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JOURNAL

OF THE

CEYLON BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

1902.

VOLUME XVII ("6%

\Z ene:

No. 58.

EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY.

’

The design of the Society is to institute and promote inauiries into the History,

Religions, Languages, Literature, Arts, and Social Condition of the present

and former Inhabitants of the Island, with its Geology and Mineralogy,

its Climate and Meteorology, its Botany and Zoology.

COLOMBO :

H. C. COTTLE, ACTING GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON,

1903.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Council Meeting : February 5, 1902 600 at (is)

Annual General Meeting: February 26, 1902... 75

Annual Report for 1901 aes 15

Archeological Survey, 1901, Synopsis of Work done by st (7

_ Office-Bearers for 1902, election of sek 82

Farewell to the President, the Right Reverend R. Ss.

Copleston, D.D., Lord Bato of Colombo.. ay 84

Paper read :-—

“A Descriptive Catalogue of the more useful Trees and

Flowering Plants of the Western and Sabaragamuwa

Provinces ‘of Ceylon,” by F. Lewis, F.L.S. (with

four Maps) _... 506 se Be 89

Council Meeting: July 3, 1902 500 ae ae 257

_ Paper not read :—

“Resolutions and Sentences of the Council of the Town

of Galle, 1640-44,” being the Translation of

Volumes I. and II. of the Galle Dutch Records,

edited and revised by R. G. ANTHONISZ, Govern-

ment Archivist ae 600 Soe 259

Council Meeting : December 1, 1902 ae sits 529

LIST OF MAPS.

To face Page

The Colombo District of the Western Province oe 89

The Kalutara District of the Western Province ake 89

The Ratnapura District of the Province of Sabaragamuwa 89

The Kégalla District of the Province of Sabaragamuwa ... 89

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

CEYLON BRANCH.

——

aaa

COUNCIL MEETING.

Colombo Museum, February 5, 1902.

Present :

The Lord Bishop of Colombo, President, in the Chair.

Mr. J. Ferguson, Vice-President.

Mr. C. Drieberg, B.A., F.H.S. The Hon. Mr.S. C. Obeyesekere.

Mr. C. M. Fernando, B.A., LL.B. | Mr. P. Freudenberg.

Mr. F. C. Roles, Honorary Treasurer.

Mr. J. Harward, M.A., Honorary Secretary.

Business.

1. Read and confirmed Minutes of the last Council Meeting.

2. The following candidates were elected Members of the Society :—

J. R. Tosh, Brisbane, Queensland (non- ¢ G. A. Joseph.

resident) : recommended by ¢J. Harward.

i ee : W.N.S. Aserappa.

V.J.''. Pillai, M.M.U. : recommended by |}. D'M. Mutivcomarn.

, O. Collett.

J.S. Collett : recommended by | oe Geen

F. J. de Mel, B.A., LL.B., Advocate: re- { J. Harward.

commended by S. M. Burrows.

B le ()2

74 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

Dr. Tha Do Oung, Akyab, Burma (non- § J. Harward.

resident) : recommended by G. A. Joseph.

Sir W. W. Mitchell, K.C.M.G.: recom- § F. C. Roles.

mended by FB. M. Mackwood.

R. A. Ramupillai, L.T., F.T.S., M.R.C.P., ( J. Harward.

Perak (non-resident) : recommended by ( G. A. Joseph.

3d. Read and passed the draft Annual Report for 1901.

4. Submitted a letter from Mr. F. Lewis regarding his Paper

entitled ‘“‘ A Descriptive Catalogue of the more useful Trees and

Flowering Plants of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces of

Ceylon.”

Resolved,—That the Council is desirous to deal liberally with

Mr. Lewis, and will decide the question of a royalty after considering

anestimate from the Government Printer. Mr.Harwardand Mr. Roles

consent to report to the Council on this subject.

5. Resolved,—That the Annual General Meeting be held on

Wednesday, February 26, 1902, and that the business be —

(1) To read the Council’s Annual Report for 1901.

(2) To nominate Office-Bearers for 1902.

(3) To read the Introduction to Mr. F. Lewis’s Paper.

6. Considered the nomination of Office-Bearers for 1902.

Resolved,—That Mr. Harward do ascertain from the Hon. Mr.

Bverard im Thurn, Colonial Secretary, whether he is willing to be

nominated successor to the present President.

7. The following Members of Council retire in accordance with

the Rules :—Mr. A. Haly by seniority ; the Hon. Mr. H. H. Cameron

by least attendance.

Resolved,—That the following three new Members of Council be

elected :—Mr. J. C. Willis, Mr. H. White, and Mr. M. K. Bamber (in

place of Mr. J. Ferguson, Vice-President).

8. Resolved,—That Mr. J. A. Henderson be requested to audit the

Society’s accounts for 1901.

No. 53.—1902. | ANNUAL REPORT. (6)

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.

Colombo Museum, February 26, 1902.

Present :

The Lord Bishop of Colombo, President, in the Chair.

Vice-Presidents.— Mr. F. M. Mackwood and Mr. J. Ferguson.

Mr. P. Coomaraswamy. Mr. P. E. Morgappah.

Mr. Chapman Dias. The Hon. Mr. 8. C. Obeyesekere.

Mr. A. M.Gunasekera, Mudaliyar. | Mr. E. W. Perera, Advocate.

Mr. D. B. Jayatilaka, B.A. Mr. W. P. Ranasinha.

Mr. F. Lewis, F.L.S. Dr. V. R. Saravanamuttu.

Mr.F.J. de Mel, B.A., LL.B. Dr. W. A. de Silva, J.P.

Sir W. W. Mitchell; K.C.M.G. H. Sri Sumangala, High Priest.

Mr. F. C. Roles, Honorary Treasurer.

Mr. J. Barward, M.A., and Mr. G. A. Joseph, Honorary Secretaries.

Visitors : Hight ladies and twenty-three gentlemen.

wee

Business.

1. Read and confirmed Minutes of General Meeting held on March

‘16, 1901.

2. Announced the election of the following Members since the last

General Meeting :—

Resident.—Hon. Mr. Everard im Thurn,C.B., C.M.G., Vice-President,

Anthropological Society of Great Britain and Ireland (elected as

Member of the R.A.S. of Great Britain and Ireland under Rule 45) ;

E. B. Denham, B.A. Oxon, C.C.8.; L. C. J. Doxat, A.M.LC.E.; C.

Jinarajadasa, B.A. Cantab.; E. W. Perera, Advocate; J. C. Willis,

M.A. Cantab., F.L.S.; V. J. Thambipillai ; J.S. Collett ; F. J. de Mel,

B.A., LL.B., Advocate ; Sir W. W. Mitchell, K.C.M.G.

Non-Resident.— J. R. Tosh, Brisbane, Queensland ; Dr. Tha Do Oung,

Akyab, Burma; R. A. Ramupillai, Perak.

3. Mr. Joseph read the —

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1901.

The Council of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

have the honour to submit the following Report for the year 1901 :—

MEETINGS AND PAPERS.

The only General Meeting held during the year was the Annual

General Meeting held on March 16, 1901. Papers which were

expected, and which would have provided suitable material for

“General Meetings of the Society, have not been forthcoming.

76 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

T'wo important Papers have been accepted by the Society, viz., “ A

Supplementary Paper on the Monumental Remains of the Dutch.

Hast India Company in Ceylon,” by Mr. F. H.de Vos, which will form

part of the Journal for 1901, and “ A Descriptive Catalogue of the

more useful Trees and Flowering Plants of the Western and Sabara-

gamuwa Provinces of Ceylon,” by Mr. F. Lewis, which will appear in

the Journal of the current year. ;

The Council regret to have to report so serious a falling off in

literary contributions from Members of the Society. They trust that

the present year will show an improvement.

MEMBERS.

During the past year seven new Members were elected, viz., Messrs.

M. K. Bamber ; A. W. Andree ; Professor W. EH. Dyles; L. ©. J.

Doxat, A.M.I.C.E.; C. Jinarajadasa, B.A., M.R.A.S.; HE. W. Perera,

Advocate ; J. C. Willis, M.A., F.L.S.

Five Members resigned, viz., Sir A. C. Lawrie, Dr. J. Loos,

Messrs. J. EH. Addyman, E. C. Davies, and K. F. Hopkins, C.C.S.

The following names of Members were removed from the roll for

not conforming to Rule 30, viz., P. B. Girihagama, T. B. Pohath, J. G.

L. Ohlmus, and J. W. Seneviratna.

Mr. Staniforth Green has become a Non-Resident Life Member.

The Society now has on its roll 218 Members, including 23 Life

Members, 10 Honorary Members, 146 Resident Members, and 39 Non-

Resident Members.

The Council record with regret the death of the Rev. S. Coles, C.M.S.,

who had been a Member of the Society since 1869, and contributed a

Paper on Pali Literature to the Society’s Journal, Vol. IV., No. 15,

1865-70. |

LIBRARY.

The additions to the Library during the year, including parts of

periodicals, numbered 341. The acquisitions were chiefly exchanges

received from Societies. The Library is indebted for donations to

the following :—The Secretary of State for India; the Government

of India ; the Government of Madras ; the Government of Bombay ;

the Pali Text Society ; the Ceylon Government ; Professor W. Geiger ;

Dr. W. G. Van Dort; Mr. ©. Jinarajadasa, B.A.; the Postmaster-

General ; Sir A. C. Lawrie ; Mr. J. Burgess ; and Mr. V. B. Ketakar.

Besides the institutions already on the exchange list, the Council

have decided to exchange with the Korea Branch of the Royal

Asiatic Society and the Techno-Chemical Laboratory of Bombay.

Some other applications have been received, but on account of the

large number of exchanges already on the Society’s list, it has been

thought advisable by the Council to decline acceding to them.

The Council has repeatedly drawn the attention of the Government

to the want of accommodation in the Library and to its present con-

gested condition. His Excellency the Governor, in reference to the

question of inadequate accommodation for the Library and the pro-

posed extension of the Museum, to which attention had been drawn

by the Society, stated that he ‘shares the regret of the Council of

the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, that other more.urgent

claims on public moneys have prevented the provision of funds for-

No. 53.—1902. ] ANNUAL REPORT. 17

the extension of the Museum.” The Council will welcome with much

relief any steps taken by the Government to provide additional accom-

modation. Although the Society has funds, it is unable to use them

for books on account of want of room.

JOURNALS.

One number of the Journal has been published during the year

(Vol. XVI., No. 51, 1900). It contains, in addition to the Proceedings

of the Council and the Annual General Meeting, the following

Papers :—

(1) “A Chapter in Ceylon History in 1630,” by D. W. Ferguson.

(2) “Contributions to’ Ceylon Malacology,’ by O. Collett,

F.R.M.S.

(3) “Joao Rodriguez de SA e Menezes,” by D. W. Ferguson.

(4) “Pearl Oysters and Pearl Fisheries,” by O. Collett, F.R.M.S.

ARCH AOLOGY.

‘The following is a synopsis of the work done by the Archeological

‘Survey during 1901 :— =

Mr. Dashwood, the Assistant to the Archzological Commissioner,

after struggling for months against the malarial fever of the North-

‘Central Province, had to leave the Island on furlough in May, in order

to recruit his health. Subsequently he resigned his appointment ; and

for the last eight months of the year the Archeological Commissioner

had, once more, to carry on the work of his Department single-handed.

The conduct of the Archeological Survey has necessarily been again

hampered, and its progress delayed, by the want of an Assistant during

the greater part of 1901. Concurrent work at two sites was not feasi-

ble, as in 1900, during the dry months of last year, All work had

to be suspended at Anuradhapura whilst the Archeological Com-

missioner was engaged at Polonnaruwa between May and September.

Anuradhapura.

Ruwanveli arca.—Excavations were pushed on southward in the

strip of the Ruwanveli area bordering the Basawakkulam tank, to

the west of the Assistant Agent’s and the Government Agent’s

residences and the Kachcheri.

A small monastery with the customary quincunx arrangement of the

main buildings (central vihdre and four corner pirivenas) was fully

freed of the earth on all sides so as to show up well from the Inner

‘Circular road, which skirts it. The viharé is noticeable for its pair of

Naga guard-stones and the ornamental balustrades of the steps.

A little south of this monastery was laid bare the brick basement

of some circular ruin (perhaps a wata-da-gé, “‘round relic-house ”’)

surrounded by an outer wall, octagonal in outline, with an entrance

passage on the east.

Ruins below Tisé-vewa.—Immediately below the embankment of

Tis4-vewa, and twoto three hundred yards north of the Issurumuniya

Rocks and temple, isa smaller line of boulders. The overhanging sides

of these rocks were utilized as cave shelters, and their summits for

superstructures ; whilst at their foot, on the east, other buildings were

erected. —

78 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVIT.

The chief interest of this small group of ruins (now isolated, but

formerly without doubt connected with Issurumuniya and the Vessa-

giri caves, situated still further south) lies in the two beautifully

designed baths, with attached dressing-rooms (still in excellent pre-

servation), built of dressed stone. ‘The semi-arched recess, rock-cut,

at the smaller bath is flanked on either side by realistic carvings in low

relief of elephants emerging from a lotus pond.

These ruins (as do those of Vessagiriya and Issurumuniya) go back

to the earliest days of ancient Anuradhapura ; though (as frequent

elsewhere) they have suffered later alterations.

Mirisavetiya.—Commencement was made with the thorough excava-

tion of the ruins surrounding the Mirisaveliya Dagaba. This area lies

between the Anuradhapura-Puttalam high road and Basawakkulam

tank on the north.

The only building of importance unearthed so far is the chief pir7-

vena of the Mirisavetiya Monastery. This isof the type of the similar

oblong buildings known at Abhayagiriya, Thiparama, and Jétawand-

rama. Its proximity to the road and the modern town has unfor-

tunately long bereft it of practically all but its monolithic columns.

It is likely that, though the area may not yield much of artistic

value, the general plan of the ancient buildings and by-streets of the

sacred precincts to Mirisavetiya will be disclosed with considerable

certainty.

Sigeriya.

The annual clearing of the ruins on the summit of Sigiri-gala—of the

terraces below the Rock north, west, and suuth—and of the “islands”

and caves within the enclosed area of the ancient city, was undertaken,

as usual, during the early months of the year.

Later, Sinhalese villagers were engaged in again clearing a certain

portion (about one-third) of the city, on the west, which had become

overgrown. Another portion will be cleared next year; and the

remainder in1903. The expense of clearing yearly the entire area of

Sigiri-Nuwara, west and east of the Rock, is too great a tax upon a

limited annual vote intended to meet the cost of all archeological

work throughout the Island.

The rebuilding of the floor, steps, and wall of the gallery, at its

north-west end, was completed to a point beyond which it is impracti-

cable to carry masonry restoration. 'The standards and struts for the

iron bridge designed to connect the western stretch of the gallery with

the long flight of steps (which alone stands to mark its former con-

tinuation) along the north base of the rock, were also firmly fixed. Only

the iron rails and flooring of the bridge remain to be adjusted and

screwed down next year.

Further preliminary work was started last year, having for its ulti-

mate object the permanent protection against birds, &c., of the unique

Frescoes in the Rock “pockets.” The carrying out of this eminently

desirable work—the due preservation of these ancient paintings—

involves very great difficulty, owing t&the inaccessible and dangerous

position of the “‘ pockets” in the Rock cliff above the gallery, and the

irregularity of their conformation. The completion of the task of

effectually “‘ caging in” the frescoes of Sigiriya .may occupy one or

two seasons, all work in the “‘ pockets” having to be suspended as soon

as the south-west gale sets in.

No. 53.—1902. | ANNUAL REPORT. (ey

Polonnaruwa.

As in the previous year, operations were conducted at Polonnaruwa

in 1901 under the personal supervision of the Archzological Commis-

sioner from May to September inclusive :

(1) The ruins excavated in 1900 (“‘ Council Chamber,” ‘ Audience

Hall,” &c.) standing on the promontory at Tépa-vewa, which had

become overgrown, were first cleanly weeded.

(2) Attention was next turned to the excavation of the *‘ Irrigation

Work lying immediately below the tank,” at which point digging had

ceased the year before. This has proved to be a pokuna, or large

pond, with rock bottom, supplied from Tépa-vewa by a sluice. The

tank water was passed by three conduits (nala/), diagonally intoa narrow

brick ‘‘ well” (bisékotuwe) ; and thence, through a second similar “ silt

trap,’ under the tank bund to the pond, along and over a paved spill,

neatly finished. At the north side of this pokuna is an ornamented

Shower bath built of cut stone, fed from a spout above, which is

apparently led through a circular walled room at a higher level from a

‘water tower.’ ‘The sides of ihe pokuna on the north and south are

formed by high ground and rock ; on the east the water was retained

by astout wall, in brick and mortar, bellying outwards.

‘Beyond this convex wall is a small pond, rectangular in shape, con-

nected with the pokuna by a single inlet, and discharging similarly

into a channel (now obliterated), which probably carried the surplus

water into low land to the south-east by a sluice (still traceable)

under the south embankment of the promontory.

The level area through which this channel flowed, between the

ruined buildings standing on the tank bund and the western wall of the

citadel, is traditionally known as “the King’s Garden.” UExcavation

has, here, distinctly tended to confirm tradition.

The spoil resulting from the heavy earth-cutting (at places 25 feet

deep) at the pokuna and bisdkotu was advantageously used in forming

a banked up cross road, much needed to unite the Government build-

ings near the tank bund with the new driving road from Minnériya.

(3} The “ pillared building close to the Irrigation Bungalow on the

tank bund” was also excavated. It is shown to be a vwiharé, with

moulded brick basement, fronting east. A well-carved stone Buddha

(headless and limbless) was exhumed inside the shrine.

(4) The new road from Minnériya under construction last year

between the 25th and 26th miles, and about a mile from Tépa-vewa,

exposed some pillaredruins. It seemed desirable, by dealing with this

group promptly, to anticipate not improbable illicit digging by way-

farers and others, During September the labour force was moved to

this site. The decision was amply repaid by results. The quadrangle

of a Hindu dévalé containing three or four shrines was followed out by

trenching. The chief kdvil (a mound of fallen débris, but once domed

like others at Polonnaruwa) yielded, inter alia, a finely-carved stone

nandé (bull) and a lingam and yoni, unbroken, in situ.

On the rock hummock adjoining the dévalé premises was discovered

a long Sinhalese inscription of forty-five lines, in good preservation.

The record belongs to “Siri Sangabo Nissanka Malla Kalinga

Parakrama Bahu.”

There are more ruins around this rock, not improbably forming

part of the entourage of the dévalé, which must have been of some

note.

80) JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

(5) In addition to parking the promontory area, the gradual clearing

of undergrowth at present hiding much of “ Pulastipura”’ was begun by

a system of paid rdjakariya, i.e., compulsory service for seven days of

a limited number of adults from each village, remunerated by fair cash

payment at the week’s close. The Moor villagers of the Megoda

Pattuwa of Tamankaduwa, thus judiciously employed year by year, will

gradually open out the whole of the old capital, with benefit alike to

the Government and to themselves.

CoUNCIL.

Sir A. C. Lawrie, one of the two Vice-Presidents, resigned the office

and Membership of the Society on leaving the Island last year. Sir

Archibald Lawrie has been a Member of the Society since 1879 and a

Vice-President since 1895. He always evinced an active interest in the

affairs of the Society, and your Council regret his severance from it.

His knowledge of Ceylon History made him a most valuable Member

of the Society and Council, Mr. John Ferguson was appointed by the

Council to fill the vacancy caused by Sir Archibald Lawrie’s retire-

ment. Two Members of the Council of 1900, viz., Messrs. H. White

and F’. H. Modder, having been by virtue of Rule 16 deemed to have

retired by least attendance, the vacancies caused by their retirement

were filled by the appointment of the Hon. Mr. H. H. Cameron and

Mr. C. Drieberg: the Hon. Mr. S. C. Obeyesekere was appointed

in place of Mr. E. Booth, resigned.

FINANCES.

The income of the year, exclusive of the commencing balance of

Rs. 1,856°96, was Rs. 1,832:77. The expenditure amounted to

Rs. 1,489°63 ; and thus the sum in hand has increased by Rs. 343714,

and stands at Rs. 2,200°10.

The balance sheet is as follows :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

No. 53.—1902

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82 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

On the motion of Mr. F. Lewis, seconded by Mr. Ranasinha,- the

Report was adopted.

4. His Lordship was about to vacate the Chair, but at the general

request of those present consented to officiate for the remainder of the

Meeting.

5. On the motion of Dr. V. R. Saravanamuttu, and seconded by

He W. A. de Silva, the following Office-Bearers were elected for

1902 ae

President.—The Hon. Mr. Everardim Thurn, C.B., C.M.G.

Vice-Presidents.—Mr. F. M. Mackwood and Mr. J. Ferguson.

Council.

Mr. M. K. Bamber. Mr. E. E. Green, F.E.S.

Mr. 8. M. Burrows, M.A., C.C.S.| The Hon. Mr. S. C. Obeyesekere.

Mr. P. Coomaraswamy. Mr. W. P. Ranasinha.

Mr. C. Drieberg, B.A., F.H.S. Dr. W.G. Van Dort.

Mr. C. M. Fernando. Mr. H. White, C.C.S.

Mr. P. Freudenberg. Mr, J.C. Willis, M.A.

Honorary Treasurer.—Mr. F. C. Roles.

Honorary Secretaries.—Mr. H.C. P. Bell, C.C.S.; Mr. J. Harward, M.A.;

and Mr. G. A. Joseph.

6. Mr. F. Lewis, F.L.8., read portions of his Paper entitled

“A Descriptive Catalogue of the more useful Trees and Flowering

Plants of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces of Ceylon.”

Sir W. W. MiTcHELt proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Lewis.

He congratulated Mr. Lewis upon the Paper, which, he said, was a most

useful record of the fauna of those two Provinces. He was sure they

all wished that it had been possible for Mr. Lewis to have dealt with

the other Provinces of Ceylon. As regards the other Provinces, and

more especially those in the North, they could hope, now that the

railway was being carried in that direction, that vast resources of

timber would be imported from there, and that they might be less

dependent upon countries such as Burma, Australia, and the Straits

for supplies of timber. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. C. DrieBere seconded the resolution.—Carried cordially.

Mr. J. FERGUSON inquired whether any of the other valuable woods

besides satinwood were found to any considerable extent in the two

Provinces in question. He would like to know regarding ebony,

—

* See page 89.

No. 53.—1902. | PROCEEDINGS. 83.

calamander, tamarind, &c., and whether it was true that the last

calamander was found recently in that part of the Island.

Mr. Lewis thanked Sir W. W. Mitchell and the seconder of the re-

solution for their appreciation of his Paper. With regard to valuable

trees, it was a curious fact that they regarded those trees as valuable

from their acquaintance with furniture. (Laughter.) They were

acquainted with satinwood, because they found satinwood tables and

almirahs: they were acquainted also in that way with calamander,

a very rare and exceedingly restricted plant. Tamarind they also

knew as furniture ; and besides they knew it for its medicinal qualities,

as there was a medicinal drink made from it. Of other trees, such as

ebony, they had a very considerable quantity in the Island ; but in the

two Provinces under consideration only a restricted area. It was a

common error to say that it did not grow toa highaltitude. It reached

3,000 feet, but only to a limited extent ; and he did not say that it

erew in such large quantities at high altitudes that they would be able

to ““do a huge business” in it.

As regards calamander, it was becoming almost extinct. He had the

_good fortune to be the original discoverer of the flower of the cala-

mander tree inthe Island. (n finding that extremely rare thing—his

friends called it a monstrosity—the Péradeniya people sent a man up

the tree forthwith. (Laughter.) He had only found the flower of the

calamander after searching for many years, and after offering a reward

year after year. He did that because he was anxious to discover

whether there was not some way of extending the growth of calamander ;

which, as the Members of the Society were no doubt aware, was

indigenous to Ceylon, and found in no other part of the world. It

was exceedingly uncommon, and the area of growth was restricted ;

indeed in an average map of Ceylon the area of growth would be

covered by an ordinary postage stamp, and that in the wildest and most

inaccessible parts, with long distances separating the male and female

trees. It naturally followed that, where male and female were such

long distances apart, the chances of getting seed were very remote ;

and, particularly, when they considered the fact that if anybody found

a healthy tree, male or female, it was immediately cut down for the

sake of its wood. He had been told that the calamander had been

found in the dry zone, but he was sorry that he could not credit that

as truth ; because the result of his examination of what had been shown

from the dry zone and the tree of the wet zone proved that there was

as much comparison as there was between a cabbage and a mango.

(Laughier).

Of the other valuable plants of Ceylon, one that was insufficiently

appreciated in the country was palu (Wimusops hexandra). Roughly

speaking, in the dry zone that plant should be found over two-thirds

of the area, and the day would come when it would receive its full

appreciation. Palu necessitated proper machinery for cutting it

up, as it was an exceedingly hard timber to deal with. Palu was very

valuable. As regards other woods, there was a very large quantity

of those woods mostly known as jakwood ; but that, as a domestic

plant the fruit of which was so largely consumed by the natives,

was in no danger of being exterminated. Butas regards calamander,

he thought they were running the risk of its complete extinction.

(Applause.)

84 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

Mr. FerGuson asked for supplementary information. Would Mr.

Lewis tell them what uses palu could be put to and what foreign

woods would be superseded, whether those of Western Australia,

Burma, or Borneo ?

Mr. Lewis said he thought palu would hardly supersede those trees ;

and there were two reasons why. ‘The one was the intense difficulty ~

there was in working palu, and the other was the ease with which

those hard woods from Australia and Borneo were at present brought

to Ceylon. Palu was extremely hard and sticky, and the average

sawyer objected to sawing it, because he found that his saws stuck in

the wood.

Mr. CoomArAswAmy, referring to the alleged medicinal properties

of the tamarind, said it was accepted among natives of the country

that to sleep under a tamarind tree was to get sufficient ague into the

system to last any one for a lifetime! Among natives tamarind

was entirely prohibited when any one was undergoing a course of

medicine.

FAREWELL TO THE PRESIDENT.

7. Mr. Joun Fercuson, Vice-President, proposed the following

Resolution :—

“That the Council and Members of the Ceylon Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society desire to place on record their special sense of

indebtedness to the Right Rev. Dr. Copleston, Bishop of Colombo,

Metropolitan-Elect of India, &c., for the very valuable services he has

rendered to the Society during the past twenty years, for the learned

Papers he has edited in its Journals, and for the instructive Addresses

he has given from time to time as its President, an office he has

held with great acceptance for seventeen years. That, in now

bidding His Lordship farewell, the Council and Members express the

earnest hope that he may be long spared in good health in the new and

very important sphere to which he has been called.”

Mr FERGUSON said that at the Jubilee celebration of that Branch in

December, 1895, at which their now retiring President prepared and

read an admirable résumé of the history of the Society, he (Mr.

Ferguson) ventured to remark that no one had done so much, attracted

so much public interest in, and increased the prosperity of, the Ceylon

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society as the Bishop of Colombo had

done, and that, indeed, he had done more for their Institution than

any other Member had during its history of fifty years. (Applause.)

He saw no reason to modify that opinion, because His Lordship had

been a tower of strength to them during the past six or seven

years, and during a long period before that Jubilee celebration.

They had profited by the prestige appertaining to the Bishop as

a learned man, for he was one of whom they might say in the words of

the poet: ‘He is ascholar, and a right goodone.”’ (Applause.) As

an accomplished linguist and learned Orientalist there were few, if

any, in the Island to compare with His Lordship, and he was tempted

to illustrate that by remarking on a piece of work outside of the scope

of that Society, but which he might be pardoned for introducing as an

No. 53.—1902. ] PROCEEDINGS. © 8)

illustration. Dr. Copleston’s consummate acquaintance with the

Sinhalese language was at that moment placing the Committee of the

Local Auxiliary of the Bible Society at their wits’ end, as to where

they were to get one to continue the Bishop’s revision of the Bible in

Sinhalese. (Applause.) They, as Members of that Society, were well

acquainted with their learned President’s work in regard to the

Jatakas, fifty of which he had edited for the Journals of that Society

—a work and undertaking which excited the liveliest interest among

scholars in Hurope.

Then, again, they had their President’s work on Buddhism, primi-

tive and present, published in 1892, and considered by reliable and

competent authorities to be the best work on the subject—a work

which had been made so popular as to be interesting to the general

reader, and so accurate as to be of great value to the scholar.

That work corrected and criticized previous learned writers, and

presented them with a true picture of Buddhism as it was in their

midst, and to write it a thorough acquaintance with Oriental and

Buddhistical literature was necessary. ‘They had astandard work of

which they were all proud ; and especially the Members of the Society

ought to be proud of the fact that the Bishop was their President at

the time of its publication. (Applause.)

Since 1882, Dr. Copleston had been a Member of the Society, and

since 1886 he had been President. It was inevitable that there should

* be sadness connected in parting. It was difficult always to say fare-

well, and still more difficult was it to convey the thoughts connected

with that feeling. But there were two redeeming features on that

occasion : first, that they were fortunate enough to have as His Lord-

ship’s successor an accomplished and able Scientist in their Lieutenant-

Governor and Colonial Secretary, Mr. im Thurn ; and secondly, that

the Bishop, the Metropolitan, was not bidding a final farewell to

Ceylon, but that he had an ecclesiastical connection with the Island

which would justify (what he felt sure was Dr. Copleston’s personal

desire) visits to Ceylon from time to time ; and that he would continue

to maintain a warm and continuous interest in the progress and

elevation and moral advancement of the people of the Island, and not

least in the work of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

He had endeavoured to express, to use the words of the Bishop

himself on a somewhat similar occasion, ‘‘a sense of real gratitude

and sincere regret,’’—gratitude because of vaiuable services prolonged

overa period of twenty years,—and regret because when their President

left the Chair that evening he would vacate the position which he had

filled for a long period past to their great advantage and great

benefit. Long might His Lordship continue in the important office to

which he had been called. (Applause.)

Mr. CoomAraswAmy seconded, and said he bore loyal testimony to

the great untiring work that the Bishop had performed.

The Hon. Mr. OBEYESEKERE supported, and said that, speaking as a

Sinhalese, he could hardly express the regret which the community.

felt at severance from His Lordship. The opinion savants had of the

Bishop’s literary abilities was well voiced by the well-known scholar

Batuwantudawa Pundit, who said that he had learnt a great deal more

from His Lordship than he was in a position to impart. (Hear, hear.)

86 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Mr. P. HE. MorGarpan supported the motion on behalf of the

Tamil community.

Mr. F. M. Mackwoob, before putting the Resolution to the Meeting,

said he thought they all realized that the words which had fallen from

the speakers were not mere lip language, but that they had come

from the hearts of all of them and appealed to the hearts of all of

them. Thev were realizing what happened to them often in life.

They possessed much that they valued ; but it was only when they

came to losing that they appreciated the full and real value of what

they possesse(. They were now losing that which they had always

known to be of service and of great value, but never of the service .

and of the value which they now realized that it had been. (Applause.)

There was no need for him to say more. The things that welled

from the heart could never be fully and adequately expressed in

words. He put the Resolution to the Meeting.

The Resolution having been unanimously approved, Mr. Mackwood

presented it to His Lordship the Bishop.

8. His LORDSHIP THE BISHOP in reply, said :—Mr. Ferguson, ladies,

and gentlemen, —I will not claim any such privilege as might entitle

me to meet this kind resolution by a mere brief statement of my

gratitude. I know that you expect me to say something in reply to

it, although, in attempting to do so, I find myself in a novel position.

For so Jong a time my experience has been that of one who bids

farewell to others, and proposes, or puts to the vote, resolutions

on their departure, that I have got into the habit of regarding my-

self as a sort of professional sender-off of other people. (Laughter.)

At last my own turn has come; and I find myself upon the

other side to receive these kind expressions, to feel how unworthy

Tam of the generous recognition which my little services have met

with, and to express this difficulty of speaking where one’s feelings

are deepest. What might have been only an ordinary compliment has

been raised, I think, this evening, by the language of those who have

proposed it, and especially by that of my friend, Mr. Ferguson, into

something very much more than that,—into a touching and most wel-

come expression of friendship and of kindness. (Hear, hear.) And

therefore, I think that I am meeting something more than a recogni-

tion of speeches made, or Papers read, or Resolutions published within

the Meetings of this Society.

I welcome the expression “ friendship,” which has been cemented by

each Meeting here and by our co-operation in the Meetings of the

Council, and in our social Meetings on occasions of our more learned

Papers here. (Hear, hear.) I cannot feel that my services have

deserved, from any point of view, any large fraction of the tribute

that has been paid to me. Iam afraid that many years have passed

since I have done anything out of my own resources to add to the

learning of any Member of the Society ; nor have I succeeded in

stirring up much enthusiasm, nor in eliciting many Papers from

others. One of those who supported this Resolution described me as

having been on one occasion a President*looking for a quorum, and I

am sorry to say that I have been for a long time a President looking

for a Paper, or at any rate, for more than a very few. (Laughter.)

No. 53.—1902. ] PROCEEDINGS. 87

My good friend Mr. Lewis has come to the rescue this evening, and

before. (Hear, hear.) But, if it had not been for him and one or

two others, a very sorry record, I am afraid, of the advancement of

learning would have characterized the period of my Presidency—at any

rate, of these latter years, since we lost some of those who formerly

adorned the Society. But I think we have certainly not done asa

learned Society all that we might have expected of one another during

the last seven or eight years. We have met in social and friendly

intercourse ; and we have—I at least have—learnt how much kindness

and tolerance and how great readiness to make the most even of our

small efforts characterizes those who gather within these walls.

Tt has been particularly gratifying to me to-day that this most

kind Resolution should have been proposed by my friend Mr.

Ferguson, for whom and for whose family I have had during the

time of my life in Ceylon an ever-increasing regard. There are

reasons which make me particularly pleased to think that Mr. A. M.

Ferguson, if he had been here this evening, would either have

proposed, or supported, this Resolution with no lesskindness and warmth

than his successor has done. (Applause.) And I am extremely

grateful,—although I feel how far it goes beyond that, for nothing

but generosity could justify the esteem which Mr. Ferguson has set

before you of my services or of my abilities.

I am going away from the country in which I have lived, and

worked (so far as I have worked), and joyed, and I have very

greatly enjoyed, during these twenty-six years ; and of course, as I

have heard it lately said,—I think it was said the other day by

His Excellency the Governor,—this country manages to lay a grip

upon the affections and interest of those who-are even in it for a

comparatively short time. How much more must it have laid its

grip on my heart, and how much more sure is it that it has secured

affections which can never cease to be warm to this country and to

those who are init. (Applause.) I cannot hold out any expecta-

tions that I (who, during the last six or eight years of my time

here, when I had upon me the responsibility of President of this

Society, could not manage, I am afraid, to contribute anything) of

being able to send many contributions when I have gone away to such

a great distance. But, on the other hand, I shail find there the

advantage of these studies which I have made here, and which the

Society has done a great deal to encourage mein. It will bea very

great help to me that these years have been passed in acountry where,

to a great extent, the customs, or many of the customs, date back very

far, and are identical to those which are spread out through the North

of India, where the language is akin, closelyakin, to some of those which

will be spoken in the country Iam going to. To have served here has

been a preparation for that which awaits me.

You know, of course, and it has been already noticed, that I have a

particular interest in languages ; and Lam to some extent already equip-

ped by what I have acquired here for the work to which I am going.

Not only shall I find it my duty to use tosome extent the Tamil language

—the Tamils are ubiquitous,wherever they go they arefull of energy and

forward in education, and I shall have to minister sometimes in Tamil in

the country to which I am going—TI shall find within that great

district which will form my Diocese of the great Sanskrit languages,

88 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Hindi, Bengali, and Oriya, of which the Bengali, at any rate, is very

closely allied to the Sinhalese. Any one who knows fairly the higher

Sinhalese, and something of Sanskrit, will find it perfectly easy to read

Bengali, although he may find it impossible to pronounce a Bengali

book. Then there are two other languages of that group which are of

a somewhat more corrupt type I think—the Assamese and the Cachari,

which will come very much within my scope to learn. ‘There are

two other languages of a known literary type, the Rajmahali, which is

in some degree akin to the ’amil; and the Santalri, a very curious.

language, and stili more remote from the Aryan type, spoken by some

hill tribes, among whom there are a great number of Christians.

Besides these people, there are on the boundaries of Sikkim and Nepél

a number of Lepchi and other dialects of which I know nothing, and of

which I suppose I shall never be able to learn much.

You will see that I have before me a field for which I am not

altogether unprepared by the life which I have had here, and by the

studies which we have encouraged one another in pursuing ; so that it

is almost certain, although J am not able to afford you any contribu-

tions, I shall often be made to think of what is going on here, and shall

be constantly comparing —I suppose at first always to the advantage of

Ceylon, then after a little time with an impartial mind, and, if I live

long enough, eventually with great favour to Bengal—the way in which

the same words and the same forms of syntax are represented in the

languages of the two different countries. At present it is with a

shudder that I hear the way in which they pronounce their words in

Bengal. It was as though they had got hold of a Sanskrit word,

which they know how to write but not to pronounce ; and Iam afraid

my great difficulty for some time to come will be to avoid pronouncing

words common to the two languages in the way we favour here. All

these languages, however, mean that there will remain for me a very

close bond with what I have left, but which I shall not have altogether

left; and I shall look forward to returning and meeting those who

have parted from me with so much kindness during the last few days,

and in particular you who have paid me this high compliment this

evening. (Applause.)

9. The Meeting then closed.

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No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWPRING PLANTS. 89

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE MORE USEFUL

TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE WESTERN

AND SABARAGAMUWA PROVINCES OF CEYLON.

By F. Lewis, F.L.S.

Scientific names in small capitals indicate that the species described

is endemic.

Words or names in square brackets [ | refer to distribution outside

the two Provinces specially referred to, and are quoted on the authority

of Trimen’s “ Flora.” :

The four district maps are tinted pink and green over certain areas.

The pink indicates plantations, chiefly in European hands, while the

green gives forest areas. Uncoloured portions represent lands in native

and European hands, mostly the former, and very largely planted with

cocoanuts. Roman figures indicate altitude in feet above sea level,

while italic figures give the rainfall in inches per annum.

IN introducing my Paper to the Ceylon Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society, on the more useful trees and flowering

plants of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, it is

desirable to set out a description of that portion of Ceylon

within which the plants treated of are to be found.

It is, moreover, as well to be acquainted with not only a

brief geographical description, but the physical conditions

and climate, in order that it may become apparent that the

Provinces under consideration may be taken as very nearly

representative of the whole Island, showing that the subject-

matter dealt with applies to even a larger extent of country

than comes within the scope of the title of this Paper.

The area of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces

amounts to 3,333 square miles, made up as follows :—

Cc 7 21-02

90 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

? Square Miles.

Colombo and Negombo Districts... 600 8082

Kalutara District ... ie Suc 6232

Total, Western Province ae alo

Ratnapura District ... ee sen. 259

Kégalla District ... at seh OAe

Total, Province of Sabaragamuwa 1,901

———

The boundaries of the country thus represented may be

described as follows. Starting with the mouth of the

Maha-oya on the north, the boundary follows the course of

this stream to a point about two miles to the east of Polgaha-

vela railway station, whence it proceeds along the borders

of the North-Western Province to Pettaragalla estate, and

thence over Alagalla Peak and the old planting district of

Kadugannawa to Gonadika estate in Dolosbagé. On the east

the Central Province boundary is skirted in Dolosbagé in a:

rather broken line to as far as Mudamana estate in the

Kitulgalla Valley, where the boundary crosses the Kelani

river and strikes the crest of hills overlooking the Kehelgama

Valley, touching in its course the steep point forming

Kiripanagalla, and thence along a sharp ridge of hills to

Adam’s Peak, after which the main mountain zone of the

Island is followed, skirting Maskeliya, Bogawantalawa, and

Dimbula planting districts over some of our highest peaks

till Totapola is reached. At this point asharp turn to the

east is made when the Uva boundary is touched, after which

the line follows southwards to the Walawe river, and

along that fine stream to Liyangahatota, not far from

Ham bantota.

From Liyangahatota the boundary is rather arbitrary till

the fine range of hills overlooking the Morawak Koralé is

touched, after which it crosses the valley of the Gin-ganga

at the Ulinduwawa village, and thence in an undulating

line turning southwards to the well-known Hinidum-kanda

(“‘ Haycock’’) overlooking the Galle District.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 91

From here the line passes on over very broken country to

the head waters of the Bentota river, and along that water-

way to the sea, which last forms the western limit.

Within this wide sweep of embracing line is included a

number of large rivers, viz., the Kelani-ganga for a little

more than half its length, together with its most important

tributaries, the Maha-oya, the whole of the Kalu-ganga and

its branches, nearly the whole of the Walawe-ganga, and

the Bentota river, not to mention the Attanagalla-oya and

several large tributaries of the rivers already enumerated.

The altitudes reached extend from sea level to over 7,000

feet, and consequently the variation of temperature ranges

from the burning heat of the south to often below freezing

point at the Horton Plains.

The greatest change, however, is to be found in the

difference of rainfall. This at the lowest is about 45 inches

a year on the south-east limits of the Ratnapura District,

after which all gradations of humidity are passed, culmi-

nating in a rainfall closely approximating 300 inches in a

year in the valley of the Kalu-ganga to the north-west of

Ratnapura.

The following points may be mentioned as indicating the

wide range of rainfall :—

Altitude. Mean Rainfall.

Feet. Inches.

‘Colombo tee Sea level A 88°31

Negombo 500 Sea level ae 67°52

Kalutara aise Sea level Nie 86°62

Labugama noe 315 a 161-50

Rayigam Ase 400 a 165°88

Henaratgoda Gardens... 33 Ss 97°85

Veyangoda oe 300 SAE 97:19

Gikiyanakanda cae 200 a 151-93

A visawella ae 105 Be 131-80

Dunedin nee 400 50° 180°53

Sembawatta aie 1,600 oe 218°56

Padupola ane 1,636 500 230°85

Ratnapura 500 84 268 150-10

Pelmadulla Soe 408 a5 142-70

Aberfoyle aes 3,300 ae 129°52

KC 2

92 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVIT.

Altitude. Mean Rainfall.

Feet. Inches.

Agar’s Land ses 2,115 a 157-43

Chetnole ae 2,100 ae 133°07

Ambanpitiya ea 729 iM 125°46

Yataderiya Sete 800 ie 14384

Eadella ... Mais 425 Bet 96°92

Mahawalatenna ae 1,500 Ae 101-86.

Maduwanwela we 750 we 67°45

Hulanda-oya ba 203 see 55°82

EKratne ... 500 1,200 Approximately 300-00

It will be seen, therefore, that the vegetation within the

area described comes within both wet and dry zones, in

addition to the corresponding changes due to altitude as well.

Both south-west and north-east monsoons sweep across the:

two Provinces with more or less severity, but the latter

monsoon is not attended with as much wind as the former.

The driest pari of the area under consideration lies at the

foot of the Rakwana hills, extending towards Hambantota..

Here prolonged droughts are of yearly occurrence, and the

corresponding forms of vegetation are conspicuous, such as.

Palu (Mimusops hexandra), Satinwood (Chloroxylon Swie-

tenia), Diwul (Feronia elephantum), Cratzva Roxburghii,

Gyrocarpus Jacquini, Cassia Fistula, and numbers of other

typically dry zone trees.

On the other hand, the wettest parts of the country lie

close to and around the base of Adam’s Peak. Here adrought

of ten days without rain is unusual, and consequently the

vegetation is chiefly composed of soft wood and abundance:

of bamboos and grasses.

The soil of the Province is also very variable as regards its:

quality and depth. The best and richest soil is undoubtedly

coincident with the dry zone, but there are several valleys

beside in which a rich soil is present, as, for instance, in the:

valley of the Maha-oya, the valley of the Ritigaha-oya, and

the valley of the Rakwana-ganga.

Poor sandy soil, however, represents by far the larger area

of either Province, even toa fairly high altitude, but it is.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 93;

worthy of remark that size of timber or density in no way

follows a rich soil, as, for example, one of the finest forests

in Sabaragamuwa is in a poor sandy soil, constantly bathed

with heavy rains, and possessing no special shelter from the

wind.

Parts of the Ratnapura District might be described as

patana country and grass land, the locality most conspicuous

for this change in the vegetation being to the north and east

of the Walawe river after it breaks away from the great

forest basin extending from Bambarabotuwa to Detenagalla

mountain. ie

A typical patana country within Sabaragamuwa is re-

presented by the beautiful Horton Plains that are at the

head waters of the Bilihul-oya at an altitude of about 7,000

feet above the sea. Lower down, to the east and south-east

of Balangoda, the true grass country is more pronounced,

with its typical forms of trees, such as Careya arborea,

Phyllanthus Emblica, and Terminalia Chebula, till it

blends with the dry zone areas on the one side, or the

intermediate zone, as the case may be.

Most of the original vegetation of the country has been

cleared away by human agency, so that it is now impossible

to trace what at one time was the limit of the forests

covering the two great Provinces under review. The vast

extent of cocoanut land, followed by land in tea, and these

enormously supplemented by what is called “ chena land,”

has taken up probably fully two-thirds of both Provinces,

so that anything like a continuous area of unbroken timber

land is not to be found. Several very large forests still

exist, notably the wilderness of the Peak, but large as these

are they can now only form a fraction of what must

have existed in ancient times. Of the large forests still

remaining, we have the Sinha Raja extending in a very

broken form through the Pasdun Korale in the Kalutara

District into the Kukulu Koralé in Sabaragamuwa, the

Peak wilderness and the great belt on the south of the

Peak to Totapola range, the Panillaand Illambekanda forests,

94 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

the Labugama forests, and manysmaller forest areas scattered

like islands in a sea of more or less private property.

The action of mankind in changing the aspect of the

vegetation of the country can best be seen by a glance at the

accompanying maps of the four districts involved, the area

still in forest being tinted green. It is therefore readily

understood that contrasts in typical forms are many, while,

on the other hand, instances often occur where dry zone

plants are found in wet forests, and occasionally vice versa.

Often a single Order may be found to have representatives

in both extremes of climate, as, for example, Ebony, which

is usually a dry zoneform. Again, in the Rubiacee we find

examples not only in extremes of climate range, but also at

the lowest and highest altitudes.

Notwithstanding all these conflicting forces tending to

bring about a general mixing up of all species all over the

country, there still remains a distinct outline of specific

characteristic to differentiate the flora of the wet from the

dry zone, or these separately from the intermediate zone,

while montane flora separates itself into a readily recognized,

position differing from all others.

Generally speaking, none of the forests of the Provinces

under consideration possess any one dominant species, that

is to say, no one forest is made up of one kind. Several

gregarious species exist, most especially so in members of

the Dipterocarp Order, as, for instance, Dipterocarpus

zeylanicus, or Doona congestiflora, or Doona Gardneri, but

the area over which they may be regarded as predominant

is usually small.

A curious example of gregariousness and restriction is to

be found in a portion of the Bambarabotuwa forest to the

north-east of Ratnapura, where Aridda (Campnosperma

zeylanicum)—one of the Anacardiaceze—all but takes up

the whole vegetation. In the dry forests Satinwood is

nearly as plentiful. In undergrowth several forms of

Strobilanthes assume a sub-gregarious nature, as also

might be said of certain of the Mangroves.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. Io

Taking the zones, therefore, in the following order, as arid,

dry, intermediate, wet, montane, and grass, the correspond-

ing typical forms may be given as characteristic :—

(a) Arid Zone.—Salvadora persica, Randia dumetorum,

and Tribulus terrestris.

(6) Dry Zone.—Crateva Roxburghii, Cassia Fistula, Acacia

leucophleea, Satinwood, Mimusops hexandra, ee

sepiaria, and Strychnos Nux-vomica.

integrifolia, Tetrameles nudiflora, Ficus Arnottiana, and

Berrya Ammonilla.

(2d) Wet Zone.—W ormia triquetra, Schumacheria castanex-

folia, Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, Garcinia terpnophylla,

Calophyllum bracteatum, Vateria acuminata, Eleocarpus

serratus, Hydrocera triflora, Evodia Roxburghiana, Kokoona

zeylanica, Leea sambucina, Campnosperma zeylanicum,

Pericopsis Mooniana, Anisophyllea zeylanica, Barringtonia

racemosa, Hedyotis fruticosa, Schizostigma hirsutum,

Palaquium petiolare, Diospyros Gardneri, and Machilus,

besides many less conspicuous examples, of which very

many are Rubiaceous.

(e) Montane Zone.—Michelia nilagirica, Berberis asiatica,

Hypericum mysorense, Calophyllum Walkeri, Gordonia

zeylanica, Eleocarpus montanus, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,

Kendrickia Walkeri, Hedyotis Lessertiana, H. verticillaris,

and Rhododendron arboreum may be taken as typical

forms. | |

Lastly (f/f) the Grass Thani Flora, which, as the name

implies, is mainly composed of many species of grasses, yet

possesses certain very distinct tree forms, such as Careya

arborea, Phyllanthus Emblica, Anogeissus latifolia, and

many small leguminous plants too numerous to mention.

The flora of our hill tops is one of special interest, and

might be regarded in certain cases as very remarkable, but

it is hardly within the scope of this Paper to enlarge on the

complex questions such distribution would entail, as a

96 JOURNAL, BR.A.S. (CEYLON). | [ Vou. XVI.

general description and not specific is what is here aimed at,

though very imperfectly.

(wI have added a few-notes from Dr. Trimen’s monumental

work on “The Flora of Ceylon,” respecting species or

distribution of the same outside the limits of country I.

have confined myself to. This addition will add complete-

ness to my catalogue ; but it is impossible to make the Paper

as full as the subject demands without vastly extending the

bulk of the Paper itself.

My obligations are due to the Director of the Royal

Botanic Gardens at Pérddeniya for the kind assistance he

has given and in allowing me to have access to the Her-

barium records and types; to the late Dr. Trimen, for

immense assistance in identification of species and to a free

use of his book; to Mr. A. F. Broun, late Conservator of

Forests, for material help, encouragement, and valuable

information; to Mr. Alfred Clark, the Acting Conservator

of Forests, for use of his office collections of wood specimens ;

and to Messrs. C. Drieberg and H. O. Fox, for additional

material ungrudgingly afforded.

DILLENIACEZ.

This Order consists of shrubs, climbers, and trees, and

is represented in Ceylon by six Genera, viz., Delima,

Tetracera, Acrotrema, Schumacheria, Wormia, and Dillenia.

1.—Delima sarmentosa.

Korasa-vel, S. esd ee c.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 5.

A large scrambling creeper, with dull red bark, and large,

rough, crisp leaves.

Very abundant in the low-country up to 2,000 feet, but less

so in the dry zone. The stems contain large quantities of

No..53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 97

water, and if cut in short lengths and suspended in a

vertical: position for a few moments the water will pour

out in a distinct stream.

_ The leaves are used for polishing tortoise-shell, being not

unlike sandpaper.

[ Rather common in the low-country of the moist region. |

2.—SCHUMACHERIA CASTANEAFOLLA.

Kekiri-wara, 8S. 22330.

A large shrub, often 18 to 20 feet long, with straight stem,

and large, ovate, prominently-veined leaves.

Very abundant in all the wet forests of both Provinces up

to about 1,500 feet.

Kxceedingly common in Bambarabotuwa and Gilimale

and around Ratnapura.

The wood is suitable for warichchies or very temporary

purposes, as it is not durable and is easily broken.

Commonly used for fencing by villagers in Sabaragamuwa.

[Galle, Nillowa, Southern Province. | | |

3.—WORMIA TRIQUETRA.

_ Diya-para, 8S. @asd.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 11, plate III.

A smallish tree, with grayish bark, and large, smooth,

‘glossy, green leaves. Easily recognized by the leaf-bud

being enclosed in an envelope (séipule), that is, attached to

the upper surface of the leaf stalk, from which it forces itself

as it expands. The flowers are large, white, papery, with

yellow stamens.

Very abundant in all the wet forests of both Provinces

up to about 2.500 feet, and frequently found in swampy

land.

The wood is soft, easily split, of a brownish-red colour,

with conspicuous “silver grain,” much like the Huropean

Oak. It is well suited for ceiling boards, dadoes, and panels,

98 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

taking a fine polish, and becoming very handsome when

varnished, Light; weight, about 44 lb. per cubic foot.

[Moist low region, ascending to its upper limit. |

4.—Dillenia imdica.

Honda-para, Wam-para, 8. =@ 66, DSc.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 12.

A small tree, generally with rather crooked stem, of a light

reddish-brown colour of bark. The leaves are large,

15 inches, oblong-lanceolate, with strong, numerous, parallel,

lateral veins. Flowers large and very handsome, often

eight inches in diameter.

The wood is hard, close-grained, and has been used for

sleepers, but owing to the irregular shape of the stem is not

in much demand. Weight, 45 lb. per cubic foot.

The large fruits, with their conspicuous envelope of

thickened sepals, are much used as a substitute for soap and

as a hair wash.

Probably introduced, but nowhere particularly common.

[Low-country up to 2,000 feet ; common. |

5.—DILLENIA RETUSA.

Goda-para, 8. omaSd.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1., p. 13.

A small tree, with grayish-brown bark and abundant dark-

ereen leaves.

The fruits much resemble the last, but are only about

two inches in diameter, and usually of an orange colour.

A common tree up to 1,500 feet, except in the dry zone.

Occurs plentifully in the Hewagam Koralé and the greater

part of the Kalutara District.

The wood is close-grained, fairly hard, reddish-brown, and

in much favour for house-building, especially for rafters

and wall-plates. Weight, 45 Ib.

It is a durable wood, and with careful seasoning before

use is much improved,

[ Moist low-country ; rather common. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 99

MAGNOLIACEL.

The Order contains two Genera, Michelia and Kadsura.

6.—Michelia nilagirica.

Wal-sapu, S. d@ag.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 14.

A moderately large tree, with smooth grayish bark, found

only at high altitudes. It occurs above Gallagama and

towards the Horton Plains in the Province of Sabaragamuwa,

but not abundantly.

Leaves on slender stalks about d+ inches long, narrowing

to both ends.

A very valuable timber, greenish-brown when freshly cut.

Is useful for doors and windows, and makes very handsome

panels. Durable. Weight, about 40 lb. per cubic foot.

Flowers very sweet-scented, pale yellow.

Known to up-country carpenters as Wal-buruta or Wild

Satinwood, probably because of the likeness of the wood

to the real Satinwood (Buruta).

[Mountain zone forests above 5,000 feet ; common. |

1.—M. Champaca.

Sapu or Hapu, 8S. eg or ag.

- A large tree, much cultivated in Ceylon, but is an intro-

duction. Much like the last, but the leaves are considerably

larger.

The flowers—for the sake of which probably the tree was

first cultivated—have a delicious scent, large, yellow. Seeds

very freely, and attractive in colour, being not unlike pink

coral.

Fairly common about old gardens between 2,000 and 3,000

feet, but nowhere regularly cultivated by the natives.

Affords a most excellent timber, well suited for doors,

windows, floors, and all sorts of panel work. Light straw-

yellow, and takes a good varnish. Very durable, and when

well seasoned will not warp readily. Weight, 40 lb. per

cubic foot (?).

100 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

ANONACEEZ.

The Order contains thirteen Genera and includes the well-

known Avocado Pear, Sour-sop, and Bullock’s-heart. They

are Uvaria, Cyathocalyx, Artabotrys, Unona, Polyalthia, .

Anaxagorea, Xylopia, Goniothalamus, Mitrephora, Bocagea,

Miliusa, Orophea, and Alphonsea.

8.—Cyathocalyx zeylanicus.

Ipetta, S. Sezata.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 20.

A very tall clear-stemmed tree, branching closely at the

top, with smooth grayish-brown bark.

Fairly abundant in all wet forests up to 1,000 feet.

Plentiful in Gilimale and forests round the foot of Adam’s

Peak, and in the Pasdun Koralé.

Affords a wood of little value, except for temporary

purposes. The sticks used by Kandyan chiefs for cere-

monial purposes used to be of this wood. Weight, about 321b.

Flowers green. Fruit large,about the size of a goose egg,

and of similar shape.

[| Kandy, Hantane, Deltota, Galle. ]

9.—Cananga odorata.

Hapu or Wana-hapu, 8. @g or Da ag.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 22.

A large tree with straight pale stem and drooping branches,

found in some abundance in the valley of the Maha-oya

from Ambepussa towards Kadugannawa.

It affords a light and easily-worked timber, which is in

oreat favour with tea box contractors, as it meets most of the

essentials requisite in a good tea box. The wood is light,

and will take a fine polish, but is not durable. Weight,

about 34 lb.

The well-known scent “Ilang-ilang”’ is obtained from the

large yellow flowers of this species.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 101

10.—Polyalthia longifolia.

Mara-ilupai, T. oF Q@quew.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 24.

A large erect tree with thick smooth bark.

Leaves alternate, long, about nine inches, oblong, finely

tapering to acute apex, rather undulate, thin, smooth, glossy

above. |

Flowers greenish-yellow, in small groups on old wood,

Found only in the dry zone in a wild state, but sometimes

cultivated. Common on the banks of the Walawe river

below Kaltota.

Wood soft, pale white, not durable. Weight, about 36 lb.

per cubic foot. Suitable only for temporary work, tea

boxes, &c.

[Dry country in forests; common. |

11.—XYLOPIA PARVIFLORA.

Atu-ketiya, Netew, 8. ¢Qai5a, 2940;5.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 28.

A tall straight tree with smooth bark, often growing to

50 feet, and then branching into an umbrella-like head.

Fairly common in the Kalutara District, and up the valley

of the Kalu-ganga, but is not generally distributed.

-The wood is suitable for mine props, as it is easily placed

without much dressing, owing to its straightness. Not par-

ticularly durable.

It can easily be distinguished from the next species by the

colour of the flower, which in this is ochreous-yellow, while

in X. Championii the flowers are yellow with a purplish-

red tinge at the base.

[Moist low-country ; rather common. |

12.—XYLOPIA CHAMPIONII.

Dat-ketiya, 8S. ¢af¥a7i 5a.

Trim, Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 28.

A moderately tall tree with dark brownish bark and small

oval or lanceolate leaves. Fairly common, especially in

102 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

all the wet forests at the foot of Adam’s Peak, and extending

to Balangoda. Flowers are solitary and sweet scented,

axillary.

Affords, when not too large, good wood for rafters and wall-

plates, but will not stand exposure to sun and rain.

[Ambegamuwa, Morawak Korale. ]

13..—Mitrephora Heyneana.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 32.

A small shapely tree with slender branches and twigs.

Found only in the dry zone at the foot of the Rakwana hills,

to the east of Ballawinna. Rare.

Hasily distinguished by the very sweet dull yellow

flowers, the inner parts of which are blotched with red, not

unlike an orchid.

The straight round-stemmed poles afford good wood for

rafters, but attain no great size.

[Haragama, Dambulla, Kalavewa, Horowwapotana. |

14.—BOCAGEA CORIACEA.

Keku, S. a2.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 34.

A fairly large tree, with dark bark, and dark glossy green

leaves on very short stalks. Moderately common in the

hill-country up to 5,000 feet.

The bark is easily stripped from the tree, and is used for

tying. The wood is pale yellowish-white. Suitable for

raiters, but not durable.

[ Raxawa, Dimbula. |

NMENISPERMACEE.

This Order, which in Ceylon is represented only by

climbers, consists of ten Genera: 'Tinospora, Anamirta,

Coscinium, Tiliacora, Limacia, Cocculus, Pachygone, Stepha-

nia, Cissampelos, and Cyclea. They are mostly medicinal.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 103

15.—Coscinium fenestratum.

Weni-vel, 8. cdbSaXxC.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 41.

A large woody climber, with soft grayish bark and large

stiff peltate leaves, dark green above and grayish below, the

under surface being coated with fine hairs, forming a felt-

like substance.

The stems, when cut, are a rich chrome-yellow, and

afford one of the dyes used for staining Buddhist priests’

robes. A strong rope is made from the stem, used for buffalo

tethers.

lt affords a valuable bitter tonic.

Common in the intermediate zone, such as Rambuk-

kana and many parts of Kégalla.

[Moist low-country up to 2,000 feet. |

CAPPARIDEZ.

The Order contains mostly shrubs, and often climbing

plants, besides small trees. It is represented by six Genera,

viz., Cleome, Gynandropsis, Mzrua, Crateva, Cadaba, and

Capparis.

7 16.—Crateva Roxburghii.

Jiunu-warana, 8. ®add6a; Navilankai, T. sr avaery,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 59.

A small tree, with pale grayish bark and deciduous

leaves. Occurs only in the dry zone towards Liyangahaella,

where it was probably introduced, as it is to be found more

commonly towards Wirawilla and Tisamahardma, in the

Southern Province.

Wood pale, moderately hard, but little used by the Sinha-

lese. Weight, about 36 Ib. Easily distinguished by its

handsome greenish-white flowers that appear with the new

foliage.

[ Jaffna, Trincomalee, Hambantota, Dambulla. |

104 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vol. XVII. —

, BIXACEZ.

The Order contains six Genera, viz., Scolopia, Erythro-

spermum, Flacourtia, Aberia, Trichadenia, and Hy dnocarpus..

17.—Scolopia acuminata.

Katu-kenda, 8S. aa, se.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 70.

A moderate-sized tree, with many simple spines on the

young stems and branches. Fairly common, but chiefly in

the drier parts of both Provinces, at low altitudes and in

rocky places.

Affords useful wood for posts and rafters, and when it is

not exposed it is durable.

Leaves about four inches, oval, tapering, finely pointed,

dentate round the margin, attached by very short stalks.

[Hantane, Nilambe, Deltota, Alut-oya. |

18.—SCOLOPIA GARTNERI.

Katu-kurundu, 8S. aQaQo7¢.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 71.

A moderately large tree, with compound spines on the

stem, giving the tree a formidable appearance.

Found in moderate abundance in lower parts of both

Provinces, but is nowhere common. Occurs in the Maha-

oya valley and in parts of the Hapitigam Koralé, and also

near the base of the Rakwana and Balangoda hills.

Affords a very good wood for wall-plates and posts, but

never gets to a size large enough for making big beams.

[Both moist and dry regions. ]

| 19.—TRICHADENIA ZEYLANICA.

Tolol, Titta-cta, 8S. earce:@, Baterg,d.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 74, pl. VIII.

A large straight-stemmed tree, with big leaves prominently

veined below. Moderately common in many parts of the

Province of Sabaragamuwa. Occurs in the valley of the

Hangomuwa-ganga, Gilimale, Rakwana, and Balangoda.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 105

The wood is often used for planking for plumbago mines,

and sometimes for tea boxes, but is not durable.

An oil used in skin diseases is extracted by the natives from

the seeds, which are very bitter, hence the name Titta-eta.

The leaves of young plants of this species are palmate or

deeply lobed.

[Alagalla, Hunasgiriya, Kottawa. |

20.—HYDNOCARPUS VENENATA.

Makulu, S. ©ao ; Makal, T. ram,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 75.

A very common water-loving plant, easily distinguished

by its pale and very fluted stem and long lanceolate leaves.

It oceurs in both wet and dry zones, and generally by the

sides of rivers and streams up to 2,500 feet.

_ The wood is close, hard, and dense, but owing to the deep

- flutings of the stem is not much used. Weight, 48 lb. per

cubic foot. '

The seeds are highly poisonous, and are made use of to

poison, or rather to intoxicate, fish, so that they may be

easily caught. An oil extracted from the seed is said to be

of use in leprosy and skin diseases. ;

During the season when “ Makulu” fruits are abundant

there is considerable danger attending the consumption of

fish or prawns that have fed on the decayed seeds, as the —

poison appears to be communicated to the flesh of the fish

that has swallowed it. In pools of water in the dry zone,

where quantities of these fruits have accumulated, all the

fish appear to have been killed, probably from this cause,

thus explaining the fact that such pools rarely poison any

large fish.

[Kurunégala, Péradeniya, Eastern Province. |

[The well-known Annatio (Bixa Orellana) is anintroduced

member of this Order, as is also the magnificent Hla-imbul

(Cochlospermum Gossypium), found near temples in the

dry zone, where it is used for flower offerings. |

D 21-02

106 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

POLY GALAGCEE.

The Order is mostly represented by herbs in Ceylon, and

consists of three Genera: Polygala, Salomonia, and Xantho-

phyllum.

21.—Xanthophyllum flavescens.

Keley-gas, S. aze@S oc.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 84.

A small tree, very common in chena lands in the wet

parts of the Province of Sabaragamuwa, easily recognised by

its bean-like flowers and spherical olive-green fruits.

Affords sticks useful for warichchies and fencing.

[ Moist low-country. |

GUTTIFERZ.

A valuable Order, consisting of trees, generally of large

size. It includes the well known Mangosteen, which

however is only an introduced plant. The Order is

represented by four Genera, viz., Garcinia, Calophyllum,

Kayea, and Mesua.

22.—Garcinia Cambogia.

Goraka, S. e@6a ; Korokka-puli, T. Ozrmaeuyah.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 95.

A medium-sized tree, with large head and dark-brown

bark, easily disinguished by its large and deeply-grooved

fruits, that are about the size of an orange.

The Goroka is very common in all the moist forests of

both Provinces, and is especially plentiful in the Kalutara

District.

The wood is pale ashy-brown and very variable in its

hardness, and isin great favour asa timber for plumbago

mine supports. Weight, 50 lb.

The fruits are eaten, but are much too acid to find favour

with Kuropeans.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 107

Silver, boiled in an infusion of Goraka fruit, becomes

perfectly bright and clear, and for this reason silver-

smiths often make use of it.

The resinous gum obtained from this plant might be

made use of as a pigment, but in its crude state appears’

to attract insufficient attention.

[| Low-country up to 1,500 feet. |

23.—Garcinia Morella.

Kana-goraka, Gokatu, 8. mmeada, ead.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol, I., p. 96.

A small tree, with smooth brown bark, easily distinguished

from the last by its small fruits.

Generally distributed, but not so common as the last,

The wood is hard and close. It is used only for temporary

purposes, as posts, &c. Gamboge is obtained from this

species in some quantity, though the tree is not made special

use of for its extraction. Weight, 56 lb. per cubic foot.

| Deltota, Hantane, Uva.]

24,—GARCINIA ECHINOCARPA.

Madol, 8S. Qe&om.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 96.

A large tree, with dark bark and many aérial roots near

the base of the-stem.

Tt can easily be recognized by its fruit, which is covered

with sharp prickles (tubercles).

Moderately common at high elevations and down to about

2,000 feet; frequently gregarious. Occurs plentifully in

the Peak range, and among the Panilla hills in the Atakalan

Koralé, Sabaragamuwa.

Wood rather light, easily split. It is useful as a shingle

wood, and if tarred becomes fairly durable. Weight, 50 lb.

The seeds yield an oil that in many remote villages is

used largely as a luminant by the poorer classes.

[ Hunasgiria, Madulkelé, Rangala, where itis the principal

tree of the hill forests. |

108 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVIT.

25.—GARCINIA TERPNOPHYLLA.

Kokatiya, S. @zmoer Sa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 97.

A moderately large tree with slender drooping branches,

smooth thin yellowish-brown bark.

Leaves opposite, rather diverse in size and outline, often

eight inches long, usually smaller, lanceolate, oval, tapering

to base, with distinct lateral veins, on short stalks. .

Young leaves often pink. Flowers yellow, scented.

Widely distributed, but nowhere verycommon. It occurs

in the Pasdun Koralé, Sinha Raja, Adam’s Peak forests,

Balangoda (especially near to Pettigalla estate), and parts

of Rakwana.

This is probably the hardest wood in Ceylon, and owing

to the difficulty of cutting it is not a favourite with car-

penters.

It is very durable, either in air or in water, and well

adapted to beams required for large loads. The wood is

very handsome, being a yellowish-brown, and takes a per-

fect polish. When used for piles the wood becomes browner

in colour, and seems to harden. Axes are easily broken in

felling Kokatiya. Weight, 78 lb. per cubie foot.

26.—Calophyllum spectabile.

Domba-kina, S. o¢ OB.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 99.

A large tree with smooth yellowish bark and long lanceo-

late leaves; young shoots woolly.

Rather rare, and found chiefly in the Pasdun Koralé.

The wood is rather hard and of a reddish colour, with very

distinct grain. Owing to the rarity of the tree the wood is

little known. Suitable for flooring boards.

Weight, 29 to 40 lb. per cubic foot.

27.—Calophyllum Burmannt.

Guru-kina, 8S. @5;28e ; Chirupunnai, T. Rue too.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 99.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 109

A small rather bushy tree with thick yellowish-brown

furrowed bark.

Leaves opposite, small, about two inches, broadly ovate,

tapering slightly to short stalks. Lateral veins very fine,

close, and prominent on both sides. —

Flowers white, in axillary spreading panicles.

Wood reddish-brown suffused with a pinkish tinge, hard,

close, heavy. Weight, about 62 1b. per cubic foot.

Suitable for tool handles or cart poles, as it rarely attains

any size.

[ Jaffna, Chilaw, Batticaloa. ]

28.—Calophyllum Inophylium.

, Domba, Tel-domba, S. 048, ea dog®; Punnai, T.

J 687 COO «

Trim. Cvy. Flor., vol. I., p. 100.

A smallish tree, with grayish bark, and large, smooth,

glossy green leaves, the under surfaces of which exhibit

very fine close lateral veining; about seven inches, ovate,

oblong.

Moderately abundant from the sea coast to the foot of the

higher ranges, and is often planted ; probably introduced.

Affords an excellent wood, tough and rather elastic. In

much favour for cart poles, but as it is beautifully grained

it might, if dressed, be largely used for ornamental work.

Weight, 45 lb. per cubic foot.

The seeds yield an abundant oil, easily extracted.

Experiments conducted by myself show that 3,000 fruits

ean be obtained from asingle tree of fifteen years of age, and

that this yield appears to increase thereafter.

[Low-country, principally on the sea coast. |

29.—Calophyllum tomentosum.

Kina, 8. er. |

Trim, Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 101.

A large tree, with densely tomentose leaf buds, and

rather long opposite lanceolate leaves.

110 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Fairly common at from 1,500 feet to 3,000 feet elevation.

Occurs in Balangoda, Rakwana, Bambarabotuwa, and parts

of the Sinha Raja forest.

The wood is well known to carpenters, and is a favourite

for building purposes. Well suited for doors, door frames,

floors, ceilings, rafters, or posts. Takes an excellent colour

on being varnished, and if suitably dressed should be a

favourite veneer wood. Tough, durable, easily worked.

Weight, 36 to 38 lb. per cubic foot.

The seeds yield an oil—Kina-tel—that is in much favour

with the Sinhalese as a specific in skin diseases, and

especially for itch.

[Moist low-country, at elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet. |]

30.—CALOPHYLLUM BRACTEATUM.

Walu-kina, 8. DéwWe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1., p. 102.

A very handsome tree, with drooping willow-like branches,

usually terminating in long pale silvery-white leaves.

Easily distinguished by the intermediate scale-like leaves

at the ends of the branches.

Not uncommon in the wet forests of both Provinces.

Occurs rather plentifully near Ratnapura, but does not

ascend to high altitudes.

The wood is very handsome, being a pale soft white,

closely grained, with reddish-brown graining. Well suited

for ceiling boards and dadoes, or window frames. Light,

32 1b. per cubic foot.

Like most of our Calophylla this wood has been over-

looked as one suitable for Huropean use, as it is easily

worked up and admits of a fine polish.

31.—CALOPHYLLUM WALKERII.

Kina, S. Be.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 104.

A large tree with dark reddish-brown rough bark and

small roundish crowded leaves.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 111

A common hill species, abundant about the Horton Plains,

where it often becomes a very large tree.

The timber is a favourite with up-country carpenters, and

deservedly so, as it is applicable for all sorts of building

purposes. Light reddish-brown with beautiful wavy brown

grain, easily worked, durable. Weight, 46 lb. per cubic foot.

Sometimes used for shingles, but does not split clean.

The flowers are pinkish-white and sweet smelling.

[Ambagamuwa, Knuckles, upper montane zone forests. ]

o2.—KAYEA STYLOSA.

Suwanda, S. qe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 104.

A rather large tree with reddish bark and small leaves.

Flowers very sweet scented, red in bud, white or soft rose-

white when open. Leaves small, lanceolate, stiff.

Very rare. Occurs in the Pasdun Koralé on branches of

the Maguru-ganga.

Wood moderately hard, fine grained, of a handsome

brownish-red colour. Well suited for window frames or

sash bars and panels.

33.—Mesua ferrea (IRONWOOD).

Na, 8S. oo ; Nakka, T. grae.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 105.

A large handsome tree with fine bold head when old,

rather smooth bark. Leaves numerous, about three to four

inches long, dark shining green above, ashy below, and coated

with a white waxy dust. When in young leaf there is no

more beautiful tree in our forests than this.

Fairly common and of wide distribution, probably due to

the fact that it is a favourite tree for flower offerings at

Buddhist shrines and for groves near old viharas. The

flowers are sweet scented and very beautiful, easily

recognized by their large white petals. Occurs in a wild

state up to 4,000 feet, especially in sandy soils. Abundant at

Galagama and near the dividing range between the Central

112 JOURNAL, R.A,S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Province and the Province of Sabaragamuwa, Pannila,

Rakwana, Gilimale, Hratne, parts of the Pasdun Korale, and

Sinha Raja forests, and again near Kitulgalla and the valley

of the Ritigaha-oya.

Affords one of our hardest and perhaps most durable

woods. The timber is of great value for all heavy work,

such as beams for bridges, trusses, bridge planks, and the like.

Rather easily split owing to its straight grain, and hence its

value for shingles. Weight, 773 lb.

In colour the wood isa dull red when well seasoned, paler

when fresh.

The seeds yield an oil that is said to be of use in skin

diseases.

34.—MESUA THWAITESII.

Diya-na, S. Goes.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 106. |

Much like the last, but a smaller and generally water-

loving tree, with very long drooping lanceolate leaves and

flowers that are often five inches in diameter.

Found commonly in the wet forests of Sabaragamuwa and

parts of the Kalutara District, ascending to about 1,500

feet. Very abundant in Bambarabotuwa.

Wood strong, hard, and durable, but rarely found large

enough to convert into big beams. Excellent for posts and

wall-plates.

TERNSTARGE MIACEZ.

Generally smallish trees. The Order is made up of four

Genera in Ceylon: Ternstremia, Adinandra, Hurya, and

Gordonia. |

30.—Ternstremia japonica,

Ratatiya, 5. dado.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 107.

A small much-branched tree with small lanceolate leaves

and minute solitary yellow flowers. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. i13

Not uncommon. Occurs at high altitudes towards the

Horton Plains.

Wood brown with a pinkish tinge, heavy and durable.

Suitable for house-building, rafters, &c.

[Hakgala, Dimbula, Maturata, Deltota, Rangala, and

Haputale. |

; 36.—ADINANDRA LASIOPETALA.

Ratu-mihiriya, 8. 6@S88c.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 108, plate IX.

A small tree with rather slender stem, leaves on very short

stalks and generally recurved blades. Flowers on stiff

recurved petiole, white, solitary.

The wood is of a dark red-brown colour, suitable for

weather-boarding or reepers.

Occurs at high altitudes only, and not very common.

[Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala, Maturata. ]

d¢.—Hurya japonica (WILD TEA).

Naya-dessa, S. aaeves.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 109.

A shrub or small tree, strikingly like tea in appearance,

with very small flowers.

Very common exceptin the dry zone, and frequently forms

a feature of abandoned grass land on old coffee estates.

Wood little used ; suitable for warichchies or rafters.

_ A tea can be made from the young leaves of this species

in the same way as ordinary tea is manufactured, but the

liquor is very unpalatable, as it is acrid and bitter.

[ Montane zone from the highest elevations down to about

4,000 feet ; very common. |

38.—GORDONIA ZEYLANICA.

Mihiriya, S. S88.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 110.

A fairly large tree with leaves on very short thick petioles

and much recurved blades. Flowers white, about two

inches across.

114 JOURNAL, R,A.S. (CHYLON). [ You. XVII.

A montane species, found only towards upper Bogawan-

talawa and the Horton Plains.

The wood is dark red, hard, but easily cracked. Suitable

for flooring or ceiling boards.

[Haputale, Nuwara Eliya, Dimbula, Maturata, Hakgala,

Hunasgiriya, Rangala. ]

39.—Gordonia speciosa.

Mihiria, Ratatiya, S. €88er, 68a.

A large tree with smooth bark and oval, much recurved,

short-stalked leaves.

The flowers are very conspicuous, being about four inches

in diameter, solitary, on short peduncles, of a deep crimson-

red colour.

A purely hill species and fairly abundant at high altitudes.

Occurs near Maskeliya, Bogawantalawa, and the Horton

Plains.

The wood is much like the last, and is a favourite for

weather boarding. Fairly durable.

[Gregarious in forests above Ramboda. |

DIPTEROCARPACEE.

This is perhaps the most valuable Order we have in

Ceylon for timber-yielding trees, and affords the tallest

individual examples.

All examples of the Order are more or less resinous, and

many yield valuable by-products in the form of “ dammar”

and varnish resin.

In view of its singular importance asa Family it may be

desirable in time to re-write the whole Order, after prolonged

examination of the structure of the individual species now

grouped under the ten Genera into which the Dipterocarps

of Ceylon are divided, as at present much uncertainty exists

respecting the proper classification of individuals. The

enormous size of the trees, irregularity of flowering,

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 115

peculiarity of germination, and diversity of structure, all

combine to render the Order very fascinating to the scientific

and non-scientific botanist alike.

For the present I adopt Dr. Trimen’s sub-divisions of

the Family till more perfect materialis obtained for a re-

arrangement of Genera and of species. The Ceylon Genera

consist of Dipterocarpus, with 5 species ; Shorea, with 5,

probably 8, species ; Doona, with 11 species ; Hopea, with 3,

and possibly 4, species; Sunaptea, with 2; Vatica, with 3 ;

Balanocarpus, with 1; Vateria, with 1; Stemonoporus, with

13, and more probably 16; and Monoporandra, with 2 ;

making a total of 53, of which the majority are useful trees.

40.—DIPTEROCARPUS HISPIDUS.

Bu-hora, 8. @)9@20. |

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 114.

An enormous tree, with straight cylindrical pale grayish

stem, often attaining 100 feet to the first branch. Easily

recognized by the dense stiff massesof rigid hair on the

leaf-stalks and stipules.

Fairly common in the wet forests, but not generally —

distributed. Abundant in the Kukulu Koralé, Sinha Raja

forest, parts of Gilimale, Eratne, and near Karawita;

occasionally in lower part of the Pasdun Korale.

The wood is pale reddish-brown, very resinous, and of

great value in barge-building, cask-making, and for mine-

planking. Lasts well under water. Weight, about 46 lb. per

cubic foot.

41.—DIPTEROCARPUS ZEYLANICUS.

Hora, 8. @a@0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 114, plate X.

A tall clear-stemmed tree, often attaining enormous

proportions. I have measured individual trees 22 feet in

girth with 90 feet of clear stem.

This is perhaps one of the best-known timber trees in

Ceylon on its western side, and hasa wide distribution

within the wet zone.

116 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Itis partially gregarious, and in places curiously restricted

to certain spots, but, generally speaking, is common.

The wood is in very great demand for boat-building, cask

manufacture, and beams fortemporary structures. Exposed,

it isnot durable, and quickly gives way to dry-rot. Opinions

vary considerably as to its lasting power, some asserting

that Hora will last for years as a building timber, but I

differ from this view. Weight, 52 lb. per cubic foot. Pale

brownish-red. Affords a quantity of gummy resin.

[Moist low-country and extending into lower montane

zone. |

42.—DIPTEROCARPUS SCABRIDUS.

Hora, S. @a06.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 115.

A large, tall, straight tree with pale bark, not easily dis-

tinguished from the last except by the fruit, which has

shorter wings and much-webbed lobes on the seed capsule.

Wood pale, moderately soft.:

Very uncommon. Occurs at Midellena in the Pasdun

. Koralé. :

43.—DIPTEROCARPUS GLANDULOSUS.

Dorona, 8. 6462.

A lofty tree much like Hora, but has smaller leaves with

generally about eleven pairs of lateral veins. The fruit

wings are much shorter than in Hora.

Fairly common, but irregularly distributed. Occurs inthe

Kuruwiti Koéralé, Rakwana, part of Balangoda, and Bam-

barabotuwa, Kitulgalla, and in the Siyane Koraleé.

The villagers value this tree for the sake of its wood oil,

which they obtain by burning charcoal in cavities cut in the

stem. The oil so obtained is mixed with the latex of certain

ereepers, and is placed in winnow-shaped scoops that are

attached to long slender poles, and gently swept over the

tops of young growing paddy for the purpose of catching

the “fly,” that is readily caught by this sticky gumming

process.

No. 53.—1902.| TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 117

The oil is also of medicinal value.

The timber is moderately hard, and suitable for mine

planking. Weight, about 45 lb.

[Moist low-country ; rare. |

44.—SHOREA OBLONGIFOLIA.

Dummala, 8. ¢€®2e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 116.

A large stately tree with brownish bark often flaking off

in large pieces.

The leaves are generally about six to eight inches in length,

very oblong in outline, shining above.

It is rather widely distributed in the wet forests of both

Provinces up to about 2,000 feet. Occurs near Avisawella,

Labugama, Ratnapura, Rakwana, Gilimale, and Rasagalla

near Balangoda.

Affords a strong useful timber for house-building, parti-

cularly for joists and flooring planks, or mine-planking.

Yields a clear resin, suitable for pale varnishes.

Weight, about 60 1b. per cubic foot. Wood brownish, with

a wavy grain.

45.—SHOREA LISSOPHYLLA.

Sometimes called Yakahalu, 8S. aaa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 117. |

A moderately large tree with dark bark and large broadly

ovate leaves.

Distinetly scarce. Occurs in parts of the Kalutara District,

near Culloden estate, at Yagirella,and Lewanduwa. Also at

Karawita in Sabaragamuwa. Generally affects rocky places.

Wood resinous, hard, pale brown, suitable for flooring

planks.

[Southern Province, Nillowa, Akuressa. }

46.—SHOREA STIPULABRIS,

Locally called Yakahalu, S. eamae.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 118.

118 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

A large tree, readily distinguished by the prominent

stipules that remain present for the last five or six leaves on

each young branch. The fruits are large, with, strongly-

marked curved wings.

Not very abundant. Occurs in the Kukulu Korale, Sinha

Raja, Rakwana, and parts of Bambarabotuwa.

Timber little known ; probably suitable for rafters.

[ Morawak Korale. ] |

47.—DOONA ZEYLANICA.

Dun, 8. ¢a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 119.

A very large tree with dark brown rough bark and small

drooping leaves. Generally gregarious, and forming quite a

characteristic tree in our hill forests.

Fairly abundant above 1,500 up to 4,500 feet, but abruptly

terminating in its distribution on reaching the Uva boundary

or the limits of the dry zone.

On the south-east of Sabaragamuwa I have not obtained

it beyond Kumburugamuwa village in the Kolonna Koralé.

Scarce in the Western Province.

It affords an excellent timber for building purposes,

beams, joists, and sleepers, and cannot be surpassed for

shingles, which are easily split from it.

It attains an immense size, but has the objection of having

the heartwood soft. The wood is brownish straw colour

with fine close grain. Weight, 68 to 70 lb., according to

seasoning.

[Lower montane zone and upper zone of moist low-

country. |

48.—DOONA GARDNERI (RED Doon).

Dun, Yakahalu, S. ¢e, caee.

trim. Cey, Kor: vol. i, p. 1210

A magnificent tree, with thick rather smooth bark, and

leaves considerably larger than the last.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. ge

A fairly common tree, and more or less confined to hill

tops at altitudes above 3,000 feet. Occurs along the Adam’s

Peak range as far as Galagama, and in the Panil Pattuwa

and higher portions of the Nawadun and Meda Koralés in

Sabaragamuwa.

When freshly cut the centre of the trunk is a pale rose

pink, but this colour quickly fades to a straw brown.

The wood is very durable, close-grained, and excellent for

beams and other heavy weight-supporting work. Weight,

about 68 lb.

Affords a fine clear resin, that with long exposure becomes

yellowish in colour.

[Héwaheta, Dikoya, Raxawa, Ambegamuwa. |

49.—DOONA NERVOSA.

Kotikan-beraliya, 8S. oam5 asd @@6@o.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 121.

A very large tree with thick bark and large ovate-lanceo.

late leaves.

Not common. Occurs in the Pasdun Koralé, near to

Nambapana, at Veddagala in the Kukulu Korale, and near

Rambukka.

Timber hard, close grained, and rather heavy. Little

known by carpenters.

Affords a pale resin.

NoTE.—I am not satisfied as to this species, as I have found

two or more that do not occur in Trimen’s Ceylon Flora

that might be referred to under this name.

[Udugama, Southern Province. |

)0.—DOONA TRAPEZIFOLIA.

Yakahalu, 8S. ea@e.

A very large lofty tree with oblong ovate leaves in which

the lateral veins number about eighteen to twenty.

Moderately abundant at about 2,000 feet altitude. Occurs

near Pelmadulla, Kitulgalla, the Sinha Raja forest, and in

Bambarabotuwa.

120 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

The wood is hard and close-grained, well suited for house-

building, beams,.&c. Weight, about 60 lb.

Yields a pale resin. Fruits eaten in the Southern

Province.

[Nawalapitiya, Ambegamuwa, Morawak Koralé.]

51.—DOONA CONGESTIFLORA.

Tinniya, S. BSBa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 122, plate XI.

A very large tree with big spreading crown. Bark rather

thick and easily stripped off.

An abundant species, generally gregarious, and often cover-

ing considerable areas of forest. In the Western Province it

occurs near Avisawella, Badureliya, Hewissa, and Labugama.

In Sabaragamuwa it is plentiful in nearly all the wet forests,

but is rarely found above 2,500 feet.

This species affords a most excellent wood for tea boxes,

being light, easily worked, and handsome. It is quite

unsuitable for any permanent work, but is sometimes passed

off by dishonest contractors for Doona zeylanica.

Weight, about 36 lb. per cubic foot.

[Hiniduma, Southern Province. |

52.—DOONA OVALIFOLIA.

Pini-beraliya, 5, 8ASoad Ga.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 123.

A very large tree with ovate long-tailed leaves.

Not generally abundant. Occurs at Ingiriya, Labugama,

and Sinha Raja forest in the Western Province, spreading

into the Kukulu Koralé in Sabaragamuwa.

Yields a white resin in abundance.

Timber little known; hard, close-grained.

53.—DOONA MACROPHYLLA.

Honda-beraliya, S. s@oceWs5ctc.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 124.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 121

A small tree compared with others of this genus, easily

distinguished by its large lanceolate-oblong leaves, that in

their young state are usually purplish in colour.

_ Fairly common in the Pannil Pattuwa of the Atakalan

Korale, Miyonaowita, and Rambukka, and again in the

Pasdun Koralé towards Hewissa and Yagirella.

Yields a very pale yellow resin.

The fruits are eaten by the natives.

The wood is hard, close-grained, and durable. Suitable

for roofing.

[Kumbala and Kaniliya forests, Southern Province. |

o4.—HOPEA DISCOLOR.

Durulla, S. eside.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 125.

A very large tree with long straight groovings or flutings

on the bark. Easily distinguished by the smail leaves, that

are closely covered on the under surface with red-brown

seurf. Flowers scented.

Occasional. Occurs rather plentifully at Rasagalla near

Balangoda, at Nahetti forest near Rakwana, and in Bambara-

botuwa.

Wood not particularly good, loose grained and soft.

[Kaniliya forest, Hiniduma, Akuressa. |

.)).—HOPEA JUCUNDA.

Rat-beraliya, S. dafond@oa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 125.

A moderately large tree with dark bark and conspicuously

oval leaves in which the lateral veins are only about four

pairs.

Fairly abundant in both Provinces up to 2,000 feet, but

nowhere common.

Yimber rather hard and in little favour with the natives,

who probably do not appreciate its value.

{Hinidum Pattuwa, Southern Province. |

E : 21-02

122 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

56.—HOPEA JUCUNDA, VAR. 8 MODESTA.

Pini-beraliya, 8S. 8BeOd8=.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 125.

A small tree with slender branches and leaves on short

petioles. The leaves are very conspicuously tailed, and have

in the axils of the lateral veins minute glands.

Fairly common in all the wet forests of both Provinces,

especially near streams.

Timber useful for rafters, but is rarely large enough to

admit of sawing.

[Hinidum Pattuwa. |

57.—HOPEA (?) CORDIFOLIA.

Yakka-halu, Mendora, S. ema, ©; Beadio.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 126.

A large tree with moderately straight trunk, dark furrowed

bark, and glossy green cordate leaves.

Distinctly rare; not found in the Western Province.

Confined to the eastern side of Sabaragamuwa in the dry

region. It occurs in the rocky forests above Uggalkaltota

and along the banks of the Walawe river, and also at the

foot of the Uva hills.

Wood pale yellowish, or yellowish-brown, very hard, close,

tough, and shining.

A little-known wood, but has all the qualities of a most

durable timber. Weight, about 76 lb. per cubic foot.

58.—SUNAPTEA SCABRIUSCULA.

Na-mendora, S. s:®,as@0I0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 126, plate XII.

A large tree with very soft woolly shoots, long lanceolate

oblong leaves with very conspicuous venation, having

distinct intermediate lateral veins.

Rare; occurs in the Pasdun Koralé about Botale and at

Hewissa.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 123

Wood very hard, pale yellow, heavy, suitable for bridge

planks, beams, and struts.

[Hinidum Pattuwa, Southern Province. |

99.—Vatica Roxburghiana.

Mendora, 8. ©; <se0f6.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 128.

A medium-sized tree with rather pale grayish bark, and

always found near water. Flowers pure white.

It is found in most of the waturanas on the Kelani and

Kalu-ganga rivers, but does not occur where the water is

salt or brackish. Abundant at Barrawa in the Héwagam

Koralé, and Tudugala and Waggawatta in the Kalutara

District.

Wood hard, smooth, dull brownish colour, about 50 to

60 1b. weight per cubic foot.

A most excellent timber for piles or any work exposed to

water.

Affords a clear resin suitable for thin varnishes.

[ Moist low-country ; rather common. |

59a.—VATICA OBSCURA.

Tumpalai, T. gberdev.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 129, plate XIII.

A large tree with brown bark, smooth and woolly twigs.

Leaves about four to six inches, narrow, lanceolate, oblong,

tapering. Lateral veins about twelve pairs, inconspicuous,

pellucid. Leaf-stalks slender. Flowers rather large, pinkish-

white, in erect axillary clusters.

Fruit about one inch, ovoid, blunt, splitting on germina-

tion into three furrows.

Grows gregariously in the Eastern Province, where

it is locally plentiful.

Affords a valuable wood, durable, suitable for sleepers,

beams, and building work. Heavy. Yields a gum-resin.

E 2

124 JOURNAL, R.A.Ss; (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

60.—VATERIA ACUMINATA,

Hal, S. eg.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 131.

A very large tree with pale-barked cylindrical stem.

Leaves large, dark green, forming a close dome-shaped crown.

Common up to about 2,500 feet; often found in gardens,

and nearly always near water. Easily recognized by its

large heart-shaped fruits.

A very valuable wood for light work, or for tea box

manufacture, for which it possesses all suitable characters.

The timber is a pale yellowish-gray, easily split owing to

its straight grain. Weight, about 40 lb.

The bark is used for arresting fermentation by jaggery

- makers, and the fruit is readily eaten. An excellent resin

known as Hal-dummala is obtained from the bark, suitable

for the finest varnishes. This species affords so many useful

purposes that it runs the risk of extermination.

61.—STEMONOPORUS WIGHTII.

Hal-mendora, S. a; Headid.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1., p. 132.

A large tree with rather big ovate leaves, having twenty-

one pairs of lateral veins and stiff stout petioles.

Not common. Occurs between Labugama and Mapota,

Yatipowa, and Nambapana.

Wood moderately hard, close-grained, little known.

Affords a very pale white resin.

[ Moist low-country ; rather rare. |

62.—STEMONOPORUS GARDNERL.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 133.

A rather large tree with pale grayish bark and stiff ovate

leaves.

Only obtained at high altitudes in wet forests; Pettiyagala

range, Wellankanda in Sabaragamuwa.

Wood very little known, supposed to be suitable for tea

boxes ; affords a pale resin. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 125

63.—STEMONOPORUS ACUMINATUS.

ite, Cey. Flor.,vol. I, p. 133. |

A moderately large tree with pale smooth stem, narrow

lanceolate leaves carried on rather long slender stalks.

Found in some abundance to the west of El Dorado estate

in Rakwana. |

Wood little known, close-grained, pale, resinous.

Affords a fine clear resin.

[Low-country ; rare. Ambegamuwa, by the Mahaweli-

ganga between Medamahanuwara and Alutnuwara,

Badulla. |

64.—STEMONOPORUS LEWISII.

Mendora, 8. @2108I6.

Appendix to Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. V., p. 383.

An immense tree with smooth pale grayish bark, small

rather scattered leaves that are dark green above and pale

ashy below, stiff, pointed at apex, on stalks of about half

an inch.

Only found on the top of Hunuwal-kanda, north of Pel-

madulla, where I discovered it in 1893.*

The timber is very hard, pale grayish-white, with close

grain. Weight, 70 1b. Suitable for beams or trusses.

MALVAGE Z.

This Order is mostly represented by herbs and shrubs, of

which our common Shoeflower may be taken as a character-

istic type.

Most of the species comprising it have fine fibrous bark

suitable for rough tying, but with care and proper appliances

it is possible that some—notably Urena and Hibiscus—might

“Since these pages were sent to press, this rare plant has been re-

discovered by myself on the summit of Hratne-kanda—a precipitous

mountain on the borders of the Peak wilderness.

126 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON), [Vou XVII.

be turned into account for rope, sacking, or binding-cloth.

The Order contains twelve Genera in Ceylon: Sida, Abut-

ilon, Wissadula, Urena, Pavonia, Julostylis, Dicellostyles,.

Hibiscus, Thespesia, Bombax, Eriodendron, and Cullenia.

65.—Aibiscus tiliaceus.

Beli-patta, 5. e680.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 157.

A small tree with cordate leaves on long pubscent stalks.

Flowers handsome, yellow, with crimson centre.

Very common near water up to 1,500 feet. Wood purplish,

handsome, Weight, 35 lb.

Affords an excellent fibre for string.

| Low-country, chiefly near coast. |

66.—Thespesia populnea (TULIP TREE).

Suriya, S. 50 ; Puvaravu, T. gare.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 158.

A smallish tree with rough bark, and generally much

contorted trunk. Well known for its handsome—when fresh

—yellow flowers. The leaf has “a glandular pore between

the bases of the veins beneath.” ;

Commonly found near the sea and in the dry zone, —

probably because of its being a favourite with the Dutch.

An excellent timber, hard, smooth, close-grained, and

taking a fine polish. Red or red-brown. Weight, 50 lb.

per cubic foot.

The timber is in great favour for carriage-building and for

gun-stocks.

[Trincomalee abundant, Batticaloa, Kalpitiya, Jaffna,

Mannar. |

67.—Bombax malabaricum.

Katu-imbul, 8. «92@@ ; Parutti, T. us.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 160.

A very large tall straight deciduous tree, much buttressed

at the base, and more or less protected with strong conical

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 127

prickles. A very conspicuous tree when in flower, reminding

one rather of a Japanese picture.

Widely distributed, extending into both wet and dry zones

up to about 2,000 feet, but usually more common at the foot

of the hills.

The wood is a pale white, slightly creamy, very light,—

24 lb. per cubic foot,—and easily sawn. Is in great demand

for tea box manufacture, an indusiry that is likely to threaten

its existence.

The fine silvery cotton is used for pillow stuffing.

68.—Hriodendron anfractuosum (COTTON TREE).

Imbul, Pulun-imbul, Kappu, 8S. ead, goad OAC, ae.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 161.

A tall gaunt deciduous tree with main branches jutting out

in threes at right angles to the stem. Young stems generally

smooth green.

A very common tree in the low-country, and chiefly found

in gardens. Wood very soft, and rarely used. Cultivated

chiefly for the sake of the cotton, which is very largely used

for pillows, mattresses, and the like.

[Low-country ; very common. |

69.—Cullenia eaxcelsa.

Katu-boda, S. aQo0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 162.

A large handsome tree with grayish bark. Easily recog-

nized by its large lanceolate oblong leaves, that are dark

glossy green above, pale creamy below, and copiously freckled

all over the under parts with fine reddish or silvery stellate

scales. :

The fruits are rather large and very formidable, being

completely protected by sharp strong spines. :

Common in the wet forests of both Provinces up to about

4,000 feet, and sometimes almost gregarious.

128 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

The wood is light, pale yellowish-brown, easily split, and

is a favourite for lining pegs. Suitable for tea boxes, but

rather apt to split. Weight, about 32 Ib.

Closely related to the famous Durian (Durio zibethinus),

but does not possess an eatable fruit.

STERCULIACEZ.

The Order coniains both trees and shrubs, of which the

well-known Cacao is a representation. In Ceylon it is made

up of seven Genera: Sterculia, Heritiera, Helicteres, Ptero-

spermum, Pentapetes, Melochia, and Waltheria,

70.—Sterculia fetida.

Telambu, 8S. ea@g).

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 164.

A very iarge tall tree with pale white thick bark and

digitate leaves carried on long stalks. Easily recognized by

the large dull red, or orange, woody fruits (follicles) that open

out like large vegetable oysters. Flowers dull red and very

offensive.

This tree is fairly common at low altitudes, but is more

abundant in the dry zone and intermediate rainfall area.

Wood light, about 36 lb. per cubic foot, pale dull greenish-

white. Only suitable for temporary work.

[Common, especially in dry region. |

71.—Sterculia Balanghas.

Nava, S. a8».

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 165.

A small tree with pale gray bark and simple leaves. Easily

distinguished when in fruit by its very brilliant almost

fiery orange fruit follicles.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 129

Moderately common up to about 1,000 feet. Is found in

Colombo as an ornamental tree. Occurs in various parts of

the Kégalla District.

Chiefly useful for the sake of its inner bark, which can be

removed in broad thin sheets; used for string. —

[| Low-country ; common. |

12.—Heritiera littoralis.

Etuna, 8. ga (known in parts of the Pasdun Korale by

the incorrect name Ho-mediriya); Chomuntiri, T. Cerap gon.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1., p. 167.

A rather large water-loving tree, with deeply furrowed

bark. The flowers are very minute, followed by large boat-

| shaped seeds.

Only found: close to the sea, on the banks of the

Kalu-ganga, Bentota river, Panadure river, and such-like

‘situations.

Wood very hard, tough, close-grained, and durable.

Weight, about 75 lb. per cubic foot.

Suitable for beams, posts, piles, and heavy work, but not

sufficiently common to be in much demand.

[ Trincomalee, Chilaw. ] |

13.—Plerospermum suberifolium.

Welan, S. e®ed; Miyanku, T. Quae.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 169.

A moderately large tree with thick bark. 'The leaves are

most extremely variable in form, especially in young plants,

when they assume. all shapes, from lanceolate to digitaie.

‘The flowers are white and sweet-smelling.

A fairly common tree up to 2,000 feet, but assumes its

greatest size in the dry region.

Wood light, very tough, pale reddish-brown, about 36 Ib.

per cubic foot. Suitable for weather-boarding.

[| Low-country, especially in dry region. |

130 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou, XVIE,

TILIACEZ.

The Order is represented in Ceylon by six Genera, viz.,

Pityranthe, Berrya, Grewia, Triumfetta, Corchorus, and

Hleocarpus. The greater number of species yield valuable.

fibre for coarse work, such as gunny bags and the like.

(4.—Berrya Ammoniila (TRINCOMALEE WOOD),

Hal-milla, S. a@8@e; Chavandalai, T. ¢aar-te.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 173.

A tall slender-stemmed tree with pale smooth rather thin

bark. Leaves large, somewhat ovate, on rather long green

stalks. Flowers white, small, in large panicles.

Moderately abundant, and often found in gardens in many

parts of both Provinces. In the natural state it is generally

confined to the dry country. Occurs all through the wilder

parts of the Kolonna, Atakalan, and Meda Koraleés, and in

moderate abundance in the Kégalla District towards the

North-Western Province boundary.

A magnificent timber, and one of great value for many

purposes. The wood is rather light,—56 to 60 lb. per cubic

foot,—pale yellowish, with very fine close transverse lines

across the grain.

It is used in boat-building, for oil casks, gun carriages, and

carriage shafts, owing to its toughness and durability. A

tree that would well repay cultivation in dry districts.

[Forests of the dry country. |

139.—Grewia tihefoha.

Daminiya, S. ¢S8e; Chadaichi, T. ¢a_&,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 175.

Usually a smallish tree with pale grayish-red bark, easily

stripped in young plants, when itis suitable for rope.

The heartwood is close, heavy, and durable, but rarely

found of any great size.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 131

Very common in the dry country at the foot of the hills,

particularly from the base of the Rakwana hills towards

Dapone, Kella, Embilipitiya, and the eastern portion of the

Meda Korale.

[Low-country and extending into lower montane zone ;

common. ]|

16.—Elwocarpus serratus (WILD OLIVE).

Weralu, 8. odd8.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 184, plate XX.

A smallish tree with ovate crenate-serrate leaves that

turn a fine orange colour before falling off. Theaxils of the

veins of the leaf usually have glands.

The flowers are white, rather feathery, and with a sickly

smell. The fruits when ripe are a pleasant acid, and are

of value in cases of tapeworm.

Very common up to 2,500 feet in both Provinces, and often

found in old chena lands.

Wood pale, light, and in no great demand, as it is

unsuitable for any permanent work.

[Low-country in moist region ; common. |

11.—Hleocarpus subvillosus.

Gal-weralu, S. a@oade.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. L., p. 186.

A small tree with straight stem and rather reddish bark.

Leaves rather large and pubescent on the under surface,

margin, and stalk. Fruits much larger and more spherical

than the last; not eaten.

Occasional in the wet zone forests, but not common.

Rather plentiful in the Kuruwiti Korale and in parts of the

Pasdun Koralé.

Wood suitable for mine props and temporary work.

Rather light.

[Ambegamuwa, Hunasgiria. |

132 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (VoL. XVII.

RUT AGE.

The Orange family in Ceylon is represented by thirteen

Genera, exclusive of introduced species. They are Euodia,

Aanthoxylum, Toddalia, Acronychia, Glycosmis, Microme-

lum, Murraya, Clausena, Limonia, Luvunga, Paramignya,

Atalantia, and Feronia. Many are of medicinal use.

18.—Huodia Roxburghiana.

Lunu-ankenda, 8. dqjgdoamcte.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 214.

A small tree with smooth gray bark and three-foliolate

Opposite leaves.

Rather common in the wet forests, especially in Sabara-

gamuwa, where it occurs in the Kuruwiti Koralée and

through the Peak wilderness.

The wood is soft, heavy, easily turned, and suitable for

picture frames or light ornamental work. Weight, about

50 Ib.

[ Moist low-country, 2,000 to 6,000 feet. ]

19.—Acronychia laurifolia.

An-kenda, S. ¢ewo@meade,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 216.

A moderate-sized tree with smooth bark, simple opposite,

sometimes alternate leaves, dark glossy above. Flowers

arranged in corymbose cymes, pale greenish-white.

Common in the wet forests up to about 4,000 feet,

occurring frequently on the edges of old chena lands.

Wood close, rather heavy, pale yellowish-white, about

48 lb. per cubic foot, rarely found of large size. Isin much

favour with gold and silversmiths for charcoal, as it affords

a carbon very free from ash. |

Bark and leaves used in native medicine for external

application.

[ Moist region, from sea-level up to 5,000 feet ; common. |

No. 53.—1902.] "TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 133

80.—Glycosmis pentaphylla.

Dodan-penna, 8. eg dso,ae. Kula-pannai ; T. gerts20.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 217.

A small tree with thin pale brown bark and compound

leaves. Flowers white, scented, very small. No spines on

the stem or twigs.

Rather rare, except in the dry country, where it becomes

rather abundant as an under shrub.

Wood extremely close, hard, smooth, and fine-grained.

Well suited for handles of katties and walking-sticks. Very

durable. |

3 81.—Murraya Koenigit.

Karapincha, S. m68-8 ; Karivéempu, T. sACanoy,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 220.

A pale gray-barked small tree with rather close heads.

Leaves compound, with about twenty-five leaflets on each

rachis, with short stalks; very aromatic. Flowers sweet-

scented, small, white.

Chiefly confined to the dry districts, occurring abundantly

along the lower reaches of the Walawe river.

This plant is perhaps better known as producing the

so-called “curry leaf,” so frequently present in native

cooking. Wood generally too small to be important, but is

hard, close, rather tough, suitable for rafters.

[Badulla, Maturata, low-country, especially in dry region. |

82.—Atalantia monophylla.

Apasu, S. (?) meg; Perunkuruntu, T. uUms@ms a.

A small tree with stiff branches, more or less armed with

short hard spines. Leaves much notched at apex, thick.

Flowers white, on short stalks.

Occurs in the dry districts about Timbolketiya and east-

wards. Not very well known to natives.

Wood very close and suitable for rulers or scale-measuring

mstruments. Pale white witha yellowish tinge. Weight,

about 60 lb. per cubie foot.

[Dry region ; common. |

134 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

83.—Aialantia Missionis.

Pamburu, S. 696, ; Kuruntu, T. Snsg.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 227.

A small tree, much resembling in habit an orange tree.

Bark pale gray, branches armed with stiff short spines.

Leaves rather large, stiff, with veining indistinct. Flowers

white, very sweet. Fruit like a small dark orange.

Not uncommon in the dry districts, especially towards the

east. Found on the banks of the Walawe below Kaltota.

Wood close-grained, pale yellowish-white, smooth, and

suitable for cabinet work, picture frames, and furniture.

Weight, about 45 lb. per cubic foot.

[ Batticaloa, Jaffna. ]

$4.—Feronia elephantum.*

Jiwul, 8S. Qe; Vilatti, T. dass.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 228.

A small tree with pale grayish bark and compound leaves,

with intermediate portions of the rachis winged. Thorny.

Flowers greenish, suffused with a purplish tint.

A very abundant tree in all the dry parts of the country,

from 1,000 feet downwards, especially in the Bintenna.

Hasily distinguished by its'large spherical grayish fruit, the

shell of which is fairly hard. Elephants are particularly

fond of these, which are rather acid.

Wood close, hard, stiff, about 60 lb. per cubic foot. Used

for posts, rafters, and wall-plates; durable. A strong gum is

obtained from the bark. )

| Throughout the dry region ; very common. |

85.—Aigle Marmeles ae BAEL FRUIT).

Beli, 8S. o@@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. if azo

A small tree, cabal cultivated, and not uncommon in

gardens near to Colombo and Kalutara. I have never seen

* Often erroneously called the Wood-apple.

No 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 135

it wild. Leaves rather large ; it is easily distinguished by its

large hard smooth fruits.

Its chief value is for the sake of the fruit, which is a

valuable remedy in dysentery. The bark of the root is used

in the same disease.

Wood close-grained, tough. Not much used in Ceylon.

SIMARUBAGEZ.

_ A small Order as regards Ceylon, represented by three

Genera: Ailantus, Samadera, and Suriana, of which the last

is only a shrub.

| 86.—Ailantus malabarica.

Kumbalu, Wal-bilin, 8. @, 9d3eot.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 230.

A tall cylindrical-stem tree with grayish-white rough

bark and long crowded pinnate leaves, usually in pairs of

about twenty leaflets, The seeds are placed in the middle

of a long flat papery envelope (samara).

Chiefly confined to the Kégalla District and along the

valley of the Maha-oya, especially about Rambukkana.

Not very common.

Weod white, soft, somewhat sponge-like, and very light,

about 24 lb. per cubic foot, used for tea boxes. The wood

gum is used in dysentery. A poor timber.

87.—Samadera indica.

Titta-samadara, 8S. Bamea®ed.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 231.

A small water-loving tree with large leaves, glossy on

both surfaces. ‘The seeds are enclosed in large rather bean-

like pods. Pinkish-yellow handsome flowers.

Occurs on the sides of streams in both Provinces up to

1,000 feet.

136 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII. :

The wood rarely reaches a large size; light, soft, yellow-

ish in colour, about 26 lb. per cubic foot. The leaves,

bark, and seeds are all intensely bitter and are used in native

medicines. An infusion of the leaves and seed makes an

excellent remedy against fleas and ants.

[Galle, Chilaw.]

OCHNAGE £.

A small Order comprising but two Genera, Ochna and

Gomphia, usually with handsome yellow flowers.

88.— Ochna squarrosa.

Mal-kéra, S. Od az9.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 233.

Usually only a small bush with short whip-like stems.

Leaves moderately large with minutely serrate edges.

Flowers large, bright yellow, rather loosely placed.

Fairly abundant towards the dry parts of both Provinces,

but usually affecting rocky land.

The wood is very close-grained, brownish-red, but only

used for sticks, ox-goads, &e.

[ Jaffna, Trincomalee, Batticaloa. |

89.—Ochna Wightiana.

Bo-kéra, 8S. @@F a0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 233.

A. small tree, often only a shrub, with leaves very much

smaller than the last and small flaming yellow flowers.

Generally distributed up to about 1,500 feet, but not

common.

Wood very hard, close-grained, and proof against white

ants. Unfortunately it rarely attains any size, hence the

limited use of the timber. Well suited for rafters and wail-

plates. |

[ Jaffna, Trincomalee, Mannar, Puttalam, Haragama. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 137

90.—Gomphia angustifolia.

Bo-kéra, S. e@iard.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 235.

A small tree with thin reddish-brown bark. Leaves

rather long, lanceolate, finely serrate, with very fine close

pellucid veining with two distinct intra-marginal veins.

Young leaves are often a rich red-bronze colour. Flowers

small, yellow, in rather large panicles.

Common in many parts of both Provinces, but chiefly

in the wet forests.

Plentiful near Ratnapura and the valley of the Kalu-ganga.

Wood very hard, close, red, and white ant resisting,

especially if slightly charred before using. Very suitable

for posts, wall-plates, and rafters. Notlarge enough a wood

for beams, otherwise suitable.

(Uva, Ritigala, North-Central Province. ]

BURSERACEE.

The Order is represented by three Genera, mostly large

trees. They are Balsamodendrum, Canarium,and Filicium.

91.—CANARIUM BRUNNEUM.

Maha-bulumora, 8. SHQOOOs0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol, I., p. 238, plate XXIII.

A very tall straight tree with wide-spreading thin but-

tresses, dark bark, and large imparipinnate leaves. Leaflets

oval or ovate.

Not very common except in the wet forests of the Pasdun

Koralé, at the base of Adam’s Peak (Gilimale), and at Kitul-

galla.

Wood in little favour, asit is brittle and not durable. Used

sometimes for mine props and temporary planking.

[Monerankanda, West Mataleé. ] ;

F 21-02

128 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

92.—_CANARIUM ZEYLANICUM.

Kekuna, S. azaQa.

‘Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 239.

A very large tree with deep web-like far-reaching but-

tresses, large trunk, and wide-spreading head. KHasily

identified by its pale bark, that smells strongly of myrrh

when wounded. 7

The fruits when ripe are narrowly ovoid, purplish-ashy,

and extremely hard.

Leaves compound, and in young plants have conspicuous

clasping lobes at their bases in the place of stipules.

The wood is very soft, pale white or brownish-white, and

full of balsamic resin, so that it is easily passed off by

unscrupulous traders as Hora. Is in much favour for tea

boxes owing to its lightness : about 27 Ib. per cubic foot. A

quick-rotting wood.

Common in wet forests up to about 1,500 feet, often found

on rock where the soilis shallow. Abundant near Rakwana.

Seeds eaten, and resemble Brazil nuts in flavour.

The resin is often burned for fumigation purposes, and is

said by natives to be of great value as a specific against cobras.

[ Batticaloa (!) ]

93.—Filicium decipiens.

Pihimbiya, 8. 868e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 240.

A well-known ornamental tree, and used as such about

the Colombo and Kandy streets. Easily recognized by its

somewhat fern-like leaves and shapely head.

Moderately common in both Provinces up to 2,000 feet,

but does not attain so fine a size as in parts of Uva, particularly

near Wellawaya.

Wood very hard, red, close, durable, and well suited for

beams and building purposes generally. Weight, 65 to |

70 lb. per cubic foot. Used by natives in the manufacture

of their wooden ploughs, for which purpose the buttress

is generally used. |

No. 53. -1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 139

MELIAGCE =z.

A very important Family, chiefly trees, represented in

Ceylon by twelve Genera, confined chiefly to the low-country.

They are Munronia, Melia, Azadirachta, Cipadessa, Aglaia,

Dysoxylon, Pseudocarapa, Amoora, Walsura, Carapa, Chick-

rassia, and Chloroxylon.

O94. Melia dubia.

Lunumidella, 8. daSesee; Malai-vémpu, T. wtvGaniv.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 243.

A large straight-stemmed tree with brownish-red moder-

‘ately thin bark, long and rather gaunt branches, large

compound leaves. Deciduous. The flowers are numerous,

in big corymbose panicles.

Rather abundant, much planted tree, rarely found in a

natural state above 2,000 feet. Found in a semi-wild state

in the valley of the Maha-oya, foot of the Dolosbagé hills,

and along the Ritigaha-oya.

Wood is a cedar-like, soft, quick-growing, light timber,

easily polished, and responds well to varnish.

In great favour for tea boxes, ceilings, and dadoes, but too

light to stand straining loads or exposure. Often used for

outriggers for boats, owing to its great lightness. Weight,

26 lb. per cubic foot.

The seeds are extremely hard and difficult of germination,

unless aided by artificial means.

A tree well worthy of extended cultivation, as it grows

with such rapidity.

95.—Azadirachta indica (MARGOSA).

Kohomba, 8. eamea-@; Vémpu, IT. Gaudy.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 244.

A large very handsome tree with spreading crown, rough

brownish-red bark, and crowded leaves.

8) :

140 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Usually a dry-zone tree, and probably run wild from

introduced plants, as it is a favourite medicinal plant with

Sinhalese and Tamils alike.

Occurs rather freely between Kaltota and Embilipitiya

in Sabaragamuwa, and only, so far as Iam aware, in gardens

in the Western Province. : |

The wood is hard, heavy, a very handsome red-brown,

with large graining.

Takes a magnificent polish, rendering it valuable as a

panel wood, or for cabinets and the like. Weight, about

20 Ib.

Perhaps best known for its evil-smelling oil, the Veppeni

of the Tamils, used both as an insecticide and medicinally.

The leaves are very bitter and afford a tonic.

[Uva, Hambantota.]

96.—PSEUDOCARAPA CHAMPIONII.

Gonapana, 8. saiasn.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 248, plate XXIV.

A large tree with grayish rough bark, pinnate leaves on

a short rachis, and rather large ovate-lanceolate somewhat

recurved leaflets. Flowers small, yellowish, on axillary

racemose panicles.

Very rare; occasionally found in the Kégalla District at

about 2,000 feet.

Wood suitable for beams and heavy work. Dull ordark

red, close, not easily cut.

[Hantane, Deltota, Hunasgiriya, Dikoya. |

97.—Amoora Rohituka.

Hingul, 8. Boe.

A rather tall straight-stemmed tree with drooping branches.

Leaves large on long rachis. Flowers yellow with very short

nearly absent stalk.

Very rare. Occurs in Dolosbagé, above 2,000 feet.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 141

A very close, hard, durable wood of a dark brown or red-

brown colour, very suitable for beams, rafters, and vosts.

Sometimes used for shingles. Weight, about 40 lb. per

cubic foot.

[Hantane, Maturata, Uva.]

98.—Walsura Piscidia.

Kiri-kon, S. 86@eaiad.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 250.

A smallish tree, with much furrowed thick bark. Leaves

in three-foliate leaflets. Flowers very small, pink-white,

with small ovoid fruits that are eaten. The seeds are enclosed

in a white pulp of pleasant flavour.

Distinctly uncommon. Occurs in parts of the Atakalan

and Meda Koralés and in the Kégalla District.

Wood very hard, close, brownish-red, durable. Suitable

for beams and rafters or trusses.

The bark is said to afford a fish poison.

[ Very common in the dry zone.]

99.—Chickrassia tabularis.

Hulan-hik, 8. nes Set; Agalai, T. a s%v,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 252.

A tall handsome tree, dark, thick, much and deeply

furrowed bark, and with large, rather dense, silky, pinnate

leaves.

Flowers in terminal panicles, smallish, pale greenish-

white.

Rare. Occurs in parts of the intermediate zone, and again

in the wet zone.

A magnificent timber; bright red-brown, close, hard,

heavy, durable wood.

Suitable for posts, pillars, and ornamental panels. Weight,

about 45 lb. per cubic foot.

142 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

The bark is used in native medicine, and possesses a

curious pungent smell.

[ Deltota, Hanguranketa, Kandy. |

100.—Chloroxylon Swietenia (SATINWOOD).

-Buruta, 8. 2 3z;a; Mutirai, T. q~so rs.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 253.

A rather small tree with very rough grayish-brown bark

and fine drooping pinnate leaves, with abundant unequal-

bladed small leaflets. Flowers small, creamy-white.

A characteristic tree in the dry zone, extending all through

the eastern and south-eastern parts of Sabaragamuwa, from

the Walawe river to the foot of the Rakwanaand Balangoda

hills up to about 1,000 feet. Does not occur in a wild state,

or very rarely in the Western Province.

A most valuable wood. A striking example of its

durability is to be found in the magnificent one-arch bridge

at Péradeniya. Unrivalled for its durability. Used for

furniture, and in great favour for almirahs. Largely used in

Kurope for brush handles. It is a fine golden-yellow with

a silk-like lustre. Sleepers made of this wood have been

known to last for thirty years, indicating its value for that

purpose, especially asitis white ant proof. Not very heavy:

D6 lb. per cubic foot. |

The so-called Flowered Satinwood is not a distinct species,

and cannot be detected in the living tree, the condition

known as “flowered ” being probably due to arrested growth

at a certain stage of the plant’s life. |

Affords a gum of a jelly-like consistency when freshly

formed.

The finest Satinwood comes from the West Indies, and is

gaid to be from an unknown tree ! .

Captain Gillam, of the Central Timber Depot, affords the

following particulars respecting the value of Satinwood

sold in Colombo :—

From 1892 to 1897 inclusive, 53,079 c. ft. sold for Rs. 123,779.

From 1898 to 1901 inclusive, 58,107 c. ft. sold for Rs. 124,930.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLAN'S. 143

OGLAGINEZ.

The Order, which is composed of trees, shrubs, and

sometimes creeping plants, is in Ceylon composed of ten

Genera, viz., Ximenia, Olax, Strombosia, Opilia, Cansjera,

Lasianthera, Gomphandra, Apodytes, Mappia, and Pyrena-

cantha, few of which are of importance here.

101.—OLAX ZEYLANICA.

Mella, 8S. &&e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 257.

_A small tree or bush with yellow leaves and yellowish

stem. Flowers very small, sparse, followed by shining red

smooth ovoid fruits.

Very common all through the Kalutara District, except in

dense forests. Occurs sparingly up to 1,200 feet.

Valued chiefly for the sake of its leaves, that are eaten

in curries.

Wood close, soft, but too small to be valued as a timber.

102.—Lasianthera apicalis.

Urukann, 8. CId7QHn.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 260.

A large tree with cylindrical stem, grayish bark, and

smooth twigs. Leaves rather large, thick, glossy above,

with a very conspicuous midrib. Flowers small, close-

packed, dull greenish-purple.

Fairly common, especially in the wet forests in the valley

of the Kalu-ganga up to the base of the Peak range, and

again around Kitulgalla.

A soft, pale yellowish-white loose-grained wood, moder-

ately light. In considerable demand for tea boxes, but

worthless as a building timber.

Weight, when dry, about 34 1b. per cubic foot, but difficult

to season.

144 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

ILICINEZ.

This Family, well known for its familiar representative in

Europe, the Holly, is represented by a single Genus in

Ceylon, Ilex.

103.—Ilex Wightiana.

Andun-wenna, 8. ¢gsa, Wen.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 265.

A very large tree with pale white bark and cylindrical

stem. Leaves large, entire, on short stalks. Flowers white,

small, abundant.

Rather rare. Occurs in the Pasdun Koralé near Atweltota

and parts of the Ratnapura District.

Affords a moderately good pale wood. Often used for tea

boxes.

[ Nillowa, Hantane. ]

GELASTRAGCEE.

A large Order in Ceylon, represented by eleven Genera,

many of which are only shrubs. They are Kuonymus,

Glyptopetalum, Microtropis, Kokoona, Pleurostylia, Eleeo-

dendron, Celastrus, Gymnosporia, Kurrimia, Hippocratea,

and Salacia.

104.—Kokoona zeylanica.

Kokun, 8. oama ed.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. L., p. 270.

A tall slender-stemmed pale gray rough-barked tree, easily

distinguished by its bright orange-yellow inner bark on

chipping off the outer nodules on the buttresses. Leaves

rather uneven, sometimes faintly serrate on the margin.

The seeds (samara) are long, papery, wing-like structures

that afford a powerfully acrid oil in great favour as a pre-

ventive against leeches, which is often sold in considerable

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 145

quantities to pilgrims visiting Adam’s Peak. This oil is

known as Pottu-eta tel.

The ground up bark is often used as an aid to beauty by

Tamil women, in the same way as saffron is used.

Fairly common in the wet forests, especially near Ratna-

pura, the Sinha Raja forests, Pasdun Koralé, and in the

Kitulgalla forests.

Wood brittle, easily split, brownish-yellow, rather heavy,

not durable.

Sometimes used for tea boxes.

[| Ambegamuwa, Dimbula, Southern Province. |

105.—Eleodendron glaucum.

Neralu, 8. 268; Perum-piyari, T. Gu wo wwe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 271.

A tree often attaining a very large size, with grayish bark

very nodular and rough. Leaves roundish, oval, slightly

serrate, rather dark glossy green. Flowers very minute,

numerous, pale greenish-white.

Rare, confined to the dry country, and occurs sparingly in

the Kolonna Kéralé towards Gogalla. A very fine example

is to be found in the compound of the Tanamalwila

resthouse,

Wood close-grained, rather hard, light brown, paler in the

sapwood. Weight, about 451b. Suitable for cabinet work,

as it takesa handsome polish. The bark is of medicinal use,

but is said to be poisonous.

[Dry country, common near coast. |

106.—KURRIMIA ZEYLANICA.

Pelan or Kta-heraliya, S. oseed or ¢ond@a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 274.

A large tree with reddish-brown moderately thick bark,

often in old trees becoming grayish. Leaves large and

singularly like a Dipterocarp, owing to the close parallel

146 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

venation. Young leaves are a pale yellowish-green, and

make the tree very handsome in appearance. _

Common in all the wet parts of both Provinces, and

especially so near streams.

The wood is close, fairly hard, of a brownish or yellowish-

brown colour, rather heavy. Very suitable for wall-plates,

rafters, and flooring boards; fairly durable.

The fruit is slightly acid to the taste, and much eaten by

crows,

[Hantane, Ambegamuwa, Rangala, Maturata. |

RHANNAGEZ.

The Order is represented in Ceylon chiefly by scrambling

shrubs, creepers, and small trees, and consists of seven

Genera: Ventilago, Zizyphus, Rhamnus, Scutia, Sageretia,

Colubrina, and Gouania.

107.—Ventilago maderaspatana.

Yakada-wel, 8S. ea@Oic ; Vempadam, T, Camu.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 279.

A scrambling creeper with moderately large shining leaves

with very fine venation. Flowers very small in terminal

panicles, pale greenish-white.

Very common, and appears to extend into both wet and

dry zones. Abundant on the banks of the Maguru-ganga in

the Pasdun Korale, but more so in the dry country to the east.

Affords a valuable tanning material, for which purpose it

is exported.

Used by the natives as a roagh rope for fencing, &c.

108.—Zizyphus Jujuba.

Maha-debara, 8S. OmaeQc ; Ilantai, T. Qa goog.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 280.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 147

A small tree with rather large spreading crown. Bark

dull reddish-brown, with very deep furrows and cracks.

Leaves smooth above, pale below, and coated with fine

cream-colouredtomentum. ‘Thorns very sharp, rather short.

Flowers pale greenish-white ; fruit fleshy, covering a hard

brown stone.

Not very abundant, but occurs more frequently in the dry

country than the wet. Occasionally found in gardens.

Wood hard, close, reddish-brown, tough, weighing about

45 Ib. per cubic foot.

Is used for agricultural implements and oil mills.

[Dry region, rather common; Trincomalee, Anuradha-

pura. |

SAPINDAGEZ.

A rather large Family in Ceylon consisting for the most

part of trees. It is represented by eleven Genera: Cardio-

spermum, Hemigyrosa, Allophylus, Schleichera, Gleniea

Sapindus, Nephelium, Pometia, Harpullia, Dodonza, and

Turpinia,

109.—Schleichera trijuga.

Kon, S. oases,

Trim. Oey. Flor., vol. I., p. 304.

A large handsome tree much resembling the Kuropean

Oak. Bark pale grayish, sometimes red-brown with a

grayish wash. Leaves moderately long, very oak-like, com-

pound, with rachis much dilated at base. Fruits about an

inch in diameter, with sweet pulpy aril coating the seed.

Flowers small, greenish.

Occurs frequently in the Kégalla District and in the Meda

and Atakalan Kéralés up to 2,500 feet.

A very fine timber, dark dull pale red, close-grained, hard,

durable. Weight, about 60 lb. per cubic foot. Well suited

148 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

for beams, or any work requiring transverse strength. Seed

affords an. oil.

Rather abundant, but more so towards the drier parts of

both Provinces.

110.—GLENIEBA ZEYLANICA,

Wal-mora, 8. )Fo®:6 ; Kuma, T. Gu.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 305, plate XX V.

A small tree with rather uneven and crooked stem.

Leaves compound, in one or two pairs, rather lanceolate

leaflets, stiff, with prominent reticulate veining. Flowers

are pale greenish-white, in small clusters, dicecious, or

nearly so. :

Common only in the dry zone, and occurs plentifully in

the forests adjoining the Walawe river below Kaltota. —

Wood hard, pale, close-grained, and suitable for posts,

rafters, or door frames.

[Forests of the dry region ; common. ]

111.—Sapindus emarginatus.

Penela, 8S. es@me@; Panalai, T. vara.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 307.

A large handsome tree with pale bark and broad crown.

Leaves pinnate, two or three pairs of leaflets, broadly ovaie,

smooth above, stiff, very pubescent beneath, and markedly

veined. Flowers are greenish-white, in large spreading

panicles.

Fruits small, enclosing hard black seed.

Fairly common in the dry forests towards the east of

Sabaragamuwa and North-Western Province.

Wood yellowish, hard, close, durable, heavy. Weight,

about 64 1b. per cubic foot. Useful for cart frames.

The seeds afford a semi-solid oil used frequently as a

substitute for soap.

The bark of the root is used in native medicine.

[Forests of dry region ; common. |

rr ee a

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 149

112.— Nenphelium Longana.

Mora, S. @896; Nurai, T. gor.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 309.

A large handsome tree with a fine dome-shaped head.

Bark thin, yellowish-gray, often flaking in pieces. Leaves

pinnate, seven to ten moderate-sized leaflets, dark green

above, much palerbelow. The whole foliage of the tree when

in young leaf is often a beautiful reddish-copper colour.

Perhaps best known for the sake of its fruit, that is prized

by the natives, who regard it as a great delicacy. The fruit

has a faint taste of chlorodyne.

Fairly common, especially in the forests of the interme-

diate zones. Abundant near Mirigama, Rambukkana,

Opanaike, and below Balangoda.

Wood hard, reddish, close. Weight, about 60 lb. per cubic

foot. Suitable for rafters and mine props. Not much used.

113.—Pometia eximia.

Né-imbul, S. me@@c.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 310.

A very beautiful tree with lofty spreading dome-shaped

crown. Leaves pinnate, with large lanceolate leaflets

usually arranged in eight or ten pairs, with thick hairy stalks.

When in young leaf the whole tree is strikingly beautiful,

and well adapted for ornamental purposes.

Flowers very small, abundant, yellowish-brown, on long

slender stalks, arranged in drooping panicles.

Fairly common in the wet forests of the Adam’s Peak

range from Kitulgalla to Bambarabotuwa, extending up to

2,000 feet. Magnificent examples are to be found on the

south of the Petiyagalla range.

Wood pale reddish with a yellowish tinge, rather hard.

Weight, about 45 lb. per cubicfoot. Suitable for rafters, door

and window frames, and ceiling boards.

[Deltota, Watagoda, and about Kandy. ]

150 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

114.—Dodonea viscosa.

Werawu, Werella, 8. d)d8, :dde.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 312. :

A small twiggy tree with red-brown much-furrowed bark

and small stem.

Leaves simple, very erect, on short stalks, stiff, lanceolate,

and when young have a varnished appearance. Flowers on

long stalks in axillary panicles, pale yellowish. In the

Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces this plant rarely

attains a large size.

Abundant, and usually gregarious. Occurs frequently in

chena lands and the borders of patanas. Very common

between Balangoda and Belihul-oya.

The wood rarely attains a sufficiently large size for timber,

but is very suitable for wheel spokes, tool handles, and the

like. Close-grained, hard, durable.

The young leaves, boiled, afford a most valuable embro-

cation for animals as well as human beings in eases of

sprains and bruises.

115.—Turpinia pomifera.

Kankumbala, 8. DAIDDC.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 313.

A small tree with pale grayish bark and imparipinnate

leaves usually arranged in two to four pairs with one terminal

leaflet. The leaflets are a fine reddish-copper colour when

young, quickly turning to shining green with maturity.

Fruits purplish, round, smooth, easily recognized py their

dark brown angular shining seeds.

Very common in all the wet forests, particularly about

Eratne, Gilimale, and the valley of the Hangomuwa-

Sanga.

Wood soft, light, pale, and of little value. Used sometimes

for mine props.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. Soil

ANACARDIACEE.

The Order is perhaps best known as that to which the

Mango and Caju-nut belong. It is represented in Ceylon

by trees, and includes seven Genera: Buchanania, Mangifera,

Odina, Semecarpus, Nothopegia, Campnosperma, and Spon-

dias, which, with the exception of the first,are all familiar

plants.

116.—MANGIFERA ZEYLANICA (WILD MANGO).

Etamba, S. ¢.0@; Kdddu-mafiga, T. a9 @ wader,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 317.

A tall handsome tree with straight erect cylindrical stem,

_ pale grayish thickish bark, and broad head. Leaves rather

large, tapering towards stalk, rather rounded at apex, glossy

above. Flowers small, pale yellow, and occasionally making

the whole crown of the tree look pale yellow when in

abundant crop. :

Very common up to about 3,000 feet, and occurs in both

wet and dry forests. Abundant in forests of the Pasdun

Koéralé and Sinha Raja.

Wood pale, grayish-white, soft, and loose-grained, attaining

a very large size.

The timber is in great demand for tea boxes, and is

suitable, if well seasoned, for their manufacture, but scarcely

for any other purpose, except for backs to pictures, almirahs,

and the like.

Weight, 32 lb. per cubic foot.

The fruit, which is like a small mango, is often eaten by

natives, but is much too acid to be nice.

(Jaffna, Haldummulla, Morowak Koralée, Hantane. |

117.—Mangifera indica (MANGO).

Amba, S. ¢®; Manga, T. oreer,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 318.

152 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

The well-known fruit tree. It is generally distributed in

a cultivated state throughout both Provinces up to 2,000 feet.

The wood is soft, coarse, grayish-white, and often pinkish

when freshly cut.

It is suitable for tea boxes, almirah backs, and very tem-

porary planking, as it is notdurable. Affords an excellent

wood for wheel breaks, and as such is a favourite with the

Railway, as the wood has a peculiar elastic sort of grip when

applied to metal. Weight, rather variable, about 41 1b. per

cubic foot.

118.—Odina Wodter.

Hik, S. Be? ; Odi, T.gy.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 318.

A small deciduous tree with pale brownish bark and few

branches. Leaves imparipinnate, arranged in two to six pairs

of leaflets with terminal one.

Flowers unisexual, in small clusters on much-branched

panicles, usually most conspicuous when all the leaves have

been shed. Fruit small, with hard stone.

Common in both Provinces, but chiefly as a hedge plant, as

it is easily grown for live fences.

Wood reddish-brown, close, hard, suitable for wheel spokes,

window frames, and cabinet work. Weight, about 48 lb. per

cubic foot. A gum is obtained from the stem, which is

useful for adding to lime in whitewashing.

[Low-country, in both dry and moist regions. ]

119.—SEMECARPUS SUBPELTATA.

Maha-badulla, S. SadeMe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 320.

A large erect cylindrical-stemmed tree with smooth grayish-

brown bark.

Leaves simple, very large, often fifteen inches long, stiff,

glossy dark-green above, on thick stout stalks. Flowers in

axillary panicles, frequently on old wood.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 153

Occasional in the valley of the Kalu-ganga near Ratnapura

and in Gilimale forests.

Wood pale dull white, rather close, easily sawn. In

demand for tea boxes, but not suitable for that purpose owing

to a poisonous acid in the bark of the wood.

[Moist low-country ; rare. |

120.—SEMECARPUS CORIACEA.

Badulla, 8. dede.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 321.

A rather large tree with pale smooth bark and closely

crowded leaves, about half the size of the last. Flowers in

terminal panicles, pale greenish-white.

Rather common in the hill country above Balangoda and

Rakwana, but not very abundant.

Affords a pale white wood, soft, rather spongy, and quickly

rotting.

Sometimes used for tea boxes, but should be avoided.

The bark gives out a blackish fluid on being cut, that re-

sembles a dull-coloured tar, very dangerous if applied to the

skin.

[Above 4,000 feet ; common. }

121. SEMECARPUS GARDNERI.

Badulla, S. Bede.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 322.

A small tree with finely furrowed grayish bark. Leaves

rather large, oblong-lanceolate, soft, bright green above, pale

below, with lateral veins prominently conspicuous below.

Leaf-stalk rather long. Flowers small, greenish-white.

A very common wet-forest tree up to about 1,500 feet, and

generally known for its poisonous bark, which will blister

the skin if the contained resinous juice is freshly applied.

The wood is light, pinkish-white, soft, and easily decaying.

It is sometimes used for tea box manufacture (by those

G 21-02

154 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

unacquainted with its bad qualities) but should be carefully

avoided for such purpose.

Suitable as an inferior firewood.

[Morawak Koralé, Ambegamuwa, Kandy. ]

122.—Nothopegia Colebrookiana.

Bala, 5S. Be.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 325.

A moderately large tree with thin greenish-gray bark,

frequently to be found on the banks of streams. Leaves rather

long, narrowly lanceolate, dull purplish when very young.

Flowers, small, on very short stalks, in axillary short racemes.

Very common in all the wet forests of both Provinces,

particularly so in the Nawadun and Kukulu Korales.

The wood isa pale yellow, smooth, heavy, and splits easily.

It is useful for mine props, posts for temporary buildings,

and rafters, but is not very durable.

[Up to 3,000 feet ; common. |

123.—CAMPNOSPERMA ZEYLANICUM.

Aridda, S. m@Sée.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 326.

A rather large tree with gray bark and long-spreading

surface roots.

Leaves generally crowded, rather long, ovate, tapering to

a short stalk, stiff, dark shining green above. Flowers

minute, in erect stiff axillary racemes, dull white.

A very abundant tree in the Ratnapura District, where in

places it is found growing gregariously, as for instance in

Bambarabotuwa. Common all round the base of the Peak

range from Pelmadulla to Kitulgalla. Occurs in the

Pasdun Koralé, especially at Pelawatta and Hewissa, but

disappears north of the Kelani river.

An idealtea box wood. Fairly hard, white, easily worked,

free from tainted smells, and moderately durable.

Weight, about 34 lb. per cubie foot.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. NaS)

124.—Spondias mangifera.

Embarella, 8. ¢S8adde; Ampuli, T. sory af.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 327.

A small tree with pale white smooth bark and long

pinnate leaves. The leaflets, generally about five pairs, are

ovate, with very beautiful horizontal close pellucid venation

and a conspicuous intra-marginal vein that runs round the

entire leaf. Deciduous.

Flowers small, in clusters on terminal panicles. Fruits

about the size and shape of an egg, smooth, exceedingly

milky, sometimes eaten.

Generally planted as a fence tree, and is fit for very little

else. Occurs in both Provinces up to about 2,000 feet.

The wood is very light, about 26 lb. per cubic foot, soft,

of a light gray colour.

Affords a gum. Leaves as well as fruit are acid.

[ Moist low-country ; common, often planted. |

LEGUMINOSE.

As might be naturally expected, this great Order is by far

the largest in our Flora, comprising as it does, according to

Trimen, “207 species, or nearly 7 per cent, of the whole.”

It is subdivided into three large Sub-orders: I. Papilion-

acese ; II, Ceesalpiniez ; and III. Mimosesx, according to the

primary distinguishing characters of the flowers.

Sub-family Papilionacez alone is divided into forty-seven

Genera, of which only a few yield timber, while many are

of use in other ways,

The Genera referred to are: Rothia, Heylandia, Crota-

laria, Parochetus, Indigofera, Psoralea, Mundulea, Tephrosia,

Sesbania, Zornia, Stylosanthes, Smithia, Alschynomene,

Ormocarpon, Hleiotis, Pyenospora, Pseudarthria, Uraria,

Alyssicarpus, Desmodium, Abrus, Shuteria, Dumasia,

Glycine, Teramnus, Mucuna, Erythrina, Strongylodon,

G 2

156 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). EVOL. 2eVaic

Galactia, Butea, Canavalia, Dioclea, Phaseolus, Vigna,

Clitoria, Dolichos, Atylosia, Dunbaria, Hriosema, Rhyn-

chosia, Flemingia, Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Pongamia, Derris,

Sophora, and Pericopsis.

125.—Hrythrina indica.

Hrabadu, 8. 66@¢; Mullu-murukku, T. qeres apmée.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 63. :

A moderately large tree with pale gray bark and prickly

twigs. Deciduous.

Leaves pinnately trifoliate, large, on short stalks, easily

detatched.

Flowers handsome, large, numerous, bright scarlet with

crimson keel and wings.

Fruit pods rather long, swelled, cylindrical, and braked.

Fairly common in the wet parts of both Provinces, but

usually asa hedge plant, and is rarely allowed to grow to

a full-sized tree.

Wood very light, about 18 lb. per cubic foot, but of little

value, the chief use of the plant being for live fences

and shade.

126.—Erythrina ovalifolia.

Yak-erabadu, 8S. awe&se.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vo]. II., p. 64.

A small tree much like the last, but distinguished easily by

the stem and branches being much scattered over with large

corky nodules terminating in sharp brown prickles. Flowers

very handsome, large, dark crimson, with purple keel and

wings. Seed pods very swelled, and coated with fine down.

Confined chiefly to the dry parts of the Provinces. Plenti-

ful in the lower part of the Kolonna Kérale and near old

abandoned villages.

Suitable only for shade and as an ornamental tree. Wood

very light and poor.

[Low-country, by banks of rivers and streams. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 157

127.—Piterocarpus Marsupium.

Gamalu, S. e8@; Venkai, T. Vaccranw,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IT., p. 90.

A moderately large tree, with broad spreading crown,

thick pale yellowish-gray bark, and smooth twigs. Leaves

rather large, pinnate, with alternate leaflets, about three

inches in length, somewhat bi-lobed at apex, with numerous,

conspicuous parallel veins. Flowers small, bright yellow,

in panicles. Seed pod nearly circular, “much curved

upwards,” with a winged base.

Occurs in Sabaragamuwa in the grass lands to the east

towards Uva, but not very abundant.

A mostvaluable wood, brown with dark streaks, handsome,

taking a fine polish. Very suitable for house-building,

furniture, panels, &c. Heavy, about 56 lb. per cubic

foot.

Affords the astringent known as “Kino,” used in medicine.

[Common about Nawalapitiya. ]

128.—Fongamia glabra.

Magul-karanda, S. S@g@ade.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 91.

A moderately large tree, with pale grayish or brownish-

gray thick bark.

Leaves imparipinnate (three or four pairs of leaflets and

one terminal), on thick stalks attached to a rather long

rachis. Thin.

Flowers small, pale pink or greenish-pink, sometimes

nearly white, in axillary racemes. Pod one-seeded.

Widely distributed and in places fairly common, apparent-

ly introduced. Extends up to 1,800 feet in Sabaragamuwa.

Often found on the bunds of old tanks in the dry districts,

but never far from water.

Wood rather hard, pale yellowish, little used. Suitable

for only very temporary work, as it is quickly destroyed

158 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CHYLON). LVoL. Seve:

by boring flies. Seeds afford a medicinal oil said to be used

in skin diseases.

[Low-country, especially near coast ; common. |

129.—PERICOPSIS MOONIANA,

Nedun, S. area.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 97, plate XXXTI.

A magnificent tree, often attaining an immense size.

Stems when young pale pinkish-brown, becoming a gray-

brown in old trees; rather thin. Leaves pinnate, but.

alternately arranged on a rather long rachis. When fresh

and crushed the leaves emit a rather offensive smell.

Flowers very handsome, dark purple, on stout stalks attached

to large often terminal panicles. Pod rather wide, with two

to six seeds of a dull red colour. 3

This valuable wood has a curious distribution for a water-

loving plant, but possibly owing to its great value it has in

places been exterminated.

Occurs in a wild state in the valley of the Kelani river

up to Kitulgalla, and occasionally in a few branches of that

stream. Again in the valley of the Kalu-ganga up to about

1,200 feet altitude, and in the larger branches of this river in

the Nawadun Korale. Once common in Hangomuwa

valley. No better property could be left as an inheritance

than a plantation of Nedun, as the tree runs the risk of

extermination.

The wood is particularly handsome, and is well known,

under its incorrectly pronounced name of “ Nandoon,” asa

common furniture timber, for which purpose it is in all

ways adapted.

Rather heavy. Weight, about 70 lb. per cubic foot.

I would add for the encouragement of those desirous of

preserving this most admirable wood that it is easily grown

from seed and moderately fast growing.

Its preservation is greatly to be desired, especially as it is

found in no other part of the world.

[Formerly common, but becoming rare. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 159

Sub-Order 11.—CGzsaipiniez.

This very large sub-division ot the Bean Family takes

up ten more Genera, which include several important

species,

The Genera are: Cesalpinia, Peltophorum, Mezoneurum,

Cassia, Cynometra, Dialium, Crudia, Saraca, Humboldtia,

and Bauhinia, all mostly trees.

130.—Peltophorum ferrugineum.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 101, plate XXXII.

A large tree with smooth grayish bark and rather large

heads. Leaves large, bipinnate, with minute leaflets that are

unequal-sided. Flowers very handsome, sometimes com-

pletely covering the tree with a rich golden yellow.

Only known in the Western Province and Kégalla as an

ornamental tree, for which purpose it is well suited.

Wood said to afford a black heart.

[ Trincomalee, Batticaloa, dry region ; rather rare. |

131.—Cassia Fistula.

Ehela, 8. ¢:a7r@; Tirrukondai, T. §@#O erence.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 103.

A small tree with smooth gray stem, becoming brownish

with old age. Leaves pinnate with rather large leaflets.

Flowers large in long hanging racemes, often starting from

moderately old twigs, bright golden yellow, often very pale.

Pods very long, often two feet, nearly cylindrical, of a bright

apple-green before drying. Seeds very abundant, enclosed in

a wax-like substance that is of use as a purgative.

A characteristic plant in the dry forests, and when in

full blooin one of the most beautiful. Abundant in all the

forests from the Walawe river to the base of the Rakwana

and Balangoda hills. Frequently cultivated for the sake

of its astringent bark.

160 JOURNAL, R.A.8, (CHYLON). [ Vou. XVIL.

Wood in old trees dark red, very hard, durable. Weight,

about 60 lb. per cubic foot. Suitable for buildings, rafters,

and posts.

132.—Cassia marginata.

Ratu-wa, S. 642>.

irim.Cey. Eten, vol. it..50.. 104"

A smallish tree with wide-spreading branches, brown,

much-furrowed bark.

Leaves pinnate, with leaflets about thirty in number, small,

with a distinct pointed apex, smooth above, slightly pubes-

cent below.

Flowers small, a beautiful salmon-pink, on rather long

racemes. Pods much shorter than last, with duller surface

before ripening.

Only in the dry forests towards the south-east of Sabara-

gamuwa; not as common as the last.

Wood pale brown, very hard, close, weighing about 60 Ib.

per cubic foot. Suitable for wheel spokes, or legs for

tables, as the heartwood is rarely large.

This is an abundant tree near Tisamahardma.

[Dry region ; very common. |

133.—Cassia auriculata.

Ranawara, S. dae.

Trim. Cey.:Flor., vol. II., p. 106, plate XX XIII.

A bush with many wide-spreading branches and smooth

brown bark. Leaves pinnate, closely arranged, with large

ear-shaped stipules. Leaflets about twenty-four, with

mucronate apex.

Fiowers large, bright yellow, in racemes generally crowded

at the ends of the branches, very conspicuous. Pod rather

papery and thin.

Found only in the dry districts, such as the lower part

of the Kolonna Koralé, where it is exceedingly abundant.

I record this species only for the sake ofits value, medici-

nally.

No. 53.--1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 161

The bark is rich in tannin, and the leaves are used by

natives as a remedy for fever, when it is drunk in the same

way as tea. The cultivation of this plant for the sake of the

bark is worth consideration.

[Common on coast from Ranna to Yale. ]

134.—Cassia siamea.

Wa, 8.29; Vakai, T. ares,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 108.

A small tree with dark bark and close head. Leaves

pinnate, with about ten pairs of rather long lanceolate leaflets,

- smooth above, rather waxy below.

Flowers light yellow, rather large, in large pyramidal

‘heads. Pod long, flat, with about twelve to fifteen seeds.

Occurs in both Provinces in the intermediate rainfall

zone. Plentiful in the valley of the Maha-ocya to the foot of

the Kadugannawa range.

A very handsome timber, the heartwood being a dark

brown beautifully mottled with cream colour. Moderately

hard. Weight, about 62 lb. per cubic foot.

At excellent wood for furniture, cabinet work, or picture

frames.

Affords a splendid fuel, and should be cultivated as a fuel

tree.

[Low-country to 2,000 feet. ]

135.—Cynometra heterophylla (?).

Gal-karanda, S. ag mcde.

Heim Cey. Mor: vol. 1.;'p. 111.

A rather small tree with pale brownish bark and round

head. Leaves usually in two pairs, with very unequally-

bladed leaflets. Flowers small, short-stalked, growing in

clusters. Pod singularly woody, with curious tortuous

groovings, somewhat kidney-shaped.

Common in wet forests near water, more particularly so in

the Pasdun Koralé.

162 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Wood hard, close, seemingly much charged with tanning,

pinkish-brown when freshly cut, becoming dull on seasoning.

Heavy, weight about 56 lb. per cubic foot. Suitable for

beams, struts, and posts.

136.—Saraca indica.

Diya-ratmal, S. GadsavOe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 114.

A small water-loving tree, with ruddy-brown bark and

spreading branches that terminate in drooping pale tassel-

like pinnate leaves. Leaves when mature stiff, smooth,

arranged in four or six pairs of variable length.

Flowers exceedingly handsomeand sweet-scented, growing

in dense heads. When freshly open the flowers are pale

yellow, passing with maturity to red ; very ornamenial.

Occasional, more abundant on the banks of streams in the

dry forests. Occurs in parts of the Kégalla District and

again towards Uva.

Wood reddish-brown, soft, not durable, about 958 lb.

weight per cubic foot.

Suitable for cabinet work. The whole plant is beautifully

ornamental.

[ By streams in forests of the drier regions. |

137.—Tamarindus indica (TAMARIND).

Siyambala, 8. 2e@e; Puli, T. yor.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 114.

This magnificent tree is too well known to require any

special description, as it is a familiar cultivated plant.

Some of the finest specimens in the Western Province are

to be found in the Railway Avenue at Maradana.

Wood yellowish-white, streaked with red, and oceasionally

in very old trees black-hearted, slightly mottled ; very close,

hard, smooth, and durable.

Well suited for large pieces of furniture, almirahs,

wardrobes, and the like. The wood isheavy, being from 70

to 80 lb. weight per cubic foot.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 163

The seeds, dried and reduced to powder, when mixed with

gum can be used forcementing purposes. The fruit affords

the well-known laxative medicine called ‘‘ Tamar Indien.”

Leaves acid.

138.—Humoboldiia laurifolia.

Gal-karanda, 8. a@ ace.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 115.

A small generally gregarious tree or undershrub, with

thin dark grayish-brown bark, terminating in drooping

branches. Leaves pinnate, on rather long rachis, rather

variable, according to size and situation of plant. Conspicu-

ous for the somewhat zig-zag manner of growth of the

young branches, which are almost invariably hollow near

their ends, the hollowed portion usually being in occupation

by ants. Flowers white, with pale pink calyx, in close erect

axillary racemes. Pod rather large and wide, flat.

Wood pale grayish-white, hard, close, but never attaining

a large size. Affords an excellent wood for warichchies.

Very common in all the wet forests up to 2,500 feet,

especially in the Ratnapura District and Sinha Raja forests.

139.— Bauhinia racemosa.

Mayila, S. ®@@e ; Addai, T. gror.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 116.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with rough much-cracked

and knotted dark bark and spreading branches. Leaves

small, bifid at the top, giving rather a winged aspect, as the

blades are broader than long, smooth, with distinct nerves.

Flowers small, pale yellow or yellowish-white. Pods long,

narrow, pendulous, flexible.

Very common in the dry forests, especially between

Maduwanwela and Tunkame in the Kolonna Korale.

Wood light brown, darker towards the centre of the tree,

rather hard, about 50 lb. weight per cubic foot, not durable.

Affords a strong inner bark suitable for coarse rope.

[Dry region ; very common. |

164 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). {Vou XVII.

Sub-Family 111.—Mimosez.

This sub-division is represented by seven Genera in Ceylon:

Neptunia, Entada, Adenanthera, Dichronione Acacia,

Albizzia, and Pithecolobium.

140.—Adenanthera pavonina.

Maditiya, 8. 9480; Anai-kundumani, T., 94200 @ oor O Loss .

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IT., p. 120.

A handsome quick-growing tree with smooth pale brown

or grayish-brown bark. Leaves bipinnate, large, wide-

spreading. Leaflets small, rather oval in outline, about twelve

in number on each division, alternate. Flowers crowded in

axillary spike-like racemes, small, yellowish-white.

Usually a cultivated tree, common in gardens in both

Provinces up to 1,500 feet in the wet districts. Wood

handsome pinkish-brown, close, even, easily worked.

Weight, about 41 1b. Well suited for ceiling boards, dadoes,

and light work such as cabinets. ‘

An excellent fuel and a good shade tree. The bright,

glossy, hard, scarlet seeds are well known, and are fre-

quently used as weights by silversmiths.

Carefully cultivated, the tree attains a considerable size

and will coppice well.

141.—Adenanthera bicolor,

Mas-mora, Kukuruman, S. ©&58:6, am6;9280.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I1., p. 120, plate XXXIV.

A small tree with pale gray bark and rather crowded

head. Leaves dull purplish along the rachis, with minute

leaflets on alternate short stalks. Hasily distinguished by

the seed being glossy black over its upper half, followed by

bright red, enclosed in thin long twisted papery pods.

Flowers greenish-pink, small, arranged as in the last.

Rather uncommon. Occurs in the Ratnapura District up

to 1,500 feet, but nowhere abundant.

Sie

No. 53.—1902. ] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 165

Wood moderately hard, but notin much esteem, asit rarely

attains any large size. Suitable for posts.

[Badulla, Mapalagama. |

142.—Dichrostachys cinerea.

Andara, 8. g¢a3¢6; Vidattal, T. digs gov.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 121.

A small thorny tree, with dark warm-brown bark,-closely

furrowed, and much branched. Leaves bipinnate, slender,

with very numerous minute leaflets. Flowers very beauti-

ful, hanging by long slender stalks not unlike miniature

Japanese lanterns, the colour being in barren flowers pale

pink, and yellow in fertile ones. Pods narrow, about three

inches long, dull brown.

Very common in the dry parts of the Province of Sabara-

eamuwa, towards the Southern Province, where it is more

abundant, especially near the coast.

One of the hardest woods in Ceylon, but unfortunately

rarely large. Dark red, close, tough to adegree, and destruc-

tive to katties. Weight, about 70 lb. per cubic foot.

Well suited for wheel work and tool handles.

[Dry region, very common, and in the most barren places. }

143.—Acacia Sundra.

Rat-kihiria, S. daiA8Se; Kodalimurufgai, T. Garuncds-

(LPURaCos,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 125.

A small tree with rather flat broad dome, dark bark, and

smooth purplish shoots. Leaves bipinnate, with a strong

gland between each pair of pinnz. Leaflets very numerous,

about thirty pairs, very minute.

Prickles rather hooked, black. Flowers small, in erect

axillary stalks, pinkish, sometimes pinkish-brown.

Very uncommon. I have found it below Tanjama and at

Molamure in Meda Koralé of the Province of Sabaragamuwa,

166 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). VOL. Vy ie

but it becomes more abundant towards Tisamaharama in

the Southern Province.

Wood very hard, especially the heartwood, dark red,

close, heavy, about 80 lb. per cubic foot. Very suitable for

turning, but is rarely of sufficient size for general purposes.

Affords an excellent yellow gum.

[Mannar, Vavuniya, Northern Province. |

144.—Albizzia odoratissima.

Suriamara, S. ¢95e2.; Pounaimurunkai, T. Que door

Ip HAM &

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I., p. 129.

A tall very ee tree with gray ronments bark.

Leaves bipinnate, rather large, lax, with a large solitary

gland at the base of the rachis. Leaflets rather scattered,

unequal-lobed, rather pale green.

Flowers very sweet-scented, white, in rather closely

packed terminal panicles.

Fairly abundant in the intermediate rainfail districts.

Occurs in the Hapitigam Koralé, much of Kégalla, and again

in the east of Sabaragamuwa, especially at Kolonna, and

close to Rakwana.

Affords an excellent timber for cabinets, door panels, or

for carving. Heartwood a pale shade of umber-brown,

tinged with cream colour, wavy, rather close. Weight,

26 lb. per cubic foot. This wood properly seasoned should

find a ready sale in Europe for veneering purposes.

145.—Albizzia stipulata.

Mara, S. @o&.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 129.

A large tree with thin gray bark and usually rather

unevenly formed crowns. LHasily distinguished by the large

foliar stipule, usually of a pinkish-orange colour. Leaves

large, bipinnate, with gland midway between base of rachis

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 167

and first pair of pinne. Leaflets very numerous,—about

forty pairs,—close, small.

Flowers with pink and white filaments, rather sweet-

scented.

A fairly common tree up to 3,000 feet, locally abundant.

Occurs at Balangoda, Morahella, Rakwana, and occasionally

in the Pasdun Kéralé. 7 .

A valuable shade tree, and affords a good timber for light

work, such as tea boxes, butis rather heavy. Weight, about

42 lb. per cubic foot. A very handsome brown wood, and

might take the place of Rosewood if properly worked up.

Yields a gum suitable for sizing.

146.—Pithecolobium bigeminum.

Kalatiya, S. a@So.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 132.

A small treé with pale smooth bark. Leaves bipinnate,

rather large, with large leaflets except the first pair, the last.

being much the largest. Flowers creamy-white, rather

tassel-like, in clusters on rather long panicles. Pod tong,

much curled, with rather large seeds, usually about eight

inches each. Evil smelling.

Very common in all the wet forests up to about 3,000 ft.,

but easily overlooked.

Very abundant near Rakwana and above Pelmadulla.

Wood soft, pale, easily decaying. Sometimes used for

rafters and wall-posts, but is an undesirable timber. Attains

no size.

RCSACEZ.

The Order is well represented in Ceylon by plants and

scrambling shrubs, and is composed of seven Genera: Py-

geum, Rubus, Potentilla, Alechemilla, Poterium, Agrimonia,

and Photinia.

168 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVIT. :

147.—PYGEUM ZEYLANICUM.

Unanu, S. 6a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 135.

A rather large tree with reddish-gray bark and very silky

buds. Leaves large, ovate, with two very distinct glands

near the base of the midrib. Flowers small, pale, creamy-

white, in axillary racemes.

Rather common in the wet forests of both Provinces, but

becomes more abundant in the valley of the Wé-oya, in

Yakdessa, where the tree attains a considerable size.

Wood close, yellowish, heavy, rather easily worked. :

Well suited for flooring boards, ceilings, rafters, &c. Seeds

when crushed smell like bruised peach leaves.

RHIZOPHORACEL.

The Mangrove Family is represented in Ceylon by six —

Genera, mostly trees, consisting of Rhizophora, Ceriops,

Bruguieria, Carallia, Weihea, and Anisophyllea.

148.—Rhizophora mucronata (MANGROVE).

Kadol, S. m@as@; Kandal, T. sere.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 151.

A rather large gregarious tree with numerous aérial roots

and dense glossy crown.

Leaves large, about five inches long, tapering to both ends,

with a conspicuous point at the apex; very glossy, stiff,

spotted on under surface with fine red dots. Thick, with

large interpetiolar deciduous stipules.

Flowers very uninteresting, four-petalled, pale yellow.

Fruits rather large, with the root of the future plant pro- —

truding to a considerable length before falling.

Occurs in brackish backwaters round the coast. Common

near Bentota and Negombo.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 169

Wood close, tough, hard, dark red, and heavy. Weight,

about 66 lb. per cubic foot. Well suited for ceiling boards

and ornamental work, though rarely used. An excellent

fuel. Barkrich in tanning, for which purpose the Dee oe

might be more extensively made use of.

R. Candeleria, a tree much resembling the above, but

smaller, is often found associated withit. The pointed apex

is less conspicuous. Like the last, it affords a good tanning

material.

[Salt water estuaries and backwaters round the whole

coast. |

149.— Bruguiera gymnorhiza.

- Kadol, 8. ava.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I1., p. 153.

_A small tree with pale stem, much marked on twigs with

sears of fallen leaves,

Leaves ovate, tapering at both ends, but not ending in a

distinct thorn-like point as in last, stiff, shining green on

both surfaces, with much enlarged midrib.

Flowers sometimes all yellow, often orange-red, very harsh

and woody calyx.

Fruits about the size of a large olive, glabrous, bright red,

with root emerging to some length before it falls.

Common in brackish water, and very abundant on the

Bentota river and Welipenna-ganga, and also in places round

_ the Negombo lake. Gregarious.

Wood very hard and darable, red, and capable of taking a

good polish, but never attains a large size. Suitable for

cabinet work. Usually found close to the last, in the south

of Ceylon. |

[Common all round the coast in Mangrove swamps. |

150.—Carallia integerrima.

Dawata, S. 628.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IL., p. 155.

H : 21-02

170 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (VoL. XVII.

A handsome tree, often attaining a considerable size and

much spread of head. Bark a pale brownish-gray. Often

sending out dense masses of aérial roots from the axils of

the larger branches.

Leaves about four inches long, ovate, very dark green on

upper surface, and often with somewhat recurved margins, on

short stalks.

Flowers small, very inconspicuous, pale white, on short

cymes.

Wood very handsome, pale yellowish-red, with oak-like

marking. Heavy, about 48 lb. per cubic foot, durable, but

liable to split, especially if not well seasoned.

Suitable for ornamental panels, eeilings, dadoes, door

frames, and cabinet fronts. Very useful for shingles, fairly

durable, and easily worked.

A common tree about Colombo, and often found in com-

pounds to bungalows.

151.—CARALLIA CALYCINA.

Ubberiya, 8S. Gc2eBea.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 195, plate XXXVI.

A very large tree with brownish-gray bark, closely

roughened by small compact nodular prominent points.

Branches very wide-spreading. Leaves small, ovate, broad,

stiff, pale green, smooth, dotted below, witb distinet parallel

veins. Stalks very short. Flowers small, with rather hand-

some feathery white petals on stout stalksin axillary cymes.

A rather rare tree, found only in the wet forests. It is

not uncommon in the Pasdun Koralé near the base of

Tittaweraluwakotta, extending through the Sinha Raja in

Sabaragamuwa. Also occurs in the Kuruwiti Koralé and

Peak forests.

Wood very handsome, dark red, with straw-coloured cross

silver grain as in Oak. Heavy (56 |b. per cubic foot),

durable, very easily split. Well suited for panels, ornamental

fronts, dadoes, ceilings, &c.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 171

152.—ANISOPHYLLEA ZEYLANICA.

Welipenna, Welipiyenna, S. Dd; @€@s,cSa00, 08a, Na.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 157. |

A medium-sized tree with gray bark when young, chang-

ing to brown with age.

Leaves very like cinnamon owing to the prominent five

nerves traversing the blade. A second series of scale-like

leaves also occurs on the young branches and in very young

plants, but these are not persistent. Flowers small, pale

greenish-white, in short racemes.

Common in all the wet forests of both Provinces up to a

considerable altitude, often nearly gregarious.

Wood pale grayish-brown, with very clear silvery medul-

lary rays, rather hard, easily split. Weight, about 45 Ib. per

cubic foot. A favourite wood for shingles, for which purpose

it is fairly suited. Suitable for ornamental wall-panels if

carefully varnished.

Mather inclined to splinter.

‘Toist low-country up to 3,000 feet ; rather common. |

COMBRETACEL.

A comparatively small Order in Ceylon, embracing some

of the largest trees and small climbing plants. It is

represented by five Genera: Terminalia, Anogeissus,

Lumnitzera, Combretum, and Gyrocarpus.

153.—Terminalia belerica.

Bulu, S. Qd; Tandai, T. saor ow.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 159.

_A very tall handsome erect tree, with dark brown much-

furrowed bark, and more or less large buttresses. Leaves

large, alternate, much clustered at the ends of branches, ovate,

rather abruptly pointed at apex, with pellucid venation and:

H 2

172 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVIT,

long petioles. Flowers polygamous, pale greenish, sweet-

_seented, in axillary racemes, often forming a terminal

panicle.

Found in both Provinces in the intermediate rainfall zones,

but rather more abundant in Sabaragamuwa, where it occurs

plentifully about Balangoda and eastwards towards the

Uva boundary.

Often found in grass lands.

Wood brownish or yellowish-gray, rather close-grained,

fairly hard, about 48 lb. per cubic foot, very subject to the

attacks of wood-boring insects. Suitable for rafters and

wall-plates if first tarred.

The fruits, which are rather large, afford a tanning matter,

and are used in native medicine. The seed-kernels afford

a hair oil according to Gamble, who adds that the leaves

have been used as an antiseptic for preserving sleepers.

[ Kurunégala. |

154.—Terminala chebula.

Aralu, 8. ed.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 159.

A rather small fete with thick grayish-brown bark and

spreading crown. Leaves broadly ovate or roundish, cordate

at base, thick, stiff, pubescent on both surfaces, conspicuously

short stalks, which carry two or four distinct glands below

the leaf-blades. Flowers small, pale greenish-white, in

terminal spikes or racemes. Fruit pendulous, rather like an

olive, with hard bony stone. ‘

Occurs only in Sabaragamuwa in the Meda and Kadawata

Koralés towards the east, but not very abundantly. Rather

common near Tanjama.

Wood hard, grayish-brown, slightly tinged with purplish,

close, durable, heavy.

Suitable for house-building, beams, &c., but not often

used. Is best known as affording the Gallnuts, or Myro-.

balans, of commerce, used in ink manufaciure, tanning, and.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 173

in medicine. For some years it afforded a large revenue to

f e °

the Forest Department in Uva, while in India it is a most

important source of income.

155.—TERMINALIA PARVIFLORA.

Hampalanda, S. ©©6ee.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 160.

A small tree with pale thin grayish bark that flakes off in

very large scales—hence the Sinhalese name, which means

bark-shedding. Leaves smallish, nearly opposite, ovate,

smooth, with short glandless stalks, Flowers yellow, very

small, in axillary and terminal spikes.

Fruits like small olives, coated with spots and blotches ;

stone hard, with deep fissures or grooves.

Rather common in the wet forests of both Provinces, but

not plentiful.

Occurs all through the valley of the Kalu-ganga and about

Kitulgalla and Yatiyantota.

Wood rather heavy, close-grained, even, of a handsome

reddish-brown colour in the centre of the tree. Not very

durable.

_ Suitable for flooring boards and ceilings, but should not

rest on moist ground.

[Ramboda, Ambegamuwa, Hantane. |

156.— Terminalia glabra.

| Zerminalia tomentosa, Gamble. }

Kumbuk, 8. ap@ 3; Marutu, T. o@ @.

A magnificent water-loving tree usually attaining an

immense size, with very thick pinkish-brown smooth bark,

flaking off in large pieces, when the fresh bark appears

sometimes a greenish-white. Usually with immense wing-

like buttresses and long spreading branches.

Leaves nearly opposite, rather variable in size, ovate or

oblong, on very short stalks, smooth, pale dull green, and

pellucid veins. Glands present below blade of leaf on stalk.

174 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Flowers small, close, on short terminal or axillary panicles.

Fruit like an almond in shape, very fibrous, with stone

having five hard filamentous wing-like prominences.

A characteristically river-side tree, particularly in the dry

zone, as for example on the banks of the Walawe river and

all its low-country branches.

Extends to 2,000 feet in Sabaragamuwa, and was probably

once abundant on the Kelani river.

Wood hard, umber-brown, with darker brown wavy shad-

ing, close, smooth, durable, about 62 lb. per cubic foot.

Very suitable for sleepers, bridge planks, beams, and other

heavy work, though sufficiently handsome to be used for

ornamental work, doors, cabinets, &c.

Affords a good tanning from the bark, and lime can also

be obtained therefrom.

One of the largest trees in Ceylon, but difficult to work in

consequence of the great waste in reducing the wood to

planks or beams.

157.—Anogeissus latifolia.

Dawu, 8. ¢8; Vekkalai, T. Qaze%o. |

Trim, Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 162.

A small gregarious very straight tree with smooth pale

white bark. Leaves nearly alternate, rather small, oblong-

ovate, rather rounded at base, pale bluish-green, with trans-

parent venation, attached to short leaf-stalks.

Flowers pale greenish, in close masses on slender stalks.

Fruits small, with winged edge.

Rather rare. Occurs in the open grass lands near the Uva

boundary and near Mulgama.

Wood hard, smooth, close, with purplish-brown heart-

wood. Sapwood very pale. Weight, about 65 lb. per cubic

foot.

An excellent wood for beams and wall-plates, but is apt to

split. Affords avery superior fuel or charcoal. Gum is

obtained from the stem, said to be used in cloth-printing.

[Haragama, Bintenna, Nilgalla; gregarious. ]

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 175

158.—Gyrocarpus Jacquint.

Hima, 8. 82 ; Tanakku, T. sora@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 165.

A medium-sized tree with smooth greenish-white bark

and very pubescent buds. Deciduous. Leaves rather large,

broadly ovate, smooth above, closely covered with stellate

hair below, conspicuously three-veined, and attached to long

slender stalks. Flowers creamy-white; males abundant,

females few, all on large terminal or sub-terminal cymes.

Fruit winged like a small Hora fruit, much wrinkled below,

finely coated with short hair.

‘Only found in the driest parts of Sabaragamuwa, in the

Kolonna Koralé, and towards Diyenna. |

- Wood pale grayish-white, very soft, and exceedingly light,

the weight being about 24 lb. per cubic foot. Very suitable

for floats, but for no other purpose.

[Southern Province, dry region. |

MYRTACEZ.

The Myrtle Family, while being a small one in point of

number of Genera, is very rich in endemic species, one genus

alone—Hugenia—having no less than twenty-six species

peculiar to the country. The Order consists of Rhodomyrtus,

Kugenia, Barringtonia, and Careya, exclusive of the semi-

wild well-known Guava (Psidium Guyava), introduced by

the Portuguese.

159.—Hugenia aquea.

Wal-jambu, 8. Oed€a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 169.

A moderate-sized tree, with smooth gray bark. Leaves of

variable size, often small, usually rounded, oval, stiff, smooth,

with fine black glands, on very short stiff stalks.

176 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Von. XVII.

Very handsome when freshly leaved, when the whole tree

crown assumes a pinkish-purple colour. Fruit rather large,

with a crown-like persistent calyx.

Very abundant in the wet forests of the Ratnapura District,

especially at Gilimale and Pohorabawa.

Wood dull ashy-gray, fibrous, close, but does not attain

a useful size. Suitable for posts and weather-boards. |

NoTe.—I omit description of inflorescence, as most of the

Kugenias have the same arrangement.

[| Between 2,000 and 5,000 feet ; common. |

160.—Hugenia spicata.

Maran, S. O9ds9,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 171.

A small tree generally with very much contorted stem.

Bark dark brown, deeply furrowed, and long slender twigs.

Leaves from two to five inches, generally narrowly lanceo-

late, rather like Ironwood leaves. Stalks very short:

When in fruit it is very conspicuous by its small pale-

white berries, which are readily eaten by birds.

Very common about Bilibul-oya in Sabaragamuwa, and

quite a characteristic tree in that neighbourhood. Also at

Boltumba.

Wood hard, heavy, brownish, but rarely used, as it is diffi-

eult to procure straight. An excellent fuel.

[Dry and intermediate country up to 2,000 feet. |

161.—EUGENIA SYLVESTRIS.

Alubéd, 8. aad.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I1., p. 175.

A large and handsome tree, easily recognized by its pale

papery bark that flakes off readily in rather large sheets.

Leaves large, oval or oblong-oval, shortly pointed at apex,

with distinctly recurved margin. Leaf-stalk about half an

inch.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 177

Very abundant in the Kalutara District, especially in the

valley ofthe Kalu-ganga. Occurs inthe Adam’s Peak forests |

and towards Kitulgalla.

Wood reddish-ash colour, smooth, very tough, and durable.

Much used in house-building for beams, rafters, posts,

and flooring.

[ Moist and intermediate low-couniry to 3,000 feet ; rather

common. |

162.—EKUGENIA NEESIANA.

Panukéra, 8S. 6a) a 0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 177.

_A rather large much-branched tree, with reddish bark

peeling off in small flakes.

Leaves rather small, lanceolate-oblong, rounded at base,

smooth on both surfaces, on very short stalks.

Very abundant in the Gilimale District, and more or less

so in the wet forests of both Provinces.

Timber brownish-gray, rather hard, wavy, fibrous, fairly

durable.

. Suitable for house-building beams but inclined to warp.

[ Moist low-country ; common. |

163.—Hugenia operculata.

Bata-damba, S. 98<@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I1., p. 179.

A large much-branched tree with thick pale grayish-brown

bark. Leaves rather large, ovate-lanceolate, with a few

conspicuous curved transparent lateral veins. Stiff, shining

green above, pale below, on stalks about half an inch long.

Fruits small, purple, spongy. Flowers creamy-white.

Widely distributed in the wet forests of both Provinces,

but rather more plentiful in the Ratnapura District.

Wood reddish-gray, wavy, close, rather hard, and very

suitable for house-building and wood spouting. Weight,

about 44 lb.

[ Moist region up to 4,000 feet ; common. |

178 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVIT.

164.—EHugenia Jambolana.

Maha-dan, S. ®w~eat; Naval, T. srae,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 179.

A very large handsome tree with very pale rough bark.

Young twigs and leaf-stalks pale dull pinkish.

Leaves abcut three inches, oblong, rather tapering to both

extremities, with numerous fine lateral veins and distinct

pellucid intramarginal vein. Light green above, rather

pale below, thin, rather aromatic in scent.

Timber reddish-gray, coarse, hard. Weight, 55 lb. per

cubic foot. Very durable in water. Suitable for beams,

piles, and heavy woodwork. The bark affords a strong

astringent tanning, and is used in native medicine.

165.— Barringtonia racemosa.

Diya-midella, S. éeaGecde.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 189.

A small water-loving tree with grayish-white bark and

large leaves, usually closely arranged at the ends of the

branches. Easily distinguished by its handsome flowers

depending on long lax racemes, frequently overhanging

pools and streams. The flowers are often dark crimson

with pale filaments, and sometimes crimson filaments with

creamy petals. :

Wood very soft, white, and of little value; said to be used

in house-building, but is scarcely adapted to such a purpose.

The bark is astringent, and is used in native medicine.

{Common near the coast on the shores of backwaters,

lakes, &c. | !

166.—Careya arborea (PATANA OAR).

Kahata, S. m@O; Kachadai, T. s#eon.,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 191.

A moderate-sized tree with dark brown thick rough bark

and rather short branches. Leaves large, ovate, rounded at

apex, much tapering towards the very short stalk; very

variable as regards length.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. Ife?

Flowers very conspicuous, large, with long pink filaments.

Fruits large, rather like a green mangosteen, smooth, and

crowned with persistent calyx.

A very common tree, especially in patanas and open land

up to 3,000 feet.

Occurs in both Provinces, but perhaps attains its largest

size near Arandara, in the Kégalla District.

Wood dull reddish-brown in the centre, paling towards

the bark, mottled, close, hard, durable. Weight,about 50 Ib.

per cubic foot.

Suitable for beams, house-building, bridge planking, or

piles. The bark is rich in tanning, and is used in medicine

for its astringent properties, and often applied in hoof

diseases in cattle.

Unfortunately the tree rarely attains a large size, or it

would be much in favour as a cabinet wood.

MELASTOMACEEZ.

This Order, which is largely represented by endemic

species, is mostly composed of small trees, shrubs, and herbs,

and is composed of six Genera, viz., Osbeckia, Melastoma,

Kendrickia, Sonerila, Medinilla, and Memecylon.*

167.—MEMECYLON ARNOTTIANUM.

Pinibaru, S. 8386;.

Trim. Cey, Flor., vol. II., p. 211.

A small stout bush with thin pale ashy-brown bark.

Leaves opposite, smail, broadly ovate, strongly three-nerved,.

on very short stalks. Flowers small, solitary or in twos,

with slender axillary stalks. Fruits like indigo-black peas.

*I feel some doubt respecting the correct identification of species

recorded, as this Genera appears to be somewhat involved and imperfectly

described. |

130 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Common in the Ratnapura District and in the Pasdun

iKOralé, rarely attaining any large size. Wood very hard,

close, brownish-gray, with fine grain. Well suited for tool

handles, but generally too small for other purposes.

168.—MEMECYLON ROSTRATUM (?) *

Kuratiya, 8S. ad8oa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 218.

A moderate-sized tree with many small branches and

reddish-brown bark. i

Leaves small, lanceolate, markedly tailed, and minute

stalk. Rather dark green above, paler on the margins. —

Flowers small, pale light blue, in umbels in axils of leaves.

Fruits very small, yellowish-green.

Occurs in the Héwagam Kéralé, at Barrawa forest, and |

in the valley of the Kelani, extending into the Kitulgalla

District, where it is rather more abundant.

Wood very hard, smooth, yellowish-brown, close, durable.

Very suitable for posts in house-building, but rarely attains

any great §1Ze.

[Hantane, Deltota, Medamahanuwara. |

LY THRAGEZE. |

The Order is composed of seven Genera: Ammannia,

Woodtordia, Pemphis, Lawsonia, Lagerstroemia, Sonneratia,

and Axinandra. |

169.—Lagerstremia Flos-regine.

Muruta, S. Yom.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 228.

*T purposely omit two more of this Genera, as they are rarely used for

any other purpose than for sticks and tool handles.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 181

A very handsome large deciduous tree, with usually rather

short trunk. Bark pale gray, smooth, often flaking off in

pieces.

Leaves opposite, rather large, variable in length, oblong-

oval, smooth, with conspicuous lateral veins, Stalks rather

short. )

Easily recognized by its handsome large flowers that often

cover the whole head of the tree. The flowers are usually

mauve or mauve-pink, often rose-pink and sometimes (at

Kitulgalla) white, and form large panicles.

Fairly common up to 1,500 feet, and often planted as an

ornamental tree. Abundant below Kadugannawa along the

railway line to Rambukkana.

Very common in the Kitulgalla valley and at Ratnapura.

Wood shining, light red, hard, close, and durable. Weight,

about 45 ib. per cubic foot.

An excellent timber, suitable for beams, joists, and heavy

work. Also used for oil casks.

170.—Sonneratia acida.

Kirilla, 8. €8e@ ; Kinnai, T Geto.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 230.

A small tree with rather pale grayish bark and spindly

head. Leaves oval or rather round, tapering to a very short

stalk, opposite, and rather thick. Flowers very handsome,

rose-red, large. Easily recognized by its large fruits, that

resemble shining green turnips, with a strong star-like

crown.

Abundant in salt swamps, where it is frequently found

associating with Mangroves. Common on the Bentota river

above Ittépana.

Wood grayish, soft, very even-grained, and light. Weight,

about 301b. Good fuel wood. The acid fruit ismuch eaten

by natives, who often expose it for sale at places on the

coast. !

[Tidal estuaries with Mangroves ; rather common. |

182 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

17].—AXINANDRA ZEYLANICA.

Kepun-miriya, 8. mgaseso.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. Il., p. 231.

A moderate-sized tree with straight pale grayish-brown

bark and short drooping branches. Leaves large, opposite.

on very short stalks, ovate-lanceolate, stiff, smooth, strongly

veined, with very distinct intramarginal vein. Flowers

greenish, small, in axillary or terminal racemes. Fruits very

curious, rather resembling an acorn, with a cuspidate head.

Not very common, but occurs sparingly in the Pasdun

Kéoralé, Kitulgalla, and in eastern Bambarabotuwa.

Wood pale dull ashen-gray, coarse, rather heavy. Not

much used. Suitable for mine props or rough temporary

work.

[Rayitunwella, Ambegamuwa, Southern Province, Nillo-

wakanda. |

SAMY DACEZ. |

A small Order represented by three Genera: Casearia,

Osmelia, and Homalium.

172.—Homalium zeylanicum.

Liyan, 8. @os.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. I1., p. 239.

A very erect handsome tree with pale brownish-gray bark,

ratherrough. leavesalternate, rather irregular in size, ovate,

tapering to base, shortly pointed, serrate, smooth, glossy,

with rather conspicuous veining. Stalk very short. Young

leaves a handsome purplish-pink, quickly turning green,

“except on veins below. Flowers pale greenish-whiie,

arranged in close clusters on hanging panicles.

Very common in the wet forests of both Provinces up

to 4,000 feet, often near water. ;

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 183

An excellent timber, light brown, darker in the heart-

wood, close, very durable. Weight, about 48 lb. per cubic

foot. Very suitable for house-building, beams, rafters, and

trusses.

[ Moist low-country ; rather common. |

DATISCACEZ.

A very smali Order, represented in Ceylon by the follow-

ing species only :—

173.—Tetrameles nudiflora.

Muguna, 8S. foo.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 265.

A gigantic tree with smooth pale greenish-gray bark, very

much buttressed, and widely branching. Leaves alternate,

large, ovate, cordate at base, pointed, rather dentate on margin,

smooth, bright green above, with soft prominent veining

below. Long leaf-stalks. Flowers without petals, closely

arranged in panicles near the ends of the branches, of a pale

yellow or greenish-yellow colour, most conspicuous when

the tree sheds its leaves.

Confined to the intermediate rainfall zone. Plentiful at

Rambukkana and at Maduwanwela.

Wood pale straw-white, with long brownstreaks, very ile)

Weight, about 231b. An excellent wood for tea boxes only.

[Ambegamuwa, Maha-oya, Batticaloa. |

CORNACEE.

A small Order of two Genera: Alangium and Mastixia.

174.—MASTIXIA TETRANDRA, var., Thwaitesit.

Diyataliya, 5S. 42a @>.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 287, plate XLVII.

184 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). -[VoL. X VIL.

A large tree with straight cylindrical trunk, pale gray

thick bark. Leaves alternate, about two inches, lanceolate-

ovate, tapering at base to a rather short-grooved stalk, rather

thick, smooth, very glossy above. Flowers minute, pale

green, in panicles sometimes attaining considerable length.

Very common in the wet forests of both Provinces,

especially in the valley of the Kalu-ganga and its branches.

Most common in Gilimale and Hratne, extending up to about

3,000 feet.

_ Wood yellowish-red, loose-grained, soft, heavy, about 46

lb. per cubic foot, readily split, not durable. In favour for

tea boxes, but unsuitable for other purposes. Affords a

fine, rather inflammable resin.

_ [Deltota, Ambegamuwa.]

RUBIAGEL.

One of our largest and most interesting Orders, contain-

ing trees of great size as well as minute prostrate herbs.

Both Coffee and Cinchona belong to this wide-spread Order :

that in Ceylon is represented by no less than forty-seven

Genera : Sarcocephalus, Anthocephalus, Adina, Stephegyne,

Nauclea, Uncaria, Wendlandia, Dentella, Neurocalyx, Alloe-

ophania, Fergusonia, Hedyotis, Oldenlandia, Anotis, Ophior-

rhiza, Musseenda, Acranthera, Leucocodon, Urophyllum,

Schizostigma, Webera, Byrsophyllum, Randia, Gardenia,

Nargedia, Scyphostachys, Diplospora, Scyphiphora, Guet-

tarda, Timonius, Dichilanthe, Knoxia, Canthium, Ixora,

Pavetta, Coffea, Morinda, Prismatomeris, Pyschotria,

Chasalia, Geophila, Lasianthus, Saprosma, Hydrophylax,

Spermacoce, Rubia, and Galium.

175.—Sarcocephalus cordatus.

Bakmi, Bakini, S. Met 8, 92353; Vammi, T. aw.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 292. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 185

A moderately large tree, with pale bark and twigs much

marked with scars of fallen leaves. Leaves large, broadly

ovate, cordate, with very conspicuous lateral veins and large

bud-enclosing stipules. Leaves dark green above, smooth,

much paler below. Stalks thick, about one inch, opposite.

Flowers pale yellow, placed in a close globose fleshy head,

often rather like a potato in appearance, terminal, on stout

stalk.

Rather common in the Western Province, where it is

generally found near water. Occurs in many parts of the

Kalutara District.

Wood turmeric-yellow, often bright yellow when fresh,

rather close, straight-grained, soft. Weight, about 38 Ib.

Suitable for tea boxes, panels, or ceilings.

The fruits are eaten by the natives,

[Low-country, in both moist and dry zones. |

176.—Anthocephalus Cadamba.

Ela-bakmi,S. ®2@826 ; Vellai-kadampa, T. Qq@erde sour,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 293.

A tall straight-stemmed tree with wide straight horizontal

branches. Bark smooth, pale white or grayish. Leaves

large, especially in young plants, opposite, ovate-oblong, acute

at apex, with many strong lateral veins, slightly hairy on

their under surfaces. Leaves pale green, rather glossy, with

rather long stalks and large stipules. Deciduous. Fast

erowing.

Flowers in spherical heads, closely packed, pale orange-

yellow, sweet-scented.

Fairly common in both Provinces, but more so in Sabara-

gamuwa, where it spreads up to 2,000 feet. Plentiful at

Gilimale, Kuruwita, and Madola.

Wood pale yellowish-gray, close, even-grained, soft, about

40 lb. per cubic foot. Suitable for tea boxes or very

temporary work, as the wood is not durable. Has been used

without success for sleepers.

I , 21-02

186 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

177.—Adina cordifolia.

Kolon, 8. es2o@ 29 ; Manchal-kadampa, T. wg@pFovsemour,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 293.

A large tree with rather thick furrowed soft grayish-brown

bark and wide branches. Deciduous. Leaves crowded at

ends of branches, rather large, broad, oval, and strongly

cordate at base; smooth above, rather finely hairy below, on

long stalks.

Flowers yellow, in heads, on long slender stalks, usually

axillary.

Very abundant in the dry forests between the foot of the

Rakwana hills and the Walawe river. The Kolonna Kéralé

—where this tree is abundant: ee its name from the

plant.

Wood hard, close, smooth, rather glossy, pale yellow, easily

worked. Weight, about 42 Ib.

Much used in building houses in the dry country, but is

seriously liable to attacks from the Carpenter-bee.

| Kurunégala. |

178.—Stephegyne parvifolia.

Helamba, S. ©@@; Chelampai, T. Qe¢au0u,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 294.

A smallish deciduous tree, with pale gray rather pitted

bark and numerous branches. Leaves about three inches

long, broadly ovate, rounded at base, smooth, clear green

above, with fine transparent veining. Stalks rather short,

opposite. Flowers in ball-like heads, yellow, with white

styles, sweet-smelling.

Fairly common in the dry forests of the Sabaragamuwa

Province, especially in the Kolonna Kéralé.

Wood brownish or pinkish-yellow, hard, close, durable,

about 42 lb. per cubic foot.

Suitable for rafters, wall-plates, and reepers, but quickly

rots if exposed to wet.

Used in India for furniture.

[ Trincomalee, Minneriya, Anurddhapura, Puttalam.]

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 187

179.— Wendlandia Notoniana.

Wana-idala, 5S. Daeee,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 297.

A rather small tree very much resembling Cinchona

officinalis, with dark red-brown furrowed freely -peeling bark

and short ascending branches. Leaves on rather long stalks,

moderately large, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to extremities,

finely pubescent below, conspicuously veined, and of a

fine purplish-pink when young. Flowers pale yellowish-

white, in rather large pyramidal terminal panicles.

Very common in all the wet forests of both Provinces up

to 5,000 feet, often found in chenas and abandoned land.

Wood red-brown, very hard, close, smooth, durable.

Weight, about 90 lb. per cubie foot.

An excellent wood for posts and rafters, but rarely attains

a large size. Resists white ants well, and takes a fine polish.

| 180.—Gardenia latifolia.

Galis, 5S. o@e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 332.

A small often bushy tree with thin smooth pale grayish

bark.

Leaves usually in threes and crowded at the ends of twigs.

Leaf buds always enclosed in a yellowish resinous waxy

endortop. Leaves large, oval, tapering at base, stiff, bright

green above, glossy, with very strongly marked parallel

. lateral veins.

Flowers large, very handsome, solitary, often pure white,

fading to yellow and later to dull orange-yellow, very sweet-

- scented. |

The wood is a very pale white, close, dense, even-grained,

hard, durable,and heavy ; weight, about 58 1b. per cubic foot ;

liable to crack, The timber is in much favour with the

natives for beds, as they, assert that it never harbours bugs !

Very suitable for scales, picture frames, or blind rods.

Common in the Kalutara District.

= ——

eee

188 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

181.—Timonius Jambosella.

Angana, 8S. eiia@eo.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 338.

A small tree with dull pale-brown bark. Leaves rather

variable in length, oval, tapering at both ends, smooth,

glossy above, with transparent veining. Stalks rather short.

Flowers small, ‘“‘ male on short spreading branches of cyme,

female solitary or three together,” pale yellow.

Very common in the wet forests of both Provinces, espe-

cially so in the valley of the Kalu-ganga above Namba-

pana.

Wood pale yellowish-white, rather hard, straight-grained,

but not durable.

Suitable for temporary buildings, pit props, and rafters. .

Does not attain sufficient size to be useful.

[Principally in the lower montane zone up to 6,000 feet. ]

182.—Canthiwm didymum.

Porowa-mara, S. ©896022a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 343.

A rather small tree with dark much-furrowed brown bark

and rather flat heads.

Leaves very variable in length, broadly lanceolate, acute

at apex, very smooth, shining above, bright green, paler

below, with few inconspicuous lateral veins and short

stalks. ee:

Flowers in loose corymbose cymes, white. Much subject

to large fruit-like galls.

Common in both Provinces, especially were there is

much slab-rock.

Wood grayish-white, very close- grained, even, hard, heavy,

but never very large.

Useful for handles to small tools or scales. Not generally

used by the natives.

[Low-country and up to 4,000 feet ; common. |]

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 189

183.—/xz0ra coccinea.

Ratmal, Ratambala, S. 6896, 6@@e@); Vechchi, T.

Cash.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II., p. 348.

A rather large shrub with dark bark and stiff twigs.

Leaves about three inches long, oblong or oval-oblong, dark

shining green, with pellucid veining and very short stalks.

Easily recognized by its brilliant red close-clustering flowers

so much used for table decorations.

Very common in both Provinces up to about 2,000 feet,

but never attaining a large size.

The wood is very hard, close-grained, tough, and durable,

of a pale brown colour, very suitable for roof warichchies,

but rarely of any length or size.

The leaves and bark are both used in medicine by the

natives.

[ Very common everywhere up to 2,000 feet. ]

ERICACEEL.

This Order, justly celebrated for its magnificent flowered

plants, is represented by only two Genera in Ceylon, viz.,

Gaultheria and Rhododendron.

184.—Rhododendron arboreum.

Maha-ratmal, 8. SPadwed.

Trim. Cey, Flor., vol. III., p. 63.

A small tree with generally very much twisted and

contorted stems. Bark dark gray, deeply furrowed, thick.

Leaves rather long, crowded, oblong, rather round at

base, pointed at apex, with usually recurved margin and thick

stalk. Upper surface smooth, under surface closely coated

with felt-like grayish hair. Flowers dark crimson, large,

bell-shaped, in short dense terminal heads.

190 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Confined to the highest hills over 5,000 feet. Abundant

and gregarious at the Horton Plainsand near summit of

Adam’s Peak.

Wood rather soft, reddish-brown, even-grained, about

42 lb. per cubie foot. Suitable for temporary work only.

Affords a good fuel.

SAPOTACEE.

This valuable Family of Guttapercha-yielding plants is

represented by six Genera, viz., Chrysophyllum, Sideroxylon,

Isonandra, Bassia, Palaquium, and Mimusops, ali of which

afford trees of more or less large size.

185.—Chrysophyllum Roxburg hii.

Lawulu, 8. @ 2.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 76.

A moderately large slender-stemmed tree with pale

smooth ashy bark.

Leaves rather long, lanceolate- sulone on short stalks,

shining green above, rather golden below, with very

abundant fine parallel veins and clear intramarginal vein.

Young buds and twigs densely pubescent. Flowers pale

greenish-white in rather large clusters. Fruits about 15 inch

in diameter, excessively milky, though eaten.

Widely distributed, but not common, in the wet forests

of both Provinces. Often found near streams.

Wood pale white, close, even-grained, rather hard, above

40 lb. per cubic foot, not very durable. Suitable for mine

props, wall-plates, and rafters.

[Moist region, up to 3,000 feet. |

186.—Lsonandra lanceolata.

Molpedda, S. ei ere.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 77.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 191

A tall erect tree with dark brown rather thick bark and

close heads. The leaves are of variable length, usually

about two inches, ovate or oblong, occasionally pointed at

the apex, more often rounded. Lateral veins few, and much

arched. Stalk short, alternate. Rather dark shining green

above, paler below. Flowers small, yellowish, in closely

packed axillary branches. Fruit scarlet, with solitary

smooth seed.

Not very abundant. Occurs in the Pasdun Koralé and

Sinha Raja forests, especially near Kokawita in the

Kukulu Koralé.

The wood is said to be very hard, heavy, and durable, and

valuable for timbering mines.

Yields gutta in small quantity.

187.—Bassia longifolia.

Mi, 8S. 8; Iluppai, T. @aqwcou.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. TII., p. 79.

A very large deciduous tree with thick grayish-yellow

bark and large heads. Leaves alternate, rather long,

lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, tapering at ex-

tremities, smooth, with rather fine pellucid veins. Stalks

about half an inch. 7

Flowers pale, greenish-yellow, fleshy, sweet to the taste

but disgusting in. smell, reminding one of mice. The

flowers are arranged on long drooping stalks in the axils of

the young leaves. Fruits rather long, pointed, with usually

solitary large seed. :

Very common in gardens, but occurs in a semi-wild

state in the dry parts of Meda, Atakalan, and Kolonna

Korales in Sabaragamuwa and in parts of the Western

Province.

Wood dull red-brown with wavy straw-coloured streaks,

close, hard, dense grain. Weight, about 62 lb. per cubic foot,

Suitable for heavy work, such,as beams, bridge planks

trusses, posts, and the like.

192 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Affords an oil prized by the natives for its medicinal and

other qualities, and also a useful oil-cake.

[Forests of dry region; common. Usualiy (? always)

planted. |

188.—BASSIA NERIIFOLIA,

Gan-mi, S. a8.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 80, plate LIX.

A conspicuously water-loving bush with dark hard bark

and very abundant twigs and short branches. Leaves long,

linear, tapering to very short stalk, smooth, rather glossy,

with rather inconspicuous veining. Flowers pale white,

sweet to the taste, in close clusters, hanging from ends of

branches by rather long tapering stalks.

Very abundant along the banks of streams and rivers in

the wet parts of both Provinces. Attains rathera large size

on the Maguru-ganga and Kukulu-ganga streams.

Wood pale dull red-brown, finely streaked, close, hard, and

durable, but not attaining a large size. Suitable for posts.

A very excellent fuel. Affords gutta, but in only minute

quantity. Weight, 47 lb. per cubic foot.

189.— BASSIA FULVA.

Wana-mi, 8. dad.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 81.

A rather large tree with thick brownish bark. Leaves

broadly ovate, slightly tapering to base, shortly pointed,

thick, prominently veined below, smooth in mature leaves,

very densely tomentous in young leaves, and attached to

thick tomentous stalks.

Flowers pale yellowish, in close clusters, growing from

knotty points in the axils of fallen leaves. Flower-stalks

about three times as long as leaf-stalks, tapering.

Very scarce. Occurs in Bambarabotuwa. Trimen records

it from Hewissa in the Western Province.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 193

Wood dark yellowish-brown, hard, close, dense, and heavy.

My specimens weigh 463 lb. per cubic foot. Suitable for

beams and trusses or heavy work generally.

190.—PALAQUIUM PETIOLARE.

Tawwenna, 8. 288,83.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 82.

A very large, tall, straight tree, buttressed at base, with thick

smooth grayish bark yielding gutta copiously.

Leaves about three inches, ovate, rather tapering at base,

bluntly pointed, stiff, dark, smooth, shining green above,

paler below, with distinct curved lateral veins of rather

S-like outline (reversed) on long slender stalks, rather

crowded at ends of branches.

Flowers pale pinkish, in clusters in axils of fallen leaves

on long rather leathery stalks.

Fruits rather globular, enclosed at base in persistent calyx

lobes. Seed solitary, brownish-black.

Occurs rather plentifully at Pelawatta and Hewissa in the

Pasdun Korale, and from Kitulgalla to Hratne in Sabara-

gamuwa. :

Wood dull red-brown, close, dense, hard, about 53 lb. per

cubic foot. Very durable. Useful for beams, mine planks,

and house-building.

The gutta from this species may be found suitable for .

cable-making, and it is desirable, in view of the demand for

that product, that this plant should receive special attention.

A single tree on which I operated gave three-quarters of a

pint of pure snow-white latex.

In Hratne I observed several trees with scars indicating

that they had been tapped by natives, probably for the same

purpose, as they take the latex of the Kiri-vel (Willughbeia

zeylanica), which see.

[Ambegamuwa. |

194 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVIT.

191.— PALAQUIUM GRANDE.

Kiri-himbiliya, S. B6&BEo.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 82.

A moderately large tree with thick brown bark yielding

gutta. Leaves very large, bright crimson-pink when freshly

open, becoming dark green with maturity.

Ovate, or roundish oval, tapering slightly to thick strong

stalk, bluntly pointed, stiff, with conspicuous lateral veins.

Pubescent when very young, to a slight extent. Flowers

pale white, in dense clusters, growing from nodular patches

in the axils of fallen leaves,

Fruit large, purplish-green, attached to very woody stalk,

enclosing six brown seeds.

Fairly common in all the very wet forests of both Provinces,

and generally near to water. Young plants have the stem

very grayish.

Wood heavy, red-brown, close, dense, durable. Suitable

for beams, rafters, and posts. Excellent wood for mine

props.

192.—Mimusops Elengt.

Munamal, S. ga®@; Mukalai, T. wpem.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IIL, p. 86.

A large erect tree, with close head and dark brownish

much-furrowed bark. Leaves rather large, oval, smooth,

shining dark green above, with many minute lateral veins

and rather long slender stems.

Flowers in bunches, placed in leaf axils on rather short

stalks, whitish-cream colour, with 24 petals, very sweet-

smelling. |

Occurs in the Western Province sparingly, near Alutgama,

and forest of the Pasdun Koralé West. Often cultivated.

The heartwood is dull red-brown with a pinkish tinge,

close, hard, very durable, heavy. Weight, about 52 to 60 1b.

per cubic foot.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 195

Timber excellent for house-building, beams, and other

weight-supporting purposes, durable.

The bark is astringent, and used in medicine by the

natives.

[ Rather common. }

193.—Mimusops hexandra.

Palu, S.-®; Palai, T. w7a.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 86,

A very large conspicuous tree with gray-brown deeply-

furrowed thick bark and few large main branches. Leaves

small, broad, oval, acute at base, rather bi-lobed at apex,

smooth, shortly stalked, with pellucid minute veining.

- Flowers pale yellow, with 18 petals, in leaf axils, numerous,

on short stalks.

A typically dry-zone tree. Abundant about Embilipitiya

in the Kolonna Koralé, extending along the Southern

Province boundary towards the Giruwa Pattuwa, and also

northwards to Diyenna. Not found wild in the Western

Province.

A magnificent timber, dark dull‘red, hard, very close,

tough, and durable. Weight, from 68 to 80 lb. per cubic

foot. An excellent wood for heavy work, beams, sleepers,

and posts; difficulttosaw. Fruits much relished by natives.

[Forests of dry region ; very common. |

EBENACEL.

This small Order is conspicuous for its ornamental woods,

and, as its name implies, embraces the world-famous Kbony

of commerce.

It is represented in Ceylon by two Genera only—Maba

and Diospyros—and 24 species, the majority of which are

endemic, but it is possible that while fresh species may be

yet added to those already known, some already regarded as

196 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

specific may be found to be only varieties. In view ofa

monumental work on the Ceylonese Hbenacez being already

in hand, under the exhaustive investigations carried on

by Mr. H. Wright of Péradeniya, I shall not refer to any but

the better-known species in this Paper, more especially

as in most cases native names are particularly unreliable

in the case of this Order. It frequently follows that the

presence or absence of the characteristically coloured heart-

wood in examples of this Family is sufficient to change its

local native name, and hence it is desirable to establish the

identity of each species by its anatomical characteristics—a

labour beyond the scope of this particular Paper.

194.—Maba buxifolia.

Kalu-habariliya, 8. adoa888e; Irumpalai, T. dqGwur %.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 89.

A bush-like tree with dark gray bark and many small

irregular branches.

Leaves usually small, ovate, with rather reflexed margin,

“often emarginate,’’ smooth shining green above, finely

veined below, on short alternate stalks. Flowers pale white,

in leaf axils, frequently solitary. Fruits small, rather glossy,

red.

A dry-country plant, extending on the east of Sabara-

gamuwa up to Rajawaka and Wikkiliya (1,400 feet altitude).

Very common near the Walawe east of Timbolketiya,

and again north of Rambukkana.

The wood is pale grayish, occasionally with black heart,

close, rather hard, durable. Suitable for posts, rafters, and

wall-plates. The fruits are eaten.

195.—Diospyros Embryopteris.

Timbiri, 8. 888; Panichchai, T. uaiéooe,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 93.

A small tree with dark, thick, fairly smooth bark, often

flaking off in large pieces. Branches rather wide-spreading.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 197

Leaves rather long, lanceolate-oblong, slightly tapering to

base, rather thick, with fine pellucid veining, attached

alternately by thick stalks about halfaninchlong. Surfaces

smooth, dark green above, rather shining. Flowers yellow,

slightly scented. Males rather small, rather crowded on

short racemose cymes. Female flowers solitary,trather large,

on short stalks. Fruit about three inches in diameter, seated

on a stiff star-like cup, usually coated all over with fine

salmon-pink mealy scurf, especially conspicuous when

young.

Fairly common, but much more so in the dry forests by

the banks of streams.

Wood pale grayish-white, close, rather hard, durable.

Suitable for rafters and wall-plates. Weight, about 50 lb.

per cubic foot. }

_ he fruits when unripe'afford an astringent used in

medicine ; used also as a preservative tan for fishing nets.

The seeds contain a medicinal oil.

196.—Diospyros Hbenum (KBONY).

Kaluwara, S. m@06 ; Karunkali, T. s@mane.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IIL., p. 94.

A large handsome tree with broad domed head, dark gray

bark, with many fine longitudinal black streaks and cracks.

Leaves very variable in size, usually about three inches

long, oblong-oval, abundant, shining green above, much

paler below, with conspicuous net-like pellucid veining, on

short alternate leaf-stalks. :

Flowers male and female, white or yellowish; male flowers

in very short-stalked clusters, small ; females solitary, with

strong green calyx that persists and falls with the fruit.

Fruits rather small, rather globular, smooth, dull green.

Occurs in both Provinces, but is rather scarce in the

Western, where it occurs in the Hapitigam and Pasdun

_ Kéralés. Much more abundant in the dry and intermediate

' gones. Plentiful in the rocky country near Galpaya,

198 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

spreading into the Meda and Kolonna Koralés up to 2,000

feet altitude. |

The glossy jet-black heartwood requires little description,

as it is so generally known in someform. The wood is very

dense, close, hard, and durable. Weight—of heartwood,

for the sapwood is useless—rather variable, ranging from

71 to 76 lb. per cubic foot.

It is largely exported from Ceylon, and in that respect is

our most valuable timber, its chief use being for furniture,

piano keys, inlaying and ornamental work, &c.

I am indebted to Captain Gillam, the Superintendent of

the Central Timber Depot, for the following statistics showing

the value of Ebony sold in Colombo since 1892 :—

uantity. Value.

Year. ee cee ec:

1892 BAS 200 hts 32,595 17

1893 aise 334 ats A4,744 51

1894 Ses 320 aoe 33,715 53

1895 ais 445 Ba 53,841 97

1896 ae DOD Sike 34,292 11

1897 nee 162 aa 18,259 60

1898 ea 348 on 43,704 56

1899 ae 521 ae 73,143 27

1900 ae 583 aes G2 922095

1901 an 577 soe 74,029 38

Total ... 3,742 dee 501,249 5

197.—Diospyros quesita (CALAMANDER).

Kalumediriya, 8. m@®7é6c.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 97.

A rather large tree, sometimes attaining 40 feet of clear

stem. Bark dark blackish-gray, sometimes with a bluish

tinge, with straight shallow longitudinal furrows.

Leaves about four and a half inches long, oblong-ovate,

rather pointed at base, tapering at apex, where it is bluntly

pointed; rather thick, smooth, dark shining green above,

pale below, often much spotted with lichenous growths.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 199

Lateral veins minute, very fine. Stalks alternate, rather flat

and short, quickly detatching when dry.

Flowers (female) solitary or in pairs in axils of twigs and

leaves, pale greenish-white, on stout stalks. Male not seen.

Fruits large, pale bluish-green when ripe, seated on large

woody calyx lobes. Seeds rather large, flatly convex,

ovoid in outline, dark shining brownish-black. |

The distribution of the famous Calamander wood is very

restricted. It occurs in Yagirella forest, Hewissa, and

across into the Sinha Raja forest on both slopes of the

dividing range that separates the Western from the Sabara-

gamuwa Province. It isfound at Karawita and in the Pannil

Pattuwa of the Atakalan Korale, but is nowhere common, and

is likely to become extinct, especially as it is an indigenous

_ species, with distinct male and female trees.

The wood is the most beautiful of our ornamental timbers,

being a pale purplish-brown, closely streaked with deep

blackish-brown shades of varying intensity of colour. It

takes an ivory-like polishof brilliant lustre, and is

unrivalled asa cabinet wood. Weight, about 54 1b. per cubic

foot. |

A very slow-growing plant, and probably requiring very

special conditions to secure its survival.

198.—Diospyros insignis.

Porowamalla, S. e6.6G@DOcGe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 100.

A rather small slender straight-stemmed tree with grayish

bark often much streaked with black, thin, with rather

papery scales flaking off. Leaves large, often—in young

specimens—14 inches long, lanceolate-ovate, rather rounded

(sometimes acute) at base, on very short alternate stalks.

Lateral veins very conspicuous, and closely connected with

nearly parallel nerves. Flowers on very short stalks, white ;

males in crowded branches often on old twigs ; females lerger

than males and usually solitary, white.

200 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Fruits rather large, enclosed in very thick woody cupule or

enlarged calyx. Hard, often with marked depression round

apex.

Wood pale yellowish, with—in large trees—a small black

heartwood like Ebony.

In much favour for mine posts. Common in all the wet

forests of both Provinces below 2,000 feet, and often in

chenas. ‘

[ Kottowa, near Galle. ]

STYRAGEZ.

This Order contains but one Genus in Ceylon—Symplocos

—most of which are small trees or shrubs. Seventeen out

of nineteen of this Genera are endemic, while all belong to

the wet forests.

199.—Symplocos spicata.

Bémbu, 8. o@3@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II1., p. 104.

A small tree with pale gray thin bark, smooth, with

conspicuous leaf-scars.

Leaves alternate, four to six inches, oval-lanceolate, taper-

ing to apex at base, slightly serrate, smooth glossy green

above, with rather stout grooved stalk and pellucid veins.

Flowers white, in loose branched panicles; very common

in all the wet forests up to very high altitudes, often locally

extra abundant, as for example near Balangoda and at

Bibiligama.

Wood pale yellowish-white, soft, easily worked, suitable

for picture frames; light. This plant has the credit of being

destructive to tea, but the evidence on the point is

inconclusive.

200.—SYMPLOCOS CORONATA,

Ugudu-hal, 8. cq@gQee.

Trim. Cey. Hlor.,; vol. 1Il.,.p. wit.

No. 93.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 201

A small rather erect tree with stout twigs and rather thick

grayish bark.

Leaves crowded, on short thick stalks, large, about twelve

inches, oblong, smooth above, with prominent veining below,

coated with reddish pubescence. Flowers pink-white,

in rather dense spikes, with a conspicuously pubescent

calyx. :

Occasional in the very wet forests up to 3,000 feet. Occurs

in the Peak forests, Kitulgalla, and Bambarabotuwa.

The wood is pale straw-white, light, easily split. Suitable

for tea boxes and the like.

OLEACEL.

This Order, which includes the well-known Jasmine, is

represented by four Genera: Jasminum, Linociera, Olea,

and Ligustrum.

201.—LINOCIERA PURPUREA.

Gerieta, S. emS¢q,O ; Kaddmuruchan, T. s*-CGqnyése,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 116.

A moderate-sized tree, with grayish-white smooth rather

thin bark and rather bushy head. Leaves opposite, about

three inches long, ovate, tapering to base, often rounded at

apex, rather stiff, smooth, with indistinct veining. Flowers

white, on short stalks, in axillary cymes.

Occasional; occurs in both Provinces on the borders of

the drier districts.

The wood is a pale brownish-white, sometimes streaked

with darker brown, close, smooth, even, rather heavy, 59 lb.

per cubic foot.

Suitable for sash bars, brackets, and picture frames.

K 21-02

202 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). © [Von, XVII.

APOC YNAGEZ.

This large Order is well represented in Ceylon, more

particularly so in the wet low-country. |

Many examples are climbing plants, the first of which

affords an abundant flow of latex. .

The Order consists of nineteen Genera: Willughbeia,

Carissa, Rauvolfia, Alyxia, Hunteria, Cerbera, Ochrosia, Vinca,

Holarrhena, Tabernemontana, Alstonia, Parsonsia, Vallaris,

Wrightia, Chonemorpha, Aganosma, Baissea, Anodendron,

and Ichnocarpus.

202.—WILLUGHBEIA ZEYLANICA.

Kiri-vel, S. &8a.e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 123.

A very large stout creeper, with dark purplish-brown

smooth bark. Leaves opposite, about three inches, ovate,

tapering to base, rather pointed at apex, smooth, with close

parallel lateral veins, rather short stalked.

Flowers rather large, yellowish, conspicuous. Fruit large,

nearly round, smooth, reddish-pink.

Affords an abundant supply of free-flowing pure white

caoutchouc that is used by the natives in the process called

“ Boku-gévima’”’ (@@2—@xS9), which consists of mixing

this latex with the wood resin of Dipterocarpus glandulosus,

and smearing the same over growing paddy so as to catch

Hymenopterous insects, so often destructive to rice.

Very common in all the wet forests of both Provinces,

and specially so along the foot of the Peak range and in the

Sinha Raja forests.

[Forests of the moist region ; rather common. |

203.—Cerbera Odollam.

Gon-kaduru, 8S, oe se ¢57.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 128.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 203

A small tree with pale bark and rather dense head.

Leaves alternate, rather crowded towards ends of branches,

about eight to ten inches, lanceolate, rather tapering to base,

abruptly pointed, smooth, shining, milky, with many

transparent lateral veins “connected with intramarginal

one.”

Flowers large, white, often used as a table decoration,

arranged in rather large flat-topped panicles. Fruits large,

nearly round, smooth, green, often turning pinkish before

falling.

Common in the Western Province near water, and fre-

quently usedasa hedge plant. Often called “Adam’s Apple.”

Wood soft, light, about 22 1b. per cubic foot; of little value

except as a hedge plant. The juice of the plant is acrid,

and the seeds highly poisonous.

[Chiefly near the sea ; very common. |

204.—HOLARRHENA MITIS.

Kiri-vella, 8. A&Sa de.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 131.

A small graceful tree with pale white bark and ioonne

branches. Leaves opposite, about four inches long, lanceo-

late or narrowly oblong, tapering to both ends, thin, with

curved lateral transparent veins and short stalks.

Flowers very graceful, snow-white, sweet-smelling,

arranged in loose paniculate cymes.

Rather uncommon; occurs near Mirigama and in

parts of the Pasdun Koralé, and in the wet forests near

‘Kitulgalla. |

Wood pale white, with a yellowish tinge, light, about

36 lb. per cubic foot, smooth, close-grained. Suitable for

ornamental work, fretwork, &c.

The bark is used in native medicine for fever and

dysentery.

[Sigiriya, Dimbula-gala (Gunner’s Quoin), Eastern Pro-

vince. |

K 2

204 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

205.— Taberneemonitana dichotoma (EVE’S APPLE).

Divi-kaduru, S. €S ¢c:.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 132.

A small tree with grayish bark and very milky twigs.

Leaves large, about six to eight inches, opposite, ovate-oblong,

tapering at base, stiff, with strong lateral veins, conspicuous

below, attached to stout midrib. Leaf-stalk thick, about an

inch long. Whole leaf dark green Ove milky when

broken across.

Flowers large, handsome, white with yellowish throat,

usually in axils of terminal leaves and arranged in long

cymes.

Common in the wet forests of both Provinces, but rather —

more abundant in the Ratnapura District up to Balangoda

(1,500 feet). Conspicuous by its curious pendulous double-

crescent shaped orange-coloured fruits.

The wood is pale white, rather close-grained, easily worked,

and is used for making devil-dancers’ masks, as it is easily

earved. The bark is used in medicine.

206.—Alstonia scholaris.

Ruk-attana, 8S. djetestas ; Lliyappalai, T. Q@Mwourd.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 133.

A large erect tree with pale eray rather rough bark.

Leaves in clusters (whorles) at ends of branches, about six

inches long, oblong,tapering to base, rounded at apex, smooth, ~

dark glossy green above, paler below, with a whitish dust-

like coating.

Leaf-stalk short, with a conspicuous “hooked fleshy

process on the upper surface at the base.”

Flowers pale greenish-white, in small clustering cymes.

Seeds in long tapering slender follicles.

Very common in both Provinces up to about 4,000 feet,

but chiefly in the wet and intermediate zones.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 205

The wood is pale yellowish-white, very soft, rather footid

when newly cut, quickly decaying. In much demand for

coffins, tea boxes, and picture-backing. Weight, 25 lb. per

eubic foot. The bark affords an astringent tonic.

[Low-country, up to 3,000 feet ; common. |

ASCLEPIADEE.

This large Order is chiefly composed of medicinal plants,

nearly all of which are creepers or shrubs. It can hardly be

included in detail in a Paper of the nature to which this

applies, but special reference is made to the following two,

in consequence of their value as medical drugs.

207.—Hemidesmus indicus.

Iramusu, 8. 6M ; Nannari, T. sa @ti.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 144.

A creeping plant, usually prostrate, with (usually) narrow

lanceolate or linear opposite leaves, dark above, with central

portion prettily motiled with irregular silvery-gray ane:

Leaf-stalks very short.

Very common in the dry parts of both Provinces, especially

in open ground and on roadsides.

The root (Indian Sarsaparilla) is used as a blood purifier,

and is much prized for this purpose. |

[ Low-country up to 2,500 feet ; commonin grassy places. |

208.—Calotropis gigantea.

Wara, 8. Odo; Irukali, T. Qaqereld.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 148.

A shrub with yellowish-white bark, rarely attaining a

large size. Leaves opposite, large, oblong-oval, thick, pale

_ green, often covered with fine tomentum. Stalks very short,

206 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVIT.

almost absent. Flowers large, pale violet within, greenish

outside. Fruits conspicuous, about four inches, rather

crumpled, and containing a beautiful floss-like hair attached

to the seeds.

Very common in waste ground in both Provinces, but

more so in the intermediate zone. Found abundantly from

Balangoda to Pelmadulla, and again between Pallévela and

Wellawa in the Atakalan Koralé.

The root-bark is used as a tonic, and the milk is given in

leprosy. Affords a magnificent fibre, worthy of more con-

sideration than it receives.

The wood supplies a very fine charcoal.

_ Besides the foregoing two better-known species, the Order

contains twenty more Genera, viz., Cryptolepis, Secamone,

Toxocarpus, Oxystelma, Pentatropis, Demia, Holostemma, |

Cynanchum, Sarcostemma, Gymnema, Marsdenia, Tylophora,

Cosmostigma, Dregea, Dischidia, Hoya, Heterostemma,

Leptadenia, Ceropegia, and Caralluma.

LOGANIAGEZ.

The Order is represented by four Generain Ceylon : Mitra-

sacme, Fagreea, Strychnos, and Gaertnera.

209.—Strychnos Nux-vomica.

Goda-kaduru, S. emaasedz ; Kafichurai, T. er@eons.

Trim. Cey. Flor,, vol. III., p. 175.

A small erect tree, with rather large head, pale brownish-

yellow bark, smooth.

Leaves opposite, about four inches long, broadly ovate,

rounded at base, distinctly five-nerved, smooth, thin, with fine

reticulate veining. lLeaf-stalk about half an inch. Flowers

pale greenish-white. Fruits about one and a half ineh in

diameter, orange-red, containing circular button-like seeds

of a silvery-gray colour.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 207

Fairly common in the dry parts of the Province of

Sabaragamuwa, especially towards the North-Western

Province boundary, and again from Kaltota to Tunkame.

Occurs near Ambepussa in the Western Province.

Wood hard, brownish-gray, close-grained, but splits freely.

Weight, about 60 lb.; suitable for cabinet work.

The seeds yield the well-known alkaloid Strychnine, or

Nux-vomica of medicine.

The bark is said to be useful in skin diseases, and affords

a good tonic.

{ Forests of dry region ; common. |

210.—Strychnos potatorum.

Ingini, S. @8&.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 176.

A small rather shrubby tree, with dark gray corky bark,

often much grooved. Leaves opposite, on very close short

stalks, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to rather

pointed apex. Smooth, rather glossy. Nerves three, some-

times five, starting from lower end of midrib.

Flowers minute, in axillary cymes, white,

Fruits small, nearly black, with one or two yellowish

shining circular seeds.

Rare. Occurs near Ambepussa and north of Rambukkana.

Wood yellowish-gray, smooth, close-grained, durable, used

for cart frames.

The seeds, when rubbed against the insides of pots or jars,

cause muddy water to precipitate, and are often used for

this purpose where clear water is scarce.

(Dambulla, Uma-oya, Trincomalee, Bibili, Kurunégala. ]

BIGNONIAGEZ.

This Order is represented by three Genera in Ceylon, all

possessed of more or lessshowy flowers. They are Oroxylum,

Dolichandrone, and Stereospermum.

208 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

211.—Oroxylum indicum. .

Totila, S. emde.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 281.

A moderate-sized tree, with pale yellowish bark, much

scarred with the marks of the large fallen leaves.

Leaves very large, opposite, with rachis often five feet long, —

much swelled at base, and branching into many leaflets.

Flowers large, reddish-purple outside, pale yellowish

within, arranged on long: erect racemes. Fruits very

conspicuous, sword-shaped, often two feet long by about

three inches wide, flat on both sides.

Common in both Provinces, but appears to have been

introduced. Very common in Kégalla District, especially

in the Maha-oya valley.

The wood is yellowish-white, soft, light weight, about

28 lb. per cubic foot; of little use except for lining insect- ~

collecting boxes.

The seeds, which look like wafers, surrounded by a large

papery zone, are said to be used in hat-making. The bark

and fruit both afford a dye, and the former ground up is

valuable-as a cure for sore-back in horses.

[ Moist low-country below 2,000 feet ; common. |

212.—Stereospermum chelonioides.

Lunu-madala, Dunu-madala, 8. dQ®ee, ¢qQ®@e; Padri,

T. OD ape,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 283.

A rather large tree with thick rough bark of a yellowish-

brown colour. Deciduous. Leaves rather long, imparipin-

nate, swelled at base, grooved above. Leaflets two or three

pairs and one terminal, oval, rounded at base, finely tapering

to apex, smooth, stiff, fine pellucid veining. Stalks short.

Flowers handsome, pale creamy -pink,veined,with purplish-

red lines and stains, arranged in loose drooping panicles.

Fairly plentiful in the Kalutara District, and extending

sparingly into Sabaragamuwa up to the Balangoda District.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 209

The wood is dark gray, hard, frequently motiled with a

resinous substance, rather heavy, about 50 lb. per cubic foot.

Suitable for flooring boards and furniture. Is used for boat-

making.

Affords a medicinal bark.

VERBENACEL.

This very valuable Order of plants is represented in this

Island by thirteen Genera: Lantana, Lippia, Bouchea, Stachy-

tarpheta, Priva, Callicarpa, _Premna, Gmelina, Vitex,

‘Clerodendron, Glossocarya, Symphorema, and Avicennia,

It seems superfluous to add that Teak (Tectona grandis),

that king of all tropical building woods, isa member of this

Order. It was introduced into Ceylon probably in the time

of the Dutch, and has been cultivated in various parts of the

Island up to 2,000 feet altitude, but nowhere is it wild

in Ceylon. Our Teak weighs from 42 to 50 Ib. per cubic

foot, as compared with the following :—

Travancore Teak ... ee Ae lios

Malabar Teak see s5o BI Moe Ado 4H) llloy

Moulmein Teak ... ..» 42 1b. to 50 lb.

Mysore Teak 500 .. 43 Ib.

Pegu Teak ae ... 46 |b.

North Kanara Teak Sho! OBS) oe

South Kanara Teak -.- 46 Ib.

213.—Premna serratifolia.

Midi, 8. 68 ; Erumaimulli, T. erammw qnevev.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 352.

A small shrubby tree, with yellowish-brown thin bark and

bushy heads. Leaves opposite, about three inches long,

broad, oval, acute at base, often rounded, smooth, slightly

serrate in upper half of the leaf, rather foetid in odour

when bruised. Flowers yellowish-green, in dense flat-topped

panicles. Fruits small.

210 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Not very common ; occasionally found in gardens, but

chiefly in the drier parts of the Province of Sabaragamuwa.

The wood is pale grayish-white, smooth, rather hard.

Suitable for ornamental work, small panels, &c. 3

The root is said to be of medicinal value as a specific for

colic.

[Dry region ; common. ]

214,.—Premna tomentosa.

Bu-séru, Réru, 8. Qoeddz, oSc, ; Kollukkuddi, T. decr@sé

Gry. |

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 352.

A small deciduous tree, with thin papery yellowish-gray |

bark peeling off inlong flakes. Twigs coated with yellowish

woolly hair. Leaves large, opposite, about six inches long,

rounded ornearly cordate at base, covered when immature

with woolly hair, extending to a rather long stalk.

Flowers dull yellow, in close cymes, also woolly hairy.

A characteristically dry-zone plant, rather rare in the

Western Province, but plentiful in Kégalla towards the

North-Western Province, and in all the dry country east of

Balangoda to the foot of the Rakwana hills.

The wood is light brown in colour, smooth, close, even-

grained, taking a good polish. Weight, about 50 lb. per

cubic foot. Suitable for rafters, but rarely attains a large

Size,

215.—Gmelina arborea.

Hit-demata, S. ¢zav@eSd..

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 355.

A rather large deciduous tree with rather thin smooth

grayish-yellow bark and spreading branches. Leaves

opposite, large, about seven inches, broadly ovate, rounded at

base, acute at apex, smooth above, thickly coated below with

white woolly pubescence. Two large glandular pits occur

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 211

at the base of the leaf below the last pair of veins. Leaf-

stalks long.

Flowers large, the upper lobes being a pinkish-orange,

with one yellow lobe appearing with the fresh leaves.

Calyx segments five.

Not uncommon ; frequently found in a semi-cultivated

state in both Provinces up to 3,000 feet. Common near

Yatiyantota. Absent in the dry zone. ;

The wood is yellowish, often grayish-white, smooth,

glossy, even-grained, fairly durable, about 30 lb. per cubic

foot. Suitable for windows, panels, and dadoes.

Both bark and fruit used medicinally.

{Moist region up to 5,000 feet. ]

216.—Gmelina asiatica.

Demata, 8S. e¢®O ; Kumil, T, ge.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 355.

A bush, with yellowish-white or pale brown bark, much

branched, often spinous. |

Leaves very small, ovate, acute at base, smooth on both

sides, dotted beneath with glandular spots. Stalks very

short, rarely exceeding halfan inch. Flowers large, bright

yellow, arranged interminal racemes. Calyx segments four.

Rather common, and frequently found cultivated in native

gardens in both Provinces for the sake of its medicinal roots

and bark.

‘The wood rarely attains sufficient size for general use,

but it is suitable for turning. It is close, even-grained, and

polishes well.

217.— Vitex Negundo.

Nil-nika, S. 8@&Bea ; Vennochchi, T. Baer seneh:

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 357.

A small Mchiler tree, with finely pubescent twigs and

branches. Leaves palmate, in three or five lobes, the lowest

212 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

being shortly stalked, and the upper distinctly so. Leaflets

narrowly lanceolate, finely tapering to end, and covered

below with a dusty pubescence. Flowers small, lilac

coloured, arranged in terminal panicles.

Very common in certain places, but not generally distri-

buted. Occurs by the sides of streams gregariously in the

dry and intermediate zones. Very abundant between

_Mawanella and Arandyaka in the Kégalla District, and at

Madampe in Atakalan Korale.

The slender young twigs are used for wicker-work,

baskets, and the like. The wood is grayish-white, smooth,

about 40 Ib. per cubic foot, rarely large. The leaves are

used as a cure for headache and for rheumatism, while the

roots afford a febrifuge. :

[ Much grown in native gardens. |

218.— Vitex altissima.

Milla, S. S@e@; Sapu-milla, 8. egSde@; Miyan-milla, 8.

SasSece ; Kaddimanakku, T. srcrawasee, .

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 357.

A large handsome tree, with yellowish-brown bark, often

much furrowed. Stems usually much fluted and irregular

in outline. Leaves compound, dividing into three or five

leaflets from three to five inches, attached by short stalk to

central stalk. Leaflets Ianceolate, finely tapering to base,

suddenly acute, smooth above, somewhat pubescent below.

Lateral veins prominent below, with transparent inter--

mediate nerving.

Flowers pale violet, often bluish, numerous, small,

arranged inloose terminal panicles ; BTS small, dark purple,

often spotted,

Very common in both Provinces up to 3,000 feet in both

wet and dry zones, but perhaps more abundant in the latter,

where it attains a larger size than in the wet districts.

A most valuable timber. Wood hard, close, even-grained,

very durable, of a pale brownish-gray colour, often yellowish,

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 213

especially when fresh. The weight rather varies, as will be

seen from the following :—

Gamble gives two examples, 56 lb. and 49 lb.

Imperial Institute, 60°92 Ib.

Conservator’s collection, 55 Ib.

Do. do. 60 Ib.

My own collection, - 52 1b.

Do. do. = BUOPAL Moy

No better wood can be found for work requiring resistance

to exposure ; it is therefore suitable for bridge planks, beams,

posts, door frames, shingles, and also oil casks.

The bark affords an embrocation uséd in rheumatism.

219.— Vitex alata. *

Native names as in last.

Trim Cey. Flor., vol. III, p. 358.

In all respects like the last, except that the stalk of

the leaf is bladed along its entire length, and the leaflets are

densely pubescent beneath.

Equally common with last species, and occurs in both

Provinces in wet, dry, and intermediate zones up to 4,000

feet.

Gamble, in his “ Manual of Indian Timbers” (1881 edition),

says that the wood is “purplish, or reddish-gray,” and that

“theannual rings are distinctly marked by a white line.” He

also gives the weight at 60 lb. per cubit foot. I am unable

to distinguish a difference between this species and the last

in the wood, except that when fresh it is much more yellow,

fading with seasoning. I have heard it called ‘“ Kos-milla.”

[Vavaddai and Neduchaddikkulam. |

220.—Vitex Leucoxylon.

Nebada, S. 138@ ; Nir-nochchi, T. sr0pree,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IIL, p. 358.

* Trimen gives this as a variety of V. altissima.

214 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

A large unevenly-growing tree, with pale smooth rather

thin bark.

Leaves three- and sometimes five-foliate with distinctly

stalked leaflets. Leaflets about three and a half inches long,

ovate-oblong, tapering to base, rather stiff, smooth above,

slightly downy below, with inconspicuous pellucid veining.

Terminal leaflet much the largest.

Flowers rather large, white with purplish tint inside,

arranged in rather long axillary cymes. Fruits rather olive-

like, smooth, dull purple.

I have only found this species at Barrawa forest near

Hanwella, where it is common near water.

The wood is a dull purplish-brown, close, even-grained,

hard, and rather heavy. Weight, 48 lb. per cubic foot.

Suitable for furniture, cart frames, &c. The root affords an

astringent.

[Dry country ; common near tanks. |

NEPENTHAGEZ.

This remarkable Family of plants is represented by a

solitary species in Ceylon, andis well known by its familiar

name of Pitcher Plant. |

221.—NEPENTHES DISTILLATORIA.

Bandura-vel, 8. &¢aa7@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 420.

A creeping plant, ascending into bushes and trees often

to a height of 50 feet by means of its leaf-stalks. It can be

so easily distinguished by its curious pitcher-shaped

appendix to the leaf that further description is super-

fluous.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 219

Very common throughout both Provinces in wet sandy

soils. I have obtained it at the summit of Karawitakanda

(1,200 feet) and at Rambukka.

It affords a strong and very flexible cane-like wood used

for making tea-plucking baskets, tiffin baskets, and work

baskets, for which purposes it is very suitable.

MY RISTICACEZ.

The Nutmeg Family is represented by one Genus and four

species in Ceylon: Myristica.

222.—Myristica laurifolia.

nikkam, T. veviorantlé sto,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 434. ;

A large erect tree, with cylindrical stem, dark gray bark,

yielding a pinkish blood-coloured juice when wounded.

Leaves large, about eight to ten inches, ovate or lanceolate-

- oval, rounded at base, rather stiff, smooth, dark glossy green

above, with rather short stout stalks, grooved above.

Flowers in clusters in axils of fallen leaves, small, yellow-

ish. Readily distinguished by the large fleshy fruit, which

on opening exposes the solitary brown seed enclosed within

a brilliantly-coloured aril.

Very common throughout the wet forests of both

Provinces up to 5,000 feet, but rarely found in the dry

zone. During the fruit season it affords a favourite food

for the Hill Mynah, which not infrequently swallows the

seed whole.

The wood isa pale brownish-straw colour, very straight-

grained, soft, easily split, and smooth. Weight, about 24 1b.

per cubic foot; not durable. Very well suited for tea boxes

216 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII. »

or cigar boxes, but requires to be carefully loft-seasoned,

otherwise it rots quickly. Makes most excellent lining pegs.

The gum obtained from the bark is a strong astringent.

[Occasionally, in dry forests. |

223.—MWyristica Horsfieldia.

Ruk, S. Oye.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 435.

A moderately large tree, with straight cylindrical stem,

dark brownish-gray bark, finely furrowed.

Leaves large, about ten to twelve inches, oblong-lanceolate,

tapering to both ends, rather thick, glossy green above,

rather hairy below, on stout hairy stalks, conspicuously

veined.

Flowers (male) in thick close heads on large axillary

panicles. Female flowers larger. Both sexes yellow and

very strongly scented, often pervading the air with their

strong perfume. :

Very common by water in both Provinces up to 2,000 feet

inthe wet forests. Often found on the edges of paddy fields.

The wood much resembles the last, but has a pinkish

tinge and is lighter,—15 lb. per cubic foot,—and is suitable

only for tea boxes or temporary packages.

[Moist low-country up to 1,000 feet ; common. |

224,—Myristica Irya.

Iriya, 8S. &8e.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 435.

A tall slender cylindrical-stemmed tree, with pale

brownish-gray smooth bark, branching rather closely at the

top. Leaves long, about twelve inches, alternate, lanceolate,

tapering to extremities, smooth, rather pale green, attached

by very short stalks. Easily recognized by the large clusters

of reddish-brown hairy fruits, which are pink within, ©

exposing acircular seed entirely covered by a bright scarlet

aril (mace). ;

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 217

Very common in wet places in both Provinces up to 1,500

feet, and often found by swamps and abandoned paddy fields.

The wood is grayish, rather close-grained, and takes a good

polish. Weight, about 40 lb. per cubic foot. In much

demand for tea boxes, mine planks, &c., but is not durable.

The Andaman species affords a handsome heavy wood.

LAURACEZ.

This large Order, which includes our well-known Cinna-

mon, is represented by ten Genera: Cryptocarya, Beilsch-

miedia, Cinnamomum, Machiius,Alseodaphne, Actinodaphne, .

Litsea, Lindera, Cassytha, and Hernandia.

A very troublesome Order to distinguish species by,o wing

tothe specific differences being sometimes only microscopic

in the flower.

225.—CRYPTOCARYA MEMBRANACEA.

Gal-mora, S. oGoOe:0.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 439.

A moderate-sized tree, with dull red-brown bark and

slender stem. Leaves about four to five inches by two

inches, oblong, tapering to extremities, somewhat recurved

margin, strongly six-veined, with conspicuous intermediate

venation. | ;

Flowers small,'in axillary panicles, few; fruits ovoid,

purplish when ripe.

Fairly common up to 2,000 feet. Occurs near Wéké in the

Western Province, and near Rakwana, Balangoda, and

Bambarabotuwa.

The wood is a pale straw-yellow colour, close-grained,

suitable for picture framing. The flowers are offensive in

smell.

[Moist low-country to 2,000 feet; rare. |

iy 21-02

218 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

226.—Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CINNAMON).

Kurundu, 8. ac¢g; Karuva, T. sma,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 440.

In its cultivated state is generally found as a bush, but

becomes in its wild state a moderate-sized tree, with thick

brownish-red bark and large head.

Leaves opposite, or nearly so, about five inches long, ovate-

lanceolate, stiff, smooth, glossy, supported by rather swollen

strongly aromatic stalks, distinctly three-nerved, often five.

Young leaves present most beautiful shades of colour, from

a pale pinkish-white to a brilliant pink. Flowers small,

pale yellow, arranged inloose panicles. Fruits “about halfan

inch, oblong-ovoid, surrounded by much enlarged perianth,

minutely apiculate, dry or slightly fleshy, dark purple.”— .

Trimen.

Occurs sparingly in the wet forests of both Provinces up

to 3,000 feet. Ihave obtained examples from the Sinha Raja

forest with enormous leaves (fifteen inches by five inches),

but I have observed that this is a very variable quality. :

The well known spice is obtained from this species, as

well as cinnamon oil, which is distilled from the bark and

the leaves. The root affords a form of camphor, obtained by

distillation, but is inferior to the camphor of China.

The yearly exports of cinnamon bark from Ceylon amount

to nearly 5,000,009 lb., having advanced to nearly twelve

times the quantity exported sixty years ago. According to

the Customs Report, for 1899 the export of cinnamon from

Ceylon amounted to 5,501,096 Ib., valued at Rs. 2,760,692°45.*

227.—CINNAMOMUM CITRIODORUM.:

Pengiri-kurundu, 8. 5 6S Qu¢.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 443.

A moderate-sizea tree, with thick rather smooth bark.

Leaves small, about two to three inches, lanceolate, tapering

* Ceylon Administration Reports, Part I., 1899, p. All.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 219

-. to both extremities, stiff, shining above, not tri-nerved,incon-

spicuously veined, with rather short stalks. Flowers pale

greenish-white, in loose panicles. Bark and leaves smell

strongly of lemon with a cinnamonish mixture.

Rare. I have obtained it near Bilihul-oya and towards

Boltumba in the Province of Sabaragamuwa. :

Affords a fine close-grained pale yellow wood, hard, rather

light. Well suited for door and window frames and small

panel work. Sometimes used for making tea boxes, but

much too good for this purpose.

[Very rare. |

228.—Machilus macrantha.

Ulalu, 8. 622.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 443.

A large erect tree, with pale thick rather warted bark and

distinct buttresses at base. Leaves alternate, aboutsix inches,

ovate oblong, slightly pointed at apex, irregularly rounded

at base, smooth, glossy above, faintly dusted below with

bloom, and finely nerved. Flowers light yellow, in many

terminal panicles. Fruits deep green, freckled with white.

Fairly common in the wet forests of both Provinces.

Abundant at Gilimaleand in the Kitulgalla forests, where

it attains a large size.

Wood pale yellow, close, rather close-grained, soft, and

easily worked. Weight, about 35 lb. per cubic foot. In

great demand for tea boxes, for which it is very suitable.

229.—Alseodaphne semecarprfolia.

Veverana, S. &®:95e ; Yavaranai, T. wraden,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. II1., p. 444.

A large handsome iree, with brownish-yellow thick

furrowed bark.

Leaves clustering at ends of branches, about five inches

long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to base, rather rounded at

apex, smooth above, WeAS below, on rather short stalks.

220 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Flowers yellowish-green, in panicles, rather long-stalked.

Fruits about one inch in diameter, smooth.

A dry-country tree. Occurs in the Hapitigam Koralé in

the Western Province, and at the foot of the hills in eastern

Sabaragamuwa. Not very plentiful.

The wood isa dull umber-brown, smooth, with close wavy

erain, hard, durable. Weight, 50 lb. per cubic foot. This

is one of our export timbers, and is suitable for all kinds of

building work, beams, &c.

[Forests of dry region ; common. |

230.—Litsea tomentosa.

Kos-bedda, Walkos, S. oardigde, OS oad.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. ITI., p. 449.

A tall erect tree with clear cylindrical stem and pale

yellowish-gray smooth bark.

Leaves alternate, large,about ten inches long, ovate, rather

pointed at extremities, smooth above, finely hairy below,

on conspicuous veining. Leaf-stalks large.

Flowers pale yellow, abundant, on hairy stalks, arranged

in umbels. Fruits small. !

Rather common in the wet forests of both Provinces

above 1,000 feet. Locally abundant. Occurs at Balangoda,

Rakwana, and Bambarabotuwa, and again in the Sinha

Raja forest.

The wood is a bright yellow, turning straw-yellow with

seasoning, wavy-grained, rather stringy, heavy. Well suited

for rafters, door frames, weather-boards, tea boxes, and

flooring planks.

[Moist region up to 4,000 feet ; common. |

231.—Litsea chinensis.

Bomi, 8. @&'S ; Elumpurukki, T. aaqyirugs®.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. ITI., p. 449.

_A rather large tree, with pale brown bark and silky twigs.

Leaves closely crowded at ends of branches, of very variable

et pL LOE LO

No. J3.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 221

size, usually about five inches long, oblong-oval, tapering at

base, rounded at apex, smooth on both surfaces, with promi-

nent veining below. Stalks about half an inch.

Flowers greenish, numerous, crowded, axillary. Fruits

small, round, and purple; a favourite food with the wood

pigeon.

Rather common in the wet forests above 1,500 feet to

4,000 feet in both Provinces, but more abundant in Sabara-

gamuwa.

Wood reddish-brown, close, rather hard, even-grained,

taking a good polish.

An excellent wood for flooring boards, rafters, ceilings

and door frames.

The bark affords a juice used as an embrocation.

[ Very common. |

232.—Litsea zeylanica.

Kudu-dawula, Dawul-kurundu, S. gaeQe, she aci€.

Trim. Oey. Flor., vol. III., p. 454.

A small tree, with thick smooth grayish bark. Leaves

crowded, about five inches, lanceolate, tapering to both ends

smooth, rather waxy below, prominently three-nerved at

base, on slender short stalks.

Flowers pale yellowish-white, in small close four- or five-

flowered clusters. Fruits small, purple, much sought after

by pigeons. |

Fairly common above 2,000 feet, especially near Balan-

goda and towards Gallagama. Scarce in the Western

Province.

Wood pale orange-yellow, sometimes with a distinctly

greenish tinge, close, rather hard, easily polished. Weight,

about 45 lb. per cubicfoot. Very suitable for doors, panels,

dadoes, ceilings, and tea boxes.

The fruit affords an oil.

[Moist region up to 4,000 feet ; very common. |

222 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVIT.

THYMELAZACEE.

This Order is represented by four Genera: Wikstroemia,

Lasiosiphon, Phaleria, and Gyrinops.

233.—GYRINOPS WALLA.

Walla, S. 29@e>.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. III., p. 460.

A small tree, with thin brownish-gray bark and close

bushy head.

Leaves alternate, about four inches long, lanceolate or

oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base, shining above, pale green

below, with very fine lateral veins. Stalks short, leaves

sometimes becoming heterophyllous. .

Flowers pale yellowish-white, inconspicuous,

The wood is a pale creamy-white, soft, easily split, only

suitable for rafters for temporary buildings. Affords from

the bark an excellent fibre, much used in stringing up balls

of jaggery.

Very common in the wet forests of both Provinces [up to

4,000 feet, Trzmen].

This tree has the power of reproducing its bark after it

has been stripped off.

EUPHORBIACEE.

One of our largest Orders in Ceylon, and containing

representative species from the sea coast to the highest

altitudes. The vast proportion are, however, not of special

use, many of them being minute weed-like plants.

The Order is divided into forty-three Genera, as follows :

Euphorbia, Sarcococea, Bridelia, Cleistanthus, Actephila,

Agyneia, Sauropus, Phylianthus, Glochidion, Flueggia,

Breynia, Putranjiva, Hemicyclia, Cyclostemon, Mischodon,

Aporosa, Daphniphyllum, Antidesma, Jatropha, Croton,

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 223

Givotia, Trigonostemon, Ostodes, Blachia, Dimorphocalyx,

Agrostostachys, Chrozophora, Acalypha, Adenochleena,

Trewia, Tragia, Podadenia, Claoxylon, Mallotus, Cleidion,

Macaranga, Homonoia, Dalechampia, Gelonium, Cheto-

carpus, Sapium, Excecaria, and Sebastiania.

234.—Euphorbia Antiquorum.

Daluk, S. ¢@e ; Chaturak-kalli, T. ¢g0asoraf,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 4.

A small tree with (in old examples) pale grayish bark,

unevenly cylindrical, with large up-curving, fleshy, green,

and very milky branches. Leafless but for a few on the

apex of each crenation, and those small and detaching early.

Stems and angles of branches thorny. Flowers greenish,

in groups of three,

Widely distributed in both Provinces, but more abundant

in the dry districts, though not strictly confined thereto.

Usually found where there is slab rock, extending to 2,500

feet altitude.

Affords a very soft inferior wood, sometimes used in

building temporary sheds. The juice is acrid and sticky.

[ Low-country in rocky places, especially in the dry region ;

common. |]

235.—Bridelia retusa.

Keta-kéla, 8. 27Om7@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 10.

A. moderate-sized tree, often armed with spines, with pale

yellowish or grayish bark. Leaves alternate, about four

inches, oblong-oval, rounded at extremities, conspicuously

veined, with about twenty pairs of lateral parallel veins

connected near the margin with a pellucid intramarginal

vein, but for which the leaf strongly resembles a Dipterocarp.

Leaf-stalks short, finely hairy. Flowers small, in close

clusters on a spicate axillary raceme ; green, tinged with red

and purple within. Fruits small, globose.

224 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Fairly common in both Provinces in the wet zone, but

nowhere very abundant.

The wood is pale brownish, close, hard, and durable.

Weight, 45 Ib. per cubic foot.

Very suitable for beams and house-building in general,

and is said to resist the action of white ants.

[Moist low-country up to 2,000 feet ; common. ]

236.—BRIDELIA MOONII.”

Pat-kéla, 8S. ostaze.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 11.

A small tree, much resembling the last, except that the

leaves are much larger, often eight inches, with only about

twelve or fifteen pairs of lateral veins. The fruits are larger,

ovoid, instead of globose.

Common in the wet forests of both Provinces below 2,000

feet, frequently occurring in small jungle, especially in the

Pasdun Koralé.

Wood pale brownish-gray, rather lacking in lustre, hard,

durable, even-grained. Weight, about 40 to 45 lb. per cubic

foot. Suitable for rafters and wall-plates for houses.

| Moist low-country up to 2,000 feet ; common. |

237.—Phyllanthus Emblica.

Nelli, 8. ea@@ ; Toppi-nelli, T. Os IO sevel.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 19.

A small tree, wath usually much bent stem and branches

Bark thin, grayish, with several nodular masses.

Leaves closely placed, so as to appear almost pinnate,

small, about half an inch, “linear-strap-shaped,” on short

stalks, smooth, usually paler below than above.

Flowers greenish-yellow, males small and numerous,

females few and very shortly stalked. Fruits conspicuous,

growing in largeclusters, closely packed, pale yellowish-green.

* Doubtfully distinct from the last.

No. 53.—1902.) TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 225

A. characteristic patana tree, often found standing alone

on the crest of some wind-blown patana ridge.

Common in such places in both Provinces, but more

abundant in Sabaragamuwa.

The fruit is a powerful astringent, and affords a good

preserve. Wood rarely used, though durable. Weight,

about 50 Ib. per cubic foot.

238.— Glochidion zeylanicum.

Hunv-kirilla, 8. pqgasde.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 28.

A small or moderate-sized tree, with smooth brownish

bark and perfectly smooth twigs. Leaves oval, or oval-

oblong, about six inches, often unevenly lobed, rounded or

sub-cordate at base, on short stalks.

Leaves a bright green, usually much paler below. Flowers

pale greenish, in small clusters of male and female together.

Fruits about half an inch, lobed, with style persistent.

Very common in all wet, boggy land in both Provinces up

to about 1,500 feet. Abundant in the Ratnapura District.

Wood little used, as it is not durable, and suitable only for

temporary pit props. Pale, soft, easily split.

| Moist low-country up to 2,000 feet ; common. |

239.—Hemicyclia sepiaria.

Vira, S. 5G; Viyarai, T. Swaroor,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 36.

A tree, often thirty to forty feet high, not ashrub as stated

by Trimen.

Stems deeply fluted, pale grayish, with thin bark. Leaves

about one and a half to three inches, oblong or oval, stiff,

smooth, rounded at base, with faint veining. Flowers, male

in axillary clusters, female on short stalks on rather elongated

pedicel. Fruits small, round, crimson-red, much eaten by

the natives.

226 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

One of the commonest trees in the dry zone, extending

to the foot of the hills in the Meda, Atakalan, and Kolonna

Koralés in Sabaragamuwa, covering thousands of acres of

country.

Absent in the Western Province. The wood is pale

yellowish, often dark-hearted, close, dense, liable to split.

It is not much used, probably because of the deep flutings

on the stem.

Suitable for roofing work, and is an excellent fuel.

240.—Mischodon zeylanicus,

Tammana, S. ~©®a ; Tampanai, T. snv%o.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 38.

A rather large tree, with thick rough dark bark. Leaves:

in clusters (whorles), long, linear, lanceolate, narrowly

rounded at base, obtuse at apex, smooth, on long stalks,

swollen below base of blade.

When young the leaves are a bright lake-pink, very con-

spicuous. Flowers pinkish, in axillary panicles. Fruits

small, tri-lobed.

Rather rare. Occurs in the valley of the Walawe river

only in the dry zone. Not seen in the Western Province.

Affords a superior timber.

[Forests of dry region; common. |

241.—APOROSA LATIFOLIA.

Pepaliya, Kampotta, 8. e;s@a, mOooreta.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 39.

A moderate-sized tree with rather thin pale brown bark.

Leaves large, much crowded, rather erect, about four to six

inches, broadly ovate, cordate or rounded at base, obtusely

rounded at apex, thick, stiff, dark green above, shining.

Leaf-stalk about one inch, stout. Male flowers in spikes,

females in clusters. Fruits about one inch, ovoid, tapering

to apex, on which the remains of the styles are generally

present. |

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 227

Very common in the Pasdun Koralé of the Western

Province, extending into the Kukulu Koralé in Sabara-

gamuwa. Often attaining a considerable size.

Wood rather handsome brownish-red, but worthless for

any permanent work, and perhaps best suited for fuel.

Weight, 44 lb.

An allied species affords the well-known “ Coco-wood” of

commerce. 7

242.—Aleurites triloba.

_ Rata-kekuna, Tel-kekuna, 8. dOaaqa, eaga, ao.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 46.

A large tree, with pale grayish bark, and conspicuous for

its silvery-gray foliage and large three-lobed fruits.

This is an introduced species, and is found abundantly in

native gardens in the moist zone of both Provinces, and in the

Central Province up to about 2,000 feet. It yields a very

large quantity of oil from the seed, and in consequence

is known as the “‘ Candle-nut” tree. Of late years the wood,

which is pale greenish-white in colour, and light, has been

largely employed for the manufacture of tea boxes, but is

not very suitable for that purpose, as it is foul-smelling and

quickly decaying.

The chief value of the plant lies inits oil-bearing capacity,

for which it is worthy of more general consideration.

243.—Croton lacciferus.

Keppetiya, S. adeo8o.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 48.

A shrub, with thin pale gray bark finely coated with hair.

Leaves alternate, rather irregular in size, from three to four

inches long, broadly ovate, often lobed, caudate at base,

suddenly acuminate, with rather jagged margin. Finely

hairy on both surfaces, more so on the under side. Lateral

veins and nerves conspicuous. Two small wart-like

glands always present at base of blade on the leaf-stalk.

Stalks about two inches, very hairy, easily detached.

228 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Flowers small, with densely hairy fruits.

Very common in all parts of both Provinces upto 2,000

feet, especially in abandoned chenas.

It is much prized by the natives for the sake of its leaves,

which when rotted afford a valuable manure used in betel-

gardens (bulath-kottu). The leaves are also frequently used

as a material for wrapping jaggery balls, while, according to

Trimen, a red coccid occurs on the bark of the older trees

that produces a lac collected for the Kandyan lacquer

industry. I have not seen this coccid, but I am informed

that the yellow juice of the young twigs and leaf-stalks is

collected by rubbing the wounded or broken surfaces of

such parts together, and in that way a resinous mass is

obtained that is said to be of great value.

244.—Ostodes zeylanica.

Vel-kekuna, S. ):@a71Qa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 52.

A large handsome tree, with erect stem and smooth

brownish-gray bark.

Leaves large, often twelve inches long, lanceolate-oblong,

acute at base, with coarse serrate margin, dark green, rather

glossy. Stalks long, stiff, swollen at both ends, conspicuous.

Flowers scented, yellowish, on long hanging panicles.

Fruits tri-lobed, coated with fine close stellate hair, about

one inch in diameter.

Common in the wet forests of both Provinces up to about

3,000 feet. Very common in Gilimale.

The wood is pale in colour, and is said to be very poor in

quality. Suitable only for tea boxes.

[Forests of the moist region up to 4,000 fact rather

common. |

245.—Dimorphocalyx glabellus.

Veli-venna, S. ):@d, 8a ; Tenattukkai, T. Ise pywe.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 54., plate LXXXIV.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 229

A small tree with cylindrical stemand many much-ridged

branches.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, three to five inches long, alter-

nate, tapering to extremities, rather thin, dark dull green

above, much paler below, with short stalks. Maleand female

flowers very different in appearance, white, few. Males in

clusters, females solitary or in twos.

Very abundant, and almost a characteristic plant of the

dry zone. I have not met with it in the Western Province.

The wood is little used, as it rarely attains a workable size.

Suitable for mine props and temporary structures. Affords

an excellent fuel.

246.—Agrostistachys longifolia.

Beru, 8S. @86:.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 56.

A small shrubby tree, with thick much leaf-scarred bran-

ches. Leaves rather crowded, stiff, rather variable in length,

usually about nine inches, on short stalks, ovate-oblong,

tapering to base, abruptly pointed at apex, dark green above,

often with lichenous -growths. Flowers pale yeilowish-

white, in hanging racemes; fruits very small.

An abundant hill species, common over 4,000 feet, and

often gregarious.

The stiff leaves last for a considerable period before

decomposing, and are therefore often used for roofing and

shading for nurseries and seed planted at stake.

The wood is resinous, and burns freely even when quite

green. Suitable for rafters. The cooly name on estates

for this plant is “ Tirrani,” and it is often used by them for

fencing round lines.

247.—AGROSTISTACHYS HOOKERI.

Kunu-beru, 8S. @3)¢Odj,.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 55.

230 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

A slender-stemmed small tree, with thin pale gray bark.

Leaves crowded at the end, very long, often two feet, narrowly

lanceolate, tapering to apex, and suddenly pointed. Slightly

serrate near apex, smooth, rather stiff, often a handsome

copper colour when in young leaf.

Leaf-stalk one to one and a half inch, thick at base, fading

into a very strong midrib.

Flowers pale yellowish-white, in long hanging racemes.

A gregariously growing plant, usually found near water

in small dense masses.

Occurs at Rambukka in the Kukulu Kéralé, Gilimale,

Kitulgalla, and Hratne, all in the wet parts of Sabaragamuwa,

but it cannot be considered common.

The leaves afford an excellent material for thatching

Wood poor and small in size, soft.

248.— Chetocarpus castanocarpus.

Hedawaka, S. ®O2Oa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 74.

A moderatély large, much-branched tree, with brownish-

gray bark, rather closely furrowed. Leaves ovate, about four

inches long, tapering to extremities, smooth, rather stiff, on

short stalks, with inconspicuous veining. Readily distin-

guished by its disagreeably spinous, red, or chestnut-brown

fruits. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, devoid of petals.

Common in the wet forests of both Provinces up to 2,500

feet. Quite plentiful in places, but not generally so.

Wood reddish-brown, close-grained, hard, durable, heavy.

Weight, about 56 lb. per cubic foot.

Affords an excellent building timber for houses or lines

and improves greatly by careful seasoning.

{ Ambegamuwa. |

249.—Sapium insigne.

Tel-kaduru, 8. ea@a¢s, ; Tilai, T. @d.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 76.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 231

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with thick, shining,

grayish-brown, much-scarred bark. All parts milky.

Leaves crowding at ends of branches, lanceolate-oval, about

seven or eight inches long, rather tapering to extremities,

slightly serrate, with occasional marginal glands, smooth,

dark green above, paler below. |

Leaf-sialk about one inch, stout, conspicuously marked with

two large glands near base of leaf. Flowers greenish, males

in clusters, females solitary, with two red glands at base.

Occurs sparingly in the dry zone of the Province of

Sabaragamuwa, but much more abundant near Hambantota

and Tisamaharama.

Wood very soft, grayish, spongy,and light. Weight, about

28 lb. Suitable for floats only. Poisonous.

[Jaffna and Trincomalee.

URTICAGEZ.

This very large Order is composed of trees and shrubs,

including within that scope both the largest and smallest

examples. :

Our well-known Nettle, the Maha-oussa of the Sinhalese

(Laportea crenulata), is one of this Order, which is represented

by twenty-seven Genera and about sixty-five species. The

Genera are Holoptelea, Celtis, Trema, Gironniera, Ficus, An-

tiaris, Cudrania, Artocarpus, Taxotrophis, Phyllochlamys,

Streblus, Dorstenia, Alleanthus, Plecospermum, Fleurya,

Laportea, Girardinia, Pilea, Lecanthus, Pellionia, Elatostem-

ma, Procris, Boehmeria, Chamabainia, Pouzolzia, Villebru-

nia, and Debregeasia.

250.—Holoptelea integrifolia,

Goda-kirilla, 8. em @88¢@; Velaiyil, T. QadsuSe,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 80.

232 JOURNAL, R.A.S, (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

A magnificent Elm-like tree, with drooping branches.

Stem pale ashy-gray, with conspicuous furrows. Deciduous.

Leaves ovate-oblong, three to five inches long, rounded

or cordate at base, rather jagged at apex, serrate in young

leaves, rather unevenly lobed,on short stalks. Veins about

seven pairs or less. Flowers greenish. Fruits dry, winged.

Fairly common in the dry parts of both Provinces, but

more abundant in Sabaragamuwa than in the Western.

Occurs at Rambukkana, Timbolketiya, and towards

Hambantota.

Wood yellowish-gray, with distinct annular rings, rather

light, about 40 lb. per cubic foot. An excellent wood for

indoor fittings, carving, and carriage-building. The seeds

afford an oil.

[Dry region ; common. |

251.—Cellis cinnamomed.

Gurenda, S. ghave; Pinari, T. S@~.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 81, plate LKX XVI.

A moderately large tree with pale bark, Leaves ovate,

tapering to base, finely acute, with serrate margins. Strongly

three-nerved, with distinct wavy parallel veins. lLeaf-stalks

about one-third of an inch. Alternate. Flowers pale

greenish, with widely-cleft stigma in the female.

Moderately common in the wet forests over 3,000 feet,

but not abundant.

The wood, when freshly cut or damp, is disgustingly

offensive in smell, a single plant being capable of making a

whole room unbearable.

Wood pale, rather hard, and durable, but undesirable

because of its odour.

[Moist region, 2,000 to 5,000 feet ; rather common. |

252.—Trema orientalis (INDIAN CHARCOAL TREB).

Gedumba, S. @,8)@.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1V., p. 82.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 233

A rather slender pale-stemmed tree, with thin bark.

Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, unevenly lobed at base,

acute at apex, serrate, strongly three-nerved, rather harsh

above, covered below with fine close silvery hair. Leaf-

stalks very short. Flowers greenish, in axillary cymose

clusters.

Very common in open ground, near abandoned chenas and

dwellings, up to 4,000 feet.

Wood light reddish-gray, soft, easily split, and quickly

decaying. Weight, about 30 lb. per cubic foot. Affords an

excellent charcoal, suitable for gunpowder, The tree is

much subject to attacks of wood-borers, and is only short-

lived,

253.—Ficus nervosa.

Kalamaduwa, S. m@e@ad.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 98.

A large tree with dark, rather thick, smooth bark. Leaves

small, about one inch long, variable in shape, usually oblong-

lanceolate, narrowing to base, glossy, with about seven pairs

of lateral veins, of which the basal are short. lLeaf-stalks

slender, about three-quarters of an inch.

A rather common tree up to 1,500 feet, after which it

becomes scarce.

Occurs freely in rocky places in the Kégalla District.

Wood pale yellowish-white, soft, with rather clear

annular rings. Weight, about 35 lb. per cubic foot.

Is used for tea boxes, and affords a good neat package, but

unsuitable for any lasting purposes,

[Hantane, Hunasgiriya, Maturata.]

254.—Micus callosa.

Wal-gona, S.ddomaa,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 93.

A tall handsome tree, with branches and twigs very pale

“hoary.” Leaves large, six to eight inches long, oblong-oval,

a 21-02

234 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

very stiff, with conspicuously recurved margin. Lateral

veins about twelve pairs, often less, conspicuous below.

Stalks about one and a half inch.

A rather rare tree, occurring sparingly in the wet forests

up to about 2,500 feet in the Province of Sabaragamuwa.

Rare in the Western Province.

Wood pale white or yellowish, soft, quickly decaying.

Suitable for tea boxes, but rather heavy.

[Hantane, Kurunégala, Maturata.]

259.—-Ficus hispida.

Kota-dimbula, S. omdége.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 94.

A small much-branched tree, with thin gray bark and

horizontal ribs on the stem. LEasily distinguished by its

opposite large leaves. Leaves oval-ovate, nearly caudate,

very harsh to the touch, hairy, with three to five pairs of

conspicuous lateral veins. Stalks about one and a half to two

inches. Fruit very fig-like, axillary, often growing on old

wood near the base of the tree.

Common in both Provinces in the wet forests up to

3,000 feet. Often found near swamps.

Affords a very useful substitute for sandpaper in its

hispid leaves, an allied species—F’. asperrima—doing the

same. The wood is worthless. .

I have considered it undesirable to include all the well-

known Banyan trees in this list, for though they are of

interest botanically, and on account of their appreciation as

religiously venerated plants, most of our Ceylon examples

find no other use beyond ornament. The familiar Bo

(Ficus religiosa), so intimately associated with Buddhist

temples (and said to have spread artificially from the

historical tree at. Anuradhapura, that has a record as far

back as 288 B.C.), and the stately spreading Banyan (Ficus

No. 93.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 239

Bengalensis), are both common representatives of this

Genera, but are not used for the sake of their timber.

Ficus elastica, or Indiarubber, has been introduced to

Ceylon, but has not been generally cultivated,

236.—Antiaris toxicaria (UPAS TREE).

Riti, 8. 88.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 97.

A very tall straight-stemmed tree, with strong buttresses

at the base. Bark thick, pale grayish. Leaves large,

smooth, six to eight inches long, oval-oblong, rounded at

base, abruptly pointed at apex. Stalks very short, passing to

strong lateral veins, about eight to ten pairs in number.

Under surface of leaf sometimes slightly hairy. Fruit

small, axillary, velvety, of a red-purple colour.

Rather common in parts of the Kégalla and Ratnapura

Districts, but up to only about 1,200 feet.

Wood nearly white, soft, even in grain, very light.

Weight, about 28 lb. per cubic foot. Suitable for tea boxes.

Affords a poisonous milk in the Javan species, used for

poisoning arrows.

The inner bark is strong, tough, and easily beaten out

into a bag-like material.

[Kurunégala, Badulla. |

257.—ARTOCARPUS NOBILIS.

Del, Bedi-del, 8S. o¢@, ®1€@e@ ; Asinip-pilar, T. geafts

Your.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 98.

A very large handsome tree, with wide-spreading dome-

shaped crown. Dark bark, thick, milky. Leaves large,

alternate, broadly ovate, from eight to fifteen inches long,

corrugated, with strong conspicuous midrib and lateral veins,

Harsh, rough on both surfaces, dark glossy green above, paler

below, on stiff stout stalks. When young the leaves are often

much cleft, frequently irregularlyso. Fruits rather sausage-

shaped, with rough surface.

M 2

236 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL, XVII.

Very widely distributed from sea-level to 2,500 feet, but

rarely found in the dry zone.

The heartwood when fresh is yellowish-red, fading into

a pale white near the bark, shining, rather open-grained,

fairly hard, somewhat mottled. Weight, 41 lb. |

The timber is in great favour for canoe-building, fishing

boats, and for cabinet work. Not very suitable for house-

building, except as trusses, door frames, or posts. The seeds,

roasted, much resemble chestnuts.

258.—Artocarpus Lakoocha.

Kana-gona, 8. maoa asa.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 99.

A moderately large tree, with rough dark gray bark and

spreading branches.

Leaves alternate, oblong, or ovate, rather variable in length,

five to twelve inches, rounded at base, on stalks about cne

inch, smooth above, finely hairy below. Lateral veins four

to twelve pairs.

Fruits about three to four inches in diameter, rather

globular, lobed, yellowish in colour, with few seeds.

Scarce. I have found it at Nambapana, and rather abun-

dantly near to Rakwana.

Heartwood yellow, paling into soft white sapwood.

Seasons well, but not procurable in sufficient size to be a

popular wood. Suitable for furniture.

Weight, about 35 lb. per cubic foot.

[Moist region up to 3,000 feet; rather rare. |

259.—A rtocarpus integrifolia.

Kos, S. oases; Pilar, T. Your.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 99.

The well- Enea Jak tree needs no description, as it is to

be found everywhere in gardens. It is deservedly popular

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 237

for the sake of its most excellent timber, which is used for

all manner of furniture and for house-building. Weight,

42 to 45 lb. The fruits are eaten, and likewise the seeds;

in fact it is one of the few trees we have in Ceylon of which

no part is lost, or need be. The wood supplies a dye for

colouring Buddhist priests’ robes, in addition to its use as a

timber.

Above 4,000 feet the Jak does not flourish well, and

plantations of this species if left to abandonment seemingly

die out. |

The famous Breadfruit (A. incisa) is another familiar

example of this Genus, but is cultivated only for the sake of

its fruit. Its timber is practically worthless.

PALMEZ.

This valuable Order, so characteristic of the tropics, is

represented by ten Genera: Areca, Loxococcus, Oncosperma,

Caryota, Nipa, Phoenix, Corypha, Calamus, Borassus, and

Cocos. Of these the majority are common to other parts of

the world, and many doubtless have,in consequence of their

extreme utility to man, been introduced, till the natural

home of some has become questionable.

260.—Areca Catechu (ARECA PALM).

Puwak, 8. geed ; Pakku, T. wré@

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 321.

A tall slender palm, with even cylindrical stem, often sixty

feet long, usually pale gray, and with well-defined leaf scars.

Head small. Fruits in masses, of a rich golden-orange

— colour.

238 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

Abundant in all gardens up to 3,000 feet. The wood

is tough, springy, and durable. Suitable for reepers, cart

hoods, spikes, and slats. Weight,about 50 1b. per cubic foot.

The well-known “betel nut” is obtained from this species,

also the medical astringent and vermicide.

The leaf sheath is applied to an infinite number of

purposes, from plates to bags.

261.—A RECA CONCINNA.

Lénteri, S. o@ 388.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 322.

A slender little palm, rarely more than six inches in cir-

cumference of stem and ten feet high, cylindrical, greenish.

Fruits much like the last, only very much smaller and —

brilliant scarlet.

Occurs in backwaters, chiefly in the Kalutara District, but

nowhere very abundant.

Affords very little wood, but suchas it does is suitable for

cages and the like.

An ornamental little palm.

262.—LOXOCOCCUS RUPICOLA.

Dotalu, S. eeree.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 322.

A tall eylindrical-stem med palm, attaining about forty feet

in height. Head small. Easily distinguished by its red coral-

like flower buds on the spathe opening out, and for that

reason frequently used in native decorations.

Only found in the wet zone on the edges of rocks and

precipices at high altitudes. Common in the Adam’s Peak

range.

The wood is little used, but is suitable for reepers and

cart hoods.

The unopened leaf or “ cabbage ” affords an excellent salad

when quite fresh.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 239

263.—ONCOSPERMA FASCICULATUM.

Katu-kitul, S. maQaqd.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 323.

A tall graceful palm, with rather large feathery head,

readily distinguished by its formidable coating of long thin

black brittle spines. Fruits nearly black.

Common at elevations above 1,000 feet, usually in sandy

or shallow rock-covering soils.

Wood little used, but suitable, when divested of thorns,

for tent-building. Not durable.

264.—Caryota urens (TODDY PALM).

Kitul, S. Sac ; Tippili-maram, T. susGosrori,

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 324.

A large handsome palm, with very graceful fountain-like

head. :

The stem is usually thicker high up, giving it a distinct

waist.

Very common in all parts of the country up to 3,500 feet,

but less so in the dry zone.

The wood is dark brown, nearly black, arranged in close

masses of circular bundles with intermediate spaces of

lighter brown, giving ita mottled tint. Weight, about 70 lb.

per cubic foot, hard, durable. Very handsome asa furniture _

wood. Much used for furniture spikes. The Toddy palm

supplies the well-known native sugar known as “ Jaggery,”

in addition to the intoxicating ferment called ra, and also

a bristle fibre, used in the manufacture of brushes and

brooms.

265.—PHG@NIX ZEYLANICA.

_ ‘Ihdi, 8. 94.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 326.

A rather short palm, with very rough and much-scarred

stem, usually about twelve to fifteen feet high ; often called

the Wild Date.

240 JOURNAL, R.A.S, (CEYLON). PVone Xx Vile

Leaves long, with finely pointed spine-tipped leaflets.

Very common throughout the low-country of both

Provinces up to 2,000 feet, but rarely in the dry zone, where

this species is replaced by P. pussilla, a much shorter-

stemmed plant.

Affords a material for mat-making from the leaf.

[Very common, especially on the southern coast].

266.—Corypha umbraculifera (TALIPOT PALM).

Tala, S. ae; Talapattu, T. sorwus_&.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 328.

A very large lofty palm, often attaining sixty feet of stem.

Readily distinguished by its huge fan-shaped leaves carried

on stout stalks, armed on their margins with short dark ~

spines. |

When in flower—unhappily the plant’s last act in life

—this palm appears to terminate in a huge pyramid of pale

yellowish-white flowers, forming quite a feature in the

scenery.

The wood is of little use, but it is for the sake of the leaf

that this plant is most prized. The leaves afford a most

excellent material for roofing, umbrellas, and as an inde-

structible paper, for which latter purpose it was used in

the earliest times by writers, the writing being effected with

_asharp style. Tothis day Chetties use “Talipot olas” for

keeping accounts on.

- 267.—CALAMUS ZEYLANICUS.

Maha-vevel, 8. O=@D&,@ ; Pirambu, T. Yrrory.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 335.

A large thick-stemmed cane, often attaining a length of one

hundred feet, with long leaves, the stalks of which are closely

armed with recurved thorns, usually in threes. The young

canes, when closely clustered, present a most formidable

barrier, owing to the masses of spines on the leaf-stalks

and long tendrils.

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 24)

Fairly common locally in the wet forests of the low-

country up to about 2,000 feet, and often so abundant as to

form quite a feature in the forest landscape.

In great demand for cart hoods, frames, basket work,

and the like. Very strong.

268.—CALAMUS RADIATUS.

Kukulu-vel, 8. q2928:¢.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 333.

A slender cane, about one-third of an inch in diameter,

armed with short spines, freely mixed with long bristles.

Leaves six to cight-foliate, about one foot long, thin, smooth

below,

Rather abundant in the wet forests of both Provinces,

especially so in certain suitable localities. Rather variable

in point of length.

Affords an excellent cane for tea baskets, and if carefully

dried, for caning chairs, or basket-work generally.

[NotE.—The Canes of Ceylon are represented by ten

species, but in the absence of a large number of examples,

in their various stages, it is unsafe to describe each, as their

specific differences require a minute botanical description,

not readily appreciable by the ordinary reader. |

269.—Borassus flabellifer (PALMYRA PALM).

Tal, 8S. a@ ; Panai, T. wer.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. IV., p. 336.

It is hardly necessary to describe this well-known tree.

It is not common in either the Western or Sabaragamuwa

Province, though it occurs occasionally up to. 1,200 feet,

but nowhere in a wild state.

The wood forming the outer portion of the stem is hard,

dark, very strong, and durable, but of variable weight,

usually about 62 lb. per cubic foot. The wood affords

excellent rafters and laths, and can be worked up into

handsome furniture. The scope of this Paper will not

242 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

admit of a full description of the manifold uses of the

Palmyra, of which an exhaustive account is to be found in a

work entitled “‘ The Palmyra Palm,” by the late W. Ferguson,

first published in 1850. |

[Dry region and sandy tracts near coast; very common. |

270.—Cocos nucifera (COCOANUT PALM),

Pol, S. @oo@ ; Tenna-maram, T. Os erect lb.

Trim. Cey. Flor., vol. 1V., p. 337.

The characteristic palm of the low-country of Ceylon, and

pretty well planted in every native garden up to 2,500 feet.

Its uses and purposes are innumerable, and it is about the

only plant known of which every part is of use to man.

The outer wood of the stem is very hard, close, and:

durable. Weight, about 72 lb. per cubic foot. Affords

excellent timber for rafters and roofing, and is often made

into very handsome furniture.

The importance of the Cocoanut Palm in Ceylon may best

be appreciated by reference to the following table of export

of its produce, published in the Administration Reports

of 1899 :—

Articles. Value, 1898. Value, 1899.

Rs. c. Rs. c¢.

Arrack 153,054 12 110,819 75

Cadjans. aCe J _

Cocoanuts (desiccated)... 2,331,651 62 2,294,732 8

Coir Fibre ... 604,572.86 | 330,301 32

Coir, manufactured 7,144 75 7,871 25

Coir Rope ... 167,192 94 142,623 84

Coir Yarn ... 1,113,714 3 949,876 81

Coir Rugs ... Z 1169-0 242 0

Copperah ... 5,023,741 18 3,195,807 10

Cocoanut Laths 600 40. 35 50

Cocoanut Oil 6,109,216 99 6,062,419 20

Cocoanut Shells ee 20,800 0 15,285 0

Poonac 855,402 50 823,979 50

Total

... 16,904,955 10

ee Se

14,353,393 44

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS.

243

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Acacia Sundra, 143

Acronychia laurifolia, 79

Adenanthera bicolor, 141

pavonina, 140

Adina cordifolia, 177

Adinandra lasiopetala, 36

figle Marmelos, 85

Agrostistachys Hookeri, 247

longifolia, 246

Ailantus malabarica, 86

Albizzia odoratissima, 144

stipulata, 145

Aleurites triloba, 242

Alseodaphne semecarpifolia, 229

Alstonia scholaris, 206

Amoora Rohituka, 97

Anisophyllea zeylanica, 152

Anogeissus latifolia, 157

Anthocephalus Cadamba, 176

Antiaris toxicaria, 256

Aporosa latifolia, 241

Areca Catechu, 260

concinna, 261

Artocarpus integrifolia, 259

Lakoocha, 258

nobilis, 257

Atalantia Missionis, 83

monophylla, 82

Axinandra zeylanica, 171

Azadirachta indica, 95

Barringtonia racemosa, 165

Bassia fulva, 189

, longifolia, 187

neriifolia, 188

Bauhinia racemosa, 139

Berrya Ammonilla, 74

Bocagea coriacea, 14

Bombax malabaricum, 67

Borassus flabellifer, 269

Bridelia Moonu, 236

retusa, 235

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, 149

Calamus radiatus, 268

Calamus zeylanicus, 267

Calophyllum bracteatum, 30

Burmanni, 27

Inophyllum, 28

spectabile, 26

tomentosum, 29

Walkeri, 31

Calotropis gigantea, 208

Campnosperma zeylanicum, 123

Cananga odorata, 9

Canarium brunneum, 91

zeylanicum, 92

Canthium didymum, 182

Carallia calycina, 151

integerrima, 150

Careya arborea, 166

Caryota urens, 264

Cassia auriculata, 133

Fistula, 131

marginata, 132

siamea, 134

Celtis cinnamomea, 251

Cerbera Odollam, 203

Cheetocarpus castanocarpus, 248

Chickrassia tabularis, 99

Chloroxylon Swietenia, 100

Chrysophyllum Roxburghii, 185.

Cinnamomum citriodorum, 227

zeylanicum, 226

Cocos nucifera, 270

Corypha umbraculifera, 266

Coscinium fenestratum, 15

Cratzeva Roxburghi, 16

Croton lacciferus, 243

Cryptocarya membranacea, 225

Cullenia excelsa, 69

Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, 8

Cynometra heterophylla, 135

Delima sarmentosa, 1

Dichrostachys cinerea, 142

Dillenia indica, 4

retusa, 5 |

Dimorphocalyx glabellus, 245

244 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).

Diospyros Ebenum, 196

Embryopteris, 195

insignis, 198

queesita, 197

Dipterocarpus glandulosus, 43

hispidus, 40

scabridus, 42

zeylanicus, 41

Dodonea viscosa, 114

Doona congestiflora, 51

Gardneri, 48

macrophylla, 53

nervosa, 49

ovalifolia, 52

trapezifolia, 50

zeylanica, 47

Eleocarpus serratus, 76

subvillosus, 77

Eleodendron glaucum, 105

Eriodendron anfractuosum, 68

Erythrina indica, 125

ovalifolia, 126

Kugenia aquea, 159

Jambolana, 164

Neesiana, 162

operculata, 163

spicata, 160

sylvestris, 161

Euodia Roxburghiana, 78

Euphorbia Antiquorum, 234

Eurya japonica, 37

Feronia elephantum, 84

Ficus callosa, 254

hispida, 255

nervosa, 253

Filicium decipiens, 93

Garcinia Cambogia, 22

echinocarpa, 24

Morella, 23

terpnophylla, 25

Gardenia latifolia, 180

Gleniea zeylanica, 110

Glochidion zeylanicum, 238

Glycosmis pentaphylla, 80

Gmelina arborea, 215

asiatica, 216

Gomphia angustifolia, 90

(Von. XVII.

Gordonia speciosa, 39

zeylanica, 38

Grewia tilizfolia, 75

Gyrinops Walla, 233

Gyrocarpus Jacquini, 158

Hemicyclia sepiaria, 239

Hemidesmus indicus, 207

Heritiera littoralis, 72

Hibiscus tiliaceus, 65

Holarrhena mitis, 204

Holoptelea integrifolia, 250

Homalium zeylanicum, 172

Hopea cordifolia, 57

discolor, 54

jucunda, 55

modesta, 56

Humboldtia laurifolia, 138

Hydnocarpus venenata, 20

Tlex Wightiana, 103

Tsonandra lanceolata, 186

Ixora coccinea, 183

Kayea stylosa, 32

Kokoona zeylanica, 104

Kurrimia zeylanica, 106

Lagerstroemia Flos-regine, 169

Lasianthera apicalis, 102

Linociera purpurea, 201

Litsea chinensis, 231

tomentosa, 230

zeylanica, 232

Loxococcus rupicola, 262

Maba buxifolia, 194

Machilus macrantha, 228

Mangifera indica, 117

zeylanica, 116

Mastixia tetrandra, 174

Melia dubia, 94

Memecylon Arnottianum, 167

rostratum, 168

Mesua ferrea, 33

Thwaitesu, 34

Michelia Champaca, 7

nilagirica, 6

Mimusops Elengi, 192

hexandra, 193

Mischodon zeylanicus, 240

Mitrephora Heyneana, 13

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 245

Murraya Koenigii, 81

4 Myristica Horsfieldia, 223

Irya, 224

laurifolia, 222

Nepenthes distillatoria, 221

Nephelium Longana, 112

Nothopegia Colebrookiana, 122

Ochna squarrosa, 88

Wightiana, 89

Odina Wodier, 118

Olax zeylanica, 101

Oncosperma fasciculatum, 263

Oroxylum indicum, 211

Ostodes zeylanica, 244

_ Palaquium grande, 191

petiolare, 190

Peltophorum ferrugineum, 130

_ Pericopsis Mooniana, 129

Phoenix zeylanica, 265

Phyllanthus Emblica, 237

Pithecolobium bigeminum, 146

Polyalthia longifolia, 10

Pometia eximia, 113

Pongamia glabra, 128

Premna serratifolia, 213

tomentosa, 214

_ Pseudocarapa Championii, 96

Pterocarpus Marsupium, 127

Pterospermum suberifolium, 73

Pygeum zeylanicum, 147

Rhizophora Candeleria, 148

mucronata, 148

Rhododendron arboreum, 184

Samadera indica, 87

Sapindus emarginatus, 111

Sapium insigne, 249

Saraca indica, 136

Sarcocephalus cordatus, 175

Schleichera trijuga, 109

Schumacheria castanezfolia, 2

Scolopia acuminata, 17

Gertneri, 18

Semecarpus coriacea, 120

Gardneri, 121

subpeltata, 119

Shorea lissophylla, 45

oblongifolia, 44

Shorea stipularis, 46

Sonneratia acida, 170

Spondias mangifera, 124

Stemonoporus acuminatus, 63

Gardneri, 62

Lewisii, 64

Wightii, 61

Stephegyne parvifolia, 178

Sterculia Balanghas, 71

foetida, 70

Stereospermum chelonioides,

212

Strychnos Nux-vomica, 209

potatorum, 210

Sunaptea scabriuscula, 58

Symplocos coronata, 200

spicata, 199 )

Tabernzmontana dichotoma, 205

Tamarindus indica, 137

Terminalia belerica, 153

chebula, 154

glabra, 156

parviflora, 155

tomentosa, 156

Ternstroemia japonica, 35

Tetrameles nudiflora, 173

Thespesia populnea, 66

Timonius Jambosella, 181

Trema orientalis, 252

Trichadenia zeylanica, 19

Turpinia pomifera, 115

Vateria acuminata, 60

Vatica obscura, 59a

Roxburghiana, 59

Ventilago maderaspatana, 107

Vitex alata, 219

altissima, 218

Leucoxylon, 220

Negundo, 217

Walsura Piscidia, 98

Wendlandia Notoniana, 179

Willughbeia zeylanica, 202

Wormia triquetra, 3

Xanthophyllum flavescens, 21

Xylopia Championui, 12

parviflora, 11

Zizyphus Jujuba, 108

246 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).

INDEX TO SINHALESE NAMES.

Alub6, 161

Amba, 117

Andara, 142

Anidun-wenna, 103

Angana, 181

An-kenda, 79

A’pasu, 82

Aralu, 154

Aridda, 123

Atu-ketiya, 11

Badulla, 120, 121

Bakini, 175

Bakmi, 175

Bala, 122

Bandura-vel, 221

Bata-damba, 163

Bedi-del, 257

Beli, 35

Beli-patta, 65

Beru, 246

B6-kéra, 89, 90

Boémbu, 199

Bémi, 231

Bu-hora, 40

Bulu, 153

Buruta, 100

Bi-séru, 214

Daluk, 234

Daminiya, 75

Dat-ketiya, 12°

Dawata, 150

Dawu, 157

Dawul-kurundu, 232

Del, 257

Demata, 216

Divi-kaduru, 205

Diya-midella, 165

Diya-na, 34

Diya-para, 3

Diya-ratmal, 136

Diyataliya, 174

Dodan-penna, 80

Domba, 28

Domba-kina, 26

Dorona, 43

Dotalu, 262

Dummala, 44

Dun, 47, 48

Dunu-madala, 212

Durulla, 54

Ehela, 131

Ela-bakmi, 176

Embarella, 124

Erabadu, 125

Kta-heraliya, 106

Etamba, 116

Et-demata, 215

Ktuna, 72

| Galis, 180

Gal-karanida, 135, 138

| Gal-mora, 225

Gal-weralu, 77

Gamalu, 127

| Gan-mi, 188

Gedumba, 252

Gerieta, 201

Goda-kaduru, 209

Goda-kirilla, 250

Goda-para, 5

Gokatu, 23

Gdénapana, 96

Gon-kaduru, 203

Goraka, 22

Gurenda, 251

Guru-kina, 27

Hal, 60

Hal-mendora, 61

Hal-milla, 74

Hampalanda, 155

Hapu, 7, 9

Hedawaka, 248

Helamba, 178

Hik, 118

Hima, 158

Hingul, 97

Honda-beraliya, 53

[Vou. XVIE

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS.

Honda-para, 4

Hora, 41, 42

Hulan-hik, 99

Hunuv-kirilla, 238

Imbul, 68

Tdi, 265

Ingini, 210

Tpetta, 8

Tramusu, 207

Triya, 224

Jiwul, 84

_ Kadol, 148, 149

Kahata, 166

Kalamaduwa, 253

Kalatiya, 146

Kalu-habariliya, 194

Kalumediriya, 197

Kaluwara, 196

Kampotta, 241

Kana-gona, 258

_ Kana-goraka, 23

Kankumbala, 115

Kappu, 68

Karapincha, 81

Katu-boda, 69

-Katu-imbul, 67

Katu-kenda, 17

Katu-kitul, 263

Katu-kurundu, 18

Kekiri-wara, 2

Keku, 14

Kekuna, 92

Keley-gas, 21

Keppetiya, 243

Kepun-miriya, 171

Keta-kéla, 235

Kina, 29, 31

Kiri-himbiliya, 191

Kiri-kén, 98

Kirilla, 170

Kiri-vel, 202

Kiri-vella, 204

Kitul, 264

Kohomba, 95

Kokatiya, 25

Kokun, 104

Kolon, 177

Kon, 109

Korasa-vel, 1

Kos, 259

Kos-bedda, 230 °

Kota-dimbula, 255

Kotikan-beraliya, 49

Kudu-dawula, 232

Kukulu-vel, 268

Kukuruman, 141

Kumbalu, 86

Kumbuk, 156

Kunu-beru, 247

Kuratiya, 168

Kurundu, 226

Lawulu, 185

Lénteri, 261

Liyan, 172

Lunu-ankenda, 78

Lunu-madala, 212

Lunumidella, 94

JLunu-warana, 16

Maditiya, 140

Madol, 24

Magul-karanda, 128

Maha-badulla, 119

Maha-bulumora, 91

Maha-dan, 164

Maha-debara, 108

Maha-ratmal, 184

Maha-vével, 267

Makulu, 20

| Malaboda, 222

Mal-kéra, 88

Mara, 145

Maran, 160

Mas-mora, 141

Mayila, 139

Mella, 101

Mendora, 57, 59, 64

Mi, 187

Midi, 213

Mihiriya, 38, 39

Milla, 218, 219

Miyan-milla, 218, 219

Mélpedda, 186

Mora, 112

Muguna, 173

247

248 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).

Miinamal, 192

Muruta, 169

Na, 33

Na-imbul, 113

Na-mendora, 58

Nava, 71

Naya-dessa, 37

Nebada, 220

Nedun, 129

Nelli, 237

Neralu, 105

Netew, 11

Nil-nika, 217

Palu, 193

Pamburu, 83

Panukéra, 162

Pat-kéla, 236

Pelan, 106

Penela, 111

Pengiri-kurundu, 227

Pepaliya, 241

‘Pihimbiya, 93

Pinibaru, 167

Pini-beraliya, 52, 56

Pol, 270

Porowamalla, 198

Porowa-mara, 182

Pulun-imbul, 68

Puwak, 260

Ranawara, 133

Rata-kekuna, 242

Ratambala, 183

Ratatiya, 35, 39

Rat-beraliya, 55

Rat-kihiria, 143

Ratmal, 183

Ratu-mihiriya, 36

Ratu-wa, 132

Rérimawara, 222

Réru, 214

Riti, 256

Ruk, 223

Ruk-attana, 206

Sapu, 7

Sapu-milla, 218, 219

Siyambala, 137

Suriamara, 144

Suriya, 66

Suwanda, 32

Tal, 269

Tala, 266

Tammana, 240

Tawwenna, 190

Telambu, 70

Tel-domba, 28

Tel-kaduru, 249

Tel-kekuna, 242

Timbiri, 195

Tinniya, 51

Titta-eta, 19

Titta-samadara, 87

Tolol, 19

Totila, 211

Ubberiya, 151

Ugudu-hal, 200

Ulalu, 228

Unanu, 147

Urukanu, 102

Veli-venna, 245

Vel-kekuna, 244

Veverana, 229

Vira, 239

Wa, 134

Wal-bilin, 86

Wal-gona, 254

Wal-jambu, 159

Walkos, 230

Walla, 233

Wal-mora, 110

Wal-sapu, 6

Walu-kina, 30

Wam-para, 4

Wana-hapu, 9

Wana-idala, 179

Wana-mi, 189

Wara, 208

Welan, 73

Welipenna, 152

Welipiyenna, 152

Weni-vel, 15

Weralu, 76

Werawu, Werella, 114

Yakada-wel, 107

Yakahalu, 45, 46, 48, 50, 57

Yak-erabadu, 126

(Vou. XVII.

Ss COC

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS. 249

_ INDEX

Addai, 139

Agalai, 99

Ampuli, 124

Anai-kundumani, 140

Asinip-pilar, 257

Chadaichi, 75

Chaturak-kalli, 234

Chavandalai, 74

Chelampai, 178

Chirupunnai, 27

Chomuntiri, 72

Elumpurukki, 231

Erumaimulli, 213

Tlantai, 108

Iliyappalai, 206

Tluppai, 187

Trukali, 208

Trumpalai, 194

Kachadai, 166

K4ddamanakku, 218, 219

Kaddmuruchan, 201

Kaéddu-manga, 116

Kajfchurai, 209

Kandal, 148

Karivémpu, 81

Karuikah, 196

Karuva, 226

Kinnai, 170

Kodalimurungai, 143

Kollukkuddi, 214

Korokka-puli, 22

Ku'a-pannai, 80

Kuma, 110

Kumil, 216

Kuruntu, 83

Makal, 20

Malai-vémpu, 94

Manchal-kadampa, 177

Manga, 117

Mara-ilupai, 10

Marutu, 156

Miyanku, 73

Mukalai, 192

TO TAMIL NAMES.

Mullu-murukku, 125

_ Mutirai, 100

| Nakka, 33

| Nannari, 207

Naval, 164

Navilankai, 16

Nir-nochchi, 220

Nurai, 112

Odi, 118

Padri, 212

Pakku, 260

Palai, 193

| Palamanikkam, 222

| Panai, 269

Panalai, 111

Panichchai, 195

Parutti, 67

Perum-piyari, 105

Perunkuruntu, 82

Pilar, 259

Pinari, 251

Pirambu, 267

Ponnaimurunkai, 144

[lexan aley,

| Punnai, 28

Puvaravu, 66

Talapattu, 266

Tampanai, 240

Tanakku, 158

Tandai, 153

Tenattukkai, 245

Tenna-maram, 270

Tilai, 249

Tippili-maram, 264

Tirukkondai, 131

Toppi-nelli, 237

Tumpalai, 59a

Vakai, 134

Vammi, 175

Vechchi, 183

Vekkalai, 157

Velaiyil, 250

Vellai-kadampé, 176

21-02

200 JOURNAL, RAS. (CEYLON), [VoL. XVII.

Vémpadam, 107 Vidattal, 142

Vempu, 95 Vilatti, 84

Venkai, 127 Viyarai, 239

Vennochchi, 217 Yavaranai, 229

Notr.—I have been unable to compare these names with plants

erowing in the Tamil-speaking parts of Ceylon, so that for

accuracy, both of spelling and application, I have been obliged

to depend on the material I could get from other writers.—F. L.

INDEX TO ORDERS AND GENERA.

[ Names in italics indicate Orders, those in Roman letters, Genera. |

PAGE PAGE

Aberia bee ... 104 | Allophylus 147

Abrus wee ... 155 | Alphonsea ef 100

Abutilon ao .. 126 | Alseodaphne ... 217

Acacia bap ... 164 | Alstonia 202

Acalypha ee ... 223 | Alyssicarpus 155

Acranthera ... -- 184 | Alyxia 202

Acronychia ... ... 132 | Ammannia 180

Acrotrema ... ... 96 | Amoora BS 139

-Actephila ae .. 222 | Anacardiacee ... 151

Actinodaphne ... ... 2i7¢ | Anamirta 102

Adenanthera ... ... 164 | Anaxagorea. <.: 100°

Adenochleena ... ... 223 | Anisophyllea ... 168

Adina Ae ... 184 |. Anodendron 202

Adinandra ... ... 112 | Anogeissus : 171

/Aschynomene .-- 155 | Anonacee wai 100

Aganosma Bae -. 202 | Anotis M5 184

Aglaia ee ... 139 | Anthocephalus 184

Agrimonia .... ... 167 | Antiaris 231

Agrostostachys — ... 223 | Antidesma 222

Agyneia aie Bi S eee 222 4|) A pocynacec 202

Ailantus Sse ... 135 | Apodytes 143

Alangium ae 4. 183 | Aporosa 222

Albizzia wae .. 164 | Areca 237

Alchemillay 5.3. ... 167 | Artabotrys 100

Alleanthus ... . ... 231 | Artocarpus 231

Allceophania ... wo 184 | Asclepiadee 205

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS.

PAGE

Atalantia ne SL

Atylosia Aes ees) LOO

Avicennia “Ad ee 09

Axinandra ae See OO

Azadirachta ... sae oO

Baissea ie e202

- Balanocarpus ... Sete? ASI

Balsamodendrum Be an

Barringtonia ... ee LS

Bassia as Son NO)

Bauhinia es deg OY)

Beilschmiedia ... eral

Berrya B60 ae LO

Bignoniacew ... dee WAN

Biwacee ea POL

Blachia si 2S

Bocagea ae ose LOO

Boehmeria ... Cae ot

Bombax miele net 26

Borassus ee Re Pay

Bouchea ae ve’: 209

Breynia ae sooo

Bridelia Aa S229

Bruguieria .... boo Loko

Buchanania ... woe LI

Burseracee ... MST

Butea ic ooo (156

Byrsophyllum ... .. 184

Cadaba Be ino 03

Cesalpinia .... Se a ea)

Calamus ae SOOM

Callicarpa ue 5ou OA)

Calophyllum ... ec LOG

Calotropis sis 550 AUD

Campnosperma, ape biL

Canarium on sh ese

Canavalia ai soo NS

Cansjera ds won 43

Canthium a8 PeelGA:

Capparidee... 2 1103

Capparis Be see LOS

Carallia Age .. 168

Caralluma ... re i206

Carapa sie Be et

Cardiospermum ee ATE

Careya er neo JL

Carissa

Caryota

Casearia

Cassia Eo

Cassytha eee

Celastracee

Celastrus

Celtis

Cerbera

Ceriops

Ceropegia

Chetocarpus ...

Chamabainia

Chasalia

Chickrassia

Chloroxylon

Chonemorpha...

Chrozophora ...

Chrysophyllum

Cinnamomunm ...

Cipadessa

Cissampelos

Claoxylon

Clausena

Cleidion

Cleistanthus

Cleome Be

Clerodendron ...

Clitoria

Cocculus

Cocos

Coftea

Colubrina

Combretacee

Combretum ...

Corchorus

Cornacee

Corypha

Coscinium

Cosmostigma ...

Cratzeva

Crotalaria

Croton

| Crudia

Cryptocarya

Cryptolepis

eS)

PAGE

Cudrania Sas eojmow

Cullenia <o 560, AO)

Cyathocalyx ... ... 100

Cyclea eis ay OD

Cyclostemon ... nae SU DOD

Cynanchum ... ee 206

Cynometra... nao LS)

Deemia awe soo AOI

Dalbergia A : ee eal D6

Dalechampia ... bau ee

Daphniphyllum Soo

Datiscacee we noo Ikste)

Debregeasia ... dn azo

_ Delima se Wee oho

Dentella Bae .. =184

Derris — cae Spee ele)

Desmodium ... ee llaS

Dialium ae on o9

Dicellostyles ... sag VAD

Dichilanthe ... .. 184

Dichrostachys ... ... 164

Dillenia fos see tO

Dilleniacee ... £6) 90

Dimorphocalyx beet wa

Dioclea Ne te DG

Diospyros ate ee 190

Diplospora_... vos ti LOS

Dipterocarpacee cold

Dipterocarpus ... spk

Dischidia ane ie 206

Dodonzxa ae ee eG)

Dolichandrone... nao, ADE

Dolichos a ses Wl56

Doona ae Be) hd

Dorstenia wis Be 281

Dregea SES ee 206

Dumasia ms ice eehia aay)

Dunbaria siete Bo, LENS)

Dysoxylon ... soo HS

Ebenacee a PO

Eleocarpus ... poe LOO

Elzodendron ... eA:

Elatostemma ... Bo.) Pail

Eleiotis Me Una tad ty)

Entada 58 vac. 164

Ericacee Re Saas uh kee)

JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).

Eriodendron

Eriosema

Erythrina

Erythrospermum

Eugenia

Euodia

Kuonymus

Euphorbia

Euphorbiacee ...

Kurya

Exxceecaria

Fagrea

Fergusonia

Feronia

Ficus

Filicium

Flacourtia

Flemingia

Fleurya

Flueggia

Gaertnera

Galactia

Galium

Garcinia

Gardenia

Gaultheria

Gelonium

Geophila

Girardinia

Gironniera

Givotia

Gleniea

Glochidion

Glossocarya

Glycine

Glycosmis

Glyptopetalum

Gmelina wee

Gomphandra ...

Gomphia ~

Goniothalamus

Gordonia

Gouania

Grewia

Guettarda

Guttifera

[Wot VE

PAGE

126

156

155

104

175

132

144

Dayaee

222

112

223

206

184

132

231

137

104

156

231

222

206

156

184.

106

184

189

223

184

231

223

147

Zee

209

155

132

144

209

143

136

100

112

146

Bees ts 0)

Ae olt!

106

No. 53.—1902.] TREES AND FLOWERING PLAN'IS.

PAGE

Gymnema ... e206

Gymnosporia ... ... 144

Gynandropsis ... ennLOs

Gyrinops ae Bre Para

Gyrocarpus ... GL

Harpullia ate ... 147

Hedyotis ate w» 184

Helicteres ee soe LAS)

Hemicyclia_... Wee

Hemidesmus ... san) PAS)

Hemigyrosa ... sen AG

Heritiera ee Lee 2Or.

Hernandia ae. ieee

Heterostemma ... 206

Heylandia _... sap 1155)

Hibiscus rare Ry ea IPA)

Hippocratea ... - 144

Holarrhena ... ise Oe

Holoptelea_... ser eo

Holostemma ... en o206

Homalium sae beg key

Homonoia oes et 223

Hopea ae ono) Lhdu)

Hoya S50 sae 200

Humboldtia ... veo LY

Hunteria Sa see 202

_ Hydnocarpus ... .. 104

Hydrophylax ... Jee. 184

Ichnocarpus ... S60, AO

Tlex 458 ee Ae

LIlicinec sis w. 144

Indigofera... eS

- Tsonandra ae se. 190

Txora ee Peo:

Jasminum See cae AU!

Jatropha sara e222

J ulostylis 500 soon L2G

Kadsura ian Rt AGOG

Kayea “aie ... 106

Kendrickia_ .... second ey)

- Knoxia ahi Seats 1keyl

Kokoona au (ee Oke:

Kurrimia ane Gon dies

Lagerstroemia ... Be5 koh)

Lantana sas see 209

Laportea ee Lau eco

Lasianthera

Lasianthus

Lasiosiphon

Lauracece

Lawsonia

Lecanthus

Leguminose

Leptadenia

Leucocodon

Ligustrum

Limacia

-~Limonia

Lindera

Linociera

Lippia

Litsea

Loganiacee

Loxococcus

Lumnitzera

Luvunga

Lythracee

Maba

Macaranga

Machilus

Meerua

Magnoliacee

Malvacec

Mallotus

Mangifera

Mappia

Marsdenia

Mastixia

Medinilla

Melastoma

Melastomacee ...

Melia

Meliacee

Melochia

Memecylon

WMenispermacece

Mesua a

Mezoneurum ...

Michelia

Micromelum

Microtropis

Miliusa

254

Mimusops

Mischodon

Mitrasacme

Mitrephora

Monoporandra...

Morinda

Mucuna

Mundulea

Munronia

Murraya

Musseenda

Myristica

Myristicacew

Myriacee

_Nargedia

Nauclea

Nepenthacee

Nepenthes

Nephelium

Neptunia

Neurocalyx

Nipa

Nothopegia

Ochnacee

Ochna

Ochrosia

Odina

Olacineee

Olax

Oldenlandia

Olea

Oleacee

Oncosperma

Ophiorrhiza

Opiha

Ormocarpon

Orophea

Oroxylum

Osbeckia

Osmelia

Ostodes

Oxystelma

Pachygone

Palaquium

Palmew

Paramignya

JOURNAL, RB.A.S. (CEYLON).

PAGE |

sos et OO

222

206

100

115

184

155

Bag 1) llete)

ooo Lo2

184

215

175

184

184 |

214

147

164

184

237

151

136

202

151

143

184

201

237

184

143

155

100

207

179

182

223

206

102

190

237

132

Parochetus

Parsonsia

Pavetta

Pavonia

Pellionia

Peltophorum ...

Pemphis

Pentapetes

Pentatropis

Pericopsis seis

Phaleria

Phaseolus

Phoenix’

Photinia

Phyllanthus

Phyllochlamys

Pilea

Pithecolobium

Pityranthe

Plecospermum...

Pleurostylia ...

Podadenia

Polyalthia

Polygala

Polygalacee

Pometia

Pongamia

Potentilla

Poterium

Pouzolzia

Premna

Prismatomeris...

Priva

Procris

Pseudarthria ...

Pseudocarapa. ...

Psoralea

Psychotria

Pterocarpus

Pterospermum

Putranjiva ss.

Pycnospora

Pygeum

Pyrenacantha ...

Randia

Rauvolfia

EVOlh Revels

PAGE

155

202

184

126

231

159

180

128

206

156

299

156

237

167

229

231

164

130

231

144

223

100

106

147

156

167

231

209

184

209

231

155

139

155

184

156

128

222

155

167

143

184

202

No, 53.

PAGE

Rhamnacee ... shee 146

Rhamnus Bee saa ebAG

Rhizophora ... ... 168

Rhizophoracee ... ... 168

Rhododendron soo. dless)

Rhodomyrtus ... wes) Bela

Rhynchosia_... ee ep DO

Rosacee ie ee Ol

Rothia dee So ney

Rubia aie Soo 8

Rubiacec Bre Soo) Lev

Rubus aa wi SLOT

Rutacece BR eee?

Sageretia aN. vec AO

Salacia Bs son dla

‘Salomonia .... ... 106

Samadera see me oD

Samydacee ... cop Wel

Sapindacee ... neta ee

Sapindus Ree siete aed,

Saplum -... adel eB

Sapotacere see scee ENO

Saprosma ae Heel ref!

Saraca oh Soe SY)

Sarcocephalus ... Jose LOA

Sarcococca oes Beep}

Sarcostemma ... sos PAU

Sauropus ae ye

Schizostigma ... seal O4

Schleichera ... woe bA7

Schumacheria ... Seo

Scolopia sie ye ak O4

Scutia sae wee 46

Scyphiphora ... Wate ss AaOA

Scyphostachys... w. 184

Sebastiania ... AGG PA)

Secamone sia ee 206

Semecarpus ... Bee DIL:

Sesbania ae Bote n ved

Shorea sis Rat ey! i 5)

Shuteria eee sag La)

Sida ule sue 126

Sideroxylon ... bho 4 dD)

Simarubacee ... Sue POL OD

Smithia es eau ell)

Sonerila ae storie

1902.]| TREES AND FLOWERING PLANTS.

Sonneratia

Sophora

Spermacoce

Spondias

Stachytarpheta

Stemonoporus ...

Stephania

Stephegyne

Sterculia

Sterculiacee

Stereospermum

Streblus

Strombosia

Strongylodon ...

Strychnos

Stylosanthes ...

Styracee.

Sunaptea

Suriana ;

Symphorema ...

Symplocos

Tabernzemontana

Taxotrophis

Tectona

Tephrosia

Teramnus

Terminalia

Ternstroeemia ...

Ternstreemiacece

Tetracera

Tetrameles ...

Thespesia

Thymelecee

Tiliacece eae

Tihacora

Timonius

Tinospora aa

Toddalia die

Toxocarpus

Tragia

Trema

Trewia

Trichadenia

Trigonostemon

Triumfetta

Turpinia

256

Tylophora

Uncaria

Unona

Uraria

Urena

Urophyllum

Urticacee

Uvaria

Vallaris

Vateria

Vatica

Ventilago

Verbenacee

Vigna

Villebrunia

Vinca

Vitex

JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).

PAGE

206

184

100

155

126

134

231

100

202

115

146

209

156

23T

202

209 |

Walsura

Waltheria

Webera

Weihea

Wendlandia

Wikstroemia ...

Willughbeia

Wissadula

Woodfordisa,

Wormia

Wrightia

Xanthophyllum

Ximenia

Xylopia

Zanthoxylum ...

Zizyphus

Zornia

(Vou. XVII.

PAGE

139

128

184

168

184

222

202

126

180

202

106

143

1C0

132

146

155

CORRECTION AND ADDITION.

On page 105, line 7 from bottom, for ‘‘rarely poison any” read

“rarely contain any.” ©

No. 197.—Since this Paper went to press I have obtained examples

of the male flower of the Calamander, at Karawita-kanda, in Sabara-

gamuwa.

These are white, with green, rather ovoid calyx-tube, in

small nodding clusters, easily detached. Leaves in the male tree of

this species are much smaller than in the female.

No. 53.—1902. ] PROCEEDINGS. 257

COUNCIL MEETING.

Colombo Museum, July 3, 1902.

Present:

His Excellency the Hon. Everard im Thurn, C.B., C.M.G ,

President, in the Chair.

Mr. M. K. Bamber. )} Dr. W. G. Van Dort.

Mr. S. M. Burrows, M.A., C.C.S. || Mr. H. White, C.C.S.

Mr. C. M. Fernando, B.A., LL.B.| Mr. J.C. Willis, M.A., F.L:S.

Mr. F. C. Roles, Honorary Treasurer.

Mr. G. A. Joseph, Honorary Secretary.

Business.

1. Read and confirmed Minutes of the last Council Meeting.

9. Resclved,—That the following Candidates for admission into the

Society as Resident Members be elected :—

Z ( D. B. Jayatilaka.

C. Batuwantudawa : recommended by oF GN Sonaah

A. J. Chalmers, M.D., &c.: recommended { J.C. Willis, M.A.

by H.M. Fernando, M.D.

: J. Ferguson.

G. B. Leechman: recommended by a “RTL. Reuse

D. Montagu, A.M.I.C.E., A.I.E.E.: recom- § J. Ferguson.

mended by R. H. Ferguson.

G. E. S. 8S. Weerakoon, Mudaliyar: recom- \ C. Drieberg.

mended by G. A. Joseph.

8. Passed a vote of thanks to Mr. J. F. W. Gore for some valuable

books presented by him.

4. laid on the table a Paper entitled “ Dondra,”’ by G. E. Weera-

koon, Mudaliyar.

Resolved,—That the Paper be referred to Messrs. H. C. P. Bell and

W. P. Ranasinha for their opinions.

5. Laid on the table Circular issued by the President of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal regarding the “Study of Folklore” in

India, and considered the advisability of reprinting the Circular in the

Society’s Journal.

O 21-02

258 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

Resolved,—That the subject be left over for next Meeting, and the

Circular be referred +0 His Excellency the Hon. Everard im Thurn,

C.B., C.M.G., President, for His Excellency’s opinion.

6. Laid on the table a letter from Mr. 8. M. Burrows, forwarding

a Paper on ‘ Two Sannas of the Seventeenth Century,” by Mr. T. B.

Pohath Kehelpenalla.

Resolved, —That the Paper be referred to Messrs. H.C. P. Bell and

C. M. Fernando for their opinions.

_ 7%. Considered the question of extra copies of Mr. F. Lewis’s

recent Paper.

Resolved,—That Mr. Lewis be granted permission to offer his copies

for sale as soon as they are ready.

8. Laid on the table a letterfrom Mr. E. EH, Green, suggesting that

@ periodical award be instituted by the Society in the form of a Medal,

to be called the ‘“ Collett Medal,” in commemoration of the name of

the late Mr. Oliver Collett.

Resolved,—That the matter do stand over for next Meeting, and

that Mr. Green be asked to furnish a more definite scheme as regards

cost and conditions of the award.

9. Resolved,—That the Council of the Ceylon Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society wish to record their regret at the death of

Mr. O. Collett, a Member of the Society, who has particularly

identified himself with Biological research and contributed some

valuable Papers to the Society.

10. Considered a suggestion by Mr. J. P. Lewis, C.C.S., that a

clerk or draughtsman be employed by the Society at an expenditure

of Rs. 10 to make copies of twenty-six epitaphs in the Pettah Burial

Ground.

Resolved,—That the matter be referred to Mr. F. H. de Vos for

his opinion.

11. Considered the question of printing the available translations

of Volum:s I. and II. of the Galle Dutch Records (17th century) as

part of the Journal for the year, or as an Extra Number.

Resolved,—That the matter be left in the hands of the Editing

Secretary.

No. 53.—1902.) GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 209

RESOLUTIONS AND SENTENCES OF THE COUNCIL OF

THE TOWN OF GALLE, 1640-44.

Being the Translation of Volumes I. and II. of the Galle Dutch

Records, made for the Society in Holland.’

Edited and revised by R. G. ANTHONISZ, Government Archivist.

VOLUME I.

August 8, 1641 A.D.

MS. page 1.

ALTHOUGH a Singalese runaway had reported that since

our last expedition to Bacquelle? and thereabouts, the enemy

had repaired thither with 150 white men, besides the “ blacks ”’

from Mature, yet the Lord President was by divers sergeants

and other officers daily accosted, and requested leave to sally

out in small parties of 12, 16, or 20 men, in order to shoot

cattle and to provide other refreshments ; His Honour, having

told this to the Council, has submitted to their judgment

whether it were not advisable to send out a considerable

1 Volumes I. and II. of the Galle Records are the oldest Dutch manu-

scripts extant in Ceylon. They embrace the years 1640-44, and furnish

details of the proceedings of the Dutch in Ceylon from the date of their

first obtaining a footing in the Island by the conquest of the fortified town

of Galle. No attempt has been made to correct the phraseology of the

translation, as the quaint, though perhaps often obscure, language in

which it is presented very faithfully reproduces the original. The Trans-

lator has laboured under the disadvantage, not only of having to decipher

avery difficult and imperfect manuscript, but also to get at the context

where whole passages have been destroyed by vermin.

By an error of the binder the earliest resolutions (1640-41), which should

have appeared at the commencement of Volume I., have been bound up

with Volume II.

2 Wakwella, 4 miles from Galle.

[Printed under Resolution No. 11 of Council Meeting of July 3, 1902—see page 258, ante.]

Oo 2

260 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Von. XVIT.

force, in order to reconnoitre the field as far as the river

Gindure, and to ascertain whether the enemy was keeping in

those parts; that afterwards with the more safety smaller

parties might be sent out. And after mature consideration,

and having weighed the matter and agreed that we could not

answer it if any disaster should befall so weak a party, and

that, nevertheless, on this occasion it were meet to let our

- men enjoy so much refreshment as were anyway obtainable,

they have resolved and determined that to-morrow morning

a body of 80 men (besides the officers) under command

of Captain Wa [lraven de Rivire, Lieuten] ant Jacob Gans

and [ | Ensign Adam Helwinck, assisted by two

sergeants, shall sally forth to reconnoitre the [ |

on the river Gindure, and to secure the place where people

cross the river near Bacquelle,! without however passing on to

the other side, lest in crossing or re-crossing being discovered.

by bodies of the enemy, they should be separated and the

weakest part be attacked by the same.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert

Camholt,

Saturday, August 24, 1642.

MS. page 2.

Whereas Pieter Brantsteen of Ysendyck, soldier ; Dirck

Hop of Garmuyln, also a soldier; and Teunis Helmert of

Deventer, corporal (as on the 9th instant they had been

commanded to sally forth, together with a body of soldiers,

to perform that which has been referred to in the previous

resolution), had bequeathed and devised to the persons.

following, to wit, Pieter Brantsteen to Cornelis Martensz

van der Gouw, soldier; Dirck Hop to Gems Pryts, also a

soldier; and Teunis Helmert to Jeuriaen Lange, sergeant

(in case they should be left behind), their whole accoutre-

ments, and besides, Dirck Hop also his monthly pay, as the

said legatees duly and clearly proved by attestation to the

' Probably the spot where the present resthouse stands.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 261

Lord President and his Council ;. and the gaid legatees have

humbly requested that the said goods might be given up to

them, seeing that none of the aforesaid persons are forth-

coming, His Honour has submitted to his Council the

question whether it were advisable to let them have the said

goods forthwith, or to wait a few days more, until [it should

indubitably appear that the afore-mentioned persons are |

dead ;

Upon which the Council, having [duly] weighed the

letter from Columbo received here [ - ], in which

among other matters is narrated the encounter which our

men have had with a body of [the enemy ], without, however,

mentioning any prisoners made by the said enemy; from

which it may be safely concluded that the aforesaid persons

are dead ;

have unanimously approved, resolved, and determined

to give up the said goods as soon as possible to the legatees,

lest the same should spoil by lying too long, said legatees

being bound to give receipts for the same according to custom.

Jan Brandenburch, of Elfeneur (Elsinore, Helsingor), who

arrived here in 1638 in the ship “ Emilia” as an Adelborst! on

10 guilders per month, having since the 14th November of

A. P done corporal’s duty, and duly acquitted himself

therein, is, at his request on this consideration, and since

the place of Caspar Homan is vacant, promoted to the

post of full sergeant of this garrison, at a salary of

20 guilders per month, the increase being held to begin on

the 10th of August last.

MS. page 3.

Claes Egbertsz, of Campen, who arrived ‘in India in 1638

in the ship “ Rynsbureh ”’ as an Adelborst on a salary of 10

guilders per month, is, considering his good and valiant

services, notably in the late combat of a body of our men

with the enemy, at his request, and on account of his

"Gentleman cadet. 2 Anno passado, last year.

262 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

ability thereto, appointed to the post of corporal of the

Adelborsts, with a salary of 18 guilders per month,

the increase being held to have begun on the 10th of this

current month of August.

Jan Lits (itch, Lidge ?), of Cantelberch (Canterbury),

having arrived here in 1639 in the yacht “ Lis” as an Adelborst,

on a salary of 10 guilders per month, having for two months

past rendered very good services to this garrison in making

matches' and other ropework [ |, still further to

encourage him, his salary has at his request been raised to

12 guilders per month, the increase being held to have begun

on the 12th of June last. |

Victor van Dyck, of Middelburch, having arrived in India

in 1640 in the frigate “ De Liefde” as a Bosschieter? on a salary

of 11 guilders per month, having since the 24th of January

last, to the complete satisfaction of the skipper, performed the

duties of an assistant butler® on board the said frigate, is, by

these presents, at his request, and considering his ability,

confirmed in the said office, his salary being fixed at 40

guilders per month, from the day [on which he began

to do the said duties] mentioned above.

Jacob [ ], of Vlissengen (Flushing), having

arrived in this country in 1639 in the yacht ‘“‘ Heemsherck ”

as a musketeer on a salary of 12 guilders per month, having

since the 20th of May last filled the office of quartermaster

in the frigate “ De Liefde” to the entire satisfaction of his

superior officers, is therefore at his request, and considering

his ability, by these presents, confirmed in the said office, his

salary being fixed at 40 guilders per month, from the time

when he entered on the said office.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinek, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert

Camholt.

' Hand spinnen in original manuscript = hand spinning.

* Busschi-ter, vifleman. 3The post of Bottelier, or steward, to

judge from the salary attached to it (40 guilders), was one of some rank.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 263

August 28, 1642 A.D.

MS. page 4.

Whereas we had seen from the letter of Dom Philip de

Mascarin, Governor-General of Columbo, handed us this

day, that if we were disposed to send him the Portuguese

prisoners who are here, he would send us back as many

of our men now prisoners with him, with the exception of

Ignatio Sarmento de Ravalte, whom we were free to detain

here until he should have paid his promised ransom, and

furthermore the letter carrier having informed us by word of

mouth that at Columbo were kept prisoners eight Dutchmen,

captured in the late combat near the river Gindure, the

Lord President has submitted to his Council the question

whether it would be advisable to abide by our last letter to

the said Governor-General and the promises therein made,

that if he would send us back the hostages and prisoners

taken in the combat near the river Alican, we should in our

turn send him these Portuguese,

or whether we should detain here the same Portuguese

prisoners (seeing the latteriare of much higher rank than our

men at Columbo) against all our men, as afore-mentioned,

now prisoners at Columbo, and not liberate them until he

should have set our men at liberty. All which the Council

having duly considered, and having weighed the letter

received from Bacquelle by the ship “ Waterhond,” as also,

in order to abide by our former promise, as aforesaid, and

not to make any change therein, in which case the Portuguese

might look upon us as faithless breakers of contracts,

have unanimously approved an resolved to inform the said

Governor-General that as soon as he shall send hither the

hostages taken at Negumbo and the prisoners at Alican, we

shall forthwith set at liberty all the Portuguese prisoners

sent hither from Batavia, except Ignatio Sarmento (as he has

been repeatedly informed before this), and shall nowise give

up our prisoners first, for as the said Dom Philip cannot

but be aware that the surrender of prisoners has always.

264 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVIT,

taken place first on their side, and we on our part have

never failed to fulfil our part of the contract ; and further-

more that if he should resolve to liberate also the other

prisoners captured in the combat, we should procure him

an equal number of Portuguese from Batavia instead of

them ; if not, to request him to be pleased to send us the

names of the said prisoners that we may procure ransom for

them.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert

Cambholt.

Monday, September 9, 1641.

US. page §.

Whereas we have now for four months past been unable

to get any fresh victuals from outside, except what has

been brought in at great risk by sallying-parties, and before

that time we have obtained nothing from the king’s side

through his Modliaer and Saban,' except what they wanted

to get rid of, which has been very little,

insomuch that the men of the garrison are obliged to support

life with their rations of salt meat, bacon, oil, vinegar, &c¢.,

which has caused many diseases, as for instance dropsy,

dysentery, berri-berri, so that the said garrison gets weaker

every day, numbering at present 358 men, of whom at least

80 are unable to do efficient duty, therefore, and because,

after the disaster of the 9th of August last, we dare no longer

venture to send out small parties to procure fresh victuals,

the Lord President has set forth these matters to his Council,

and submitted to them that there are many things that are

not procurable here, and that yet the garrison is sadly in

want of, nor is there any likelihood that they will in the

first place be obtainable, as the whole country hereabouts

has been laid waste by the enemy,

as also that we have nothing to expect from the false Raja

' Sabandaar, a Sinhalese revenue officer (see note, infra).

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 265

Singa, as we fear that he has contracted an alliance with the

Portuguese of which the strangest rumours are current,

in order that Their Honours at Batavia may in time

be informed that our victuals begin to run sadly short,

and, with the exception of rice, will in no case last longer

than January next; also that besides this we may be put

in. possession of what we had before this been promised by

the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys, and now recently by the

Coopman' Laurens de Maersehale at Battecaloa with acertain

vessel, together with three companies of serfs and some

Moors and Singalese,

whether it would not be advisable (it being now the right

time) to send to the coast of Coromandel

MS. page 6.

vid Battecaloa one of the yachts lying in the bay here,

“Liefde”’ or “ Lecq,” as soon as possible, in order to fetch the

said necessaries, as also 20 men from Battecaloa and 25 ditto

from Paliacatte to reinforce our present garrison,

All which having been fully weighed by the Council, and

considering that we have not been informed that the enemy

had intentions to undertake anything against Galle, that at

Columbo there are no vessels that could come this way, and

that if any should come from Goa they could not be here

‘before the end of October, against which time, and even

before, the said yacht is expected to be back here ; as also in

order to prevent extremities

it has been unanimously resolved and approved, to let the

yacht ‘ Lecq,” which is deemed fitter totake in cargothan “De

Liefde,”’ also because “ De Liefde”’ is much better equipped for

war, should set sail, on the 14th instant, or earlier, if mean-

while a further answer respecting our prisoners should come

in from Columbo from Battecaloa and from there for

' Coopman, merchant, This was a grade in the Company’s service. The

highest was Oppercoopman, next Coopman, then Ondercoopman, Boekhouder,

and Adsistent.

266 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VobL. XVII.

Palicatte, and returning thence call at Battecaloa again, in

order to take on board the said necessaries, not doubting [

]

Jan Teunisz,of Palia [ |, having three years ago entered

the service of the Honourable Kast India Company as a cabin

boy on a salary of 4 guilders per month, having half that

time been employed as a junior assistant, is therefore, at

his request and on account of his ability, by these presents

confirmed in the said office, his salary under a renewed three

years’ engagement being fixed at 10 guilders per month, the

increase of salary beginning under this day’s date. -

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laea, Lambert

Camholt.

October 30, 1641 A.D.

MS. page 7.

Having considered that the Portuguese prisoners sent over

to us by Their Honours at Batavia in the yacht “ Water-

hond”’ and the fluytschip1 “Capelle” Cor the ransoming

of the Oppercoopman van der Oudermeulen and the Ensign

Westerenen, who, after the loss of Negumbo, remained there

as hostages, and are still kept in custody at Columbo, and of

other prisoners) are still present with us up to this date, and

we consider it very unlikely that the giving up of his

prisoners on the part of Dom Philip Ms.? Governor at Columbo

will speedily ensue, forasmuch as the said Dom Philip in his

letter tous makes slight mention thereof, and cannot resolve

to set them free (as we would have him do), but on the

contrary threatens to send them on to Goa, the Lord President

has. therefore set these matters before his Council and

submitted to their consideration what follows.?

Whereas he has the yacht “ Lecq” at his disposal, the

Jluytschip “Capelle”’ from the Coast of Coromandel will

' A store ship. 3 Mascarenhas.

2 The manuscript is much worm-eaten and undecipherable at this place.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 267

ie | to-day vid Battecaloa; and as the Lord [ ]

Gardenys urgently recommended to despatch the said

fluytschip to B [, | as soon as possible.

Whether it were advisable, seeing that probably eight or

[ | days will elapse before the said flwyischip [ |

the yachts “ Liefde ” and “ Lecq” [ | be sosoon unloaded

and ready to sail; after [ | with the. before-

mentioned Portuguese prisoners ; [ | to send once

more a letter to the Governor of Columbo, offering the

giving up of the prisoners, in order to give him full measure,

and lest infuture he should say that on our side we had left

anything unfulfilled; andin case the said Governor should not

be disposed to fall in with our proposal, to let the said yacht

come back here forthwith, and to send the said Portuguese

to Batavia in the fluytschip before-mentioned. All which

having been fully weighed by the Council, and it having

been considered that Their Honours had written to us that

we should pay the Portuguese in the same coin in which

they are paying us; that in every possible way the said

Portuguese prisoners are exceedingly hurtful to us, for not

only are eight soldiers continually

MS. page 8.

by day and by night wanted in order to guard them, whereas

the said soldiers could be with great advantage used for

other services ; but the said prisoners, moreover, plot all sorts

of evil they can possibly devise, they being the sole cause

_ that three of our soldiers have in villainous wise passed: over

to the enemy ;

it has been resolved and approved to let the yachts “ Liefde ”

and “ Lecq ” make the said voyage, and if they should return

without having reached their aim, tosend the said Portuguese

prisoners in the fluytschip before-mentioned to Batavia ;

and as there is no one of any rank on board the

yachts who can understand and speak the Portuguese

language, the Coopman Gerrit Moutmaker (who hereby is

268 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. Vat

deputed to said office) shall join the expedition, together

with 20 soldiers, in order that, if the said Governor

should send a person of rank on board of the ships to

negotiate about the transfer, everything should be done

with proper ceremony; and if, as aforesaid, the Governor

shall not be disposed to give up the prisoners, the said

yachts shall return hither as expeditiously as possible, seeing

that the fluytschip has no time to lose in order to reach

Batavia before the departure of the return vessels.!

In consequence of the demise [ | of Skipper

Hans Arenisz of the frigate “ De Liefde,” it has been deemed

expedient to appoint Skipper Frans Maetsuycker master of

the said frigate, and to appoint the first mate Adriaan

Lourensz [ | of the said frigate (who is already

in receipt of the same pay which Hans Arentsz got while

living, and Maetsuycker now gets) skipper of the yacht

‘“‘ Lecq” to take command of it.

It has furthermore been resolved to distribute among the

men of the garrison the clothes, shoes, &c., sent hither by

the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys per yacht “ Lecq”’ and

fluytschip “‘Capelle” as half advance account for the Hast

India Company, according to custom.

Resolved and approved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Cornelis Claix, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt.

Thursday, November 7, 1641.

MS. page 9.

Whereas we have seen from the letter of the Lord Governor-

General and the Council of India, handed us on the oth of

this month per yacht “ Limmen ” arrived here from Batavia

and bound for Goa;

that on the 18th of July last their Worships had sent out

under command of Mathys Quast and destined for the

' The return fleet to Hurope.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 269

Port of Goa a fleet of [ | vessels and yachts with

[ |] men on board, with orders to capture or destroy

the great reinforcements which the enemy (as they said)

expected from Portugal, and also to capture their returning

caracks and prevent the same from navigating to Portugal ;

that, however, they have received later news from the

Netherlands, according to which the whole of Portugal had

revolted from Spain, and the Duke of Braganza had been

chosen and crowned King of Portugal ; that forasmuch as

L ]

they have ordered the said Mathys Quast, if there were any

chance of success, to try his fortune against the town of —

Goa or one of its chief fortresses (which command the town);

but, if he should see no advantage there, or if the enemy,

on the approach of so powerful a fleet, should have recalled

his men from Ceylon in order to defend Goa, in consequence

of which Columbo would not be duly provided and its

garrison weakened; or also, if Galle should have been

reduced to extremity ;

he should have to go to Ceylon with the greater part of his

forces in order to assist us and harass the enemy, holding

Goa duly blockaded before leaving the same with his ships ;

and as

MS. page 10.

their Worships urgently reeommend and command us not to.

detain the said yacht “ Liemmen,” but to despatch it with all

convenient speed to the Port of Goa to the Commander Quast

and his Council with precise information respecting the

position of affairs at Galle and the situation of the enemy at

Columbo ; also respecting the chances of success and the

number of men that would be wanted in order to conquer the

said place without the aid of the King of Candy, and also to

assist Galle [ | |

just as last year he has had our help at Alycan,! and by what

’ Alutgama.

270 JOURNAL, R,A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

means this had better be done, in order that the gaid

Commander Quast may be fully informed thereof ;

Therefore the Lord President has set forth these matters

to his assembled Council and therewith [

to write to Commander Quast all these things in detail.

All which having been fully weighed by the said Council,

they have by a majority of votes resolved, approved, and

determined to send the following communication and advice

to the afore-mentioned Commander Quast, who, being

informed of the same, can decide upon it with his Council, —

as they shall think fit and advisable to be done for the

greatest advantage of the Hast India Company; to wit—

First, respecting the enemy’s situation and forces in this

Island of Ceylon, as we have been told by two Portuguese

deserters and some “ blacks,” their forces consist of from

900 to 1,000 whites, besides the married men at Columbo,

who probably number 500 whites ;

MS. page 11.

but the soldiers are divided into three encampments, one

of these being at Saffregam ; one near this place, made up of

14 distancis,! some of them of 20, some of 22, and others of

24 men; and the third lying at Manicareware ;? besides a

creat number of Cingalese and “blacks,” whom by violence

as well as persuasion they have brought under their rule, as

they still do every day ;

and we do not believe that Dom Philip Mas.,? General

at Columbo, will send any of them to Goa, as he does not

know about our fleet, and, if he suspects anything, he will

probably be afraid that he is to be attacked ;

As respects the state of affairs at Columbo, since the

[ | of the faithless and dishonourable Count de

Vertamane, it has been much fortified, with a moat round

1 Companies ?

*Piobably Mentkkadawara in the Kégalla District.

3 Mascarenhas.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 271

the town on the landside and other fastnesses and trenches

in certain streets inside the place, so that we think that at

least 2,000 soldiers would be wanted to conquer the said

town without the aid of Raja Singa ;

As respects Raja Singa [

as he pretends that during the three years’ [war], which

the Dutch have carried on in this Island, his people

have been greatly weakened, to which should be added

the consequent revolt of his brother the Prince of Uva

against him; and even if Raja should join us with a con-

siderable power, yet none of them would venture to remain

with us, but they would all take to flight, as this perfidious

people have before done at the taking of Galle ; for during the

siege not one of them showed himself, but as soon as the

town had been taken they came forth in great numbers from

the wood (where they had lain concealed to watch how

matters would turn out between us and the Portuguese) not

- Omitting to murder and plunder, so that we think it of little

moment whether we have the assistance of the Cingalese

or not.

Touching the present situation of their king we are unable

to give any particulars, as we have received no letters from

him on this point,

MS. page 12.

It will be hardly possible to get the cinnamon under the

present circumstances, for the Portuguese carried it to

Columbo, as soon as it was cut and prepared, and have been

much quicker about it than Raja Singa was last year, when

he had to provide us.

We understand that shortly after the capture, the enemy

had removed the best pieces of artillery from the fortress of

Negumbo and left a small garrison only in the place to

serve as adefence against the Cingalese only, sothat wesurmise

it could offer little resistance ; still the attack would have to

272 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou vague

be made by surprise and stratagem, for the enemy, learning of

our arrival, and suspecting we might be minded to attempt

the place, will no doubt concentrate all their forces there

(which they could do in three or four days at most) and

prevent any successful undertaking on our part.

As respects the town of Galle, we trust that, with the help

of God, we shall be able with our present garrison, which at

present, reinforced with the 30 men from Coromandel, 10

from Battecaloa, and 25 from Batavia, who came to us a few

days ago, numbers more than 400 men, to resist the enemy,

if he should be minded to attempt anything against us, so

that we see no difficulty in the preservation and defence of

this place.

Actum Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck,

Cornelis Claix, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt.

November 10, 1641.

MS. page 18.

Whereas the yachts “Liefde” and “Lecq” returned

hither from Columbo yesterday, and the Coopman '! Gerrit

Moutmaker has reported that (after sundry negotiations)

the exchange of all the Portuguese prisoners, who had

been here (except Ignatio Sarmento de Cravalhen) for the

Ensign Jan van Westrenen and a boy captured by the

enemy in the river of Alycan,? and six other men captured in

the latest combat which had taken place, on condition that

(seeing the number of our men in prison with them was so

much greater than the number of their men prisoners with

us) we should send to Batavia for three men more, and send

them on to Columbo ;

the Ondercoopman van der Oudermeulen having remained

there, whom they do not wish to set free until he shall

1 Koopman, lit. merchant, one of the higher grades in the service of the

Dutch East India Company CS note on p. 265).

* Bentota river.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 273

have paid what he has promised for his ransom, namely,

1,000 pieces of eight ;1

but, if we should be disposed to set free the afore-mentioned

Ignatio against the said Van der Oudermeulen without

paying anything on either side, they would also be content

therewith [ ]

And whereas the aforesaid Gerrit Moutmaker (neither

he nor we having orders to that purpose from the Governor-

General and the Council of India) had not ventured to

accept this proposal, the Lord President has proposed to his

Council assembled, and at the same time submitted to their

consideration, what follows :-—

As, judging by ourselves, we can well understand (and

have besides been told by the Ensign Westrenen) not only

that the said Oudermeulen must have fallen into great des-

pendency about what has happened, but that it is also to be

feared he may fall into doubt, from which (we hope not)

great harm might ensue; for such solitude may give rise to

singular thoughts, and

MS. page 14.

the rogue Vertamane will doubtless not fail (much more

than he has ever done) to use his utmost endeavours to

throw him into despair; he besides running great risk of

being deprived of life by some means or other, of which we

have had examples before this; whether it would not be

advisable once more to send the said Gerrit Moutmaker to

Columbo with the said yachts, together with the afore-

mentioned Sarmento, either to-night or to-morrow early,

according as wind and weather shall permit, in the first

place, in order to hand to General Dom Philip a certain

Portuguese letter written by Francisco [ | de Castro,

a Portuguese [ | prisoner at Batavia, and to request

an answer to the same ; and in the second place to exchange

1“ A piece of eight” (stivers?) was probably a silver coin in common

use. It is not mentioned by Valentyn.

ie 21-02

274 JOURNAL, B.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

the said Sarmento for the said Van der Oudermeulen ;

for we are convinced that the said Sarmento pretends to be

of high rank only because he does not know how to get

together his promised ransom money being 500 pieces of

eight, let alone 1,000 ditto, as we have gathered from several

letters from Dom Philip to us, that money is very scarce at

Columbo ;

All which having been fully considered by the Council,

and it having been considered that the said Oudermeulen

during his captivity has always shown himself not by any

means inconstant (as the rogue St. Amand had told us), but

contrary wise such as becomes an honest and faithful heart ;

although he had been daily pestered by the said rogue St.

Amand to follow his example, the said St. Amand promis- |

ing him great things if he would do so, yet trusting that

the Lord Governor-General and the Council of India

MS. page 15.

(considering the dangers hanging over the said Van der

Oudermeulen’s head) will noways hesitate—the more so as

from innate kindness and liberality their Worships had set

free sundry Portuguese prisoners without any ransom—to

deliver one of their own subjects from the hands of the

enemy ; they have unanimously determined to let the ex-

change of the said Ignatio against Van der Oudermeulen, as

proposed by the Lord President, take place; but (if this

were possible) on condition that a certain Englishman, being

one of our soldiers, whom they have also captured in the

latest combat, and who (as they write) has remained with

them of his own free will, might be given up to us, and that

we should not be bound to send them the three Portuguese

prisoners mentioned in an earlier part of the present

resolution.

Actum Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck,

Cornelis Claix, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Frans

Maetsuycker, Jan Teevesz, Harmen Frensen, Adryaan

Louwerensz Bolle [ |, Lambert Camholt.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 273

Saturday, November 16, 1641,

MS. page 16. -

Whereas the Coopman Moutmaker has this morning

returned to this bay! from Columbo a second time with the

yachts “ Liefde” and “ Lecq,” and the exchange of the Portu-

guese prisoners here detained against our men at Columbo had,

according to the orders he had received, completely taken

place, he having brought along with him the Ondercoopman

Van der Oudermeulen; and the fluyischip? “Capelle” is

ready to sail, provided with waiter, firewood, and further

necessaries for the voyage ;

Therefore the Council assembled, having considered that

the said fluytschip must not be needlessly detained [as the

Lord Governor Gardenys had also told and seriously

recommended us, unless (which is not the case) the ship

should be wanted here], and would have no time to spare, in

order to reach Batavia before the sailing of the next return

fleet for the Netherlands [

while at the same time the Ondercoopman Van der Ouder-

- meulen and the Ensign Jan van Westrenen shall also sail in

the said ship, in order to give the Lord Governor-General

and the Council of India a full report touching the surrender

of the fortress of Negumbo into the enemy’s hands and

the consequences thereof, together with what, during their

presence in Ceylon, they have both at Negumbo and Columbo

seen, heard, and been told touching the enemy’s position and

their fortresses and other places, in order that their Worships,

having been informed of all this, may gather from the same

what they shall judge best to be done for the welfare and

benefit of the Hast India Company.

Have approved and resolved [

1 Galle, ? Fly boat, for carrying stores.

276 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoUL. XVII.

Albert Claesz Hoogland, of Ouderkerck, who arrived in

India in 1639 in the yacht “ Lis” as an assistant on a salary

of 20 guilders per month, since March last employed as

Secretary for the affairs of the Company by the Lord

President Jan Thysen and his Council,

MS. page 17.

and before that time had served in the same capacity the

plenary Council of the yachts “ Liefde,” “ Limmen,” and

*“ Lecq” on two voyages to Columbo, is, by these presents, at his

request, and on account of his ability and diligence shown

in the said office, and also in order to encourage him still

further therein, appointed to the rank of Ondercoopman and

Secretary, and his salary is fixed at 36 guilders per month,

the increase being held to begin on this day’s date.

Cornelis 8 [ |k, of Rems, who arrived herein[ Jin

the ship “Enhhuyser”’ as asoldieronasalary of [ ] guilders

per month, since the 14th of November of last year in a

satisfactory way done corporal’s duty (having before for

some time provisionally filled the said place), is therefore, by

these presents at his request, and on account of his ability, the

term of his engagement having expired, again admitted to

the service of the Honourable East India Company for a term

of three years in the capacity of corporal of the Adelborsis,

his salary being fixed at [ |,the increase being held to

have begun on [ al

Frederick [ ], of Boustan, Jutland, having arrived

here [ | in the fluytschip “De Son” asa soldier on a

salary of [ ] per month, having for some time acted as a

corporal and at the same time done the duties of a writer, is,

by these presents at his request, and on account of his ability,

confirmed in his corporal’s office, his salary being fixed at

14 guilders per month, on condition that he shall also

be bound to perform the duties of a writer, the increase

beginning on the 30th October last.

- Claes Ryck van den Kemp, having arrived in India in the

year 1639 inthe ship “ Amsterdam” as an Adelborsi on a salary

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 277

of 10 guilders per month, having for seven months past done

eorporal’s duty to the full satisfaction of his officers, is

therefore, by these presents at his request and on account of

his ability, confirmed in the said office, his salary being fixed

at 14 guilders per month, the increase being heldto have

begun on the 30th October last.

MS. page 18.

Willem Robbertsz Alma, of Rotterdam, having arrived here

in 1639 in the ship “Amsterdam” asa cabin boy on a salary of

4 guilders per month, having for some time past been

employed here asa penman in the logie1 and in the count-

ing house, where the garrison books are kept, in which by

continual diligence he has made great progress, is, by these

presents, in order to give him encouragement, at his humble

request, appointed to the rank of junior assistant, his salary

being fixed at 12 guilders per month, the increase beginning

at this day’s date.

Pieter Claesz, of Dort, having arrived in India in 1638 in the

ship “ Welsinge ” asa musketeer on asalary of 10 guilders per

month, is, his engagement having expired, at his request,

admitted to anew engagement of three years in the service

of the Kast India Company as an Adelborst, his saiary being

_ fixed at 12 guilders per month, the increase being held to

have begun on the 30th October last.

Actum in the town of Santa Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt.

Wednesday, November 20, 1641.

MS. page 19.

In order to let the inhabitants of this Island of Ceylon

know that up to this time we here in India have made no

peace with the Portuguese, and have not the least knowledge

thereof (as the Portuguese falsely say and the natives firmly

' Loge or logement, probably the office attached to the Governor’s

residence for the transaction of business.

278 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

believe, for certain Cingalese have twice come here with

their “‘praws”! both from Vacquelle and Mature, who were

creatly amazed when we told them that this was not true,

and that the Portuguese said so only in order to [

The Council assembled, having considered that the yachts

“ Liefde ” and “ Lecq”’ (as we have not had the least intimation

of the enemy’s intention to come this way) are lying inactive

in the bay, and in all appearance could be more advanta--

geously employed in another part of this coast, have

approved and resolved to send the said yachts, under

eommand of Skipper Frans Jansz Maetsuycker and his

Council, to the Roads of Columbo. and Negumbo as soon as.

possible, after having been provided with all necessaries, in

order to cruise to and fro there for some time near the coast

(now and then in sight of Galle,

MS. page 20.

that if we should want them here, we may be enabled to let

them know this through the sign of a heavy gun shot), to

lie in wait there for the enemy’s ships, which (this being

the right time for it) we presume they are expecting from

other quarters with supplies, provisions,.and the like, as also

for those which from there they may send out to other

places ; and to use their best exertions to capture the same ;

And in order that the said yachts, when encountering the

said enemy’s vessels, or any frigates that might be sent out.

against them from Columbo (as may easily take place), shall

be the better enabled to resist them and capture the same ;

they shall get on board, besides the men now on board of

them, [ | soldiers and good musketeers [ |, to wit,

23 on board “De Liefde” [ ] ‘Lecq,” under command of

the Ensign Lambert Camholt.

And they shall also get with them the [ | sloop:

named “ Middelburch” with [ | musketeers, the said.

1 Pirognes, or outrigger canoes:

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 279

sloop (forasmuch as the yachts before-named could not

without danger come close to shore in order to give chase

to small craft as fishermen and the like, who might be

of great use to us to get information touching the enemy’s

position) to be sent out, duly manned, at daybreak to remain

close to shore and watch the said small boats plying there

about that time,

Nothing doubting but they will, by these or other means,

perform some notable feat, which God grant.

Pursuant to our previous promise given

MS. page 21.

to our black masons that when the mortar should be

finished they should be allowed some rest until a new kiln

should have been constructed and fresh lime burnt, and

should get a present as a reward for their readiness and

diligence, it has been resolved, as the said promise has

now become due, to give the said masons in all, as a free

gift, six pieces of eight.

At the request and urgent instance of the greater part of

the garrison of this place, that they might be allowed some

ready money on account, it having been considered and

weighed that some of them certainly want money in order

to pay [

| J

and also because at present the Moors have certain pro-

visions for sale which the people of Battecaloa have brought

hither in their boats,

it has been unanimously resolved to allow to all the men

of the garrison who should desire it a month’s pay on

account, and to grant 9 guilders also to those among them

who earn less than 9 guilders per month, being the ordinary

monthly salary of a soldier.

It has furthermore been resolved that the Sempetrans,

double Damasks, and Armosyns, which

280 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

MS. page 22. ~

the Honourable Governor-General and the Council of India

have sent us per yacht “Limmen” on account of the demand

made by us, shall be disposed of among the men of the

garrison on account of their pay, at the prices following :—

The Sempetrans (for which we pay 40 guilders per piece)

at 6 pieces of eight per ell.

The double Damasks (having cost 5 pieces of eight per

piece) at [ ] pieces of eight per piece.

The Armosyns (having cost 13 piece of eight per piece)

at 3 pieces of eight per ditto.

Jeuriaen Lange, of Maersenburch, having come to India

in 1638 in the ship “ Nieun Seeland” as a corporal on a salary

of 16 guilders per month, having since the 13th March,

16401 (being the day on which by the aid of God this place

was taken by storm by our men), discharged provisionally

the duties of a sergeant to the complete satisfaction of his

officers, is, therefore, at his request and considering his

abilities, by these presents confirmed in the said office, and

in the rank of “absolute sergeant’? allowed a monthly pay

of 20 guilders, the increase being held to have begun on the

13th March, 1640, as aforesaid.

Louys Plura, of Wesel, having arrived in India in 1639 in

the ship “ Leeuwarden” as a corporal onasalary of 14 guilders

per month, having since the 23rd of November of last year

provisionally held sergeant’s command, and duly acquitted

himself of his task, he is, therefore,

MS. page 23.

at his humble request, and to give him further encourage-

ment, by these presents confirmed in the said office, and in

his grade of absolute sergeant allowed a monthly pay of 20

guilders, the increase being held to have begun on the 23rd

“Galle was taken by assault by Commandeur Coster on the 13th March,

1640, from which date the Dutch occupation of Ceylon is generally

reckoned. Colombo capitulated sixteen years later.

No. 53.—1992.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 281

November last, as aforesaid, being the day on which he has

entered on the duties of a sergeant.

Christiaen Cryger, of Hameln, having arrived in this

eouniry in 1639 in the ship “‘ N. Enchhuysen” as a corporal

on a salary of 16 guilders per month, having since the 23rd

November of last year provisionally held sergeant’s command

to the complete satisfaction of his superior officers, he is,

therefore, at his request and on account of his ability, by

these presents confirmed in the said office, and in his rank

of absolute sergeant allowed a monthly pay of 20 guilders,

the increase being held to have begun on 23rd November

aforesaid, being the day on which he entered on his present

duties.

Actum in the town of Sante Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Monday, December 2, 1641.

MS. page 24.

Having seen and read the letter from the Honourable

Johan van Twist, Governor at Malacca, and the order therein

contained given to the Oppercoopman Floris van Castle (sent

from Batavia to Malacca, and to this place by the Honourable

Governor-General and Council of India in the war yacht

~“ Franeker,” accompanied by the ship “ Bergen op den Soom,”

and arrived in this bay on the 30th November last) to meet

or await here the ship “ Ackersloot,” which the aforesaid

Governor-General and Council had sent to strengthen the

fleet sent out on the 18th July last, under the Commander

Quast to [ | and Ceylon, together with the vessels

“Arnemuyden,” “ Bredamme,” “Starre,” and [

‘and having in accordance therewith considered whether it

would be advisable to send the said yacht with her cargo of

tin to Goa to the Honourable Commander Quast, or to keep

282 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

the said yacht here until the above-mentioned vessels should.

also have appeared here that they might sail together ;

It has been unanimously approved and resolved ;

Seeing that we have received no other orders with the

aforesaid yacht

MS. page 25.

*“* Francker,” and these are the latest ;

Although the said cargo of tin, destined for Persia and

Surate, will have no time to lose in order to reach, this year

still, the respective markets there for the relief of the

embarrassed position of the Company—the said markets

being chiefly held in the present month of December, and

in January and February—

to keep the said yacht “ Francker ” here until the other ships.

above specified (which we are hourly expecting) shall have

arrived here, [and then to send them on together to Goa to

the Commander Quast, or to such ports as are specified in

the new orders of the East India Company’s Directors. |

Actum Sta. Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,,.

Marten Vinck, Floris van Castel, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van

der Laen, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

December 12, 1641.

MS. page 26.

Whereas this day our yachts “ Liefde ” and “ Lecq” (which

had come in sight. yesterday) have appeared before this bay,.

and the Ensign Lambert Camholt, coming ashore in the sloop

which had shared the expedition, has reported to us that some

of the men on board the yacht “ Liefde” were laid up with

illness, and that therefore it were meet they should be

provided with some refreshments ;

the Council having considered that the said yachts have seen

no more vessels since the capture of the “ Malabar Champan”! —

1 See note on page 335, infra.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 283

in the Roads of Columbo on the 25th of November last, and

that it was not probable that in the first time [

]

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved to keep

the said yachts in the bay, and, the men having recruited

themselves by a rest of four or five days, to send them onward

again—if circumstances then shall permit it—to the Roads

of Columbo and Negumbo, the more so as we hear and know

that in the month of January they (the enemy) expect other

vessels both from Coromandel and other places.

At the request of Abraham Claesz, sergeant of this garrison,

that he might be paid on account the sum of 60 pieces of

eight, due to him (as per bond which he has shown us for

this purpose) by one Caspar Homan in his lifetime, also a

sergeant of this garrison.

It having been considered and duly weighed that the

aforesaid

MS. page 27.

debt was a true one, and that the aforesaid Homan had

specially pledged his pay for the same,

It has been resolved to comply with the said petitioner’s

request and to debit the said Homan’s account for the afore-

mentioned amount.

Actum Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz

Hooghland, Secretary.

Tuesday, December 17, 1641.

MS. page 28.

The Council of the town of Galle having been convened

by order of the Lord President Jan Thysen, strengthened

by the Commander Dominicus Bouwens, and the super-

merchants of the respective war yachts “ Francker” and

“ Arnemuyden ” being assembled collegialiter,

the letters and papers sent hither by the Lord Governor and

284 JOURNAL, k.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOL. XVII.

Council of India, both to the Commander Matthys Quast and

to us, through the said Commander Bouwens, having been

in full Council opened, read, and an abstract having been

made of the same, everything having been duly weighed and

considered ;

the Lord President afore-mentioned has submitted to the

judgment of the Council [ !

]

(as we have received no tidings from the Port of Goa from

the Commander Quast) the question in what manner the

yachts already arrived here and those departed from Batavia

under the colours of Commander Bouwens and still expected

here, may in the first instance be employed to the greatest

profit of the General Company, and what should be most

necessary to be done in the present circumstances.

All which having been fully deliberated upon by the :

Council, and it having been considered that, pursuant to the

answers of the Honourable Council to the advices concerning

the said Commander Quast, we should send no ships from

this coast (except the yacht

MS. page 29.

‘‘Ackersloot’’ for the transport of the tin destined for Persia),

that we have sent to the said Commander Quast with the

yacht “Limmen,” together with the letters of the Honourable

Council of India, our advice and opinion respecting the

present condition of Ceylon and the state of war in these

parts,

for which reason there can be little doubt that in a short

time the said Commander will appear here in persoD, or that

letters will be received from him.

It has been unanimously concluded and resolved that the

said yachts having discharged their cargoes, and been again

provided with water (pending which time we confidently

trust that the yacht “Ackersloot” [

they shall be sent to the Roads of Columbo, together with the

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 285

yachts “Liefde” and “Lecq” and with our two sloops, in

order to cruise there and about Negumbo, to harass the enemy

as much as possible, to cut off every supply of provisions, &c.,

and to try to get the same in our power, by all which it

might readily come to pass that the Portuguese, seeing this

force near his ports and

MS. page 30.

fearing more might be coming, should withdraw his troops

from all quarters and concentrate them at Columbo, and thus

lay the country open to us and Raja Singa ;

and whereas, in case tidings of peace should shortly arrive

here, we could not justly lay claim to any redress from the

jurisdiction of Galle and Mature, we shall let the yacht

‘“¢ Ackersloot” (as soon as it shall turn up) take [in forthwith

the tin lying here and send her to Persia by way of Goa.]

It has furthermore been resolved to acquaint Raja Singa,

as soon as possible, with the arrival of the ambassadors and

the intentions of the Honourable Council of India, to urge

him to the war and [

}

Actum in the town of Santa Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Dominicus Bouwens, Marten Vinck, Floris van

Castel, Gerrit Moutmaker, Coenraet Salomons, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

December 30, 1641.

MS. page 31. | |

Whereas the ships and war yachts “‘ Bergen op den Soom,”

‘“Arnemuyden,” “ Francker,” ‘“ Bredam,” and “ De Kleyne

Star” had almost discharged their cargoes, and might soon

be ready to sail for the Roads of Columbo and Negumbo

according to the latest resolution, the Lord President has

proposed to the Council and submitted to their consideration

the question following :—

as the Lord Governor and Council of India, in their latest

letters to the Commander Quast and to us, trust that 200 men

286 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

could be taken from this garrison and be distributed over |

the said vessels for the reinforcement of the fleet under the

said Commander Quast and in order to harass the enemy, and

hope that they could be incorporated with the crews of the

said vessels,

how many men it would be advisable to part with [

]

All which having been duly weighed, and it having been

considered that although this garrison certainly numbers

400 men, more than half of them are laid up with various

complaints, such as berri-berri, dropsy, and principally

[ ] legs,

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved

provisionally to transfer from this garrison to the said

vessels 80 able-bodied and experienced soldiers, forming

two companies, one of them commanded by Lambert Cam-

holt and: the other by Jan Cornelisz van der Forht, both

“absolute” Ensigns, together with Willem Pietersz, of Utrecht

[the said Ensigns being appointed Lieutenants and the said

Wiliem Pietersz being appointed Ensign, both provisionally

and for this expedition only], and furthermore the [ ]

provisional Ensign Jan Roberts, who arrived here with 16

soldiers from Battecaloa a few days ago.

MS. page 32.

Considering that when the vessels arriving before Columbo

or Negumbo should find that, even before the appearance of

the Commander Quast, they might get some advantage there,

which would require speed in the execution, these aforesaid

soldiers might be of the greatest use ; whereas the scarcity of

men on board the said vessels might cause serious incon-

venience, unless it were obviated in the manner above stated ;

and it would require too much time to send for them to

Galle afterwards.

Being of opinion at the same time that after this deduction

this garrison will remain strong enough to resist the enemy

No. 93.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 287

if he should undertake anything against [this place, which

however we deem highly improbable seeing

and thus to keep this town with the aid of God.

It has furthermore been resolved

Whereas we have been informed that in the month of

January the enemy expect vessels with supplies from other

places

to send out beforehand to-morrow early to the Roads of

‘Columbo the yachts “ Liefde,” “ De Star,” and “ Leeq,” which

are ready to sail, with the company of soldiers under the

provisional Lieutenant Van der Fogt, together with one of our

sloops, in order to cruise thereabouts and prevent canoes

from going in and out.

Furthermore the Lord President has submitted to the

Council the question whether it would not be advisable for

himself to join the expedition in the afore-mentioned ships,

in order to consult with the Commander Quast about the

aifairs of Ceylon, and the way in which the enemy might

best be

MS. page 38.

attacked and harassed.

All which having been fully weighed by the Council, and

it having been considered that this would also be in accord-

ance with the wishes of the Hon. the Governor and Council

of India, it has been unanimously resolved,

as the Lord President is fully acquainted with the state of

this Island, the position of the enemy and all matters

thereto appertaining, and as, with the help of God, this

place is not likely to run any risk in the first instance,

to put the Lord President’s proposal into effect during his

absence to entrust the supreme command of Galle to the

““Supermerchant’’! Marten Vinck, and to appoint as his

adjuncts the merchant Gerrit Moutmaker as second in

1 Oppercoopman, the highest grade in the Company’s service.

288 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

command, Lieutenant Jan van der Laen as third, Ensign

Gerrit Gerritsz as fourth, and Constable Cornelis Jochemsz

as fifth and last in command.

Actum in the town of Sante Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Dominicus Bouwens, Marten Vinck, Floris van

Castel, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Cam-

holt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Ultimo, December, 1641.

MS. page 34.

Whereas this day there has appeared in this bay the

yacht “De Zeeusche Nagtegaal” from Batavia witha Persian

cargo consisting of thirty-three chests of cloth, four packets

of Bengal cloth, and 12,000 guilders’ worth of rubies, bringing

letters and orders from the Lord Governor-General and

Council of India to the effect that,

as their Worships, not without reason, fear that the aforesaid

yacht should not be able to defend herself if encountering

Malabar pirates or some other hostile craft on the Coast of

India, the aforesaid goods should be transhipped into

another well-armed vessel, whether it be “ Limmen,”

“ Francker,” “ Bergen op den Soom,” or some greater ship ;

which vessel should be sent without delay to Persia by way

of Surate ;

The Lord President has submitted to the Council the

question whether it would be advisable to tranship—in con-

formity with their Worships’ orders—the said cargo from “ De

Zeeusche Nagtegaal ’”’ into another vessel lying at anchor in

the bay here, as for instance “ Bergen op den Soom,” “Armuy-

den,” “ Francker,” or “ Bredam,” and to send the said vessel

with it to Persia by way of Suraie ;

Or whether it would be better to send the said yacht “ De

Zeeusche Nagtegaal” with all possible speed, as soon as our

letters can be in readiness, on the track of the yacht

“ Ackersloot”’ bound for Persia, which, having set sail from

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH .RECORDS. 289

this bay of the 28th last, has still been seen from here this

afternoon, in order to go to the Port of Goa in company

with the said yacht “Ackersloot,’ and there finding the

Commander Quast to regulate its further course by the

said Commander’s orders ;

All which having been duly weighed by the Council, and

it having been considered that

MS. page 35.

It would be very likely that the said “ De Zeeusche

Nagtegaal” should overtake the afore-mentioned ‘‘ Ackers-

loot,” seeing that about Alycan the wind is apt to blow |

contrary, and that the greater and more powerful the ships

with which we appear before Columbo, the more effectually

the enemy will be frightened and deterred ;

It has been unanimously resolved to despatch the said

“De Zeeusche Nagtegaal ” this very night on the track of the

yacht “ Ackersloot,” not doubting but she will overtake the

said * Ackersloot”’ between here and Columbo ;

And if contrary to our expectation this should not be the

case, the said yacht “ Nagtegaal” shall stay before Columbo

until the afore-mentioned vessels lying in the bay here shall

also appear there, which probably will not take more than

four or five days [

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Dominicus Bouwens, Marten Vinck, Floris van Castel,

Coenraet Salomons, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jan van der Laen, Dirck Harmans, Cornelis Laurens [ ]

Anbroe, Lambert Camholt, Abraham Bouwens, Albert [ ale

Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

January 8, 1642.

MS. page 36.

Whereas by the resolution dated ultimo December of

A.P.,! enacted at Galle, it had been provided that, in case

1 Anno passado, last year.

Q | 21-02

290 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Von. XVII.

the yacht “ De Zeeusche Nagtegaal ” should not overtake the

ship “ Ackersloot” before Columbo, the cargo of the said

“‘ Nagtegaal” destined for Persia should, at the appearance

of the ships “‘ Bergen op den Soom,” &c., before Columbo,

be transhipped into such other vessel of the said fleet as

should be judged fit for this purpose,

Therefore, in a meeting of the full Council of the various

ships and war yachts, “ Francker,” “ Bergen op den Soom,”

“ Armuyden,” “ Bredam,” “liefde,” “ Lecg,” and “De

Zeeusche Nagtegaal,” the Lord President Jan Tysen, in his

eapacity of Admiral of the fleets, has submitted to the

Council the question which ship they would judge best

fitted to take in the said cargo and transport it to Persia by

way of Surate ;

All which having been duly weighed by the Council, and

it having been considered that the yacht “ Francker” was not

only an excellent sailer, but also having already taken on

board the said goods, would still have room left to take in

at Wingurla or Surate such Moorish or other goods as might

be lying there, and in due time transport them to their

destination.

Also that it was immaterial whether a large or a small

vessel should go from here, seeing that a small one could in

this case do just as much as a large one, and the soldiers on

board the “‘ Francker” could easily be transferred to and dis-

tributed over the other vessels ;

It has been unanimously resolved to employ the yacht

“ Francker’”’ for this purpose.

Tt has also been resolved, although their Worships the

Lord Governor-General and Council of India had

MS. page 37.

by ‘‘ De Zeeusche Nagtegaal” sent us orders, to send back the

said yacht as soon as possible with advices touching the

state of affairs here, to keep the said “ De Zeeusche Nagtegaal”’

here until we shall get news from the Commander Quast, or

the said Commander shall appear here in person—the more

No. 53.—1992.] GALLE BUTCH RECORDS. 291

so because since our latest letters sent to their Worships at

Batavia with fluytschip “ Capelle” on the 18th of November

last, little or nothing has happened worth mentioning, except

that the enemy encamped hereabouts with his army, has

broken up his camp and transferred it to the river Galeture,!

about 4 miles from Columbo.

Actum on board the war yacht “ Francker” sailing off

Columbo, datum utsupra. Jan Thysen, Dominicus Bouwens,

Floris van Castel, Coenraet Salomons, Cornelis Laurensz

Stanbroeck, Dirck Harmans, Abraham Bouwens, Albert

Hagenaer, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

January 10, 1642.

MS. page 38.

The Lord President having by due signals convened the

plenary Council of ‘the various ships and war yachts

“Bergen op den Soom,” “Armuyden,” “Bredam,”

“ Liefde,” “ Lecq,’’ “ De Star,” and “ De Zeeusche Nagtegaal,”

together with the chief military officers as Lieutenants and

Ensigns,

has proposed to the said Council and submitted to their

consideration what follows :—

- Forasmuch as they were now lying at anchor in the Roads

of Columbo with the said armament, and—seeing the great

costs of the said fleet —it would be very necessary and pro-.

fitable that, even before the appearance of the Commander

Mathys Quast, they should, for the benefit of the East India

Company, undertake something likely to bear fruit, whether

by an attack on Columbo or Negumbo, by which great

advantage might be obtained [ ie

What it would be advisable to undertake with the said

vessels under the present circumstances, in order to harass

the enemy, benefit the cause of the Kast India Company, and

reap honour for ourselves ;

1 Kalutara.

Q 2

292 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

All which having been duly weighed by the aforesaid

Council, and it having been considered not only that we are

well acquainted with the great power of the enemy in the

Island of Ceylon (more than we have seen for many years

past), and that they have called back their forces from the

interior in order to assist in throwing up works to prevent

our landing anywhere (which would be attended with great

danger) and offer the greatest possible resistance ;

But also that at Negumbo, where according to the state-

ments of the Captains of the yachts “Liefde,” “Lecq,’”

“ De Zeeusche Nagtegaal,” and “De Star,” which have been

cruising before the said fortress, they have seen thirteen flags

floating and three of them marching out—there must be a

strong garrison.

MS. page 39.

And, on the other hand, that out of our present crews and

soldiers we could raise no greater force than one of 300 men,

if we do not wish to leave the ships undermanned ; that

besides we arealtogether unprovided with storming apparatus 3

and could not possibly obtain it; and that, moreover, which

certainly is not least to be considered, we are altogether

unacquainted with Raja Singa’s doings and intentions ;

It has been unanimously resolved and approved of—so:

long as we shall be without advices from the Commander

Quast, or until we shall see him in person—

Not to undertake anything against the enemy by land, but

to blockade efficiently the roads of Columbo and Negumbo,

together with the river Cayemelle, so that no supplies from

the sea can be brought into these fortresses ;

For this purpose shall be assigned the ships hereunder

following :—

‘For the roads of Columbo: “Bergen op den Soom,”

“ Armuyden,’ and “ Bredam,” and the yachts “ Liefde,”

‘‘ Lecq,” “ De Star,” and “ Zeeusche Nagtegaal”’;

For the roads of Negumbo and the fortresses situated

thereabouts the large sloop and the large boats of the ships.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 1293

“ Bergen op den Soom ” and “ Armuyden ” [

and since no [ | the said yachts shall set sail from here

this very evening ; the more so as on the roads of Columbo

sometimes might be with advantage undertaken (which God

may grant) against the enemy’s ships, four in number, which

three days ago were still lying there ;

With this understanding, however, that the yacht “ Leeg”

shall not remain there, but, as soon as the Lord President—

whom we hereby at his request empower to the said mission

—shall have to his own satisfaction observed the said

fortress and its situation and present position, shall sail

hitherward again in order to be used as aviso! between here

and Galle, and to fetch anything that should be wanted for

the ships.

It has furthermore been resolved to allow two of the three

Ceylonese? ambassadors now on board the ship ‘‘ Armuyden”

to accompany the Lord President on board the said yachts

“‘ Liefde,” &c., the said ambassadors having made a request

tending thereto, and professing that they were confident

that in the neighbourhood of Negumbo there must be

encamped some of the king’s men whom they

MS. page 40.

would give orders to set out for Candy, in order to acquaint

the Emperor with our appearance here, and further to

admonish him to come down to the fortresses with his forces,

and also to try to get some fresh victuals, and other reasons

of the like nature ;

This permission being granted by us in order to allow

those people the utmost they can lay claim to, and to prevent

them from alleging anything done on our part that they

might justly complain of. |

Actum in the ship “ Bergen op den Soom,” lying off the Bar

of Columbo, datum ut supra. Jan | Thysen, Dominicus

| Portuguese == warning, or advice. - ? Sinhalese.

294 JOURNAL, R.A.S.. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Bouwens, Coenraet Salomons, Cornelis Laurensz Stan-

broeck, Abraham Bouwens, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secre-

tary.

January 16, 1622.

MS. page 41.

The plenary Council of the various ships and war-yachts

‘‘ Bergen op den Soom,” “ Armuyden,” “ Bredam,” and * Lim-

men,” duly assembled, having read and fully weighed the

letter from the Commander Cornelis Leendertsz Blaeuw

before Goa, sent us per the said yacht “ Limmen,” which left

Goa on the 23rd of December last, and arrived here by way

of Sante Cruz de Galle this day, in which letter the said

Commander Blaeuw, among other matters, requests that the

said yacht may be directly sent back to him with our advices

touching the state of affairs in the Island of Ceylon, that,

before he shall arrive here—as: he intends to do—with the

ships ‘*‘ Hertogenbosch,” “ Wassenaer,” “ Valchenburg,” and

the yacht “ Rommerswael,” he may shape his plans in accord-

ance with such information as he shall receive ;

The Lord President having submitted to the judgment of

the Council the question whether it would be advisable to

keep the said yacht “ Limmen ” here or to send it back to the

port of Goa in conformity with the request of the Commander

Blaeuw ;

the Council has unanimously resolved for the reasons

following, viz.,

as the said Commander Blaeuw trusts with the help of God

to appear here about the middle of this present month of

January, and as on the 9th of the present month the yacht

‘“‘Prancker ” left this fleet with a Persian cargo for the harbour

of Goa in order to set out from there

MS. page 42.

for Persia, taking with her a letter touching the state of

affairs here, to be delivered to the Commander Mathys

Quast of blessed memory (of whose demise we had not yet

then been madeacquainted), which letter will doubtless reach

No. 53.—1902.] GAULLE DUTCH RECORDS. 295

the said Commander Blaeuw, and since little or nothing

worth mentioning has happened here after that time, and

also because, if we despatched the said yacht “ Limmen,” it

might easily happen that on crossing over to Cape Comorin

the said yacht and the aforesaid Commander Blaeuw on his

way hither (seeing that on his part he has not any time to

lose) might miss each other, and the said yacht would

consequently make a fruitless voyage ;

To let the said yacht “ Limmen” stay here and send it this

very evening to the harbour of Negumbo, in order to

deliver to the captains of our yachts cruising there our letters,

together with six buffaloes by way of resh provisions ;

and as soon as it shall have delivered these to return

hither without any delay, as it is necessary to make a voyage

to Alycan in order to try to get a letter delivered to Raja

Singa through the king’s men, who are said to keep about

the said town [the said letter being intended to request

him to

MS. page 43.

come down to the fortresses with his forces, &c.] ; and also

to inquire whether any quantity of bamboo might be

obtainable there for the construction of storming ladders,

and further to procure some fresh provisions.

Actum in the ship ‘“‘ Bergen op den Soom” lying in the

roads of Columbo, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Dominicus

Bouwens, Cornelis Lourensz Stanbroeck, Abraham Bouwens,

Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

January 238, 1642 Anno.

MS. page 44.

Whereas we see every day the people of Columbo send out

their fishing praws! which fearlessly run out far into the sea

Some way south of the town towards Galle, and throw out

1 Pirogues, the outrigger canoes still so common in our harbours.

296 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL XVII.

their nets there, which hitherto it has been impossible for us

to prevent, since we had no ship or ships lying out there ;

It has been approved of and resolved in a full Council of

the several ships and war yachts “ Bergen op den Soom,”

“ Armuyden,” ‘“ Bredam,” and “Lecq,” duly convened by

customary signals by the Lord President Jan Thysen ;

Tt having been considered that this state of affairs might

easily furnish an opportunity for provisons being smuggled

into the place, especially from Bengal, whence the enemy is

every day expecting supplies ;

In order to harass the enemy as much as possible, and

prevent them from sending out their fisher craft ;

To station the yacht “ Bredam,” which is well equipped

and provided with sailors and soldiers, to the south of the

town of Columbo, at such distance, however, as to be beyond

the reach of the enemy’s guns ;

At the same time earnestly admonishing the commanders

of the said yacht “ Bredam ” to keep a close look out and be

well on their guard, that no harm may befall them, but

that contrariwise they may do something for the interest of

the Hast India Company, which God grant ;

The earnest promise of amendments

MS. page 45.

and the humble request of the suspended Skipper Hendrick

Yckes of the ship “ Bergen op den Soom,”

That he may again be reinstated to his previous post,

Has been duly weighed by the afore-mentioned Council,

And due attention having been paid to the petitioner’s

good behaviour, and also to the circumstance that the said

ship is urgently in want of a skipper, since the Commander

Bouwens can no longer be saddled with these duties which

do not berit his position ;

They have reinstated the said Hendrick Yckes in his

former capacity of skipper, the delinquent having previously

been called before the Council, expostulated with on his

misdemeanours, and earnestly admonished that if he

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 297

‘should again fall into any new dereliction of duty, the old

one will also count against him ; and delegated to him such

commands and authority as he held before the date of his

suspension,

It. has been further resolved to send again to Galle the

yacht ‘ Lecq,’’ which arrived here on the 15th last from

‘Galle with some necessaries for the fleet, as we are again in

want of water and other things—the said yacht to set sail

this very evening in order to fetch the same from Galle.

Actum in the ship “‘ Bergen op den Soom” in the roads of

‘Columbo, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Dominicus Bouwens,

Coenraet Salomons, Cornelis Laurensz, Abraham Bouwens,

Adryaen Boshardt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Monday, February 10, 1642.

MS. page 46.

Whereas shortly before the passing of the present resolu-

tion the four ships from Goa appeared in sight ;

In the absence of the Lord President Jan Thysen, who,

having sailed for Galle in the yacht “ Limmen ” on the 29th

-of January last, has not up to this time returned ;

The Commander Dominicus Bouwens, having convened

the plenary Council of the ships “ Bergen op den Soom,”

“Arnemuyden,’ and ‘“Bredam,” has submitted to their

consideration the question,

Whether we should strike the flags to Commander Cornelis

Leendersz Blaeuw, commanding the said ships, who, as we

understand, has by secret letters of the Lord Governor-

General and Council of India been appointed in the room

of Commander Mathys Quast, deceased, or whether it would

be advisable to let them float without striking them ;

Which having been duly weighed by the Council, and it

having been considered that Commander Dominicus Bou-

wens is absolute commander, and has by the Lord Governor

-and Council of India been preferred in the said capacity

and as third in command, to the said Commander Blaeuw,

298 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

who was only skipper before the demise of Commander

Quast, or second in command in case the Lord President

T’hysen should be absent ;

Also that the flag was floating both in honour of the said

President Jan Thysen and the said Commander Bouwens,.

seeing that the Lord President Thysen has only

MUS. page 47.

gone to Galle to see how matters are getting on there;

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved not to

take down the aforesaid flag, but to let it stand; the more

so as we have not been officially made acquainted with the

rank which has been conferred on Commander Blaeuw by

the said secret letters of the Governor-General and Council

of India.

Actwm in the ship “ Bergen op den Soom” in the roads

before Columbo, datum ut supra. Dominicus Bouwens,

Coenraet Salomons, Cornelis Laurensz, Hendrick Yckes,.

Abraham Bouwens, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Tuesday, February 11, 1642 Anno.

MS. page 48.

Whereas, thanks be to God, yesterday there appeared here

before the roads of Columbo, safe and sound, the following

ships, forming part of the Goa fleet, under command of

the Commander Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, to wit, the ships

“‘S’Hartogenbosch,” ‘“ Wasgenag,’ ‘ Valckenburch,” and

the yacht “ Rommerswael,” in order to join their power with

that of the ships “ Bergen op den Soom,” “ Arnemuyden,””

‘“‘Bredam,” together with the yachts “ Limmen,” “ Liefde,”

““Stasse,” “Lecq,” and “De Zeeusche Nagtegaal,” cruising

on the roads of Columbo and Negumbo to harass our common

enemy, the Portuguese,

and further to do whatever shall be deemed most suitable

according to experience and the present state of affairs ;

the Lord Jan Thysen, President of the fortress of Galle, andi

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 2993

the other possessions of the Hast India Company in the:

Island of Ceylon—the Council having previously given full

powers to the said President to lay open the present state of

affairs in Ceylon—

has by the ordinary signals convened a plenary Council in

the ship “S’Hartogenbosch,” and submitted to the said Council

the question how the present combined forces could best be

employed for the benefit of the General Company ; whether

by attacking Columbo or Negumbo with the same; the Lord

President givingat the same time sundrv particulars touching:

the situation of the said fortresses, especially the strength of

Columbo and the little chance there would be of success

MS. page 49.

if we should undertake anything against it, seeing that at

this moment its strength of soldiers is between 1,100 and

1,200 men, besides about 400 casados or married men

domiciled in Columbo, together with 1,000 to 1,500 Cingalese

under the Prince of Uva, all of them with the said soldiers

occupying the coast between Columbo. and Negumbo, to

All which considerations having been attentively weighed

by the captains and friends assembled, and it having been

considered, on the other hand, that if we do not wish to leave

the ships unprovided, we can at most raise a force of 600 to

650 men; also that in case of defeat (which God avert) the

fortress of Galle would also bein great danger, since 100

soldiers have lately been drawn off from the garrison, in order

to manage everything in the securest way possible; it has

been resolved to make an expedition to Alycan with all the

ships to discuss our affairs with the Dessave or Royal Gover-

nor, who is waiting there with 1,000 men, thus deceiving

the garrison of Columbo and Negumbo, so that they can get

no certainty touching our real plans; that, furthermore, after

having lain two or three days before Alycan, and having

taken on board another company of soldiers from Galle

prevent us from making a descent [

300 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON).. [Vou. XVII.

under command of Lieutenant Jan van der Laen (to fetch

which soldiers it has been resolved to send thither the yacht

“ Timmen’’ to-morrow) we shall puta little farther out to sea

and sail towards Negumbo out of sight of Columbo, and try

to surprise the said fortress of Negumbo, as there is little

likelihood of success if we resort to open violence ;

MS. page 50.

always understood that we shall act according to circum-

stances and the experience of those in command ;

As respects the town of Columbo, it was agreed on all hands

that under the present circumstances its power was strong

and our forces inferior, in consequence of which no attack

shall be made on the said town, in order to prevent eventual

disasters as far as in us lies, and to preclude injury that

might ensue to the damage of the General Company.

Thus resolved in the ship “ S’Hartogenbosch,”’ in the roads

before the town of Columbo, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens, Pieter

Sybrantsz Croes, Coenraet Salomons, Pieter Paets, Cornelis

de Potter, Willem Gerritsz, Hendrick Yckes, Marten Gerritsz

de Vries, Aryaen Alderisz, Cornelis Laurensz, Frans Maet-

suicher, Harmen Arcusen, Abraham Bouwens, Pieter Alberts,

Albert Hagenaer, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Monday, February 17, 1642.

MS. page 51.

Whereas the Lord President Jan Thysen, in the meeting

of the full Council of all the ships and war yachts, now

lying together, assisted by the provisional Captain Jan van

der Laen, has proposed to the gentlemen and friends and

submitted to their judgment and deliberation—

Seeing that we have completely settled our business with

the Dessave or Royal Governor here on shore, that we have

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. B01

got the company of soldiers from Galle, and that we have no

time to lose [

]

If we should happen to see any advantage or chance of

undertaking something against Negumbo,—

In what place or locality, according to their judgment, the

men could be most conveniently set ashore, without meeting

with too much resistance from the enemy ;

The Lord President exhibiting at the same time a map of

the country round Negumbo, showing also the little islands

situated before and near the said fortress, in order to give.

those who are unacquainted with the place

MS. page 52.

some insight into the circumstances of the same;

Secondly, what means might be employed to induce the

enemy to withdraw their forces now lying between Columbo.

and Negumbo and concentrate them on one side of Columbo,

whether by stationing our whole armament off Caleture

or out of sight of Columbo, and by making a feint as if we

were desirous of landing there, or by some other method

that might in our case be deemed advisable ;

Thirdly, whether it would not be advisable—since in ease:

of any enterprise beingresolved upon, there should be no time

lost in deliberations—forthwith to forma vanguard, a chief

body, and a rear guard, to appoint the companies of soldiers.

and sailors that would belong to each, to elect the superin--

tendents of provisions, ammunition, &¢., in order that

everything belonging to a warlike enterprise may be in

readiness, and nothing may be found wanting ;

All which having been duly weighed by the Council

and the assembled friends,

They advise and approve by majority of votes.

As touching the first point

That, so far as they can judge from the map submitted to.

them, and the well-grounded oral information given by the:

President,

002° JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

MS. page 53.

it would be advisable to attempt a landing on the islet

right before the fortress, separated from the same by a

running river, because, as soon as we shall have obtained a

footing there with all our forces, the enemy wishing to

repulse us, cannot cross to us unless it be in vessels ; which

we may keep off and obtain a firm footing there, though to

‘be sure not without risk of loss of men, as the guns of

the fortress will be enabled to play on the said islet.

Touching the second point, whether a means could not be

found to deceive and divert the enemy, it has been resolved —

that this very evening two yachts shall put off from the fleet

with destination for the roads of Negumbo, to cruise there

as before, while we with the other vessels shall put out to

sea and go out of the sight of land; we surmise that the

enemy seeing no more than the said yachts will think that

these have come there to blockade the Bar, and will conclude

that we do not intend to attack Negumbo, but mean to make

an attempt on Columbo, the more so as the Ceylonese!

ambassadors [ | our intention to put to sea and have

been made to believe that we intend to land at Paneture,

about 3 miles south of Columbo [

[desunt nonnulla |

MS. page 54.

[ | And therefore should not be wanting ; in accord-

-ance with which, the various abilities of the members present

having been taken into consideration, the functions here-

under following have been conferred on them severally, to

wit :

The provisional Captain Jan van der Laen in the course

of the projected attempt to be Sergeant-Major? of the Mili-

tary, which title he shall bear for the time to confer greater

consideration on him.

1 Sinhalese.

* A Sergeant-Major in the Dutch army at this time was a field officer of

high rank, corresponding perhaps to that of a General now-a-days.

‘No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 303

Commissaries or Superintendents :—

Hendrick Yckes, Skipper of the ship “ Bergen op den

‘Soom,’ of the Artillery ;

Skippers Abraham bouwens and Pieter Alberts, of the

small craft; ‘‘Undermerchant” Dirck Gerrits, of the

provisions ;

Skipper Frans Maetsuicher, of all necessaries to be drawn

from the ships and brought ashore ;

Skippers Albert Alders and Adriaen Boll[ Jt, of all

works ordered and to be thrown up and constructed.

Skipper Cornelis Spanbroeck, of the scaling-ladders, that

in the storming these be duly applied and placed where

they shall be wanting.

[ |

Of MS. page 54. Caetera desunt.

L J

MS. page 55.

In the chief body or centre :—

Lieutenant Hendrick Hendricksz to be Commander of the

same.

Lieutenant Jan Cornelisz van der ocht.

Lieutenant Burchardt Cocq.

All of them with their companies. Skipper Marten

Gerritsz with a company of sailors.

In the rear guard :—

Lieutenant Daniel Pe[. jls to be Commander of the

same.

Lieutenant Jan Jansz [ Ho

Beth of them with their companies.

Skipper Harms Arie [ | with a company of sailors.

Thus approved of and resolved in the ship ‘S’Hartogen-

bosch ”’ lying in the road of Alycan, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens,

Pieter Sybrantsz, Pieter Paets, Cornelis de Potter, Willem

Gerritsz, Hendrick Yekes, Marten Gerritsz, Harmen Arensen,

304 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

Cornelis Lourensz, Jan van der Laen, Aryaen Aldersz, Frans

Maetsuicher, Abraham Bouwens, Dirck Gerritsz, [ | Dam,

Pieter Alberts, Albert Hagenaer, Adryaen Bollaerdt, Albert

Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Saturday, Februry 22, 1642.

MS. page 56.

Whereas having this afternoon come to anchor before

the fortress of Negumbo with the whole fleet, and having run

close under the said fortress with the two smallest yachts,

into which had been transferred all the Company’s soldiers.

and sailors of the other ships, together with all the necessaries

and utensils of war, we are now lying still there in order to

observe the said fortress and the islet, on which by the

preceding resolution it had been decided to effect a landing,

if we should see any chance of making an attempt on the

fortress, and in order to ascertain everything connected with

the situation of the said fortress ;

Therefore the Lord President has summoned a full Council

on board the yacht “Limmen,” together with all the principal

military officers, such as Lieutenants and Ensigns, and

submitted to their judgment and deliberation the points

hereunder following. 3

Since now we had sufficiently reconnoitred the situation

and present condition of the before-mentioned place, the

strength of the enemy being partly known to us, and we also

knowing how many men we could at the utmost send ashore

without leaving the vessels unprovided, in such wise as has

been clearly

MS. page 57. :

expressed and set forth in our previous resolution of the Lith

of this month ; and since, lastly, we also fully know what

the Honourable Governor-General and Council of India have

successively let us know by their letters touching the subject

of the war in these parts—.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 305

Whether it would be advisable to effect a landing, to attack

the force of the enemy and make an attempt on the aforesaid

fortress of Negumbo, or whether, on the contrary, we had

better let the matter stand and not undertake anything ;

The Lord President at the same time urging the members

of the Council, together and each of them in particular—

having previously represented to them both the perils which

might arise out of it, and the eminent service which by it

might be rendered to the Honourable Company—duly to

weigh the said enterprise and diligently take it to heart,

forasmuch as the well-being or miscarriage of the Company

in the Island of Ceylon, as well as our credit or dishonour

was chiefly dependent on it.

All which having been duly and attentively weighed by

the Councillors and friends assembled, and it having been

considered that—

as in sailing hither we had not been

MS. page 58.

so fortunate and quick as we had wished, the only causes

of this being the head winds and counter currents sent us

by God Almighty, which have also prevented us from going

out of sight of the land (as we had resolved), for fear we

should be driven too far out to sea and thus altogether

balked of our purpose—

The enemy has doubtless closely observed us; has no

doubt followed us with the main body of his forces lying

between this place and Columbo, and occupied the coast

near the said fortress of Negumbo and the afore-mentioned

islet, which is the more likely as we had seen great crowds

of people on the aforesaid shore, and many persons lying

with boats in the river, cross over to the said islet, from

which we concluded that they are well on their guard; that

they have no doubt strengthened the garrison in the said

fortress ; and that we should not succeed in effecting a

landing without experiencing violent resistance and running

R 21-02

306 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

great risk of being repelled and driven back—which is the

less desirable, as our strength is by no means considerable—

a storming and taking of the said fortress being altogether

out of the question.

MS. page 59.

Also that, supposing the said fortress be captured and,

in accordance with their Worships’ orders, dismantled and

altogether razed, yet we shall not be able to maintain

ourselves as masters of the surrounding country, and there-

fore can never lay claim to any jurisdiction in those parts—

the less so, as the enemy can easily throw up another fastness,

which the Cingalese will be unable to prevent on account

~ of the strong power which, as aforesaid, the enemy has now

brought together ; it being also to be feared that the enemy,

seeing his fortress lost, will most probably attempt to

indemnify himself for the damage suffered, to rally his

forces and give us battle, be it in the open field or when we

shall be re-embarking our forces, which battle might easily

fall out disastrously for us, forasmuch as the landing,

storming, and capturing of the fortress cannot fail to be

attended with loss, disabling and weakening of men on our

part ;

Furthermore, that this matter may easily be explained to

the King of Candy, without injury to the Company’s credit

and reputation, if we tell him that we had counted on his

coming down to us with his army, which he up to this time

having failed to do,

MS. page 60.

the right time for undertaking anything of moment has

gone by, and other reasons of the like nature ;

Tt has been approved of and resolved by majority of votes

not to undertake any landing or any attempt against the

enemy, as we are of opinion that under the present circum-

stances and for reasons above detailed no advantage would

accrue to the Company from an attack on the enemy and on

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 307

the fortress aforesaid, but contrariwise dishonour, loss of

reputation, peril to our ships and soldiers, nay, great danger

of losing the town of Galle, which has been conquered with

so much glory;

Wherefore we think it best to fortify the said town of

Galle as much as: possible, and to employ this fleet on the

Coast of Coromandel (as the Lord Governor-General and

Council of India have frequently desired in their letters)

or in some other place where the enemy may be attacked

with a better chance of success; furthermore, to set sail

again to-morrow with the land wind with all the aforesaid

yachts, to direct our course to the other large ships and to

join them, in order that we may not suffer injury if the

guns of the fortress should be brought to bear on. us,

WES page 61.

which might seriously prejudice the Honourable Company.

Actum in the yacht “Limmen,” datumutsupra. Jan Thysen,

Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens, Pieter

Sybrantsz [ |, Pieter Paets, Cornelis de Potter, Willem

Gerritsz, Hendrick Yckes, Marten Gerritsz Vries, Jan van der

Laen, Aryaen Aldersz, Frans Maetsuicher, Abraham Bouwens,

Dirck Gerritsz Edam, Pieter Alberts, Adryaen Bollaerdt,

Albert Hagenaer, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

| Sunday, February 28, 1642.

MS. page 62.

The Lord President having by due signal convened the

full Council, having once more submitted to the serious

consideration of the Councillors and friends assembled the

resolution taken yesterday, and they fully abiding by the

same, without deviating from it in any point, the more so as

to-day a much greater number of people was seen atithe point

of Negumbo than yesterday, so that they are the more

strongly convinced that the enemy must have drawn together

all his forces, and must be thoroughly on the alert ;

R 2

308 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

The Lord President has further submitted to their judg-

ment the question following :— :

Whether (seeing that there is nothing more to be done

here) it would be advisable to run for Galle with the whole

fleet, or whether they deemed it better to remain here for

some time longer, in order to see whether the position of

affairs might soon change and something efficient might still

be undertaken,

All which the said Council having duly weighed, and

having considered matters especially as respects

MS. pages 68 and 64 wanting ; a whole leaf lost.

MS. page 65.

[ | seeing that

about that time the good monsoon! will begin to blow.

Actum inthe ship “S’Hartogenbosch” at anchor before the

fortress of St. Jago de Negumbo, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens, Pieter

Sybrantsz Brode (?), Pieter Paets, Cornelis de Potter, Willem

Gerritsz, Hendrick Yckes, Marten Gerritsz Vries, Aryaen

Aldersz, Frans Maetsuicher, Abraham Bouwens, Dirck

Gerritsz Edam, Pieter Alberts, Adriaen Bollaerdt, Albert

Hagenaer, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Thursday, February 27, 1642,

MS. page 66.

Whereas this day there has been handed and delivered to.

us by one of the Ceylonese ambassadors, who for this express

purpose has come hither in the yacht ‘‘ Limmen,” a letter

from the King of Candy, addressed to the Lord President,

which letter the said ambassadors had received at Caleture

from the Dessave residing there,

1 The south-west monsoon.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 309

And as the said king therein recommends and urges us to

Jand our forces south of Columbo at a place called Paneture!

(where, according to him, there was perfect safety, and where

we could in complete security prepare whatever was neces-

sary for warlike purposes) and combine our forces with

those of his Dessaves encamped there with a part of his

army,

Hoping and promising to join us personally with the

rest of his army in seven or eight days, in order then to

make a joint attempt against Columbo ;

Therefore the Lord President has convened by customary

signal a full Council of all the ships and yachts present, has |

submitted to the Council the aforesaid letter containing the

king’s

MS. page 67.

proposal and suggestion, and asked them what in their

opinion were best to be done for the advantage of the

Honourable Kast India Company, and in order to give satis-

faction to the aforesaid king ;

And has accordingly submitted to their consideration the

question whether it would be advisable to act up to the

afore-mentioned king’s suggestion, or whether it would be

more expedient to abide by our resolution of the 22nd of

this month ;

All which having been fully and diligently considered

by the Councillors and friends assembled, and the reasons

and motives contained in the said resolution having once

more been maturely pondered and deliberated on,

It having furthermore been considered not only that the

most fitting time for undertaking anything had already

almost gone by, and that the king, if he had really intended

to promote our plans, would long before this have come

down with his army, forasmuch he had been in time

informed of the appearance of the fleet before this coast ;

! Panadure.

3L0 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

but also that supposing that according to his suggestion we

should effect a landing, disembark our guns and other war

material, he might easily fail to join us, and even if he

should join us he might (as might easily happen), on encoun-

tering the enemy, fail to keep his ground, take to flight, and

leave us in the lurch—a thing of which we have had an

example from his men a few days ago, to wit, near Caleture,

where the enemy having taken up his position and attacked

them with a few volleys of muskeiry, they, although being

on this side the river and the enemy on the other side,.

immediately took to flight—

MS. page 68.

or, possibly, he might delay so long that we should be

obliged to re-embark and put to sea, forasmuch as it is

impossible for our ships to continue at anchor here in the

bad monsoon,! which is on the point of setting in, without

risk of great damage to the said ships, especially in so open

a sea as this;

while at the same time we might be compelled to leave our

guns behind, seeing that about that time the breakers on the

coast are so violent, that no boats could stand in them ;

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved to

abide by our preceding resolution, specified above.

And as far as the excuses are concerned, which will have

to be made to the king touching this point, the Council has.

resolved to entrust this matter to the Lord President, than

whom no one in the fleet is deemed to be better acquainted

with the king’s whims, and who will no doubt be able to

couch our refusal in the most elegant phraseology ;

It has furthermore been resolved that, notwithstanding

that by resolution of the 23rd of this month it had been

decided that we should remain here with the fleet until the

yacht “Arnemuyden” should have returned from Alyean,

1 North-east monsoon.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. dll

yet we shall on the 5th of March proximo set out for Galle

with our largest ships, together with the yacht “ Lecq”’ (the

said yacht to be sent in advance to the Coast of Coromandel

MS. page 69.

with our advices to the Lord Governor),!—seeing that we

have now had sufficient news from the king, and can well

surmise that there is little help to be expected from him ;

but shall meanwhile run down to Paneture in order to

inform the Royal Governor residing there of our resolution

and decision, that he may take his measures accordingly ;

the small yachts to remain here during that time, in order

to cruise and thus keep the enemy in check, and at the same

time to provide as great a quantity as possible of cattle,

fresh provisions, and other necessaries for the town of Galle

and. the ships.

Actum in the ship “S’Hartogenbosch,” datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens,

Pieter Sybrantsz Brode (?), Pieter Paets, Cornelis de Potter,

Willem Gerritsz, Marten Gerritsz Vries, Hendrick Yckes,

Aryaen Aldersz, Frans Maetsuicher, Abraham Bouwens,

Dirck Gerritsz Edam, Pieter Alberts, Adriaen Bollaerdt,

Albert Hagenaer, Albert: Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

March 3, 1642 Anno.

MS, page 70.

Whereas as we have received a promise from the

Ceylonese ambassadors on behalf of their King Raja Singa

that, if we would remain off this coast for some time longer

cruising before Columbo and Negumbo and thus keeping

the enemy in check, as he has no doubt we should do, he

should meanwhile send and deliver us at the town of Galle

a cargo of cinnamon through the Dessaves of the low-lying

districts, who were already engaged in collecting the same,

i The Governor-General of the Indies.

312 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

The Lord President and the full Council of all the ships

and yachts present having duly weighed the said promise,

and having considered that it would not make much differ-

ence if we should remain here for a few days longer, seeing

that the south-west good monsoon will not begin to blow its

very strongest before the end of this month, enabling us to

run down to Battecaloa and Coromandel.

As also that the Lord Governor-General and Council of

India have, by their aforesaid letters, urgently recommended

us the providing of cinnamon.

Finally, which is chiefly to be considered, that if we

should

MS. page 71.

decline the king’s proposal, and should cause the fleet to put

off from this coast, the enemy would doubtless prevent him

from peeling the said cinnamon, and we should consequently

be deprived thereof,

It has been unanimously resolved and approved of

To let all the ships and yachts (excepting “ S’Hartogen-

bosch,” * Lis,’ and “De Zeeusche Nagtegaal”) remain in these

waters up to the 20th of this month under command of the

Honourable Commander Dominicus Bouwens, and after

expiration of this term to run down all together to Galle in

order to continue their course to Coromandel as aforesaid ;

The said ship “S’Hartogenbosch’”’ and the yacht “ Lis” to

set sail for Galle this very evening, and the yacht “De

Zeeusche Nagtegaal’? likewise to follow two or three days

hence (when the Commander Bouwens, having requested

this, shall have got ready his advices to be sent to their

Worships at Batavia), in order to be despatched afterwards

by the Lord President Jan Thysen and the Commander

Cornelis Blaeuw, to wit, the yacht “‘ Lis” to Paliacatte to the

Lord Governor Arent Gardenys, and the “ De Zeeusche Nagte-

gaal’’ to Batavia to their Worships with letters from ourselves

and from the Commander Blaeuw touching the state of affairs

here and the events that have lately taken place here,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 313

MS. page 713.

and also before and about Goa.

Actum in the ship “S’Hartogenbosch” on the road of

Caleture, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Cornelis Leendersz

Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens, Pieter Paets, Cornelis de

Potter, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

March 10, 1642 Anno.

MS. page 713.

Forasmuch as the yachts “ Liefde” and “ Leeq” having

now been away from Batavia upwards of seventeen months,

of which about fifteen about this coast, are greatly in need

of repair and other necessaries which cannot possibly be

obtained here, and therefore urgently require to be sent to

Batavia or some other place where they can be provided with

the same,

The Lord President, having convened the Council of the

Town of Galle, assisted by the Commander Cornelis Leendersz

Blaeuw and the Fiscael Cornelis de Potter, has submitted to

their consideration the question

How many and which yachts of the fleet it would be

advisable to keep here, in order to protect the bay of Galle,

to harass the enemy as much as possible, and to be sent

afterwards, if there should be occasion for it, to Batavia or

Coromandel with our advices, or in order to fetch necessaries

thence ; |

All which having been duly weighed by the Councillors

and friends assembled, and it having been considered that

the yachts “ Bredam,” ‘‘Limmen,” “ Rommerswael,’” and

“ Kleyne Star” had not been away from Batavia above seven

or eight months, and having been thoroughly cleaned and

provided with all necessaries there will not so soon be in

want of anything,

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved—the

more so as by the orders of the Lord Governor-General and

Council of India there should always be yachts on this coast—

old JOURNAL, R.A.S, (CEYLON). [Voun. XVII.

MS. page 72.

the aforesaid yachts ‘“‘ Limmen,” “ Rommerswael,” and

“‘Kleyne Star” shall be chosen and employed for this

purpose.

It having furthermore been considered and computed how

many men it would be expedient to draw from the fleet in

order to strengthen the garrison of this town—those who

having served their time are not inclined to engage them-

selves again in the Company’s service, being previously dis-

banded according to their Worships’ instructions—

It has been unanimously approved of to take 450 men out

of the fleet, who are esteemed to be urgently required for

the occupation of this place—seeing that there are many

outposts here demanding a strong guard, and that there are

always sick and disabled soldiers in this garrison who are

unfit for active service.

Against which the said fleet will be strengthened by the

garrison of the fortress of Battecaloa, which on the appear-

ance of the said fleet will be ceded to King Raja Singa, the

guns, ammunitions, &c., having previously been removed

from it.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Pieter Paets, Cornelis de Potter, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan

van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland,

Secretary.

Monday, March 24, 1642.

MS. page 73.

In consequence of the arrival of the Commander Domini-

cus Bouwens with the fleet from the roads of Columbo, the

Lord President having convened the respective Commanders,

together with the Council of the town of Galle, has submitted

to the consideration of the Councillors and friends assembled

the question

How to deal with the fortress of Battecaloa ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. a15

Whether it were advisable to give up the said fortress into

the hands of Raja Singa on the appearance of the fleet there,

according to the wishes and instructions of the Lord Governor-

General and Council of India, or whether we should for some

time longer keep possession of the same, seeing that the

1,000 bhars! of cinnamon which the aforesaid king had

promised us in lieu of it, had not been delivered as yet;

All which having been duly weighed by the said Council

and it having been considered

that the Honourable Company had nothing but incon-

venience from the said place, without deriving the least

profit from the same ;

also that their Worships did not wish that on our part any

expenses should beincurred fornecessary repairs of the same,

and that the king, too, shows himself unwilling to lay out ~

anything on it, in consequence of which the fortress will

finally fall into ruins of its own account:

furthermore that the said foriress had already been offered

to the king in the month of April of last year, which offer

had by him been accepted, so that if we should now make

any change in our given word and promise, the said king.

being in all things suspicious of us, would from this derive

a new pretext for dissatisfaction, which might cause still

further estrangement between him and us;

li has been unanimously approved of and resolved—

The more so as we hear that the said

MS. nage 74.

king has collected there a certain quantity of goods and

merchandise against the arrival of the fleet before the said

fortress to be put on board the shipsin payment for the said

cession,

To give up to him, to dispose of as he shall please, the said

fortress, our garrison, guns, and ammunition having pre-

viously been removed from it.

1A bhaar or bahar of cinnamon, according to Valentyn, weighed some-

times 480 and sometimes 744 lb.

316 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Furthermore, as the letters and presents from their

Worships at Batavia to the king have been lying here

with us up to the present moment, and as the said king,

though we have repeatedly requested him to send envoys to

take possession of the same, has hitherto failed to send any

person or persons to fetch the same, telling us in answer that

if the things were goods belonging to him, he should certainly

send for them, but that since they were presents destined for

him by their Worships out of great favour and affection to

him, it were but reasonable that they should be brought to

him;

The said Council considering that for the present we

have still to use dissimulation in our dealings with this

mistrustful king, and to humour him in everything as much

aS we can—seeing that, unless we do so, greater harm may

ensue than we are now experiencing from him,

Have resolved and approved of

Tosend their Worships’ letter and presents to Battecaloa in

these ships, in order to be brought to the court from there,

as the roads from here to Candy are not considered

particularly safe, the transport of the said presents being

entrusted to Pieter Marines, Assistant and Interpreter,

who, having for many years been a prisoner with the

Portuguese, thoroughly understands and speaks their

language, seeing that we dare not send thither any person

of greater consideration.

It has also been resolved to let the fleet sail for Coromandel

by way of Battecaloa,

MS. page 75.

as soon as it shall have been provided with water and other

necessaries, as the good monsoon is every day blowing

more and more strongly, and the fleet will have to stay

some time at Battecaloa—the ship “ Valekenburg” to remain

behind during a few days in order to take in the cinnamon

destined for us, and afterwards to follow the others.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. d17

Tt has, besides, been decided that the yacht “* Lecq ” or such

other yacht as shall be deemed best fit for the purpose shall

remain at Battecaloa after the departure of the fleet, until the

middle of April, in order to await letters and an answer to the

aforesaid presents and letter from their Worships and from

ourselves, and if within that time nothing should come in,

the said yachi shall likewise sail for Coromandel.

Finally, an estimate having been made of what would be

required for this garrison and for the yachts that are to

remain here, and could be dispensed with in the ships,

It has been resolved to provide our afore-mentioned

garrison with the articles hereunder mentioned out of the

said fleet; to wit, four chests of matches, twelve pipes of

Portuguese wine, six aams! of olive oil, twelve bundles of

sail cloth yarn, as many spades and scoops as can be dis-

pensed with, an iron screw, a fishing seine. Together with

eight large grenades contained in cases, to be used in case

of necessity; six pieces of iron cannon, against which the

ships will take on board the guns now lying in the fortress

of Battecaloa ;

Furthermore to provision the said yachts remaining here

for six months, seeing that we trust to be able thus to maintain

ourselves until further supplies shall come both from Batavia.

and Coromandel,

MS. page 76.

and that such provisioning will not cause any scarcity of

victuals in the fleet. i

Pieter van de Camer, Skipper of the yacht “ De Kleyne

Star,’ having requested to be discharged from his office, the

term of his engagement having expired, and he being un-

willing to re-engage himself, and to be sent to Batavia via

Coromandel in the fleet or any unattached ship or yacht ;

1 An adam was a measure of capacity containing 90 kans (cans), the kan

being equal to a lit7e (61'028 cubic inches).

318 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

it having been considered that there were other skippers in

the said fleet who had still some time to serve,

The Council has resolved as follows :

The said Pieter van de Camer shall be transferred to the

frigate “ De Liefde,” Skipper Frans Maetsuicher to the ship

“ Bergen op den Soom,” and Skipper Hendryck Yckesz from

the ship “ Bergen op den Soom” to the yacht “ De Kleyne

Star,” the more so as before this time he has algo been

employed on this coast, and is well acquainted with these

waters.

The Council having considered the petition of Roemert

Roemertsz, of Knckhuysen, at present first mate in the yacht

“Limmen,” in which he sets forth that he, the petitioner,

then skipper of the yacht “ Venlo,” did on the 23rd November

of last year, his ship being in the company of the said yacht

“Limmen,” encounter certain Portuguese Castila frigates

about 4 or 5 miles from Ceylon; that the aforesaid

“ Limmen” got into fight with the said frigates, and that he,

petitioner, would fain have done his utmost best to capture

the same, but that he was dissuaded and outvoted by his

Supermerchant Antony Boey and others of his officers who

had been longer in India, whereas he, petitioner, was a

newcomer still unacquainted with the usances of this

country ;

MS. page 77.

whereby he had been frustrated of his good intention, for

which reason he had been deprived of his office and pay by

the Council in the fleet before Goa, and had been appointed

first mate in the yacht “ Limmen”’ without any share in the

profits ; which place he had filled during a considerable time;

And as the petitioner deeply regrets his mistake committed

through listening to bad counsels, and would fain amend

it in every possible manner ;

Therefore he humbly requests the Council to reverse the

said sentence considering his age, and his wife and children,

and to reinstate him in his former office and pay ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 319

And the Council having duly considered the favourable

testimony given of the petitioner’s ability, diligence, and

virtuous life not only by hisskipper, but also by several other

officers of this fleet ;

Have reinstated the said petitioner in his former office on

account of the above reasons, and others thereto moving

their Worships’ minds, saving the sanction of the Lord

Governor-General and Council of India; and have allowed

him his former pay from the time when he was degraded ;

But since at present there is no skipper’s place vacant, it

has been resolved to appoint him first mate in the yacht “ De

_ Liefde” and to continue him in this place, until as aforesaid

a vacancy as skipper shall oceur.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw, Dominicus Bouwens, Marten

Vinck, Coenraet Salomons, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Paets,

Cornelis de Potter, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt,

Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Monday, the last day of March, 1642 Anno.

MS. page 78.

Whereas the Cingalese Sabandaer! has informed the

Lord President that of the persons who had taken refuge in

the town, more than 100 or 150 lascars and a large number

of coolies or labourers could be set apart, in order to be with

our soldiers used in the woods against the enemy, or to be

employed in throwing up earthworks if such should be

required, on condition that rations of rice were allowed them ;

The Lord President has submitted to the judgment of the

Council the question what were best to be done on this

occasion,

' A Sinhalese revenue officer. Valentyn (p. 11) describes the Sabandaar of

Belligam (Weligama) as the chief official of that station. He was

assisted by three writers or clerks, who kept accounts which had to be

monthly submitted to the authorities at Matara, where the Sabandaar

himself had to appear with all the people under him.

320 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

Which having been duly and maturely weighed by the

said Council, and it having been considered

That the Lord Governor-General and Council of India

have in their letter recommended us to draw to our side,

if opportunities present themselves, as many Cingalese as we

could possibly get, even if it should be deemed necessary

to give pay to some of them ;

That, neither in the present position of affairs, nor in case

we should chance to fall out with the king, could we ever

hope to draw any profit from this country without the help

of the natives; with other considerations of the like nature ;

It has been unanimously resolved that each of the coolies

and of the lascars shall be allowed forty pounds of rice

monthly.

It has been further resolved

Forasmuch as the yachts “ Limmen,” “Star,” and “ Rom-

merswael” are lying inactive in the bay, and the present

season still permits us to do so,

To send the said yachts to the roads of Columbo and

Negumbo as soon as possible, in order to cruise and remain

there for such space of time

MS. page 79.

as shall be set forth in the instructions they shall receive

for the said purpose, by which we hope not only that the

enemy will be cut off from all supplies that might be sent

out to him from other places, but also that we shall thus

prevent such vessels as should intend to set sail for other

places, from getting out of port ; by all which we understand

a great service will be rendered to the Honourable Com-

pany, the more so as by these means the enemy might easily

be reduced to extremities.

Jochum Assenburch, of Hamburch, who came to India

in the ship “ Aimilia” in 1638 as an assistant on a monthly

pay of 18 guilders, is, in reward for his good services rendered

at this place, at his request and in order to give him further

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 321

encouragement, allowed a@ monthly pay of 24 guilders, the

increase being held to have begun on the 24th of this

month.

Carel van den Bremden, who came to India in the

ship “ Haerlem ” in 1637, as a junior assistant on a monthly

pay of 12 guilders, and whose term of five years is about to

expire, is by these presents at his request re-engaged in the

Company’s service for a term of three years, and in the

capacity of assistant allowed a monthly pay of 22 guilders,

the increase being held to have begun on the 24th of this

month, and his new engagement when his old term shall

have expired.

Adriaen van der Goes, who came to India in the ship

“Henriette Louise” in 1637, as a junior assistant on a

monthly pay of 12 guilders, and whose term of five years is

about to expire, is by these presents at his request re-engaged

in the Company’s service for another term of three years,

and in the capacity of assistant

MS. page 80.

allowed a monthly payment of 20 guilders, the increase

being held to have begun on the 24th of this month, and his

new engagement when the old term shall have expired.

Lucas Barentsz, of Amsterdam, who came to this country

in the ship “ Zutphen” in 1636, as a soldier on a monthly

pay of 9 guilders, and the term of whose engagement

has expired, is by these presents at his request re-engaged

in the Company’s service for another term of three years,

and in the capacity of corporal allowed a monthly pay of 14

guilders, the new engagement and increase of pay being

held to have begun on the 24th of this month.

Claes Bloem, of [ ], who came to this country in

the ship “ Zuiderzee”’ in 1639, as a furbisher or sword-cutler

on a monthly pay of 14 guilders, and whose term of three

years is shortly to expire, is by these presents at his request

admitted to a new engagement in the Company’s service for

Ss 21-02

322 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

a term of three years, and allowed a monthly pay of 18

guilders, the increase of pay being held to have begun on the

24th of this month, and his new engagement when the old

term shall have expired.

Jan Andriesz, of Enckhuysen, who came to India in

the ship “ Nieuw Enckhuysen,” as an assistant cooper on a

monthly pay of 15 guilders, and whose term of three years is

shortly to expire, is by these presents at his request admitted

to anew engagement in the Company’s service for another

term of three years, and in the capacity of cooper allowed a

monthly pay of 18 guilders, the increase of pay being

held to have begun on the 24th of this month, and his new

engagement when his old term shall have expired.

Barent Pietersz Swart, of Amsterdam, who came out

to India in the fluytschip “LL. Vliegend Hart” in 1639, as a

musketeer on a monthly pay of 10 guilders, and whose term

of three years is shortly to expire, is at his request by these

presents admitted to a re-engagement in the

MS. page 81.

Company’s service for another term of three years, and

allowed a monthly pay of 12 guilders, the increase of pay

being held to have begun on the 24th of this month, and the

new engagement when his old term shall have expired.

Jan Jansz Woerden, of Alckmaer, who came out to

India in the ship “ Nasjauw ” in 1635, as a musketeer on a

monthly pay of 13 guilders, and the term of whose egagement

has expired, is by these presents at his request re-engaged

in the Company’s service for another term of three years,

and allowed a monthly pay of 15 guilders, the increase of

pay being held to have begun on the 24th of this month.

Tobias Dangery, of Rochelle, who came out to India in

the ship “ Fredrick Hendrick” in 1634, as an Adelborst on a

monthly pay of 11 guilders, and the term of whose engage-

ment has expired, is by these presents at his request admitted

to a re-engagement in the Company’s service for another

term of three years, and in the capacity of corporal allowed a

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 323

monthly pay of 14 guilders, the new engagement and

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 24th of this

month.

Fredrick Jansz, of Leyden, who came out to India in

the ship [ |] in the year [ I as a soldier on a

monthly pay of 9 guilders, and the term of whose engagement

has expired, is by these presents at his request admitted to a

re-engagement in the Company’s service for another term of

three years, and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed a

monthly pay of 11 guilders, the new engagement and increase

of pay being held to have begun on the 24th of this month.

Cornelis Adriaensz, of Middelburch, who came out to

India in the yacht “ Grysherbe ” in 1639, as a hooploper! ona

monthly pay of 7 guilders, and the term of whose engage-

ment has expired, is by these presents at his request admitted

to a re-engagement in the Company’s service for another

term of three years, and in the capacity of Adelborst

allowed a monthly pay of 10 guilders, the new engagement

and increase of pay being held to have begun on the 24th

of this month.

MS. page 82.

Jan Willemsz de Klercq, of Veere, who came out to

India in the ship “ Zuiderzee ” in 1639, as a musketeer on a

monthly pay of 12 guilders, and whose three years’ engage-

ment is shortly to expire, is by these presents at his request

re-engaged for another term of three years, and in the

capacity of first boatswain (which place he has filled for

some time past) allowed a monthly pay [ | guilders,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the 24th

of this month, and the new engagement when his old term

shall have expired.

Dirck Cornelisz van der Vaert, who came out to India in

the ship “ Amsterdam” in 1639, asa boatswain on a monthiy

1 It is not easy to give the exact English equivalent of this or indeed of

many of the terms denoting occupation which have been literally translatea

here. <A hooplooper was probably the same as jonker, sonof a gentleman.

24. JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

pay of 9 guilders, and whose three years’ engagement is shortly

to expire, is by these presents at his request re-admitted

toa new engagement in the Company’s service for another

term of three years, and allowed a monthly pay of 12 guilders,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the 24th of

this month, and the new engagement when his old term shall

have expired.

Cornelis Rems, of Embden, who came out to India in

the ship “Zutphen ” in 1640, as a musketeer on a monthly pay

of [ | guilders, and who for some time past has dis-

charged the duties of a sailmaker in the yacht “ De Star,” is

on this account and considering the good testimony given.

of him by his superiors, by these presents at his request

confirmed in the said capacity of sailmaker, and allowed a

monthly pay of 15 guilders, the increase of pay being heldto .

have begun on the 24th of this month.

Hans Osterdorff, junior,

MS. page 83.

whuv came out to India with his father in the ship

‘¢ Hollandia” in 1637, is at the suggestion of some of the

Councillors present, and considering the demise of his father

aforesaid and certain other reasons, admitted to an engage-

ment in the service of the Hast India Company for a term of

three years, asa “boy,” and allowed a monthly pay of 4

guilders, the engagement and increase of pay being held to

have begun on the 24th of this present month.

Adriaen Symonsz Groen, of Beverwyck, who came out to

India in the fluytschip “ Castricum” in 1639, as a musketeer

on a monthly pay of 14 guilders, who afterwards on the 27th

December, 1641, was by the Lord President and his Councillors

in Council assembled, on account of various reasons set forth

in the act, promoted to a monthly pay of 20 guilders in

the capacity of smith, and whose three years’ engagement is

shortly to expire, is by these presents at his request admitted

to are-engagement in the Company’s service for another term

of three years, and in the capacity of master smith allowed

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 320

a monthly pay of 35 guilders, the increase of pay to begin on

the J4th of April next, and the new engagement when his old

term shall have expired.

Yoost Claesz Boot, of Gorcum, who came out to India in

the ship “ Hendracht” in 1641, as a soldier on a monthly

pay of 14 guilders, who for about seven months past has

discharged the duties of a provisional corporal to the entire

satisfaction of his superiors, is on this account and consider-

ing his ability, by these presents at his request confirmed in

the said office, and allowed a monthly pay of 14 guilders,

the increase of pay to begin on the 12th April next.

Isaac Isaacsz de Vrick, of Norwich, who came out to

India in the ship “Swol” in 1638, as a soldier ona monthly

pay of 9 guilders, who for some time past has performed the

duties of a provisional corporal to the entire satisfaction of

his officers, is on this account

MS. page 84.

and considering his ability, by these presents at his request

confirmed in the said office, and allowed a monthly pay of

14 guilders, the increase of pay to begin on the 12th April

next.

Actum in the town of Ste Cruys de Galle, datum ut supra.

Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Le-

moyne, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz

Hooghland, Secretary.

May 21, 1642 Anno.

MS. page 85. ;

Although since the time of his arrival at Galle up to the

present date the Lord President and his Council have done

their utmost best to keep the Lord Governor-General and

Council of India fully informed of the state of affairs here,

of the humours and whims of the distrustful Raja Singa

and his subjects and all the points thereto appertaining, and

the said Governor-General and Council of India have also

duly received and apprehended the said information,

326 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Yet, inasmuch as a person who has a thorough knowledge

of a thing is much better able to report concerning it by

word of mouth than by writing, seeing that the questions

and answers, the reasons and counter-reasons given on both

sides, lay open the true foundations of the matter ;

And forasmuch as the present affairs of Ceylon are so

circumstanced, that unless other and more efficient means.

are tried than has hitherto been the case, the Honourable

Company will never get indemnified for its expenses made

in the king’s service and never get its claims settled, seeing

that the aforesaid Raja Singa more and more shows his

ruffianly character, and is always seeking pretexts for not

paying his just debts to us; | |

The Lord President afore-mentioned has submitted to the

judgment of the said Council the questions following :—

Whether it would not be advisable to let their Worships at

Batavia have a full and circumstantial account of the state of

affairs over here,and point out to them what remedies would

be imperatively necessary in order to drive away our common

enemy, the Portuguese, and help the Company

MS. page 86.

to what is justly due to her ;

To let one of the Councillors present, who should be

deemed to be best fitted for the task on account of his

experience and knowledge, make a voyage to Batavia in the

yacht “ Venlo,” sent out from the roads of Goa by the Com-

mander Claesz Cornelis Blocg to make a voyage to Batavia,

and arrived here yesterday, thanks to God, with three packets

of opium forwarded to us by the Lord Director Paulus Croocq

from Surate, A

And who would be the best person to be charged with

the said mission ;

All which having been duly and attentively weighed by

the Council, who deemed the measure proposed to be a

matter of the most weighty import—seeing that under the

present circumstances this place is only a burden on the

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 327

Company, which does not derive the smallest profit from it,

and that the matter might go on from bad to worse if not in

time seen to;

It has by majority of votes been resolved to employ for

this purpose the services of the Commissioner and Super-

merchant Marten Vinck, seeing that in the lifetime of the

old king, his present Majesty’s father, he witnessed the

affairs of Ceylon at Candy for a term of about seven years,

and now again for some time under the present king, and

is therefore well experienced and versed in the same ;

The more so as he has recently been deputed to his

majesty on a special embassy, and as their Worships at Batavia

had been expecting the aforesaid Commissioner Vinck

already last year ;

It has furthermore been resolved to let the said yacht

“Venlo” sail the day after to-morrow early, after having

landed the three packets of opium ; and to let it call on its

way to Batavia at Battecaloa, in order to get information

touching the state of affairs there and the doings of the king.

Vincent Eliasz van der Goes, who came out to India in

the yacht “Welsinge” in 1638, as a junior boatswain on a

monthly pay of 6 guilders per month, and whose term of

engagement has expired, is by these presents at his request

admitted to a re-engagement for another term of three years,

and in the capacity of boatswain allowed a

MS. page 87.

monthly pay of 9 guilders, the new engagement and increase

of pay being held to have begun on the 6th of this present

month.

Roelof Woutersz of Westeryse, who came out to India in

the ship “ Maria de Medicis” in 1639, as a junior boatswain,

and the term of whose engagement is to expire in December

next, is by these presents at his request admitted to a

re-engagement in the Company’s service for another term of

three years, and in the capacity of boatswain allowed a

monthly pay of 9 guilders, the increase of pay being held to

328 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

have begun on the 6th of this present month, and the new

engagement to begin when his old term shall have expired.

Forasmuch as Antony Fernando Swart has for a con-

siderable time past diligently and carefully guarded the

Company’s suv7,) cocoanuts, and oil, and superintended the

distilling of arrack, he is at his request by these presents

allowed a monthly pay of two pieces of eight, the new pay

being held to have begun on the 26th April last.

Claes Dircksz, of Hamburch, who came out to India in

the ship “‘ Amsterdam ” in 1637, as a soldier ona monthly pay

of 9 guilders, and the term of whose engagement has expired,

is by these presents at his request admitted to a re-engage-

ment for another term of three years, and allowed a monthly

pay of 12 guilders, the new engagement and increase of pay

being held to have begun when his old term had expired.

Actum Ste Cruz de Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van

der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland,

Secretary.

Sunday, July 6, 1642 A.D.

MS. page 88.

In consequence of tidings successively received through

certain Cingalese from the outside and especially this morn-

ing, that the enemy with a part of his forces would arrive

to-morrow at Cogele? (upwards of three hours’ walking

from this place), in order thence to take his way to Vacquelle,?

Gindure, and other places thereabouts, the Lord President

has called a Council, and submitted to their judgment the

question, whether it would not be advisable to send out a

considerable body (such as should be deemed a match for

the enemy) to Cogele, &c., and to surprise the said enemy

the following night, if this should be deemed feasible, by

suddenly attacking him ;

' Toddy for the manufacture of arrack.

* Koggala, in the Talpe pattuwa, Galle District.

7 Wakwella, a village near Galle.

NO. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS, 329

Which having been duly weighed by the said Council,

after mature consideration of various circumstances apper-

taining thereto—in such wise as has been amply set forth in

sundry previous resolutions—

It has been approved of and resolved to send out this very

evening to Cogele aforesaid a body of 180 able-bodied men,

under command of the provisional Captain Jan van der Laen

and Lieutenant Lambert Camholt ;

But, inasmuch as no confidence can be placed in the

promises and words of the Cingalese, and we do not know

whether the enemy has already arrived at the aforesaid place,

and has there fortified himself and taken up an advan-

tageous position ; nor can we learn the number of his men ;

The aforesaid Captain with his men shall, in order to avoid

all disasters, remain on the coast about a mile from this place,

until he shall have received reliable information whether

the enemy has already appeared there or not—for which

purpose there shall be despatched thither four of the most

experienced soldiers, together with eight or ten Cingalese, in

order to reconnoitre—

And if they shall find the

MS. page 89.

enemy to have already appeared there, the whole party shall

return hither, seeing that in that case there would be little

credit to be got ;

But if contrariwise the enemy has not yet appeared there,

the party shall march up to Cogele aforesaid, and immediately

despatch a man to ug, to give us notice of the same, in

which case the Lord President shall follow them to-morrow

early with another party of 30 men, in order to help and

strengthen them, that there they may be able to perform some

notable feat for the benefit of the Honourable Company and

for their own honour—which God grant.

330 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Jan Koeck, of Middelburch, who came out to India in

the frigate “De Liefde” in 1640, as a “ hanger-en”! on a

monthly pay of 6 guilders, and who for some time past has in

this garrison discharged the duties of a soldier to the entire

satisfaction of his officers, and well acquitted himself of the

same, is on this account by these presents confirmed in the

capacity of soldier, and allowed a monthly pay of 9 guilders,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the day when

his last account in the said frigate was balanced.

Guiljam de Vlieger, of Middelburch, who came out to

India in the frigate “ De Liefde”’ in 1640, as a “ boy ”? on a

monthly pay of 4 guilders, and who some time back was sent

ashore from the said frigate to serve as a soldier in this

garrison, is on this account at his request and considering the

entire satisfaction of his officers, by these presents confirmed

in the capacity of a soldier and allowed a monthly pay of 9

guilders, the increase of pay being held to have begun on the

day when his last account in the said frigate was balanced.

Thus resolved and decreed in the town of Galle, datum

ut supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hoogh-

land, Secretary.

Tuesday, July 29, 1642.

MS. page 90.

Whereas yesterday the Lord President had been informed

by the Sabandaer and other chiefs of the Cingalese in this.

town, and also by three Cingalese runaways from outside,

that express orders had been sent from Columbo to the

Portuguese keeping about these parts that they should

noways separate, and not send any surprise parties against

us, Since it was feared that they would some time or other

be attacked and surprised by us ;

1“ Fooveloper” is the word in the manuscript. The duties were

probably those of a waiter.

“ Jongen,’ an errand boy.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. dol

For which reason also the three distancies! of Huropeans

—who some time ago had been sent to Vacquelle with

orders to cut off all the nelt paddy and rice in the fields there,

and to make head against us if we should try to prevent the

same—had directly gone to another place, in order to

deceive us if we should intend to attack them, and the next

day had gone on, away from the high road, pretty far into the

interior towards Mature by way of Mapelegame, in order to

join the main body departed from Biligam,? and also arrived

there ;

And as the said Cingalese chiefs further declared that in

a certain place named Kimby,? about[ | miles from here,

where there were no enemies, some full-grown rice standing

in the fields, together with a number of tame cows, might

now be obtained;

Requesting that leave might be given to a party of our

soldiers to go there in company with their own men in order

to cut and carry off the said rice which they said to be

greatly in want of, which we know to be true; |

The Lord President having convened his Council, strength-

ened with the provisional Lieutenants Gerrit Maeyer and

Burchard Cocqx,*

MS. page 91.

has submitted to the judgment of the said Council the

question :

What were best to be done for the greatest profit of the

Honourable Company and in order to give as much satisfac-

tion as possible to the said Cingalese, as it is still necessary

to use dissimulation with them and to hold out a helping

hand to them in every possible way ;

All which having been duly weighed by the said Council,

and it having been considered,

1 Companies. * Welligama. 3 Kimbiya, in the Gangaboda pattuwa.

4The gravestone of this officer was recently discovered at Galle on the

site of the old church demolished about 150 years ago (see C.B.R.A.S.

Journal, vol. XV.. p. 267). His “ Acte” appears in the second part of this

Paper.

32 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

That the aforesaid Cingaiese were daily importuning us to

send oui from here parties against the enemy, now this way

now that, promising to do great things with them, but in

reality—as we well know—nowise intending to give us

real support, but only feigning great zeal in our cause in

order to make us believe that on their part they were willing

to help us in every possible way, and in order to ascertain

how far our affection to them would go;

That if we should now refuse to comply with their request

they might easily take it in great dudgeon and afterwards

belittle us to the king, and tell him that we had refused to

accede to their request, that we had been cowards, and more

charges of the like kind,asin accordance with their perfidious

character they are wont to fabricate ;

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved to send

out a body of 130 of our soldiers under command of Captain

Jan van der Laen and Lieutenant Burchard Cocqx, in

conjunction with the aforesaid Cingalese, on the errand

specified higher up; with orders to keep closely together,

that they may meet with no contretemps ; and not to remain

away after next night, seeing that they are not provisioned

for any longer period.

It has furthermore been resolved, forasmuch as Telk

Harmensz, soldier of this garrison, has for some time past

been keeping the exterior earthworks of our town, thrown

up some time ago, in excellent order, by working at them

every day,

MS. page 92.

and has, besides, assisted in throwing up certain new works,

always evincing the greatest zeal and diligence in the per-

formance of this task, ?

and forasmuch as we had promised to give him an extra

gratification as soon as his work should be done;

to allow the said Telk Harmensz the sum of 25 Spanish reals,

over and above what he has already received ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ddd

And since he has declared himself willing to continue in

the said work on condition that his monthly pay shall be

somewhat raised,

The following attestation of this has been delivered to

Telk Harmensz, of Yrlandt, who came out to India in

the yacht ‘<‘ De Waterhond ” in 1641, as an Adelborst on a

monthly pay of 10 guilders, is, for the reasons specified

higher up and at his request, in his capacity of overseer of

the Company’s earthworks already made or still to be made,

allowed a monthly pay of 16 guilders, the increase of pay

being held to have begun on the 26th of this present month.

Thus resolved and approved of in the town of Galle, datum

ut supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Gerritsen,

Burchard Lamb. Cocqx, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

[Copy of a resolution; all except the closing formula

wanting. |

MS. page 92a.

[ | lying [ | as First Lieutenant in the fortress

[ | Negumbo to be continued in the aforesaid office ;.

while the said Maeyer, if he should wish to remain here,

will have to accept the place of Second Lieutenant, for

which he shall be bound to continue in this country for

three years more after the expiration of his engagement,

the increase of pay to begin this day.

Thus given and resolved in the town of Ste Cruz de Galle,.

datum ut supra (was signed) Franscois Caron, Jan Thysen,

Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz,.

Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes Burgers.

[Closing part of a sentence; first part wanting. |

MS. page 92b.

The Lord President has, by the advice of his Council;

acquitted the said delinquent Claes Ryck from the punish-

ment of the strappado; the rest of the sentence however

remaining in full force.

dd4 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL XVII.

Actum Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen.

The delinquent Claes Ryck is by the Lord President, with

the advice of the Council, at the repeated solicitations,

requests, and continual instances of the chief officers of the

‘Cingalese in this town and also of the garrison, allowed a

further pardon, released from his chains and reinstated in

his former place, his pay to begin again this day.

Actum ut supra, the 11th October, 1642. Jan Thysen.

Monday, August 4, 1642.

MS. page 93.

Whereas since the departure of the fleet commanded by

the Commanders Cornelis Leendersz Blaeuw and Domi-

nicus Bouwens from here for Coromandel by way of

Battecaloa, up to the present date no letter has here been

received from his Majesty of Candy Raja Singa, nor any

answer to our letter to him, nor any acknowledgment of

the presents offered him, whether they had come into his

possession or not; neither has he sent us any provisions for

this garrison as he is in duty bound to do, so that not

only have we been compelled to maintain ourselves—as we

still do—on what has been successively sent us by their

Worships at Batavia, by the Lord Governor Gardenys, and

from other places, but are also forced to maintain the

king’s own men, having their residence in this town, with

rice belonging to the Company, which we do nowise intend

to do much longer, considering that by so doing we weaken

ourselves, and that we clearly see the said king does not

care a straw for his own men, not to mention ourselves ;

The Lord President having convened his Council has

submitted to their judgment the question following :—

Whether it would not be advisable to send to Battecaloa

one of the yachts lying in this bay, “ Limmen,” “ Star,” or

“Rommerswael,” whichever should be deemed best fitted for

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 339

the purpose, with the Company’s champans,! expressly pre-

pared and now lying ready to be sentto Battecaloa, in order to

try to obtain for money paddy, rice, wax, and other necessaries

for this garrison, in case the king should show himself

unwilling to provide the same; and at the same time to

deliver to his said Majesty a letter, expostulating with him

for his neglect, and furthermore admonishing him and

calling upon him to provide us with such provisions and

fresh victuals as shall be in any way obtainable there and he

shall be able to bring together, and to forward the same to us

on the earliest opportunity by the aforesaid yacht, in the

_ hope that in this way we shall be able to get something from

this mistrustful king ;

All which having been duly weighed by the Council, and

it having been considered ;

That the said yachts are lying inactive in the bay here,

as they cannot be sent to Columbo in order to cruise there

before the end of September or the beginning of October,

seeing that up to that time the winds continue to blow

contrary and the currents are against us ;

That we know absolutely nothing of the enemy’s strength

by water ;

That in this way we may get acquainted with this

_ suspicious king’s latest intentions towards us ;

Finally, that if we get nothing, we shall have good

grounds to tell the Cingalese residing in this town, that if

we refuse to give them any more support towards their

maintenance

MS. page 94.

this is not owing to ourselves, but exclusively the king’s

fault ;

It has been unanimously approved of and resolved

1 Champan or Sampan, a kind of small boat or skiff. The word is

apparently of Malay origin, but the article was in use in the Indian seas

(see Hobson-Jobson, Sampan).

336 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

To employ on the said service, the soonerthe better, the yacht

‘“ Rommerswael,”’ the said yacht to continue there until the

20th or 25th September; and if the said yacht shall not get

any advice or goods from the king within that time, she shall

return hither, as shall be more specifically set forth in the

instructions which the said yacht shall get for this purpose.

The Lord President having further submitted to the

judgment of the Council whether it would be advisable [

It has been resolved, forasmuch as this could matter but

little to the Honourable Company, and the king might easily

take it ill,

To leave this matter alone until a better opportunity shall

offer, the more so as the said king has at present possession

of the fortress himself. Finally, at the humble request of

the Sabandaer and two other Cingalese Moedliaers residing —

in this town, that, as their provision of rice and paddy by

length of time had been totally consumed, so that, so to

speak, they had not a single grain left, and would certainly

die of hunger unless they were provided with some by us,

seeing that none but Company’s rice was obtainable here;

We might be graciously pleased, for some time and until

the champans sent out from here to Battecaloa should have

returned, to provide them with rice for themselves and their

families ;

It has been resolved—although they ought to provide us—

as there were only three families, and consequently the

support needed would not be very considerable, and as we

have hitherto maintained most of the lascars in this town ;

and as both they and the lascars were of more or less service

to us, a8 in future we hope will still more be the case ;

To furnish them with the aforesaid rice until the afore-

mentioned yacht shall return; and if the said yacht has got

nothing from the king, which to us will be a sure sign that

the king bears us but scant love, we shall altogether withdraw

our hand and utterly leave them to their own resources.

Jacob Hliasz, of Delff,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 337

MS. page 95.

who came out to India in the ship “L. Hoff van Holland”

in 1635, as a “ hanger-on’’! on a monthly pay of 5 guilders,

who afterwards in 1639 again engaged himself as a sailor

at a monthly pay of 9 guilders, is by these presents, as his

second engagement has expired, at his request admitted to

a new engagement for another term of three years in the

capacity of a soldier, and allowed a monthly pay of 11

guilders, the new engagement and increase of pay being

held to have begun this day.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan

van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland,

Secretary.

Sunday, August 17, 1642.

MS. page 96.

Whereas Deseneyke Moedliaer and other chiefs of the

Cingalese residing in this town have informed us that if we

would please to send out a body of our men together with

theirs, no farther than beyond the river Gindure to a place

named Arrag [ ],? between 1 and 14 mile from here,

they would make bold to provide us with a reasonable

number of buffaloes and cows (?),

The Lord President having convened his Council, strength-

ened with the provisional Lieutenants Gerrit Maeyer and

Burchard Cocqx, has submitted to their consideration the

question :

What were best to be done in this matter for the greatest

profit of the Honourable Company, and in order to provide

fresh victuals for this garrison, said fresh victuals being

urgently required, and it being incumbent on us to let no

opportunity pass to procure the same ;

which having been duly weighed by the Council, and it

having been considered

1 See note on page 330. * Horagampitiya ?

T Qi=O2

338 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Von XVII.

that, as the said Cingalese chiefs are obliging enough to

make this offer of their own accord, it would be churlish

not to comply with their request ;

that furthermore, the enemy were known to keep about that

part of the country with no more than five or six Europeans

and a body of natives ;

That even if they numbered five or six distancies, at the

utmost, our party, with the help of God, would not need to

run any risk ;

It has been resolved to send out this afternoon a party of

120 men under the command of Captain Jan van der Laen

and the Lieutenant Lambert Camholt, together with two

sergeants—which force is deemed sufficiently strong for the

purpose—in conjunction with the aforesaid Cingalese, with

orders not to stay away beyond to-morrow, unless in case of

urgent necessity, and then to return to this place.

Thus done and resolved

MS. page 97.

in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van der Laen, Lambert

Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

[SENTENCES PRONOUNCED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE

TOWN OF GALLE. |

MS. page 98.

Whereas Hendricg Claesz van der Heyden, formerly a

sergeant, at present their Worships’ prisoner, did on the

24th of last month so far forget and misdemean himself

that, forgetting all bounden duties which ought, considering

his office, to have prompted him to the contrary, he got

drunk and intoxicated in the guard-house, where he was

appointed chief officer; and about 8 o’clock in the evening,

without any reason, left the same, and did not return

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 339

hither before 11 o’clock, inquiring after a certain soldier

Hans Gillisz by name and the woman or slave who kad been

with him; and when he was answered that the said Hans

Gillisz had already left with her, he said “‘ I shall know where

to find him,” and thereupon again leaving the guard-house he

returned about half past one with the aforesaid Hans Gillisz,

and raving drunk, and when the latter upbraided him for his

insolence he broke his head with his rotang ;! for which un-

seemly noise which he made in the guard-house, and straight

before the lodgings of the Lord President, having been

reprimanded by the corporal and the sentinel, he abused

the latter persons, asking the sentinel whether he had also

something to say ;

All which being matters of very hurtful consequence,

which should not in the least be tolerated or connived at in

a well-disposed Government where justice and the law are

administered, but as an example to others should be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and the Council having seen —

the depositions against the prisoner, and heard his free

confession made in full Council, administering justice in the

name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring

mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have stripped the

prisoner of his honourable sergeant’s office and degraded

him to the rank of a common soldier at a monthly pay of

9 guilders ; cum expensis.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle, the 2nd day

of July, 1641, and pronounced the 4th following.

MS. page 99.

Whereas Jan Hellewouts, of Oostende, Adelborsit in garrison

at the town of Galle, at present their Worships’ prisoner,

did a few days ago so far forget and misdemean himself,

that running into the Captain’s garden like a madman he

committed all kinds of extravagances there, trampling under

1 Rattan ?

T 2

340 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

foot the beds where seed had been sown, grievously mal-

treating the keepers of the said garden, breaking the head of

an old woman, and striking with his rotang the sergeant who

by order of the Captain would remove him thence, and thus

tried to carry seeds out of the said garden, which he would

undoubtedly have done if not the Captain had personally

taken the same from him ;

All which being matters of very hurtful consequence,

which should notin the least be tolerated or connived at in

a well-disposed Government where justice and the law are

administered, but as an example to others should be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council, having

heard the prisoner’s free confession, administering justice in

the name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring

mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have condemned

and sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn and

sentence him by these presents, to be put in chains and to

work on the general earthworks for three successive

months ; cum expensis.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle, this 2nd

day of July, 1640, and pronounced the 4th following.

MS. page 100.

Whereas Willem Parrier, of Charlefield, soldier in garrison

in the town of Galle, at present their Worships’ prisoner, had

so far forgotten his military duties towards the Honourable

Company, that, as has been attested by sufficient evidence,

a few days ago he was found at night asleep on his post,

whereas we are in such great perils from the outside, and

within the town, encompassed by enemies ;

And as by this misdemeanour the fortress might easily be

surprised by the enemy, the whole garrison be murdered,

and the Honourable Company be deprived of the fortress

which they have bought so dear, and therefore such a thing

should not in the least be tolerated and connived at in a

well-disposed Government where justice and the law are

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 341

administered, but as an example to others should be rigor-

ously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council, having

heard the prisoner’s free confession, administering justice in

the name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring

mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have condemned

and sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn and

sentence him by these presents, to work during one month

on the general fortifications and earthworks, carrying earth

and stones ; cwm expensis.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle, the 2nd

day of July, 1640, and pronounced on the 4th following.

MS. page 101.

Whereas Jacob Weber, of Vryburch, Adelborst in garrison

in the town of Galle, at present their Worships’ prisoner,

had a few days ago so far forgotten and misdemeaned

himself that with malignity and malice prepense he

did in the public street without provocation, grievously

beat and maltreat one of our coolies (whereas we hardly

know by what kind treatment we shall keep them together),

by which undue proceedings the Honourable Company

might easily be deprived of its serfs, and they might geta

pretext to run away and turn their hand to something else ;

All which being matters of very hurtful consequence,

which should not in the least be tolerated or connived at in

a well-disposed Government where justice and the law are

administered, but as an example to others should be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord Presidentand his Council, having heard

the prisoner’s free confession, administering justice in the

name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring

mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have condemned

and sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn and

sentence him by these presents, to work for one month on

the general earthworks; cum expensis.

342 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, the 2nd day

of July, 1640, and pronounced the 4th following.

MS. page 102.

Whereas Jan Claesz, of Nieuveen, musketeer, forming

part of the garrison of the fortress of Battecaloa, at present

their Worships’ prisoner, did not scruple to get drunk and

so far to forget himself, that having got from words to

blows with one Tobias Caspersen, also a musketeer, and

having been separated by the Ensign of this garrison, he

proceeded from bad to worse, and having drawn his knife

did therewith give the said Tobias three distinct cuts, the

latter having strictly refrained from drawing any pointed

weapon ;

All which being matters of very hurtful consequence,

which should not in the least be tolerated or connived at in

a well-ordered Government where justice and the law are

administered, but as an example to others should be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council, having

heard the prisoner’s full confession, administering justice in

the name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring

mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have condemned and

sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn and sentence

him by these presents, to receive a hundred lashes, to have

his hand nailed to a post by means of a knife, and so to remain

standing, and finally to forfeit six months’ pay for the benefit

of the Honourable Company ; cum expensis.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, the 2nd

July,and pronounced and executed the 4th following.

MS. page 103.

Whereas Steven Lambertsen, born at Cambrai, who came

out to India in the ship “ Middelburch” in 1639, as an

Adelborst in the service of the United Dutch Incorporated

Kast India Company, last having been in garrison in the

town of Galle, and at present their Worships’ prisoner,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 343

did on the 11th of September last (being the day after the

desertion of the former Captain St. Amand), so far forget

and misdemean himself that, setting aside all honour,

respect, and obedience which a _ soldier owes to his

officers, and quite forgetful of his oath sworn to the aforesaid

Company, did not scruple, after having got drunk with the

Company’s sury with some of his accomplices, of whom he

appeared to be the leader, and having created a great riot and

disturbance, violently to oppose himself to the Sergeant

Adam Helwingh,who had been sent by the Lieutenant of

this garrison to put a stop to the said riot ; to seize the said

sergeant by the head, to throw him on the ground and keep

him under foot with his drawn sword in his hand, until some

other sergeants, who had also been sent thither by order of

the Lieutenant in order to put a stop to the tumult, reaching

the place, did set the said Adam Helwingh on his legs

again, upon which the prisoner put up his sword ;

for which violence the prisoner having been rebuked by the

said sergeants, and been told to go quietly to the church

where his lodging was, with which he ought to have been

well content and to have composed himself to peace and

quiet ;

Yet he, always going on in his wild extravagance,

MS. page 105.

did, instead’ of obeying the said sergeants, answer them,

while patting the hilt of his sword with his hand, “ Are you

sergeants; I am a soldier!” so that the sergeants being

unable to lay hold of him went back without him ;

By all which the Lieutenant, who was the head of this

garrison owing to the desertion of the former Captain, was

forced to go thither with forty musketeers in order to quell

the riot, in which he accordingly succeeded, except that the

prisoner, instead of obeying him as the others did, opposed

himself to the said Lieutenant and called him various filthy

and opprobrious names ;

344 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

All which being matters of very hurtful consequence,

savouring of positive mutiny, which should not in the least be

tolerated or connived at in a well-ordered Government where

justice and the law are administered, but as an example to

others should be most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Worshipful Council of this town, having

seen and heard the depositions against the said prisoner, the

prisoner’s free confession, the requisitory of Gerrit Mout-

maker, ex officio, before the Council, the defence of the

prisoner before the same, together with what other consider-

ations they have allowed to move them, administering

justice in the name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless

preferring mercy to the utmost rigour of the law,

Have condemned and sentenced the said prisoner, as they

condemn and sentence him by these presents, to be

MS. page 104.

led to the place of execution, to be tied to a post, and to be

fired at with arquebuses until death shall ensue, at the same

time confiscating all the pay still due to him.

Thus sentenced in the town of Galle, the 5th October, 1641,

and pronounced on the 6th following.

The Council being more disposed to mercy than io the

utmost rigour of the law, have for divers reasons been

pleased to acquit the prisoner Steven Lambertsen of the

punishment of death, to order the prisoner to be tied toa

post in the ordinary place of execution, to havea bullet fired

over his head, and to let him work for six months in chains

on the general outworks of this town; nevertheless the

sentence shall be drawn up and pronounced in the manner

as above, that thereby the prisoner who has well deserved

death shall experience fright,and his accomplices and other

persons in general may be deterred from such and similar

misdemeanours in future.

Thus done, datum ut supra, and executed the 6th October.

Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Chr. Swartze, Pieter Lemoyne,

Gerrit Moutmaker.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. a45

MS. page 106.

Whereas As Hgbertsz, of Campen, formerly an Adelborst in

the service of the United Dutch Incorporated Hast India

Company, in garrison at this town, at present their Worships’

prisoner, did on the 30th of January last, so far forget and

misconduct himself (which has become sufficiently evident),

that he, being drunk, entered uninvited the house of

Cornelis Jochumsen, constable, picked a quarrel with the

company there assembled, without having been molested

by any of them, and among other things taunted one Arent

Albertsz, of Amsterdam, Adelborst, with the fact that his

father had died on the gallows, on which the said Arent

having requested him to keep this secret he refused to hold

his peace, and went on insulting the aforesaid Arent Albertsz

more and more grievously, drew his hanger! and made a

thrust at him, so that the said Arent was compelled to make

his escape, on which the company aforesaid admonished the

said As Egbertsz to hold himself content, but instead of

listening to such good counsel, he went on in his mad

humoznr to call them all knaves, &c., saying that no one in

Galle was bold enough to come up against him, which

insolent word the constable being unable to put up with,

said to him, “Look here, here are two knives; I esteem

you no more than myself”; which quarrel having been

made up by the persons present, he gave further vent to his

malicious rage and picked a quarrel with the Sergeant

Hendrick Claesz, insulting him with all sorts of invectives,

and finally drawing his sword against the said sergeant,

meaning, as it afterwards appeared, to run him through the

body, seeing that he twice ran the point of his sword through

his coat at the back ; the said sergeant, however, dodged the

sword and without drawing his own gave him a blow in the

face with his fist, after which the combatants were parted and

the sergeant helped out of the house by the constable, which

ought to have given contentment to the prisoner,

1 Short sword.

346 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

MS. page 107.

who thenceforth ought to have held his peace ; but instead of

this, continuing in his mad rage he came to the guard-house:

in the evening dead drunk, and there without any reason

again inveighed against the Sergeant Hendrick Claesz with

many and sundry calumnious and opprobrious terms, among

other names styling him a rogue, a dog, and an ass, adding

that he did not care a fig for the said sergeant, and

that the latter was too cowardly to touch him or call him

any bad names, also saying that he knew more by himself

than all the whoreson sergeants taken together, and that in

the whole company there was not one fellow whom (salva

yeverentia) he held worth a turd, after which throwing

his sword three several times on the ground and tearing

his hair, he went on lustily raving, slandering, and blas-

pheming, without the said sergeant giving him any hard

word in return, but on the contrary patiently bearing every-

thing and advising him to restrain himself ; to which the

prisoner not paying the slightest heed, and his rage and

extravagance getting worse and worse, the said sergeant was

compelled to give notice of the same to the Lieutenant, upon.

which the prisoner was at last taken into safe custody ;

All which being matters of very dangerous consequence,

which should not in the least be tolerated or connived at in

a well-ordered Government where justice and the law are ©

administered, but as an example to others should be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council having

heard and seen the depositions against the prisoner’s

conduct, and his free confession and defence made before

the court, administering justice in the name of the Supreme

Authority and according to the General Articles of War,

nevertheless preferring mercy to the utmost rigour of the

law, have condemned and sentenced the said prisoner, as

they condemn and sentence him by these presents, to be

ignominiously expelled from his company as a rebellious:

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. a47

brawler unworthy of wearing a sword, and to work without

pay on the general outworks, his leg being loaded with

chains ; cum expensis.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle on the 7th

February, 1641, and pronounced on the 8th following.

Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan

Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen,

MS. page 110.

Whereas Clement Marot, a native of Bengal, formerly

servant to the Honourable Willem Jacobsz Coster,! of blessed

memory, in his lifetime President of the Company’s factories

in the Island of Ceylon, has freely and without torture or

any threats of the same confessed, and it has become

sufficiently evident to the Worshipful Council of this town

that, at the time when the said Lord President Coster was

on his journey to Candy, he, thesaid Clement Marot, setting

aside all fidelity which he owed to the said President did not

scruple, as soon as he had heard the current rumours

respecting his master’s death, to appropriate to himself in

thievish guise, out of his said master’s coffers, two pigs? and

a small bar of gold, 365 golden St. Thomases, a heavy gold

chain, and 100 pieces of eight in specie, with which not

being satisfied, he did, moreover, when at the undoubted

intelligence of his Excellency’s assassination, his chests were

sealed up by order of the Council of this town, conspire

with one Christiaen Swart, formerly a Captain of this garrison

and now a prisoner, to unseal the said chests with the point

1 Willem Jacobsz Coster, whose name heads the list of the successive

Dutch Governors of Ceylon, was treacherously murdered by the Sinhalese

on his return from the Court of Kandy, whither he repaired immediately

after the capture of Galle, 13th March, 1840. (See Beknopte Historie,

in C.B.R.A.S. Journal, vol. XI., page 34; Valentyn, Byzondere Zaaken

v. Ceylon, page 120; Ceylon Lit. Reg., vol. I1., page 37.)

* The word translated ‘‘ pigs” here is schuytgens, but the context makes

this interpretation absurd. Schwitje (or bootje) may also mean a locket

(catch or spring to fasten a necklace), which would seem to be the correct

translation, although I have not met with this meaning of the word in any

dictionary.

348 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

of a heated knife and open them at their pleasure, thievishly

abstracting thence ten bars of gold of about a palm’s length,

a large silver belt, six St. Thomases, alump of gold weighing

between three and four St. Thomases, four pearls, a quilted

Bengal bed-cover, three pairs of silk stockings, three pieces

of armosin, one or two pieces of croonra, each five yards long,

a few skeins of silk, together with a few more smaller

objects ;

And the said Clement, having on account of his aforesaid

thievish acts been taken into safe custody by order of the

said Council, did one night, breaking his prison, use his

utmost exertions to run over to our common enemy, the

Portuguese, as has clearly appeared from various circum-

stances, but having been seized again and put to the torture,

he did, when released, several times charge the wife of the

said Christiaen Swart with having taken into her custody the

365 Thomases, the pigs, and the small bar of gold, the 100

pieces of eight in specie, and the gold chain ;

The said woman having been strictly questioned, and other

MS. page 111.

circumstances proving this confession to have been

evidently mendacious, he was yesterday in the forenoon

tortured with water, and was about 5 o’clock in the evening

found dead in his prison, not without suspicion of having

made away with himself in order thus to escape his condign

punishment ;

All which being matters of very dangerous consequence,

which should not be in the least tolerated in a place where

justice and the law are administered, and least of all in this

new-planted settlement, but should as an example to others

be most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the said Council, having read the documenis and

depositions against the conduct of the said Clement Marot,

having heard his free confession, having further duly

pondered and weighed whatever was deemed pertinent to this

matter and has been allowed to move their Worships’ minds,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 349

administering justice in the name of the Supreme Authority,.

have condemned and sentenced the said Clement Marot, as

they condemn and sentence him by these presents, to be drag-

ged outside the gates of the town and to be hanged there on

a gibbet, at the same time confiscating all his goods and the

money still due to him in favour of the Honourable East

India Company.

Thus done and resolved, pronounced and executed, in the

town of Galle, on the 12th February, 1641 Anno. Jan

Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan Symonsen

Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

One or more leaves wanting from the MS.

Closing words of a sentence pronounced against

Christiaen Swart.

[ |

MS. page 108.

[

| to be put in chains for twenty-five successive years,

with confiscation of all his goods and chattels and the pay

still due to him; with this understanding, that he shall be

detained in the fortress of Hollandia until the departure of

the first yacht to sail from here, in which he shall be sent to

Batavia, and that at the discretion of the Council he, his wife,

and children shall be provided with the necessary clothing.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle, the 19th

February, 1641 Anno, and pronounced the 21st following.

Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan Symon-

sen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

The Lord President and the Council being more inclined

to clemency and mercy than to the utmost rigour of the law,

being, at the earnest and humble prayers and urgent entrea-

ties of the Cingalese Sabandaer and of other persons, moved

with pity towards the delinquent’s innocent children, have

been pleased to acquit the said Christiaen Swart of the

350 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOL. XVII.

whipping pronounced against him, leaving however the rest

of the sentence in full rigour.

Actum Galle, the 20th February, 1641. Jan Thysen,

Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan Symonsen Verlaen,

Dirck van Gimmen. !

MS. page 109.

Whereas Maria Swart, born at Chincheum, wife to the

former Lieutenant Christiaen Swart, at present a prisoner,

did at the time when on account of his journey to Candy the

late President Coster had ordered her and her husband to

live in his house and superintend his slaves, &c., so far

forget and misdemean herself (as has sufficiently been

proved to the Council), that, after the base assassination of

the said President, instead of faithfully doing her duty,

she did, forgetting and setting aside all honour, fidelity, and

benefits enjoyed, which ought to have prompted her to the

contrary, not only falsely conceal the wicked and thievish

intent of her husband and the Lord President’s black servant,

Clement Marot by name, and the subsequent execution of

gaid thievish intent, but did also enjoy an equal share with

the others of the stolen objects, was even present at the

unsealing and opening of divers chests, took of their

contents for her own and her husband’s use, the following

objects, to wit : ten small bars of gold, each of about a palm’s

length and a little thinner than a goose-quill (being arm-

rings straightened), four pearls, a few small rubies, a silver

belt, three pieces of fine linen (of which the said Clement has

gotbacktwo),a white quilted Bengal bed-cover, three pairs of

silk stockings, half a piece of Guinea linen, two Bengal

gingans, two small pieces of croonras, each five yards long,

three dongries, a striped silk dress, and a few more small

objects ;

Which matiers she tried to conceal by a strict denial when

the crime was about to become divulged by the confession

of the said Clement; and in order that, in case the crime

should be partly brought home to her, she mighi siill

No. 53.—1902. | GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 351

continue in possession of a part of the stolen property, she

had falsely buried and hidden in divers places several of the

objects, had with the aid of her husband cut up with a

penang knife the said ten small bars of gold in such a way

that one bar was converted into two and a half ; at the same

time lying under heavy suspicion of having received from

the said Clement and hidden in someother place the 365

St. Thomases,

MS. page 112.

two pigs,! and a small bar of gold, a large thick gold chain,

together with 100 pieces of eight in specie; of which last

matter a stricter investigation has been prevented by the

death of the said Clement and her own obstinate, though to

us dubious, denial ;

By all which aforesaid actions she has not only favoured

and concealed the theft, but made herself a partaker of and

an accomplice in the criminal act, and de facto guilty of

malpractices ;

Which being a matter of very dangerous consequence,

which ought not in the least to be tolerated or connived at in

a well-ordered Government where justice and the law are

administered, but should as an example to others be most

rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Worshipful Council of this town of Galle,

having heard and seen the prisoner’s free confession, made

without torture or without any threats of the same, the

requisitory and conclusion laid before their Worships by the

“ Undermerchant” Gerrit Moutmaker, ex officio, together

with the prisoner’s defence made before the court, and

whatever else has been allowed to move their Worships’

minds;

Having duly weighed everything and considered all the

circumstances hereto appertaining ;

' See note on page 347.

B02 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL XVII.

Administering justice in the name of the Supreme

Authority, nevertheless preferring mercy to the utmost

rigour of the law, have condemned and sentenced the pri-

soner, as they condemn and sentence her by these presents,

to be carried to the place of public execution, in order there

to be witness of her husband’s punishment; and since she

has been an accomplice to her husband’s theft, she shall,

like her husband, have all her goods confiscated as well as

his, with this understanding, however, that at the discretion

of the Council she shall, like her husband, be provided with

such clothing as she shall stand in need of.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle, the 19th

February, 1641, and pronounced and executed on the 20th

following. Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Jan Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

MS. page 118.

Whereas Jan Caspersen, of Weedlandt, a soldier in the

service of the United Dutch Incorporated East India

Company, in garrison at this town, at present their Wor-

ships’ prisoner, did so far forget and misdemean him-

self (which has become sufficiently evident to the Lord

President and Council from the prisoner’s own free con-

fession), that on the 26th of this month, about 5 o’clock in

the evening, he did not scruple, against his bounden duty

and all military discipline, without the knowledge or the

orders of his superior officers, not only to leave the place

where he had to keep guard, but also, like a disobedient and

obstinate trespasser, altogether to ignore the repeated

placards, first issued in the time of the Lord President

Coster, and again on the 12th of this month by the

present Lord President and his Council, touching the

climbing of the Company’s cocoanut trees situated in this

town, so that the said prisoner has been caught in the act of

climbing the said trees by the Lieutenant Verlaen, who

accordingly has consigned the said prisoner to safe custody,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 353

All which being matters of very dangerous consequence,

as in this way the Company is robbed of the produce of

her cocoanut trees, which are urgently wanted here, seeing

that there is hardly any cocoanut oil here for the garrison,

to be burnt in the lamps, and none can be obtained from the

Cingalese ;

which, if not seen to in time, might cause this garrison to be

reduced to great straits ;

and which should not be in the least tolerated or connived

at in a well-ordered Government where justice and the law

are administered, but should as an example to others be

most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council, having

heard the prisoner’s free confession, administering justice

in the name of the Supreme Authority, nevertheless pre-

ferring mercy to the utmost rigour of the law, have con-

demned and sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn

and sentence him by these presents, to receive fifty lashes,

and besides to be put in chains and set to work without pay

on the general earthworks ; cwm expensis.

MS. page 114.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, this 27th

February, 1641 Anno, and pronounced and executed on the

28th following. Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Jan Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

MS. page 115.

Whereas Adriaen Pietersz, of Madelbeeck, corporal in

garrison here, stationed at the point of Vriesland, at present

a prisoner, did, without torture or any threats of the same,

freely confess, and it has become sufficiently evident to

the Worshipful Council of this town that, unmindful of

his previous misdemeanour and the punishment consequent

thereon, he did again last Friday, being intoxicated, buy

a piece of cloth of a certain Moor (outside the town gate)

for [ | stivers, wishing to give him a [ | in

U 21-02 |

304 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

payment, on condition that the said Moor should return the

same to him, which the said Moor was unwilling to do;

upon which the prisoner, having no linen doublet upon

him, told the Moor to go with him into the town to his

house, where he promised to hand him the said doublet ;

then together going into the town and coming near the

house of Ensign Leuwyne, the said Moor caught the

prisoner by the sleeve, insisting on being paid the four

stivers immediately, upon which the prisoner and the Moor

having got into words, and the prisoner pushing him away

from his body, the said prisoner drew his cutlass, intending,

as he says, to give the Moor a blow on the back with the flat

of the said cutlass, and struck him on the arm and severely

wounded him ;

All which being matters of very dangerous consequence,

forasmuch as by them, the Moors, whom we ought to

befriend in all possible ways, seeing that they are of great

service to us, might easily be estranged from us, and begin to

sell their goods to other nations and thus leave us altogether

unprovided ;

Which should not be in the least tolerated in a place

where justice and the law are administered, but should as

an example to others be most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council, having

considered all that pertains to this matter and has been

allowed to move their Worships’ minds,administering justice

in the name of

MS. page 116.

the Supreme Authority, have condemned and sentenced the

said prisoner, as they condemn and sentence him by these

presents, to receive a certain number of lashes at the discre-

tion of the Council, and be made to mount guard in heavy

armour ; also to pay three pieces of eight! to the surgeon for

"A piece of eight was probably a silver coin. It is not mentioned by

Valentyn in his description of coins current in Ceylon.

No. 53.—1902,] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. D090

his fee, and two pieces of eight to the Moor in lieu of the

pain he has suffered ; cum expensis.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle on the 18th

March, 1642, and pronounced and executed on the 19th

following. Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Jan Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

MS. page 117.

Whereas Laurens Harmensz van der Gouw, soldier in

garrison here, and stationed at the point named Vriesland,

has freely confessed, and it has become clearly evident to the

Lord President and his Council that the said prisoner,

instead of keeping himself sober and remaining vigilant on

his post, as becomes an honourable, faithful, and good soldier,

so far forgot and misdemeaned himself, that, on the

[ ] at night, having, as he says, drunk something, and

having by his corporal been posted as a sentinel, he did not

scruple to lay himself down to rest,and then to fall asleep,

which lasted until the rounds coming awakened him and

put another in his place ;

And forasmuch as such conduct is not only directly

contrary to all due military orders, but might also be the

cause, which God forbid, that the enemy by whom we are on

all sides surrounded should suddenly fall upon us and

conquer this place (for which the Honourable Hast India

Company has been at so much expense and pains, and so

many valiant soldiers have lost their lives), the more so

because this garrison is at present very weak and poorly

provided with men ;

All which should not in the least be tolerated, but as an

example to others should be most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and the Council afore-

mentioned, having weighed and considered all that is to this

matter appertaining and has been allowed to move their

Worships’ minds, administering justice in the name of the

Supreme Authority, nevertheless preferring mercy to the

utmost rigour of the law, have condemned and sentenced the

306 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

said prisoner, as they condemn and sentence him by these

presents, to be set to work in chains on the common earth-

works for the term of two months,

MS. page 118.

or so much less as the Council in their discretion shall

allow ; cum expensis.

Thus done and sentenced on the 28th March, 1642, and

pronounced and executed on the 29th following, in the

town of Galle. Jan Thysen, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Jan Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen.

MS. page 119.

Whereas Antonio Revere, of Genoa, who came out to

India last year in the fluytschip “Orangieboom” as a

musketeer, and arrived here from Goa in the yacht

“‘ Valekenburch,” to be employed as a soldier here, being

stationed at the point Gelderland, and Pedro de Conje, of

Canaryn, at present both of them prisoners, have without

torture or any threats of the same freely confessed, and

it has become plainly evident to the Lord President and

Council of this town that the prisoners, and chiefly the

prisoner Antonio Revere, setting aside all honour and faith

and the oath which they had sworn tothe Supreme Authority

and the Honourable Hast India Company, did not scruple,

about eight or ten days ago and afterwards repeatedly, having

first made each other’s acquaintance, to conspire, plot, and

ponder, now in this place, now in that, wherever opportunity

served, how they could best pass over to the Portuguese,

saying that they were no longer minded to serve the Dutch,

and that they hoped to get better pay and treatment from

the Portuguese, who at that time were lying not far from

here ;

Which conspiracy lasted until at last the prisoners agreed and

resolved to execute their intent and to abscond, as follows :—

When it should be the said Antonio Revere’s turn to

stand sentry by night, he was beforehand to give notice

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. aol

to the prisoner Pedro de Conje, while De Conje against that

time was to come to the place where the said Revere was to

mount guard, with a certain rope which they had deemed

serviceable for their purpose; the said De Conje

MS. page 120.

was to keep himself concealed there until the prisoner

Antonio Revere should cough, which was to be a sign to the

said Conje to come forth without fear ; then being together

there they were to put the aforesaid rope through one of the

loopholes of the wall, with a stick at the end, to keep it

fixed at the back of the wall, and to let themselves down by

the aforesaid rope on the other side of the wall, and when

arrived at the bottom to take themselves off ;

Which wicked and [ | intent the said prisoners had

resolved to execute on the night of the 12th of this month,

if it had not come to light and they had not been prevented

from doing so;

And forasmuch as the aforesaid matters may entail very

dangerous consequences, seeing that by this means not only

may the enemy be strengthened, and our circumstances and

position in this town may be made known to the enemy,

but also that such desertion is often mixed up with treacher-

ous projects, so that it might prove the ruin of a town,

and chiefly of this town of Galle, for which we have paid so

dear, for which so many brave soldiers have ventured their

lives, and in which the East India Company is so deeply

interested ; nay, might cost a great many lives;

All which ought therefore not in the least to be tolerated,

but should as an example to others be most rigorously

punished ;

Therefore the said Council, having seen the documents

and the evidence against the conduct of the said prisoners,

having heard their free confession, and furthermore fully

weighed all that might be deemed pertinent to this matter

and has been allowed to move their Worships’ minds ;

398 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Administering justice in the name of the Supreme

Authority, have condemned and sentenced the said prisoners,

as they condemn and sentence them by these presenis,

MS. page 121.

to be punished with the halter in such a manner that death

shall ensue, with confiscation of all their goods.

Thus done and resolved on the 14th June, 1641; and

pronounced and executed on the 15th following in the town

of Galle. Jan Thysen, Herman Roesen, Marten Vinck,

Walraven de Rivire, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jacob Gans, Jan Symonsen Verlaen, Dirck van Gimmen,

Lambert Camholt.

MS. page 122.

Whereas it has clearly and evidently- appeared to the

Lord President and the Worshipful Council of the town of

Galle that Barnardo Rodrigo, of St. Jago, soldier in garrison at

this town, stationed at the point named Vriesland, at

present a prisoner, did, in spite of the express orders and

of the punishments inflicted on others, setting aside all

honour and his oath sworn to the East India Company, not

scruple last night at 7 o’clock, having been commanded

by his corporal to stand sentry, and having stood so for

about half an hour, to lay himself down to sleep, in which

he continued until he was found asleep by the Sergeant

Caspar Homan, then going the general rounds, and awakened

with a couple of blows; whereupon having by him been

taken into custody another was put in his place;

And forasmuch as this is a matter of very dangerous

consequence, seeing that the enemies keeping about this

place might thereby get an opportunity to fall upon us

unexpectedly, and thus to conquer this town, on which

depends the keeping of the Island of Ceylon for the Hast

India Company ;

which, therefore, in a place where justice and the law are

administered cannot be in the least tolerated or connived at,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 309

but as an example to others should be most rigorously

punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and his Council aforesaid,

having heard the prisoner’s defence, and furthermore having

maturely weighed and considered everything thereto apper-

taining and calculated to move their Worships’ minds,

Administering justice in the name of the Supreme

Authority, nevertheless preferring mercy to the utmost rigour

of the law, have condemned and sentenced the said prisoner,

as they condemn and sentence him by these presents, to be

earried tothe customary place of execution, there to be tied

to a stake and to have a bullet fired over his head; cum

CXPeNnsis.

Thus done and sentenced on the 26th June, 1642, in the

town of Galle, and pronounced and executed on the 27th

following. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Walraven de Rivire,

Gerrit Moutmaker, Jacob Gans, Jan Symonsen Verlaen,

Lambert Camholt.

MS. page 123.

Whereas it has clearly and evidently appeared to the

Lord President and the Worshipful Council of the town of

Galle, that Jeuriaen Jeuriaensz, of Anchellam (?), soldier in

garrison in this town, stationed on the [ | lon

Seeburch, at present their Worships’ prisoner, has, disregard-

ing the example set him by the punishment executed on

Barnardo Rodrigo, also a soldier, for the same misdemeanour

on the 26th June last, and setting aside all honour, fidelity,

and his oath sworn tothe Honourable East India Company,

not scruple on the night of the 26th June aforesaid,

between 11 and 12 o’clock, after having stood sentry for

a while, to sit down and compose himself to sleep, and

that so soundly that he had to be wakened by the rounds, who

had previously hemmed and called him, and not seeing him

nor getting any answer from him, had thrown stones at him

over the fence, and finally thrust at him with their pikes ;

260 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

upon which they immediately ordered the corporal to put

another man in his place ;

And forasmuch as the aforesaid is a matter on which

depends the safety of thisdearly bought town and the well-

being of the Company’s affairs in the Island of Ceylon, and

which, therefore, should not in the least be tolerated, but as

an example to others should be most rigorously punished,

Therefore the aforesaid Council, having perused the docu-

ments and depositions against the conduct of the said

prisoner, having heard his defence there against, having

fully weighed whatever might be deemed pertinent to this

matter and has been allowed to move their Worships’ minds,

administering justice

MS. page 124.

in the name of the Supreme Authority, have condemned

and sentenced the said prisoner, as they condemn and

sentence him by these presents, to be carried to the customary

place of public execution, to be there tied to a stake and

to be fired at with arquebuses until death shall ensue, with

confiscation of all his goods and of all the salary and monthly

pay still owing to him.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle this 2nd day

of July, 1641, and pronounced and executed on the 3rd follow-

ing. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Walraven de Rivire, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Jacob Gans, Jan Symonsen Verlaen.

Although the Lord President and his Council had, by

their sentence of the 2nd July last, condemned Jeuriaen

Jeuriaensz, of Anchellam, soldier, for being asleep when on

guard, to be fired at with arquebuses until death should

ensue, yet their Worships, being more inclined to clemency

and mercy than to the utmost rigour of the law, have been

pleased, being partly moved by the humble intercession and

urgent instances of the Ensigns of this garrison and other

persons, as the Cingalese Sabandaer and certain Moedliaers,

and partly by the bodily weakness of the delinquent, to

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. d61

acquit the said Jeuriaen Jeuriaensz of the punishment of

death, as they do by these presents, leaving the rest of his

sentence in full vigour.

Actum, Galle, the 3rd July, 1641. Jan Thysen, Marten

Vinck, Walraven de Rivire, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jacob Gans,

Jan Symonsen Verlaen.

MS. page 125.

Whereas Antony Maes, born at Paris, Adelborst, and

formerly overseer of the hospital at this place, at present

their Worships’ prisoner, did, without torture or any threats

of the same, freely confess, and it has furthermore clearly

and plainly appeared to the Worshipful Council of the town of

Galle that the prisoner, instead of behaving honourably in the

office graciously conferred on him, of being mindful of the

increase of pay lately allowed him for the same, and the

promise thereby held out to him of a further increase if he

should faithfully do his duty, and, as was his bounden duty

in case any patient should happen to die in the said hospital,

delivering up directly to the Supermerchant of this garrison,

the deceased’s well-locked chest and chattels, or leastwise

the key of the same ;

Did not scruple, a few days ago, when a certain corporal,

named Hendrick Henneman, had died,

to open the said corporal’s chest, and, while taking therefrom,

in the presence of some patients, a clean shirt for wrapping

up the dead body,

at the same time quickly and dexterously, without anybody

seeing it, thievishly abstract therefrom and appropriate

to himself the sum of 10 guilders and 9 stivers in money,

Upon which instantly locking the said chest again, he did

not before the following morning give up the same to the

Supermerchant Vinck;

After which the aforesaid Hendrick Henneman’s chattels

being sold by the said Supermerchant Vinck, and the

prisoner being asked whether the said

362 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

MS. page 126.

Henneman had not left behind any money, did—although

some of the patients, together with the prisoner, were well

aware of the contrary—flatly and roundly declare that he

knew nothing of it ; inconsequence of which the said Marten

Vinck or his assistants might—in case the matter had not

come to light—have been suspected of having stolen the

aforesaid money ;

And forasmuch as the aforesaid constitutes notorious theft,

and is a matter of very dangerous consequence not only

to the heirs of the said deceased, who thereby would be

deprived of their due, but also to the afore-mentioned

Supermerchant Vinck or his assistants, who, as aforesaid,

might have thereby fallen into very evil repute, especially

with the commonalty,

Which therefore in a place where justice and the law are

administered should not by any means be tolerated, but

should as an example to others be most rigorously punished ;

Therefore the aforesaid Council, having read the docu-

ments and depositions incriminating the prisoner, having

heard his free confession, and having furthermore fully

weighed and considered whatever may be deemed pertinent

to this matter and to be allowed to influence their Worships’

minds,

Administering justice in the name and in behalf of their

High Mightiness the States General of the Free and United

Netherlands, having first stripped the prisoner of his pay

and present office, have condemned and sentenced him, as

they condemn and sentence him by these presents, to be set to

work in chains on the general outworks of this town,

together with the Company’s slaves, for a term of six months,

and to be mulcted in the costs of the present law suit.

Thus done and sentenced in the town of Galle this 10th

day of July, 1641, and pronounced and executed on the 11th

following. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Walraven de Rivire,

Gerrit Moutmaker, Jacob Gans, Lambert Camholt.

No. 53.—1902.]| GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 363

MS. page 127.

Whereas Christiaen Pietersz, of Jondene, corporal, and

formerly dispenser, at present their Worships’ prisoner,

has, without torture or any threats of the same, freely

confessed, and it has furthermore clearly and evidently

appeared to the Lord President and the Worshipful Council

of the town of Galle,

That the said prisoner, setting aside all fear of God, love

towards his neighbours, and his private honour, yesterday,

being the 15th July, about 6 o’clock, having, as he says, got

into words with one Willem Claesz, of Amsterdam, trumpeter,

and standing together with him near the kitchen of the Lord

President’s house ; the said trumpeter having taken a burning

piece of wood out of the said kitchen and offering to strike the

said prisoner therewith, on which the prisoner drawing back,

stumbling against the door of the secretary’s chamber, which

door flying open, he going up to the stand on which lay the

secretary’s sword, which he taking up, and coming forth

from the room, did in evil mood thrust the same between

the aforesaid Willem Claesz’s ribs; upon which the said

Willem Claesz having succeeded in reaching the kitchen,

and going into the same took up a piece of burning wood

to light a pipe of tobacco, and having hardly left the

kitchen, forthwith fell on the ground and shortly after

gave up the ghost; with which the prisoner not yet being

satisfied, did, on being informed that the aforesaid trumpeter

had fallen down, called for

MS. page 128.

a rice pounder, saying that he would set him on his legs

again, nay, moreover, as if the matter reflected great credit

on him, was insolent enough to say flatly to the Ensign

Gerrit, who, leading him to prison, asked him on the way

whether he had struck the said trumpeter with a stick or

with his fists,—that he had used a stout sword for the

purpose, all the time not showing the least remorse for his

ruffianly act ;

364 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

And forasmuch as the aforesaid constitutes notorious

manslaughter, or rather intentional murder, which, in accord-

ance with all laws divine and human, ought to be atoned for

by death ;

Therefore. the Lord President and his Council afore-

mentioned, having heard the prisoner’s free confession,

having further weighed and considered whatever might be

deemed pertinent tothis matter and has been allowed further

to move their Worships’ minds ;

Administering justice in the name of the Supreme

Authority, have condemned and sentenced the prisoner afore-

said, asthey condemn and sentence him by these presents, to

be led to the customary place of public execution in this town

of Galle, to be there tied to a stake, and forasmuch as we

have no opportunity for having him executed with the

sword as would be proper, to be fired at with arquebuses

until death shall ensue ; furthermore confiscating his goods

and chattels, and all the wages and monthly payments still

owing to him from the Honourable East India Company.

Thus done and sentenced

MS. page 129.

in the town of Galle this 16th day of July, 1641, and

pronounced and executed on the L17th following. Jan

Thysen, Marten Vinck, Walraven de Rivire, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Frans Arens, Jacob Gans, Jan Symonsen, Van der

Laen.

MS. page 130.

Whereas it hath become clear and evident to the

Lord President and the Worshipful Council of the town

of Galle, assisted by Frans Maetsuicher, Skipper of the

yacht “Lecq,” that Albert Jansz van Delft, Cadet ; Aris Wyn-

ders, of Amsterdam, private; Carel Jacobsz, of Leyden,

private ; Steven Daelburch, of Paris, private; Jan Landis-

knecht, of Middelburch, private ; Jan Maleman, of Mechelen

[Mechlin, Malines], private; Asmus Jansz, of Oorhuys,

No. 53.-—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 365

private ; Steven Jaspers, of Lorynen [Lorraine], private ;

Hendrick Diloofs, of Rotterdam, private; Andries Oloffs,

of Commel (?), private; Luyckas Galpyn, of Amsterdam,

corporal ; Hendrick Jansz, of Blyswyck, constable ; Harmen

Gerritsz, of Rees, private; Cryn Leenders, of Rotterdam,

private ; Joost Claesz Boot, of Gorcum, private ; Hendrick

Hendricksz, of Rotterdam, boatswain; Adam Dircksz, of

Rotterdam, boatswain; and Jacob Hans, of Stockholm,

also boatswain, at present all of them their Worships’

prisoners, all, setting aside their own welfare, and notably

the oath sworn to Their High Mightinesses and the Honour-

able Hast India Company of serving the same loyally

and faithfully at the risk of life and property, did, on the

9th of this month, having gone out with others of our soldiers

to reconnoitre the roads hereabouts and to provide victuals,

and having engaged in fight with a body of the enemy’s

troops, not scruple to throw away, some of them all their

arms, others a part of them, to take to flight, and in this

plight to return to town, although to excuse themselves

they,

MS. page 1B,

according to their confessions made, shelter themselves

under various pleas, as follows :—

THE MUSKETEERS.

Albert Jansz van Delft, midshipman ; that in the medley

his (the prisoner’s) musket was shot out of his hand by the

enemy ; that shortly after he fell under foot owing to the

retreat and the violent pressing of our own people, so that

his bandoleer was torn from his body ; that at the same time

he lost his cutlass, which he held unsheathed ‘in his hand ;

after which, together with others, he fled and repaired to the

wood in order to hide himself.

Aris Wynders, of Amsterdam, private; that he, the prisoner,

standing near Lieutenant Gang, and having cut off a pike of

366 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

one of the enemy’s men pointed at the aforesaid Lieutenant,

got under foot owing to the pressing-on of our people, as

above referred to, lost his musket, bandoleer, and cutlass,

together with the cutlass of the Captain, which said Captain

lying on the ground, wounded, he had taken up.

Carel Jacobsz, of Leyden, private; that owing to the

retreat and the pressing as aforesaid he lost his musket and

bandoleer as he was lying under foot, after which he him-

self threw away his match.

Steven Daelburch, of Paris, private ; that in the fight his

musket was shot to pieces and out of his hands by the

enemy’s men, and thus lost, and that he left his bandoleer

in the brushwood, to which he had fled with others.

MS. page 182.

Jan Landtsknecht, of Middelburch, private ; that he, the

prisoner, was thrown under foot by the retreat and the press-

ing of our own men, as aforesaid, and in this way lost his

musket and bandoleer.

Jan Maleman, of Mechelen, private; thatas he,the prisoner,

was doing his duty against the enemy, standing near the

Captain and Lieutenant, his musket was struck out of his

hands in the retreat, and his bandoleer torn off his body by

our own men.

Asmus Jansz, of Oorhuys, private; that he, the prisoner,

having got under foot in the pressing, as before-mentioned,

together with the Captain, who being wounded had caught

hold of his arm, did in this wise lose his musket, and

afterwards left behind his bandoleer in the brushwood,

whither he had fled with others.

Steven Jaspers, of Lorraine, private ; that he, having been

thrust under foot by the press and retreat of our men, lost

his musket, after which he took to flight together with others.

Hendrick Diloofs, of Rotterdam, private; that he, the

prisoner, in the press as aforesaid, lost his musket, together

with his cutlass, after which he fled together with others.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 367

Andries Oloffs, of Commel, private ; that, having lost his

musket in the press and retreat of our men, he took to

flight together with others. :

Luyckas Galpyn, of Amsterdam, corporal; that, having

three times fired at the enemy,

MS. page 133.

and taking aim for the fourth time, he was thrust under foot

in the press, so that he lost his musket, after which he ran

away together with others.

Hendrick Jansz, of Blyswyck, constable; that he, the

prisoner, after firing thrice, retreated with others, and being

unable to carry his musket with him into the thicket,

accordingly left it behind him.

THE PIKEMEN.

Harmen Gerritsz, of Rees, private ; that when Ensign Adam

Helwinck had been shot, our men did in pressing on break

his pike to pieces, after which he fled together with others.

Cryn Leenders, of Rotterdam, private; that having got

under foot in the press he lost his pike, and taken to flight

together with others.

Joost Claesz Boot, of Gorcum, private ; that while doing

his duty to help the wounded Sergeant Hendrick Claesz

through the morass, it was not possible for him to take

his pike along with him, so that he lost it.

Hendrick Hendricksz, of Rotterdam, boatswain, ad idem.

Adam Dircksz, of Rotterdam, boatswain of the frigate “ De

Liefde,” that having fallen under foot owing to the pressing

on of our men he lost his pike, after which he fled together

with others.

MS. page 134.

Jacob Hans, of Stockholm, boatswain of the yacht “ Lecq,”’

that in retreating our own men broke his pike, after which,

having taken no cutlass with him from the ship, he took to

flight together with others.

368 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

They, the prisoners, being unable to establish in the least

degree that the chief officers, such as Walraven de Rivire,

Lieutenant Jacob Gans, Ensign Adam Helwinck, together

with the sergeants, had shown themselves in any way

cowardly in the fight at the last extremity, and until

they were unable to hold out longer on account of their

mortal wounds, but contrariwise, that said officers had

acquitted themselves as becometh honest and faithful

officers, declaring, however, that the hindmost troop had

not been led by chief officers ; and that so soon’as the enemy

had made the first charge our men had got into confusion,

so that some of them took to flight, and the others wishing

to maintain their ground got likewise into disorder through

these fugitives, and began to run away, insomuch that no

one could be got to stand firm and make head against the —

enemy again; and forasmuch as it clearly appears from

what has been heretofore said, that they, the prisoners, as

faithless and dishonourable cowards, got rid of their arms,

did not resist the enemy, and shamefully forsook the field

they had already almost conquered, abandoned the faithful

officers and soldiers who kept firm (and who have most of

them paid their fidelity with their lives); this being a

matter of very hurtful consequence, inasmuch as not only

thereby the good name and character of the Dutch have got

into great disrepute with our enemy, the Portuguese, and

our allies and friends, the Cingalese, and contrariwise the

aforesaid enemy has got into great consideration with the

“blacks ”’;

MS. page 135.

but, moreover, if they had kept the field, as they stood a good

chance of doing, seeing that the enemy had already been

once forced to retreat, the said enemy would not have

ventured to stay in these parts, in such wise that the country

hereabouts might have become open, and we might havo got

some provisions from the outside; whereas now, on the

contrary, they are likely to invest us even more closely than

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 069

they have done heretofore ; all whichshould not be tolerated

in a town where justice and the law are administered

(forasmuch as such misdemeanours, according to all martial

laws, are punished with the halter until death shall ensue),

_ but as an example to others should be, in the most rigorous

manner, punished ;

Therefore the Lord President and the Council aforesaid,

having read the papers and proofs incriminating the conduct

of the said prisoners, having heard their free confession,

having furthermore ripely considered and weighed all that

is pertinent to this matter and has been allowed to move

their Worships’ minds,

Administering justice in the name of the Supreme Autho-

rity, but preferring merey to the utmost rigour of the law,

have thought fit from certain motives, and in doubt whether

all of them are equally culpable, to let the prisoners draw

lots, and to have the six men who shall be pointed out by this

lottery punished with arquebuses, in such wise that death

shall ensue, together with confiscation of all monthly pay-

ments still due to them ; in pursuance of which the aforesaid

prisoners having drawn lots, the lot has fallen on the men

hereafter named, viz., Jan Landtsknecht, Hendrick Jansz,

constable, Aris Wynders, Carel Jacobsz, Asmus Jansz, and

Joost Claesz Boot, of Gorcum ;

MS. page 136.

But the delinquents having promised to beware of such

acts in future, together with other reasons moving their

Worships’ minds in this matter, they have, thereto incited

by mercy and clemency, resolved to let four out of the six

delinquents go free, and then to let the law have its course in

regard to the remaining two and cause them to be executed.

Thus given and resolved in the town of Galle, this 12th day

of August, and sentence pronounced on the 13th following.

(Signed) Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, [ |, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Frans Maetsuicher, Jan van

der Laen, Lambert Camholt.

x 21-02

370 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON), [VoL XVII.

VOLUME II.

Monday, March 12, 1640 A.D}

MS. fol. A.

WHEREAS since the 9th of last month we have been

bombarding the town and fortifications of Sta. Cruz de

1The resolutions bearing date March 12 and 13, 1640, are contained in

two sheets of manuscript apparently belonging to a separate record which

has now disappeared. They have been erroneously bound up with this

volume, although they ought properly to precede the matter contained in

the previous volume, I have just been fortunate enough to discover, in a

pile of loose, unsorted manuscript lying among the Dutch archives in my

charge, an additional leaf from the same lost volume, of which I here append

a translation.

“ Saturday, March 17, 1640 A.D.—Whereas the Mudaliyars of His Imperial

Majesty have earnestly begged for an exact half of the spoil obtained from

the conquered town of Galle on the strength of the promise made by us to

His Majesty, the Heer President has submitted to the Council the question

as to whether or not this should be granted to them : Whereupon, after due

deliberation, and considering that by the non-fulfilment of this promise

(although no assistance was rendered in this seige by His Majesty’s soldiery

or coolies) other and fresh troubles may be expected, it is unanimously

agreed (dis. the Heer Majoor, who maintains that the matter ought to be

submitted for the approval of the Honourable the Governor-General) that

all the property, both ammunition and general goods, being collected

together, a half thereof be given to His Majesty’s Mudaliyars.

“Further, whereas the Skipper Pieter van de Camer has, in virtue of the

leave obtained by him, applied for permission to depart for Batavia by the

first ships going thither, it is resolved to grant him this and to appoint the

Skipper Lieven van Souwenburch in his place on the yacht ‘ De Star.’

“Tt is also resolved that as there are residing here many mystice widows,

as well as a few unmarried women, to grant to such of the soldiers as

may apply for it, permission to marry these and thus prevent all future

unpleasantness.

‘Further, whereas we find ourselves overcrowded by Portuguese prisoners,

and it is deemed injudicious to allow any of them to reside here, in view

of the weakness of our garrison, it is resolved, by a majority of votes, to

furnish each of the ships going to Malacca with 25 Portuguese prisoners of

war.

“Tt has been decided in Council, at the same time, that as the ships

‘Haarlem,’ ‘Utrecht,’ ‘Middelburch,’ and ‘De Veer’ have, on account of

adverse circumstances, been very lightly loaded, to put on each of them half

a legger (350 kans) of the Spanish wine obtained from Saragossa.

No. 53.—1902,] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. aya

Gale,' and the enemy are nightly filling up with palm trees

and osier-work the breaches made by us in the daytime, with-

out our being able to prevent them from doing the same ;

And as it is greatly to be feared that the besieged will find

means to strengthen themselves more and more on those

points where they have to expect our attacks ;

therefore at the instance and proposal of the Lord Com-

mander it has been unanimously resolved to storm this place,

in the name of God, to-morrow early before daybreak, in

manner following, to wit:

The general storming party to consist of four detach-

ments; first the vanguard commanded by the Commissary

Jan Thysen, to attack with all possible means the point of

St. Ascension,” and to conquer it with the help of God; this

vanguard to consist of [ | companies of Dutchmen and

[ | ditto “ blacks.”

“Tt is also permitted that Mr. Gerard Herbers departing from here with

the ships ‘ Middleburch’ and ‘ Utrecht’ for Batavia, shall during his voyage

carry the flag on the main-top-mast and have precedence accordingly.

“ Lastly, whereas the Honourable Philippus Lucasz, did, at his departure,

recommend to the Heer President that the lads serving on His Honour’s

boat and drawing not more than 4 guilders per month should be promoted

on account of their special services, they are accordingly advanced in

salary as follows :—

“Huybert Huybertsz of Haarlem, cabin boy (midshipman ?), who arrived

here in the year 1637 by the ship ‘Amsterdam’ on 4 guilders per month, is,

for the foregoing consideration, advanced to mariner with a salary of 8

¢uilders per month, and as such to continue to serve out his ten years’ bond.

“Tsaac Huygen of Middelburg, who arrived here by the ship ‘ Henriette

Louyse’ in the year 1637 asa cabin boy, on 4 guilders per month, is, as above,

advanced to 8 guilders per month.

“Thus done and resolved in the Fort of Galle datum ut supra. (Signed)

Willem Jacobs Coster, A. Anthonisz, Jan Thysen, Minne Willemsz Caertekoe,

Gerard Herbers, Hendrick Siewersz , Dominicus Bouwens, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Secretary.”

1 This was the full name which the Portuguese gave to the Fort of Point

de Galle.

2St. Ascension was probably a point in the old Portuguese fortifications

which occupied the site of the present ‘Sun Bastion.”

>. he4

312 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

Secondly, the centre detachment commanded by Skipper

Minne Willemsz Caertekoe, to surprise the point of St. Juan,}

and the curtain between Ascension and St. Juan ; this detach-

ment to consist of [ | companies of Dutchmen and

iy ] ditto * blacks.” ;

Thirdly, the rear guard, to give aid and follow up the

storming wherever occasion shall require, said rear to be

commanded by the “Supermerchant”” Symon de Wit, and

to consist of [ |] companies of Dutchmen and [ _] ditto

“blacks.”

Fourthly, a reserve detachment, to remain in quarters in

charge of the artillery in case of repulse or unexpected

disaster ; said reserve to be commanded by the “ Fiscal”

Gerard Herbers, heretofore commander of the fortress of

Triquenamale, and to consist of two companies of “ blacks ’”” ©

and all the musketeers and carpenters.

MS. fol. B.

lt having further been considered whether we shall,

pursuant to the orders of the Honourable Phs. Lucas,” send to

Batavia the ship “ Boeyen,” with ulterior advices of what has

happened between us and the Ceylonese Magistrate,

it has been resolved,

forasmuch as the said magistrate has not delivered into our

hands any missive such as the Honourable Phs. Lucas had

supposed,

to keep here the said ship “ Boeyen ” until we shall, with the

aid of God, have terminated our attempt on Galle, after

which she shall convey to Batavia, together with the

preceding advices, also a report of our doings against Galle.

' Probably the present “‘ Moon Bastion,” the MWiddel Punt according to

Valentyn.

2 Philippus Lucasz was the Director-General of the expedition against the

Portuguese in the Indian seas. Falling ill, however, early in the course of

events, and dying shortly after at Batavia (th March, 1640), the chief

command of the army, both on land and sea, fell to Willem Jacobsz Coster.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 373

Thus done and resolved on board the ship “‘ Utrecht,” datum

ut supra. Willem Jacobs Coster,! A. Anthonisz,? Minne

‘Willemsz Caertekoe, Gerard Herbers, Hendrick Siewersz (?),

Dominicus Bouwens, Gerrit Moutmaker, Secretary.

: Tuesday, March 13, 1640 A.D?

MS. fol. C.

Prayer.

Merciful God and Heavenly Father, everlasting light

shining in darkness, Who givest wisdom unto children and

light unto the eyes of the blind,

-forasmuch as we have now been charged and entrusted with

the Government of this place, and are by nature unfit

therefor, we pray Thee that with Thy Holy Ghost Thou wilt

vouchsafe to preside over our assembly, and to enlighten our

darkened understanding ;

Let Thy word be a lamp before our feet, and a light on

our path; put away from us all covetousness, ambition,

obstinacy, vainglory, in short all carnal wisdom ;

1'To Coster belongs the honour of having conquered Galle and thus laid

the foundation of the Dutch rule in Ceylon. Many translations of letters,

reports, and resoluticns relating to his short rule and his tragic death have

appeared in the Ceylon Literary Register, to the pages of which the reader

is referred.

Adriaan Anthonisz (Anthoniszoon) was appointed Field Marshall of the

army and second person of the expedition under Coster. He had previously

served with Lucasz at the taking of Negombo. Shortly after the conquest

of Galle he was entrusted with the command of the land and sea forces

against Malacca, which he conquered for the Dutch, losing his life the same

year through illness brought on by exertion and fatigue. Valentyn

describes him as an old, experienced, and bold soldier—een oud, ervaren en

stout krygsman (see Cey. Lit. Reg., vol. IL., page 119 ; Valentyn, Beschryving

v. Malakka, page 340).

The news of the conquest of Galle, which the Dutch at once made the

headquarters of their Government, was carried to Batavia by the ships

“‘Middelburch” and “ Utrecht,” which also conveyed Mr. Gerard Herbers as

the Council’s emissary. The victory was gained by the Dutch, ‘not without

great bloodshed on both sides,” and the number of prisoners taken was

about 700 natural-born Portuguese with their wives and children. The

event was celebrated in Batavia with a great military display followed by

a thanksgiving service in Church (see Cey. Lit. Req., vol. II., page 118).

a7v4. JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

So that our deliberations may tend to the honour and

glory of Thy name, to the welfare of our beloved country,

te the benefit of our neighbours, together with the prosperity

and well-being of our chiefs and of those who have entrusted

these things unto us ;

All this we entreat of Thee, in the name of Thy Son Je esus

Christ, Who has taught us to pray as follows :—

Our Father, &c.,

De Vogel.

Thursday, August 28, 1642.

MS. fol. 1.

Whereas the Lord President and the Council of this

town, having on the 29th March last sailed from this

place for Coromandel by way of Batiecaloa in the fleet .

commanded by the Honourable Captains Cornelis Leendersz

Blaeuw and Dominicus Bouwens respectively, had intimated

to the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys, that in the month of

September next they would send thither one of the yachts

lying in this Bay, in order to fetch thence certain necessaries

for the use of this garrison,

the Lord President has submitted to his Council the

question |

Which yacht would be best suited for this purpose ;

Whereupon the aforesaid Council having duly considered

that the yacht “ Limmen” should especially remain here,

seeing that the said yacht is the strongest and best equipped

of the three, not only to protect this bay against the enemy’s

attacks by sea, but also in due time to harassthe said enemy

in all possible ways in the roads of Columbo, and to intercept

any reinforcement that should be sent out to them from Goa,

which reinforcements cannot, we trust, at all be considerable,

‘This was probably the name of a clergyman who accompanied the

expedition. His name does not appear in the list given in Valentyn, |

Zaaken van den Godtsdienst op Ceylon, page 460, which begins two years later

with Antonius Hornhovius, 1642.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. BY)

Tt has been unanimously resolved and agreed upon

that the yacht “De Star” be eeppatched to Coromandel as

quickly as possible ;

Furthermore, that, if the said yacht “ De Star” on arriving

before Battecaloa should not get any advices or any goods

from King Raja Singa, and after two or three days’ delay

should not see any likelihood thereof,the yacht “ Rommers-

wael ” shall sail together with the said “Star”; allthis with a

view of the fact that the said yacht “ De Star ” is not likely to

have shiproom enough to take in all she shall be in want of.

Thu sresolved and approved of in the town of Sta. Cruz

de Gale, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert

Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Sunday, September 21, 1622.

MS. fol. 2.

Upon the news brought to us yesterday by a black run-

away from the enemy’s camp,

that the Portuguese, with eight “distancis” of whites and a

number of blacks, were encamped this side the river Gindura

near the place called Heckmien, about one hour and a half’s

walk from here, on the other side of a morass and water-

course ;

and that of these, four distancis had crossed to this side of

the morass, in order to lie in wait for any men of this

garrison that should be sent out ;

The Lord President having convened the Council, strength-

ened with the provisional Lieutenants Gerrit Mayer and

Burchardt Cocqx, and having represented to them,

whether it might not be advisable to despatch a strong bodv

of our soldiers against the said enemy, in order to expel

them from there, if possible; to harass them, and to guard

the roads and places hereabouts, to the intent that our men

may with safety sally out into the wood to fetch refresh-

ments and vegetables ;

als JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

for reasons and considerations sufficiently set forth at length

in our previous resolutions,

It has been resolved, approved of, and concluded,

to dispatch against the said enemy, to-morrow at daybreak,

a strong party of 180 able-bodied men, besides the officers,

under the command of the provisional Captain Jan van der

Laen, and the Lieutenants Lambert Camholt and Burchardt

Cocqx, together with all the Cingalese lascorins now present

in this town ;

but, in case they should see no convenient way of crossing

the aforesaid morass without peril, they are to return hither

without any further attempt,

MS. fol. 3.

seeing that in that case they are not likely to obtain any

advantage. Actwmin the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Gerritsz, Burchardt Cocqx,

Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Saturday, October 11, 1642.

MS. fol. 4.

Whereas this day in the forenoon we got sight of a

sail, being, as far as we were able to reconnoitre, a flush

vessel or frigate of the enemy’s, making (as it seemed) for

Columbo, since she did her utmost to take her course

thither,

but seeing that contrary winds and counter-currents would

not allow of this, the said vessel turned round before the

wind, presumably to call at some of the enemy’s places

lower down ;

Therefore the Lord President has summoned his Council

and laid before them the question whether it would not be

advisable to send out directly from this bay the yacht

‘“‘Limmen” in pursuit of the said vessel, on the chance of the

said vessel falling into the power of the said yacht, which

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 377

with the help of God was noways doubtful, since the said

vessel had not yet passed this bay, and could not have made

much progress by the time the yacht “ Limmen”’ had put to

sea ;

All which having been duly weighed by the Council, and it

having been considered that we ought nowise to let slip so

favourable a chance and opportunity which up to this time

had never presented itself, were it only—setting apart all

other considerations—to become acquainted with the enemy’s

position ;

thatthe said yacht “ Limmen”’ is an excellent sailer, and that

in the first time we shall not be able to send her to Columbo

in order to cruise there ;

It has been unanimously resolved to send out the yacht

“‘Limmen” on the said expedition in the manner proposed

and without the least delay.

Furthermore, that in case the said vessel

MS. fol. 5.

should run into the bay of Biligam,! the said “ Limmen ”

shall also be free to run in there, in order to destroy it, if it

cannot be taken;

that, if it should go further southward and try to continue

its voyage to Jaffnapatnam, the yacht “ Limmen” shall be

allowed to pursue it as far as Battecaloa or so far as the chiefs

on board the “ Limmen ”’ shall deem advisable.

In case the said yacht “Limmen” should not attack the said

vessel, which however we hope she will do, forasmuch as

it is almost impossible to sail from Battecaloa seeing that

about this season of the year north-easterly winds may

confidently be daily expected to begin to blow there, or

perhaps are blowing there already,— we trust that off

Battecaloa the said vessel will fall into the power of our other

yachts expected every hour from the Coast of Coromandel—

which God grant! ;

' Weligama.

ais JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

And since the said yacht “ Limmen” is but poorly provided

with men, she shall get on board 20 soldiers commanded

by a sergeant and 10 musketeers, taken from this garrison.

Asmusz Hansz of Hanover, arrived in India in 1638 as a

solider, on a pay of 9 guilders per month, in the ship

“Swol”; Christoffel Scher of Tirol, ditto 1639 in the yacht

“Lis”; and Joris Samullsz of Hensden, ditto in the ship “Den

Witten Olyphant,” 1640 a.D., all of whom have for some

time past served the Lord President in the capacity of body-

guards, and have duly acquitted themselves therein, are in

consideration of this at their request confirmed in the afore-

said office, and by these presents each of them allowed 14

guilders per month, the advancement being held to have

begun on the first of this month, on condition that the

aforesaid Asmusz, on the expiry of his five years’engagement, —

shall be bound to serve the Company for one more year.

MS. fol. 6.

Jeuriaen Brand of Harrewarre, arrived in India in 1630 in

the ship “De Leeuw” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, at present drawing 12 guilders, whose last engage-

ment expired a long time ago, is at his request, by these

presents, admitted to a re-engagement in the Company’s

service for three more years in the capacity of corporal, on a

pay of 14 guilders per month, the new engagement and

improvement to begin under this day’s date.

Gysbert Dircksz of De Oversoom, arrived in India in 1635

in the ship “ Vlissingen,” at present drawing 13 guilders

per month, having for a long time past done the duties of a

hospital attendant in this garrison to the satisfaction of his

superiors, is by these presents at his request and by way of

further encouragement allowed a salary of 16 guilders per

month, the increase beginning on the [ | of this

present month.

| Antony Maes of Paris, arrived in India in 1639 in the ship

“‘ Middelburch”’ as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9 guilders,

No. 53.—1902.1 GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ato

having for aconsiderable time done the cooking for the officers

of this garrison and performed other kitchen duties, is by

these presents at his requestand by way of further encourage-

ment allowed a monthly salary of 18 guilders in the capacity

of cook, the improvement beginning under this day’s date.

Thus resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hooghland, Secretary.

| Lwo leaves wanting from manuscript. |

MS. fol. 11.

[All which having] been duly weighed, and it having been

considered that touching this affair it should be especially

kept in mind that we had not been informed that any

Portuguese were encamped near the said place of Alycan,

but that some of them were known to be lying at Malvane

or Manicareware ;! also hereabouts beyond a certain morass,

an(l moreover at Hackman in the interior, so that they could

have no difficulty in attacking our men there ;

for which reasons, if the above-mentioned villain should be

there, there could be no doubt of the success of this expedi-

tion in case our men could be secretly landed in the night

time.

Furthermore, should it happen that this expedition

turn fruitless and to have been set on foot in vain, it has

been unanimously approved, resolved, and concluded, that

25 of the strongest and most intelligent soldiers of this

garrison, viz., 15 armed with firelocks and 10 with pikes,

together with a few pistols, under the orders of Captain Jan

van der Laen and Lieutenant Lambert Camholt, together

with the hereinbefore-mentioned Portuguese runaway, two

Cingalese acquainted with the roads in these parts, the

interpreter Pieter Lefeber, and so many musketeers of this

garrison as shall be found necessary ;

1 Menikkadawara in the Kégalla District ?—see page 270.

380 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

shall be sent out in our sloop to the said place of Alycan

with the first fair wind and weather, in company of the

yacht ‘‘ Limmen,” which shall have to cruise about there in

order to keep in play the enemy ashore ;

God grant that they may gain their aforesaid purpose and

not return disappointed.

Jan Jansz Larevier of Tergouwe, arrived in India on the

2nd August, 1640, in

MS. fol. 12.

the ship “ De Snoeck” as a junior boatswain, on a pay of 6

guilders per month, having fora considerable time served as

a soldier in this garrison, is, on this account and considering

his ability, by these presents promoted to the post of an

Adelborst on a monthly pay of 10 guilders, the increase

beginning under this day’s date, on the understanding that

after the expiry of his present engagement he shall be

bound to serve the Honourable Company in this country for

another term of three years.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan ‘Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Claesz Hoogh-

land, Secretary.

Wednesday, December 31, 1642.

MS. fol. 13.

The Council having drawnup an inventory of the provisions

now stored in this place, and having considered that

the same, more especially the meat and bacon, will not be

sufficient for our wants for a longer term than about three

months, in case the rations are continued to be distributed

in the accustomed way without any change being made

therein—seeing that the crews of the yachts “ Limmen,”

“ Star,” and “ Rommerswael” are also to be included in the

number who get their provisions from this place ;

it having been further considered that the ships from

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 38]

Batavia destined for this place are delayed far beyond

expectation, and we cannot know whether (which God

avert) they may not have met with some disaster, or when

they may arrive here,

so that it will be desirable to husband our resources and

prevent extremities as much as in us lies :

It has been unanimously resolved and approved ;

the more so as we cannot expect supplies from any other

place except Batavia, to discontinue one meat-ration day every

week from this date, until such time as matters shall begin

to take a more favourable aspect ;

in which case we shall be able to hold out until the

time specified above. But that on the other hand, on each

ration-day, being Sunday and Thursday, each man shall

have issued to him half a quartern of arrack over and above

the accustomed quantity of the same.

It has been furthermore resolved to set free the prisoner

Padre Frey Joao de Capelerao, recently exchanged by our

Captain at Alycan (instead of the traitor St. Amand),

together with those captured by the yacht “ Limmen” and

conveyed hither, and to let them go where they like,

MS. fol. 14.

seeing they are poor men, and we cannot expect to obtain

any ransom from or for them; considering also that

the aforesaid Padre was once before set at large by their

Worships the Governor-General and Council of India at

Batavia, sent hither two years since in the yacht “ Lecq,”

and put ashore at Cotschin! by the officers of the ship

“ Neptunus ”’; finally, that these people are not only an

encumbrance to us here, but also brew a great deal of evil

among our soldiers of this garrison, however narrowly

watched.

Pieter Jansz Kuyper of Hoorn, arrived in India on the 13th

January, 1640, in the ship “ Nasjan,” as a third mate on a pay

? Cochin.

382 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou XVII.

of 35 guilders per month, whose engaged time is about

to expire, is by these presents at his request and considering

his ability, admitted to a re-engagement for another term of

three years in the Company’s service in the capacity of

chief mate, on a monthly salary of 50 guilders, the advance-

ment beginning under this day’s date and the new

engagement when the old one shall have expired.

Gerrit Steenbicker of Alen (?), arrived in India in 1637 in

the ship “N. Haarlem” as a soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders per

month, whose engagement for a term of five years has

expired, is by these presents, at his request, admitted to a

re-engagement in the Company’s service

MS. fol. 1 5.

for a term of three years in the capacity of Adelborst, on a

monthly pay of 12 guilders, the new engagement and

improved pay to begin this day.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan

van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

Friday, January 9, 1648.

MS. fol. 16.

Whereas yesterday a small party of our men, having

at their request been allowed to sally out for the purpose of

shooting buffaloes, had informed us that some of the enemy’s

men had pursued them and fired two shots at them which

they had returned in the same way ;

on which the Lord President and Captain Jan van der Laen

had gone out with a party of upwards of 150 men, and had

got into a skirmish with them, until our men were surprised

by the closing in of the night, and prevented from further

pursuit of the enemy ;

Therefore the Lord President having convened the

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 383

Council, strengthened with the Lieutenants Gerrit Mayer and

Burchardt Cocqx, has submitted to their consideration the

question, what measures had best be taken in order to keep

off the enemy as much as possible ;

On which it has been unanimously resolved and approved,

regard being had to what has repeatedly been elaborately

set forth in our previous resolutions touching this matter,

to send out without the least delay a party of 200 men,

commanded by Captain Jan van der Laen with the Lieuten-

ants Mayer and Cocqx aforesaid,

in order to reconnoitre the country hereabouts, and if they

should hecome aware of the enemy, they are, if possible, to

keep themselves quiet, and send word to the Lord President,

who shall in that case give such further orders as shall be

agreed upon by the Council.

Thus resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Jan van der

Laen, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Gerritsz, Burchardt Cocqx,

A. Olaesz Hooghland, Secretary.

Thursday, January 29, 1648.

MS. fol. 17,

On the selfsame considerations as are expressed in our

resolution of 3lst December last, touching the suppression of

one meat-ration day per week ;

As also for the further considerations hereunder follow-

ing, Viz. :-—

Whereas our yachts having now been sent out three

several times to Columbo, Negumbo, and other places there-

abouts for the purpose of cruising, have been unable to do

anything to harass or damage our general enemy, the Portu-

cuese, seeing that those of Columbo, on getting sight of the

same, immediately cause their fishermen and other small

craft along the coast to give warning thereof, in consequence

of which no ships put to sea while our aforesaid yachts are

eruising there ;

384 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

whereas we have not been informed that the enemy would

intend to make any attempt against this place by water ;

whereas furthermore the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys

in his latest letter to us does not positively state that

the required 200 lasts of rice will reach us from there in the

months of January or February next ;

the more so as the Lord Governor-General and Council of

India had ordered 600 lasts of the same sort, and (as we

have been told by the commanders of a small English

vessel which passed this bay on the 18th of this month)

up to the 20th December last no ships had appeared at

Coromandel from any quarter excepting only a yacht from

Bengal, of which we cannot know to which place it will be

sent on,

So that it might easily come to pass

MS. fol. 18.

that the said Lord Governor Gardenys had no shiproom to

forward the said rice to us ;

Therefore at the suggestion of the Lord President it has

been unanimously resolved and approved

to send out as soon as possible two of the yachts now lying

in this bay, namely “ Limmen ” and “ Rommerswael,” to the

roads of Goa to the Commander Jan Dircksz Gale (?), in order

to fetch thence certain necessaries for this garrison.

Erasmus Haluers of Christiania, arrived in India in the

ship “ Sutphen ” in 1640 asa boatswain, on a pay of 9 guilders

per month, having since the 4th of this month done the

duties of a boatswain’s mate in the yacht ‘‘ Limmen ” to the

full satisfaction of his superiors, is, on this account and

considering his ability, by these presents confirmed in the said

capacity, and according to the eeneral articles of engage-

ment laid down by our masters, allowed a pay of 16

guilders per month, the increase being held todate from the

day when he began to perform the duties of the aforesaid

office. :

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 385

Jacob Pietersz of Uydam, arrived in India in 1637 in the

ship “ Nassan ” as under boatswain on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, having afterwards entered into a new engagement

as a musketeer on a monthly pay of 15 guilders, has since

the 3rd October of last year performed the duties of a

constable in the yacht “ Limmen ” to the entire satisfaction

of his officers, and is on this account and considering his

ability, by these presents confirmed in the office aforesaid,

and pursuant to the general articles of engagement

MS. fol. 19.

laid down by our masters, allowed a pay of 20 guilders

monthly, the increase being held to date from the day when

he entered upon the duties of the said office.

Jan Cornelisz Tuck of Enckhuysen, arrived in India in

1635 in the ship “ Leeuwarden” asa cabin boy, but at present

quartermaster, having since the 22nd July of last year

discharged the duties of butler! in the yacht “ Limmen” to the

satisfaction of his superiors, is on this account and consider-

ing his ability, by these presents confirmed in the office afore-

said,and according to the general articles of engagement laid

down by our masters, allowed a monthly pay of 18 guilders,

the improvement to date from the day when he entered

upon the duties of the office before-mentioned.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland, —

Secretary.

Thursday, February 8, 1648.

MS. fol. 20.

Whereas on the Ist instant, being Sunday, there safely

arrived here on the roads before Point de Galle (for

which God be praised), His Excellency the Honourable

! Bottelier,

Y 21-02

386 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Pieter Boreel,| Councillor Extraordinary of India, Com-

missioner for the Portuguese regions and the principal

establishments of the same, for the purpose of giving notice

there of the ten years’ truce concluded between the Crown of

Portugal and the Commonwealth of the Netherlands, and

alsoin order to inspect and visit for the greater benefit of the

Company those places where the said Company has fortresses,

factories, and settlements,

with the ships “ Banda,” “ Delfshaven,” “ Leeuwerick,” and

“ Pauw,” sailing in company under his flag :

Therefore His Excellency aforesaid has convened the Lord

President of this town and fortress, together with the

Council attached to him ;

and after reading out the missive addressed by the Governor- —

General to the Lord President, together with the general

commission and powers of the said Lord Commissioner ;

did, by virtue of his instructions and the missive afore-

mentioned, mention the following points touching what had

best-be done in this place for the greater profit and service

of the Company :

First, to devise the best means and order for transhipping

the goods destined for Suratta, now on board the ship “Banda”

and the yacht “ Delfshaven,” into the ships “ Pauw” and

“ Leeuwerick,” and for despatching the latter as soon as

possible, seeing that they have no time to lose ;

Secondly, as to the suggestion of the merchant Laurens

MS. fol. 21.

de Maerschalck, now residing at Battecaloa, whether it would

not be advisable to invest him with powers and instructions

10ne Pieter Boreel sought refuge in England in 1567 and died at

Norwich in 1568. His descendants afterwards returned to Holland and

rose high in the service of the States-General. The grandson of this Pieter

Boreel was knighted by King James I. and created a baronet by Charles I-

The present baronet Sir William Boreel, a Dutchman by birth and domicile’

is a lineal descendant. -

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 387

to levy a certain duty or toll from the native vessels arriving

there, for the benefit of the Company ;

Thirdly, whether it would not be proper, that as soon as

possible notice should be given in Columbo of the ten years’

truce concluded between the Crown of Portugal and the

United Provinces, and if so, who would be deemed best

fitted and calculated to have this task conferred on him ;

Lastly, whether anything else ought to be proposed for the

benefit of the Company and the well-being of this fortress

and garrison, which by the latter might be desired.

Which points proposed having been duly deliberated

upon, conclusions were arrived at in manner hereunder

following: That the tin shall be taken out of the ship

“ Banda” and transferred to the yacht “ De Pauw,” excepting

20 bars, or 24,000 pounds, which shall be left in the ship

“Banda,” in order to try to exchange them with profit on the

coast of Malabar, for the goods to be had there; that from

10 to 12 elephants’ tusks, 81 cattis of tortoise-shell, 3

pieces of scarlet cloth shall be taken out of the said “ Banda”

and be put on board one of the Suratta ships, and that all

the tin in the ship “ Delfshaven” shall be put on board the

“ Leeuwerick.”

~The Uppermerchant Mr. Pieter Pacts and the merchant

Mr. Gerrit Moutmaker are by these presents appointed and

deputed to visit all the ships of the fleet, and to inquire

what provisions of rice and hard bread they have on board,

to the intent that if possible the scarcity of the same at Point

de Galie may be relieved.

MS. fol. 22.

As to the second point mentioned, regard being had to

the little power we have, for introducing such a toll there

(Batticaloa), and the danger that trouble might easily arise

therefrom, seeing the terms on which we now are with the

King of Candy,

It has been unanimously resolved, not to take any steps

in this matter for the present, but to leave matters alone

388 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). . [Vou XVII.

until such time as we shall certainly know how we stand

with Raja Singa.

As to the third point,

whereas we have not received notice in due form from the

Portuguese of the Truce concluded, and the approval of the

same, but only, on the 4th October, 1642 a.D., Dom Philippo

de Mascarenho, General of Columbo, sent to the Lord

President Jan Thysen, a copy of the articles of the truce and

of the ratification by Dom Jan, which had been despatched

before the counter-ratification of the States had been issued,

and which has consequently been considered null and void,

the more so as it was not accompanied by any formal assent

of the States-General.

It has been resolved. that the Uppermerchant Marten

Vinck shall set sail for Columbo on the 5th instant in the

yacht “ Rommerswael,” in order to give notice there of the

afore-mentioned ten years’ truce concluded between Dom

Jan the Fourth, King of Portugal, Algarvia, &c., and Their

High Mightinesses the States-Generals of the United Nether-

lands, and to signify unto the authorities at Columbo the

ratifications mutually exchanged, giving them to understand

at the same time, that on accepting our notification of the said .

truce, they will be bound to evacuate and cede to us the

country about Galle, which at the present moment they are

still holding, together with such matters as shall be set

forth at length in the instructions given by the Commis-

sioner to the said Uppermerchant Mr. Marten Vinck, who

shall as soon as possible zeturn hither and give a report

of his mission; Lastly the Lord President Jan Thysen

has proposed to the Council,

whereas on the first of this month the

MS. fol. 28.

yachts “Limmen” and “ Rommerswael’’ were under way

with destination for our fleet before the roads of Goa, in order

to procure, through Commander Jan Dircksze Gale, some

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 389

provisions and other necessaries, chiefly rice, with which

we were very scantily provided in the town of Galle;

[Which yachts being still in sight of Galle, at the arrival

of the fleet of His Excellency the Commissioner, signals

were made to them, on which they are straighways returned ;

And though through the arrival of the Lord Commissioner

we have received considerable supplies, still owing to the

increase of the garrison, scarcity is likely soon to set in

again | ;

Whether it would therefore not be advisable again to

send out the yacht ‘“‘ Limmen” on the same errand ;

Upon which it has been resolved that the said yacht

‘‘Limmen ”’ shall set sail for the place mentioned in company

With the ships “ Pauw” and “ Leeuwerick,” and try to get

there whatever can be got for Point de Galle, especially rice,

even to an amount of 80 or more lasts, seeing that such pro-

vision is urgently needed,in order to enable us to keep here

certain coolies and lascorins from the circumjacent country,

to whom it might be distributed ;

Everything mentioned tending to the service of the

Company, and the well-being of this town and garrison.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Sta. Cruz de Gale,

datum ut supra. P. Boreel, Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck,

Pieter Pacts, Gerrit Moutmaker, Paulus Doncq, Pieter

Lemoyne, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert

Hooghland, Secretary.

Monday, February 23, 1648.

MS. fol. 24.

On this day the Honourable Commissioner has convened

the Council and submitted to the consideration of his

‘Councillors present the points hereunder following :

First, to appoint a fit time for the installation of the

Captains Paulus Doncq and Jan Symonsz van der Laen ;

390 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVil.

Secondly, to devise instructions for the two comforiers.

of the sick,! appointed for this garrison ;

Thirdly, whether at the suggestion of the chief officers

and by the advice of Mr. Moutmaker, it would not be right

to pay to each officer his monthly board-wages.

Upon which, after mature deliberation the resolutions

hereunder following have been taken.

That this day in the afternoon all the soldiers of this

garrison shall appear fully armed, when the Honourable

Commissioner shall in due form install the two captains at

the head of their respective companies, to wit, Captain

Paulus Doncq to be first captain of this garrison and Captain

Jan Symongz van der Laen to be full captain of his company ;

As to the second point; whereas there are two com-

forters of the sick appointed for this garrison, it has been

resolved in order to the proper regulation of their offices,

that each of them shall, for four weeks in succession, officiate

in the accustomed way at the President’s house, and on

Sundays at church ; meanwhile the other of them shall be

bound to attend to whatever shall require his offices day by

day in the hospital

MS. fol. 25.

on both points ; both serving in turns so that neither of them

shall seem to enjoy any preferential privilege ;

As concerning the third point ;

Whereas the table guests of the common table, now

held at the President’s house, are of various ranks but are

nevertheless served in the same manner, out of which various

discontents are likely to arise ;

As also because the costs of this table far exceed the

amount which the customary board-wages of the said table

1 Ziekentrooster. This was a subordinate office in the ecclesiastical

department. Besides the Predikants or regular clergymen, Zickentroosters

and Krankbezoekers were employed in the performance of such minor duties

as house-to-house visitation, attendance on the sick, &c. Hlaborate instruc -

tions were from time to time issued for their guidance.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. aol

cuests would come to, together with certain considerations

affecting the married men among them and other incon-

veniences daily arising, as experience teaches :

Therefore the Lord, Commissioner and his Council, having

maturely considered the points adduced above, have resolved

that the said common table shall be abolished, and that

every one who is accustomed to dine at this table, including

Knsigns and bookkeepers, shall have board-wages paid to

him ; this new regulation to take effect on the lst March

next, and to continue until such time as the Lord Governor-

General, having been advised of the same, shall, by letter,

order the said regulation to be rescinded.

Touching the petition of the sergeants and corporals of

the Adelborsts, requesting that, like the officers aforesaid,

they might be paid their board-wages monthly,

Regard being had to the scarcity of cash within this town

of Galle, owing to which such payment could not be con-

tinued long:

It has been resolved, that to relieve

MS. fol. 26.

said petitioners to some extent, they shall have given out to

them half a measure of rice monthly over and above their

ordinary ration, together with one piece-of-eight! on account.

Paulus Dong of Zutphen, arrived in this country in 1642

as a Captain on a salary of 72 guilders per month, at present

first Captain of this garrison, is, for various considerations,

and also because the late Captain Riviere was in receipt of a

higher salary, allowed a pay of 75 guilders nae from

the present date.

Jan Symensz van der Laen of Vianen, arrived in India in

1635 in the ship “ Hollandia” as an Adelborst, having gone

through various ranks and now appointed provisional Captain

of this garrison, is, in consideration of the excellent services

rendered by him and still to be rendered, and of his activity

1 See note on page 407.

a92 JOURNAL, R.A.S, (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

and zeal in matters of war, pursuant to the reseript of the Lord

General, by these presents created absolute Captain on a salary

of 75 guilders per month, seeing that his predecessor the late

Captain Riviere was in receipt of that salary here, he being

bound to a re-engagement of three years after expiry of his

present term, his pay as now fixed to take effect from this

day.

Gerrit Gerritsz Maeyer

MS. fol. 27.

of Hamburch, arrived in this country in 1640 in the

jluytschip “ a’ Orangieboom ”’ as an appointed Ensign, at pre-

sent a provisional Lieutenant of this garrison, is, considering

the manifold services rendered by him and still to be ren-

dered, by these presents created absolute Lieutenant on the

pay attached to the said rank, on condition of a new three

years’ engagement after expiry of his present term, his new

pay to take effect from this day.

Burchardt Lambertsz Cocqx! of Wesel, arrived in India in

1639 in the ship “ Wesel ” as a sergeant, at present provisional

Lieutenant of this garrison, is, in consideration of the good

services rendered by him and still to be rendered, by these

presents created absolute Ensign on the pay attached to the

said rank, on the understanding that on the first vacancy

occurring he shall be created absolute Lieutenant, the new

pay to begin this day.

Jan Brandenburch of Elsinore, arrived in India in 1638

in the ship “ Hmilia” as an Adelborst, at present a sergeant of

this garrison, is, in consideration of the good services ren-

dered by him and still to be rendered, at his request, and on

account of his ability, by these presents created absolute

Ensign on the pay attached to said office, on condition of

a new three years’ engagement after expiry of his present

term, the new pay to take effect this day.

1 He died at Galle, 25th July, 1662: see note on page 331. The name is

found variously spelled : Cocqx, Cocqs, Cocq, and Coq.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. d93

MS. fol. 28.

Seleyn Cornelisz of Domburch, arrived in India in 1630

in the yacht ‘“ Konkerk” aga soldier, at present a corporal, is,

in consideration of his many years’ service, his good conduct,

and ability, by these presents appointed sergeant on such pay

as Jan Brandenburch, whose place he takes, has been in

receipt of, the new pay to begin this day.

Jan Parry of Gene, arrived in India in 1638 in the ship

“Hmilia ” as a soldier, at present serving in this garrison in

the same capacity, is, in consideration of his ability, the good

services rendered by him and still to be rendered, and his

laudable diligence, by these presents promoted to the rank of

corporal on a pay of 15 guilders monthly, on condition of a

new three years’ engagement after expiry of his present

term, the new pay to begin this day.

Marten Sydsens of Leeuwarden, arrived in this country

in 1642 in the ship “ Banda” asa cabin boy, is, at his request

and considering his ability, by these presents made a soldier

on a pay of 9 guilders monthly, the new pay to begin this

day.

Harmen Arentsz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the yacht “ Limmen” as askipper, on a salary of 60 guilders

per month, whose engagement is to expire on the 6th

May next,

MS. fol, 29.

is, at his request, admitted to a new engagement in the

Company’s service for another term of three years and

allowed a salary of 80 guilders per month; the increase of

his pay being held to have begun on the 8th of this present

month, and the new engagement when the old one shall

have expired.

Pieter Jansz of Noortcope (Norrkoping) in Sweden, arrived

in India in the ship “ Banda” in 1642 as a chief mate, on a

salary of 56 guilders per month, is, in consideration of the

incapacity and foolishness of Cornelis Jansz of Uytgeest, ex-

skipper of the yacht “ De Leeuwerick,” appointed skipper in

a94 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOL. XVII.

the latter’s place, and for this allowed an increase of salary of

9 guilders per month, thus raising his salary to an amount

of 65 guilders monthly, being also the salary formerly

enjoyed by the said Cornelis Jansz, the new salary to begin

on the 8th last of this month.

Jochem Assenburch of Hamburch, arrived in India in

1638 in the ship “Emilia” as an assistant, at present appointed

inthis town of Galle to keep the books of this garrison, is, at

his request and considering his ability and diligence shown

in the Company’s service, promoted to the office of Under-

merchant, on a salary of 40 guilders per month, on condition

of a new engagement for a term of three years, his engage-

ment expiring in October next; the new pay to begin on

this day.

Rochus Adriaensz of Middelburch, arrived in this country

in 1638 in the ship ‘“ Seelandia” as a junior assistant, at

present an assistant, is, at his request and considering his

ability,

MS. fol. 30.

great diligence, and the services still to be rendered by him,

his engagement being about to expire, promoted to the rank

of Undermerchant on a salary of 36 guilders per month,

on condition of a re-engagement for three years, the new

pay to begin this day.

Master Jan Carstens of Tonningen, arrived in this country

in 1636 in the ship *‘ Prins Willem” as chief barber, is,

considering his good services here rendered, and many years’

residence at this place (by which in default of Huropean

medicaments, he has through long experience acquired

great knowledge of the plants and herbs of this country), by

these presents allowed a salary of 60 guilders,! beginning this

day, on condition of his entering intoa new engagement for

aterm of three years after the expiry of his present time,

' The usual salary of a Koopman (merchant). The chief barber’s position

was an important one, as his duties included those of a surgeon at the

present day.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. BE.

being November next, and for some other considerations, he

is allowed two pieces of eight per month over and above

his usual board-wages.

Samuel Bonnel of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1635

in the ship “ Amboina” as a cabin boy, and on the 11th of

March, 1642, by the Honourable Joan van Twist promoted

to the rank of first assistant on account of his ability, on a

salary of 30 guilders per month, and the rations of an

Undermerchant afterwards, in consequence of certain

misdemeanours, by the aforesaid Mr. van Twist, reduced

again to 20 guilders per month, is by these presents again

reinstated in his former office (seeing his good behaviour

and present services according to

MS. fol. 31.

testimonial given him by the said Mr. van Twist).

Jan Jansz Conyn of Dordrecht, arrived in India in 1641

in the ship ‘**’s Hartogenbotch” as a soldier, is, at his request

and since he understands the business, employed as a book-

binder, seeing that there is often a good deal of such work

to be done here, on a monthly pay of 12 guilders, on con-

dition that, when there is no work for him, he shall be

bound to mount guard and attend sallies with the others.

Lambert Camholt of Embden, arrived in this country in

1636 in the ship “Prins Willem ” esa soldier, having through

various grades risen to the rank of provisional Lieutenant

of this garrison, is, in consideration of the good services

rendered by him and still to be rendered, pursuant to the

rescript of the Lord Governor-General, by these presents

appointed to the office of an absolute first Lieutenant, on a

salary of 54 guilders per month, to begin on this day, over

and above the salary previously

MS. fol. oo.

granted to him by the Lord Governor-General.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Sta. Cruz de Gale,

datum ut supra. P. Boreel, Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck,

396 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOL. XVII

Pieter Pacts, Gerrit Moutmaker, Paulus Doncq, Pieter Le-

moyne, Jan van der Laen, Lambert Camholt, Albert

Hooghland, Secretary.

Saturday, Ultimo, February, 1643.

MS. fol. 33.

The Lord President having convened the Council, has

represented to them and submitted to their judgment the

points set forth below :

Whether since by resolution of the 23rd of this month

it had been fixed that the common table at the President’s

house should be abolished and that the officers customarily

dining there should get monthly board-wages,

it would not be advisable and proper to lay down a fixed

tariff of prices for all the provisions stored in the warehouses,

to the intent that all the officers who shall want anything

may be duly informed of the price of the several articles ;

Secondly, whether it would not be good and proper to send

out to Batavia as soon as possible the yachts “ Star ” or “ Rom-

merswael” now lying in this bay, with our advices touching

the state of affairs here ;

Thirdly, what ought to be done with respect to the

lascorins, coolies, cinnamon peelers, and other “blacks ”

present in this town; whether, as heretofore,

MS. fol. 34.

they shall each month have a certain quantity of rice

given out to them, or whether we shall let this matter rest

for the present.

All which having been maturely weighed by the afore-

said Council, they have unanimously approved, resolved,

and concluded, in manner as hereunder following :

As touching the first point: that, forasmuch as hitherto

little or nothing from the outside is offered for sale here, so

that officers will not be able to do without the provisions in

the Company’s warehouses, the following tariff of prices

shall be fixed :

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ao7

Rice to be sold for 2 pieces-of-eight per 40 pounds.

Meat and bacon, one or the other, for 4 piece-of-eight per

pound.

Dutch butter, 1 piece-of-eight per pound.

Bengal or coast ditto, 4 stivers per pound.

Wine, for 3 pieces-of-eight per pewter-measure.!

Black sugar, for 4 pieces-of-eight per picol.?

Java beans, for 2 pieces-of-eight per parra.’

MS. fol. 35.

Batavia arrack, for + pieces-of-eight per pewter-measure.

Padi, 4 piece-of-eight per parra or 40 pounds.

Dutch vinegar, 1 piece-of-eight per pewier-measure.

Chinaware and iron pans, sent hither from Tayoan, one

per cent. above the price paid for them by the Company.

And, although the aforesaid officers have reason to be

satisfied with the board-wages allowed them at this place, as

at other places in India, still the Lord President, with the

sanction of their Worships the Governor-General and the

Council of India, has further allowed to each of those who

have a seat in the Council, as he allows by these presents, 24

cocoanut trees, and to the others, as Lieutenants, Ensigns,

Undermerchants, Comforters of the sick, and the Surgeon, 10

ditto ; in order to draw from these oil for the lamps, sury *

for baking rice-cakes or apas, and other necessaries ; all this

with a view to the circumstance that, as aforesaid, nothing

is as yet brought in for sale here from the outside, and all

these are things which are quite indispensable in house-

keeping ;

MS. fol. 36.

Furthermore, the Council has resolved that as soon as

possible, outside the town but close by, a bazaar shall be

1 Probably the same as a kan — a litre.

2 A picol was somewhat more than 130 Ib.

3 A narra was equal to 40 1b, |

4 Toddy, used as yeast.

398 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

established for the convenience of the garrison, more

especially of the officers hereinbefore mentioned ; that some

well-reputed soldier shall be entrusted with the office of

bazaar-keeper, who shall have to prevent as far as possible any

irregularities and disputes that should arise between our

men and the Cingalese, while buying and selling their wares.

As touching the second point ; it has been resolved to send

out to Batavia, about the middle of March next, the yacht “De

Star,” seeing that the same is grievously damaged, and its

outer coating gnawed through by worms to such an extent

that, unless it be repaired, which cannot be done here, it will

be unseaworthy in a very short time; and considering

furthermore that it is highly desirable that their Worships

at Batavia should be made acquainted with the position of

affairs here, and with what has taken place here after the —

departure of the Lord Commissioner Pieter Boreel. |

As touching the third and last point ; it has been resolved

that the monthly distribution of

MS. fol. 37.

rice to such lascorins and their wives and other “blacks”

in this town, as are willing to work for us, shall again be

resumed, seeing that in future the Honourable Company

will not be able to draw any profit from this country

without the help and assistance of the natives aforesaid, and

considering that their Worships at Batavia and the Lord

Commissioner Boreel in his instruction have given orders

to this effect.

Lastly, it having been considered how little cattle we

have at present in this town, and that the men of the

garrison (who up to this time have been fain to put up with

their scanty rations) are justly entitled to have some fresh.

meat provided for them, especially the new comers, who,

being unused to the climate of this country, are liable to

many infirmities and diseases,

It has been resolved, that as soon as an opportunity shall

offer the Lord President shall by letter request the Captain

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 399

Moor of the Portuguesearmy encamped in the neighbourhood

to let us have, against due payment, so many buffaloes and

cows as he shall be able to dispense with; which cattle will

always be welcome here, whether the peace should continue

or war break out again.

Gerrit Dircksz of Amsterdam,

MS. fol. 38.

arrived in India in 1636 in the ship “‘ Banda,” as a hanger-on !

on a pay of 5 guilders per month, at present serving as an

Adelborst on a salary of 11 guilders monthly, is, at his request

and considering his ability, by these presents appointed

bazaar keeper, on a pay of 16 guilders per month, the

advance beginning this day.

Jan Claesz of Leeuwarden, arrived in India in [| jas

al jon a pay of [ | guilders monthly, at present

serving as a corporal, is, at his request, considering his

capacities and his skill, and seeing that such an officer is

urgently needed in this garrison, by these presents promoted

to the rank of Captain Carnis (?) on a salary of 18 guilders

per month, the improvement beginning this day.

- Gerrit Steen Cicker of Alen, arrived in this country in

1637 in the ship “N. Haerlem,” as a soldier on a pay of

9 guilders monthly, at present serving as an Adelborst on a

pay of 12 guilders per month, is, in consideration of the

good services rendered by him and still to be rendered, by

these presents appointed to the rank of a corporal on a pay of

14 guilders per month, the advance beginning this day.

Jan Parsse of Oxford, arrived in India in [ jas a

soldier on a pay of [ |] guilders monthly, is, considering

the good services rendered by him and still to be rendered,

at his request, by these presents appointed corporal on

a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the improvement beginning

this day.

Thus done and resolved

' See note on page 330.

400 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Von. XVII.

MS. fol. 39.

in the town and fortress of Sta. Cruz de Gale, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Paulus Doncq, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan

van der Laen, Pieter Lemoyne, Lambert Camholt, Albert

Hooghland, Secretary.

Tuesday, March 3, 1643.

MS. fol. 40.

Forasmuch to-day there arrived here from Candea two

ambassadors from King Raja Singa, with letters and

presents for His HWxcellency Pieter Boreel and President

_Jan Thysen, and with oral orders to offer the said letters and

presents to the aforesaid Lord Commissioner in person,

And since the aforesaid Lord Commissioner sailed from

this bay on the 26th February last, but had still been seen by

our men from the town in the morning of yesterday,

Therefore the Lord President having convened the

Council, has in private meeting submitted to them the

questions whether it would not be advisable to comply

as much as possible with the said king’s wish and petition,

and to send the said ambassadors this very evening in the

yacht “ Rommerswael” (supposing the same can be got needy

on the track of the aforesaid Lord Commissioner,

All which having been duly weighed by the said Council,

and regard being had to the opinion of the Lord Governor-

General and Council of India, that so long as our affairs

with the Portuguese here in Ceylon are not established on

a firm basis (which up to this time is not the case), we had

MS. fol. 41.

better humour the Cingalese ;

further, considering that at all events the Lord Commissioner

ought to be made acquainted with the said king’s views, to

the intent that on His Excellency’s appearing before the

Viceroy at Goa, he may, as far as the affairs of Ceylon

are concerned, to some extent be guided by them ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 401

after opening and reading of the aforesaid letters addressed

to the Lord Commissioner, in order to decide whether their

contents would demand such a course of proceeding ;

It has been unanimously resolved and approved, to

despatch as soon as possible the yacht “ Rommerswael ”

aforesaid, and, if it should not overtake the Lord Com-

missioner before mentioned, to let it continue its voyage as

far as the roads of Goa, in order to wait there or meet His

Excellency in person.

Thus resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Paulus Doncq, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der

Laen, Pieter Lemoyne, Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

Saturday, March 14, 1648.

MS. fol. 42.

Whereas before the Court of Justice at this place a

dispute had arisen between Skipper Pr. Albertsz of the

yacht “ Rommerswael,” plaintiff, on one side, and Hendrick

Yeksz, skipper of the yacht “De Star,”’ defendant, on

the other, both in convention and reconvention [So in

conventie als reconventie| regarding the point hereunder

following :—That before the defendant’s departure for

Coromandel on the 4th September of last year, the

plaintiff had handed to the said defendant the sum of 450

Spanish reals in specie, to be laid out there on linen for his

profit, and that on his return hither, the defendant on being

asked by the plaintiff for the goods he had bought for the

plaintiff's money, had declared that not only all the plaintiffs

goods, but also his own, the defendant’s goods, consisting of

tapesarassa’s! and other linens to an amount far exceeding

those belonging to the said Skipper Pieter Albertsz, had, by

the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys and the Council at

Paleacatte, being confiscated in behalf of the Honourable

Company,

1 Port. tapecaria, tapestry hangings. Valentyn (p. 56) mentions tapi

SUVASSS. -

Z 21-02

AQ2 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

so that, he having retained nothing, the present plaintiff

could not claim anything from him ; but on the contrary he,

defendant, had a claim on the plaintiff, seeing that, previous

to handing him the money, the plaintiff had agreed to the

condition that all the loss which might ensue from the trans-

action should be borne equally by both of them; and he,

defendant, having had three months’ pay confiscated,

contended that one half of this fine should be made good to

him by the plaintiff ;

furthermore by reply and rejoinder both parties having per-

sisted in their allegations ;

besides the plaintiff having adduced that he could prove by

sufficient well-attested evidence (which he also did) that

the defendant had said thatifthe plaintiff were in want of

from 100 to 200 reals

MS. fol. 43.

he was ready to hand them over to him, or make some

other convenient agreement ; furthermore that the defendant

had at least 20 or 22 corgies! of tapesarassa’s lying on board

his yacht ;

The plaintiff accordingly concluding that half of these

ought by sentence of this court to be adjudicated to him ;

the more so, as on the conclusion of their agreement it had

been distinctly understood between them that the defendant

was first to lay out his own money and then the plaintiff’s ;

and the defendant having denied this, saying that he had

only seven or eight corgies, which he had bought for his own

money, and to which the plaintiff had no right,

therefore, the Lord President and the Council, consider-

ing that the tapesarassa’s afore-mentioned are contraband

goods which no servant of the Company is entitled to buy or

import for his own account, and which consequently should

be confiscated in behalf of the Company,

1 Same as corge, coorge, a mercantile term for a score. The word is in use

among the trading Arabs and others, as well as in India. (See Hobson-

Jobson, Yule’s Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases.)

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 403

have resolved to depute the members of the Council under-

mentioned, as they depute them by these presents, to wit,

Captain Paulus Doneq, Lieutenant Lambert Camholt, and

Secretary Albert Hooghland,

to row straightways on board the yacht “De Star,” to

search the same, and to bring on shore any tapesarassa’s they

shall find there; which charge having been executed, and

twenty corgies of tapesarassa’s together with four ditto of

tape-maleya’s having been found and laid before the Council,

iL J

it has been further resolved to confiscate on behalf of the

Honourable Company the said twenty-four corgies, as they

do by these presents ;

the defendant meanwhile standing condeinned to pay the

costs of the present suit.

Cornelis Jochumsz of Hildam, arrived in India in 16—

in the ship { ]as a constable, on a pay of 22 guilders per

month, afterwards raised to 30 guilders per month by the

late Commander Willem

MS. fol. 44.

Jacobsz Coster; whose engagement will expire 20 months

hence, is, at his request, considering the good services

rendered by him, and for other important reasons, by these

presents allowed a further increase of pay up to 36 guilders

per month, together with the rations of an Undermerchant,

on condition that he shall be bound to serve the Company

for 18 months after expiry of his present term; the new

engagement and increase of pay being held to have begun

on the fifth of this month.

Balthasar Loube of Luben, arrived in India in the ship

“Banda” in 1639 asa soldier, ona monthly pay of 9 guilders,

and afterwards appointed keeper of the Company’s horses on

a pay of 12 guilders per month, with the promise that, if he

should well acquit himself in the duties aforesaid he would

be proposed for further promotion, is, at his request and for

Z 2

AOL JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

sundry reasons, by these presents allowed a further increase

of pay up to 16 guilders monthly, while besides this he will

get two pair of boots yearly ; the increase being held to

have begun on the Ist of this month.

Done in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Paulus Doncq, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Pieter

Lemoyne, Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland, Seeretary.

Friday, March 27, 1648.

MS. fol. 45.

Whereas yesterday and to-day (for which God be thanked)

there appeared here in the bay the yachts “ Limmen’” and

“ Kleyn Rhynsburch” (the latter being a small Portuguese

vessel captured by us), sent hither by the Honourable

Commander Jan Dircksz Gale, from the roads of Goa with

sundry necessaries for this place, and his advices touching

the state of affairs there, with orders and requesting that

we would nothere retain the said “Rhynsburch,” but send her

on to Batavia as soon as she should have delivered that

which she had taken in for Galle ;

and whereas the yacht “ Rommerswael” at anchor in the

bay here, had no more than one cable for daily use and an

old one with four or five splices in it, and but one anchor

and a small Portuguese dredge, to be used inan emergency,

Therefore the Lord President having convened his Council,

has represented to them and submitted to their consideration

the question, whether it would not be advisable,

seeing that the bad season is at hand in which it would be

impossible for the “ Rommerswael” to keep herself secure

and out of danger,

to send to Batavia the yacht ‘“‘ Rommerswael’ afore-mentioned

in company with the said ‘“ Kleyn Rhynsburch,” assoon as

they shall be ready, in order to be there provided for and

repaired, seeing that this cannot be done here, for want of

materials required therefor ;

No. 53.—1902,] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 405

All which having been carefuily weighed by the Council,

and it having been considered that in the roads of Goa the

yacht “ Limmen” had got no more cordage and other outfit

than it urgently needed for itself, and, if it is to remain here

for some time longer, should by no means be stripped of its

necessaries ;

furthermore, that we cannot know how long it may be

before the yachts promised us by

MS, fol. 46.

the Lord Commissioner Boreel shall appear here, nor what

anchors and cables they may bring with them,

ztem that it was not likely that anything important would

happen here before the arrival of the said yachts, so as to

necessitate the express despatch of an advice-yacht to Batavia

or elsewhere, and that if anything important should occur

and necessity should arise, we could easily under the present

circumstances of a truce with the Portuguese, use the yacht

“ Limmen ” for this purpose,

It has been unanimously approved and resolved, to let

the proposal of the Lord President have effect, the more so

as the present circumstances do not allow us to let the

yacht ‘“ Rommerswael ” remain here in her present condition,

and as besides it is much better that she should sail in com-

pany with another vessel, seeing that in case of need they

can afford each other aid and assistance.

Furthermore it has also been resolved that the sixteen slaves

on board the aforesaid “ Kleyn Rhynsburch,” destined to be

sent on to Batavia, shall be landed and kept here, seeing that

we have only fifteen couple of chain-slaves here, able to work,

the rest having died or become incapable ; item that at the

present time, the Portuguese still maintaining possession of

the low-lying lands all about this town, we cannot get a

sufficient number of coolies, and the town-ditch,! the

ramparts, and other works are urgently in need of repair ;

'The moat, on the side of the new gate, now filled up.

406 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVIT.

item that in this town we are not sufficiently provided with

ready money to pay a reasonable daily wage to the soldiers

or other volunteers who might offer to perform this work ;

MS. fol. 47.

lastly, that we trust that the Lord Governor-General and

Council of India will not take this in ill part, and will not

attach much importance to the detention of so smalla number

of slaves, who, as aforesaid, are urgently needed here.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum utsupra. Jan Thysen,,

Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Pieter Lemovne,

Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland, Secretary.

Wednesday, April 22, 1648.

MS. fol. 48.

It having been considered in Council that below or about

Talpe, situated within a Dutch mile east of Galle, the Portu-

guese having formerly discovered a shorter passage or path

there, used the same to march the more speedily and safely

towards the place they wanted to reach,

regard being had to the present favourable opportunity,

during the continuance of the truce with the Portuguese,

which we ought by all means to avail ourselves of, in order

to explore not only the passage or path aforesaid, but also all

the roads and paths round about Galle, and leading into the

interior, and to obtain a clear idea of the same; to the

intent that—whether the peace should hold or war break out

again—we may be well informed about all of them, which

we stand in urgent need of ;

Therefore it has been resolved and unanimously approved,

the more so as the Lord Commissioner Pieter Boreel has

given express orders thereto in the instructions! handed to

the Lord President, that, as soon as the weather shall allow

'These “instructions ” unfortunately have not been preserved among the

archives.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 407

of it, Captain Paulus Doncg and Lieutenant Lambert Camholt

with a party of forty soldiers, shall march to the said passage

or path, in order to examine the situation and condition of

the same, and on their return give a thorough report

concerning them.

Whereas the redcaps find few buyers among theCingalese,

and will not fetch the prices fixed by the Lord President

and Council, it has been resolved that henceforth the

ordinary ones may be sold for 5 laryns! and upwards,

MS. fol. 49.

and the superior ones for 8 laryns each, but not below these

prices.

Hans Andriesz of Comwel, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “ Amboina” as a sailor, on a pay of 8 guilders

per month, whose engaged time is about to expire, is at his

request by these presents admitted toa new four years’ engage-

ment in the Honourable Company’s service, and, in the

capacity of Adelborst, allowed a pay of 11 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the 14th of

this month, and the new term to begin after expiry of the

old one.

Tomas Dircksz of Westeryse, arrived in India as above, on

9 cuilders monthly, is by these presents engaged ona pay of

12 guilders per month, the new engagement and increase of

pay beginning ut supra.

Cornelis Oloffsz of Cristiania, arrived in India in 1638 in

the ship “ Swol” as a soldier, on 9 guilders monthly, is by

these presents engaged ona pay of 12 guilders per month,

engagement and pay beginning ut supra.

_ 1 The larin was a peculiar kind of money formerly in use in the Persian

Gulf, on the West Coast of India and in the Maldive Islands. “In value

every five lari are equal to a piastre or patacca of reals of Spain, or ‘ a piece

of eight’ as we choose to call it.”—P. della valle, II., 434, quoted in Hobson-

Jobson. I had not read this extract when passing the earlier portions of

this Paper for the press. The approximate, if not the real, value of the

“piece of eight ” frequently referred to in these pages may now be learnt.

408 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Von. XVII.

Meeuwes Dricksz of Purmerend, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “ Maria de Medicis,” as a musketeer on a monthly

pay of 10 guilders, whose appointed term is about to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement in the capacity of Adelborst, and allowed

a pay of 13 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held

to have begun on the 14th of this month and the new engage:

ment to begin after expiry of his present term.

Gerrit Jansz of Haerlem, arrived in India in 1640 in the

Jluytschip “ De Sayer” as a musketeer, on a pay of 10 guilders

monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engage-

ment in the Honourable Company’s service,

MS. fol. 50.

and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed a pay of 12 guilders

per month, the increase of pay being held to have begun on

the 14th instant, and the new term to begin after expiry of

the present one.

Hendrick Gysbertsz of Texel, arrived in India ona pay

of 9 guilders monthly, as above, is admitted on an increase

of pay and re-engagement ut supra.

Adam Westhoff of Tarnaten, whose term has expired, is,

by these presents, at his request, admitted to a three years’ re-

engagement, and his pay raised from 9 to 12 guilders monthly,

the new engagement being held to have begun on expiry of

the old one, and the increase of pay on the 14th of this

month.

Pieter Goris of Maltegem (Maldeghem in Flanders ?),

arrived in India in the ship ‘“ Seelandia” in 1638, on a pay

of 9 guilders monthly, whose engaged time has expired, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement, and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed a pay

of 13 guilders per month, the increase of pay being held to

have begun on the llth instant, and the new term to begin

on expiry of the old one.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 409

Reyer Gillesz of Enckhuysen, arrived in India in 1636 in

the ship “ N. Enckhuysen ” as an under carpenter, on a salary

of 35 guilders monthly, now earning 42 guilders per month,

whose engaged time has expired, is, by these presents, at his

request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement, in the

capacity of master carpenter of this town, and allowed a

pay of 50 guilders per month, the new engagement and

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 11\th instant.

MS. fol. oe

Jan Maleman of Mechelen (Mechlin), arrived in India in

1640 in the ship ‘‘Sutphen” as a sailor, on a monthly pay

of 9 guilders, whose term is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new engagement in the

capacity of Adelborst, on a pay of 12 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 11th instant,

on condition that after expiry of his first term he shall be

bound to serve the Honourable Company in India for

another term of three years.

Hendrick Hendricksz Polack of Amsterdam, arrived in

India in 1640 in the ship “ Neptunus ” as a sailor, on a

monthly pay of 8 guilders, whose engagement is about to

expire, is by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement in the capacity of Adelborst, and

allowed a pay of 11 guilders monthly, the increase of pay

being held to have begun on the 14th instant, and the new

term to begin after expiry of the old one.

Pieter Harmensz of Groeningen, arrived in India in

1640 in the ship “Sutphen” as a sailor, on a pay of 7

guilders monthly, whose engaged time is * about to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement as a soldier, and allowed a monthly pay

of 10 guilders, the increase of pay being held to have begun

on the 14th instant, and the new term to begin after expiry

of the old one.

Tomas Tomasz of Diepe, arrived in India in 1640 in the

yacht “De Snoeck” as a sailor, on a pay of 8 guilders per

410 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

month, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as a musketeer, and allowed a pay of 11 guilders

monthly, the increase of pay being held to have begun on

the 14th instant, and the new term to begin after expiry of

the old one.

MS. fol. 52.

Jacob Claesz of Utrecht, arrived in India in 1640 in the

ship “ Amboina”’ as a sailor, on a pay of 7 guilders per

month, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted toa new three years’ engage- —

ment, and allowed a pay of 11 guilders monthly, the increase

of pay being held to have begun on the 14th instant, and the

new term to begin after expiry of the old one.

Claes Hansz of Tonningen, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “ Frederick Hendrick” as a sailor, on a pay of 9

guilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire,.

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement, and allowed a pay of 11 guilders.

monthly, the increase of pay being held to have begun on

the 14th instant, and the new term to begin on expiry of the

old one. |

Loduwyck Adriensz of Haerlem, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship ‘“ Amboina” as a sailor, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, whose appointed time is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement in the capacity of Adelborst, and allowed a pay

of 12 guilders per month, the increase of pay being held to

have begun on the 14th instant, and the new engagement to

begin after expiry of his present term.

Hendrick Ouvesz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the yacht “ De Snoeck ”’ as amusketeer, on a pay of 11 guil-

ders monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement, and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed a pay

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ALT

of 13 guilders per month, theincrease of pay being held to

have begun on the 14th instant, and the new term to begin

on expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 58.

Claes Teunisz of Oudewater, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “Neptunus” as a sailor, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, whose time is about to expire, is, by these presents,

at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement, and

in the capacity of Adelborst allowed a monthly pay of 12

guilders, the increase of pay being held to have begun on

the 14th instant, and the new term to begin on expiry of

the old one.

Vincent de Bie of Oudenaerden, arrived in India in 1640:

in the frigate “De Liefde” as a sailor, on a pay of 11

guilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is,

by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement, and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed

a pay of 13 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held

to have begun on|the 14th instant, and the new term to begin

on expiry of the old one.

Hendrick Hendricksz of Amsterdam, arrived in India

in 1640 in the ship “ Sutphen” asa junior mariner, on a pay of

6 guilders monthly, whose appointed time is about to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement, and in the capacity of a soldier allowed

a monthly pay of 10 guilders, the increase of pay being held

to have begun on the 14th instant, and the new engagement

to begin after expiry of the old one.

Cornelis Hendricksz of Dordrecht, arrived in India in

1642 in the ship “ Salmander” as an Adedborst, on a pay of 10

guilders per month, is, by these presents, considering his

ability and the services rendered by him and still to be

rendered, promoted to the post of under carpenter, on a

salary

412 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Von XVII.

MS. fol. 54.

of 20 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to

have begun on the 11th March last.

Pieter Julius Cooman of Minne, arrived in India in

1639 as a soldier in the ship “ Leeuwaerden,” on a pay of 9

guilders monthly, who fora considerable time past has done

the duties of a drummer, and duly acquitted himself therein,

is, by these presents, at his humble request, confirmed in the

said office, and allowed a pay of 12 guilders per month, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 11th instant.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Paulus Doneq, Gerrit Moutmaker, Jan van der Laen, Pieter

Lemoyne, Lambert Camholt, Albert Hooghland, Secretary.

Wednesday, May 6, 1648.

MS. fol. 55.

Whereas in to-day’s meeting of the Council have been read

and resumed the letters and annexed papers, successively

handed us yesterday by the Uppermerchants Mr. Pieter

Pacts and Marten Vinck, from the Lord Commissioner Pieter

Boreel, while the latter was passing this bay with the ships

“ Banda,” “ Harderwyck,” and “ Wingurla,” and after the

ships “ Delfshaven,” “’t Vliegend Hart,” “ Kleyn-Sutphen,”

and ‘ Welsinge”’ had come ashore here (for which God be

thanked) ;

in which letters His Excellency informs us that the nego-

tiations at Goa with the Viceroy have led to a renewal

of the war, in consequence of which we shall henceforth

have to attack the Portuguese, not only in Ceylon, but

throughout India, as declared enemies; at the same time

recommending and ordering us to proceed to action, after

having signified the aforesaid to the said Portuguese ;

Therefore the Lord President has submitted to the con-

sideration of his Councillors the question what it would be

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 413,

advisable to do and to take in hand in the present position

of affairs ;

whereupon the said Council, having duly deliberated on

the same, and maturely considered various circumstances

theretoappertaining, has unanimously resolved and approved

to send out to-night

MS. fol. 56.

to Biligam, where as we understand the enemy intend to

throw up a fortress,

a party of 300 soldiers, commanded by the Captains Paulus

Doneq (who in case of hostilities shall be entitled to convene —

meetings of the other military officers, and shall preside at

the same) and Jan van der Laen, Lieutenant Lambert

Camholt, and the Hnsigns Burchardt Cocqs, Jan Branden-

burch, and Marcus Symengz ;

in order to prevent the throwing up of the said fortress,

and furthermore to inform the enemy by a letter which to

that intent shall be written by the Lord President,

that unless within 24 hours after receiving and reading the

said letter [which is more than time enough, seeing there

can be no doubt that they have been apprized of the

breaking out of war before us, though they have not sent us

word thereof ]| they withdraw from those parts which justly

belong to the Honourable Company, and retire within their

own boundary, they shall be attacked everywhere as

enemies ;

in default whereof, if, in spite of the prohibition afore-

mentioned, they should persist in remaining on our terri-

tory ;

our captains and chiefs hereinbefore mentioned shall

proceed to carry their orders into effect, and as aforesaid

harass the enemy everywhere and in all possible manners ;

on the understanding that they shall every day let us know

what is going on, and where the said enemy is lying, and

other things worth knowing, to the intent

414 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

MS. fol. 57.

that we in this town may be well informed of every-

thing, and in case of need may assist them with advice and

reinforcements.

Regard being had to the ability of, and the services

rendered by the Sergeant Marcus Symensz of Cassel, and it

having been considered that this garrison stands in great

need of another Ensign, it has been resolved to appoint the

aforesaid sergeant to the office of provisional Ensign, awaiting

the sanction of the Lord Governor-General and Council of

India ; to allow him the pay connected with the said office,

and to instal him in the same before the men of this garrison.

It has been furthermore resolved that the yacht ““Welsinge,”’

after having landed that part of her cargo which is destined

for Galle, shall without the least delay continue her voyage

to Battecaloa with our advices to the Lord Commissioner

Boreel, seeing that His Excellency has urgently reeommended

us to do so.

Bartholomeus Bartholomeus of Amsterdam, arrived in

India in 1640 in the ship “Sutphen” as a sailor, on a

pay of 7 guilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to anew

three years’ engagement in the capacity of Adelborst on a

pay of 10 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to

have begun on the 27th April last, and the new engagement

to begin on expiry of the old one.

Pieter van der Bengel of Amsterdam, arrived in India in

1638 in the ship

MS. fol. 58.

“ Valckenburch”’ as a soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders monthly,

whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these presents, at

his request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the

capacity of Adelborst on a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 27th April

last, and the new engagement to begin when the old one

shall expire.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 415

Pieter Loos of Luyen, arrived in India in 1642 in the ship

“ Banda” as a musketeer, on a monthly pay of 10 guilders,

having for a considerable time past been employed as a cooper,

is by these presents, in consideration of his ability, at his

request, confirmed in the said office, and allowed a salary of

14 guilders per month, the increase of pay to begin from the

day on which his last account shall have been balanced.

Thus resolved and approved of in the town of Galle, datum

ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Paulus Doncq, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Lambert Cambholt, Albert

Hooghland, Secretary.

| Saturday, May 9, 1648.

MS. fol. 59.

Whereas at present we have lying in the bay here the

yachts “ Limmen,”’ “ Delfshaven,” “ Welsinge,” and “ Kleyn-

Sutphen,” together with the fluytschip “’t Vliegend Hart,”

and after the departure of the said flwyt and of the yacht

“ Welsinge’’ shall have left here the aforesaid yachts

“ Delfshaven ” and * Kleyn-Sutphen” and also “ Limmen ”

for some days still, or so long as it shall be considered to be

wanted here ;

and whereas the Captains of our army, lying at Biligam,

are every day writing for various necessaries which are

required there,

Therefore the Lord President, having convened the

Council, has submitted to them the question following :

whether, seeing that (with the help of God) this place and

roadstead are sufficiently secured against hostile attempts, it

would not be advisable [in order to avoid as much as

possible the sending to and fro of coolies, who are few in

number, and who under the present circumstances should

be treated with a gentle hand; and at the same time the

sending out of armed convoys with them; as also to keep

the said coolies and convoys out of such disasters as might

befall them on the road ; |

416 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VonL. XVII.

to send out to Biligam aforesaid, this very day, if possible,

one of the yachts destined to remain here, in order to remain

there in the bay until further orders; to load the said yacht

with all the necessaries for the army, so that they shall be

sufficiently provided with everything, and not be at a loss

on any sudden emergency ;

All which having been fully weighed by the Council

aforesaid, and it having been considered that the measure

proposed would awe not only the enemy, but also the natives

at that place ; that by it the hearts of said

MS. fol. 60.

natives will undoubtedly be drawn towards us, and still

more so if it be spread abroad that we intend to maintain a

standing force there, as also in other places, in order to

harass the enemy everywhere; furthermore, that, even if

the army should one of these days be recalled, or for the

more effectual harassing of the enemy be sent to some other

place, still in that case the said yacht, supposing it could not

come hither, might proceed to Battecaloa and cruise there

until the setting in of the favourable monsoon, and then

come back here; this being also in accordance with the

opinion of the Lord Governor-General and Council of India

that it would not be bad to keep a yacht there ;

It has been unanimously resolved and approved to

assign for this service the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen,” which

shall take on board the goods hereunder following, to wit :

50 pieces-of-eight in pardan’s! and double stivers

270 sacks of rice.

2 cases of matches.

48 ordinary red caps.

' Pardao. “ This was the popular name among the Portuguese of a goid

coin from the native mints of Western India, which entered largely into

the early currency of Goa, and the name of which afterwards attached to

a silver money of their own coinage, of constantly degenerating value.”—

Hobson-Jobson. :

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. AIT

12 large ones.

a0 iron pans 12 ordinary ones.

6 small ones.

4 aam! of oil.

4 tun of vinegar.

3 tuns of arrack.

12 casks of meat.

6 casks of bacon.

2 small casks of wine.

MS. fol. 61.

2 small casks of strong arrack.

26 pieces (pick-axes, spades, and inchades).

6 barrels of gunpowder.

4,000 musket balls.

Divers writing materials, psalm books, and other books.

1 case of medicaments.

On the understanding, however, that our men shall not

bring on shore at one time any more than they shall want,

leaving the rest in the yacht aforesaid, to the intent that if

they should be attacked by the enemy and (which God avert)

be forced to retreat, the Honourable Company may not suffer

any loss by any such goods being left behind.

Pieter Lucasz Rave, arrived in India in 1638 in the

fluytschip “ De Sou” aga junior mariner, on a monthly pay of

6 guilders, and by the Lord Governor-General and Council of

India afterwards successively appointed junior assistant on

12 guilders, and assistant on a salary of 20 guilders monthly,

whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these presents,

at his request, and considering his ability, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement in the capacity of first assistant,

and allowed a salary of 30 guilders per month, the increase

of salary to begin this day, and the new engagement after

expiry of the old one.

1 See note on page 317.

2A 21-02

418 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Vincent Stevensz of Zierickzee, arrived in India in 1637

in the ship “ Hollandia” asa musketeer, on a monthly pay of

10 guilders, at present earning 14 guilders monthly,

MS. fol. 62.

whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these presents, at

his request, and considering his ability, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement in the capacity of under constable,

ona pay of 17 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Jan Jansz of St. Griechenland, arrived in India in 1640

as a musketeer, on a monthly pay of 12 guilders, in the

fluttschip “ De Saeyer,” whose engaged time isabout to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement, and in the capacity of Adelborst allowed

a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement after expiry of the old

one.

Simon Rodrigues Swart, who has served the Honourable

Company as a barber, on a pay of 22 guilders monthly, who

was blown up with the yacht “ Franecker,” and detained by

the enemy as a prisoner for some time, his chattels and

account having also been lost with the same, is, by these

presents, at his request, and since we cannot do without him

here, provisionally allowed the same pay, to begin under

this day’s date.

Jan Ockerman of Middelburch, arrived in India in 1635

int he ship [ | as a boy,! on a pay of 4 guilders

monthly, at present earning 10 guilders, whose engaged

time is about to expire, is, by these presents, at his request,

admitted to a new three years’ engagement as a musketeer

on a pay

MS. fol. 63.

of 12 guilders per month, the increase of pay beginning this

day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

1 Jongen, literally boy, but probably means an apprentice,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 419

Jacob Marines of Bergsnock, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “Sutphen” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, whose engaged term is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement on a pay of 12 guilders monthly, the increase

of pay beginning this day, and the new engagement on

expiry of his present term.

Gysbert Gysbertsz of Nieuwecoop, arrived in India in

1640 in the ship “Amboina” as a sailor, on a pay of 9

guilders monthly, is, by these presents, admitted as above

on a pay of 12 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Wouter Barentsz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ Amboina”’ as a musketeer, on a monthly pay

of 12 guilders, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement in the capacity of Adelborst, on a pay of 14

guilders monthly, the increase of pay beginning this day,

and the new engagement after expiry of the old one.

Rem Pietersz of Homment, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ Neptunus” as a sailor, on a pay of 7 guilders

monthly, is admitted as above on a pay of 12 guilders

monthly.

Hendrick Wynantsz of Swol, arrived in India as above

in the “ Amboina,” on a monthly pay of 6 guilders, is ad-

mitted as above on a pay of 12 guilders monthly.

MS. fol. 64.

Domingo de May, arrived in India as above, on 10 guilders,

is admitted as above, on a pay of 13 guilders monthly.

Claes Jansz of Beverwyck, arrived in India as above in the

ship “Sutphen,” on 9 guilders, is admitted as above ona

pay of 13 guilders monthly.

Dirck Hendricksz of Nootdorp, arrived in India as above

in the ship “ De Snoeck”’ as a musketeer on 12 guilders, is

admitted to a three years’ re-engagement as an Adelborst

2A 2

420 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

on 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay and re-engage-

ment beginning as above.

Spons Paulusz of De Kaeg, arrived in India as above in

the ship “Nassau,” on 11 guilders, is admitted to a three years’

re-engagement as an Adelborst on 14 guilders monthly,

the re-engagement and increase of pay beginning as above.

Jochem Paulus of Doesburg, arrived in India as above in

the ship “ De Snoeck” asa sailor, on 9 guilders, is admitted

to a three years’ re-engagement as an Adelborst on 13

guilders monthly, the re-engagement and increase of pay

beginning as above.

Actum in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen,

Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne, Gerrit

Maeyer, Albert Hooghland, Secretary.

Thursday, May 14, 1643.

MS. fol. 65.

Whereas last night it was resolved—which resolution is.

confirmed by these presents—that there should be sent out

to Biligam a party of 150 of our soldiers, together with all

the lascoryns now in this place, in order to convoy so many

coolies as are to be obtained here, and to fetch from there

in handollen' the wounded officers and soldiers, escaped

from the battle and defeat by the enemy at Acuiras” (which

God amend !)—which defeat they have brought on them-

Lord President, and in which nearly 100 men over and above

the wounded have perished and been shamefully done to

death—

the said wounded officers and soldiers having taken refuge

on board the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen ” lying in the bay of

Biligam, and having set sail in it in order to return hither,

but the vessel being kept back by head winds and counter

eurrents having returned to Biligam again, they had sent

1 Handollen, probably stretchers. 2 Akuressa ?

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 421

ashore 20 soldiers from the aforesaid yacht, who on arriving

in this town had urgently entreated help and assistance in

their name,

Therefore the Lord President aforesaid, having convened

his Council, has submitted to their judgment the question

following :

Seeing that we have only one chief military officer in this

place, who, besides, is suffering from ill-health—

Which member of this Council it would be advisable to

appoint and elect commander of the party of soldiers afore-

mentioned

MS. fol. 66.

in order to execute the said maiter ;

On which the said Council having considered that this

expedition was highly necessary in order to keep the natives

in awe, and to inspire with fresh courage the Cingalese,

whom the disaster aforesaid had greatly weakened and cast

down ; ;

It has been unanimously resolved that the Uppermerchant

Marten Vinck (who had himself offered his services) shall

be charged with this duty, on the understanding that, if on

arrival of the said Mr. Vinck, the enemy should be lying at

Biligam, the said Mr. Vinck shall return from there without

touching at the place; unless they should make a sally

against him, which would force him to retaliate.

It has been further resolved that the yacht “ Welsinge,”

which is tosail from here to-morrow, shall in passing call at

the bay of Biligam, in order to warn the officers aforesaid, and

inform them, that if the party above-mentioned should be

checked by the enemy on its way, and be forced to turn back,

and if they should not get assistance in five or six days,

the said officers shall have to go to Battecaloa to the Lord

Commissioner Boreel.

Thus resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut supra. Jan

Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter Lemoyne,

Albert Hooghland, Gerrit Maeyer.

422 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL XVII.

Tuesday, May 19, 1643.

MS. fol. 67.

Whereas in Council there has been resumed the docu-

mentary evidence against the Captains Paulus Doneg and

Jan van der Laen, touching the faults committed by them,

ag alluded to in our last resolution, and they have been

found and proved to be highly culpable,

Therefore the Lord President has submitted to his

Council the question what should be done in this matter,

which having been duly weighed, and it having been con-

sidered that the Captains aforesaid are also chief officers and

members of this Council, so that—the matter being highly

important, and there being no “ Fiscael’’ here—it would be

exceedingly difficult to treat their case judicially here ;

It has been resolved to send to Batavia in the fluytschip

““°t Vliegende Hart ” (as soon as it shall be ready to sail) the

two Captains before mentioned, together with the documen-

tary evidence, to the intent that they may there render an

account of their doings to the Lord Governor-General and

the Council of India, who then may finally decide the

matter in such way as shall to them appear suitable.

Aris Wyndersz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in [ shee

in the ship [ ]asaboy,! ona pay of 4 guilders monthly,

at present drawing 10 guilders monthly as an Adelborst

whose engaged term is about to expire, is, by these presents,

at his request, admitted to anew engagement as an Adelborst,

on a monthly pay of 13 guilders, on condition that on expiry

of his present term he shall be bound to serve the Honourable

Company for another term of three years in India, the

increase of pay to begin this day.

MS. fol. 68.

Jacob Pietersz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “Amboina” asa sailor, on a monthly pay of 9

1 See note on page 418.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 423

cuilders, whose present term is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as an Adelborst ona pay of 12 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new engage-

ment on expiry of the old one.

Pieter Gons of Tonningen, arrived in India as above in the

fluytschip “ Berckhout,” on 7 guilders monthly, is admitted

as above on 10 guilders per month.

Gilles Jansz of Brussels, arrived in India as above in the

ship “Amboina” as a musketeer, on 12 guilders, is admitted

as above on 19 guilders monthly.

Hendrick Hendricksz of Amsterdam, arrived in India as

above, on 9 guilders, is admitted as above on 12 guilders

monthly.

Jan Jansz van Ouwe of Leiden, arrived in India as above,

is admitted as above on 12 guilders monthly.

Jan Jansz Pyl of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640 in

the yacht “ Snoeck ” asan under barber, on a monthly pay of

18 guilders, whose present engagement is about to expire, is,

by these presents at his request, and considering his ability,

admitted to a new three years’ engagement as a barber, and

allowed a pay of 30 guilders monthly,

MS. fol. 69.

the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new engagement

on expiry of the old one.

Regard being had to the petition and the promises of

amendment of Claes Bruynsz of Enckhuysen (who on the

11th October last, by way of punishment for faults committed,

was deprived of his corporalship and pay, and degraded to

the rank of common soldier on a pay of 9 guilders per month),

it has been resolved to restore him to his old rank and allow

him his former pay from the 28th of this month.

Jeuriaen Brand of Harreware, arrived in India in 1630

in the ship ‘ De Leeuin ” as a soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, is, by these presents, considering his ability, the

424 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

services rendered by him, and the vacancy now occurring,

promoted to the rank of absolute sergeant of this garrison, on

a pay of 22 guilders monthly ; on condition that he shall be

bound to serve the Honourable Company in India for another

three years after expiry of his present engagement as a

corporal, the new term and increase of pay to begin on the

28th of this month.

Jan Eszer of Gulick, arrived in India in 1639 in the

ship “N. Amsterdam ” as a landpassaad,! on 12 guilders per

month, whose term is about to expire, is, by these presents, at

his request, and considering his ability, and the good services

rendered by him, and still to be rendered, admitted toanew —

three years’ engagement

MS. fol. 70.

in the capacity of absolute sergeant on a salary of 22 guilders

per month, the increase of pay to begin on the 28th instant

and the new engagement on expiry of the oid one.

Cornelis Snoeck of Reenen, arrived in India in [ | as

a | jon a pay of [ | guilders monthly, having since

[ | done the duties of a corporal of the Adelborsts of this

garrison to the satisfaction of his officers, is therefore, by

these presents, at his request, promoted tothe rank of absolute

sergeant on a salary of 22 guilders monthly, the increase of

pay to begin on the 28th instant.

Frederick Nieman of Bouslau, arrived in India in 1638

in the fluytschip “De Sou” as asoldier, on a monthly pay of

9 guilders, at present a writer and corporal of this garrison,

whose engaged term is about to expire, is, by these presents,

considering his ability and the good services rendered by

him, made a corporal of the Adelborsts on a salary of 18

guilders monthly ; on condition that he shall be bound to

serve the Honourable Company for another three years after

1 The meaning of this word, which jhas never before occurred in this

manuscript, could only be conjectured. It evidently denotes a rank in

the land army something above an ordinary soldier (/and zoldaat).

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 425

expiry of his present engagement, the increase of pay to begin

on the 28th instant.

Isaac Isaacsz de Kick of Norwits,! arrived in India in

1638 in the ship “ Scool” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, at present a corporal of thisgarrison, whose engaged

term is about to expire,

MS. fol. 71.

is, by these presents, considering his ability and the services

rendered by him, made a corporal of the Adelborsts, on a

monthly salary of 18 guilders, and on condition of a three

years’ re-engagement after expiry of the present, the increase

-of pay to begin on the 28th instant.

Tyger Jansz of Silchebarech, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ Nieuw Euckhuysen” asan Adelborsi, ona monthly

pay of 10 guilders, is, by these presents, at his request,—

and seeing that at Acuiras? he bravely acquitted himself

against the enemy, and brought off and carried into this

town one of our flags which otherwise might easily have

fallen into the enemy’s hands,—appointed corporal of the

_Adelborsis on a monthly salary of 18 guilders, the increase

of pay to begin on the 28th instant. |

Mathys Jansz of Harssel, arrived in India in 1641in the

ship “‘De Provintie ” asan Adelborst, ona salary of 10 guilders

‘per month, is, by these presents, considering his ability, the

services rendered by him, and the vacancy now occurring,

appointed a writer of this garrison on a monthly pay of 15

guilders, the increase of pay to begin on the 28th instant.

Pieter Drentsz of Korendyck, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship ‘“‘Seelandia” asa musketeer, on a monthly pay of

‘10 guilders, whose engaged time is about toexpire, is, by these

? Probably Norwich. The occurrence of many Dutch names in connec-

tion with English towns suggests the probability of these persons having

been refugees in England. It is a matter of history that during the

religious persecutions in Holland in thesixteenth century many Dutchmen

sought an asylum in England. (See note on page 386.)

2 Akuressa, in the Matara District.

426 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

presents, considering his ability and the good services by him

rendered, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as a corporal on a salary

MS. fol. 72.

of 15 guilders per month, the increase of pay to begin on the

28th instant, and the new engagement on expiry of the

old one.

Dirck Dircksz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “Sutphen ” as a musketeer, on a monthly pay of

12 guilders, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as an Adelborst on a pay of 14 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay to begin on the 28th instant, and the new

engagement on expiry of the old one,

Jan Willensz de Vilerck of Ter Veere, arrived in India

in 1639 in theship “Z. Zee” as a [ j, on a monthly pay

of [ | guilders, at present serving as a boatswain’s

mate, is, by these presents, considering his ability and the

good services by him rendered, and in order to give him

ereater consideration among the musketeers of this garrison,

promoted to the rank of a first boatswain on a pay of 24

guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin on the 28th

instant.

Laurens Harmensz of Ter Gouw, arrived in India in 1638

in the ship “Sutphen ” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engage-

ment as an Adelborst on a pay of 12 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay beginning this day, and the new term on

expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 78.

Andries Oloffsz of Konelff, arrived in India in 1638 in the

ship [ | asa soldier, on a monthly pay of 9 guilders,

whose engaged term is about to expire, is, by these presents

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 427

at his request, and considering his ability, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement as a corporal ona monthly pay of

14 guilders, the increase of pay to begin on the Ist June

next, and the new engagement from the expiry of the old

one.

Claes Dircksz of Hamburch, arrived in India in 1637 in

the ship “ Amsterdam” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, at present drawing 12 guilders as an Adelborst, is,

by these presents, at his request, and considering his ability,

appointed corporal on a monthly pay of 14 guilders, the

increase of pay to begin on the Ist June next.

Jacob Isaacsz de Kick of Norwits, arrived in India in 1638

in the ship “Swol” asasoldier, ona pay of 9 guilders monthly,

is, by these presents, at his request, and considering his ability,

admitted to a new three years’ engagement as a corporal on

a Salary of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

on the Ist June next, and the new engagement when the

old one shall have expired.

Adam van Lint of Sutphen, arrived in India in 1629 in

the ship “Leyden” as an Adelborst, on a monthly pay of i0

suilders,at present drawing 14 guilders monthly as a corporal,

whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these presents,

at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement on

a pay of 16 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin on

the first June next, and the new term on expiry of the

old one.

Coen Arentsz of Harlingen, arrived in India in 1640 in

the fluytschip “De Sayer” as a musketeer, on a pay of 11

guilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is,

by these presents, at his request,

MS. fol. 74.

admitted to a new three years’ engagement as an Adelborst,

on a salary of 13 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to

begin on the Ist June next, and the new engagement on

expiry of the old one.

428 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Voun. XVII.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Pieter

Lemoyne, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland, Secretary.

June 16, 1643.

MS. fol. 75.

Whereas the yacht “ Limmen” has now been away from

Batavia for about twenty-two months, and having there

been provided with everything for six months only stands

urgently in need of repairs and overhauling, which cannot

be done here, since there are no stores at this place ;

the assembled Council,

having again read the letter from the Lord Governor-General

and Council of India, handed us on the Ist February last

by the Lord Commissioner Pieter Boreel, in which their

Worships aforesaid order us to send them the yachts lying

here that stand in need of repairs, in order that they may

receive the same at Batavia—

have resolved and approved,—the more so as at present we

have still two other yachts lying here, viz., ‘“ Delfshaven” and

‘““Kleyn-Sutphen,” with which until further reinforcement

from Batavia we can make shift, as far as the defence of

this bay is concerned, and even in case of need for sending

out one of them on some expedition,—

to despatch the aforesaid yacht “ Limmen” on the 25th instant,

first to Battecaloa (to the intent that, if Mr. Wollebrand

Geleynsz, who intended to call at that place, in case he should

fail to touch at Galle, as he has hitherto done, should think

fit to make his voyage in the said “Limmen,” this yacht shall

beable to take him on board there); next to Malacca, in order

to take in any goods that should lie ready there ; and thence

to Batavia ;

Furthermore it has been resolved that Captain Jan van der

Laen, being now as good as recovered of his wounds,’ shall

make his voyage to Batavia in the aforesaid yacht “Limmen.”

' Received at Akuressa. (See page 420.)

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 429°

It has been further resolved to detain here during six or

seven days the quel! “De Hasewind,” departed from

Persia on the 16th May last, in company of the aforesaid Mr.

Geleynsz, commanding the yacht “ De Pauw,” but separated

from him by storm and high seas off Montedely? on the coast

on the 5th of this present month,

MS. fol. 76.

and (thanks to God !) arrived in this bay yesterday ; such

detention being in accordance with the intentions of the said

Mr. Geleynsz and the instructions given to the officers of the

said quel, and if the said Mr. Geleynsz should not arrive

here during that time, to let the said “ Hasewind ” continue.

her voyage to Batavia by way of Battecaloa.

Jan Jansz of Rostock, last arrived in India in 1636 in the

ship “ Middelburch” as a landpassaad,’ at present serving

as a corporal, who on the 6th August of last year was by

the Lord Governor-General and Council of India sent to the

roads of Goa in the fleet commanded by the Commander

Jan Dircksz Gale, and who was ordered to remain ashore

here by the Lord Commissioner Pieter Boreel, is, by these

presents, at his request,and considering his ability, confirmed

in the said office, and admitted to a-‘new three years’ engage-

ment on expiry of his present term, on a salary of 22 guilders

per month, the increase of pay to begin from the day on

which his last account was balanced ; on condition that any

claims he may have as regards surplus money shall be held

~ null and void.

Barent Hendricksz of Abhausen, last arrived in India in

1641 in the ship “Amsterdam” as a corporal,on a monthly

pay of 14 guilders per month, ad idem, without re-engage-

ment.

Hendrick Jansz of Metelen, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ Dolphyn ”

1 Probably allied to Span. fee a flat-bottomed vessel on the coast oe

Coromandel.—Zolhauser.

2 Mangalore ? * See note on page 424.

430 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOun. XVII.

MS. fol. 77.

as an Adelborst, on a monthly pay of 11 guilders, is, by these

presents, at his request, and since he has honourably acquitted

himself against the enemy at Acuiras, and brought off and

earried into this place one of our flags, which otherwise

might easily have fallen into the hands of the enemy afore-

said, promoted to the rank of corporal on a monthly salary

of 14 guilders, the increase of pay to begin this day.

Sivert Cornelisz of Langesond, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship ‘ Barekkout” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of

10 guilders, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as an Adelborst on a pay of 13 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay beginning this day, and the new engage-

ment on expiry of his present term.

Antony Jansz of Lonnen, arrived in India in 1640 in the

ship “ Neptunes ” as a common sailor, on a monthly pay of

10 guilders ad idem.

Jan Hendricksz Groe of Rotterdam, arrived in India in

1640 in the ship “Neptunes” as a common sailor, ona monthly

pay of 8 guilders ad idem.

Nicolaes Jodyn of Chomon in Bastienje (?), arrived in

India in 1640 in the ship “ Selandia”’ as a common sailor,

on a monthly pay of 9 guilders ad idem with 12 guilders

monthly.

Jacob Thomasz of Delft, arrived in India in 1637 in the

ship “‘’s Hartogenbotch ”

MS. fol. 78.

as a boy,! on a monthly pay of 4 guilders, at present drawing

9 guilders monthly as a drummer, is, by these presents, at his

request, allowed a salary of 12 guilders monthly, on condition

that he shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company in

India for another term of three years from this date.

' See note on page 418.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 431

Hendrick van Helten of Wesel, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ Middelburch ” asasoldier, on amonthiy pay of

$ guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a

new three years’ engagement in the capacity of Adelborst ona

pay of 13 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this

day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker, Gerrit

Maeyer, Albert Hooghland, Secretary,

Monday, June 29, 1648.

MS. fol. 79.

Whereas last year Raja Singa, at our request and

considering that for a long time before we had maintained

with rice at the Honourable Company’s expense his lascorins

and other subjects of his, residing in this town,—had for-

warded to us a large quantity of paddy and other necessaries

for the purpose both of assisting us therein and of feeding

our own garrison ;

and had moreover informed us that he should have sent us

still more, if he had not been in want of shiproom or other

vessels for the transport of the same :

Therefore the Lord President, having convened his

Council, has submitted to them the question,

whether, since itis now the favourable season, it would not be

advisable to send to Battecaloa some vessel, whether belong-

ing to the Company or hired, in order to request and induce

the said king to let us have some more necessaries, as rice,

paddy, &c., for this garrison ;

which having been weighed by the Council, and it having

been considered, that since throughout India the war

between us and the Portuguese is kept going on on his

account only, His Majesty is likely to show some more zeal

than before, and take the said matter to heart, the more so

if he be informed that we have again during some months

provided his subjects with rice,

432 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVIT.

and that if we should not take this course and should leave

him unapplied to, he is sure to do nothing and leave us to

our fate; and, should he afterwards be applied to, make

plenty of excuses

MS. fol. 80.

that he on his part had left nothing undone to lay in pro-

visions for us, but that we had failed to come and fetch

them; that he had had no vessels for the transport of the

said provisions, and other subterfuges, of which he has

always a great many ready to his hand,

It has been unanimously approved and resolved,

that as soon as possible two of the Company’s champans!

which are lying useless here, shall for the purpose above-

mentioned be made ready and stocked with ammunition ;

furthermore that next month or in the beginning of August,

the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen” (which for some time to come

cannot be used for any other purpose than that of lying at

anchor in this bay), unless unforeseen accidents should

prevent the same, shall be sent to His Majesty, of which he

shall be beforehand informed by the said champans, to the

intent that he may lay up a more abundant stock.

It has moreover been resolved that the presents herein-

after mentioned shall be made to the Cingalese chiefs of the

king’s subjects in thistown, to wit, the Dessave, Moedliaers,,.

Saban, Writer, Araatsjes, &c., together twenty in number ;

on the understanding that each of them shall get his aliotted

part according to his rank,

Viz. >—

12 catti? of silk

1 P.* of red double damask } for gowns.

AL ,, of coloured damask

1 See note on page 335.

2 A catti was a standard of weight used in China. According to Yule

(Hobson-Jobson) it was equal to 13 1b. avoir. Silk appears to have been sold

by weight.

* Pak =web. Valentyn (page 56) gives a table of the dimensions of a pak

of each kind of cloth used in his time.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 433

54 P. of armosin—for gowns. !

20 ordinary red caps.

d P. beltiljas. 1

5 ,, sarassas. |

2 ,, mouris.!

This being done to make them favourably disposed

towards the Honourable Company

MS. fol. 81.

and to animate and render them willing to make sgallies

against the enemy and render other services that might be

required of them.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

Friday, July 24, 1643.

MS. fol. 82.

Whereas by the death of Cornelis Cornelisz van Houten,

in his lifetime skipper of the yacht “ Delfshaven,” it

has become necessary to appoint an able person in his

stead, that the good and proper management of the affairs

of the said yacht may suffer no interruption, and due order

may be maintained, |

Therefore the Council, having considered that Jeuriaen

Lievensz, skipper of the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen,” having

been appointed to the said office by the Lord Governor and

Council of India, should be allowed the preference in this

matter,

has unanimously resolved that the said Skipper Jeuriaen

shall go over to the yacht “ Delfshaven” in the same capa-

city, and that his place in the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen” shall

1 These were probably different kinds of cloth or linen, of which betiltjes

(bethilis), sarassas (Port. saraga), and mowris (moeris) only are mentioned

by Valentyn. Yule gives “Betteela, &c. The name ofa kind of muslin

constantly mentioned in old trading lists and narratives.”

2B | 21-02

4354 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

be filled by his first mate Pieter Jansz of Hoorn, of whose

ability, fidelity, and diligence the Lord President and his

Council are sufficiently assured ; on the understanding that

furthermore one of the two second mates in the yacht

“ Delfshaven ” shall go over to the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen”

before-mentioned, in order to do his duties there, seeing that

on the promotion of the said Pieter Jansz, the yacht “ Kleyn-

Sutphen” will lose one of its mates.

At the humble request of Adriaen Pietersz of Maerlen-

beecq, who on the 7th May last was, as punishment for

faults committed by him, deprived of his corporal’s rank and

pay, and degraded to a common soldier on a monthly pay of

9 guilders,

it has for various considerations been resolved

MS. fol. 83.

to restore the said Adriaen Pietersz to his former office on

the old footing.

Balthasar Laube of Lieben, arrived in Indiain 1639 in the

ship “ Banda” as a soldier, on a pay of 9guilders monthly, and

afterwards successively advanced to a pay of 12 and 16guilders

per month, in the capacity of overseer of the Company’s

horses, is, by these presents, considering the good services by

him rendered and the vacancy now occurring, at his request

appointed corporal of the Adelborsts on a pay of 18 guilders

monthly, the increase of pay being held to have begun on the

21st of this month.

Actum Galle, datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck,

Gerrit Moutmaker, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert

Hooghland, Secretary.

Friday, the last day of July, 1643.

MS. fol. 84.

Whereas the Lord President and his Council have in

their meeting made resumption of the judicial proceedings

against one Wouter Barentsz of Amsterdam,surnamed Pater,

No. 53.—1902:] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 435

late soldier of this garrison, for manslaughter committed on

the person of David Robbertsz of Rotterdam, also a soldier,

Tt has been found that the said David was as much in fault

as respects the accident that befell him, as the aforesaid

Wouter Barentsz :

on which account it has been resolved,

Since the said Wouter Barentsz has also lost his life

(as according to laws divine and human he fully deserved),

and moreover the chattels left by him, his pay and monthly

wages, have been confiscated on behalf of the Honourable

Company (in virtue of the General Articles of our Masters),

to seize and confiscate in the name of the Supreme Authority

on behalf of the Honourable Company, also, the goods left by

the said David Robbertsz and the pay still due to him, as the

Lord President and his Council seize and confiscate the same

by these presents, to the intent that the same punishment be

suffered by both of them as justice requires, and the friends

of the one culprit may not enjoy greater advantages than

those of the other.

MS. fol. 85.

Gilles Jansz of The Overtoom, arrived in India in 1641

in the ship “ Amsterdam” as a ship boy, ona monthly pay of

5 guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, and since he has

been ordered to serve ashore here as a musketeer, and does

his duty along with the others, allowed a pay of 9 guilders

monthly ; on condition that he shall be bound to serve the

- Honourable Company for one year more after expiry of his

present term, the increase of pay to begin this day.

Daniel Roelofitsz of Baembrug, arrived in India as above

as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 8 guilders, now serving

as a soldier in this garrison, is, by these presents, at his

request, allowed a pay of 11 guilders monthly, on condition

that he shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company

for a term of three years after expiry of his present first

engagement, the increase of pay to begin this day.

2B2 :

436 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Tomas Sandersz of St. Johnstown, in Scotland, arrived in

India in 164[ ] in the ship “N. Rotterdam” as a junior

sailor, ona pay of 7 guilders monthly, now serving asa soldier

of this garrison, is, by these presents, at his request, allowed

a pay of 9 guilders per month, the increase of pay to begin

this day.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum

ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

Thursday, August 20, 16438.

MS, fol. 86.

Whereas in the month of March last with the yacht

‘‘ Lis” sailing from this place with destination for Paliacotte,

there has been sent to the Lord Governor Arent Gardenys a

request for certain necessaries for this garrison, together

with an intimation that in the month of September next

there should be sent out a yachtfrom here in order to fetch

the same,

Therefore the assembled Council, having duly considered

that, although the enemy loudly brags that they will come

to attack us more seriously than ever before, and this bay

would be totally deprived of yachts by such expedition

aforesaid, yet with the help of God we have not the least

danger to fear, since our defensive force fully balances said

enemy’s offensive power, and we are quite accustomed to his

boastful rhodomontade always resulting in nothing ;

that the Lord Governor aforesaid certainly expects the arrival

of the said yacht, and that by our detention of the same we

might in the end become destitute of that which we so

urgently need ;

and also that the said Lord Governor and their Worships at

Batavia are totally unacquainted with the state of affairs over

here, which is nowise to be approved of ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 437

have unanimously resolved and approved—

the more so as it is highly desirable that we should above all

be provided with rice, which to us is

MS. fol. 87.

more profitable here than anything else in the world, to wit,

for encouraging the natives; for getting the money again

out of their hands by selling the said rice to them; for

providing and feeding our garrison between whiles, 7.¢., at

such times when in general no cash is paid on account to our

soldiers—

to let the yacht “ Delfshaven ’’ make a voyage to Paliacotte as

aforesaid, towards the 5th or 6th of the month of September

next, unless unforeseen accidents should prevent this.

The Council has furthermore confirmed the resolution of

the 29th June last, and accordingly again resolved to send

out to Battecaloa the yacht “ Kleyn-Sutphen ” on the 25th

of this month.

Frederick Jacobsz of Woerden, arrived in India in 1640

in the fluytschip “ De Sayer ” as a musketeer, on a pay of 11

cuilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is,

by these presents, at his request, and considering his ability,

admitted toa new three years’ engagement as a quartermaster

on a pay of 15 guilders monthly, the increase of pay and the

new engagement to begin on this day.

Jacob Louisz of The Hague, arrived in India in [ ]

in the ship [ jas al ], on a@ monthly pay of

[ j,at present serving on a pay of [ |, whose

engaged time is about to expire, is, by these presents, at his

request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement, on a

pay of 14 guilders per month, theincrease of pay to begin this —

day, and the new engagement on expiry of the present one.

Sievert Pietersz of The Hague, arrived in India in

[ J in the ship [ jJasal ], on a pay of

[ | guilders per month, whose engagement is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new

three years’

438 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

MS. fol. 88.

engagement as an Adelborst on amonthly pay of 14 guilders,

the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new engage-

ment on expiry of the old one.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum

ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Lambert Cambholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary. :

Monday, the last day of August, 1643.

MS. fol. 89.

Whereas yesterday to our great joy there appeared quite

unexpectedly in this bay from Batavia (for which God be

thanked !) the yacht “ Santvoort ” and the fluytschip “ Heem-

stede,” and the Lord Governor-General and Council of India

have by thesame sentus orders to have thesaid ships unloaded

directly on arrival, to keep the yacht “Santvoort” here, and to

send the fluyischip ‘“‘Heemstede”’ to Paliacotte, to be used on

the Coast of Coromandel, and to require the Lord Governor

Arent Gardenys to give us so much rice, gunpowder, cloth,

etc., as we should stand in ‘need of, to be brought us in

the said fluyé or in some other vessel. Therefore the

Council assembled, having reconsidered the resolution of .

the 20th of this month,

have unanimously resolved and approved—

Seeing that, regard being had to the head winds and contrary

currents, we cannot employ the yachts against the enemy

before Columbo, Negumbo, Cape Comorin, and other places

thereabouts, before the month of October ;

seeing that this bay can be sufficiently protected against

any hostile attempts with the yacht “ Santvoort” alone (nay,

that we might manage without it) ;

Furthermore seeing that if we send out the yacht “ Delf-

shaven” along with the fluyt “ Heemstede,” they run no

risk of falling into the power of the enemy’s frigates that

might be cruising on this coast or on the Coast of Coromandel

(as almost happened to the yacht “ De Star ” last year) ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 439

seeing also that in this way the Lord Governor Gardenys

aforesaid will be given an opportunity to provide us plenti-

fully, especially with rice, of which we have askeda great

quantity ; or if he should want the said fluyt

MS. fol. 90.

to be employed in other places, as Bengal, Pegu, to give us

some provisional relief—

to send out the yacht “ Delfshaven” to Paliacotte in company

with the said fluyt, as soon as she can be made ready.

It has been further resolved to allow the suspended

Captain Paulus Donegq and the ditto Ensigns Burchardt Cocq,

Jan Brandenburch, and Marcus Symonsz (pursuant to a

letter from their Worships at Batavia) to retain their former

offices and perform the duties of the same; to readmit the

said Captain Doneg as a member of this Council ; the said

Captain, however, to remain suspended, as before-mentioned,

as far as his pay and rations are concerned.

Jan Leendertsz Kruyl of Rotterdam, arrived in India

in 1642 in the yacht “ Delfshaven’’ as a cooper, on a salary of

15 guilders per month, having since the Ist March last

done the duties of a butlerin the said yacht to the entire satis-

faction of his superiors, is, by these presents, on this account,

and at hisrequest, confirmed in the said office of butler on half

salary of that appointment according to the general articles

of our masters, and awarded a salary of 20 guilders monthly

from the time of his entrance on the duties aforesaid.

Pieter Hendricksz of Leeuwarden, arrived in India

in 1642 in the ship “ Banda” as a soldier, on a pay of 9

guilders monthly, who for some time past has been employed

in the armourer’s shop in town, is, by these presents, and

since he fully understands this trade, appointed to the office

of armourer on a pay

MS. fol. 91.

of 12 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this

day.

440 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum

at supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Moutmaker,

Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

Monday, October 19, 1648.

MS. fol. 92.

Whereas for some time past rumours have reached us

that the traitor St. Amand was to be appointed Captain

and Chief of Biligam; that with three or four other

runaways and a few Portuguese he would now be there,

engaged in the equipping and fitting-out of a mantchoe! or

vessel of war, in order to attack, and if possible capture any

champans that should avail themselves of the good monsoon

(which is beginning to blow in this month) in order to come

this way from Batiecaloa, Coromandel, &c.

The Lord President, having convened his Council, has

submitted to them the question what had best be done in

order to prevent this, and to get the said champans here

in safety (this being of the utmost importance to the

Honourable Company) ;

which having been duly weighed, and it having been

considered that until the yacht “Kleyn-Sutphen” shall

have returned here from Battecaloa, the yacht ‘ Delfshaven ”’

from Coromandel, or other yachts from Batavia,

the yacht “Santvoort”’ now lying in this bay can do little ser-

vice to the Honourable Company, except by defending the bay,

which, however, with the help of God, we trust at present to

_ be able to do ourselves with our sloopsand other small craft ;

1 Manchua, a large cargo-boat, with a single mast and square sail,

much used on the Malabar coast. (Hobson-Jobson.) That these were

often subsidized for regular or predatory warfare appears from the follow-

ing extract, also given in Yule : “So he made ready two manchuas, and one

night got into the house of the king and stole from him the most beautiful

woman that he had, and, along with her, jewels and a quantity of

money.” —Gaspar Correa, Lendas da India, %., 281.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 441

furthermore that, if we should do nothing in this matter,

and one or other of the champans should be taken by the

enemy (of which there would be great risk), the

MS. fol. 93.

Honourable Company’s reputation would also suffer greatly

among the “ blacks,” owing to the boastful rhodomontading

of the enemy ; |

Tt has been unanimously resolved and approved—

the more so as in this way (which God grant !) it might also

easily come to pass that the said rogue, after putting to sea,

should fall into our hands—

to send out the aforesaid yacht “ Santvoort” to-morrow early,

with orders to cruise between Biligam and Dequel'! until she

shall fall in with the yacht “Kleyn-Sutphen” or any of the

champans, and then to come back here in company of the

same, in order to receive further orders; the said yacht

“Santvoort” being also bound, wind and weather permitting,

to come now and then in sight of Galle, so that we can get

her here if required, of which she shall get warning by our

firing a shot from a large gun. |

Cryn Leendertsz of Rotterdam, arrived in India in 1638

in the ship “Emilia” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to anew three years’ engage-

ment in the Company’s service as an Adelborsi on a pay of

13 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to have

begun on the 24th September last, and the new engagement

to begin on expiry of the old one.

Jacob Gerritz of Lier, arrived in India in 1636 in the ship

“ Harderwyk” as a common sailor, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, at present serving on a pay of 13 guilders in the

same capacity, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted

to a new three years’ engagement in the Company’s service

on a

! Dikwella, between Matara and Tangalle.

442 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

US. fol. 94.

pay of 15 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held

to have begun on the 24th September last, and the new

engagement on expiry of the old one.

Tjaert Siewertsz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “Sutphen” as a common sailor, on a pay of 8

guilders monthly, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted toa new three years’

engagementas an Adelborst ona pay of 12 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay and the new engagement being held to

have begun on the 22nd September last.

Claes Dircksz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “Amboina” as a common sailor, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, whose engagement has expired, is, by these presents,

at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement as

an Adelborst on apay of 12 guilders per month, the increase

of pay being held to have begun on the third of this month,

and the new engagement from the expiry of the old one.

Abraham Willemsz of Middelburch, arrived in India

in 1638 as a sailor in the ship “ Seelandia,” on a pay of 9

guilders monthly, at present serving on a pay of 11 guilders,

is, by these presents, at his request admitted toa new three

years’ engagement asan Adelborst on a pay of 13 guilders

monthly,

US. fol. 95.

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the 13th of

this month, and the new engagement to begin on expiry of

the old one.

Hans Harmensz of [ ], arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “Harderwyk” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

cuilders, having for some time past served as a piper to this

garrison, is, by these presents, on this account and at his

request, confirmed in the said office, and allowed a pay of 12

guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to have

begun on the 13th of this month.

No. 53.—1992.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 443

Jan Koeck of Middelburch, arrived in India in 1640 in

the frigate “‘ De Liefde ” as a ship’s boy, on amonthly pay of 6

guilders, and afterwards promoted here to the rank of a

soldier on a pay of 9 guilders monthly, whose engagement

has expired, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted toa

new three years’ engagement as an Abelborst on a pay of 12

guilders monthly, the new engagement and the increase of

pay being held to have begun on the day when his first or

previous engagement expired.

Pieter Johannesz of Leeuwarden, arrived in India in

1637 in the ship “Nassau” asa sailor, on a monthly pay of

9 guilders, at present serving as a soldier on a pay of 11

guilders per month, whose engagement is about to expire, is,

by these presents, at his request. admitted toa new three years’

engagement as an Adelborst on a pay of 14 guilders per month,

the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new engagement

MS. fol. 96.

on expiry of the other or previous one.

Pieter Torel of Rhyns (Rheims) in Champagne, arrived in

India in 1639 in the ship “ Middelburch” as an Adelborst, on

a pay of 10 guilders per month, who since the 20th August

last has held the office of bazaar keeper at this place to the

satisfaction of his superiors, is, by these presents, on this

account, at his request, and considering his ability, confirmed

in the office aforesaid, and allowed a pay of 18 guilders

monthly, on condition that he shall be bound to serve the

Honourable Company in India for another term of three years

after expiry of his first engagement, the increase of pay being

held to have begun on the 20th August last.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Paulus Doncq, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hoogh-

land, Secretary.

dd JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

Saturday, November 7, 1648.

MS. fol. 97.

The Lord President and the Worshipful Council of this

place :

having heard in their meeting the urgent and humble re-

peated request of Captain Paulus Doncq, the Ensigns

Burchardt Cocqgs, Jan Brandenburch, and the provisional

Ensign Marcus Symonsz, of Cassel ;

having a second time read and duly considered the letter

from the Lord Governor-General and Council of India,

addressed to the said Lord President and his Council, and

transmitted to us recently in the ships “ Santvoort ” and

““Heemstede,” inier alia containing the sentences hereunder

following, to wit:

“What has by us been resolved with respect to the

Captains Doncq and Van der Laen and the other members

of the Council of War at Biligam, on account of their incon-

siderate resolution and their acting contrary to your orders,

you will learn in detail from our resolution, of which we hand

you an extract, which extract we request you to bring to the

knowledge of the said persons, that they may be guided by it.

The general drift of our resolution is, that on receipt of the

present letter, the officers mentioned in the said resolution

shall continue suspended from their rank, pay, and rations

during your Lordship’s and the Council’s pleasure, until such

time as they shall by good conduct have made good the faults

by them committed ; and to give them an opportunity for so

doing it is understood that also while suspended the said

officers shall perform their accustomed duties ; until as afore-

said they shall have amended their misdemeanours by better

services, or your Lordship and the Council shall think fit to

reinstate them as before.”

It having further been considered that since it appears

from the above that their Worships at Batavia have been

graciously pleased to leave the ease of the said officers to the

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 445

decision of the Lord President and his Council ; and since the

receipt of their aforesaid Worships’ order, we have, to our

sincere regret, not had a single opportunity for gaining

the least advantage over the enemy either with large or small

sallying parties, seeing that for four or five months past the

enemy has, so to say, not moved an inch from Hackmiene,

their fortified camping place,

MS. fol. 98.

as we have been told by the last arrived Portuguese runaway ;

also, that if the fleet were ordered to make its voyage hither

by a roundabout way, it might appear here very late in the

season, as was the case last year with the Lord Commissioner

Pieter Boreel, so that the said military officers, having now

gone without their pay for two months past, and yet done

their duties as before as becomes trusty officers, might have

to wait a very long time if their reinstatement were put off

until the appearance of the fleet—by which especially those

among them who are encumbered with wife and children

might be reduced to sore straits.

Therefore it has been resolved by majority of votes

—the more so, as in this way the officers aforesaid will be

greatly encouraged, in future, not only as we have no doubt,

to efface the former stain on their reputation, but also to be

thoroughly revenged on the enemy—

that the officers aforesaid, Captain Paulus Doncq and the

Ensigns Burchardt Cocqs, Jan Brandenburch, and Marcus

Symonsz, shall be fully restored to their offices as they were

before their suspension ; their pay and rations being held

to have begun again on the first day of this current month of

November.

Adriaen van Velsen, arrived in India in 1637 as a sailor,

ona pay of 9 guilders monthly, at present serving as an

assistant ona pay of 18 guilders per month, whose engagement

is about to expire, is, by these presents, at his request, and

446 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

considering his ability, admitted to a new three years’ en-

gagement as a first assistant on a pay of 30 guilders monthly,

and moreover allowed the rations of an Undermerchant, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the first, and the

new engagement on the 25th of this month.

MS. fol. 99.

Balthus Albertsz of Ruermond, arrived in India in 1640

in the frigate “ De Liefde ” as a ship’s corporal, on a pay of

13 guilders monthly, having for about three years past served

this garrison as a master armourer and sword-cutler with

all due carefulness and diligence, never shirking any labour,

without ever having got any increase of pay (as he had well

deserved), therefore is by these presents, on this account and

also because this garrison being daily expected to receive

reinforcement, his labour will consequently also increase,

at his request, and seeing that his engagement is expired,

confirmed in the said office of master armourer, and by these

presents allowed a pay of 30 guilders monthly, on condition

that he shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company in

India for another term of three years, the increase of pay and

the new engagement being held to have begun on the Ist of

this month.

Laurens Selder of Karle in Kommeland, arrived in India

in 1641in the fluytschip “De Dolphyn” as a musketeer, on

a monthly pay of 14 guilders, having at Batavia submitted

to a reduction of 5 guilders, since at his request he was

there taken ashore as a soldier, whose engagement is about

to expire, is, by these presents, at his urgent request, admitted

to anew three years’ engagement as an Adelborst on a pay of

12 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to have

begun on the Ist of this month, and the new term to begin

on expiry of the old one.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Sta. Cruz de Gale,

datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Gerrit Mout-

maker, Lambert Camholt, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland,

Secretary.

No. 58.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 447

Saturday, November 21, 1648.

MS. fol. 100.

Whereas we have now lying together in this bay the

yachts “Santvoort,” “ Delfshaven,” and “ Kleyn-Sutphen ”;

as the wind is favourable every day, and the current runs

northward to Columbo.

Therefore the Lord President, having convened his Council,

has submitted to their judgment the question,

in what place or places—seeing that it will not do to let

them lie useless in the bay—it would be advisable to employ

the said yachts to the best service of the Honourable Company

and the detriment of our general enemy the Portuguese ;

Which having been duly weighed, and it having been

considered—over and above the considerations set forth at

length in previous resolutions touching similar matters—that,

since we may every hour expect the fleet from Batavia, at

whose appearance the said yachts will in every case be

required here, the said yachts should not be sent far away

from here, so that we could not easily get them back here at

our pleasure ;

It has been unanimously resolved and approved

that the said yachts shall be ordered to cruise before and

about Columbo and Negumbo, higher up and lower down,

according as occasions shall require and admit of; as shall be

more largely set forth in the instructions that shall be given

for this purpose to the Captains of the said yachis ;

By which,

MS. fol. 101.

whether or not they should capture any vessels (which we

hope they will) at all events the enemy shall be cut off from

all supplies from other places across the sea, and be prevented

from sending out any vessels.

It has furthermore been resolved that a company of

soldiers under command of Lieutenant Lambert Camholt

448 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

and the provisional Ensign Marcus Symonsz, shall be

distributed over the said yachts, as a reinforcement, on the

chance of their being required.

Jan Wesselsen of Bremen, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “Amsterdam” as a boatswain’s mate, on a pay of 14

guilders per month, who for a term of fourteen months

has duly done the duties of an upper boatswain’s mate to the

entire satisfaction of his officers, is by these presents con-

firmed in the office aforesaid, on a pay of 18 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the 30th

August last.

Bastiaen Arentsz of Rotterdam, arrived in India in 1641

in the ship “ Leeuwarden” as a musketeer, on a monthly pay

of 14 guilders, having for four months past discharged

the duties of a quartermaster, is by these presents confirmed

in the said charge on a pay of 15 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 30th

August last.

Pelgrim Jansz of Dordrecht, arrived in India in 1643 in

the ship “ Breda”

MS. fol. 102.

as a musketeer, on a pay of 13 guilders monthly, is, by

these presents, allowed a pay of 15 guilders per month as a

constable, seeing that he has discharged the duties of said

post for four months past, the increase of pay being: held

to have begun on the 30th August last.

Volckert Uldricksz of Hoecksel, arrived in India in

1643 in the ship “ De Vogelstruys” as a musketeer, on 12

cuilders monthly, is, by these presents, allowed a pay of 14

guilders monthly as a quartermaster, seeing that he has

discharged the duties of said post for two months past, the

increase of pay being held to have begun on the 50th August

last.

Laurans Haercrugge of Antwerp, arrived in India in the

ship “N. Delft” as an Adelborst, on a pay of 10 guilders

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 449

monthly, is, by these presents, considering his ability and the

diligence shown by him, allowed a pay of 20 guilders

monthly as an under barber, the increase of pay to begin this

day.

Jacques Tierry of Orleans, arrived in India in 1642 in the

ship ‘‘ Banda” as an Adelborst, is, by these presents, consider-

ing his ability and the diligence shown by him, allowed a pay

of 18 guilders monthly as an under barber, the increase of

pay to begin this day.

Thus done and resolved in the town of Galle, datum ut

supra. Jan Thysen, Marten Vinck, Paulus Doncq, Gerrit

Moutmaker, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland, Secretary.

Friday, November 27, 1643,

MS. fol. 103.

Whereas this day there has arrived here a king’s

champan, having on board anew dessave,! to take the place

of the one now residing in this town, and to exercise his

functions, and as the said dessave has informed us by word

of mouth, among other things, that as they were on the way

off 'Teneware, 11 miles from here, they were attacked by

two hostile mantchoes, one of them carrying fifteen and the

other twelve white men; which mantchoes began to fire at

them off Cogele, at 3 miles’ distance from this town; they

answering the fire until they came before this bay, when

the enemy ceased to fire and left them late in the evening—

the firing having been partly seen and heard in this town—

and they having lost of the king’s men three killed and a few

wounded, without knowing how many of the enemy’s men

have been killed or wounded ;

1 Dissave was the title of a Governor of a province under the Kandyan

Kings. ‘‘ Next under the Adigars are the Dissouvas, who are the Governors

over provinces and countries of the land.”—Knox, page 50. The Dutch

adopted the title from the Sinhalese, and applied it to some high officials

of their own race whom they placed as Agents of the Government in

certain parts of the Island.

450 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoOL. XVII.

Therefore the Lord President, having convened the

Council, has submitted to their judgment the question

Whether for the benefit of the Honourable Company

it would not be advisable to arm and man our sloops, and

they having been provided with all necessaries for four or

five days, to send them out of this bay this very evening,

to see whether the said mantchoes could anywhere be

cotat ;

Which having been weighed,andit having been considered

that probably the said mantchoes are not yet far from here,

but may be lying hereabouts, whether in the Bay of Biligam

or elsewhere on the coast,

MS. fol. 104.

that if this be so, it is quite possible to come upon them

unawares and capture the same ;

that, in case we allowed them free play and did not attack

them, they might also attack other champans bound hither

from Coromandel, Battecaloa, or other places, and put the

same in great peril, to the great disadvantage and detriment

of the Honourable Company and their owners, and to the

advantage of our enemy aforesaid ;

It has been unanimously resolved to put the proposition

of the Lord President into effect ;

to choose out of this garrison 40 able-bodied men, | both

soldiers and musketeers, under command of the Merchant

Mr. Gerrit Moutmaker and Lieutenant Gerrit Maeyer, who

are charged with the execution of this project—and to let

them go on board the sloop aforesaid.

May the Almighty grant them complete success and safe

return. Amen.

Thus resolved and approved in the town of Galle,

datum ut supra. Jan Thysen, Marien Vinck, Paulus Doncg,

Gerrit Moutmaker, Gerrit Maeyer, Albert Hooghland, Secre-

tary. |

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 451

Saturday, December 19, 1648,

[from this date the manuscript consists of copies of

original Resolutions."

MS fol. 105.

On the arrival of the President Jan Thysen, together with

the Uppermerchant Marten Vinck and the military forces

from Galle consisting of 220 men, the Lord Commander,

having convened the Council, has communicated to them the

orders and the instructions from the Lord Governor-General

touching his Worship’s intention as respects the attack and

siege of the fortresses of Columbo and Negumbo; to wit,

whether it would be necessary for the strengthening of

our forces to summon hither the fleet before Goa either

wholly or in part ;

or whether our troops now assembled would be deemed

sufficient to undertake and execute our design against the

enemy ;

This being answered in the affirmative, whether in order

to mislead the enemy we shall run with the fleet a few miles

northward, and make a feint of going to attack Goa, Diu, or

Daman :

or whether a landing shall first be effected in a place where

we have least to fear from the enemy’s resistance, from the

breakers on the coast, and other inconveniences ;

which question having been amply debated and weighed,

and having been heard and considered the information given

by the said President and the Uppermerchant Vinck, who

1 These resolutions, although in a certain sense a continuation of the fore-

going, are in fact those of the Council of War under the presidency of

Francois Caron, Councillor of India and General of the Forces, sent out to

Ceylon with a special commission by the Governor-General of the Indies to

resume hostilities against the Portuguese. This step was taken by the

Council of India in consequence of the refusal of the Viceroy of Goa to sur-

render the lands within the jurisdiction of Galle, in terms of the treaty

entered into between the States-General and the King of Portugal. See

mission of the Commissioner Boreel, referred to at pages 385 and 412 supra.

202

452 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

draw attention to the uncertainty of winds and currents,.

owing to which a good deal of time, nay the best part of the

monsoon, would be wanted for getting here the fleet from

Goa; also to the fact that the force in the said fleet consists.

principally of sailors,

MS. fol. 106.

so that the number of military persons init cannot be

estimated at more than 90, which reinforcement would be-

of little use;

regard being had to the fact that in this way we should lose

a great deal of time ;

that it is highly necessary that the enemy’s return fleet bound

for Portugal should be prevented from leaving Goa; that

the Portuguese have already got wind of our design through

the Danes via Coromandel, and of the appearance of the

present fleet on the Coast of Ceylon ;

also that the enemy’s forces from Columbo, being at present

divided into two several troops, might perhaps be cut off

from the said town and attacked with advantage ;

or that we might occupy Columbo by surprise and keep

the Portuguese out of it ;

It has been unanimously pronounced advisable

that the fleet above-mentioned shall remain before Goa to

prevent the sailing of the enemy’s return fleet ; that we shall

only summon hither by the first opportunity the 90 soldiers

above-mentioned, together with as many sailors as they can

dispense with ;

that we shall immediately summon hither from Galle in the

ships 80 soldiers and about 200 laseorins, because we esti-

mate the reinforcement wanted here at 300 Dutchmen, and

because we want the lascorins to inform us about the situation

of the interior as respects roads and morasses ; to the intent

that the enemy by these proceedings of ours may be the

more misled and deceived.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 453

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Frederick Hendrick,”

1 mile east of Sta. Cruz de Gale, datum ut supra. F. Caron,

Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert

Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

Sunday, December 20, 1643.

MS. fol 107.

The 80 military persons, together with 200 lascorins

summoned yesterday, having to-day come on board, and the

same being distributed over the fleet,

the chiefs of the said lascorins and the Portuguese runaway

Diego Mendos having in the present meeting been asked

what place would be fitted for landing our forces, in order

to come easily before Columbo or near the enemy, who is

lying in the fields about Galle,

they have according to the best of their knowledge given

us information touching the enemy’s strength, place of

encampment, road, and morasses ; to wit,

that the Portuguese now number 1,050 white men and 2,000

Cingalese outside Columbo, divided into several troops, and

that inside the said town they have at present no more than

300 civilians, but a great many “blacks,” with a few

companies of soldiers, of which number 18 istancies! or

040 men are lying near the Aldee? Hackmine,* 1} mile to

landward from Galle, where they are surrounded by deep

-morasses almost inaccessible to hostile forces ;

that north of Columbo there would be a pretty good place

for landing, and every chance of capturing the town on

condition that we could surround the 18 istancies aforesaid,

being the flower of the enemy’s forces, and defeat the same,

or at least keep them outside Columbo;

‘An istanci, evidently the same as the word distanci which has occurred

in previous pages, would appear to have been a company of 30 soldiers. I

have failed to trace the etymology of the word.

? Port. aldea, village. 3 Akmimana, near Galle.

494 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

all this exactly tallying with the opinion and knowledge

of the aforesaid President Jan Thysen and Uppermerchant

Marten Vinck ;

Which information received having been duly attended

to and weighed with all possible circumspection : it having

been considered what ought to be done under these present

circumstances ;

MS. fol. 108.

in addition to which regard being had to the fact that the

Lord Governor-General, as per letter sent on the 29th

September! last to the said President, opines, that if possible

and advisable, we should try to cut off the enemy from his

fortresses, in case the said enemy is encamped in the fields,.

and to defeat him.

Therefore after serious and earnest consideration of all

circumstances hereto appertaining, it has been unanimously

resolved and approved

that this present evening we shall run with the fleet before

Galle, come to anchor there in twelve or fourteen fathoms of

water, and that in the night the whole of our forces shall be

landed in the order hereunder following :—

First, out of the sailors of this fleet shall be formed four

companies, each consisting of 50 men with their Captains ; to

be armed with cutlasses, axes, and long pikes, since most of

them are unable to handle a musket ; [ }| 200 men.

The first company to be commanded by Dirck Gerritsz of

Amsterdam, Skipper of the ship “ Wesel.”

The second by Harmen Arentsz of Amsterdam, Skipper of

the ship “ D’Engelse Hoop.” ?

The third by Albert Cornelisz Caganaer of De Caegh,

Skipper of the yacht “ Ackersloot.”

The fourth by Pieter Symonsz of Buycksloot, first mate

in the yacht “ Grol.”

1 A full translation of this letter appears in Cey. Lit. Reg., vol. I1., page 84.

* Int. The English Hope.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 455

For carrying the gunpowder, lead, matches, and other

necessaries, under the supervision of the commissioners of

the provisions and artillery, there shall be employed 30

musketeers and sailors armed with cutlasses, 30

of sailors, together 230 men.

MS. fol. 109.

The Skipper Commander Reyndert Weybrantsz is, by these

presents, appointed Commander and Chief of the fleet remain-

ing at anchor in the roadstead before Galle.

Steven Pietersz, Skipper intheship“A msterdam,”’ is, by these

presents, appointed Commander of the small craft, boats,

skiffs, and sloops for regularly transporting to and from the

army all provisions, ammunition of war, and men, according

as occasion shall require.

Secondly, these our landing forces shall consist

of 21 companies, to wit, 13 companies from

Batavia, originally numbering together 980 men,

now by illness and death reduced to 68 men

per company, in all as ... 898 men

4 ditto companies from Galle, each company

of 75 men ie: ue .. o00men

4 companies of sailors, each numbering 50 men 200 men

The carriers of gunpowder and lead belonging

to the train Aish i -. o2men

Total ... 1,390 men

who shall be commanded by the Lord Commander and

General Francois Caron, together with the Lord President +

Jan Thysen, the Captain-Major Willem van der Beecq, and

the other officers, and led in such order and form as shall be

allowed and rendered necessary by the constitution of the

enemy’s forces and the state of the roads; all of which

shall be duly ordered when occasion shall require ;

‘President of the Political Council of Galle, and thus Civil Governor of

the Dutch Possessions in Ceylon, here acting as second to the General

Francois Caron,

AD6 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON) [ VoL. XVII.

These 1,390 men aforesaid shall each of them be provided

with bacon and bread for three days, to wit, each of them with

4 pound of bacon and 1 pound of bread daily, so that in case

of need they can, thus provided, march into the interior,

for which purpose the boats commanded by Steven Pietersz,

Skipper of the ship “ Amsterdam, ” shall set out for the river

Gindure, about 14 mile north of Galle, with the provisions

aforesaid, ammunition, and all sorts of necessaries ; and at

the same time,

MS. fol. 110.

if required, transport our forces to the other side of the said

river ; in order to make an attempt against the enemy, and

try to attack him in various places, and if possible to defeat

the 540 men or 18 istancies lying at Hackmine ;

on the express understanding that if this expedition and

attempt should not succeed, our forces shall return to Galle,

the troops be re-embarked, and the fleet set sail for Columbo

in order to attack the said town with the help of God.

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Frederick Hendrick,”

1 mile east of Galle, date as above, was signed F. Caron,

Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyn-

dert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

Wednesday, December 28, 1643.

MS. fol. 111.

Whereas yesterday in the forenoon we arrived with

the whole army at this place named Regam,! and were

prevented by the impracticable roads and the morasses from

proceeding further towards the enemy’s camp; and have

meanwhile sent out our spies in order to reconnoitre the

enemy’s camp and try to find good roads,

who reported to us that the enemy was still lying in his

1 More likely Ratgama than Ragama.

No. 53.—1902.] GALWE DUTCH RECORDS. 457

former camp named Hackmine,! this information tallying

with the news obtained from a certain “ black, ” seized by our

Cingalese on the road; which “ black,” without being able

to give further particulars, confirmed, in accordance with the

declarations of our spies, that it would be impossible to

‘approach the enemy with our army along this road, on

account of the numerous morasses.

All which having been understood by the Council and

maturely considered,

at the suggestion of the President Jan Thysen it has

been unanimously resolved and approved—seeing that the

term of three days for which the provisions were to be

distributed is to expire to-night—that our army shall

return to our former encampment near the river Gindure ;

that the President Jan Thysen shall march on before with

six musketeers, and sail up the said river Gindure in alight

ship’s wherry, in order to ascertain whether the whole of our

forces can in this way be sent up the river in the boats and

sloops as far as Cosgere,? at 2 miles’ distance from the

enemy’s camp, from which place there would seem to be a

better chance of attacking the enemy.

And if this should prove to be the case, it has further been

approved and pronounced advisable that our forces

MS. fol. 112.

shall be divided in the way hereunder following, to wit,

860 men shall go up the river Gindure as far as Cosgere, in

all the small craft at our disposal; which we conjecture can

be done in two parties.

The remaining 500 men shall go back to Galle, and there

be divided into two troops, viz.:—

One troop of 300 men shall occupy the pass leading to

Biligam and the remaining 200 men shall occupy the pass

leading to Acuiras; in order thus to attack the enemy on

‘three sides.

' Akmimana. ? Kosgoda,

458 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

All this, however, on the understanding that if this under-

taking should not succeed, and we could not get near the

enemy, the whole army shall march to Galle,and be embarked

again, in order to set sail as soon as practicable for Columbo,

and get the said town into the power of the Dutch with the

help of God.

Thus done and resolved in the camp of Regam, date as

above. (Signed) F. Caron,'Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq,

Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter

Vinckboous.

Wednesday, December 23, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon,

1643 A.D.

MS. fol. 113.

Having this moment arrived, together with our army, near

the river Gindure, we understand from the President Jan

Thysen that there is a reasonable chance of getting the troops

afore-mentioned up the said river, as the said President had

himself ascertained ;

in accordance with which and in conformity with our last

resolution, it is unanimously resolved and approved that

in the first place 300 men ghall be carried up the said river

in seven boats and sloops now lying at hand (this being the

number the said boats can hold) under the command and

guidance of the said President Jan Thysen, and shall be

landed near Cosgere; this to go on until the whole of the

860 men are transported ; that the remaining troops shall

march to Galle, and being there divided into two parties, one

of them consisting of 300 soldiers shall incontinently march

to Biligam, the other numbering 200 men shall without

delay set out for Acuiras, in order, as aforesaid, to attack the

enemy on three sides, to prevent the said enemy from being

provided with victuals, and with God’s help to destroy him,

the other boats meanwhile to remain in the roadstead of

Galle, in order to be kept at hand for the service of the fleet,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 459:

to the end that if any disaster should happen (which God

forefend) we shall not be utterly destitute of vessels.

Thus done and resolved near the river Gindure, datum

ut supra. (Signed) F. Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der

Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz,

Pieter Vinckboous.

Thursday, December 24, 1643 A.D.

MS. fol. 114.

Whereas the President Jan Thysen, who yesterday

in the afternoon carried up 300 men in the boats as far as

Cosgere, has this morning by the returning boats sent us

word, that it is very difficult to get the said boats up the

river, the getting up and going down again having taken up-

wards of 24 hours and required the most dreadful exertions,

Therefore the Council assembled has resolved, that in

order to spare the sailors and not to fatigue them overmuch,

one more expedition shall be undertaken up the river, and

that the rest of our army shall march on by land along a

beaten road, difficult and marshy it is true, which has been

pointed out to us by the chief of the Cingalese.

And whereas we have been informed by the Upper-

merchant Vinck that the 500 men originally intended for

occupying the passes of Biligam and Acuiras, are quite in-

sufficient, that at least 500 soldiers are required for keeping

the pass of Biligam alone, and keeping the enemy in check

there,

Therefore it has been unanimously resolved and deter-

mined, that the 500 men aforesaid shall march to Cosgere by

land along with the others, to the intent that, when they are

arrived there, we shall be able to decide what shall be most

advantageous to do there.

Thus done and resolved in the camp near the river

Gindure, datum ut supra. (Signed) F. Caron, Jan Thysen,

Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Steven Pietersz, Pieter

Vinckboous.

460 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

Friday, December 25, 1643.

MS. fol. 115.

Whereas by experience we find more and more that

owing to the protracted rains, all the roads and approaches

to the enemy, and the morasses surrounding his camp have

become so deep and inaccessible, that our men are unable to

pass them, except with extraordinary exertions and to the

considerable weakening of our army ;

To which should be added that the Cingalese who have

followed us from Galle, filled as they are with fear of the

Portuguese and of their own king, do not give us proper

information touching the roads which we are sure must

exist in this country ;

in Consequence of which we greatly fear that on this present

footing our whole enterprise will result in nothing —

for from time to time we get knowledge of the different state

of the roads along which the Portuguese escape, and which,

however, our own army cannot get at, as only this morning

we were by the chief of the Cingalese shown the pass leading

to Mapouligam, +! and other passages on the other side of the

enemy’s camp ;

All which information and considerations having been

closely scrutinized and deliberated on, the Council has con-

sidered what had best be done in these circumstances in

order to the furthering of the work undertaken ; to wit,

whether we shall occupy the pass of Mapouligam in hopes of

checking the enemy there, 3

or whether it would be more advisable to march away in

order to gain time; also, what shall be done with the 600

men encamped near Cosgere,

and whether we shall wait two days until the dessaves or

chiefs of our Cingalese shall have returned from their

expedition |

1 Mapalagama,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 461

MS. fol. 116.

of reconnoiting the roads and the state of the country near

Mapouligam ;

which matters having been closely inquired into, especially

as regards the fact that the road leading to Mapouligam, at

6 miles distance upwards of Cosgere, is very difficult to pass:

also that it would be impossible to row up the river and

carry up without danger the provisions for 800 men to go

great a distance,

Therefore it has been unanimously pronounced fit and

advisable—seeing that the enemy has still more up-roads at

his disposal than the said road to Mapouligam, which up-

roads cannot possibly be occupied and got at by our men—

that therefore we shall give up the said occupation, and

recall the 800 men aforesaid to Galle,

that meanwhile the other 500 soldiers shall remain in the

vicinity of Cosgere until the return of the spies sent out and

until further decision in this matter ;

also that 200 men of the 800 aforesaid shall remain near

Gindure, in order to occupy that pass.

Thus done and resolved in the village of Vacquel, datum

ut supra. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem

van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinck-

boous.

Monday, December 28, 1643,

MS. fol. 117.

Whereas yesterday and to-day the 500 soldiers com-

manded by the Captain-Major Willem van der Beecq

formerly stationed in the village of Cosgere in order to

harass the enemy, have returned hither, so that now the

whole of our forces are again assembled together,

Therefore the members of this Council have met on the

question what had best be done now, for the greatest advan-

tage of the Honourable General Company.

Whereupon, after mature consideration, it has been un-

animously determined and resolved,

462 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

that all preparations shall be made for unloading out of the

ship “Frederick Hendrick” the lime destined for this fortress

of Galle, which she has on board, that all the soldiers,

including the 300 men of the garrison of Galle, shall be sent

on board; and that all possible measures shall be taken that

are required for enabling the whole of our naval forces to set

gail for Columbo on the first opportunity ;

that when with the help of God we shall be arrived before

the said fortress, diligent inquiries shall be set on foot

touching the situation of the town, the state of the coast, and

other circumstances thereto appertaining,

after the which we shall be able to take further resolutions

with greater security and on a firmer foundation, touching

the place, the manner, and the order of our landing.

Thus done and resolved in the town and fortress of Galle,

datum ut supra. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen,

Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Wey branitsz,

Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

Thursday, the last day of December, 1643 A.D.

MS. fol. 118.

Whereas to-day the lime on board the ship “ Frederick

Hendrick,” destined for this fortress, has been all landed, the

ships have been provided with water, and all of them made

ready to sail,

and, in conformity with our resolution of the 20th of this

month, it is our present duty to set sail with the first fair

wind blowing from the land, in order to effect our expedi-

tion to or about Columbo,

therefore the Council has met in order to consider whether

any tools or arms would be required for our undertaking,

which we might take with us out of the fortress of Galle, in

order to use them,

and to order whatever ought to be set to rights before our

departure, the which points having been diligently examined

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 463

and looked into, it has after mature deliberation been unani-

mously determined and found advisable to bring together

and send on board this evening the necessaries hereunder

following, to wit, 50 spades,

the large sloop at Galle with the fieldpiece thereto belonging,

a small wooden mortar with its grenades, the large grenades

with their chambers, and the smith with his tools.

It has furthermore been resolved that during the absence

of the President Jan Thysen and of the Uppermerchant

Marten Vinck, the Merchant Gerrit Moutmaker shall be

appointed superintendent of the Company’s affairs and

belongings about and inside this fortress, and the Ensign

Burchardt Cocqs shall be, under the aforesaid Moutmaker,

appointed chief of the military forces ;

MS. fol. 119.

the said charge to remain conferred on the said Moutmaker

according to the instructions drawn up by the Lord President

Jan Thysen.

The Uppersurgeon Marcus Vos appointed to the ship

“Wesel,” having represented to us, that inthe sending up of

the provisions to the army, his instruments have been lost

owing to the miscarrying of the praw! loaded with victuals,

which loss is confirmed by the Surgeon Mr. Albert Geverts,

who has valued the said instruments at 9 Spanish reals,

it has been resolved that to make good his loss the said

Mareus shall at his request be allowed a sum of 8 reels in

ready money, for which his account current in the book of

the ship “ Wesel ” shall be credited.

Thus done and resolved in the town and fortress of Point

de Galle, datum ut upra. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan

Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert

Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

1 See note on page 295.

464 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Saturday, January 2, 1644,

MS. fol. 120.

Whereas we have now come to the place where, in

accordance with our resolution of the 28th December last,

we have determined to reconnoitre the situation of the coast,

the field, and the river, and to collect all possible information

touching these points, so as to enable our military forces to

land the guns in safety and out of danger from the breakers

on the coast and the secret attempts of the enemy,

Therefore the Lord General has seriously represented to

the Council that, since we have arrived before the river

Paneture, measures must be taken for investigating the

mouth, width, and depth of the said river,—seeing that

neither from the President Jan Thysen, nor from any other

persons well acquainted with this island, nor even from the

Cingalese themselves, we have been able to obtain any

definite information as respects this river,

upon which, after serious scrutiny and mature deliberation,

it has been unanimously resolved that four members of this

Council, to wit, the Lord President Jan Thysen, the Skipper

Commander Reyndert Weybrantsz, the Skipper Steven

Pietersz, and the Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous shall

immediately set out for the river aforesaid in a small boat

protected by the large sloop, the yacht ‘‘ Wingurla,” and

the quel! “Den Hasewind,” shall reconnoitre the said

river, together with the places lying thereabouts, and

ascertain whether there would be a good opportunity for

MS. fol. 121.

landing our army, artillery, &c., there ;

which opportunity being (which God grant !) by them found

favourable, itis, by these presents, resolved that in the name

of God ourarmy shall be landed there, in such order as shall

be set forth in the plan therefor drawn up;

1 See note on page 429.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 465

on the- understanding, however, that on having received

certain information, we shall first go with the fleet directly

as far as Negumbo, in order to draw that way the enemy who

is accustomed to follow the ships,

after which having thus misled the enemy, we shall with all

possible expedition run before the wind to the place where

we have resolved to land.

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Frederick Hendrick,”

straight before the river Paneture, 4 miles south of Columbo,

datum at supra. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen,

Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz,

Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

Monday, January 4, 1644,

MS, fol. 122.

Whereas this moment the deputed members of this

Council, to wit, the President Jan Thysen, the Skipper Com-

mander Reyndert Weybrantsz, the Skipper Steven Pietersz,

and the Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous have returned

- hither and given a report of their experiences, as they were

charged with doing by our resolution of the 2nd of this

month ; the said report running as hereunder following :

¢ That on the 2nd of this month they had carefully examined

the river Paneture, 4 miles south of Columbo, and had

found the same well fitted for landing soldiers and guns;

that yesterday, the 3rd of this month, they had examined the

coast north of this river towards Columbo, but had found no

better place for landing ; nor could they form any judgment

or conjecture whether our soldiers would be able to trans-

port to Columbo our guns from the river Paneture aforesaid,

considering the great distance, the loose sand, and the many

woods which the same would have to pass through ;

that also to-day they had been engaged on the same inquiry,.

had without any risk got to within half a mile of Columbo,

2D 21-02

466 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

and at little more than 15 mile’s distance south of Columbo!

they had found another place which to them seemed reason-

ably fitted for landing men and some of the smaller pieces,

but not for landing heavy guns.”

All which having been seriously and duly considered, it

has finally been unanimously resolved that the same deputed

members of the Council shall, to-morrow before daybreak,

once more )

MS. fol. 123.

make an inspection of the enemy’s coasts, beginning from

the spot where they have been to-day, and going northward

past the said town, to the end that they may ascertain

whether there be any fitting place for landing our guns

closer to the enemy’s fortresses ;

all this, however, to be done under cover of the guns of the

boat, and the yachts hitherto used for this purpose, as much

as shall be found possible, to the end that the deputed coun-

cillors aforesaid may run no risk of disaster, for which

purpose the whole fleet shall also follow them, and shall try

to avail itself of the sea and land wind, to run up north of

Columbo so far as shall be at all found possible.

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Prins Hendrick,” 2

miles due east of Columbo, dateas above. (Signed) Francois

Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck,

Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous.

Wednesday, January 6, 1644.

MS. fol, 124.

Whereas for some days past the councillors deputed

have used all possible diligence to examine and reconnoitre

the coast about the enemy’s fortress, to the end that after

trustworthy information obtained, we might with greater

'This was probably Mount Lavinia; 1 Dutch mile is equal to about 4

English miles.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 467

security and on a surer foundation determine where and in

what manner we should land our soldiers, and especially

heavy guns in order to attack the town of Columbo, and with

the divine help, get the same into our power;

concerning which point a further and closer investigation

has brought to light the things hereunder following, to wit,

that between the river Paneture and Columbo there is no

fitting place for landing our guns, but only one for putting

our men ashore ; excepting only one spot at a little more

than a gun-shot’s distance from the town, where it would

seem that in very favourable and calm weather the artillery

might be set ashore on rafts, at the imminent risk, however,

of losing the same, if the least wind should suddenly arise,

which we daily find to be the case, seeing that even in calm

weather there are pretty high seas, but as soon as any breeze

arises, the waves become so high that the anchors could

hardly keep the rafts; which favourable opportunity for

Janding the guns might probably be found if only we waited

long enough; but on an eventual retreat from the town

for the purpose of re-embarking the same, great disasters

might ensue ; we being by no means certain of success, regard

being had to the strength and constitution of the enemy,

who within his ramparts and walls

MS. fol. 125.

is lying at vantage; numbering as before-mentioned 1,400

white men and 7,000 “blacks,” among whom there are 400

stout well-exercised caffres and 1,500 lascorins or Cingalese

soldiers ; against whom we can now put into the field little

more than 1,000 soldiers and 200 sailors armed with pikes,

the rest of our soldiers being ill or carried off by death,

which is daily demanding fresh victims ;

besides, the enemy may expect great advantage, and we on

the contrary great disadvantage, before we come to the

place where we intend to establish our encampment, since

we shall have first to pass along a number of narrow roads,

where the enemy lying in ambush can do us great harm ;

maZeD) 2

468 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

On the other hand, as we have been confidently informed

by the President Jan Thysen and the Uppermerchant

Marten Vinck, the town must necessarily be attacked by

artillery on two sides, for which our forces are not deemed

sufficient, seeing that for this purpose it would be necessary

to divide them into two bodies;

furthermore the enemy has so strongly fortified himself on

the north side and strengthened himself on all parts that

there would not be the least chance in the event of our landing

there; our great solicitude in this matter being that we

cannot from any runaway obtain the least certainty or

information touching these points and the constitution of

the enemy, beyond that which has been roughly set forth

in the above ;

regard being also had to the orders which the Lord Governor-

General has been pleased to give us by his instructions,

MS. fol. 126.

to wit,

that we shall refrain from undertaking anything hazardous;

this undertaking as yet not holding out any security of

success, but numerous difficulties being indissolubly con-

nected therewith ;

Therefore we have seriously weighed all these inconve-

niencies and difficulties, and after calling on the name of God

Almighty, have found advisable and accordingly resolved

that for the present the attempt against Columbo shall be

deferred ;

that with the forces we shall march against Negumbo, and

first endeavour to take the latter fortress with the help of

God, to the end that after capturing the same we may have

an opportunity of getting better acquainted with the position

and strength of Columbo, which opportunity we hope will

not fail us; after which we shall with the greater security

and confidence be enabled to undertake our greater design,

which we have now put off until that time, and in which

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 469

we shall also be supported by the auxiliaries which the

king has promised us, and which we may confidently expect

if once we have got a firm footing in the island; by which

time we hope to be able to employ our “blacks” against

those of the enemy, and our own soldiers against the

Portuguese forces, and with the help of God defeat the

latter.

Thus doneand resolvedin theship “ Prins Hendrick,” lying

at anchor 1 mile north of Columbo, date as above. (Signed)

Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten

Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter

Vinckboous.

Friday, January &, 1643.

MS. fol. 127.

Whereas last night we arrived in the roadstead before

Negumbo with the whole fleet, excepting the yachts

“Landvoort,” “Grol,” and “ Wingurla,”

we have in order to gain time resolved that four of the

largest ships, to wit, “ Frederick Hendrick,” “ Wesel,” “Ams-

terdam,” and “Den Snoecq” shall remain at anchor before the

canal, on account of the shallowness of the water; that the

soldiers of the said ships shall be sent on board the smaller

vessels, which shall run toa depth of three fathoms as soon as

the wind from the sea shall begin to blow harder, or by night

shall be tugged with cables (?) ;

we meanwhile awaiting there the three yachts afore-

mentioned, which have still on board two companies of

musketeers and one ditto of matchlock men, in order after

this to land with the whole of the army, together with two

mortars and four small field pieces ; the sloops and all the

large boats to be each of them strengthened with a ditto

field piece, that under cover of the same we may with

greater security set foot ashore ;

furthermore, regard being had to the order and form which

ought to be observed with the present forces, both in the

470 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

landing and the storming of the fortress of Negumbo, the

following provisional resolutions have been assented to :

First, that out of the sailors of this fleet there shall

be formed two companies of 55) men with their

officers, the said men to be armed with long

pikes and cutlasses aden

The first company to be commanded by ae

persons following :

MS. fol. 128.

Dirck Gerritsz of Amsterdam, skipper of the ship

“Wesel,” Captain ; Claes Drydyck, ex-skipper

of the ship “Grol,” as Lieutenant.

Joris Ardiliaen, Undermerchant on the ship

“ Provintie,’ as Ensign.

The second company to be commanded by

Harmen Arentz, skipper of the ship “De

Engelsche Hoop,” as Captain.

Manuel Albertz, first mate in the ee

* De Engel,” as Lieutenant.

Daniel van Hoogstraten, Undermerchant in the

said fluyi, as Ensign.

The artillery and further instruments and tools,

to wit:

1 small metal mortar

1 wooden do.

4 field pieces, besides hand grenades, gun-

powder, lead, matches, spades, pickaxes,

pikes, mattocks, scaling ladders, &c., shall be

led by the Commissioner of the Ordnance

Adriaen de Widt, the Constable-Major Chris-

tiaen Paulusz, the master bomb maker

Juriaen Jansz, and the other constables

appointed to the train, for the dragging, draw-

ing, and carrying of the whole of which are

assigned 175 sailors and musketeers, armed

with sabres...

Total

Men. .

110:

No. 53.—1902.| GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ATI

MS. fol. 129.

To be commanders of the small craft, boats, skiffs, and

sloops are appointed the persons following:

Skipper Commander Reyndert Weybrantsz and Steven

Pietersz, skipper of the ship ‘‘ Amsterdam.”

Captain Johan Burgers has been elected Sergeant-Major of

the army, to hold said office provisionally in the room of

Major Willem van der Beecq, now laid up with illness.

In the second place these our forces shall consist of 19

companies, to wit :

13 companies of soldiers from Batavia.

4 do. from the garrison of Galle.

2 do. ol sailors armed with pikes.

19 companies together, who shall be divided into three

troops, which shall form respectively the vanguard, the

centre, and the rear-guard ;

who, one hour before daybreak, on the signal given by

hoisting upa lantern at the yard-arm of the ship “ D’Engelse

Hoop,” shall land in good order and shal! march :

first, the vanguard commanded by the Lord President Jan

Thysen, the Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous, together

with Captain Paulus Doncq; said vanguard to consist of 6

companies, to wit, 5 companies of soldiers, viz. :

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Lambert Camholt

and his Ensign Geleyn Cornelisz,

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Marcus Cassel

and his Ensign Balthasar Laube,

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Gerrit Maeyer

and his Ensign Jan van Gulick,

MS. fol. 180.

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Jan Branitten-

burch and his Ensign Cornelis Snoecq.

—— Men.

4 companies from Galle, among which one

composed of matchlock men, of 75 men

each, together fe ge 300

472 JOURNAL, B.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Ger- Men.

rit Scholbergen and his Ensign Jan Corssel 92

1 company of sailors commanded by Captain

Dirck Gerritsz, Lieutenant Drydyck, and

Ensign Joris Ardiliaen ... 4 oo

6 companies in the vanguard, numbering ... 44]

— a

The centre shall be commanded by the Lord

Commander and General Francois Caron,

the Sergeant-Major Johannes Burgers, and

Captain Hendrick Man, and shall consist of

the companies hereunder following, to wit,

¢ companies of soldiers, viz. :

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Jan

Anthony Frank and his Ensign Gysbert

Jacobsz, numbering cite 68

1 company commanded by Lieutenant ents

rick Francken and his Ensign Otto Wou-

tersen, numbering soe ms 66

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Joan

Stalpaert and his Ensign Cornelis Francen-

payse, numbering ae sae 67

3 companies under the orders of the Ser-

— geant-Major Burgers 201

l company of matchlock men commanded

by Lieutenant Michiel Williamsz and _ his

Ensign Juriaen Gysenbier Be 66

1 company commanded by Lieutenant David

Fucx and his Ensign Frans Michielsz ... 63

MS. fol. 131.

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Nicolas

LLansknecht and his Ensign Abraham Bolle 69

3 companies under the orders of Captain

— Hendrick Man 7 ye st —— 199

No. 93.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS.

lcompany commanded by Lieutenant Julius

Schifferts and his Ensign Roeloff Jansz,

under the orders of Captain Hendrick

Hendricksz

1 company of sailors under Captain Harmen

Arentsz, Lieutenant Manuel Albertsz, and

Ensign Daniel van Hoogstraten

8 companies in the centre, numbering

The rear-guard shall be commanded by the

Uppermerchant Marten Vinck, Captain

Claes Symsz, and Captain Hendrick Hen-

dricksz, and shall consist of 5 companies of

soldiers, to wit :

1 company commanded by Lieutenant

Juriaen Caldenbroen and his Ensign

Arrond Ruys, numbering

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Johan

Hartman, who takes the place of Hendrick

van Norden, laid up with illness, and his

Ensign Hendrick van Bremen as above,

instead of Jan Caspersz of Swol

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Peter

Timmerman and his Ensign Adriaen

Ryniersz

3 companies under the orders of Captain Claes

— Symsz

MS. fol. 132.

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Staets

Wessels and his Ensign Jan Jansz of

Bremen

473

Men.

— 121

ays)

— li2

474 JOURNAL, k.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

1 company commanded by Lieutenant Hans Men.

Philipsz of Warrenstad and his Ensign

Mathys Claesz, instead of Lucas Huygensz,

laid up with illness at Galle a 68

2 companies under the orders of Captain

— Hendrick Hendricksz ... 500 —— 124

2) companies in the rear-guard numbering to-

— gether... bee aa 296

To whom added the 175 sailors and muske-

teers aforesaid, assigned for dragging and

carrying the guns, mortars, and ammuni-

tion $53 chs Ba 175

a 4

So that the army shall consist of Be 1,439

men, and to the intent that during this projected expedition

due order and discipline may be maintained to prevent all

confusion, it has been further deemed necessary to draw up

the following Ordinances, which shall be read aloud to the

troops, that every one may know how he shall have to behave

himself.

First : every soldier shall without any resistance obey and

respect the officers appointed to command him, or are to be

appointed and installed ;

MS. fol. 133.

and whosoever shall be found to have run counter to this

Ordinance shall receive corporal punishment as an example

to others. |

Secondly : every soldier shall be bound to do his utmost

to preserve carefully his musket, gunpowder, lead, matches,

and other arms, which he is ordered to carry or shall in

future be ordered to carry ; without wasting the same

through wantonness or carelessness ; on pain as above.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ATS

Thirdly: no one shall presume to leave his company or

rank, without consent from his Captain or Lieutenant ; on

pain as above.

Fourthly : no one shall commit any arson without orders

from his officers ; on pain as above.

Fifthly : no one shall hurt or cut down any fruit trees or

other trees, except with the consent of his officers; on pain

as above. |

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Wesel ” in the road-

stead before Negumbo, date as above. (Signed) Francois

Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck,

Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous,

Johannes Burgers.

Sunday, January 10, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 184. |

Whereas yesterday, through the efficient help of God, the

fortress of Negumbo has asecond time! fallen into our hands,

and various officers have been killed and wounded in battle;

It has been resolved and approved that the vacant places

shall be filled by the persons hereunder following, who shall

be provisionally appointed on the same terms on which the

deceased were formerly appointed and installed by the Lord

Governor-General at Batavia; to wit:

Adriaen Reyniersz Verheul of Gorcum, Ensign, is

appointed Lieutenant, instead of his Lieutenant Pieter

Timmerman, deceased.

Willem de Man of Cuylenburch, sergeant, is appointed

Ensign, instead of Adriaen Reyniersz afore-mentioned.

Hans Jurgen Visscher of Brin, corporal, is appointed

sergeant, instead of Willem de Man afore-mentioned.

Anthony Rogie of Moucham, sergeant in the company of

Hans Philipsz of Warrenstad, is appointed Ensign, instead

of Mathys van den Berge.

'Negombo was first captured by the Dutch under the Director-General

Philippus Lucasz, on the 9th February, 1640, but was soon after surprised

and retaken by the Portuguese, i

476 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

Jan Gillisz Cuylemons of Helmond, corporal, is appointed

sergeant, in the room of Anthony Rogie aforesaid.

Guiljam Picard of Brussels, Adelborst, is appointed ser-

geant, in the room of Jacob Symonsz of Hamburch, in the

company of Lieutenant Hendrick Francken.

Didloff Tydeman of Holsteyn, Adelborst, is appointed

Hnsign in the company of Gerrit

MS. fol. 135.

Scholbergen, in the room of Ensign Jan Corssel of Lorraine-

Cornelis Gillisz of Utrecht, corporal, is appointed sergeant

in the company aforesaid, in the room of Daniel Dolier of

Hainault.

Cornelis Snoecq of Reenen, Ensign, is appointed Lieute-

nant, in the room of his Lieutenant Jan Brandenburch,

deceased.

Jan Claesz of Leeuwaerden, sergeant, is appointed Ensign,

in the room of Cornelis Snoecq aforesaid.

Jacob de Vieck of Norwich, corporal in the company of

Lieutenant Lambert Camholt, is appointed Ensign, in the

room of Geleyn Cornelisz.

Jacob Boey of Leyden, corporal in the company of match-

lock men of Lieutenant Michiel Willemsz, is appointed

Ensign, in the room of Juriaen Gysenbier.

Frans Michielsz of Proserdorp, Ensign, is appointed

Lieutenant, in the room of his Lieutenant David Fucx.

Jochem Duercoop of Lubecgq, corporal, is appointed Ensign,

in the room of Frans Michielsz aforesaid.

Emondt Ruys of Cuylenburch, Ensign, is appointed

Lieutenant, instead of his wounded Lieutenant Juriaen

Caldenbroen.

Brick Andriesz of Flensburch, corporal, is appointed

EKnsign, in the room of Emondt Ruys aforesaid.

Gerrit van Oldenburch of Cracow, corporal, is appointed

sergeant, in the room of Gerland Ericksz of Stockholm.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. ATT

Andries Stechens of Bremen, Adelborst, is appointed

Ensign, instead of Balthasar Laube, in the company of

Lieutenant Marcus Cassel.

Daniel Verly of Picardy, sergeant, is appointed Lieutenant,

in the room of Johannes Hartmann and the Lieutenant

Hendricq van Norden, laid up with illness.

MS. fol. 136.

Pieter van Neck of Middelburch, sergeant, is appointed

Hnsign, in the room of Jan van Bremen, wounded, and of

Ensign Jan Casparsen of Swol, laid up with illness.

Adriaen Barentsz of Breda, corporal, is appointed sergeant,

in the room of Pieter van Neck aforesaid.

Albert Gysbertsz of Vianen, Adelborsi, is appointed

sergeant, in the room of Daniel Verly of Picardy.

Christiaen Cruyger of Hameln, sergeant, is appointed

Ensignin the company of Gerrit Maeyer, in the room of Jan

van Gulick.

Isaacq van Rullen of Leyden, Adelborsit, is appointed

sergeant, in the room of Christiaen Cruyger.

Those who are appointed in the room of the sick and

wounded shall keep their places in case of death of the said

sick and wounded, but shall have to cede their places again on

recovery of the same ; on the understanding that in future

regard shall be had to their claims to promotion.

At the general muster held after the battle, the companies,

excepting such officers as Captains, Lieutenants, Ensigns,,

sergeants, and drummers, were found to be of the strength

following :—

The company of Lieutenant Lambert Camholt, of

7) men are left | aor

The company of Lieutenant MEirens Cassell, of

75 men are left 5 GW

The company of Lieutenant Geri Maeyer, of

7) men are left cee On

The company of Lieutenant len Brandenburch,

of 75 men are left Oe

4 companies from Galle, of sainoste are left 1 —— 250

A78 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL XVII.

MS. fol. 187.

The company of Lieutenant Jan Anthony Franck,

of 68 men are left ey 59

The company of Lieutenant Hendrick Francken,

of 66 men are left ; D4

The company of Lieutenant Tan Baicee of 67

men are left ... 356 OO

The company of matchlock men of tienten

Michael Willemsz, of 66 men are left Sere

The company of Lieutenant David Fucx, of 68

-menare left .. 55

The company of Lieutenant Nichole Lansineene

of 65 men are left ae Boe sass

The company of Lieutenant Staets Wessels, of

65 men are left 48

The company of Lieutenant J ants Schifferts, of

66 menare left — ws wee 4D

The company of Lieutenant Fewk Philipsz , of

Warrenstad, of 68 men are left ie Oo

The company of Lieutenant Juriaen Caldenbroen,

of 59 men are left a0 sae 49°

The company of Lieutenant Johannes Hartmann

or Hendrick van Norden, of 53 men are left ... 31

The company of Lieutenant Peter Timmerman,

of 55 men are left aa AV

The company of Lieutenant Gerrit Scholbergen,

of 92 men are left bie ee ani!

From Galle 4 companies, 13 companies from

Batavia, together numbering... eo 676

So that of the 1,154 soldiers who have landed,

there are left ... aes wat 926

Which thirteen Batavian companies, numbering together

676 men, have therefore on an average a strength of 52

men exactly ; considering which it has been resolved that

all of these said companies

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. AT9

MS. fol. 188.

shall have an equal number of men, and that each of the

companies from Galle shall keep its present number of men.

_ Forasmuch as on examining the knapsacks of the soldiers

it has been found that in all 81 of them are missing, which

have been lost in the battle, it has been thought advisable

that all the sailmakers of the respective ships of this fleet

shall be ordered to make a few more than the said number of

knapsacks out of rough dotia dolqua (?), to the end that in

ease of need the soldiers can be provided for four or five days.

Thus done and resolved in the Dutch camp before the

conquered fortress of Negumbo, date as above. (Signed)

Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten

Vinek, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes

Burgers.

Wednesday, January 13, 1644.

MS. fol. 139.

Whereas from the conquest of the fortress of Negumbo

down io this present date, we have been engaged in burying

the enemy’s dead and ours, in attending to the wounded, in

carrying the prisoners on board, in mustering the companies,

appointing other provisional officers in the room of the

killed and wounded, and are still employed in constructing

sheds for the soldiers of our army, in cleaning the said

fortress, in razing the broken walls, in carrying off heaps of

stones, repairing the burnt paggers! with new cocoanut

trees, mending the broken bridges, and constructing houses

for storing victuals and ammunition and for lodging the

soldiers and officers, the said houses having all been shattered

by the explosion of gunpowder; and since we were

yesterday as well as on previous days credibly informed

that on the 9th instant, being the day of the battle, Dom

Philipo Mascarenhas had set out from Columbo with 7

1 Rough fences made of trunks of trees or shrubs.

480 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). (Vou. XVII.

istancies! for this place, in order to relieve the fortress of

Negumbo aforesaid, and the said Dom Philipo on hearing

the news of the enemy’s defeat had suddenly turned back,

as also that the Portuguese military forces inside Columbo

is estimated at 12 istancies or 360 men at the highest,

among whom there are still several disabled by illness,

to whom must be added about 200 men whom we estimate

to have escaped our arms in the

MS. fol. 140.

rage of the battle; so that we compute that the enemy now

numbers 560 men at the outside, to whom must be added a

few more than 300 married civilians, together with the 400

caffres and 1,500 Cingalese soldiers before mentioned ;

setting off against which our forces at present consisting of

nearly 900 able-bodied soldiers and 200 sailors over and

above the sick and wounded ;

regard being also had to the fact that our sudden victory

must have sensibly weakened and amazed the enemy.

discuss the question what had best be done for the benefit

of the Honourable General Company, to wit :

Whether we shall rest content with the conquest of the

fortress of Negumbo aforesaid,

or whether we shall follow up our success and march with

our army against Columbo,

which points having been seriously debated, it has been

unanimously resolved and approved

that to-night 60 matchlock men and 30 musketeers divided

into three troops shall, under command of Lieutenant

Lambert Camholt, march to the river Moutwael,” about 4 mile

on this side Columbo, in order to reconnoitre and inspect the

said river, and ascertain in what manner we could best cross

the same with our army, put our boats into it, and land our

uns,

1See note on page 453. ? Mutwal.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 481

and in case their report should be favourable, it is by these

presents also resolved, that on the first opportunity we shall

break up from here

MS. fol, 141.

and march towards Columbo, in order to make an attempt

against the said town, with the help of God.

It having further been considered tnat the fortress of

Negumbo musi be held for the Honourable Company, forti-

fied, repaired, and sufficiently garrisoned,

it has been resolved, that provisionally the said fortress shall

be garrisoned with 100 men under command of Captain

Paulus Doncg, to wit, 70 soldiers and 30 men, both musket-

eers and artisans, who shall be provided and victualled for

five months with all necessaries required, to wit :

Provisions provided :

9 casks of meat.

7 casks of bacon.

10 lasts of rice.

1 cask of Spanish wine.

1 cask of butter. |

3 casks of arrack.

2 aams! of oil.

1 cask of vinegar.

1,000 lb. of hard bread.

10 baskets of black sugar.

1 aam of train oil.

4 picol? of wax.

90 stock fish.

25 1b. of pepper.

10 1b. of rompen.

D Ib. of cloves.

1 barrel of Jopen beer.

1 barrel of Tent wine (Tinto).

1 case of medicaments.

1See note on page 317. 2See note on page 397.

21-02

482 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Ammunition of war and divers tools, &c., to wit:

MS. fol. 142.

20 iron guns.

2 brass wide-mouthed guns.

22 pieces, of the calibre following :

5 pieces of 12 lb.

A pieces of 9 lb.

8 pieces of 6 lb.

2 pieces of 8 Ib.

19 pieces.

2? brass wide-mouthed guns of 18 lb.

1 iron wide-mouthed gun of 5 Ib.

22 pieces.

Which shall be provided and unloaded as follows :

5 pieces of 12 Ib.

4 pieces of 9 Ib. | out of the ship “Prins

2 Hrass wide mouthed ofiisib. 1) 12a

7 pieces of 6 lb. out of the ship “ Grol.”

2 pieces of 8 lb. out of the ship “ N. Amsterdam.”

1 piece of 6 lb.

I piece of 5 lb.

captured in the fortress.

22 pieces as set forth above.

Of which pieces aforesaid there shall be planted on the

two points of the fortress, formerly called “Land” and

“Sea ”’ points, but now re-named “ Delft” and “ Rotterdam” :

4 pieces of 12 lb. on the point Delft.

3 pieces of 9 lb.

1 piece of 5 lb.

1 brass wide-mouth inside the square of the gate.

1 brass wide-mouth on the right flank of the point

aforesaid.

on the point Rotterdam.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 483

to serve for the defence of the

pagger now existing, and of the

earthen rampart which shall after-

wards be thrown up.

I piece of 12 Ib.

1 piece of 9 Ib.

2 pieces of 8 lb.

8 pieces of 6 Ib.

Va SY

22 pieces.

MS. fol. 148.

To which shall be added the ammunition following,

to wit:

300 balls of 12 Ib.

200 balls of 9 Ib.

60 balls of 8 Ib.

280 balls of 6 Ib.

20 balls of 16 Ib.

103 bolts.

24 grapeshot.

38 gun wipers (swabs).

8 spoons.

5 pigtails.

12,700 musket balls.

600 Ib. of gunpowder.

3 cases of matches.

100 pikes.

1 cask of nails of various sizes.

60 planks or boards.

20 spades.

20 shovels.

10 axes.

10 packs (packages ?).

13 empty casks.

12 empty water casks.

2 lanterns.

2 leathern aprons.

4 padiocks.

1 hold of charcoal for forging.

ee 2,

484 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). Poo) OSE:

40 parringhs,

50 pickaxes.

4 mattocks.

4 copper boxes of 24 lb.

4 copper boxes of 18 lb.

4 copper boxes of 12 Ib.

2 copper powder measures.

1 brass funnel.

MS. fol. 144.

-2 drum sieves.

8 levers.

4 barrel of brimstone.

4 barvel of saltpetre.

10 trowels.

10 masons’ mallets.

10 bundles of sail yarn.

4 vices.

1 anvil.

1 two-horned anvil.

1 grindstone.

1 jack screw.

2 sledge-hammers.

100 bundles of rattan.

90 rattan baskets.

200 bars of coast iron.

15 Ib. of steel.

1 pair of bellows.

3 eye-irons.

1 copper kettle.

-6 iron pans.

1 iron hammer.

3 moulds for casting bullets.

190 pieces of white dongrys (?).

500, say five hundred, pieces-of-eight in ready money..

25 muskets.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 485

25 bandoleers.

29 cutlasses.

1 bolt with 10 fetters.

And to the end that all the work projected or to be done

be in every respect finished with the greater expedition,

therefore the Lord General, assisted by the Captains and

soldiers, has undertaken to repair one part of the burnt

pagger, and

MS. fol. 145.

the Skipper Commander Reyndert Weybrantsz with certain

skippers and sailors the other part.

The President Jan Thysen, together with the Upper-

merchants Marten Vinck and Pieter Vinckboous, undertake

the construction of the inner works, as lodgings for the men

and storing-places to keep the gunpowder, lead, matches,

provisions, and tools of all kinds from the rain. It has

further been resolved that both by day and by night there

shall constantly be in each company twelve matches burning,

and before daybreak all the men shall have double burning-

matches, that the morning prayer may be said with the men

standing in complete order of battle.

Jan Jansz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1641 on the

llth July, in the ship “ Harderwyck”’ as a carpenter, on a pay

of 3¢ guilders per month, is, by these presents, at his request,

considering his ability, and seeing that his engaged time is to

expire in five months, appointed upper carpenter on a pay of

50 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall be bound at

all times to work as much as the other and under carpenters,

and that from the 11th June proximo, when his time is to

expire, he shall continue in India for another term of three

successive years.

Thus resolved and approved in the Dutch army before

the conquered fortress of Negumbo, date as above. (Signed)

Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten

Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinck-

boous, Johannes Burgers. |

486 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Monday, January 18, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 146.

Whereas we have been informed by the reports of

Lieutenant Camholt, who, pursuant to our last resolution had

with 60 matchlock men and 30 musketeers been sent out to

reconnoitre the river Moutewael and the coasts thereabouts,.

that at about a cannon-shot’s distance north of the said river

he had found out a small bay with tolerably quick water,

well fitted for landing guns,

without, however, to our regret, for reasons set forth in the

daily report under date of the 14th of this month, having

been able to make a thorough investigation respecting the

nature of the said river. Therefore, in conformity with

previous resolutions, it has, after mature consideration of

present circumstances, been resolved

that to-morrow, or the day after to-morrow at the latest,

as soon as the guns shall have been planted on the points and

everything be in readiness, and the coolies or black baggage-

carriers shall have made their appearance here,

we shall break up from here with the whole army and march

along the seashore straight to the river Moutewael aforesaid,

situated at half a mile’s distance north of Columbo, to the

intent that when arrived there, we may with the Divine help

drive out the enemy, who is rumoured to lie at vantage

entrenched on the other side of the said river, and afterwards

march against Columbo and with our troops make an attempt

against the town, and if possible, capture it ;

MS. fol. 147.

For which purpose there shall also be carried by land the

four field-pieces with their carriages, together with two

barrels of grapeshot, two chests of wad, tampions, and cart-

ridges for the same, under the command of the Constable-

Major Christiaen Paulusz, assisted by 12 sailors and

musketeers, the field-pieces to be dragged by coolies.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 487

The following articles of ammunition and necessaries shall

also be carried along with the same, to wit:

300 lb. of gunpower for the soldiers, in case of

9,000 lb. of musket-balls necessity.

114 bundles of matchesin nineteen bags, the which shall

be wrapped in tarred cloth, to keep them dry.

50 long pikes to be used in wet weather instead

90 long direlingen (?) of firearms.

20 shovels.

30 spades,

20 axes.

10 pick-axes.

30 cadjans to keep the powder and the matches from

the rain.

Furthermore, all the leathern buckets on board the respec-

tive ships of our fleet, in order to draw water out of the

ditches on the way, which are said to be few in number and

of little depth, to the end that the men may drink without

troubling the water and in due order, for which purpose also

each man shall have a cocoanut shell provided for him ; the

buckets aforesaid also to be used to cover the burning

matches in case of rain,

all which ammunition and utensils aforesaid shall also be

carried by the said coolies.

All the soldiers to be provided with five fathoms of match

MS. fol. 148.

each, their bags and bandoliers to be filled with gunpowder

and lead, and each soldier to be provided with 3 lb. of bread

and 14 lb. of bacon for three days.

Furthermore, the ships of our fleet shall run to within a

mile north of Columbo, and remain there together as near to

the shore as possible until such timeas the yacht “‘ Wingurla,”’

the guel “De Hasewind,” and the sloops with two

mizenmasts (which shall sail close to shore in order to

inspect the situation of the bay) shall have given them full

488 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

information touching this point, when, after information

obtained, they shall further run down close before the little

bay aforesaid and come to anchor there; all this on the

understanding that the yachts “ Delfshaven,” “ Zantvoort,” —

“Grol,” “D’Engelse Hoop,” and the fluytschip “Den

Engel” shall run down from here, straight on to within half

a mile south of Columbo, to the spot where formerly we

should have been forced to land the guns on rafts, in order to

delude the enemy into the belief that we should be minded

to land our forces there, thereby to mislead him and draw

him off from the river Moutewael aforesaid, to the end that

we may with little or no resistance from the enemy cross the

said river ; the said ships to tug along with them a certain

large half-broken tony,! which is deemed serviceable for

landing the heavy guns.

And to the end that this projected expedition may be

executed in good order so far as possible, without confu-

sion or obstruction, it has been deemed advisable to send on

board all the sick and wounded, and all those who are unfit

to march,

MS. fol. 149.

and to observe the following order and rule in the march, to

wit : :

In the first place, the company of matchlock

men from Galle shall take the lead, and serve

as a forlorn hope, in order to warn the army

of any sudden hostile attacks and unexpected _ Men.

encounters, the said company numbering .... od

After which shall come the four field-pieces

commanded by the aforesaid Constable-Major

Christiaen Paulusz with his sailors and arque-

busiers a nist Be 12

1“ Zeeckere grote afgestoopten tony.” Probably a padda-boat.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS.

Who shall be followed by the vanguard, com-

manded by the Lord President Jan Thysen, the

Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous, and Cap-

tain Lambert Camholt, and consisting of 6

companies, to wit:

» companies of soldiers and 1 company of

sailors, to wit :

4 companies of musketeers from Galle.

lcompany commanded by Gerrit Schol-

bergen.

) companies of 53 men each e200

lcompany of sailors commanded by their

former Captain Dirck Gerritsz, Lieutenant

Claes Drydyck, and Ensign Joris Ardiliaen 45

6 companies in the vanguard numbering

The centre shall be commanded by the Lord

General Francois Caron and the Captains Hendrick

Man and Hendrick Hendricksz, and shall consist

of 6 companies, to wit :

9 companies of soldiers and 1 company of sailors

armed with pikes, viz. :

2 companies of musketeers headed by Captain

Johannes Burgers.

MS. fol. 150.

icompany commanded by Captain Hendrick Man.

1 company commanded by Captain Hendrick

— Hendricksz.

) companies of soldiers of 53 men each __..._ 269

1 company of sailors under their former

Captain Harmen Arentsz, Lieutenant

Manuel Albertsz, and Ensign Daniel van

Hoogstraten a, Mae

6 companies in the centre numbering

310

490) JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

The rear-guardshall be commanded by the Upper- Men.

merchant Marten Vinck and Captain Claes Jacobsz

Syms, and shall consist of 6 companies of soldiers,

to wit :

1 company of matchlock men.

2 companies of musketeers commanded by Captain

Hendrick Hendricksz.

3 companies of musketeers commanded by Captain

Claes Jacobsz Syms.

6 companies of soldiers of 53 men each sos als

So that the whole army shall number 2-7 ol 003

Whereas in our last resolution we resolved to fortify

Negumbo and keep a sufficient garrison there, it is now

confirmatorily resolved that the said fortress shall be fortified

in such a way as can be seen from the plan and drawing

made by the Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous, to wit:

with four earth-points in square filled up, and curtains

between the same also filled up, strengthened inside with

wooden paggers and on the outside covered with turf,

the whole forming a perfect square.

In the room of the officers, to wit, Captain,

MS. fol. 151.

Lieutenant, Ensign, and sergeants, together with 75 soldiers

appointed to garrison the fortress of Negumbo, it has been

resolved to appoint the persons hereunder following provi-

sionally to the offices aforesaid, in order thereby to

encourage each of them to the projected expedition against

Columbo, to wit :

In the room of Captain Paulus Doncq to be appointed

Lambert Camholt as Captain.

In the room of Cornelis Snoecq of Reenen, Lieutenant, to

be appointed Jan Claesz of Leeuwarden as Lieutenant.

No. 53 —1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 491

In the room of Abraham Bolle of Rouen, Ensign, to be

appointed Laurents Roelantsz of Harwynen as Ensign.

In the room of Fieter Arentsz of Corendycq, sergeant, to

be appointed Fredrick Cruyssen of Bremen as sergeant.

In the room of Gerrit Aken, sergeant, to be appointed

Asmus Hansz of Hanover as sergeant.

Juriaen Cramputs of Breslau, provisional corporal, is

appointed corporal in the room of Lier Liersz of Bremen,

formerly a corporal in the company of Lieutenant Juriaen

Caldenbroen.

Coenraet Geucken of Lunen, arrived in India in 1633

in the ship “ Nassau’ as an under barber, on a pay of 22

guilders per month, at present serving on a pay of 38

guilders in the capacity of first surgeon, whose time has

expired, is, by these presents, at his request admitted to a

new engagement for a term of three successive years in

the capacity aforesaid, on a pay of 48 guilders per month,

the increase of pay and the new engagement to begin this

day.

MS. fol. 152.

Thus resolved and approved in the Dutch camp before

the conquered fortress of Negumbo, date as above.

(Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der

Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz,

Pieter Vineckboous, Johannes Burgers.

Thursday, January 21, 1644.

MS. fol. 158.

Whereas we have now with the whole army arrived near

the river Moutewael, in order, in conformity with our last

resolution, to drive away the enemy by violence from the

other side of the said river, to the end that we may cross

the same unopposed, and march on Columbo with our

forces,

492 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Therefore the question having been considered what had

under the present circumstances best be done and under-

taken in order to the execution of our design,

It has been unanimously pronounced advisable and

accordingly resolved that this following night, close on

the bank of the said river, a certain number of gabions

filled with earth shall be set up in the form of a battery, in

which shall be placed two metal half-battering pieces, in

order to force the Portuguese by continual firing to evacuate

the opposite bank, and in order to enable us to carry our

men in small boats to the other side under cover of said fire.

The Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous, Captain Claes

Syms, together with the Skippers Captains Dirck Gerritsz

and Harmen Arentsz, remain charged with the execution and

completion of the said project this following night, assisted

by a party of sailors and soldiers and under the protection of

a company of matchlock men ;

while the Lord President Jan Thysen, together with the

Uppermerchant Marten Vinck and the Captains Johannes

Burgers and Lambert Camholt undertake to provide huts

and lodgings for the soldiers, and for the ammunition and

provisions to be carried by the coolies or black haggage-

porters,

MS. fol. 154.

in order to protect the same from the rain and the sun.

Thus done and resolved on the north side of the river

Moutewael, date as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan

Thysen, Willem van der Beecg, Marten Vinck, Reyndert

Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes

Burgers.

Sunday, January 24, in the forenoon, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 155.

Although, since Thursday last when we arrived here

with the army, we have both from the battery near the

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 493.

mouth of the river, and from our camp, with the two metal

pieces, by continuous firing, used every possible exertion to

drive away the Portuguese enemy from the opposite side of

this river, in the hope in that case to be able to cross the

same safely and without hindrance :

Yet, we find more and more that the enemy not only

answers our fire with constant cannonading, but also daily

fortifies himself by entrenchments and works along the

riverside, and keeps all paths and passes thereabouts

continually occupied by vigilant watches ;

Wherefore it has been deemed advisable and accordingly

resolved that the Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous, the

Captains Nicolas Syms and Jan van der Laen, together with

the Lieutenant Michiel Willemsz, two sergeants, and 15

matchlock men, shall march about one mile and a half up

the river on this side, in order to ascertain whether there

may be any fitting place for crossing the river there, and

approach Columbo from behind, which having been done,

we shall take such further resolutions as the occasion shall

seem to require.

Thus done and resolved on the north bank of the river

Moutewael, date as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan

Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert

Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes

Burgers.

Sunday, January 24, in the evening, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 156.

The Uppermerchant Pieter Vinckboous with other

officers and the 15 matchlock men, sent out in the forenoon

to reconnoitre the other side of this river, having returned,

report as follows : .

First, that the road along which they had come was

generally a deep morass, skirted with brushwood and very

narrow ; the morass being at times upwards of three feet

deep and the path, asarule, not allowing more than one man

494. JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

to pass along it; from which they conclude that our forces

could march up the river with great difficulty only and with

the loss of many men ;

Secondly, that all the approaches and passages had been

fortified by the enemy and were everywhere occupied by

strong guards.

Thirdly, that in order to get to the open country, they had

to cross the river twice, which having been done, they were

again obliged to cross the said river over a narrow bridge,

which crossing by our forces might there and elsewhere

be prevented by the enemy (who was everywhere lying

at vantage) with considerable loss on our part.

Which points and difficulties having been duly weighed,

and it having furthermore been considered, that not only

can we be prevented from entering the river, but that

such entering must in view of the enemy’s strength be

pronounced utterly impracticable and hopeless, that, on the

other hand, the boats must with great labour be dragged

overland into the said river, and this done, be rowed up

the river for about 25 miles,

MS. fol. 157.

which would sorely tax the strength of our ships’ crews,

who are greatly weakening, and of whom many have been

disabled through continuous labour ;

also that, regard being had to the treesand projecting shrub-

bery overhanging the river, it would be impossible to tug

the boats up the same by means of ropes :

that the Portuguese would in the daytime see the said boats

and in the night become aware of their presence through

the sound of the oars, and fire at them from the brushwood

along the river, by which many men would be lost, and the

boats would run great risk; the more so as the path along

which the soldiers would have to go does not always follow

the river, but at times bends to a considerable distance to

landward, so that we should often be unable to protect the

boats ;

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. A95

Nor was there any chance of carrying over the soldiers on

rafts, first, because it would be hard to obtain the timber

required therefor, and secondly, because this river being

very wide, very deep near the bank, and having a strong

current, is hardly navigable by rafts.

And if we could effect all this with less labour and more

security, to wit, getting the boats and the soldiers up the

river without hindrance or molestation, yet at the same time

by our so doing our design would become publicly known,

and the enemy get every opportunity of encountering us at

his pleasure in crossing the river and of attacking us ;

the more so since the crossing would require much time and

most of the passages and approaches have been found to be

narrow and well guarded ;

Therefore, regard being had to the

MS. fol. 158.

difficulties and obstacles afore-mentioned, the Council has

unanimously arrived at the conclusion that the crossing of

the said river must be pronounced to be impossible for us.

In accordance wherewith it has been resolved by majority

of votes, that the guns, the mortars, together with all other

ammunition, necessaries, and utensils, shall again be sent on

board the ships, that the fleet shall return to Negumbo, and

the army march thither by land, in order to go on board

again there without the least delay, to sail to the river

Paneture, 1} mile south of Columbo, where the army shall

again be landed, in order to see what advantage the

Almighty may be pleased to grant us on that side of the town.

It has furthermore been resolved that by the yacht “Sant-

voort” 100 soldiers of the garrison of Galle shall be summoned

hither, seeing that we have already sent thither upwards of

200 sick men, of whom we hope that the greater part may

by this time be recovered.

Thus done and resolved on the north side of the river

Moutewael, date as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan

496 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert

Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes

Burgers.

Monday, January 25, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 159.

Whereas the day before yesterday the yacht “De

Waterhont” appeared in the roadstead here from Tayonan

vid Malacca and Sta. Cruz de Gale, having taken on board

from that quarter a rich cargo of about six tons of gold to

strengthen the capitals in Persia, Surate, and Wingurla ;

It was objected to that the said yacht should set sail from

here for its destination alone, regard being had to the fact

that between here and Goa the enemy is oftentimes cruis-

ing along the Coast of India with a large number of stout

frigates on all sides, by which (the which God forefend)

the said yacht might easily meet with some disaster, as we

may well see from the fate of the war-yacht “ Franicher ”

(which God amend) ;

Wherefore it has been unanimously resolved that the yacht

‘ Delfshaven ” shall accompany and convoy the said “Water-

hont” as far as Goa, the said “ Delfshaven’’ being duly

victualled and manned with 50 sailors, the occasion being

availed of to request the Lord Commander Claes Cornelisz

Block before Goa to send us in the said “ Delfshaven ” fifty

copper rice kettles and as much rice for the use of the

garrison of Ceylon as she can conveniently take on board.

Item, forasmuch as we learn from the said Lord Com-

mander’s two letters, dated from the 13th and 9th of this

month, addressed to the Lord Governor-General, a copy of

which has reached us by way of Coromandel,

MS. fol. 160.

that the Lord President Wollcrant Geleynsz had come on two

distinct occasions from Goa on board the ship of the Lord

Commander aforesaid, but had not been heard of since, for

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 497

which reason we are afraid that the said Lord President with

all the friends in the ship “De Pau” are still in prison at Goa,

therefore it has been deemed advisable to send to Goa fifty

Portuguese prisoners, to be exchanged for our friends if they

should still continue in the enemy’s power ; twenty-two of

these prisoners having been carried to Malacca in the “ Cochin

Fust”! and the English ship “‘ De Hoop,” to wit, ten Jesuits,

two Franciscan monks, and ten persons consisting of mer-

chants, soldiers, and priests, and twenty-five common persons

seized in the fortress of Negumbo.

But in case the Viceroy at Goa should have sent away

from Wingurla and liberated the friends in the said ship

“ Pau,” and the Lord President Geleynsz, then the Commander

shall by way of return set free all the Malacca priests and

their prisoners, twenty-two in number, but the remaining

twenty-eight shall be sent back hither to Negumbo and be

- earried again to Batavia, so that they be not again sent hither

and we hereafter be again troubled with them ;

and in case all our men of the “ Pau” should have been

liberated, and only the said. Lord President be kept in duress,

then the Commander shall with a view to his liberation

release five or six, nay if need be all the priests, but in no case

any of the others, whether officers or soldiers, for we opine

that so many

MS. fol. 161.

ecclesiastics must be sufficient for his liberation.

Whereas, furthermore, as a parcel of English lead, cloves,

rompen,? refined brimstone, sandalwood, and opium has

‘been taken in by our fleet, in order to be exchanged for

fresh victuals for the use of our men, in case of our

touching at the Coast of India or Malabar, or if we should

not touchat the said coasts, to be sent to the Coast of Malabar

for strengthening the pepper trade on the said coast,

! Literally, Cochin barrel.

2 This was probably some shell or husk used as an article of commerce.

Valentyn does not mention it in the list he furnishes.

74 15 21-02

498 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

and since we have been informed that a greater quantity of

merchandise has been sent there for the purpose of the said

pepper trade than the pepper brought there would require,

therefore it has been resolved that the said parcel shall be

sent to Coromandel by the first opportunity, where the said

articles are in great demand and find a ready sale.

It has further been resolved that all the tin on board the

ships “ Amsterdam” and “ Ackersloot”’ shall be put on board

the said yacht ‘‘ Waterhout,” for which purpose are deputed

the Merchant Gabriel Happert and the Fiscal Anthony Boey, |

who have received the said tin at Queda; in order to see to

said transhipment, and the drawing up of the receipts

required. |

The quel “De Hasewind,’ which the Lord Governor-

General had destined for Persia and Surate, for the purpose

of transhipping the merchandise, but which has hitherto

been by us used for various purposes, is, by these presents,

appointed to remain with the fleet provisionally, seeing that

it is of great use to us in landing and embarking cannon, and

we could hardly do without it owing to the inaccessibility of

the Coasts of Ceylon, which

MS. fol. 162.

render it highly dangerous to unload and embark heavy

guns.

Thus done and resolved on the north side of the river

Moutewael, date as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan

Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten -Vinck, Reyndert

Weybranisz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes

Burgers.

Friday, January 29, 1644.

MS. fol. 163. |

Whereas we have taken into further consideration our

last resolution, by which it was determined that with our

army we should break up our encampment before the river

Moutewael, and having re-embarked here, should land south

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 499

of Columbo, at 2 miles’ distance from the said town, or on

the river Paneture, 4 miles lower down, in order to make

another attempt on the town from that side with better hope

of success,

regard being had to the fact that our present army numbers

hardly 1,000 men, including 100 pikemen and sailors, com-

pared with the enemy’s power inside the aforesaid town of

Columbo, being to the best of our knowledge of the same

strength as regards white soldiers, besides 5 to 600 armed

civilians, 400 caffres, and 2,000 Cingalese, half-bloods, and

other soldiers—the said town of Columbo having for some

years past been considerably fortified and surrounded with

double ramparts.

Item, considering that this Coast of Ceylon is continually

rendered unsafe by heavy breakers, through which not only

small vessels but also guns run great risk of being lost, as

well appeared on the 25th and 26th of this month, when

the fleet lay at anchor near the aforesaid river Moutewael,

by the loss of two boats engaged in taking in guns, on which

occasion on account of the heavy breakers, the guns got into

great danger, and the embarking of the same

MS. fol. 164.

suffered considerable delay, which inconvenience, seeing the

progress of the monsoon, may be expected to become worse

instead of better;

owing to all which circumstances our men are greatly

weakening and dwindling away, as is already clearly seen in

the ships’ crews who are employed without intermission,

and would get much worse if matters were suffered to go on

like this;

considering also that for undertaking anything of importance

the time is pretty short, and in the most favourable case we

have only a month or six weeks left;

Seeing that the taking of the town of Columbo would

require more time, and at least 2,500 soldiers and 500

500 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

able-bodied sailors, besides those who are left in charge of

the ships; the said force to approach the town on two sides,

enclose it, and gradually to reduce it by strength of men and

cannon ; for which purpose our present army is insufficient

and the time too short ; the more soas this fortress! must be

above all things fortified, and it is high time that this work

should be taken in hand ;

Therefore, for all the reasons and motives aforesaid, the

resolution taken on the 24th of this current month is, by these

presents, declared null and void by the Council.

In accordance wherewith it has on the contrary, with the

advice of the dessaves of his Majesty of Candia, been

resolved, that this fortress of Negumbo shall be fortified in

accordance with the plan and drawing made for this purpose,

for which purpose our soldiers shall be used by turns divided

into three gangs ; on condition that each of them that work

shall, over and above his ordinary pay and rations, get

a remuneration of 6 stivers daily ; the said

MS. fol. 165.

dessaves also promising to contribute 150 of their men

towards this work, which shall now be taken in hand as

quickly as possible.

Whereas, furthermore, we have been informed by the said

dessaves that seven frigates with reinforcements of soldiers

for the use of Columbo, are arrived from Tutecorin and

Nagepatnam, at Calpatin, 10 miles from here to the north-

ward,

it has been resolved that in order to keep off the said

frigates the ship “ Den Engelsehoop” shall sail from here

for the bay of Columbo, having on board 30 soldiers over and

above her usual ship’s crew, and that in order to harass the

said frigates off Calpatin aforesaid, the yachts “ Ackersloot”

and “Wingurla,” together with the fluyt “Den Hngeland,”

the large sloop having also on board in all a reinforcement

1 Negombo.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. d01

of a hundred soldiers, shall sail under command of the Lord

President Jan Thysen, with Steven Pietersz, Skipper of the

ship “ Amsterdam,” as second commander ; for which same

purpose the dessaves aforesaid undertake to march thither

with their men, in order, if possible, to attack the Portuguese

by sea and land.

Whereas, furthermore, it has been proved that the soldiers

are with violence taking away from the natives fish, cocoa-

nuts, and other necessaries which the blacks are in the habit

of offering for sale in the market, without duly paying for

the same,

it has been resolved that as soon as possible a passer! or

public market shall be established, where the natives shall

pe free to offer for sale their provisions and refreshments of

all kinds, and to sell rice and salt for ready money ;

that all our soldiers and sailors shall be strictly forbidden to

offer any violence, inconvenience, or harm to the natives

afore-mentioned, but shall be bound to allow the said natives

to sell their goods at the appointed place, free and un-

molested ; where

MS, fol. 166.

every one shall have to provide himself with what he wants

or should stand in need of, outside which passer or bazaar

no one shall be allowed to exchange or buy anything; on

the understanding that whosoever should offer any violence

to the blacks aforesaid on this account, shall be punished

with the halter, or otherwise according as the circumstances —

of the case shall be found to require.

And whereas the quel “Den Hasewind” has by our

resolution of the 25th instant been ordained to remain

here, to be of use to ug in embarking and landing heavy

cannon, and is no longer necessary for this purpose, there-

fore it has been resolved that the qgwel aoresaid shall be

1 Bazaar.

902 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVIT.

sent to Surate, together with the yachts ‘‘ Delfshaven ” and

‘‘Waterhout,” to the Lord Director Paulus Croock, in order

to be by him sent to Persia, to be there used in transhipping

the merchandise.

Thus done and resolved in the camp before Negumbo,

date as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen,

Willem van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz,

Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes Burgers.

Monday, March 7, in the forenoon, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 167. |

[ Although there is no break in the paging of the manuscript, I suspect

that some Resolutions are wanting between this and the preceding folio. |

The fleet now lying before Columbo, and the Council

having been summoned on board the ship “ Frederick

Hendrick” by means of the customary signal, the said

Council has met on the question whether we ought not to

make an attempt to liberate our men made prisoners by the

enemy at Acurasse,! and what means should be adopted for

that purpose, seeing that for their release not only have 50

prisoners from Malacca been brought hither, but we have

also captured 150 Portuguese in the battle before Negumbo ;

and after serious consideration it has been unanimously

resolved, that the white flags shall be put up abaft, a cannon

shot be fired, and the Portuguese be invited to come on board

in order to negotiate with them about the exchange of our

mutual prisoners, we offering them one man for each of

ours, and to hear their decision thereon ; and to regulate our

further conduct in such way as shall be required by time

and occasion.

Whereas it has appeared to our satisfaction from the

declaration of the First Surgeon Mr. Albert Geverts. made

' Akuressa. See ante page 420.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 303

at the request of Joan Galloth of Neweastle, provisional

sergeant in the company of Lieutenant Nicolas Lansknecht,

that on the 9th January last in the battle against our

enemy and the attack on the fortress of Negumbo, the afore-

said sergeant was shot through the sigoma and jaw bone,

the ball touching the tongue, and carrying off three or

four teeth together with a

MS. fol. 168.

fragment of the lower jaw on the left side, from which

he is likely to retain a certain impediment in his speech,

therefore we have at his request issued to the said Galloth

this present declaration, in order to its being of use to

him in case he should petition for a gratification from our

masters.

Lieve Boeyens of Hoesem, arrived in this country in

1643 in the ship “Amsterdam” as an Adelborst, on a pay of 10

guilders monthly, is by these presents, at his request and con-

sidering his ability, promoted to the office of house carpenter

on a pay of 18 guilders monthly, in order to give his services

in that capacity in the fortress of Negumbo, the increase of

pay to begin on the 5th instant.

Jan Clingerdegen of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1641

in the ship “ De Provintie ” as a first cooper, on a pay of 16

guilders monthly, is by these presents, at his request, allowed

an increase of salary, and shall from this day forward gain

20 guilders per month, for which he shall be bound to

serve the Company for another term of three successive

years, the new engagement beginning on the 7th September

next, when his present term will expire.

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Frederick Hendrick,”

lying at anchor before Columbo, date as above. (Signed)

Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem van der Beecq, Marten |

Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven Pietersz, Pieter Vinck-

boous, Johannes Burgers.

304 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Monday, March 7, in the afternoon, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 169.

Although by the coming on board of the Portuguese

Deputy from Columbo, Lorenso Ferreira de Britto, we have

learnt that all the Dutch prisoners of war have voluntarily

left the Company’s service and passed over to the service of

the king, and would be unwilling to come back to us, even

if Dom Philipo Mascarenhas should be found willing to let

them go free, which is not the case,

Yet, in conformity with the preceding resolutions, it has

notwithstanding been resolved, that in exchange for the said

prisoners, we shall by letter offer to Dom Philipo as many

Portuguese aS the number of our men he has with him in

Columbo,

in order to show that we have the liberation of the said

Dutchmen greatly at heart, and that we are willing, whenever

an opportunity offers, to use our utmost endeavours for that

purpose :

On the understanding that if the said Dom Philipo cannot

be prevailed on to set them free, we shall not use any further

exertions in this matter but leave the same alone, awaiting

the pleasure of the Lord Governor-General.

We shall furthermore write to the recreant Dutchmen a

last letter of warning and exhortation, in which we shall

represent to them their misdemeanours, and by which all

ground for ulterior complaints shall be taken from them.

Thus done and resolved in the ship “ Prins Hendrick,” date

as above. (Signed) Francois Caron, Jan Thysen, Willem

van der Beecq, Marten Vinck, Reyndert Weybrantsz, Steven

Pietersz, Pieter Vinckboous, Johannes Burgers.

Friday, March 11, 1644 A.D.

MS. fol. 170.

Regard being had to the orders given us by the Lord

General touching the despatch of the ships of the fleet

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 209

after performing their task on the Coast of Ceylon, and

to the promises of King Raja Singa, by which his Majesty

in conformity with his letter of the 3rd of this month

had informed us that we should receive at Battecaloa

certain elephants which had been left there last year, owing

to the sudden departure of the late Lord Commissioner

Boreel, together with the letter from his Majesty to the

Lord General,

it has been deemed advisable that the ships “ Frederick Hen-

drick,” ‘“‘ Wesel,” “Snoecq,” and “Grol” shall, onthe 18th of

this month, set sail directly for Batavia under command of the

Lord Admiral Francois Caron ; we trusting that by that time

everything will be finished and ready ;

and that on the 20th or 21st instant the ships‘: Amsterdam,”

“« Haen,”’ “Ackersloot,” “ Engel,” and “Gracht” shall be des-

patched to Coromandel, in order to set sail from there, in

contormity with the orders of the Lord General, each to her

appointed destination ;

with the understanding that the ship “Amsterdam” shall on

her way Call at Battecaioa, and remain there until the last of

this month, in order to take on board the elephants aforesaid,

together with his Majesty’s letter, after which date she shall

without any delay continue her voyage to Coromandel,

whether or not she have received from the king what he has

promised.

MS. fol. 171.

Furthermore, regard being had to the resolution dated

[ | by which it had been resolved that the soldiers

sent hither from Batavia should be kept here ;

The said resolution is, after mature consideration, by these

presents confirmed, the more so since this garrison numbers

at present a great many sick and disabled men,

and to the end that at the discretion of the Council, and

when there shall be a fitting occasion, we shall be able to

despatch a considerable force sufficient, with the help of

God, to drive the Portuguese out of the district round about

506 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ VoL. XVII.

Galle, and also to keep in awe King Raja Singa, with whom

however, in the meanwhile, we shall use dissimulation,

until further orders shall be received from the Lord Governor-

General.

And to the end that the ships aforesaid may make their

projected voyages in good order, it has been resolved that

they shall be manned and provided as follows :—

“ Prins Hendrick”? manned by ... 120 men

“Wesel ”’ ae ere 90h te

“6 Snoecq ” Bibs fos: BOOMS

“Grol” ne O00 ny) 99

320 men

Which shall be providod with meat, bacon, oil, vinegar,.

&c., for two months, and with rice for three months.

‘‘ Amsterdam ”’ by ... 230); @ Jon Maem!

“* Ackersloot ” aoe nos pau Ones

“ Hngel ”’ ae Bee ke Ohsas

“ Gracht ” See ood.) hn Ones

“ Haen ” See Jeacae Osea

“ Zantvoort ” a ier OOM es

Together ... 365 men

MS, fol. 172.

The two fluytschips and the yacht “ Ackersloot,” which

shall sail to Acheen, Djambi, and Palembary by way of

Coromandel, shall be provided as above for four months, and

each of them get on board one last! of rice, the ship ““Amster--

dam” for five months with one last of rice, and the ship

‘* Haen” for four months but without rice.

Whereas on the 21st October last there came over to us a

certain Portuguese named Simon Dias of St. Cryn, who

applied to us to be admitted to the Honourable Company’s

service,

1A last was equal to 75 parras or 3,000 Ib. ( Valentyn).

No. 538.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 507

Therefore, considering that this person would be of great

use here to serve this garrison, not only as a soldier, but also

by pointing out the roads and paths in this country, with |

which he is intimately acquainted,

we have complied with the said Simon Dias’s request, and

have allowed him, as we allow him by these presents, a pay

of 15 guilders monthly in the capacity of a guide, together

with soldier’s rations, which said pay shall be handed over

to him monthly in ready money, from the Ilst of this

month ;

and since the said Simon Dias has shown great diligence in

helping to carry out the operations before Negumboand has

well acquitted himself of his allotted task, therefore it has

been resolved that, over and above the pay aforesaid, he

shall receive as a present the sum of 30 Spanish reals, with

which we expect he will be highly contented, and consider

himself richly paid for his trouble.

Daniel Dolier of Bergen (Mons) in Hainault, arrived in

India in 164[ ] in the ship “ Middelburch”’

MS. fol. 173.

as a corporal of the Adelborsts, on a monthly pay of 16

guilders, having for some time past done the duties of a

provisional sergeant to the satisfaction of his officers, and in

the said capacity helped to conquer the fortress of Negumbo,

is, by these presents, at his request,and considering his ability,

permanently confirmed in the said office, and besides allowed

a pay of 22 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day.

Jan van Westrenen of Amersfoort; arrived in India in

1638 in the ship “ Zeelandia ” as a Capitaine des armes, on a

pay of 18 guilders monthly, at present serving as a provisional

Lieutenant, whose time has expired. is, by these presents, at

his request, considering his ability, and seeing that he has

duly acquitted himself in the victorious battle and conquest

of the fortress of Negumbo, admitted to a new three years’

engagement as a provisional Lieutenant on a salary of 30:

208 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [ Vou. XVII.

guilders per month, the new engagement and increase of

salary being held to have begun on the Ist of this month.

Christoffel Egger of Tyrol, arrived in India in 1639 in

the yacht “ Lis” asa soldier, ona pay of 9 guilders per month,

now serving as a corporal, whose engagement is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, considering his

ability, and seeing that he has duly acquitted himself in the

victorious battle against the Portuguese and in the taking

of the fortress of Negumbo, appointed absolute sergeant on

a pay of 22 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall be

bound to serve the Honourable Company for another term

MS. fol. 174.

of three years after expiry of his first engagement, the

increase of pay to begin this day.

Emondt Ruys of Cuylenburch, arrived in India in 1639

in the fluytschip “Den Meerman” as an Adelborst, on a

monthly pay of 10 guilders, at present holding the office of

provisional Lieutenant, whose engaged timeis about to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, considering his ability,

and seeing that he has duly acquitted himself in the victorious

battle against the Portuguese in the taking of the fortress

of Negumbo (for which God be thanked), admitted to a new

three years’ engagement in the capacity of absolute Ensign,

on a pay of 40 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Burchardt Lambertsz Cocx of Wesel, arrived in India

in 1639 in the ship “ Wesel’ as a sergeant, on a pay of 20

guilders monthly, at present serving as absolute Hnsign of

this garrison, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by

these presents, at his request, and considering his ability,

admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the Honourable

Company’s service in the capacity of first Lieutenant on a

salary of 54 guilders.

" This acte is crossed and cancelled in the manuscript. The substituted

one appears in the footnote at the end of this Paper.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. )09

MS. fol. 176.

Cornelis Snoecq of Reenen, arrived in India in 1636 in

the ship “ N. Enchuysen ” asa soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, at present absolute sergeant of this garrison, whose

engagement is about to expire, is, by these presents, at his

request, considering his ability, and seeing that he has duly

acquitted himself in the victorious battle against the Portu-

suese and in the taking of the fortress of Negumbo (for which

God be thanked), and that he has since that time held the place

of Lieutenant, admitted to a new three years’ engagement

in the capacity of absolute Ensign, ona salary of 40 guilders

monthly, the increase of salary to begin this day, and the new

“ engagement when the old one shall have expired.

Jan Claesz of Leeuwarden, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship ‘‘ Salmander ” as a corporal, on a pay of 13 guilders

monthly, at present serving as Capitaine des armes of this

garrison, having duly acquitted himself in the victorious

battle against the Portuguese and in the taking of the fortress

of Negumbo, and having since that time held the office of

Lieutenant, is, by these presents, at his request, appointed pro-

visional Ensign on a pay of 40 guilders monthly, on condition

that he shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company in

India for another term of three years after expiry of his

present engagement, the increase of salary to begin this day.

Arent Harmensz of Delft, arrived in India in 1639 in the

ship “’t Wapen van Delft,” as an Adelborst, on a monthly

pay of 11 guilders, at present serving as a corporal on a pay

of 13 guilders monthly, whose engaged time is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, admitted

MS.. fol. 176.

to a new three years engagement as a sergeant, seeing that

he has held the said place since the capture of Negumbo,

and allowed a pay of 22 guilders monthly, the increase of

pay beginning this day, and the new engagement on expiry

of the old one.

510 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Oene Nanninghs of Norden, arrived in India in 1632 in

the ship ‘‘ De Leeuwin” as a soldier, on a pay of 10 guilders

monthly, at present serving as an Adelborst on a pay of 13

guilders monthly, whose three years’ engagement is shortly to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the

’ Company’s service, as a corporal of the Adelborsts on a pay

of 18 guilders per month, the new pay to begin this day, and

the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Christiaen Cryger of Hameln, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “N. Enchuysen” as a corporal, on a pay of 16

cuilders per month, now serving as a sergeant on a salary of

20 guilders per month, is, by these presents, seeing that before

and in the taking of Negumbo he acquitted himself well and

duly behaved himself against the enemy, admitted to a new

three years’ engagement in the capacity of provisional Ensign,

on condition that so long as he shall hold the said post here

he shall enjoy the pay and board-wages of an absolute Ensign,

the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new engage-

ment on expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 177.

Andries Teches of Leipsig, arrived in India in 1638 in

the yacht “ Reynsburch”’ as an Adelborst, on a pay of 10

guilders monthly, is, by these presents, seeing that since the

' taking of the fortress of Negumbo he has carried the Standard,

considering his ability, the good services rendered by him,

and still to be rendered, admitted to a new three years’ en-

g ~ement in the capacity of corporal of the Adelborsts on a

pay of 18 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall be

appointed to the first sergeant’s place that shall fall vacant,

the aieseals of pay to begin this day, and the new engage-

m | on expiry of the old one.

Thobias Danyerar of Rochelle, arrived in Wane) in 1634

in the ship “‘ Frederick Hendrick” as an Adelborst, ona salary

of 11 guilders monthly, at present serving as a corporal on a

monthly pay of 14 guilders, whose engaged time is about to

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. | O11

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the

Company’s service as a sergeant on a monthly pay of 22

cuilders, the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new

engagement on expiry of the old one.

Harmen Cramer of Hamburch, arrived in India in 1637

in the ship “ Wesel” as a trumpeter, on amonthly pay of 22

guilders, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engage-

ment as corporal of the Adelborsis, on condition that he shall

serve on his former pay and not be entitled to anything

besides, the new engagement to begin on expiry of the old

one.

MS. fol. 178.

Claes Bastiaensz of Delft, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “ Zutphen” as an arquebusier, on a pay of 14 guilders

monthly, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, and considering his ability, admitted

to a new three years’ engagement as a corporal on a monthly

pay of 16 guilders, the increase of pay to begin this day, and

the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Isaacq van Rullen of Leyden, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “ Amsterdam ” as an Ade/borst, on a monthly pay

of 10 guilders, having during the taking of Negumbo hel¢

the post of sergeant to the entire satisfaction of his

superiors, is, by these presents, promoted to the rank of pro-

visional sergeant on a pay of 22 guilders monthly. n

condition that he shall be bound to serve for one year over

and above his engaged time, the increase of pay being held

to date from the day when he entered upon the duties of

the office aforesaid. |

Marten Jansz of Caddodec, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ N. Amsterdam ”’ as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 10

guilders, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the

D12 JOURNAL, R.A.S8. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Company’s service as a soldier on a pay of 14 guilders

monthly, the inerease of pay to begin this day, and the new

engagement on expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 179.

Dirck Cornelisz of Vianen, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ Bergen op den Zoom” asa sailor, on amonthly pay

of 10 guilders, has engaged himself to serve on the pay

aforesaid for twenty-six months after expiry of his present

engagement, in the room of Claes Jansz of Beverwyck, with

whom he has made an agreement, in consequence of which

the said Claes Jansz is, by these presents, released from his

engagement.

Uldrick Hendricksz of Jever, arrived in India in 1636 in

the ship “Hgmont” as an Adelborst, on a pay of 13 guilders

monthly, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, and considering his ability, admitted

to a new three years’ engagement in the Company’s service as

a corporal on a pay of 16 guilders monthly, the increase of

pay to begin this day, and the new engagement on expiry of

the old one.

Abraham Levendack of The Hague, arrived in India in

1639 in the ship “ Breda”’ as a soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders

monthly, whose engaged time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engage-

ment in the Company’s service as an Adelborst on a pay of

14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day,

and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 180.

Haeye Jemmis of Enchuysen, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ Breda” as an arquebusier, on a monthly pay of 10

guilders, whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement in the Company’s service as a soldier on a

monthly pay of 13 guilders, the increase of pay to begin this

day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

No. 53.—1902.) GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 513

Pieter Cornelisz of Rotterdam, arrived in India in 1634

in the ship “ Frederick Hendrick” as an arquebusier, on a

monthly pay of 10 guilders, whose engaged time is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted toa

new three years’ engagement in the Honourable Company’s

service as a soldier on a pay of 13 guilders monthly, the

increase of salary to begin this day, and the new engagement

on expiry of the old one.

Jan Andriesz of Enchuysen, arrived in India in 1638

in the ship “N. Enchuysen ” as a cooper, on a monthly pay

of 15 guilders, at present serving on a pay of 18 guilders

monthly, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering |

his ability and the vacancy now occurring, appointed butler

on a pay of 24 guilders per month and under a new three

years’ engagement, the increase of pay being held to have

begun on the Ist March last, and the new engagement to

begin on expiry of the old one.

MS. fol. 181.

Arent Dach of Arnhem, corporal of this garrison, having

since the taking of the fortress of Negumbo held the post

of provisional sergeant, is, by these presents, at his request,

allowed to continue in the said post on a monthly pay of

22 guilders, on condition that he shall be bound to serve for

one year over and above his engaged time which has now

expired, seeing that he is unwilling to enter into a new

- engagement.

Lueas Galpyn of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “Ackersloot” as a lantspassaet, on a monthly

pay of 12 guilders, now acorporal of this garrison, is, by

these presents, at his request, and considering hisability, the

services rendered by him and still to be rendered, admitted

to anew three years’ engagement as an absolute sergeant on

a pay of 22 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

' Landpassaad. See note on page 424.

KS)

cep)

21-02

o14 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

Hendrick Fitty of Danzig, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ Maria de Medicis” as an Adelborst, on a pay of 10

guilders monthly, having well and duly acquitted himself

in the battle against the Portuguese and in the taking of the

fortress of Negumbo, and having since that time held the

post of provisional sergeant to the complete satisfaction of

his superiors, is, by these presents, confirmed absolutely

MS. fol. 182.

in the post aforesaid, and allowed a pay of 22 guilders

monthly, on condition that he shall be bound to serve the

Honourable Company for four successive years after the Ist

of this current month of March, the increase of salary to

begin this day.

Joannes Kuyns of Neu Stettin, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “ Zutphen” as an Adelborst, on a monthly pay of 10

guilders, having well and duly acquitted himself in the battle

against the Portuguese and in the taking of the fortress of

Negumbo, and having since that time held the post of pro-

visional sergeant to the entire satisfaction of his superiors,

is, by these presents, absolutely confirmed in the said post

ona pay of 22 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall be

bound to serve the Honourable Company for another term of

three years from the lst of this current month of March, the

increase of pay to begin this day.

Francois Michielsz of Broschdorp, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “ Banda” asan Adelborsi, on a pay of 10 guilders

monthly, at present serving as a provisional Lieutenant,

having well and duly acquitted himself in the battle against

the Portuguese and in the taking of the fortress of Negumbo,

is, by these presents, at his request, and considering his

ability, appointed

MS. fol. 183.

Ensign absolute under a three years’ engagement, on a

monthly pay of 40 guilders, the increase of pay to begin this

day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

No. 53.—1902,] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 515

Gerrit Dam of Hoorn, arrived in India in 1642 in the

ship “ Westvrieslant’’ as an assistant, on a monthly pay of 20

euilders, having for some time past diligently and carefully

supervised the Company’s warehouses at this place, together

with the goods stored in the same, is, by these presents, at his

request, and by way of further encouragement, appointed

first assistant on a salary of 25 guilders monthly, the increase

of pay to begin this day.

Pieter Arentsz of Corendyck, corporal of this garrison,

having held the post of provisional sergeant since the

taking of the fortress of Negumbo, is, by these presents,

at his request, confirmed in the said post, on a pay of 22

cuilders monthly.

Cornelis Verstegen of Beuren, arrived in India in 1642 in

the ship “ Middelburch” asa Capitaine des armes, ona pay of

18 guilders monthly, having for some time past held the

post of provisional sergeant to the entire satisfaction of his

superiors, is, by these presents, at his request, confirmed in

the said post, on a monthly pay of 22 guilders, the increase

of pay being held to have begun on the Ist January last.

MS. fol. 184.

-Hillebrant Hillebrantsz of Oldenburg, arrived in India

in 1641 in the ship “ Harderwyck” as a lantspassaet, on a

pay of 12 guilders monthly, having for some time past held

the post of provisional corporal to the entire satisfaction of

his superiors, is, by these presents, at his request, confirmed

absolutely in the said post on a pay of 15 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay to begin this day.

Pieter Symonsz of De Kremy, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ Prins Hendrick” asa lantspassaet, on a pay

of 12 guilders monthly, having for some time past held

the post of provisional corporal to the entire satisfaction

of his superiors, is, by these presents, at his request,

confirmed absolutely in the said post, on a pay of 15

guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day.

516 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

Marten Vinck! of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1643 in

the ship “N. Haerlem” as a ship’s boy, ona monthly pay of 5

cuilders, having for some time past been employed here as a

Secretary, and having made great progress in writing, &C¢., is,

by these presents, appointed junior assistant on a monthly

pay of 10 guilders, the increase of pay to begin this day.

Christiaen Paulusz of Wisselenburch, arrived in India

in 1640 in the ship “ Den Walvisch,” as a constable on a

pay of 24 guilders

MS. fol. 185.

monthly, whose engagement has expired, is by these presents,

at his request, admitted to anew three years’engagement on a

pay of 30 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to

have begun on the Ist October of last year, and the new

engagement to begin on expiry of the old one, this being

done to fulfil the promise given to him in writing by the

Lord Governor-General at Batavia.

Salomon Jacobsz of Aerhuysen, arrived in India in

1643 in the ship “ N. Amsterdam” as a corporal, on a pay of

[ } guilders monthly, having duly acquitted himself

against the enemy in the taking of Negumbo, is, by these

presents, at his request, and considering his ability, appointed

provisional sergeant ona pay of 22 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay to begin this day.

Armus Hansz of Hanover, arrived in India in 1638 in

the ship “Suol” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9 guilders,

at present serving as a corporal, having duly acquitted

himself in the taking of the fortress of Negumbo, and having

since that time held the post of provisional sergeant to

the satisfaction of his superiors, is, by these presents, at his

request, confirmed in the said post, on a pay of 22 guilders

This person is not the same as the Opperkoopman Marten Vinck,

Member of Council, whose name has already frequently occurred in these

proceedings. He was robably a relative.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. D17

monthly, on condition that he shall be bound to serve the

Honourable Company for another term of three successive

years after the lst May next, the increase of pay to begin this

day.

MS. fol. 186.

Lambert Camholt of Embden, arrived in India in 1636

in the ship “Prins Willem” as a soldier, ona pay of 9 guilders

monthly, at present serving as first Lieutenant of this garri-

son, having duly, courageously, and stoutly acquitted him-

self, as becometh such an officer, in the battle against the

Portuguese and in the taking of the fortress of Negumbo, is,

by these presents, at his request, appointed provisional Cap-

tain on a pay of 75 guilders monthly, on condition that he

shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company for another

term of three successive years from the lst of this month, the

increase of salary to begin from that date; and on the

promise that in case of departure of either of the Captains

Doneq or Van der Laen, or (which God forbid) of either of

them being killed in battle or otherwise, he shall succeed

and be made and continue absolute Captain.

Jacob Cornelisz Mortier of The Hague, arrived in India

in 1643 in the ship “ Wesel ”’ as a sailor, on a pay of 7 guilders

monthly, is, at his request, appointed soldier on a pay of 9

cuilders per month, on condition that he shall be bound to

serve the Honourable Company for another term of two

years after expiry of his present engagement.

Harmen Jansz of Quackenbrugge,

MS. fol. 187.

arrived in India in the ship “ N. Haerlem”’ as a soldier, on a

monthly pay of 9 guilders, whose time has expired, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted toa new three years’ engage-

ment in the Honourable Company’s service as an Adelborst, on

a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay being held to

518 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VouL. XVII.

have begun on the Ist of this month, and the new engagement

on expiry of the present one. |

Jan Parsse of Oxford, arrived in India in 1640 in the ship

“Den Walvisch”’ asa soldier, on a pay of 9 guilders monthly,

at present a corporal of this garrison, is, by these presents,

considering his ability, the good services by him rendered

and still to be rendered, appointed corporal of the Adelborsts

on a pay of 18 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall

be bound to serve the Honourable Company for another term

of three years after expiry of his present time, which is to

end next year, the increase of pay to begin this day.

Jan, Pietergsz Root of Hoorn, arrived in India in 1640 in

the ship “‘ Breda” as an arquebusier, on a pay of 14 guilders

monthly, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, appointed to the charge of “ halfwaeck” (half-

watch 7) on a pay of 24 guilders monthly from the 24th

September of last year, being the day when he entered upon

the duties of said charge.

Abraham Francen Roos of Amsterdam,

MS. fol. 188.

arrived in India in 1642 in the ship “De Tyge” as an

arquebusier, on a pay of 13 guilders monthly, is, by these

presents, at his request,and considering his ability, appointed

constable’s mate on a pay of 14 guilders monthly from the

29th September of last year, being the time when he entered

on the duties of said post.

Marten Vinck of Amsterdam, arrived in India on the 5th

May, 1639, in the ship “ N. Amsterdam” as an Uppermerchant,

on asalary of 80 guilders per month, is, by these presents, at

his request, and considering his ability, the good services by

him rendered, and his experience of the affairs and situation

of thisisland, admitted to a new three years’ engagement in

the Honourable Company’s service, in the capacity of Commis-

sioner on a salary of 120 guilders monthly, and the free use of

victuals out of the Company’s warehouses according to custom,

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 519

or as is usually allowed those who have free provisions out

of the warehouse, the increase of salary being held to have

begun on the Ist January last, and the new engagement

to begin when the old one shall have expired.

Hendrick Winter of Lubeck, arrived in India in 1643 in

the ship “‘ Wesel ” asa constable’s mate, on a monthly pay of 14

guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, appointed constable, and allowed besides the

half-pay

MS. fol. 189.

according to the general articles of our masters, a salary of

19 guilders monthly, from the 15th of October of last year,

being the time when he entered upon the duties aforesaid.

Albert Hooghland of Ouwerkerck, arrived in India in

1639 in the yacht “ Lis ” as assistant, on a monthly pay of 20

guilders, afterwards appointed Undermerchant and Secre-

tary by the Lord President Jan Thysen on a pay of 36 guilders

monthly, whose engagement is to expire in May next, is, by

these presents, at his request, and considering his ability and

experience in business, appointed Merchant and Fiscal on a

salary of 60 guilders monthly, and under a three years’

engagement, beginning on the Ist of May next, the increase

of pay to begin this day.

Johannes Brouwer of Zeeburch, arrived in India in 1639 in

the ship “ Banda” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9 guilders,

whose engagement is about to expire, is, by these presents, at

his request, admitted to anew three years’ engagement in the

Honourable Company’s service as an Adelborsi, on a pay of

16 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day,

and the new engagement on expiry of the old one ; with the

promise that on the first vacancy of the kind that shall occur

he shall be made absolute corporal.

MS. fol. 190.

Adriaen van der Beeck, corporal of the Adelborsts of this

garrison, whose engagement expired on the 26th November

520 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

of last year, is, by these presents, at his request, and on

account of various considerations, appointed provisional

Ensign on a pay of 40 guilders monthly, for which he shall

be bound to serve the Honourable Company for another

term of three years from this date, the increase of pay to

begin this day.

Jacob Isaack de Kick of Norwich, arrived in India in

1638 in the ship “Swol” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of

9 guilders, having duly acquitted himself in the taking of

the fortress of Negumbo, and having since that time held

the office of Lieutenant, is, by these presents, at his request,

and considering his ability, appointed absolute sergeant of

this garrison on a pay of 22 guilders monthly, the increase

of pay to begin this day.

Daniel Verly of Picardy, arrived in India in 1638 in the

ship ‘‘ Zeelandia” as an Adelborst, on a monthly pay of 10

guilders, having duly acquitted himself in the taking of the

fortress of Negumbo, and having since that time commanded

the company of the disabled Lieutenant Hendrick van

Norden, is, by these presents, at his request, and considering

his ability, appointed absolute sergeant on a pay of 22

guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day.

MS. fol. 191.

Jacob Boey of Leyden, arrived in India in 1635 in the

fluytschip “De Duyff” as a boy,!on a pay of 4 guilders

monthly, at present serving as an Adelborst, whose time is

about to expire, is, by these presents, considering his ability,

and seeing that he has very well and duly acquitted himself

in the battle against the Portuguese and in the taking of

their fortress of Negumbo, and since that time has held the

post of Ensign of the matchlock men, appointed absolute

sergeant on a pay of 22 guilders monthly, on condition that

he shall be bound to serve the Honourable Company for

' See note on page 418.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 321

another term of three years, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old

one.

Anthony Marion of Auvergne, arrived in India in

1639 in the ship “ Middelburch” as a soldier, on a pay of

9 guilders monthly, whose engagement is shortly to expire,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement in the Company’s service as an Adelborst

on a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to

begin this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the

old one.

Cornelis Cornelisz of Zierikzee, arrived in India in 1637

inthe ship “ Fredrick Hendrick” as a soldier, on a pay of 11

guilders monthly, whose engagement is about to expire, is,

by these presents,

MS. fol. 192.

at his request, admitted to a new three years’ engagement

in the Company’s service as an Adelborst on a pay of 14

cuilders monthly, the increase of salary to begin this day,

and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Adam Gerbrantsz of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ De Snoecq ” as a ship’s corporal, on a pay of 15

guilders monthly, whose time has expired, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement in the Company’s service as a smith, on a

monthly pay of 25 guilders, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old

one.

Lucas Simonsz Witcap of Amsterdam, arrived in India

in 1638 in the ship ‘“‘ Amelia” as an arquebusier, on a

monthly pay of 12 guilders, whose engagement has expired,

is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement in the Honourable Company’s service, on

2H 21-02

922 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vou. XVII.

a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old

one.

Offke Lourentsz of Deyder, arrived in India in 1641] in |

the ship “ Breda” as a ship’s boy, on a monthly pay of 8

guilders, whose time has expired, is, by these presents,

admitted to a new three years’ engagement in the Honourable

Company’s service as a sailor on a pay

MS, foi. 198.

of 9 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day,

and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Carel Staets of Hasselt, arrived in India in 1638 in the

yacht “ Arnemuyden” as a soldier, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, whose time has expired, is, by these presents, at his

request, and considering his good conduct, appointed corporal

under a three years’ engagement on a pay of 18 guilders

monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day, and the new

engagement on expiry of the old one; on the promise that

he shall be appointed corporal of the Adelborsts as soon as

such a vacancy shall occur.

Marcus Symonsz Cassel of The Hague, arrived in India

in 1635 in the ship “ Hoff van Hollant” as a soldier, on a

monthly pay of 9 guilders, at present serving as absolute

sergeant of this garrison, whose engagement’ is about to

expire, is, by these presents, at his request, seeing his ability

and considering that for some time past he held the office of

Lieutenant during the taking of the fortress of Negumbo,

to the entire satisfaction of his superiors, promoted to the

rank of absolute Ensign undera new three years’ engagement

and a pay of 40 guilders monthly ; the said Marcus Symonsz

however continuing to hold the office of Lieutenant, for

which he shall afterwards receive his surplus pay, the

increase of pay to begin this day and the new engagement

on expiry of the old one,

No. 53.—1902.| GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. Sa)

MS. fol. 194.

Abraham Barielsz of Hogervoost, arrived in India in

1637 in the ship “ Haerlem” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of

9 guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, admitted to a

new three years’ engagement as an Adelborst on a pay of 14

guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin this day, and

the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Jan Jansz of Oldenburg, arrived in India in 1641 in the

ship “ Harderwyck” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 7

guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, and seeing his

desire to continue in the Honourable Company’s service,

allowed anenhanced payof 14 guilders monthly, on condition

that he shall be bound to remain in India for another term of

three years, the increase of pay and the new engagement to

begin this day.

Jan Floren of Valakenburch, arrived in India in 1641 in

the ship “ N. Amsterdam ” as a sailor, ona monthly pay of 9

guilders, is, by these presents, at his request, and seeing his

desire to continue in the Honourable Company’s service,

admitted toa new three years’ engagement as a7quebusier on

a monthly pay of 14 guilders, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old one.

Jan Robbertsz of Vollenhoven, arrived in India in 16[ ]

in the ship [ ] as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 10

guilders,

MS. fol. 195.

whose time has expired, is, by these presents, at his request,

allowed to remain here in the room of Jan Mathusalem of

Westcappel, arquebusier, who has still two years to serve,

on the pay of 12 guilders monthly, which the said Mathusalem

is now drawing, the increase of pay and the two years’

engagement aforesaid to begin this day.

524 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VoL. XVII.

Pieter Jansz Cuyper of Hoorn, arrived in India in 1640

in the ship “ Nassau” as a derdewaeck (third watch ?), on

a monthly pay of 35 guilders, now serving ona pay of 50

guilders, having for some time past held the post of Skipper

in the yacht “Kleyn-Sutphen” with all due fidelity, diligence,

and carefulness, and to the entire satisfaction of his superiors,

is, by these presents, on this account, and at his request,

appointed absolute Skipper ona pay of 60 guilders monthly,

the increase of pay being held to have begun on the Ist of

this present month.

Gysbert Dircksz of Den Overtoom, arrived in India in 1635

in the ship “ Vlissingen ” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 9

guilders, at present serving as a comforter of thesick! ona pay

of 16 guilders monthly, is, by these presents, at his request,

and seeing his desire to continue in the Honourable

Company’sservice, admitted to a new three years’ engagement

on a pay of 18 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to

begin this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the

old one.

MS. fol. 196.

Pieter Julius Koman of Minnen, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “ Leeuwarden ” as a soldier, ona monthly pay of

9 guilders, at present serving as a drummer on a pay of 12

guilders monthly, whose time is about to expire, is, by these

presents, at his request, admitted to a new three years’

engagement on a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of

pay to begin this day, and the new engagement on expiry of

the old one.

_ Fredrick Sleger of Kreutynach, arrived in India in 1643

in the ship “ Den Oliphant” as an Adeldorst, on a pay of 10

guilders monthly, having well and duly acquitted himself in

the battle against the Portuguese and in the taking of their

| Zichentrooster, See note on page 390.

No. 53.—1902.] GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 2 525

fortress of Negumbo, is, by these presents, at his request,

allowed a pay ot 15 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to

begin this day, with the promise that he shall be promoted

to the rank of corporal as soon as such a vacancy shall

occur. |

Jan Jansz Koman of Middelburch, arrived in India in

1643 in the ship “Fredrick Hendrick” as a sailor, on a

monthly pay of 7 guilders, is, by these presents, at his request,

and considering his ability, promoted to the post of cooper

on a pay of 12 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to

begin this day.

Jan Hendricksz Bierdrager of

MS. fol. 197.

Medemblick, arrived in India in 1641 in the ship “ Henriette

Louise” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of 9 guilders, is, by

these presents, at his request, admitted as a soldier on a

pay of 9 guilders per month, on condition that, after expiry

of his present engagement, he shall serve the Honourable

Company here for the same pay for three successive

years.

Lourens Jansz of Bergen in Norway, arrived in India

in 1643 in the ship “ Wesel” as a sailor, on a monthly

pay of 9 guilders, is, at his request, by these presents,

appointed cook’s mate, on a monthly pay of 14 guilders,

seeing that for some time past he has held the said place to

the satisfaction of his superiors, the increase of pay to begin

this day. i

Willem Robertsz Alma of Rotterdam, arrived in India

in 1639 in the ship “ N. Amsterdam” as a boy, on a monthly

pay of 4 guilders, and afterwards by the Lord President Jan

Thysen promoted to the rank of a junior assistant on a pay

of 12 guilders monthly, is, by these presents, at his request,

considering his ability and the good services by him

526 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

rendered, promoted to the office of first assistant on a pay

of 24 guilders monthly, on condition that he shall be bound

to serve the Honourable Company for another term of three

years from the dth May next,the increase of pay to begin

this day.

Willem Abrahamsz of Hattem, arrived in India in 1642

in the ship “ Den Salamander ” as an Adelborst, on a pay of

10 guilders monthly, |

MS. fol. 198.

is, by these presents, at his request, and considering the good

services by him rendered and still to be rendered, promoted

to the rank of corporal on a pay of 15 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay to begin this day.

Willem Hamer of Copenhaguen, arrived in India in 1639

in the ship “ N. Amsterdam” as an Adelborst, on a pay of 10

guilders monthly, whose engagement is about to expire, is,

by these presents, at his request, admitted to a new three

years’ engagement on a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the

increase of pay to begin this day,and the new engagement

on expiry of the old one.

Cornelis Abrahamsz of Rotterdam, arrived in India in

1640 in theship “ Maestricht ” as a sailor, on a monthly pay of

9 guilders,whose time is about to expire, is, by these presents,

at his request, and considering his ability, appointed cooper

on a pay of 14 guilders monthly, the increase of pay to begin

this day, and the new engagement on expiry of the old

one.

Jan Gollot! of Newcastle, arrived in India in 1628 in

the ship “ Hollandia” as an Adelborst, on a monthly pay of

10 guilders, at present serving as a corporal on a pay of 16

guilders per month, is, by these presents, considering the ex-

cellent testimony given him by his superiors touching his

good conduct and manly valour shown in the batile and in

| See resolution of 7th March, 1644 (page 502, ante).

No. 53.—1902,| GALLE DUTCH RECORDS. 527

the taking of the fortress of Negumbo, at his request, and in

order to further encourage him, promoted to the rank of a

sergeant

; Coetera desunt.

' T have recently discovered the page of the manuscript which follows

this. Being much decayed and very fragile, and therefore incapable of

preservation any longer, I have had to make a transcript of it for the

record. Translated, it runs on in continuation of the above, as follows :—

on a salary of 22 guilders per month, commencing from 10th

January last.

Gerrit Moutmaker of Amsterdam, arrived in India in 1634

by the ship “ Egmond”’ as an assistant, on asalary of 15 guilders

per month, nowa Koopman (merchant) on 60 guilders, is, by

these presents, on his application, and in consideration of the

good services rendered by him, promoted to an Opperkoopman

(Uppermerchant) with a salary of 100 guilders per month,

on the condition that he shall be bound to serve the Honour-

able Company in India for three years longer, beginning

from list January last.

Didlof Tydeman of Holstein, arrived in India in 1643 by

the ship “’t Hoff van Zielandt” as an Adelborst, on a salary

of 10 guilders, is, on his application, in consequence of a

vacancy occurring since the conquest of the fortress of

Negumbo, promoted to corporal on a salary of 15 guilders

per month, commencing from this date.

Matthys Catsiander of Wenen, arrived in India in 1643 by

the ship “ De Swaen” as a soldier, on a salary of 9 guilders

per month, is, in consideration of his having acted in a

sergeant’s post since the conquest of the fortress of Negumbo,

and of his fitness, promoted, upon his application, to

corporal, on a salary of 15 guilders per month, commencing

from this date.

Harry D[ ] of Scotland, arrived in India in 1643 as an

Adelborst, on a salary of 10 guilders per month, by the ship

“ Breda,” having for some time, provisionally, performed the

duties of sergeant, is, upon his application, and in considera-

528 | JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CHYLON). [VouL. XVII,

tion of his fitness, prometed to corporal on a salary of

15 guilders per month, commencing from this date.

Greyert Moincken of Coninexburg, arrived in India in 1642

by the ship “ Banda” as a sailor, on a salary of 9 guilders

per month, is, upon his application, and in consideration of

his fitness, promoted to under carpenter on a salary of 16

guilders per month, commencing from this date.

Edouard Wassenaer of Haerlem, arrived in India in 1642

by the ship “Banda” as a rifleman (bosschieter), on 12

guilders per month, is, upon his application, and in considera-

tion of his fitness, promoted to under carpenter on a salary

of 16 guilders per month, commencing from this date.

Burchard Lambertsz Cocqx of Wesel, arrived in India in

1639 by the ship “ Wesel” as a sergeant, on a salary of 22

guilders per month, at present Hnsign-absolute, whose term

of service is shortly to expire, and who for some time did

here, provisionally, serve as a Lieutenant, is, for this reason,

and in consideration of his fitness, promoted to Lieutenant of

this garrison on a salary of 54 guilders per month, on the

condition that

Cetera desunt.

NotTE.—The above translation was made for the Society about ten years

ago, but remained unpubiished for want of time and opportunity to revise

it by a careful collation with the original manuscript. This has now

been done, although the pressing requirements of the Government Printing

Office have compelled me to perform the work with greater expedition

than I should have wished. While correcting all manifest inaccuracies,

and adding a few explanatory notes here and there, I have left the

translation very much in the form in which I found it. It is, I think, a

faithful rendering of the original, both as to style and substance. With

a view to maintain this fidelity throughout, no attempt has been made to

correct the quaint spelling of some of the proper names of persons and

places, even where the same name was found to be differently spelt in

different places.—R. G. A. p

No. 53.—1902. | PROCEEDINGS. 529

COUNCIL MEETING:

Colombo Museum, December 1, 1902.

Present :

The Hon. Mr. Everard im Thurn, C.B.,C.M.G., President, in the Chair.

2 Mr. J. Ferguson, Vice-President.

Mr. C. Drieberg, B.A., F.H.A.S. | Mr. P. Freudenberg.

_ The Hon. Mr. 8S. C. Obeyesekere.

Mr. F. C. Roles, Honorary Treasurer.

Mr. J. Harward, M.A.,and Mr.G. A. Joseph, Honorary Secretaries.

Business.

1. Read and confirmed Minutes of last Meeting.

2. Resolved,—That the following Candidates for admission into.

the Society as Resident Members be elected :-—

Dr. A. Willey, Honorary M.A. Cantab., D.Sc. { G. A. Joseph.

London, F.R.S. : recommended by J. Harward.

S. M. Burrows.

C. M. Fernando.

G. A. Joseph.

FEF. M. Mackwood.

G. A. Joseph.

J. Ferguson.

J. Harward.

TEP. Ponnambalam Pillai : recommended by | er a x ee

W. F.Gunawardana, Mudaliyar : recommended

wid ayawickrama, Proctor : recommended by }

P. C. MacMahon: recommended by

N. Bonaparte-Wyse : recommended by

3. laid on the table Circular No. 121, containing the opinions

of Messrs. H. C. P. Bell and W. P. Ranasinha on the Paper entitled

‘““Dondra,” by Mudaliyar G. E. Weerakoon.

Resolved.—T hat the Paper be not accepted, in view of the remarks

on the Circular by the gentlemen tc whom it was referred ; but the

writer be thanked for forwarding it to the Society.

4. Laid on the table Circular No. 122, containing the opinions of

Messrs. H. C. P. Bell and C. M. Fernando on the Paper entitled

‘Two Ola Grants of the 17th Century,” by Mr. T. B. Pohath.

Resolved,—That the Paper be accepted and read at a General

Meeting of the Society, and printed in the Society’s Journal.

At . 21-0?

530 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XVII.

5. Laid on the table Parts I. and II. of a Paper entitled “‘ The

Tamilian Problem,” by Mr. V. J. Tamby Pillai.

Resolved,—That the Paper be referred to Messrs. C. Brito and ~

H. C. P. Bell for their opinions.

6. Laid on the table a Paper entitled “ Dramatic Poetry and the

Literature of the Sinhalese,’ by Dr. W. Arthur de Silva, J.P. .-

Resolved,—That the Paper be referred to Messrs. W. P. Ranasinha

and J. Harward for their opinions.

7. Laid on the table a Paper entitled ‘“‘ An Account of King Kirti

Sri’s Embassy to Siam in 1672 Saka (1750 4.p.),” by Mr. P. E. Pieris,

M.A., C.C.S.

ented one” the Paper be referred to Messrs, H. C. P. Bell and

_ J. Harward for their opinions.

8. Laid on the table a Paper entitled ‘Temporal and Spiritual

History of Ceylon, compiled by Rev. Fernao de Queiros, 8.J., of the

Province of Goa,” translated from the Portuguese by Mr. F.. H. de Vos.

Resolved,—That the Paper be accepted, with thanks, for publication

in the Society’s Journal, and that it be referred to Mr. D. W.

Ferguson for the favour of his annotation, before sending it to press.

9. Considered the question of employing Mr. D. W. Ferguson to

translate that part of vol. V. of Valentyn, Oud en Nieww Oost Indien,

1724-6, which treats of Ceylon.

Resolved,—That Mr. Ferguson be asked to state on what terms he

would be prepared to undertake the translation.

10. Laid on the table a letter from the University of Colorado,

soliciting an exchange of Publications, and forwarding a ‘copy of

vol. 1., No. 1, of their Publications.

Beesleeal -——-That the matter be referred to Mr. J. Ferguson for

his opinion.

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