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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

PART VIL OTHER ORDERS OF INSECTS

FASC. 1. Pp. 1-44.

ISOPTERA: Family TERMITIDAE.

_ By GERALD F. HILL

NATIONAL MUSEUM, MELKOURNE

AND

~ . ODONATA |

By Lg -COL. F. C. FRASER, I.M.S., F.E.S.

WITH NINETEEN TEXT-FIGURES AND ONE PLATE

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

SOLD AT Eee

Tue Barish Museum (Natura History), CromwELi Boab, S.W.7

AND BY

B, QuaritcH, ee Douptav & Co., Lrp.; Ton Oxrorp University Press; AND

Wuewtpon & Weistny, Lrp., Lonpon; auso sy Oniver & Boyp, Hprnsurer

1927

Issued 28 May, 1927}. [Price Two Shiilings and Sixpence

INSECTS OF SAMOA.

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

Although a monograph, or series of papers, dealing comprehensively with

the land arthropod fauna of any group of islands in the South Pacific may be

expected to yield valuable results, in connection with distribution, modification

due to isolation, and other problems, no such work is at present in existence.

In order in some measure to remedy this deficiency, and in view of benefits

directly accruing to the National Collections, the Trustees of the British

Museum have undertaken the publication of an account of the Insects and other

Terrestrial Arthropoda collected in the Samoan Islands, in 1924-1925, by

Dr. P. A. Buxton and Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins, during the Expedition of the

Londen School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to the South Pacific.

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity thus afforded, to make the studies

as complete as possible by including in them all Samoan material of the groups

concerned in both the British Museum (Natural History), and (by courtesy of

the authorities of that institution) the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

It is not intended that contributors to the text shall be confined to the

Museum Staff or to any one nation, but, so far as possible, the assistance of an

leading authorities on all groups to be dealt with has been obtained.

The work will be divided into eight “ Parts’ (see p. 3 of wrapper), which

will be subdivided into “‘Fascicles.’’ Each of the latter, which will appear as

ready in any order, will consist of one or more contributions. On the

completion of the work it is intended to issue a general survey, summarising

the whole and drawing from it such conclusions as may be warranted. :

British Museum (Naturat History),

CromwELL Roap, S.W.7.

iNstoils OF SAMOA

Part VII. Fasc. 1

LP SO22 a Pen

Family: TERMITIDAE

By Gerautp F. Hitz, National Museum, Melbourne

(With 14 Text-figures, and 1 Plate)

In December 1925, Dr. P. A. Buxton very kindly sent me for examination a

collection of Termites made by him and his assistant, Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins,

during their sojourn in the Samoan Islands. I am greatly indebted to Dr.

Buxton for the privilege of working out this very interesting collection, to

Mr. J. A. Kershaw for facilities provided at the National Museum, and to Mr.

C. A. Lambert for courteously preparing the photomicrographs.

The types and other specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History) ;

para-types are in the National Museum, Melbourne, and in my own collection.

HISTORICAL

The first published record of Termites in the South Sea Islands appears

to be that of Rainbow (1897), who recorded Calotermes marginipenmis Latr.,

from the island of Funafuti, Ellice Group. In 1905 Desneux described eight

species and one sub-species from German New Guinea. Four years later

Silvestri (1909) described two species from the Samoan Islands. Six new

species and one species previously known to occur in Borneo were recorded

from German New Guinea by Holmgren in 1911, and in the following year

the same writer described a new species from Samoa. The descriptions of eight

species from New Hebrides, New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, by N. and K.

Holmeren, followed in 1915. In 1925 Snyder published a paper on the Termites

of the Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz Archipelago, in which thirteen species

vil. 1 1

2 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

and one variety were described as new; and later in the same year I described

two species from Lord Howe Island. In three papers now in course of

publication (Hill, Memoirs of National Museum, Melbourne, No. 7, and Proc.

Roy. Soc. Vic., xxxviil.), thirteen species are described from New Guinea, New

Britain, New Ireland, New Hebrides and Solomon Islands, the species mis-

identified as Calotermes marginipennis Latr., by Rainbow, is described as new,

and two species are described from Fiji. Amongst the proposed new species

from the Solomon Islands are two which may prove to be synonymous with forms

described by Snyder.

SAMOAN TERMITES

Only three species of Termites have been recorded previously from the

Samoan Islands, namely, Calotermes samoanus Holmegv., Prorhinotermes imopina-

tus Silv., and Microcerotermes peraffinis Silv., Dr. Buxton’s collection contains

complete series of each of these, and, in addition, four species of the genus

Calotermes, of which number two are described here as new, one is referred to

a recently described species known hitherto only in the alate form, and one

is considered to be specifically indeterminable.

1. Calotermes (Neotermes) samoanus Holmgren.

Entom. Mitteilungen, Deutschen Entom. Mus., Bd. i, No. 9, 1912.

Text-figs. 1-4; Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.

This species was described from an imperfect imago from Apia, Samoa ;

the soldier has not been described previously.

Imaco (redescribed)

Colour.—Head light chestnut, darker than C. sanctaecrucis Sny. (“light

castaneous (reddish-brown)”), darker than C. rainbowt Hill; thorax and

abdomen slightly darker than head ; wing-stumps darker than thorax ; wings

cinnamon-brown, darker than those of last-mentioned species, veins darker

than membrane.

Head (Text-fig. 1).—Longer than wide, glabrous, with a few long setae ;

frons flat, with obscure depressions. yes sub-triangular, diam. 0-51 x 0-51-

0:54 0-54, prominent, 0:35-0:40 from lower margin of head. Ocelli very

close to eyes, broadly oval, long diameter about one-third that of eye. Clypeus

stramineous, wide, a little less than four times wider than long, truncate in front,

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 3

with two pairs of moderately long setae. Labrum a little wider than long

(0-68 x 0-51), markedly rounded on sides and convex above, rounded at apex

where there are a few short setae. Antennae (Text-fig. 2) 18-jomted; 3rd

segment about as long as

2nd, but narrower at base

and darker in colour; 4th—

6th globular, narrower than

3rd; 7th—16th increasing in

length progressively.

Thorax (Text-fig.3; Pl. 1,

fig. 1). With a few very

long and numerous minute

setae, wider than head, 1

strongly concave in front,

widest across the middle

sides rounded and with Calotermes (N.) samoanus. TExt-FIc. 1.—Head of imago.

faintly impressed margin, Text-Fie. 2.—Antenna of imago. TEXxtT-FIe. 3.—

: Sia Pronotum of imago.

posterior margin sinuate.

SESE RERELD

Wings (Pl. 1, fig. 2)—Wing-stumps with very few and very short setae.

Forewing with four branches from the radial sector to costa, the median

vein typical of sub-genus, the cubitus passing through the middle of wing

to near its extremity where it bends down to join the border a little below

the apex of wing, with nine or ten inferior branches. In the hindwing the

median vein branches from the radial sector at about the proximal fifth of wing ;

the cubitus passes through the middle of wing and has seven or eight branches.

Anal veins distinct in hindwings, obscure or wanting in forewings.

Legs.—Y ellowish-brown, tibiae darker, clothed with scanty long and short

setae ; tibial spurs 3: 3:3, long and slender.

Abdomen.—With setae as on pronotum ; styli present in male, very small.

Measurements. mm.

Length with wings ; ‘ 3 : 5 : ‘ : : 4 18:00

Length without wings. : ‘ . : : : : : . 8:50-9:00

Head, to apex of labrum, long : 4 : : : ; : ; 2-40

Head, to clypeofrontal suture, long . s ‘ i : ; é : 1-76

Head, at and including eyes, wide. : . ; . : : oy li (G—1 82

PronovumlongelO i Oeewidel al. kt, 2:05-2:28

Forewing, long 13-00; wide. : : : : : . : : 4-40

Tibial ong wee MNe ee OH COSI 60

4 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

SOLDIER

Colouwr.—Head chestnut, mandibles black (sometimes castaneous at base),

pronotum buckthorn-brown, legs clay-colour.

Head.—(Text-fig. 4). Large, generally widest in middle, but sometimes

parallel on the sides, with very scanty, moderately long setae. Antennae long,

Trext-Fia. 4. Calotermes (N.) samo-

anus.—Head of soldier.

extending beyond apex of mandibles, 15- to

18-jointed, generally 17-jointed ; variable in

segmentation ; 3rd segment distinctly longer

than 2nd and 4th, subclavate, or equal to, or

very little longer than, 4th; 3rd and 4th

sometimes sub-equal and distinctly shorter

than 2nd; 5th—12th increasing in length pro-

gressively ; 13th to penultimate segments about

as long as 12th, the apical segment shorter and

narrower than the penultimate. Left man-

dible with two large angular teeth in the

apical third, followed by a large double tooth

slightly in advance of the apex of the labrum,

the right with two very large teeth about the

middle, the hindermost in line with the apex

of labrum. Labrum large, rounded at apex

where there is a group of about six large

setae. Clypeus without conspicuous setae.

Gula long and narrow, nearly parallel on the

sides.

Thorax.—Pronotum large, not as wide as.

head, strongly concave in front, rounded on sides and very nearly straight:

behind, with very scanty long setae and scarcely more very short ones, the

margin impressed.

Legs.—Moderately long and stout, with only a few long setae on femora,

more numerous and interspersed with short ones on tibiae ; tibial spurs 3:3: 3..

moderately long and stout.

Abdomen.—Clothed similarly to pronotum ; cerci and styli small.

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 5

Measurements. mm.

Total length ; : ‘ 4 ; 3 : : . 12-00-13-00

Head, wih mandibles, lone ; : : : : : : . 4:90- 6:00

Head, without mandibles, long. : 5 2 d : : . 313-— 4:00

Head, wide : ‘ ; : : 5 : : : . 275- 3:13

Head, deep 3 ‘ é , : : 3 : . 2-00— 2:28

Gula, at narrowest part, wide ; : : g : : F . 0-28— 0:39

Pronorume long, max. 1:42-1-70 ; min.* : 3 : 3 : . 119-153

Pronecun ee ; ; : : : : . : ‘ fs . 2-45- 3-00

Tibia ii, long. : : : f ; 3 : : : . 1:80— 2:20

Locality—Samoan Islands: Malololelei, Upolu Is., 2,000 ft., soldiers,

imagos and nymphs, 20.6.24, type colony for soldier ; same locality, soldiers

and nymphs, 23.2.24 (No. 623), from galleries in rotten wood ; Mt. Vaea, Upolu

Is., soldiers and nymphs, 17.10.25, in rotten log; Vailima, Upolu Is., alate

imago, 7.10.25; same locality, soldiers and nymphs (No. 682), June 1924,

from rotten log; same locality, “ first-form” king and queen, 8.6.24, from

rotten wood.

Allied species—The imago is very similar to C. rainbowi Hill, but it is

darker in colour and has much longer and more numerous setae on pronotum

and abdomen. ‘The soldier differs from C. rainbow? in having darker and wider

head, narrower gula and relatively shorter pronotum. From C. sanctae-crucis

Sny., the imago differs in its smaller size, much smaller pronotum, smaller head,

eyes and ocelli and two or three joints less in antennae. Both species have

scattered large setae on head, thorax and abdomen, but they are fewest and

largest on Snyder’s species. From the New Britain species which I have

described and provisionally referred to C. papua Desneux (Hill, Mem. Nat.

Mus. Melb., No. 7, 1926), the imago differs in being a little larger, antennal

joints larger and darker, and head larger and less setaceous. In the soldier

caste the Samoan species differs from the New Britain insect in having a darker,

more rounded and more setaceous head, differently sculptured frons, and much

more setaceous pronotum and abdomen. The imago of C. sanctae-crucis is

distinguished from C. rainbow? by its larger size, larger eyes and ocelli, larger

setae on head, thorax and abdomen, and much larger pronotum.

A fungus found growing on the fore-leg of termites of this species will be

described and figured by Mr. P. C. Tate, in a forthcoming part of Parasitology.

* J.e. measured in median line. See Light, Philippine Jr. Sc., xix. (1), p. 29, July 1921.

6 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

2. Calotermes (Calotermes) repandus Hill.

“ Entomologist,” vol. 59, p. 297, 1926.

Text-figs. 5-9 ; Plate 1, figs. 3, 4.

IMAGO

Colour.—Head, thorax and basal segments of abdomen light brown (Sand-

ford’s brown) ; wing-stumps and apical segments of abdomen darker (hazel) ;

labrum, antennae and tibiae clay-colour ; wings hyaline, veins cinnamon-brown.

Head (Text-fig. 5).—With scanty long setae, broadly rounded behind,

narrowed to the base of mandibles, frons with a distinct depression on either side

of the middle. Clypeus large, anterior half whitish and slightly concave an-

teriorly. Labrum strongly convex, slightly widened on the sides, broadly

rounded at apex. Hyes sub-triangular, large (0-46 x 0-46), very prominent,

0-25 from lower margin of head. Ocelli large (0-136 x 0-170), prominent, very

close to eyes. Antennae 17- to 18-jointed; 3rd segment about as long as 2nd,

a little darker and narrower at base; 4th much shorter than 3rd, very little

shorter and narrower than 5th; 6th-16th or 17th increasing in length pro-

gressively ; apical segment as long as, but narrower than, preceding one.

Thorax (Text-fig. 6; Pl. 1, fig. 3)—Pronotum very large, wider than head,

deeply concave in front, sides nearly straight, posterior margin broadly rounded

and slightly concave in the middle, margins impressed, with scanty short setae ;

posterior margin of meso- and metanotum as in pronotum.

Wings (PI. 1, fig. 4)—Wing-stumps glabrous, with very few and very short

setae ; stumps of forewings large, nearly covering those of hindwings, apex

markedly convex in forewings, only slightly convex in hindwings. Venation

variable ; in forewings the sub-costa is short, about one-third as long as radius ;

radius joining costa about the middle of wing; radial sector with about six

branches, the first joming the radius before the latter joins the costa ; median

vein in typical position for the sub-genus, distinct only at the base; cubitus

with only about six of the proximal branches discernible. Hindwing with sub-

costa not extending beyond suture; radius joining costa beyond the middle

of wing; radial sector with four or five branches, the first commencing a little

before the junction of the radius with the costa; median vein branching from

the radial sector ciose to base of wing, very indistinct at base, then becoming

gradually indiscernible as it passes through the middle of the wing; cubitus

as in forewing.

-~I

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE).

Legs.—Short and moderately stout, with few setae; tibial spurs 3:3: 3,

small.

Abdomen.—Glabrous, very little widened about the middle, tergites with

scanty apical fringe of moderately short and very short setae and a scantier

row about the middle; styli (male) very small; seventh sternite of female

not much longer than sixth.

Measurements. mm.

Length with wings : ; : : : z : : é : 15-00

Length without wings. : : . : : : : . 8:00-8:50

Head, to apex of labrum, ene : : : : ; : 3 2-00

Head, to clypeofrontal suture, long : 3 : ; : . : 1-42

Head, wide . : : , z 5 ‘ : : 1-62

Pronotum, long 1 19- 1 31; ite : ‘ ‘ : , : : s 1°82

Forewings, long 11°5 ; ee ; 5 : ; : ; : ‘ 313

Hindwings, long 11-0; wide . : t ; : : : 3:19

Tibia 11, long ; , : : : ‘ : ; : : : 1:33

SOLDIER

Colour—Head burnt sienna, labrum and antennae ochraceous-tawny,

anteclypeus hyaline, mandibles black (dark castaneous at base), pronotum,

legs and abdomen clay-colour.

Head (Text-fig. 7).—With rather numerous setae on posterior half,

distinctly more numerous on frons and behind antennal foviolae, sides parallel,

posterior margin broadly rounded, frons slightly concave and obscurely sculp-

tured ; viewed from the side the head is shallow and the mandibles distinctly

bent upwards. Labrum short and wide, broadly rounded in front, the margins

impressed, a group of setae near its apex. Mandibles very stout, with two

short teeth about the middle on the right, the hindermost nearly or quite

concealed by the labrum, the left with two teeth near the apex and a large

single tooth opposite the angle between the two teeth on the right. Gula long

and rather wide, hardly widened posteriorly. Antennae (Text-fig. 8) 13- to

15-jointed ; Ist short and stout, much swollen apically, nearly hidden from

above by antennal carina; 2nd very short, nearly quadrate ; 3rd nearly twice

as long as 2nd, dark in colour, clavate ; 4th about as long as 2nd and narrower ;

4th-10th increasing in length and becoming progressively narrower at base ;

11th-14th elongate, about as long as 10th ; apical segment shorter and narrower

than one preceding it. In a few examples the antennal joints are relatively

shorter and stouter than in the majority.

8 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Thoraz.—Pronotum very little wider than head, with few setae, anterior

margin deeply and obtusely notched, the sides at first slightly and then more

sharply narrowed to the narrow and faintly sinuate posterior margin. Posterior

Text-rie. 5. Calotermes (C.) repandus.—Side of head, showing eye, ocellus and basal segments

of antenna of imago. Txrxt-ric. 6.—Pronotum of imago. Trxt-Fic. 7.—Head of soldier.

Text-ric. 8.—Antenna of soldier. TExt-ria. 9.—Hind leg of soldier.

margin of meso- and metanotum as in pronotum or with slightly prolongated

posterolateral corners.

Legs (Text-fig. 9)—Very short and stout, with a few long setae; claws

large ; tibial spurs short, stout, finely serrated, 3:3: 3.

Abdomen.—Long and narrow, with very few setae, these mostly arranged

as a fringe of long and short ones at apex of segments and in a scantier row about

the middle. :

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 9)

Measurements. mm.

Total length : : : : i : : : - 10-00-13-50

Head, with mandibles, loner ? : é : : 2 : . 385-515

Head, without mandibles, long. : eG Mie 5 ‘ : . 250- 3-60

Head, wide ; 3 : : 3 : : é ; : . 1-70- 2-33

Head, deep ; : , : : 3 , ; . 1:25- 1-70

Gula, at narrowest nen ile ; : 5 ; ; . 0-28— 0-50

Aonvsamey long . : ; : : : : : 2-28

Pronotum, long (max.) 1 08-1: 70; W. We : : : ; . - 1-75- 2-45

Tibia ii, long. 3 : 2 : : . ‘ : 3 . 0:96— 1-36

The pronotum length recorded above is the distance between imaginary

lines as shown in Text-fig. 6, 7.e. the maximum length; the actual length of

the sclerite taken in the median line is only 0:90-1:50. In all my earlier papers

I have recorded the maximum length only.

Locality.—Samoan Islands: Apia, Upolu Is., alate imago (type), 6.4.25 ;

same locality, alate imago, 1.5.25; same locality, alate imago, August 1925 ;

same locality, deilated male and female, February 1925, in rotten Anona tree ;

same locality and month, queen, two soldiers and two nymphs, in rotten tree ;

Mulifanua, Upolu Is., two soldiers; Aleipata, Upolu Is., soldiers, nymphs and

larvae (No. 639), 7.4.24, in large forest tree in which was found also a colony of

Prorhinotermes inopinatus Silv. Also recorded from Fiji (Hill, Proc. Roy. Soc.

Vic., in Press).

3. Calotermes (Cryptotermes) buxtoni Hill.

“ Entomologist,” vol. 59, p. 298, 1926.

Text-figs. 10-14.

ImMaGo

There appears to be no reliable character by which the imago of this

species can be distinguished from Cryptotermes primus Hill (from Townsville,

N. Queensland), which is described in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, xlvi. (4),

p. 446, 1921. The eyes appear to be always larger in the Queensland species,

but there is very little difference between the largest in the one and the smallest

in the other. The antennae (Text-fig. 10) are 16-jointed; 2nd segment stout,

nearly as wide and about two-thirds as long as Ist; 3rd variable, shortest and

narrowest of all or a little longer than 4th; 4th—15th increasing in length

progressively ; 16th elongate-oval, shorter and narrower than 15th. Wings

hyaline with light brown costa, sub-costa, radius and radial sector, a few setae

10 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

on wing-stumps and on costa as far as extremity of radial sector, none else-

where; membrane with many scale-like micrasters; sub-costa of forewing

very short, sometimes fused with costa at or a little beyond suture; radius

short, joining costa a little beyond first branch of radial sector ; radial sector

with from five to seven branches to the costa, the first long, the others decreasing

in length progressively, all very distinct to their termination ; media obscure,

joining radial sector at about the anterior one-third of wing, not thickened at

its extremity ; cubitus with about twelve branches, these nearly always simple,

the main stem passing through the middle of wing to about the apical third,

Yee

Text-Fic. 10. Calotermes (C.) buxtoni.—Basal Text-ria. 11.—Calotermes (C.) buxtoni.

segments of antenna of imago. Mandibles of imago.

then rising slightly before descending to its Junction with the wing margin just:

below the apex of the wing. Hindwing with four to seven branches from the

radial sector; media shorter than that of forewing, branching from radial

sector near the suture and rejoining it a little beyond middle of wing, its

extremity not thickened ; cubitus passing through middle of wing to a point

opposite termination of media, then rising to the anterior third before descend-

ing to its termination just below apex of wing. Mandibles and pronotum as.

in Text-figs. 11 and 12.

Measurements. mm.

Length with wings. : : ‘ : : : : i # 9-75-1000

Length without wings : : ‘ : : : ‘ . : 6:25

Head, to apex of labrum, long. ; ‘ F : ; : : 1-30

Head, to clypeofrontal suture, long : : : : : : : 1-00

Head, wide : : ; : ' ; : . : : : 0-97

Kyes, diam. : . ; : : ‘ : : 0:23 0:30-0:28 x 0:32

Pronotum, long 0-62-0-68 ; wide . ‘ : : : : ; fel O91 leh

Forewing, long 7:00-7:25; wide . , : : : : : : 1-95

Tibia i, long. ‘ : 5 ; ; : : : : ; 0-55

SOLDIER

Colour.—Head and mandibles black, the former shading to dark castaneous

at base.

Head (Text-figs. 13, 14)—IFinely shagreened, short and wide, widest at

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 1h

anterior fourth, slightly narrowed to the broadly rounded posterior margin,

with scanty minute setae, anterodorsal margin (frontal flange) convex, pro-

jecting well over frons, deeply and narrowly incised in middle, frons deeply

excavated and vertical, the horn-like prolongation of lower lateral margin of

head long and stout, directed upwards at same angle as mandibles, the latter

short, stout and markedly bent upwards. Labrum pale, widest at base, narrowed

to the bluntly pointed apex. Antennae 13-jointed, very short.

Thorax.—Pronotum (Text-fig. 14) nearly as long as wide, as wide as head,

the anterior margin thickened, bent up, obtusely notched in middle, antero-

lateral angles wide and markedly elevated, sides and posterior margin rounded,

the latter slightly concave in the middle, entire margin fringed with scanty,

very small setae. Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum as in pronotum.

Legs.—Short and stout, with few setae; tibial spurs 3:3: 3, serrate.

Abdomen.—Short, wide in the middle and sharply tapered to the pointed

apex, apex of segments with scanty fringe of setae somewhat longer than those

on thorax.

Measurements. mm.

Total length (head bent at angle 45°). : é f ; ; : . 4:00

Head, from base to frontal flange, long . : : ‘ 5 : : ay ell

Head, to apex of mandibles, long . : ; : : : : : at kere@)

Head, wide ; , : : 2 5 4 ; : : ; se IS

Head, deep : : 5 ‘ b : ; 6 ; : : 2:08

Pronotum, long 1:20; wide . : : : : é : : : a 1:25

Tibia i, long : ‘ ‘ : ; ‘ 5 d : d : =7/0370

Locality.—Samoan Islands: Apia, Upolu Is., 10.12.24.

Described from a small colony comprising several alate imagos, one soldier

and many nymphs and larvae, found in galleries in a chair. The collection

contains another imago from same locality, taken at light in March. Buxton

informs me that this is the only case of damage to furniture, by this or any

other species of Termite, which came to the knowledge of himself or Mr. Hopkins

during two years in Samoa ; no damage to the structure of houses was observed,

and none of damage to trees or crops. The highly indigenous Termite fauna of

Samoa appears to be at present harmless.

Allked specres—The following additional comparisons with previously

described species may be noted: The imago is also very similar to C. arcanus

Hill (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xxxvui (2), p. 214, 1925), from which it appears to

differ chiefly in its lighter coloured head, body and wings. The soldiers of C.

12 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

primus and C. arcanus are quite distinct from each other and from C. buztont.

From C. primus the latter differs markedly in having a larger and more rounded

head, anterodorsal margin of head (frontal flange) as seen from above strongly

convex and deeply incised in the middle (not straight and without deep median

incision), and projecting beyond vertical frons as seen in profile, shorter and

more upturned mandibles and distinctly different shaped pronotum. From

C. arcanus (from Lord Howe Is.) it differs in its larger size, vertical frons,

mandibles shorter and markedly bent upwards (not nearly parallel with axis

of head), frontal flange when viewed diagonally from behind convex and deeply

incised in the middle (not concave and without median incision), pronotum

larger, with anterolateral corners larger and distinctly more elevated. From

C. secundus Hill (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xxxvul. (2), 215), it differs as above in

12 14

Calotermes (C.) buxtoni. Trxr-ric. 12.—Pronotum of imago. Trxt-ric. 13.—Head and pro-

notum of soldier, viewed obliquely from behind. Trxt-Fie. 14.—Head and pronotum of

soldier in profile.

most of the features enumerated, but especially in the form of the frontal flange.

From C. gulosus Hill (Mem. Nat. Mus., Melb., No. 7, in Press), the imago differs

chiefly in its smaller eyes and pronotum. From the soldier of C. gulosus it

differs in its larger size, frontal flange as viewed from above much more deeply

incised in the middle and differently sculptured, and, viewed laterally, pro-

jecting further over the frons, pronotum larger and of different shape. From

the imago of C. torres Hill (MS), it differs in its lighter colour and larger size,

distinctly larger head, larger eyes and longer pronotum. In the soldier caste

it differs from this Thursday Is. species in having the median incision in the

frontal flange much deeper and narrower and connected with a rather large

and deep impression in the upper part of the frons (in C. torrest there are two

smaller impressions, one on each side of the median line, in this position), the

pronotum larger and with anterolateral corners more bent up and the anterior

margin much more widely and a little more obtusely emarginate. The imago

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 13

differs from C. hermsi Kirby (from Fanning Is.) in having smaller and less

prominent eyes, the facets larger and the pronotum less setaceous. The soldier

differs in its slightly larger size, the frontal flange projecting further over the

frons, the median incision very much deeper and extending into the frons (in

C. hermsi it is obscure when viewed obliquely from behind and does not extend

into the frons), and the horn-like projection on either side of the frons stouter.

From C. repentinus Hill (Mem. Nat. Mus., Melb., No. 7), from New Britain,

it is distinguished by its larger size, longer and paler wings, etc. Authenticated

specimens of the following additional species have been compared with the

present species :—C. brevis Walk., C. thompsoni Sny., C. cyanocephalus Light,

C. nocens Light, and C. cavifrons Banks.

4. Calotermes (Cryptotermes), spp.

Two alate imagos from Pago Pago, Tutuila Is., Samoan Islands, 12.8.25,

are intermediate in size between C. buxtoni and the species referred to in the

following paragraph; they may represent a distinct species, but this cannot

be determined until a complete series is available for examination.

The collection contains also a single alate imago from Neiafu, Vavau Is.,

Tonga Group (March 1925), which appears to be specifically distinct from

previously described species. It is considerably smaller than C. buxtonz, from

which it differs also in having slightly larger eyes, smaller and more quadrate

pronotum and relatively longer and narrower head. A closely related form

has been collected recently by Mr. A. M. Lea in Fiji.

5. Calotermes (Glyptotermes) xantholabrum Hill.

Mem. Nat. Mus., Melb., No. 7 (In Press). _

This species was described from two alate imagos from Rabaul, New

Britain ; the soldier has not been described hitherto. The imagos in the several

series referred to below agree with the type, whilst the nymphs and larvae

associated with them agree with those associated with the two soldiers from

Apia. On this evidence of conspecificity one of the soldiers has been selected

as morphotype, and is described here. For several reasons the selection of such

a specimen as secondary type is open to objection, but as no difference can

be detected between the New Britain and Samoan imagos, and as there is very

14 INSECTS OF SAMOA. .

little probability of the imagos and soldiers from the latter locality being

otherwise than conspecific, it seems advisable to follow this course. It is quite

possible, however, that in this sub-genus, as in Cryptotermes, there are species

with markedly different soldiers which cannot be differentiated satisfactorily

in the alate caste.

SOLDIER

Colour.—Head burnt sienna, antennae and legs a little lighter, mandibles

dark castaneous with black tips, remainder of insect tawny.

Head.—¥inely shagreened, with very few moderately long reddish setae,

almost parallel on sides, broadly rounded behind, frons broadly and deeply

concave, but without frontal flange, sloping at an angle of 45° to axis of head.

Clypeus shagreened, large, slightly arcuate in front, with a transverse row of

minute setae about the middle. Labrum shagreened, large, a little wider than

long, wide at base, slightly swollen on sides and broadly rounded in front, apex

barely covering second tooth on left mandible, the entire margin narrowly

impressed, a group of about twelve relatively large setae near apex. Antennae

very short, extending little beyond apex of mandibles; 10-jointed, 1st segment

short and stout ; 2nd about two-thirds as long as 1st and one-fourth narrower ;

3rd very short and narrow, widest apically and closely fused with 4th ; 5th about

as long as 2nd, but much wider ; 6th—8th globular ; 9th a little longer than wide ;

10th about as long as 9th, but much narrower. Mandibles short and stout ;

the left with two short teeth on the apical half and another about the middle ;

the right with two short stout teeth about the middle, the angle between them

opposite the apex of hindermost tooth on left ; other teeth, if present, cannot be

demonstrated without dissection. Gula short and wide. Intersegmental

membrane surrounding cervical sclerites whitish and markedly shagreened.

Thorax.—Pronotum very little narrower than head, short, with scanty

short and long setae and narrowly impressed margin, anterior margin concave,

anterolateral angles very little rounded, sides sloping to the broadly rounded

posterior margin. Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum slightly sinuate.

Legs.—Short and stout, with few setae; claws and tibial spurs large, the

latter serrate, 3:3: 3.

Abdomen.—Long and narrow, widest in middle, tapered thence to the

bluntly pointed apex; apex of segments with scanty fringe of long and very

short setae. Cerci and styli moderately large.

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE). 15

Measurements. mm.

Total length . ; : : : ‘ : : : . 5:00-6-00

Head, with Mandible neve : : ; ‘ : : : : . 1-60—-1-70

Head, without mandibles, long ; : -. é j : ; : 1:17

Head, wide . : : 2 ; : k ; : : : ; 0-85

Head, deep . : 9 : 5 : : é : é : O-T7

Gula, at narrowest part, wikls : : : ; 2 : 3 : 0-22

peooccmn: long 0:-40-0-45; wide. A \ : : 5 Y . 0-76-0°82

Tibia iui, long : : : ; ; : : : . : 3 0-47

Locality.—Samoan Islands: Malololelei, Upolu Is., 2,000 ft., several imagos

and nymphs, 21.6.24; same locality larvae and nymphs, 18.4.25; same

locality, one deilated imago, 3.6.24; Apia, Upolu Is., two soldiers and several

larvae and nymphs (No. 633) in rotten wood, 27.3.24 (Type colony for soldier) ;

same locality, one alate imago, 4.7.24; same locality, ten imagos (mostly

immature) and several larvae and nymphs (No. 603), in rotten log, 31.1.24.

A Gamasid Mite which was found adhering by its anus to the antennae of

this species of Termite, in Apia, will be described by Mr. A. 8. Hirstin Part VIII

of this work.

6. Prorhinotermes inopinatus Silvestri.

Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, Isoptera, ii. (17), 1909.

This species is represented in the Buxton and Hopkins collection by six

colonies, as follows :—

Three colonies of soldiers and workers from Vailima, Upolu Is., from April

to June 1924; in rotten wood.

Numerous soldiers, brachypterous kings and queens, workers and larvae

from Malololelei, Upolu Is., 23.2.24 ; in rotten post.

Alate imagos, soldiers and workers from Nuutele Is., 9.4.24.

Dealated imagos, soldiers and workers from Apia, Upolu Is., 10.7.24; in

rotten Kapok stump.

Numerous apterous and brachypterous kings and queens, soldiers, workers

and larvae (No. 760) from Apia, May 1925; from paper stored on floor.

In addition to the above, the following specimens in the collection of the

Bishop Museum have been examined; from Amauli, Tutuila Island, nest on

coconut palm (Swezey and Wilder) ; from Pago Pago, Tutuila Island (Bryan) ;

several specimens from Apia, Upolu Island.

16 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

The apterous reproductive form has lightly chitinized body, as in soldier.

16- to 19-jointed antennae, small unpigmented eyes, no ocelli and lateral and.

posterolateral margins of meso- and metanotum slightly thickened and

expanded. The brachypterous form is much more heavily chitinized, and has

17- to 19-jointed antennae, large eyes without or with slight pigmentation,

eye facets developed, ocelli present, lateral and posterolateral margins of meso-

and metanotum broadly expanded so as to leave the posterior margin deeply

and narrowly notched in the middle, as figured by Silvestri.

The soldier is described as having 17-jointed antennae ; the number ranges

from 17 to 20 in series collected by Dr. Buxton. There is also a considerable

range of variation in the shape and size of the head and in the body length of

individuals from the same colony. The following measurements are from three

selected specimens from the colony, collected in Apia in May :—

Measurements. mm,

Totallength . F : . : : : ; : 1) 8° 76is 6-505 7-00

Head, with mandibles, long 3 f : . : . 2:00; 2:50; 2-67

Head, without mandibles, long . : : : : i 312205, Ie65 ub 16

Head, wide - : : ‘ , . ; ; : . 10°90"; 136.5 VAD,

Pronotum, long : : 5 : : ; : : . 0-40; 0°68; 0:68

Pronotum, wide F , A é : ; : , S 0:68:35 2:19) 5 1-35,

7. Microcerotermes perafhnis Silvestri.

Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, Isoptera, ii. (17), 1909.

The Buxton and Hopkins collection contains ten series from the Samoan

Islands, as follows :—

Soldiers, workers and larvae (No. 634) from Apia, Upolu Is., March 1924 ;

from termitarium on trunk of mango tree; no Trichonymphids in a dozen

workers and larvae examined by Dr. Buxton.

Soldiers, workers and larvae (No. 604) from Apia, 31.1.24; ‘from carton

nest in Cocos trunk; nests generally 4 to 8 ft. up; common all along coast.

on coconuts, mangoes, etc., and not commonly on uncultivated trees ; quite

probably introduced.”

Alate imagos, workers and larvae from Apia, 2.3.24; from carton nest

on mango trunk.

Soldiers, workers and larvae (No. 632) from same nest as No. 604; no

Trichonumphids in six workers examined by Dr. Buxton.

ISOPTERA (FAMILY TERMITIDAE) 17

Soldiers from Stevenson’s Grave, Apia (1,000 ft.), 29.3.24.

Soldiers, workers and larvae from Apia, 6.1.24; in carton nest on top of

mango stump.

Soldiers, workers and larvae (No. 637) from Aleipata, Upolu Is., 7.4.24 ;

from small nest on coconut.

Alate imagos, seventeen brachypterous queens, first-form nymphs, workers

and larvae (No. 638) from Aleipata, 7.4.24; “large flourishing colony on un-

known tree ; nest fairly closely examined bit by bit, but no first-form sexual

forms or royal cell found ; a nest on the next tree and connected with the first

by galleries was hard and woody and contained many neoteinics and winged

adults.”

Soldiers, workers and larvae from Namua Is., 10.4.24.

Alate imagos, nymphs, soldiers, workers and larvae from Fagamalo, Savaii

Is., 2.8.24.

In addition to the above, the following material in the Bishop Museum

belongs to this species; specimens collected at Amauli, Tutuila Island, 5th

Sept., 1923 (O. H. Swezey) ; and Fagasa, Tutuila Island, 8th Sept., 1923 (O. H.

Swezey and G. P. Wilder).

This species is very closely allied to a New Britain species described else-

where (Hill, Mem. Nat. Mus., Melb., No. 7), under the name M. umbritarsus,

from which it differs in having smaller eyes and ocelli, smaller, paler, less

setaceous and glabrous head and differently shaped pronotum.

REFERENCES.

DESNEUX, J. . . Isoptera of New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, ii, 1905.

Hitt, G. F. : . Newand Rare Australian Termites. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,

xvi. (4), 1921.

5 5 . Termites from the Australian Region: Description of New Species and

Hitherto Undescribed Castes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xxxvii. (2), 1925.

3 ; . Termites from the Ellice Group. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xxxvii. (1, 2).

35 6 . Termites from South Sea and Torres Strait Islands. Proc. Roy. Soc.

Vic., xxxix. (1), 1926. (In Press.)

PA 5 . Termites from the Australian Region: A. The Termite Fauna of

New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Hebrides and Solomon

Islands. B. A Revision of the Australian Leucotermes, Microcerotermes

and Mirotermes. Mem. Nat. Mus. Melb., No. 7. (In Press.)

Hotmecren, N. . . Neu-Guinea Termiten. Mitt. aus dem Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1911.

5 : . Neue Termiten aus dem Deutschen Entom. Mus. Entom. Mitteilungen,

11 (9) al Gils

vil. I 2

INSECTS OF SAMOA. .

Hotmeren, N. and K. Termiten aus Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen.

Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, Zool., ii. (6), 1915.

Kirsy, H. : . Cryptotermes hermsi, sp. nov. A Termite from Fanning Island. Univ.

Calif. Publicns. in Zoolog., xxvi, 1925.

SILVEsTRI, F. . . Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, i1. (17), 1909.

Snyper, T. EH. - . New Termites from the Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz Archipelago.

Journ. Wash. Acad. Sce., xv. (15, 17), 1925.

Ratnsow, J. W. . Insect Fauna of Funafuti. Austr. Mus., Sydney, Mem. iii. (1897), 1896-

1900.

BG SED Len doe

Ce a bo:

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES AND PLATE

TEXT-FIGURES

Calotermes (Neotermes) samoanus Holmgr. Imago—head.

*3 % 5 53 " antenna.

2 . > 5 3p pronotum.

,, Soldier—head.

Clotermes (Calierines) repandus, n. sp. Lmago—side of head.

y) " *% ss 5 pronotum.

” » H », soldier—head.

” » 5 1 os antenna.

i i. hind leg.

Ghlotennies (Cra “jptolermes) Riionk n. sp. Imago—antenna.

2 ” ” ” mandibles.

o 33 8 pronotum.

- in as Soldier—head and pronotum viewed obliquely from

behind.

” ” > », head and pronotum in profile.

PLATE I

Calotermes (Neotermes) samoanus Holmgr. Imago—thorax, legs and abdomen.

FP forewing.

Calotermes (Calotermes) Te n. sp. Imago—thorax, bes and abdomen.

0 3 wings.

Microcerotermes ‘perafints, Sily. —termitarium.

BRIT. MUS. (NAT. HIST.). INSECTS OF SAMOA.

PLATE I.

TERMITES. [To face p. 18.

PART VII.

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ODONATA

By Lr.-Cou. F. C. Fraser, I.M.S., F.E.S.

(With 5 Text-figures)

In 1866 Brauer published the description of a single species of dragonfly from

Samoa, and in the following three years, descriptions of three others. These

were the first Samoan dragonflies to be described, nothing further being published

on them until a period of fifty-five years had elapsed. In the year 1924 the

present author issued a preliminary note on Samoan dragonflies, in which were

listed fifteen species, including three new to science. A further note was pub-

lished at the beginning of last year (1926), in which another new species was

described. Since the publication of the latter, much fresh material has been

collected by Dr. J. 8. Armstrong, Dr. P. A. Buxton, Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins,

Mr. E. H. Bryan, and others, bringing the list up to twenty-nine species in all.

This new material, consisting of about 300 specimens, includes representatives

of four genera, twelve species not hitherto reported from the Samoan Islands,

one undetermined species, and one new species from Tonga. In addition,

the female of Pacificagrion lachrymosa has been discovered. The complete list

of species is as follows.

Order: ODONATA.

Suborder: ZYGOPTERA.

Family : COENAGRIONIDAE.

. Pseudagrion samoensis Fras.

. Agriocnemis exsudans Selys.

. Agriocnenis vitiensis Tillyard.

. Agriocnemis interrupta, sp. nov.

. Pericnemis annulata Brauer.

. Lschnura aurora Brauer.

. Ischnura buxtoni, sp. nov.

. Ischnura haemastigma, sp. nov.

. Ischnura albistigma, sp. nov.

20 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

10. Ischnura chromostigma, sp. Nov.

11. Amorphostigma armstrongi Fras.

12. Amorphostigma auricolor, sp. nov.

13. Pacificagrion lachrymosa Fras.

Suborder: ANISOPTERA.

Family : AESCHNIDAE.

14. Anazx gibbosulus Ramb.

15. Anaciaeschna jaspidea (Burm._).

16. Gynacantha apraensis, sp. nov.

16a. [Gynacantha stevenson, sp. nov., from Tonga. }

Family : LiBELLULIDAE.

17. Henvicordulia pacifica Fras.

18. Hemicordulia assimilis oceanica Selys.

19. Henvcordulia cupricolor, sp. nov.

194. Hemicordulia, sp. ?

20. Lathrecista asiatica asiatica (Fabr.).

21. Diplacodes bipunctata (Brauet).

22. Rhyothemas regra chalcoptilon (Brauer).

23. Rhyothemis regia exul Ris.

24. Tramea lumbata (Des}.).

25. Pantala flavescens (Fabr.).

26. Tholymis tullarga (Fabr.).

27. Macrodiplax cora (Brauer).

28. Orthetrum sabina (Drury).

It will be noted, from a perusal of the above list, that the fauna presents

some striking features. In the suborder Zygoptera, which is divided about

equally into two large families, the first family, the Agrionidae, is entirely

unrepresented. In the second, the Coenagrionidae, there is an extraordinary

development of the group Ischnwra, no fewer than eight out of the twelve species

belonging to this genus or its relatives (Amorphostigma, Pacificagrion).

In the suborder Anisoptera, the families Gomphidae and Cordulegasteridae

are completely wanting, while only three species of Aeschnidae have been

discovered. In the remaining family, the Libellulidae, there is a marked

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 21

development of the genus Hemicordulia,an ancient stock from which the dominant

subfamily Libellulinae probably originated. Species belonging to other genera

are mostly those with strong migratory tendencies, and are related to Australia

and South Asian forms.

1. Pseudagrion samoensis Fras. (Text-fig. 1, a and 5).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 430-432, 1925.

The only representative of the genus in the islands, closely related to the

Fijian P. pacificum Till. Many specimens collected by J. 8. Armstrong, Siumu,

Upolu Isl., 16-24.viii.22, 18-29.x.22,

16.x11.22 and 23.11.23.

2. Agriocnemis exsudans Selys.

Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xl, p. 146, 1877; Till-

yard, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 335-337,

1924 ; Fraser, l.c. p. 432, 1925.

Closely related to A. pygmaea

and A. vitiensis, and probably of not

more than subspecific rank. Found

throughout the whole year at Apia,

Upolu Isl.: specimens also examined

from Savaii Isl., Pago Pago, Tutuila d

Isl., and Funafuti, Ellice Isl. In Upolu Texr-rig.1.—a. Anal appendages of Pseudagrion

the species is common from sea-level samoensis seen from above. 6. The same

; seen from the left, in profile. c. Anal

to 2000 feet, near Malololelei. appendages of Agriocnemis interrupta, sp.

noy., seen from above. d. The same seen

é Ge eri 5 : from the left, in profile.

3. Agriocnemis vitiensis Tillyard. z

Tillyard, J.c. pp. 337, 338, 1924; Fraser, J.c. p. 432, 1925.

Several males and females collected by J. 8S. Armstrong, Apia, Upolu Isl.,

28.x.—30.x1.23, in company with the foregoing species. I have not been able

to satisfy myself as to the differences in the anal appendages pointed out by

Tillyard. The main point of differentiation appears to be that the terminal

segments of the abdomen remain reddish in this species, even in the very adult

stage, whereas they turn blackish-brown in exsudans. Age differences, however,

are very unreliable, when dealing with genera such as Agriocnenus, Ischnura

22 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

and Enallagma, in all of which reddish colouring predominates in the teneral

condition.

4. Agriocnemis interrupta, sp. nov. (Text-fig. 1, c and d).

The largest species of the genus yet discovered, its measurements sur-

passing all others by about 6 mm. in breadth and length. In this respect it

approaches Argvocnenis, a closely related genus.

Male. Abdomen 26mm. MHindwing 18 mm.

Head.—Labium white ; labrum and epistome glossy metallic blue; cheeks

and bases of mandibles blue; rest of head matt black, except for a large sub-

triangular blue postocular spot on each side behind the eyes.

Prothorax black on dorsum, bluish on sides, the posterior lobe of great

length, narrow and grooved above longitudinally.

Thorax broadly black on dorsum, light blue on the sides, with a small black

spot on the upper part of the postero-lateral suture. The dorsum marked with

a broadly interrupted blue antehumeral stripe, represented by an upper triangular

spot against the alar sinus and a narrow stripe below which tapers to a point

and ends about halfway up the dorsum of thorax.

Legs short, robust, yellowish, with a broad black stripe on extensor surfaces

of femora.

Wings palely enfumed, 11 postnodal nervures in forewing, 9 in the hind ;

arc distad of outer antenodal nervure in all wings; pterostigma pale brown,

small, its outer edge somewhat rounded, the inner oblique.

Abdomen black on dorsum, bluish laterally, the apical end of segment 7,

and the whole of segments 8-10 brick red. Segments 3-7 with short basal blue

rings.

Anal appendages brick red, the superiors robust, stoutly built, divaricate,

equal in length to segment 10, the apices notched. The inferiors broad at

base, tapering rapidly to a fine point, directed very obliquely upward and

almost hidden in the end of abdomen.

Distribution —A single male from Malololelei, Upolu, W. Samoa, coll.,

J. 8. Armstrong. Distinguished from other species of the genus by its large

size (about 6 mm. larger in all directions). It belongs to the pygmaea group,

as is shown by its metallic labrum.

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 23

5. Pericnemis annulata Brauer.

Verh, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, p. 10, 1869.

Not represented in the collections made by J. S. Armstrong and P. A.

Buxton. The species is a doubtful one, and was entirely suppressed by Selys

in his account of the genus published in 1877. The genus was placed by Selys

in the 4th Legion Platycnemis in his Synopsis des Agrionines, published in 1863,

but was subsequently removed to the 5th Legion Agrion in 1877 as a subgenus

of Telebasis. It is quite possible that the species may turn out to be yet another

of the Ischnurine group with abnormal pterostigma.

6. Ischnura aurora Brauer (Text-fig. 5, iv.).

Agrion aurora (Ischnura aurora) Brauer, l.c. xv, p. 510, 1865; Reise d. Novara, Neur., p. 56,

1866 ; Ischnura delicata Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), xli, p. 281, 1876.

A common insect at Apia, Upolu Isl., and found from September to April.

Also taken at Amauli, Tutuila, and Safune, Savaii; and at Funafuti, Ellice

Group, during September. Of wide distribution, extending from Western

India to Samoa, throughout South Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands.

Specimens from Samoa conform to Asiatic examples in having the abdomen

yellow (Australian forms are red). In Coorg I have often watched this species

taking flight after emerging, and have followed it with my eyes as it rose almost

perpendicularly in the air, until finally lost to sight at a great height. Such a

frail, tiny insect floats like a piece of gossamer, and is borne by the upper air

currents to immense distances. In fact its very weakness becomes a source of

strength, enabling it to spread over, and populate a vast area. I have noted

swallows snapping up this insect during the natal flight, and Orthetrum sabina

preys freely upon it in its reedy fastnesses.

7. Ischnura buxtoni, sp. nov. (Text-figs. 3, a and 6; 5, v.).

Male. Abdomen 26-27 mm. Hindwing 16-17 mm.

Head.—Labium creamy white; labrum pale greeny-white, with its base

finely black, this colour produced as a median short point; anteclypeus, the

cheeks, and a transverse stripe on frons pale olive ; above epistome black with

a metallic lustre, rest of head matt black except for a postocular blue spot on

each side behind, and a twin linear spot at middle of back of occiput.

24 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Prothorax black on dorsum, the hinder border very finely and the lower

part of sides broadly, as well as coxae and trochanters of anterior pair of legs,

yellow.

Thorax with a pair of small yellow horns on its anterior border, projecting

towards the posterior lobe of prothorax, the dorsal pair the largest. Dorsum

of thorax broadly black, with a narrow antehumeral stripe on each side olive-

ereen (probably blue in life). The stripe narrows gradually above and then

expands again at its extreme upper end. Laterally bluish-green with a black

stripe, incomplete below, on the postero-lateral suture. The dorsal black

area, just posterior to the humeral suture, sends a hooked downward prolonga-

tion for a very short distance.

Legs yellow on flexor surface, broadly black on the extensor.

Wings hyaline, distinctly enfumed ; postnodal nervures in forewing 11,

in the hind 10; pterostigma slightly larger in the forewing, its inner side some-

what shorter than outer, that of forewing pulverulent white above in adults,

that of the hind blackish-brown, all similarly coloured beneath.

Abdomen bluish-green, marked broadly with black on dorsum, and with

blue on segments 8-10. Segment 1 with the whole of dorsum broadly black,

its apical joint bluish-green, segment 2 similar but the black constricted by

the blue ground colour at the apical border, and the apical joint black, seg-

ments 3-6 with the whole of dorsum black except for narrow basal blue rings.

The black on these segments expanded subapically and then contracted at the

apical border where it joins an apical black ring. Segment 7 very broadly

black, tts lower border yellowish; segment 8 with its apical half azure blue,

this colour extending broadly as far as the base of segment on the sides ; 9 and 10

entirely blue save for a small lateral black elongate spot on each side, the latter

segment with a prominent blunt spine at the apical end of the dorsal carina.

Anal appendages black, the inferiors paler and brownish at base, superiors

robust and stoutly built, shaped like the butt end of a revolver, constricted and

cylindrical at base, then abruptly bent downward and thickened, bluntly pointed

behind and below. The inferiors broad at base, rapidly tapering, thin and

cylindrical, curving evenly up and back. Seen from below, these appendages

are a little concave towards each other and their apices tend to approximate.

The superiors show only as rounded, or thick conical, processes on either side

of them.

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE).

Female. Abdomen 19-24 mm. Hindwing 15-18 mm.

Head.—Labium white ; labrum creamy yellow, its base black ; anteclypeus

yellow; postclypeus glossy black, an obscure bluish stripe between it and

trons above, largely hidden by melanism ; rest of head black, especially in adults,

but in the younger specimens there are postocular spots similar to those of the

male.

Prothorax black on dorsum, yellowish low down on sides, this part more

or less pulverulent white.

Thorax broadly black on dorsum with a narrow bluish-green ante-humeral

stripe, largely obscured or almost obsolete in very adult specimens. Laterally

bluish-green, with a broad black stripe on the postero-lateral suture. Sides

and beneath more or less pulverulent white.

Legs reddish-brown, the extensor surface of femora black. The coxae,

trochanters and inner surfaces of femora pulverulent white in adults.

Wings hyaline; 12-14 postnodal nervures in forewing, 11 in the hind ;

pterostigma small, light brown framed in black nervures.

Abdomen black, the ventro-lateral borders narrowly ochreous. Segment 1

and the basal half of 2 more or less pulverulent white. Segments 8-10 marked

with blue, the extent of this colour varying with the age of specimens, and

in two of the present collection quite obsolete. In the younger specimens,

there is a broad triangular blue patch on segment 8, with its base against

the apical border of segment, and its apex extending to within a short

distance of the anterior margin; on 9 a similar but more extensive marking,

its base, at the apical border very broad, its apex narrowed and extended

right up to, and broadly contiguous with, the base of segment. Segment 10

with its dorsum wholly blue from base to apex.

Vulvar scale ochreous, robust, extending to end of abdomen.

The 8th abdominal segment without a ventral spine in any of the seven

females examined. |

Distribution Two males and seven females, Malololelei, Upolu Isl.,

W. Samoa, 2,000 ft., 2.vii.24, coll. J. 8S. Armstrong. In general facies closely

resembling I. senegalensis Ramb., a species extending from 8. Africa to the

Philippines.

26 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

8. Ischnura haemastigma, sp. nov. (Text-figs. 2, a and 6; 5, vi.).

Male. Abdomen 24mm. Hindwing 15°5 mm.

Head.—-Lips, epistome and frons bright citron yellow; vertex black,

marked with small round greenish postocular spots.

Prothorax black, with an anterior collar and the sides broadly citron yellow,

Thorax black on dorsum, with the anterior hooklets yellow, small. Antehumeral

stripes broken up into an upper small lmear spot and a lower larger pyriform

spot, both citron yellow, the dorsum other-

Vv oe wise broadly black, the sides citron yellow

changing to reddish near the ventral surface,

and marked with a narrow black stripe on

the hind suture, and a small linear black

point beneath the root of forewing.

Legs bright crimson, with fine black

S .

spines.

Wings hyaline, pterostigma in forewing

blood-red, almost quadrate, the costal side

shortest, the outer and inner sides oblique,

the hinder a little rounded, over about one

cell. In the hindwing, this structure is

normal and about one-third the size of that

TExt-FIe. 2.—a. Ventral view of anal ap- a OLE, ming Pas auce enlaneeg, : Foe

pendages of Ischnura haemastigma. Mnodals in forewings 10-11, in the hind 9;

b. The same seen from the right ge lies a little nearer the distal antenodal.

side. c. Ventral view of anal ap- ‘

pendages of Amorphostigma arm- Abdomen bronzed black, this colour

Se e The same seen from the forming complete broad apical rings on 3-7.

erates Segments 1-7 yellow along the ventral

borders and beneath. Segment 8 with a blue triangular apical marking on its

apical end, the base applied to the apical border of segment, segment 9 entirely

blue, 10 with a large dorsal geminate spot of blue.

Anal appendages black, the superiors sickle-shaped in profile, about as long

as segment 10, seen from above, rounded and hollowed out. Inferiors slightly

longer, broad at base, tapering to a sharp point, which is turned rather sharply

inward as seen from below.

Distribution.—A. single male from Malololelei, Upolu Isl., 2,000 ft., P. A.

Buxton, 5.xi1.25. The colour of the pterostigma is unique in the genus, with

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 27

the exception of a new species, of which I have seen specimens from the Society

Islands. In this latter the shape of the pterostigma is normal. though enlarged.

The shape of the structure in the present species recalls that of Protosticta, and

is very similar to that of Ischnura perparva, of N. America.

9. Ischnura albistigma, sp. nov. (Text-fig. 5, 1.).

Male. Abdomen 25mm. Hindwing 18 mm.

Head.—Labium creamy white; labrum greenish-yellow, with a small

medial basal punctate spot black ; epistome glossy black ; postclypeus and frons

greenish-yellow, including basal segments of antennae; vertex black, marked

by small round azure-blue postocular spots.

Prothorax black. Thorax black on dorsum, the anterior hooklets, narrow

antehumeral stripes, and the sides broadly greenish-yellow. The latter with a

narrow black stripe on the hinder suture, and a small linear spot beneath the

root of forewing.

Legs yellow, hind femora with a black outer stripe.

Wings hyaline. Pterostigma of forewing about three times the area of

that of hind, pale creamy white, with its inner angle broadly black, giving an

eye-like effect to the structure. Its outer side very oblique and elongate, its

costal border longer still and, like the outer, framed in pale creamy white,

so that the costa appears to be absent here. Inner and hinder borders very

short and black, the latter shghtly rounded. Pterostigma of hindwing normal,

sepia framed in black, with a paler ring within. Postnodal index, 13-14 in the

forewings, 10-11 in the hind; ac situated nearly midway between the two

antenodals.

Abdomen citron yellow, marked broadly on the dorsum with enfumed

ochreous and black, as follows: Segment 1 with a sub-quadrate black dorsal

spot on a blue background, 2 with a broad thistle-head shaped spot on dorsum

connected to an apical ring, segments 3-6 with broad dorsal stripes black at

either end, warm reddish ochreous in between, the basal ends of the stripes not

quite extending to the base of segments, where they leave narrow yellow rings.

Segment 7 entirely black on the dorsum, 8 with a broad triangular blue spot on

dorsum, the base of triangle applied to the apex of segment, 9 all blue save for a

small sub-dorsal apical black spot on either side, 10 similar but the lateral black

spot larger.

Anal appendages black. Superiors seen in profile shaped like the butt of

28 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

a revolver, seen from above rounded and with a robust outer spine. The inferiors

of about the same length, and equal to the length of segment 10, broad at base,

tapering to a fine point, widely divaricate.

Female unknown.

Distribution.— Only two specimens, both males, are known: the first, the

type, came from the same locality as that of the foregoing species, and was

taken on the same date, in the same deep ravine. The second is a teneral

male, taken between sea-level and 300 ft. at Pago Pago, Tutuila Isl., 18.vi.23

(H. C. Kellers). The species is closely related by its appendages to others

of the group as represented in Samoa, and especially to A. armstrongi, but dis-

tinguished easily from all others by the shape of its pterostigma. I have seen

a Tahitian species, in which the pterostigma shows almost identical shape and

colouring, but in which the anal appendages are almost identical with those of

I. haemastigma.

10. Ischnura chromostigma, sp. nov.

4 3 and 5 9, all from Pago Pago, Afone Trail, Tutuila Island, 10.1x.23

to 12.iv.24, col., E. H. Bryan, Swezey and Wilder. All specimens except a

single female are imperfect, the terminal segments with anal appendages

being absent.

Male. Abdomen 24 mm. (7 segments only). Hindwing 18-20 mm.

Head.—Labium yellow; labrum azure blue, its anterior border narrowly

yellow, its base narrowly black, as also the epistome. A broad transverse

ereenish-blue stripe across frons extending from cheek to cheek and changing

to yellowish-green low down on the cheeks and bases of mandibles. Rest of

head matt black,-marked with two rounded postocular blue spots.

Prothorax black, the sides yellow, as also coxae and trochanters.

Thorax black on dorsum, marked with two pale blue antehumeral stripes.

Laterally blue, with a broad black stripe over the second lateral suture and

anterior border of metepimeron. Anteriorly the blue area slightly overlaps

the first lateral suture in its lower three-fourths.

Legs yellow, with black spines; the hinder and outer parts of all femora

and the hinder surfaces of tibiae black.

Wings hyaline, 14 postnodals in forewings, 11 in the hind. Pterostigma

differing in fore- and hind-wings, normal in the latter, where it covers less than

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 29

one cell, sepia in colour, its outer angle very acute. In some the costal border

pale yellow. Pterostigma of forewing extremely narrow, nearly twice the

length that of hind, its inner angle acute, its outer much more so and prolonged

along the costa, so that the costal border is nearly half as long again as the

posterior, and the outer border one-fourth as long again as inner; black, the

portion of the costa bordering it and its costal border pale citron-yellow, as also:

the upper half of the outer border and a small part of the inner border.

Abdomen dark ochreous on dorsum, or pale yellow in younger specimens,

laterally yellow. Segment 1 with a black dorsal quadrate spot and a lateral

clouding of brown, 2 with a broad dorsal black band, abruptly constricted apicad

and barely reaching the apical border, broadening sub-basally, 3-7 with both

basal and apical ends black, this fading and blending imperceptibly into the

dark ochreous of dorsum. In most specimens the dorsum is pale yellow with

a basal and apical clouding of black, but this is due to immaturity. Remaining

segments and anal appendages missing.

Female. Abdomen 27mm. Hindwing 21 mm.

Very similar to the male, but darker and the ground colour more greenish.

The postocular spots blue, the ground colour of thorax pale blue, changing to

yellowish on the sides. In the one complete female, the abdomen, except

beneath, is black ; in others shghtly immature, the abdomen closely resembles.

that of the male, but the second segment has a basal and an apical black ring

instead of the complete dorsal thick stripe.

Pterostigma in both wings equal, pale brown framed in black nervures. A

well-developed spine on the ventral aspect of segment 8.

Type male and co-type female in Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Closely

related to I. albistagma but distinguished by shape of pterostigma in forewings

of male.

11. Amorphostigma armstrongi Fras., l.c. (Text-figs. 2, c and d; 5, vii.).

A large number of both sexes have been collected by Armstrong and Buxton

since the types were first described. The former has taken the insects among

sedges along the banks of Lake Lanuto’o, 1900 ft., and also along the banks of a

stream flowing at the bottom of a deep gully near Malololelei, the sides of which

are thickly covered with vegetation. The species also occurs commonly at or

about sea-level, at Apia, and in other parts of Upola Isl., in taro swamps and

30 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

other places. E. H. Bryan took it at Salailua, Savai Isl., 18.v.24, and

Pago Pago, Tutuila Isl., 12.iv.24. Dates on which both sexes were taken

at Malololelei, Upolu Isl., are as follows: 5.1.24, 13.iv.25, 25.iv.24, 4-19.vi.24,

31.x1.24, and 5.x11.25, from 2,000-2,300 ft.

Dr. Clarence H. Kennedy, of the University of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio,

U.S.A., has kindly examined and reported on the penis of this species and of

Pacificagrion lachrymosa, showing them to be typical of Ischnura. This confirms

ee my remarks as to their probable relation-

WW ships, made in the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

l.c., where I placed the genus Amorphostigma

next to [schnura.

12. Amorphostigma auricolor, sp. nov.

(Text-figs. 3, c and d; 5, iii.).

is C Male. Abdomen 31 mm.

Hindwing 20°5 mm.

Head.—Labium dirty yellow ; labrum

bright orange, with its base narrowly glossy

black ; epistome reddish-brown, followed

behind by a broad transverse stripe of

violaceous on the frons, and including the

front of the basal segments of the antennae.

> d Rest of head matt black, except for a large

Text-ric. 3.—a, Anal appendages of round pale yellow postocular spot on each

Ischnura buxtoni seen from below. _. . : :

b. The same seen from the left side. side (possibly blue during life).

c. Anal appendages of Amorpho- Prothorax black on dorsum, the lower

ie pee noes Bare half of sides and the posterior border of

posterior lobe very finely bright ochreous.

Thorax black on dorsum, with a bronzed reflex, marked with a narrow

yellow antehumeral stripe. Laterally yellow with a broadish black line on

the postero-lateral suture, and the vestige of another on the upper part of the

first suture. On the anterior border of mesothorax are seen two small horns,

one on either side, and partially hidden by the overhanging posterior lobe of

prothorax.

Legs very robust, very short, bright ochreous with very short robust black

spines (4-5 on hind femora).

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 31

Wings hyaline ; 11 postnodal nervures in forewing, 10 in the hind; quad-

rangle of forewing with costal side half the length of the posterior, that of hind

three-fifths the length; arc at outer antenodal nervure in forewing, a little

distad to it in the hind; ac midway between the two antenodals and meeting

ab a little distad of where the latter joms the hinder border of wing. Ptero-

stigma of forewing made up of 2 cells, the outer of which appears to be

the normal pterostigma, and is of the conventional lozenge shape ; the inner

double the length of outer cell, and slightly narrower. The combined cells

form a very elongate, narrow pterostigma which is rich opaque golden-yellow

in colour, its anterior border brighter citron-yellow, including that part of the

costa bordering it, the hinder and inner border black, the inner side very oblique,

and forming an inner prolongation by fusion with the hinder nervure, which is

clouded with black for some distance internal to the pterostigma. Finally the

cell on the outer side of the pterostigma bears some slight traces of chitinization

of its membrane. Pterostigma of hindwing normal, lozenge-shaped and dark

brown.

Abdomen ochreous to warm reddish-brown, the terminal segments marked

with blue. Segment 1 with dorsum broadly black, this extended at base as a

narrow ring completely encircling segment, segment 2 and base of 3 broadly

black on dorsum, segments 3-6 with the apical ends diffusely black changing

to brown towards the base, segment 7 very broadly black on dorsum throughout

its whole length, 8 black at base, its apical third azure blue, this colour extend-

ing basad for a short distance on dorsum, 9 entirely blue save for a small lateral

elongate basal spot of black extending for half the length of segment, 10 blue

laterally and on dorsum with a sharply defined sub-dorsal stripe of black,

which by meeting a fine apical bordering of black, encloses a transversely oval

spot of blue on the dorsum.

Anal appendages black, about as long as segment 10, inferiors equal in

length to superiors, broad at base, rapidly tapering, rather thin and cylindrical

and ending in a blunt point. Seen from beneath, they are a little concave

towards one another, their apices inclining slightly inwards ; viewed in profile,

they slope gently down and back. Superiors much more robust, and of heavy

cumbersome build, shaped like the hammer of a gun, at first directed straight

back, a little constricted and cylindrical, then turned abruptly down towards

the inferiors, the ends rounded, bulbous and glossy black. In profile, the extreme

apex is seen to be turned in to form a short blunt point, directed towards the

32 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

anal end of abdomen. The 10th abdominal segment comes to a point at the

apical end of the dorsal carina, but there is nothing like the bifid tubercle seen

in [schnura.

Female. Abdomen 29°5 mm. Hindwing 23°5 mm.

Differs rather widely from the male, the body also more robust.

Head.—lLarge, the postocular part enormously swollen and produced

backwards as a large bulbous swelling on either side. Labium pale; labrum

pale glossy yellow, cheeks and bases of mandibles pale greenish-yellow ; face

and frons light brown to olivaceous ; rest of head black except for a pale blue

postocular spot on each side.

Prothorax as in male, but pulverulent white laterally in one specimen.

Thorax as in male, the sides more bluish and pulverulent at the lower part in

adults, as also are the coxae and trochanters.

Legs yellow, rather darker than in the male. The femora with a macular

stripe on the extensor surfaces.

Wings hyaline; 13-15 postnodal nervures in forewing, 12 in the hind ;

pterostigma normal in all wings over about 1 cell, dark brown, framed first in

pale yellow and this again in thick black bordering nervures.

Abdomen robust, segments 1-7 marked as in male, but the black on dorsum

more extensive on 3-6, and the ground colour more reddish-brown than ochreous.

Segments 7-10 black; in one specimen with obscure blue markings on mid-

dorsum of 8 and 9, and more clearly on apical border of segment 10. In the

other female the blue markings better defined ; 8 has an apical marking shaped

like the ace of clubs, extending halfway to base, 9 has a similar marking but

more extensive, the middle leaf of the club extending broadly up to base of

segment. Segment 10 has the dorsum and sides broadly blue, and there is

an elongate black lateral stripe separating the lateral from the dorsal blue.

Segment 8, in the same specimen, has its apical and basal ends metallic green,

and there are traces of this colour at the base of segment 9 also.

Vulvar scale ochreous, long and overlapping the end of abdomen.

Distribution.—Malololelei, Upolu, W. Samoa. Two males and two females,

collected by J. 8. Armstrong, 14-13.vii.25.

Distinguished from A. armstrong by its much larger size, and by the ptero-

stigma being bright golden-yellow instead of bright blue, and made up of two

cells instead of four. The anal appendages also differ widely.

ODONATA (FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE). 33

13. Pacificagrion lachrymosa Fras. (Text-fig. 5, viil.).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 505-507, Pl. XLIX, Feb. 1926.

Only the male of this interesting and freakish dragonfly has been described.

Among the new material sent by Dr. Armstrong is a single female, which is

remarkable for its large size, being quite the largest Coenagrionine yet dis-

covered in the Samoan islands.

Female. Abdomen 31mm. Hindwing 24 mm.

Head.—Labium yellowish-white ; labrum blue, broadly bordered at base

with glossy black; anteclypeus, cheeks and bases of mandibles blue ; epistome

glossy black. A broad dark olivaceous stripe traversing frons (possibly blue

during life); rest of head matt black with an obscure dark reddish-brown

marking at back. The postocular space not tumid as in Amorphostigma.

Prothorax broadly black on dorsum, bluish on the sides.

Thorax broadly matt black on dorsum, with a rather narrow yellow ante-

humeral stripe on either side (probably bluish-green during life), laterally yellow

changing to bluish behind and below. A vestige of an upper black line on

first lateral suture, and a fine black stripe on the postero-lateral suture.

Legs yellow, the middle and anterior pairs of femora and tibiae black on

extensor surfaces, the posterior pair of femora dark brown on the same surface.

Wings hyaline ; 15-16 postnodal nervures in forewing, 12-13 in the hind ;

petiolation beginning at the level of the basal antenodal nervure ; venation

rather close at the apices of wings, and occasional double nervures found in the

costal space distad to pterostigma; the latter dark brown, that of forewing

almost square, as long as broad, its inner and hinder borders equal, the costal

border a little longer, the outer strongly rounded ; that of hindwing much longer

and narrower, about twice as long as broad.

Abdomen black, the sides of segment 1 blue, of 2-8 ochreous along the

ventro-lateral border, and a spot of the same colour on the sides of 9. Narrow

yellow rings at base of segments 3-6.

Anal appendages black, very short, conical, blunt.

Vulvar scale short, robust, not extending to end of abdomen. The apical

border of segment 8 angulated below and ending in a blunt point not amounting

to a spine (as seen in /schnura sens. str.).

Distribution.—A single female from Malololelei, Upolu Isl., W. Samoa, coll.

J. S. Armstrong, 26.vi.25. Distinguished from the female of A. auricolor,

vil. 1 3

34 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

which somewhat resembles it, by its larger size, by the angulation of the apical

border of segment 8, by the pterostigma being different in fore- and hind-wings,

by the absence of postocular spots, and of blue markings on the anal segments

of abdomen. The angulation of the apical border of segment 8 may be taken

as evidence of a rudimentary Ischnurine spine.

14. Anax gibbosulus Ramb.

Anax gibbosulus Ramb., Insec. Neur., p. 187, 1842 ; Brauer, Reise d. Novara, Neur., p. 62, 1866 ;

Anax fumosus Hag., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xvii, p. 42, 1867; etc.

I place here with some doubt, a single male from Lanuto’o Lake, 1900 ft.,

Upolu Isl., coll. J. S. Armstrong, 29.vi.24.

The marking on the frons is less extensive than in typical A. gibbosulus,

and yet too extensive for A. guttatus. It is present as a basal line, with a thick

prolongation forwards right up to crest of frons, where it spreads out for a short

distance very finely on either side. The face is bright green, as also the thorax.

Abdominal segment 3 is more constricted than is usual in A. guttatus, and

the orange markings of abdomen are distinctly smaller than in A. guttatus from

India and Java, while segments 9 and 10 are quite unmarked.

The anal appendages are much broader and bulkier, especially near the

base, than in A. guitatus from India.

The saffronated patch lying between the trigone and node in the hindwing

is darker and more richly coloured than I have go far seen in Asiatic specimens

belonging to the group, and there is a corresponding saffronated area in the

forewing, which is absent in A. guttatus.

The specimen probably represents a local race of A. gibbosulus Ramb.,

but I believe that it would be possible to collect a series showing an uninterrupted

passage from A. guttatus to A. gibbosulus, in which the present specimen would

be one of the intermediary forms. The measurements are slightly larger than

the average for A. guttatus from India.

15. Anaciaeschna jaspidea Burm.

Aeschna jaspidea Burm., Handb. Ent. ii, p. 840, n. 16, 1839; Anax jaspidea Br., Reise

d. Novara, Neur., p. 63, 1866; A. jaspidea Hag., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xvii,

p. 32, 1867; Aeschna tahitensis Br., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xv, p. 907, 1865 ;

Id. Reise d. Novara, Neur., p. 73, 1866; Hag. l.c. p. 48, 1867 ; ete.

A single female from Lotofaga, Upolu, W. Samoa, coll. J. 8. Armstrong,

5.vii.24. Not differmg from type in structure, but the wings are markedly

ODONATA (FAMILY AESCHNIDAE), 35

safironated, far more so than im any specimen that I have seen from India or

Malaysia. In the hindwing, the base, proximal to the trigone, is uncoloured,

but from that level to as far as the apex of wing, the membrane is

richly saffronated. In addition, both pairs of wings are enfumed, leaving

occasional cell-middles clear here and there.

Another female from Apia, coll. P. A. Buxton, 13.x.24, came to light at

night. In this the wings are clearer than in the first specimen, while its size is

greater than that of specimens that I have seen from India and Java. A.

jaspidea is often crepuscular in its habits, and this may account for this particular

specimen coming to light; the failure to collect more examples may be ascribed

to the same cause. In India I have obtained all my specimens by beating them

up from reeds during daylight.

16. Gynacantha apiaensis, sp. nov.

Male. Abdomen 47 mm. Anal superior appendages 7 mm., inferior 1°5 mm.

Hindwing 46 mm.

Head.—tLips, face and frons dark reddish-brown, no marking on upper

surface of frons.

Thorax dark purplish velvety brown, unmarked.

Legs light reddish-brown.

Wings, long and narrow, evenly and darkly enfumed throughout, many

cell-middles paler, giving a stippled appearance; no basal markings; ptero-

stigma rather long and narrow, over 4-5 cells, pale brown between black

nervures ; membrane white. Nodal index 5,—— glee! anal triangle 3-celled ;

: 24-19 | 19-23 ’ é

4 rows of cells between Rs and Rspl ; Mii and Rs slightly convex towards the

costa ; space between Mi and Miz with a long row of 2 cells in all wings.

Abdomen very dark reddish-brown, changing to blackish-brown on the

terminal segments. Segment 3 markedly but not excessively constricted near

its base, dilated thereafter and eradually tapering to the end. Oriellets

moderately large, armed with 5 robust spines behind.

Anal appendages very long and slim, the inferior rather more than one-

third the length of superiors, reddish-brown, darker towards the apex. Superiors

a little smuous, the outer border very shallowly concave to near apex, the inner

border at first broadly convex, then shallowly concave and finally convex -at

apex, which ends on the outer side in a sharp point. The basal two-thirds

36 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

narrow and of even thickness, the apical third one-third broader. The inferior

triangular, bluntly pointed.

Distribution.—Apia, W. Samoa, coll. J. 8. Armstrong. A single male.

The species is probably not uncommon, but being crepuscular is not often seen

on the wing. Specimens of Gynacantha are usually secured by beating them

up in the daytime from cane or clumps of bamboo.

16a. Gynacantha stevensoni, sp. nov.

Male. Abdomen 53mm. Appendages 7mm. Hindwing 47 mm.

Head as in G. apiaensis, except that the frons bears a well-defined black

T-shaped marking on its upper surface.

Thorax and legs coloured exactly as in G. apiaensis.

Wings evenly enfumed brown, but not so deeply as in G. apiaensis ; nodal

20-18 | 18-20 ”

cubital nervures in forewings, 6 in the hind ; hypertrigones traversed 5-6 times

in forewings, 4-5 in the hind; loop 10-celled; a single row of cells between

Cu, and Cu, in hindwings ; anal triangle 4-celled.

Abdomen dark reddish-brown, almost black on the hinder segments ;

segments 3-6 with dorsal linear spots bordering the apical side of the jugal

sutures, 3 and 4 also with small sub-dorsal apical spots, all these markings

gradually decreasing in size from segment 3 to segment 6.

Anal appendages blackish-brown, the inferior paler; the superiors long,

narrow and straight for rather more than their basal two-thirds, inner and outer

borders parallel. The apical ends slightly dilated, the extreme ends bevelled

outwardly and ending in a fine point. Inferior appendage less than one-third

the length of superiors, narrowly triangular, truncate.

Oreillets moderately large; 8rd segment markedly constricted near its

base.

Distribution.—A single male from Nukualofa, Tonga, 17.11.25, coll. G. H.

HK. Hopkins. Differs from G. apiaensis in the anal appendages, the inner border

of the superiors in the latter being markedly sinuous and the apical third

gradually dilated. There are several differences in the venation, mainly the single

row of cells between Cu and Cu, in the hindwings, the smaller anal loop and

the lower nodal index.

Species of Gynacantha are very difficult to determine unless specimens are

index

trigones with 7 cells in forewings, 5-7 in the hind; 7

ODONATA (FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE). 3T

actually compared ; the present one most closely resembles G. kirbyz Karach;

whereas G. apiaensis shows greater similarity to G. dohrni.

17. Hemicordulia pacifica Fras.

L.c. pp. 435, 436, 1925.

One pair from Pago Pago, Tutuila Isl., 14.x.25, coll. P. A. Buxton, 3

males and 1 female from Apia, W. Samoa, coll. J. 8. Armstrong, 16.x.23, 16.xi1.238,

30.x11.23, and 25.11.23. One female from Apia, 13.iv.24. One female, Vavau,

Tonga, 8.11.25, and one female Nukualofa, Tonga, 18.11.25, G. H. E. Hopkins.

Owing to its small size and daintiness, this pretty msect, which is the

smallest known Hemicordulia, is reminiscent of [dionyx or Macromidia.

18. Hemicordulia assimilis oceanica Selys.

Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), t. xxxi, p. 251, 1871; Hemicordulia ? assimilis Selys, l.c. 1871; id. cid.

t. xxxvu, p. 18, 1874.

Judging from the number of specimens received, this species appears to be

the dominant representative of its genus in the islands. The following are the

data relating to the examples obtained: one female, Apia, W. Samoa, 13.iv.24 ;

2 females and 2 males, Lalomanu, Upolu Isl., 12 16.x1.24; 6 males, Mulifanua,

Upolu Isl., 16.xi1.24 and 9.xu.24; 3 males, Malololelei, Upolu Isl., 21.vi. to

2.vii.24 ; 6 females, Apia, 6.1x.24 and 27.x.24 ; one male, Tuaefu, Upolu, 16.1x.23

(Swezey and Wilder). Its season appears to extend from April to December,

and it possibly occurs throughout the year. An insect of wide distribution

throughout Oceania: Dr. Buxton also secured a female from Teuma, Efate

Isl., New Hebrides, 4.vu.25.

19. Hemicordulia cupricolor, sp. nov. (Text-fig. 4).

Male. Abdomen with appendages 34 mm. Hindwing 33 mm.

Head.—Labium cinereous; labrum brown, heavily bordered with black ;

face and lower part of frons dark olivaceous brown; frons above and upper

part of front, and the vesicle metallic green; eyes emerald green; occiput

dark brown ; back of head and eyes black, with bronzed reflex.

Prothorax brown. Thorax of a beautiful uniform golden-green or coppery

metallic, quite unmarked with paler or darker areas.

Legs long, the hind femora extending to the middle of 2nd abdominal seg-

vil. 1 3*

38 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

ment, black, the middle and anterior pairs of femora reddish-brown ; tibial

keels extending the whole length of the hind tibiae, and for nearly the distal

half of the anterior pair.

Wings hyaline ; pterostigma very small, over about one cell, dark blackish-

brown ; nodal index a = ; trigone of forewings traversed once ; mem-

brane pale brown; discoidal field of forewing with 2 to 3 rows of cells, rather

irregular.

Abdomen dark metallic green-bronze from segments 3 to base of 9,

segments 1 and 2 dark reddish-brown, the apical half of 9 and the whole of 10

black. Segments 3-8 with obscure lateral reddish-yellow

markings, which, on segment 3, begin apicad to the jugal

suture and run as a thick lateral stripe as far as apical

border, on 4 and 5 a triangular basal spot continued as a

narrow stripe alone the ventral border, and on 6-8 as a

mere baso-lateral spot.

Gentalia.—Hamules very stout, projecting, pyriform,

ending at the apex rather abruptly as a short, stout, back-

wardly curved spine; lamina flat and depressed ; lobe

narrow, tongue-like. Penis with a short, stout spine on

dorsum.

Text-ric. 4.—Anal Anal appendages black. The superiors, in profile,

appendages of He- shallowly concave in the apical half, slightly convex up-

micordulia cwpri- ;

color, sp.nov.,seen Wards in the basal half, bluntly rounded at apex and rather

from above. sharply turned down at extreme base. Inferior nearly as

long as superiors, curving very gently up throughout its whole length. Seen

from above, the superiors are markedly constricted at base, dilating gradually

and rather more so on the inner side than outer, then curved slightly out near

apex and finally somewhat inwards. The appendages incline inwards towards

each other, and the tips of superiors may touch. The inferior, from below, is

narrow and triangular, tapering to a fine point, which at the extreme apex turns

up rather abruptly. Superiors 3 mm. in length.

Female. Abdomen 34 mm. Tindwing 34 mm.

Body colouring exactly similar to that of the male. The yellow markings

of abdomen absent on segment 3, narrower, but brighter and better defined.

ODONATA (FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE). 39

The labrum dark yellowish-brown, the metallic green of the frons bordered below

by a narrow bright ochreous stripe.

Wings enfumed, especially the hind and anterior part of apices of fore-

7-9 | 8-6

10-6 | 6-10

Vulvar scale broad and short, cleft to its base into two small equilateral

triangular processes.

wings ; nodal index

Anal appendages black, conical, pointed, as long as segment 9.

Distribution.—One pair from Malololelei, Upolu Isl., W. Samoa, 2.vu.24 ;

2 males, 14.vi.25, and 2 females 7.vi.25, from the same locality. One male

from Mata Vanu, Savau, 1000 ft., 22.x1.24. Two specimens from Savail, 23.v.24

(EK. H. Bryan), are rather larger than the type, and the nodal index is higher ;

the forewing in both is broadly tinted with saffron at the apex. One female,

captured on the wing at Malololelei, came to light about 300 ft. within a cave,

4.v.24. This incident is surprising, since the species of Hemicordulia are

essentially sun-loving insects and by no means crepuscular in their habits. It

is possible that this particular specimen was at rest within the cave.

194. Hemicordulia, species ?

One male, Tau Island, Manua group, 23.11.26 (A. F. Judd in Bishop

Museum, Honolulu).

In the absence of the five terminal segments of the abdomen, and of the

anal appendages, I am not prepared to identify this specimen. However, it

resembles H. tau Selys, and I do not think there can be much doubt of its

identity. The upper frons and vesicle are a beautiful metallic blue, the thorax

vivid metallic green; in other details also it resembles H. tau.

20. Lathrecista asiatica asiatica (Fabr.).

Inbellula asvatica Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 283, 1798.

Three males from Fagamalo, Savaii, 17.xii.25, and four males from Vailele

Marsh, Apia, W. Samoa, 16.xii.23 and 2.11.24, coll. P. A. Buxton and J. S.

Armstrong. Four females, and one male, Nukualofa, Tonga, Feb. 1925; one

Male, Vavau, Tonga, 4.11.25, G. H. E. Hopkins. I refer these specimens to

L. asiatica rather than to the sub-species festa, since they do not differ in any

marked way from the typical form. The species ranges from India to Oceania.

40 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

21. Diplacodes bipunctata (Brauer).

Iibellula bipunctata Brauer, Reise d. Novara, Neur., p. 86, 1866; Trithemis bipunctata Kirb.

Cat. Odon., p. 18, 1890 ; ete.

A large number of this very common species was taken on Upolu, Tutuila,

in the Ellice Isl., and at Vavau, Tonga. From the dates of capture, it 1s evident

that a series of emergences take place throughout the year, since hardly a

month failed to furnish its quota. The species is distributed throughout

Australia and the Pacific Islands.

22. Rhyothemis regia chalcoptilon (Brauer).

Celithemis chalcoptilon Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xviii, p. 25, 1867 ; Kirby, Cat. Odon.

p. 6, 1890 (R. chalcoptilon).

Curiously enough, neither Dr. Armstrong nor Dr. Buxton took or even saw

this species, the type of which came from Samoa. There is a specimen in the

British Museum collection labelled ‘* Type,” but this apparently merely refers

to Kirby’s type of R. princeps, a synonym of R. chalcoptilon. The species,

which is found on several of the Pacific Islands, is characterised by the very

extensive brown markings on both wings, obliterating almost the whole of the

usual hyaline areas. [Is it not possible that the attribution of this species

to Samoa rests on wrongly labelled material? Many of the earlier collectors

in the Pacific made gross and frequent errors in locality labels.—P. A. Buxton.]

23. Rhyothemis regia exul Ris.

Cat. Coll. de Selys (Libellulines).

Specimens were collected by Drs. Armstrong and Buxton on the following

dates: Apia, 2 males, 24.11.24; Pago Pago, Tutuila Isl., Samoa, 4 males and

1 female, 16.x1.24, 20.x1.24, 2.xi1.24; one male, Apia, 14.vi.24, 3 males and

2 females, Upolu Isl., 14.x1.24, and 1 male, Apia, 4.11.24. Specimens in the

Bishop Museum, Honolulu, were collected 13.1x.23, Apia; 9.1x.23, Pago Pago.

The species, in which the wing markings are intensely dark with a brilliant

coppery reflex, appears to occur from November to April. The hyaline parts

are saffronated, except for the clear apex in the wings of the female. The large

spot over Rspi is variably confluent or detached from the apical marking, and

in one female very broadly so and completely enclosing a hyaline spot. This

is the first record of the occurrence of this species in the islands. The type is

from the Kei Isls., near New Guinea.

ODONATA (FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE). 41

24. Tramea limbata (Desj.). :

Lnbellula limbata Desj., Rapport. Soc. Maurice, i, 1832; Bull. Soc. Ent. France, t. iv, p. 4,

1835; Tramea limbata, Kirb. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., Vol. xii, pp. 318, 319, 1889 ;

Tramea samoensis Brauer, l.c., Bd. xvii, p. 22, 1867; Tramea transmarina id., rbid.,

p. 21, 1867 ; etc.

Ten males and three females collected on the following dates: Aleipata,

Upolu, April to May; Malololelei, Upolu, 2,000 ft., 14.vi.25; Apia, W. Samoa,

19-17.11.23 and 16.xi1.22. Also collected by Mr. Hopkins in Tonga, at Vavau,

8 and 9.11.25, and Nukualofa, 20.11.25.

Brauer’s types of 7. samoensis and T. transmarina were male and female

of the same insect, and differ from the type of the species principally in the

much smaller basal marking of the hindwing.

25. Pantala flavescens (Fabr.).

Lnbellula flavescens, Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 285, 1798; Pantala flavescens Hagen, Neur.

N. Amer., p. 142, 1861 ; Id. Stett. ent. Zeit., Bd. xxvii, p. 215, 1867; etc.

A cosmopolitan species, found throughout the world in tropical and sub-

tropical areas. Many specimens received from Tutuila and Upolu, taken

principally during September, when the species indulges in migration.* Also

collected at Vavau and Nukualofa, Tonga, Feb. and March, 1925, G. H. HE.

Hopkins. It is the dominant dragonfly of the world.

26. Tholymis tillarga (Fabr.).

Inbellula tillarga Fabr., l.c., p. 285, 1798; Ramb. Ins. Nevr., p. 39, 1842; Kairb., l.c., pp. 258,

265, 1889, Id. Cat. Odon., p. 1, 1890 ; etc.

Has a distribution nearly as extensive as the former species, but has not,

so far, been taken in the New World, where it is represented by 7’. crtrina. Hag.

Specimens of both sexes were taken by Dr. Armstrong on the same dates

and in the same localities as P flavescens. The wing markings are rather darker

and. better defined than usual.

27. Macrodiplax cora (Brauer).

Diplax cora Brauer, l.c., Bd. xvii, p. 20, 1867; Kirb. l.c., Vol. xii, pp. 261, 282, 1889; Id. Cat.

Odon., p. 23, 1890.

In Samoa, this species was only taken by Dr. Armstrong. It is apt to be

mistaken for Pantala on the wing, which may explain why it was overlooked

by other collectors. Pantala, Tramea and Macrodiplax are occasionally seen

in flight together, and some discrimination is then necessary to tell which is

* T know nothing of these migrations, in Samoa.—P. A. Buxton.

42 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

which. Specimens of both sexes were taken at Apia, over marshes, 2—26.111.23.

One male collected at Vavau, Tonga, 5.iii.25, G. H. E. Hopkins.

28. Orthetrum sabina Drury.

Inbellula sabina Drury, Ill. Hx. Ent., i. t. 48, £. 4,1773 ; Ramb. Ins. Nevr., p. 47, 1842 ; Orthetrum

sabina Kirb., l.c., t. 55, £..5, 1889 ; ete.

One pair from Apia, W. Samoa, coll. P. A. Buxton, 4.11.24. Several collected

in the same locality by J. S. Armstrong. A common species, extending from

Africa, through Asia, to the Pacific Islands in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

Samoa is, so far, its most eastern limit.

ORIGIN OF THE ODONATAN FAUNA OF SAMOA

The whole of the Anisopterous species are immigrant, with the exception

of two species of Hemicordulia and Gynacantha apiaensis. Pantala flavescens

is cosmo-tropical, whilst Orthetrum sabina, extending from West Africa to Samoa,

has a distribution almost as wide. Lathrecista asiatica, Tramea limbata,

Macrodiplax cora, Tholymis tillarga, Anax gibbosulus, and Anaciaeschna jaspidea

have all been found on islands far removed from continental masses, a clear

proof of their migratory tendencies. Rhyothemis regia exul and its cousin A. 1.

chalcoptilon, along with Diplacodes bipunctata, are of nearer origin, the former

coming from Papua and Australia, the latter from Australia ; R. r. chalcoptylon,

however, appears to be confined to the Pacific Islands, although intimately

related to Papuan forms. Lathrecista asiatica is the most archaic of the

Libellulines found in the islands, and probably originated in South Asia. Hemi-

cordulia is also an old genus, and may well have originated in the ancient sub-

merged Western Pacific continent. It has but a single representative in Asia,

the remaining species occurring in Australia, Papua and the Pacific Islands,

H. cupricolor being unknown outside Samoa, and H. pacifica being confined to

Samoa and Tonga. ,

The three Aeschnidae are Austro-Malayan species, A. jaspidea especially

having a wide distribution throughout the whole of South Asia, Papua, and

thence far into the Pacific.

In striking contrast to what is found in the Anisoptera, the Zygoptera are

almost entirely endemic. The few exceptions are Agriocnemis exsudans, known

also to occur in New Caledonia, Agriocnemis vitiensis from Fiji, and Ischnura

ODONATA (FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE). 43

aurora, a small wind-carried form widely distributed throughout South Asia,

Australia and the Pacific Islands.

Pseudagrion samoensis is very closely related to P. pacificwm, of Fiji, and the

Australian P. australasiae. Agriocnemis winterrupta, peculiar to Samoa, is

probably of modern develop-

ment; its chief characteristics

are its large size and correlated

increased density of venation.

It is quite the largest known

species of the genus, and in

this respect forms a parallel to

Argiocnemis of Southern Asia.

From the metallic colourmg of

the upper lip, the red tint of

the terminal segments of the

abdomen and the shape of the

anal appendages, it is clear

that it is a descendant from

the pygmaea group.

The remaining species con-

stitute a group in themselves,

and are of great interest in Text-Fie. 5.—Penes of : (i) Ischnura albistigma, sp. nov.,

(11) Ischnura senegalensis Ramb., (ii) Amorphostigma

that they appear to represent auricolor, sp. nov., (iv) Ischnura aurora Brauer, (v)

the root of genus Ischnura. Ischnura ouxtont, Sp. NOV., (vi) Ischnura haema-

stigma, sp. nov., (vii) Amorphostigma armstrongi

Fras., (vii) Paczficagrion lachrymosa Fras.

The group, which includes

Ischnura, Amorphostigma, and

Pacificagrion, may be said to possess all the characters of genus [schnwra sens. str.,

save that the dorsal apical tubercle on segment 10 of the male, is not always

present, and that the ventral spine on segment 8 of the female is invariably absent.

Ihave examined a large number of species of Ischnura from Asia, Hurope, Africa

and America, and in none of them is the ventral spine ever absent. It is to

be argued from this that the ventral spine is of modern development, for it

is improbable that eight species,* differing so widely as to require the creation

of two new genera, should simultaneously lose such an important and useful

organ. It may be argued that these species are not Ischnurine at all, but have

* T.e. five in Ischnura, two in Amorphostigma, one in Pacificagrion.

44 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

developed along parallel lines. Against this we have the evidence of the penes,

which, as shown in Fig. 5, are all typically Ischnurime in build. I have figured

the penis of J. senegalensis (Fig. 5, 1.), a cosmopolitan species ranging from

West Africa to the Philippines, and closely resembling J. buxtons in appearance.

It will be seen that the penes of this species and of A. auricolor, etc., are almost

indistinguishable, although the insects are totally different in appearance and

colouring.

The absence of the spine is sufficient evidence in itself to stamp the three

Samoan genera Amorphostigma, Pacificagrion and Ischnura [without ventral

spine] as distinctly archaic in nature, whilst the Ischnurine penis proves them

to be the progenitors of the modern dominant genus. An analysis of the eight

species shows that all agree in having the penis spined, the pterostigma of the

forewing, in the male, differmg from that of the hind, and lastly, the basal

venation of wings Ischnurine in character. IJschnura buxton most nearly

approaches modern forms, J. albistigma and I. haemastigma following on.

Pacificagrion and the two species of Amorphostigma probably branched off at

a very early date, developing generic characters of their own. On the evidence

of the penis, and colouring of the insects, I am inclined to think that

A. armstrongi is generically distinct from A. auricolor, the former being the more

archaic. The colouring of A. armstrongi and P. lachrymosa is quite foreign to

Ischnura, and paralleled in several archaic genera of the Protoneuridae.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES

Fig. 1, a. Anal appendages of Pseudagrion samoensis Fras., from above.

b. The same in profile.

c. Anal appendages of Agriocnemis interrupta, sp. nov., from above.

d, The same in profile.

Fig. 2, a. Anal appendages of Ischnura haemastiqma, sp. nov., from below. -_

; b. The isthe in rofl, : r LEN Ti

c. Anal appendages of Amorphostigma armstrongi Fras., from below. I$ Pras pe

d, The same in profile. eA BERABTMENT

Fig. 3, a. Anal appendages of Ischnura buatont, sp. nov., from below. To Call eC!

b. The same in profile. MOL~

c, Anal appendages of Amorphostigma auricolor, sp. nov., from below.

d. The same in profile.

Fig. 4. Anal appendages of Hemicordulia cupricolor, sp. nov., from above.

Fig. 5. Penes of : (i) Ischnura albistigma, sp. nov., (ii) Ischnura senegalensis Ramb., (ii) Amorpho-

stigma auricolor, sp. nov., (iv) Ischnura aurora Brauer, (v) Ischnura buxtont, sp. nov.,

(vi) Ischnura haemastigma, sp. nov., (vii) Amorphostigma armstrongi Fras., (viii)

Pacificagrion lachrymosa Fras.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWHS AND SONS, LTD., LONDON AND BEOOLES.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT —

Part I. Orthoptera and Dermaptera. |

» II. Hemiptera. ‘

is III. Lepidoptera.

» IV. Coleoptera.

»» V. Hymenoptera.

» VI. Dziptera.

» WII. Other Orders of Insects.

_,, VIII. Terrestrial Arthropoda other than Insects.

_ The work will be published at intervals in the form of numbered fascicles.

Although individual fascicles may contain contributions by more than one

- author, each fascicle will be so arranged as to form an integral portion of one or

other of the Parts specified above.