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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

PART VI. DIPTERA

FASC. 2. Pp. 23-108

NEMATOCERA

By F. W. EDWARDS, M.A.

CECIDOMYIINAE.

By H. F. BARNES, B.A., Ph.D.

WITH TWENTY-FOUR TEXT-FIGURES

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

SOLD AT

THE Brivish Museum (NaturaL History), Cromwrenn Roap, §.W.7

AND BY

B. Quanircn, Lrtp,; Dunav & Co., Lrp,; Tae Oxrorp University Press; anp

WuHELpoN & Wrstry, Ltp., LONDON; ALSO By OxIverR & Boyp, EpINBURGH

1928

Leaued 23rd Tune, 1928.] : [Price Five Shillings.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

Although a monograph, or series of papers, dealing comprehensively with

the land arthropod fauna of any group of islands in the South Pacific may be

expected to yield valuable results, in connection with distribution, modification

due to isolation, and other problems, no such work is at present in existence.

In order in some measure to remedy this deficiency, and in view of benefits __

directly accruing to the National Collections, the Trustees of the British

Museum have undertaken the publication of an account of the Insects and other — 0

Terrestrial Arthropoda collected in the Samoan Islands, in 1924-1925, by __

Messrs. P. A. Buxton and G. H. E. Hopkins, during the Expedition of the ee

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to the South Pacific. :

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity thus afforded, to make the studies

as complete as possible by including in them all Samoan material of the groups

concerned in both the British Museum (Natural History) and (by courtesy: of s :

the authorities of that institution) the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

It is not mtended that contributors to the text shall be confined to the

Museum Staff or to any one nation, but, so far as possible, the assistance of the oes

leading authorities on all groups to be dealt with has been obtained.

The work will be divided into eight “Parts’’ (see p. 3 of wrapoen). hich

will be subdivided into “ Fascicles."’ Each of the latter, which will appear as

ready in any order, will consist of one or more contributions. On the

completion of the work it is intended to issue a general survey, summarising

the whole and drawing from it such conclusions as may be warranted. —

A list of Fascicles already issued will be found on the back of this wrapper. :

E. E. AUSTEN,

Keeper of Entomology.

British Museum (NaturaL History), : a ae

CroMWELL Roap, S.W.7.

ENSHOrS OF SAMOA

Part VI. Fasc. 2

NEMATOCERA#*

By F. W. Epwarps, M.A.

(With 20 Text-figures.)

Untit 1926 the Nematocerous Diptera of Samoa were practically unknown,

the only published records relating to six species of Culicidae and five of

Tipulidae. The material obtained by the Buxton and Hopkins expedition,

together with that in the possession of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, raises

the total number of species of Nematocera to 100. Although this total is

certainly far short of the number which exist on the islands, it is sufficiently

large to enable us to draw provisional conclusions as to the nature and origin

of the fauna. These conclusions may require modification when the Nematocera

of adjoining regions are better known; unfortunately, except in the case of

mosquitoes, this suborder has been very little collected as yet in Polynesia,

Fiji, Melanesia, or Papua.

The general evidence provided by the Nematocera is entirely in accord with

that which has been deduced from the study of other groups; that is to say

that the Samoan fauna is purely of Austro-Malayan origin, and shows no con-

nection whatever with New Zealand or South America, nor even with Australia,

except in so far as the tropical Austro-Malayan fauna extends into the northern

part of that continent. There are considerable resemblances, but almost equally

* This report embraces all groups of Nematocera except the gall-midges of the subfamily

Cecidomyiinae, which are discussed by H. F. Barnes in a separate paper in this fascicle. The

four Cecidomyiinae, however, are included in the total of 100 species mentioned in the intro-

duction to this paper.

7 Lam informed by Dr. W. Horn that no Samoan Nematocera are contained in the col-

lection of the German Entomological Institute; and Prof. G. Enderlein writes that the only

species represented in the Berlin Zoological Museum is Aédes kochi Don. var. samoana Griinb.

Wats 9 ]

26 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

of the remainder being palaeotropical. Only four of the genera appear to be

endemic to the Pacific, Zygophronia and Dodecasciara among the Mycetophilidae,

Allobrenna among the Cecidomyiidae and Pontomyia among the Chironomidae.

Of these three Dodecasciara has been found in Fiji and may perhaps prove

to be an introduction ; the other three have at present been found only in

Samoa. All are monotypic.

Only one genus (Z'rentepohlia) has undergone an extensive local develop-

ment; in most other cases where several species of a genus occur (e.g.

Chironomus, Lnbnotes) they are unrelated, and evidently reached Samoa

independently.

Hopkins (Ins. Samoa, Pt. TIT, Fase. 1, p. 5, April, 1927) has suggested in

his account of the butterflies that the fauna of Western Samoa (Upolu and

Savaii) may have come in part directly from New Guinea, and that of American

Samoa (Tutuila and the Manua group) mainly by way of Fiji and Tonga. The

collections of Nematocera afford little evidence for or against this suggestion,

largely because of the scantiness of the material from the American islands.

Only three species in the collection have been obtained on Tutuila and not on

Upolu or Savaii; one of these (Plastosciara flavibasis) has also been found in

Fiji. Seven others (apart from apodemic species) have been found on Tutuila

as well as on the other islands, and two of these (Dodecasciara debilis and Trente-

pohha brevicellula) are also known from Fiji.

There is no indication in the material studied of any tendency to the for-

mation of distinct island races within the Samoan group. <A large number of

species have been obtained from more than one island, but so far as observed

the variation which occurs is individual only and not local.

As regards local distribution, two conclusions seem to be indicated from a

study of the available data: (1) most of the apodemic species are found chiefly

at the low levels, although several (e.g. Plastosciara pacifica, Aedes variegatus,

Atrichopogon jacobsont) have penetrated into the mountains; (2) many more

species are found in the higher forests than in the coastal belt.

By far the greater number of species belong to genera whose members are

known to breed in decaying or fermenting organic matter. This applies to all

the Sciarinae, some at least of the Cecidomyiidae, the single Scatopsid and

Anisopodid, all the Ceratopogonidae except Stilobezzia and Bezzia, all the

Psychodidae, and also Dicranomyia, Libnotes, Rhipidia, Styringomyia and

probably others among the Tipulidae. Such species would readily find lodgment

NEMATOCERA. 27

in small collections of humus in ships or canoes, especially those carrying cattle,

and this has no doubt been the means of transport of most of the apodemic

species. It is known that before the coming of the white man Samoa was

definitely a centre of dispersion for Polynesians, who used big canoes holding

up to 100 men and carrying roots and food for long voyages. There are some

indications that certain insects spread during these early voyages may have

been differentiated since into definite local races (e.g. Aédes variegatus var.

pseudocutellaris and A. kochi var. samoana). In prehuman times humus-feeding

species may very well have made use of driftwood.

Wind has also with little doubt been an important factor in the coloni-

sation of the islands. Buxton (Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p. 50,

1927) has pointed out that in the upper air there is a constant strong wind

blowing from the west or north, although the surface air currents are more

variable and mainly in the opposite direction. It will be noted that all the

Samoan Nematocera are either small or very lightly built ; the more heavily-

built forms, such as the Bibionidae and the larger Tipulidae, are absent.

The distribution and affinities of the Samoan Nematocera are further

discussed below under the separate families.

Except where otherwise stated, the types of new species are in the British

Museum (Natural History); a few unique specimens from the Bishop Museum

collection have been returned to that institution.

MYCETOPHILIDAE

No species of this family have been recorded from Samoa, but sixteen are

represented in the collection before me. This is not a large number, but pro-

bably represents a fair proportion of those existing in the islands, because

at my request Mr. Buxton paid special attention to this family. The fungus-

gnats have been well collected in New Zealand, where they form a dominant

element of the fauna throughout the country, and it was thought possible that

there might be some northward extension of this fauna into the Pacific. The

collections obtained show that if there is any such northward extension it has

certainly not reached Samoa. Excluding the Sciarinae, which are humus

feeders and therefore easily spread, only seven species were found, most of

which show affinities with Malayan forms.

28 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

The predominance of the subfamily Sciarinae (56 per cent. of the total

number of species collected) is in accordance with findings in other parts of the

tropics, but affords a striking contrast with the New Zealand fauna, where only

7-5 per cent. of the total number of species belong to the Sciarinae. All the

other subfamilies appear to attain their full representation only in temperate

regions.

Eleven of the species are described as new, two of them being placed in

new genera. In both cases the characters on which the new genera are founded

are striking but of no fundamental importance, and indicate a recent origin.

In addition to the species recorded below, the following are known from

Fiji: Leia (Rhymoleia) fyrensis Edw.; Delopsis greenwoodi Kdw.; Sciara

distigma Kdw.

MACROCERINAE.

1. Macrocera nitens, sp. n.

Text-fig. 1.

Head blackish, front very broad. Antennae ochreous at the base, shading

to dark brown ; about four times as long as body in 4, three times in 9 ; first

TEXT-FIG. 1.—Macrocera nitens, sp. n. Wing.

segment much enlarged, especially in g. Thorax shining black, shoulders more

or less yellowish. Abdomen with segments 1-3 (3) or 1 and 2 () yellow, 2 with

a narrow blackish basal band, the rest entirely shining black. Legs ochreous.

Wings hyaline with the apex broadly dark brown, as far back as R,; a second

dark brown band, rather irregular in outline, across middle of wing, just touching

tip of basal cell and base of median fork, rather broader towards costa. A small

NEMATOCERA. 29

dark patch at base of Rs. R, swollen apically, its tip pale. Costa reaching

nearly half-way from R; to M,. Ry, short, nearly vertical. Anal lobe large and

right-angled in g, smaller and rather obtuse in 2. Macrotrichia numerous in

apical third of wing, practically none towards base. Halteres ochreous. Wing-

leneth, 4 mm.; antennae, ¢ 13, 910 mm.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, type g and 9, 14.xu.1925. Upolu: Malololelei,

2,000 ft., 1 2, x1.1925 ; Sliding Rock, 1 3, 16.ix.1923 (Swezey and Wilder).

A very distinct species which need only be compared with M. egregia de

Meij. (= bifascrata Edw.) of Sumatra and Borneo, which is very similar in

colouring but has bare wings.

CEROPLATINAE.

2. Platyura hopkinsi, sp. n.

2. Head dark brown above, face ochreous. Antennae with the scape

ochreous, flagellum dark brown, segments hardly longer than broad. Palpi

brownish, rather long. Middle ocellus small, shghtly in front of the others.

Thorax brown, with very little grey dusting ; scutum with three darker brown

stripes, which are almost fused; pronotum and hypopleurite yellow. No

spiracular bristles; postnotum and pleurotergites bare; postnotum flattened

above, rather small and not much produced. Fine setae of mesonotum evenly

distributed. Abdomen dark brown, posterior margins of tergites ochreous.

Legs with coxae and femora ochreous, tarsi darkened. First segment of front

tarsus about as long as the tibia. Fine tibial setae rather irregularly arranged

on basal half of tibia, but forming regular rows on the apical third or half.

Outer spur of posterior tibiae scarcely half as long as the inner. Wangs nearly

hyaline, indistinctly darkened on apical half. Sc ending above base of Rs.

R, rather short, situate somewhat before the middle point between tips of

Rk, and R;. Costa produced more than a third of the way from R; to M,. An

reaching margin. Halteres ochreous, base of knob darkened. Wing-length

4 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 1 9, 3.viil.1925.

30 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

MANOTINAE.

3. Manota pacifica, sp. n.

Text-fig. 2, c.

3. Very similar to MW. flavipes End. (Seychelles) and M. orientalis White

(Ceylon), agreeing with both in having the orbital bristles yellow, legs yellow

with scarcely any darkening at bases of posterior femora, and wings entirely

clear; differing from each in having the flagellar segments (except the last)

scarcely longer than broad, with shorter pubescence which is only about half

as long as the diameter of the segments. The hypopygia of the three species

show considerable differences, as is indicated in the accompanying figures.

a | b Cc

Trext-Fic. 2.—Hypopygium of Manota, spp.; (a) M. orientalis Senior-White ; (b) M. flavipes

End.; (c) M. pacifica, sp. n. Left half from beneath ; right half from above, with clasper

detached and seen in side view.

Sava: Safune, rain forest above 2,000 ft., type g (unique—in the Bishop

Museum), 9.v.1924 (Bryan). ;

One other species of Manota has been recorded from the Australasian

region, viz. M. maorica Edw. (New Zealand). This differs from M. pacifica

and the two other species above mentioned in having the orbital bristles black ;

posterior femora blackish at base ; and wings smoky on apical half. In other

details all species of this genus are extremely similar.

NEMATOCERA. 31

MYCETOPHILINAE.

Zygophronia, gen. n.

Characters as in Phronia, but vein.Cu simple; the genus therefore bears

the same relation to Phronia as Zygomyia does to Mycetophila.

4. Zygophronia pusilla, sp. n.

9. Head dark brown, face and area round antennae, also the scape,

yellowish ; flagellum and palpi blackish, flagellar segments about as long as

broad. Thorax ochreous, bristles black; dorsocentral bristles distinct ;

scutellum with four marginal bristles ; four anepisternal bristles. Mesonotum

with a pair of sublateral brown lines, and another pair converging posteriorly

along the rows of dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen brown, segments 1-5 lighter

at base laterally. Legs ochreous, including the whole of the coxae ; tips of hind

femora and tibiae rather indistinctly darkened. Wangs faintly brownish tinged,

unmarked. Costa produced slightly beyond tip of R;, which is almost straight ;

median fork rather widely open, its stem a little longer than r-m. Halteres

with ochreous stem and brown knob. Wing-

length 1-7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 9, 30.x1.

1924.

5. Exechia lutacea, sp. n.

Text-fig. 3.

3g. Head dark greyish, with fine pale

hairs. Antennae with the first three or four

seoments ochreous, the rest dark; flagellar

segments not longer than broad. Palpi yellow.

No median ocellus. Thorax entirely ochreous,

sides of scutum with slight grey reflections Teese ohh in oitneeciia

when seen from above. Two propleural lutacea, sp.n. Left half from above,

bristles. Two long terminal scutellar bristles, also middle part of ninth sternite.

and two other shorter ones in the middle.

Discal bristles of scutum short and indistinct. Abdomen dark brown ; first

segment, base of second, lateral margins of tergites and hypopygium ochreous.

Hypopygium constructed as in Text-fig. 3. Legs ochreous, tarsi darker ; no

32 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

dark mark beneath base of hind femora. Front tibiae on the outer side with

a regular close-set row of 15-20 very short blunt bristles, the row occupying

outer half of tibia or rather more. Middle tibiae with a similar external row

of bristles, but the 12-15 bristles rather less regular, rather more widely spaced,

and pointed. Hind tibiae with about 12 external, 6 dorsal and 6 short internal

bristles. Wangs slightly brownish. Rs almost straight, its base very short,

not a quarter as long as rm ; base of median fork about half as long as r~m.

Cubital fork very short, both branches equally distinct. An absent. Halteres

ochreous. Wing-leneth 2-2 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type 3, 25.x1.1924. Savaii: Salailua, 2 J,

23.V.1924 (Bryan).

This species belongs to a group of closely allied forms, which has a wide

distribution in the tropics of the old world; I have seen a number of repre-

sentatives from various parts of the Oriental region and also from Africa,

Australia, and New Zealand.

6. Delopsis buxtoni, sp. n.

5 2. Head ochreous. First few antennal segments ochreous, rest brownish.

Palpi ochreous. Thorax mainly shining black above, but a broad ochreous

collar on front of scutum, and the depressions on each side of scutellum also

ochreous. Prothoracic sclerites ochreous, rest of pleurae dark brown. Five

propleural bristles. Anepisternal suture distinct. Pleurotergite and ptero-

tergite very small, together barely a quarter as large as the anepisternite.

Abdomen black dorsally, sides of tergites broadly ochreous, this colour extending

upwards at base of segment 3 and more so at bases of 4 and 5, but not so far as

to form a complete transverse band. Genitalia small and hidden. Legs ochreous,

tarsi and tibial bristles and spurs dark. Mid-tibial bristles: 5 dorsal, 2 (rarely

3) subdorsal, 3 external, 3 rather long ventral, 0 internal. Hind-tibial bristles

in three rows, middle row with 2-3 bristles. Wangs brownish, costa extending

shehtly beyond tip of Rs. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length 3-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 5 3g, 1 9, including type ¢, 10.11.1924,

25.x1.1924 and xii.1925. Upolu: Vaea, 1,100 ft., 1 g, 25.iv.1924 (Bryan).

Savai: Salailua, two specimens, 19.v.1924 (Bryan). Sexes not readily

distineuishable.

Delopsis buxtont much resembles D. greenwoodi Kdw. (Fiji), D. collaris (Kind.)

(Seychelles) and several other species, but differs in the chaetotaxy of the legs.

NEMATOCERA. 33

Two specimens from New Hebrides (Espiritu Santo I., Hog Harbour) are

very similar to D. buxtonit as described above, but are smaller, and the middle

tibiae have only one subdorsal bristle.

The genus Delopsis is widely distributed, but is most extensively developed

in the tropics of the old world. The peculiar case-bearing larvae have been

reported as having been found on the leaves of bamboo and other plants ; pre-

sumably they feed upon moulds and not upon the leaf itself, but observations

on this point are desirable.

7. Delopsis scutellaris, sp. n.

Sex (?). Head brownish-ochreous. First five or six antennal segments

ochreous, the rest dark brown. Palpi ochreous. Thorax shining black above,

scutum without pale collar. Scutellum wholly yellow. Prothoracic sclerites

brownish-ochreous, rest of pleurae black. Three propleural bristles, only one

pteropleural. Anepisternite very large, as in D. buxtoni, but the suture dividing

it from the sternopleurite much less distinct. (Abdomen missing in case of

type.) Legs ochreous, bristles, spurs and tarsi dark. Mid-tibial bristles:

5 dorsal, 0 subdorsal, 3 external, 2 very long and 1 short ventral, 0 internal.

(Hind legs missing in case of type.) Wengs yellowish-tinged ; costa more dis-

tinctly produced than in D. buxtoni. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length 2-3 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., one broken specimen, xi1.1925.

Although the type is unfortunately imperfect, the species should be recog-

nised easily by the colour of the thorax and the chaetotaxy of the middle tibiae.

SCIARINAE.

8. Sciara radicum Brunetti.

Fauna Brit. Ind., Dipt. Nemat., p. 189, 1915.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 3, 1 9, 2.xii.1924, 14.xii.1925. Upolu: Apia,

2 ©, bred from rotten grass, iv.1925. Savaii: Safune, 1 g, 4.v.1924 (Bryan).

Fiji: Vanua Levu, Savusavu, 2 9, 22.vii.1923 (C. L. Edwards). Recorded by

Brunetti from Calcutta, the larvae attacking lily bulbs in gardens.

I have compared the Samoan series with Indian specimens received from

Brunetti, and can find no constant differential characters. All the Indian

specimens have vein M, indistinct at the base; most, but not all, of those

from Samoa have it distinct throughout. Brunetti has somewhat understated

34 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

the size of both male and female. The species is rather well distinguished by

the six scutellar bristles, and the ochreous thorax with five rather narrow blackish

stripes ; these stripes, however, are much more distinct in some specimens than

in others. The male claspers are very short; the antennal flagellum is entirely

dark, and the segments are not much longer than broad.

9. Sciara, sp. ine.

Upolu: Malololelei, 1 3, 25.iv.1924.

A small species something like the last, but the mesonotum more shining

and less distinctly striped ; antennae longer, flagellum pale at base.

10; Sciara, sp: ine,

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 9, 14.x11.1925. Savaii: Matavanu Crater, 1 9 (Bryan).

Another small species, dark-coloured and with no special distinctive features.

11. Phorodonta politicollis, sp. n.

2. Head black, shghtly shining. Eye-bridges touching and 5 facets wide.

Middle ocellus touching eyes. Palpi dark brownish. Antennae black, flagellar

segments fully twice as long as broad, without necks, pubescence short. Thorax

brightly shining black. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles unusually long

and stiff, in single rather irregular rows, black. Scutellum bare above, margin

with 6-8 strong black bristles. Abdomen dark brown, black-haired, not so

short as usual in this genus; lateral membrane ochreous. Legs yellowish,

tibiae and tarsi darkened ; spurs yellowish, nearly twice as long as the tibial

diameter. First segment of front tarsi barely two-thirds as long as the tibia.

Claws very small, with median thickening. Coxae long, as in other species

of the genus. Wangs rather narrow, membrane rather dark brownish, all veins

darker ; branches of M and Cu setose. Costa reaching two-thirds of the dis-

tance from Rs to M,. R, and R subequal in length. R, ending above fM.

An absent. (Base of cubital fork below middle of basal section of JZ in the type,

but below base of 7-m in the second specimen.) Halteres black, base of stem

ochreous. Wing-length 3-5 mm. ; body 3 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 1 Q (type), 29.11.1924. Sava: Salailua, 1 9, 13.v.1924

(Bryan).

A very distinct species owing to the shining black thorax and long costa.

NEMATOCERA.

(Su)

Ot

12. Phorodonta pacifica Edwards.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xiv, p. 569, 1924.

Upolu: Apia, Vaea, Vailima, Malololelei; Savai: Safune, Salailua ;

Tutuila: Pago Pago; Manua: Tau; 84 specimens in all, various dates. Also

New Hebrides: Espiritu Santo, Hog Harbour, 1 9, 18.vi.1925.

First recorded from Fiji (Lautoka) ; not known elsewhere, although several

very closely allied species exist in the Oriental region.

13. Plastosciara flavibasis, sp. n.

©. Head shining black. Eye-bridges in contact, three facets wide ; ocelli

well removed from the eyes. Antennae short, black, flagellar segments scarcely

as long as broad. -Palpi yellow, two-segmented, second segment very small

and nipple-lke. Thorax shining black, dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs dark,

in double irregular rows. Scutellum with two bristles and some shorter hairs.

Abdomen with tergite 1 and sternites 1-4 yellow ; tergites 2-4 large, black, 5-7

ochreous, with darker lateral and posterior margins; sternites 5-7 narrow,

brown; cerci blackish. Legs brownish-ochreous, coxae lighter, tarsi darker.

Tibial spurs yellowish, fully as long as the tibial diameter ; posterior legs each

with two spurs as usual. Wangs slightly greyish, anterior veins dark. No

macrotrichia on M or Cu. &, much shorter than & and ending well before fM.

Costa reaching quite three-quarters of the distance from R; to M,; R; ending

about middle of M, or hardly beyond. Median fork rather narrow, about as

long as its stem. Stem of cubital fork about half as long as basal section of M.

Halteres with yellow stem and black knob. Wing-length 2 mm.

65. Similar to 9, but scape of antennae yellow; second segment of palpi

larger ; flagellum rather longer, the segments with short necks. Hypopygium

yellow at the base ; claspers rather small, broad at base, but pointed, with two

bristly spines at tip.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, type 9, 14.x1.1925. Fiji: Labasa, 1 9, 11.vili.1922

(Greenwood); Lautoka, 3 g, reared from larvae in fermenting sugar-cane,

12.viil.1926.

The yellow base of the abdomen suffices to separate this species from the

other members of the genus.

36 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

14, Plastosciara perniciosa Edwards.

Ent. Mo. Mag. (3), viii, p. 160, 1922.

Upolu: Apia, 1 3, 8 9, bred from rotten grass, iv.1925. Fiji: Labasa,

8 Q, 28.1x.1922 (Veitch).

The specimens agree well with British examples. First described from

material from Worthing, Sussex, the species has since been found occurring as

a hothouse pest at other places in England, but has not hitherto been reported

from any other country. It is probable that P. perniciosa and many other

Sciarine species are more or less cosmopolitan in their distribution.

15. Scythropochroa samoana, sp. n.

®. Head, including antennae and palpi, black, vertex scarcely shining.

Eye-bridges four facets wide and almost touching. Ocelli in a very flat triangle,

the middle one about its own diameter distant from the eyes. Flagellar seg-

ments about 1-7 times as long as broad, with short necks ; pubescence nearly

as long as the diameter. Thorax black, slightly shining, dorsocentral and

acrostichal hairs short, inconspicuous, dark, the former numerous, the latter

ina double row. Scutellum with numerous short hairs but without stiff marginal

bristles. Abdomen long, slender, black, with black hair. Cerci rather large

and nearly round. Legs entirely dark brown; tibial spurs dark, about as long

as diameter of tibia. Wangs with a rather strong brown tinge, anterior veins

dark, posterior veins not darker than the membrane; branches of MJ and Cu

bare as usual. , a little longer than # and ending a little beyond fIZ. Costa

reaching nearly three-quarters of the distance from R; to M,. Stem of median

fork nearly 1-5 times as long as the lower branch. #&; ending distinctly beyond

level of tip of M,. Basal section of M and 7—m about equal in leneth; fCu

below middle of sm. An short and very faint. Halteres blackish. Wing-

length 4-5 mm.; body 5-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 2 (type), 20.v1.1924.

This species is closely allied to the genotype, S. latefurcata End. (Seychelles

Is.), but differs in its larger size and darker legs.

A second 9 taken at the same place, 14.x1.1924, differs from the type as

follows: Ocelli in a sub-equilateral triangle, the middle one nearly touching the

eyes; eye-bridges separated by about the width of one facet. Thorax brownish

NEMATOCERA. 37

(perhaps on account of immaturity). Median fork longer, about as long as its

stem.

Another 2 from Fiji, Tamavau, 19.vii.1922 (Simmonds) probably belongs

to the same species, but differs slightly in venation : 7~m is considerably longer

than the basal section of WM, and fCw is only a little beyond the base of 7—m.

Dodecasciara, gen. n.

Eyes with scanty pubescence; dorsal bridges distinct. Antennae with

2+10 segments. Palpi composed of a single segment. Coxae short. Posterior

tibiae each with two short spurs; no combs. Claws simple. Wings well

developed, venation as in Sciara ; no macrotrichia on membrane.

The reduction in the number of antennal segments necessitates the erection

of a new genus for the species described below, which otherwise might be placed

in Scythropochroa or Plastosciara. No such reduction has previously been

found in the Sciarinae. It is true that Schiner’s Colombian genus Pseudosciara

is also described as having 2+10 segments in the antennae; but this differs

in many respects from the present genus, and probably does not belong to the

same subfamily.

16. Dodecasciara debilis, sp. n.

©. Head blackish, antennae and palpi dark. Eye-bridges narrow, only

1-2 facets wide, ocelli not far removed from them. Antennae short, flagellar

segments scarcely as long as broad, pubescence short, no distinct necks. Thorax

small but rather strongly arched above, brown ; hairs inconspicuous. Abdomen

long, light brown, ovipositor darker. Tergites 1—7 all well-developed, broader

than long. Cerci rather elongate oval. Legs short, brownish-ochreous.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi all about equal in length. Spurs shorter than the

tibial diameter. Wangs rather narrow, nearly clear, veins not very dark. Costa

reaching nearly two-thirds of the distance from R; to My. R, about equal to

R and ending well before fMZ. Basal section of M longer than r-m ; fCw a little

before base of 7m. Anal angle very obtuse. Halteres dark. Wing-leneth

2mm.; body (extended) 3 mm.

Upolu: Apia, type 9, 26.1.1925. Tutuila: Pago Pago, 2 9, 18.iv. Fiji:

Natava, 1 9, 1916; Lautoka, 1 9, 3.x1.1925 (Greenwood).

The remarkably short antennae are the most striking feature of this small,

38 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

obscurely coloured species. The antennal flagellum is evidently in a somewhat

unstable condition, some specimens showing a tendency to fusion of the seg-

ments either in the middle or at the tip of the antenna. One specimen has

11 segments in one flagellum, 10 in the other. Knderlein’s Ceratosciara corni-

culata, of the Seychelles is a similar-looking insect with very short antennae,

although the flagellum has the normal number of 14 segments. Perhaps this

or some nearly allied species may be the parent of D. debilis.

BIBIONIDAE.

No species of this family have yet been reported from Samoa or indeed

from any part of Polynesia. This is somewhat surprising, since the larvae are

known to be humus-feeders and as such might be easily transported by man.

On the other hand, their somewhat heavy build might prevent them from being

carried far by wind. Plecia amplipennis Skuse, a common species of North

Australia and Papua, occurs in the New Hebrides, and Buxton also took an

indeterminable species of Bibio in the same islands.

SCATOPSIDAE.

It is rather surprising that Scatopse notata L. and S. fuscipes Mg., which

have been introduced into most parts of the world, do not appear to be estab-

lished in any part of the Pacific. The only species obtained by Buxton and

Hopkins is endemic to this region.

17. Swammerdamella albimana Edwards.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xiv, p. 571, 1924.

Upolu: Apia, 100 specimens preserved, 5.x1.1924 ; “ congregating in great

numbers on under sides of pine-apple leaves.” Previously recorded only from

Lautoka, Fiji, where it was found by Greenwood and Veitch in great swarms

on laboratory windows. Other specimens from Fiji (Nausori, x11.1920, Evans)

are in the British Museum.

CECIDOMYITIDAE.

The six species collected probably represent but a fraction of the number

occurring in the islands, as no special attention was paid to this family. None

have been recorded previously from any part of Polynesia.

NEMATOCERA. 39

LESTREMINAE.

18. Anarete pallida, sp. n.

. Head (lost in mounting in case of type) light ochreous, including

antennae and the rather short palpi. Ocelli not distinguishable in the dry

specimen. Antennae with 2+9 (?2+10) segments, second segment enlarged

as usual, flagellar segments not sharply separated, not much longer than broad,

with very short hairs. Thorax dull brownish-ochreous, rather darker above,

scutellum paler. Mesonotal hairs short and inconspicuous, pale. Abdomen

light brownish-ochreous, including the cerci. Legs light brownish-ochreous.

Empodia small, not much more than half as long as the simple claws. First

segment. of hind tarsi slightly more than half as long as the tibia. Wangs pale,

but not distinctly milky-white; anterior veins light brownish. Macrotrichia

present in the tips of cells R;, MZ, and M,. Anal lobe large, right-angled.

Costa reaching well beyond middle of My, but ending before level of tip of Cry.

Stem and both branches of median fork distinct ; Cu, widely interrupted at the

base. Halteres pale. Wing-length 1-7 mm.

Tutuila, 760-900 ft., 1 9, 18.1v. (Kellers).

The genus Anarete has hitherto been recorded only from Europe.* The

specimen before me (unfortunately damaged during examination) differs from

the four British species with which I am acquainted in its pale colour and also

in having more segments in the antennae (11 or 12, as far as could be ascer-

tained, whereas the British species have only 8-10). Different opinions have

been held as to the relationships of the genus; I regard it as closely allied to

Lestremia, from which it differs chiefly in having the macrotrichia of the wings

absent or confined to the tip, and the antennae shorter, alike in the two sexes,

and generally with fewer segments.

19. Lestremia (Anaretella) nitida, sp. n.

9. Head dark brown, with dark hair. LEye-bridges four facets broad.

Antennae 11-segmented, with the scape ochreous, flagellum blackish. Segment

2 not much enlarged, 3-7 rather shortly oval, with very short necks, 8-10 nearly

globular, 8 rather larger than 9 or 10; 11 rather pointed, nearly as long as 9

* The North American Microcerata Felt is similar in many respects and may be synonymous

with Anarete, but Felt omits to state whether or not the wings are hairy in his genus.

Vilar os 2

40 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

and 10 together. First seven flagellar segments with basal verticils about as

long as the segments, and with subapical sense organs, which are short and

split to the base into four or five subequal branches. Last two segments hairy

all over, without sense-organs. Palpi long; second segment about 4 times,

third about 6 times and fourth about 8 times as long as broad. Thorax ochreous,

mesonotum rather brightly shining, with three broad and almost confluent

dark brown stripes, hair long and dark; dorsocentral hairs biserial; no

acrostichal hairs. Abdomen dark brown, cerci lighter. Legs brownish-ochreous,

tarsi darker. Wings rather densely hairy, anterior veins dark. Costa ending

well before middle of M, and much before level of tip of Cu,. Mz, rather faint

except at tip; branches of fork evenly divergent, stem strongly curved and

about half as long as the fork. Anal lobe rather sharply right-angled. Halteres

pale. Wing-length 1-8 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 1 9, 25.x1.1924.

Similar to the European L. defecta Winn., but probably distinct. As

compared with British specimens so determined it is rather smaller, with a

much more shining thorax and shorter costa. The species of Lestremia recorded

from Australia and New Zealand belong to the typical subgenus, and are similar

to if not the same as L. leucophaea Mg.

CECIDOMYIINAE.

20. Lestodiplosis, sp.

21. Allobremia upolui Barnes, sp. n.

22. Liebeliola bifurcata Barnes, sp. n.

23. Phaenepidosis auriculata Barnes, sp. n.

These four species are discussed or described by Mr. H. F. Barnes elsewhere

in this fascicle (pp. 103-108).

ANISOPODIDAE.

24, Mesochria buxtoniana, sp. n.

Q. Head blackish, rather heavily dusted with grey. Antennae with the

first three segments blackish (remainder missing in case of type). Palpi dark,

very short, third (last) segment small and ending in a rather long point. Hyes

touching for a considerable space as in the other species of the genus. Thorax

NEMATOCERA. 4]

ochreous-brown, scutum shining dark brown except at the sides, with short

pale hair and some longer yellowish bristles. Scutellum (as in the other species)

with two strong bristles and some smaller hairs. Abdomen with the first seg-

ment yellowish, rest darker. Legs ochreous ; posterior coxae brownish ; middle

femora somewhat darkened towards the base ; middle tibiae with a broad brown

ring before middle, and a narrower, darker brown ring at tip (hind legs missing

in case of type). Wangs hyaline; venation as in WM. scottiana End., except that

M, is almost completely lost, only the tip being present, and there is no spur

on Cuz. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length 3-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 1 9, 30.x1.1924.

This is only the fourth species of this remarkable genus to be discovered,

each of the four being known from a single specimen. The new species resembles

M. cinctipes de Meij. (Java) in the ringed tibiae (although de Meijere only men-

tions the ring as present on the hind legs), but differs in the almost uniformly

shining brown mesonotum. The other two species (M. scottiana End., Seychelles

Is., and WM. medicorum Edw., West Africa) have unicolorous legs.

BLEPHAROCERIDAE.

No species of this family were found, and it is not likely that any occur in

Samoa. As has been pointed out by Tillyard, the habits of these insects are

so specialised that they probably require continuous land connections for their

dispersal, and there is no indication of any previous land connection between

Samoa and the mainland of Australia or Papua.

SIMULITDAE.

In spite of the fact that the numerous torrents would appear to provide

ideal breeding-places, no species of this family have been found in Samoa.

Search was made for adults and the beds of several streams were examined, but

the only larvae obtained were those of Chironomidae. The absence of Sumulium

cannot be due to any insurmountable obstacle in distribution, because one

endemic species (S. laciniatum Edw.) is known from Fiji and three (S. cheesmanae

Edw., S. tahitiense Edw. and S. buissona Roub.) from Tahiti, the last-named also

occurring as a pest in the Marquesas Islands. Turning to other regions, we find

that the Seychelles have an endemic species, and that an introduced species

42 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

occurs on Rodriguez. In several cases, however, these island species have a

very local distribution, and it is not impossible that some will yet be found in

unexplored parts of Samoa.

CULICIDAE.

The mosquitoes are very much better known than other families of

Nematocera, and we can therefore obtain from them more definite indications

as to the origin of the Samoan fauna. The question of distribution of mosquitoes

in the Pacific has been discussed in some detail by Buxton and Hopkins

(Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, Part III, 1927). From the data avail-

able it is quite clear the mosquito fauna is of Austro-Malayan origin, and that

as one proceeds across the Pacific this fauna diminishes, but no new elements

appear, except that in some islands or groups of islands local races or species

may be developed. In the Solomon Islands almost as many species occur as

on the mainland of Papua, and these have undergone no modification. Much

the same fauna is found in the New Hebrides, though with some reduction in

number of species as well as some modification of those which occur. In Fiji

Anopheles, Megarhinus and Aedes (Skusea) have dropped out, although Rachio-

notomyia, Uranotaena and Taeniorhynchus remain. East of Fiji the three

latter genera are not found. Aedes (finlaya) has reached Samoa and Tonga,

but no farther east ; the remaining species found in Samoa and in other islands

to eastward are evidently recent introductions, except that in Samoa and again

in Tahiti endemic species of Culex occur.

Only seven species of Culicidae have hitherto been found in the islands of

the Samoa group, three of these having a cosmopolitan or tropicopolitan dis-

tribution, and three others being widely spread in the Australasian region. ‘Two

species (Aedes argenteus and Culex fatigans) have certainly, and two others

(Aedes variegatus and A. kochi) quite possibly been introduced by human

agency.* Two widely distributed species (Aedes vexans and Culex annulirostris)

are known to have more or less pronounced migratory habits, which would

obviously conduce to dispersal by wind.

In addition to the seven Samoan species, the following have been recorded

from Fiji or from other parts of Polynesia :

* It will be understood that neither of the last two species have been recently introduced

by Europeans ; either or both may well have been distributed in the Polynesians’ voyages.—P. A.

Buxton.

NEMATOCERA. 43

Aédes (Stegomyia) variegatus var. tongae Edw. ‘Tonga.

», (Finlaya) kochi Don., typical form. Fiji.

Uranotaenwa colocasiae Edw. Fiji.

Rachionotomyia purpurata Edw. Fiji.

Taenrorhynchus (Coquallettidia) crassipes v.d.W. Fiji.

Culex sitiens Wied. Fiji.

,, atriceps Edw. Tahiti.

One of these species, Culex sitiens Wied., will almost certainly be found to

occur in Samoa. It is a migratory insect breeding in coastal salt marshes, and

there is no apparent reason why it should not colonise any suitable breeding-

places which may exist in Samoa.

The Samoan mosquitoes may be distinguished easily on naked-eye

characters as follows :

1. Colour black and white, the tarsi aes ringed with white 74

Colour brownish . ‘ : 2 : 3.

2. Mesonotum with a pair of peed waite ier : 5 . Aédes argenteus (Poir).

Mesonotum with a median white stripe. : : ; . Aédes variegatus (Dol.).

3. Wings and legs elaborately spotted . : $ ? : . Aédes kochi (D6n.).

Wings and legs not spotted. 3 : 3 : ¢ 4.

4. Proboscis with a well-defined whitish ay : ; : : 5.

Proboscis not or only indistinctly ringed . ; : ; : 6.

5. Abdomen banded, femora speckled . 3 : : : . Culex annulirostris Skuse.

Abdomen unbanded, femora not speckled ; ; ; . Culex samoaénsis Theo.

6. Tarsi with narrow white rings : ; : : : . Aédes vexans (Mg.).

- Tarsi entirely dark 3 : ; : : : ; . Culex fatigans Wied.

25. Aédes (Stegomyia) argenteus (Poiret).

Buxton and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p. 114, 1927. Stegomyia fasciata auct.

“This species, like Culex fatigans, is a recent immigrant in Melanesia and

Polynesia. It is still found principally on islands which are in frequent touch

with the outside world, and more often in ports and round the settlements of

‘Kuropeans than in other parts of the islands. So far as we know it has not

succeeded in establishing itself as a wild species breeding in holes in trees, which

is remarkable, for that is no doubt its natural haunt in its West African home. .. .

“In Samoa it was abundant in Apia, which has a good harbour and a

considerable Kuropean community. The first record from Apia is that J. F.

Floyd * took it in 1904 (Howard, Dyar and Knab). . . . In Samoa this species

was never found far from the houses of Kuropeans ” (Buxton and Hopkins).

* Mr. Buxton informs me that the correct name of this collector is J. T. Llovd.—F. W. E.

44 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Apparently the species has not been recorded from Pago Pago, nor from

any Samoan port or town except Apia.

26. Aédes (Stegomyia) variegatus Dol.

var. pseudoscutellaris Theo.

Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris Theobald, Hntom., xliii, p. 156, 1910; Bahr, Suppl. no. 1, Journ.

London Sch. Trop. Med., 1912. Aédes (Stegomyia) variegatus Edwards, Bull. Ent. Res., xiv,

p- 370, 1924. Aédes (Stegomyia) varicgatus var. pseudoscutellaris Edwards, Bull. Ent.

Res. xvii, p. 103, 1926; Buxton and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p.

101, 1927.

This mosquito is very common and nearly universally distributed in Samoa,

breeding in coconut husks and shells, rot-holes in trees, small tins, cacao pods,

concrete drains and various other situations. ‘It will be noticed that nearly

all these places in which larvae were found resemble one another in being dark,

in containing water with a high organic content, and in being small; the largest

breeding-place in which larvae were ever found was a small barrel. Larvae

were never found in puddles, or swamps, or the axils of plants (e.g. taro, banana,

Canna), though all these places were often examined in our studies of other

species of mosquito. . . . Both in Samoa and elsewhere the female A. variegatus

never seemed to fly far from its breeding-place : it is generally spread over Samoa,

but at the same time localised to an untold number of spots. It may easily be

banished, or nearly banished from houses by clearing bush away, draining a

few of the nearest tree holes, and collecting the nearest coco-nut shells, etc.

It bites at all times of day, especially on dull days, and in deep shade ; it seldom

bites a person standing in sunshine, and it never bites at night’ (Buxton and

Hopkins).

27. Aédes (Finlaya) kochi (Dén.).

var. samoana Griinberg.

Text-fig. 4.

Culex kochi Dénitz, Insekten Bérse, v, p. 88, 1901. Finlaya samoana Grinberg, Ent. Rundschau,

xxx, p. 130, 1913. Finlaya kochi O’Connor, Research Mem. 4, London Sch. Trop. Med.,

1923. A. (F.) kochi var. samoana Edwards, Bull. Ent. Res., xvii, p. 101, 1926; Buxton and

Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p. 95, 1927.

The typical form of Aédes kochi occurs in New Guinea, New Britain, New

Ireland, Solomon Is. and Fiji; it has been reared from coconut shells. The

variety samoana, so far as present knowledge goes, is confined to Samoa and

Tonga, where it is widely spread and abundant, breeding only in the leaf-axils

NEMATOCERA. 45

of cultivated and wild Araceae (Colocasia, Alocasia and Cyrtosperma). “It is

scarcely possible to find a large specimen of any of these plants which does not

harbour larvae of this mosquito. . . . The female is a persistent biter at night,

and the bites are extremely irritating. . . . Bahr records that A. (Ff.) kochi . . .

at Suva was very shy-feeding, the very reverse of our observations with var.

samoana”’ (Buxton and Hopkins).

Text-Fic. 4.—Aédes (Finlaya) kochi Don. var. samoana Griinb. 9 in profile, showing

projecting scales of sternites.

The accompanying figure illustrates the distinguishing feature of the

variety samoana ; the presence of outstanding scales on the apical part of the

sixth and seventh abdominal sternites only. In the typical form such scales

are present also on the fifth. This difference, small as it is, appears to be the

only obvious distinction between the two forms, and we have therefore an

interesting case of two races of a species differing little in external features but

with markedly different habits.

46 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

28. Aédes (Aédimorphus) vexans (Mg.).

Culex vexans Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vi, p. 241, 1830. Ochlerotatus vexans Edwards, Bull. Ent.

Res. vii, p. 218, 1917. Aédes (Aédimorphus) vecans Edwards, Bull. Ent. Res., xvi, p. 372,

1924; Buxton and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p. 91, 1927.

A. vexans has been recorded from several localities on or near the coast:

Lauli, Mulifanua, and Aleipata, in Upolu, and Tuasivi, in Sava. Apart from

being widely spread in the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions, it occurs

on many other Pacific Islands, including the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji

and Tonga, but there are no certain records from farther east than Samoa.

The larvae occur always in shallow temporary pools and marshes.

29. Culex samoaénsis (Theobald).

Pseudotaeniorrhynchus samoaénsis Theobald, Hntom. xlvii, p. 36,1914. Culex samoaensis Edwards,

Bull. Ent. Res., xiv, p. 394, 1924; Buxton and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia,

p. 78, 1927.

This species was described from two females collected in a privy at Apia by

Friederichs ; a third female specimen taken in Samoa (no exact data) by O’Connor

is in the British Museum. Buxton and Hopkins were unable to find the species.

So far as can be judged from the known examples it is to be regarded as a distinct

local development from C. bitaeniorhynchus or some related species.

30. Culex annulirostris Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), iti, p. 1737, 1889 ; Edwards, Bull. Ent. Res., xiv, p. 394, 1924; Buxton

and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, p. 79, 1927. Culex gepsoni O'Connor

(nec Theobald), Research Mem. 4, London Sch. Trop. Med., 1923.

“In Samoa, larvae were found in every month of the year, in a consider-

able variety of breeding places, but generally in clean water which contained

filamentous green algae. We have several records from water in hoof marks,

with or without algae; we also found this species in stagnant pools, and in

slowly running ditches among taro; it occurred also in an open concrete drain

in the Apia hospital. . . . We obtained larvae on Upolu and Tutuila, but not

on Savaii, where the species doubtless occurs. . . . Though the larvae were

common in Samoa, we never found the adults wild. In the New Hebrides they

bit savagely at night on the island of Mai; in Funafuti, in the Ellice group,

they made life a burden by day and by night .. .” (Buxton and Hopkins).

NEMATOCERA. 47

31. Culex fatigans Wiedemann.

Aussereur. zweifl. Ins., i, p. 10, 1828 ; Buxton and Hopkins, Researches in Polynesia and

Melanesia, p. 83, 1927.

“This species is obviously a recent introduction in our area, and it is still

found principally in harbour towns and foreign settlements, but not in the more

remote islands. . . . From Samoa the earliest record is that J. T. Lloyd found

C. fatigans common in Apia, Upolu Island, in January and February, 1905

(Howard, Dyar and Knab). In 1924 and 1925 we found it common round

European dwellings, but not elsewhere ; we obtained specimens from each of

the three main islands, Upolu, Savau, and Tutuila ” (Buxton and Hopkins).

CERATOPOGONIDAE.

No records concerning the occurrence of members of this family in Samoa

have been published hitherto, except that Buxton and Hopkins in their report

on researches in Polynesia mention having obtained one specimen of Culzcordes ;

this is described below as C. mollis, sp. n. The collections of Buxton and

Hopkins included eight species of this family, and in the Bishop Museum collection,

which is especially rich in very small insects, are examples of eight more. Three

or four of these species are extremely widely distributed ; the same may per-

haps be true of some of the others, though in the present incomplete state of our

knowledge it has been necessary to treat them as undescribed.

It is now established that many members of this family are very widely

spread, especially those which live in moist humus; the purely aquatic forms

show a greater tendency to restriction in distribution and the development of

local species or races.

The collection of Ceratopogonidae in Australasia generally has been much

neglected, but a few (including two or three Atrichopogon and one Lasiohelea)

have been obtained in Fiji by Veitch and Greenwood ; the majority of these,

apart from the introduced species, are different from those of Samoa. A species

of Forcipomyra (different from those recorded here) was found by Miss Cheesman

in Tahiti.

None of the Samoan species were observed to suck blood, but it will pro-

bably be found that the species of Culecordes and Lasiohelea are orwslelel cus)

like the other members of these genera.

48 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

32. Forcipomyia hirtipes de Meij.

Ceratopogon hirtupes de Meijere, Tyd. v. Ent. i, p. 209, 1907.

Upolu: Vailima, 1 gf, 1 9, 12.xi1.1925; Apia, 2 2 sucking Noctuid larva

(Othreis fullonica L.), 3.vii.1924. Savai: Matavanu Crater, 2 gj, 13.v.1924

(Bryan).

No distinctions from F. hirtipes are apparent, although no males from the

Oriental region are available for comparison, and the identity of the Samoan

specimens is therefore not absolutely certain. The species has been recorded

from Java, Ceylon, Assam and Buru; the females sucking the juices of various

smooth-bodied caterpillars. Kieffer’s /’. australiensis, of New Guinea, is very

similar to or perhaps identical with F. hartipes.

33. Forcipomyia globularis, sp. n.

Q. Head dark grey above; the small area immediately above antennae

yellow. Rostrum not much shorter than height of head. Palpi blackish ;

second segment much swollen on inner side almost to tip. Antennae with

scape and last five segments of flagellum dark brown, rest lighter. First eight

flagellar segments globular, some even slightly broader than long, without

necks ; last five each 2-5-3 times as long as broad, and together quite 1-5 times

as long as the first eight. Thorax blackish-brown, shoulders and pleural mem-

brane lighter brown ; mesonotum dull, pleurae shining. Both long and short

hairs of mesonotum golden. Abdomen dark brown; cerci yellowish. Lateral

membrane with scaly pubescence, some of which (towards tip of abdomen) is

golden, the rest black. Legs yellowish; posterior coxae dark brown; middle

and hind femora with a broad black ring just before tip; hind tibiae with a

narrow brownish ring at base. No obvious scales on legs; bristles yellowish,

except two or three below tip of first hind tarsal segment, which are black.

First segment of middle tarsi slightly over one-third, of hind tarsi rather less

than half as long as the second. Wings unmarked, except that the veins forming

the radial cells are blackish. Hair all dark. Halteres yellow. Wing-length

ey ce eatools

Upolu : .Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 9, 21vi.1924.

Forcipomyia globularis resembles F. hirtipes in most respects, differing

chiefly in the antennae, the short basal segments of the flagellum approximating

to the condition found in Atrichopogon.

NEMATOCERA. 49

34. Forcipomyia punctipes, sp. n.

Text-fig. 5.

9. Head black, palpi and antennae dark brown. Second segment of

palpi much enlarged on inner side on basal three-quarters, with distinct sensory

pit. Last five segments of antennal flagellum together barely two-thirds as

long as the first eight ; these latter flask-shaped, with necks almost as long as

the swollen basal part ; sensory bristles rather stout. Thorax dull black above,

TEext-F1G. 5.—Forcipomyia punctipes, sp. n. Q.

all hair short and blackish ; pleurae somewhat shining, dark brown, lighter on

sutures. Abdomen mainly blackish above, and clothed with blackish pubescence.

First tergite mainly yellow, black in the middle and with a small black dot on

each side; tergites 2-5 with the apical lateral corners yellowish; 6 with a

yellowish spot on each side at base; 7 and 8, also cerci, yellowish. Venter

mainly yellowish with pale pubescence. Legs with yellow ground-colour.

Coxae with a transverse brown mark. Hind femora with a narrow dark brown

ring at base and another close to tip, also two or three small blackish

50 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

dots beneath. Each tibia on the outer side with four to six black dots, larger

ones alternating with small ones. Each tarsal segment except the last narrowly

black at the tip. No scales on legs ; bristles and shorter hairs yellowish. First

segment of hind tarsi about half as long as second. Wangs without markings ;

hair dense and very dark ; base yellowish ; costa not quite reaching the middle.

Halteres yellow, with a small black dot on upper surface of knob. Wing-

length 1-7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 9, 25.x1.1924.

I have neither seen nor read of any other species which at all resembles this

in leg-markings.

35. Forcipomyia swezeyi, sp. n.

6. Head dark, including antennae and palpi; tip of antennal plume

creamy (terminal segments of flagellum missing in case of type). Thorax dark

brown, mesonotum with a mixture of yellowish and black scaly hairs. Abdomen

blackish, unmarked, with dark bristles and narrow scales. Legs covered with

small close-lying scales. Ground colour yellow ; front and middle femora more

or less darkened towards base; hind femora blackish on the basal two-thirds ;

front and middle tibiae with a dark brown ring near base and a much broader

one beyond middle, space between the rings lighter brown; hind tibiae black

on about basal three-quarters, tip yellow; front tarsi yellow, with third seg-

ment dark; middle and hind tarsi with blackish rings at bases of first three

segments, fourth segment entirely dark. First hind tarsal segment about 1-4

times as long as second. Wangs rather rubbed in case of type; the hair

apparently mostly pale, except for a black patch over the radial cells, and

traces of a second on the front margin before the tip; no indication of other

markings. Costa reaching just beyond middle. Venation normal. Halteres

with yellowish stem and black knob. Wing-length 1-5 mm.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 3, 10.1x.1923 (Swezey).

According to Kieffer’s key to the group Lepidohelea (scaly-legged Forci-

pomyia), this species would appear to be L. lepidopus Kiefi. (New Guinea),

the description of which is inadequate for comparison ; Kieffer does not mention

a dark spot over the radial cells nor a light area in the middle of the anterior

tibiae, nor does he indicate the hind tarsal proportions in his type.

NEMATOCERA. 51

36. Forcipomyia ingrami Carter.

Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., xii, p. 290, 1919; Ingram and Macfie, Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit.,

Xvill, p. 584, 1924.

Savaii: Safune, 45 3, 4-12.v.1924 (Bryan). Upolu: Apia, 2 3, 31.v.1924.

Fiji: Lautoka, 10 g, 17.11.1919 and 18.11.1920 (Veitch and Greenwood).

Comparison with the excellent descriptions and figures of Carter, Ingram

and Macfie, and with named specimens in the British Museum, leaves no doubt

of the identity of these specimens. Although the species has been recorded

hitherto only from West Africa, Ingram and Macfie have already suggested

that it may be much more widely spread, and that species described by Kieffer

from specimens from Tunis and the Seychelles may be the same. In West

Africa the larvae were found by Ingram to be semi-aquatic and to prey on

mosquito larvae.

37. Lasiohelea samoensis, sp. n.

2. Head dark. Eyes very finely pubescent, the hairs scarcely half as long

as diameter of facets, and not very dense. Rostrum very short, scarcely half

as long as vertical diameter of head. Antennae dark brown, rather short ; first

eight flagellar segments disc-like, considerably broader than long ; next two not

more than twice as long as broad, last three rather longer, the terminal one

the longest but still less than three times as long as broad. Thorax dull blackish,

mesonotum with rather coarse but not very dense dark brown pubescence.

Abdomen with integument and pubescence dull blackish. Legs entirely dark

brown. First segment of hind tarsi fully three times as long as second. All

tarsi with rather numerous hair-like scales. Wangs almost as in L. lefanui ;

macrotrichia not very dense, leaving distinct bare lines along each side of the

veins ; above base of cubital fork fhere are about three rows of macrotrichia

between cubitus and lower branch of media, and three between branches of

media. Halteres with yellowish knob. Wing-length 0-8-0-9 mm.

Savail: Safune, rain forest above 2,000 ft., 1 9, 8.v.1924. (Bryan).

The species of Lasiohelea are so similar in all parts of the tropics that it is

difficult to suggest the exact affinities of this new species. It seems, however,

to have more resemblance to L. stimulans (de Meij.), of the Malayan region, than

to L. townsvillensis (Taylor), of Queensland. From L. stimulans it differs in its

smaller size, shorter antennae and dark mesonotal pubescence. I have also

52 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

seen examples of undescribed species of Lasiohelea from New Ireland and New

Britain, which seem allied to but distinct from this Samoan form. A female

from Fiji, Nausori, v.1921 (R. Veitch) is very similar to L. samoensis, but has

the antennae still shorter and the wings less hairy.

38. Atrichopogon jacobsoni (de Meij.).

Ceratopogon jacobsont de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent., 1, p. 212, 1907. % Atrichopogon flavellus Kieffer,

Rec. Ind. Mus., ix, p. 117, 1918. Atrichopogon immaculatus Kieffer, Ann. Mus. Hung., xv,

p. 181, 1917. Atrichopogon cavernarum Edwards, Rec. Ind. Mus., xxvi, p. 107, 1924.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 9, 26.vi.1924; Apia, 1 9, 29.iv.1924.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 4 ¢, 16 9, 2.x11.1924. Tonga: Vavau, Neiafu, 4 g, 1 9,

5.11.1925. Fiji: Lautoka, numerous specimens, 9.11.1919, 22.xi.1921 (Green-

wood) ; Labasa, vii.1921 (Veitch),

The specimens agree sufficiently well with those of A. cavernarum in the

British Museum, from the Malay Peninsula and Assam, and specimens of the

same species were collected by Miss Cheesman in Tahiti. Although material is

not available for comparison, it would seem practically certain, in view of the

known distribution, that A. zacobsoni de Meij. (Java) and A. wmmaculatus Kieff.

(New Guinea) are the same. The slight discrepancies in the descriptions may be

overlooked and the species known as A. jacobson. A. flavellus Kieffer (India

and Philippine Islands) apparently differs in having the flagellum and abdomen

pale instead of dark brown to blackish, but this is probably only because the

specimens upon which the description of A. flavellus was based were preserved

in spirit. On the other hand the specimens from Ceylon, which I have recorded

elsewhere under the name A. yacobsont, belong to a different though allied species,

in which the last segment of all the tarsi is conspicuously black, and Cu, is

more oblique.

39. Atrichopogon abrasus, sp. n.

3 9. Head, including antennae and palpi, also face in ¢, blackish ; face of

2 ochreous. Proboscis shorter than height of head. Eyes touching, clothed

all over with very short pubescence. Antennae of ¢ with last four segments

subequal in length; of 9 with first eight flagellar segments globular, last five

each about three times as long as broad. Thorax brownish ochreous, scarcely

shining ; scutum with three confluent brown stripes, which are sometimes very

little darker than ground colour. Scutellum with four black bristles. Abdomen

NEMATOCERA. 53

blackish, hypopygium lighter, ninth tergite somewhat triangular, with rounded

tip. Legs uniformly light brownish. Wangs hyaline, anterior veins not very

dark ; no macrotrichia in either sex. Second radial cell in 2 very narrow, but

as usual longer than in g. Costa in both sexes ending above a point a little

beyond half-way between branches of cubital fork. Stem of median fork about

as long as r-m. Cu, scarcely curved down at tip. Cuz, very oblique. Anal

angle very obtuse. Halteres yellow. Wing-length 1-3 mm.

Savau: Safune, rain forest above 2,000 ft., 2 g, 1 9, 8.v.1924 (Bryan).

In venation this species approaches Lasiohelea, but is better placed in

Airichopogon on account of the entire absence macrotrichia from the wing-

membrane, several other species of Atrichopogon being similar in this respect.

40. Atrichopogon atroscutellatus, sp. n.

9. Head blackish, including appendages. Eyes touching and very finely

pubescent all over. First eight flagellar segments each a little broader than

long, last five each about three times as long as broad. Proboscis only about

half as long as height of head. Palpi with the second segment moderately

swollen. Thorax black; scutum rather brightly shining; scutellum, post-

notum, and a small area of scutum in front of scutellum velvety black ; pleurae

dull. Four scutellar bristles. Abdomen brown; sixth segment apparently

without ventral appendage. Legs entirely brownish-yellow. Wangs hyaline,

anterior veins dark brown. Costa ending a little beyond level of tip of Cu,

which is rather sharply curved down. Cuz oblique. About a dozen macrotrichia

in tip of cell R;, and about half a dozen in tip of cell M,. Stem of median fork

short. Halteres orange. Wing-length 0-85 mm.

Savai: Safune, rain forest about 2,000 ft., 1 9 (Bryan).

41. Dasyhelea radialis, sp. n.

3 9. Head blackish, face not obviously paler. Antennae of $ with seg-

ments 11-13 binodose as usual; 11, 12 and 14 subequal in length, 13 rather

shorter ; 14 without well-marked stylet, although its tip is somewhat narrowed ;

surface reticulated and provided with numerous minute scales, as figured by

Carter, Ingram and Macfie (Ann. Trop. Med., xv, p. 180, 1921) for D. inconspi-

cuosa. Antennae of 9 with segments 2-9 globular to shortly oval, not obviously

54 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

constricted apically ; 10-14 almost cylindrical, gradually lengthened, 14 with

more definite terminal stylet than in g. Thorax dark greyish-brown, with

shght and irregular grey reflections, scutellum in ¢ hardly lighter, in 2 reddish-

brown. Mesonotal hairs short and dark; about eight marginal scutellar bristles.

Abdomen blackish, without definite markings. Hypopygium rather small.

Ninth tergite with short, rounded terminal processes. Ninth sternite slightly

produced in middle. Claspers simple, short, only about half as long as side-

piece ; basal half stout and hairy, apical half more slender and bare, bluntly

pointed. Basal structures quite symmetrical, the free distal parts of both

parameres being absent (unless represented by short appendages which seem to

be attached to the mesosome). Legs dark brownish, unmarked ; tarsi some-

what lighter. Claws simple. Wings with moderately dense and uniformly

distributed decumbent macrotrichia, greyish in colour. Costa reaching a little

beyond middle of wing. Radial cells equal in length, the first so narrow as to

be indistinguishable except in a mounted wing, the second fully three times

as long as broad (including the bordering veins in the width of the cell) ; veins

not very dark. Halteres yellowish. Wing-length 1-2 mm.

Savaii: Matavanu Crater, 2 3, 4 9, 13.v.1924 (Bryan).

Differs from most species of the genus in the unusually long second radial

cell.

42. Dasyhelea, sp.

Cf. D. inconspicuosa, Carter, Ingram and Macfie, Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., xv, p. 191, 1921.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 4, 1.x.1923 (Swezey and Wilder). Savaii: Mata-

vanu Crater, 1 9, 13.v.1924 (Bryan). Fiji: Labasa, 12 g, 2.xi1.1922.

These examples agree rather well with the description of the West African

D. wconspicuosa, and with specimens in the British Museum so determined

by Ingram. There are some small differences in the hypopygium which may

indicate a specific or varietal distinction, the chief of which are as follows:

Processes of ninth tergite with broad bases, bearing several bristles ; processes

of aedoeagus much shorter. According to the description the wings are “ densely

clothed with decumbent hairs,” but this is hardly accurate ; the hairs are rather

scanty, leaving bare lines along each side of the veins (as in D. flaviventris Goet.).

NEMATOCERA. 55

43. Dasyhelea, sp.

Upolu: Apia, 2 9, 1.1.1925.

A species with no striking features, belonging to the group which includes

D. obscura Winn., D. fusca C. I. and M., D. fuscifornis C. I. and M., D. retorta I.

and M., D. myrmedon Kieff., ete. Iam unacquainted with most of these species,

to one of which the Samoan specimens may possibly belong.

44. Culicoides mollis, sp. n.

Text-fig. 6.

2. Head dark. Eyes practically touching. Antennae with segments

2-6 nearly globular, 7-9 rather longer than broad, slightly contracted apically,

TExt-FIG. 6 —Culicoides mollis, sp.n. 9.

10-14 as usual about 2-5 times as long as broad. Palpi with the second segment

stout, not twice as long as its greatest breadth. Thorax brown, sides of scutum

broadly darker, but otherwise no definite markings (specimens are in spirit and

markings may be obscured). Scutellum in the specimen mounted with one

median marginal bristle and a number of small hairs. Abdomen whitish (in

both specimens examined very much distended with eggs) ; tergites brownish,

VI. 2. 3

56 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

ist well developed, 2-7 reduced to narrow strips of chitin about four times as wide

as long, and occupying only a small part of the total length of the segments ;

tergite 2 placed at base of segment in contact with tergite 1; 3-5 each well

removed from bases of respective segments. Two spermathecae, both rather

shortly oval, necks chitinised for a short distance only. Legs dark brown ;

femora without a pale pre-apical ring, but tibiae each with a distinct yellowish

ring at base ; tarsi lighter. Wings covered with macrotrichia (not very densely)

on apical half, but with very few on basal half between media and cubitus.

Markings somewhat as in the Huropean C. pictipennis Staeg. (C. guttularis

Kieff.) ; ground colour greyish, but greater part of surface occupied by pale

spots, of which a transverse band of three spots is placed at tip of wing, in cells

R;, M, and Mz, ; a second transverse band of four almost confluent spots a little

beyond middle of wing, uppermost spot of these four just includes tip of second

radial cell, and lowermost almost fills cubital fork ; other pale markings towards

base of wing. Venation normal; second radial cell narrow. MHalteres pale.

Wing-length 1-5 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 2 2 taken at night while the collectors were bathing in the

coral lagoon near the Pilot Station, 11.xu1.1925. The fact that both specimens

were gravid females suggests that breeding may take place in the sea, as has

been recorded in the case of a few other Culscordes. Fiji: Natova, 2 9, 1x.1916

(Veitch).

Quite the most peculiar feature of this species is the reduction of the

abdominal tergites, which has not hitherto been noticed in any species of the

genus. Apart from this, the wing markings are different from those of any

other Australasian or Oriental species known to me. As stated above, C. picti-

pennis Staeg. has similar wing-markings, but in this case the wings are much

more densely hairy and the abdomen is normal.

The Fijian specimens mentioned above probably belong to this species, but

are too much damaged for full comparison.

45. Ceratopogon (Isohelea) peregrinator, sp. n.

2. Body all blackish, including antennae, palpi, legs and halteres; only

the tarsi more or less pale. Eyes finely pubescent. First eight flagellar seg-

ments each scarcely as long, last five from 1-5 to 2-5 times as long as broad,

terminal one the longest. Mesonotum very slightly shining, pits small.

NEMATOCERA. 57

Scutellum with three bristles, one median and two lateral. Claws equal and

simple, rather large. Wings hyaline, without distinct milky tinge, but lacking

both microtrichia and macrotrichia as in related species. Veins forming radial

cells rather thick and dark brown: first cell oval, rather distinct; second a

little longer than first, but almost entirely obliterated by the thickening of the

costa. Costa extending well beyond middle of wing; anterior margin beyond

costa slightly darkened. Lower branch of media rather widely interrupted at

base. Wing-length 0-75 mm.

Savaii: Matavanu Crater, 1 2, 13.v.1924 (Bryan).

So far as I am aware, this 1s the first species of the genus to be discovered

outside Europe and North America.

46. Stilobezzia samoana, sp. n.

2. Head blackish, including antennae and palpi. Eyes very narrowly

separated. First eight flagellar segments each rather over twice, last five nearly

four times as long as broad. Thorax rather dark ochreous-brown, somewhat

shining. Scutal bristles inconspicuous ; scutellum with four marginal bristles.

Abdomen rather dark brown. First tergite with about 6-8 hairs on each side.

Legs uniformly ochreous. Hind tibiae with dorsal hair not much longer than

tibial diameter ; similar hair on first tarsal segment. Larger claw almost as

long as last tarsal segment, smaller only one-third as long. Wings hyaline ;

venation as in S. ochracea (Winn.). Macrotrichia fairly numerous at tips of

cells R; and M,, very few or none in cell M,. Halteres brownish. Wing-

length 1-5 mm.

Upolu: Apia, type 2, 1.1924. Savau: Safune, lower forest, 1 9, 11.1924

(Bryan).

Resembles the European S. ochracea (Winn.), and differs from most or all

of the described Oriental and Australasian species, in its clear wings and uni-

colorous legs. Another plain-winged species was collected by Buxton in the

New Hebrides.

47. Bezzia sexspinosa, sp. n.

35 2. Head blackish. Eyes just touching. Flagellum of antennae light

brownish ; in ¢ rather long, with slight beard, last four segments subequal in

length, 4~5 times as long as broad ; in Q first eight segments oval, last five long

and cylindrical. Thorax blackish-brown ; seen from above it appears slightly

58 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

shining, with some whitish pollinose patches about the shoulders; seen from

in front it is greyish, with a dark median stripe. No spine on front margin.

Scutellum with four rather strong bristles. Abdomen blackish. Legs: Front

femur ochreous with a darker ring at base and another before tip, extreme tip

also dark; tibia with base and tip dark, and a dark ring before the middle.

Middle femur in type ochreous, with extreme tip and a preapical ring brown, in

other specimens mainly dark brown. Hind femur blackish, more or less ochreous

on basal half, especially in 9. Middle and hind tibiae yellowish, with dark brown

tips. All tarsi pale ochreous, segments with dark tips. Front femur armed

with about six strong spines beneath, first close to base and others rather widely

spaced. Female claws each with a small tooth on inner side. Wangs hyaline,

anterior veins not very dark. R; more than twice as long as R,, and ending

above or scarcely beyond level of tip of Cu,;. Base of median fork just sessile.

Halteres yellowish. Wing-length 1-7 mm.

Manua: Tau, type 3 and Q, 20.x1.1926 (Judd). Savai: Safune, rain

forest above 2,000 ft., 2 3, 8.v.1924 (Bryan). Also damaged specimens from

Tutuila (Pago Pago), 16.iv.1924 (Bryan), and Tutuila, 760-900 ft., 18.1v. (Kellers).

By the armature of the front femora, this species seems related to

B. australiensis Kiefi. (New South Wales). The leg-markings vary in distinctness.

CHIRONOMIDAE.

No species of this family had been recorded from Samoa until 1926, when

I described four marine species obtained by Buxton and Hopkins, including

the remarkable new genus Pontomyia. In addition to these, examples of ten

other species—seven from the Buxton and Hopkins collection and three from

the Bishop Museum—are before me. Probably more species could have been

discovered in the taro swamps near Apia, but it is not likely that Samoa has

a large Chironomid fauna because of the paucity of suitable breeding grounds.

Of the fourteen species obtained, ten appear to be endemic, and only one

of the remaining four has so far been found in Fiji, this being a widely-distri-

buted species. The most interesting of the new species described here belongs

to Thalassomyia, the fourth marine genus of Chironomidae to be found in this

area. ‘Two groups of sea-midges remain unrepresented in the Samoan fauna as

known at present: Camptocladius, and the Telmatogeton-Halirytus group. It

is probable that future collecting will reveal the presence of these also.

NEMATOCERA. 59

More species of the Orthocladvus group certainly ought to be found in

Samoa; three are represented among some undescribed material from Fiji in

the British Museum.

Two other Chironomidae have been described from material from the

South Pacific: Chironomus candidibasis Edw. (Fiji) and Orthocladius brachydi-

cranus Kdw. (Tahiti) ; these are represented by closely allied species in Samoa.

TANYPODINAE.

48. Ablabesmyia atromaculata, sp. n.

3 &. Head light brownish, palpi and antennae pale ochreous. Antennae

of 9 15-segmented, first few flagellar segments nearly globular, rest spindle-

shaped ; verticils very long, quite four times as long as segments. (Antennae

of g type missing.) Thorax moderately dark brown ; mesonotum shining, with

four darker brown stripes (hardly imdicated in 3 type, which is immature) ;

four conspicuous velvet-black spots, one on each side immediately in front of

root of wing, the other pair situate in front of the lateral brown stripes. Pro-

notum hairy at sides only, not reaching up to front angle of mesonotum. Pleurae

heavily dusted with silvery-grey. Abdomen shining brown, with rather sparse

dark hair. Male hypopygium with anal segment scarcely developed ;_ side-

piece rather long, with a dense patch of short hair inside at base ; clasper stout,

almost straight and almost as long as side-piece ; tip more slender and curved

inwards, with strong terminal spine. Legs yellowish, vestiture of very short

scaly hairs and longer normal hairs, which are rather dense ; tips of femora very

narrowly, of tibiae rather broadly, and of tarsal segments very broadly clothed

with black hair. Front tarsi of 3 without distinct beard. No pulvilli. No

apical spurs on tarsal segments. Wangs rather narrow, clothed with greyish

hair, no markings. A,,5 running very close to R, ; R,.3 apparently absent ;

costa not produced beyond tip of R,,;. Anal area rather large, almost right-

angled. Halteres brownish. Wing-length 3-3-5 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 1g, 1 9, vi.1925.

In spite of the 15-segmented antennae, I refer this species to Ablabesmyva

rather than to any other genus of the Tanypus group because of the unpro-

duced costa, form of pronotum, absence of tarsal spurs and other points of

agreement. It is readily distinguishable owimg to the marking of the

thorax.

60 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

49. Ablabesmyia notabilis Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2), iv, p. 280, 1889. (2) Tanypus monilis L., Kieffer. Ann.

Mus. Nat. Hung., xv, p. 203, 1917.

Upolu: Apia, 2 9, xii.1924. Also 5 2 in British Museum from Queens-

land, Townsville (Hill).

A. nolabilis appears to be the Australasian representative of the widely

spread A. monalis (Linn.), from which it differs slightly in wing-markings, as

also in its much smaller average size.

50. Ablabesmyia, sp.

Upolu: Apia, 1 2 (too damaged to describe), 31.v.1924.

A very small species, with the basal half of the wing dark ; perhaps identical

with one of which I have examined specimens from Fiji and Hong Kong.

CLUNIONINAE.

51. Clunio pacificus Edwards.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 790.

Text-fig. 7.

Upolu: Apia, “abundant in air over seashore, 8 p.m., 11.xii.1925, Pilot

Station.” Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 g at sea-level, 18.iv. (Kellers).

A marine species, much resembling the well-known European C. marinus

Hal., but differing in various details, such as the shorter antennae, hind tarsi

and coxae. The female has not been obtained, but will doubtless be found to

resemble C. marinus in having functional legs but no wings.

52. Thalassomyia pilipes, sp. n.

3 . Closely resembles the European 7. frauenfeldi Schin., differing as

follows: General colour darker, body almost black. Hypopygium of 3 with

bristles on (morphologically) ventral side of side-piece shorter, but flattened and

rather scale-like ; a number of similar bristles are present on inner face of side-

plece at base, which is not the case in 7. frauenfeldi ; claspers strongly bilobed

at tip, additional lobe being developed on inner (flexor) surface. Cerci of 2

slightly and evenly widened towards base, instead of suddenly and greatly

enlarged on basal half. Last abdominal sternite of 2 with fewer hairs, which

are dark in colour instead of yellow. Legs of 3 (but not of 2) with rather long

NEMATOCERA. 61

erect hair, which is specially noticeable on the hind femora and tibiae, the hairs

about three times as long as diameter of legs. (The legs of T. frauenfeldi are

short-haired in both sexes, the only longer hairs occurring on the dorsal surface

of hind tibiae). Cubital fork considerably shorter than in 7. frauenfeldi, its

base much beyond level of base of Ry.;. Wing-length about 3-5 mm.

Tutuila: Leone Road, 3 3,1 9, 24.11.1926 (Judd).

Text-Fic. 7.—Clumo pacificus Edw. §. (a) Antenna further enlarged. [Reproduced

by permission of the Zoological Society of London.]

The discovery of this marine genus in Samoa is of much interest. The

species is readily distinguishable from the other two (7. frauenfeldi Schin., of

Europe, and 7’. africana Kdw., of East Africa) by the hairy legs of the male and

the shape of the claspers. A comparison with Galapagomyia longipes Johnson

(Galapagos Is.), which may just possibly be the same species, is desirable.

It may here be noted that in this genus, as in Clunio and Pontomyra, the

male hypopygium is inverted.

62 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

ORTHOCLADIINAE.

53. Orthocladius macrobrachius, sp. n.

36. Head blackish, palpi and antennae brown. Last antennal segment

about 0-7 times as long as segments 2-13 together, with long hairs on its basal

two-thirds or more, tip with fine pubescence. Thorax dull black ; shoulders,

lateral margin of scutum, and pleural membrane yellowish ; scutellum dark

brownish. Abdomen blackish, lighter beneath, each tergite with about 10 short

hairs. Hypopygium with lobe of side-piece situate about middle, but rather

more produced than in O. brevifurcatus ; clasper slightly expanded on inner

face in middle, terminal claw very stout; anal point present but very short.

Legs brownish ; no tarsal beard ; empodia small; no pulvilli. On middle and

hind legs the tibiae have simple spurs, one long and one short, and the first

three segments of the tarsi each have small apical spurs. Wangs with a very

slight milky tinge by reflected light, very slightly brownish by transmitted

light; no microtrichia. R,,; nearly straight and ending well before level of tip

of Cu,. Costa extending nearly half-way from tip of R,,; to wing-tip, but

gradually thinning out and its exact termination difficult to distinguish. R25

ending beyond half-way between tips of R, and Ry,;. Cubital fork very short,

its base distant from r-m by nearly twice the length of the short, straight Cuz.

Slight indications of a fold near end of An parallel with Cuz. Squama bare.

Halteres light brownish. Wing-length 0-8-1-0 mm.

Sava: Safune, 150 3, 12.v.1924 (Bryan).

This species is closely related to O. brevifurcatus Edw. (Britain) and 0.

brachydicranus Kdw. (Society Is.), differing from both in the more distinctly

produced costa and in details of the hypopygium.

CHIRONOMINAE.

54. Tanytarsus hopkinsi, sp. n.

2. Colour uniformly pale yellowish (probably green in life), vestiture pale.

Kyes approximated, bare ; distance between them only about as great as dia-

meter of first segment of antennae. Antennae 6-segmented ; segment 2 with

a slight constriction near base and a short neck; 3 and 4 with longer necks,

which are not much shorter than the swollen basal part; 5 without neck ;

6 shorter than 4 and 5 together, with several rather long curved sense-hairs, and

NEMATOCERA. 63

four long bristly hairs at extreme tip. Last segment of palpi much longer than

the others. Mesonotum very prominent, the pronotum hardly distinguishable.

Cerci short and inconspicuous. First segment of front tarsi about 1-6 times as

long as the tibia. Combs of posterior tibiae widely separated above, narrowly

so beneath, outer comb with a long spur, inner comb apparently without spur.

Fifth tarsal segment short, not half as long as fourth ; claws very small, pulvilli

present. Wangs rather densely hairy on the whole surface. ,,; rather curved,

reaching almost to tip of wing ; costa not produced ; r~m rather oblique, though

less so than in Chironomus, a little longer than the basal section of Rs ; base of

cubital fork not much beyond rm. Anal area moderately well developed ;

squama with three or four short marginal hairs, not a complete fringe. Wing-

length 1-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 2, 25.x1.1924.

55. Tanytarsus maritimus Edwards.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926. p. 794.

Upolu: Apia, adults numerous in company with Clunio pacificus, 8 p.m.,

11.xu1.1925 ; larvae and pupae among Halophila plants in lagoon.

A small, pale yellow species (perhaps green in life) ; superficially resembles

T. hopkinsi, but differs in many structural details, notably in the widely separated

eyes ; presence of only five segments in 2 antennae, terminal segment having no

long bristles at tip ; and the long pointed cerci.

This species and the next are of special interest as being the first truly

marine species of the tribe Chironomariae to be discovered. 7’. maritimus diflers

from 7. halophilae in having the wings less hairy, especially in the male.

56. Tanytarsus halophilae Edwards.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 791.

Sava: Fagamalo, larva and pupae among Halophila plants in lagoon,

x1.1925.

A small species, described from specimens dissected from pupae; colour

not ascertained, but presumably uniformly yellowish or green like the other

two species. The wings are hairy on most of the surface in both sexes ; female

cerci long and pointed as in 7. maritumus.

64 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

57. Pontomyia natans Edwards.

Text-fig. 8.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 796 ; Buxton, loc. cit., p. 807.

Upolu: Apia, all stages except eggs taken in water of lagoon among Halo-

phila plants.

Text-Fic. 8.—Pontomyia natans Edw. ¢ above, Q below. [Reproduced by permission

of the Zoological Society of London.]

The morphology and habits of this remarkable insect have been dealt with

in some detail by Edwards and Buxton in the papers cited. The species

NEMATOCERA. 65

is believed to be the only insect which is submarine in the adult stage.* The

male is an active swimmer, with peculiarly modified wings and legs, and long

bare antennae ; the female is worm-like and completely devoid of appendages

except the posterior legs, which are vestigial. The female pupa was discovered,

and its structure proves that Pontomyia is closely related to Tanytarsus ; it is

believed that in spite of its profound modifications it may be a recent develop-

ment from the 7. maritumus group.

The sexes being so extremely unlike, their association as male and female

of one species is a matter of supposition only, until specimens are obtained 7

copula, or until both sexes can be reared or dissected from pupae. Meanwhile

the supposition appears justified, because the two sexes were obtained at the

same time and place, and because the degenerate female would appear to require

some such modifications of structure in the male as are found in the insect

described. It must be pointed out, however, that the pupa of the male Pon-

tomyia has not yet been obtained, and there is therefore a possibility that the

female of P. natans is other than the one described, and that the male which

belongs to this female is a more or less normal Tanytarsus.

58. Chironomus melanocnemis, sp. 0.

Text-fig. 9.

2. Head dark brown, including antennae and palpi. No frontal tubercles.

Eyes separated by the width of 5 or 6 facets. Antennae with 6 segments of the

usual form, second segment constricted in the middle. Thorax shining dark

brown ; mesonotum with three separate shining black stripes; pleural mem-

brane heavily dusted with silvery-grey. Pronotum distinct, collar-like, reaching

front margin of scutum, but just divided in middle. Abdomen dark brown.

Legs: Front femora yellow with black tips; tibiae entirely black and rather

thick ; tarsi black, with outer two-thirds of first segment white. Middle femora

and tibiae yellow; tarsi black, first segment with basal third yellowish and

apical third white. Hind femora and tibiae yellow with tips darkened ; tarsi

black, first segment white except narrowly at base and tip. All coxae and

trochanters yellow. First front tarsal segment about 1-4 times as long as tibia.

Combs of posterior tibiae normal, each with a short spur; pulvilli distinct.

Wings hyaline, veins all dark; a large black patch occupies nearly the basal

* Except the bug Aépophilus bonnairet Sign. (vide China, Ent. Mo. Mag., Ixiii, pp. 238-241,

1927).

66 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

half of cell R; and extends across into cell Cu,, narrowed to hind margin, which

it Just touches ; a second black patch occupies middle of anal cell. Rs arising

well beyond middle of wing; consequently cubital fork is short, although its

TEXT-FIG. 9.—Chironomus melanocnemis, sp. n. Q.

base is below base of Rs ; Cuz not half as long as Cu,. Squamal fringe reduced

to four or five hairs. Halteres yellowish. Wing-length 2:8 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 1 9, 11.1924.

Closely related to C. candidibasis Edw. (Fiji), differing chiefly in the leg-

NEMATOCERA. 67

markings, especially in the absence of a white ring at base of front tibiae and

the broader black ring at base of first front tarsal segment.

59. Chironomus (s. str.) samoensis, sp. n.

3. Head ochreous, palpi and antennal flagellum rather darker; plumes

of g antennae pale. Frontal tubercles present, of moderate size. Last segment

of g antennae quite three times as long as 2-11 together. Thorax greenish ;

scutum with three reddish-orange stripes, the areas between the stripes dusted

with silvery-grey. Postnotum not darker than the scutal stripes. Pronotum

slightly emarginate in middle. Abdomen of 3 (when not discoloured) green,

tergites 2-4 each with a more or less diamond-shaped brown spot near base,

5 brownish, 6-8 darker brown, hypopygium pale. Seen very obliquely from in

front the segments are rather distinctly silvery-grey at the base ; seen obliquely

from behind the silvery dusting is on the posterior margins of 2-5 and nearly

the whole of 6-7. Hypopygium with anal point moderately long and slender ;

claspers slender, not much enlarged at base; upper basal appendage rather

small, with a downward-curved point; the structure almost as figured by

Kieffer for Ch. imberbis. Abdomen of 2 without distinct markings. Legs

greenish-yellow ; tarsi a little darker, first two segments narrowly and rather

indistinctly brown at tip. No darkening on femora, nor on front tibiae. First

segment of front tarsi about 1°8 times as long as tibiae. No tarsal beard.

Wings hyaline; r-m slightly darkened ; venation as in other members of the

dorsalis group. Halteres pale.

Length of body (3) 45-5 mm. ; wing 3-3-5 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 7 3, 6 2, 23.11., 4.11., 20.v1.1924 ; Malololelei, 1 9, 21.iv.1925 ;

Vailima, 1 g, 12.xu.1925. Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 4, 2.xi.1924. Tonga:

Nukualofa, 1 3, 23.11.1925.

Chironomus samoensis is very closely related to a number of described

Australasian species, such as C. subdolus Skuse and C. imberbis Kieft, of the

cosmopolitan dorsalis group. It does not quite agree with specimens of C. sub-

dolus in the British Museum, and is not represented in the collections from the

Society Is. and Fiji. From C. hawavensis Grim. it differs chiefly in the absence

of dark preapical rings on the femora.

60. Chironomus (s. str.), sp.

Upolu: Apia, one damaged 9, 29.iv.1924.

Similar to the last, but scutal stripes black, front tibia black at base, ete.

68 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

61. Chironomus (Polypedilum), sp.

Upolu: Apia, one damaged 9, 14.1x.1923 (Swezey and Wilder).

PSYCHODIDAE.

No species of this family have hitherto been recorded from Samoa, but

Buxton and Hopkins found several members of the genera Psychoda and

Brunettia. Among the material available I have recognised six species, two of

which are Kuropean and no doubt artificially introduced. The remaining four

are described as new, but it is not improbable that some or all of them are wide-

ranging species which have not yet been recognised elsewhere. For one of

these species a new genus is proposed ; its breeding habits are not known, but

the larvae are probably humus-feeders as is the case in Brunettia and Psychoda.

No strictly aquatic species (Pericoma, Sycorax, etc.) have been found in Samoa,

nor has any species of Phlebotomus.

In Fiji the Psychodid fauna is richer than in Samoa, and among the material

in the British Museum are examples of some very peculiar species as yet

undescribed, but the only species so far recorded, in addition to those mentioned

below, is Brunettia sexpunctata Tonn.

62. Brunettia biformis, sp. n.

Text-fig. 10.

3. Head clothed above and on face with long erect blackish scales. Eye-

bridges three facets wide, and separated by about the width of four facets.

Palpi with small dark grey scales. Antennae 15-segmented ; segments 3-13

with long necks, fully as long as the swollen basal portion ; verticils long, dense,

and forwardly directed ; sense-organs very long, S-shaped, not very stout ;

segment 14 with a shorter neck, but provided with verticil and sensory organs ;

15 smaller than 14, ending in a rather long point the tip of which is slightly

enlarged and pubescent. Thorax clothed with long blackish scales towards the

front ; scales on back part of scutum and on scutellum lighter. Front part of

pleurae, round prothoracic spiracle, considerably swollen and provided with a

dense tuft of long black scales. Abdomen with dense blackish hair-like scales.

Hypopygium very much as figured by Annandale for B. superstes, the ventral

appendages having 25-30 spatulate spines; subanal plate (B of Annandale’s

NEMATOCERA. 69

figure) rounded-triangular ; parameres slender and divergent; terminal seg-

ment of forceps with two or three bristles at tip, but instead of being stout

and truncate as in B. superstes it is long, slender and pointed. Legs: Front

legs clothed with dull black scales which have a grey-blue lustre seen from

above. Middle and hind legs with the femoral scales dark, those on tibiae and

tarsi rather light grey. All the scales are rather close-lying, but the hind tibiae

RSSSG

= =

Text-Fic. 10.—Brunettra biformis, sp.n. Wings of 3 (c, d) and 9 (a, b), clothed and denuded.

have in addition some long erect hairs or hair-like scales. The front tibiae

appear rather swollen apically. Wangs very broad, almost circular in outline,

the areas before R, and behind Cu being much enlarged. Upper surface of

wing clothed on basal half or more with dark brown scales which have slight

bronzy reflections ; rest of membrane and all veins with black hair ; fringe black,

not very long. On costa before tip of R, is an indistinct group of narrow whitish

scales, and small inconspicuous spots of similar scales occur at tips of R, and

the seven following veins, these spots hardly distinguishable in some specimens.

70 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Long erect pale greyish hairs occur towards the base of R, and R,, hair other-

wise dark. A large tuft of very long blackish scales on alula. Under surface

of wing entirely clothed with bronzy-black scales, which are rather narrower

in radial cells towards tip of wing. R,; ending immediately above wing-tip.

Halteres dark. Wing 2°5 X 2-2 mm.

®. Verticils of antennae less dense than in the 3, hairs more spreading and

more irregular in length. Necks of flagellar segments shorter. A rather dis-

tinct white spot at tip of first hind tarsal segment. Wings much narrower,

the costal and anal areas not being enlarged. Fringe on posterior margin much

longer. White spots round margin of wing more distinct, especially the one

on costa before tip of R,, which is larger than the others. No scales on upper

surface of wing, membrane and veins alike being clothed with black hairs. On

most of the veins towards base of wing the hairs are long and erect; no pale

hairs on #, and R,, but a few towards the base of Cu. Under surface of wing

entirely covered with scales as in the g. Wing 2:0 « 1:2 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 2 3, 4 9, 11.1925, reared from rotten grass; 1 dg, 23.1.1924 ;

1 3,1 9, 6.v.1924; 3 9, 9.v1.1924; 1 g (type), x1.1924. Also 1 3, no locality

noted (O'Connor), and some damaged females (identity not certain) from

Manua, Tau, 27.1x.1923 (Swezey and Wilder). Tutuila: Pago Pago (Swezey

and Wilder) and Savau, Safune (Bryan). Fiji: no exact data, 2 9, 1906

(Knowles) ; Nausori, 1 3, 1.1921 (Evans) ; Suva, 5 g, 2 9, 17.1v.1921, 28.30.1922

(Simmonds).

This interesting species superficially resembles the common and widely-

distributed B. albonotata (Brun.) (B. indica Eaton), but in the female sex differs

in having the whole of the under side of the wing scaly, whereas in B. albonotata

the scales are present at the base only. B. atrisquamis (Brun.) and B. argenteo-

punctata (Brun.) are still closer to the new species, but have been insufficiently

characterised for exact comparison. I have examined a male from Peradeniya,

Ceylon, which may belong to B. atrisquamis, and this differs conspicuously in

the shape of the forceps. The Fijian examples were doubtfully determined by

Tonnoir as B. argenteopunctata Brun., the description of which agrees with our

specimens, but pending confirmation of their identity with the Indian form the

Samoan and Fijian specimens are best treated as distinct.

There is a remarkable difference in the shape and vestiture of the wings in

the two sexes, and it is just possible that two species may be involved. All are

referred to one species because all the males are of one type and all the females of

NEMATOCERA. 71

the other, and because in one case both forms were reared together. Moreover,

among four or five other related species which I have examined, all the specimens

with round wings are males, and most of those with narrower wings are females.

This sexual dimorphism has not hitherto been noted. Annandale does not mention

it in describing B. superstes, although he had both sexes before him. Another

unusual feature is that the males are larger than the females, the reverse usually

being the case in this subfamily. In J. albonotata Brun. and B. sexpunctata

Tonn. the sexes are similar, the wings of the 3 not being enlarged.

The form of the antennae and the numerous spines on the anal claspers

indicate that Brunettia is more closely related to Pericoma than to Psychoda,

although R; ends almost in the tip of the wing. This last feature, as pointed

out by Tonnoir, does not provide a universal distinction between Psychoda and

Pericoma.

Lepidopsychoda, gen. n.

Antennae with 13 well-developed segments, as in Psychoda, the small

terminal segments embedded in the verticil of the 13th. Ventral appendages

of male hypopygium long, slender, somewhat swollen at the base and with one

or two more or less spatulate terminal spines, as in Psychoda. Female without

horny ovipositor. Wings pointed, as in Psychoda, R; ending exactly in the point.

The new genus differs from Psychoda in having the whole of the wmg membrane,

both above and below, as well as all the veins, clothed with broad flat scales ;

the only hairs on the wing, apart from the fringe, are a few at the extreme base.

Genotype, L. tineiformis, sp. n. 3

The almost complete replacement of the hairs of the wing-veins by scales,

and the occurrence of similar scales all over the membrane, seem sufficient

erounds for separating the species described below from Psychoda, although

the agreement is close in regard to antennal and genitalic characters, which

Tonnoir regards as fundamental. Some species of Brunettia have more or less

completely scaly wings, but in these the antennae have 15 well-developed seg-

ments and the hypopygium is of the Pericoma type. There remains the genus

Parabrunettia, which was founded by Brunetti for scaly-winged species having

the venation of Psychoda, 7.e. with R; ending in the wing-tip. As pointed out .

by Tonnoir, this is an uncertain character, and Parabrunettia should probably

be treated as synonymous with Brunettia ; the genotype is stated by Brunetti

VI. 2 4

72 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

to have a 13-segmented flagellum, and most of the other species included by this

author in his genus also agree with Brunettza in this respect.

The Javanese species that I have recently described as Brumettia (Para-

brunettia) trinucra belongs to this genus.

63. Lepidopsychoda tineiformis, sp. n.

§. Head clothed mainly with small, flat, close-lying whitish scales, those

on face rather longer and more erect. Sensory organs of antennae apparently

simple, forwardly directed and not quite reaching base of succeeding segment.

Three small terminal segments subequal in size, 14 and 15 well separated from

13 and 16 but not far from one another. Thorax with rather short erect whitish

scales in front ; shorter, close-lying, creamy ones on disc ; and long dark brown

scales behind. A tuft of long dark brown scales on pleurae. Abdomen clothed

densely with rather dark bronzy-brown scales which lie almost flat, those at

sides of last few segments longer. Hypopygium concealed, except the long

ventral appendages, which have two terminal spines. Legs mainly dark brown ;

outer sides of front tibiae and tips of all the tarsal segments white. Middle and

hind tibiae with long dense outstanding scales on outer side, dark brown in

colour except a tuft of yellow ones close to tip of hind tibia ; first hind tarsal

segment similarly clothed with long dark brown scales. Wangs clothed with

purplish-brown and dark bronzy-brown scales irregularly mixed. Fringe rather

short, dark brown except round the tip, where it is almost white. Halteres

with dark knobs. Wing-length 2-7 mim.

. Similar to g, but posterior tibiae and tarsi without dense scale-tufts ;

scales on front of thorax not distinctly white, and (in perfect specimens) the

area of close-lying scales on mesonotum less obvious.

Upolu: Apia, 1 3 (type), 29.11.1924 ; Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 3, 20.vi.1924.

Fiji: Loloti, 1 g, 2 9, 14.1v.1922 (Greenwood).

This species rather closely resembles L. trimicra (Eidw.), described from a

single female from Java. The chief difference is in the antennae, L. trimicra

having segments 14 and 15 well separated and almost globular, like segment

16; further, the scales on the front of the mesonotum and on the tips of the

tarsi are whiter, and the wing-fringe seems shorter. It is possible that these

differences are individual only, and that the Samoan species is the same as the

Javan one.

NEMATOCERA. 13

64. Psychoda quadrifilis, sp. n.

Text-fig. 11

5 2. Belongs to the phalaenowdes group, the members of which it closely

resembles in all respects except as regards details of structure of antennae and

genitalia. Sensory hairs of antennae (except perhaps on the last two or three

segments) with four branches, as in P. pusilla Tonn., three being directed

forwards and one backwards. Antennae with two small apical segments, the

first of which is very small and not well separated from segment 13; terminal

Text-ric. 11.—Psychoda quadrifilis, sp.n. (a) Tip of antenna ; (6) genital plate of 2 ;

(c) forceps and (d) ventral appendage of ¢.

segment larger and somewhat flask-shaped. Segment 13 without a distinct neck,

but with a bristle-like apical process on one side. Male hypopygium very much

as in P. severmmt Tonn. and P. surcoufi Tonn. Ventral appendages with greatly

enlarged base, the terminal spine about one-third as long as the stem. Forceps

with the basal segment very short, swollen beneath ; terminal segment with

three rather long hairs (as in P. severinz) and some shorter ones ; seen from the

side its lower margin is very strongly convex, much more so than in P. severini.

Subgenital plate of female narrowed and emarginate apically, the lobes not

divergent.

Upolu: Apia, 5 5, 1 9, 25.11.1925, reared from rotten pumpkin.

P. quadrifilis differs from all the Kuropean species except P. pusilla in the

74 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

four-branched sensory organs of the antennae, and from P. pusilla in the other

antennal and genital characters. It may be identical with some Oriental or

Australasian species, but none of these have been properly described as yet.

65. Psychoda savaiiensis, sp. n.

Text-fig. 12.

g. Antennae with 4-branched sensory organs as in P. quadrijilis, but the

branches stouter and more wavy. Segment 13 of antennae with a short but

distinct neck ; only one small terminal segment, which is much less pointed than

aN 8 49° “9

WAR 02p

See8 ©.00259,90 02 % O

Text-Fic. 12.—Psychoda savatiensis, sp. n. (a) Tip of antenna ; (b) forceps and (c) ventral

appendage of 3.

in P. quadrifiis. Hypopygium similar to that of P. quadrifilis, but ventral

appendages more slender, less bulbous at base, with shorter and more spatulate

terminal spine; terminal segment of forceps more bristly and not enlarged

beneath.

Savaii: Salailua, 2 3, 21.v.1924 (Bryan).

66. Psychoda nigripennis Brunetti ?

rec. Ind. Mus., ii, p. 876, 1908; Fauna Brit. Ind. Dipt. Nemat., p. 232, 1913. % Psychoda obscura

Tonnoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., lix, p. 14, 1919, and Ixii, p. 70, 1922.

Savai: Safune, rain forest 2,000—4,000 ft., 10 9, 8.v.1924 (Bryan).

I am unable to discover any obvious distinction from the Indian P. nigri-

pennis, as described by Brunetti, or the Belgian P. obscura, as described and

figured by Tonnoir. It is possible that these two names are synonymous, and

NEMATOCERA. 75

that the species will be found to have a cosmopolitan distribution, like several

others of the family. In the absence of males, however, the determination of

the Samoan specimens can only be regarded as provisional.

664. Psychoda albipennis (Zett.) Tonnoir ?

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xii, p. 81, 1922.

Fiji, 2 2 without exact data, 1906 (Knowles).

A specimen after being mounted agrees rather closely with Tonnoir’s figures.

The species is probably cosmopolitan, and may be expected to occur in Samoa.

It is very similar to P. quadrifils, but the last antennal segment is not pointed,

and the sensory organs have only three branches.

67. Psychoda alternata (Say) Tonnoir ?

Samoa: no exact data, 1 § (O’Connor).

The presence of dark spots on the wing-margin was not noticed in the dry

specimen, nor do these show in the mount, but the antennae and hypopygium

are almost exactly as figured by Tonnoir for this cosmopolitan species.

TIPULIDAE.

Hitherto only five species of craneflies, four of which were described by

Alexander in 1921 (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, pp. 9-13), have been recorded

from Samoa. In the present collections 33 species are represented, which must

be considered as affording a very fair picture of the existing fauna, since the

number is greater than has been found either in the Hawaiian Islands or in the

Seychelles, where rather careful collecting has been done.

So far as can be ascertained at present, 23 of these 33 species are endemic,

21 of them being regarded as new. Of the remaining 10 species, 6 have also

been found in Fiji, and 6 have a wider distribution in the Pacific. Of the 6

species common to Samoa and Fiji, 4 are not known to occur elsewhere, and

2 of these show slight racial differences in the two groups of islands. Three

species are known as existing in Samoa and the New Hebrides or Northern

Australia, but not in Fiji; at least one of these has developed into a distinct

island race. |

Although the cranefly fauna of New Guinea is still very little known, and

76 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

that of Fiji only imperfectly, the available evidence indicates that the Samoan

and Fijian faunas have both been derived (probably independently) from the

Papuan (Austro-Malayan) region. This conclusion is entirely in accord with

that arrived at by Meyrick from a study of the Microlepidoptera.

The most noteworthy features of the Samoan cranefly fauna as a whole

are: (1) the absence of the whole subfamily Tipulinae, a feature common to

most oceanic islands, although three species are found in Fiji. (2) The absence

of the Cylindrotominae, Limnophilini and Hexatomini. (3) The considerable

development of the genus Trentepohlia, and of Lipophleps,a subgenus of Gonomyta.

In addition to the Samoan species discussed below, the following Tipulidae

have been met with in other Polynesian islands, or in Fiji:

Thrypticomyia dichromogaster Edw. Tahiti.

Dicranomyia sordida Brun. (D. dlingwortht Alex.). Fiji, Tahiti.

rapae Alex. Rapa.

5 sancti-georgu Edw. Rapa.

Doaneomyia fiytensis Alex. Fiji.

tahitiensis Alex. Tahiti.

Inbnotes veitchiana Edw. Fiji.

,, greenwoodi Alex. Fiji.

LIimoma dactylolabis Alex. Fiji.

,», Stonert Alex. Fiji.

,, teucholabina Alex. Fiji.

», vettcht Alex. Fiji.

Gonomyva (s. str.) varipes Alex. Fiji.

. (Lipophleps) digitifera Alex. Fiji.

jyjiensis Alex. Fiji.

metallescens Edw. Marquesas Is.

6 5 flavidaper Edw. Tahiti.

Erioptera oceanica Alex. Fiji.

Styringomyia fumosa Edw. Fiji.

Trentepohlia (s. str.) fiyiensis Alex. Fiji.

Conosia irrorata Wied. Fiji.

Ctenacroscelis fiyiensis Alex. Fiji.

lepidus Alex. Fiji.

walkervanus Alex. Fiji.

99

29 99

99 99

99

99

NEMATOCERA. 17

In addition to the above, it may be noted that ten or eleven species of

Dicranomyia and one of Gonomyia (subgen. Lipophleps) are endemic in the

Hawanan Islands. The widely distributed Trimicra pilipes Fab. has also been

recorded from Hawai, but apparently from no other part of the Pacific.

68. Thrypticomyia subsaltens Alex.

Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) subsaltens Alexander, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), xiii, p. 34, 1924.

Upolu: Apia, Vailima, Mt. Vaea and Malololelei, numerous specimens,

li., V1., X1., x11.1924-5. Recorded by Alexander from Fiji (Lautoka, Ndai, Suva).

Alexander does not describe the hypopygium, which provides the readiest

means of distinction from the closely related T. auripennis Skuse, of Queensland

and the New Hebrides. In 7. subsaltens the two rostral spines are slender and

bristle-like, strongly curved, and pointing in different directions. The tarsi

have the last four segments and generally more than the apical half of the first

segment white, the white being rather more extensive on the hind legs.

69. Thryptiomyia auripennis Skuse, var.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., (2), iv, p. 775, 1890; Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), xx,

p. 233, 1927.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 5 g, 17-20.v1.1924, 2.11.1925, and 5.xi1.1925.

Savau: Safune, rain forest above 2,000 ft., 1 g, 2.v.1924 (Bryan). Previously

recorded from New South Wales (Skuse) and the New Hebrides (Edwards).

Compared with 7. subsaltens, smaller and of a more slender build; the

white on the tarsi is less extensive, well over half the first tarsal segment being

dark on at least the hind legs; the hypopygium has the fleshy claspers longer

(over twice as long as the side pieces), the rostral spines shorter, straight, and

rather widely separated at the base, though rather variable in length and

thickness.

In typical T. auripennis (as represented in the British Museum by a 3

from 8. Queensland) and also in 7. subsaltens, the wings are practically clear,

with a conspicuous stigma. The Samoan specimens of 7’. auripenms differ in

having the whole wing slightly smoky, and the stigma less dark; the ventral

process of the side-piece of the hypopygium is shorter and broader than in

the Queensland specimen, and more like males from the New Hebrides. The

formation of several local races of this species seems to be indicated, but the

characters are rather indefinite.

78 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

One specimen has the discal cell open on one wing; it is interesting to

note that it is confluent with cell 2nd.M,, as is always the case in the allied

genera Doaneomyia and Pseudoglochina.

70. Pseudoglochina laticincta, sp. n.

Text-fig. 13.

3 2. Head brownish-ochreous. Front moderately broad. Rostrum very

short, ochreous. Palpi black. Antennae with the first segment ochreous, the

rest black; flagellar segments oval with short necks, verticils rather short,

dorsal hair not very long. Thorax somewhat shining, brownish-ochreous, rather

darker above, especially on pronotum. Abdomen dark brown, segments broadly

ochreous apically. Legs with the femora brown, rather darker towards tips,

TExt-FIG. 13.—Pseudoglochina laticincta, sp. n. Wing.

which are somewhat thickened. Tibiae white, with a black ring just before

middle, this ring very broad and occupying about half the total length of the

tibia. Tarsi wholly white. Wings greyish, strongly iridescent. Stigma small,

dark brown ; no trace of a dark cloud over base of Rs. Se ending above base

of Rs, which is gently curved and a little longer than basal section of Ry ,5.

Cell MM, about twice as long as its stem. Cu a at or just before base of cell

M,;. Ax fused with hind margin for quite one-third of distance from basal

cross-vein to its tip, free part of vein curved, approaching An at first, then

divergent. Halteres blackish. Wing-length 7-8 mm.

Upolu: Vaea, 1,200 ft., type ¢ and Q, 20.11.1925 ; Vailima, 3 gy, 2.11.1925 ;

Apia, 1 9, 14.v.1925.

This species differs from the other members of the genus in the broad tibial

ring, the shorter subcosta, and in having the axillary vein partly fused with

the hind margin. In all these respects it shows an approach to Doaneomyia,

and it is worth noting that D. albitarsis Edw. (New Hebrides) has a very similar

NEMATOCERA. (3

colouring. P. laticincta is of special interest as indicating the origin of the

endemic Pacific genus Doaneomyia from the Austro-Malayan Pseudoglochina.

It is to be expected that a true Doaneomyia will be found in Samoa, since species

occur in the New Hebrides, Fiji and Tahiti.

71. Libnotes hopkinsi, sp. n.

3d. Head black, with slight pruinescence. Eyes nearly touching. Rostrum,

palpi, and scape of antennae black ; flagellum light brownish, segments shortly

oval, with short verticils, dorsal hair not much longer than the rest. Thorax

shining, devoid of pruinescence. Pronotum black. Praescutum blackish-brown

except at sides posteriorly. Scutum ochreous in middle and above wing-base.

Scutellum and postnotal meditergite dark brown, former ochreous at base in

middle. Pleurae uniformly ochreous. Abdomen blackish above, light ochreous

beneath. Hypopygium with the fleshy claspers very large, rostrum rather short,

with one stout spine; ventral processes of side-piece rather long. Legs dark

brownish, femora lighter except at tips, no sign of a pale preapical ring. Wangs

with a slight brown tinge, veins dark. Stigma conspicuous, dark brown ; a large

dark brown patch over base of Rs, reaching almost to M, and another similar

but rather smaller patch over the arculus. Wing-tip scarcely darkened. Cross-

veins clouded. Sc long, reaching well beyond end of Rs. Tip of Rk, about equal

tor. R,; rather long, strongly curved at base. Cells M, and M, equal at base ;

Cu,a near middle of discal cell. Aw diverging slightly from An at base. Long

macrotrichia on the root of An. Halteres with pale stem and dark knob. Wing-

length 9 mm.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 g, 14.x11.1925.

The nearest known allies of this species seem to be L. veitchi (Alex.) (Fiji),

L. picta Alex. (Guam I.) and ZL. trimaculata Brun. (India), in all of which the

wing is very similar to that of the new species. JL. picta has a very differently

coloured thorax, and L. trimaculata has the wing-tip conspicuously dark. L.

veitcht has the hypopygium and venation the same as in L. hopkinsi, but has

only a small spot over base of Rs; praescutum with comparatively narrow

median stripe, scutellum dark at sides only, abdomen banded, and femora with

indications of a pale pre-apical ring.

80 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

72. Libnotes samoensis Alexander.

Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, p. 9, 1921.

Upolu: Apia, 2 g, 1 9, 4.111.1924, 14.v.1925; Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 3 3,

2 2, 11.iv.1924. Tutuila: Pago Pago, 2 J, 1 9, 14.xii.1925. Alexander’s types

(3 2) were from Apia.

This is almost certainly to be regarded as a variety of the Indo-Malayan

L. nervosa de Meij., from which it differs almost solely in having no trace of a

median praescutal stripe. There is no difference in the hypopygia between the

two forms, and both exhibit the same range of variation in the wings: the

stigma is normally large in the male, small in the female, and there are associated

differences in the venation; small males tend to resemble the females both in

venation and size of stigma. According to the published descriptions, it would

appear probable that L. parvistigma Alex. and L. subaequalis Alex. (Queensland)

and L. manni Alex. (Solomon Is.) are also synonyms or varieties of L. nervosa

de Meij., while according to the type L. immaculipennis White (Ceylon) is also

the same.

73. Libnotes punctipennis de Meij.

Lnbnotes punctipennis de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent., liv, p. 35,1911; Libnotes distincta Senior-White,

Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Entom., vii, p. 133, 1922.

Upolu: Apia, 1 9, 27.v.1925; Malololelei, 1 9, 25.vi.1924. Tutuila :

Pago Pago, 1 3, 14.xii1.1925. Savaii: Salailua, rain forest, 2,000—4,000 ft.,

1 3, 17.v.1924 (Bryan).

This is a widely-spread species, occurring from Ceylon and India to the

New Hebrides, and possibly to Japan, if I am correct in believing L. puella

Alex. to be synonymous. The species varies somewhat in different parts of its

range ; the Samoan examples have rather fewer dark spots on the wings than

the type, the tip of vein R, is rather shorter, and the knob of the halteres is not

darkened. The hypopygium of the male from Tutuila is quite the same as in

one in the British Museum from Selangor.

74. Libnotes fijiensis Alex. var.

Teucholabis fijiensis Alexander, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vii, p. 240, 1914.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 2 3, 4 Q, ili.—iv.1924, x1i.1925, iv.1926. Also

Tutuila, 1 J (Kellers).

The males agree with Alexander’s description of the type from Nadi, Fiji

Is., but there seems to be a slight difference in the hypopygium, which may

NEMATOCERA. 81

indicate that the Samoan form is varietally distinct ; the ventral appendage

of the side-piece is shorter than shown in Alexander’s figure, and the clasper

is rather broader, its outer margin less concave. The female (not hitherto

described) differs from the male in the much smaller stigma, this sexual difference

being found also in several other small species of Labnotes.

L. fijiensis is the most easterly representative of a small group, apparently

of Austro-Malayan origin, which includes L. veitchiana Edw. (Fiji), L. hebridensis

Edw. (New Hebrides) and ZL. toxoper Edw. (Buru) ; all these might perhaps be

regarded as varieties of L. fijiensis, and might be referred with almost equal

propriety to the genus Limnobia.

75. Libnotes perkinsi (Grimshaw).

Limnobia perkinsi Grimshaw, Fauna Hawaiiensis Dipt., ili, p. 6, 1901; Alexander, Proc. Haw.

Ent. Soc., v, p. 249, 1923. Libnotes perkinsi Alexander, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vi, p. 9,

1921; Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), xx, p. 239, 1927.

Upolu: Apia, 2 3, 8 9, xi1.1924-11.1925 ; Vailima, 1 9, 12.x11.1925 ; Malo-

lolelei, 2,000 ft., 2 3, 1 Q, 13.11.1924, vii.1924.

First described from a specimen from Hawaii, this rather distinct species

has since been found in Tahiti and Fiji, and has also been recorded by Alexander

from Apia. Itis not yet known to occur in Papua or on the mainland of Australia.

76. Libnotes strigivena (Walk.).

Limnobia strigivena Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., v, p. 229, 1861. Libnotes strigivena Skuse,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, (2), iv, p. 787, 1889.

Upolu: Apia, 1 3,.28.x.1925 ; Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 3 J (one reared from

larva found under dead bark), 25-27.iv., 2.vii.1924; Vaea, 1 9, 20.xii.1924.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 g, 14.xu.1925. Also 1 2 from Tonga, Nukualofa,

22.11.1925.

The species is known to be found in New Guinea, Northern Australia and

Fiji; it has also been recorded, but probably in error, from Java.

The series before me shows some variation. The larger and darker speci-

mens have the margin of the praescutum broadly dark, and indications of four

praescutal stripes ; distinct scutal stripes, and a median dark line across the

scutellum and postnotum. In the lighter specimens these thoracic markings are

less distinct. There is usually a dark spot on the middle coxa, which is absent

in the type from New Guinea. The single damaged specimen from Tonga has

the dark ring of the front femora broader than usual, and including the whole tip.

82 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

77. Dicranomyia (Alexandriaria) atromaculata, sp. n.

3 2. Head shining black above ; frons ochreous, heavily dusted with silvery-

grey. Antennae and palpi black, flagellar segments rounded to shortly oval,

terminal one a little longer. Proboscis shorter than head, labella yellow.

Thorax (in mature specimens) shining black, except the posterior pronotal

angles, which are ochreous, and a large dull black patch on each side of the

praescutum, extending from pseudosuture to suture. Abdomen dark brown,

rather short. Hypopygium with the fleshy claspers large, the two rostral spines

rather long and moderately stout. Valves of ovipositor ochreous ; cerci rather

long, curved, pointed. Legs dark brown, bases of femora ochreous. Wangs

rather dark grey, stigma very small, indistinctly darker; veins dark. Sc

ending well before base of Rs, which is short and curved, slightly shorter than

basal section of Ry,;. Tip of R, turned upwards and shorter than 7, which is

straight. Cu,a a little before fM, slightly oblique. Halteres with basal half

of stem yellowish, the rest blackish. Wing-length 4 mm.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, type g, paratypes 5 g, 8 9, 14.x1.1925. Upolu:

Apia, 5 3, 3 9, i, ili., vil.1924 ; Malololelei, 2 3, 5 9, xi.1924, xi1.1925. Savaii:

Fagamalo, 1 9, vili.1925.

This species belongs to a small group, of which several species are known

to occur in the Malayan and Papuan regions; of these, D. semirufa Edw. (New

Hebrides) is the nearest to the new species; it has the same colouring of the

thorax, but differs conspicuously in its bright red abdomen. D. simplissema

Alex. (Java) resembles D. atromaculata in its shining black thorax, but apparently

lacks the dull spots on the praescutum. All species which, like the present,

have only three posterior cells in the wing, have been referred by Alexander

for convenience only to the subgenus Alexandriaria Garrett ; there is probably

no close relationship between the Oriental forms and the North American species

for which Alexandriaria was introduced.

78. Dicranomyia fijiana Alex.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), xiu, p. 36, 1924.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 g and one broken specimen, 25.11.1924

and vii.1924.

In these specimens the wing-markings differ slightly from the type from

Fiji, the small grey clouds in cells Ry and R; being situate on the veins instead

NEMATOCERA. 83

of free in the cells; the hypopygium, however, agrees with the types in having

large fleshy claspers, with a small rostrum bearing two very short spines. The

very closely allied D. punctulata de Meij. (D. fascvpennis Brun.), which is

widely distributed in India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula and Java, differs in

having small fleshy claspers, which have a large rostrum provided with a single

longish spine. Other species belonging to the same group are D. guttula Alex.

(Hast Africa) and D. fulloway: Alex. (Guam I.); the latter is possibly identical

either with D. fiyzana or D. punctulata.

79. Dicranomyia subsordida, sp. n.

Text-fig. 14.

3 9. Head brownish, pruinose. Front about as wide as three facets.

Proboscis only about half as long as head. Antennae dark, flagellar segments

rounded, last few shortly oval, verticils short. Thorax brownish, pruinose ;

praescutum with a darker brown median

stripe and two shorter brown stripes on each

side of the median one posteriorly ; scutellum

and postnotum more greyish. Pleurae dull

brownish-ochreous ; a rather ill-defined dark

brown stripe extending from the neck to

base of abdomen. Abdomen dark brown \

above, unbanded, lighter below. Hypo- we |

pygium as figured. Cerci short, curved and

pointed as usual. Legs brownish-ochreous,

tips of femora slightly darker. Wangs hya-

line, veins dark; shght brown clouds over

arculus and at base of Rs; stigma small,

roundish. Sc ending above base of Rs, Scz :

: 4 Text-FIG. 14.—Dicranomyia subsordida,

near its tip; As rather strongly arched, gn. Hypopygium from above.

barely twice as long as basal section of Ry 15 5

r at tip of R,, which is rather sharply turned up; Cua at or a little before

base of closed discal cell. Halteres brownish. Wing-length, 5 mm.

Upolu: Apia, type 4, 31.1.1925; Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 2 9, 25.11.1924,

21.1v.1925.

A rather obscure species, superficially resembling D. sordida Brun., but

differing in the pleural stripe and hypopygium, notably in the absence of the

84 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

small accessory finger-like process of the side-piece which characterises D.

sordida. It is probable that the last-named will also be found to occur in

Samoa, as it has a wide distribution from India to Fiji, Tahiti and Queensland.

80. Dicranomyia upoluensis, sp. n.

©. Head ochreous, darker at sides. Front as wide as three or four facets.

Proboscis dark brown, as long as head. Antennae with first four or five seg-

ments ochreous, rest darker ; all flagellar segments very shortly oval, verticils

short. Thorax ochreous, rather strongly pruinose except on scutellum and

postnotum ; praescutum with three rather broad and distinct brown stripes,

lateral pair continued across scutum on to sides of scutellum. An ill-defined

dark brown pleural stripe extending from neck to base of abdomen. Abdomen

dark brown (perhaps discoloured in case of type), tip ochreous. Cerci rather

long, straight, tips rather blunt. Legs ochreous, tips of femora slightly darkened.

Claws with usual small basal tooth. Wangs hyaline, veins dark; no stigma.

Sc ending above base of Rs; Scz retracted to near middle of R. Rs gently

curved, fully twice as long as basal section of R,,;. Tip of R, sharply turned

up and much shorter than 7, which is long and curved. Discal cell open, cell

M, short. Cu,a rather more oblique than usual and placed a little before

fM. Anal angle rather prominent. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length 4-5 mm.

Upolu: Aleipata, Lalomanu, type and one other Q, x1.1924.

On account of the long straight cerci, prominent anal angle, and some

details of venation, this species seems to be related to the subgenus Idioglochina,

but in the absence of the male its true position is uncertain. No other known

species of [dioglochina has a dark pleural stripe.

81. Dicranomyia (Idioglochina) tusitala (Alex.).

Text-fig. 15.

Rhipidia tusitala Alexander, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, p. 10, 1921; D. (Idioglochina) tusitala

Alexander, Can. Ent., liti, p. 207, 1921.

Upolu: Apia, 6 g, 3 9, 3.111924, 17.xi1.1925. Tutuila: 1 9 on board ship,

22.iv.1903 (M. J. Nicoll ; Earl of Crawford’s expedition, voyage of the Valhalla).

Also 1 9, probably of this species, from Tonga, Haapai, 26.11.1925.

The peculiarity of venation (f:,3 curved towards R,,; near base, so that

the cell R, is unusually large) on which Alexander partly based his definition

NEMATOCERA. 85

of the subgenus [dioglochina, is found in the male only. In the series before me

all the females have R243 straight. There is some variation in colour, some speci-

mens having traces of three dark stripes on the praescutum.

ie

Trext-FIe. 15.—Drcranomyia (Idioglochina) tusitala Alex. Wing of 2 (a), and (¢) 3,

and (b) head of ¢.

86 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

The subgenus Idioglochina is a small group probably originating from New

Guinea, but including one species found in Formosa and one (Rhipidia bioculata

de Meij.) in Sumatra. Three species, two of which are very similar to D. tusitala

are known to occur in the New Hebrides. The British Museum possesses a

specimen (too damaged for description) of another nearly allied species from

Suva, Fiji (Evans).

82. Geranomyia samoana, sp. n.

9. Head black, slightly pruinose ; the narrow front light grey. Antennae

and mouth-parts black. Flagellar segments nearly cylindrical, about twice as

long as broad, last few rather shorter. Proboscis distinctly longer than head

and thorax together ; palpi with only one distinct segment. Thorax: pronotum,

praescutum and scutal lobes dull light brownish; middle part of scutum,

scutellum, postnotum and pleurae shining lighter ochreous ; praescutum very

little arched, much less than in G. unicolor. Abdomen brown above, light

ochreous beneath ; cerci moderately long. Legs light brownish, tarsi darker.

Wings with a faint brown tinge, veins all dark ; stigma oval, light brown ; faint

brown clouds at base of Rs and over cross-veins. Se ending beyond mid-length

of Rs ; Rs more than twice as long as basal section of Ry,; and gently curved ;

Cu,a at base of discal cell. Halteres brownish. Wing-length, 6 mm.; body,

6 mm.; proboscis, 3 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, type and one other 9, 20.v.1924 ; Vailima, 2 Q, 2.11.1925.

This species is very similar to G. melanocephala Edw. (Borneo), but differs

in its somewhat longer proboscis, clouded base of Rs, etc.

83. Rhipidia pulcherrima, sp. n.

Text-fig. 16.

9. Head with blackish integument, upper surface heavily dusted with

whitish-grey. Rostrum black, a little shorter than head. Antennae mainly

dark, first three or four segments ochreous, especially on under side; flagellar

seoments rounded to shortly oval, without distinct necks ; verticils very short.

Thorax: pronotum with heavy whitish dusting, which is continued as a rather

narrow stripe below margin of mesonotum to wing base. <A second pale stripe

crosses pleurae below this, rest of pleurae being dull dark brown. Mesonotum

rich chocolate-brown, scutellum and most of pronotum darker; praescutum

NEMATOCERA. 87

with a rather broad median ochreous stripe, which forks a little in front of suture ;

scutum with a narrow median pale line. Abdomen uniformly dull blackish.

Cerci short. Legs, including coxae, brownish-yellow, only last two or three

tarsal segments darkened; third and fourth tarsal segments slightly swollen.

Claws with basal tooth. Wings with an elaborate dark brown pattern as in

Text-fig. 16; hyaline ground-colour rather strongly iridescent, dark areas not

so; base of wing and basal part of costa yellow. Halteres with stem and base

of knob pale yellow, rest of knob black. Wing-length 5-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type 9, vil.1924. Savan: Safune, 2,000-—

4,000 ft., 1 9, 3.v.1924 (Bryan).

This beautiful species will be recognised easily by its wing-markings. I

believe it belongs to the rostrifera group of Rhipidia, but as the male is unknown,

and females of this group are not readily separated from Dicranomyza, it is

possible that it should be referred to the latter genus.

84. Helius connectus, sp. n.

Text-fig. 17.

3°. Head ochreous, darker on the narrow front. Rostrum about as long

as head, blackish. Palpi black. Antennae with scape blackish, flagellum

brown ; segments nearly cylindrical, about twice as long as broad, with long

verticils. Thorax with the pronotum blackish, rest rather ight ochreous, some-

what shining. Abdomen ochreous, segments 2—7 each with a broad dark brown

band in middle, occupying more than half the length. Legs with coxae and

trochanters ochreous ; femora brown, tip pure white; tibiae rather narrowly

white at base (this white ring equalling that at tip of femora) and more broadly

white apically, middle part brown ; tarsi wholly white. Wangs hyaline, stigma

oval, light brownish; pre-arcular cell and cell Cu below it slightly smoky.

Vile 22 5

88 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Cross-vein rm very short or absent, the large discal cell usually just in contact

with Rs. R,,3 and the two sections of Rs subequal in length, or the second

section of Rs a little shorter. Sc ending just before middle of Rs; Cu,a just

before middle of discal cell. Halteres with slender ochreous stem and dark

brown knob. Wing-length 4 mm.

Upolu: Vailima, type 4, 24.v.1924; Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 2 g, 1 9,

21.iv.1925, xi1.1925. One of the males from Malololelei differs from the type

in having the abdomen entirely dark above; the other has the whole body

Text-Fic. 17.—Helius connectus, sp.n. Wing.

discoloured. The female from Malololelei agrees with the type male in colouring

of abdomen.

In the colouring of the legs this species is similar to H. niveitarsis Skuse

(Hastern Australia), but the latter is larger and has 7~m nearly as long as m-—cu.

A damaged and immature specimen from Malololelei, 25.11.1924, perhaps

represents a distinct species; the femora appear to be ochreous, with darker

tips, and the tibiae as well as the tarsi wholly white ; this appearance, however,

may possibly be due to immaturity.

85. Toxorhina infumata, sp. n.

©. Head ochreous-brown, darker in middle; front as broad as four or

five facets. (Antennae and mouth-parts missing in case of type.) Thorax

with ochreous ground-colour ; lateral praescutal stripes, scutal lobes, scutellum

and middle of postnotum dark brown; middle praescutal stripe lighter brown.

A dark brown pleural stripe from base of front coxa to base of abdomen, broad

in front but fading out behind; a dark brown mark on lower part of sterno-

pleura. Praescutum moderately produced. Abdomen dark brown, sternites

broadly banded with ochreous at base, this colour just appearing at sides of

tergites. Ovipositor ochreous, valves long and slender. Legs with coxae and

NEMATOCERA. | 89

trochanters ochreous, front coxae dark at base, rest dark brown. Wangs with a

strong and uniform smoky tinge, no stigma. Discal cell open. Cell Ms; not

much widened apically and slightly longer than its stem. Halteres ochreous.

Wing-length 5-5 mm.; body 7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 1 9, 25.11.1924.

So far as I am aware, this is the first member of this genus to be recorded

from the Australasian region. Of the five described Oriental species, the one

which it most nearly resembles is 7. fasciata Edw. (Borneo), which has fused

praescutal stripes and ochreous bands on the posterior margins of the tergites.

None of the Oriental species have smoky wings.

86. Styringomyia didyma Grimshaw.

Fauna Hawaiensis, Dipt., p. 10, 1901. Idiophlebia pallida Grinberg, Zool. Anz., xxvi, p. 524,

1903. S. didyma Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1914, p. 222; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(9), xiii, p. 270, 1924, and xx, p. 239, 1927; Alexander, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, p. 18,

1921.

Upolu: Apia, 2 5, 3 9, 3l.v., x1.—xu.1924. Tutuila: Pago Pago, 1 g,1 9,

2.xi1.1924. Tonga: Nukualofa, 1 g, 141.1925. Also Fiji, Suva, 19.vu.1923

(Edwards), and New Hebrides, Banks Group (Ridsdale).

First described from material from Hawaii, this widely distributed species

has since been found in the Caroline Is., Society Is. and New Guinea. On the

mainland of Australia it appears to be represented by S. bancroftc Edw.

87. Empeda crassicrus, sp. 0.

6 2. Head grey. Front rather broad. Rostrum and scape of antennae

orange, palpi and flagellum black. Flagellar segments shortly oval and with

short verticils in both sexes. Thorax rather bright ochreous, dorsum, except

sides of praescutum in front, darker brownish. Abdomen bright ochreous,

tergites 1-8 darkened except on posterior margin. Hypopygium rather long,

claspers small ; upper pair black, Y shaped, the two prongs of the fork subequal

in length, one of these slightly bifid at the tip, the other pointed ; lower clasper

pale, blunt-ended, blade-like. Legs without scales; coxae and trochanters

ochreous, femora brownish, anterior pairs darker, with tips broadly blackish-

brown ; all femora thick, especially front pair, which is rather strongly clubbed,

and hardly more than half as long as hind pair. ‘Tibiae mainly pale yellow,

bases brownish, tips black. Tarsi black. Wings slightly opaque and practically

90 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

bare, veins rather light brownish. R, very short, less than half as long as

R;. Discal cell open. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length, 3 3 mm., 2 3-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type g, 30.x1.1924 ; allotype 2, 21.iv.1925.

A rather distinct species owing to the colouring of the legs.

Gonomyia, Mg.

The collection before me contains examples of four species of this genus

from Samoa, and of a fifth from Tonga, all belonging to the subgenus Lipophleps

Bergroth (Liponeura Skuse). Of this subgenus, which is found in most parts

of the world, nearly all the species are small (wing-length 4 mm. or less) and

obscurely coloured, with a general resemblance to G. pacifica. Three of the

Samoan species, however, are larger and more ornate than usual, and seem to

represent a special Polynesian development of the subgenus. Two other species

of this group are known: G. flavidapex Edw., of Tahiti, and G. metallescens

Edw., of the Marquesas Is., both of these being large and more highly ornamented

than the Samoan species. None of these ornamental forms are known to occur

in other parts of the world.

The genus Gonomyia has hitherto been supposed to have spurless tibiae,

but in these large Polynesian species of the subgenus Lipophleps fine bristly

spurs are distinctly visible on the hind tibiae. Having found them in G. nigri-

pennis, I closely examined some of the small species of the subgenus, and could

detect them in several specimens, although they are not easy to differentiate

from the ordinary hairs.

Of the other divisions of this genus, Gonomyia s. str. 1s represented in the

Pacific by one species in Fiji, but Ptilostena and Progonomyia have not yet been

found in any Pacific islands. It is not improbable that Ptilostena occurs, as it

has colonised various islands in the Indian Ocean.

88. Gonomyia (Lipophleps) pacifica, sp. n.

3 2. Head rather variable in colour; yellowish round eyes and more or

less extensively darkened in middle. Rostrum and palpi blackish. Antennae

with first segment yellow, second and following segments dark brown in type g,

but clear yellow in the second J and in Q, terminal segments dark in all; verticils

only moderately long. Thorax dark greyish-brown above, very slightly pollinose,

scutellum and postnotum somewhat shining. Postnotum and a narrow line

NEMATOCERA. 91

extending from it to base of wing bright yellow. Pleurae apparently yellowish,

with two dark brown stripes, one broad and extending from neck to base of

abdomen, the other less distinct and crossing lower part of sternopleura.

Abdomen in type mainly dark, dorsum darker than venter, lateral margins of

tergites more or less yellow, especially towards base; im the other specimens

the yellow of the tergites is more extensive, and the venter is mainly blackish.

Hypopygium dark in colour. Side-piece with long dorsal terminal finger.

Only one pair of claspers, which are large and subglobular, somewhat produced

on their inner dorsal face and in this position bearing a few small hairs and a

couple of curved pale bristles, otherwise bare ; a strong sharply-pointed black

tooth arises from the apical margin and projects dorsally (this tooth more slender

in the type than in the second male). Parameres fused, forming a simple pale

sheath for the penis, tip of latter somewhat swollen, with two or three pairs of

small pale teeth. Ninth sternite strongly notched at base of penis, eighth

sternite prominent in middle. Legs dark brownish, lighter at base of femora ;

coxae ochreous. Wzungs quite clear, all veins dark. Sc ending well before

base of Rs, which is short, curved, and a little over half as long as R,.3. Basal

section of R,.; much shorter than 7m. Cr ,a well before base of closed discal

cell. Halteres ochreous. Wing-length 3-5-4 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type 3, 10.11.1924; another ¢, 25.11.1924 ;

Apia, 1 2, 22.v.1924. A female from Society Is., Raiatea (Miss Cheesman)

should perhaps be referred to this species.

The group to which this species belongs includes a number of species which

are best distinguished by the male genitalia. G. flavomarginata Brun. (India)

is very similar externally, but has a totally different hypopygium. G. hawaviensis

Alex. (Oahu) is equally close, and may in fact prove to be identical with the

Samoan species when its male has been discovered.

5

?

884. Gonomyia (Lipophleps) fijiensis Alex.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vii, p. 241, 1914.

Tonga: Nukualofa, 1 9, 18.11.1925. Recorded by Alexander from Fiji,

Nadi.

Somewhat resembles the last, but is well characterised by its bright yellow

costa.

92 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

89. Gonomyia (Lipophleps) dicranura, sp. n.

Text-fig. 18.

3. Head yellow, with black hair. Front moderately broad, about half

as broad as one eye. Rostrum brownish, palpi black. Antennae with scape

yellow, flagellum blackish ; first four flagellar segments oval, rest slender and

cylindrical, dorsal hairs of verticils 2-3 times as long as segments. Thorax

with pronotum yellow. Praescutum

shining dark brown (stripes more or

less fused), with margin rather

broadly shining yellowish ; tuber-

culate pits distinct and _ black.

Scutum yellowish in middle, lobes

shinng dark brown. Scutellum

shining yellow. Postnotum dark

brown, with slight grey dusting.

Pleurae yellowish above, lower part

mainly dark brown with a con-

spicuous silvery sheen when viewed

from above; sternum yellow.

Abdomen mainly ochreous, tergites

with black apical bands, which

widen in middle, forming a series

of connected triangles. Hypopyguum

of rather unusual type for this genus.

Ninth segment large, considerably

Text-Fic. 18.—Gonomyia (Lipophleps) dicranura, o f

sp.n. g Hypopygium from above. longer than the unmodified eighth

segment, so that ninth sternite (9s),

which is cleft to the base in the mid-ventral line, appears at first sight as

the side-pieces. Ninth tergite (9) with a truncate projection in middle. Anal

segment chitinised at sides (an), and when exserted appearing trilobed, with dense

patches of pubescence on each side. Side-piece (6) small, hardly more than half

as long as ninth sternite, but with a stout apical projection, which is about twice

as long as basal part; distal half of inner face of this projection blackened,

and there is a small terminal black spine facing inwards. One clasper (d), which

is in the form of a long straight rod, slightly swollen at tip ; on its inner face a

NEMATOCERA. 93

few bristly hairs, the one at the tip longer and stouter; on the outer face at the tip

is a short black spine. Parameres (pa) fused at base into a stout tubular struc-

ture, ending in a pair of flattened, pointed blades, which are about half as long

as basal tubular part. Penis (p) long, rather slender, without teeth, rather wavy,

tip suddenly narrowed and bent at right angles. Legs ochreous, tarsi darkened.

Posterior tibiae at tip with a pair of thickened bristly hairs, which may represent

spurs, these hairs not discernible in all specimens. Wangs faintly tinged with

brown, veins all light brown, no stigma. Macrotrichia of all veins rather dis-

tinct and extending to near base. Sc ending almost opposite base of Rs, which

is moderately long and angled close to base. R,.3 continuing the direction of

Rs and about half as long again ; cell R,; narrow. Ry; with short basal section,

tip curved down as usual, so that cell R; is very narrow at tip ; 7—m long, thick,

and transverse ; Cu ,a at base of closed discal cell. Halteres ochreous, stem

brownish. Wing-length 5-5-6 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 3, vi.1924, and 2 3, 21.iv.1925.

90. Gonomyia (Lipophleps) labidura, sp. n.

g. Very similar to G. dicranura, differing as follows: Tips of femora dark

brown. Dark abdominal bands less triangular, not nearly reaching bases of

segments. Processes of side-pieces of hypopygium longer, over three times as

long as basal part, the tip less extensively blackened, but the inward-facing

point much more prominent. Two little blackened points on outer side of clasper

at its tip. Parameres fused into a large tubular structure for almost their whole

length, ending in two very short points. The bent tip of the penis longer and

more slender.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 2 3, 22.iv.1925, xii1.1925.

In one specimen the discal cell is open on one wing.

91. Gonomyia (Lipophleps) nigripennis, sp. n.

Text-fig. 19.

9. Head, including rostrum, rather light brown. Front moderately broad.

Palpi and antennae blackish, flagellar segments with very long dorsal hairs.

Thorax brown, somewhat shining; middle part of praescutum, scutal lobes,

and lower part of pleurae darker. Abdomen velvety black, basal part of ovi-

positor shining dark brown, valves reddish. Legs dark brown; tibiae with

94 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

bristly spurs as in last two species. Wangs with a deep smoky tinge over the

whole membrane, the base, tip and posterior margin, as well as broad seams

along nearly all veins, darker; a broad seam over stigmatic region and cord,

er if

GT HR

id ee

Text-F1G. 19.—Gonomyia (Lipophleps) ngripenms, sp. n. Wing.

and another over tip of discal cell still darker. Venation much as in G. labidura,

but Rs shorter; A. ,3 over twice as long as Rs ; and Sc reaching a little beyond

base of Rs. Halteres dark brown. Wing-length 7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2 9, 20, 25.v1.1924.

Trentepohlia Big.

The development of this genus in Samoa is surprising, no fewer than nine

species being represented in the collections made by Messrs. Buxton and Hopkins ;

judging from the number of specimens sent, these must form the dominant

element in the cranefly fauna. All these species belong to the subgenus Jon-

goma, as do most of the other known Australasian species of the genus, although

one species of the subgenus 7rentepohlia is known to occur in Fiji.

The following key will separate the described Australasian species of the

subgenus Mongoma :

1. Entirely pale yellow. : ‘ , ; : . spectralis, sp. n.

Dark, at least abdomen brown : 3 : : : Wy,

2. Tibiae white-tipped : : . : : . 3.

Legs dark, tarsi sometimes lighter . : ide

3. Remorse not white-tipped ; Emiddle tibiae ae fringe ai

white hair at tips : : . tarsalis Alex. (?=pennipes 0.8.)

Femora not white-tipped ; middie fibiae nibt fringed : 4,

4. Cuy ending practically at tip of An; tarsi dark at base. 5.

Cus ending about half its length before tip of An ; base of

cell My proximal to that of reel M, : : ‘ : 6.

Ou

NEMATOCERA.

. Base of cell M, proximal to that of cell M3 (Waigiou)

Base of cell M3; proximal to that of cell M, (Queensland)

. Tarsi white or creamy, not darkened at base

Tarsi brownish, at least at base of first segment

. Thorax light reddish-brown

Thorax dark brown (New Hebrides)

95

obscura de Meij.

australasiae Skuse.

ts

8.

pacifica Alex.

galactopus Edw.

8. Tibiae narrowly white at tips (under 1 mm.) albangusta, sp. 0.

Tibiae more broadly white at tips (1-5 mm. or anne) oF

9. Tarsi white except at base sprnulifera, sp. n.

Tarsi uniformly brownish 10.

. Wings smoky, stigma not very dark

Wings clear, stigma conspicuous

samoensis Alex.

Jfuscistigma, sp. 0.

11. R, more or less atrophied beyond + valida, sp. n.

Tip of A, distinct . 12.

12. Discal cell long, base of cell M 3 perc ad: 13.

Discal cell short 14.

13. Ry barely half as long as Ry (Guam ) guamensis Alex.

R, quite two-thirds as long as Ry. brunnea, sp. Nn.

14. Base of cell M, proximal to that of cell uM 3 (Buru) subquadrata Edw.

Bases of cell M, and Mz about level

brevicellula Alex.

The remarkable resemblance between some species of T'rentepohlia and two

spiders (Pholcus ancoralis and Smeringopus elongatus), also a Reduviid bug (Gar-

dena, sp.) has been discussed by Buxton (Proc. Ent. Soc., Lond., , p. 65, 1928).

“In Samoa, Tipulidae of the genus Trentepohlia are abundant; several

species habitually sit in dark places in the forest, for instance between buttress

in these places large numbers are found together, covering an area

these insects, standing close together, sway them-

The commonest species in

roots ;

of a square foot or more ;

selves rapidly and continually on their long legs.

Samoa is 7’. pacefica Alex., and one frequently sees a large area of bark the

whole surface of which seems to shimmer, owing to the numbers of these insects

standing and swaying on it. Occasionally they hang from one another like

bees in a swarm... .

“Spiders of the family Pholcidae have the same habit of swaying rapidly

as they stand in their webs; frequently a dozen or more stand and do this in a

single web, and as the webs are placed in situations similar to those occupied by

the Trentepohlia some degree of superficial resemblance is achieved. It appears

that Pholcidae stand and shimmer in their webs, in many parts of the tropics,

and elsewhere. In Samoa the species which have been observed to do this are

Pholeus ancoralis and Smeringopus elongatus ; they are superficially similar,

and were not distinguished in the field, but it seems that both species have the

96 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

habit. They are dull brown in colour, with long legs, the jomts of which are

whitish, and the resemblance between them and the Trentepohlia was noticed

in the field.

“In range Trentepohlia pacifica is peculiar to Samoa. Of the spiders,

Pholcus ancoralis is known only from Samoa and Tonga ; Smeringopus elongatus

has a wide tropical distribution. Within Samoa, the Trentepohlia and the

Spiders (collectively), both range from the coast of Upolu to the top of the

island, at about 2,000 feet. One may therefore say that they are co-extensive

in range, and that they inhabit similar places; also they are similar in colour

and in habit, and this makes it difficult to suppose that the resemblance is due

to chance alone. It is possible that the relation is mimetic; if this view is

adopted then presumably the spider is model, the Tipulid mimic, and the Tipulid

has used the shimmering habit, common to many Tipulids, and has also copied

the spider’s pattern and colour. Such a view covers most of the facts, so far

as they are known, but it is not easy to see what advantage could accrue to

the insect from resembling the spider.*

“On a single occasion a spider, P. ancoralis, was found eating a Tipulid in

its web; the insect was Trentepohlia brevicellula Alex., a species without white

bands on the legs.”

92. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) valida, sp. n.

Text-fig. 20.

3 2. Head as in T. brunnea, but the whole antennae blackish. Thorax

very dark brown, dull, praescutum with rather conspicuous hair as in 7. brunnea.

Abdomen blackish-brown ; valves of ovipositor reddish, cerci long, slender,

nearly straight. Hypopygium short, claspers with tooth distinctly before

middle, terminal portion broad and spatulate. Legs rather stout for a member

* That the resemblance in colour and habit between Trentepohlia and the two spiders men-

tioned above is mimetic may well be the case, but the line of reasoning by which Mr. Buxton

arrives at the conclusion that ‘‘ presumably the spider is model, the Tipulid mimic,” is not easy

to follow, seeing that the facts ascertained would seem to point in exactly the opposite direction.

The “ mimicry ’’ here—if mimicry there be—is surely “ aggressive,” since, under the conditions

described above, the spider, by appearing to be “‘ one of themselves,” tacitly issues to the Tipulids

the invitation immortalised in nursery-rhyme. Moreover, the spiders are doubtless far less

numerous than the T'vrentepohlia, and such a numerical relation would be in accordance with

existing knowledge with regard to “‘ mimics ”’ and “‘ models.’”-—E. E. AUSTEN.

se

a eee a a OF

NEMATOCERA. 97

of this genus, especially in 9, colour uniformly dark brown, tarsi scarcely lighter.

No spines nor bristles on any of the femora. Wings uniformly dark brown,

stigma and veins not much darker than membrane. Tip of A, short, very

indistinct or absent. Sc scarcely reaching base of 7, which is very oblique and

joints R, at or close to its base. Ry» almost continuing direction of Rz,3, but

scarcely half as long as R;. Discal cell barely twice as long as wide ; bases of

Text-Fic. 20.—Trentepohlia (Mongoma) valida, sp.n. Wing.

cells M, and M, both considerably retracted, that of cell M3 rather more so.

Cu,a immediately beyond base of discal cell, and almost in a straight line with

Cus, which is very little curved and joins An at right angles a little before the

margin. Halteres dark brown, with short stem and large knob as in 7’. brunnea.

Wing-length 10-11 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type J and 9, 5.x11.1925; Vailima, 600 ft.,

1 3, 26.11.1925.

No very close ally of this species can be indicated. Its venational

characters, notably the loss of the tip of R,, are rather distinctive.

93. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) brunnea, sp. 0.

3 2. Head blackish-brown, black-haired. Antennae with first segment

brownish, remaining segments blackish ; flagellar segments about three times

as long as broad, with short verticils. Palpi black. Rostrum ochreous. Neck

rather shorter than in the 7. australasiae group. Thorax rather dark brown,

dull, and unmarked ; praescutum with three stripes of dark hair, most con-

spicuous in front. Abdomen dark brown. Female cerci very short and strongly

curved. Hypopygium short ; claspers with tooth at about middle, apical half

slender, only about half as broad as basal half. Legs moderately slender, almost

uniformly brown, tarsi a little lighter. Posterior femora with longish bristles

at base beneath. Wangs with a strong brown tinge, stigma not much darker,

veins dark. Sc reaching a little beyond base of 7, which is very oblique and

98 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

joins R,,;, only a short distance before or even at the fork. R, nearly hori-

zontal, fully two-thirds as long as R;. Discal cell rather long ; first section of

M, about equal to m; base of cell Ms at about two-thirds the length of discal

cell. Cu ,a placed well beyond base of discal cell; Cuz curved, ending in An

only a short distance before margin. Halteres dark brown, with rather short

stem and large knob. Wing-leneth 8-10 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 5 3, 3 9, 14., 12.1., Ql.iv., 5.xi1.1925.

In colour this species resembles 7’. guamensis Alex., which differs in vena-

tion, R, being much shorter.

94. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) brevicellula Alexander.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), xi, p. 44, 1924.

Upolu: Vaea, 1,200 ft., 2 ¢, 20.11.1925; Vailima, 4 g, 1 9, 24.v.1924 ;

Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 4 ¢, 2 9, 25.11.1924, 17.vi.1924, 5.xi1.1925. Tutuila:

Pago Pago, 5 @, 14.x11.1925. Savan: Salailua, 1 g, 21.v.1924 (Bryan).

Recorded by Alexander from Fiji (Loloti).

Diagnostic features: Thoracic dorsum rather dark unicolorous brown.

Legs uniformly brown. Discal cell shorter and broader than in the other species ;

cells M, and M; subequal at base; 7 meeting R, 3 only a short distance before

the fork. Wing-length 5-6 mm.

This is the smallest Trentepohlia in the islands, and also the most widely

distributed. In addition, it is the only one which has definitely been identified

as occurring outside the Samoan group.

95. ‘Trentepohlia (Mongoma) spectralis, sp. n.

Entirely pale yellow, except the eyes, flagellum and male claspers, which

are black. Frons whitish. Flagellar segments elongate-oval, without distinct

verticils. Femora without distinct spines, but with scattered fine bristles.

Venation as in 7’. samoensis. Wing-length 6-8-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 6 3, 3 9, 25.11., 25.iv., 20.v., 17.vi., 30.x1.1924.

Sava: Safune, 2 9, 4.v.1924 (Bryan); Salailua, 1 9, 22.v.1924 (Bryan).

The only other completely yellow species of this subgenus at present known

is T. flava Brun. (India), in which Cu, ends in the wing-marein. 7’. albipennis

de Meij. (Java) is also mainly yellow, but has long dorsal hairs on the flagellar

segments.

NEMATOCERA. 99

96. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) samoensis Alexander.

Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, p. 12, 1921.

Upolu: Apia and Malololelei, 34 specimens in all, ., v., x1.-xu. Tutuila:

Pago Pago, 1 g, 14.x11.1925. Recorded by Alexander only from Apia.

The chief diagnostic features of this species are the following: Praescutum

wholly dark brown. Femora creamy white for about 1 mm. at the tips. Tibiae

narrowly whitish at the base, and creamy for about 1-5 mm. at the tips. Tarsi

uniformly pale brown. Front femora with a few longish bristles near the base

beneath ; posterior femora without bristly spines. Wings rather strongly

tinged with grey. Wing-length 6-5-9-5 mm.

Alexander described the stigma as dark brown, but in most of the specimens

before me it 1s quite inconspicuous; nor is the wing-tip distinctly darkened.

In most of the examples of this species brought back by Messrs. Buxton and

Hopkins, Sc reaches only slightly beyond the base of 7, and Sc, is farther from

the tip than stated by Alexander.

97. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) fuscistigma, sp. n.

Q. Head dark grey. Neck blackish. Antennae and palpi blackish, labella

ochreous. Flagellar segments almost cylindrical, over three times as long as

broad, without distinct verticils. Thorax nearly bare, shining, dark brown

above, sides of praescutum and middle of scutum ochreous ; pronotum darker

brown. Pleurae mainly light ochreous. Abdomen dark brown ; cerci ochreous,

rather long and not very strongly curved. Legs (hind pair only remaining in

case of type) somewhat stouter than in the allied species ; coxae and trochanters

ochreous ; femora dark brown, with the tips (1-5 mm.) white, and numerous

short spinules beneath on basal fifth ; tibiae (including base) dark brown, with

the tips (1-5 mm.) white; tarsi dark brownish. Wangs nearly clear, veins con-

spicuously dark ; stigma dark brown ; wing-tip also rather distinctly darkened ;

a faint seam over Cua, Cus and base of discal cell. Sc extending well beyond

base of r, which is bordered with brown and meets R,,; more than its

own length before the fork. Discal cell nearly three times as long as its greatest

breadth ; base of cell 1/3 retracted almost to middle of discal cell ; basal section

of M, much shorter than m; Cua at base of discal cell; Cuz meeting An

about half its length distant from wing-margin. Halteres brownish. Wing-

length 11 mm.

100 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1 9, 25.11.1924.

This is very much like 7. samoensis Alex., but seems fairly well distinguished

by the lighter sides of praescutum, presence of hind femoral spinules, practical

absence of white at base of tibiae, and clearer wings with more conspicuous

stigma.

98. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) albangusta, sp. n.

2. Head asin T. fuscistigma. Thorax nearly bare, bright ochreous-brown,

somewhat shining. Praescutum with a broad but not very sharply-defined

dark brown median stripe; scutal lobes, scutellum and postnotum brown.

Abdomen dark brown, lighter beneath ; ovipositor ochreous, cerci shorter and

rather strongly curved. Legs slender, coxae and trochanters ochreous. Femora

dark brown, tip (1 mm.) creamy-white. Tibiae dark brown, extreme base

(0-3 mm.) and tip (0-6 mm.) whitish. Tarsi rather dark brown. Front femora

with a few longish bristles near base beneath; posterior femora with more

numerous but shorter bristles. Wangs clear; stigma hardly indicated ; veins

dark. Cross-vein 7 meeting Ry,3; about its own length before the fork; R,

less oblique than usual and over half as long as Rs ; discal cell long; cell Ms;

retracted almost to middle of discal cell; basal section of M, shorter than m ;

Cu,a just before base of discal cell; Cu, joing An more than half its length

distant from wing-margin. Halteres brownish, base of stem ochreous. Wing-

leneth 9 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 2 Q, 17.v1.1924, vi1.1924.

Readily distinguishable Fann the related species by the very narrow white

tips to the tibiae.

99. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) spinulifera, sp. n.

3 9. Head blackish, front narrow as usual. Antennae and mouth-parts

entirely dark; flagellar segments elongate-oval, without distinct verticils.

Thorax almost bare, somewhat shining, more so on pleurae ; praescutum and

scutum uniformly dark brown; scutellum and postnotum rather lighter ;

pleurae ochreous. Abdomen dark brown. Legs : Femora dark brown, the tips

white for about 1:5 mm. Tuibiae dark at base, tips pure white for about 3 mm.,

no distinct fringe present. Tarsi white, base of first segment somewhat darkened,

sufficiently so to contrast with white tip of tibia. Front femora with about a

dozen short bristles beneath near base ; posterior femora each with about 30 or

NEMATOCERA. 101

more short bristles in a long close-set row extending along basal fourth beneath.

Wings almost clear, stigma hardly indicated, veins moderately dark. Cross-

vein r placed about its own length before fork of R,,3;. Discal cell fully twice

as long as its greatest breadth; base of cell M, retracted about one-third length

of discal cell. Cu,a at or just before base of discal cell. Cuz meeting An at a

distance equal to about half its length from wing-margin. Halteres brownish.

Wing-length 5:5-7-5.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 5 g, 2 2, 30.x1.1924, 21.iv.1925.

According to Skuse’s description, 7. spimulifera must be very near

T. australasiae Skuse (Queensland), but. the latter is said to have an ochreous

thorax and tibiae narrowly white at the base. Skuse does not mention the

femoral bristles.

100. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) pacifica Alexander.

Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xvi, p. 13, 1921.

Upolu: Apia, 16 specimens in all, 1-1v., vi., x1.; Aleipata, 1 ¢, 2 9,

10.iv.1924. Recorded by Alexander from 2 9 from Apia (Doane.)

Diagnostic features : Thorax reddish-brown, hardly darker above. Femora

pure white at tips for over 1 mm.; tibiae narrowly white at base, and pure

white for about 2 mm. at tips; tarsi white. Front femora with a few bristles

beneath near base; posterior femora without any. Wangs almost clear,

stigma hardly indicated. Wing-length 5-5-7 mm.

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

Text-fig. 1. Macrocera nitens, sp.n. Wing.

» 2. Hypopygium of Manota, spp.; (a) M. orientalis Senior-White ; (b) M. flavipes End. ;

(c) M. pacifica, sp. n. Left half from beneath; right half from above, with

clasper detached and seen in side view.

» 93. Hypopygium of Hxechia lutacea, sp. n. Left half from above, also middle part of

ninth sternite.

es 4, Aédes (Finlaya) kocht Don. var. samoana Griinb. Q in profile, showing projecting

scales of sternites.

5. Forcipomyva punctipes, sp.n. &.

Me 6. Culicoides mollis, sp.n. &.

7. Clunio pacificus Edw. 3. (a) antenna further enlarged. [Reproduced by per-

mission of the Zoological Society of London. |

8. Pontomyia natans Edw. 3 and 9. [Reproduced by permission of the Zoological

Society of London. |

¥ 9. Chironomus melanocnemis, sp.n. &.

» 10. Brunettia biformis, sp. n. Wings of 3 (ec, d), and ° (a, 6), clothed and denuded.

102

Text-fig. 11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19:

20.

INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Psychoda quadrifilis, sp. n. (a) Tip of antenna; (b) genital plate of 2; (c) forceps,

and (d) ventral appendage of ¢.

Psychoda savauensis, sp. n. (a) Tip of antenna; (b) forceps, and (c) ventral

appendage of 3.

Pseudoglochina laticincta, sp. n. Wing.

Dicranomyia subsordida, sp.n. Hypopygium from above.

Dicranomyia (Idioglochina) tusitala Alex. Wing of (a) 9, and (c) 3, and (b) head of ¢.

Rhipidia pulcherrima, sp. n. Wing.

Helius connectus, sp.n. Wing.

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) dicranura, sp.n. G Hypopygium from above: 9t, 9s, tergite

and sternite of ninth segment; an, chitinisations of anal segment; b, side-

piece (basistyle); d, clasper (dististyle); p, penis; pa, fused parameres.

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) nigripennis, sp. n. Wing.

Trentepohlia (Mongoma) valida, sp.n. Wing.

CE CTDOMYIINAEH (GALL MPDGES)*

By H. F. Barnes, B.A., Ph.D.

(With 4 Text-figures.)

THE collection of Cecidomyiinae formed by Messrs. Buxton and Hopkins con-

tained very few specimens, mostly in bad condition ; some were stuck on card-

board and others on pin points ; with gall midges such treatment greatly reduces

the value of material. The best method of preservation is to keep the insects

in 70 per cent. alcohol containing a drop or two of pure glycerine. This main-

tains the specimens in good condition until it is necessary to make microscope

slides of them. The present examples are apparently the first Cecidomyidae

to be collected in the Samoan Islands, and, owing to the paucity of the collection,

‘no attempt has been made to draw any inference as to geographical affinities.

A few, selected as having outstanding characters and so likely to be easily recog-

nised again, are described below.

1. Lestodiplosis, sp.

In the case of one species there were several males and one female. These

were labelled “ bred from fowl dung, 6.11.1925, Apia, Upolu,” and belong to the

cosmopolitan genus Lesfodiplosis, but owing to their condition it is not con-

sidered advisable to describe them. The wings are transparent, 3rd vein

extending approximately to tip of wing; palpi of four segments, the segments

of about equal length. No other species of this genus is known to breed in

fowl dung.

Allobremia, gen. nov.

Flagellar segments similar to those of Bremia Rond., Homobremia Kieft.,

Heterobremia Felt., and Lepidobrenia Kieff.; legs clothed with scales as in

Lepidobremia Kieff.; genitalia resembling those of Heterobremia Felt.; but

distinguished from all the genera above mentioned by having the claws on the

* Two other Cecidomyiidae, belonging to the subfamily Lestremiinae, are discussed by

Kdwards, pp. 39-40 of this fascicle.

Wh, Y 103 6

104 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

middle and hind legs simple and bent at right angles. Following Kieffer’s

grouping (Genera Insectorum, fasc. 152, 1913) of the Bremia (sens. lat.) complex,

it is considered that this genus is very close to Heterobremia Felt, but owing to

differences in genitalia and claws it is desirable to treat it as distinct.

Genotype: A. wpolui, sp. n.

2. Allobremia upolui, sp. n.

Text-figs. 1, 2.

3g. Length about 2mm. Antennae 24-12 segmented ; Ist segment elon-

gate, 2nd subglobular; Ist and 2nd flagellar segments fused ; each flagellar

segment with basal globular enlargement connected by a short stem to distal

enlargement, which bears a long neck, except 12th flagellar segment, which

Trxt-ria. 1.—Allobremia upolui, gen. et sp. n. (a) Base of antenna; (b) penultimate

antennal segment.

bears an elongate finger-like process on distal enlargement; basal enlarge-

ment with a basal ring of stout setae, irregular setae and a whorl of

circumfila with loops of irregular lengths, some being very long; stem of

Ist flagellar segment (Text-fig. la) only shghtly longer than broad, stem of

penultimate segment (Text-fig. 1b) 3-3) times as long as broad ; intermediate

stems gradually increasing in length; distal enlargement with a basal ring of

applied circumfila, irregularly placed stout setae distally to ring of applied cir-

cumfila, and_a distal ring of circumfila with loops of irregular lengths ; neck of

CECIDOMYIINAE. 105

Ist flagellar segment nearly twice as long as broad, neck of penultimate segment

about 6-7 times as long as broad and nearly as long as distal enlargement.

Palpi: 4 segments, basal segment irregularly quadrate, slightly longer than

broad, second elongate, about 24 times as long as broad, third about the same

as second, distal nearly 3 times as long as broad, terminal three segments each

with a few setae. Thorax and general body colour brown. Wings: costa hairy,

area between costa and subcosta more or less distinctly chitinised, 3rd vein with

slight cross-vein to subcosta at about basal third of subcosta, 3rd vein inter-

rupting costa beyond tip of wing. Legs: long, covered with scales and hairs ;

TExv-FIG. 2.—Genitalia of Allobrenna upolut, gen. et sp. n.

claws simple on 4 posterior legs at least, bent at right angles ; empodium dis-

tinctly shorter than claws. Genitalia (‘Text-fig. 2): basal clasp segment long,

narrow, with very long stout setae and basal lobe at internal angle ; distal clasp

segment long, moderately curved; dorsal plate bilobed, each lobe roundly

triangular with short setae distally, ventral plate with two long curved setose

linear processes extending well beyond distal extremities of basal clasp seg-

ments, giving appearance of a fork with curved prongs ; penis elongate, trian-

eular, with setae.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type, 20.v1.1924. Savaiu: Salailua, 2 para-

types, 20.v.1924 ; Safune, 1 paratype, rain forest 2,000-4,000 ft., 8.v.1924 (Bryan).

106 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

3. Liebeliola bifurcata, sp. n.

Text-fig. 3.

Q. Length about 2} mm. Antennae 2412 segmented; Ist and 2nd

flagellar segments fused, flagellar segments cylindrical with short necks, each

bearing basal ring of long stout setae, two rings of applied circumfila connected

by a longitudinal thread and irregular distal whorl of long setae ; necks almost

transverse, only shghtly longer than broad ; distal flagellar segment with stout

setose appendage. Labium (‘Text-fig. 3) prominent, about one-third length of

Trext-ric. 3.—Head of Liebeliola bifurcata, sp. n.

head. Palpi: 4 segments, basal segment about 25 times as long as broad,

second about 3 times as long as broad, third about 4 times as long as broad,

fourth segment about 5 times as long as broad and distinctly longer than third,

all with a few setae. Thorax very dark brown. Wings: very dark brown

veins, mediastinal vein reaching to cross-vein, which is almost at right angles to

subcosta, 3rd vein shghtly curved, reaching just beyond tip of wing, 5th vein

forked, upper branch continuing direction of stem. Legs: dark brown, covered

with hairs and scales ; claws bent at right angles, 4 anterior simple, one claw of

CECIDOMYIINAE. 107

each hind leg split distally into two equal teeth ; empodium small. Abdomen

dark brown, hairy. Ovipositor lamelliform, lateral lamellae rectangular, with

long setae, ventral lamella well developed, roundly triangular.

Upolu: Malololelei, type, x.1925.

This species is placed provisionally in Liebeliola, in spite of several differences.

The genera of this group (Chaetodiplosis Kieff., Liebeliola Wieff. and Jorg., and

Tetradiplosis Iieff. and Jorg.) are known to be represented in Argentina and

tropical Africa ; Liebeliola and Tetradiplosis are monotypic.

4. Phaenepidosis auriculata, sp. n.

Text-fig. 4.

2. Length 3mm. Antennae 2+ 11 segmented; 2 basal segments globular,

Ist and 2nd flagellar segments not fused, each flagellar segment elongate,

cylindrical, with distal neck, bearing basal ring of long stout setae about as

long as cylindrical portion, two irregular whorls (median and distal) of very

long fine setae, longer than cylindrical portion, and two rings of loosely applied

Trext-Fic. 4.—Proximal tarsal segment of Phaenepidosis auriculata, sp. n., showing

distal hair-bearing appendage.

circumfila joined by a longitudinal thread; distal segment without neck ;

cylindrical portion of Ist flagellar segment about 5 times as long as broad and

about 4 times as long as neck, which is about twice as long as broad; that of

2nd about 3 times as long as broad and about twice as long as neck, which is

about 24 times as long as broad; that of 3rd about 23 times as long as broad

and about twice as long as neck, which is about 23 times as long as broad ; that

of 9th about 2$ times as long as broad and about twice as long as neck ; that of

10th about 3 times as long as broad, and neck about 25 times as long as broad ;

11th (distal) segment about 3 times as long as broad. Palpz long, 4 segmented.

108. INSECTS OF SAMOA.

2nd seginent about 6 times as long as broad, 3rd about 7 times as long as broad,

4th about 10 times as long as broad. Thorax brown. Wings as in Dicroneurus

Kieffer. Legs: hairy, long; proportion of tarsal segments of hind legs

1:11:6:34:1!; proximal tarsal segment, on each leg, with small band-like

appendage covered with short hairs situated at distal end of segment (Text-

fig. 4); claws simple, swollen at tips; empodium as long as claws. Ovzpositor

non-extensile, lamelliform, having short lamellae with long setae.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., type, 21.vi.1924.

The genus Phaenepidosis includes three described species, two found in

Kast Africa and one in U.S.A. The new species is distinguished by the curious

tarsal appendage, which may be sensory.

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

Text-fig. |. Allobrenia upolut, gen. et sp. n. (a) Base of antenna; (b) penultimate antennal

segment.

. Genitalia of Allobrenia upolur, gen. et sp. n.

: 3. Head of Liebeliola bifurcata, sp. n.

, 4. Proximal tarsal segment of Phaenepidosis auriculata, sp. n., showing distal hair-

bearing appendage.

Co bo

[ CLOWES AND SONS LIMITED, Cia HEN Maton iy Awe:

LONDON AND BECCLES, rath st Betas:

7 i} ieee i

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cies

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

= ARTHROPODA

_LIST OF PARTS AND SYSTEM OF PUBLICATION —

Part I. Orthoptera and Dermaptera.

Ii. Hemiptera.

Ill. Lepidoptera.

. IV. Coleoptera.

,, _. Hymenoptera.

WI. Diptera.

» VII. Other Orders of Insects.

. VIII. Terrestrial Arthropoda other than Insects.

The work will be published at intervals in the form of numbered fascicles.

Although individual fascicles may contain contributions by more than one.

~ author, each fascicle will be so arranged as to form an integral portion of one or

other of the Parts specified above. :

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA —

List of Fascicles issued to 23rd June, 1928 De)

Insects of Samoa and other as Terrestrial Arthropoda.

2 (in envelope). 1927, 4to. 6d.

Part II. Hemiprera.

Fasc. 1. Fulgoroidea. By F. Muir. 25 text-figures.

Prof. D. L. Crawford. 4 text-figures. ccide,

_ By F. Laing, MA, BSc. 3 text-figures. Pp. 1-45. 1927, 4to. 2s. 6d

Fase 2) Co By V. Lallemand, M.D. 10 text-figures. Cicadide. By

kee Myers, Sc.D. 22 text-figures. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Heteroptera.

y Prof. Teiso Esaki. 6 text-figures. Pp. 47-80. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d

Parr III. Leprpoprera.

Fasc. 1.. Butterflies of Samoa and some peelberays pang oat te By G.H.E.

Hopkins, MLA., F-E.S. 1 text-figure and 4 plates. gon 7, 4to. 5s.

ae ice pions: By Edward Meyrick, < A, F. R. . a 65- 116.

Fasc

Pp. 117-168. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Part IV. CoLropTerRA.

Fasc. 1. Carabide. By H. E. Agione:

Zimmermann. 2 text-figures. Staphylinide.

figures. Hydrophilide. By A.d’Orchymont. | text-figure. Clavicornia and

Lamellicronia. By G. J. Arrow. 13 text-figures. Pp. 1-66. —

Fasc. 2. Heteromera, Bostrychoidea, Mitacodenmate and Buprestide. By K.G.

Blair, B.Sc text-figures. Elateride, van

text-figures. Melaside Acne ice hide ee a Cerambycide. By

hr. pee aae late. ie Kleine. 4 text-figures.

Anthribide. Be ie an, acrenes Proterhinide. By

ReCAls: eine. DSc., F-R:S. Ep Bi 14. 1928. 4to. 5s.

Part V. HyMeENoPTERA.

Fasc. 1. Apoidea, Sphecoidea, and Vespoidea. By R. C.. ie Benlaus. D.Sc.,

F.RS., and _L. Evel F.Z.S.° 12 text-figures. rride.

velyn Cheesman, F.E.S.,

By Francis X. Williams.

phidide and Aleyrodidz.

.3. Geometride. By Louis B. Prout, F.ES. 2 text-figures and | te &

9 text-figures. Dytiscide By A:

i2 text-figures. Formicidee. By

9 text-figures. Pp. 1-58. 1928, 4to. 5s.

Part VI. Diptera. .

Fasc. | pA eS Nycteribiide. By L. Faleos: 7 fest putes, Hl Hinpo-

oscide. By Ferris. 6 text-figures. Pp. 1-21. 1927, 4to

te z: Demat: By F.W.Edwards, M.A. 20 text-figures. Condesiving.

By HF. Barnes, BA, Ph.D. 4 text-figures. Pp. 23-108. 1928, 4to. 5s.

Part VII. Ortner Orpers or INsEcTSs.

Fasc. 1. Isoptera : Bes Tea: By Gerald F, Hill.

1 plate. Odonata. By C frase IM:S., FES.

Pp. 1-44. 1927, 4to

Fasc. 2. Plectoptera. a Tillyard, aN Cantab.),

onaptera. ByP. uxton,

pee . Py AI6

tage. sop ey

ad Rubs S. Bagnall, F.R Perse pag tec

Part VIII.

Fasc. I.

plonoidea.

text-hgures.

Ato. 2s

text-figures.

Thysano tera.

1928 oe

TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODA OTHER THAN INsecTs.

Isopoda Terrestria. By Harold G. Jackson, D.Sc. 2 plates.

y P. A. Buxton, . Pseudo-scorpiones. By A. Kastner. 11

Acarina. By Stanley Hirst. 2 text-figures. wise I-27.

Meost and Soe e

26th February, 1927

Peyllide (Chermide), By

25th June, 1927.

Oth April 1927,

By M. Cameron, M.B. 2 text-

4to. 3s.

Zwaluwenberg, 10

25th February, 1928 :

antschi 25th February, 1928

Brd July, 1927.

14 ioe and —

28th May, 1927.

ERS, ond LA

Scor-

i927,

‘ Date fesued. as

2rd Jane,

28th ‘May,. 1927,

24th: March, 1928

19th December, 1927

23rd June, 1928,

23rd June, 1928.

ia

23rd July, 1927

: xm

—eerefennens

tes: