List of Fascicles issued to 28th November, 1931 (omtnaed) — : ‘ ale _

Part IV. CoLeopTeRA.

Fasc. 1. Carabide. By H. E. Andrewes.

Zimmermann. text-figures.

figures. Hydrophilide. By A ymont, | texte Seseeek and —

Lamellicornia. By G. J. Arrow. 13 text-fgures. isla 1927, 4to. 3s.

Fasc. 2, Heteromera, Bostrychoidea, Malacodermata we Bupresnes By K. Gs

9 retires

de Bs aN

eye By M. Dri B. 2b

un MB.

Blair, BSc. 14 text-figures. Elateride. vt R. H. van Zwaluwenberg. 10

text-figures. eens iucne a Fleutiaux. Cerambycide. By

Chr. Ben a Kleine. 4 text-figures. —

eae ae hide “By

Karl Jordan, 1 text-figures. — Proterhinidee. By

_ Anthribide. Ph.D. 1

RVC: “RS. Pp. 67-174. ‘1928, 4to. 5s.»

L. te D'Sc.,

“Base. Throseds: By K. G. Blair, B.Sc. |. text-figure. Cenacle,

By S. Maulik, M.A. 18 text-figures. Pp. 175-215. 1929, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Fasc. 4. Platypodidae and Scolytidae. By C, F. C. Beeson, D.Sc. ae text-

figures. Pp. 217-248. 1929, 4to. 2s. 6d.. ae

Fasc. 5. Curculionidae. By Sir Guy Marshall, CMG. DSc., PRS. 31 text

figures. Pp. 249-346. 1931, 4to. Os

Part V. HyMmeNoprTerA.

Fase. 1. Apoidea, Spncepidesy ‘and. ee

ERS., and_L. E

By R Cab

velyn Cheesman, F.E:S., F.Z.S.

MD ere a

ures.

By Francis X. Williams. 12 text-figures, Formicide. a F. Santschi.

9 text-figures. Pp. 1-58. 1928, Ato. oF ee

Part VI. Drerera. iia: aes

Fase. I. Streblide and Nycteribiide: | By iby rae 7 eitheives | Hippo- ey

oscidas By G.F. Ferris. 6 text-figures. Pp. I-21. 1927, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Race: D DES ByF.W.Edwards, M.A. 20text-figures. Caan:

By H. F. Bames, B.A., Phi D. 4 text-figures. ‘Pp. 23-108. 1928, 4to. 5s.

sures. Larve of Pen pa Buxton, wee

Dolichopodide:. eB g cee ene ze.

Buxton, M. he 5 aia, ee aa y J. R Malloch.

Pb. ae. 1929, 4to. 5s.

Fasc. 4. ididae. cae Eipuren ee. By Jj. Collin, 7 Gaupenen a

Sails By Frank 2 teeehaure Fone (Heteronetridasy os

od seuss By R ‘Malloch: 6 text-figures, Pp. 177-213. 1929,

Ato

Fasc. 5. Ortalidae. By J. R. Malloch. 6 textfigures. Calliphoridae. By

J.R. Malloch. Pe ‘215-237. 1930, 4to.

- Fasc. 6. Lonchaeidae, Chloropidae and Piophiidee

text-figures. Pp. 239-251. 1930, 4to. Is.

Fasc. 7. Trypetidae. By J. R. Malloch. I text-figure. Pp. 253-26 1931, tt. Is

Part VII. Otuer Orpers or INsEcTs. 1 ie Seay

Fase. 1. Isoptera : outs Termitide B Gerald F. Hil, 14 Ae ana ve

plate. onata. By Lt.-Col. C. Fraser, LMS., FES. 5 text-figures.

Pp. 1-44. 1927, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Fasc. 2. Plectoptera. By ff I. Tilly ae ee ab), Re ee ional 1) A be

' Lestage. 2 text-figures. honaptera. uxton,

By Richard. Bagnall, reer “LS. goes Pp. ‘B16. 192

ere if Mallophaga. By 1a Watcrsnn: os 2 text-figures. Agealits:

A. Buxton, richoptera. artin _ b ane figure.

Recor By P. Eshen-Petersen. 1 Bene an lates. Apterygota.

By George H.Carpenter,D.Sc. 32text-figures. Pp. wets 1928, Ato. 2s. 6d.

Part VIII. TerrestRiAL ARTHROPODA OTHER THAN. INSECTS. — :

Fasc. |. Isopoda Terrestria. By Harold en Jackson, DSc. 2 plates. Scor-

pionoidea. By uxton, . Pseudo-scorpiones. astner. 11.

ee ures.. Acanna. By Stanley Hirst. 2 text-figures nD. 1-27. ‘1927,

Fasc, 2. Myriopoden (Myriopoda). By C. Attems. 4 rainy wae He

(Araneida). By Dr. Lucien Berland. 79 text- figures. Pp. 29-78. 1929, es 6d.

Part ee SUMMARY AND INDEX.

Fasc. Description of the Environment.

txtfgure and 6 plates. Pp. 1-31 1930, Ato. 2s. 6d.

2text- —

Bh February, 1 1908,

oe February, 1929, ee

Perkin, DSc. ae

Larride.

23rd Afi 192

ae 23rd Jae, 1928.

Fasc. 3. Sratiomsiae: Tabanide and eas By Gertrude Rards 6 text-

seed ase aos Die Ae

: va

i 21th ak 192

22nd March, 1930,

By an R. Malloch. 30 ‘ Dn d Nodinkce

28th November, 1931.

Thysano tera. ; i ES Nia Kans

» Ato. ay

Be a i

28th July, 1928.

ae rat ‘3 Va CERAM | Bat

"2rd July, 1927.

2nd fue, 1928. ;

By P. A Buton, MRCS. 2

"Date oe Sas

“19th | December, 1927. a ‘

Ro) %

1930.

23rd June, 1928.

Fae

} te

Fide d

‘Und i November, 1980

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

PART VI. DIPTERA

FASC. 8. Pp. 267-328.

DROSOPHILIDAE, EPHYDRIDAE, SPHAEROCERIDAE

and MILICHIIDAE.

By J. R. MALLOCH,

(U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.).

WITH SIXTEEN TEXT-FIGURES.

LONDON

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

SOLD AT

Yue Brrrise Mouszum (Naturat History), CRromweLL Roap, S.W.7

AND BY

B. Quazireu, Ltp.; Donav & Co., Ltp.; anp THe Ox¥Forp UNIVERSITY Prxss.

1934

Issued 23rd June, 1934.] [Price Two Shillings and Stepence.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL —

ARTHROPODA

Although a monograph, or series of papers, dealing comprehensively with

the land arthropod fauna of any group of islands in the South Pacific may be

expected to yield valuable results, in connection with distribution, modification : :

due to isolation, and other problems, no such work is at present in existence.

In order in some measure to remedy this deficiency, and in view of benefits

directly accruing to the National Collections, the Trustees of the British

Museum have undertaken the publication of an account of the Insects and other -

Terrestrial Arthropoda collected in the Samoan Islands, in 1924-1925, by —

Messrs. P. A. Buxton and G. H. E. Hopkins, during the Expedition of the —

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to the South Pacific. —

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity thus afforded, to make the studies _

_as complete as possible by including in them all Samoan material of the groups —

concerned in both the British Museum (Natural History) and (by courtesy of

the authorities of that institution) the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

It is not intended that contributors to the text shall be confined to the

Museum Staff or to any one nation, but, so far as possible, the assistance of the —

leading authorities on all groups to be dealt with has been obtained.

The work is ded into nine “ Parts’ (see p. 3. of Ghat. of which

each is subdivided into “ Fascicles.’”’ Each of the latter, which appear as —

ready in any order, consists of one or more contributions. Onthe completion

of the systematic portion of the work it is intended to issue a general survey

(Part IX), summarising the whole and drawing from it such conclusions as”

may be warranted. ae

A list of Facaics already issued will be fund on pp. 3 and 4 of this wrapper. : a

ON) Do RILEY

British Museum (Natura History).

Cromwe.t Roap, S.W.7.

Keeper of Entomology. fag

INSHGTS OF SAMOA

Part VI. Fasc. 8

DIPTERA

DROSOPHILIDAE

By Joun R. Matziocu, U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D.C.,

U.S.A.

(With 16 Text-figures.)

Tuts family is remarkably well represented in Samoa, there being ten genera

and twenty-seven species in the collection before me, which probably do not

complete the number occurring in the islands, as many of the species are very

small and are unlikely to be taken except when especially hunted for in certain

habitats.

I have recently written a report on the family as it occurs in the Marquesas

Islands, and find that there are some distinctions in the representatives of the

two groups of islands that are difficult to explam. In Samoa we have apparently

a great diversity of species, in the main offshoots from Drosophila, though placed

in groups which we designate “ genera,’ while in the Marquesas the greatest

diversity occurs in the forms that have apparently been derived from Scaptomyza.

Dr. O. Duda has in recent years done a large amount of work on this family,

but his papers are difficult to comprehend, because of the changing of names and

the rather haphazard associations of the species of various genera and sub-

genera in his synoptic keys. However, I have tried to clear up some points in

connection with the genera dealt with herein, and hope that it may be possible

for subsequent workers to identify the species with certainty from the data used

in the present paper.

I give below a key to the Samoan genera, as some are new to science, and in

other cases I have employed characters not generally used by other workers in

generic descriptions.

Vin 8: 267 il

268 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

The great majority of the species of the family occur in their larval stages

in decaying fruits and vegetables, fermenting matter, or fungi, though in a few

instances species have been discovered (in other parts of the world) that have

more specialized habits ; in one genus the larvae occur in the frothy covering of

nymphal Hemiptera; in another they associate with mealy bugs, though in

neither case is it definitely established what the relations are.

Bezzi, in his book on the Diptera of Fiji, recorded only eight species of this

family from these islands, which he placed in three genera.* He did not recognize

Spinulophila, though one of his species is referable to it, and thus he had four

genera. Of these four, Leucophenga Mik is unrepresented in this collection, but

it is very probable that it will yet be found to occur in Samoa.

Kry to GENERA.

1. Mesonotum with at most four series of fine intradorsocentral

hairs and always with at least two pairs of well developed

postsutural dorsocentral bristles . : 2

— Mesonotum with at least six series of fine intiadorocentral

hairs : 4

2. Mesonotum with shee, pairs ‘of Aemocentral beatles! the

anterior pair sometimes presutural ; scutellum flattened

above, more or less elongated and somewhat pointed at

apex, occasionally haired on sides ; robust species, with

prominent stout facial carina. . Samoaia, gen. n.

— Mesonotum with but two pairs of Eercocentaale: both

postsutural ; scutellum more or less convex above or not

pointed apically, and bare on sides; slender species,

with inconspicuous facial carina . : 3

3. Frons with a large glossy central triangle that eetecde to

anterior margin, and is narrowly separated from the

shining orbits by a dull line on each side; fore femur

with a series of minute stout black spines on the apical

half of the anteroventral surface . ; . ILnodrosophila Duda.

— Frons without a large glossy central nfs « as deenaned

above, a greater proportion of the surface dull coloured ;

fore femur without anteroventral series of short stout

spines. . : : ; . Scaptomyza Hardy.

4. Proboscis heavily. aitinaaed straight, and downwardly

projected, the apical section ed as long as the height

of the head , : . ZLygothrica Wiedemann.

— Proboscis stout, not nearly as long as height of the head ; 5

5. Frons either entirely glossy or with only a fine line of dull

surface separating the large triangle from the orbit on

each side : : : : ; : i : 6

* T add the record of another species from Fiji in the present paper.

10.

11.

DROSOPHILIDAK.

Frons either entirely dull or with the triangle small and

separated from the orbits by a dull triangle on each side

that extends to or almost to the vertex.

. Entire frons highly polished ; fore femur without an entero:

ventral comb of very small spines or bristles

Frons with a depressed dull line on each side or triangle

separating it from the orbits ; fore femur with an antero-

ventral comb of minute stout bristles or epee on

apical half or more

. Hind tibia with a short but distine: bristle about one-third

from the base on the posterodorsal surface ; all three

orbital bristles long, the anterior reclinate one slightly

proximad and laterad of the proclinate one .

Hind tibia without a posterodorsal bristle near base ;

orbital bristles not of equal strength, the anterior

reclinate one usually minute or differently situated

. Mesonotum deep black, very distinctly convex, with but

one pair of dorsocentrals and no well differentiated

acrostichals, the fine hairs usually ceasing at level of

the bases of the dorsocentrals which is well in front of the

hind margin; wing with a deep notch before apex of

first vein, the apex of the costal division proximad of

the notch deep black :

Mesonotum variously coloured, rarely abe black, “at as

markedly convex, and with at least two pairs of well-

developed dorsocentrals

. Third antennal segment larger than wearehy ii dence pile

amongst which on the upper edge there are a number of

very fine outstanding hairs that are almost as long as

the width of the segment ; face sharply carinate above ;

arista with only one hair below .

Third antennal segment merely pilose, rengelhe uh. a few

much shorter hairs ; other characters not as above 7 toto

Face much mowed below, at vibrissae only about half

as wide as at antennae ; scutellum with the basal pair of

bristles much shorter than the apical pair; fore femur

without an anteroventral comb . :

Face almost parallel-sided ; scutellum with a baal and

apical pairs of bristles eal subequal in length .

Fore femur without an anteroventral series of short stout

spines apically .

Fore femur with an patererenrall series of chow stout

spines on apical half .

269

Inssocephala Malloch.

Inodrosophila Duda.

Upolumyra, gen. n.

Mycodrosophila Oldenberg.

Hirtodrosophila Duda.

Hopkinsomyia, gen. n.

Drosophila Fallen.

Spinulophila Duda.

It must be noted here that I have included in the key the genus Liodrosophila,

which does not have any representatives in the Samoan collection before me. I

have done so for two reasons.

In the first place it is very probable that some

species of the genus do occur in Samoa, and in the second place there has been no

270 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

revision of the genera in which it has been compared with Lissocephala, and this

opportunity is taken to make the necessary comparison. I have before me two

species that will fall in Duda’s genus according to his definition, but they are

quite different in many details, and this suggests to me that there may be a

further division necessary to accommodate some of the Malayan species from

which region my material came. I do not discuss Liodrosophila in the following

text.

Samoaia, gen. n.

This genus is quite similar to Drosophila Fallen, the wing venation being of

the same general type, but the thorax has three pairs of dorsocentral bristles,

the anterior pair being close to the suture, or even before it, and there are

presuturally at most four series of intradorsocentral hairs. The scutellum is

flattened above and more or less pointed at apex, with or without a few short

hairs on each side of basal half. The prealar bristle is well developed, and the

fore and mid tibiae have the preapical dorsal bristle microscopic, while the hind

tibiae lack that bristle. All the known species are much stouter than those of

Scaptomyza Hardy.

I have recently described a genus from the Marquesas Islands that agrees

with this one in having the prealar bristle well developed and the scutellum

much the same in form, but in that genus, Marquesia Malloch, there are four

pairs of dorso-centrals, three of which are behind the suture, all the tibiae have

the preapical dorsal bristle well developed, at least as long as the tibial diameter,

and the tarsi different in the shape of the basal segment.

Genotype, Samoaia ocellaris, sp. n.

Kry To THE SPECIES.

1. Wings with very distinct brown or fuscous markings on a

hyaline ground; legs yellow, with very distinct brown

annuli on femora and tibiae i : 5 , ‘ 2

— Wings brown, distinctly shining, not pictured ; legs yellow,

the femora and tibiae not annulate, with brown in one

species. : : ‘ : : : ; F 3

2. Fore coxae and all the femora dark brown, the latter each

with a pale yellow preapical annulus; second posterior

cell of the wing with a large round hyaline spot with a

dark brown dot in its centre, without an ocellate spot at

apex of submarginal cell, and but two ocellate spots on

marginal cell beyond apex of first vein ; frons with deep

blackish brown marks on sides and centre; sides of the

scutellum with no stiff hairs basally. : : . ocellaris, sp. 0.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 271

— Fore coxae and all femora whitish yellow, the former with

a dark brown basal spot, each femur with a dark mark at

extreme apex, and one beyond middle on posterior surface

that is sometimes duplicated on the anterior side, the fore

pair with an additional spot at base in front ; all tibiae

with two dark annuli; fore tarsus with the basal three

segments dark brown; second posterior cell of the wing

without an ocellate hyaline spot, irregularly marked with

dark brown, with an ocellate spot at apex of submarginal

cell, and three ocellate spots in marginal cell beyond apex

of the first vein; frons without definite dark marks ;

sides of the scutellum with some stiff short hairs basally comma, sp. n.

3. Legs yellow, marked with brown almost exactly as in

comma, and the vibrissal angle with the usual dark spot ;

mesonotum with four brown vittae, the central two

extending over the disc of the scutellum; sides of

scutellum bare . : ; ‘ , 3 : . nuda, sp. n.

— Legs entirely honey-yellow, and the vibrissal angle without

a brown spot ; mesonotum shining honey-yellow, without

any darker vittae; sides of the scutellum with a few

stiff hairs basally : : : ; 4 : . horta, sp. n.

1. Samoaia ocellaris, sp. n. (Text-figs. 1 and 2).

A very pretty species, of a general testaceous yellow colour, with dark brown

markings of frons and face, irregular brown markings on the mesonotum and

Text-ria. 1—Samoaia ocellaris, wing.

scutellum, the abdomen mainly blackish-brown, legs testaceous with dark brown

bands, and the wings marked as Fig. 1.

Length, 2-5-3-5 mm.

Head shining testaceous yellow, with the following blackish-brown mark-

ings: a transverse stripe on vertex, both orbits except at bases of the bristles

272 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

and in front, and a central stripe that tapers in front and does not extend to

anterior margin, a spot behind middle of each eye, a larger one on posterior part

of genae, one on the vibrissal angle, and one across upper half of face; basal

two segments of antennae shining testaceous yellow, third except at extreme

base dark brown ; aristae brown, paler at bases, the rays dark ; palpi testaceous

yellow, blackened on basal third. Frons at anterior margin fully as wide as

long in centre, widened to posterior margin,

the vertical, ocellar, and upper reclinate orbitals

longer than the postvertical and proclinate

orbital bristles, the lower reclinate bristle

microscopic or lacking. Face with a very pro-

nounced central carina which is rounded, nose-

like, and highest at middle of face, rather

abruptly rounded oft below (Fig. 2), the sides of

face parallel; prelabrum well-developed but

not produced beyond epistome in profile ; eyes

narrowed below, with stiff yellow hairs; one

well-developed vibrissa; second segment of

antenna rather tumid, with two bristles above

set at different inclinations, the one nearest apex

the shorter ; arista with almost invariably ten

free hairs, six above, one at apex, and three

below ; palpi moderately wide, each with one

Tesi SERA noeE ouetlanta. Heed moderately long apical setula and a number of

in profile. (Markings on frons and shorter hairs below.

back of head omitted.)

Thorax testaceous, densely yellowish-grey

dusted, the mesonotum with a dark brown pattern consisting of the usual four

vittae modified by the presence of oblique connecting lines of the same colour

between the bristles, the latter being isolated upon spots of the yellowish-grey

dust ; scutellum dark brown, with dusted spots on each side at base, on centre

of disc, and at apex; pleura blackish-brown. All three pairs of dorsocentrals

long and strong; upper humeral and posterior notopleural short and fine ;

sternopleura with two bristles, the lower posterior one the longer and stronger.

Intradorsocentral hairs biseriate on almost the entire extent of the mesonotum.

Scutellum without any lateral marginal hairs.

Abdomen blackish-brown, slightly shining, with greyish dust on dorsum,

DROSOPHILIDAE. 273

but no distinct markings evident, though the dust is denser across centre of each

tergite ; the apical segments yellowish.

Legs honey-yellow, shining, all coxae, all femora except a narrow preapical

annulus, and three annuli on each tibia, dark brown; fore tarsi not darkened.

Fore femur with a series of fine posteroventral and a posterodorsal series of

bristles, one beyond middle of each series much longer than the others, most

noticeably so below, the anteroventral surface without noticeable hairing. Tibiae

without exceptional hairing, the preapical setulae on fore and mid pairs very

short, none on the hind pair. Tarsi slender, the fore pair slightly more so than

the others, all at least as long as their tibiae, the basal segment as long as the

other segments combined, the mid one with a series of closely set microscopic

hairs on the posteroventral edge and a closer series of shorter hairs on the antero-

ventral one, the other parts of the segment almost nude ; apical ventral spur of

mid tibia about one-third as long as the basal segment of its tarsus.

Wings yellowish hyaline, with dark brown markings as Fig. 1. Inner cross

vein close to middle of the discal cell; apex of second vein rather broadly

curved forward to connect with the costa.

Halteres dull yellow. Squamal hairs dark and quite long.

Holotype, 92, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton &

Hopkins.

Paratypes, Upolu: Apia, 29.11.1924, Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 20.vi.1924,

Buxton & Hopkins. Savaii: Salailua, 16, 21, and 23.v.1924, Bryan.

2. Samoaia comma, sp. n. (Text-fig. 3).

This species has the wings rather similar in markings to those of ocellaris,

but an examination of Fig. 3 will show many distinctions in the details. There

are many other characters for the distinction of the two species, the most readily

visible being found in the less distinctly marked frons and mesonotum, in the

more spot-like dark markings of the femora, and in the darkened bases of the

fore tarsi.

Length, 3-4 mm.

Head clay-yellow, with a deep black mark on each vibrissal angle and one

ov each side of the facial carina at middle of face, the frons faintly darker on each

orbit above middle and across front, and the occiput with a greyish central mark

above neck; antennae brownish or fuscous, paler on underside of second

274 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

segment, the aristae and rays brown; palpi whitish-yellow, blackened on lower

edge from base to near apex. General structure much as in ocellaris, but the

vertex has a marked emargination on each side between ocelli and vertical

bristles, and the facial carina extends farther towards the epistome and is not

as abruptly precipitous below, while the palpi are larger, and rather definitely

lanceolate, tapered to apex, more numerously haired both on upper and lower

edges and without a strong apical setula. Arista with thirteen free hairs

(Qi 3):

Thorax testaceous yellow, the pleura much paler than the mesonotum, the

latter and the scutellum shining brown, the mesonotum with four broad, dark

brown vittae that are not conspicuous, the outer pair not extending to anterior

margin and interrupted at suture, all four falling short of attaining the posterior

TEXT-FIG. 3.—Samoaia comma, wing.

margin, the scutellum with faint dark brown markings, the most evident across

base. Pleura with the following brownish-black spots: a large one on upper

and a smaller one on lower margin of mesopleura, one on pteropleura, one on

upper margin of the sternopleura, and one on the metathoracic spiracle. Post-

notum dark brown in centre. All three pairs of dorsocentral bristles strong ;

intradorsocentral hairs biseriate except on posterior fourth or less of their extent

where they are quadriseriate. Scutellum with a few setulose hairs on sides

basally. Sternopleura as in ocellaris.

Abdomen dark brown, the anterior margins of the tergites testaceous yellow,

but the pale parts visible usually only below.

Legs pale stramineous, with the following dark brown to black marks: a

spot at base of fore coxae and one on anterior side of each mid coxa, the entire

trochanters, extreme apices of all femora, a spot just beyond middle on posterior

DROSOPHILIDAE. 275

side of each femur which is usually duplicated in front on at least the fore and

hind pairs, and a spot at base of fore pair on anterior side, three annuli on each

tibia, the one at base partial, and the basal three segments of fore tarsi. Armature

of legs as in the preceding species, the hind metatarsus with two short black

setulae at base below and a ridge with microscopic contiguous black spinules

on the entire length of the anteroventral edge.

Wings as in ocellaris, but the markings different (Fig. 3), especially round

the margin.

Holotype g, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.xi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype and five paratypes, Savaii: Salailua, May, 1924, Bryan.

Paratype, Upolu: Vaea, 1,100 feet, 25.1v.1924, Bryan.

3. Samoaia hirta, sp. n. (Text-fig. 4).

This and the next species are quite different from the two preceding species

in having the wings almost uniformly yellowish-brown, without definite hyaline

marks, though there is in some cases a rather evident paler streak along each side

of the fifth vein on almost the entire extent of the discal cell, and in addition to

this the first posterior cell at least has the surface slightly bulged up at several

points, without bullae, and showing light or dark according to the angle from

which the surface is viewed. In hata there is no dark spot on the vibrissal angle,

nor are there any traceable vittae on the mesonotum, and the sides of the

scutellum are partly haired basally.

Length, 3-5-5 mm.

Head testaceous yellow, the face more whitish, the frons brownish-yellow,

and the genae darker above and on a line below. Antennae slightly browned

on upper side of the second and upper margin of third segment, aristae brown,

palpi whitish-yellow. Structure much as in the genotype, but the lower reclinate

bristle is distinct though very small, the face is more broadly carinate, with a

less pronounced dip at the lower margin of the carina, the arista is as In comma,

and the palpi are slightly widened, rather short, with one apical setulose hair

and some weaker marginal hairs, the general form being elongate oval. Vertex

but slightly emarginate on each side of the ocelli. Eyes nearly twice as high as

long in profile.

Thorax brownish testaceous, hardly shining, the mesonotum without dark

vittae, the pleura paler than mesonotum in female, darker than it is in male,

276 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

becoming almost blackish-brown below in that sex. All three pairs of dorso-

centrals quite strong, and the other armature similar to that of comma, the

scutellum with several setulose hairs on each side. Surface of mesonotum not

alutaceous, shehtly shining.

Abdomen shining brownish-yellow, the apices of the tergites infuscated and

a variable discal dark mark on each that sometimes covers most of the dorsal

exposure, the lateral incurved portions of segments largely pale.

Legs honey-yellow, all coxae and bases of femora in male slightly darkened

and similar in colour to the lower part of the pleura. JFemora more thickened

basally in male than in female, the fore pair stoutest, the armature of the posterior

side as in the two preceding species, but the strong posteroventral bristle beyond

middle is more markedly developed, and the anteroventral surface has one or

Text-ric. 4.—Samoaia hirta, wing.

two series of fine erect hairs of moderate length that extend from the base to

about the apical third that are more pronounced in the male than in the female.

Structure of legs as in the two preceding species, the hind tibiae slightly curved ;

hind metatarsus with two short black setulae at base below.

Wings yellowish-brown, paler along each side of the fifth vein on almost the

entire extent of the discal cell. Second vein more abruptly, sometimes sub-

angularly, bent forward near apex to connect with the costa (Fig. 4).

Halteres brown. Squamae with quite long sparse dark hairs.

Holotype 3, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 20.vi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype, Upolu: same locality as holotype, 10.iii.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Paratypes, Upolu: same locality as above, 20.vi.1924, Buxton and Hopkins ;

Savail: Salailua, 2,000-4,000 feet, May, 1924, Bryan.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 277

4, Samoaia nuda, sp. n.

Superficially similar to hirta, but distinguished readily by the distinctly

vittate mesonotum and the dark spotted legs.

Length, 3-4:5 mm.

Head brownish-yellow, with a black mark on each vibrissal angle, and a

pale brown mark on each gena below eye. Structurally similar to that of harta,

but the emarginations of the vertex are more pronounced, and the only arista

that is intact has the hairs nine in number, 6:1: 2.

Thorax brownish-yellow, slightly shining, the surface rather noticeably

alutaceous, especially on scutellum, the mesonotum with four dark brown vittae,

the central pair entire and carried over scutellum, the lateral pair broken at

suture. Anterior pair of dorsocentrals much shorter than usual, apparently

undeveloped in the paratype, though they may have been rubbed off as the

specimen is abraded. ‘The scutellum bare on sides.

Abdomen as in hirta.

Legs honey-yellow, marked as in comma, but with a brown mark on each

fore coxa near middle. The fore femur differs from that of any of the other

species in lacking a strong bristle beyond the middle on both the anterodorsal

and posteroventral surfaces; the anteroventral surface without exceptional

hairing. Fore tarsus not as obviously flattened as in comma.

Wings as in huta, the second vein with the same subangular preapical bend

forward.

Halteres yellow.

Holotype 9, Savaii: Salailua, 17.v.1924, Bryan.

There is a second specimen, mentioned in the description, in which the

thorax is abraded and the mesonotum is more obviously alutaceous, that may

not belong to this species, but it agrees so closely in markings and general

structure that I am placing it here. It is the larger of the two specimens and is

the only one in which the arista is sufficiently well preserved to permit a state-

ment as to the number of free hairs. These hairs appear to be quite constant in

number in the species of which there are series available, and are possibly of value

in specific determinations in the genus, though I know that in Drosophila there

is Some variation in their number in certain species.

Locality, topotypical with holotype.

It may be noted here that Drosophila (Paradrosophila) novoguinensis Duda,

278 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

has the sides of the scutellum partly haired, but Duda makes no mention of the

anterior pair of dorsocentrals, and the wings are hyaline.

Zygothrica Wiedemann.

This South American genus has not hitherto been recorded from any other

faunal region, and it was a surprise to discover a quite typical species in the

material in hand. The distinguishing characters lie in the heavily chitinized

straight proboscis, which has the apical section at least as long as the height of

the head. In the genotype the eyes are usually more or Jess pedunculate in the

male, but while this was considered at one time to be a generic character it is not

so, many species having the head almost normal in the structure of the lateral

portions. In the present species the head is not wider than the thorax. The

three orbital bristles are well developed and in an almost straight longitudinal

line, about equally separated at bases, the genae are quite distinctly raised or

enlarged on lower half, and the proboscis is fully as long as the height of the head

and quite strong.

5. Zygothrica samoaensis, sp. n. (Text-fig. 5).

Head mostly dark above, thorax and abdomen black on dorsum, the pleura,

the lateral incurved parts of the abdominal tergites, and the entire legs pale

stramineous. Wings slightly smoky, more distinctly so at bases. Halteres

yellow, knobs black.

Length, 2-5 mm.

. Head brownish-black, frons with orbits and a central line brownish-yellow,

when seen from the side and in front with white dusting, face with the upper

margin of carina dull yellow, lower half of occiput pale yellow ; antennae fuscous,

basal two segments largely brownish-yellow ; palpi and proboscis deep black.

Frons about 1-25 times as long as its anterior width, slightly widened to posterior

margin, the triangle not at all developed, the bristles all rather strong, the post-

verticals and anterior reclinate orbital shorter than the others, the centre of

interfrontalia with a few microscopic hairs in front. Profile as Fig. 5. Proboscis

rather wide and of moderate strength, the sides almost parallel whepv seen from

above. Palpi rather large, and with numerous hairs. Arista with nine long

hairs (6: 1 : 3) and some short hairs on upper side between the long rays. Eyes

apparently nude.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 279

Thorax dull black on entire dorsal surface, including the scutellum and

postnotum, the pleura entirely pale yellow. All the hairs and bristles black.

Dorsocentrals two pairs, both postsutural, the anterior pair not very far in front

of the posterior and distinctly smaller than them, the intradorsocentral hairs in

not less than eight rather irregular series, prealar well developed, presutural

hardly developed, sternopleurals two, the posterior one the longer, scutellum

rather elongate and somewhat flattened above, the bristles subequal in length.

Abdomen dull black on dorsum, yellow below lateral curve. Genital paired

processes finger-like, with a rather broadly rounded

dorsal plate above them which is fringed with some vag

fine marginal bristles.

Legs entirely pale yellow, fore femur with a

series of fine posteroventral bristles, only the hind

tibia with a preapical dorsal bristle, which is very

fine and inconspicuous.

Wings slightly smoky, more distinctly so at

bases, third and fourth veins slightly convergent to

apices, the distance between their apices not one-

third as long as the one between apices of second and

third veins ; outer cross vein hardly half as long as Text-Fic. 5.—Zygothrica

samoaénsis, head in profile.

apical section of fifth vein.

Halteres yellow, their knobs deep black.

g. Similar to the female, but the hypopygium is yellow, rather large and

rounded in profile, with two series of moderately long fine hairs on its entire

height at extremity which project straight backward.

Holotype 2, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 30.x1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype, Savail: Safune, 12.v.1924, Bryan.

Paratypes, same localities and collectors, twenty-one specimens.

I have carefully examined the descriptions of the numerous South and

Central American species of this genus, and can find none that agree with it in all

respects. There is no doubt in my mind that it is distinct from any heretofore

described, but whether it occurs outside of the Samoan group it 1s impossible to

conjecture. I have seen no other species of the genus, nor is any recorded, from

Oceania.

280 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Upolumyia, gen. n.

This genus is readily distinguished from any in the family by the possession

of a short but distinct bristly hair about one-third from the base of the postero-

dorsal surface of the hind tibia, and the relatively large anterior reclinate orbital

bristle, all three orbitals being about the same length and strength, with the

arrangement as in typical species of Drosophila. The face is sharply carinate on

the upper half; the mesonotum has two subequal pairs of postsutural dorso-

central bristles and the intradorsocentral hairs in more than six series. The wing

is deeply notched at apex of the subcostal vein, and the lobe in front of the notch

is conspicuously blackened as in the genus Mycodrosophila. In other respects

similar to. Drosophila.

Genotype, Upolumyia pictifrons, sp. n.

Kry To THE SPECIES.

1. Frons with two conspicuous brownish black spots, one on

each side close to eyes, surrounding the bases of the

anterior reclinate and the proclinate bristles ; wing with

one brown cloud, situated immediately below the apex

of the first vein and extending to second but not into

the discal cell ; pleura preponderantly black, with a spot

on anterior margin near spiracle and a narrow central

vitta on lower margin of the mesopleura pale yellow . pictdfrons, sp. n.

— Frons with no conspicuous pair of spots near eyes; wing

with the brown cloud as above, but with an additional

and much larger one on the costa from before the apex

of second vein to apex of third that tapers off behind and

fades out about middle of the disc; pleura pre-

ponderantly pale yellow, a narrow upper marginal vitta

and the upper half of the sternopleura brownish black . bimaculata, sp. n.

6. Upolumyia pictifrons, sp. n. (Text-figs. 6 and 7).

A pale testaceous yellow species with the frons marked with black on each

side in front, the mesonotum with brown vittae, and the abdomen largely black

with some pale yellow markings ; legs yellow with dark brown markings, and

wings with one brown cloud at apex of first vein.

Length, 2 mm.

Head pale clay yellow, the frons more or less clouded with brownish, the

ocellar region with a fuscous mark, and each orbit with a black spot surrounding

the bases of the anterior reclinate and the proclinate bristle, the surface elevated

DROSOPHILIDAE. 281

at that point; face blackened on the upper part of the high and sharp central

carina of the upper half; occiput largely dull brown ; antennae yellow, third

segment, except its extreme base black, the aristae yellow basally, brown beyond

middle, the hairs dark ; palpi black. Profile as Fig. 6. Frons at vertex wider

than its length in centre, at anterior margin about as wide as its length, all the

bristles except the postvertical pair quite strong and long, the anterior reclinate

one about as long as the posterior one, situated slightly in front of the proclinate

one and distinctly closer to the eye ; ocellars quite closely placed and between the

anterior and posterior ocelli ; surface with a few microscopic black hairs in centre

in front; the orbits and triangle not demar-

cated. Eyes narrowed below, with very ea

short hairs; face parallel-sided, receding

below, the knife-like central carina ceasing

at middle and not visible from the side

because of the antennae ; the latter moder-

ately large, the second segment with two

short bristles and some minute hairs, third

segment about twice as long as second and

rather wide, densely pubescent; arista

normally with eleven hairs or rays, but two

of which are below, and eight or nine hairs T®%7¥". Pe ee pictifrons, head

: in pronie.

Ps topKins .

along the inner upper edge at bases of the rays

that are about one-third as long as the latter ; gena very narrow ; vibrissa single

and well developed ; palpi short and broad ; proboscis short, yellow.

Thorax whitish-yellow, with numerous brown to black markings.

Mesonotum brownish-yellow, with four blackish-brown vittae, the central pair

complete or with a slight reduction in intensity of the colour between the suture

and hind margin, the lateral pair usually consisting of three separated spots, one

in front, one just behind the suture, and a much fainter one at the postalar

callosity, while there is a similar series of dark marks along each lateral margin ;

pleura brownish-black, with a yellow spot at anterior spiracle, one below base of

wing, and a vitta from the base of the fore coxa to the posterior spiracle ; post-

notum dark brown in centre ; scutellum yellowish-brown, blackish across base

and on sides. Mesonotum with two pairs of strong dorsocentrals, the anterior

pair about midway between the suture and posterior margin, six or more series

of short intradorsocentral hairs and no prescutellar acrostichals; prealar and

282 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

presutural well developed ; scutellum bare on disc, slightly flattened above but

without a definite ridge, the four bristles subequal in length. Sternopleurals two,

the posterior one the longer.

Abdomen coloured as thorax, dorsal exposure dull brownish-black, with a

series of smal] central spots, one on each tergite from second to fourth, and a

lateral one on third and fourth, the terminal tergites yellow. Below the curve

there is another series of yellow spots on the tergites.

Legs whitish-yellow, with the followimg brownish-black marks: A spot on

anterior side of fore coxa at apex, two spots on the anterior and posterior sides of

the fore femur that do not connect on the dorsal surface, a broad band nearer to

apex than to base on each mid and hind femur, a narrow ring near base of the fore

tibia and a much broader one on basal half of mid and hind pairs. Fore femur

with some long posteroventral and posterodorsal bristles, one at apical third

LA ;

BK ee es

Text-FIe. 7.—Upolumyia pictifrons, wing.

in each series longer than the others; the femoral and tibial hairs in regular

longitudinal series, as is usual in the family; mid tibia with one long apical

ventral bristle ; only the hind tibia with a distinct preapical dorsal bristle, and

this pair also with a similar bristle on the posterodorsal surface about one-third

from the base.

Wings (Fig. 7) hyaline, veins brown, a brown cloud below apex of first vein

that extends over the disc to second vein, and the flap-like apical part of the first

section of the costal vein deep black. This latter feature is found in the next

species also, but the expansion of the costa at this point in the present species is

much more marked than usual, so much so that when one views the edge of the

costa the flap stands out strikingly above the wing level.

fialteres pale yellow.

Holotype 9, Upolu: Vailima, 12.xi1.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype and two paratypes, Savaii: Salailua, 23.v.1924, Bryan.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 28

7. Upolumyia bimaculata, sp. n.

Very similar to the genotype, but readily distinguished from it by the

presence of two brown clouds on the costa of the wing, the lack of a pair of

conspicuous black spots on the frons, and the differently marked pleura.

Length, 2 mm.

Head duller testaceous yellow than in pictifrons, the ocellar spot fuscous,

and the only other dark markings consisting of the deeper brownish tone of each

side of the interfrontal stripe, there being no dark orbital spots. General

structure as in the genotype. Arista with only nine long rays, and orbits not

raised in front.

Thorax brownish testaceous, the mesonotum with four pale brown vittae,

the central pair complete, the pleura with a narrow upper marginal brown vitta

and the sternopleura with the upper half brownish-black. Chaetotaxy, etc., as

in the genotype.

Abdomen as in pictifrons, but the genital segments with a black central mark.

Legs honey-yellow, with dark markings arranged almost as in pictifrons,

but the depth of their colour is less, being merely brown, and apparently there is

either no band on the basal half of the mid and hind tibiae or it is very much

reduced. Itis unfortunate that in all four specimens available the legs are mostly

immersed in the mounting medium and so obscured are the markings that it 1s

impossible to give an accurate description. Armature as in the genotype.

Wings with the venation as in pictifrons, but in addition to the brown cloud

below the apex of the first vein there is a much larger one on the apical half of

the costa as described in the key to the species, and the apical part of the first

section of the costal vein is much less expanded.

Halteres yellow.

Holotype ¢, allotype, and two paratypes, Savaii: Salailua, 23.v.1924,

Bryan.

Mycodrosophila Oldenberg.

A genus of almost cosmopolitan distribution that contains very pretty little

species of a deep black colour with pale yellow markings, the mesonotum much

elevated and evenly rounded, with one pair of postsutural dorsocentrals and more

than six series of intradorsocentral hairs, the wing with a deep notch before the

apex of the first vein, and the tip of the costal section preceding the notch deep

black.

VI. 8. 2

284 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

As far as is known the species live in their larval stages in fungi.

There are three species in the Samoan collection, which are distinguished

as below.

Key To THE SPECIES.

1. Mesonotum rather dull black owing to the presence on the

surface of alutaceous sculpturing ; coxae entirely, femora

and tibiae almost entirely brownish-black; thorax

entirely black . : . nigrithorax, sp. n.

— Mesonotum glossy black, she surface showing ete faint

traces of microscopic alutaceous sculpturing under a very

high-power lens; legs, and pleura ee the upper

part, pale stramineous yellow. 2

2. Wing with a distinct brown cloud below the apex e es

vein that is carried over the field to fourth vein, and a

brown suffusion along the source of the sixth vein ;

halteres and palpi pale yellow ; ultimate section of fifth

vein not half as long as the penultimate section of fourth ;

abdomen with the dorsal exposure slightly shining, deep

black except a yellow spot on each side anteriorly on

first visible tergite, a larger yellow spot on each anterior

lateral angle of fourth, and the sides of fifth Se

yellow. . . buatoni, sp. n.

— Wing with no brown eloud below the ones of ia vein nor

on sixth vein; knobs of halteres partly dark brown to

black ; palpi bigek ; ultimate section of fifth vein much

over half as long as the penultimate section of fourth ;

abdomen pale yellow, with a rather broad black apical

fascia on each tergite that extends forward to anterior

margin in centre 4 : : , ; : . gratiosa de Meijere.

8. Mycodrosophila nigrithorax, sp. n.

A rather large robust species for this genus, distinguished from its allies by

the entirely black thorax, with the alutaceous mesonotum, and the preponderantly

black colour of the legs. |

Length, 3-3-5 mm.

Head black, frons reddish-brown in front in centre, the surface dull except on

the upper setulose parts of the orbits and the ocellar spot, the upper extremity of

the facial carina yellowish, the sides of the face densely silvery white dusted ;

antennae fuscous, third segment pale brown ; palpi black. rons subquadrate,

the vertex and anterior margins roundly emarginate, the orbits distinct only to

the proclinate bristle which is close to the middle of frons, the anterior reclinate

DROSOPHILIDAE. 285

orbital not half as long as the upper, or posterior, one, situated between the latter

and the proclinate one though a little nearer to eye margin than either ; all the

other bristles, including the postvertical pair, quite long and strong, the short

surface hairs very sparse. Eyes higher than long, narrowed below, subnude.

Face with a broad central carina that narrows to a point above, is slightly

flattened on most of its extent, and ceases rather abruptly about level of lower

margin of eyes, from which point the face is almost straight to epistome, the

surface microscopically alutaceous ; gena about as high as width of third antennal

seoment, the latter about twice as long as second segment, narrowly rounded at

apex ; arista with seven free hairs, two below; prelabrum broad ; palpi deep

black, leaf-like.

Thorax entirely black, the surface of mesonotum finely alutaceous, the

pleura not alutaceous, and with very fine whitish-grey dusting, the humeri

shightly brownish, dusted in front on inner side. Chaetotaxy normal, but there

are two humerals, the dorsocentrals are rather farther back than usual, and the

hairs are carried behind them almost to the scutellum. Scutellum deep velvety

black, the apex grey dusted.

Abdomen black, first tergite and anterior margin of second yellow, the

remaining tergites each with large transverse yellow marks on each anterior

lateral angle that do not form complete pale anterior margins.

Legs black, apices of all femora narrowly, bases of tibiae, and all of tarsi

brownish-yellow, the tibiae not as deep in colour as the femora. Posteroventral

bristles on fore femur very short and fine.

Wings brownish hyaline, with the usual black spot at apex of first costal

division from which there extends over the field of the wing to fourth vein in

front of the inner cross vein a distinct brown cloud ; the outer cross vein very

shghtly clouded with brown. Third costal division about two-thirds as long as

second, the black setulae on costal vein ceasing about half the length of fourth

section from apex of third ; third and fourth veins slightly convergent apically ;

ultimate section of fifth vein fully 1-5 times as long as outer cross vein.

Knobs of halteres yellow.

Holotype 3, Upolu: Malololelei, 25.11.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype, Upolu: same locality as type, 20.vi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Paratype female, Savai: Salailua, 23.v.1924, Bryan.

286 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

9. Mycodrosophila gratiosa (de Meijere).

This pretty little species is quite widely distributed in the Pacific Islands

and Malayan Region. It may readily be distinguished from its allies by the

characters listed in the foregoing key to the species.

Originally described from Java, it has been recorded from Fiji and is

represented in this collection by specimens from Upolu, the localities being

Apia, 29.11.1924, and 25.xi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins, and Savai: Safune,

May, 1924, Bryan.

I have described a closely related species from the Society Islands, and

below add another to the same group.

10. Mycodrosophila buxtoni, sp. n. (‘Text-fig. 8).

A very pretty little species with the same centrally white dusted frons as

in gratiosa and the same glossy black mesonotum as in that species, but with

the wings marked as in nigrithorax below the apex of first vein, though the outer

cross vein is not clouded.

Z Length, 2 mm.

A Head black, central third of frons yellow from

anterior ocellus to anterior margin, the pale part silvery

white dusted, the upper half of each orbit glossy, face

brownish-yellow, slightly dusted on sides, the antennae

of same colour, gena brownish-black on anterior half,

becoming pale yellow behind, the lower occiput of that

colour; prelabrum brown; palpi and proboscis pale

yellow. Frons about as long in centre as wide at

ce vertex, narrowed in front, the proclinate bristle close to

TExtT-FIG. 8.—Mycodroso- : :

phila buatoni, abdomen middle of frons and the anterior reclinate one unde-

from above. veloped, the postverticals not as long as the ocellars.

Face with a narrowly rounded central carina that is separated from the slightly

protruded epistome by a distinct depression. Arista with seven free hairs,

apparently but one below. Gena almost linear.

Mesonotum deep black, highly polished, the armature as in mgrithorax

except that the intradorsocentral hairs cease at level of the dorsocentral bristles ;

pleura whitish-yellow, with a black upper marginal stripe. that widens in front.

\ | workin.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 287

Scutellum dull black, without grey apical dust, but distinctly shining on the

apical margin, the basal pair of bristles not half as long as the apical pair (equal

in nigrithoraz).

Abdomen black, with yellow markings, dorsum as Fig. 8.

Legs entirely pale yellow. Fore femur with a series of very short fine

postero-ventral bristles, the hind tibiae only with a distinct preapical dorsal

bristle.

Wings hyaline, with a brownish cast beyond the sub-basal dark mark, the

brown cloud below apex of first vein much as in ngrithorax, but narrower, and

a brown shade along course of sixth vein. Second costal division hardly longer

than second, the black costal setulae extending less than two-thirds of the

distance between apices of second and third veins, inner cross vein at basal

third of discal cell, veins 3 and 4 convergent at apices, outer cross vein about

half as long as ultimate section of fifth vein.

Halteres yellow.

Holotype 2, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 28.vi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Lissocephala Malloch.

I erected this genus for the reception of an African species in which the

frons is entirely smooth and glossy, without any interfrontal depressed or dull-

coloured lines, and the fore femur lacks an anteroventral comb of short stout

spinules. It is closely related to Liodrosophila Duda, but the latter has usually

part of the frons dull, and the fore femur has a well-developed comb of short

and stout black spines on the apical half of the anteroventral surface. There

are a few other less evident distinctions also present.

The species described below agrees very closely with the African species

in its essential generic details, but has the anal cell and anal vein less evident.

I prefer to accept it as congeneric with the African species rather than erect

a new genus for its reception.

11. Lissocephala versicolor, sp. n.

A very pretty little species of a general fulvous yellow colour, with the

frons darkened posteriorly and slightly metallic, the posterior half of the

mesonotum and upper half of pleura metallic violet, scutellum dull fulvous,

abdomen entirely metallic, the basal two tergites blue, the apical three green,

288 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

legs yellow, and the wings hyaline, with a fuscous basal streak from the apex

of first vein to the alula.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head fulvous yellow, the entire frons smooth and glossy, darkened on upper

half or more and with a metallic blue tinge on the dark parts, the ocellar spot

and upper orbits darkest, antennae brownish yellow, palpi paler, face usually

slightly darkened in the foveae. Frons sharp on vertex, the posterior ocelli

situated on its edge, the posterior width equal to its central length, narrowed to

anterior margin where it is about one-third of the head width, the surface smooth,

the anterior half in centre with two or three pairs of stiff incurved setulose hairs,

all four verticals, the ocellars, and upper reclinate bristles, long, proclinate

bristles shorter, the anterior reclinate bristle and the postvertical pair very

short, the former placed a little above level of the proclinate bristle and between

it and eye. Antennae of average size, the second segment half immersed below

the anterior edge of the frons, the third pilose and about 1-5 as long as its basal

width ; arista with seven free hairs, two below. Face with a rather narrow

rounded carina which is separated from the slightly elevated epistome by a deep

depressed line. Eyes large, the facets moderate in size, the surface hairs

numerous and fine, not in definite series ; gena linear, palpi rather broad, with

several short marginal setae, vibrissa single, strong but not very long.

Thorax glossy fulvous yellow, the upper half of pleura, notopleural region,

and posterior third or more of the mesonotum suffused with dark metallic violet,

the scutellum dull fulvous, the apex with some yellow dust, postnotum metallic

violet. Dorsocentrals two pairs, intradorsocentral hairs in six series, presutural

bristle long, basal pair of scutellars about one-third as long as the apical pair,

sternopleura with two long bristles.

Abdomen dark metallic blue on basal two and green on apical three

tergites.

Legs entirely honey-yellow, fore coxae more whitish. Fore femur with

one or two bristles at apex on posteroventral surface ; fore tarsus unmodified,

the basal segment about as long as the next two combined.

Wings hyaline, with a fuscous streak at base that runs backward from

apex of first vein to the alula. General shape oval, the alula small, the apex

narrowly rounded, third vein ending in tip, second section of costa slightly

shorter than third, the black setulae lacking on a part at apex about equal to

length of fourth section ; inner cross vein about one-fifth from base of discal

DROSOPHILIDAE. 289

cell; fifth vein ending almost below apex of second, its apical section about

twice as long as outer cross vein.

Knobs of haléeres black.

Holotype 3, Upolu: Vailima, 12.xi1.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype, Upolu: Vaea, 1,100 feet, 25.iv.1924, Bryan.

Paratypes, Upolu, and Savau, same collectors.

This species is very similar to Drosophila metallescens de Meijere, which is

undoubtedly a Lissocephala.

Hopkinsomyia, gen. n.

This is the only genus known to me that is closely related to Drosophila

in which the face is markedly narrowed below. In addition to this character

the vibrissa is not duplicated, the eyes are haired, the third antennal segment

is short pilose, and the mesonotum has two pairs of long dorsocentrals, the

anterior pair being close behind the suture. Whether the reduced length of

the basal pair of scutellar bristles will prove to be a generic character if other

species are found, remains to be established. Other characters of the species,

some of which may yet be used as generic criteria, may be noted in the following

description of the genotype.

12. Hopkinsomyia convergens, sp. n. (Text-fig. 9.)

A small testaceous yellow species, with the ocellar spot and palpi fuscous,

the mesonotum with four fuscous or brownish vittae

that are evident only on the posterior half or

slightly more of the surface, the central pair distinct

on the disc of the scutellum, mesopleura pale brown,

dorsum of abdomen dark brown, legs entirely pale,

and the wings hyaline.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head testaceous yellow, the face almost white,

ocellar spot fuscous, antennae brownish-yellow, palpi

fuscous to black. Profile as Fig. 9, the eyes with

larger facets than usual, the hind margin slightly

emarginate on lower half, and the entire surface

with lines of short stiff erect hairs. Frons almost parallel-sided, at vertex

TExt-FIG. 9.—Hopkinsomyia con-

vergens, head in profile.

290 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

about twice as wide as long in centre, with the orbits more shining than

the interfrontalia, all the bristles except the microscopic anterior reclinate

one long and strong, the latter situated above and laterad of the proclinate

bristle and not much larger than the few surface hairs adjacent to it. Face

carinate on the upper two-thirds, the carina widened below, the face at lower

angles of eyes not over two-thirds as wide as at antennal insertions ; vibrissa

long, single; gena linear. Second antennal segment somewhat tumid, with

the usual two bristles and some very short hairs, third segment about 1-5 as

long as second, densely pubescent ; arista usually with thirteen free hairs, three

of them below. Palpi slightly widened and with a number of setulae, two of

them larger than the others.

Thorax testaceous yellow, shining, the mesonotum with four dark brownish

vittae that commence behind suture, the central pair continued over the disc

of the scutellum, the mesopleura largely brown, and the humeri and notopleural

suture also of that colour. Dorsocentrals two strong pairs, the anterior pair

close behind the suture, presutural long, one humeral, the posterior notopleural

and postalar bristles short ; basal pair of scutellars about half as long as the

apical pair; sternopleura with one long and one very short bristle; intra-

dorsocentral hairs in six series ; the prescutellar acrostichals undeveloped.

Abdomen dark brown above in female, paler in male, the genitalia of latter

pale yellow.

Legs stramineous, the hind femur with a minute shining brown dot on

anterior side at tip. Fore femur with a series of sparse posteroventral bristles,

one or two on apical half longer than the others, and no anteroventral spinules.

Preapical dorsal bristle on all the tibiae remarkably short and fine; tarsal

claws longer in the male than in the female, the fore tarsus unmodified in

either sex.

Wings hyaline, veins pale brown, apex quite pointed, with the third vein

ending in the tip. Second section of the costa hardly longer than the third,

the latter with the short black setulae continued almost to its apex; inner

cross vein beyond middle of discal cell, penultimate section of fourth vein in

female about one-fifth as long as its ultimate section and three-fourths as long

as ultimate section of fifth, comparatively shorter in the male.

Halteres yellowish-brown.

Holotype 9, Upolu: Vailima, 12.xii.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype and one female paratype, Savaii: Safune, 4 and 11.v.1924, Bryan.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 291

Paratype male and female, Viti Levu, Fiji Isl., June, 1924, Bryan.

The genus is named in honour of Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins, who collected much

of the material used in this report.

Hirtodrosophila Duda.

1924. Arch. f. Naturges., 90 A, 2, 203; 90 A, 3, 242.

This group was originally segregated as a subgenus, but it appears to be

worthy of generic rank according to the standards accepted in the family in

general. Duda has placed Hirtodrosophila as a synonym of Dasydrosophila

Duda, but the latter was not published until 1925,* so that if the two groups

were in perfect agreement Hirtodrosophila would require to be used. Possibly

the author considered the latter a hybrid name and the second was to rectify

matters. In any case my opinion is that the name should stand as it was first

proposed. ‘To prevent confusion I now designate as the genotype of Hirtodroso-

phila, Drosophila hirticornis de Meijere, an Oriental species, and as that of

Dasydrosophila, Dasydrosophila nasalis Duda, the first included species from

Central America. The latter has but four series of intradorsocentral hairs, and

the facial carina is much more extensive than in the other group, being markedly

widened below.

I have examined several species of Hirtodrosophila in the United States

National Museum that were presented by Dr. Duda, including the genotype, and

consider that Duda was in error in ranking the several so-called varieties of

latafrons as mere variations of the latter instead of as distinct species.

It may be of interest to note here also that latifrons was proposed as a new

name for carinata and asteiodea (!), and that, despite the fact that the author

apparently considered this course necessary because of the use of the specific

name carinata by de Meijere in Drosophila in 1901, he retained both names as

varietal in the 1926 paper in which he proposed latifrons.{ As he still considered

Dasydrosophila as a subgenus, the course was improper and the name carinata

must be supplanted by latifrons Duda even if it is only that of a variety.

There are three species in this collection which may be distinguished as

below.

* Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 22, 193. ~ Supp. Ent., 14, 67.

292 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Key To THE SPECIES.

1. Head with the frons, face, and upper half of occiput black,

the mesonotum and scutellum also black, and the

remainder of the insect pale yellow; costa without a

dark spot at apex of first section. - . seminigra Duda.

— Not sharply bicoloured species, general colour Romatae to

yellowish testaceous, the head with only a small dark

mark on the gena and vibrissal angle, or the ocellar spot

fuscous, and the pleura not or very little a than the

mesonotum and scutellum . ! 2

2. Mesonotum pale brownish testaceous, atin a darker itis

along the upper margin of each humerus ; basal pair of

sortella bristles not noticeably shorter than the apical

pair; wing with a very distinct though small dark mark

at apex of the first costal section . ‘ : . unicolor, sp. 1.

— Mesonotum dark brownish testaceous, more distinctly

shining and without a dark line along the upper margin

of the humerus; basal pair of scutellar bristles much

shorter than the apical pair; costa of the wing without

a dark spot at apex of the first section : P . wnnocua, sp. n.

13. Hirtodrosophila seminigra Duda.

This small species, which closely resembles a minute Mycodrosophila, was

originally described as a variety of lawfrons Duda, but I am convinced that it

is a distinct species. As the original description was extremely brief I offer

further details below.

Head black, face more brownish, genae except at anterior angles and the

lower half of the occiput pale yellow. Face with a rather narrow rounded

carina which is highest about middle and tapers off below that to the epistome

which is slightly elevated. Anterior reclinate bristle minute; postverticals

rather small, cruciate. Vibrissae single. Third antennal segment over twice

as long as second, reaching almost to epistome, with the usual long upper

marginal hairs. Palpi and proboscis pale yellow, the former with one apical

black setula. Eyes with short stiff seriate hairs.

Mesonotum and scutellum deep black, with black bristles and hairs, the

basal pair of scutellars much shorter than the apical pair. Pleura and postnotum

pale yellow.

Abdomen and halteres pale yellow.

DROSOPHILIDAK. 293

Legs entirely pale yellow, the tibiae and tarsi with the usual short out-

standing scattered hairs.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow, no dark spot at apex of first costal section, the

third section fully as long as second, with the short black setulae extending

to near its middle; inner cross vein slightly before middle of discal cell, ultimate

section of fifth vein nearly three times as long as outer cross vein.

Originally described from Sumatra. There are three specimens in this

collection from Savaii: Salailua, May, 1924, Bryan.

14. Hirtodrosophila unicolor, sp. n.

A small dull brownish-yellow species with no conspicuous markings, those

present in any specimen consisting of a brown mark on the genae, one along

upper edge of each humerus, and a black spot at apex of the first costal division

that is confined to the veins at that point.

Length, 1-1-25 mm.

Head dull brownish-yellow, the ocellar spot not darkened,-and usually a

dark brown mark on the centre of the genae that sometimes extends to the

vibrissal angle. rons parallel-sided, a little longer than wide, with the orbits

slightly paler than the interfrontalia and slightly shining; anterior reclinate

bristle present but very small; postverticals much smaller than the ocellars.

Face paler than interfrontalia, with the same type of carina as in seminigra.

Third antennal segment brownish, with some of the upper marginal hairs longer

than its width; arista with six free hairs, one below. Eyes as in seminagra.

Gena about half as high as width of third antennal segment, vibrissa single.

Palpi slightly dilated, with one long apical hair.

Thorax dull brownish yellow, with slight indication of yellowish dust, a

brown mark along the upper edge of each humerus, and the hairs and bristles

dark brown. Basal pair of scutellar bristles almost as long as the apical pair.

Abdomen concolorous with the thorax.

Legs unicolorous yellow, with the usual erect scattered hairs on tibiae and

tarsi and two or three moderately long posteroventral bristles on fore femur.

Wings ouch as in seminigra, but more yellowish, with the dark costal spot,

and the second costal section comparatively longer. Halteres yellow.

Holotype 3, and paratypes, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924,

Buxton & Hopkins. Paratypes, Savaii: Safune, May, 1924, Bryan.

294 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

15. Hirtodrosophila innocua, sp. n.

An obscure looking little species, very like the next preceding one, but of

a darker general colour, the ocellar spot fuscous, the mesonotum more distinctly

shining and rather dark brown, and the wing without any trace of a darkening

of the costal vein at apex of the first section.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head as in unicolor, but the frons darker and with the ocellar spot fuscous.

The facial cara is quite distinctly widened below, the third antennal segment

is less distinctly haired, and the gena is higher, with the central brownish mark

less distinct, and the proboscis is longer, almost as long as height of the head.

Mesonotum shining brown, the pleura paler, the armature as in uncolor,

but the basal pair of scutellar bristles is hardly more than half as long as the

apical pair.

Abdomen coloured as thorax, paler on sides and apex.

Legs as in wnicolor, the tibial hairs quite distinct and widely scattered, the

fore tarsus longer than its tibia, the basal segment not as long as the next two

combined, all segments with scattered, rather erect, curled hairs that are longer

than the diameter of the segments.

Wings hyaline, veins pale brown, the venation as in wiicolor.

Halteres pale brown.

Holotype 9, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype and one 3 paratype, Savaii: Safune, 12.v.1924, Bryan.

The type specimen is rather immature so that details of coloration cannot be

made out very clearly, nor are the two other specimens much better, but I am

convinced that the species is distinct from wnicolor though closely related to it.

The third antennal segment has some erect upper marginal hairs and is longer

than in most other genera while the arista has but one hair below which is near

apex, characters that place the species in this genus.

Scaptomyza Hardy.

This genus as represented in Europe and most of its range contains species

of rather slender build, with the head smaller than is the general rule in

Drosophila and the wings also rather narrower. They are distinguished from

that genus by the presence of not more than four series of intradorsocentral hairs

on the mesonotum. While this may appear a rather trivial character for generic

DROSOPHILIDAE. 295

separation it holds throughout the range of the concepts and is generally accepted

by taxonomists. In the Marquesas Islands we meet with the greatest diversity

of structure in Scaptomyza and its closest relatives, and in Samoa there are no

species that present the characteristic slender appearance of the more typical

representatives of the genus. I have placed in Scaptomyza two species from

these islands neither of which is in most respects like the more common species

of the genus and which are probably due to be relegated either to other genera

or at least new subgenera thereof. As I am in possession of only one specimen

of each species I prefer to treat them tentatively as aberrant species of the genus

rather than as representatives of new genera. A summary of the characters

of these may be found in the following descriptions.

Key TO THE SPECIES.

1. Frontal triangle glossy black, separated from the upper half

: of the orbits, which are similar in colour, by a less dis-

tinctly shining stripe, the anterior or lower half of each

orbit deep velvety black; mesonotum and mesopleura

black, the former with a broad central stripe shagreened

and dull, the mesopleura glossy, remainder of pleura and

the entire legs stramineous : . stramineipes, sp. n.

— Frons orange-yellow in centre, the pale Fao semmonetl§ in

front of the ocelli, widened behind where it encloses the

dark ocellar spot, and less widened in front, the orbits

glossy black, widest at middle and tapered to anterior

extremities; mesonotum and upper half of pleura

fuscous, humeral angles yellowish, mesonotum shagreened,

lower half of pleura and legs yellow, fore tibiae and basal

three segments of fore tarsifuscous . : 5 . bicolor, sp. n.

16. Scaptomyza stramineipes, sp. n.

A black species with the posterior angle of jowls, sides of scutellum, the

postnotum, and the abdomen apically brownish yellow, the prosternum, sterno-

pleura, and legs straw-yellow, the large frontal triangle and narrow upper halves

of the orbits glossy, wings hyaline, and halteres yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Head black, with the posterior angle of jowls brownish-yellow, the frontal

triangle, upper half of each orbit, and the face except a line on each side, glossy.

Frons about as wide as long, hardly narrowed in front, the triangle extending

to anterior margin, blunt at tip, with an opalescent stripe along each side to

296 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

near its posterior margin where the orbits connect with it, the latter distinct to

base of the proclinate bristle which is situated slightly in front of middle of

frons, the anterior reclinate bristle microscopic, the lateral margins of frons in

front of the orbits deep velvety black. Inner vertical bristles much longer than

the outer pair, the latter, the ocellars, and upper reclinate bristle about equal

in length, the proclinate bristle shorter, and the postvertical pair quite short

and cruciate. Face with a linear carina between the bases of the antennae,

below that with a broad transverse depression, the epistome slightly elevated.

Antennae rather large, third segment densely pubescent; arista with about

thirteen free hairs, three or four below. Eyes a little higher than long and

shghtly narrowed below, with short fine hairs of moderate density. Gena a

mere line, the single vibrissa of average length. Palpi black, not much widened,

with a terminal setula and marginal hairs.

Thorax black, mesonotum distinctly shining on sides, with a greyish dusted

central vitta covering the intradorsocentral area on its entire extent and extend-

ing to apex of the scutellum ; pleura yellow on lower half, the postnotum and

the lower part of sides of the scutellum brownish yellow. Mesonotum with two

pairs of strong postsutural dorsocentrals, the anterior pair nearer to the suture

than to the posterior pair, the intradorsocentral hairs in two central and two less

regular lateral series, the prescutellar acrostichals lacking, presutural bristle

lacking in type, sternopleura with one long bristle, the scutellum short, shghtly

flattened above, with four long subequal bristles.

Abdomen fuscous at base, gradually becoming paler to apex where it is

yellowish brown.

Legs stramineous. Fore femur without well-developed posteroventral

bristles ; all tibiae with distinct preapical dorsal bristle.

Wings brownish hyaline, yellowish at extreme bases, the veins brown,

general shape rather narrow, the alulae small. Second section of costa fully

three times as long as third, the latter about twice as long as fourth, with the

black costal setulae ceasing at about its middle; inner cross vein at about

one-third from base of discal cell, penultimate section of fourth vein over two-

thirds as long as ultimate, outer cross vein but little shorter than ultimate

section of fifth.

Halteres brownish-yellow.

Holotype g, Savaii: Salailua, 23.v.1924, Bryan.

DROSOPHILIDAE. 297

17. Scaptomyza bicolor, sp. n.

This species, though very similar in general form and colour to stramineipes,

is quite different in the markings of the head, which has a central yellow frontal

vitta on its entire extent, in the lack of yellow markings on the lower half of the

pleura and in having the fore legs largely blackened.

Length, 2 mm.

Head black, with a fulvous yellow central stripe that begins above neck

and extends to anterior margin of frons, widened at ocelli and again slightly at

anterior margin of frons, the face yellowish brown, genae also of that colour,

antennae, palpi, and proboscis orange-yellow. Frons at least as long as its

width at vertex, narrowed in front, the orbits glossy black, at vertex each is a

little less than one-third of the width of latter, their widest point in front of

ocelli, and from there slightly tapered to anterior margin. All bristles distinct,

the anterior reclinate one very small, the proclinate one rather close to anterior

margin. Face less distinctly carinate above than in the preceding species, with

a slight central emargination in the raised epistome, gena almost linear, vibrissa

single and fine. Eyes with stiff almost seriate surface hairs. Black part of

occiput velvety except on lower edge. Antennae rather small, third segment

pubescent ; arista with nine free hairs, three below. Palpi small.

Thorax shining black, broadly brown on humeral angles, the surface not

as distinctively dusted between the dorsocentral series as in the preceding

species, rather evenly alutaceous, and more convex, the general bristling differing

in that there is one long humeral and a longer presutural. Scutellum convex,

alutaceous, the basal pair of bristles fully as long as the apical pair.

Abdomen shining black, rather slender.

Legs yellow, rather strong, the fore tibiae and basal three segments of the

fore tarsi blackened. Fore femur with very short fine posteroventral bristles,

hairs on fore tarsi rather stronger than usual but still inconspicuous, all tibiae

with a preapical dorsal bristle.

Wings hyaline, with a slight brown tinge centrally from base to apex, the

second vein paler than the others. General shape elongate oval, the alulae

very small and the apex more pointed than in straminevpes. In other respects

the structure is much as in that species, but the outer cross vein is at about

twice its own length from the apex of fifth vein, and the anal cell and sixth vein

are more distinct.

298 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Halteres with the knobs fuscous.

Holotype 3, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

This species is readily distinguished from any known to me in this genus

by the highly polished and very wide frontal orbits, and in some respects it

agrees rather well with the genus [ncisurifrons Duda, but it has more in common

with Scaptomyza, so I have placed it in the latter genus though subsequent

investigation of further material may cause its removal therefrom.

Drosophila Fallén.

This genus contains a very large number of species, some of them very

widespread in distribution and very common. There are many segregates in

the genus as generally accepted, most of them having been given subgeneric

apellations by Dr. Duda, those most easily differentiated being accepted in this

paper, but there are several more that may eventually be recognized as either

subgenera or genera by subsequent workers. I present below a key to the

Samoan species, in which I use one or two previously unrecognized distinguishing

characters.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Mesonotum with a pair of well differentiated prescutellar

acrostichal bristles;* second section of the costa not twice

as long as third, the latter with the small black setulae on

the anterior edge of the costal vein extending to or beyond

its apical third; fore tarsus of both sexes slender and

not exceptionally haired nor bristled, the basal segment

about as long as the remaining four combined ; bristles

yellowish-brown ; vibrissa single, no strong setula below

it ; eyes with very short dense, erect, stiff hairs . ‘ 12

— Mesonotum without a differentiated pair of prescutellar

acrostichal bristles, and the other characters not as above

in their entirety é : : : , dj : 2

2. Frons densely silvery white dusted except on the orbits and

a slender central line; face brownish yellow, with the

epistome rather broadly whitish and white dusted, the

carina narrow, confined to the upper half; pleura honey-

yellow, with two dark brown vittae, one on the upper

margin, the other on middle; posteroventral surface of

the fore femur with one or two fine and short bristles at

apex . : : : : : : : . albifrontata, sp. n.

* This character was used as the basis for the erection of the subgenus Paradrosophila

by Duda. Unfortunately the group thus limited is just as diversified in its constituents as is

Drosophila, and I do not make use of the subgenus herein.

DROSOPHILIDAE.

— Frons nowhere densely silvery white dusted

3. Vibrissa single, no additional bristle or setulae below Hee

black species, with fuscous to black halteres, al

averaging 2 mm. in length .

— Vibrissa duplicated with a second eee: pelow it that j is

nearly as long ; species generally fulvous yellow, if dark

then about 3 mm. in length :

4, Second costal division not twice as long as third, the iptter

about three times as long as fourth, and with the short

black setulae on the Sesion edge of the costal vein

extending to about one-fourth from its apex; face

vertical and almost hidden in profile, with a narrowly

rounded carina between the bases of the antennae that

widens out as it descends until it extends over the entire

central part below, where there is no transverse depres-

sion, the epistome receding ; gena se! as high as width

of palpus . :

— Second costal division fully éhres ewes long as ‘third,

the latter not over twice as long as fourth, with the short

black setulae on anterior edge of the costal vein extending

to about midway between apices of the second and third

veins ; face hidden centrally in profile, with a linear

carina between bases of antennae that widens out below

but is not continued below middle, the lower half with a

rather deep rounded transverse depression, and the

epistome angularly produced in profile; gena a mere

line, not as high as width of palpus : :

5. Large species, averaging 3 mm. in length; second division

of the costa not less than 2-5 times as long as third, the

latter about twice as long as fourth and the ultimate

section of fifth vein hardly longer than the outer cross

vein. :

— Small species, averaging Tess Ginga 2 mm. in lene he second

division of the costa not, or very slightly, over twice as

long as third, the latter much over twice as long as fourth,

and the ultimate section of the fifth vein much over twice

as long as the outer cross vein : ; ,

6. Dark brown species, with brown Halbereee the small black

setulae on the anterior edge of the costal vein carried

beyond the apex of soa vein about four-fifths of the

distance to the apex of third vein; eyes with very fine,

short, widely spaced hairs on entire extent . :

— Brownish-yellow to fulvous yellow species; the black

setulae on the anterior edge of the costal vein not carried

distinctly beyond midway from apex of second to apex

of third vein; eyes with short stiff closely placed hairs,

most dense above ; :

7. Males

— Females

VI. 8.

converda, sp. 0.

nigrifrons, sp. De

upoluae, sp. 0.

hypopygialis, sp. n.

299

300 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

8. Fore metatarsus without short, stiff, closely placed spines

on anterior edge, the ventral surface with numerous

transverse series of erect, stiff, yellowish-brown setulae . errans Malloch.

— Fore metatarsus with at least a part of its anterior edge

furnished with a series of closely placed black comb-like

bristles. ; 9

9. Fore metatarsus with the epibal half or es with a ‘coin:

like series of black bristles . : ampelophila Loew.

— Fore metatarsus and the second segment also fieniated

with a comb-lke series of short black bristles. montium de Meijere

10. Third section of the costa a little less than half as one ae as

the second ; hairs and bristles of the abdomen normal ;

the short black setulae an anterior edge of the dostal

vein extending to about middle of third section, the

length of the setulose edge not greater than that of fourth

section. ampelophila Loew.

— Third section of the costa fully half as long as the second:

the short black costal setulae extending to beyond middle

of third section, the length of the setulose edge distinctly

greater than fourth section : ‘ P : : 11

11. Bristles of abdomen normal, rather fine . : errans Malloch.

— Apical bristles of abdominal tergites much nous jhan

usual ‘ : : . montium de Meijere.

12. The four scutellar Dratles soon long bad aureus ; the

small black setulae on the costal vein ede two-

thirds of the distance from apex of second vein to apex

of third . : excepta, Sp. 1.

— The basal pair of sentellar bristles about half as slong. as the

apical pair; the small black setulae on the costal vein

extending three-fourths of the distance from apex of

second vein to apex of third ; : : : . bryan, sp. n.

18. Drosophila ampelophila Loew.

This and the next two species belong to the same group of small testaceous-

yellow to fulvous yellow forms with very similar habitus and structure. Of these

ampelophila and errans occur in both the Old and New Worlds. The first is

readily distinguished from the other two in the male sex by the armature of the

fore metatarsus as indicated in the foregoing key to the species, but there are

one or two other species that have the same type of armature. I have given in

the key characters for the separation of the females of the three species and hope

I have succeeded in providing a dependable means of doing this.

Originally described from North America, this species occurs in Europe and

elsewhere almost as commonly indoors as outdoors, being particularly attracted

DROSOPHILIDAE. 301

to fermenting liquids and to fruits. In many districts it is well known by the

name of “ Vinegar-fly.”’

Upolu: Apia, xi1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins, No. 694, bred from rotten

mangoes.

19. Drosophila montium de Meijere.

Very similar to ampelophila, but readily distinguished in the male sex by

the presence of the dense comb-like arrangement of short black bristles on the

second as well as the first segment of the fore tarsus, and in the female by the

longer third section of the costal vein of the wing.

Originally described from the Dutch Hast Indies and probably generally

distributed throughout the Orient.

Upolu: Apia, August 1924, and Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton &

Hopkins.

20. Drosophila errans Malloch.

This species was described under the name similis by Lamb from the

Seychelles Islands, and it is the same as that accepted as ananassae Doleschall

by Duda. I am certain that the material before me is referable to errans, but

am not certain if ananassae is identical with it or with one of the two preceding

species, so make use of the name errans, which I recently proposed as a substitute

for sumilis, which was preoccupied in the genus when used by Lamb.

I have seen this species from the Marquesas Islands and have no doubt it

is widely distributed in the Orient and the Pacific Islands.

Upolu: Apia, August 1924, and Malololelei, 25.xi1.1924, Buxton &

Hopkins.

Savaii: Salailua, May 1924, Bryan.

Tutuila: Amauli, 9.v.1923, Swezey and Wilder.

21. Drosophila albifrontata, sp. n.

A very distinctly marked species with the two broad silvery white dusted

vittae on the frons, bivittate pleura, and almost entirely black abdomen.

Length, 2-25 mm.

Head fulvous yellow, frons brown except on upper orbits, the disc overlaid

with dense silvery white dust except on the narrow orbital stripes and a mere

302 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

line in centre, face with a dark transverse central vitta and below that the

epistome rather broadly yellowish-white and overlaid with slight whitish dust,

third antennal segment brown, palpi fuscous, proboscis yellow. Frons about

as long as its width at vertex, narrowed to anterior margin, the surface slightly

depressed centrally, the bristles all well developed except the postvertical pair,

which are much shorter than the ocellars, and the anterior reclinate bristle

which is microscopic, the latter situated almost between the other two orbitals.

Antennae quite large and with the hairs on upper edge of third segment rather

longer than usual, but not as marked as in Hirtodrosophila, the arista with

thirteen free hairs, three of them below. Face without a definite carina above,

transversely depressed in centre, the epistome slightly projecting. LHyes a little

higher than long, slightly narrowed below, with dense stiff seriate hairs. Gena

a mere line, the vibrissa single and rather well developed.

Thorax glossy fulvous yellow, paler on lateral edges of mesonotum and

pleura, the former with a dark irregular vitta near each lateral margin, and four

dark vittae that are evident only posteriorly, the pleura with an upper marginal

and a central dark vitta, and most of the disc of the scutellum blackened, post-

notum fulvous yellow. Dorsocentrals two postsutural pairs, intradorsocentral

hairs in six series, prescutellar acrostichals lacking, humerals two, the upper one

small, presutural well developed, sternopleurals three, unequal in length; scutellum

slightly convex above, the outline broadly rounded, the four bristles subequal.

Abdomen shining black, yellowish at extreme base, genital processes with a

series of minute black points along their lower edges.

Legs honey-yellow, the fore femur without a series of posteroventral bristles

and all the tibiae with a distinct preapical dorsal bristle.

Wings brownish hyaline, veins brown. Second costal division fully three

times as long as third, the latter about twice as long as fourth, with the short

black costal setulae present only on its anterior third, the outer cross vein at

about 1:5 times its own length from apex of fifth vein, inner cross vein at a

little over one-third from base of discal cell, penultimate section of fourth vein

about half as long as ultimate section, anal cell present, anal vein indistinct.

Alulae small.

Halteres brownish yellow.

Holotype 9, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

This is the most distinctive species of the genus in the collection as far as

body markings are concerned, the white dusted frons being unique in the material

DROSOPHILIDAK. 303

though there are one or two species from other parts of the region that have some-

what similar coloration. The lack of a definite facial carina is also a good

character for the distinction of the species.

22. Drosophila convexa, sp. n. (Text-fig. 10).

A rather well-distinguished species of a general black colour, with the face

of characteristic structure, almost vertical in profile, the central carina being

but slightly prominent and not at all nose-like, shading off on lower third or less

to the rounded epistome.

Length, 2 mm.

Head in profile as Fig. 10. Occiput and frons black, the frontal orbits

and triangle grey dusted, the interfrontalia with a reddish-brown tinge in front,

face yellowish-brown, shining, the parafacials and genae paler and slightly

dusted. Antennae black, orange-yellow below on

second segment ; palpi brownish-yellow, darker at

apices. Frons at vertex about half the head width

and almost twice as wide as its length from posterior

ocellus to anterior margin, slightly narrowed

anteriorly, the anterior margin emarginate so that

the sides are longer than the centre, orbits slightly

humped up at the bristles, the proclinate one in

front of middle and about half as long as the upper

reclinate one, the anterior reclinate minute, slightly

proximad of the proclinate and much closer to the

eye, all the other bristles including the postvertical Tee eNMOS- Drape Oe

pair quite long. Eyes with very minute erect pale vexa, head in profile.

and not very dense hairs. Face with a depres-

sion below each antenna that becomes obsolete before attaining the level of the

vibrissae, the epistome rounded, gena linear, the vibrissa moderately well

developed, with a series of much shorter setulose hairs behind it on genal margin.

Antennae moderate in size, second segment with a number of stiff hairs and two

rather well-developed short bristles; third segment pubescent; arista with

eight free hairs, two or three below. Palpi slightly dilated, with two setulose hairs

and some weaker hairs along margins.

Thorax black, slightly shining, with faint greyish dust, much damaged in

type by the pin so that it is impossible to give a very good description, the

304 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

armature apparently similar to that of albifrontata, but only two sternopleurals

present.

Abdomen shining black, rather slender.

Legs fuscous, trochanters and tarsi brownish-yellow. Fore femur with some

posteroventral bristles, one or two on apical half rather long, fore tibia with

some erect hairs rather longer than usual, fore tarsus longer than its tibia, basal

segment about as long as the next three combined, some of the hairs more notice-

able than usual, about as long as the diameter of the segments, fine and almost

erect, especially on the apical two or three segments ; all tibiae with a preapical

dorsal bristle.

Wings yellowish hyaline, veins pale, second section of the costa not twice

as long as third, the latter over three times as long as fourth and with the small

black setulae on the costa carried to less than the length of fourth section from

its apex, inner cross vein close to middle of discal cell, the ultimate section of

fifth and penultimate section of fourth vein subequal in length.

Halteres brown.

Holotype 3, and 1 § Paratype, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, x11.1925,

Buxton & Hopkins.

23. Drosophila nigrifrons, sp. n.

A shining black species with the frons dull except on the triangle and orbits,

second antennal segment above and the face brownish-yellow, mesonotum and

abdomen entirely glossy black, legs of that colour, with the knees narrowly,

apices of all tibiae, and the entire tarsi dull yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale

brown, becoming black at bases. Halteres dark brown.

Length, 2:5 mm.

Head black, frons with the orbits and triangle shining, the anterior margin

brown ; face dull brownish-yellow, antennae black, the second segment yellowish-

brown apically, palpi fuscous. Frons about as wide at the middle as long,

narrowed in front and widened behind, the triangle carried to the anterior

margin, the orbits narrow, all the usual bristles present, the postvertical pair

small and cruciate, the anterior reclinate one minute. Face brownish-yellow,

with a rather low and broad carina on upper half that does not cease abruptly

but tapers off below, the lower half with a shallow broad transverse depression and

the epistome slightly angular. Gena linear, vibrissa single. Antennae rather

large, third segment pubescent, arista with eleven free hairs, three below. Palpi

DROSOPHILIDAE. 305

slightly dilated. Eyes a little higher than long, slightly tapered below, with

very short, scattered, fine erect hairs.

Thorax shining black, the mesonotum almost glossy, the pleura very

slightly greyish dusted. The armature almost as in the next preceding species.

Abdomen glossy black, immaculate.

Legs black, apices of femora and bases of tibiae narrowly, apices of tibiae

more broadly, and the entire tarsi brownish-yellow. No abnormal armature

present, basal segment of the fore tarsus about as long as the next two combined.

Wings greyish hyaline, veins pale brown, becoming black at bases. Second

costal division fully three times as long as third, the latter a little over twice as

long as fourth, with the short costal setulae ceasing short of its middle; inner

cross vein not over one-third from base of the discal cell; outer cross vein not

twice its own length from apex of fifth; ultimate section of fourth vein about

1-5 times as long as penultimate one.

Halteres brown.

Holotype 9, and eight paratypes, Savai: Safune, 2,000-4,000 feet, May,

1924, Bryan.

Allotype, Upolu, 3.vi.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

24. Drosophila upoluae, sp. n. (Text-fig. 11).

A shining dark brown species, darkest on dorsum, the face and second

antennal segment brownish-yellow, bases of the abdominal tergites distinctly

paler than their apices, legs brownish-yellow, wings suffused with brown,

becoming paler posteriorly and with no darker shade on the cross veins.

Length, 3-5 mm.

Head dark brown, the frons slightly reddish in centre, on anterior margin,

and the orbits, the latter and the ocellar region slightly shining, face testaceous,

much darker in the foveae and below them, greyish dusted on the carina and

orbits, genae testaceous, grey dusted, prelabrum dark brown. Width of frons at

anterior margin less than at vertex, at which latter it is fully as wide as its length

in centre, all the bristles except the anterior reclinate one well developed, this

being not half as long as the proclinate one, distinctly higher placed than,

and slightly laterad of it; ocellar spot with numerous short hairs, the orbits in

front of the bristles and the anterior margin of frons also haired. Antennae dark

brown, second segment-more yellowish and with the usual setulae, third segment

306 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

pilose ; arista with twelve free hairs, four below, and the shorter hairs along the

inner side rather longer than usual. Eyes with very short sparse hairs, and

almost uniform-sized facets. Gena about as high as width of third antennal

segment, vibrissae duplicated. Palpi moderately wide, brown. Facial carina

quite prominent and rather broadly rounded below, abruptly ceasing a short

distance from the epistome.

Thorax dark shining brown, the mesonotum with hardly a trace of dust, the

pleura more noticeably greyish dusted and slightly paler, the chaetotaxy normal,

the intradorsocentral hairs in six to eight series, both pairs of dorsocentrals strong,

the prescutellar acrostichals lacking, and the sternopleurals two, both long.

Abdomen more glossy than the thorax, the apices of the tergites almost

black, their bases brownish-yellow. Genital process

4 as Fig. 11.

Legs brown. Fore femur with about four rather

long posteroventral bristles, the fore tibia with two

series of minute, widely spaced, erect fine hairs, one

anterodorsal and the other posterodorsal, the fore

tarsus also with some minute but slightly curled fine

g hairs ; mid tibia with the preapical dorsal and apical

Texr-rig. 11. — Drosophila ventral bristles well developed, mid metatarsus with

ate genital process of 4 ridge on the entire extent of the anteroventral edge

emale in profile. ; ; f :

which consists of contiguous short black spinules and

on the posteroventral edgea series of longer and separated comb-like black spinules.

Wings distinctly brown tinged, slightly darker costally, the cross vems not

clouded. Third section of the costa about one-third as long as second and less

than twice as long as fourth, with the short black setulae continued over three-

fourths of the distance to its apex, inner cross vein slightly proximad of middle

of discal cell, penultimate section of fourth vein about two-thirds as long as

ultimate, outer cross vein about its own length from apex of fifth vein.

Halteres dark brown.

Holotype 2, Upolu: Apia, 22.v.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

This species, which is unfortunately represented by only one female, is

distinguished from any known to me by the dark brown colour, coupled with the

very sparse hairs on the eyes, and the dark halteres.

oa Hopkins .

DROSOPHILIDAE. 307

25. Drosophila hypopygialis, sp. n. (Text-fig. 12).

Very similar to nasuta in general appearance, but lacking the white dust on

the frons in both sexes and the fore femoral comb of short spines on the antero-

ventral surface. The apex of the abdomen is usually blackened in at least the

male.

Head fulvous yellow, dull except on the upper bristled part of each frontal

orbit and a line extending from anterior ocellus to anterior margin, which are but

shghtly shining, the face and genae with but faint greyish dust ; antennae and

palpi entirely pale. Frons similar to that of wpoluae, but the anterior reclinate

bristle is almost midway between the proclinate and upper reclinate bristles.

Hyes with quite dense stiff short hairs. Antennae normal, arista with eleven or

twelve long free hairs, three or four below,

and the hairs on anterior side rather well

developed. Facial carina prominent, extend-

ing as far beyond eye in profile as width of

the third antennal segment, gradually

heightened from upper to lower extremity

at which latter it is quite abruptly declivi-

tous. Gena much narrower than third

antennal segment, the vibrissae duplicated.

Thorax fulvous yellow, rather dull, with- T#*t-¥1¢. 12.— Drosophila hypopygials,

Ne i j 3 genital process of female in profile.

out distinct dusting. Mesonotum with eight

rather irregular series of intradorsocentral hairs, the anterior one of the two

pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals distinctly shorter than the posterior pair, no

prescutellar acrostichals present, two humerals and the presutural and prealar

quite long ; sternopleurals two, both strong.

Abdomen coloured as thorax, but the apices of the tergites are usually

more or less browned, while in the male the sixth and succeeding segments are

black, these segments less extensively black in the female. Hypopygium of male

with a stout, straight, downwardly projecting process on venter ; genital process

of female rather slender, and tapered to apex (Fig. 12).

Legs a little paler than the thorax, unicolorous. Fore femur with five or

six long posteroventral bristles ; fore tibia normal, with some fine hairs much as

in upoluae ; fore tarsus of male with the basal segment about as long as the next

two combined and slightly thickened, with short curled hairs on most of its

308 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

surface and its apex on anterior side with denser hairs than usual which give it a

shghtly produced appearance, the other segments with rather less noticeable

hairing, the second segment about 1-5 times as long as the third; fore tarsus of

female more slender than that of male, the segments not noticeably longer haired

than usual, the basal segment about as long as the next two combined ; mid

tibia with the preapical dorsal bristle stronger than on other tibiae ; mid meta-

tarsus with a very short setula on the ventral surface near base, its anteroventral

edge with a ridge of closely adherent minute black spinules on its entire length

and the posteroventral edge with a series of short setulae ; hind metatarsus and

second segment with an anterior and an anteroventral ridge-like series of

adherent small black spinules similar to that on the anteroventral edge of the

mid metatarsus.

Wings brownish hyaline, the outer cross vein with a slight brownish cloud.

Third costal section not over one-third as long as second and about twice as long

as fourth, with the short black setulae ceasing at its middle; third and fourth

veins slightly convergent apically, the penultimate section of fourth vein over

four-fifths as long as the ultimate one ; inner cross vein at about one-third from

base of discal cell ; outer cross vein at about its own length from apex of fifth.

Halteres fulvous.

Holotype g, allotype, and 18 paratypes, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet,

xi1.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Paratypes, Upolu: Vaea, 25.iv.1924, Savaii: Safune, 2,000—4,000 feet,

3.v.1924, Tutuila: Pago Pago, 16.iv.1924, Bryan.

This species has some characters, especially of the tarsi, that appear to

associate it with the next genus listed herein, but there is no distinct antero-

ventral comb of minute black setulae on the fore femur, which feature has been

used as the distinguishing character of the genus. It is not at all improbable

that an intensive taxonomic study of the family in all its stages throughout the

world will eventually prove that some at least of the present divisions are

untenable or that the characters utilized for their separation are not productive

of natural groupings and that a regrouping on other criteria is essential.

26. Drosophila excepta, sp. n.

This and the next species are both quite small and brown to brownish-black

in colour, and may be distinguished from the other Samoan species by the

presence of a distinct pair of prescutellar acrostichal bristles, which character

DROSOPHILIDAE. 309

would in Duda’s classification place them in the subgenus Paradrosophila.

The character is not very constant in certain species, and there does not appear to

me to be reason for the adoption of it as of subgeneric value, so I retain the two now

under discussion in Drosophila. They may be distinguished from each other on the

basis of the characters cited for that purpose in the foregoing key to the species.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head brownish yellow, paler in front, the third antennal segment infuscated

on upper margin and at apex. Frons about as wide at vertex as long in centre,

narrowed to anterior margin, the bristles all well developed except the anterior

reclinate one which is less than half as long as the proclinate bristle and situated

very slightly in front of the latter and a little nearer to the eye, some minute

hairs in front on sides and in centre. Eyes with dense erect short stiff hairs.

Gena very narrow, almost linear, the vibrissa single and strong. Antennae

normal, arista with eight long free hairs, three below, the inner hairs short.

Facial carina linear above, narrowly rounded below, rather abruptly ceasing at

about lower fifth of face and separated from epistome by a well marked depression.

Thorax brownish-yellow, without dusting and distinctly shining. Intra-

dorsocentral hairs in at least six rather irregular series, the prescutellar pair of

acrostichals not half as long as the posterior pair of dorsocentrals, the anterior

pair of latter shorter than the posterior pair ; sternopleurals two ; other bristles

as in hypopygialis, the four scutellar bristles equally long and strong.

Abdomen coloured as thorax, the tergites each with a dark apical fascia

that is widened in centre. Genital process finger-like, rounded at tip.

Legs brownish-yellow, a little paler than the thorax, without exceptional

armature or structure, the fore femur with three or four posteroventral bristles,

the fore tarsus slender, without exceptional hairing, the basal segment about

equal in length to the apical four combined.

Wings yellowish-hyaline, veins brown, the cross veins not clouded. Third

section of the costa fully two-thirds as long as second and three times as long

as fourth, the small black costal setulae extending about two-thirds of the

distance to apex of third vein; inner cross vein about one-third from base of

discal cell; outer cross vein fully twice its own length from apex of fifth vein ;

penultimate section of fourth vein about half as long as ultimate one; apical

sections of third and fourth veins very slightly convergent apically.

Halteres yellow.

Holotype 2, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 25.x1.1924, Buxton & Hopkins.

310 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

27. Drosophila bryani, sp. n.

Very similar in most respects to excepia, but darker in colour, the abdomen

in the male especially mainly black.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head similar to that of excepta, but darker, and the anterior reclinate bristle

situated above the level of the base of the proclinate bristle.

Thorax dark brown, as in the preceding species, but with the basal pair of

scutellar bristles much shorter than the apical pair. In both species the bristles

and hairs are brownish yellow.

Abdomen almost entirely black in male, with paler bases to some of the

tergites in the female, and the female genital process shorter and more pointed.

Wg as in excepta, differing mainly in the lesser extent of the unarmed

apical part of the third costal division.

Holotype 3g, allotype, and four paratypes, Savai: Safune, 12.v.1924,

Bryan.

Paratypes, Tutuila : Leone Rd., 19.11.1924, Bryan; Tau, Manua, 20.11.1926,

Judd.

The species is dedicated to the collector of the type, who has added many

species to the collection.

Spinulophila Duda.

1924. Ent. Medd., 14, 6, 248; Arch. f. Naturges., 90, A, 203.

1926. Acanthophila Duda, Suppl. Ent., 14, 84. (Not Hein., 1870).

This group, originally erected as a subgenus, may be considered, as herein,

as entitled to generic rank. The principal distinguishing character is the

presence of a series of short black spinules, rather closely placed, on the apical

half of the anteroventral surface of the fore femur in both sexes. This type

of armature recurs in Liodrosophila Duda, and in several other families of

Acalyptrate Diptera, e.g. in Sapromyzidae and Ephydridae.

The name Spinulophila was used by Duda in two papers printed in 1924,

but which appeared first I am not in a position to state at this time, although

it would seem that they appeared the reverse of my listing. In the first

paper listed above but one species, Drosophila tripunctata Becker (1908), was

included, which being a homononym of D. tripunctata Loew (1862), and a

synonym of D. cilifemur Villeneuve (1921), would result in the latter being

compulsorily the genotype unless the second paper listed above appeared. first,

DROSOPHILIDAE. 3ll

in which latter eventuality one of the Oriental species included therein would

require to be selected instead.

The name Acanthophila was apparently proposed as a substitute for the

hybrid Spinulophila, but unfortunately this is antedated by Acanthophila Hein.

(1870) in Lepidoptera and is consequently not available.

There is but one species before me from Samoa, and this has been the subject

of another change of name by Dr. Duda, as indicated in the following synonymy.

28. Spinulophila nasuta Lamb.

1914. Drosophila nasuta Lamb, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, 4, 346.

1923. Drosophila (Spinulophila) sulfurigaster Duda, Ann. Nat. Mus. Hung., 20, 48.

1926. Drosophila (Acanthophila) albovittata Duda, Suppl. Ent., 14, 87. (Nn. for sulfurigaster

1928. aie biltnbatea Boreal Dinh Koji Isl 159)

A fulvous yellow species, with the frons of the male quite noticeably white

dusted on each orbit when seen from behind and with the whole surface thinly

overcast with white dust when seen from in front and to one side, that of the

female with the orbits much less evidently dusted and the dust not continued

anterior to the proclinate bristle. The fore femur has the usual anteroventral

comb, the fore tarsus is almost normal in structure and armature, the basal

segment being about as long as the next two segments combined and not

thickened, and though there are some very short erect hairs visible under a high-

power lens they are not remarkable. Mid metatarsus in both sexes with a

short black erect spinule near base on the ventral surface. The wings are

brownish hyaline, with a very faint dark clouding of outer cross vein and no

trace of clouding of the apices of the third and fourth, the third costal division

about one-third as long as the second and 1-75 times as long as fourth, with

the short black setulae ceasing about midway between the apices of second

and third veins.

Length, 2-5-3 mm.

Upolu: Apia, 8.v.1924, and ii, 1924, Buxton & Hopkins, No. 649, bred

from dung of bat (mballonura), from cave.

Savai: Salailua, May, 1924, Bryan.

Many specimens of this apparently common species.

I take this opportunity briefly to describe a Philippine species, a paratype

of which is being sent to the British Museum.

312 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Spinulophila metallescens, sp. n.

Similar in general features, size, colour, etc., to the preceding one, but

differing notably from it and all other species yet described in having a blue or

purple metallic tinge on the posterior half of the mesonotum that shades off in

front, the scutellum fulvous and dull, the abdomen metallic blue-green on the

basal two tergites and on apices of the others, and the next three tergites bright

coppery. Frons entirely fulvous yellow and undusted. Fore tarsus slender in

both sexes and normally haired, mid metatarsus with no basal ventral spinule.

Length, 2-5-3 mm.

Holotype 3, allotype, and two paratypes, Mt. Maquiling, P.I. (C. F. Baker).

This species was sent to me several years ago by the collector and the

type is in my collection, a paratype being placed in the United States National

Museum.

It would appear worthy of mention that the synonymy of the European

species and immigrans Sturtevant of North America suggested by Duda in

his revision of the Kuropean Drosophila is not sustained by an examination of

the species. The American species has the fore metatarsus distinctly thickened

and the apices of the second, third, and fourth veins slightly clouded, neither

of which characters are found in the European species. It also appears note-

worthy that the North American species cannot be distinguished from one

occurring in Australia which is represented by two specimens before me from

Melbourne. I make no effort to explain this peculiar discontinuous distribution

except to note that while it may be that ammigrans does not occur in Europe

or any other part of the Old World outside of Australia, it is more likely that

lack of material from at least some part of this territory is due to scarcity of

collectors of the micro-Diptera rather than to the absence of the species.

EKPHYDRIDAE.

This family is very similar in some of its constituents to Drosophilidae,

there being in the forms in which the frons has a proclinate and a reclinate

orbital, a considerable approach to typical members of that family. I have yet

to discover, however, in this section of the Ephydridae any genus in which there

are long hairs on both the upper and lower sides of the arista and the mesopleura

bare. In addition to these characters the tibiae usually lack the preapical

EPHYDRIDAE. 313

dorsal bristle, the prealar bristle of the mesonotum is lacking, the mouth is

almost invariably much larger and the face has more bristles on the sides, while

its lower central part is frequently setulose. In general, the postvertical bristles

when present are divergent. ;

The great majority of the species are aquatic in their larval stages, most of

them being found in marshy spots. One North American species lives in pools

of petroleum, where the larvae feed upon insects caught on the surface film.

North American natives have in the past used the puparia of certain species of

Ephydra occurring in the saline lakes as food.

Bezzi has recorded four genera from Fiji, each represented by a single

species, three of them being widely distributed in the Old World, and but one

described as new. In some recent papers on the fauna of the Marquesas Islands

I have recorded ten genera and thirteen species.

As there are but a few genera in the present collection it appears unnecessary

to present a generic synopsis. The number of subfamilies has been increasing

in the literature of recent years, but possibly the acceptance of but two would be

proper, the Psilopinae and Notiphilinae in my opinion being inseparable on any

characters of subfamily importance; the others being unrepresented to any

degree in our material, it is unnecessary to deal with them.

NOTIPHILINAE.

This group is distinguished by the presence of a proclinate fronto-orbital

and a reclinate bristle on each side of frons.

29. Paralimna lineata de Meijere.

A small species for this genus, being less than 3 mm. in length, and distin-

guished by the six or more narrow dark-brown mesonotal vittae that are

separated by mere lines of yellow dust, and the entirely black legs. There are

some long bristles on the costa basad of the humeral cross vein and one or two

usually beyond that vein. The abdomen is shining black, with a transverse

streak of dark grey dust on each side of each tergite near the posterior margin

not meeting in centre.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 1.v.1924; Tutuila: Pago Pago, 14.xi1.1925.

Originally described from Java and subsequently recorded from Fiji.

314 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Psilopa Fallén.

1823. Dipt. Suec., Hydrom., 6. 1.

This genus has been subjected to some changes according to the interpreta-

tions of various workers on the family, and herein I restrict it to contain those

species in which the postvertical pair of bristles is microscopic and widely

divergent, the mesonotum has four bristles in a transverse series beyond midway

from the suture to the posterior margin, the scutellum has very few discal hairs,

and the fore femur has the anteroventral surface with a series of microscopic

erect blunt spinules on the apical half or more. This interpretation is based

upon the characters of the genotype, nitidula Fallén, and several closely related

species, e.g. polita Macq.; compta Meig.; girschnert v. Rod.; and atrimana

Loew. The last-mentioned species has been placed in a separate genus,

Leptopsilopa Cresson, but the only characters cited for the separation from

Psilopa consist of the minute cross striation of the face, and the thickened fore

tarsi of both sexes, which hardly entitle the group to even subgeneric segregation

in my opinion.

It is to be regretted that in nearly all the taxonomic work on this group no

mention has been made of the size of the postvertical pair of bristles, and in all

cases in this genus the armature of the anteroventral surface of the fore femur

has been ignored, or probably not examined because of the difficulty in making

out this feature. For this reason a clear conception of the grouping of the

species is impossible until these pomts are brought out by some one having

access to the types of all the described species.

In the Samoan collection there is but one species that falls in Pszlopa as

restricted herein.

30. Psilopa irregularis, sp. n.

A small species of the same general colour and structure as polita Macquart,

the frons and face metallic blue-green, and the thorax and abdomen with a blue

or aeneous tinge.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head black, frons bright metallic blue, with violet tinge above and greenish

in front, the face of the same colour though becoming brownish on sides and with

a very narrow pale dusted line on each side; antennae fuscous, third segment

paler below at base ; palpi pale brown. rons depressed in front in centre, with

EPHYDRIDAE. 315

the usual bristles which are all long and strong except the postverticals, which

are minute and widely divergent. Antennae moderately large, second segment

with the usual two bristles, the apical one fully half as long as the third segment,

the latter pilose ; arista with eight or nine long upper rays. Face at narrowest

point not half as wide as eye at same point seen from in front, widened below,

its length about three times as great as its central width, the surface micro-

scopically transversely striate, each side with a long bristle about one-fifth from

epistome and a setula below it. Gena very narrow. Eyes with the anterior

central facets enlarged.

Thorax black, with the mesonotum distinctly metallic blue tinged, the usual

bristles present, humeral distinct, sternopleural long ; scutellum with the basal

pair of bristles distinctly shorter than the apical pair and only two or three hairs

on the disc.

Abdomen glossy dark metallic blue, with a coppery or green tinge.

Legs fuscous, femora with blue tinge, tibiae brown, the mid and hind tarsi,

except the apical segment and central part of fore pair, brownish-yellow.

Armature typical.

Wings hyaline, veins pale brown. Second section of costa slightly shorter

than third, costa with a bristle at apex of first section.

Knobs of halteres yellowish-white.

Holotype g and two paratypes, Tutuila : 760-900 feet, 18.iv, Kellers.

This is possibly the species recorded from Fiji by Bezzi as polita, but the

latter has the face much wider and entirely smooth, and the wings differently

veined.

Eupsilopa, gen. n.

This genus is very similar to Discocerina Macquart, and the one dealt with

immediately preceding it in this paper. The distinguishing characters are found

in the frons, face, and wing venation. The vertex is quite sharp, the posterior

ocelli are placed at upper margin with their hind edges touching the vertex, the

postvertical bristles are about half as long as the ocellar pair, erect and divergent,

with gheir bases in line with the anterior edges of the posterior ocelli, the ocellars

are as usual long and proclinate, but they are inserted slightly behind the level

of the anterior ocellus and slightly more widely separated than the posterior

ocelli; facial foveae hardly evident, the face in profile more elevated below

middle than in typical Psilopa, the larger upper bristle on a slightly elevated

Wile Os 4

316 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

base, and the lower part of face receding much as in Discocerina ; second

antennal segment with the apical curved bristle about half as long as the third

antennal segment; arista with long upper hairs. Thorax as in Psilopa, the

hairs in rather regular series, but the scutellum with only one or two marginal

hairs besides the four bristles. Fore femur not serrated on anteroventral surface.

Wings pictured, the second vein short, almost rectangularly bent forward at

apex and with a short spur vein at angle (Fig. 13).

Genotype, Hupsilopa fascipennis, sp. n.

31. Eupsilopa fascipennis, sp. n. (Text-fig. 13).

A small shining black species, with yellowish antennae and legs and the

wings hyaline with three pale brown rather wide fasciae, the basal one darkest,

and the submedian and preapical fasciae with a narrow fuscous margin on both

sides.

Length, 1-75 mm.

Head fuscous, frons, with the exception of the ocellar triangle and orbits,

reddish-brown, face quite evenly grey dusted but still shining ; antennae fulvous

yellow, aristae fuscous; palpi and labrum fulvous yellow. Frons at vertex

Text-Fic. 13.—Lupsilopa fascipennis, wing.

almost twice as wide as its length in centre ; triangle distinct, its surface slightly

oranulose, attaining almost the anterior margin; anterior margin of frons not

as wide as vertex and distinctly wider than face at upper bristles. Face almost

flat above the upper bristles and with but slight traces of foveae, convex below

the bristles but not angulate above them, the lower pair of bristles near level of

the epistome and about half as long as the upper pair ; gena narrower than third

antennal segment. Antennae of average size, third segment rounded at apex

and pilose, second with the usual two bristles, the upper one short, the apical

one fully half as long as third antennal segment ; arista with five long upper rays.

EPHYDRIDAE. 317

Thoraz black, slightly shining, with grey dust, the four long bristles behind

the suture in a straight line about midway between the suture and posterior

margin, the short hairs not in absolutely regular straight series, but not as

promiscuously arranged as in Discocerina ; presutural, both notopleural, the

sternopleural, and all four scutellars long ; the fine hairs on scutellum few and

confined to the sides.

Abdomen glossy black, with a bronzy tinge apically and with a reddish

section on basal half that is more marked in the male than in the female, the

apex in the latter tapered, fifth tergite elongated, in male the apex rather stout

and rounded, with some distinct bristles.

Legs, including the coxae, fulvous yellow. Fore femur with a few bristles

on the apical half of the posteroventral surface, one near apex the longest ; mid

femur with some anterior bristles centrally, one much stronger than the others.

Wings hyaline, marked with fasciae as in Fig. 18, the second vein angularly

bent forward near apex and with a short spur vein at the angle.

Halteres brownish-yellow.

Holotype ¢ and allotype, Tutuila: Pago Pago, 6.ix.1923 and 24.1x.1923,

Swezey & Wilder.

Discocerina, Macquart.

This genus has been within recent years much more restricted than originally

intended, the segregates removed from it having been distinguished very largely

on the nature of the bristling of the lower half of the sides of the face. It is not

pertinent that I go into the matter of these subdivisions here, but I cannot but

feel that in some cases at least the erection of genera on these characters has not

been very carefully considered. In the material before me there are repre-

sentatives of two of the segregates, though a third one does not appear to be

referable to any as yet recognized. I place them all provisionally in Discocerina,

and make use of the facial armature in distinguishing them so that they may the

more readily be classed with their nearest relatives on that basis.

Kery to SPECIEs.

1, Face densely covered with grey dust, the bristles on each

side of lower half consisting of two series, one of three

strong incurved bristles, the lower one at levelof epistome,

the upper near middle of face and the intermediate one

nearer to the former, and a second series of less strong

bristles consisting of one below the lower one of the

318 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

former series, another between the latter and the inter-

mediate bristle, and two between the intermediate and

upper bristles the upper one the longer, all of which are

curved slightly outward, and a setula between the upper

bristle and orbit on each side that is incurved; the

narrow facial orbits with a series of microscopic hairs ;

genal bristle well developed ; mesonotum with the short

hairs rather closely and indiscriminately arranged, the

prescutellar pair of acrostichals very close to hind margin,

distinctly shorter than and behind the dorsocentrals ; legs

fuscous, knees and all tarsi brownish-yellow : . dubia, sp. n.

— Face shining black, with no or very faint dusting and

differently bristled and haired; knees not yellow; legs,

except the bases of the tarsi, black : 2

2. The upper pair of facial bristles separated or a dlistatiee

not greater than that from their bases to the epistome ;

arista with five long upper rays ; vertex with a quite well-

developed incurved setula slightly outside of each of the

outer vertical bristles; presutural acrostichal pair of

bristles distinctly behind the level of the pair of dorso-

centrals . . atrifacies, sp. 0.

— The upper pair a Bar pasties pepareted is a Riemer

distinctly greater than that from their bases to the

epistome ; arista usually with four long upper rays ;

vertex with a setula outside of each outer vertical bristle ;

presutural pair of acrostichal bristles in transverse line

with the dorsocentrals : : : : : . communis, sp. n.

32. Discocerina atrifacies, sp. n.

A small shining black species that appears to fit the description of the

Kuropean glabricula Fallén very well, but the face is glossy and there are a

number of fine hairs laterad of the strong bristles, the tarsi are more extensively

blackened at apices, and the second costal section is fully 1-5 times as long as the

third.

Length, 2 mm.

Head entirely black, the frons and face glossy, but when seen from the side

with very faint brownish dust; antennae black. Frons at vertex a little wider

than its length in centre, hardly narrowed in front, and but slightly depressed

on anterior half, the triangle undifferentiated from remainder of the surface, all

the bristles well-developed, the proclinate orbitals almost in line with the anterior

ocellus and distinctly above middle of frons, the proclinate pair mesad of and

but little in front of them, the orbital margins anteriorly with a series of micro-

scopic fine hairs. Face higher than wide, narrowed slightly above, the upper

EPHYDRIDAE. 319

flattened part not as long as the lower convex part and with the foveae but

faintly defined, the upper pair of bristles slightly above midway from epistome

to bases of antennae, two below these, the uppermost slightly above epistome

the other slightly below it and much the weaker, and in addition to the strong

bristles there is also a series of fine short incurved hairs that extend from

epistome to above the upper pair of bristles. Prelabrum rather narrow.

Antennae rather small, second segment with the usual two bristles, the apical

one almost as long as the third segment, which latter is more broadly rounded

at apex than usual; arista with five long upper rays. Gena about half as high

as third antennal segment, the posterior genal bristle strong. The small incurved

setula laterad of the outer vertical bristle is quite distinct.

Thorax glossy black, the armature normal, as noted in the key to the species,

the scutellum with numerous discal hairs, four long marginal bristles and one or

two outstanding hairs on the sides between the bristles.

Abdomen glossy black.

Legs black, tarsi fulvous yellow at bases, the basal and base of second

segment of fore pair, and the basal two and base of third of mid and hind pairs

pale. Fore femur with a series of closely placed fine short hairs on the postero-

ventral surface ; mid femur with a series of short apically directed bristles on

apical half of the anterior surface.

Wings hyaline, slightly infuscated at extreme bases, veins pale brown.

Second costal section fully 1-5 times as long as the third, sometimes almost

twice as long, the stiff costal setulae extending almost to apex of third vein,

the first posterior cell very faintly narrowed at apex, outer cross vein at about

its own length from apex of fifth, the latter not attaining margin of wing ; basal

section of costa with two or three of the setulae distinctly longer than the others

on its entire extent.

Knobs of halteres white.

Holotype, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, xii.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Paratype, Savaii: Safune, 2,000—4,000 feet, 8.v.1924, Bryan.

33. Discocerina communis, sp. 0.

Very similar to atrifacies in general appearance and coloration, differing in

being a little smaller in the characters noted in the generic key, except that in a

few instances there are five upper rays on the arista, and in having the frontal

320 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

usually rather well differentiated, and the outer cross vein of the wing farther

from the apex of the fifth.

Length, 1-5 mm.

Head black, not as glossy as in atrifacies, with slight brownish dust, and the

triangle rather evident. The face is not as much flattened above, the upper pair

of bristles is below the middle, and the second pair is slightly below the level of

the epistome, while the short hairs so evident in atrifacies are not at all noticeable

here, in fact they are usually almost lacking.

Thorax glossy black, with the armature differing from that of atrifacies as

noted in the key to the species.

Abdomen glossy black.

Legs black, basal two segments of fore tarsi and basal three of mid and hind

pairs fulvous yellow. Armature as in atrifacies.

Wings hyaline, very slightly browned at extreme bases, veins pale brown.

Second section of the costa about twice as long as third, outer cross vein at more

than its own length from apex of fifth, the latter not attaining margin, basal

section of the costa with regular short fringe of setulae and without outstanding

setulae.

Knobs of halteres whitish-yellow.

Holotype 9, allotype, and five paratypes, Tutuila: Leone Rd., 19.11.1924,

Bryan.

Paratypes, Upolu: Apia, 11.iv.1925, large numbers sitting on fresh horse

dung, Buxton & Hopkins.

34. Discocerina dubia, sp. n.

A dull-coloured species, with the face and thorax densely yellowish-grey

dusted, the abdomen shining black, and the legs fuscous with the knees and tarsi

fulvous yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Head fuscous, the frons with brown dust, the face entirely yellowish-grey

dusted. Antennae broken off in both available specimens. Irons at vertex a

little narrower than its length in centre, narrowed in front, the sides slightly

sinuate, all the bristles well developed, the small setula laterad of the outer

vertical about one-fourth as long as the postverticals, the orbits rather distinct,

widest at the bases of the bristles and with a series of microscopic hairs similar to

those on the facial orbits though not as strong, the centre of the interfrontalia

EPHYDRIDAE. _ 3821

with a pair of minute hairs closely placed a short distance above antennae, and

the ocellar region with some similar hairs. Eyes with very short but dense

hairs. Face depressed and very slightly bifoveolate on upper half, more convex

on lower half than in either of the two preceding species, densely yellowish-grey

dusted. Upper pair of bristles at middle, the arrangement as described in the

key to species. Gena almost linear, grey dusted, with well-developed genal

bristle behind.

Thorax black, shining, the mesonotum with grey dust that becomes brownish

behind, the scutellum almost undusted. Prescutellar acrostichals slightly

behind the dorsocentrals and rather close to the hind margin; scutellum with

numerous discal hairs, four long bristles on margin, and between the laterals

some rather long erect hairs.

Abdomen shining black, very faintly greyish dusted, more tapered in the

male than in the female.

Legs fuscous, fore coxae, the trochanters, extreme bases and apices of

femora and tibiae and all the tarsi brownish-yellow. Fore femur with a series

of fine posteroventral hair-like bristles on the entire extent which become longer

apically and along the inner or mesal side of these on the apical third a series of

four or five short setulae; mid femur with a series of apically directed short

bristles on the apical half of the anterior surface.

Wings greyish hyaline, rather pointed at apex, veins pale brown. Second

section of the costa about 1-5 times as long as third, outer cross vein at distinctly

less than its own length from apex of fifth, the latter not attaining margin of

wing ; basal section of costal vein rather strongly and evenly bristled.

Halteres brownish-yellow.

Holotype g, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 21.iv.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

Allotype, topotypical, xi1,1925.

It may be worth noting that in the other two species there are no distinct

hairs on the eyes and there is no evidence of central hairs on the interfrontalia.

It is entirely possible that this species has already been described, but it is

not possible for me to determine this from the very brief descriptions which do

not carry all the neccessary details to msure identification.

322 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

EPHYDRINAE.

Chaetoscatella Malloch.

This genus is the only one in the present collection that belongs to

the Ephydrinae, and is the second species that ] have seen belonging to the

genus. The description of the latter has not yet appeared in print, but will

do so, I believe, before the present paper is published. The genotype was

collected in the Society Islands, where it appears to be very common judging

from the number of specimens I have seen.

The distinguishing generic characters are as follows: Frons with two

outwardly directed orbitals on each side and a strong pair of ocellars; arista

very short haired above ; face with the usual large convexity which is entirely

haired, though there are no long bristles on the upper central part of the con-

vexity ; mesonotum with two pairs of strong dorsocentrals, and a pair of strong

acrostichals close to the suture; scutellum bare except for the four marginal

bristles of which the basal pair is the shorter; pulvilli undeveloped ; claws

large ; costa with a number of bristles from beyond apex of first to near apex

of second vein that are longer than the diameter of the vein.

35. Chaetoscatella unguiculata, sp. n.

A black species with distinct aeneous or greenish lustre on head, thorax,

and abdomen, entirely black legs, unspotted wings, and the tarsal claws almost

rectangularly bent at bases.

Length, 2 mm.

Head black, with a distinct coppery to blue-green tinge, most marked on

the frontal triangle, which is almost polished, the face slightly granulose, greenish,

becoming bronzy or coppery on sides below ; antennae blackish brown ; palpi

of the same colour. Frons as in the genotype, with the two pairs of orbital

and the inner vertical bristles longer than the ocellar and outer verticals. Face

less convex than in genotype, and with very fine hairs centrally, only two or —

three bristles on sides below.

Thorax black, the mesonotum distinctly metallic blue-green, the pleura

pale grey dusted. Bristling as in genotype, but the basal pair of scutellar

bristles a little shorter.

Abdomen black, shining, with a purplish tinge, and slightly brown dusted.

SPHAEROCERIDAE. 323

Legs black. Fifth tarsal segment slightly enlarged and as long as the

tarsal claws, the latter almost rectangularly bent at bases and from the angle

gently bent to their acute apices, the empodium as long as the claws and very

distinctly fringed with fine hairs on one side to apex.

Wings brownish hyaline, veins dark brown. Second section of the costa

as long as fourth vein from inner cross vein to its apex, the third about two-

thirds as long as fourth, the apex of second vein almost directly above apex

of fourth ; outer cross vein at about its own length from apex of fifth, the latter

faint at apex ; costal bristles shorter than in the genotype.

Halteres pale yellow.

Holotype, Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, xi1.1925, Buxton & Hopkins.

SPHAEROCERIDAEH.

This family contains species that are almost exclusively scavengers, their

larvae feeding in decaying vegetable or animal matter or manure, though some

few have more specialized habits, one or two occurring in water at the bases

of leaves of Bromeliacea in tropical America, and some in live fungi, or even

in the nests of bumble-bees.

A few of the species are very widely distributed, but careful taxonomic

studies of material from all faunal regions are required definitely to establish

the identities of the more obscure forms throughout the range of the family,

which is almost cosmopolitan.

Bezzi has recorded three species from Fiji, all belonging to the genus

Leptocera Olivier, and all previously described from other regions.

Copromyza Fallén.*

This genus has its greatest development in Kurope and North America, and

is represented in regions south of the equator by immigrant species from the

north.

36. Copromyza sordida Zetterstedt.

A very widely distributed small species, occurring in the Palearctic and

Nearctic Regions, Northern Africa, the East Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Upolu: Apia and Vaea, many specimens, some from the first locality

taken from surface of fresh horse dung.

* Tt is to be noted that I am using the names adopted by O. W. Richards in his paper on

the British Sphaeroceridae, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1930.

324 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Leptocera Olivier.

This genus contains a very large number of species and has been split into

a number of subgenera by Dr. O. Duda, some of which are difficult to distinguish

from each other and have rather unstable grounds for recognition.

Bezzi has recorded three species from Fiji and apparently all three are

in the present collection with an additional fourth one.

37. Leptocera punctipennis Wiedemann.

This species is one of the most readily recognizable in the genus because of

the whitish spots of dust on the frons and dorsum of thorax, the white apices

to the abdominal tergites, the yellow legs with two fuscous annuli on each

tibia, and the presence of two small blackish spots on the fore part of the wing,

one over the furcation of the second and third veins, and the other at the apex

of the second vein.

Upolu: Apia, bred from human faeces; Malololelei, 2,000 feet, 18.1v.1924,

Buxton & Hopkins.

Occurs in Africa, Tropical America, the Orient, and several of the groups

of the Pacific Islands. Described in America under the specific name venalicia

by Osten Sacken, who suggested its introduction from Africa to Cuba with the

slave trade between these points.

38. Leptocera ferruginata Stenhammar.

A rather variable species as to colour, but generally of a rusty brown tinge,

varying sometimes to ferruginous, though occasionally almost black, with the

disc of the scutellum armed with short strong hairs, and the basal segment of

the mid tarsus with a prominent ventral bristle.

Sava: Safune, 12 May, 1924, Bryan.

I have taken this species in immense numbers at fish refuse and on manure

in Scotland, and have also found it commonly in North America in similar

situations. It is recorded from Fiji by Bezzi.

39. Leptocera puerula Rondani.

A much smaller species than ferruginata, and distinguished by the yellowish

face and anterior margin of the frons as well as by the lack of discal hairs on

the scutellum. The dorsum of the thorax is shining black, the scutellum is

MILICHIIDAE. 325

shorter and more convex than in ferruginata, and there is no long ventral bristle

on the basal segment of the mid tarsus.

Upolu: Apia, February, 1925, fowl dung, Buxton & Hopkins. One

specimen. ;

A Palearctic species that has been recorded from the Seychelles and Fiji.

40. Leptocera curvinervis, Stenhammar.

Four specimens that agree with the description and figure of the wing given

by Duda in his paper on the European species, and that run down to this species

in Richard’s key to the British species are in the Samoan collection.

The fourth wing vein is evenly curved forward, the second costal division

is over 1-5 times as long as the third, the costa has some short but quite evident

bristles on its basal section, and the scutellum has six marginal bristles.

Savai: Safune, EH. H. Bryan, Jr.

A Palearctic species not previously recorded from the Pacific Region, but

no doubt found elsewhere than in Samoa in that region.

Leptocera sp. (Text-fig. 14).

One female of a species that may be undescribed is before me, but I do not

care to erect a new species on the strength

of this single example in a genus so likely

to contain widely spread species. I figure

the wing (Fig. 14), which closely resembles

that of czernyi Duda, so that should

further material be obtained its identity

may be determined. Reto

Upolu: Apia, 16.v.1924, Buxton & Twxr-ric. 14.—Wing of Leptocera sp. n. ?

Hopkins.

MILICHIIDAE.

This family contains comparatively few species, but it is very widely

distributed, occurring in all faunal regions. The larvae as far as we know

are scavengers feeding in decaying vegetable and animal matter, which no doubt

accounts for the widespread distribution of some of the species.

There are but two genera in the Samoan material, both of which were

recorded by Bezzi from Fiji.

326 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

Milichiella Giglio-Tos.

Bezzi in his book on the Diptera of Fiji erroneously credits this genus to

Meigen. There are a number of species of the genus, but only one of them is

widely distributed, being almost cosmopolitan, and included amongst the

Samoan material.

41. Milichiella lacteipennis (Loew).

A glossy black species, the male without any white dust on the abdomen

and with the apical visible tergite elongated and rather long bristled on the

sides. The wings are milky, less markedly so in the female, and the third and

fourth veins are quite noticeably convergent apically.

Upolu: Apia, August, 1924, bred from guinea-pig dung, Buxton & Hopkins.

Two specimens.

Desmometopa, Loew.

The species of this genus are rather similar in general appearance and it

is difficult to determine them by the use of printed descriptions which are

mainly based upon colour of the halteres, palpi, and the legs. I have separated

the species now before me on the basis of structural as well as colour characters,

and hope that it may be possible for subsequent workers to determine these

species on the same bases. ‘To facilitate identifications, I present below a key

to the species.

Key TO THE SPECIES.

1. Genae fully as high as width of the third antennal segment,

with a glossy blackish brown streak below the eye which

is angularly widened just behind the vibrissa (Fig. 15) . m-negrum Zetterstedt.

— Genae not as high as width of the third antennal segment

and with at most a linear upper marginal ei black

streak :

2. Palpi pale yellow wath a sean dark mou sii across

the surface, and much widened, distinctly broader than

the third antennal segment, the bristles longer and

stronger than usual; tarsi distinctly fulvous yellow, the

fore pair least noticeably so ; palpalis de Meijere, 3.

— Palpi darker yellow, distinctly and rather broadly hlbckened

at apices . ; 3

3. Mid and hind tarei very mena prowaish yellow ; . palpalis de Meijere, 9.

— Alltarsifuscous . : ; ; , A ; . ciliata Hendel.

MILICHIIDAE. 327

414. Desmometopa m-nigrum Zetterstedt. (Text-fig. 15).

This species is not amongst the Samoan material, but it has been recorded

from Fiji and | have it from Sydney, N.S.W., so that it in all probability occurs

in the Samoan group.

The much higher genae, with the angulate lower margin of the upper

glossy black stripe as shown in Fig. 15 readily distinguish it from the other

two species in my material. The short fringe of bristles on the base of the costal

vein consists of longer and finer bristles than in the other two species, a character

used by Hendel in his differentiation of it from ciliata.

42. Desmometopa ciliata Hendel.

A rather smaller and darker species than m-nigrum, with the genae almost

as in palpalis, and the palpi small and coloured as in the former. The fringe

Text-Fic. 15.—Head of TExt-FIG. 16.—Head of

Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa palpalis,

male, in profile. male, in profile.

of bristles at the base of the costal vein is shorter and closer and consists of finer

bristles than in m-nigrum, being almost identical with that of palpalis.

Upolu: Apia, li, 1925, ex-fowl dung, Lot 731, Buxton & Hopkins.

I suspect that this is the species recorded from Fiji under the name éarsalis

Loew, but an examination of Bezzi’s material is essential to a definite conclusion

on the point. An Australian species which I have from Sydney, N.S.W.

43. Desmometopa palpalis de Meijere (Text-fig. 16).

The large pale yellow brown-marked palpi are characteristic of the male

only, the female having these organs very similar to those of the preceding two

species even to the restriction of the dark markings to the apex and upper

328 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

margins. The mid and hind tarsi are quite conspicuously brownish or fulvous

yellow as compared with the fuscous tarsi of the other two species.

There is no previous reference to this distinction in the palpi of the sexes.

Head of male as in Fig. 16.

Upolu: Apia, ii, 1925, ex-fowl dung, Buxton & Hopkins.

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

. Samoaia ocellaris, wing.

Re i head in profile.

A comma, wing.

cs hirta, wing.

. Lygothrica samoaénsis, head in profile.

. Upolumyia pictifrons, head in profile.

53 5 wing.

. Mycodrosophila buxtoni, abdomen from above.

. Hopkinsomyia convergens, head in profile.

. Drosophila convexa, head in profile.

i upoluae, genital process of female in profile.

hypopygialis, genital process of female in profile.

. Eupsilopa fascipennis, wing.

. Wing of Leptocera, sp. n. ?

. Head of Desmometopa m-nigrum male, in profile.

. Head of Desmometopa palpalis male, in profile.

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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECOLES.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

LIST OF PARTS AND SYSTEM. OF PUBLICATION :—

Part 1. Orthoptera and Dermaptera. (Complete.)

i II. Hemiptera.

Bk, If. Lepidoptera.

a IV. Coleoptera. (Complete.)

Wy, V. Hymenoptera. (Complete.)

a VI. Diptera.

» VII. Other Orders of iene (Complete.)

_, VIII. Terrestrial Arthropoda other than Insects. (Complete.)

» LX. Summary and Index.

_ The work is published at imtervals in the form of numbered fascicles.

Although individual fascicles may contain contributions by more than one

author, each fascicle is so arranged as to form an integral portion of one or

other of the Paris specified above.

List of Fascicles nial to 23rd June, 1934 :—

Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestrial Arthropoda. Maps | and Date Issued,

2 Gn envelope). 1927, 4to. 6d. 26th February, 1927.

Part I. OrtHopTERA AND DERMAPTERA.

Fasc. 1. Dermaptera. By Dr. Alfredo Borelli. Pp. 1-8. 1928, 4to. Is. 28th July, 1928.

Fasc.2. Orthoptera. By Dr. L. Chopard. 51 text-figures. Pp.9-58. 1929, 4to. 5s. 26th January, 1929.

Part II. Hemiprera.

Fasc. 1. Fulgoroidea. By F. Muir. 25. text-figures. Psyllide OPE eae: By

Prof. D. L. Crawtord. 4 text-figures. Coccide, Aphidide and Aleyrodide.

By F. Lang, MA., BSc. 3 text-figures. Pp. 1-45. 1927, 4to. 2s. 6d. 25th June, 1927.

Fasc. De ee By V. Lallemand, M.D. 10 text-figures. Cicadide. By

, Sc.D. 22 text-figures. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Heteroptera.

i Brof Feiko Gaski. 6 eee pag and Bet aauats Ue 23rd June, 1928.

Fasc. 3. Heteroptera. By W. E. China, B.A. (Cantab.). 28 text-figures.

a 81-162. 1930. 4to. 5s. 26th July, 1930.

4. Cicadellid d By Herbert Osborn, Ohio State University, ae

Golomb, Ohio. tewigores’ Be IG-198 WBb to Be 27th Januarg, 1934.

ee I]. Lepipoprera.

Fasc. 1. Butterflies of S d hb Island- By G.H.E.

Bee MAL EES Trion es De eee 12h aa 5a). 9th April, 1927.

Peake)? Micrel apid By Edward M 65-116. ay

ee “1927, ae hare optera. By Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.RS. Pp. 28th May, 1927.

Fasc G ide. By Louis B. Pr = d 1 plate. s)

a aE gee Bey ie rout, FES. 2 text-figures an say ai * 24th March, 1928

~ Part IV. CoLropTera.

x oo 1. Carabide. By H. E. Andrewes. 9 text-figures. Dytiscide. By A.

(aa Senet ae hylinide. Py M. pene De 2 sce

res oy t. | text- ria an

Fase. 2. Heteromera, Bostrychoidea, ae ane Buprestide. By K.G ;

Blair, BSc. 14 text- gures. Elaterid Zwal re. 10.

_ text-figures. Melasidz (Eucnemide). 8 8 ER Rica hae Carnbyetie. By

Chr. Aurivillius. 1 plate. Brent ale y R. eine. 4 text-figures.

_ Anthribide. By Karl Jordan, Ph.D. 11 f, Proterhinide. B ;

aie Felis, DS ERS” Pe 67-174. 12 Sho. 5s. «th February, 1928.

List. of Fascicles issued. iS 23rd June, 1934 conte wine On

‘Parr IV. CoLroprers—continued. ; i )

. Fasc. 3. ‘Throscide. By. K. G Blair, BSc. 1. text- feure!’ Calas ts ‘Date I

By S. Maulik, M.A. 18 text-figures. Pp. 175-215. 1929, 4to. 2s. 6d. Prd Pied 1929 ag

Fasc. 4. Platypodide and Scolytide. By C. F C. Beeson, DSc. 13 text- ; We

figures. Pp. 217-248. 1929, 4to. 2s. 6d. 22nd June, 1029), hile

“sw. Fp 285%, 18h a Cc Mc, eee F. RS 31 t teat ‘ 25th Apri s31. o

PART Vv. Hanon Pee reek ;

Fasc. 1. Apoidea, Sphecoidea, and Me ret by R. C. L. Perkins, DSc. AYA yo aR a

& ae and oa ee eo! Vegi eS ae “By Be. Sante TE AN cle ir Be NC it

y Francis iltiams. IZ text-mgures. ormici Ga Vy ue VAMP Ta raat get AERP RLS A RIN aE

Sext-figures. Pp. 1-38. 1928, dt, Sr eo ae hs 26 ei rane oon

Part VI. (DIPHER ay, : nen:

Fasc. |... Streblide and Nyconbids By i rie 7 ee inne: cai

hoseidee. By G.F. Ferris. 6 text-figures. Pp. 1-21. 1927, 4to.- 2s.6d.

Fasc. 2. Nematocera. By F.W. Edwards, M.A. 20 text-figures. (Cooma) i

iBy He Fi 'Baries, BA, PhD. (4 text figures) Pe 23-108) (1928, ate. (os) |

| Fasc. 3. Stratiomyiide, ‘Titania and ieee By Gertrude Ricardo. 6 text

figures. Larve of rcuonynd | P. A. Buxton, M.A. 2 text-figures.

_Dolichopodide. By C eb. 8 text-foures. Sarcophagide. IBY sce ciemapne

P. A. Buxton, ea a) tex pe. Oe By Je RR. Malloch. Naa EY atc tt

Pp. 109-175. 1929, 4to. 5s. ; x

_ Fase. 4. Em idide and_ Pipunculide:. » Be pe oe Callin. Di rareheures ty EID)

Syebis eee M. RM ie ee ace We. 1, eae v a

and apromyzide By de alloc text-figures P = ‘ 21th Jat, 1929.

2s.

Fase... 3: Ortalide. By if R. Malloch. 6 tentfigures. Calliphoride, Dy ony, AYR Ferg

J.R. Malloch. Pp. 215-237. 1930, 4to. 2s. Ns ie

Rass 6. Lor Choro ide ene Piophilide, By 1 R. ‘Malloch.

| text-figures. 193 30, 4to. Is.

Fase. 7. Sir ee i - “Malloch. | text-figure. Pp. 253-266: 1931, Ato. ae

Fasc. 8. Drosophilide, Eph dride, Spheroceride and Mae au ‘R.

“Malloch. 16 text-figures. Pp. 267-328. 1934, dto, 2s. 6d :

PART Vu. Orner Overs OF tener:

Fasc. 1. Isoptera: Family Perahnde! By Gerald F; Hill, 14 text-figures od ie f aa o 3

inte: Odonata. By Lt.-Col. F. es Fraser, IM. S. Bt Se & text-figures. ARO a

Ba. 1-44. 1927, 4to. 2s.6d. j

Fasc. 2. Plectoptera. By R. J. Tiler, SeD. (Canta), FRS. ‘and j. A. : Ub aed!

Lestage. 2 text-figures. siphonspieta tera. . A. Buxton, M. ysanoptera. = |

ae Rede: Bagnall, F.R ee text-figures. Pp. 45-76. liad Ae .

Fasc. 3. Mallophaga. By]: Waterston, D.Sc. 2 text-figures. | hAsephiea By yn

P. Buxton, M.A. Trichoptera. “By Martin E. Mosely. 1 figure. tye

Neuroptera.. By P. Esben-Petersen. 1 text-figure and 2 plates. Apterygota. — ;

By George H. Carpenter, D.Sc. 32 text-figures. Pp. 77-116. 1928, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Fasc. 4. Psocoptera. By Dr. H. H. me 8 text-figures. Pp. 117-129.

Is.

Part VIII. TerresrriaL ARTHROPODA OTHER THAN Insects. |

Fasc. 1. Isopoda Terrestria. By Harold G. Jackson, D.Sc. 2 plates. Scared oh re

pionoidea. By P. A. Buxton, M.A. Pseudo-scorpiones. By A. Kastner. IS vag ee

Lene yt Acarina. By Stanley Hirst. 2 text-figures. mi 1-27. 1927,

to Ss

Fasc. 2. Myriopoden (Myriopode). By C. Ate est Heures. UAw see

(Araneida). By Dr. Lucien Berland. 79 tentfire. Pp. SAD, ae 6d.

Part IX. SUMMARY AND. vee

Fase. 1. Description of the Environment, By P. A. Beatin MRCS. z ; we)

text-figures are 6 plates. Pp. 1-31. 1930, Ato. 2s, 6d. |