo realizado por José Luis González Rebollar “Toza”.

Iberus o

FEB 2 7 2003

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

REVISTA DE LA

SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA

DE MALACOLOGÍA

Vol. 20 (2) Oviedo, diciembre 2002

Iberus

Revista de la

SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

Iberus publica trabajos que traten sobre cualquier aspecto relacionado con la Malacología. Se

admiten también notas breves. /berus edita un volumen anual que se compone de dos o más números.

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Los resumenes de los artículos editados en esta revista se publican en Aquatic Science

and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) y en el Zoological Records, BIOSIS.

Contents list published in Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts and Zoological Records,

BIOSIS.

Dep. Leg. B-43072-81

ISSN 0212-3010

Diseño y maquetación: Gonzalo Rodríguez

Impresión: LOREDO, S. L. - Gijón

Entidades Colaboradoras

1 Congreso Internacional de las Sociedades Malaculógicas Enropeas

Cal Xa n OV a SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGIA

Se CONSORCIO

SY ZONA FRANCA

Universidade E DE VIGO Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología

de Vigo Dirección General de Investigación

Él

ed ES UNIVERSIDADE DE UNTA

AE SANTIAGU DE COMPOSTELA Es

PROVIGO

MUStU Lu MAR DE GALICIA

LDIPutación de

Pontevedra

Este número contiene algunos trabajos presentados en el

Il CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LAS SOCIEDADES MALACOLÓGICAS EUROPEAS,

celebrado en Vigo, del 9 al 13 de Septiembre de 2002,

habiendo sido parcialmente subvencionado por las ayudas a dicho Congreso

O Sociedad Española de Malacología

Iberus, 20 (2): 1-9, 2002

Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwartbhia) disparata

Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)

Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)

Alberto MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ*

Recibido el 9-XI-2001. Aceptado el 14-1-2002

RESUMEN

Se realiza un estudio conquiológico y anatómico de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Westerlund, 1892, tras la revisión de material museístico y la recolección de ejemplares

vivos en la localidad típica. Se compara con Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bourguignat,

1864) y se concluye que Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe con-

silerarse un sinónimo posterior de dicha especie. Se estudian las series tipo de Cionella

disparata y Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856 y se da a conocer la distribución geo-

gráfica de H. eucharista en la Península Ibérica.

ABSTRACT

After the revision of museum material and the collection of live samples from the type loca-

lity, a conchological and anatomical study of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wester-

lund, 1892, has been made. lt has been compared to Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bour-

guignat, 1864) and the conclusion that Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund,

1892 must be considered as a junior synonym of the aforementioned species, has been

drawn. The type series of Cionella disparata and Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856,

have been studied and the current geographical distribution of H. eucharista in Iberian

Peninsula has been made known.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxono-

mia, sinonimia, España.

KEY WORDS: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxonomy,

synonymy, Spain.

INTRODUCCIÓN

Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata es

un ferussácido descrito por WESTER-

LUND (1892a), como similar a Cionella

hohenwarthi Rossmássler, 1839, en Cata-

luña con localidad típica “Spanien, bei

Barcelona” (España, en Barcelona), y

conocido actualmente como Ferussacia

disparata (Haas, 1929; BecH, 1990;

ALTABA Y BALLESTEROS, 1991). También

ha sido citado en otras localidades de

las provincias de Girona, Barcelona y

Tarragona. Todas estas determinaciones

fueron realizadas teniendo en cuenta la

morfología de la concha y la mayoría de

* Museu Valencia d'História Natural. Passeig de la Petxina, 15. E-46008 Valencia (España). E-mail: alber-

to.martinezOuv.es

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

las citas han sido recopiladas y transcri-

tas de unos autores a otros.

Dada la confusión taxonómica

existente en torno a esta especie, el autor

ha muestreado en los últimos años

intensamente los alrededores de Barce-

lona, con el fin de recolectar ejemplares

vivos que contribuyan a esclarecer su

estatus taxonómico y su posición gené-

rica. Tanto la concha como el aparato

reproductor de los ejemplares recolecta-

dos en la localidad típica de F. disparata,

como las muestras museísticas que han

podido ser localizadas, se han compa-

rado con ejemplares de Hohenwartiana

eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), ferussá-

cido sólo citado por CHÍA (1916) en

Cataluña con este nombre, y que está

presente y bien caracterizado en la

Comunidad Valenciana (GASULL, 1975,

1981; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, ROBLES, MARTÍ-

NEZ-LÓPEZ Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1991; MARTÍ-

NEZ-ORTÍ, 1999). Además se han estu-

diado las series tipo de Cionella disparata

y de Ferussacia terveri, para una mayor

clarificación del estatus taxonómico de

la primera y para intentar establecer su

relación con la segunda, seleccionán-

dose además el lectotipo de ambas espe-

cies. Se da a conocer la rádula de F.

terveri tras el hallazgo de su bulbo bucal

en el interior de uno de los sintipos.

Finalmente se da a conocer la distribu-

ción geográfica actualizada de H. eucha-

rista en la Península Ibérica.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

En los últimos años se han realizado

muestreos continuados en el área alrede-

dor de Barcelona y se han recolectado 13

ejemplares en “El Prat de Lloblegat, la

Camparra” (31TDF2574) (MVHN, N?*

700), muy cerca de Barcelona, que corres-

ponde a la localidad típica de F. disparata.

El material de H. eucharista utilizado

para su comparación procede de

“Alberic, río Xúquer” (Valencia, YJ1330)

(col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 361= N* 701,

MVHN) (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991)

Se han revisado y comparado mues-

tras conquiológicas determinadas como

Ferussacia disparata, E. terveri y H. eucha-

rista, depositadas en el Museu de Zoolo-

gla de Barcelona (MZB, colecciones

Aguilar Amat, Bofill, Chía, Gasull y

Rosals), Museu Valencia d'Historia

Natural de Valencia (MVHNV, muestras

procedentes de las colecciones Altimira,

Chía y Vilella, depositadas en la col. Siro

de Fez y col. Martínez-Ortí), Swedish

Museum of Natural History de Esto-

colmo (SMNES, col. Westerlund) y en el

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de

Ginebra (MHNG, col. Bourguignat).

El estudio de la rádula de F. terveri,

hallada en uno de los sintipos, se ha rea-

lizado tras eliminar la materia orgánica

del bulbo bucal, por ebullición en solu-

ción acuosa con sosa. Posteriormente se

ha fotografiado en el microscopio elec-

trónico de barrido, HITACHI S-4100, del

Servicio de Microscopía de la Universi-

tat de Valencia.

RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN

La determinación de las especies de

los géneros Ferussacia y Hohenwartiana

(Familia Ferussaciidae) presentan gran

dificultad (Altonaga, Gómez, Martín,

Prieto, Puente y Rallo, 1994). Por ello

consideramos de gran interés el estudio

del aparato reproductor de los ejempla-

res recolectados en la localidad típica de

F. disparata, así como el estudio conquio-

lógico de las muestras museísticas, en

las que se incluye las series tipo de los

táxones objeto de estudio.

Recopilación bibliográfica: WESTER-

LUND (1892b) cita esta especie con la

combinación Hohenwarthia disparata.

SALVANÁ (1884) cita Ferussacia hohenwar-

tii en “Vallvidrera” (Barcelona, DF2586),

“Girona” (DG8547) y “S'Agaró”

(EG0427, Girona) mientras que BOFILL Y

Haas (1920) la reasignan a Ferussacia

terveri (Bourguignat, 1856). Otros

autores, como CHÍA (1887), SALVAÑAÁ

(1887) y BoFILL (1915) citan F. terveri en

“los alrededores del cementerio del

Sudeste, Parque en Barcelona” (DF2978),

Bofill (1890) en la “Ciutadella” (Barce-

lona, DF3283) y en el “Parque de Mont-

juich (DF3079) y cerca del cementerio

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Figuras 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, YJ1330)” (col. Martínez-

Ortí, Ne701 MVNH; 6,7 mm H; 2,25 mm 0); 2: “Barcelona” (col. Chía, No 568 MVHN; 6,55

mm H; 2,2 mm 0); 3: “Cantunis” (col. Vilella, Ne 569 MVHN; 6,1 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 4: “La

Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN; 7,2 mm H; 2,3 mm 49).

Figura 5. Lectotipo de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (col. Westerlund, No

5303 SMNEHS, 6,5 mm H; 2,2 mm 49). Figura 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856

(col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotipo (7,45 mm H; 2,4 mm 0); 6b: paralectotipo

(6,4 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 6c: detalle de la abertura del paralectotipo.

Figures 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, Y]1330)” (Martínez-Ortí

coll., Ne 701 MVHN; 6.7 mm H; 2:25 mm 0D); 2: “Barcelona” (Chía coll., Ne 568 MVHN, 6.55

mm H; 2.2 mm 0D); 3: “Cantunis” (Vilella coll., No 569 MVHN; 6.1 mm H; 2.1 mm 0); 4: “La

Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (Martínez-Ortí coll., Ne 700 MVHN; 7.2 mm H; 2.5 mm 0).

Figure 5. Lectotype of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Westerlund coll., N

5303 SMNHS; 6.5 mm H; 2.2 mm 0). Figure 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856

(Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotype (7.45 mm H; 2.4 mm D); 6b: paralectotype

(6.4 mm H; 2.1 mm 0D); 6c: detail of the paralectotypes' aperture.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

nuevo” (Barcelona), SAINT SIMON (1891)

en “Barcelona” y ZULUETA (1904) en

“Aluvions de la vora dreta del Llobre-

gat, prop de sa desembocadura”. Estas

asignaciones a F. terveri se fundamentan

en la determinación que Bourguignat

realizó de ocho ejemplares de Barcelona

enviados por Salvañá (SALVAÑÁ, 1887).

Tras la revisión de estos ejemplares,

depositados en el MHNG (N? 9947), se

ha comprobado que realmente corres-

ponden a H. eucharista. Pilsbry (1908)

recopila la cita de Westerlund, de “cerca

de Barcelona”. CHÍA (1916) cita Hohen-

warthia eucharista en “S' Agaró, riera d'en

Xuncla”. HAAs (1929) cita F. disparata de

“Barcelona”, “Valle del Llobregat”,

“Girona”, “S'Agaró” y “aluviones del

Ebro” (Tarragona), y más recientemente,

ALTIMIRA (1969) de “Arana” (Prat de

Llobregat, DF2773), Casa Antúnez (Can-

tunis, Barcelona) (DF2978) y Farola (Far)

del Llobregat (DF2975)”. Actualmente

Ferussacia disparata continúa formando

parte del elenco de especies de la mala-

cofauna catalana (BECH, 1990; ALTABA Y

BALLESTEROS, 1991).

Estudio de la serie tipo de Cionella

(Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund,

1892: Se ha examinado un sintipo perte-

neciente a la serie tipo de C. disparata

con localidad tipo “en Barcelona” (N*

5303, col. Westerlund, SMNHS) (Fig. 5).

Se ha seleccionado este ejemplar como

lectotipo de Cionella disparata. Sus

dimensiones son 6,5 mm de altura y 2,2

mm de diámetro. Otros cinco sintipos,

no revisados, de C. disparata (K. Sinder-

man, com. per), que se encuentran

depositados en el Natural History

Museum de Gotemburgo (Suecia), se

consideran paralectotipos.

Estudio de la serie tipo de Ferussa-

cia terveri Bourguignat, 1856: BOUR-

GUIGNAT (1856) no indica una localidad

exacta sino que señala como localidad

típica los alrededores de Argel y de

Orán. Posteriormente, BOURGUIGNAT

(1864) detalla con mayor precisión la

procedencia de las muestras de este

taxon, dando a conocer un total de seis

localidades. Bourguignat selecciona

como serie tipo de F. terveri la muestra

N? 10179 (MHNG), con localidad “Mus-

tapha, a la Maison-Carrée”, en los alre-

dedores de Argel, ya que manuscribe en

la etiqueta la palabra “type”. Esta locali-

dad debe considerarse como localidad

típica restringida. Está compuesta por

ocho sintipos cuyas dimensiones

máximas son: 7,6 mm de altura y 2,65

mm de diámetro.

En su descripción original BOUR-

GUIGNAT (1856) no advierte la presencia

de la lamela parietal, presente en todos

los sintipos, ni figura la especie. Sin

embargo, en 1864 (Lám. 5, Figs. 1-3),

completa la descripción y publica una

figura que no ha podido ser asociada a

ninguno de los sintipos revisados. Por

ello se ha seleccionado como lectotipo

de Ferussacia terveri el ejemplar que pre-

sentaba en su interior el bulbo bucal

(Fig. 6a), ya que ha permitido descubrir

la rádula de la especie. Sus dimensiones

son 7,45 mm de altura y 2,4 mm de diá-

metro. Los otros 7 sintipos correspon-

den a paralectotipos de esta especie.

Solamente en dos de los sintipos se

observa la lamela parietal frontalmente,

uno de los cuales corresponde al lecto-

tipo, mientras que en los otros debe rea-

lizarse un leve giro en la concha para

observarla (Figs. 6b-c). Además todos

los sintipos presentan dos pliegues colu-

melares (Fig. 6c), excepto uno de ellos

que presenta sólo uno. La presencia de

estas características morfológicas de la

concha, la lamela parietal y los pliegues

columelares, nos permite asignar Ferus-

sacia terveri al subgénero Pegea (Risso,

1826) (ZIiLCH, 1958-60).

La rádula del lectotipo de F. (Pegea)

terveri presenta 37 dientes por hemirá-

dula (Figs. 7-10), con una morfología si-

milar a la que presentan Ferussacia (Ferus-

sacia) folliculus (Gmelin, 1791) y H. eucha-

rista, no apreciándose diferencias

significativas con las de éstas (MARTÍNEZ-

ORTÍ ET AL., 1991). Se ha observado que

algunos dientes marginales contiguos

presentan sus cúspides fusionadas (Fig.

10). La mandíbula presenta las mismas

características morfológicas que otros fe-

russácidos (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991;

GiusTI, MANGANELLI Y SCHEMBRI, 1995).

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Figuras 7-10. Rádula del lectotipo de Ferussacia terveri (col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG)

(M.E.B.). 7: Vista general; 8: diente central y primeros laterales; 9: detalle del diente central; 10:

dientes marginales. Escalas, 7: 25 pm; 8: 10 qm; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: 5 pm.

Figures 7-10. Radula of the lectotype of Ferussacia terveri (Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG)

(S.E.M.). 7: General view; 8: central and first lateral teeth; 9: detail of the central tooth; 10: marginal

teeth. Scale bars, 7: 25 qm; 8: 10 um; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: S um.

Revisión de muestras del MZB: Se

han estudiado siete muestras que se rea-

signan a Hohenwartiana eucharista, todas

ellas procedentes de la localidad típica:

N* 79-8184: 36 conchas, col. Chía, “Can-

tunis” (Barcelona); N* 79-8218: 47

conchas, F. terveri, col. Bofill, “Cantu-

nis”; N* 79-8219: 2 conchas, F. terveri,

col. Rosals, “Barcelona”; N* 79-8220: 4

conchas, F. terveri, “Barcelona”; N* 79-

8221: 2 conchas, F. terveri, col. Aguilar-

Amat, “Cantunis (Barcelona); N2 79-

8222: 4 conchas, “aluvions esquerra del

Llobregat”; N* 79-8223: 18 conchas,

Ferussacia sp. ind., col. Chía, “Barce-

lona”; N* 79-8225: 2 conchas, col. Bofill,

“Barcelona, parque de la Ciutadella”.

Además se han revisado las muestras

publicadas por GASULL (1975, 1981),

confirmándose su asignación específica

a H. eucharista.

Revisión de muestras del MVHN:

Col Siro de Fez: N? 568: 11 conchas, F.

terveri, col. Chía, “Barcelona”, formaba

parte de la depositada en el MZB (N? 79-

8223); N* 569: 14 conchas, F. disparata,

col. Vilella, “Can Tunés” (Cantunis Bar-

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figuras 11-13. Aparato reproductor de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Mar-

tínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)”. 11: Esquema

general (escalas, 1 mm); 12: detalle del pene; 13: estructura interna del complejo penial. Abrevia-

turas: ag: atrio genital; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: conducto deferente; dp: divertículo penial; dpi:

divertículo penial introflexionado; p: pene; pl: pliegue longitudinal; pr: pliegues radiales; pp: papila

penial; v: vagina.

Figures 11-13. Reproduction organs of Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Martí-

nez-Ortí, Ne 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)” (scale bars, 1 mm). 11:

General view; 12: detail of the penis; 13: internal structure of the penial complex. Abbreviations: ag:

atrium; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: vas deferent; dp: diverticulum penial; dpi: diverticulum penial intro-

flected; p: penis; pl: longitudinal pleat; pr: radial pleats ; pp: penis papilla; v: vagina.

celona); N* 570: 11 conchas, E. disparata,

col. Altimira, “Barcelona, Prat de Llobre-

gat, en el antiguo campo de Polo del

final de la Diagonal”. Las tres muestras

corresponden a H. eucharista.

Col. Martínez-Ortí: véase MARTÍNEZ-

ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ

(1999).

Estudio de la genitalia: Se han

diseccionado cinco ejemplares proce-

dentes de “La Camparra, El Prat de Llo-

bregat (Barcelona)”, localidad típica de

F. disparata. Se han representado el

aparato reproductor completo de un

ejemplar, un pene de otro ejemplar y la

estructura interna del complejo penial

de otro (Figs. 11-13). Las características

morfológicas del aparato reproductor

coinciden con las que presentan los

ejemplares valencianos descritos por

Gittenberger (in GASULL, 1975), MARTÍ-

NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ

(1999). Se ha observado una gran varia-

bilidad en la longitud del divertículo

penial, al igual que en los ejemplares

valencianos. Hay que indicar que, en

nuestra Opinión, no se existen diferen-

cias significativas, ni en la estructura

interna del complejo penial ni en el resto

del aparato reproductor, con las de

Hohenwartiana hohenwarti (Rossmássler,

1838) representadas por GIUSTI ET AL.

(1995).

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata

Figura 14. Distribución geográfica de Hohenwartiana eucharista en la Península Ibérica.

Figure 14. Geographic distribution of Hohenwartiana eucharista ¿n Iberian Peninsula.

Distribución y hábitat: Hohenwar-

tiana eucharista se extiende, en la Penín-

sula Ibérica, por Cataluña, Comunidad

Valenciana (GASULL, 1975, 1981; MARTÍ-

NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991; ALTONAGA ET AL.,

1994; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999) y Andalu-

cía. Recientemente hemos estudiado

material de esta especie, recolectado por

J. S. Torres en la provincia de Málaga, de

El Tarajal (UF6562), Polígono industrial

Santa Bárbara (UF6961) y los Prados

(UF6862) (Fig. 14). Además, su distribu-

ción podría ampliarse con las citas de

HAas (1929), SERVAIN (1880), MEDINA

(1888, 1891) y ZULUETA (1904), todas

ellas procedentes de aluviones, aunque

sería necesario su revisión para conside-

rarlas válidas, dadas las dificultades de

determinación que hemos señalado.

Como se puede observar en la

Figura 14, la distribución de esta especie

presenta discontinuidades a lo largo de

la costa mediterránea, que probable-

mente están relacionadas con el mues-

treo insuficiente de algunas áreas.

Habita en ambientes de huerta, culti-

vos de cítricos, de ribera, márgenes de

acequias, etc., a baja altitud, no supe-

rando los 140 m en la Comunidad

Valenciana (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999).

CONCLUSIONES

De acuerdo con las observaciones

realizadas sobre la concha y el aparato

reproductor de ejemplares vivos de la

localidad típica de Ferussacia disparata,

así como con el estudio de las series tipo

de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wes-

terlund, 1892 y Ferussacia terveri Bour-

guignat, 1856 y su comparación con

abundante material de Hohenwartiana

eucharista de las colecciones Gasull y

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Martínez-Ortí, podemos concluir que

Cionella disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe

ser considerado un sinónimo posterior

de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguig-

nat, 1864). Por otra parte, Ferussacia

terveri Bourguignat, 1856 se incluye, tras

la revisión del material tipo, en el

género Ferussacia (Pegea). Las citas de

esta especie en Cataluña corresponden,

en realidad, a H. eucharista.

Nota añadida durante la impresión:

Estando en prensa este trabajo Falkner,

Ripken y Falkner (2002, Col. Patrimoines

Naturels del M.N.H.N. París, 52: 116, nota

183) han revisado el tipo de Ferussacia

eucharista Bourguignat 1864 y han com-

probado que pertenece al género Ceci-

lioides A. Férussac 1814, dando a conocer

la nueva combinación Cecilioides eucha-

rista. Por ello, la especie tradicional-

mente determinada como Hohenwartiana

eucharista en la Península Ibérica debe

cambiar de nombre. Proponemos la

nueva combinación Hohenwartiana dispa-

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

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ya que es el nombre específico más

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AGRADECIMIENTOS

A D*. Karin Kinderman ayudante

del conservador del Swedish Museum

of Natural History de Estocolmo

(Suecia), a D. Yves Finet conservador del

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de

Geneve (Suiza) y al Dr. Francesc Uribe,

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y por la bibliografía que me proporcio-

naron para la realización de este trabajo.

También al Dr. José Ramón Arrébola por

la información proporcionada sobre la

presencia de esta especie en Andalucía y

a D. J. S. Torres por el envío de ejempla-

res de las localidades malagueñas. Asi-

mismo al Dr. Fernando Robles y al Dr.

Benjamín Gómez por la revisión crítica

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Haas, F., 1929. Fauna malacológica terrestre y

agua dulce de Cataluña. Trabajos del Museo

de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 13: 1-491.

MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A., ROBLES, F., MARTÍNEZ-LÓ-

PEZ, F., Y RODRÍGUEZ, C., 1991. Datos preli-

minares sobre la familia Ferussaciidae (Gas-

tropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en

la Comunidad Valenciana. Iberus, 9 (1-2):

407-420.

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testáceos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Tesis

doctoral (inédita). Universitat de Valencia.

743 pp.

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vir, Tomares, San Juan de Aznalfarache, Gel-

ves, Camas y alrededores de Sevilla, y Alcalá

de Guadaira. Actas de la Sociedad Española

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pañola Historia Natural, 20: 104-106.

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zonado de los moluscos testáceos, terrestres

y fluviátiles del territorio. Memorias de la Real

Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 2* ép.

I: 375-333

SALVAÑÁ, J. M., 1887. Moluscos nuevos de Es-

paña. Crónica Científica, 10: 137-142.

SAINT-SIMON, D'A., 1891. Catalogue d'une co-

llection provenant du cabinet de M. Saint-Si-

mon, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur la Conchy-

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SERVAIN, G., 1880. Étude sur les mollusques re-

cueillis en Espagne et Portugal. Saint Germain.

Paris. 172 pp.

WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892a. Spicilegium Mala-

cologicum. Neue Binnenconchylien in der

paláarktischen Region. Verhandlungen der Zo-

ologisch-Botanischen Gesells-chaft in Wien: 25-

48.

WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892b. Spicilegium Mala-

cologicum. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Ma-

lakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 24: 176-177.

ZILCH, A., 1959-1960. Gastropoda. Teil 2: Euthy-

neura. In Schindewolf, O. H. (Ed.): Handbuch

der Paliozoologie, 6 (2): 1-834.

ZULUETA, A., 1904. Excursió a la desembocadura

del Llobregat. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana

d' Historia Natural, 5: 75-77.

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología ——————— Iberus, 20 (2): 11-21, 2002

On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957

and Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca:

Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)

Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fas-

ciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)

Eugenia MARTÍNEZ * and Jesús ORTEA**

Recibido el 14-11-2002. Aceptado el 5-IV-2002

ABSTRACT

The anatomy and geographical range of the opisthobranch mollusc Aplysia fasciata Poi-

ret, 1789, a species widely distributed in East Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, are

reviewed. A detailed anatomical description of this species is given, and radula, ¡aw ele-

ments and palatal teeth are illustrated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Examination of the type material of Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, originally described from

Ghana, revealed that this species is a synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789. Literature

references to Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 in the eastern Atlantic are missidentifications of

some specimens of Aplysia fasciata, deposited in the Natural History Museum of London.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se revisan la anatomía y la distribución geográfica de Aplysia fasciata Poiret,

1789, una especie ampliamente distribuida en el Atlántico Este y en el Mediterráneo. Se da

una detallada descripción anatómica de esta especie, y se describen la rádula, armadura

labial y elementos palatales usando el microscopio electrónico de barrido.

El exámen del material tipo de Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, descrita originalmente en

las costas de Ghana, nos lleva a proponer la sinonimia entre esta especie y Aplysia fas-

ciata Poiret, 1789. Por otra parte, las referencias en la literatura a la especie Aplysia bra-

siliana Rang, 1828, en aguas del Atlántico oriental son debidas a una incorrecta identifi-

cación de algunos ejemplares de A. fasciata depositados en las colecciones del Natural

History Museum de Londres.

KEY WORDS: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opisthobranchs, Anaspidea, East Atlantic, taxonomy.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opistobranquios, Anaspidea, Atlántico este, taxonomía.

INTRODUCTION

Members of the opisthobranch developed and symmetrical parapodia

family Aplysiidae are characterised by that, in some cases, are joined poste-

having a globose body and two well riorly. A flat shell is always present, and

* Apartado 156 - 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain. emcf65Chotmail.com

** Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Zoología. C/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría,

s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

the body surface is smooth, without any

tubercles. A more complete description

can be found in EALES (1960) and

BEEMAN (1968). The family includes two

genera, Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 and Syp-

honota Adams, 1854, the latter being a

circumtropical genus. Syphonota differs

from Aplysia by the position of the rhi-

nophores, close together and set back

almost between the parapodial flaps,

rather than in front of them (EALES,

1960).

Species of Aplysia has been usually

differentiated on the basis of external

characters, mainly the size and shape of

the parapodial lobes, the size of the

mantle foramen and the shape of the

shell, as well as the penial morphology

(EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). The

morphology of the hard parts of the

buccal mass, and mainly of the radular

teeth, has been also used, but radular

morphology has been not studied with

detail in all species belonging to this

genus.

The Aplysiidae of European and

West African shores and of the Macaro-

nesian Islands have been previously

studied in several papers: RIsBEC, 1931;

ODHNER, 1932; GGRIGG, 1949; PRUVOT-

FoL, 1953; GANTÉS, 1956; EALEs, 1957a,

1957b; BEBBINGTON AND THOMPSON,

1968; BEBBINGTON, 1970, 1975; BEBBING-

TON AND BROWN, 1975; THOMPSON,

1976; EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON,

1982; BALLESTEROS AND TEMPLADO,

1987; ORTEA AND MARTÍNEZ, 1991;

MALAQUIAS AND CALADO, 1997; WIRTZ

AND MARTINS, 1993, among others. In

her world-wide revision of the genus

Aplysia EALES (1960) recorded 35

species, nine of which inhabit East

Atlantic waters: Aplysia parvula, A.

SYSTEMATICS

punctata, A. fasciata, A. dactylomela, A.

brasiliana, A. winneba, A. depilans, A.

juliana and A. dura.

Despite this proliferation of papers,

a review of some problematic species

seemed to be necessary to have a more

complete knowledge of the East Atlantic

Aplysiidae. Among them, the validity of

the species Aplysia winneba, originally

described from Ghana shores and, sub-

sequently, only recorded from Cape

Verde (EALES, 1957a) and from Senegal

(EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON, 1982).

The main objective of the present paper

is to clarify the identity of Aplysia

winneba, on the basis of a re-examination

of the type material and additional spe-

cimens assigned to Aplysia fasciata.

Another question is the reference to

Aplysia brasiliana as an amphiatlantic

opisthobranch, after two records made

by EALES (1960) off Saint Helena and

Ghana shores. East Atlantic specimens

of A. brasiliana studied by Eales are also

re-examined, in orden to clarify the pos-

sible alleged amphiatlantic character of

this species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens studied in this paper

were collected by the authors, provided

by some colleagues or borrowed from

the following institutions: MNCN

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,

Madrid; MNHN Muséum National d'

Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NHM Natural

History Museum, London.

Several specimens were dissected

and hard parts of the buccal bulb were

studied by scanning electron micros-

copy (SEM).

Family Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809

Genus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767

Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789

Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789, Voy. Barbarie, 2: 2 [Type locality: shores of Barbarie (around El Kala,

East of Algeria)].

112

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10: 563 (non Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat.,

12: 1089 - Nudibranchia).

Aplysia alba Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, PL. L fig. 6.

Aplysia camelus Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, Pl. L, fig.1.

Aplysia napolitana delle Chiaje, 1823, Mem. sulla storia e notomia degli aním. s. vert. del Reg. di Napoli,

LOA IE

Aplysia vulgaris de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 285, figs. 1-2.

Aplysia marmorata de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 286, figs. 3-4.

Dolabella lepus Risso, 1826, Hist. Nat. de l' Europe mérid., 4: 44, PL L figs. 1-2.

Aplysia radiata Crouch, 1826, Illustr. Introd. Lam. Conch.: 44, Pl. XIV, figs. 10, 10a.

Aplysia lepus (Risso): Philippi, 1844, Enum. Moll. Sicil., 2: 99.

Aplysia cameliformis Locard, 1886, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, 8: 66.

Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 32 (4): 180-183, figs. 1-6 (sin. nov.)

Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960, Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, 5: 320-321, fig. 26.

EALEs (1960: 315) included A. limacina de Blainville, 1823, among the synonyms of Aplysia

fasciata, although the specimen figured by de Blainville is clearly not an Aplysia, but rather a

Phyllaplysia. There are several subsequent references to A. fasciata as A. limacina (GRIGG, 1949;

IMPERATO, MINALE AND RICCIO, 1977).

Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960 was originally described from the Suez Canal as a new species, but

some years latter the same author (EALES, 1979: 7) considered it as a juvenile stage of A.

fasciata.

Material examined

- Spain: Cabo Peñas, Asturias (NW Spain), one specimen, 124 mm preserved lenght (Martínez

coll., 1992); Eo estuary, Asturias, three specimens, more than 150 mm preserved lenght (Martínez

coll., 1992).

- Italy: Fusaro lake, Naples gulf, one specimen, 80 mm preserved lenght (Martínez coll., 1993).

- Cape Verde: Matiota, San Vicente island, one specimen, 70 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1985);

Tarrafal, Santiago Island, seven specimens more than 200 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1986).

- Mauritania: Nouackchot, ten specimens between 38-54 mm preserved lenght (MNHN, Gofas

coll., 1986).

- Ghana: Miemia, one specimen, 90 mm preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21416, Templado coll.,

1993); Sekondi-Takoradi, one specimen, 40 mm preserved lenght; Pumpuni, one specimen, 37 mm

preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21414, Templado coll., 1993); Bushua, one specimen, 28 mm pre-

served lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21415, Templado coll., 1993). Two specimens without specified loca-

lity, 86 and 32 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1958.1.9.1-2, Irvine leg.), both labelled as Aplysia bra-

siliana. Paratypes of Aplysia winneba: 4 specimens from Christiansbourg, near Accra, Ghana, between

50 and 60 mm preserved lenght (NHM 1957.6.18.4-7, R. Bassindale coll.). One of them dissected for

anatomical study.

- Angola: Corimba and Cacuaco, Bengo province, six specimens between 70-103 mm preserved

lenght (MNHN, Gofas coll., 1981).

- Saint Helena: one specimen, 105 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1968.4.8.1, Mellis coll.), labelled as

Aplysia brasiliana.

Original description of Aplysia

winneba: EALES (1957a: 183) originally

described A. winneba as follows: “Aply-

sias Of moderate size, purplish black in

colour, with vertical bands of dark and

light on the inner sides of the parapo-

dial edges. Highly mobile, with fimbria-

ted cephalic tentacles, parapodia and

anal siphon, moderately wide foot and

short tail. Penis long and filiform.

Mantle thin with a small tubular aper-

ture. Purple glands present. Opaline

gland compound, with a single conspi-

cuous aperture”.

Description of the A. winneba pa-

ratypes: According to the original des-

cription, the mantle has a small tubular

aperture, whereas in the examined speci-

mens of the paratypic series there is no

such an aperture, but a minute papilla.

In the dissected paratype, 60 mm long

LS)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Y, y k ¿ $ y AE l ; | | " d a

Figures 1-8. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 1: rachidian and first

lateral teeth; 2: lateral teeth from sixth to ninth; 3: outermost lateral and marginal teeth; 4: detail

of the rachidian tooth; 5: detail of the marginal teeth; 6: palatal teeth; 7: jaw elements; 8: jaw ele-

ments, near the masticatory edge. Scale bars, 1-6: 100 um; 7, 8: 10 pm.

Figuras 1-8. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 1: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes

laterales; 2: dientes laterales desde el 62 al 9%; 3: últimos dientes laterales y dientes marginales; 4: detalle

del diente raquídeo; 5: detalle de los dientes marginales; 6: dientes palatales; 7: aspecto de los uncinos de la

armadura labial; 8: los mismos, cerca del borde masticador. Escalas, 1-6: 100 ym; 7, 8: 10 ym.

pa.

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Figures 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Specimen from Ghana (40 mm preserved lenght). 9: detail of

the rachidian tooth; 10: inner lateral teeth; 11: outer lateral teeth; 12: jaw elements; 13: a detail of

jaw elements; 14: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge. 15-17: Specimen from Angola (70 mm

preserved lenght). 15: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 16: last lateral and marginal teeth; 17:

palatal teeth. Scale bars 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 pm; 12, 14: 10 qm; 13: 1 qm.

Figuras 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Ejemplar de Ghana (40 mm fijado). 9: detalle del diente raquídeo;

10: primeros dientes laterales; 11: últimos dientes laterales; 12: uncinos de la armadura labial; 13: detalle

de los anteriores; 14: aspecto de los uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial. 15-17: Ejemplar

de Angola (70 mm fijado). 15: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales; 16: últimos dientes laterales

y dientes marginales; 17: dientes palatales. Escalas 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 um; 12, 14: 10 ym; 13: 1 qm.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table 1. Comparative table of radular formulae of Aplysia fasciata specimens from different locali-

ties. (*) data from the dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba Eales; (**) data from the original des-

cription of Aplysia winneba Eales.

Tabla 1. Tabla comparativa de las fórmulas radulares de ejemplares de Aplysia fasciata procedentes de

distintas localidades. (*) datos del paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba Eales; (*%) datos de la descrip-

ción original de Aplysia winneba £ales.

Species Locality Formula Animal lenght Reference

A. fosciata Angola 38 x 3.25.1.25.3 70 mm this paper

A. fasciata Angola 39 x 3.24.1.24.3 103 mm this paper

A. fasciata Ghana 37 x 4.18.1.18.4 40 mm this paper

A. fosciata Ghana 29 x 4.12.1.12.4 28 mm this paper

A. winneba * Ghana 39 x 4.24.1.24.4 60 mm this paper

A. winneba ** Ghana 55 x 3.34.1.34.3 70 mm Eales, 1957

A. fasciata Mauritania 31 x3.21.1.21.3 54 mm this paper

A. fasciata Cope Verde 49 x 4.23.1.23.4 70 mm this paper

A. fasciata Asturias (NW Spain) 50 x 3.33.1.33.3 125 mm this paper

after fixation, the nervous system shows

the cerebral ganglia completely fused to-

gether. The opaline gland is compound,

resembling a bunch of grapes, well deve-

loped and with a single aperture.

The radular formula is 39 x

4.24.1.24.4, and the SEM study shows a

high rachidian tooth, with a denticula-

ted central cusp and two secondary and

smaller cusps on each side, the outer-

most less developed (Figs. 1, 4). The

inner lateral teeth have a main denticu-

lated cusp that becomes longer and

narrower along the half-row (Figs. 1-3);

near the base of this main cusp there are

two outer secondary cusps (the first one

well developed), and also an inner

secondary cusp. The four outermost

teeth are vestigial (Fig. 5).

The jaws are two simetrical plates

provided with numerous elements, each

one with 6-9 short conical extensions at

their free edges (Fig. 7). Near the masti-

catory edge, the jaw elements are long

and narrow, bent and eroded at the

edges (Fig. 8). The palatal teeth are

hook-shaped and laterally compressed,

long and wide at the base, becoming

narrower towards the free edge (Fig. 6).

In the genital tract there is a glandu-

lar area near the end of the distal her-

maphroditic duct, in front of and behind

the gametolitic gland stalk opening (Fig.

27). The penial sheath had two retractor

muscles, and some others that anchor it

to the body wall. The penis is filiform

(Fig. 28). On the inner side of the penial

sheath there is a small flap near the

fundus.

Description of the Aplysia fasciata

material: Among all the examined mate-

rial of A. fasciata only one specimen

from Ghana has a small hole in the

mantle, instead of a small papilla. The

small preserved specimens from Ghana

and Mauritania have the inner edge of

the parapodial lobes with vertical bands

of dark pigment, which are not visible

in larger animals from other localities.

In all the dissected specimens,

radular teeth show well developed and

sharpened cusps. The rachidian tooth is

wide at the base and it narrows towards

the upper end. It has a central, denticu-

lated cusp and two very small lateral

cusps on each side (Figs. 9, 18). In larger

specimens the rachidian tooth is higher

and narrower, and the central cusp is

longer (Figs. 15, 23, 25). Lateral teeth

bearing a main, denticulated cusp that

becomes longer along the half-row,

having two (sometimes three) secon-

dary cusps near the base, on the outer

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

a SS 2

Figures 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Specimen from Mauritania (45 mm preserved lenght). 18:

detail of the rachidian tooth; 19: inner lateral teeth; 20: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge;

21: palatal teeth. 22, 23: Specimen from Naples (80 mm preserved lenght). 22: lateral teeth from

5h t9 7%; 23: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. 24-26: Specimen from NW Spain (more than

150 mm preserved lenght). 24: jaw elements. 25: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 26: lateral

teeth, from 8% to 10%. Scale bars 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 um; 20, 21, 24: 10 pm.

Figuras 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Ejemplar de Mauritania (45 mm fijado). 18: detalle del

diente raquídeo; 19: primeros dientes laterales; 20: uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial;

21: dientes palatales. 22, 23: Ejemplar de Nápoles (80 mm fijado). 22: dientes laterales, del 5% al 7%;

23: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales. 24-26: Ejemplar del noroeste de España (más de 150

mm fijado). 24: uncinos de la base de la armadura labial. 25: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes late-

rales; 26: dientes laterales, del 8% al 10%. Escalas 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 ym; 20, 21, 24: 10 ym.

z 1

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figures 27, 28. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 27: reproductive

system; 28: opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner

side of the penial sheath. Abbreviations. f: flap; fg: female glands; gg: gametolitic gland; hd: her-

maphroditic duct; p: penis; pg: prostatic gland; sr: seminal receptacle.

Figuras 27, 28. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 27: aparato genital: 28: bolsa

del pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme, y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas.

f pliegue; fe: glándulas femeninas; gg: glándula gametolítica; hd: conducto hermafrodita; p: pene; pg:

glándula prostática; sr: receptáculo seminal.

side, the first one well developed (Figs.

10, 11, 19, 22, 26). There is also a small

secondary cusp on the inner side of the

main cusp. About the four outermost

teeth are vestigial (Fig. 16). Radular for-

mulae for specimens from various loca-

lities are recorded in Table I; it shows

that the number of teeth for each half-

row is always less than 40.

Jaw elements are long and narrow

(about 100 um in a 40 mm preserved

specimen) (Fig. 14). They have about 7-

10 short conical extensions at their free

edges (Figs. 12, 24) and, under high

magnification, show longitudinal striae

(Fig. 13). Towards the masticatory edge

of the jaw plates these elements are

eroded (Figs. 14, 20). Palatal teeth are

long and hook-shaped (Figs. 17, 21),

laterally compressed.

In the reproductive system there is a

glandular area well visible as a wide-

ning of the distal hermaproditic duct, at

the level of the gametolitic gland stalk

opening (Fig. 29); The penis is long and

filiform (Fig. 30). There is a small flap on

the inner side of the penial sheath, that

is always situated near the penial base,

although its position can show some

variation.

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

Figures 29, 30. Dissected specimen of Aplysia fasciata from Angola. 29: reproductive system; 30:

opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner side of the

penial sheath. Abbreviations as in Figures 27 and 28.

Figuras 29, 30. Ejemplar disecado de Aplysia fasciata de Angola. 29: aparato genital; 30: bolsa del

pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas como

en las Figuras 27 y 28.

DISCUSSION

Aplysia fasciata is a well known

species, whose most remarkable external

features are the presence of two well

developed parapodial lobes, widely

separated anteriorly and posteriorly, and

a mantle having a small hole or showing

instead of this a minute papila; adults

usually are dark in colour (velvety

black), with red borders of the parapo-

dia, cephalic tentacles and rhinophores

(EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). Several

anatomical studies have been published

on this species. For instance RANG (1828:

55, pl. 6) described and figured very acu-

rately the external morphology and the

shell, and PiLsBRY (1895: 72, pl. 33)

figured the shell and the opaline gland

(as Tethys leporina). EALES (1960: 316) des-

cribed the radular morphology, and the

reproductive system and the penial

morphology have been described by

THOMPSON AND BEBBINGTON (1969: 349).

As it has been previously commen-

ted, when EALES (1957a) described

Aplysia winneba, she mentioned the

structural resemblance between this

species and A. fasciata; but in her

opinion both differed “in shape, pig-

mentation, mode of contraction; in the

width, toughness and frilled edges of

the foot; in the size, height and fimbria-

tion of the parapodia, and in the shell

and radula”. However, most of these

characters (as the shape, pigmentation,

size, width of the foot, etc.) are very

variable with the state of preservation,

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

thus they have no taxonomic value

when distinghishing between specimens

of the two species.

EALES (1957a) provided a description

of the colour based on some photo-

graphs of living animals as “purplish

black in colour, with browner shades on

the mantle”. Although the typical colora-

tion of A. fasciata is black with scarlet

rims on the parapodia and tentacles, this

pattern is normally present in the largest

specimens, whereas smaller ones usually

have a browner ground colour. The shell

described by EALES (1957a) lacks a calca-

reous layer, but it is due to fixation.

Eales' description of the radula of A.

winneba fits into the intraspecific varia-

bility of A. fasciata. Eales pointed out

that both the rachidian tooth and the

first lateral tooth have a rounded cusp;

but in the examined paratype the cusps

are more or less rounded only in the

anterior half of the radula, because they

are damaged by eating, which is very

common within the genus Aplysia.

Comparison of SEM photographs of

the radula and jaw elements of A. fas-

ciata specimens from different localities

and those of the paratype of A. winneba

reveals an identical morphology in both

groups of specimens.

According to THOMPSON AND BEB-

BINGTON (1969), the widening glandular

area that may be discerned in gross dis-

sections near the end of the distal her-

maphroditic duct is the prostatic gland.

In the penial sheath, the small flap is

typical of A. fasciata and may act as a

guide during mating, in THOMPSON” s

opinion (1976).

Examination of several anatomical

characters of the paratypes does not

support the maintenance of Aplysia

winneba Eales, 1957 as a different species

and indicates that it is a synonym of A.

fasciata Poiret, 1789. On the other hand a

review of specimens from Ghana and

Saint Helena that Eales identified as

Aplysia brasiliana indicates that it was a

missidentification, and that those speci-

mens belong to the species A. fasciata

(on the basis of their radular and penial

morphology). In Aplysia brasiliana the

penis is also long and filiform, but it

widens considerably near the base and

is flattened near the tip, and there is not

a flap on the inner side of the penial

sheath.

After this study, the known geograp-

hical range of Aplysia fasciata in the east

Atlantic extends from the south west of

England (GRIGG, 1949) and France (BEB-

BINGTON AND THOMPSON, 1968) to

Angola and Saint Helena. New records

in Mauritania and Saint Helena are

given here. This species is also common

in Mediterranean waters.

EALES (1979: 7) identified some speci-

mens from Elat (Gulf of Aqgaba, Red Sea)

as A. fasciata, concluding that “this Medi-

terranean and eastern Atlantic species has

extended its range southwards into the

Indo-Pacific zone, and is the only member

to the family to date to have done so”. So,

according to EALES (1979), A. fasciata is a

lessepsian emigrant. Other species of

Aplysia recorded at the Red Sea are A. cor-

nigera Sowerby, 1869, A. dactylomela Rang,

1828, A. oculifera Adams and Reeve, 1850

and A. parvula Guilding in Moórch, 1863

(EALES, 1979; BARASH AND ZENZIPER, 1994),

all them clearly different from A. fasciata.

Nevertheless, the reference to A. fasciata

in the Red Sea is doubtful, and the species

was not included by BARASH AND ZENZI-

PER (1994) in their checklist of Opistho-

branchs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Dr. Reid (NHM,

London) for making the paratypes of A.

winneba available to us, and Dr. Gofas

(now at the Universidad de Málaga,

Spain) for the MNHN material and also

for his help and suggestions. Dr. Valdés

(NHM, Los Angeles) is also acknowled-

ged for his critical review of the manus-

cript. Thanks are given to Dr. Rolán and

Dr. Templado (MNCN, Madrid) for the

loan of Ghana and Cape Verde material.

Mr. A. Quintana (Scanning Microscope

Service, Medicine Faculty, Oviedo Uni-

versity) is acknowledged for his techni-

cal assintance. This work was supported

by the Spanish project “Fauna Ibérica

V” (SEUI-DGICYT, PB98-0532).

MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BEBBINGTON, A., 1982. Notes on a collection of

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BEBBINGTON, A. AND BROWN, G.H., 1975. Aply-

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branch new to the British fauna. Journal of

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BEBBINGTON, A. AND THOMPSON, T.E., 1968.

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turelles du Maroc, 11 (4-6): 67-89.

THOMPSON, T. E., 1976. Biology of opisthobranch

molluscs. Vol. I. Ray Society, London. 207 pp.

THOMPSON, T. E. AND BEBBINGTON, A., 1969.

Structure and function of the reproductive or-

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380.

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the zoogeography of the region. Arquipélago,

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Iberus, 20 (2): 23-30, 2002

Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eas-

tern Mediterranean)

Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano

(Mediterráneo oriental)

Ángel VALDÉS* and José TEMPLADO**

Recibido el 8-111-2002. Aceptado el 10-V-2002

ABSTRACT

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata [Rippell and

Leuckart, 1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) are reported from Lebanon for the

first time. This is also the first confirmed report, based on anatomical examination, of these

three species in the eastern Mediterranean. All specimens examined were fully mature and

it is very likely that these three species have stable and reproductively active populations

in the Mediterranean.

RESUMEN

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell y Leuc-

kart, 1830) y Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) se citan en el Líbano por primera vez.

Además, estas son las primeras citas confirmadas con estudios anatómicos de estas tres

especies en el Mediterráneo oriental. Todos los ejemplares examinados eran completa-

mente maduros, por lo que es muy probable que estas tres especies tengan poblaciones

estables y reproductivamente activas en el Mediterráneo.

KEY WORDS: Lessepsian immigrants, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus, Hypselodoris infu-

cata, Discodoris lilacina, Lebanon, eastern Mediterranean.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Inmigrantes Lessepsianos, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus,

Hypselodoris infucata, Discodoris lilacina, Líbano, Mediterráneo oriental.

INTRODUCTION

Since the early eighties, a small but

steadily increasing number of Indo-

Pacific opisthobranch species have been

reported from the Mediterranean Sea.

These Lessepsian immigrants have been

mostly found in the coasts of Israel,

Turkey, and Lebanon, in the eastern

Mediterranean (BARASH AND DANIN,

1977; MIENIS AND GATr, 1981; GAT AND

MIENIS, 1981; BARASH AND DANIN, 1982;

1986; BOGI AND KHAIRALLAH, 1987;

AARTSEN, CARROZZA AND LINDNER,

1990; BOGI AND GIANNINI, 1990; Gar,

1993; CEVIK AND OZTURK, 2001). Some of

* Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007,

USA (avaldesf'nhm.org)

** Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain

(templado mncn.csic.es)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

these records are unconfirmed due to

the absence of anatomical studies or

voucher specimens available in scienti-

fic institutions.

The present paper deals with a

small collection of opisthobranchs

collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and

Helmut Zibrowius, and constitutes the

first confirmed report of some Lessep-

sian immigrants. These opisthobranchs

were made available to us by the collec-

tors including brief descriptions of the

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS

external color, but without photographs

or drawings of the living animals, so

identifications were based on these

notes and anatomical examination of

preserved specimens. Illustrations of

the external morphology of the preser-

ved specimens have not been included.

The material examined is deposited at

the Natural History Museum of Los

Angeles County (LACM) and the Mu-

seo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,

Madrid (MNCN).

Family TRIOPHIDAE Odhner, 1941

Genus Plocamopherus Leuckart in Rúppell, 1828

Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830 (Figs. 1-2A)

Material examined: Chak El Hatab, between Hannouch and Selaata, Lebanon, 5 m depth, 4 June

2000, 1 specimen 22 mm preserved length (LACM 152716). Raoucheh, Lebanon, 7 m depth, 19 Sep-

tember 2002, 2 specimens 31 mm and 20 mm preserved length (MNCN 15.05/46581).

Description: Body elongate, with the

foot extending far beyond the posterior

end of the notum. Dorsal surface of the

posterior end of the foot with a high irre-

gular fin-like protuberance. Velum with

17 ramified appendages. On each side of

the body there are two ramified lateral

papillae anterior to the gill and two clus-

ters of 2-3 knob-like organs posterior to

the gill. Gill composed of five tripinnate

branchial leaves. Rhinophores with 28

lamellae. Background color black with

several large, irregular reddish spots.

Radular formula 16 x 11.3.1.3.11.

There is a broad rachidian plate, which

is traversed by a strong furrow and

divided into several elongate tubercu-

late plates (Fig. 14). The 3 innermost

lateral teeth are hook shaped having a

secondary cusp, and are similar in

length (Fig. 1B). The 11 outermost lateral

teeth are rectangular and decrease in

size towards the margin of the radula.

Jaws composed of numerous simple ele-

ments (Fig. 1C).

Reproductive system triaulic.

Ampulla convoluted, branching into a

short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2A).

Oviduct entering the female gland mass

near its opening. Prostate large and flat;

connecting with the deferent duct, which

expands again into the ejaculatory

portion. Muscular deferent duct and

vagina opening into a common atrium.

Vagina long and straight. At its proximal

end the vagina joins the bursa copula-

trix. From the bursa copulatrix leads

another duct connecting with the uterine

duct and the seminal receptacle. Bursa

copulatrix oval in shape, about twenty

times as large as the seminal receptacle.

Remarks: Plocamopherus ocellatus is a

poorly known Red Sea species characte-

rized by its external dark coloration with

reddish or orange spots (ELIOT, 1908).

ELIOT's (1908) is the only record of this

species from the Red Sea after its original

description by RÚPPELL AND LEUCKART

(1828-30) [1830]. The features of our spe-

cimens agree with the original descrip-

tion and redescription, and there is no

doubt they belong to the same species.

This species was recorded from the

Mediterranean for the first time by

BARASH AND DANIN (1982) in Nizzanim,

Israel. The present study constitutes the

second Mediterranean record, based on

three specimens.

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

VEO

PRA A E

Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Plocamopherus ocellatus Risppell

and Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: general view of the radula; B: detail of a hal£row; C: jaw

elements. Scale bars, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm.

Figura 1. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Plocamophe-

rus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: vista general de la rádula; B: detalle de

una semihilera; C: elementos de la mandíbula. Escalas, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm.

Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891

Genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855

Hypselodoris infucata (Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830) (Figs. 2B, 3)

Material examined (localities in South to North order): Beyrouth Harbor, Lebanon, 2 June 2000,

3-8 m, 36 specimens 13-24 mm preserved length (LACM 152756) and 27 specimens 11-31 mm pre-

served length (MNCN 15.05/45958). Jbail, Lebanon, 17 October 1999, harbour entrance, 2-3 m, 1

specimen (MNCN 15.05 /45959). Selaata, Lebanon, 2 May 2001, 1 specimen 8 mm preserved length

(LACM 152757). El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 2 specimens 7-10 mm preserved length

(LACM 152758). Ramkine Island, off Tripoli, Lebanon, 31 May 2000, 4 specimens 12-22 mm pre-

served length (LACM 152755).

Radular formula 54 x 62.0.62. Rachi-

dian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth

with two large cusps and a shorter denti-

Description: Body elongate and relati-

vely high in profile, with the foot exten-

ding far beyond the posterior end of the

notum. Dorsum smooth. Gill composed

of 11 unipinnate branchial leaves and

rhinophores with 15 lamellae in a 20

mm preserved length specimen (LACM

152756). Background colour blue or

greenish blue. There may be darker and

lighter areas irregularly distributed on

the dorsum. In some specimens the blue

color fades to paler blue in the middle of

the dorsum. Dark blue and yellow spots

scattered over the entire dorsum.

cle on the inner side of the cusp (Fig.

3A). Remaining lateral teeth hook-sha-

ped, with two cusps and lacking denti-

cles on both sides. Outer laterals are

short, having 1-8 denticles situated un-

der the second cusp (Fig. 3B). Jaws com-

posed of numerous, simple elements.

Reproductive system triaulic.

Ampulla elongated, branching into a

short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2B).

Oviduct entering the female gland mass

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figure 2. Reproductive systems (scale bars, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and

Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716); C: Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM

152755); D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abbreviations, am: ampulla;

bc: bursa copulatrix; dd: deferent duct; fg: female glands; pr: prostate; sr: seminal receptacle; v:

vagina; vg: vestibular gland.

Figura 2. Aparatos reproductores (escalas, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart,

1830 (LACM 152716); C: Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM 152755);

D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abreviaturas, am: ampolla; bc: bolsa copu-

latriz; dd: conducto deferente; fe: glándulas femeninas; pr: próstata; sr: receptáculo seminal; v: vagina;

vg: glándula vestibular.

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula of Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuc-

kart, 1830). A: Inner lateral teeth; B: Outer lateral teeth. Scale bars, 20 um.

Figura 3. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula de Hypselodoris infucata

(Riúppell and Leuckart, 1830). A: Dientes internos; B: Dientes externos. Escalas, 20 ym.

near the center of the mass. Prostate

long and tubular; connecting with a

thinner duct that expands again into the

ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct.

Muscular deferent duct and vagina

opening into a common atrium. Vagina

long and folded. At its proximal end the

vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. At

mid-length the uterine duct and the

seminal receptacle connect with the

vagina. Bursa copulatrix oval in shape,

about thirty times as large as the

seminal receptacle.

Remarks: The material here examined

is anatomically identical to Indo-Pacific

specimens of Hypselodoris infucata

recently re-described by JOHNSON AND

VALDÉS (2001).

Hypselodoris infucata is a well-known

Indo-Pacific immigrant in the Medite-

rranean. The first Mediterranean record

of this species was published by BARASH

AND DANIN (1974) under the name Glos-

sodoris runcinata. There are two subse-

quent records from Israel by GAT AND

MIENIS (1981) and MIENIS AND GAT

(1981). More recently CEVvIK AND

OZTURK (2001) reported H. infucata from

southern Turkey; according to these

authors H. infucata reached the coast of

Turkey following the northbound

current parallel to the coast of Palestine,

Israel, Lebanon and Syria.

All the specimens examined were

sexually mature and most likely repro-

ductively active. The large number of

specimens collected also indicates that

this species has stable populations in the

eastern Mediterranean, as suggested by

BARASH AND DANIN (1986). In Beyrouth

harbour the population is thriving in a

highly polluted environment.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Discodoris lilacina (Gould,

1852) (LACM 152717). A: general view of the radula; B: inner lateral teeth; C: jaw elements.

Scale bars, A: 500 um; B: 50 um; C: 10 um.

Figura 4. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Discodoris

lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). A: vista general de la rádula; B: dientes internos; C: elemen-

tos de las mandíbulas. Escalas, A: 500 ym; B: 50 ym; C: 10 pm.

Family DISCODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891

Genus Discodoris Bergh, 1877

Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (Figs. 2C-D, 4)

Material examined: El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 1 specimen 23 mm preserved length

(LACM 152717).

Description: Body flat, oval, with the

posterior end of the foot covered by the

notum. Dorsum covered by numerous,

small conical tubercles, which are larger

near the central area. Gill composed of 9

tripinnate brachial leaves. Rhinophores

with 12 lamellae. The single specimen

was preserved so information on the

color of the living animal is not availa-

ble. The preserved specimen is brow-

nish with several rounded or oval dark

brown spots of different sizes, being

larger in the central region of the

dorsum. Along the innermost sides of

the mantle margin there are two lines of

large, oval, black spots. Ventrally, the

anterior border of the foot is grooved

and notched. The ventral side of the foot

and mantle margin are covered with

numerous brownish spots of various

Sizes.

Radular formula 20 x 22.0.22. Inner

and mid-lateral teeth hamate (Fig. 4A),

with a single cusp and no denticles (Fig.

VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean)

4B). Outermost teeth with an elongate

cusp and also lacking denticles. Jaw

composed of several small, irregular ele-

ments (Fig. 4C).

Reproductive system triaulic.

Ampulla convoluted, branching into a

short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2D).

Oviduct entering the female gland mass

near its opening (Fig. 2C). Prostate large

and flat, with two distinct portions. The

prostate connects with a thin duct that

expands again into the ejaculatory

portion of the deferent duct. Muscular

deferent duct and vagina opening into a

common atrium. Vagina long and con-

voluted. At its proximal end the vagina

joins the bursa copulatrix. From the

bursa copulatrix leads another duct con-

necting with the uterine duct and the

seminal receptacle. Bursa copulatrix

oval in shape, about ten times as large

as the seminal receptacle.

Remarks: This is a widespread Indo-

Pacific species collected in several locali-

ties from the Red Sea to Hawaii (see

EDMUNDS, 1971), in most cases under

the name Discodoris fragilis (Alder and

CONCLUSIONS

Three other Lessepsian opisthobranchs

have been recorded from Lebanon by BOGI

AND KHAIRALLAH (1987) and BOGI AND

GIANNINI (1990), all of them belonging to

the Cephalaspidea: Pyrunculus fourieri

(Audouin, 1826) (as Retusa), Cylichnina

girardi (Audouin, 1826), and Acteocina

mucronata (Philippi, 1849).

This is the first confirmed record in

the Mediterranean of Plocamopherus oce-

llatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hyp-

selodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart,

1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould,

1852) based on anatomical examination.

It also constitutes the first anatomical

study of Plocamopherus ocellatus, which

was only known from external descrip-

tions (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1828-30;

Eliot, 1908). All specimens examined

were fully mature and it is very likely

that these three species have stable and

reproductively active populations in the

Mediterranean.

Hancock, 1864). Discodoris fragilis is

currently regarded as a syonym of D.

lilacina (RUDMAN, 1999). The reproduc-

tive anatomy and radula of the Indo-

Pacific specimens studied by EDMUNDS

(1971) and Kay AND YOUNG (1961), are

identical to those of our material, and

there is no doubt about the identity of

the Lebanese specimen.

BARASH AND DANIN (1977) cited Dis-

codoris lilacina from Israel for the first

time (as D. concinna). It is most likely

that the specimen studied by Barash

and Danin belongs to the same species

as our material from Lebanon, but their

record is unverifiable due to the absence

of anatomical studies. The present paper

is the first confirmed Mediterranean

record for D. lilacina.

Records of Discodoris fragilis from the

Canary Islands by ORTEA, BACALLADO

AND PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ (1981) and

Madeira by WIRTZ (1995) belong to Dis-

codoris confusa Ballesteros, Llera and

Ortea, 1985, a species similar in external

morphology (see BALLESTEROS, LLERA

AND ORTEA, 1985 and WIRTZ, 1999).

The present paper is a contribution to

the atlas of exotic mollusks introduced in

the Mediterranean, which is now ready

for publication (ZENETOS, GOFAS, RUSSO

AND TEMPLADO, in press), and it will

include full color figures of the external

morphology of all species. An electronic

version of the atlas is currently available

in the web site of the CIESM (Internatio-

nal Commission for the Scientific Explo-

ration of the Mediterranean Sea):

http: / /www.ciesm.org/atlas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The opisthobranchs examined were

collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and

Helmut Zibrowius, during a collabora-

tive French-Lebanese survey in the area

(CEDRE). Helmut Zibrowius and

Argyro Zenetos made constructive com-

ments on the manuscript. This paper

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

has been partially supported by the US

National Science Foundation PEET

grant DEB-9978155 “Phylogenetic syste-

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 31-44, 2002

Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acumi-

nata and Channa punctatus

Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata

y Channa punctatus

Ram P YADAV and Ajay SINGH*

Recibido el 28-11-2002. Aceptado el 13-V-2002

ABSTRACT

The aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium Linn. plant belonging to family Euphorbia-

ceae, was found to have strong molluscicidal activity against freshwater snail lymnaea

[Radix] acuminata Lamarck. Exposure of sub-lethal doses of latex extracts of this plant on

snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck over 24h or 96h caused significant change in

carbohydrates and nitrogenous metabolism in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis tis-

sue.

Non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (which shares the

habitat with these snails) was also exposed to sub-lethal doses for 96h exposure periods

for measuring its potential, the environmental toxicity (if any). Sub-lethal exposure of fish

shows significant alteration in carbohydrate and nitrogenous metabolism in muscle, liver

and gonadal tissues. Withdrawal study also shows that there is a partial recovery in

snail's tissues but nearly complete recovery in fish tissues after 7'* day of the withdrawal of

treatment, which supports the view that plant products are safer in use as molluscicides

than synthetic pesticides.

RESUMEN

Los extractos acuosos del latex de Croton tiglium Linn., de la familia Euphorbiaceae, tie-

nen fuertes efectos molusquicidas sobre Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck. La exposi-

ción a dosis subletales de dicho latex durante 24 o 96 horas produjo un significativo cam-

bio en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos y del nitrógeno en el tejido nervioso,

hepatopáncreas y ovotestis.

El pez Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (que comparte hábitat

con estos moluscos) también se expuso a dosis subletales durante el mismo periodo, con

el fin de comprobar el potencial tóxico del extracto. Dicha exposición mostró una altera-

ción significativa del metabolismo de carbohidratos y nitrógeno en los tejidos muscular,

hepático y gonadal. También se comprobo que existe una recuperación parcial en los teji-

dos del molusco y una casi total recuperación en los del pez tras el séptimo día después

de abandonado el tratamiento, lo que apoya la visión de que los productos procedentes

de plantas son más seguros como molusquicidas que los pesticidas sintéticos.

KEY WORDS: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata.

Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273 009

(U.P.) INDIA *Corresponding Author Email: ajay_sCsancharnet.in/d_a_singhCrediffmail.com

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

INTRODUCTION

Snails of the genus Lymnaea (Radix)

and Indoplanorbis Deshayes are the hosts

in the life cycle of the liver fluke (genus

Fasciola Cobbold), which is responsible

for fascioliasis, a disease affecting cattle

and live stock population of Northern

part of India (SINGH AND AGARWAL,

1981). Control of harmful freshwater

snails through synthetic pesticides has

been reviewed in detail by various wor-

Kers (AGARWAL AND SINGH, 1988; SINGH

AND AGARWAL, 1990, 1993, 1995; SINGH,

SINGH, MISHRA AND AGARWAL, 1996).

With growing awareness of environ-

mental pollution caused by synthetic

molluscicides (RITCHIE, 1973; CHRISTIE,

PRENTICE, UPATHAM AND BANISH, 1978;

CARDARELLI, 1974; DUNCAN, 1974; SRI-

VASTAVA AND SINGH, 2001), efforts are

being made to find out molluscicides of

plant origin. Being the product of

biosynthesis, they are highly toxic and

easily biodegradable in environment

(MARSTON AND HOSTETIMAN, 1987;

SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1992, 1993; SINGH

ET AL., 1996). Earlier studies indicate

that the Euphorbiales have potent mo-

lluscicidal activity against the freshwa-

ter snails Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata La-

marck and Indoplanorbis exustus Desha-

yes (SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1988, 1990,

1992, 1995; YADAV AND SINGH, 2001). But

little work has been done on their mode

of action and their environmental im-

pact on non-target organism.

The aim of this study is to measure

the effects of sub-lethal exposure to

aqueous extracts of latex of Croton

Hglium Linn. on different biochemical

parameters of freshwater target snail

Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck and

non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch)

(Channidae [Ophicephalidae]). Channa

punctatus is a freshwater common fish of

Indian captured fishery and share the

habitat with the snail Lymnaea acuminata.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Latex of Croton tiglium Linn. (Family

Euphorbiaceae) plant was collected

from Botanical garden of D.D.U,

Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur India.

White latex produced by this plant was

drained in to glass beakers by cutting

the stem apices and lyophilised at 40%C

and the lyophilized dry powder was

used for further study. The wet weight

of 1 ml latex was 800 mg and dry weight

(Lyophilised at 40%C) was 300 mg.

Adult Lymnaea acuminata (2.6+0.3 cm

in Shell height) and freshwater fish

Channa punctatus (10.5+0.9 cm in length)

were collected from Ramgarh Lake of

Gorakhpur district, and mantained in

plastic tank for acclimatization to labora-

tory conditions. The acclimatized

animals were treated with latex of Croton

tiglitum Linn. according to the method of

SINGH AND AGARWAL (1988). The experi-

mental animals were treated with sub-

lethal doses (40% and 80% of LCso) of the

latices of Croton tiglium Linn. for 24h or

96h exposure periods. Six aquaria were

set up for each dose and each aquarium

contained either 30 snails or 10 fishes in

6L dechlorinated tap water.

The LCso of aqueous latex extracts

of Croton tiglium Linn. against snail

Eymnaea acuminata was 0.060 mg/L and

0.014 mg/L for 24h and 96h, respecti-

vely (YADAV AND SINGH, 2001).

After completion of treatment the test

animals were removed from the aquaria

and washed with water. The nervous,

hepatopancreas and ovotestis of Lymnaea

acuminata and muscle, liver and gonadal

tissue of Channa punctatus were excised

and used for biochemical analysis.

Control animals were held in similar con-

ditions without any treatment.

In order to see the effect of withdra-

wal from treatment, the snails were first

exposed to 80% of LC5o for 96h exposure

periods and fishes were treated with

80% of LCso (24h) for 96h exposure

periods, following which snails and

fishes were transfer to latex free water.

This water was changed every 24h for

the next seven days, after which bioche-

mical parameters were estimated in dif-

ferent tissues. Each experiment was

replicated at least six times and the

values have been expressed as mean

+SE of six replicates. Student's “t” test

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

and analysis of variance were applied to

locate significant changes (SOKAL AND

ROHEE, 1973).

BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS

Protein: Protein levels were estima-

ted according to the method of Lowky,

ROSENBROUGH, FARR AND RANDALL

(1951) using bovine serum albumin as

standard. Homogenates (5mg/ml, w/v)

were prepared in 10% TCA.

Total free amino acids: Estimation of

total free amino acid was made accor-

ding to the method of SPICES (1957).

Homogenates (10mg/ml, w/v) were

prepared in 95% ethanol, centrifuged at

6000 xg and used for amino acid estima-

tion.

Nucleic acids: Estimation of DNA and

RNA was performed, by methods of

SCHNEIDER (1957) using diphenylamine

and orcinol reagents, respectively.

Homogenates (1 mg/ml, w/v) were

prepared in 5% TCA at 90%C, centrifu-

ged at 5000 g for 20 min and superna-

tant was prepared used for estimation.

Both DNA and RNA have been expres-

sed as mg/my tissue.

Glycogen: Glycogen was estimated

by the Anthrone method of VAN DER

VIES (1954) as modified by MAHENDRU

AND AGARWAL (1982) for snails. In

present experiment 50 mg of tissue was

homogenised with 5ml of cold 5%TCA.

The homogenate were filtered and 1.0

ml of filtrate was used for assay.

Pyruvate: Pyruvate level was measu-

red according to FRIEDEMANN AND

HAUGEN (1943). Homogenate (50

mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in 10%

TCA. Sodium pyruvate was taken as

standard.

Lactate: Lactate was estimated accor-

ding to BARKER AND SUMMERSON (1941),

modified by HUCKABEE (1961). Homoge-

nate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in

10% cold TCA. Sodium lactate was

taken as standard.

Protease: Protease activity was esti-

_ mated by the method of MOORE AND

STEIN (1954). Homogenate (50 mg/ml,

w/v) was prepared in cold distilled

water. Optical density was measured at

570 nm. The enzyme activity was

expressed in mol of tyrosine equiva-

lent/mg protein/h.

Acid and alkaline phosphatase: Activi-

ties of acid and alkaline phosphatase

were measured by the method of BERG-

MEYER (1967) and modified by SINGH

AND AGARWAL, (1983). Tissue homoge-

nate (2% w/v) were prepared in ice cold

0.9% saline and centrifuged at 5000xg at

OC for 15 min. Optical density was

measured at 420 nm against a blank,

prepared simultaneously. The enzyme

activity has been expressed as amount

of p-nitrophenol formed/30min/mg

protein in supernatant.

Lactic dehydrogenase: Lactic dehydro-

genase (LDH) activity was measured

according to the method of ANONYMOUS

(1984). Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v)

were prepared in 1 ml of 0.1 M phosp-

hate buffer, pH 7.5 for 5 min in an ice

bath. Enzyme activity has been expres-

sed as nanomol of pyruvate

reduced /min/mg protein.

Succinic dehydrogenase: Succinic

dehydrogenase activity was measured

by the method of ARRIGONI AND SINGER

(1962). Homogenate (50 mg/ml, w/v)

was prepared in 1 ml of 0.5M potassium

phosphate buffer, pH 7.6 for 5 min in an

ice bath. Optical density was measured

at 600nm. Enzyme activity has been

expressed as pmol dye

reduced /min/mg protein.

Cytochrome oxidase: Cytochrome

oxidase activity was measured accor-

ding to the method of COOPERSTEIN AND

LAzAROwW (1951). Homogenates (50

mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 1 ml of

0.33 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5

min in ice bath. Enzyme activity has

been expressed in arbitrary

units /min/mg of proteins.

Acetylcholinesterase: Acetylcholineste-

rase was estimated by the method of

ELLMAN, COURTNEY, ANDRES AND FEAT-

HERSTONE., (1961) as adapted by SINGH

AND AGARWAL (1982) for snail tissue.

Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v) were

prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer in

ice bath. Optical density was measured

at 412 nm at 25%C. Enzyme activity

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

expressed in mol Slal

hydrolysed /min/mg protein.

RESULTS

Effect on freshwater target snail:

Data of sub-lethal (40% and 80% of

LC50) exposure of freshwater snail

Lymnaea acuminata against aqueous

extracts of latex of Croton tiglium are

given in Table I-IV. Exposure of snails to

40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous extracts

of latex of Croton tiglium for 24h or 96h

caused significant alterations in nitroge-

nous and carbohydrate metabolism in

different tissues of the freshwater snail

Lymnaea acuminata.

Effects on nitrogenous metabolism:

Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA

and RNA) levels were significantly

reduced, while free amino acid level

was significantly enhanced after the

exposure to sub-lethal doses in all the

body tissues. Acid and alkaline phosp-

hatase activities were significantly

reduced, while protease activity was

increased after the exposure.

Total protein levels were reduced to

39%, 45% and 36% of controls after

exposure to 80% of LCso (96h) of

aqueous latex extracts respectively in

the nervous, hepatopancreas and ovo-

testis tissue of Lymnaea acuminata, res-

pectively. DNA level was reduced to

36%, 45% and 28% of controls after tre-

atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of

aqueous latex extracts in nervous, hepa-

topancreas and ovotestis, respectively.

RNA level was reduced to 42%, 48% and

34% of controls after treatment with 80%

of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts

respectively in nervous, hepatopancreas

and ovotestis of snail. Total free amino

acid levels were induced to 167%, 140%

and 170% of controls after treatment

with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-

pancreas and ovotestis of snail (Table ID.

Activity of acid phosphatase was

inhibited to 38%, 67% and 58% of con-

trols after treatment with 80% of LCso

(96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti-

vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and

ovotestis. Activity of alkaline phospha-

tase was reduced to 30%, 35% and 32% of

controls after treatment with 80% of LCso

(96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti-

vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and

ovotestis. Protease activity was increased

to 136%, 130% and 132% of controls after

treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of

aqueous latex extracts respectively in the

nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis of

snail Lymnaea acuminata (Table ID.

Effects on carbohydrate metabo-

lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels

were significantly reduced, while lactate

level was significantly enhanced after

the exposure to sub-lethal doses in all

the body tissues. Lactic dehydrogenase

(LDH), cytochrome oxidase and acetyl-

cholinesterase (ACHE) activities were

significantly reduced, while succinic

dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was

increased after the exposure.

Glycogen level was reduced to 27%,

40% and 26% of controls after treatment

with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-

pancreas and ovotestis. Pyruvate level

was reduced to 37%, 44% and 39% of

controls after treatment with 80% of

LC50 (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res-

pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas

and ovotestis tissue. Lactate level was

increased to 175%, 182% and 172% of

controls after treatment with 80% of

LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res-

pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas

and ovotestis (Table IV).

LDH activity was reduced to 26%,

33% and 28% of controls after treatment

with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-

pancreas and ovotestis tissue. Activity

of cytochrome oxidase was reduced to

39%, 43% and 40% of controls after tre-

atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of

aqueous latex extracts respectively in

nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis.

ACHE activity was reduced to 26%, 22%

and 27% of controls after treatment with

80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-

pancreas and ovotestis of snail. SDH

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table I. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)

level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline

phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas

(HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of Lymnaea acuminata after exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of

aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium after 24h.

Tabla I. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)

(mglmg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa

ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán-

creas (HP) y ovotestís (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex

de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 24 horas.

Tissues Conil 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h)

(0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW /L)

Protein NT 68.0+0.28 (100) 37.8+0.33* (55) 27.8+0.33* (40)

HP 70.10.52 (100) 47.8+0.33* (68) 37.140.33* (52)

OT 72.44+0.80 (100) 39.11+0.70* (54) 27.52+0.84* (38)

Amino acid NT 34.30.36 (100) 49.5+0.22* (129) 48.6+0.36* (141)

HP 28.8+0.33 (100) 36.6+0.92* (127) 39.1:+0.33* (135)

OT 36.4+0.46 (100) 48.05+0.58* (132) 52.78+0.65* (145)

DNA NT 72.44+0.80 (100) 57.95+0.80* (80) 50.70+0.70* (70)

HP 70.110.52 (100) 61.68+0.65* (88) 52.58+0.48* (75)

OT 75.66+0.80 (100) 56.33:0.40* (74) 51.0+0.37* (67)

RNA NT 62.01+0.28 (100) 52.08+0.35* (84) 40.30+0.40* (65)

HP 60.10+0.52 (100) 52.89+0.50* (88) 42.07+0.52* (70)

OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 53.83+0.44* (82) 46.66+0.46* (68)

Protease NT 0.321+0.056 (100) 0.375+0.057* (117) 0.417+0.048* (130)

HP 0.342+0.064 (100) 0.393+0.056* (115) 0.427+0.067* (125)

OT 0.345+0.058 (100) 0.407+0.056* (118) 0.448+0.047* (130)

Acid phosphatase NT 0.191+0.0004 (100) 0.158+0.0006* (83) 0.120+0.007* (63)

HP 0.185-+0.0006 (100) 0.160+0.0004* (87) 0.129+0.0006* (70)

OT 0.190+0.0008 (100) 0.161+0.0005* (85) 0.123+0.0004* (65)

Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.390+0.0004 (100) 0.327+0.0005* (84) 0.261+0.0008* (67)

HP 0.345+0.0006 (100) 0.303+0.0005* (88) 0.245+0.0006* (71)

OT 0.385+0.0004 (100) 0.2610.0007* (68)

0.327+0.0008* (85)

* Significant (P<0.05) Student's Y test was applied between control and treated groups. Values are mean +SE of six repli-

cotes. Values in parenthesis are percent change with control taken as 100%.

activity was increased to 175%, 168%

and 173% of controls after treatment

with 80% of LCs5o (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts respectively in nervous, hepato-

pancreas and ovotestis tissue (Table IV).

Effect on freshwater non-target

fish: Higher doses (LCoo of snails) have

no apparent toxic effect on freshwater

fish Channa punctatus after 24h expo-

sure. But exposure of fishes to sub-lethal

doses (i.e. 40% and 80% of 24h LCso of

snail) of aqueous extracts of latex of

Croton tiglium for 96h caused a signifi-

cant alteration in nitrogenous and car-

bohydrates metabolism in different

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table II. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)

level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline

phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas

(HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata after 96h exposure to 40% and 80%

of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal.

Tabla II. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)

(mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosina/mg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa

ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán-

creas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex

de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

A re 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after

(0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal

Protein NT 68.00.28 (100) 36.8+0.33* (56) 26.6+0.36* (39) 61.8+0.24= (91)

HP. 70.1%0.52(100) — 38.1:0.33*(55) 31.0+0.49* (45) 67.9:0.02= (97)

0T 73.33:0.83(100) 38.1+0.33*(52) 26.9:0.34* (36) 69.6+0.41=(95)

Amino acid NT 34.3%0.36 (100) 54.3+0.36*(159) 57.6%0.36* (167) 37.0%0.04= (108)

HP 28.8x0.33(100) 38.5:0.24*(134) 40.5x0.24*(140) 29.9:0.22" (104)

OT 37.33:0.83(100) 60.4:0.25*(162) 63.4x0.25*(170) 40.6x0.34= (109)

DNA NT 72.66+0.83(100) 39.96+0.33*(55) 26.15+0.37*(36) 71.93%0.84 (99)

HP 72.83+1.11 (100) 47.33%0.16*(65) 32.77+0.38*(45) 71.38+1.12* (98)

0T 75.66+0.80 (100) 37.01+0.40*(49) 21.01%0.40*(28) 68.09+0.71=(90)

RNA NT 62.66+1.00(100) 36.34+0.23*(58) 26.31+0.37*(42) 60.78+0.98- (97)

HP 60.330.83/(100) 40.47+0.33*(67) 28.95+0.41*(48) 59.72%0.78= (99)

OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 32.66+0.54*(50) 22.16+1.11*(34) 60.10%0.81= (92)

Protease NT 0.344+0.06(100) 0.409+0.06*(119) 0.382*0.01*(136) 0.330+0.046= (96)

HP 0.365+0.03/(100) 0.423+0.03*(116) 0.474+0.03*(130) 0.346+0.062* (95)

OT 0.369+0.01 (100) — 0:435:0.01*(118) — 0.487:0.01*(132) — 0.361%0.028= (98)

Acid phosphatase NT 0.194+0.009(100) 0.0911+0.009* (47) 0.0737%0.007*(38) 0.177%0.0007= (91)

HP. 0.190+0.001 (100) 0.096+0.007*(51) 0.127+0.008* (67) 0.174+0.0009= (92)

0T 0.188+0.002 (100) 0.082+0.002* (44) 0.109+0.001*(58) 0.175+0.0005= (93)

Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.398+0.002 (100) 0.147+0.003* (37) 0.119+0.001*(30) 0.358+0.0018= (90)

HP. 0.361+0.003 (100) 0.151+0.002*(42) 0.126+0.006* (35) 0.336+0.0012= (93)

OT 0.392+0.002 (100) 0.152+0.001*(39) 0.125+0.002*(32) 0.372:0.0013= (95)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's 'Y' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups

Details are as given in Table 1.

body tissues of fish Channa punctatus

(Tables V and VD.

Effects on nitrogenous metabolism:

Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA and

RNA) levels were significantly reduced,

while free amino acid level was signifi-

cantly enhanced after the exposure to sub-

lethal doses in all the studied body tissues.

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities

were significantly reduced, while protease

activity was increased after the exposure.

Total protein levels were reduced to

78%, 75% and 68% and DNA level was

reduced to 72%, 77% and 74% and RNA

level was reduced to 67%, 72% and 70%

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table MI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of

LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase

(arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 24h

exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT),

Hepatopancreas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata.

Tabla 11. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/g), piruvato (umol/e), lactato (mg/g), actividades de

LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (ymol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa

(unidad arbitrarialmin/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner-

vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de

extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 24 horas.

os A 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LC5o (24h)

(0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW/L)

Glycogen NT 7.9+0.03 (100) 4.2+0.02* (53) 2.8+0.04* (35)

HP 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.5+0.03* (61) 3.240.06* (43)

OT 8.2+0.05 (100) 4.2+0.02* (52) 2.1+0.03* (34)

Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391+0.24* (56) 0.276+0.23* (39)

HP 0.652+0.01 (100) 0.430+0.27* (66) 0.319+0.11* (49)

OT 0.686+0.04 (100) 0.370+0.18* (54) 0.253+0.27* (37)

Lactate NT 2.18+0.07 (100) 3.01+0.15* (138) 3.7240.19* (170)

HP 2.38+0.05 (100) 3.54+0.06* (149) 4.21%0.02* (177)

OT 2.14+0.07 (100) 2.19+0.08* (136) 3.57+0.06* (167)

LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.047+0.006* (65) 0.029+0.002* (40)

HP 0.067+0.001 (100) 0.046+0.003* (69) 0.031+0.002* (47)

OT 0.072+0.001 (100) 0.048+0.004* (67) 0.027+0.001* (38)

SDH NT 43.15+0.30 (100) 53.50+0.25* (124) 69.90+0.31* (162)

HP 40.16+0.26 (100) 51.40+0.29* (128) 62.24+0.27* (155)

OT 46.11+0.33 (100) 56.25+0.30* (122) 73.31+0.34* (159)

Cytochrome oxidase NT 16.51+0.12 (100) 10.07+0.16* (61) 8.42+0.18* (51)

HP 14.59+0.14 (100) 9.48+0.21* (65) 8.46+0.31* (58)

OT 15.12+0.16 (100) 9.52+0.15* (63) 8.01+0.27* (53)

AChE NT 0.072+0.0008 (100) 0.048+0.0003* (67) 0.032+0.0003* (45)

HP 0.092+0.0002 (100) 0.065+0.0007* (71) 0.045+0.0002* (49)

OT 0.070%0.0002 (100) 0.047+0.0003* (68) 0.032+0.0004* (46)

Details are as given in Table |.

in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of fresh-

water fish Channa punctatus. Total free

. amino acid levels were induced to 119%,

125% and 143% of controls after 96h tre-

atment with 80% of LCs5o of aqueous latex

extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal

tissues, respectively (Table V).

Activity of acid phosphatase was

inhibited to 30%, 37% and 32%. Activity

of alkaline phosphatase was reduced to

38%, 40% and 37% and Protease activity

was increased to 138%, 128% and 120%

of controls after 96h treatment with 80%

of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts in

muscle, liver and gonadal tissues, res-

pectively (Table V).

Effects on carbohydrate metabo-

lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels

were significantly reduced, while lactate

SÍ

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table IV. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of LDH

(umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase (arbitrary

unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 96h exposure to

40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT), Hepatopan-

creas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata and 7% day after withdrawal.

Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/e), piruvato (umolle), lactato (mg/g), actividades de

LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (umol de colorante reducidolmin/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa

(unidad arbitrarial/min/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner-

vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de

extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 96 horas y 7 días después de la

prueba.

ma 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after

(0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal

Glycogen NT 7.9%0.03 (100) 3.6+0.17* (46) 2.1+0.06* (27) 7.340.037 (93)

HP. 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.140.12* (57) 2.9+0.04* (40) 6.8+0.02= (94)

0T 7.8*0.03(100) 3.5+0.17* (45) 2.02+0.06* (26) 7.3+0.04= (93)

Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391%0.02*(56) 0.261+0.04*(37) 0.635+0.27- (91)

HP 0.657+0.02 (100) 0.407+0.08*(62) 0.289+0.07*(44) 0.592+0.08= (90)

OT 0.682+0.03(100) 0.395+0.02*(58) 0.265+0.13*(39) 0.628+0.03- (92)

Lactate NT 2,180.07 (100) 3.08:0.17*(131) 3.92%0.16*(175) 2.46x0.04=(113)

HP. 2,410.04 (100) 3.42*0.03*(142) 4.38+0.12*(182) 2.83%0.057 (118)

OT 2.17:0.07 (100) 2.79+0.08*(129) 3.73+0.03*(172) 2.46%0.03=(113)

LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.032+0.003* (44) 0.019+0.002*(26) 0.065+0.003- (90)

HP 0.075+0.006 (100) 0.036+0.005*(48) 0.024+0.001*(33) 0.068+0.004= (91)

0T 0.076+0.003(100) 0.034+0.003*(46) 0.021+0.001*(26) 0.070%0.003= (90)

SDH NT 16.41+0.18(100) 23.63+0.17*(144) 28.7%0.07*(175) 18.38+0.84= (112)

HP 14.48+0.16(100) 21.43+0.19*(148) 24.32+0.06*(168) 15.63%0.18= (108)

OT 18.41*0.07 (100) 26.14+0.08*(112) 31.84%0.17* (173) 20.43+0.20= (111)

Cytochrome oxidase NT 18.13+0.06 (100) 9.24%0.03* (51) 7.07+0.12* (39) 16.68+0.04= (92)

HP 14.50+0.15(100) 7.97%0.12*(55) 6.23+0.03* (43) 13.05x0.12* (90)

OT 17.23+0.03(100) 8.95+0.03*(52) 6.89+0.05* (40) 16.18+0.02= (94)

AChE NT 0.072:0.008 (100) 0.028+0.003*(39) 0.019:<0.003*(26) 0.064:0.007- (90)

HP. 0.092+0.006 (100) 0.040+0.012*(44) 0.020+0.013*(22) 0.085+0.002* (93)

0T 0.071%0.008 (100) 0.028+0.012*(40) 0.019+0.008*(27) 0.063+0.007- (90)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups

Details are as given in Table |.

level was significantly enhanced after

the exposure to sub-lethal doses in the

studied body tissues. Lactic dehydroge-

nase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase and

acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities

were significantly reduced, while succi-

nic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was

increased after the exposure.

Glycogen level was reduced to 70%,

68% and 64%. Pyruvate level was

reduced to 33%, 38% and 31% in muscle,

liver and gonadal tissue of fish. Lactate

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

Table V. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg)

level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline

phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in different tissues of freshwater fish

Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous latex ex-

tracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal.

Tabla V. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA)

(mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (pmol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa

ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en distintos tejidos del pez Channa

punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80%

después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

Mises: Cal 40% of LCso (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7" day after

(0.024 mg,DW/L) (0.048 mg,DW/L) withdrawal

Protein Muscle 160.1%0.77 (100) 133.5+0.24*(83) 124.6+0.26*(78) 156.8+0.71= (98)

Liver 141.0+0.69 (100) — 119.8+0.24*(85) 105.7%0.24* (75) 136.7+1.00=(97)

Gonadal — 136.6+1.00(100) — 117.4*0.12*(86) 92.8+0.08* (68) 131.1%0.45 (96)

Amino acid Muscle 28.50.24 (100) 30.4+0.29 (107) 33.9:0.40* (119) — 29.3%0.237 (103)

Liver 22.60.40 (100) 24.8+0.47 (110) 28.2%0.40*(125) 23.7+0.38-(105)

Gonadal 20.60.78 (100) 28.2*0.02*(137) 29.4x0.02*(143) 21.4%0.10=(104)

DNA Muscle 142.44+0.75(100) 123.9+0.16* (87) 102.7+0.14* (72) — 136.7+0.69= (96)

Liver 140.01+0.71 (100) 133.0:0.07 (95) 107.8+0.14* (77) — 134.4+0.51= (96)

Gonadal — 145.00+0.75(100) 117.40+0.45*(81) — 107.30+0.26* (74) 137.7%0.34= (95)

RNA Muscle 103.00+0.28 (100) 84.41+0.03*(82) 69.01%0.04*(67) 99.9%0.28=(97)

Liver 100.0+0.29 (100) — 86.02+0.18*(86) 72.01%0.18*(72) 100.0+0.21=(96)

Gonadal — 106.60+0.61 (100) 85.20+0.43* (80) 74.60+0.28* (70) 98.5+0.17= (93)

Protease Muscle 0.592:0.011 (100) 0.752+0.147*(127) 0.817%0.018* (138) 0.639+0.061= (108)

Liver 0.608+0.016 (100) 0.681+0.018*(112) 0.778+0.015*(128) 0.571:0.012* (94)

Gonadal — 0.698+0.017 (100) 0.803+0.015*(115) 0.838+0.016* (120) 0.739+0.154= (106)

Acid phosphatase Muscle 0.283+0.013(100) 0.113:0.011*(40) 0.84+0.013*(30) 0.260+0.0123=(92)

Liver 0.297+0.017 (100) 0.130+0.011* (44) 0.109+0.009*(37) 0.276+0.013= (93)

Gonadal — 0.288+0.015 (100) 0.120+0.007* (42) 0.092*0.017*(32) 0.267:0.012* (93)

Alkaline phosphatase Muscle 0.434+0.012 (100) 0.177:+0.007*(41) 0.164+0.04* (38) 0.394+0.002- (91)

Liver 0.463+0.005 (100) — 0.199-+0.008*(43) 0.185%0.007* (40) 0.426+0.003= (92)

Gonadal — 0.438<0.012 (100) 0.175+0.007*(40) 0.162+0.004* (37) 0.403+0.004= (92)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's Y test was applied hetween 80% of LCso (24h) and withdrawal groups

Details are as given in Table |.

level was increased to 165%, 172% and

162% of controls after 96h treatment

with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex

extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal

tissues of fish, respectively (Table-VD.

LDH activity was reduced to 86%,

83% and 84% and activity of cytochrome

oxidase was reduced to 75%, 73% and

76%. ACHE activity was reduced to 32%,

36% and 32% in muscle, liver and

gonadal tissue of fish, respectively. SDH

activity was increased to 124%, 126%

and 122% of controls after 96h treatment

with 80% of LCso of aqueous latex

extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal

tissues of fish, respectively (Table VD.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table VI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of

LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase

(arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) in different

tissues of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous

latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7'* days after withdrawal.

Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mgle), piruvato (umollg), lactato (mg/g), actividades de

LDH (umol/mg proteínalh), SDH (umol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa

(unidad arbitraria/lmin/mg proteína) y ACE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en distintos

tejidos del pez Channa punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton

tiglium a/ 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba.

a Control 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7' days after

(0.024 mg, DW/L) (0.048 mqDW/L) withdrawal

Glycogen Muscle 1.920.001 (100) 1.46+0.006* (76) 1.34+0.04* (70) 1.670.01= (87)

Liver 1.98+0.002 (100) — 1.44<0.003* (73) 1.34+0.04* (68) 1.690.03= (85)

Gonadal — 1.73+0.01 (100) 1.28+0.03* (74) 1.10+0.02* (64) 1.51+0.037 (87)

Pyruvate Musde 2.416+0.018(100) 1.232*0.016*(51) — 0.797+0.028*(33) 2.150+0.017=(89)

Liver 3.076+0.018 (100) 1.876+0.036* (61) 1.168+0.008*(38) 2.768+0.0357 (90)

Gonadal — 2.133+0.036 (100) — 1.045+0.017*(49) — 0.661%0.023*(31) 1.95%0.016=(91)

Lactate Muscle 2.816+0.018(100) 3.379%0.092*(120) 4.646+0.064* (165) 3.041+0.082" (108)

Liver 2.233+0.023 (100) 2.925+0.023* (131) — 3.840+0.076* (172) 2.500%0.069 (112)

Gonadal 3.816+0.083 (100) 4.502+0.088*(118) — 6.181+0.092*(162) 4.159:0.043" (109)

LDH Muscle 431.5+0.88 (100) 392.6x0.84(91) 371.0+0.85*(86) 392.7+0.837(91)

Liver 517.0+1.0(100) 475.6+0.81 (92) 429.10.88*(83) 465.3%0.787 (90)

Gonadal — 434.2+0.87 (100) 403.8+0.72(93) 364.2+0.85*(84) 395.1%0.81=(91)

SDH Muscle 49.4+0.21 (100) 56.3:0.21*(114) 61.20.27* (124) — 53.8+0.21= (109)

Liver 52.60.23 (100) 58.9:0.22*(112) 66.2*0.22*(126) 58.3:0.23=(111)

Gonadal — 54.4+0.26(100) 63.1*0.18*(116) 66.3%0.15*(122) -59.2+0.26=(107)

Cytochrome oxidase Muscle 25.92%0.21 (100) 22.03+0.23*(85) 19.44:+0.22*(75) 24.36%0.337 (94)

Liver 28.300.07 (100) — 23.77:0.21* (84) 20.65+0.22* (73) 20.65+0.022* (91)

Gonadal — 31.20%0.07 (100) 27.14:+0.13*(87) 23.71%0.16*(76) 25.75%0.19=(92)

AChE Muscle 0.093:0.0012 (100) 0:049+0.0006* (53) 0.029+0.0007* (32) — 0.0830.0002= (90)

liver 0.099:0.0011 (100) 0.054+0.0004* (55) 0.035+0.0003*(36) 0.092:+0.0001= (92)

Gonadal — 0.095+0.0025 (100) 0.049+0.0008*(52) 0.030+0.0006* (32) 0.087:0.0005 (91)

=, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LC5o (24h) and withdrawal groups

Details are as given in Table |.

DISCUSSION

It is evident from the results presen-

ted here that the aqueous extracts of the

latex of Croton tiglium besides being

potent molluscicides (YADAV AND

SINGH, 2001) are toxic to fish Channa

punctatus at higher concentrations and

longer exposure periods. The exposure

to 40% and 80% of snail LC5o for 24h did

not caused any significant changes in

the level of carbohydrate and nitroge-

nous metabolism of fish tissues, while

this treatment continued up to 96 hours

decreased the carbohydrate and nitroge-

nous metabolism levels significantly.

YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus

MOMMENSEN AND WALSH (1992)

reported that proteins are mainly invol-

ved in the architecture of the cell, which

is the chief source of nitrogenous meta-

bolism and during chronic period of

stress they are also a source of energy.

During stress condition, snails needed

more energy to detoxify the toxicants

and to overcome stress (ARUNACHALAM,

JAYALAKSHAMI AND ABOOKER, 1980). The

depletion of protein fraction in nervous,

hepatopancreas and ovotestis tissues

may have been due to their degradation

and possible utilization of degraded

products for metabolic purposes. Incre-

ment in free amino acids level was the

result of breakdown of protein for

energy requirement and impaired incor-

poration of amino acids in protein synt-

hesis, but it also could be attributed to

the lesser use of amino acids and their

involvement in the maintenance of an

acid-base balance. Stress conditions

induce the transamination pathway.

Inhibition of DNA synthesis might

affect both protein as well as amino acid

levels by decreasing the level of RNA in

protein synthesis machinery (NOR-

DENSKJOLD, SODERHALL AND MOLDEUS,

1979). Euphorbiales are a potential inhi-

bitor of DNA synthesis, which might

result in reduction of RNA level and

consequently affecting protein synthesis

and amino acid levels as showed are

results.

The enzyme protease functions in

hydrolysing proteins to free amino acids

and small peptides. The increase in the

protease activity corroborates with the

enhancement in the FAA (Free amino

acids) level of the three tissues, the for-

mation of which might be the result of

protein hydrolysis of the three tissues

suggesting stimulation during toxic

stress. Similar trend of results on prote-

ase activity was also reported by several

workers in different animals (Tilapia

mossambica (Peters), Pila globosa (Swaim-

son) including mammal (MILLWARD,

1970; SIva PRASADA RAO, 1980; SIVAIAH,

1980; KABEER, SAHIB, SIVA PRASAD, SAM-

BASIVA AND RAMANA RAO, 1984). SINGH

AND AGARWAL (1992) reported that the

latices of several euphorbious plants

significantly reduced the alkaline and

acid phosphatase activity in nervous

tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. So the

reduction in protein level may be due to

the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase

activity, as it plays an important role in

protein synthesis (PILO, ASNANI AND

SHAH, 1972) and other secretary activi-

ties (IBRAHIM, HIGAZI AND DEMIAN,

1974).

Carbohydrates are the primary and

immediate source of energy of the meta-

bolism. ARASTA, BAIS AND THAKUR,

(1996) suggested that in stress condition,

carbohydrates reserves depleted to meet

energy demand, thus depletion of glyco-

gen may be due to direct utilization for

energy generation, a demand caused by

active moiety-induced hypoxia. Euphor-

biales inhibit acetylcholinesterase acti-

vity, which results in an increase of

acetylcholine contents (SINGH AND

AGARWAL, 1984; SINGH AND AGARWAL,

1990, 1991; SINGH ET AL., 1996). Increase

level of acetylcholine has been shown to

enhance the secretion of catecholamine

(NILSSON, ABRAHAMSSON AND GROVE,

1976), which may bring about glycoge-

nolysis. Thus, glycogenolysis seems to

be the result of increased secretion of

catecholamine due to stress (SINGH AND

SRIVASTAVA, 1992; SINGH AND AGARWAL,

1993). Decrease in pyruvate level is due

to higher energy demand during expo-

sure, which is suggests the possibility of

a shift towards anaerobic dependence

due to a remarkable drop in aerobic

segment. The decrease in pyruvate

could be due to its conversion to lactate,

or due to its mobilization to form amino

acids, lipids, triglycerides and glycogen

synthesis in addition to its role as a

detoxification factor (SATHYA PRASAD,

1983). The increase in lactate also sug-

gests a shift towards anaerobiosis as a

consequence of hypoxia leading to res-

piratory distress (DOMSCHE, DOMSCHE

AND CLASSEN, 1971; SIvVAa PRASADA RAO,

1980). Development of such internal

hypoxic conditions may be ultimately

responsible for the shift to the less effi-

cient anaerobic metabolism, evidenced

by the change in lactate content obser-

ved during this study.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) forms

the centre for a delicately balanced equi-

librium between catabolism and anabo-

lism of carbohydrates (EVERSE AND

KALPAN, 1973). Lactic dehydrogenase

(LDH) catalyze the inter-conversions of

lactic acid and pyruvic acid during ana-

erobic conditions. Inhibition of LDH

and cytochrome oxidase activity indica-

tes that latex extracts of Croton tiglium

significantly inhibits aerobic, as well as

anaerobic metabolism in exposed

animals. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)

is one of the active regulatory enzymes

of the TCA cycle. The reasons for an

increase SDH level after exposure to

extracts of latex are not clear. A similar

situation was observed by GUPTA and

KAPOOR (1975), who reported a incre-

ase of SDH level in malathion exposed,

irradiated rats.

Cytochrome oxidase is a terminal

enzyme of the electron transport chain.

Inhibition in cytochrome oxidase acti-

vity by plant moieties supports that

Euphorbiales show a profound impact

on the oxidative metabolism, possibly

due to their influence on respiratory

process like electron transport system

(ETS). Decrease in cytochrome oxidase

might be either the result of reduced

availability of Oz, which in turns has

reduce the capacity of electron transport

system to produce ATP molecules or

should be due to the direct impact of the

active moiety. Anticholinesterase com-

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 20 (2): 45-56, 2002

New data on the benthic Opisthobranch Molluscs from the

Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with des-

cription of a new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844

Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del

Archipiélago de Fernando de Noronha, con descripción de una nueva

especie de Aegíres Lovén, 1844

Francisco J. GARCÍA!, Jesús S. TRONCOSO? and Marta DOMÍNGUEZ?

Recibido el 20-X1-2001. Aceptado el 22-V-2002

ABSTRACT

New data on the opisthobranch fauna from the Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are

presented in this paper, 111 specimens distributed among 12 species were studied and

11 of them are a new record for the archipelago. A new species of genus Aegires is des-

cribed. The external anatomy and radula of this specimen are compared with other spe-

cies of the genus.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se presentan nuevos datos sobre la fauna de moluscos opistobranquios del

Archipiélago Fernando de Noronha, se estudian un total de 111 ejemplares repartidas en

12 especies, siendo que 11 de ellas son nuevas citas para el archipiélago. Se describe

una nueva especie de Nudibranchia perteneciente al género Aegires Lovén, 1844. Se

compara la anatomía externa y rádula de este especimen con otras especies del género.

KEY WORDS: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, new species.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, nueva especie.

INTRODUCTION

The Archipelago Fernando de

Noronha (Brazil) lies off Cape Sáo Roque,

State of Rio Grande do Norte, about 195

nautical miles offshore (03% 51' S, 32? 25'

W). Besides the island of Fernando de

Noronha, several smaller islands, all of

volcanic origin, compose the Archipelago

of the same name. The archipelago lies in

the north branch of the South equatorial

Oceanic current, with high temperature,

salinity and transparency. The intertidal

bottoms are mostly of hard substrate

with a few sandy beaches, having a

dominant community of seaweeds (cal-

careous algae, Sargassum sp. and filamen-

tous green algae) and Vermetidae.

l Depto. Fisiología y Zoología; Facultad Biología; Universidad Sevilla; Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6; Apdo. 1095, -

41080 Sevilla, Spain. e-mail: fjgarciaOus.es

? Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal; Facultad Ciencias del Mar; Universidad Vigo; Campus Lagoas-

Marcosende; 36200 Vigo; Spain. e-mail: troncosoCuvigo.es

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table I. Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago recorded by MATTHEWS AND

KEMPEF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) and present paper. 000: abundant (20 or more spe-

cimens); 00: moderate (20>n>2); 0: rare (n< 2).

Tabla I. Opistobranquios del Archipielado de Fernando de Noronha citados por MATTHEWS AND

KEMPF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) y en el presente trabajo. 000: abundante (20 o más

ejemplares); 00: moderado (20>n>2); 0: raro (n< 2).

Species Matthews and Kempf (1970) Rios and Barcellos (1979) — Present paper

Cephalaspidea

Micromelo undata X 00

Hydatina vesicaria X

Átys sp. X

Atys mandrewii X

Retusa canaliculata X

Cylichna noronhensis X

Anaspidea

Aplysia sp. X

Stylocheilus longicauda 000

Ascoglossa

Caliphylla mediterranea 00

Elysia ornata 000

Elysia flava 0

Notaspidea

Pleurobranchus areolatus 0

Berthelinia caribbea X

Berthella stellata 0

Doridacea

Doris sp. X

Aegires absalaoi 0

Chromodoris neona 00

Platydoris angustipes 0

Dendrodoris senegalensis 00

Aeolidacea

Phidiana sp. 00

MATTHEWS AND KEMPF (1970) provi-

ded a checklist of the molluscan fauna

from the Archipelago of Fernando de

Noronha and Atol das Rocas. Although

more than 160 species of Molluscs were

listed, however only seven species of

opisthobranch gastropods were cited.

Besides four species were referred by

LOPES AND ALVARENGA (1957) this mate-

rial was not found by these authors, and

finally two species was referred by RIOS

AND BARCELLOS (1979) (Table D.

In this paper new species of opistho-

branchs found in the Archipelago of

Fernando de Noronha are cited, based

on material obtained by the authors

during two visits in 1999 and 2000.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The species studied in this paper

were collected by diving down to 20 m

along the littoral, during two trips to

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíires species

320 27'W

Brazil

F3051'S

Fernando de Noronha ls.

Figure 1. Sampling localities. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceicáo, 4 Air France ls.

Rasa, 5 Rasa Is., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata Ís., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos between Rata and Meio Ís., 8

Ressurretta Rata ls.

Figura 1. Localidades de muestreo. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceigáo, 4 Air France

ls. Rasa, 5 Rasa ls., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata ls., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos entre Rata y Meio ls., 8 Ressu-

rretta Rata ls.

Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha

in 1999 and 2000. The sampling stations

are represented in Figure 1. For each

species the dates and depth of collec-

tion, stations, and lengths of the speci-

mens alive are recorded. Besides this,

the distributions in Brazil and in other

geographical areas are included.

The specimens collected have been

deposited in the collections of the

RESULTS

Department of Physiology and Zoology

of the University of Seville and Depart-

ment of Ecology and Animal Biology of

the University of Vigo (Spain) and the

holotype of Aegires was deposited in the

Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de

Carvalho Rios” from the Foundation

University of Rio Grande, in Rio

Grande, Brazil, with code number

42.011.

Class GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1797

Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Milne-Edwards, 1848

Order CEPHALASPIDEA Fischer, P. 1883

Family Hydatinidae Pilsbry, 1895

Genus Micromelo Pilsbry, 1895

Micromelo undata (Bruguiere, 1792) (Fig. 2A)

Material collected: 06/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: inter-

tidal; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Is.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 30 mm. 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha

Is.); depth: 1 m; 5 specimens; length in mm: 15.5 to 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando

de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 15 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de

Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm.

Habitat: On rocks with algae and in

tidal pools with Cystoseira.

Brazilian distribution: NE Brazil, from

Pernambuco to Bahia (MARCUS AND

MARCUS, 1967; RIOS, 1994). Fernando de

Noronha Is. (MARCUS AND MARCUS,

1967; MATTHEWS AND KEMPE, 1970; RIOS,

1994).

Other geographical areas distribution: Cir-

cumtropical species, Caribbean Sea, Atlan-

tic Ocean, Macaronesia, Ascension Is, Sout-

hern Africa and Indo-Pacific Ocean (Gos-

LINER, 1987; MALAQUIAS, 2001; MARCUS

AND MARCUS, 1967; MARCUS, 1977; MIK-

KELSEN, 1995; ORTEA, MORO, BACALLADO

AND HERRERA, 2000; RIOS, 1994).

Order ANASPIDEA Fischer P., 1883

Family DOLABRIFERIDAE Pilsbry, 1895

Genus Stylocheilus Gould, 1852

Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) (Fig. 2B)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 spe-

cimen;, length: 22 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth:

intertidal; 7 specimens; length: 15 to 33 mm. 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: inter-

tidal; 3 specimens; length: 18 to 20 mm. 16/06/2000; station: Rasa Is.; depth: intertidal; 17 speci-

mens; length: 12 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 4 speci-

mens; length: 19 to 29 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 6 speci-

mens; length: 6 to 28.

Habitat: On and under rocks, associa-

ted with masses of red algae.

Brazilian distribution: Pernambuco,

Recife (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970).

Other geographical areas distribution:

Circumtropical (FARMER, 1967; MARCUS,

1977; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999;

Rios, 1994).

Order SACOGLOSSA Von Ihering, 1876

Family HERMAEIDAE Adams H. and A.

Genus Caliphylla Costa, A. 1869

Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 (Figs. 2C, D)

Material collected: 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 1 specimen;

length: 16 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth: 5 m; 10 specimens;

length: 8 to 19 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous

green algae.

Brazilian distribution: South Brazil in

Sáo Paulo State (Santos, Sáo Sebastiáo

Is., Cananeia) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios,

1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Ocean from

Spain to Senegal, Canary Is. and Carib-

bean Sea (CERVERA, TEMPLADO, GARCÍA-

GÓMEZ, BALLESTEROS, ORTEA, GARCÍA,

ROS AND LUQUE, 1988; GASCOIGNE, 1979;

JENSEN AND CLARK, 1983; MARCUS AND

MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS, 1977; ORTEA ET

AL., 2000; PRUVOT-FOL, 1954; SCHMEKEL

AND PORTMANN, 1982).

GARCÍA ET 4£.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species

Figure 2. A: Micromelo undata; B: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, E:

Ebysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; 1: Aegires absalaoí n. sp.; ]: Chromodoris

neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis, M: Phidiana sp.

Figura 2. A: Micromelo undata; Bb: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, F:

Elysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; /: Aegires absalaoi 2. sp.; J: Chromodo-

ris neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis; M: Phidiana sp.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Family ELYSIDAE Forbes and Hanley, 1851

Genus Elysia Risso, 1818

Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) (Figs. 2E, EF)

Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Lage dois Irmáos, between Meio Is. and Rata Is. (Fernando

de Noronha ls.); depth: 18 m; 1 specimen;, length: 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de

Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 22 specimens; length: 22 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno

(Rata Is.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length: 12.5 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de

Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 12 specimens; length: 15 to 36 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous

green algae.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper,

first record to Brazilian coast.

Other geographical areas distribution: Cir-

cumtropical, Atlantic Ocean from Carib-

bean Sea to Canary Is. and Azores Archi-

pelago; Indo-Pacific Ocean in Hawaii,

Vietnam and Australia (MALAQUIAS, 2001;

MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS,

1980; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999;

ORTEA ET AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977).

Elysia flava Verrill, 1901 (Fig. 2G)

Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth:

intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 6 mm.

Habitat: Associated with filamentous

green algae.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper,

first record to Brazilian coast.

Other geographical areas distribution:

From Mediterranean Sea, Canary ls. and

Madeira Archipelago to Caribbean Sea

(CLARK, 1984; MALAQUIAS, CERVERA,

ABREU AND LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, 2001;

MARCUS, 1980; ORTEA, 1981; ORTEA ET

AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977, 1983;

THOMPSON AND JAKLIN, 1988)

Order NOTASPIDEA Fischer P. 1883

Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Férussac, 1822

Genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804

Pleurobranchus areolatus Mórch, 1863 (Fig. 2H)

Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen;

length: 15 mm.

Habitat: Under rocks with ascidians,

sponges, and other invertebrates.

Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio de

Janeiro State) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios, 1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:

East Pacific in Gulf of California,

Panama and Galapagos Islands.

Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Canary

Islands and Ghana (BERTSCH AND

SMITH, 1973; EDMUNDS 1968; MARCUS

AND MARCUS, 1967; ORTEA ET AL., 2000;

Rios, 1994).

Genus Berthella de Blainville, 1824

Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826)

Material collected: 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length:

7 mm.

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species

Figure 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., external morphology.

Figura 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., morfología externa.

Habitat: On rocks with ascidians,

sponges and briozoans.

Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio

de Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Ilhabela

(Sáo Paulo State) (RI0s, 1994, cited as

B. tupala; MARCUS, 1957).

Other geographical areas distribu-

tion: B. stellata is a circumtropical

species, found from the Mediterra-

nean Sea and the Canary Islands to

the Atlantic coast of Panama. On the

Pacific coast, Gulf of California,

Bahia Tortugas, Baja California (CER-

VERA ET AL., 1988; GOSLINER AND

BERTSCH, 1988; ORTEA ET AL., 2000;

PRUVOT-FOL, 1954).

Order NUDIBRANCHIA de Blainville, 1814

Suborder DORIDINA Odhner, 1934

Family AEGIRETIDAE Fischer P., 1883

Genus Aegires Lovén, 1844

Aegires absalaoi n. sp. (Fig. 21 3, 4)

Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen,

length: 5 mm. The holotype was deposited in the Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de Carvalho

Rios” from the Foundation University of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande, Brazil, with code number

42.011

Etymology: The species has been named Aegíres absalaoi in honour of Dr. Ricardo Silva Absaláo,

Brazilian malacologist and friend.

Habitat: Under stones with sponges,

and calcareous detritus.

Description: The unique specimen

has a firm limaciform body, with abun-

dant spicules in the tegument. Dorsum

with blunt tubercles, arranged in two

marginal and one medial longitudinal

rows in front of the gills, and one row

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

on the tail. There are two tubercles in

front the rhinophores and other two

mid-lateral tubercles between the margi-

nal and central rows. There are three

gills protected by three large anterior

tubercles. The rhinophores are smooth

and the rhinophoral sheaths have only a

prominent lobe on the external side

(Figure 3). A

The colour pattern alive is creamy

white with some brown spots on the

dorsum. At the apex of some tubercles

there is a minute brown spot (Figure

240),

The labial armature lacks differentia-

ted elements (Figure 4A). The radula

has a formula of 15 x 10-0-10. The teeth

are hook-shaped being the inner teeth

slightly smaller than the outer (Figure

4B). l

Discussion: Five species of the

genus Aegires are known in Atlantic

Ocean, A. punctilucens (Orbigny, 1837),

A. sublaevis Odhner, 1932, A. ortizi

Templado, Luque and Ortea, 1987, A.

gomezi Ortea, Luque and Templado

1990 and A. palensis Ortea, Luque and

Templado 1990. Externally, our

specimen differs from these species by

the presence of the rhinophoral sheath

with five lobes and iridiscent blue

spots scattered over the back of A.

punctilucens; the body of lemon-yellow

colour, and presence of two longitu-

dinal crest on the dorsum that join at

the level of the rhinophores of A. subla-

evis (TEMPLADO, LUQUE AND ORTEA,

1987); the presence of rhinophoral

sheaths having three large tubercles on

the side distal to the rhinophores and a

dark brown spot on the top of each

tubercle of A. ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL.,

1987), the presence of prominent

oblique ridges of A. gomezi (ORTEA,

LUQUE AND TEMPLADO, 1990), and the

color pattern, the presence of four

series Of two tubercles each joined by

heavy ridges and rhinophoral sheath

with six lobes of A. palensis (ORTEA ET

AL., 1990).

Internally, our specimen differs of

the rest of species by the presence of

radular teeth with a denticle in their

inner middle part in the radula of A.

ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL., 1987); labial

armature with rods in A. punctilucens

and A. gomezi (ORTEA ET AL., 1990).

Finally, our species is externally

quite similar to A. albopunctatus Mac-

Farland 1905, from the Pacific Ocean,

by the colour pattern, white with irre-

gularly scattered small dark-brown

spots and external anatomy, having the

dorsum with short blunt tubercles,

cylindrical or with slightly expanded

apices and tubercles, and tegument

with numerous spicules. However, both

species differ by the presence of rhinop-

horal sheaths with five or six high,

rounded tubercles in the Pacific species

(MACFARLAND, 1966) and only one in A.

absalaoi.

Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891

Genus Chromodoris Alder and Hancock, 1855

Chromodoris neona (Marcus, 1955) (Fig. 2J)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 10 m; 2 specimens;

length: 19, 21 mm. 09/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata 1s.); depth: 7 m, 1 specimen, length:

23 mm.

Habitat: On big rocks with sponges,

ascidians, hydrozoans, briozoans and

other invertebrates.

Brazilian distribution: Sáo Paulo

(MARCUS, 1955); Cabo Frio (MARCUS

AND MARCUS, 1967); Cabo Frio (Rio de

Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Sáo Sebastiáo

(Sáo Paulo State) (RIOS, 1994).

Other geographical areas distribution:

Caribbean Sea in Florida, east of Pa-

nama, Colombia (MARCUS AND MARCUS,

1967; MARCUS, 1977; RiOs, 1994).

GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíres species

Figure 4. Aegires absalaoí n. sp. A: Scanning electron micrographs of jaw; B: detail of the radular

teeth.

Figura 4. Aegires absalaoi n. sp. A: Fotos al microscopio electrónico de la mandíbula; B: detalle de los

dientes radulares.

Family PLATYDORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891

Genus Platydoris Bergh, 1877

Platydoris angustipes (Moórch, 1863) (Fig. 2K)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen,;

length: 72 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length:

20 mm.

Other geographical areas distribution:

Caribbean Sea in Florida, Dry Tortugas,

Jamaica, Virgin Islands (MARCUS AND

MARCUS, 1967).

Habitat: Under stones associated

with sponges and ascidians.

Brazilian distribution: Maranháo, Recife,

PE, off Alagoas and Bahia (Rios, 1994)

Family DENDRODORIDIDAE O Donoghue, 1924

Genus Dendrodoris Ehrenberg, 1831

Dendrodoris senegalensis Bouchet, 1975 (Fig. 2L)

Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha Is); depth: intertidal; 1 spe-

cimen, length: 21 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 2 specimens;

length: 9, 20 mm.

Habitat: Under stones associated

with sponges and ascidians.

Brazilian distribution: Present paper.

Other geographical areas distribution:

Only known from Cabo Verde Is. and

Senegal.

Remarks: The dorsal surface and

notal margin are uniform red or red

brown with irregular areas; the rinopho-

res are red with the tip white; the gills

and anal papilla are both uniform white;

ventrally the notal margin and foot are

white with small red spots.

Internally, our specimens coincide

with the descriptions of D. senegalensis

by BOUCHET (1975) and VALDÉS, ORTEA,

ÁVILA AND BALLESTEROS (1996). A com-

plete description and distribution

remarks of this species are provide in

GARCÍA AND TRONCOSO (in press).

DS)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Suborder AEOLIDIINA Odhner, 1934

Family FACELINIDAE Bergh in Carus, 1889

Genus Phidiana Gray, 1850

Phidiana sp. (Fig. 2M)

Material collected: 17/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 3 specimens; length: 11

to 17 mm. 18/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 2 specimens; length: 16-18 mm.

Habitat: On and under stones asso-

ciated with hydrozoans.

Remarks: The ground colour is reddish

with numerous white spots on the dorsal

and lateral surfaces of the body; the basal

third of the oral tentacles is reddish with

white spots, the middle third is orange

CONCLUSIONS

We found a total of 111 specimens of .

opisthobranchs belonging to 12 species,

1 Cephalaspidea, 1 Anaspidea, 3 Asco-

glossa, 2 Notaspidea, 4 Doridacea and 1

Aeolidacea. In Table I the species of

Opisthobranchia found up to date in the

Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are

listed.

Among them, only four species were

recorded by MATTHEWS AND KEMPF

(1970): Micromelo undata (Bruguiere,

1792), Hydatina vesicaria (Solander, 1786),

Retusa canaliculata (Say, 1827) and

Cylichna noronhensis Watson, 1883. Rios

AND BARCELLOS (1979) mentioned the

occurrence of Atys mandrewil and Berthe-

linia caribbea.

The occurrence of Elysia ornata, and

E. flava are the first records for Brazil.

The Archipelago de Fernando de

Noronha does not appear to be as rich in

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BOUCHET, PH., 1975. Nudibranches nouveaux

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and the apical third is hyaline white; the

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research has been included in

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Nacional Marinho de Fernando de

Noronha” with an official permission to

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología

Iberus, 20 (2): 57-60, 2002

A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,

Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa

Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,

Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa Occidental

Emilio ROLÁN* and Jacques PELORCE**

Recibido el 10-IV-2002. Aceptado el 30-V-2002

ABSTRACT

The second species of the genus Plagyostila is described. lt was found in Dakar, Senegal.

Comparison of the shell characters of the new species with those of the type species P.

asturiana are made.

RESUMEN

Se describe la segunda especie del género Plagyostila descubierta en Dakar, Senegal y se com-

paran los caracteres de la concha de esta nueva especie con los de la especie tipo P. asturiana.

KEY WORDS: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa.

INTRODUCTION

Plagyostila asturiana Fischer in de

Folin and Périer, 1872 is the only species

known up to now for this genus. GOFAS

AND PONDER (1991) reviewed this

species, the habitat, the distribution

range and commented on some anatomi-

cal details, showing operculum, radula

and protoconch. Its range is known from

France (PONDER, 1988), northern Spain

(Gijón is the type locality) and north-west

Spain (Vigo, in ROLÁN, 1983) to west and

RESULTS

north of Morocco (GOFAS AND PONDER,

1991), and Mediterranean (PALLARY,

1920) with an isolated citation in the

Cape Verde Islands (BURNAY, 1989).

In the sediment material collected by

the junior author in Dakar, Senegal, several

shells with a profile similar of that of P.

asturiana were found, but being different

in many characters. These shells appear to

belong to an unknown species and is pre-

sented in this work and described as new.

Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. (Figs. 1-3)

Type material: Holotype (Fig. 1) in MNHN; one paratype (Figs. 2-3) from Gouye Teni M'Both, 25

m, Dakar, Senegal (MNHN); other paratype from Le Tacoma, 15 m, Dakar, Senegal (coll. J. Pelorce);

* Cánovas del Castillo, 22, 36202 Vigo, Spain.

** 289 Voie Les Magnolias, 30240 Le Grau du Roi, France.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

one paratype (juvenile) from Le Tacoma, 15 m (MNCN); one paratype from Madeleines, 6-14 m,

Dakar, Senegal (coll. E. Rolán).

Other material studied: Senegal: 1 juvenile, Le Tacoma, 15 m (CER).

Type locality: M'Bao, 8.5 m, Dakar, Senegal.

Etymology: The specific name is derived of the country where the species was found.

Description: Shell (Fig. 1) ovate-conic,

solid, cream in colour, with an irregular

surface, not shinning, somewhat flatte-

ned dorsoventrally. Protoconch (Figs. 2,

3) of 2 */4 whorls, which present a sculp-

ture of small tubercles on the apical part

of the whorls, while there are numerous

spiral irregular lines in the abapical part.

Teleoconch with about 2 */2 whorls, the

first one with four spiral cords crossed

by orthocline axial ribs, narrower than

the intervals, and in number of about 17;

in the last whorl, the axial ribs are ab-

sent, and the spiral cords are only evi-

dent in the subsutural area, almost des-

appeared in the convexity, and appear

again on the abapical area, in a total

number of about 12-13. Aperture piri-

form with a simple outer lip and a colu-

mella thickened by a callus.

Dimensions: The holotype and the

largest paratype are 2.0 mm high.

Distribution: The species was only

found in the Dakar area.

Discussion: The generic assignation

was based in the similarity of the

present species with the type species of

the genus, P. asturiana, in the outline,

protoconch, and aperture. The presence

of six shells with the same characters in

several different places of Dakar,

confirm us that this is a species with a

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors want to thank Jesús

Méndez of the CACTI, University of

Vigo, for the SEM photos; to Félix Azpi-

BIBLIOOGRAPHY

BURNAY, L. P. 1989. Plagyostila asturiana P. Fis-

cher, 1872 no Arquipelago de Cabo Verde.

Acoreana, 7(1): 73-75.

characteristic morphology. If the habitat

is similar to that known for P. asturiana

(under rocks buried in sand in about 30

cm), it is supposed that it will be very

difficult to find frequently material

living from sediments.

The species can be differentiated

from P. asturiana because this latter

species is larger (2.3 — 3.0 mm in most of

the material referred or examined), the

color is milk-white, the external surface

is smooth (Fig. 4) with only a subsutural

depression, the shell is glossy, the proto-

conch has a small nucleus (Fig. 5) and

the sculpture is reduce to some spiral

- lines in the lower middle of the whorl

(see GOFAS AND PONDER, 1991, fig. 5). In

opposition, P. senegalensis is cream in all

the shells studied, the larger shell is 2.0

mm, with axial ribs on the first whorl of

the teleoconch and few evident spiral

cords in subsutural area and on the

base. Furthermore, there are differences

in the sculpture of the protoconch,

numerous spiral lines in the lower part

of the whorls and tubercles on the

uppert part in P. senegalensis and the dia-

meter of its nucleus is larger.

The sculpture of first whorl of teleo-

conch is similar to some species of the

genus Alvanía, but no other character of

this genus is present.

licueta from San Sebastián for giving

material of P. asturiana for SEM photo-

graphs.

GOFAS, S. AND-PONDER, W. 1991. The habitat and

relationships of Plagyostila asturiana (Gas-

tropoda, Rissoidae). Bulletin Muséum national

d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4* serie, 1-2: 39-47.

ROLÁN AND PELORCE: A second species of the genus Plagyostila in Senegal, West Africa

100 um .

Figures 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotype, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3:

detail of the spire and protoconch, paratype, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figures 4-6.

Plagyostila asturiana. 4: shell from Vigo; 5: juvenile from San Sebastián, Spain; 6: protoconch, San

sebastián.

Figuras 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotipo, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3:

detalle de la espira y protoconcha, paratipo, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figuras 4-6. Plag-

yostila asturiana. 4: concha de Vigo; 5: juvenil de San Sebastián, España; 6: protoconcha, San Sebas-

tán.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

PALLARY, P. 1900. Coquilles marines du littoral

du département d'Oran. Journal de Conchy-

liologie, 48: 211-422, pls 6-8.

PONDER, W. P. 1988. A review of the Genera of

the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda:

Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum.,

suppl. 4: 1-221.

ROLÁN, E. 1983. Moluscos de la Ría de Vigo. 1.

Gasterópodos. Thalassas, 1(1) suplem.: 1-383.

O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 61-72, 2002

La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda,

Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo

(noroeste de España)

The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda,

Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in province of Lugo (NW of Spain)

Rita PESQUEIRA, Paz ONDINA y Jesús HERMIDA*

Recibido el 18-11-2002. Aceptado el 21-VI-2002

RESUMEN

El presente trabajo consiste en un estudio faunístico de gasterópodos terrestres pertene-

cientes a la Superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, realizado en la provincia de Lugo

durante los años 1997-1999. El área de estudio se ha dividido en 130 cuadrículas

U.TM. 10x10 Km, habiéndose recolectado helicoideos en 97 localidades. Teniendo en

cuenta nuestros hallazgos y las citas bibliográficas se han elaborado los mapas de distri-

bución de las diferentes especies. Se han identificado un total de 1646 ejemplares corres-

pondientes a 19 especies, ampliándose notablemente el área de distribución conocida de

la mayoría de éstas, destacando: Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata

(Alder, 1830), Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) y Oestophora silvae Ortiz de

Zárate, 1962, de las que existían Únicamente citas puntuales. Se cita por primera vez

para la zona de estudio Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822).

ABSTRACT

A faunistic study of Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, from province of Lugo

(Galicia, Spain) has been made during the years 1997-1999. For each species the pre-

vious records and the coordinates U.T.M. 10x10 Km of the localities where the species

have been found, are included. 19 species have been identificated and for the most of

them, principally Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830),

Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) and Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962,

we have extended notably the distribution area known. Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck,

1822) is recorded for the first time in this area.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribución, Galicia, España.

KEY WORDS: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribution, Galicia, España.

INTRODUCCIÓN

Aunque actualmente contamos con avance sustancial en su conocimiento, se

extensos trabajos sobre la fauna malaco- observan discontinuidades en los datos,

lógica gallega, que han permitido un tanto en su aspecto faunístico como en la

* Departamento de Bioloxía Animal. Facultade de Bioloxía. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 15706

Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España.

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

distribución de las especies. Esto es debido

a que los trabajos previos han consistido

en estudios muy amplios, que abarcaban

un área muy grande de forma heterogé-

nea, (CASTILLEJO, 1986) o bien en estudios

puntuales, en zonas concretas (SACCHI Y

VIOLANI, 1977; OUTEIRO, 1988; RIBALLO,

DíAz-CoOsíN, Y CASTILLEJO, 1985). Cabe

mencionar que ONDINA, HERMIDA Y

OUTEIRO (1997) realizan un estudio en el

que se recogen muestras de forma homo-

génea en un cuadriculado U.T.M. de 10x10

Km, teniendo como objetivo únicamente

el occidente gallego, no incluyendo por lo

tanto el área tratada en el presente artículo.

En esta provincia, hemos de destacar la

existencia de dos trabajos realizados en

zonas muy concretas como son la Serra do

Courel (OUTEIRO, 1988) y el Bosque dos

Cabaniños (Serra dos Ancares) (RIBALLO

ET AL., 1985) dado que se trata de dos de

los escasos afloramientos calizos gallegos

y por ello particularmente interesantes.

Estas discontinuidades que se pre-

sentan en el conocimiento de la distribu-

ción de los gasterópodos terrestres son

aplicables por lo tanto a la Superfamilia

Helicoidea, aún existiendo trabajos espe-

cíficos sobre el grupo como los de Cas-

TILLEJO (1986) y ÓNDINA ET AL. (1997).

Con el presente estudio se pretende

cubrir algunas de las lagunas existentes

referidas al conocimiento de los helicoi-

deos gallegos en su zona más oriental, la

provincia de Lugo.

RESULTADOS

A partir de los muestreos realizados,

se han identificado un total de 1646

ejemplares pertenecientes a 19 especies.

Para cada especie se incluyen los

siguientes apartados: citas previas,

material examinado y un breve resumen

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

Durante el período 1997-1999 se ha

recolectado material malacológico en la

provincia de Lugo procedente de 97 lo-

calidades de las 130 cuadrículas U.T.M.

10 x 10 Km en las que se ha dividido di-

cha área. En cada una de ellas se realiza-

ron muestreos diurnos y nocturnos y se

examinaron los distintos hábitats donde

suelen resguardarse estas especies. Así

mismo se recogieron muestras de suelo

y hojarasca que posteriormente fueron

lavadas y tamizadas, para extraer las es-

pecies edáficas de menor tamaño. Todos

los ejemplares capturados se sometieron

al proceso de muerte por anoxia, sumer-

giéndolos en agua para facilitar su di-

sección, conservándose posteriormente

en alcohol al 70%.

A partir de los datos obtenidos, se

han elaborado mapas de distribución de

cada especie en cuadrículas UTM de

10x10 km (Figura 1 A-U). En dichos

mapas se indican las localidades aporta-

das en este trabajo (0); las procedentes

de la bibliografía (A), y aquellas locali-

dades en que ambas citas coinciden (4).

Para la clasificación de las especies

hemos seguido a NORDSIECK (1987,

1993) añadiendo algunas modificacio-

nes, como la de situar el grupo Trissexo-

dontinae Nordsieck, 1987 como una

subfamilia de Hygromiidae, de acuerdo

con PUENTE (1994).

sobre su distribución. El listado de las

localidades en las que se ha encontrado

algún ejemplar de esta superfamilia,

junto a su correspondiente coordenada

U.T.M. y fecha de muestreo, pueden ser

observadas en la Tabla 1.

Familia XANTHONYCHIDAE Strebel y Pfeiffer, 1880

Subfamilia ELONINAE Gittenberger, 1979

Elona quimperiana (Férussac, 1821) (Fig. 1A)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CasrTI-

LLEJO (1986); ALTONAGA, GÓMEZ, MAR-

Tín, PRIETO, PUENTE Y RALLO (1994);

PUENTE (1994).

PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Material examinado: Localidades 5, 7,

SALON LS 14 445/1460: 04.7 01615167.

Número total de ejemplares: 27.

Distribución. Elona quimperiana ocupa

toda la cornisa cantábrica desde el País

Vasco hasta Asturias (PUENTE, 1994), con-

tinuándose esta distribución hacia Galicia,

donde es más frecuente en el norte

(CAZIOT, 1915; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y

TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Familia HYGROMIIDAE Tryon, 1866

Subfamilia MONACHINAE Wenz, 1930

Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830) (Fig. 1B)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como

Monacha (Ashfordia) granulata (Alder,

1830); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE

(1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6,

ASAS A OO 18, 192829392,

46, 49, 52, 54, 57, 76. Número total de

ejemplares: 204.

Distribución. Citada únicamente en el

norte peninsular, desde el extremo occi-

dental de Vizcaya hasta Galicia (HERMIDA,

OUTEIRO Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1992; ALTONAGA ET

AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994) donde, al igual que

la especie anterior, es más frecuente en la mi-

tad norte (MACHO VELADO, 1871; HIDALGO,

1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Cochlicella acuta (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1C)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidades 12, 14,

16, 19. Número total de ejemplares: 18.

Distribución. Es una especie frecuente

en toda la costa peninsular, haciéndose sus

citas más escasas en el cuadrante noroeste

(PUENTE, 1994). Aunque penetra hacia zo-

nas del interior siguiendo las cuencas flu-

viales, como el valle del Ebro o el del Gua-

dalquivir, en Galicia se comporta como una

especie estrictamente litoral (HIDALGO, 1875;

CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1D)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969), como

C. ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801); CasTI-

LLEJO (1986), como C-. ventricosa.

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4,

12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48,

AOL IS OL, II TIDO DIA 95.

Número total de ejemplares: 151.

Distribución. Esta especie presenta una

amplia distribución por toda la península

y aunque está citada en casi todos los estu-

dios malacológicos realizados a lo largo

del territorio, es más frecuente en la franja

litoral (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ,

ROBLES CUENCA Y RODRÍGUEZ BABÍO, 1990;

HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994).

Aunque en el occidente gallego su com-

portamiento es igualmente costero (CAs-

TILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989;

ONDINA ET AL., 1997), en el área de estudio

se adentra claramente hacia el interior.

Subfamilia TRISSEXODONTINAE Nordsieck, 1987

Oestophora barbula (Rossmássler, 1838) (Fig. 1E)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969);

RIBALLO ET AL. (1985); CASTILLEJO (1986);

CASTILLEJO, RIBALLO Y DÍíAZ-COSÍN

(1987); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL.

(1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4, 7,

o 0 Tb 1 ES ALO, 1 1 15240241

23,24, 31, 32,33,36, 37,38, 39,41, 42, 43,

44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,

56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 76, 77,

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

TASAS OZ SSL O SO OD ZADSS

94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 300.

Distribución. Especie atlántica, muy fre-

cuente en todo el tercio occidental penin-

sular (NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992;

PUENTE, 1994). Del mismo modo en Galicia

está ampliamente citada en todo el territo-

rio (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓONDINA, ET AL., 1997).

Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962 (Fig. 1EF)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-

LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA

ET AL. (1994);. PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 1,

MOS TL E LS II MS DS ID

41, 42,43, 45, 47,51,52,59, 54,595,597, 58,

59, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85,

86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95. Número total de

ejemplares: 140.

Distribución. En la Península Ibérica

esta especie está citada únicamente en

la franja norte, desde el País Vasco

hasta Galicia (CASTILLEJO, 1986; PUENTE,

1994; ONDINA ET AL., 1997), descen-

diendo por el oeste de Portugal (HER-

MIDA Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1996). Hasta el mo-

mento en la provincia de Lugo estaba

citada únicamente en puntos aislados

del norte y en la sierra de O Courel

(OUTEIRO, 1988), confirmándose con

este trabajo su amplia distribución en

Galicia.

Oestophorella buvinieri (Michaud, 1841) (Fig. 1G)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); ALTO-

NAGA ET AL. (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 10,

18. Número total de ejemplares: 5.

Distribución. Oestophorella buvinieri

es un endemismo cantábrico que se

extiende desde el occidente del País

Vasco hasta Galicia (ALTONAGA ET AL.,

1994; PUENTE, 1994), alcanzándose en el

área de estudio su límite de distribución

oriental con las dos citas del presente

trabajo.

Subfamilia HYGROMIINAE Tryon, 1866

Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (Fig. 1H)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-

LLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidad 14.

Número total de ejemplares: 4.

Distribución. En la Península Ibérica

presenta una distribución particular, ya

que se encuentra citada en el tercio oc-

cidental y, alejada de este área de distri-

bución, en el País Vasco (PUENTE, 1994).

En Galicia es más característica en la

franja oeste y sus citas se van haciendo

más raras a medida que avanzamos ha-

cia el norte (ONDINA ET AL., 1997); en el

área de estudio ha aparecido únicamen-

te y hasta el momento en tres localida-

des.

Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822) (Fig. 1D

Material examinado: Localidad 13.

Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Especie con una distri-

bución muy fragmentada, concentrándose

sus citas principalmente en el cuadrante

suroccidental de la península (NOBRE,

1941; PUENTE, 1994), en el litoral catalán

(BOFILL Y HAas, 1920a; BOFILL Y HAAS,

1920b) y en las islas Baleares (GASULL,

1965). En Galicia está escasamente repre-

sentada, con citas aisladas en el litoral

(SACCHI Y VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986;

ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Se trata de la primera

cita de esta especie para el área de estudio.

PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Tabla I. Listado de las localidades, U.T.M. en 10x10 Km y fecha de recogida de las muestras.

Table I. List of the localities, U.T.M. 10 x10 Km and sampling date.

Localidad

1 Vilapedre

2 Moreda

3 Galgao

4 Riotorto

5 Maior

6 Requerez

7 Galdo

8 Xuances

9 Mor

10 Rúa (Oiras)

11 0 Marco

12 Teixeira

13 Alemparte

14 Moras

15 Masma

16 Reinante

17 As Anzas

18. Arante

19 Ribadeo

20 Bazar

21 Roca

22 Parga

23 Pigara

24 Vilalba

25 Cazás

26 Vilalba-Meira

27 Moncelos

28 Gruñedo

29 Outeiro-Quintela

30 Vian

31 Porto

32 Begonte

33 Outeiro de Rei

34 Orizón

35 Condes

36 Ferreira

37 Guntín

38 Lugo-Camoira

39 Cota

40 Gondar

41 Anseán

472 Outeiro

43 Gundín-Friol

44 Riveira de Piquín

45 Bogo

46 Mosteiro

47 Mendreiras

48 Sobrado

49 Castroverde

U.T.M.

291PJ00

29TPJ10

291PJ20

291PJ40

29TPJ30

291PJ12

291PJ13

291PJ14

291PJ22

291PJ21

29T1PJ23

291PJ32

29T1PJ33

291PJ24

291PJ31

291PJ42

291PJ51

29TPJ41

291PJ52

291PH28

29TNH98

291NH97

29TPHO8

29TPHO9

29T1NH99

291PH19

291PH29

29TPH38

291PH28

29TPH39

29TPH18

29TPHO7

291PH17

291PH27

29T1NH96

29TNH95

29TNH94

291PH16

29TPHO6

291PH26

291PH25

29TPH15

29TPHO5

29T1PH48

291PH59

291PH37

291PH47

29TPH35

29TPH36

Fecha

24/07/97

25/07/97

25/07/91

25/07/97

26/07/97

27/07/97

28/07/97

29/07/97

30/07/97

31/07/97

15/12/97

13/02/98

14/02/98

15/02/98

16/02/98

15/02/98

16/02/98

17/02/98

18/02/98

19/02/98

20/02/98

03/04/98

02/04/98

28/05/98

29/05/98

Localidad U.T.M. Fecha

50 Fonteo 29TPH46 29/05/98

51 Portomarín 29TPH14 30/05/98

52 Neira 29TPH24 30/05/98

53 Ferreira de Pallares 29T1PHO4 30/05/98

54 Vilarmide 29TPH49 31/05/98

55 Piñeira 291PH44 06/06/98

56 Farreiros 29T1PH45 06/06/98

57 Láncara 29TPH34 06/06/98

58 Suar 291PH13 07/06/98

59 Bagude 29TPHO3 07/06/98

60 A Pobra de Burón 291PH57 22/07/98

61 Trobo 29TPH58 22/07/98

62 Vilarmeán 29TPH68 22/07/98

63 Seir 291PH78 23/07/98

64 Negueira de Muñiz 29TPH77 23/07/98

65 Vilabol 291PH67 23/07/98

66 Castro (Moreira) 29TPH56 24/07/98

67 Queizán 29TPH66 24/07/98

68 Cabanas 291PH55 24/07/98

69 Navia-Moia 29TPH65 25/07/98

70 Rao-Faquis 291PH75 25/07/98

71 Suarbol, Piornedo 291PH74 25/07/98

72 Doiras, Cervantes 29TPH64 25/07/98

73 Becerreú 291PH54 25/07/98

74 Busnollán 29TPH53 26/07/98

75 Pedrofita- Doiras 29TPH63 26/07/98

76 Triacastela 291PH43 26/07/98

77 Foxos, Samos 291PH33 26/07/98

78 Biville 291PH23 27/07/98

79 Chantada- Mato 29TNH91 05/04/99

80 Sabadelle 29TPHO2 05/04/99

81 Chantada 29TPHO1 06/04/99

82 R. Portiño- Ousende 29TPH12 06/04/99

83 Tribas 29TPH11 06/04/99

84 Oleiros 29TPHOO. 07/04/99

85 Fonte A. (Pantón) 29TPH10. 07/04/99

86 Barantes 291PG19 07/04/99

87 Saa (Pobra Brollón) 29TPH31 08/04/99

88 Doade 291PG29 08/04/99

89 Marcelle 29TPH20 08/04/99

90 Goo (Río Mao) 291PH32 09/04/99

91 Barxa (Río Mao) 29TPH22 09/04/99

92 Ribas Pequenas 29TPH21 09/04/99

93 Poradapiñol 29TPH50 10/04/99

94 Quiroga 29TPH40 10/04/99

95 Augasmestas 29TPH30 10/04/99

96 Corbedo 29T1PH52 10/04/99

97 A Rogueira 291PH51 10/04/99

CUECA

OOO ARNONOEoa

aaa

EERHOn BEREHREnaE

G Oestophorella buvinieri

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

O Citas aportadas por este trabajo

A Citas previas

A Ambas citas coinciden

— | |lele [| |!

DOTA PUTO aAna

BUna MERO R aaa

cuan 1abbe=0a

Uan Arno ro a

Suda Honda

UNA ME

13]

EEANaA PEE

H Candidula intersecta

l Xerotricha apicina

Figura 1. Mapas de distribución.

Figure 1. Distribution maps.

PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

L AY

daúNoDs210 a

asas aa

Heb k

META

DAA

DOMO

DON

maja

OB4u

DON

lalajsira

ajaja

S Theba pisana

EPT LY] |

BBRaEa

SONO

A+ 4

DOCE

Head An”

— BS

QQ Hpala [daxs

¡[TT ela pil]

arias

(105065 a Jos [o

—]

ernuella virgata

CT [48] Y

O O

4¡eaeje|

QIRaL PA LA

En COSO

AHH As

OE DABEOOaN

AAA A

U Xerosecta cespitum

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Xerotricha conspurcata Draparnaud, 1801 (Fig. 1))

Citas previas: ÓNDINA, HERMIDA Y Ou-

TEIRO (1995).

Material examinado: Localidad 19.

Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Esta especie se distribuye

por la mitad sur peninsular y el litoral

catalán (PUENTE, 1994). La localidad apor-

tada en este trabajo representa la única cita

de la mitad noroccidental de la Península,

donde fue encontrada por primera vez por

ONDINA ET AL. (1995). Se ha encontrado

una población con muy pocos individuos,

muy alejada de su área de distribución,

por lo que es posible, que de acuerdo con

los autores antes mencionados, se trate de

una introducción bastante reciente.

Helicella itala (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1K)

Citas previas: (CASTILLEJO (1986);

OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 16, 28,

46, 74. Número total de ejemplares: 13.

Distribución. Esta especie se extiende

por la mitad norte peninsular (MANGA,

1983; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; ALTONAGA

ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia se

comporta principalmente como una

especie litoral, también confinada al

norte, provincias de A Coruña y Lugo

(CASTILLEJO, 1986, ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

Helicella zaratei Gittenberger et Manga, 1977 (Fig. 1L)

Citas previas: OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 9%6,

97. Número total de ejemplares: 2.

Distribución. Helicella zaratei es un

endemismo galaico-leonés, citada úni-

camente en algunos puntos de León

(MANGA, 1983). En Galicia parece es-

tar restringida a los afloramientos ca-

lizos de la Sierra do Courel (OUTEIRO,

1988).

Mengoana brigantina (da Silva Mengo, 1867) (Fig. 1M)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como

Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina (Ortiz

de Zárate, 1949) OUTEIRO (1988) como

Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina.

Material examinado: Localidad 74.

Número total de ejemplares: 10.

Distribución. Endemismo ibérico res-

tringido al noroeste de la Península

(HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986;

HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO,

1992). En Galicia está citada en puntos

aislados del litoral occidental (ONDINA

ET AL., 1997), mientras que en el área de

estudio parece circunscribirse a la zona

de O Courel (CASTILLEJO, 1986; Ou-

TEIRO, 1988), caracterizada por ser uno

de los escasos afloramientos calizos ga-

llegos.

Zenobiella subrufescens (Miller, 1822) (Fig. 1N)

Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986);

ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 5,

10, 12, 30, 32, 42, 43, 70. Número total de

ejemplares: 34.

Distribución. Esta especie está res-

tringida al norte peninsular, sin alejarse

de la franja litoral (ALTONAGA ET AL.,

1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia sus citas

se concentran principalmente en la

mitad norte (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA

ET AL., 1997). Las escasas citas previas de

esta especie en el área de estudio se

sitúan en la franja litoral.

PESQUEIRA £7 AZ.: La Superfamilia Aelicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo

Portugala inchoata (Morelet, 1845) (Fig. 10)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como

Z. inchoata (Morelet, 1845); CASTILLEJO

(1986); OUTEIRO (1988).

Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6,

ASIOAO SA 16, 1921722 523,24,

25, 26,27,28,29,30, 33, 37,39, 40, 41, 43,

44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59,

61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 81, 82,

85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 95. Número total de

ejemplares: 144.

Distribución. Especie atlántica

ampliamente distribuida por toda la

franja occidental de la Península Ibérica

(NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992;

PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie

muy abundante y citada en la mayoría

de los estudios sobre la malacofauna de

esta comunidad (MACHO VELADO, 1871;

HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO

Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL.,1997).

Subfamilia PONENTININAE Schileyko, 1991

Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) (Fig. 1P)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como

Trichia occidentalis (Récluz); RIBALLO ET AL.

(1985) como Ponentina ponentina (Morelet,

1845); CASTILLEJO (1986) como P. ponen-

tina; OUTEIRO (1988) como P. ponentina.

Material examinado: Localidades 2, 3, 4,

22,24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,51, 59,

63,65, 66, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87,89, 91, 93,

94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 69.

Distribución. Está bien representada

en el occidente peninsular (NOBRE,

1941; MANGA, 1983; HERMIDA ET AL.,

1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO, 1992) así como

en Galicia (HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO,

1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Hasta el

presente estudio era una especie citada

de forma aislada en la provincia de

Lugo.

Familia HELICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815.

Subfamilia HELICINAE Rafinesque, 1815

Cepaea nemoralis (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 10)

Citas previas: MACHO VELADO (1871)

como Helix nemoralis Linné; HIDALGO

(1875) como H. hortensis, O.F. Muller,

1774; ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTILLEJO

(1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL.

(1994); PUENTE (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 1, 2,

SAMOA AS, OM Z AS, 14,15, 16,17 18,

TORO SUEZ ZA ZO ZO 2 ALO 0 3 IZ,

33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,

ALZAS TADO, LOTUS UDS ASUABZ,

83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95.

Número total de ejemplares: 275

Distribución. En la Península Ibérica

se extiende por la franja portuguesa

(HIDALGO, 1875; NOBRE, 1941) y toda la

mitad norte (ALTONAGA ET AL, 1994;

PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie

muy frecuente en toda la comunidad

(CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓNDINA ET AL., 1997).

Helix aspersa (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1R)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-

LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA

ET AL. (1994).

Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4,

Dl AO 1, TL AS O

ISO 2I22L 23 LAZO ZII ZO ZAS OAS LN,

33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72,

74, 75,76, 77,78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Número

total de ejemplares: 194.

Distribución. Helix aspersa es una

especie muy frecuente en todo el terri-

torio peninsular (ALTONAGA ET AL.,

1994; PUENTE, 1994) así como en Galicia

(CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL.;

1997).

Theba pisana (Múller, 1774) (Fig. 15)

Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI-

LLEJO (1986).

Material examinado: Localidades 7, 8,

12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 34, 44, 94. Número

total de ejemplares: 52.

Distribución. Especie que se distribuye

por todo el litoral ibérico, mitad sur penin-

DISCUSIÓN

El hecho de que en la provincia de

Lugo se encuentren algunos de los aflo-

ramientos calizos más importantes de la

comunidad gallega, y de que se trataba

de un área poco estudiada, abría la posi-

bilidad de que presentase diferencias

sustanciales, en referencia a su fauna

malacológica, en comparación a otras

áreas de Galicia. En el número de espe-

cies encontradas no destaca respecto al

resto de Galicia, aunque sí existen

mayor número de endemismos. En este

sentido el número de especies de la

superfamilia Helicoidea no presenta

diferencias sustanciales con el resto de

la comunidad gallega, aunque habría

que mencionar que en esta provincia se

encuentra el límite de distribución occi-

dental de algunas especies.

Cabe destacar que se cita por

primera vez en el área de estudio X.

apicina, especie de muy reducida presen-

cia en Galicia. Así mismo se ha ampliado

el área de distribución conocida de un

número notable de especies, incluso de

aquellas más frecuentes en el área de

estudio, pero que por los motivos citados

estaban escasamente representadas,

como H. aspersa, C. nemoralis, O. barbula,

o P. inchoata. Entre las especies que pare-

cían estar restringidas a puntos aislados

del área de estudio y que han pasado a

ser frecuentes cabe destacar A. granulata,

P. subvirescens, O. silvae y P. barbara. En

referencia a esta última, que presenta un

sular y valle del Ebro (HIDALGO, 1875;

NOBRE, 1941; GASULL, 1965; PUENTE, 1994).

En Galicia se halla presente a lo largo de

toda la costa (MACHO VELADO, 1871;

HIDALGO, 1890; ALTIMIRA, 1969; SACCHI Y

VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y

TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

comportamiento costero en el occidente

gallego (ONDINA ET AL, 1997), en este

trabajo se observa que penetra de forma

clara hacia el interior, continuándose su

distribución con las zonas colindantes de

Asturias y León (MANGA, 1983;

HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994).

En contraposición a los grupos ante-

riores existen otras especies que parecen

limitarse a zonas concretas. En este

sentido cabe mencionar que en lo que

respecta a O. buvinieri y H. zaratei, se

ratifica que el límite de distribución

occidental se encuentra en la provincia

de Lugo, en el noreste para la primera y

en el afloramiento calizo de O Courel

para la segunda. Observando la figura

1M vemos que algo similar ocurre con

M. brigantina, que únicamente se loca-

liza en O Courel, aunque existen citas

aisladas en el litoral occidental (ONDINA

ET AL., 1997). Esto probablemente es

debido a que su distribución, como la de

la mayoría de los helicoideos, se ve muy

influenciada por los requerimientos de

calcio, disponible en las zonas costeras

en forma de sales. Este mismo compor-

tamiento se puede observar claramente

en especies como H. itala o T. pisana,

estrictamente litorales en el resto de

Galicia (ONDINA ET AL., 1997).

En lo que respecta a C. intersecta, una

especie con escasa representación en el

área de estudio, y coincidiendo con lo

señalado por CASTILLEJO (1986), pre-

PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicozdea en la Provincia de Lugo

senta variaciones de la parte masculina

del aparato genital. Concretamente, la

longitud del flagelo respecto al conjunto

pene-epifalo en los ejemplares encontra-

dos, es superior al descrito por otros

autores. Carecemos de material sufi-

ciente para realizar un estudio profundo

del tema, pero no podemos descartar la

existencia de una especie diferente,

hecho señalado por algunos autores

(ORTIZ DE ZÁRATE, 1991; PUENTE, 1994;

ALTABA, 1997).

Finalmente, creemos oportuno in-

cluir los mapas de distribución de dos

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co. 505 pp.

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Naturals. Barcelona, 3 (12): 225-375.

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1987. Estudio de las protoconchas de los mi-

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letín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Na-

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especies que han sido citadas en el área

de estudio por otros autores y no fueron

encontradas en el presente trabajo

(Figuras 1T y 1U). Cernuella virgata (Da

Costa, 1778), común en la Península

Ibérica, se convierte en Galicia en una

especie rara, ya que se ha encontrado en

un único punto de la provincia de Lugo

(CASTILLEJO, 1986). Xerosecta cespitum

(Draparnaud, 1801) ha sido citada úni-

camente en dos localidades (PUENTE,

1994 y ONDINA ET AL., 1995) muy próxi-

mas a los límites occidentales de su

amplia área de distribución.

HERMIDA, J., OUTEIRO, A. Y RODRÍGUEZ, T. 1992.

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1959-60 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) en Asturias,

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Galega das Ciencias, 11: 81-93.

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rio. 125 Aniversario de la RSEHN. 106-108 pp.

HIDALGO, J., 1875. Catálogo iconográfico y des-

criptivo de los moluscos terrestres de España,

Portugal y las Baleares. Madrid. Parte 1A: 224

pp., Parte 2A: 16 pp.

HIDALGO, J., 1890. Catálogo de los Moluscos re-

cogidos en Bayona de Galicia. Revista para el

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MACHO VELADO, J., 1871. Catálogo de los mo-

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jas Malacológicas, 10-16.

MANGA, M. Y., 1983. Los Helicidae (Gastropoda,

Pulmonata) de la provincia de León. CSIC. León.

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O Sociedad Española de Malacología —_____—_——— Iberus, 20 (2): 73-79, 2002

The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry

period in a Mediterranean climate

La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el

período seco anual en un clima mediterráneo

Alexander MENEZ'

Recibido el 4-11-2002. Aceptado el 23-VI11-2002

ABSTRACT

The shell degradation of eight common Mediterranean land mollusc species was experi-

mentally investigated during the annual dry period (June to September). The results sug-

gest that insolation was an important factor in degradation but that the background colora-

tion of the support on which the shells were attached was not a significant factor. Larger

species degraded less rapidly than smaller ones. Cantareus aspersus (Muller, 1774) took

the longest time to degrade, possibly because the periostracum protects the underlying

shell. A shell Condition Index is used that allows the scoring of shells and their inclusion or

not in species matrices.

RESUMEN

La degradación de las conchas de ocho especies de moluscos terrestres comunes en el

Mediterráneo fue investigada experimentalmente durante el período anual de sequía

(Junio a Septiembre). Los resultados sugieren que la insolación constituye un factor impor-

tante en la degradación, pero que el color de fondo del emplazamiento donde los molus-

cos estaban fijados no era un factor significativo. Las especies de mayor tamaño se

degradaron más lentamente que las pequeñas. Cantareus aspersus (Múller, 1774) fue la

más lenta en degradarse, posiblemente debido al periostraco que protege la concha. Un

Indice del estado de la concha se utiliza para calificar las conchas y su inclusión, o no, en

las matrices de especies.

KEY WORDS: Land snail shells, degradation, Mediterranean climate

PALABRAS CLAVE: Conchas de moluscos terrestres, degradación, clima Mediterráneo

INTRODUCTION

“How long has that shell been condition it may be added to the collec-

empty?" This is a question most collec- tion. For the ecologist, using standardi-

tors ask when picking up an empty snail zed data collection techniques (MENEZ,

shell. For a collector the answer may not 2001; 2002), the answer is much more

be critical: as long as the shell is in good pertinent. If the shell is very recent it

"The Gibraltar Museum, Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar and The University of Wales, Cardiff. E-mail: alexme-

nezOgibnynex.gi

IES)

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

indicates an individual that, until death,

utilized resources, interacted with biotic

and abiotic components, and formed

part of the molluscan biomass. These

facts are also true of an older shell but

the difference is in the time elapsed

from death to recording of the shell by

the investigator. In the former case, con-

temporary biotic and abiotic data may

apply to the specimen, in the latter it

may not because conditions may have

changed significantly from the time of

death of the specimen to the recording

of data. Dead shells are often included

in species matrices used in diversity

studies (NILSSON, BENGTSSON AND AS,

1988; WINTER, 1995; EMBERTON, 1997;

EMBERTON, PEARCE, KASIGWA, TATTERS-

FIELD AND HABIBU, 1997), but often with

no indication of shell condition. A

knowledge of the elapsed period since

death is crucial in the inclusion or not of

the specimen in the species matrix for

an area under ecological study.

Species matrices composed of abun-

dances are affected by the inclusion of

dead shells in a quantitative manner for

the species recorded. Species matrices

composed only of presence/absence

data may reflect lower species numbers

for an area if only species found as live

specimens are included. This is particu-

larly true if substratum samples are

analyzed for micro-species that often are

only found dead. Examples of these

species are Truncatellina cylindrica, Ceci-

lioides acicula and Acicula spp., the last of

which are mostly known only from

dead specimens.

Some of the factors that contribute to

shell degradation are known (e.g. pH,

humidity) and have been reported

(EVANS 1972; CLAASSEN, 1998) but there

is much scope for experimental, and

consequently objective, study of shell

degradation. In this paper I examine one

major factor in degradation that is parti-

cularly relevant in Mediterranean

regions: insolation. My fieldwork

during many years suggests that shells

on Open ground degrade rapidly during

the dry period of the year (unpublished

data). In the Mediterranean this period

is generally from June to September

(BLONDEL AND ARONSON, 1999) and

coincides with decreased, or cessation of

activity of most land molluscs.

Data collection for diversity and dis-

tributional studies are carried out

during the wet period (October to May)

when mollusc activity is pronounced.

Should empty shells found during this

period be included in the species matri-

ces? To help answer this l exposed the

shells of eight species to the sun during

the dry period and measured shell

degradation.

METHODS

Forty live adult specimens of each of

eight common land mollusc species

were collected from sites in south Iberia:

Ferussacia follicula (Gmelin, 1790) and

Otala lactea (Muller, 1774) from Westside

(Gibraltar); Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck,

1822), Cochlicella acuta (Múller, 1774) and

Caracollina lenticula (Michaud, 1831)

from Catalan Bay (Gibraltar); Rumina

decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) from Marbella

(Spain); Theba pisana (Muller, 1774) from

Casares (Spain) and Cantareus aspersus

(Muller, 1774) from both Marbella and

Casares (Spain). The experimental

layout consisted of two wooden boards

each divided equally in two. One half

was painted white and the other black,

to test effects of background coloration.

Ten shells of each species with the

animals removed were attached, aper-

ture downwards, to the two halves of

each of the two boards using Blu-Tack".

The adhesive was attached at the

midline of the shell leaving a space of

2mm between the shell and the board.

Both of the boards were placed on a roof

terrace, in Gibraltar, receiving sunlight

from sunrise until sunset. One was

exposed to the sun, the other was kept

in darkness as a control.

The condition of each shell was

scored using a simple index (SCI, see

Table 1) every three days. Scoring began

on 1 June 2000 and ended on 2 October

2000 (124 days), representing the dry

period (see Introduction). Temperature

(2C), total rainfall (mm) and total suns-

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

Table I. Shell Condition Index (SCI) showing descriptions of shell condition for each score.

Tabla 1. Indice del estado de la concha (SCI) con descripción de estado para cada valor.

Score Description of shell condition

— O: Un E QQ NN —

As score 6 but shell brittle

hine (hours) data were provided cour-

tesy Of the Gibraltar Meteorological

Office. Values for these variables during

the experimental period were within the

ranges for the 30-year data set from 1968

to 1997 (Table ID.

Each of the species were assigned to

a geometric type and biometric data

measured (Table II. X. apicina and C.

lenticula were designated discoidal, F.

follicula and R. decollata cylindrical, C.

aspersus, O. lactea and T. pisana spherical,

and C. acuta conical. Shell height and

width, and apertural height and width

were measured with calipers to 0.01mm.

Shell volume and surface area were cal-

Perfect shell. No loss of gloss. Periostracum intact. No shell damage

<10% loss of gloss. <10% lifting of periostracum. <1% area of shell damaged

10-50% loss of gloss. 10-50% lifting of periostracum. 1-5% area of shell damaged

50-75% loss of gloss. 50-75% lifting of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged

75-95% loss of gloss. 75-95% lifting, or loss, of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged

Total loss of gloss. Total loss of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged

culated using geometric formulae (VAN

STIGT, 1974).

RESULTS

The time, in days, that 50% and

100% of shells attained each of the SCI

scores is shown in Table IV. All shells

were scored SCI 2 at the beginning of

the experiment because perfect shells

were not obtained after killing and

removing the animals. There was no sig-

nificant difference between the white

and black sides of the board for any of

the species (paired samples t-tests: F.

Table II. Monthly mean temperature, total rain and total sunshine for the experimental period,

and ranges for the same months from a 30-year data set (1968-1997). Data courtesy of the Gibral-

tar Meteorological Office.

Tabla II. Medias mensuales de temperatura, lluvia total y horas de sol para el período de experimenta-

ción, y rangos para los mismos meses para un periodo de 30 años (1968-1997). Datos por cortesía del

Gibraltar Meteorological Office.

Month /year Mean temperature (*C)

June 2000 22.8

July 2000 23.4

August 2000 23.8

September 2000 22.

Ranges 1968-1997

June 17.4-25.0

July 19.7-27.7

August 20.4-28.3

September 19.2-26.0

Total rain (mm) Total sunshine (hours)

0 308

0 334

0 304

9 225

0-147 264-358

0-8 276-368

0-135 258-361

0-119 194-306

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table II. Biometric data (mm) for all species (n= 40 for each species) showing mean, standard

deviation and range for each.

Tabla 111. Datos biométricos (mm) para todas especies (n= 40 para cada especie) con media, desviación

estándar y rango para cada una.

Species Height Width Volume Surface area Apertural area

E follicula 8.53+0.52 3.48-0.19 81.54+13.47 112.38+12.20 7.94+1.10

7.4-9.6 3.2-4.0 63.32-120.69 93.86-145.83 5.78-10.35

R. decollata — 23.56+3.05 9.71%0.73 1783.76+533.03 873.64+171.36 44.48+10.60

18.8-33.9 8.3-12.6 1055.49-4228.69 616.93-1591.92 26.13-91.02

X. apicina 3.99+0.60 6.14+1.16 127.74+65.35 134.48+50.12 9.19+2.43

2.4-5.2 4.2-8.9 26.49-304.96 23.47-261.53 5.25-15.21

C. acuta 12.69+0.92 — 5.07+0.36 86.22+15.77 118.04+15.49 10.57+2.12

10.8-14.7 4.3-5.7 54.76-116.46 85.05-147.36 7.14-17.94

(. aspersus 28.51:2.31 30.35:2.50 9221.84:234976 2113.28+348.30 362.99+65.11

25.2-34.9 26.4-38.1 5966.52-17325.61 1591.07-3238.43 255.78-540.54

0. lactea 21.18+1.26 28.993.005 6058.84+1039.02 T601.75+190.91 173.03+23.05

18.3-24.5 16.9-32.5 3004.23-7989.66 1007.00-1932.98 126.69-232.44

T. pisana 12.25+0.93 — 16.82+1.42 1743.18+586.05 677.28+92.25 70.27+11.01

10.1-14.7 12.8-20.3 1124.46-4663.89 523.00-940.63 55.38-104.00

C. lenticula 3.30+0.24 7.20+0.39 135.07221.17 156.36+16.35 5.58+0.81

2.7-3.7 6.3-8.0 101.86-186.06 115.83-193.60 4.56-8.06

follicula: p= 0.140; R. decollata: p= 0.353;

X. apicina: p= 0.203; C. acuta: p= 0.363;

C.aspersus: p= 0.391; O.lactea: p= 0.391;T.

pisana: p= 0.203; C. lenticula: p= 0.611).

There was no change from SCI 2 in any

of the shells of any species in the con-

trols during the experimental period.

The maximal scores attained for each

species, and the days elapsed for this to

occur (for both halves of the board) are

shown in Table V. This table also shows

the percentage of shells with the

maximal SCI score.

Table VI shows the mean surface

area and mean apertural area for each

species and the mean number of days

elapsed to attain each of the SCI scores.

The species with smaller surface areas

attained higher SCI scores in less time

than those with larger surface areas (y

test: p< 0.001). The species with smaller

apertural areas attained higher SCI

scores in less time than those with larger

apertural areas (y? test: p< 0.001).

The spherical species (O. lactea and

C. aspersus) degraded the least during

the experimental period (Table VD. This

may be a consequence of larger surface

area and apertural area, rather than geo-

metric shape. Support for this hypothe-

sis is provided by the degradation rates

for the two cylindrical species, E. follicula

and R. decollata, the former (with smaller

surface area and apertural area) degra-

ding faster than the latter. Apertural

area may be related to shell size and

surface area, with the larger species

(which have larger surface areas) having

larger apertural areas (Spearman's rho=

0.810, p= 0.015).

DISCUSSION

The larger species degraded less

rapidly than the smaller species. Of all

the species C. aspersus required the

longest time interval for attainment of

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

Table IV. The time (in days) that 50 and 100% of shells attained each of the SCI scores. Colour

refers to the white and black halves of the board onto which the shells were attached. The table

shows results for the shells exposed to the sun; the shells on the control board, kept in darkness,

did not change from SCI 2 during the experimental period (see text for details).

Tabla IV. El período (en días) en que el 50 y 100% de las conchas alcanzaron cada uno de los valores

SCI. Colour se refiere a las mitades del tablero donde se fijaron las conchas. La tabla indica datos para

las conchas expuestas al sol: las conchas control, mantenidas en oscuridad, no cambiaron el valor SCT 2

durante el período de experimentación (ver texto para detalles).

Species Colour Shell condition index (SCI)

3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

% 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100

E follicula white 6 12 18 18 60 66 12 18

black 3 9 18 18 51 66 12 18

R. decollata white 12 18 51 60 84 84

black 12 18 51 60 84 84

X. apicina white 18 18 60 60 84 84

black 12 15 60 60 84 84

(. acuta white 12 12 18 18 72 72

black 12 12 18 18 12 72

(. aspersus white 51 51 84 9

black 51 51 84 9%

0. lactea white 3 3 84 84

black 3 3 84 9%

T. pisana white 6 6 48 48 84 9

black 6 6 48 48 12 84

C. lenticula white 15 15 42 42 60 69

black 18 18 33 42 60 66

Table V. The maximal Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores attained for each species, and the days

elapsed for this to occur for the white and black sides of the board. The table also shows the per-

centage of shells with the maximal SCI score.

Tabla V. Los valores máximos para el indice del estado de la concha (SCI) alcanzados para cada especie,

y los dias que transcurrieron para estas, en las mitades blanca y negra del tablero. La tabla también

indica el porcentaje de conchas con el SCI máximo.

Species Maximal SCI Days elapsed % Shells with maximal SCI

White Block White Block White Block

E follicula 6 6 18 18 100 100

R. decollata 5 5 84 84 100 100

X. apicina 5 5 84 84 100 100

C. acuta 5 5 72 12 100 100

(. aspersus 5 5 111 111 10 30

0. lactea 5 5 114 111 30 40

T. pisana 5 5 9% 84 100 100

C. lenticula 6 6 712 72 10 10

Iberus, 20 (2), 2002

Table VL The mean surface area (mm”) and mean apertural area (mm?) for each species and the

mean number of days elapsed to arrain each of the Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores.

Tabla VI Media de area de superficie (mm?) y media de area de abertura (mm?) para cada especie y

media de días transcurridos para alcanzar cada uno de los valores del indice del estado de la concha

] Mean number of days elapsed to SC] score

SCD.

Species Surface area Apertural area

E follicula 11238 7.94

R. decollata 873.64 44 43

X. apicina 134.48 9.19

C acuta 118.04 10.57

C aspersus 2113.28 362.99

0. lactea 1601.75 173.03

[ pisana 617.28 70.27

3 - 5 6

10.5 18 66 18

18 60 84

51 90

12 18 72

51 90

3 87

6 48 87

16.5 47 67.5

C lenticula 156.36 5.58

SCI 3 (51 days). Colour preservation

depends on the chemistry and stability

of pigments and on shell mineralogy

and exposure to sunlight fades pig-

ments (CLAASSsEn, 1998). The periostra-

cum in C. aspersus possibly protects the

underlying shell layer from pigment-

fading and shell degradation. O. lactea,

lackimg this protective feature, degraded

to SCI 3 in only 3 days, after which SCI

4 was attained in 84 days (the same as

for C. aspersus).

Geometric shape is possibly not as

important as surface area and apertural

area in degradation rate. Because aper-

tural area may be related to shell size

and surface area, it is not possible to

conclude that larger surface area and

apertural area result, in themselves, in

decreased degradation rates (rather than

large shell size per se).

The surface temperatures of the

boards were not measured but it may be

assumed that the black side absorbed

and retained more heat than the white.

This was not a significant factor in

degradation with no difference detected

between the two sides of the board. This

suggests that soil and rock coloration,

on which specimens in the field might

be collected, is not a significant factor in

shell degradation. There was no degra-

dation on the control board and the

assumption is that insolation (possibly

in conjunction with other, unmeasured,

factors) contributes to shell degradation.

The data provide an indication of

shells that may be included in a species

abundance matrix for ecological study.

All species attained a maximal SCI of at

least 5 (E follicula and C. lenticula attai-

ned SCI 6, see Table V). The inclusion of

shells found in the field with an SCI

score lower than 5 suggests that they

will have been present in a dead state

for a period less than the total duration

of the annual dry period. The degrada-

tion rate of each species collected would

need to be measured for a high level of

confidence for this decision but this

would be impractical. The data show

that it may be acceptable to accept an

SCI score of 4 for any species as a bench-

mark for inclusion in species matrices.

Further work would elucidate the

role of other factors in shell degradation

such as pH, moisture and the effects of

soil cover. The latter would be particu-

larly relevant for substratum samples.

The effects of presence or absence of the

dead animal inside the shell during

degradation could also be studied.

Additionally, species favouring loca-

tions under substratum (rocks, logs etc.)

require special caution when assigning

SCI values. These species dying in situ

MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate

and remaining in their locations would

be protected from insolation effects.

The Index provides a guide for eco-

logical fiel dwork which is an improve-

ment over current subjective criteria

used for inclusion or exclusion of shells

from species matrices. It is recognized,

however, that there is much scope for its

refinement which would increase its

value in molluscan ecology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BLONDEL J. AND ARONSON, J., 1999. Biology and

Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford

University Press, Oxford.

CLAASSEN, C., 1998. Shells. Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, Cambridge.

EMBERTON, K. C., 1997. Diversities and distri-

butions of 80 land-snail species in southeas-

tern-most Madagascan rainforests, with a

report that lowlands are richer than high-

lands in endemic and rare species. Biodiver-

sity and Conservation, 6: 1137-1154.

EMBERTON, K. C., PEARCE, T. A., KASIGWA, P. F.,

TATTERSFIELD, P. AND HABIBU, Z., 1997. High

diversity and regional endemism in land

snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and

Conservation, 6: 1123-1136.

EVANS, J., 1972. Land Snails in Archaeology. Aca-

demic Press, London .

MENEZ, A., 2001. Assessment of land snail sam-

pling efficacy in three Mediterranean habi-

tat types. Journal of Conchology, 37 (2): 171-175.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My seven year old son, Alex, enthu-

siastically helped collect the specimens

for this study. John Pitaluga translated

the abstract. Professor Finlayson and Dr

Fa (both Gibraltar Museum) and an

anonymous referee provided valuable

criticism and comments on the manus-

cript.

MENEZ, A., 2002. The standardization of abio-

tic variable data collection in land mollusc re-

search. Journal of Conchology, 37 (5): 581-583.

NILSSON, S. G., BENGTSSON, J. AND AS, S., 1988.

Habitat diversity or area per se? Species rich-

ness of woody plants, carabid beetles and

land snails on islands. Journal of Animal Eco-

logy, 57: 685-704.

VAN STIGT, 1974. Mathematics. John Murray,

Suffolk.

WINTER A. J. DE, 1995. Gastropod diversity in

a rain forest in Gabon, Western Africa. In

Bruggen, A. C. van, Wells S. M. and Kem-

perman, Th. Cm., (Eds.): Biodiversity and Con-

servation of the Mollusca. Backhuys, Leiden:

223-228.

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+ Los manuscritos se presentarán de acuerdo al siguiente esquema:

Primera página. Deberá incluir un título conciso, pero sugerente del contenido del trabajo, así como una traducción

al inglés del mismo (si el artículo no está escrito en inglés). Cuando sea preciso, deberá incluir referencia a familia o

táxones superiores. A continuación figurarán, por este orden, el nombre y apellidos completos del autor o autores,

las direcciones completas de los mismos, y un resumen del trabajo y su traducción al inglés. Dicho resumen deberá

sintetizar, en conjunción con el título, tanto los resultados como las conclusiones del artículo; se sugiere una exten-

sión de 100 a 200 palabras. El resumen deberá estar seguido de una lista de palabras clave, también con su versión

inglesa para su inclusión en los bancos de datos internacionales.

Páginas siguientes. Incluirán el resto del artículo, que debe dividirse en secciones precedidas por breves encabeza-

mientos. Siempre que sea posible, se recomienda seguir el siguiente esquema: Introducción, Material y métodos,

Resultados, Discusión, Conclusiones, Agradecimientos y Bibliografía. Si se emplean abreviaturas no habituales en

el texto, deberán indicarse tras el apartado de Material y Métodos.

e Las notas breves deberán presentarse de la misma forma, pero sin resumen.

* Deberán evitarse notas a pie de página y referencias cruzadas. Deberán respetarse estrictamente los Códigos

Internacionales de Nomenclatura Zoológica y Botánica (últimas ediciones). Cuando un táxon aparezca por primera

vez deberá citarse su autor y fecha de su descripción. En el caso de artículos sistemáticos, cuando se den las sinonimias

de los táxones, éstas deberán citarse COMPLETAS, incluyendo en forma abreviada la publicación donde fueron des-

critas, y la localidad tipo si es conocida entre corchetes, según el siguiente esquema (préstese especial cuidado a la pun-

tuación):

Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804)

Sinonimias

Doris limbata Cuvier, 1804, Ann. Mus. H. N. Paris, 4 (24): 468-469 [Localidad tipo: Marsella].

Doris nigricans Otto, 1823, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car., 10: 275.

Dichas referencias no deberán incluirse en la lista de Bibliografía si es la única vez que se nombran en el texto.

Si se incluyen una lista completa de referencias de un taxon inmediatamente tras éste, deberá seguirse el mismo esque-

ma (sin incluir en Bibliografía las referencias que no se mencionen en otro lugar del texto).

* Sólo los nombres en latín y los de táxones genéricos y específicos deberán llevar subrayado sencillo o preferentemente

ir en cursiva. En ningún caso deberá escribirse una palabra totalmente en letras mayúsculas, ni siquiera el Título. Las

unidades a utilizar deberán pertenecer al Sistema Métrico Decimal, junto con sus correctas abreviaturas. En artículos

escritos en castellano, en los números decimales sepárese la parte entera de la decimal por una coma inferior (,),

NUNCA por un punto (.) o coma superior (*).

e Las referencias bibliográficas irán en el texto con minúsculas o versalitas: Fretter y Graham (1962) o FRETTER Y

GRAHAM (1962). Si son más de dos autores se deberán citar todos la primera vez que aparecen en el texto [Smith,

Jones y Brown (1970)] empleándose et al. las siguientes veces [Smith et al. (1970)]. Si un autor ha publicado más de

un trabajo en un año se citarán con letras: (Davis, 1989a; Davis, 1989b). No deberá emplearse op. cit. La lista de

referencias deberá incluir todas las citas del texto y sólo éstas, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Se citarán los nombres de

todos los autores de cada referencia, sea cual sea su número. Los nombres de los autores deberán escribirse, en letras

minúsculas o VERSALITAS. No deberán incluirse referencias a autores cuando éstos aparezcan en el texto exclusiva-

mente como autoridades de un taxon. Los nombres de las publicaciones periódicas deberán aparecer COMPLETOS,

no abreviados. Cuando se citen libros, dése el título, editor, lugar de publicación, n* de edición si no es la primera y

número total de páginas. Deberán evitarse referencias a Tesis Doctorales u otros documentos inéditos de difícil con-

sulta. Síganse los siguientes ejemplos (préstese atención a la puntuación):

Fretter, V. y Graham, A., 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Ray Society, London, 765 pp-

Ponder, W. F., 1988. The Truncatelloidean (= Rissoacean) radiation - a preliminary phylogeny. En Ponder, W/. EF.

(Ed.): Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacological Review, suppl. 4: 129-166.

Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas.

Miscelánea Zoolgica, 3 (5): 21-51.

» Las gráficas e ilustraciones deberán ser originales y presentarse sobre papel vegetal o similar, con tinta china negra y

ajustadas al formato de caja de la revista o proporcional a éste. Este formato es de 57 mm (una columna) o 121 mm

(dos) de anchura y hasta 196 mm de altura, si bien se recomienda utilizar el formato a dos columnas. En caso de pre-

parar figuras para que ocupen el total de una página, se ruega ajustar su tamaño para que puedan caber los pies de

figura bajo ella. Si han de incluirse gráficas de ordenador, deberán imprimirse con impresora láser sobre papel de

buena calidad. Las fotografías, bien contrastadas y sin retocar, deberán ajustarse siempre a los tamaños mencionados.

Al componer fotografías sobre una hoja, procúrese que los espacios entre ellas sean regulares y que estén debidamente

alineadas. Téngase en cuenta que incluir fotografías de distinto contraste en una misma página conlleva una pobre

reproducción final. Las escalas de dibujos y fotografías deberán ser gráficas, y las unidades que se utilicen del sistema

métrico decimal. Considérese la reducción que será necesaria a la hora de decidir el tamaño de las escalas o letras en

las figuras, que no deberán bajar de los 2 mm. En figuras compuestas, cada parte deberá etiquetarse con letras mayús-

culas, el resto de las letras deberán ser minúsculas. No deberán hacerse referencias a los aumentos de una determi-

nada ilustración, ya que éstos cambian con la reducción, por lo que debe emplearse una escala gráfica. En su caso, se

recomienda la utilización de mapas con proyección UTM. Cada figura, gráfica o ilustración deberá presentarse en

hojas separadas y con numeración arábiga (1, 2, 3,...), sin separar “Figuras” y “Láminas”. Los pies de figura, en una

hoja aparte, deberán acompañarse de su traducción al inglés (o español si el inglés es la lengua del trabajo). Utilícese

el esquema siguiente:

Figura 1. Neodoris carvi. A: animal desplazándose; B: detalle de un rinóforo; C: branquia.

Las abreviaturas empleadas en las ilustraciones deberán incluirse en la hoja de pies de figura.

Los autores interesados en incluir láminas en color deberán abonarlas a precio de coste (30.000 ptas por página). Por

lo demás, deberán ajustarse a los mismos requisitos que los indicados para las figuras.

Si se pretende enviar gráficas o ilustraciones en formato digital es IMPRESCINDIBLE contactar previamente con el

Editor

e Las Tablas se presentarán en hojas separadas, siempre con numeración romana (1, II, ITIL...). Las leyendas se inclui-

rán en una hoja aparte acompañándose de una traducción al inglés. Deberán evitarse las tablas particularmente com-

plejas. Se recomienda reducir el número y extensión de ilustraciones, láminas o tablas al mínimo necesario.

e Los artículos que no se ajusten a las normas de publicación serán devueltos al autor con las indicaciones de los cam-

bios necesarios.

e El Comité Editorial comunicará al autor responsable del trabajo la fecha de recepción del trabajo y la fecha de envío

a revisión. Cada original recibido será sometido a revisión por al menos dos investigadores. El Comité Editorial, a la

vista de los informes de los revisores decidirá sobre la aceptación o no de cada manuscrito. El autor recibirá en cada

caso copia de los comentarios de los revisores sobre su artículo. En caso de aceptación, el mismo Comité Editorial, si

lo considera conveniente, podrá solicitar a los autores otras modificaciones que considere oportunas. Si el trabajo es

aceptado, el autor deberá enviar una copia impresa del mismo corregida, acompañada por una versión en disco flexi-

ble (diskette), utilizando procesadores de texto en sus versiones de DOS o Macintosh. La fecha de aceptación figura-

rá en el artículo publicado.

e Las pruebas de imprenta serán enviadas al autor responsable, EXCLUSIVAMENTE para la corrección de erratas, y

deberán ser devueltas en un plazo máximo de 15 días. Se recomienda prestar especial atención en la corrección de las

pruebas.

e De cada trabajo se entregarán gratuitamente 50 separatas. Aquellos autores que deseen un número mayor, deberán

hacerlo constar al devolver las pruebas de imprenta, y NUNCA POSTERIORMENTE. El coste de las separatas adi-

cionales será cargado al autor.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

e Iberus publishes research papers, notes and monographs devoted to the various aspects of Malacology. Papers are manus-

cripts of more than 5 typed pages, including figures and tables. Notes are shorter papers. Monographs should exceed

50 pages of the final periodical, and will be published as Supplements. Authors wishing to publish monographs should

contact the Editor. Manuscripts are considered on the understanding that their contents have not appeared or will not

appeared, elsewhere in substantially the same or any abbreviated form.

+ Manuscripts and correspondence regarding editorial matters must be sent to: D. Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero, Editor

de Publicaciones, Apartado 156, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain.

+ Manuscripts may be written in any modern language.

* When a paper exceeds 20 pages, extra pages will be charged to the author(s) at full cost.

+ Manuscripts must be typed double spaced (including the references, figure captions and tables) on one side on A-4

(297x210 mm) with margins of at least 3 cm. An original and two copies must be submitted. When a paper has joint

authorship, one author must accept responsability for all correspondence.

+ The authors must include a list of at least 4 possible referees; the Editor can choose any others if appropriate.

e Papers should conform the following layout:

First page. This must include a concise but informative title, with mention of family of higher taxon when appropriate,

and its Spanish translation. It will be followed by all authors” names and surnames, their full adress(es), an abstract (and

its Spanish translation) not exceeding 200 words which summarizes not only contents but results and conclusions, and:

a list of Key Words (and their Spanish translation) under which the article should be indexed.

Following pages. These should content the rest of the paper, divided into sections under short headings. Whenever pos-

sible the text should be arranged as follows: Introduction, Material and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions,

Acknowledgements and References. Unusual abbreviations used in the text must be grouped in one alphabetic sequence

after the Material and methods section.

e Notes should follow the same layout, without the abstract.

e Footnotes and cross-references must be avoided. The International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomencla-

ture must be strictly followed. The first mention in the text of any taxon must be followed by its authority including

the year. In systematic papers, when synonyms of a taxon are given, they must be cited IN FULL, including the perio-

dical, in an abbreviate form, where they were described, and the type localities in square brackets when known. Follow

this example (please note the punctuation):

Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804)

Synonyms :

Doris limbata Cuvier, 1804, Ann. Mus. H. N. Paris, 4 (24): 468-469 [Type locality: Marseille].

Doris nigricans Otto, 1823, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car., 10: 275.

These references must not be included in the Bibliography list, except if referred to elsewhere in the text. I£a full list

of references of the taxon is to be given immediately below it, the same layout should be followed (also excluding those

nowhere else cited from the Bibliography list).

Only Latin words and names of genera and species should be underlined once or be given in ¿talics. No word must

be written in UPPER CASE LETTERS. SI units are to be used, together with their appropriate symbols. In Spanish

manuscripts, decimal numbers must be separated with a comma (,), NEVER with a point (.) or upper comma (/).

+ References in the text should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALs: Fretter and Graham (1962) or FRETTER

AND GRAHAM (1962). The first mention in the text of a paper with more than two authors must include all of them

[Smith, Jones 82 Brown (1970)], thereafter use et al. [Smith et al. (1970)]. Ifan author has published more than one

paper per year, refer to them with letters: (Davis, 1989a; Davis, 1989b). Avoid op. cit.

The references in the reference list should be in alphabetical order and include all the publications cited in the text but

only these. ALL the authors of a paper must be included. These should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALS.

The references need not be cited when the author and date are given only as authority for a taxonomic name. Titles of

periodicals must be given IN FULL, not abbreviated. For books, give the title, name of publisher, place of publication,

indication of edition if not the first and total number of pages. Keep references to doctoral theses or any other unpu-

blished documents to an absolute minimum. See the following examples (please note the punctuation):

Eretter, V. and Graham, A., 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Ray Society, London, 765 pp.

Ponder, W. F., 1988. The Truncatelloidean (= Rissoacean) radiation - a preliminary phylogeny. In Ponder, W. F. (Ed.):

Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacological Review, suppl. 4: 129-166.

Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas. Miscelá-

nea Zoológica, 3 (5): 21-51.

e Figures must be original, in Indian ink on draughtsman's tracing paper. Keep in mind page format and column size

when designing figures. These should be one column (57 mm) or two columns (121 mm) wide and up 196 mm high,

or be proportional to these sizes. Two columns format is recomended. It is desirable to print figures with their legend

below, so authors are asked to take this into account when preparing full page figures. If computer generated graphics

are to be included, they must be printed on high quality white paper with a laser printer. Photographs must be of good

contrast, and should be submitted in the final size. When mounting photographs in a block, ensure spacers are of uni-

form width. Remember that grouping photographs of varied contrast results in poor reproduction. Take account of

necessary reduction in lettering drawings; final lettering must be at least 2 mm high. In composite drawings, each figure

should be given a capital letter; additional lettering should be in lower-case letters. A scale line is recomended to indi-

cate size, magnification ratio must be avoided as it may be changed during printing. UTM maps are to be used if neces-

sary. Figures must be submitted on separate sheets, and numbered with consecutive Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3,...), without

separating Plates' and “Figures”. Legends for Figures must be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet, and an Spa-

nish translation must be included. Follow this example (please note the punctuation):

Figure 1. Veodoris carvi. A: animal crawling; B: rinophore; C: gills.

If abbreviations are to be used in illustrations, group them alphabetically after the Legends for Figures section.

Authors wishing to publish illustrations in colour will be charged with additional costs (30,000 ptas, 180 euros per

page). They should be submitted in the same way that black and white prints.

If the authors want to send Figures in digital format, CONTACT the Editor first.

e Tables must be numbered with Roman numbess (1, II, IIL,...) and each typed on a separate sheet. Headings should

be typed on a separate sheet, together with their English translation. Complex tables should be avoided. As a general

rule, keep the number and extension of illustrations and tables as reduced as possible.

+ Manuscripts that do not conform to these instructions will be returned for correction before reviewing.

* Authors submitting manuscripts will receive an acknowledgement of receipt, including receipt date, and the date the

manuscript was sent for reviewing. Each manuscript will be critically evaluated by at least two referees. Based of these

evaluations, the Editorial Board will decide on acceptance or rejection. Anyway, authors will receive a copy of the refe-

rees* comments. Ifa manuscript is accepted, the Editorial Board may indicate additional changes if desirable. Accep-

table manuscripts will be returned to the author for consideration of comments and criticism; a finalized manuscript

must then be returned to the Editor, together with a floppy disk containing the article written with a DOS or Macin-

tosh word processor. Dates of reception and acceptance of the manuscript will appear in all published articles.

e Proofs will be sent to the author for correcting errors. At this stage no stylistic changes will be accepted. Pay special

attention to references and their dates in the text and the Bibliography section, and also to numbers of Figures and

Tables appearing in the text.

e Fifty reprints per article will be supplied free of charge. Additional reprints must be ordered when the page proofs are

returned, and will be charged at cost. NO LATER orders will be accepted.

LA SociebAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA

Junta Directiva desde el 14 de noviembre de 2000

Presidente Emilio Rolán Mosquera

Vicepresidente Diego Moreno Lampreave

Secretario Luis Murillo Guillén

Tesorero Jorge J. Otero Schmitt

Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Campus Universitario, 15706 Santiago

de Compostela, España

Editor de Publicaciones Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero

Apartado 156, 33600, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España

Bibliotecario Rafael Araujo Armero

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutierrez

Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España

Vocales Ramon M. Álvarez Halcon

Benjamín Gómez Moliner

Eugenia María Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso

Jesús Souza Troncoso

José Templado González

La Sociedad Española de Malacología se fundó el 21 de agosto de 1980. La sociedad se registró como una aso-

ciación sin ánimo de lucro en Madrid (Registro N“ 4053) con unos estatutos que fueron aprobados el 12 de

diciembre de 1980. Esta sociedad se constituye con el fin de fomentar y difundir los estudios malacológicos

mediante reuniones y publicaciones. A esta sociedad puede pertenecer cualquier persona o institución interesada

en el estudio de los moluscos.

SEDE SOCIAL: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, c/ José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España.

CUOTAS PARA 2002:

Socio numerario (en España): 33,06 euros

(en Europa) 36,06 euros

(fuera de Europa): 42,07 euros

Socio estudiante (en España): 18,03 euros

(en el extranjero): 24,04 euros

Socio Familiar: (sin recepcion de revista) 3 euros

Socio Protector: (mínimo) 42,07 euros

Socio Corporativo (en Europa): 42,07 euros

(fuera de Europa): 48,08 euros

INSCRIPCIÓN: 6,01 euros, además de la cuota correspondiente.

A los socios residentes en España se les aconseja domiciliar su cuota. Todos los abonos deberán enviarse al

Tesorero (dirección reseñada anteriormente) el 1 de enero de cada año. Los abonos se harán sin recargos para la

sociedad y en favor de la Sociedad Española de Malacología y no de ninguna persona de la junta directiva. Aque-

llos socios que no abonen su cuota anual dejarán de recibir las publicaciones de la Sociedad. Los bonos de ins-

cripción se enviarán junto con el abono de una cuota anual al Tesorero.

Membess living in foreink countries can deduce 6 euros if paid before 15 April.

Cada socio tiene derecho a recibir anualmente los números de /berus, Reseñas Malacológicas y Noticiarios que

se publiquen.

ÍNDICE

Iberus 20 (2) 2002

MARTINEZ-ORTÍ, A. Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892

(Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae)

Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda

Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) AA seo 1)

MARTÍNEZ, E. AND ORTEA, J. On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 and Aplysia

fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)

Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fasciata Poíret, 1789

(Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) 11-21 -

VALDÉS, A. AND TEMPLADO, J. Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eastern

Mediterranean)

Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano (Mediterráneo orien-

tal) ' , . 23-30

YADAV, R. P. AND SINGH, A. Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and

Channa punctatus

Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata y Channa puncta-

tus 31-44

GARCÍA, E J., TRONCOSO, J. S. AND DOMINGUEZ, M. New data on the benthic Opisthobranch

Molluscs from the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with description of a

new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844

Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del Archipiélago de Fernando de

Noronha, con descripción de una nueva especie de Aegires Lovén, 1844 45-56

ROLAN, E. AND JACQUES PELORCE, J. A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia,

Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa

Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa

Occidental Arde 57-60

PESQUEIRA, R., ONDINA, P. Y HERMIDA, J. La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastro-

poda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo (noroeste de España)

The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in

province of Lugo (NW of Spain) 61-72

MENEZ, A. The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry period in a Mediterranean

climate

La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el período seco anual en un clima

mediterráneo Je | 73-79

ISSN 0212-3010