INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

List 4 Fascicles issued to 23rd Tie 1928 : —

Ek Date Issued.

Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestrial Arthropoda. Maps | and is

2 (in envelope). 1927, 4to. 6d. — te 26th February, 1927.

Part I]. Hemiptera. ;

Fasc. 1. Oa oe By F. Muir. 25 text-figures. Psyllide (Chermide). By

Prof. By Li. Crawford. 4 text-figures. Coccide, d di a

i Es nae: MA. °B Sc. 3 text-fgures. Pp. 1-45. P1927, tea. 2s. he : 25th June, 1927.

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By Prof. Teiso Esaki. 6 text-fisures. Pp. 47-80. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d. 23rd June, 1928.

Part IJ]. Lepmoprera. .

Fasc. 1. Butterflies of Samoa and some neighbouring Island-groups. By G. H. E. Gps

Hopkins MA CPE STA ie Paute and 4 plates. Pp. I- 4. 1927, to. 5s. 9th April, 1927.

Fasc. 2. Micro-Lepidoptera. By Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. Pp. 65-116. —

1927, 4to. 2s. 6d. 28th May, 1927.

Fasc. 3. Geometride. By Louis B. P t, FES. 2 text-f d | plat ae

BE TIT-168 1908, dio, Dee ey, Scare) 6 (2Agh Mateh ieee)

Part [V. CoLgopTeERa.

Fasc. 1. Carabide. By H.E. Andrews. 9 text-figures. Dyticode: By A.

Zimmermann. 2 text-figures. naph linide. By M. Cameron, M.B. 2 text- ;

figures. Hydrophilide. By A.d Onkyione | text-figure. Clavicornia and wr

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Fase. 2. Hone pes oanoicesy SEEMS ed Buprestidae. By K.G.

Blair, B.Sc. text-fgures. Elaterid a H.. van sooo 10

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Chr. Aurivillius. late. Brenthide. By R. Kleine. 4 text-figures.. .

Anthribide. By Kark Jordan, Ph.D. 11 eae Proterhinide. By Be edit cle

R.C. L. Perkins, DSc., F.R.S. Pp. 67-174. 1928. 4to. 5s. 25th February, 1928.

‘Part V. Hymenoptera.

nee o Apoidea, Sphecoidea, and Baie oe By R. C. L. Perkins, DSc. Us

poe ani ve aa lyn copies ae ne pe ae: : ace ee

rancis illiams. text-ngures. ormicide. y antschi. ABs

Ptext-figures. Pp. 1-58. 1928, 4to. 5s. i 25th February, 1928.

Parr VI. Diptera. |

Fasc. | Streblid. d Nycteribiide. By L. Fal 7 text-fi Hippo- .

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Fasc. 2. Nematocera. By F.W.Edwards, M.A. 20text-figures. Cecidomyiine..

By H. F. Bames, B.A., Phi D. 4 text-figures. Pp. 23-108. 1928, 4to. 5s. 23rd June, 1928.

Part VII. Otuzr Orpers or Insects.

Fasc. 1. Isoptera: Femi eon, ae Gerald F. Hill. _ 14 text-figures and

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PE 1-44, “1927, dto, 2s: 6d 28th May, 1927.

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By Richard S. B Il, FR ES /FES: ic i: Pp. 45-76. 1928, 4 Healy

Sat ee ven a © 93rd June, (O28.

Part VIII. TrerresrrtAL ARTHROPODA OTHER THAN INSECTS.

Fase. 1. Isopede Terrestria. By Harold G. Jackson, D.Sc. 2 plates. Scor-

pionoidea. uxton . Pseudo-scorpiones. . Kastner.

re se a By ae Hirst. 2 text-figures. ee 1-27. det 23rd July, | 92 7. é

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ee WW. bes;

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

PART VI. OTHER ORDERS OF INSECTS

. FASC. 3. Pp. 77-116

MALLOPHAGA. By J. WATERSTON, D.Sc.

ANOPLURA. By P. A. BUXTON, M.A.

_ TRICHOPTERA. By MARTIN E. MOSELY.

| NEUROPTERA. By P. ESBEN-PETERSEN.

_ APTERYGOTA By GEORGE H. CARPENTER, D.Sc.

aN | wit TWO PLATES AND THIRTY-FIVE TEXT-FIGURES

an LONDON:

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INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

- Although a Sa or series of panere dealing coapedheaively with

the and arthropod fauna of any group of islands in the South Pacific may be

expected to yield valuable results, in connection with distribution, modification

due to isolation, and other problems, no such work is at present in existence.

In order in some measure to remedy this deficiency, and in view of benefits

directly accruing to the National Collections, the Trustees of the British

Museum have undertaken the publication of an account of the Insects and other

Terrestrial Arthropoda collected in the Samoan Islands, in 1924-1925, by

Messrs. P. A. Buxton and G. H. E. Hopkins, during the Expedition of the

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to the South Pacific.

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity thus afforded, to make the studies

as complete as possible by including in them all Samoan material of the groups —

concerned in both the British Museum (Natural History) and (by courtesy of

the authorities of that institution) the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

It is not intended that contributors to the text shall be confined to the

Museum Staff or to any one nation, but, so far as possible, the assistance of the

leading authorities on all groups to be dealt with has been obtained.

The work will be divided into eight “ Parts” (see p. 3 of wrapper), which

will be subdivided into “Fascicles.”’ Each of the latter, which will appear as

ready in any order, will consist of ome or more contributions. On the

completion of the work it is intended to issue a general survey, ieee on:

the whole and drawing from it such conclusions as may be warranted.

A list of Bees already issued will be found on the back of this wrapper.

E. E. AUSTEN,

. ahi Keeper of Entomology.

Brirish Museum (Naturau History),

Cromwe. Roap, S.\W.7.

NSCS OF SAMOA

Part oVil.. Wases 3

MALLOPHAGA.

By J. Waterston, D.Sc.

(With 2 Text-figures.)

ALTHOUGH comparatively few Mallophaga collected from Samoan birds have

been submitted to me by Mr. Buxton for determination,* the peculiar constancy

of the relation between these parasites and their hosts renders feasible the

drawing up of a longer list than the material actually examined might warrant.

The chief difficulties in compiling such a list have lain in tracing host-references

through the scattered literature of the subject, and in assessing the value of

existing records. It is hoped, however, that the following notes, referring to

the Mallophaga of about one-third of the birds on the Samoan list, may prove

suggestive to some future worker with ampler facilities for study.

It has seemed best to arrange the species of parasites according to their

hosts. In doing this I have omitted records which are evidently casual, since

confusion of this sort generally results from contact between hosts in the game

bag. It is a well-known fact that “ straggling ” occurs at the present day quite

normally among bird parasites in the Galapagos Is. There is no evidence,

however, that the unusual conditions of bird hfe found in the latter group

of islands hold in Samoa, and accordingly, even when a host’s range covers both

areas, only the normal parasites are mentioned below.

The references to the species are restricted to author and year. For fuller

details Harrison’s “‘ Genera and Species of the Mallophaga ” (Parasitology, IX,

No. 1, October, 1916) should be consulted.

* The names of these species are printed in heavy type and numbered.

VIL. 3. ]

78 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

HOST.

TYTO ALBA LULU.

Colpocephalum subpachygaster Piaget (1880).

Philopterus rostratus Nitzsch (1838).

“ Nurmus” angulatus Piaget (1880), recorded from this host is apparently

a straggler from some (?) passerine bird.

“FROM LEGS OF OWL” presumably 7. alba.

1. Colpocephalum subpachygaster Piag.

OQ:

Samoa: Matautu, v.1921 (O’Connor).

VINI AUSTRALIS.

2. Eomenopon denticulatum Harrison (1915).

Samoa: Apia, Vailele, 11.1924.

KUDYNAMIS TAITENSIS.

On cuckoos three genera of Mallophaga occur, Philopterus, Degeeriella and

Cuculephilus.

Cuculiphilus semalunaris Piaget (1880) (doubtfully distinct from C. fasciatus.

Scopoli (1763)) will occur on the Samoan bird. The Degeeriella should

be a sub-sp. of D. dilatatofasciatus Piaget (1880); while the Philopterus

should be compared with P. latefrons Denny (1842).

HALCYON PEALEI.

Philopterus alatoclypeatus Piaget (1855) (or sub-sp.).

ZOSTEROPS, SP.

On the genus Zosterops a Philopterus of the

Myrsidea has also been recorded. Besides these Menacanthus, sp.

and Degeeriella, sp. are to be expected.

4

“communis” type occurs ;

APLONIS ATRIFUSCA.

Uchida (1926) records Myrsidea teraokai Uchida (1918) from Aplonis kitt-

hitzi (Caroline Is.; Truk I.), but the Samoan examples differ in

important details from the original figures and descriptions.

MALLOPHAGA.

3. Myrsidea buxtoni, sp. n. (Text-figs. 1 and 2).

2. Dimensions—

Head.

Prothorax .

Mesothorax

Metathorax

Abdomen .

Total .

Length.

0-36 mm.

0-19 mm.

0:09 mm.

0:70 mm.

0-84 mm.

1-65 mm.

Breadth.

0-51 mm.

0-33 mm.

0-39 mm.

0-58 mm.

0:60 mm.

73

Similar to Myrsidea teraokav Uchida (Annot. Zool. Japonenses, vol. 1x, pt. iv,

p. 490, fig. 2, 1918), but larger and even more specialised in the tergites and

Text-ric. 1—Myrsidea buxtoni, sp. n.

2,

80 INSECTS. OF SAMOA.

metathorax. The greatly produced posterior edge of the latter, helmet shaped

not rounded triangular as in M. teraokar, completely covers tergites 1 and 2

posteromedianly, and its own posterior edge coalesces with that of tergite 3.

In M. teraokai tergites 1-3 are only a little less modified than the meta-

thorax, and their hind margins remain subparallel and distinct.

M. buxtoni lacks the long lateral bristles of M. teraokar, but tergites 4-7

inclusive have each a long bristle remote from the edge. There are numerous

shorter pleural spinose bristles.

Text-Fic. 2——Abdominal sternites (ventral view) of (a) Myrsidea buxtoni, sp. n. ;

(b) MM. teraokai Uchida.

The second sternite has on each side a postero-lateral lobe bearing an

aster of 4 spines, of which the innermost is longest and extends well across the

posterior margin of sternite 3.

Samoa: Apia, 4.11.1924, type 2 (in British Museum), from Aplonis atrifusca.

CARPOPHAGA PACIFICA.

Menopon quinqueguttatum Rudow (1869).

Colpocephalum unicolor Rudow (1866).

PORPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS.

Menopon gracile Piaget (1880).

Rallicola lugens Giebel (1874).

Philopterus continuus Piaget (1880).

LIMOSA NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE.

Menopon meyerr Giebel (1874).

¢ Degeeriella lucida Kellogg and Mann (1912).

Degeeriella cingulata Nitzsch in Denny (1842).

Philopterus limosae Denny (1842).

MALLOPHAGA. ot

TOTANUS INCANUS.

Menopon lutescens Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

Colpocephalum kilauense Kellogg and Chapman (1902).

Degeervella, sp.

Philopterus cordiceps Piaget (1880).

CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. .

Menopon lutescens Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

4. Actornithophilus timidus Kellogg (1896).

Upolu: Apia, vi.1925.

5. Degeeriella oraria Kellogg (1896).

Upolu: Apia, vi.1925.

Philopterus conicus Denny (1842).

(Syn. Philopterus wallacec Johnston and Harrison (1912); Docophorus

hawanensis Kellogg and Chapman (1902).)

STREPSILAS INTERPRES.

Menopon lutescens Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

Colpocephalum pediculoides Mjéberg (1910).

Actormithophilus bicolor Piaget (1880).

Degeeriella euprepes Kellogg and Chapman (1902).

Degeeriella actophilus Kellogg and Chapman (1899).

Degeeriella zonaria Nitzsch (1866).

Philopterus variabilis Denny (1842).

Philopterus cordiceps Piaget (1880).

NUMENIUS FEMORALIS.

Menopon crocatum Nitzsch in Giebel (1866).

Colpocephalum patellatum Piaget (1888).

Degeeriella phaeopi Denny (1842).

Dollabella testudinarva Denny (1842).

Philopterus humeralis, sub-sp. numeniicola Johnston and Harrison (1912).

DEMIEGRETTA SACRA.

Colpocephalum decimfasciatum Boisduval and Lacordaire (1835).

Colpocephalum nyctarde Denny (1842)

Myyrsidea teraokai Uchida (1918) is a straggler in this host.

82 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

FREGATA AQUILA.

Menopon aurifasciatum Kellogg (1899).

Colpocephalum spineum Kellogg (1899).

Esthiopterum majus Kellogg (1899).

Esthiopterum gracilicorne Piaget (1880).

SULA SULA.

Menopon, sp.

Pectinopygus sulae Rudow (1870).

“ GANNET ”’ presumably S. sula.

6. Menopon, sp.

Samoa: Nuulua I., x1.1924, 9.

7. Pectinopygus sulae Rud.

Samoa: Nuulua I., x1.1924, 9.

SULA PISCATOR.

Menopon, sp.

Pectinopygus potens Kellogg and Kuwana (1902).

Esthiopterum annulatum Piaget (1880).

PHAETHON AETHEREUS.

Menopon singulare Kellogg and Kuwana (1902).

Menopon beckt Kelloge (1907).

Philopterus uppalensis Rudow (1870), ? straggler.

STERNA BERGII.

Menopon fuscofascratum Piaget (1880).

Actormithophilus crassipes Piaget (1880).

Actornithophilus piceus Denny (1842).

Philopterus melanocephus Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

STERNA FULIGINOSA.

Menopon fuscofasciatum Piaget (1880).

Actormthophilus piceus Denny (1842).

Degeeriella birostris Giebel (1874).

Degeervella obtusa Kellogg and Kuwana (1902).

Philopterus melanocephalus Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

MALLOPHAGA. 83

HALOBAENA COERULEA,

Esthiopterum clypeatum Giebel (1874).

GALLUS DOMESTICUS.

8. Menopon gallinae Linné (1758).

Neumannia pallidula Neumann (1912).

Eomenacanthus stramineus Nitzsch. in Giebel (1874).

(Syn. Menopon biseriatum Piaget (1880).)

Gonvocotes hologaster Nitzsch in Burmeister (1838).

Gomocotes gigas Taschenberg (1879).

9. Goniodes dissimilis Nitzsch in Denny (1842).

~

10. Lipeurus caponis Linné (1758).

Iipeurus burnett. Packard (1870).

The above are the species regularly found on domestic fowls. Those

numbered 8 to 10 have already been reported as having been met with in Apia,

in 1925 (Buxton and Hopkins, Researches i Polynesia and Melanesia, 1927).

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

Text-fig. 1. Myrsidea buxtonz, sp. n. 9.

2. Abdominal sternites (ventral view) of (a) Myrsidea buxtoni, sp. n.; (6) AM. teraokaa

Uchida.

39

AUN O-PaaU R.A

By P. A. Buxton, M.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical

Medicine.

THE only mammals native to Samoa are three species of Bat (Pferopus samoensis,

P. tonganus, and Emballonura semicaudata), and the Native Rat (Rattus exulans).

On the bats no lice would be expected, and none were obtained; the Native

Rat is more interesting. Several small species of Rattus have been recorded

or described as occurring in Melanesia, Fiji, Tahiti, New Zealand, Hawaiia,

and other parts of Oceania; the relation between them is at present obscure,

but it is probably true to say that only one species exists, and that the correct

name is Rattus exulans Peale ; this species is closely related to Rattus concolor

of Malaya. In old days the rats were carried from place to place in canoes ;

they are now rarer than formerly, because their place has been taken by forms

of Rattus rattus, recently introduced with shipping (Miller, Stone). We failed

to find lice on the seven specimens of Rattus exulans which we examined in

Samoa, but Ewing has described a species of Hoplopleura (H. pacifica), which

occurs on this small rat, and of which he examined specimens from Rose *

Island, Samoa and many parts of Malaya and Polynesia.

Among the introduced mammals, the dog and the pig were brought to Samoa

many centuries ago by immigrant Polynesians. We know from the early

voyagers that the dogs and pigs were of distinctive races, which have long since

ceased to exist, for the animals interbred with those of a European type, intro-

duced during the last century and a half. But though the native race of pig

has disappeared, it has left what appears to be a relic, a variety of pig-louse

betraying its connection with the wild swine of south-east Asia. It may there-

fore be said that though very few species of Anoplura are known to occur in

Samoa, two of them indicate the former connection of the Samoans with Malaya

and south-east Asia.

Little is known of the lice that may be presumed to parasitise the animals

introduced by Europeans during the last hundred and fifty years ; the common

* Wrongly spelt ‘‘ Rosa Island ”’ in Hwing’s paper.

85

86 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

parasites of horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, cows, probably occur, but they have

not been collected.

The species of which specimens have actually been collected are as follows.

1. Pediculus humanus Linn.

The Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is abundant in Samoa; I

have no actual records of the occurrence of P. h. corporis.

2. Phthirus pubis Leach.

A number of cases of infestation of the eye-lashes by this insect were dis-

covered in a boys’ school near Apia.

3. Haematopinus suis var. adventicius. Neum.

A number of specimens of this louse were collected at Apia, in 1925, from

pigs which had been imported from New Zealand, but had been kept among

others bred in Samoa. Examples of the same variety of louse were sent to me

from Hog Harbour, Santo Island, New Hebrides. These were identified by Dr.

J. Waterston, who informs me that Neumann’s variety was described from

specimens from wild swine (Sus vittatus) in south-east Asia. This is extremely

interesting, because it appears to provide fresh and unusual evidence of the

connection between the primitive Polynesians and the nearest part of Asia.

4. Polyplax spinulosa Burm.

Apia, 1924, 1925, on Rattus rattus, which has certainly been brought to

Polynesia by European shipping within the last century.

5. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing.

We did not collect this insect on the seven specimens of Rattus exulans

which we examined. Ewing described it from material from the small Native

Rat of the Hawaiian Islands; he also saw examples from Rose Island, Samoa

and elsewhere.

REFERENCES.

Ewine, H. E. “ Ectoparasites of some Polynesian and Malaysian rats of the genus Rattus,”

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 14, pp. 7-11, 1924.

Mrtier, G. 8. ‘‘ The characters and probable history of the Hawaiian rat,” [bid., pp. 3-6, 1924.

Strong, W. “The Hawaiian Rat,’ Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Vol. 3,

pp. 253-260, 1917.

TRICH OP TER A

By Martin E. Mosety

(With Plate II, figure 7.)

Very little is known of the Trichoptera of Samoa, and evidently this Order

received scant attention from the collectors.* Among the insects brought

home the only representative is a single Hydroptilid, unfortunately of the female

sex. In this family the characters for the separation of the species are found

mostly in the males, the females resembling one another closely, and generally

presenting no comprehensible variation in structure.

The recording of new species, and perhaps even new genera, from single

female examples is to be deprecated, and I shall therefore leave it to the future,

when perhaps more material may be available, to give a name to the genus and

species of the Samoan Hydroptilid. The genera of Hydroptilidae are founded

on characters such as the presence or absence of ocelli, the numbers and

arrangements of the spurs on the legs, the shape of the wings, and their

neuration.

In the Samoan example we find: length of anterior wing 4 mm. ; ocelli

present ; spurs 0, 3, 4; wings densely clothed with fulvous hairs, with various

whitish markings, and dense dark fringes; anterior wing broad at the base,

becoming suddenly acute towards the apex, and tapering to a long fine point ;

posterior wing with a decided costal elevation, followed by an excision, and

tapering to a long fine point ; neuration incomplete (plate II, fig. 7).

Upolu: Apia, 29.11.1924.

In most genera of the Hydroptilidae the neuration is indistinct and difficult

to make out, the difficulty varying somewhat in different examples. In this

* My own feeling is that Trichoptera must be extremely rare in Samoa, both as species and

as individuals. It will be remembered that no fewer than 137 species of Microlepidoptera were

collected, and that in the field the Hydroptilidae are most easily confused with these insects.—

P. A. Buxton.

87

88 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

single example the neuration is so obscure that to attempt a description would

entail drawing to a certain extent on the imagination. I therefore content

myself with giving a photograph, showing chiefly the rather striking shape of

the anterior wing. I know of no other Hydroptilid in which the wings are

shaped quite as in this form, and it is evident that the insect falls under

Division B in MacLachlan’s table, and that it is related to Oxyethira.

ILLUSTRATION.

Plate II, fig. 7. Wing of female Hydroptilid, Apia.

NEUROPTERA

By P. EsBEN-PETERSEN, Silkeborg, Denmark.

(With 1 Text-figure and Plates II and III.)

Ovr present knowledge of the Neuroptera of the Samoan and adjacent islands

is very limited. In his “ List of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the

Collection of the British Museum,” Part IIT (1853), Walker has given a descrip-

tion of Chrysopa remota, of Samoa, and in Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien,

Bd. xvu, pp. 507-508, Taf. xiv (1867) Brauer describes Hemerobius graeffer

(Upolu), and Micromus navigatorum (Fiji, Ovalau and Upolu); the types of

both species are in the Museum Godefiroy (Zoological Museum, Hamburg).

No other species are known as occurring in the Samoan Islands; but Chrysopa

filosus Fabricius (not met with since the time of its discovery), C. sanvitoresi

Navas, Notiobiella pretiosa Banks, and Eidoleon bistrigatus Rambur were described

from specimens from the Society and Fiji Is.

In the present pages twelve species are added to the Samoan fauna, one

species to the fauna of the Society Is. and one to that of Tonga.

The Neuropterous fauna of the islands is of a fragmentary character. The

three families, ASCALAPHIDAE, OSMYLIDAE and MANTISPIDAE, found in almost

all parts of the world, are not represented in Samoa nor elsewhere in Polynesia.

The peculiar families NyMPHIDAE, PsycHopstpar, [THONIDAE and Mytopacty-

LIDAE, for which the Australian continent may be regarded as a centre of

distribution, are also completely wanting.

Only three famihes, MyRMELEONIDAE, HEMEROBIIDAE, and CHRYSOPIDAE,

are represented in the Samoan fauna; and, so far as it is known, the same is

generally true of the fauna of the whole of Polynesia.

The MyRMELEONIDAE have one representative which seems to be cha-

racteristic for Samoa and the adjacent islands. In the case of the large family

HEMEROBIIDAE We encounter a richer and more interesting fauna, and, in addition

to the widely distributed genus Archaeomicromus, we have the peculiar genera

Eucarobius and Buxtona, which, so far as our knowledge goes, appear to be

89

90 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

confined to the Samoan Islands. The two last genera are, however, nearly

related to the Australian genera Carobius and Notiobiella, and probably they

will be found in several localities in Polynesia. ;

The CHRYSOPIDAE are represented by the very common and almost cosmo-

politan genus Chrysopa, and by the interesting genus Austrochrysa, which is

peculiar to the Samoan and Hawauan Islands. At present eight species of the

genus Chrysopa are known to occur in the Samoan Islands, and six of these are

also known to exist in other localities. Chrysopa skottsbergi is undoubtedly the

most interesting of these six species, as it was only known previously as

inhabiting Easter Island. Two species are new. Austrochrysa is closely related

to Anomalochrysa, which has been found only in the Hawaiian Islands.

The Neuropterous fauna of Samoa, considered as a whole, gives an impres-

sion of close relationship to the Malayan-Australian fauna. But the two genera

Anomalochrysa and Hucarobius, and probably also Buaxtonia, seem to be repre-

sentatives of a peculiar endemic fauna of the Hawaiian-Polynesian Islands.

The appended list of the Samoan Neuroptera at present known shows the

occurrence of the species on the adjacent islands.

Samoa. peas Tonga.| Fiji. Other countries or islands.

Formacaleo subpunctulatus x x

Archaeomicromus navigatorum x x Australia, New Hebrides.*

Buztona fulva x

Eucarobius fasciatus x

e graeffer x

. oblongus x

Austrochrysa samoana x

Chrysopa ramburr x x x Australia, Tasmania.

5, ~nnotata x S< Australia.

» remota x Riu-Kiu Is. (Japan) ; New

Hebrides.

5 oceanica : 5 , x Hawaii Is.; New Hebrides;

Tahiti.

, atalotis . x Australia.

, otalates . x Australia, New Caledonia.

5, skottsbergi x Easter Is. (South America) :

Ellice Is.; New Hebrides.

» hopkinsi : : ; x

» armstrong: . : 5 x

» buxtoni. : 2 F x Xx

* Vila, Kfate Is.; Tanna (Buxton, 1925).

NEUROPTERA. 91

MYRMELEONIDAE.

The Polynesian-Hawaiian fauna includes only a few representatives of this

family. The only known species are Hidoleon bistrigatus Ramb. (M. striola

Walk., M. torvus Walk., and M. perjwrus Walk.), of Hawaii, Fiji, Society Is., and

Australia ; Formicaleo wilsont MacLachl., of Hawau (fF. ballevr Navas, of

Honolulu, is undoubtedly the same species) ; Dretyoleon nervosus Esb.-P.

(Weeleus triseriatus Bks.), of Fiji; and the species mentioned below.

1. Formicaleo subpunctulatus Brauer (Plate I], fig. 5).

Verhandl. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, Bd. xix, p. 16, 1869. Viti Inseln (Fiji Is.), Oneata

(Lakemba Is.).

Face and palpi yellowish-white, apical segment of palpi brownish tinged ;

a blackish-brown, shining band across face and enclosing insertions of antennae.

Above this a testaceous band. Vertex pale brown, with two rows of elevated

brown markings. Antennae long, dark brown with yellowish annulations ;

the club conspicuous. Prothorax about as long as broad, greyish-brown, with

a narrow yellow longitudinal median streak, and with a broader, irregular,

yellowish streak on each side towards lateral margins; each of these streaks

enclosing a small dark spot, situated in a transverse furrow one-third of distance

from front margin; front angles rounded. Meso- and metathorax greyish-

brown, with some paler markings. Abdomen blackish above, yellowish below ;

third abdominal segment above with a basal yellowish furcate marking, and an

oblong median and two lateral triangular spots of same colour near apical margin ;

fourth segment with similar markings; fifth, sixth and seventh segments each

with a large triangular yellowish spot at base, and a small yellowish spot on each

side at apical margin. Legs yellowish ; fore femora greyish-brown, with excep-

tion of basal part and a black ring at apex ; femora of second and third legs with

a dark ring at apex; tibiae with a dark band in middle and at apex. Legs

with whitish hairs and black bristles. Fifth tarsal joint as long as first four

joints combined. Spurs somewhat curved, and also as long as first four joints

combined. Wings long and slender, pointed at apex. Venation yellowish-white,

all longitudinal veins except C with blackish streaks. A number of cross-veins

totally black. Anterior Banksian line in fore wing faintly indicated, posterior

line distinct ; no Banksian lines in hind wing. Stigma yellowish, in fore wing

with a brown spot at its inner end.

92 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Fore wing 31 mm.; hind wing 31 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 14.1x.1923, 1 9 (Swezey and Wilder).

F. subpunctulatus somewhat resembles the two Australian species F. vafer

Walker (Zist, Part II, p. 345, 1853) and F. somnolentus Gerstaecker (Mitt.

naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorp. u. Rugen, Jahrg. xvi, p. 13, 1885), but in these latter

the posterior Banksian line in the fore wing is hardly indicated or totally absent ;

their wings are also somewhat falcate at the tips.

HEMEROBIIDAE.

The Polynesian members of this family seem to be rather peculiar, and

their relationship to the Australian fauna is perhaps closer than to the Hawaiian.

The last named seems to possess a number of interesting genera, Nesothauma

Perk., Pseudopsectra Perk. and Nesomicromus Perk., unknown from other parts

of Oceania; the Polynesian fauna includes such genera as Notiobiella Bks.

(Fiji Is.), and Archaeonucromus, both of which hkewise occur in Australia ; also

Buxtonia and Eucarobius, which appear to be endemic.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF HEMEROBIIDAE.

1. A recurrent cross-vein at base of costal area in fore ae Two Rs

infore wing . : : 2.

— No recurrent cross-vein va Hake of Sontal area i fone wing. Three or

more Fs in fore wing : . Archaeonacromus.

. Costal area of fore wing rather pad denly eeu at inner ead of

stigma. One cross-vein (near base) between Sc and R of fore wing Buatonia.

—Costal area of fore wing gradually narrowed towards apex. Four

cross-veins between Sc and FR of fore wing . . : : . Eucarobius.

Archaeomicromus (Kriiger, nom. nud.).

Stettiner Ent. Zectung, Bd. Ixxxin, p. 171, 1922.

This genus, the name of which was published without any description, was

erected to include Micromus tumidus Hagen (Kast Africa), MZ. morosus Gerst.

(Java), M. pusillus Gerst. (various Malayan localities), MZ. vinaceus Gerst.

(Australia) and several other species. The genus may be briefly characterised

as follows :

In the fore wing five or more Rs ; M forks further out than origin of first

Rs. M, and M, are each forked in a regular manner. Cu forks very close to

the base of the wing. Cu, running close to M., but the two veins do not coalesce.

Cu, emits two branches ; Cu, simple; 14 forked near the margin; 24 forked

NEUROPTERA. 93

near base; 3A simple. In hind wing M forks as in fore wing; only Cu, is

present ; 1A forks near base; 24 and 3A simple. All the longitudinal veins

with marginal forks on branches.

Genotype : Micromus timidus, Hag.

2. Archaeomicromus navigatorum Brauer (Plate IT, fig. 3).

Micromus navigatorum Brauer, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xvii, p. 508, 1867. Fiji, Ovalau,

and Samoa (Upolu).

Micromus vinaceus Gerstaecker, Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorp. u. Rigen, Jahrg. xvi, p. 111, 1885.

Australia (Rockhampton).

Pale yellowish-brown. Antennae yellowish-brown. Thorax pale brown ;

prothorax with a pale longitudinal median streak, and on each side with indi-

cations of two dark spots or grooves. Abdomen dark brown. Legs pale.

Venation of fore wings pale with brown streaks ; all the cross-veins dark brown.

The apical and hind portion of the fore wings faintly brownish shaded. Stigma

hardly visible. As arule 7 Rs. A small brown spot just below the fork of M.

Venation of hind wings pale, with exception of the outer series of gradate veinlets

and, for a short distance, the adjoining main-veins.

Length of fore wing 7-8 mm. ; that of hind wing 6-7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 25.iv.1924, two specimens; 20.vi.1924,

one specimen ; 25.vi.1924, four specimens ; 28.v1.1924, one specimen ; vul.1924,

one specimen ; x11.1924, one specimen ; vuil.1925, one specimen (Wilder). Vai-

lima, 25.x.1924, two specimens. Apia, 4.v.1925, one specimen; 28.v.1925,

one specimen.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 0-300 ft., iv.1918, 1 g (Kellers); 9.1x.1923, two

specimens ; 24.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder). Amauli, 5.1x.1923,

one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

Savau: Salailua, 21.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan). Safune (lowlands to

1,000 ft.) 1.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan).

Manua: Tau, 27.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

This species seems to be common, and to have a wide range in the islands.

So far as I know, it has not been rediscovered on the Australian continent.

Buxtonia, gen. n.

Costal area of fore wing very broad, but rather suddenly narrowed in the

pterostigmal area; a short recurrent veinlet present at base of costal area.

VII. 3. 2

94 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Costal area narrow in the hind wing, but strongly broadened in the pterostigmal

area. Numerous unforked and thickened but closely placed cross-veins in the

stigmal area of both pairs of wings. The subcostal area very narrow, but

broadened behind the stigmal area; at the outer end of this area Sc and R

unite. In the fore wing two fs ; the first arises near the base of the wing, and

forks opposite the origin of the second. MV forks farther out than the origin of

first Rs. Cu forks near the base of the wing. 14, 2A and 34 present. In the

hind wing two &s. M dichotomously forked. Cuz absent; 1A present. Only

the inner row of gradate veinlets is present in the fore wing; in the hind wing

this row is indicated by a single cross-vein, situate in the middle part of the

wing. The jugal lobe and bristles well developed ; the humeral lobe ending

in a rather long appendage, provided with two long and strong bristles at its tip.

Genotype: Buatona fulva, sp. n.

This peculiar and interesting genus, named in honour of Mr. P. A. Buxton,

one of the collectors of the type-specimen, stands near Notiobiella Banks, from

which, however, it is readily distinguishable by the shape of the pterostigmal

areas, and the thickened cross-veins enclosed in these areas.

3. Buxtonia fulva, sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 4; Text-fig. 1).

Head yellowish; genae tinged with reddish; palpi yellowish, apical seg-

ment dark. Antennae yellowish, dark brown towards tips, strongly haired.

Prothorax almost as long as broad, yellowish, with reddish

lateral margins. Meso- and metathorax and abdomen

yellowish. Legs pale, almost colourless; intermediate and

hind tibiae spindle-shaped. Anal appendages of male very

conspicuous, yellowish. Wings hyaline, with a greenish

tinge. Venation greenish-yellow. Pterostigmal area in fore

wing pale brown; its thickened cross-veins very conspicuous ;

Text-ric. 1.—Bux- pterostigmal area of hind wing strongly yellowish. Series

tonia fulva, gen.

et sp. n.; anal ; f

appendages of g, brownish shaded. Inner cross-vein between M and Cu brown ;

seen from above. yemaining cross-veins greenish-yellow. Apical third of fore

of gradate cross-veins (inner row) in fore wing brown and

wings with some small pale brown markings, mostly enclosed by the forks.

Fore wing 5 mm.; hind wing 3:3 mm.

Upolu: Vailima, 25.x.1924, 1 J (type); 2.11925, 1 3.

NEUROPTERA. 95

Notiobiella stagmatica Banks (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. x1, p. 80, 1909),

of Central Queensland, seems to be allied to the species described above, and

should probably be transferred to Buzxtonia. WN. stigmatica is without the

oblique transverse band on the fore wings, and its venation is faintly brown.

Eucarobius, gen. n..

Antennae much shorter than fore wing. Wings, especially front pair,

rather broad and with rounded tips. Recurrent vein present at base of costal

area in fore wing; costal area broad, its cross-veins strongly forked ; subcostal

area rather broad and with four cross-veins. Two radial sectors; both

M forked; Cu, with several branches; Cu, simple. 1A simple, 24 forked,

3A simple. No row of gradate veinlets, but a number of irregularly placed

cross-veins ; apical fourth, however, without cross-veins. In hind wing costai

area narrow, and costal cross-veins simple. Subcostal area with a cross-vein

near apex. Three branches from Rs. M forking in about middle of wing.

Only Cu is present, emitting a number of branches to hind margin near its tip.

14 forked near tip; 2A simple. One cross-vein in hind wing. Jugal process

very prominent.

Genotype: Hucarobius fasciatus, sp. n.

This new genus, which must be placed between Notiobiella Banks and

Carobius Banks, is easily recognisable by the presence of four cross-veins in the

subcostal area of the fore wings, and by the irregularly situated cross-veins in

the disc of the same wings.

Key TO THE SPECIES OF HUCAROBIUS.

1. Fore wings long and rather slender, thrice as long as broad. Antennae

bicolorous 5 4 : : : ; s oblongus, sp. 0.

— Fore wings rather broad, not two and a half times as long as broad.

Antennae unicolorous : ; : ; : : . A 2.

2. Antennae jet black : : : : i : : . graeffer Br.

— Antennae yellowish-brown . ES . : : ; . fasciatus, sp. n.

4. Eucarobius fasciatus, sp. n. (Plate II, fig. v).

Head pale brown, with two small dark spots between insertions of antennae.

Palpi yellowish-brown; apical segment darker. Antennae yellowish-brown,

hairy; basal segment very stout. Prothorax pale brown, much broader than

96 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

long ; meso- and metathorax pale brown. Abdomen brownish-yellow. Legs

pale, intermediate and hind tibiae with pale brown median band. Wings

hyaline; tinged with brown. Venation pale brown; all cross-veims shaded

with brownish. Fore wings with several irregularly placed brownish transverse

streaks, especially in apical portion. Pterostigmal area pale brown, in fore

wing with a small, darker spot at each end.

Fore wing 4-5-5-5 mm. ; hind wing 3-5-4 mm.

Tutuila: (no exact locality named), 1,000 ft., 13.x.1918, 1 g (type), 1 2;

1,100-1,200 ft., 18.1v.1918, one specimen (Kellers); eastern end of Tutuila,

1,070 ft., 21.vi.1918, two specimens; 1,200 ft., 21.vil.1918, one specimen

(Kellers). Pago Pago, 24.ix.1923, one specimen; 29.1x.1923, one specimen ;

30.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder) ; 1 9, 14.x11.1925.

The species has been collected only in Tutuila.

5. Eucarobius graeffe1 Brauer.

Hemerobius graeffei Brauer, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xvii, p. 507, Taf. xiv,

fig. 1, 1867. Samoa (Upolu).

Head yellowish ; labrum and a transverse streak on clypeus shining black ;

a large black spot on each gena; two small, closely adjacent brown spots on

face, partly below and partly between insertions of antennae. Vertex brown,

with three longitudinal yellowish streaks. Palpi yellowish; apical segment

black. Antennae jet black, hairy; basal segment stout. Prothorax several

times broader than long, blackish-brown, with three yellowish longitudinal

streaks ; meso- and metathorax blackish-brown, with pale spots. Legs pale ;

fore tibia with a brown band at base and in middle ; intermediate and hind

tibiae with a brown median band. Wings of same shape as in foregoing species,

but their membrane hardly tinged with brown. Venation pale brown, cross-

veins brownish shaded. Brown, transversely placed markings mostly arranged

as in H. fasciatus, but with a tendency to form a series of arched streaks along

posterior and apical margins of fore wings. Some indistinct pale brown markings

in apical area of hind wing.

Fore wing 5 mm.; hind wing 3-5 mm.

Savaii: Salailua, 22.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan).

The insect, which is in bad condition, has been compared with the type in

the Hamburg Museum. Brauer’s figure, though fairly good, shows the wings

too pointed at the tips. In a note pointing out that Hemerobius graeffei ought

NEUROPTERA. 97

to be placed in a new genus, Brauer mentions the four cross-veins in the sub-

costal area of the fore wing as a good generic character.

6. Eucarobius oblongus, sp. n. (Plate IT, fig. 1).

Head dark brown; labrum, a transverse band along posterior margin of

clypeus and a transverse band between insertions of antennae black. Palpi

brown, apical segment darker. First and second segments of antennae brown,

third to tenth segments quite pale, almost whitish, remainder of antennal seg-

ments black. Prothorax much broader than long, blackish-brown with some

indistinct pale spots; meso- and metathorax and abdomen blackish-brown.

Head, antennae, thorax and abdomen very hairy. Legs pale, tibiae with traces

of an indistinct brown median band; intermediate and hind tibiae spindle-

shaped. Wings rather long, rounded at tips, and with front and hind margins

almost parallel; membrane hyaline, with scarcely noticeable brownish tinge ;

venation pale brownish; costal cross-veins yellowish ; remaining cross-veins

brown and narrowly shaded with brownish. Fore wings with several brownish

markings ; a trace of brownish markings in apical part of the hind wing.

Fore wing 5 mm.; hind wing 4 mm.

Upolu: Vailutai, 12.xi1.1925; 1 ¢ (type). Vailima, 26.x.1924, 1 9. Malo-

lolelei, 2,000 ft., 10.111.1924, 1 9; 30.xi.1924, one specimen. Apia, 29.11.1924,

one specimen ; 15.1x.1923, one specimen. (Swezey and Wilder). Tuaefu (Shding

Rock), 16.ix.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

Savai: Salailua, 23.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan).

Var. brunneus, var. n.

Fore wings, except costal area, middle part of subcostal area and pterostig-

mail area, strongly tinged with brownish ; wing-markings absent.

Upolu: Malololelei, 8.1.1925, one specimen (Wilder).

Savai: Safune, rain forest, 2,000—4,000 ft., 2.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan).

Although these examples are not in good condition, I do not doubt that

they represent a variety of 7. oblongus.

CHRYSOPIDAE.

Besides Chrysopa, which is known to be represented in almost all parts of

the world, the Samoan fauna only includes the genus Austrochrysa, which seems

to be indigenous to the islands, and perhaps also to Hawaii.

98 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Key To THE GENERA OF CHRYSOPIDAE

1. Two rows of gradate veinlets in the wings. Basal cell of the median

fork in the fore wing triangular : : : f . Chrysopa.

— At least three rows of gradate veinlets in the tives: Basal cell of

the median fork quadrangular 5 : . : é . Austrochrysa.

Austrochrysa, gen. n.

Wings similar in shape to those of Anomalochrysa. Costal area of fore

wing rather broad. Three or more irregular series of gradate cross-veins. Se

and & running independently to the apical margin ; at its tip R gives off three

or more small branches to the margin. The basal cell in the median fork of the

fore wing quadrangular, as in the genus Nothochrysa MacLachlan.

Genotype : Austrochrysa samoana, sp. n.

In general appearance this genus much resembles Anomalochrysa

MacLachlan, from which, however, it is easily distinguishable by the rectangular

basal cell in the median fork of the fore wing. From the closely allied Tasmanian

genus Nothancyla Navas (Broteria, p. 51, 1910) it differs in having three or more

series of gradate cross-veins. Anomalochrysa princeps Perkins (Fauna

Hawanensis, Neuroptera, vol. ii, p. 47, pl. IL, fig. 1, 1899), of Hawai, should

probably be assigned to the new genus.

7. Austrochrysa samoana, sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 6).

Pale yellowish. Labrum tinged with reddish. Antennae pale, longer

than fore wings ; basal segment of antennae very stout ; the two basal segments

very close together. Prothorax a little longer than broad, and with rounded

anterior angles; a brown spot on each side near posterior angle. Two small

brown spots on front margin of mesothorax (Abdomen wanting in case of

type.) Claws with a broad indentation internally. Wings hyaline. Longi-

tudinal veins pale with exception of Rs, which is brown at its origin, Mo, apical

part of Cu,, of 1A and of 2A brown. Cross-veins of both pairs of wings brown

at one end, or at both ends, or totally black ; some few also narrowly edged with

brownish. Margins of wings and all veins with long hairs.

Fore wing 18 mm. ; hind wing 16 mm.

Upolu: Vailima, 26.11.1925, one specimen.

NEUROPTERA. 99

Chrysopa.

Key TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS.

1. First cross-vein from Rs in fore wing touching Psm outside basal cell

of median fork ; , otalatis Bks.

— First cross-vein from Rs ouelithars Bene qathin Bacal sell of Tear

fork : : : :

2. Stigma of fore wing witht brownish: spot a fee inner onl 4 : . hopkins, s

— Siren without och spot

3. Prothorax longer than broad

— Prothorax not so long as broad :

4. Head orange. Antennae strongly tinged cea Pella a pac

becoming greyish-brown towards apex 4 oceanica Walk.

— Head reddish. First to third segments of prtenite salle Seals

remainder of basal half of antennae dark brown; apical half

Reo bo

yellowish : : 3 : . atalotis Bks.

5. Inner row of gradate veinlets not pacallell to enter series . ; 6.

— Both series of gradate cross-veins parallel to each other and to apical

margin of wing : ils

6. Antennae greyish-yellow at bake, becoming) a little darker towards

apex. Prothorax much broader than long, yellowish, with reddish

markings 5 armstrong?, Sp. 0.

— Antennae black, basal poorer salto, th a tpomah red spot

above. Prothorax ee ieaiehs almost as long as broad . , . buxtont, nom. n.

7. Head and prothorax with dark markings ; ; : : . ramburt Schn.

— Head and prothorax without dark markings . : 8.

8. Stigma (especially in hind wings) large nal conspicuous, eellomin to

reddish-brown. Basal segment of antennae with distinct dark

brown, rectangular spot above . : skottsbergi Esb.-P.

— Stigma somewhat inconspicuous, not sinoraniie colours Basal seg-

ment of antennae without spot . : : F : 9.

9. Most cross-veins in fore wing totally or partly ‘dark . 5 . innotata Walk.

— Venation pale, yellowish-green . F : : : : . remota Walk.

8. Chrysopa ramburi Schneider (Plate III, fig. 1).

Schneider, Symbolae, p. 107, tab. 34, 1851. Australia; Walker, List, Neur. Ins. in Coll. Brit.

Mus., Part II, p. 254, 1853. Tasmania; Esben-Petersen, Arkiv. fiir Zoologi, Bd. xi, p. 29,

1918. Australia.

Chrysopa vicina Kempny, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, Bd. liv, p. 354, 1904. Australia.

Chrysopa neutra Navas, Broteria, vol. ix, p. 47,1910. Australia.

Chrysopa reaumuri Navas, Revista Real Acad., Madrid, Tom. xii, p. 646, fig. 1, 1914. Australia.

Chrysopa notosticta Navas, Ann. Soc. scient. Brux, Tom. 38, p. 104, fig. 31, 1914. Sydney.

Chrysopa controversa Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., Année 1920, p. 104, 1920. Tonga.

Face and palpi yellowish; below each antenna a short reddish-brown

streak ; on vertex two reddish-brown streaks, convergent in front, each of them

interrupted in the middle. Antennae brown to black, longer than fore wings ;

100 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

basal segment stout, yellowish, with a narrow brown longitudinal streak dorsally,

and a small dark brown spot at its upper end exteriorly ; second antennal

segment yellowish, dark brown exteriorly. Prothorax yellowish green, a little

broader than long, and with rounded front angles ; one-third from base a black

transverse line, interrupted in the middle; a short, black, obliquely placed

streak or line on each side, near posterior angle, and a dark spot on lateral margins,

near anterior angles. ‘Two very small brown dots on front margin of scutellum

of meso- and of metathorax ; an oblique, indistinct brown streak almost above

base of each wing. Abdomen greenish-yellow; most segments with a fine,

short, transverse, dark or black dorso-lateral streak on line close to front margin.

Legs pale greenish, tips of tarsal segments a little darker ; claws without inden-

tation at base. Wings hyaline; longitudinal veins greenish, with exception of

basal part of Rs, of median fork, of Cu,, of 1A and of 2A in fore wing; the

three last named veins mostly dark; basal part of Sc in fore wing with a fine

black line along its front edge (this black line hardly visible or wanting in speci-

mens not fully mature). Near base of R in fore wing an oblong dark spot.

Posterior margin of fore and hind wings dark for a short distance close to base.

Costal cross-veins in both pairs of wings and radial cross-veins in fore

wings mostly dark, but their anterior ends always pale or whitish. Several

cross-veins in basal third of fore wings dark. The two rows of gradate cross-

veins close together, forming two straight lines parallel to each other and to

apical margin of wing. Four to six cross-veins in inner series in fore wing, six

to ten in outer series. Five cross-veins between Rs and Psm in fore wing.

Fore wing 13-15 mm. ; hind wing 11-13 mm.

Upolu: Mulifanua, 9.v1.1924, one specimen.

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 20.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

The above description has been drawn up from a fully matured specimen,

but the species is very liable to vary, especially as regards the markings of the

vertex, of the two basai antennal seements, of the thorax and of the abdomen ;

in several specimens these markings are wanting or indicated only by spots.

In other specimens the usually dark cross-veins and Cuz, 1A and 2A of the fore

wings are sometimes almost pale, but this is mostly due to immaturity. It is

highly probable that Chrysopa jaluitana Kempny (Marshall I.), C. deutera

Navas (Keeling I.), and C. tahitensis Navas (Tahiti) are also identical with C.

vamburt. The species is fairly common in Australia, and specimens from Tahiti

(Galatea Expedition, 1845-47) are preserved in the Copenhagen Museum.

NEUROPTERA. 101

9. Chrysopa innotata Walk. (Plate III, fig. 5).

Walker, List, Neur. Ins. in Coll. Brit. Mus., Part Il, p. 254, 1853. Australia.

Head yellowish, genae sometimes with a reddish tinge; palpi yellowish-

brown. Antennae longer than fore wings, yellowish at base, becoming darker

towards apex. Prothorax broader than long, with rounded anterior angles,

and with a transverse ridge about the middle. Pro meso- and metathorax, and

abdomen, greenish, with a yellowish dorsal streak. Legs pale; claws strongly

curved, pointed at tips, and with a broad indentation at base interiorly. Longi-

tudinal veins yellowish-green, except origin of Rs, origins of most branches

from fs, and the apical part of 14 and 24 in fore wings, which are dark. Cross-

veins in fore wings entirely dark, or dark at their ends. Venation of hind wings

yellowish-green, except costal cross-veins and majority of gradate veinlets.

First cross-vein from fs in fore wing touching Psm within basal cell of median

fork. Four cross-veins between Rs and Psm. The series of gradate cross-veins

regularly placed, and parallel to each other. Distance between the two rows

shorter than that between inner row and fs, and equal to distance between

outer row and apical margin of wing. Number of gradate cross-veins about

6/7 in fore wing (six In inner row, seven in outer row), about 4/6 in hind wing.

Stigma opaque, yellowish-egreen and not prominent.

Fore wing 12-14 mm. ; hind wing 10-12 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., vi1.1924, one specimen.

Tonga Is.: Nukualofa, 15.11.1925, two specimens.

[It will be observed that this and other species are recorded from Samoa

and Australia. The possibility at once suggests itself that some material has

been wrongly labelled. This, however, is clearly not the case, since some of the

species were collected in Samoa by ourselves and labelled in England, others

by various American collectors, and labelled in Honolulu. Nor should it be

supposed that Walker’s original specimens were wrongly labelled, for C. atalotis

has the same distribution and was described by Banks. The apparent anomaly

is probably due to lack of knowledge.—P. A. Buxton. |

10. Chrysopa remota Walk. (Plate III, fig. 10).

Walker, List, Newr. Ins. in Coll. Brit. Mus., Part I, p. 238, 1853. Samoa Is., Loochoo Is.

(Riu-kiu Is.).

The original description of this species is as follows: ‘‘ Testaceous, stout ;

antennae very little longer than the wings; prothorax broader than long, a

102 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

httle narrower in front ; abdomen slightly ferruginous, testaceous at tip ; wings

hmpid, rather short, of moderate breadth ; veins pale green, bristly ; first series

of gradate veinlets incomplete towards the tip ; cubital areolet much less than

half the size of the adjoining subcubital areolet ; stigma pale testaceous.”

Expanse of wings about 88 mm.

This species has not been rediscovered up tillnow. To the description given.

by Walker the following may be added: The two rows of gradate veinlets

regularly placed, parallel to each other and to the apical margin of the wings.

Five cross-veins from Rs to Psm. In respect of the form of wings and the vena-

tion this species is very similar to C. oceanica Walker, of Hawaii, in which, how-

ever, the prothorax is longer than broad, and the wings are a little more slender.

A single specimen from New Hebrides, Tanna, ix.1925, is included in the

collection, and agrees well with C. remota, except that it possesses an indication

of two brownish spots on each side of the transverse prothorax, one spot being

on the anterior, the other on the posterior angle.

11. Chrysopa oceanica Walk. (Plate ITI, fig. 7).

Walker, List, Neur. Ins. in Coll. Brit. Mus., Part II, p. 238, 1853. Hawaii.

Chrysopa V-rubrum Brauer, Reise Novara, Neuropteren, p. 39, 1866. Tahiti.

Head and palpi orange ; a reddish V-shaped marking sometimes indicated

on front margin of vertex. Antennae much longer than fore wings, strongly

yellowish at base and becoming greyish-brown towards apex. Prothorax longer

than broad, with decidedly rounded front angles ; greenish, with yellowish longi-

tudinal median streak ; lateral margins with a reddish-brown streak near anterior

angles. Meso- and metathorax and abdomen yellowish-green. Legs pale

ereen ; claws angulate and with a very broad indentation at base interiorly.

Venation of wings greenish. Stigma greenish, opaque, not very prominent.

The two rows of gradate veinlets regularly placed, almost parallel to each other

and to apical margin of wing. First cross-vein from Rs in fore wing touching

Psm within basal cell of median fork. Five or six cross-veins between Rs and

Psm in fore wing.

Fore wing 15-18 mm. ; hind wing 14-16 mm.

Society Islands: Borabora, five specimens (Galatea Expedition, 1845-47)

in Copenhagen Museum.

New Hebrides: Hog Harbour, Santo Island, 6.vi.1925, one specimen.

(Buxton).

NEUROPTERA. 105

It is interesting to note that, among the material in the Copenhagen Museum,

two specimens have the reddish V-shaped marking, mentioned by Brauer, just

indicated on the front margin of the vertex.

12. Chrysopa atalotis Bks. (Plate III, fig. 3).

Banks, Psyche, vol. xvii, p. 102, 1910. Australia.

Head reddish. Basal segment of antennae stout, yellowish-red ; second

and third segments yellowish ; remainder of basal half of antennae dark brown,

narrowly annulated with yellowish ; apical half of antennae yellowish. Pro-

thorax much longer than broad, narrowed in front, with anterior angles rounded ;

green, with an orange longitudinal median band. Meso- and metathorax with

an orange median band, yellowish-green along lateral margins. Abdomen

yellowish-green. Legs pale; claws angulate, and with a broad indentation at

base interiorly. Venation greenish-yellow. The two series of gradate veinlets

regularly placed, parallel to each other and to apical margin of wing. In fore

wing five cross-veins between Rs and Psm. Stigma greenish-yellow, opaque,

not prominent.

Fore wing 16 mm.

Tutuila : Pago Pago, 30.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

This species agrees with C. oceanica as regards the form and the venation of

the wings, and the two species can only be separated by the different colouring

of the head and antennae.

13. Chrysopa otalatis Bks. (Plate ITI, fig. 6).

Banks, Psyche, vol. xvii, p. 102, 1910. Queensland.

Chrysopa lemoultt Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., Année 1923, p. 119, 1923. New Caledonia.

Head and palpi yellowish-green. Antennae as long as fore wing, yellowish,

becoming a little darker towards apex. Prothorax almost as long as broad ;

anterior angles truncate; yellowish-green, with yellowish longitudinal median

streak ; one-third from base a transverse, rather prominent ridge. Meso- and

metathorax, abdomen and legs yellowish-green ; claws angulate, rather long and

slender, sharply pointed at tips, and with a small indentation at base interiorly.

Venation pale. Stigma opaque, yellowish, not very prominent. First cross-

vein from Fs in fore wing touching Psm outside basal cell in median fork. Five

cross-veins between Rs and Psm in fore wings. Two regular rows of gradate

104 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

cross-veins, parallel to apical margin of wing ; distance between the rows greater

than that between outer series and apical margin, or between inner series and

Rs. Number of gradate cross-veins in fore wing about 7/8, in hind wing 6/7.

Venation and margins of wings with long yellowish-green hairs.

Fore wing 11-13 mm.; hind wing 10-11 mm.

Savai: Safune, lower forest, 1,000-2,000 ft., 5.v.1924, five specimens

(Bryan); 12.v.1924, one specimen (Bryan).

This species is not uncommon in Australia, and examples from New Cale-

donia have also been seen.

14. Chrysopa skottsbergi Hsb.-Pet. (Plate ITI, fig. 4).

Esben-Petersen, The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, vol. iii, p. 310,

fig. 2, 1924. aster Island.

Yellowish-green. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen and legs yellowish.

Antennae a little longer than fore wing, yellowish at base, becoming dark

brown to black towards apex; basal segment rather robust, with a distinct,

dark brown, rectangular dorsal spot near tip. On each side of clypeus an in-

distinct brownish spot. Prothorax broader than long, anterior angles truncate.

Abdomen with rather long, pale pilosity. Claws with a strong indentation at

base. Wings rather short and broad, obtuse at tips. Venation pale; gradate

veinlets and a few cross-veins at base of forewings somewhat darker. Stigma

(especially in hind wings) large, conspicuous, brownish-yellow, opaque. At

origin of Cu in fore wing a small brownish spot. Four or five cross-veins between

Rs and Psm ; first cross-vein from Fs in fore wing touching Psm within basal

cell of median fork. The two series of gradate veinlets regularly placed, parallel

to each other and to apical margin of wing; space between the two rows very

wide, much wider than distance between outer row and apical margin.

Fore wing 10-12 mm. ; hind wing 9-11 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., vi.1924, one specimen ; 6.v1.1924, one speci-

men (Armstrong). Apia, 14.1x.1923, three specimens (Swezey and Wilder) ;

11.1924, one specimen. ‘Tuaefu, 16.1x.1923, one specimen (Swezey and Wilder).

Tutuila: Pago Pago, 24.1x.1923, three specimens (Swezey and Wilder).

Savaii: Fagamalo, xi.1925, four specimens.

Besides this material, the collection includes an example from Ellice Is.,

Funafuti, 1x.1924.

NEUROPTERA. 105

This species is closely allied to Chrysopa basalis Walker (List, Part II, p. 239,

1853.—Loochoo Is. (Riu-Kiu Is.)), C. otalatis Banks (Psyche, vol. xvi, p. 101,

1910.—Australia), C. formosana Hsben-Petersen (Ent. Mitt., Bd. II, p. 257,

fig. 7, 1913.—Formosa), and C. rutila Esben-Petersen (Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser. 9, vol. xix, p. 453, pl. XI, fig. 9, 1927.—Chagos Is.). In the species

mentioned, however, there is no distinct’ rectangular dark brown spot on the

basal segment of the antenna.

15. Chrysopa hopkinsi, sp. n. (Plate ITI, fig. 9).

Head orange; apical segment of maxillary palpi yellowish-brown.

Antennae yellowish, longer than fore wing. Prothorax much broader than long,

ereen, with a longitudinal dark brown streak on each side near lateral margin ;

meso- and metathorax and abdomen yellowish-green ; legs pale green. Claws

with a broad indentation at base interiorly. Longitudinal veins yellowish-

ereen; Fs in fore wing dark brown at its origin; branches from Rs mostly

brownish ; apical part of 14 and 24 dark brown ; all cross-veins brown, some

of them also faintly shaded with brownish ; posterior branches of marginal forks

in apical part of fore wings decidedly dark brown and very prominent ; apical

forks of Sc, R and Rs blackish-brown, thickened and very prominent; basal

costal cross-vein blackish-brown, thickened towards Sc ; basal subcostal cross-

vein blackish. Stigma greenish, with a brownish spot at its inner end, and

with a number of distinct cross-veins ; subcostal area behind stigma with four

to six cross-veins ; first cross-vein from Rs in fore wing touching Psm within

basal cell of median fork. Venation of hind wings greenish, with exception of a

few cross-veins in their basal part. The two series of gradate veinlets very

irregularly placed ; inner row starting from third cross-vein between Rs and

Psm, and in fore wing its apical part (four veinlets) forming a straight, trans-

verse line ; outer row rather regularly placed, running parallel to apical margin.

Fore wing 14 mm. ; hind wing 12 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 1.v.1924, one specimen (type-—Abdomen

shrivelled).

This peculiar species, named in honour of one of its discoverers, is some-

what different from most of its congeners owing to the shape of the marginal

forks in the apical part of the fore wing ; the direction of the inner row of gradate

veinlets in the fore wing is also very remarkable.

106 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

16. Chrysopa armstrongi, sp. n. (Plate ITI, fig. 2).

Head orange; as a rule two small reddish dots. on front margin of vertex.

Palpi yellowish. Antennae as long as fore wing, greyish-yellow at base and

becoming a little darker toward apex; basal segment stout, yellowish. Pro-

thorax yellowish, much broader than long; two indistinct reddish spots on

front margin, two on each lateral margin, and two more distinct brownish-red

spots on hind margin; a transverse groove near hind margin. Meso- and

metathorax yellowish; greenish towards lateral margins. Abdomen strongly

yellowish, almost orange. Legs pale; claws angulate, with very broad inden-

tation at base interiorly. Venation of wings yellowish-green ; in fully matured

specimens, basal costal cross-veins and outer series of gradate veinlets in fore

wings a little darker. Stigma long, opaque, in fully matured specimens brownish-

yellow, and rather prominent. First cross-vein from Rs in fore wing touching

Psm within basal cell of median fork (almost in middle of front margin of cell).

Four to five cross-veins between Rs and Psm in fore wing. Outer row of gradate

veinlets regularly placed, parallel to apical margin of wing; inner row forming

an undulating line, starting from fifth or sixth cross-vein between fs

and Psm.

Fore wing 16-18 mm.; hind wing 14-16 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 20.vi.1924, one specimen (Type) ; vi.1924, two speci-

mens (Armstrong); 12.11.1924, one specimen; 5.vui.1924, two specimens.

Apia, 28.1v.1925, one specimen.

This large species, named in honour of the collector of the type-specimen, is

easily recognisable by the peculiar direction of the inner series of gradate cross-

veins.

164. Chrysopa buxtoni, nom. n. (Plate ITI, fig. 8).

Chrysopa oceanica Navas (nec Walker), Revista Real Acad. Madr., Tom. xii, p. 477, 1914.

Fiji Is.

Head and palpi yellowish ; front margin of vertex with a reddish spot.

Antennae as long as fore wing, black ; basal segment yellowish, with a brownish-

red spot above; second segment yellowish, without markings. Prothorax

yellowish, about as long as broad ; anterior angles truncate ; a deep transverse

eroove about middle ; two impressions near front margin; one impression on

each side, near hind angle. Meso- and metathorax with a strongly yellowish,

median dorsal streak. Abdomen yellowish-green. Legs pale; claws almost

NEUROPTERA. 107

angulate, with a broad indentation at base interiorly. Venation of wings

greenish ; inner cross-vein in cubital fork of fore wing a little darker. The two

rows of eradate cross-veins regularly placed, with exception of the two posterior

veinlets in inner series ; interval between the two rows rather narrow. Between

Rs in fore wing and Psm four or five cross-veins, the first touching Psm within

basal cell of median fork. Stigma pale greenish, not very prominent.

Fore wing 13-8-15 mm. ; hind wing 12-13 mm.

Tonga Is.: Neiafu, Vaveu. 7.11.1925, one specimen (Hopkins).

This species is undoubtedly Chrysopa oceanica Navas, the name of which is

preoccupied by C. oceanica Walker, List, Neur. Ins. i Coll. Brit. Mus., Part U,

p. 238, 1853.

Chrysopa buxtoni is especially characterised by its dark antennae, and by

the position of the posterior veinlet in the inner gradate series ; this veinlet is

situate proportionally much more basal than the others. The species will

probably sooner or later be found also to inhabit the Samoan Is.

REFERENCES.

Banks, N. Some Neuroptera from Australia (Psyche, vol. xvii, pp. 99-105, 1910).

Banxs, N. Hemerobiidae from Queensland (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. xi, pp. 76-81, 1909).

Braver, F. Beschreibung neuer Neuroptera aus dem Museum Godeffroy und Sohn in Hamburg

(Verh. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, Bd. xvii, pp. 505-512, Taf. xiv, 1867 ; and ibidem, Bd. xix, pp. 9-18,

1869).

EsBen-PETeRSEN, P. Results of Dr. E. Mjéberg’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia,

1910-13. Neuroptera and Mecoptera (Arkiv fiir Zoologi, Bd. xi, No. 11, pp. 1-37, 1918).

EsBEN-PETERSEN, P. The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island. Neuroptera

(vol. 11, pp. 8309-15, 1924).

GERSTAECKER, A. (Mitth. naturw. Ver. Neu-vorp. und Riigen, Jahrg. xvi, pp. 84-121, 1885.)

Kemeny, P. Beitrag zur Neuropterenfauna der Marschall-Inseln (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien,

Bd. liv, pp. 352-355, 1904).

Lacrorx, J. L. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., Année 1920, pp. 104 et seq., 1920; zbidem, Année 1923,

pp- 119 et seq., 1923.)

MacLacutan, R. Neuroptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Part I. Planipennia (Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist. Ser. 5, vol. xii, pp. 298-303, 1883).

MacLacuian, R. Supplementary note on the Neuroptera of the Hawaiian Islands (Ibidem, Ser. 6,

vol. x, pp. 176-178, 1892).

Navas, L. Ann. Soc. scent. Brux., Tom. 38, pp. 73-114, 1914.

Navas, L. Broteria, vol. ix, pp. 47 et seq., 1910.

Navas, L. Revista Real Acad. Madrid, Tom. xii, pp. 646 et seq., 1914.

Perkins, R. C. L. Fauna Hawaiiensis. Neuroptera; with supplement, 1899.

WaLkeER, F. List of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum,

Part II, London, 1853.

108 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Text-fic. 1. Buaxtonia fulva, gen. et sp. n.; anal appendages of J, seen from above.

Puate II.

Fi

—

. Eucarobius oblongus, sp.n. Type; Upolu: Vailutai.

. Eucarobius fasciatus, sp. n. Pago Pago.

. Archaeomicromus navigatorum Brauer. New Hebrides: Vila.

. Buxtona fulva, gen. et sp.n. Type; Vailima.

. Fornucaleo subpunctulatus Brauer. Apia.

. Austrochrysa samoana, gen. et sp.n. Type; Vailima.

o

Dt

H CO bo

oS Ot

Prare III.

Fig. 1. Chrysopa ramburt Schn. Mulifanua.

», 2. Chrysopa armstrongi, sp.n. Type; Malololelei.

» 93. Chrysopa atalotis Banks. Pago Pago.

4. Chrysopa skottsbergi Esb.-Pet. Apia.

5. Chrysopa innotata Walk. Type.

6. Chrysopa otalatis Banks. Safune.

,, 7. Chrysopa oceanica Walk. Type.

8. Chrysopa buxton, nom. n. Tonga: Neiafu.

9. Chrysopa hopkinst, sp. n. Malololelei. The markings at the base of the wings of

the specimen figured (the type) are due to dirt.

,, 10. Chrysopa remota Walk. Type.

Eucarobius fasciatus, sp. n.

PART Vii.

Pago Pago

INSECTS OF SAMOA.

LATE Il.

p- 94

108

Text-fig. 1.

Pxiate If.

Fig. 1.

92,

39 re

9

53 Ws

jy AR

4

ue De

55a UE

Prats If.

ae

Fig. 1.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Buatonia fulva, gen. et sp. n.; anal appendages of 4, seen from above.

Bucarobius oblongus, sp.n. Type; Upolu: Vailutai.

Eucarobius fasciatus, sp.u. Pago Pago.

Archacomicromus navigatorum Brauer. New Hebrides : Vila.

Buztonia fulva, gen. et sp.n. Type; Vailima.

Fornucaleo subpunctulatus Brauer. Apia.

Austrochrysa samoana, gen. et sp. nu. Type; Vailima.

Chrysopa ramburt Schn. Mulifanua. Fries

Chrysopa armstrongt, sp. n. Type ; Malololelei.

. Chrysopa datotis Banks. “Pago Pago.

Ch “480 DG. Skolt: here Kish Pet. Apia.

porn beige It aT

f h PYSOpa LINO AL Wi ik “Ty pit sale

{lnr sopa-otalatis B ATK mail ane 3 O

dace todulisY :uloqgU :oqvl 1 .qa 2ssysroldo esssdoenowt of coi

jsopa -bustoni, NOT. 1 os NEA *, . o98T ogsT it .ga Fe eh

Chrysope # pkinst, 8p 2 ; ele The markings at the basé of the wings of

‘she gpasimen See 1M :, 29 iadall wo A. .r9usto saurTOINPHGHsE eoswieorossosN OT. & é

Chaysopa.remota, Walk. Lype- smilieV .oqyT .a .qa do .cog wulwnsioinwa ob y

. BGA toner arsiolylonrgdy2 oolnosirwod Eg,

ae ms es .. soitlisV :oqyT .a .qa to coe nsmostine nayprlooteok 3

BRIT. MUS. (NAT. HIST.) | INSECTS OF SAMOA.

PART VII. PLATE Il.

BRIT. MUS. (NAT. HIST.) INSECTS OF SAMOA.

PLATE II.

fe. 1. ONhape raph Sohn Mulifanua.. oe Se ms p- 99

pas Chrysopa armstrongi, sp. n. Type; Malololelei ee i eee ne, me OG

PIL IE 2 aa

» 3. Chrysopa atalotis Banks ago-Pago .. tes p. 105

» 4. Chrysopa skottsbergi Hisb Pet. “Apia = p. 104

» 9. Chrysopa innotata Walk. ma Z p. 101

p. 103

p- 102

Tonga : Nett p- 106

p- 105

», LO. Chrysopa remota Walle. ree ne p- 101

4 —

7 oe

Ui we

PART VII PLATE Iil.

AM ATA

spaistioM aloe swsdsame nqozyw0

Loe ae iololololeM ;oqyT .a .qa “psvornesceun ngoay tl).

ogsd ogsT .alasd edtolnin nqoayw) .

siqA .toT-.dal sprodattole nqosyw .

». OGL cals W wrodostsrs nqoayl9

onuise ede 2dsn\yso ygosy wl.

eae oe 4 ws an . 9G VL AlsW nosnnsr0 nqoayO .

visio :seaoT .o .crom ssroinwd nqoaywO .

ot to saad odd ts egablisor ofl .tololololsM .o .qa sasrolqod nqoaywO .

Jib ot ob ors (oqyd odt) bore mocntooqa odd to agarw

oqvl allsW wiosnae nqozyw0

Oo © 4 &

OF

ee

INSECTS OF SAMOA.

BRIT. MUS. (NAT. HIST.)

PLATE Ill.

PART VII.

ACen YG, ©) A.

By Grorce H. Carpenter, D.Sc., Keeper of the Manchester

Museum, University of Manchester.

(With 32 Text-figures.)

THE collection of Apterygota made on the Samoan Islands by Mr. P. A. Buxton

includes examples of only eight species, of which four are Thysanura (bristle-

tails) and four Collembola (spring-tails). There are no startling novelties among

these insects. our or five of them belong to widespread species already recorded

from parts of the Kastern tropics, while three (two Thysanura and one Collem-

bolan) appear to represent undescribed forms of known genera.

THYSANURA.

LEPISMATIDAE.

1. Acrotelsa collaris (Fab.).

Two examples of this bristle-tail, which is widely distributed through

the tropics and lives generally as a ““ messmate ” in human dwellings were taken

at Apia, Upolu, in January, 1924.

2. Gastrotheus, sp.

A single female specimen, taken at Apia in April, 1924, represents this

genus in the collection. As it cannot be certainly referred to any known species

and no satisfactory study could be made of it without dissection, it seems best

to await the acquisition of further examples before attempting a description.

Since the genus Gastrotheus is spread over tropical regions, including Central

America, Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Australia, its presence in the Samoan

archipelago is not surprising. The species found in Apia is nearly related to the

Sumatran G. palpiseta Silvestri (1916), which is a guest of Termes gilvuus Hagen.

VII. 3. 109 3

110 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Trinemura Silvestri (1908).

This genus belongs, like Gastrotheus, to the Nicoletiinae, a subfamily of the

Lepismatidae distinguished by the absence of eyes, the development of complex

sense-organs on the palps, the presence of “ combs” on the maxillary laciniae

and prominent genital processes. Most of the described species of Trinemura

resemble the typical Nicoletia in their narrow, subparallel body-form and the

absence of scales; the members of the present genus differ in possessing a full

series of paired abdominal stylets, which occur on each segment from the second

or third to the ninth inclusive, while in Nicoletia and Trinemophora only the

two hinder pairs of these stylets are represented. Trinemurodes (Silvestri, 1916)

may readily be distinguished from Trimemura and other allied genera by the

absence of an empodial appendage on the foot. Species of T’rinemura are already

known to occur in Australia and New Caledonia (Silvestri, 1908, 1915, 1920).

The discovery in the New Hebrides and the Samoan group of the form now

described considerably extends the known range of the genus eastward across

the Pacific.

3. Trinemura pacifica, sp. n. (Text-figs. 1 to 12).

Length 6 mm. Form narrowly elongate, parallel-sided (breadth 1 mm.).

Hight pairs of abdominal stylets (on sterna 2nd to 9th inclusive), and six pairs

of exsertile vesicles (on sterna 2nd to 7th inclusive). Feelers, cercopods and

terminal filament, each half body-length. Terminal segment of labial palp

nearly as broad as long. Female gonapophyses elongate, rather stout and

tapering. Tenth abdominal tergum shghtly concave behind.

Samoa: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 20.vi.1927, 3 92; 23.x1.1924, one 9. New

Hebrides: Efate I., 10.vi.1925, three 99.

This species is distinguished from all its known congeners by the presence

of stylets, as well as exsertile vesicles, on the second abdominal segment. In

the two Australian species, 7. novae-hollandiae Silvestri (1908) and 7. excelsa

Silvestri (1920), these appendages begin on the third abdominal segment, but

in T. novae-caledoniae Silvestri (1915), the second segment, though without

stylets, bears vesicles. This is the species to which 7’. pacifica seems most nearly

related, since the two agree in the sinuate hind margin of the tenth abdominal

tergum, and hardly differ in the proportions of the maxillary and labial palps.

The mandibles (fig. 1) are of the form usual in this group of genera, with a

constant distinction between the right and left jaw. The maxillae (fig. 2) are

Text-rics. 1-12.—Trinemura pacifica, sp. n. 9.

Texr-ric. 1.—Right mandible, with apex and

molar area of left, ventral view, x 60.

TExt-FIG. 2.—Right maxilla, dorsal view, x 60.

Text-ric. 35.—Tip of maxillary lacinia, x 180.

Trext-Fig. 4.—Tip of maxillary palp, x 180.

Text-FI¢. 5.—Labium, x 60.

TEX1-FIG. 6.—Sensory organs on terminal segment of labial palp, x 240.

Trext-ric. 7.—Tip of hind tibia and tarsal segments, x 60.

Trxt-Fies. 8 and 9.—2nd and 4th right abdominal stylets and vesicles, x 60.

Trext-rie. 10.—8th right subcoxa, stylet and gonapophysis (to left) and 9th left sub-coxa, stylet

and gonapophysis (to right) ventral view, x 60.

Text-Fig. 11.—Tip of left gonopophysis, x 180.

Text-rie. 12.—Tenth abdominal tergum with bases of cerci and terminal filament, x 60.

112 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

also typical, with a comb and seven blade-like processes on the inner border of

the lacinia (fig. 3), and a group of feathery sensory organs and an ovate area at

the tip of the palp (fig. 4). The labium (fig. 5) has the terminal segment of the

palp greatly broadened and provided with groups of delicate sensory hairs

(fig. 6). The legs are somewhat stout ; the foot (fig. 7) is indistinctly segmented,

with a straight pointed empodial appendage between its two strong curved claws.

The stylets (fig. 8) of the second abdominal segment are shorter than those of

the succeeding segments (fig. 9), those of the eighth and ninth segments being

the most prominent (fig. 10). The anterior processes of the ovipositor (fig. 10)

show imperfect jointing; the posterior gonapophyses (figs. 10, 11) are more

slender, with a strongly ridged spinose area on the inner face towards the tip.

4. Trinemura gracilis, sp. n. (Text-figs. 13-25).

Length 6 mm. Form narrowly elongate, parallel-sided (breadth 1 mm.).

Hight pairs of abdominal stylets (segments 2-9), and six pairs of exsertile vesicles

(segments 2-7). Feelers two-thirds of body-length. Terminal segment of

labial palp two-thirds as broad as long. Tenth abdominal tergum with obtuse

hinder edge and small auricular lateral lobes.

Samoa: Malololelei, 2,000 ft., 25.1v.1924, one 9.

This species resembles 7’, pacifica in most of its characters, but differs in the

terminal segment of the labial palp (fig. 17) being narrower, in the details of the

lacinial comb-process (fig. 16), the more slender feet (fig. 22), the hind margin

of the tenth abdominal tergum being obtuse (fig. 25), not indented (see fig. 12),

and in the smaller and less-developed spinose area of the hinder gonapophyses

(figs. 23, 24).

COLLEMBOLA.

PODURIDAE.

5. Xenylla octo-oculata, sp. n. (Text-figs. 26 to 32). |

Length 0-8 mm. Jour ocelli on each side of head (fig. 26). Foot with two

tenent hairs, claw untoothed (fig. 27). Anal spines short, recurved (figs. 30,

31). Spring short but well developed ; mucro distinct from dens, with upcurved

tip and narrow lamella (fig. 32). Colour (in alcohol): dark purple-speckled

above, pale yellow beneath.

Samoa: Upolu, Apia, 1925, numerous.

Text-Fies. 13-25.—Trinemura gracilis, sp. n. &.

Trext-ric. 13.—Right mandible, with apex and molar area of left, ventral view, x 60.

Text-Fic. 14.—Left maxilla, dorsal view, x 60.

Trext-Fie. 15.—Tip of maxillary palp, x 200.

Text-Fie. 16.—Tips of maxillary galea and lacinia, x 200.

Text-rie. 17.—Left labial palp, x 75.

Trxt-Fic. 18.—Sensory organs on terminal segment of labial palp, x 240.

Text-Fies. 19, 20, 21.—2nd, 4th and 6th right abdominal stylets and vesicles, 60.

Trxt-Fic. 22.—Tibia and foot of hind leg, x 60.

Trxt-Fic. 23.—8th right subcoxa, stylet and gonapophysis (to left) and 9th left sub-coxa, stylet

and gonapophysis (to right), ventral view, x 60.

Trext-Fic. 24.—Terminal part of 9th gonapophysis, x 180.

Trxt-Fig. 25.—Tenth abdominal tergum with bases of cerci and terminal filament, x 60.

114 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

This species may be distinguished from others of the genus by having four

ocelli on each side of the head (instead of the usual five), and by the curved tip

of the mucro, which recalls the condition in Achorutes (Hypogastrura) rather

than in the European and North American species of Xenylla, which have the

mucro straight and frequently fused with the dens. The catch (figs. 28, 29)

in this species is well developed ; each limb has three blunt rounded teeth.

TEXT-FIGS. 26-32.—Xenylla oclo-oculata, sp. n.

Tpxt-FIG. 26.—Left group of ocelli.

Tpext-ric. 27.—Tip of foot with claw and tenent hairs.

Text-FiGs. 28, 29.—Front and side views of catch.

Trxt-Fies. 30, 31.—Side and dorsal views of abominal extremity with anal spines.

Text-FIG. 32.—Lateral view of spring. All x 600.

6. Onychiurus fimetarius (Linn.).

A number of specimens of Onychiurus taken at Apia, Upolu, on the water

in taro axils, 25.v.1925, do not seem separable from the common O. fimetarius

(Linn.), syn. O. nerms Tullberg, which is widely spread over Europe and North

America, and, as mentioned by Folsom (1917), has already been recorded as

occurring in the eastern tropics (Africa and Sumatra). In Hurope O. fimetarius

is commonly met with in soil, and is often found in greenhouses beneath flower-

pots ; it is also a typical inhabitant of British and Ivish caves.

ENTOMOBRYIDAE.

7. Lepidocyrtus medius Schaffer (1898).

A single specimen taken at Aleipata, Upolu, iv.1924, seems clearly referable

to this species, which, described by Schaffer from an example from the Bismarck

APTERYGOTA. 115

Archipelago (Ralum), has since been recorded by Handschin (1926) as occurring

at Buitenzorg, Java. The species has thus a wide range in Malaya and the

Pacific Islands.

8. Cremastocephalus celebensis Schiffer (1898).

This species, described by Schaffer from material from Celebes, since recorded

by Folsom (1924) as occurring in Sumatra, and by Handschin (1925) as found in

the Sunda Islands, seems to be a characteristic spring-tail of the Samoan high-

lands. Several specimens were taken at Malololelei, Upolu, 25.vi. and 23.x1.1924.

As usual in these species with very long feelers, the length of the antennal seg-

ments is variable, but the foot as well as the mucro and scale-process of the

spring affords good distinctive characters.

From the distribution of this and other species already described and

recorded in this paper, it is evident that even such small and frail insects are

capable of undergoing wide dispersal. Further study of the subject in con-

nection with other insular faunas may give indication of the means by which

this has been brought about.

REFERENCES.

EscHericuH, Kari. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica, Vol. 18, 1904.

Forsom, Justus Watson. North American Collembolous Insects of the subfamily Onychiurinae.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 53, pp. 637-659, 1917.

Foutsom, Justus Watson. East Indian Collembola. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 65,

pp. 505-517, 1924.

Hanpscuin, Epuarp. Beitrage zur Collembolenfauna der Sundainseln. Treubia, Vol. 6, pp. 225-

270, 1925.

HanpscuHin, Epuarp. Beitrag zur Collembolenfauna von Java und Sumatra. Treubia, Vol. 8,

pp. 446-461, 1926.

ScHAFFER, CAESAR. Die Collembola des Bismarck-Archipels. Arch. ftir Naturgesch., Vol. 64,

pp. 393-425, 1898.

Sitvesrri, Finiprpo. Thysanura. In Michaelsen and Hartmeyer’s. Die Fawna Sudwest Austra-

liens, Jena, Vol. 2, 1908.

Sitvestri, Firrero. Thysanura della Nuova-Caledonia e delle [sole Loyalty. In Sarasin and

Roux’s Nova Caledonia Zoologie, Vol. 2, pp. 75-81, 1915.

Stivestei, Frurepo. Descrizione di aleuni Tisanuri indo-malesi. Boll. Lab. Portici., Vol. 11,

pp. 85-119, 1916.

SttvesrrRi, Finipro. Descrizione di una nova specie di Trinemura (Insecta, Thysanura) dell

Australia, Boll, Lab, Portici, Vol. 14, pp. 216-218, 1920,

116 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES. |

Trinemura pacifica.

Text-fig. 1. Right mandible, with apex and molar area of left, ventral view, x 60.

2. Right maxilla, dorsal view, x 60.

3. Tip of maxillary lacinia, x 180.

4. Tip of maxillary palp, « 180.

5. Labium, x 60.

6. Sensory organs on terminal segment of labial palp, x 240.

7. Tip of hind tibia and tarsal segments, 60.

Sand 9. 2nd and 4th right abdominal stylets and vesicles, < 60.

10. 8th right subcoxa, stylet and gonapophysis (to left) and 9th left sub-coxa, stylet

and gonapophysis (to right) ventral view, x 60.

,, Ll. Tip of left gonapophysis, x 180.

12. Tenth abdominal tergum with bases of cerci and terminal filament, x 60.

Trinemura gracilis.

Text-fig. 13. Right mandible, with apex and molar area of left, ventral view, x 60.

14. Left maxilla, dorsal view, < 60.

, 15. Tip of maxillary palp, x 200.

, 16. Tips of maxillary galea and lacinia, x 200.

» 17. Left labial palp, x 75.

, 18. Sensory organs on terminal segment of labial palp, x 240.

» 19,20, 21. 2nd, 4th and 6th right abdominal stylets and vesicles, x 60.

22. Tibia and foot of hind leg, x 60.

23. 8th right subcoxa, stylet and gonapophysis (to left) and 9th left sub-coxa, stylet

and gonapophysis (to right), ventral view, x 60.

24. Terminal part of 9th gonapophysis, « 180.

25. Tenth abdominal tergum with bases of cerci and terminal filament, x 60.

Xenylla octo-oculata.

. Left group of ocelli.

. Tip of foot with claw and tenent hairs.

8, 29. Front and side views of catch.

30, 31. Side and dorsal views of abdominal extremity with anal spines.

32. Lateral view of spring. All x 600.

2

2

2

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND PECCLES,

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

LIST OF PARTS AND SYSTEM OF PUBLICATION —

Part I. Orthoptera and Dermaptera.

_, II. Hemiptera.

» III. Lepidoptera.

IV. Coleoptera.

» . Hymenoptera.

» VI. Diptera.

» VII. Other Orders of Insects.

» VIII. Terrestrial Arthropoda other than Insects.

The work will be published at intervals im the form of numbered fascicles.

Although individual fascicles may contain contributions by more than one

author, each fascicle will be so arranged as to form an integral portion of one or

_ other of the Parts specified above.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

~ ARTHROPODA

List of Fascicles issued to 28th July, 1928 :-—

Date Issued.

hueee of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestrial Arthropoda. Maps 1 and Oe hi fe

2 (in envelope). 1927, 4to. | 6d. : 26th February, 1927.

Part I. OrTHOPTERA AND DERMAPTERA. . ast

Fasc. 1.. Dermaptera. By Dr. Alfredo Borelli. Pp. 1-8. 1928, 4to. 1s. 28th July, 1928.

Part II. Hemrprera.

Fasc. 1. Fulgoroidea. By F. Muir. 25. text-figures. Psyllide (Chermide). By

Prof. rawford. 4 text-hgures. Cocci ie phidide and Aleyrodide. ~~ = wert

By F. Laing, MA., B.Sc. 3 text-figures. Pp. 1-45. 1927, 4to. 2s. 6d. 25th June, 1927.

Fasc. 2. Cercopide. By V. Lallemand, M.D. 10 text-figures. Cicadide. By “oi | al Se ee

.G. Myers, Sc.D. 22 text-figures. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Heteroptera. peels

y Prof. Teiso Esaki. 6 text-figures. Pp. 47-80. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d. 23rd June, 1928.

Parr III. Lepipoprera.

Fasc. 1. Butterflies of Samoa and some neighbouring pe -grauns By G:H. E.

1927, 4to, 5s, 9th April, 1927.

Hopkins, .. F.E.S. 1 text-figure and 4 plates. P

Ber, ee By oe oy es ° RS. e ae 28th May, 1927.

tr y Loui rout, text- ti ‘ ls,

Pp. 117-168. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d. er oh BAER Migeeh oe

Part IV. CoLEopTERA.

Fasc. 1, Carabide. By H.E. Andrews. 9 text-figures. Dytiscide. By A.

Aue d text fehrce Woda By M. Sate sale B. alae

mont. text- r attics

lemeicorae Be Gi AoW, Cease res. Pp 1-66 3 1927. eee *3e. 19th December, 1927. —

Fasc. 2... Heteromera, Bostrychoidea, Malaco ec Foi Bee By K.G. ;

Blair, BSc. 14 text-figures. Elateride. ae . H. van Zwaluwenberg. 10

text-figures. Melaside (Eucnemide). By E. Fleutiaux. Cerambycide. By

ee urivilli oh : pa oo hide By _ ounces 4 Ie Hae ae * we

t rl Jordan, text-fiour roter,

ROL Pukin Dae, ERS” Po. O-174, 1928 to. 5. «25th February, 1928.

Part V. HyMmeNopTERA.

Fasc. 1. Apoidea, Sphecoidea, and Vespoidea. By R. C. 5 Perkins, D.Sc.,

F.R.S., and_L. Evelyn Cheesman, F-ES., F.Z.S. 12 ay y Dek. Larride.

By F X. Willi 12 text-figures. Formicid, F. Santschi

Oe toe. Pp. 1-58. 1928, 4to. Ae ne Empey 7) February, 1928.

ae a Lee dN ibiide. By L.Fal 7 fi Hi

t t text- 4 es

Areebidee, By GF. Ferris. of feelers Pp. al 1997, Aes Oy 6d. ae rd July, 1927, ‘

Fasc. 2. Dee: wards, M.A. 20text-fieures. Cecidomyiine.

By H. F. Barnes, B br. D. 4 text-figures. Pp. 23-108. 1928, 4to. 5s. © 23rd Jone. 1928.

Part VII. Ovner ph oF Insects.

Fasc. 1. Isoptera: Family Termitide. By Gerald F. Hill. 14 text-figures and

Nay Odonata. By Lt.-Col. F.C. Fraser, I.M.S., F.E.S. 5 text-figures. eerie

Pp. 1-44. 1927, 4to. Os éd. 28th May, 1927.

Fase. 2. aa By a j. ees sa Poe F.RS., and J. A. ey

Lestage. 2 text-figures. honaptera. Eye Buxton, M.A. Thysano tera. f

By Richard S. Bagnall, PRE yan Pp. 45-76. 1928, 4to.

Rasa: Esti Teak ee 4: Waterston, nes 2 text-figures. Anoplura. By

rt roa Ae a phonies: B a Marin ee 4 figure. ne ae

t y Esben-Petersen. ae gure ani £ terygot ithe yi ey

By George H. Carpenter, D.Sc. 32text-figures. Pp.77-116, 1928,4to. 2s.64, 28th July, 1928.

Part VII]. TrrrestriaL ARTHROPODA OTHER THAN INSECTS. at i

Fasc. 1. Isopoda Terrestria. By Harold G. Jackson, D.Sc. 2 plates. Scor- a

pionoidea. By uxton, M.A. Pseudo-scorpiones. By A. Kastner. ;

ee. Acarina. By Stanley Hirst. 2 text-figures. Pp. 1-27. 1927,

23rd June, 1928.

' 23rd July, 1927. pede hone