Prospectus of

““THE ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA.”

Tae Cape of Good Hope is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest avenues as yet opened for the

researches of the Naturalist. Our Colony in that part of Southern Africa is the key to a large portion of

an extensive continent which is still but very partially explored; and the field to which it admits the

scientific traveller is rich to exuberance in the variety and novelty, both of animal and vegetable life.

Stimulated by the prospect of Discovery in a quarter so fertile in interest, “ The Cape of Good Hope

Association for Exploring Central Africa” was established in 1833; and in 1836, an Expedition fitted

out by that body, consisting of thirty-four persons, and directed by Dr. Smith, after an absence of

nineteen months, and penetrating as far as 23° 28’ South latitude, returned to Cape Town laden with

a variety of curious and important specimens in Natural History, &c.

Previously to this period little information has been furnished, in a shape calculated to enable the

public to form accurate ideas of the various animated beings by which these regions are inhabited. The

splendid publication of Le Vaillant, no doubt, should be mentioned as forming an exception, pro tanto ;

but this includes only a portion of the Birds of the most southern extremity of the country, and a work

therefore extensive enough to comprehend the various departments of Zoology is still a desideratum.

The Members of The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central A ifrica found themselves,

on the return of the recent Expedition, in a situation to supply at least some portion of the existing

deficiencies ; but their funds, even if it had been possible to divert them to such an object, were altogether

inadequate to defray the expense of laying the result of their labours before the world. Under such

circumstances, it was decided that Dr. Smith, the director of the Expedition, should be authorised, on

his arrival in England, to wait upon Lord Glenelg, for the purpose of making him acquainted with

the position and views of the Society, in the hope that Government might be induced to assist in the

publication of their materials.

This hope has not been disappointed. At the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the

Colonial Department, the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury haye been pleased, by a

pecuniary grant, to enable the Society to publish the result of its labours, without infringing upon the

funds raised solely for the purposes of discovery; and in a form which, while it places the work

within reach of most of the friends and promoters of science, will not, it is hoped, be found inconsistent

with the interest and importance of the subject.

The materials for the work now offered, under such patronage, to the public, will consist of pictorial

illustrations of between three and four hundred subjects of the animal kingdom, all of which have been

collected to the south of 23° 28’ South latitude; and will comprise,

First, and principally, unknown animals ;

Secondly, animals known, but not yet figured ; and

Lastly, such as have been imperfectly figured ; but of which the Society is in possession of accurate

drawings.

The Entomological portion of the work will be from the pen of W. S. Macleay, Esq., who has

kindly undertaken that department. The rest of the descriptions will be furnished by Dr. Smith, who

will add a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the Geographical ranges of species in that

quarter of the Globe.

Conditions of Publication.

The Work will appear in periodical parts, price ten shillings each ; and it is estimated that it will be

completed in about thirty-four parts. As it will be necessary that the plates be published promiscuously,

they will be arranged in five divisions, viz. Mammatia, Aves, Pisces, Reprira, and InverTEBRAT®,

The plates of each of these divisions will be numbered independently, and the letter-press descriptions left

unpaged, so that on the work being completed, they may be arranged either agreeably to the general classified

order which will accompany the last number, or according to the particular views of the purchasers.

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RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.—Smiru.

Mammaria.— Prats I. (MAte.)

Rh. pallidé brunneo-flavus ; cornubus duobus longitudine subzqualibus ; anteriore cylindrico, posteriore

compresso ; labii superioris parte anteriore product acuminata.

Lonairupo corporis cum capite 11 ped. 13 unc., caude 26 unc., cornuorum 21 unc. — ALTITUDO 5 pedes.

Ruwoceros Krrrtoa—Rep. of Exped. page 44. June 1836.

Cotour.—Pale brownish yellow, the brown most distinct upon the head ;

the inner sides of the extremities towards the body and the groins somewhat

flesh-coloured ; the inner sides of the knee joints and the hinder part of the

thighs immediately above the joints pale livid black. Eyes dark brown.

Horns dark greenish brown.

Form, &c.—Figure nearly that of Rhinoceros Bicornis, Auct. Skin desti-

tute of hair, rough and slightly irregular, the surface exhibiting a reticulated

appearance, arising from the number of waved or angular fissures by which it

is every where impressed, but more particularly upon the shoulders and outer

surfaces of the hinder extremities. The lower portion of the neck is marked by

several wide vertical furrows, which admit of the head being turned to either

side with greater facility ; several of a much smaller size also occur towards

the extremity of the muzzle and around the eyes, evidently for the purpose of

admitting the upper lip and the eyelids to be moved with greater freedom.

Head moderately slender; the eyes very small, and sunk in the orbits; the

nostrils are situated near to the extremity of the muzzle, of a somewhat oval

form, and rather oblique in relation to the axis of the head. The anterior

horn nearly cylindrical, the basal half directed forwards, the distal half

slightly curved backwards ; the posterior horn towards its base nearly cylin-

drical, with the distal two-thirds laterally compressed, and having the hinder-

most edge thinnest. Ears somewhat acuminated, edged with short hair

towards their tips; legs rather short ; knee joints very large; scarcely

any hunch on the shoulders; the neck rather long. Tail cylindrical till

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.

within a few inches of its extremity, then laterally compressed and margined

above and below by strong, short and wiry hair.

DIMENSIONS.

Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the Length of the anterior horn, following

base of the tail ............... ig aks the CULV wee hose secre tact 1 9

Of the tat erneeaeccecee cerca sine 2 2 of the posterior horn............ 29

from the tip of the nose to the Height at the shoulder .................. {0

hinder edge of the occiput.. 2 73 At she Vorupyen) i). seerss-eteoces 4 10

from the hinder edge of the Circumference at the middle of the

nostril to the eye ............ 0 113 belly. ch dsneccacccvaseceescheuencne 9 8

from the eye to the ear......... 0 114

The only species yet known with which the present could be confounded,

is the Rhinoceros Bicornis of authors. Between them, however, many well

marked differences are to be discovered ; but as it is our intention to enter

more at length on that subject in the Appendix, we shall only here particu-

larise a few of the external and more palpable ones. In the Rh. Keitloa, the

two horns are of equal, or nearly equal length; in RA. Africanus, the pos-

terior, in neither sex, is ever much beyond a third of the length of the anterior

horn; the length of the head, in proportion to the depth, is very different

in the two. The neck of the new species is much longer than that of the

other, and the position and character of the cuticular furrows, destined to

facilitate the lateral motions of the head, are very different. Besides these,

many other diagnostic characters might be instanced ; such as the black

mark on the inside of the thigh of Keitloa,—the distinctly produced tip of

the upper lip; and the comparatively few wrinkles on the snout and parts

around the eyes, when compared with those on the same places in Rh.

Bicornis, as will be seen by comparing the representation of the present spe-

cies with the next plate.

Considering the acumen which savages display in detecting differences between animals

nearly related, we may, with propriety, infer that the Keitloa has not, at least for many years,

been in the habit of generally extending his range higher than about 25° south latitude.* The

natives at and around Latakoo are only acquainted with two species, viz. Borili (Rhinoceros

Bicornis, Auct.) and Mohoohoo (Rhinoceros Simus, Burch.) ; and those who were in our employ

declared, when they first saw the Keitloa, that it was not an animal of their country ; and at once

enlarged upon the points in which it differed from Borili. During the discussion, an intelligent

Moharotsi, who was well acquainted with the animal, approached,—called him by his name, and

referred us to districts where we should find specimens in abundance. As he stated, it happened ;

* That individuals of this species have approached Latakoo, or rather the country some sixty milés

to the north of it, we have sufficient evidence in the fact that Mr. Burchell, whose merits as a traveller

can be best appreciated by those who follow him in the same field, is at present in possession of the horns

of an individual which was killed by his hunters.

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.

though every where the species appeared rare when compared with the others ; and, after several

months’ wanderings, it was found that only sixty-eight individuals had been seen, eight of which

in one herd, (two of them, not more than half grown,) were disturbed by myself when

feeding near to the banks of a river we were descending. According to the evidence of the

natives, the Keitloa is of a very savage disposition, on which account it is more feared than

Borili, which has also a character for ferocity. Its food consists of small shrubs, or the

more delicate branches of brushwood, in collecting which, the prolongation of the anterior ex-

tremity of the upper lip proves a useful assistant. Fora more detailed account of the manners

and habits of this species, we may refer to the Appendix hereafter to be published.

While in the neighbourhood of the Tropic, we heard of two other species of the genus, which

exist still farther to the northward ; but, unfortunately, could not obtain any very circumstantial

evidence concerning them, as the persons who had seen them were only on a visit in the

country they inhabit. One of them was stated to approximate the Keitloa; the other was de-

scribed as very different to any species previously seen by them, and to have only one long horn

towards the forehead. Now, though descriptions of objects furnished by such persons are

often inaccurate, from the circumstance of their not having been favourably situated for making

correct observations, as well as from a deficiency of language calculated to convey the informa-

tion they actually possess, I have always remarked that even a hasty examination seemed to

supply the savage with more accurate notions of the general characters of animals than it did

the civilized man, and therefore I do not despair of species such as they mentioned being yet

discovered.

It is in regard to the species with the single horn, that we experience the greatest hesitation

in receiving their evidence as credible, and, therefore, it is agreeable to have it corroborated by

the testimony of a man from a very different part of the country, as obtained and published by

a missionary of great research who resided a long time in Madagascar. The individual who

furnished Mr. Freeman with the account of the Ndzoo-dzoo, was a native of the country

northward of Mozambique, and if we admit certain portions of the descriptions to be tainted

with errors, we can recognise in the remainder the genuine habits of a Rhinoceros, and probably

one of the species, with which our informants were slightly acquainted.

“Tt appears,” observes Mr. Freeman, “ that the Ndzoo-dzoo is by no means rare in Makooa.

It is about the size of a horse, extremely fleet and strong. It has one single horn projecting

from its forehead, from twenty-four to thirty inches in length. This is flexible when the animal

is asleep; it can be curled like the trunk of the Elephant, but becomes perfectly firm and hard

when the animal is excited, and especially when pursuing an enemy. Its disposition is ex-

tremely fierce, and it universally attacks man if it sees him. The usual method of escape

adopted by the natives is, to climb up a dense and high tree, so as to avoid, if possible, being

seen. If the animal misses his sight of the fugitive, he immediately gallops off to his haunt ;

from whence it may be inferred that he is not endowed with the power of a keen scent. Should

he, however, espy his object in the tree, woe to the unfortunate native,—he begins to butt with

his horns,—strikes and penetrates the tree, and continues piercing it till it falls, when his victim

seldom escapes being gored to death. Unless the tree is of a large girth, he never fails in

breaking it down. Having killed his victim, he leaves him without devouring the carcase.

The male only is provided with the horn. The female has not anything of the kind.”’*

* South African Christian Recorder, Vol. i. p. 33.

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.

With respect to the other Rhinoceros which was said to exhibit a resemblance to the Keitloa,

it may probably be found to belong to a species which has its principal Aabitat in northern

Africa, a conclusion to which we have been led from an examination of a pair of horns con-

tained in the museum of the College of Surgeons of London, and which were obtained in

Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt. These horns differ considerably from the horns of Rh. Bicornis, while

as regards form, they approximate those of Rh. Kettloa. Another pair of horns, probably of the

same species, is preserved according to Spaarman,* in the cabinet of the Royal Academy of

Sciences, the foremost of which is twenty-two inches in length, and the hindermost sixteen.

The distance between these horns is scarcely two inches. They differ likewise, he adds, “from

the horns I saw in Africa, and from those I brought with me, in being of a lighter colour, and

straight, and at the same time flat on the sides; so that the hindmost horn in particular, has

pretty sharp edges on the upper part, both before and behind. These horns most probably

came from the northern parts of Africa, as they were purchased at Naples,” &c. Different again

from the above, and from all Rhinoceros horns I have yet seen are two, contained in the British

Museum, which were obtained by Major Denham during his journey in Northern Africa; and

if they do not prove to have belonged to young individuals of Rh. Simus, they will require

to be referred to a species not yet characterised ; they are of a lighter colour than any horns

which I have had an opportunity of examining, and along with a peculiarly corneous aspect,

they have a considerable degree of semi-transparency. The horns of Rh. Simus possess more

of the above characters than any others yet known, which circumstance, together with

the fact of which I have been informed by R. Owen, Esq. F.R.S. that clubs of Rhinoceros

horn, about three feet in length have been obtained from Western Africa, (Kingdom of

Dahomy) would lead to a supposition, that either the species discovered by Burchell, or one

with certain of its characters, inhabits Northern Africa.

Now, though I am not prepared to maintain that the horns of each individual of the same

species of Rhinoceros are found to be uniform, as regards size and form, or even that the rela-

tive lengths of the first and second horns are constant in different animals, yet from what I have

observed in the South African species, I do not think we are justified in believing the horns of

the same species to be subject to any great variations in respect to relative length. When the

Rhinoceros of Abyssinia shall have been minutely examined, it will probably be found to be

distinct from Rhinoceros Bicornis, Lin., and be identical with the animal stated by the natives

who communicated with us near the tropic of Capricorn, to be like the Keitloa. The other

species of which they spoke will possibly be identical with the Ndzoo-dzoo and a nondescript :

while the one, from which were obtained the horns referred to as in the British Museum, may

prove either the Rhinoceros Simus, ora third undescribed species.

* Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, by A. Spaarman, M.D. 4to. vol. ii. p. 100.

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RHINOCEROS BICORNIS.—Liy.

Mammatia.—P tate II.—(Fema.e anp Youne.)

R. pallidé flavo-brunneus, cornubus longitudine inzequalibus ; collo ad caput sulco circumdato; oculis

brunneis.

Lonertupo 10 ped. 11. une.

Rurnoceros Arricanus, Cuv. Reg. Animal.

CoLour.—Pale yellowish brown, with tints of purple upon the sides of the

head and the muzzle ; the groins flesh-coloured ; eyes dark brown; the horns

livid brown, clouded with green; the hair on the tip of the tail and the

margins of the ears deep black.

Form, &c.—Head rather deep in proportion to its length, which gives it

an appearance of clumsiness beyond either of the other South African

species ; the anterior horn directly over the extremity of the nose, the first

half nearly perpendicular, the last half slightly curved backwards ; the pos-

terior horn conical, and often exhibiting an appearance as if the point of a

smaller sized cone had been fixed upon the section of a larger one, which

observation to a certain extent might also be applied to the front horn;

towards their bases both are rough, and more or less distinctly fibrous ;

towards the points hard, smooth, and finely polished. Eyes small; the skin

surrounding them as well as that in front of the ears and on the muzzle and

the upper and lower lips, deeply cut by narrow wrinkles; the extremity of

the upper lip scarcely produced. The neck is thick, short, and at its junction

with the head encircled by a deep furrow formed in the skin; the shoulder

with a rudimentary hunch ; the body round and heavy ; limbs rather shorter in

proportion than in R. Kettloa. Tail flattened towards the extremity, elsewhere

somewhat cylindrical ; the upper and lower edges near the tip fringed with

thick wiry hair. The surface of the skin rather rougher than in the species

last described, owing toits being intersected by a greater number of wrinkles.

DIMENSIONS.

Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches.

Length from nose to root of tail ...... LOA Length of anterior horn.................- Tal 77

Height at the shoulder .................. 4 10 of posterior horn ........-...++ 0 63

The relative lengths of the horns vary a little in different individuals, but

the hindermost one in both sexes is invariably much the shortest, and in

RHINOCEROS BICORNIS.

young specimens it is scarcely visible when the other is several inches in

length. In the Rhinoceros Keitloa, again, the young have both horns of

equal length.

The present species, under the name of Rhinoster, has been familiarly known to the colonists

of the Cape of Good Hope ever since 1652. In that year, when the Dutch first formed their

settlement on the shores of Table Bay, this animal was a regular inhabitant of the thickets

which clothed the lower slopes of Table Mountain. The abandonment of those spots by this

animal as a measure of safety, probably constituted the commencement of a forced migration,

which has continued to extend ever since, and which has led not only to the disappearance of

the species from the districts within the present colonial limits, but also in a great measure to

its removal from countries beyond those limits, as far as hunters efficiently armed are accus-

tomed to resort. If a system, such as has hitherto prevailed, continues to exist, and the larger

animals persevere in flying to avoid the effects of fire-arms, the time may arrive when the

various species which formerly may have been scattered, each, in a peculiar locality of a large

continent, will be huddled together ; and indeed an advance towards that period is in progress,

as may be inferred from the concentration which is at present taking place in the interior of

South Africa. Though many of the individuals which inhabited the countries where now not

a single Rhinoceros is to be seen, were doubtless destroyed, yet it is equally certain that many

others escaped, and thereby assisted in adding to the accumulation which is in progress in

other localities. Until lately the present was the only species of the genus which was known

to be receding from its native country, but of late another has been led to a like course; and

the Rhinoceros Simus which but a few years ago was common in the neighbourhood of

Latakoo, has, since the more general introduction of fire-arms into that country, almost

entirely ceased to approach within a hundred miles of it. From a consideration of the various

facts which we have collected in relation to the species now under consideration, and which we

shall detail more at length elsewhere, we feel disposed to regard it to a certain extent as a

prisoner in the country it now inhabits, and are inclined to believe the southern extremity of

the continent, and the country along the western coast towards Benguela to have once formed

its favourite residence.

Like the Keitloa, this species feeds upon brushwood and the smaller branches of dwarf-trees,

from which circumstance it is invariably found frequenting wooded districts, and in those

situations its course may often be traced by remarking the mutilations of the bushes. As

it feeds but slowly, and besides passes much of its time in idleness, it must be regarded as a

very moderate eater, and considering it appears to be fastidious in the choice of its food, it is

fortunate for its comfort that it does not require more nourishment. Of the many shrubs

which exist in the localities in which it resides, few comparatively appear formed for its choice,

as it is to be seen approaching many and leaving them again without either injuring a branch

or plucking a leaf. This evident nicety in the selection of its aliment makes it difficult to ima-

gine how so many large animals as are sometimes congregated together within a very limited

space can find sufficient for their consumption. Even admitting that the reproduction of the

parts which the Rhinoceros may devour takes place with uncommon rapidity in the climates

they inhabit, and consequently the shrubs are comparatively soon in a condition to supply ano-

ther meal, yet nevertheless, if these animals consumed in proportion to their bulk, they would

of necessity be forced to be less particular in the choice of their food.

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FALCO SEMITORQUATUS

( Avis) == Pilateris))

FALCO SEMITORQUATUS.—Smirz.

Aves.—Puare I. (MAtzE.)

F. parte superiori capitis, dorso, humerisque cineraceis; capitis lateribus, fascia cervicali, tectricibus

superioribus caud, partibusque inferioribus albis ; remigibus rectricibusque brunneo-nigris maculis

albis in seriebus transversis variegatis ; rostro ad basin, cera, pedibusque flavis ; rostri apice, ungui-

busque nigris ; oculis flayis.

Loneirupo 7 une.

Faxco Semitorquatus, Rep. of Exped. page 44. June 1836.

Cotour.—The upper part of the head, the back, the secondary quill coverts

and a few of the innermost tertiary quill feathers cinereous or ashy blue; the

sides of the head a broad transverse band on the back of the neck, the upper

tail coverts, and all the under parts pure white. Primary quill coverts, quill

feathers and tail dull brown or brownish black, freely variegated with white

spots. On the quill feathers, the spots on the outer vanes consist of some-

what circular or semicircular blotches, on the inner vanes of more or less

lengthened transverse bars, the latter more numerous than the former, which

are generally four on each web, except in the case of the first primary, which

is often spotless. On the tail the forms of the white spots are somewhat

similar to what they are upon the wing feathers, and the number upon

each vane is generally equal, commonly five, so that when the feathers are

spread, it appears crossed by that number of interrupted white bars; both

the quill and tail feathers tipt with white. Cere, basal half of bill, legs and

toes yellow, distal half of bill livid blue, with the extreme tip nearly black ;

claws black ; eyes yellow.

Form, &c.—Bill rather compressed, and the point of the upper mandible

much hooked. ‘Tarsi and toes moderately strong for the size of the bird, the

former covered in front by entire or divided plates, behind and on the sides by

scales. Claws much curved; wings when closed reach nearly over the first two-

FALCO SEMITORQUATUS.

thirds of the tail ; second quill feather longest; first and third nearly equal,

and rather shorter than the second ; the extremity of the tail slightly rounded.

DIMENSIONS.

Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.

Length from the tip of the bill to the Length of the tarsus...... Son50a00, ff Fl

aclororeillagoooscooone if W Length of middle toe........+0.--- 0 9

of the bill from the angle of the Length of hinder toe........ aooane =O) ae

MOUNT Ooo Dog cooOCnEHBOS (a

of the wings when folded. .... 4 38

Onethemballmctatereieleletele|eleialel > 38 0

In the female, the scapulars and the back are deep chesnut brown; in

other respects the colours are similar to those of the male. In point of

size there is a little difference, the female being nearly eight inches and a half

in length.

Only three specimens of this elegant little Falcon were procured by the expedition party, and

those nearly in the same spot, among some large mimosa trees a little to the eastward of Old

Latakoo. None of them were ever observed soaring like other falcons, and the few individuals

that were seen were either perched upon the lowermost branches of the trees, or in the act of

flying from one tree to another. Considering that this bird was never afterwards procured or

even seen more to the eastward, it is probable that the proper habitat of the species will be

found in the opposite direction, which I am the more inclined to believe, as one of our party

declared he had seen it upon the borders of the Kalahari desert during an excursion we made

to the westward of New Latakoo. In the stomachs of two were found the remains of small

birds, and in the third, portions of a lizard, and different parts of coleopterous insects.

If we are to admit Le Faucon a calotte noir of Levaillant, Ois. d’Afrique, pl. 29, (Falco

tibialis, Daud.) to be a native of South Africa, we have now eight species of true Falcons

inhabiting that part of the globe ; viz.

Falco rupicolus, Daud. Falco tibialis, Daud.

rupicoloides, Smith. Chicquera, Le Valliant.

biarmicus, Temm. Subbuteo, Lin.

peregrinus, Lin. semitorquatus, Smith.

The four species in the first column occur in almost every district of the country which has yet

been explored; the fifth species, if it has a place in South Africa,must be very confined in its range,

as I have never either met it myself, nor seen it in collections made by others. The sixth species

was for the first time discovered during the movements of the expedition between the principal

branches of the Orange river, and it was not until that discovery I could persuade myself

that Levaillant had correctly ranked it as an African bird. The seventh is rarely procured, and

I have never seen specimens at any great distance from Cape Town. The eighth probably

never reaches the latitude of the colony.

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ve, im r Pe aacats rdarus! vii og? &. dives sai agli , a

sp pneses (654.4 ont Gaaarr Ye uh ® a +, @ ~ (AI ae, - t —

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a , :

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ase set” Alene? Ay eetlion) gels ain anode. stir ed eens aude

Shiai ARAN De) glean etd dss yet) operat isi ott Se) Conwell vate ‘a

Shiw en emer Pe od fyyetew lig a?

i % : “ Sta ry - ;

: eee Anarene. epee oA sath

hep Pemieiete A oe - peta, 20 age i) 6 ees wor ge”

Stam grayish goatR 8 tel nie i] fe ere eee eee» ack, 7d

Pa he emt eaten: ele. Neale Mess dove dre?

abel shir er titeeAD . ay “ch pyr idee ool? fiabdd)

Sees dee nwabiat

Day te Haghe Lvth’™ to the 2:

CIV ihr COM Oii@iee

(Ave Saletan.)

CHIZEHERHIS CONCOLOR.—Smiru.

Aves.—Puate I]. (MAtz.)

C. cinereo-griseus brunneo-tinctus; humeris scapularibusque cupreo-viridi umbratis ; remigibus viridi-

brunneis ; canda viridi-grisea ; rostro pedibusque nigris; capite cristato, crista2 plumis decompositis e

fronte porrectis.

Loneitupo 20 une.

Coripuimus Concotor, Rep. of Exped. page 54, June 1836.

Cotour.—Dull ashy, or smoke-grey, tinted with brown ; the scapulars and

shoulders variegated by greenish shades, exhibiting a metallic lustre. Bastard

wings, primary quill coverts, and quill feathers, greenish brown; the green

most distinct upon the inner vanes; the outer vanes of secondary quill

feathers greenish grey, the inner deep green, with a metallic gloss. Tail

above glossy greenish grey, except towards the extremity, where it is deep

greenish brown, beneath greenish brown with a brassy tint. Bill and claws

black ; tarsi and toes livid brown. Eyes dark brown.

Form, &c.—Bill compressed, higher than broad at the base, and its height

nearly equal to its length; culmen slightly rounded and arched from the

base; the tip of the upper mandible pointed and somewhat hooked, with a

slight emargination immediately behind it; commissure slightly sinuated;

nostrils small, pierced in the bill, close to the culmen and a little in front of

the feathers of the forehead, with a distinct narrow groove extending from each,

obliquely downwards and forwards towards the commissure. Wings, when

folded, reach over the first third of the tail; fourth and fifth quill feathers

longest, and slightly exceeding the third and sixth; the second considerably

shorter than the third, and the first not half the length of the fourth. Tarsi

and toes moderately robust, the former covered in front by transverse plates,

behind and on the sides by minute granular scales. Claws moderately curved.

Head surmounted by a long crest, which extends obliquely upwards and

CHIZERHIS CONCOLOR.

backwards from the forehead, and is formed of the elongated feathers of that

part with their vanes much decomposed.

DIMENSIONS.

Inches, Lines. Inches, Lines.

Length from the tip of the bill to the Length of the tarsus ...........s0c000000. 1g

extremity of the tail......... 20 3 of the middle toe ............... 8

Ofthewbuly ay Nese nee ee Oat of the hinder toe! ---.-...- ese i 058 53s

of the wings when folded...... 8 6

of the tailyee tree tess TOMO

The female scarcely differs either in colour or size from the male.

It was upon reaching 25° 24’ south latitude, a point where the rivers began to flow to the

eastward, and the country to acquire a partial clothing of dwarf trees aud brushwood, that this

species was first discovered. As soon as it was observed, the Hottentots declared it to be a muis

vogel, or Colius, Lin., and they persisted ever afterwards in regarding it as such, which was not

surprising, since it evinces considerable similarity to birds of that genus, not only in its carriage

when perched, but also in its mode of flight and in various other points which will be noticed

more at length hereafter. Its favourite resort seemed to be the immediate banks of rivers, and

it was seen either perched upon the highest branches of the trees which occurred in these

situations, or flitting to and fro among them in search of the fruits, which constitute its

principal food. It is a bird of short flight, and when disturbed and driven from any particular

haunt, it seldom passes the nearest tree without alighting, unless it may think itself not suffi-

ciently removed from the source of danger. When flying, it sometimes flaps its wings with

considerable quickness and vigour, but more generally it soars along with them completely ex-

tended, and even scarcely moves them until it has actually perched. When at rest, and with-

out any suspicion of danger, it has a clumsy dull appearance, with its head sunk to its

shoulders, and at such times utters occasionally a harsh cry resembling “mea.” When

excited, however, by the appearance of an object of suspicion, or its attention is arrested by

any unusual noise, it exhibits a very opposite and elegant appearance: its crest, which in a

state of rest is generally recumbent, then becomes erected, while its head, if not its whole

body, is moved in various directions, as if endeavouring to discover the cause of its alarm ;

and at such times its cries are harsher and more frequent. The individuals first discovered

were extremely shy and watchful, but as we advanced in the country, where specimens were

more abundant, less caution was observed, and there were days when we might have shot at

least forty or fifty individuals had it been desirable. Besides the remains of fruits, the wings

and other parts of grylli were found in the stomachs of several which were examined.

When first 1 became acquainted with this bird I was inclined to consider it as forming a

type for a new genus, which I proposed to call Coliphimus. Since my return to Europe, how-

ever, I have had opportunities of comparing it with Chizerhis of Wagler, and not having found

sufficient peculiarities to warrant its being regarded apart from that genus, the name by which

it was originally designated is consequently discontinued.

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PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS.—Sm1ru.

Aves.—P uate III. (MaAte.)

Mas. P. capite, collo, pectoreque pallidé sulphureo-viridibus; scapularibus interscapularibusque griseo rubri-

brunneo nigro-brunneoque umbratis ; gula straminea postice fascia brunneo-nigra marginata ; alarum

tectricibus secundariis subrutilis ; abdomine castaneo dio ; remigibus fuscis, secundariis versus apicem

albo-marginatis.

Fem. capite, cervice, dorso, humeris pectoreque brunneo-nigris, subochreo variegatis; gula, gutture,

collique lateribus pallidé brunneo-flavis; abdomine nigro badio-fasciato ; caudz tectricibus inferi-

oribus badiis, versus basin nigro-fasciatis.

Cotour.—The upper surface of the head dull green, faintly freckled with

black ; the sides of the head and the chin straw yellow; eye-brows yellowish

white; space between eye and bill black; the neck, the breast, and a

portion of each shoulder, intermediate between oil green and sulphur yellow ;

the bases of all the feathers pearl-grey ; immediately behind the yellow of

chin, the throat and sides of the neck are crossed by a deep brownish black

crescent. The interscapulars and scapulars clouded with pale reddish brown,

pearl-grey, and bluish black, or brownish black, the latter generally prevailing

towards the quills. Back and upper tail coverts pearly grey, strongly tinged

with brown, and when the feathers are separated, each is found of a yellowish

brown tint at the base, and with a strong satin lustre. The secondary wing

coverts intermediate between Dutch and reddish orange, with the base, and a

considerable portion of the inner vane of each pearly-grey ; primary wing

coverts, and all the quill feathers, umber-brown ; the secondaries narrowly

tipt with rusty white; the tail feathers blackish brown, the outer vanes edged

with pearl-grey, and all, except the two middle ones, broadly tipt with the

same colour as the secondary quill coverts. Belly and under tail coverts, be-

tween chesnut and reddish brown. Bill and claws a dark horn-colour; eyes

dark brown; toes greenish brown.

Form, &c.—Typical ; wings, when folded, nearly reach the tip of the tail ;

the first quill feather rather longer than the second; the longest of the

tertiaries intermediate between the sixth and seventh quill feathers ; tail,

wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers rather the longest, and acuminated at

their extremities; the outer and inner toes of equal length.

PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS.

DIMENSIONS.

Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.

Length from the tip of bill to the end Length of the tarsus ..................+.- 1 1

Of: the tail sseceuesres-ceasoeees 12Ge6: iid dlettioou-ras-e- eee 0

OL the tail. sc occesneeeecatoves eee 0 10 , Outer G06. .acch ten cance 0 9

of the wings when folded...... Saet9 nn Geritoen ass tec ene Ona,

Of the wtaillis.2 easdgcesececeoveree 4 8

In the female, the top of the head is brownish black, spotted with rusty

white ; back of the neck, dull cream yellow, freely dashed with brown ; the

sides of the neck and the throat pale honey yellow; the back, the shoulders,

and the breast, brownish black, with large cream-coloured spots ; belly, deep

black, barred with pale chesnut. Under tail-coverts bright chesnut, towards

their bases barred with black. ‘Tail, blackish brown, with partial bars of

light cream-yellow, and all except the two middle feathers, tipt with pale

reddish orange. Length 114 inches.

This bird was first discovered in latitude 25° 40’, about eighty miles to the eastward of Latakoo,

and it was when we remarked its cry to differ from that uttered by Pterocles Tachyptes,Temm. that

we were led to a suspicion of its being a distinct species. In common with the other South African

species of this genus, it repairs in large flocks at regular and fixed periods, to localities where water

exists, and it is at such times that specimens are most readily to be secured. The sportsman,

however, to be successful, must be quick in his movements, as they scarcely reach the water

before they are again on the wing. Both in approaching to, and receding from such spots,

they utter almost incessantly sharp cries, somewhat resembling twet weet, twet weet. From

observing these birds when in quest of means for quenching their thirst, one would be disposed

to consider them gregarious ; but such notions are soon suspended when their feeding grounds

are discovered. Over the latter they are generally dispersed singly or in pairs, and the occa-

sional congregation only takes place by solitary individuals successively joining others who are

on the way from a greater distance. This species seeks the water about ten in the morning

and three in the afternoon, and in that respect resembles the Pterocles Tachyptes, which

inhabits a different part of the country. The Pterocles Variegatus, which we shall hereafter

figure, prefers to drink during the early part of the morning, and the Pterocles Bicinctus

again, during the dusk of the evening, and the early part of the night. In such an arrange-

ment we must admit design ; as, were all of the various species to experience thirst at or about

the same time, both delay and difficulty would be experienced in quenching it, since owing to

the general scarcity of water in the districts they inhabit, even as it is at present, hundreds of

the same species are often to be seen fringing the brink of a pool for hours together, and occa-

sionally disputing for the first sip. Grass-seeds, ants, and abundance of gravel were found in

the stomachs of most of the individuals we secured.

ALU ITS SS. 00 3Tt

AM yeaa i< a

. — ie par

oo Mii od en AV GY CW oid ld qancn, Afagenn} aS)

oT... Sel epbotbhla: 21 Gara en,

s¢ ~ oe Ae madre 1 et @ ; ita Nl RE Sy PS 2»

: 4 ’ : mer - ‘ « 3 in} <3 tow tw apaby a a 5 _ “a

aT s é ove Te) ott w=! a. 7 -

tun “itr letioge ,2ould ainesad ff Bead 4d: to qn edi web been oun

poh Hiie fratleah ont wolloy qiness fb toon sdt-to Aned pattie © 7

‘silt sel oft = wolivs youed olag tarialt ott han Avon ad? lo ah” |

odlisd,. otreye boontos-aaens opel ity soll danworg, secon ot be ay

adele Idgind srry shes Seba ivteeds sloy Atiw tercund dead te

oi pet raat vith jeword ieidseht fat. sioald: diiw kero ned sod ae ;

‘ «Sagi erode wl ishiist owi 90 wt fe han .wollsy-quiees sigil 7 “Ta

os ' TH wiser?) Sigel | tk como; Watt ae : 7"

yt th upton steak anlies @byhesv0s. at's int ecg eh selibeew Grid aft wy

ple bunveeT re ee a> ao fracoat ce eat eo hy lee

Tina: WMIW vesaction 3" Pe Sa wit |. ee ltips pel) bale ye

4 yea wetbewt eb 2 f) fae phage: ee ae soyet sryanunpy alte pocaege : F

eon hemes mi Gif oon de® pre-op de whee Pen alee OF

ao oe ve ws pow) fal a) @ Fi 1h (eta aa ol od yen”

ite Grae kings Klan: or Est anys le Ga

eaae vo Ne caartnlily yess (eeeeey, dome wing a

neve Wont es Wee neg thee Saery 43 | rami sl eee

'* ne ee a > Seen ore GeO es Di! hee ed ow

seit ahs: igen ahh bran oy colt bal ee

ian sidl sae ie ea 2 von oredr gh i

w ints {idea aap faders ards edteee estroge nal a

—=4 ieDiagylee Tesi! wilt lilacs Fesqer Seite otk eam

a tee “Ree Salo

‘inet a Lana Ue i ae

bilan act No {oe oct! pastel

hahaa Iara

RY Popes int Mynet 9ty

oe pve: rp ae Bae witio@ trae ty .

ot—e@ ai ~< ns oe

Day t Haghe Lith! tothe Queen

COMPARE, ASU VAG, Teil SyaDIAN

(Aves. Plate 4.)

OTIS RUFICRISTA.—Smiru.

Aves.—Puate IV. (Matz.)

Mas. O. capite supra ceeruleo-griseo ; fascid suborbitali colloque griseis, pallidé brunneo sparsis ; stria

superciliari sordidé alba, nigro variegat& usque ad nucham porrecta ; crist4 castaned ; mento, regione

parotica, maculaéque ante alas albis, illo fascia longitudinali nigra; dorso isabellino lineis nigris

undatis, variegatis; scapularibus, interscapularibus, humerisque preterea maculis lanceolatis nigris

notatis flavo-albo marginatis; alarum tectricibus secundariis apicibus albis, tectricibus primaribus,

remiigbusque nigro-brunneis, albo maculatis ; pectore ventreque nigris; oculis rubro-brunneis E

pedibus albo-flavis; mandibula superiore unguibusque viridi-nigris, mandibulA inferiore ad basin

subflava ad apicem livida,

Ors Ruricrista, Rep. of Exped. App. page 56, June 1836.

Cotour.—The upper surface of the head intermediate between bluish and

blackish grey ; a stripe below each eye, and the neck pearl-grey, the latter

closely freckled with wood-brown, except at the lower part of the throat, where

the colour is pure pearl-grey, with a lilac blush ; eyebrows rusty white, finely

mottled with black, and continued on each side of the head until they

unite on the nape, immediately over the crest; the latter pale chesnut,

darkest towards the point; ear coverts wood-brown; chin and a blotch on

each side of the breast in front of wings white, the former divided along its

centre by a narrow black stripe broadest behind. Back, shoulders, Scapulars,

and tertiary quill feathers, between ochre and cream-yellow ; all the feathers

finely variegated by numerous waved, somewhat transverse black lines, and

all except those of the back marked besides, by lanceolate black stripes

edged and tipt with cream-yellow. The secondary wing coverts black

towards their quills, white towards their tips ; the last colour so disposed as to

form an oblique white band along the wing. Primary quill coverts and quill

feathers, brownish black with transverse white blotches ; tail coverts and tail

feathers, white, closely barred by fine black lines, the lateral feathers broadly

tipt with pure black, the two middle ones crossed near their extremities by a

pure black band, which behind is edged with white, the inner vanes of these

two feathers black at the points, the outer vanes black, with transverse white

lines. The breast, belly and under tail coverts, black. Upper mandible

and claws of a dark horn-colour ; the lower mandible greenish yellow towards

OTIS RUFICRISTA.

the base, dark horn coloured towards the point; legs intermediate between

pale straw and wine-yellow ; eyes reddish brown.

Form.—Neck long; body slender; nuchal crest about two inches long,

depressed and formed of fine silky feathers ; wings, when closed, extend

over the first half of the tail; the innermost tertiaries longer than the primary

quill feathers ;—the second, third, and forth primaries nearly of equal length ;

the first rather shorter. The tail rounded at its extremity ; outer and inner

toes nearly of equal length.

DIMENSIONS.

Inches. Inches. Lines.

Length from the point of the bill to the Length of the tarsus .......,.........+.-- 3. 9

bipyotsbheltalllensceeseecsssceacas 22 ofthe outer t0essse.scedeeece =e: Om §

Olmthe tall Menenereeseceerecace sc owenn: 53 of the middle toe ............... 0

of the wings when folded ......... 102 of the inner toe.................. OD

ObMtbe DU Geach canicoe. face soaniane os 2

The female differs so much from the male, that we shall give a figure and

description of her in a future number.

This species was first discovered in the vicinity of Latakoo, where it arrested our attention

by the peculiarity of its ery, which was intermediate between the harsh hir hir hac, of the Otis

Afra, Lin. and the croak of the Otis Vigorsi Smith. Besides the difference in the tone of its

cry, it also uttered its calls less frequently than the former, and, as far as we observed, only

while flying ; thus in the first peculiarity approaching the latter mentioned species, and in the

other differmg from both. When disturbed, it flies but a short distance before it alights,

and when that has once happened, it is no easy task to start it a second time, owing to its

habit of squatting among the grass, and remaining tranquil even when almost touched by the

feet of the sportsman. It appeared almost exclusively restricted to grassy plains, and rarely

occurred in districts supplied with brushwood, from which circumstance only one or two speci-

mens were observed to the north of 25°. Insects, small lizards, scolopendra, &c, seemed to

constitute its favourite food, and besides the remains of these, abundance of small gravel was

also found in the stomachs of the individuals we procured, which were but few, owing to the

specimens being rare, at least in the directions in which we travelled.

LP : TSM Sat, He

‘

ip its ae | ia ri wi ble cree rete we oar os

| ager a Weshilees xo'es oly omer Hoatwatte alae,

ioe cadets peta fever, :xeboils vied eae bat aanits

ribet iba trie eeeesiest: v2hie 2ak. & woot hau bigaorish

' mubaey Sate pdt 9 Tage cpp iy lear HE?» : to tlad sat atsope

PAs feiagye %4 wns entantis; din; h 7 sateag cult > eraduest Ringe

“pais fine. rekvo + ny? Wt thao jini o¢T ° aotolle veeeee Seeie

as _. ay siorap 408 Noigo) /- . i Grieg we | idl

ee. re "j ALA gall We of ‘ 7 eget

a af Ogi Sie, =< ; : Sai ltt

— ) 2 7 an “J > ’ ; ; : ear +

Xt ; ; ot em ag 3 sas Z > dds eG - 1

a : m + Se a ye orks

¢ - * , ® a on % +* ; = lk ¢

ce fl wae liga nae Aa shy at piel: f-whem"t.d Salen AT

; eer 4. #4% a thee (EG) oc ate Sieh ee Uo reesh

“+ ‘ — Sie ied eee Le Ce de TET, Ber Pape ant T

Spo tAt atl « wth Dhed bah: a ee ae © hes Os a lit ra, od

‘ah eikonal Pee eens | Qed) oh heer Ee nal pate

SG, caput Poms ak ati pide. a Corsi aly gh jyva.

BAY ch dpe pps REE obs, rem tahoe: oyna sted

rae Wynd ped i ih Bae a ogg pele 8

a Eth u mf) Eas T° pe? =» eam wed aod mf r

eden ty ONO BIR er

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SINUATUS .

STERNOTHE RUS

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STERNOTHERUS SINUATUS.—Smiru.

Repritia.—P are I. (Mate.)

8. capite pallidé stramineo-brunneo marmorato; capitis lateribus viridi-flavis; collo livido-brunneo

pedibus stramineis maculis brunneis variegatis ; testa supra viridi-brunnea, subtus aurantia, rubri-

brunneo marginata ; unguibus rubri-brunneis; mandibula superiori apice emarginato; inferiori

apice acuminato, sursum producta.

Co.tour.—Head above pale straw-yellow, finely marbled with brown lines ;

sides of head and lower jaw, greenish-yellow ; neck livid brown; legs inter-

mediate between wine and straw-yellow; nails reddish brown, occasionally

inclined to yellow. Shell above dark greenish brown, the colour deepest

towards the margin ; the vertebral and the upper extremities of the costal plates

tinted with livid grey; sternum, pale orange, variegated towards its edges

with deep reddish brown, the latter colour most abundant upon the gular, the

intergular, the anal, and the lateral parts of the abdominal plates; outer

sides of upper and under jaws dark brown, with fine reddish brown vertical

lines. Eyes straw-yellow.

Form, &c.—Shell oblong, convex, and rather high; margin ovate, and

broadest behind, where it is more or less sinuated. The second and third

vertebral plates nearly horizontal and six-sided, the anterior edge of each

narrower than the posterior ; the fourth somewhat six-sided, the anterior edge

broader than the posterior ; the first somewhat four-sided, the anterior edge

much broader than the posterior, and each of its angles sometimes produced so

as to form on each side a triangular projection between the first costal and the

anterior marginal plates ; near the centre of the anterior edge of this plate is

another triangular projection which enters between the two foremost marginal

plates ; the posterior dorsal plate somewhat of the same form as the anterior

one, only narrower; the third and fourth plates with a central elevation towards

their hinder margins. Costal plates higher than broad, four-sided, the first of

these where it is in contact with the marginal plates very wide, which gives it a

somewhat triangular appearance. Marginal plates twenty-four: the first, se-

cond, third, fourth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, four-sided, the fifth, sixth,

seventh, and eighth, more or less five-sided, and on the anterior side of each at

the very margin of the shellis a small triangular process, which is received into

a corresponding cavity in the hinder edge of the scale immediately in front of

it; margin between the fore and hinder legs obtuse, elsewhere thin and sharp.

Sternum semicircular in front, deeply emarginate behind; a transverse joint

between pectoral and abdominal plates ; gular plates small and triangular ;

STERNOTHERUS SINUATUS.

intergular plate five-sided; brachial plates rhomboidal; pectoral plates

at their commissure with each other narrow, the posterior edges straight, the

anterior oblique, owing to which circumstance the outer sides are much wider

than the inner; anal plates triangular. Head broad and depressed ; nose

short and rounded ; the fronto-nasal plates forming a portion of the hinder

edges of the orbits ; the frontal plate very large and inclined to six-sided ; the

parietal plates oblong, and broadest in front ; the post-orbital plate small and

oval. The apex of upper mandible emarginate with an obtuse tooth-like process

on each side of the emargination ; the tip of the lower mandible produced and

directed upwards; under the chin two minute barbels. Neck and legs

sparingly covered by small scales ; the hinder edge of each fore leg towards the

toes with a broad fringe of thin delicate plates ; the toes short and armed with

strong claws nearly straight and slightly concave below. The posterior edges

of the hinder feet also with a continuous fringe of thin scales, the outermost

toe rudimentary, the second and innermost nearly of equal length, and shorter

than the third and fourth. Tail rather long, pointed and somewhat cylindrical.

DIMENSIONS.

Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.

Length from nose to hinder margin of Breadth of shell across femoral plates... 9 3

shell g At saremee veemer eos ceeeee 19 0 Wenpthyotitarleensaeeeasaeeehenraeceee eee 2a

of head and neck ............... 5 6B of sternum from anterior to

Ofishicllenes Satadsentesck ace core eek 14° 5 INE EOIEY cognsnoboenonnbor Wg @

Mero ironshelltee er sstseaceesce acecees 83

The colours in the female are nearly similar to those of the male. In both

sexes the head, neck, and anterior extremities, when retracted, are completely

protected by the anterior portion of the sternum, which by means of the joint

in front of the abdominal plates is closely applied to the anterior margin of the

upper shell. The principal differences between this species and Sternotherus

ater and 8. castaneus will be found in the general form of the shell, the shape

of the plates, and the structure of the tip of the upper mandible.

The first specimens of this tortoise were discovered in rivers to the north of 25° south lati-

tude, and in situations only where the water was very deep. They were usually observed dur-

ing the heat of the day lying upon rocks which projected above the surface of the water, and

were so vigilant that it was almost impossible to approach them within a moderate distance,

before they vanished. Many of them were struck by musket balls, yet no wounds which were

thus inflicted ever appeared to impede their movements. At last, by means of hooks baited

with flesh we succeeded in obtaining a few specimens, though against such means they were

also guarded ; for even where individuals existed in abundance, perhaps not one could be se-

cured by four or five fishermen, after spending many hours in the pursuit. Between 24° and

25° they occurred in greatest abundance, probably from the circumstance that between those

parallels the pools were deepest ; to the north of the former parallel they appeared to be scarce,

owing no doubt to the channels of the streams being there loaded with gravel and sand.

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STUVTOSORGTVY SANVAVA

VARANUS ALBOGULARIS.—Davp.

Reptivia.—Puate Il. (Mate.)

V. capite quadrangulari, versus apicem attenuato; naribus obliquis angustis propé oculos positis ; collo

corporeque obesis; pedibus validis; cauda versus basin subcylindricd dein compressa, supra

carinata ; capite colloque, subochreis brunneo-maculatis ; fascid brunnea ab oculo ad dorsum ; corpore

supra brunneo, fasciis, maculis lineisque subochreis variegatis, subtus subochreo, guttis brunneis

sparso ; cauda fasciis brunneis subochreisque alternantibus fasciata.

Varanus Gitiu-- Smith, South African Quarterly Journal, 1831.

Cotour.—Head and neck intermediate between gamboge and ochre-yellow,

the former and the sides and back of the neck finely freckled by small black

spots; from the outer corner of each eye, a brown stripe extends along the

neck, and terminates on the back immediately behind the base of the fore

leg, where it is much broader than at its commencement ; this stripe is

generally darkest at its edge and lightest along its centre: between the ter-

minations of these stripes there are in most specimens two large brown blotches

separated from each other by a yellowish line. Back brown, crossed by three

or four ochry yellow bands, which are, either in the form of continuous stripes

or interrupted blotches, and is besides variegated by smaller spots, or waved

narrow Stripes of the same colour; the larger bands and blotches sprinkled with

small brown spots. The sides ochry yellow with small brown spots and

vertical stripes, the latter continued from the brown of the back; belly the

same colour as the sides, with a sprinkling of small brown spots. Tail

beneath ochry yellow ; above and on the sides marked by alternate brown and

yellow bands, the former spotted with yellow, the latter with brown. The

outer surface of anterior extremities ochry yellow, spotted with brown; the

posterior extremities dark brown, spotted with ochry yellow; toes, the latter

colour, with some indistinct brownish bars; nails dark horn-coloured.

Form, &c.—Head rather small ; neck and body robust and rather flatten-

ed; limbs thick and strong. The head is quadrangular, rather short, broad

behind, and tapered towards the nose; nostrils oblique, linear, and situated

near to the eyes; teeth somewhat cylindrical and strong, obtuse in some

specimens, pointed in others; external ear, transverse and narrow ; tail some-

what cylindrical towards the base, the remainder compressed above and sur-

mounted by a distinct serrated carina with a slight channel along its upper

surface ; towards the tip of the tail this carina almost disappears. Upper

surface of the head covered by flat somewhat circular scales, rather small,

particularly over the eyes; lips and temples covered with small scales, on the

VARANUS ALBOGULARIS.

former oval, on the latter circular. On the nape and upper part of the neck the

scales of a larger size than on any other part of the animal, and are besides

more raised, with the granulations surrounding the discs very distinct.

On the back and sides, the scales are disposed in waved transverse bands,

and only differ from those of the neck in being of smaller size and less

convex; on the tail they are arranged in regular rings; towards its base

oval, and more or less completely margined by granulations ; towards the tip

oblong, subcarinated and almost without any edging. On the chin, throat,

and sides of the neck, the scales are small and oval; on the breast somewhat

circular, on the belly oval, in transverse rows, and only margined behind

by granulations; on the outer and anterior sides of the limbs towards the

body, they are oblong; towards the toes somewhat circular; all surrounded

by granulations ; on the inner sides again they are smaller and nearly circular.

The inner toe of hinder foot very short and robust; the outer one much

removed from the rest ; on the fore foot the inner toe is shorter than any of

the others, but longer than the corresponding one of the hinder foot.

DIMENSIONS.

Feet. Inches. Inches. Lines.

Length from the nose to the tip of Distance between the fore and the

UINGE UGH AadipanaeRanneseecoaaees Bye Lambo ler @ileeF3) — Sabansoonuneooqoe Ot

Ofpuhe mtailec ee. ssencse sen sect 1G: Length of the fore legs to the apex of

from nose to base of fore the nail of the longest toe... 4 9

ela esp oposes Jog bdonance oan 0 53 of the hinder leg to ditto...... 5 6

The female, as regards external appearances, differs but little from the male.

Though no specimens of this species were obtained south of Latakoo, yet there is reason to

believe it occasionally occurs within the limits of the Cape Colony; it is, in all proba-

bility, the animal which is called the Das adder by the colonists, and which is so much

dreaded under an idea of its being extremely venomous. It is usually discovered in rocky pre-

cipices, or on low stony hills, and when surprised seeks concealment in the chinks of the former,

or in the irregular cavities of the latter; and when any inequalities exist upon the surface of

the rocks or stones, it clasps them so firmly with its toes, that it becomes a task of no small

difficulty to dislodge it, even though it can be easily reached. Under such circumstances, the

strength of no one man is able to withdraw a full-grown individual; and I have seen two per-

sons required to pull a specimen out of a position it had attamed, even with the assistance of a

rope fixed in front of its hinder legs. The moment it was dislodged it flew with fury at its

enemies, who by flight only saved themselves from being bitten. After it was killed, it was

discovered that the points of all the nails had been broken previously, or at the moment it lost

its hold. It feeds upon frogs, crabs, and small quadrupeds ; and from its partiality to the two

former, it is often found among rocks near to springs or running streams, which fact having

been observed by the natives, has led them to regard it as sacred, and not to be injured with-

out a danger of drought.

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BUCEPHALUS VIRIDIS.—Smirz.

RepritrA.—Ptare I1.—(Mate.)

B, pallidé viridis; oculis brunneis; scutis abdominalibus 181; scutis subcaudalibus serie duplici collocatis

circiter 101.

Cotour.—Light grass-green, the abdominal plates with a slightly livid

tint; eyes dark brown.

Form, &c.—Head moderately elongated, distinctly quadrangular and

broader than the neck ; nose slightly rounded; nostrils small, nearly circu-

lar, and directed outwards and backwards; eyes large, and situated rather

nearer to the tip of the nose than the angle of the mouth; gape wide; upper

lip with seven plates on each side, lower with ten. Nasal plate triangular,

apex directed backwards; anterior frontal plates two, somewhat triangular ;

posterior frontal plates large quadrangular, the outer posterior angle rounded ;

vertical plate triangular, the apex behind, rounded ; occipital plates large,

irregular and narrow behind; palpebral plates somewhat six-sided, the

two middle sides longest. Gular plates large, two in each row. The posterior

or mobile and grooved teeth of maxilla, eight on each side, from two to three

lines in length, and slightly curved ; four of each group placed for immediate

use, the rest recumbent between those and the inner portion of the spongy

sheath which envelopes the whole; the fixed or anterior teeth of maxilla

small and slightly curved, their points directed backwards; those of the pa-

latal arches and lower jaw somewhat similar. Body gradually increasing in

size till near the middle, from thence it tapers to the point of the tail, which is

armed with a horny aculeus; the figure of body and tail subcylindrical,

slightly flattened below. Skin as far as the tail loose, and only slightly

connected with the subjacent parts by a delicate cellular membrane ; towards

the head superabundant, and forming on each side of the neck a longitudi-

nal fold, which disappears when the gullet is distended. On the tail the

skin is firmly connected to the parts beneath. Scales immediately behind

occipital plates short, broad, and imbricate ; from those to the base of the

tail they are disposed in slightly waved transverse bands, each of which

bands includes scales of several different forms ; the one immediately on the

centre of the back is narrow towards the base, broad and semilunar at the

BUCEPHALUS VIRIDIS.

extremity, with a faint carina along its centre, the lateral ones oblong, each

with an obtuse angular or semilunar point, and a carina extending from the

base, and terminating on the upper edge of the scale before reaching its

apex ; the two scales of each row nearest to the abdominal plates broad and

subtriangular, the points rounded, and the longitudinal carina with which

each is marked terminates on its lower edge behind its point. The scales

on the tail are short, broad, distinctly imbricate, and somewhat five-sided,

characters which they retain to its extremity; abdominal plates, 181; sub-

caudal scales, 101 in each row.

Unless when the skin is distended, the scales of the transverse rows overlap

each other so much, that only the inner edge of each is left uncovered ; at such

times the scales appear linear.

DIMENSIONS.

Feet. Inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail... 4 9

Length of the tail...............s0c-ceccneenceeeenene snteeeeeeseeeenes 1 2

Circumference of the thickest part of the body .................. 0 3

The only specimen of this species which we obtained was found near to Old Latakoo, and at

the time of its discovery was in a half torpid state, and coiled up among some dry grass which

was interweaved with the slender branches of a small shrub. According to the natives, it

ascends trees to rob the nests of birds, and its occurrence is by no means rare in that country

during thesummer season. Although a celebrated Herpetologist has expressed his belief* that

snakes with the general characters of the species just described, ought to be retained in his

genus Dendrophis, yet it appears to me that their position in it would be equally inappropriate,

as it would be in the restricted genus Coluber. Besides the species now described, there are at

least four others inhabiting South Africa; and though they have been regarded by the author

just alluded to as only varieties of one species, nevertheless, I am more convinced at present

than when I submitted descriptions of them to the public,+ that each ought to be regarded as

distinct from the others. Supposing Bucephalus typicus, Bellii, gutturalis and Jardinii, to

be only varieties of one species, how are we to explain the circumstances of their being all

found in a similar climate and in similar descriptions of country, yet, nevertheless, in very

different localities, and each propagating individuals like itself, which as far as we know never

vary. In proportion as our knowledge of the more intricate details in the scheme of nature

becomes extended, it will probably be discovered that each genus is regulated to a certain

extent upon a plan peculiar to itself, and that in some genera the distribution of colours, not

less than the peculiar tints, will furnish excellent specific distinctions. As regards Bucephalus,

I feel disposed to consider it one of such genera.

* Physionomie des Serpens par H. Schlegel, page 238. Hague, 1837.

+ Zoological Journal, Vol. iv. page 441, May 1829.

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SMNITHUMONTHD &

ECHINORHINUS OBESUS.—Smiru.

Pisces.—Puate I. (MAte.)

E. obesus; capite supra, dorsoque ad pinnam primam plumbeis; dorsi partibus posterioribus, corporis

lateribus, abdomineque cupreo-flavis, purpureo brunneoque umbratis ; mento, nasi lateribus, maculaque

pone oculos albis; oculis cupreo-viridibus.

CoLour.—The head and back, as far as the first dorsal fin, dark leaden

grey; the rest of the back, the sides and the belly, pale coppery yellow

clouded with purple and brownish tints; and the belly besides is marked

with blotches of light vermillion red; the fins towards their bases reddish

brown tinged with dull grey, towards their extremities a lighter shade of the

same colour ; chin, sides of muzzle, and sometimes a spot behind the eye, dull

white ; eyes, coppery green.

Form, &c.—Body very thick in proportion to its length, with only a slight

diminution in size towards the tail ; the back in front of the first dorsal fin

nearly straight; the head flat above, and slightly sloping to the muzzle,

which is rounded ; nostrils transverse, and each partially divided by a narrow

membranous lobule, which projects backwards from its anterior margin ; their

position is nearly over the most projecting or central portion of the upper

jaw, considerably nearer to the eyes than the tip of the snout, and about half

way between the latter and the angle of the mouth. Eyes, rather nearer to a

line raised from the angle of the mouth than to the nostrils ; pupil, circular

and small; postocular spiracle, scarcely visible. Gape, wide and arched,

having at each corner a triangular fold of skin formed by the union of the

upper and lower lips. Teeth regularly placed upon each jaw, only one

row in use at a time, the rest reclined ; they are large, compressed, and some-

what quadrangular, the cutting edges nearly horizontal, and both of their

sides are generally bicuspidate, (as will be seen by referring to the figures a

and 6, where the former represent the teeth of the upper jaw, and the latter

represent those of the lower). Branchial openings allin front of pectoral fins ;

the first not much more than half the length of the fifth. Pectoral fins

rather small, the hinder edges nearly square ; the dorsal fins are small, the

first narrower at its base than at its extremity, which is slightly rounded ;

the second nearly throughout of equal breadth, the hinder edge almost

ECHINORHINUS OBESUS.

square ; the ventral fins short, broader behind than at their bases, and their

posterior edges slightly undulated ; the caudal fin entire, somewhat trian-

gular and slightly falciform, the upper portion high above the line of the

back, the lower scarcely below the line of the body immediately in front of

it. Lateral line very distinct, commencing above branchial openings, and

extending nearly without curve or undulation to the commencement of the

caudal fin, from thence it ascends the latter, and extends along it, nearer to

its anterior than posterior edge, until it reaches its upper extremity ; at its

origin this line is nearer to the middle of the back than the base of the

pectoral fin ; to the touch it feels slightly rough, which arises from its being

beset with a number of minute prickles, which are most distinctly seen in

preserved specimens. The surface of the skin both on the body and fins

is more or less sprinkled with strong bony-looking spines, with large cir-

cular and flattened bases, which are striated from the centre tawards the

circumference. These spines vary in size as well as form, some being hooked,

others quite straight ; in some places they are disposed in clusters, in others

they are solitary, and on the extremity of the muzzle are nearly wanting. The

appendages to the ventral fins in the male seldom extend much beyond their

posterior margins.

DIMENSIONS.

Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches.

Length from the tip of the nose Distance between the dorsal fins ...... 0 44

to the end of the caudalfin 6 63 Length from the hinder edge of the

to stheiey.e) epee delete aeaete sei 0 63 second dorsal fin to the base

to the first dorsal fin............ 8 93 of the caudal fin............ 0 4

to the pectoral fins ............ 1 63 of the tail from the base to the

to the anterior edge of the highest point.................. 1 53

to the base of the ventral fins 3 4

This shark is comparatively rare at the Cape of Good Hope. It is described by the fisher-

men as sluggish and unwieldy in its movements, and but seldom to be observed towards the

surface of the water. When they obtain specimens, it is generally at a time when they are

fishing in deep water, and when the bait with which the hooks are armed is near to the bottom.

In this respect it resembles the Scyllia, or ground-sharks ; and, if we were to regard only its

internal organization, we should be disposed to consider it as closely allied to that genus.

WORKS OF GENERAL INTEREST

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THE VOYAGE OF H. M. S. BEAGLE,

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I. THE GHOST HUNTER AND HIS

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tration of the Doctrine of Fatalism.

IV. THE STOLEN CHILD; A TALE OF

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evidence ever penned—in reference, it is

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ELIZABETH MARGARET RITCHIE. Tllus-

trated with Notes, contributed by a recent

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in its denowement,of the Vicar of Wakefield.

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THE LIFE OF

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Hist of Contents.

Vou. I.—Brave Bobby. A Walk after a Shower. The disobedient Hedge-hog. Peter and

his Poney. The Broken-Pump. Harry the Shrimper. Geography, Nos. I. and II. Chat in

the Play-Room. Ruth the American Girl. The Martins. George Hart. Peter the Great.

Casimer and Julia. Uncle John in Canada, Carrier and Wild Pigeons.

Vou. II.—The Italian Boy. A Walk to the Ponds. Geography, No. III. The Goat in the

Well. The Discovery of America. Robert Wilmot. Dragon-flies and Water-boatmen. More

Chat with Aunt Lucy. Josephine. The Seconds-Clock. Charles and Jane. Uncle John at

' the Cape of Good Hope.. The Wax-palm Tree. The Eight-Day Clock. John Rayner, Sir

Humphry Davy. The Cow-Tree.

Vou. IIJ.—An Excursion to the Nore. The Garden-Snail and Wolf-Spider. The Crow and

the Pitcher. The Two Rabbits. William Hutton. Geography, No. IV. ‘Uncle John’s

Shipwreck. The Thermometer. Romulus. Saturday Night. The Lion and the Mouse.

Mother’s Love. The Turk and the Indian. Loss and Gain. Letters from Charles Long to

his Brother. Electrical Eels. The Discovery of the Pacific Ocean. The Dolphin.

Vou. IV.—Truth and Falsehood. Ramble in the Fields. A Rainy Morning. Sweden and

Lapland. The Obedient Kid. Numa Pompilius. Nothing Wasted. The Long Sum. Aunt

Lucy’s Return from Woodville. The Nautilus. Tullus Hostilius. Charles Long’s Museum.

Peacock, and other Birds. Toast and Tea. Clara Travers. Telegraph. James Ferguson.

Peasants of the Alps. First Voyage Round the Earth. Ancus Marcius. The Four Bulls.

Vou. V.—Caroline. Great Water Beetle. The Windmill. The Lost Ball. Egg Harvest

of Oronoco. Approach of Winter. Character. The Robin, our Winter Friend. Tarquinius

Priscus. The Conceited Jackdaw. Pompeii. Mosquitoes and Gnats of South America.

Servius Tullius. Bears of the Zoological Gardens. The Stars. The Blackberry Treat. Cyrus.

( The Dissected Map.

Vou. VI.—Visit to Manchester. The Swallow’s Return. Thomas and the Dog. Bread-

Fruit of Otaheite. arrict’s Trials. Croesus. The House-Fly. Alexander Selkirk. A

Canary’s Lamentation. Tarquinius Superbus. Caterpillar and Butterfly. Captain Cook.

The Lock. The Castle and the School-house. Kensington Gardens. Apparent Course of the

Sun. Uncle John in Iceland. Dog Tray. The Barometer.

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INVESTIGATIONS

oR,

Travels in the Boudoir.

By Caronine A. Hatstep,

Author of “ The Little Botanist,” &c.

This is an elegantly written and highly instructive Work for Young People, in which a

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THE

TRAVELS OF MINNA AND GODFREY

GM MANY BANDS -

FROM THE JOURNALS OF THE AUTHOR,

HOLLAND,

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and is well deserving of adoption into all family circles.”—Literary Gazette.

**« This is truly a delightful and useful little book, abounding in information on a country that is, less fre-

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———$<$<>____

QEB CBLBBBAQAD BAIND DQRBAVBLLBR

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A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD;

INCLUDING

Travels in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Amevica, &e. &e.

By Lieut. James Hotman, R.N. F.R.S.

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STEWART AND MURRAY, PRINTERS, OLD BAILEY.