INSECTS OF SAMOA

AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL

ARTHROPODA

Although a monograph, or series of papers, dealing comprehensively with

the land arthropod fauna of any group of islands in the South Pacific may be

expected to yield valuable results, in connection with distribution, modification

due to isolation, and other problems, no such work is at present in existence.

In order in some measure to remedy this deficiency, and in view of benefits

directly accruing to the National Collections, the Trustees of the British

‘Museum have undertaken the publication of an account of the Insects and other

Terrestrial Arthropoda collected in the Samoan Islands, in 1924-1925, by

Messrs. P. A. Buxton and G. H. E. Hopkins, during the Expedition of the

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to the South Pacific.

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity thus afforded, to make the studies

as complete as possible by including in them all Samoan material of the groups

concerned in both the British Museum (Natural History) and (by courtesy of

the authorities of that institution) the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

lt is not intended that contributors to the text shall be confined to the

Museum Staff or to any one nation, but, so far as possible, the assistance of the

leading authorities on all groups to be dealt with has been obtained.

The work is divided into nine “Parts ’’ (see p. 3 of wrapper), of which

the first eight are subdivided into “Fascicles.”” Each of the latter, which

appear as ready in any order, consists of one or more contributions. On the

completion of the systematic portion of the work it is mtended to issue a

general survey (Part IX), summarising the whole and drawing from it such

conclusions as may be warranted.

A list of Fascicles already issued will be found on pp. 3 and 4 of this wrapper.

E. E. AUSTEN,

Keeper of Entomology.

- British Museum (Natura History), .

CroMWELL Roan, S.W.7.

INSECTS OF SAMOA

Part VI. Fasc. 5

DIPTERA

ORTALIDAE

By J. R. Mattocu, Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

(With 6 Text-figures)

Bezzi records nine genera, thirteen species, and two varieties of this family from

the Fiji Islands, one genus and three species being based upon records of other

workers. In the material before me I find representatives of only eight genera

and fourteen species, one of each being from the Ellice Islands, and one from

the Tonga Group, the total from Samoa being seven genera and twelve

species.

ULIDIINAE.

Examples of four genera belonging to this subfamily are contained in the

collection, but only three of them are from Samoa. The genera all have the

pteropleura bare, the arista nude or subnude, and the anal cell of the wing

produced into a long point at its outer posterior angle.

Chrysomyza Fallén.

1. Chrysomyza aenea (Fabricius).

Upolu: Malololelei, one J, 5.1.1924 (Armstrong).

C. aenea is a widely distributed species, which, according to Hendel,* also

occurs in India and Further India, Java, Borneo, Formosa, and Mauritius.

Euxesta Loew.

This genus is very difficult to distinguish from Acrosticta Loew, and in

accepting one species herein as belonging to the latter I do so with considerable

* Zool. Anz., xxxiv. Bd., p. 615, 1909.

vi. 5 215 1

216 j INSECTS OF SAMOA

doubt as to the propriety of the course. The species of Huxesta described below

belongs to the segregate containing the genotype, and consisting of EH. notata

Wiedemann, and L. nitidiventris Loew, two North American species, and those

that have the wing with two or three dark marks on the costa, which are not

carried across the disc of the wing as fasciae. In Hendel’s key to the species of

Eucesta,* this species runs down to L. binotata Loew, of Cuba, because of the

extension of the stigmal and apical dark marks on the wing to the fourth vein,

but it is in reality quite distinct. Though collected in the Ellice Group and not

in Samoa, it is described here for convenience.

Fuxesta semifasciata, sp. n. (Text-fig. 1).

6. Head testaceous yellow, dusted with whitish except on interfrontalia ;

upper occiput, posterior extremities of frontal orbits, and ocellar region black,

shining, with a metallic bronzy-green lustre; antennae reddish-yellow, third

segment dark above; arista fuscous, yellow at base; palpi testaceous yellow ;

Text-Fric. 1.—Huzesta semifasciata, sp. n. Wing.

labrum fuscous, dusted with grey; cephalic hairs all black. Frons a little

longer than its width at vertex, slightly wider in front, surface with numerous

short subdecumbent black hairs ; the two pairs of orbitals very weak, ocellars,

postverticals and verticals well developed; third antennal segment hardly

longer than wide, rounded at apex ; face concave in centre in profile. Thorax

shining black, with a distinct metallic blue-green tinge, mesonotum with

quite distinct grey dust, when seen from behind faintly quadrivittate. Thorax

with but one pair of dorsocentrals and acrostichals in front of scutellum ;

intradorsocentral hairs in more than 12 series, stigmatal bristle fine and short.

* Ann. Mus. Nat., Hung., vol. vii., p. 151, 1909.

ORTALIDAB. 217

Abdomen glossy black, first three visible tergites distinctly tinged with blue,

fourth tergite purplish black. Legs black, knees and bases of tarsi brownish-

yellow, fore tarsi least noticeably so; fore femur with a few rather widely

separated bristles on apical half of posteroventral surface. Wangs (text-fig. 1)

hyaline, with a dark cloud at base extending to humeral cross vein, one at

stigma, and another at apex, both extending over disc to fourth vein ; inner

cross vein at about four-sevenths of length of discal cell from its base. Squamae

white. Halteres yellow.

Length, 6 mm.

Ellice Islands : Nukulailai, 19.ix.1924 (Buxton).

As stated above, this species will run down to EF. binotata Loew in Hendel’s

key ; on the other hand, if the extension of the wing markings to the fourth vein

be ignored, it will work out as H. nitidwentris Loew. The wing markings of the

first-named species are much narrower than in L. semifasciata, and the legs of

E. nitidwentris are largely yellow, despite the key character cited by Hendel,

with very much stronger and more closely placed bristles on the apical half of

the posteroventral surface of the fore femur. Bezzi has erroneously recorded

the occurrence of H. nitidiventris in Italy, stating that it had been introduced

during the war.

Acrosticta Loew.

I have been unable to examine the type species of this genus, and though I

have seen three other species placed therein, one of them by Loew, I am uncertain

of the characters that can be relied upon for distinguishing Acrosticta from

Euzesta. Williston, in his “ Manual of North American Diptera,’ and Hendel

in his key to the genera of the subfamily in “ Genera Insectorum,” cite the

pitted frons as the distinguishing character of Acrosticia, but all the species

placed in the genus do not exhibit this character ; in fact, among those that I

have seen, it is present only in the one mentioned below, which Hendel, in his

key to the species of the genus, placed in Huzesta, though he had not seen the

species.

2. Acrosticta apicalis (Williston).

The single specimen in this collection agrees perfectly with North American

and West Indian examples now before me, which were identified by Coquillett

as belonging to this species. It is very evident that this is the insect identified

218 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

as A. pallipes Grimshaw by Bezzi in his book on the Diptera of Fiji, and possibly

this synonymy is correct. There can be no doubt that the species is widely

distributed in North America and the West Indies, the Bahama specimens

before me being reared from larvae feeding in yams.

Upolu: Apia, 1.1925.

Undoubtedly introduced, and possibly of economic importance.

Neoeuxesta, gen. n.

This genus closely resembles Husxesta, but has the apical half of the first

vein setulose on the upper surface. In this character it agrees with Paraeuxesta

Coquillett, of the Galapagos Islands, but in the latter the cubital vein terminates

abruptly just beyond the confluence with the cross vein, while in the new genus

it is traceable to the margin, as in Hucesta.

There are some American species which have the same wing structures as

this new genus, but I am not dealing with those here.

Genotype: the following species.

3. Neoeuxesta fumicosta, sp. n. (Text-fig. 2).

3g. Occiput black, dusted with grey, shining above ; frontal orbits on upper

third, and ocellar region, shining black, slightly dusted with grey ; frons dull

reddish-brown, becoming testaceous yellow in front, hairs black; face and

TEXxT-FIG 2.—Neoeuxesta fumicosta, sp.n. Wing.

cheeks dull testaceous yellow, former darker below in centre ; antennae brownish-

yellow, third segment darker above ; aristae fuscous ; palpi reddish testaceous ;

ORTALIDAE. 219

labrum fuscous, paler in centre ; occipital hairs black. Frons a little longer than

wide, surface with quite strong erect black hairs, without pits; orbitals two pairs,

ocellars, postverticals, and four verticals, well developed ; face concave in centre

in profile ; third antennal segment rounded at apex, about 1-5 as long as wide ;

arista bare, tapered at base; genal bristle strong, hairs on cheeks quite long,

upper anterior series curved upward. Thorax shining black, with slight metallic

bluish or bronzy tinge, almost without dusting ; two pairs of dorsocentrals and

one pair of acrostichals on hind margin of mesonotum, intradorsocentral hairs

in about ten series; prosternum bare; stigmatal region with a few fine hairs.

Abdomen glossy black, more evidently tinged with blue on dorsum than thorax.

Legs black, coxae slightly, and bases of all tarsi distinctly, brownish-yellow ;

fore femur with a regular series of fine posteroventral bristles. Wings (Text-

fig. 2) slightly fuscous, with dark brown suffusion in subcostal cell between

apices of auxiliary and first veins ; a spot in marginal cell below apex of auxiliary

vein, and a diffuse brown cloud along costa from beyond apex of first vein to

tip, extending over disc to fourth vein at apex, and most evident along courses of

veins, but not touching them. Inner cross vein a little over one-third from base

of discal cell, venation as in text-fig. 2. Squamae fuscous. Halteres brown.

Length, 6-5 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, xi1.1925.

PLATYSTOMINAE.

Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy.

Of this genus Bezzi records only two species from Fiji, R. basilaris Wiede-

mann, and FR. connata Thomson ; to the Fijian form of the first mentioned he

gives the varietal name perspicillaris Bezzi, but the variety is rather trivial.

I have before me examples of three species from Samoa and of one from

Tonga.

The genus Rivellia includes a large number of species, and existing keys and

descriptions consist largely of differentiating colour characters, principally those

of the wings ; I find, however, that certain species possess structural characters

which readily distinguish them. In the North American species R. quadrifasciata

Macquart the humeral bristle is lacking, while R. atriventris Hendel is devoid of

dorsocentrals. I have no doubt that these and other characters will be found

220 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

useful for distinguishing the species of other faunal regions. The species included

herein all possess humeral and dorsocentral bristles.

I present below a key for the separation of the above-mentioned four species

from the South Pacific region.

Key To THE SPECIES.

1. Wings without dark cross bands on disc

Wings with distinct dark cross bands on disc .

2. Extreme base of costa and a spot at.apex of wing feat the isttes

extending narrowly along costa to apex of fourth vein; legs

yellow . : imitans, sp. nD.

Extreme base of costa, the pubeostal pail pad a po on meio BE ener

of wing extending but little below third vein, black; legs black,

(sv)

mid and hind tarsi paler : connata Thomson.

3. Thorax fulvous yellow ; no dark fascia peomecn that over ae CLOSS

vein and that round apical costal margin of wing : basilaris Wiedemann.

Thorax bluish black ; an oblique dark eee in area between that over

outer cross vein and that round apical costal margin of wings, some-

times connected with the former. : ; ; : . lavata Hendel.

4. Rivellia imitans, sp. n.

This species is very similar to R. cladis Hendel, which was described from

material from Korea and also occurs in China. I have compared it with a

specimen from China identified by Hendel, which is in the United States Nationa]

Museum in Washington, and find that it differs in being less intensely dark blue-

green, and in having the wing markings less distinct. I give a full description

of the species, as there are a few characters not mentioned in Hendel’s description

of R. cladis, and the specimen that I have seen is not in a sufficiently good con-

dition to permit of a thorough examination.

3g. Head shining black, occiput glossy, upper third of face slightly dusted

with white; antennae dark brown; palpi fuscous. Frons twice as long as

wide, ocellars and orbitals small and weak, inner verticals incurved, about half

as long as outer pair; third antennal segment tapered to apex, about four times

as long as second segment ; arista pubescent ; cheek about as high as width of

third antennal segment. Thorax glossy black, mesonotum with slight brownish

dusting, pleura with faint bronzy reflections. Humeral bristle present; no

sternopleural nor prescutellar acrostichals; mesopleural present; basal pair

of scutellar bristles about half as long as apical pair. Abdomen glossy black,

with slight aeneous lustre. Abdomen narrow, basal genital segment of female

ORTALIDAE. 221

not much widened at base, tergites irregularly transversely striate. Legs honey

yellow ; fore femur with a fine preapical posteroventral bristle; the setulae on

anteroventral surface of hind tibia, sometimes so well developed in the species

of this region, not very noticeable because of their yellow colour. Wzngs hyaline,

with a dark mark on costa extending from base to a little beyond humeral cross

vein, and a fuscous mark at apex extending along costa from about midway

between apices of second and third veins to near apex of fourth, and broadest

over tip of third vein. Inner cross vein a little beyond middle of discal cell ;

_ sections of costal vein between apices of second and third and third and fourth

veins subequal. Squamae yellowish-white. Halteres black.

Length, 4-4-5 mm.

Upolu, Apia, type 9, 27.vu.1924 (Buxton & Hopkins); same locality,

allotype, 6.v.1924 (Armstrong); Aleipata, Lalomanu, 1 paratype 9, x1.1924

(Buxton & Hopkins).

Rivellia connata Thomson.

This Australian species has been recorded from Fiji by Bezzi. The two

specimens in the present collection are from the Tonga Islands, Vavau, Neiafu,

5.11.1925 (Hopkins). I have also seen examples from the island of Moorea.

Possibly the species occurs in the Samoan Group.

5. Rivellia basilaris Wiedemann.

A typical specimen from Savai: Salailua, 25.vi.1924 (Bryan).

6. Rivellia lavata Hendel.

There is some variation in the wing markings of this species, the fascia over

the inner cross vein being occasionally connected centrally with the basal dark

cloud, and sometimes the oblique dark mark between the fascia over the outer

cross vein and the apical streak is not connected at its upper extremity with the

former. In one example the inner cross vein is noticeably proximad of the

middle of the discal cell, but in all the others it is at, or slightly beyond, that

point.

Upolu : two specimens, 9.v.1923 (Swezey & Wilder), and 27.v.1924 (Bryan) ;

Apia, one specimen, 17.11.1923 (Armstrong), one specimen, 2.vi.1924 (Buxton

222 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

& Hopkins); Vailima, one specimen, 8.vi.1924 (Buxton & Hopkins); Malolo-

lelei, two specimens, 2.vii.1924 (Armstrong), and 20.vi.1924 (Buxton & Hopkins).

Savai: Safune, five specimens, 3-19.v.1924 (Bryan). Tutuila: Pago Pago,

one specimen, 20.1x.1923 (Swezey & Wilder).

Pseudorichardia Hendel.

Bezzi has recorded two species of this genus from Fiji, only one of which is

represented in the present collection. The same author also described a new

Fijian variety of P. flavitarsis.

7. Pseudorichardia flavitarsis Macquart.

There are many examples of the typical form of this species in the collection,

and also one which might well be considered as belonging to Bezzi’s var. interrupta.

The latter is quite evidently teneral, which in my opinion accounts for a reduction

of the dark markings of the wing similar to that shown in Bezzi’s figure.

Upolu: Apia, three specimens, 15.ix.1923 (Swezey & Wilder); Vailima,

two specimens, 12.x11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins); Malololelei, one specimen,

ix.1923 (Armstrong). Savaji: Safune, three specimens, 1—5.v.1924. Tutuila:

Pago Pago, six specimens, 18.iv.1924 (Bryan), and 24-30.ix.1923; Afono

Trail, one specimen, 25.ix.1923 ; Leone Road, one specimen, 7.ix.1923. Manua:

Tau, 27.1x.1923, two specimens (Swezey & Wilder). Tonga: Vavau, Neiafu,

one specimen, 5.111.1925 (Hopkins).

Scholastes Loew.

Bezzi records three species of this genus from Fiji ; of these one, S. lonchiferus

Hendel, is not represented among the Samoan material, although I have seen

specimens of it from the Society Islands, Moorea.

8. Scholastes cinctus Guérin.

This species, which is larger than S. bimaculatus, with more regular wing

markings, extends from the Orient into Australia.

Upolu: Apia, two specimens, 1., v1.1925.

ORTALIDAKE.

9. Scholastes bimaculatus Hendel.

A smaller and less robust species than S. cinctus, with two dark marks on

the costa, which are much more conspicuous than the others on the field of the

wing. The species is known to occur in the Cook and Fiji Islands.

Upolu: Apia, twenty-three specimens, iv.1924, one specimen, viil.1924

(Buxton & Hopkins), three specimens, 20, 28.x.24, x1i.1922; Siumu, one speci-

men, 26.x1.1923 (Armstrong). Tutuila: Pago Pago, 9.iv.1925 (Bryan). There

are also before me single specimens from Ellice Islands, Funafuti, 19.1x.1924,

and New Hebrides, Tanna, 1x.1925.

Apactoneura, gen. nov.

This genus is readily distinguishable from any other in the subfamily by the

presence of an additional cross vein between the second and third veins, the

second one being almost in line with the outer cross vein (cf. text-fig. 3). An

additional distinguishing character is presented by the armature of the femora,

which consists of two series of short stout spines or thorns on the apical portions

of each pair, one on the anteroventral and the other on the posteroventral

surface. The genotype is rather slender, resembling species of Plagvostenopterina

Hendel and related genera, and like those has the hind coxae clothed with fine

hairs at the tips above the bases of the femora, the sternopleural bristle lacking,

and the middle tibia with one outstanding apical ventral bristle. The meso-

pleural bristle is present ; each orbit has two weak bristles on the upper third

or less ; the third antennal segment is not more than three times as long as wide ;

the occipital bristle near the middle of the eye is lacking ; and the lower squama

is about twice as large as the upper.

Genotype: the following species.

10. Apactoneura flavicornis, sp. n. (Text-fig. 3).

2. Head black, glossy on upper frontal orbits, ocellar region, occiput, and

face ; parafacials and cheeks rufous, anterior lateral margins of frons and upper

part of parafacials white tomentose, lower part of parafacials, antennal foveae,

and post-ocular orbits, golden tomentose ; frontal lunule, antennae, and palpi,

orange-yellow. Frons about 1-75 as long as width at vertex, surface clothed

with fine hairs, ocelli distinctly in front of vertex, ocellars very weak and fine,

224 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

directed outward, orbitals short and fine, postverticals very small, inner verticals

almost erect, longer than outer pair; third antennal segment about 2-5 as long

as second segment, rounded at apex ; arista subnude ; palpi not as wide as third

antennal segment; facial carma not sharp on sides, linear between bases of

antennae, widened to lower extremity, ceasing at lower level of eyes; cheek

about as high as width of third antennal segment ; upper occiput depressed,

occipital bristle lacking. Thorax black, with very distinct metallic blue lustre ;

mesonotum with traces of four vittae, outer one on each side close to lateral

margin and dusted with grey, region round anterior spiracle, upper margin of

mesopleura, and of sternopleura, and entire hypopleura, dusted with yellow-grey.

Thorax with dorsum shagreened, hairs short and decumbent ; bristles as follows :

TExtT-FIG. 3.—Apactoneura flavicornis, sp. n. Wing.

one humeral, two notopleurals, one pair of prescutellar dorsocentrals and

acrostichals, one supra-alar, two postalars, and one mesopleural, scutellum with

six bristles, no discal hairs, ventral surface downy. Abdomen metallic violet-

blue, without dusting ; majority of hairs on first visible tergite and some of those

on sides of second and third tergites pale, remainder black. Legs black ; femora,

especially hind pair, rather stout, armed as noted in description of genus. Wangs

brown, darkest costally and along courses of veins, almost hyaline along centre

of discal cell, in cell between inner cross vein and adventitious vein, and in first

and second posterior cells. Squamae grey, margins fuscous. Knobs of halteres

black.

Length, 8-9 mm.

Sava: Safune, 2,000-4,000 feet, type, 3.v.1924 (Bryan). Upolu: Tuaefu,

paratype, 16.1x.1923 (Swezey & Wilder). Type in Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

ORTALIDAE. 225

Xenognathus, gen. n.

There are several genera which possess genal processes similar to those of

the one described below. In 1859, Bigot described the genus Tetrastiomyia

(family Micropezidae) from a male specimen taken in Celebes, and was apparently

unaware of the fact that the peculiar genal processes are present only in the

male. In the following year Gerstaecker, working with material from New

Guinea, described the genus Phytalmia, in which he placed two new species,

P. megalotis and P. cervicornis, the first of these having the genal processes

quite similar to those of 7. lobifera Bigot, while in P. cervicornis they are much

longer, more slender, and branched, presenting the most elaborate cephalic

armature known to me in this or any related genus. I have not seen specimens

of either of Gerstaecker’s species, but am inclined to consider them as belonging

to the family Ortalidae, and not to the Micropezidae, to which they have been

referred. The third described genus, in which long genal processes occur, is

Gnathoplasma Enderlein, with G. infestans Enderlein, found in Colombia, South

America, as genotype. This last genus was placed by its describer in the

Richardiinae, the species of the group being exclusively American. The genus

now described I place in the Platystominae. In Hendel’s paper on the

subfamily * it fits best in the Cleitamia group, running down fairly satisfactorily

to Engistoneura Loew, an African genus. The genal processes, spinose femora,

with the swollen middle pair, and several other characters, will serve to dis-

tinguish the new genus.

It is impossible to use the genal processes as reliable indices to generic

distinction, since, apart from their being found in the males alone, they are not

invariably present in that sex, one male before me having them reduced to mere

warts, and lacking also the deep rounded excavations in the lower eye margin,

which are very pronounced in examples with large genal processes. In the latter

the frons is subquadrate, but in the females and the unarmed males it is about

1-5 as long as wide. In all forms there are four strong vertical bristles, the

outer one on each side a little below and behind the vertex, the inner one as

far before it ; the ocellars are lacking, and rarely there is a fine black hair where

the upper orbital bristle should be. Third antennal segment about twice as

long as wide ; face slightly foveate on each side below antennae ; cheeks slightly

angled at or behind middle in female, with a more or less pronounced process

* Abh. der K.K. Zool.-Botan. Ges. Wien, Bd. viii, pp. 1-410, Taf. I-IV, 1914.

226 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

in the male; eye with a deep rounded excavation round base of process in the

most exaggerated form ; longest hairs on arista as long as width of third antennal

segment ; genal and occipital bristles wanting. Thorax with two notopleurals,

a weak supra-alar, two postalars, the posterior one simulating the posterior

dorsocentral, no humeral, propleural, mesopleural, sternopleural, nor dorso-

centrals; anterior margin with the acrostichal pair of bristles distinct, the

laterals usually duplicated ; scutellum convex, with four bristles and numerous

fine hairs; prosternum, propleura, and pteropleura, clothed with fine hairs.

Abdomen widest in centre, composite basal tergite longest, fourth visible tergite

longer than second or third; ovipositor normal; superior hypopygial forceps

cleft, inner branch terminating in a black knob. Femora slightly spindle-shaped,

middle pair much stouter than remainder ; front pair with one or more short,

stout, black bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface ; middle and hind

pairs with two series of similar but stronger bristles on apical halves, one on

anteroventral, the other on posteroventral surface ; middle tibia without an

apical ventral spur, slightly curved, fitting close to ventral surface of femur ;

hind coxae without hairs at tips above bases of femora. First vein setulose on

upper side from beyond humeral cross vein to tip, third setulose on upper side

from base to, or almost to, tip ; anal cell not produced at lower posterior angle ;

inner cross veia well beyond middle of discal cell; fourth vein dipping down

and narrowing the cell in front of it, as in Rivellaa Robineau-Desvoidy ; sixth

vein traceable to margin. Lower squama not extending beyond upper one.

Genotype: Xenognathus bryant, sp. n.

It is difficult to determine whether there are two species or only one in the

material before me, but I believe there are two according to the diagnosis given

below.

Antennae entirely black in both sexes, male with very long processes on

cheeks, eyes with deep emarginations below ; . bryani, sp. n.

Third antennal segment yellow, first and second segments, except lower

portion of first, black ; male with a slight wart-like process on cheek

close to margin of eye, latter without an excavation. ; . mermis, sp. D.

11. Xenognathus bryani, sp. n. (Text-figs. 4 and 5).

3S. Testaceous yellow, shining. Upper third of frons glossy, remainder

dull, ocellar spot and a large ventral triangular mark black, surface hairs pale,

bristles black ; antennae black, lower portion of first segment yellow ; arista

~ eae

ee ees aes TE ee eS

ORTALIDAE. 227

yellowish at base; face dull, with a broad, deep black stripe extending from

base of each antenna to mouth and covering entire fovea, a narrower stripe from

near lower angle of each eye to angle of cheek, and a short streak at base of genal

process, which does not extend to median angle; genal process black, yellow

at base ; occiput with a deep black, glossy mark on each side of upper half, and

a smaller dark mark below these in centre; palpi black; proboscis yellow.

Frons quadrate, depressed, occupying a little over one-third of total width of

head; front of head as shown in text-fig. 4. Thorax with two narrow, sub-

median, black vittae, connected by a narrow line on hind margin of mesonotum,

Text-Fia. 4.—Xenognathus bryan, sp.n. Head from in front.

extending over sides of scutellum, and connected with a much broader vitta of

same colour on lateral margins, latter vittae continued over sides of postnotum,

but not connected in centre; mesopleura with a dark vitta on lower margin ;

thoracic hairs pale. Abdominal tergites broadly black on sides, and sometimes

narrowly on hind margins of intermediate tergites, always more or less broadly

so on fourth visible tergite ; hypopygium yellow, inner branch of forceps not so

long as outer, black at tip. Legs variably marked with black or brown, fore

femora blackened near tips, middle and hind femora with a black streak along

anterior surface and blackened on posterior surface near tip ; all tibiae suffused

with brown, front pair least evidently so, hind pair darkest at base; tarsi pale

brown, darker at tips. Wangs hyaline, with conspicuous dark brown markings

(cf. text-fig. 5) as follows: a stigmal spot, clouds over inner and outer cross

228 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

veins and tips of veins two to four inclusive, and a spot at fusion of first vein

with costa, which sometimes extends across second vein and fuses with upper

outer portion of cloud surrounding inner cross vein, occasionally enclosing a

hyaline spot. Second longitudinal vein conspicuously bent forward at tip,

where enclosed by preapical dark cloud; tip of fourth vein slightly deflected.

Squamae pale, margins fuscous. Halteres yellow.

TExtT-FIG. 5.—Xenognathus bryant, sp. n. Wing.

2. Similar to 3 except in structure of head and genitalia. Face with only

two black stripes, one over each fovea; frons about 1-5 as long as wide, and with-

out the large, dark, triangular, central mark; lower central portion of occiput

about neck dark.

Length, 7 mm.

Savai: Safune, 2,000-4,000 feet, type ¢, allotype, and 1 ¢ paratype,

3.v., 2.v., and 8.v.1924 respectively (Bryan). Type in the Bishop Museum.

12. Xenognathus inermis, sp. n. (Text-fig. 6).

g. Similar to X. bryant in general coloration, differing in having only the

dark foveal stripes on face, no large, triangular, dark mark on frons, third

antennal segment yellow, black marks on femora less extensive, the one on the

posterior surface of middle and hind pairs lacking, tibiae yellow, with basal

third of hind pair blackened, and the two or three distal segments of each tarsus

dark brown. |

Structurally the species differs in the form and armature of the head, the

frons being one-third of the total width of the head, and longer than wide, and

the genal processes very short ; front view of head as in text-fig. 6. In other

respects as X. bryant.

ORTALIDAE 229

Q. Agreeing with ¢ in coloration, but without black stripes on face, and

with no dark mark on centre of occiput above neck, in

which latter character it differs from the 9 of X. bryani.

Length, 7 mm.

Upolu: Malololelei, 2,000 feet, type 3, xi1.1925

(Buxton & Hopkins). Savaii: Safune, 2,000-4,000 feet,

allotype, 2.v.1924 (Bryan).

It is possible that this is merely a variety of X.

bryant, the male hypopygium being apparently the same

in structure; but more material, showing intergrada- ee ? |

: : EXT-FIG. 6.—Xenognathus

tions between the armed and unarmed genae, 18 jnermis, sp.n. Head from

required to determine whether this is so. in front.

Plagiostenopterina Hendel.

This genus as established by Hendel in 1914 * is, in my opinion, composite,

containing several groups, which are as justly entitled to separation from each

other, as is Plagiostenopterina to be considered generically distinct from Elasso-

gaster Bigot. Although but one species is represented among the Samoan

material before me, it may be pertinent to indicate the group distinctions which

IT have found of value in the genus.

One of the most remarkable characters, which though confined to one sex

is still of exceptional interest, 1s the development of spiracles on the dorsum of

the third and fourth visible tergites in the females of P. trivittata Walker, P.

margmata van der Wulp, and one other species occurring in the Straits Settle-

ments. I have found spiracles similarly placed in an American species of

Euxesta Loew, but only on the more or less concealed short pregenital tergite in

the female. Another striking character is the presence of microscopic hairs on

the face of P. aenea Wiedemann and its closest allies. Osten Sacken in 1882 +

referred to the “ occipito-orbital bristle,” but Hendel, in the above-mentioned

paper, writes: “‘ Desgleichen schreibt er St. eques eine Occipitoorbitalborste zu,

die ich nicht finden kann.” This bristle is very conspicuous in all species of

Plagiostenopterina vera, but absent in P. calcarata Macquart, and some other

Oriental species, which can be again distinguished as to segregates by the presence

or absence of the mesopleural bristle, and the bristling of the postcephalic margin

of the dorsum of thorax.

* Loc. cit., pp: t, 52.

{ Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Bd. 26, p. 213, 1882.

230 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

It is unnecessary here to deal further with the isolation of these groups,

which I hope to make the subject of another paper now in preparation. It will

suffice for the present to state that the Samoan species belongs to Plagiosteno-

pterina in the restricted sense, possessing microscopic hairs on the face, and

generally also on the sides of the postnotum, a strong occipito-orbital bristle,

and, though the wings are much darker than usual in this group, the usual two

dark longitudinal streaks, one in the anterior basal cell, and the other along the

costa.

13. Plagiostenopterina samoaénsis, sp. 0.

69. Head black; frons shining, with a greenish tinge, shagreened and

minutely punctured except on vertex and upper orbits, with a small, subopaque

deeper black mark in centre beyond middle, lateral margins each with a line of

yellowish white dust, extending down parafacials; face brownish testaceous

centrally, antennal foveae black, obscured, as is also upper portion of face, by a

covering of dense greyish yellow dust or tomentum; occiput glossy, with a

distinct blue tinge above ; the postocular orbits dusted with white, more broadly

so below ; antennae dark brown, second segment reddish-yellow ; palpi black.

Frons about twice as long as its width at vertex, widening anteriorly, its width

at vertex not more than one-third of total width of head ; face gently concave

in profile, lowest point above middle of head ; longest hairs on arista about as

long as its basal diameter. Thorax dark metallic blue-green ; mesonotum with

many piliferous punctures, a complete, rather narrow dorsocentral vitta of

erey dust, and a similar, narrower, interrupted vitta near each lateral margin.

The four postcephalic bristles rather fine; postnotal hairs few in number.

Abdomen glossy metallic blue-green, becoming violet-blue apically. Second to

fourth visible tergites subequal in 3, second in both sexes uniformly clothed with

pale hair, inclination of hairs on entire surface backward. Legs black; front

coxae, front and middle femora, honey yellow, hind femora not so decidedly

yellow. Claws of all tarsi in 3 quite large, with a very pronounced lobe near base

on inner side; those of 9 smaller, and with a slight swelling near base on inner

side. Wangs smoky, darker costally, dark longitudinal streak in anterior basal

cell merging into ground colour, as also does that on costa, but still distinguish-

able. Section of costa between tips of first and second veins very little shorter

than that between tips of second and third. Squamae whitish, dark at junction.

Halteres fuscous.

ORTALIDAE, 231

Length, 8-5-9-5 mm.

Tutuila : type J, allotype, and one paratype, 5, 7.1x.1923 (Swezey & Wilder) ;

Pago Pago, one discoloured 9, 18.iv. (Kellers). Upolu: Apia, paratypes,

30.1, 4.01.1924, vi, vi.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins), and 14.v.1924 (Armstrong).

Type in the British Museum.

Apart from the rather uniformly dark wings, which are a good distinctive

_character, this is the only species known to me in which there is a distinct sub-

basal lobe to the tarsal claws in the male.

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

Euxesta semifasciata, sp.n. Wing.

Neoeuxesta fumicosta, sp.n. Wing.

Apactoneura flavicornis, sp.n. Wing.

Xenognathus bryant, sp.n. Head from in front.

Xenognathus bryant, sp.n. Wing.

Xenognathus inermis, sp. u. Head from in front.

ep fal i eo 1)

VI. 5

CALLIPHORIDAE.

By J. R. Matiocu, Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Tuts family, as treated by most authorities on the Calyptratae, contains several

subfamilies, including the Sarcophaginae, but the latter have already been dealt

with as a separate family by Mr. P. A. Buxton.”

The late Prof. Bezzi, in his paper on Calliphoridae from the South Pacific

Islands and Australia,t included descriptions of some species represented in the

present collection. Part of this material is now before me, and the present

report is merely an extension of the data in Bezzi’s paper, with some additional

characterisations.

The habits of the species of Lucilia Rob.-Desv., Chrysomyia Rob.-Desv.,

and Calliphora Rob.-Desv. are too well known to require elaboration here, most

of them being blow-flies affecting meat, and some even attacking live animals.

The genus Paurothrix Bezzi was described from Samoan material, but its larval

habits are as yet unknown.

Bezzi recorded six genera and seven species from Fiji ; from Samoa I have

seen four genera and seven species.

It would appear to be worth noting that Bezzi, in his paper on the South

Pacific species above referred to, assigned Chrysomyia rufifacies Macquart to

his new subgenus Achoetandrus, while he retained C. micropogon in Chrysomyva

sens. strict ; in his book on the Diptera of Fiji, the name C. micropogon was

given as a synonym of C. rufifacies. The specific identities of this genus require

elucidation based upon careful examination of the type specimens, if such are

still in existence.

CHRYSOMYIINAE.

1. Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabricius).

This species is distributed throughout the Orient, and has been recorded

from Fiji and Australia.

* Tns. Samoa, Part VI, Diptera, Fasc. 3, pp. 141-150, 1929.

{ Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 231, 1927.

233

INSECTS OF SAMOA.

I have before me only a few specimens, all from Upolu, Apia, but

Mr. Buxton * has recorded it also from Tutuila. Possibly it will be found

throughout the islands of the group.

2. Chrysomyia rufifacies Macquart.

I have examined a number of specimens identified as this species by Bezzi.

As indicated above, the specific identity requires confirmation.

Recorded as common in Samoa by Buxton (loc. cit.).

CALLIPHORINAE.

3. Calliphora leucosticta Bezzi.

A rather small species distinguished at once from its allies by the silvery

white basal scale of the costa of the wing.

I have seen only the type and allotype specimens, from Upolu (Malololelei).

It is recorded also by Bezzi from Savaii (Safune & Salailua).

Paurothrix Bezzi.

When describing this genus, its author included it, with its two species, in

his key to the species of the genus Lucilia ; but, in his discussion of the genus

on a subsequent page of the same paper, he stated that “it seems to be nearer

to Calliphora than to Lucilia, inasmuch as the corneous ovipositor of the female

recalls that of the Oriental genus Hypopygiopsis Townsend, which is related to

Cynomyia.”

After a careful examination of the type material of the two species described

by Bezzi, I place the genus near Melinda Rob.-Desv., which indeed it so closely

resembles that, except for the hairy eyes, one might have some doubts as to

the propriety of segregating it as a distinct genus. My material is not in suffi-

ciently good condition, nor abundant enough, to provide a basis for a definite

conclusion as to its exact status. The corneous ovipositor of the female, though

rather abnormal in the subfamily, is not sufficient warrant for its being used as

a generic index without co-ordinated, or at least equally important, characters

being present in the other sex.

* Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, Pt. U1, Med. Ent., p. 61, 1927.

a ee a

ee a

SS ee ee eee

CALLIPHORIDAE. 235

There is also a very striking similarity between this genus and one occurring

in the Federated Malay States and Java, which I consider is Paradichosia Senior-

White. This latter genus was based on Oriental material, and contains but one

described species. The species that I place here have the eyes much more

noticeably hairy than is normally the case in Paurothriz, while the hairiness of

the prosternum and centre of the propleura is rather variable ; but in all essential

characters they agree well with the Samoan genus, even to the possession of a

corneous ovipositor in the only female example which I have before me. The

males all have a pair of downwardly directed fasciculae of bristly hairs near the

apex of the venter, which are not mentioned by Bezzi in his description of

Paurothriz, and I have no males of his species of this genus, so that I cannot

check this discrepancy. Owing to the paucity of the available material, I am

not at present prepared to give a definite opinion on the exact status of these

two concepts, and I merely desire to indicate their close affinity and possible

identity.

4. Paurothrix xiphophora Bezzi.

A well-preserved female of this species, which I have before me, shows the

white-dusted parafacials and postocular orbits as described by Bezzi. The

third antennal segment 1s distinctly reddish at the base.

Described from specimens from Savau (Safune and Salailua).

5. Paurothrix bisetosa Bezzi.

Bezzi distinguished this species from the preceding one by the darker colour

of the antennae and palpi, the dark dusting of the parafacials and postocular

orbits, and the presence of three sternopleural bristles (2:1). I find, however,

in the material before me that this last character is not reliable, as the lower

anterior sternopleural bristle is sometimes lacking. I accept the species as

distinct from P. xvphophora.

Described from material from Savati (Salailua).

It is of interest to note that only in the specimen bearing the label is the

outer of the three bristles on the presutural lateral area present ; in the other

three specimens which appear to belong here the outer one is lacking. In the

case of the majority of the genera belonging to the Calliphoridae, this would

be sufficient justification for treating the specimens as representing distinct

236 INSECTS OF SAMOA.

species ; in fact, characters of apparently less importance are frequently accepted

as generic criteria in this family. Owing to the lack of males for dissection, it

is not possible for me to judge whether the specimens which lack the outer bristle

are specifically distinct from those in which it is present. The outer bristle is

present in both the labelled examples of the genus now before me. In addition

to this variation, if it is such, in the material under examination, there is another

character which leads me to suspect that all my specimens do not belong to P.

bisetosa ; this is the length of the section of the fourth vein between the outer

cross vein and its bend. In typical P. bisetosa this is not as long as the cross

vein, being about two-thirds of the length of the latter, while in three other

atypical specimens it is at least as long as the cross vein. I believe it will be

found later that other species are represented here, but, with the material avail-

able, I do not care to deal with the matter more fully.

6. Paurothrix auriceps, sp. n.

§. Similar in general coloration to the other two species, but frontal orbits,

parafacials, anterior portions of cheeks, and postocular orbits densely dusted

with golden-yellow ; antennae reddish-yellow, with third segment largely fuscous

except at base; palpi orange. Eyes very inconspicuously hairy ; jfrons linear

above, bare on upper third, hairs on anterior third becoming gradually longer

in front ; parafacial not as wide as third antennal segment, hairy above. Thorax

with distinct grey dusted dorsal vittae, the submarginal one on each side wide.

Thorax as in the other species ; lateral presutural area with two bristles, the

outer one lacking ; acrostichals2+3. H ypopygium and fifth sternite concealed.

Legs black. Outer cross vein of wing at about two-thirds of its own length from

bend of fourth vein. Squamae brownish-yellow, their margins hardly darker ;

inner margin of lower squama straight, lying close to side of scutellum, meeting

broadly rounded hind margin at a sharp angle. Halteres fuscous.

Length, 9 mm.

Samoa: no definite locality (coll. Godefiroy : Hamburg State Zoological

Museum): in poor condition.

Hemipyrellia Townsend.

Until recently this genus was regarded by the present writer as a subgenus,

and as such it is considered by Bezzi in the paper on the South Pacific species

of this group, to which reference has already been made. I have in my last two

CALLIPHORIDAE. 237

or three papers on the family accepted it as a valid genus, distinguishable from

Incilia by the very noticeable erect hairs on the metanotal convexity above the

spiracle.

7. Hemipyrellia rhodocera Bezzi.

This species was originally described from Samoan examples taken on

Savai, Upolu, and Tutuila. I have before me some of the type material, and in

addition two specimens from the Godeffroy collection belonging to the Hamburg

State Zoological Museum, which bear the label Samoa, without more definite

data. There is no date on any of the Godefiroy material, but it must be some

seventy-five years old, possibly older.

I also have before me, belonging to the same collection, specimens of an

undescribed species of this genus from Viti Levu.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

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ah a Te a Na nein aarti

Part VII. Orner Orpers or INSECTS.

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