es is-2-^

Journal of th

NATURAL

HISTORY MUSEUM

1 1 MAR 2011

PURCHASED

ENTOM LIBRARY

Entomological Society

of British Columbia

Volume 106 Issued December 2009 ISSN #0071-0733

ESBC

Entomological

Columbia

COVER: Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

This green lacewing is common across southern British Columbia and ranges as far north

as the Skeena River. With its delicate green body and golden eyes, it is one of our most

beautiful insects. Seven of the ten recognized species of Chrysopa in North America occur

in Canada and all of these are recorded in British Columbia. Adults and larvae are vora-

cious predators and play an important role in the control of aphids and many other pests.

Photograph details:

Chrysopa nigricornis, captured at Penticton, BC in June 1982 and photographed live in a

glass terrarium. Nikon F2 with 55 mm macro lens, #1 extension tube and two small strobe

flashes; Kodachrome 64 film. Robert A. Cannings and M. Brent Cooke, Royal BC Mu-

seum.

The Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia is

published annually in December by the Society

Designed and typeset by Hugh Barclay and Jen Perry.

Printed by FotoPrint Ltd., Victoria, B.C.

Printed on Recycled Paper.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009

NATURAL

HISTORY MUSEUM

1 1 MAR 2011

Journal of the | ENTO^M LIBRARY

Entomological Society of British Columbia

RY I

wrrmm-mmmp

Volume 106

Issued Deeember 2009

ISSN #0071-0733

Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2009-2010 2

G.G.E. Scudder. Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada, with additional new pro-

vincial records for three other species in Canada 3

M. Meinander, J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. New distributional records for

some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera) 11

G.G.E. Scudder and Robert A. Cannings. A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of Brit-

ish Columbia (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) with a summary

of their geographic distribution 17

Rex Kenner. Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis: a new synonymy and sexual

dimorphism in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) 25

Phulip D. Bragg and Robert G. Holmberg. The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of

British Columbia 29

Aaron M. Hagerty, Alberto Pantoja and Susan Y. Emmert. Lady beetles (Coleoptera:

Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) associated with Alaskan agricultural crops 39

J.A. McLean, A.L. Behennah and M. Fairbams. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on Southern Vancouver Island, British Co-

lumbia 47

John A. McLean and Agnes Li. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Stanley Park,

Vancouver, British Columbia following the storms of December 2006 53

Leland M. Humble, Jeremy R. deWaard and Meghan Quinn. Delayed recognition of the

European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tor-

tricidae), in Canada 61

L. Safranyik. Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle around the

bole of windthrown trees 71

NOTES

R.A. Cannings and G.G.E. Scudder. Eleodes obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae):

confirmation of a Canadian population and possible northward expansion from

Washington State into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley 81

James W. Miskelly. Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island 83

Jennifer E. Bergh and Sujaya Rao. New record of Eurytomocharis eragrostidis species

complex (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff (Eragrostis tef) in Oregon 85

ABSTRACTS

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Abstracts: Henry

Grube Education Centre, Kamloops BC. October 2, 2009 87

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Inside Back Cover

2

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

DIRECTORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR 2009-10

President:

Tom Lowery

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

President-Elect:

Rob McGregor

Douglas College

Past-President:

Sheila Fitzpatrick

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Secretary /Treasurer:

Lorraine Maclauchlan

B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range

Directors, first term:

Naomi Delury, Jim Corrigan, Ward Strong

Director, second term:

Dezene Huber, Alida Janmaat, Leo Rankin

Regional Director of National Society:

Bill Riel

Canadian Forest Service, Victoria

Editor, Boreus:

Jennifer Heron

Jennifer.Heron@gov.bc.ca

Editorial Committee, Journal:

Editor-in-Chief: Subject Editors:

Hugh Barclay Sheila Fitzpatrick (Agriculture)

Victoria, B.C. Lorraine MacLauchlan (Forestry)

hbarclay@shaw.ca Rob Cannings (Systematics/Morphology)

Technical Editor: Jen Perry Editor Emeritus: Peter Belton

Editor of Web Site:

Bill Riel

briel@pfc . forestry . ca

Honorary Auditor:

Sheila Fitzpatrick

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Web Page: http://www.sfu.ca/biology/esbc/

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

3

Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada,

with additional new provincial records

for three other species in Canada

G.G.E. SCUDDER^

ABSTRACT

Cenocorixa wileyae (Hungerford), Labops utahensis Slater, Phytocoris heidemanni

Reuter, Pinalitus rubrotinctus Knight, Corythucha celtidis Osborn and Drake, Geocoris

frisoni Barber, Zeridoneus petersoni Reichart, Aethus nigritus (F.), and Melanaethus

subglaber (Walker) are reported as new to Canada. New provincial records are also

given for three mirids, namely Clivinema fuscum Downes, Pilophonts amoenus Uhler,

and Polymenis vulneratiis (Wolff). Labops utahensis is also recorded new for Oregon,

and Aethus nigritus from South Carolina.

INTRODUCTION

In a previous paper (Scudder 2008a), I

added new provincial records for 52 species

of Heteroptera in Canada, plus new state

records for two species in the United States.

I also summarized the records of Heterop-

tera for Canada published since the appear-

ance of the checklist of Hemiptera of Can-

ada and Alaska (Maw et al. 2000).

During the last two years, more species

and records for Canada have been pub-

lished by Henry (2008), Kerzhner and

Henry (2008), Scudder (2008b), and

Wheeler et al. (2008). New records for

Alaska were also published by Lattin

(2008a, 2008b) and Bauman and Hudson

(2009).

In this paper, I add nine more species of

Heteroptera to the Canadian list, and in-

clude new provincial records for three other

species in Canada. Museum abbreviations

used in the text are as follows:

CNC: Canadian National Collection of

Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ottawa, ON (R.G. Foottit)

DBUC: Department of Biological Sci-

ences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB

(J. Swann)

RBCM: Royal British Columbia Mu-

seum, Victoria, BC (R.A. Cannings)

SMNH: Swedish Museum of Natural

History, Stockholm, Sweden (G. Lindberg)

UBC: Spencer Entomological Collec-

tion, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Univer-

sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC

(K.M. Needham)

UG: Department of Environmental Biol-

ogy, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON

(S.A. Marshall and S. Paiero)

NEW CANADIAN RECORDS

The systematic order of families and

higher taxa in this and the next section fol-

lows Maw et al. (2000).

Infraorder NEPOMORPHA

Family CORIXIDAE

Cenocorixa wileyae (Hungerford)

Originally described from Utah by Hun-

gerford (1926), this species has also been

recorded from Arizona, California, Colo-

rado, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and

Washington (Hungerford 1948; Jansson

1972; Stonedahl and Lattin 1986; Polhemus

et al. 1988). The male of C. wileyae has a

characteristic sharply incised peg row on

' Beaty Biodiversity Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University

Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4

4

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

the pala of the fore leg, and the abdominal

strigil is small and composed of four or five

combs, as shown by Jansson (1972). The

right paramere of the male is also illustrated

by Jansson (1972), Lauck (1979), and

Stonedahl and Lattin (1986). Lauck (1979)

reported that C. wileyae is a common pond

corixid that occurs across the northern part

of California and through the Sierra Ne-

vadas to southern California.

New record. BC: 1(5', Victoria, Ascot

Pond, 27. iv. 1980 (R.A. Cannings)

[RBCM].

Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA

Family MIRIDAE

Labops utahensis Slater

Originally described from Utah by Sla-

ter (1954), this species was also reported

from Colorado (Henry and Wheeler 1988).

Although no localities in Colorado were

reported in Polhemus (1994), the CNC has

a number of specimens from Colorado as

well as Utah, plus new records for Oregon

(see below). Labops utahensis was keyed

by Slater (1954) and characteristically has

upright setae on the hemelytra, fuscous hind

tibia, and with the first antennal segment as

long as or longer than the length of the

pronotum. The labium also reaches the apex

of the hind coxae.

L. utahensis is now known to occur in

Alberta.

New records. AB: 1(5', Univ. of Calgary

Eco. Reserve, hand, ll.vi.l998 (RLAVF/

MW) [DBUC]; 1 ?, U. Calgary Barrier Lk.

Fid. Stn., 51°09'49"N 115°02'01"W,

12.viii.2000 (K. Sanderson) [DBUC]; 19,

U. of C. Kananaskis Fid. Stn., 51°01'49"N

115°02'01"W, 15.viii.2002 (N. Ozaro)

[DBUC]; 19, 10.viii.2002 (C. Dobval)

[DBUC]; 19, Kananaskis, U. of C. Field

Station, 51°01'49"N 114°12'0T'W, 11-

12.viii.2004 (A. Chubaty) [DBUC]; I9

Barrier Lake Field Station, 51°01'49"N

115°02'W, meadow site, 6.viii.2005 (Mai.

Pan) [DBUC]; 19, U- of C. Kananaskis

Fid. Stn., 51°01'49"N 115°02'01"W,

6.viii.2008 (Laura Eggen) [DBUC]; 19, id-

(Nicole Lavorie) [DBUC]; 19, id- (Robin

McIntyre) [DBUC]; 19, id- (Matthew

Menard) [DBUC]; 19, id. (Claire Pereila)

[DBUC]; 19, id., 7.viii.2008 (Laura Eggen)

[DBUC]; 19, id. (Beauty Sandhu)

[DBUC]; 19, id. (David Longelier)

[DBUC]; 19, id., 9.viii.2008 (April Garrett)

[DBUC]; 29, id., 10.viii.2008 (David Lon-

gelier) [CNC]; 19, id. (Sierra Love)

[DBUC].

CO: 2(5' 39, Chaffee Co., Buena Vista,

22-23.vi.l961 (J.R. Stainer) (AMNH_PBI

00271540-42, AMNH_PBI 00285064,

AMNH_PBI 00285071) [CNC]; 1(5' 19,

Eagle Co., State Bridge, nr. Bond, 24-

25.vi.1961 (J.R. Stainer) (AMNH_PBI

00285065, AMNH_PBI 00285072) [CNC].

OR: 3(5' 19, 5.6 mi NE rt. 26 on Ochoco

Crk. Rd., Ochoco Creek, Elymus cinereus

(Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love, 19.vii.l979

(M.D. Schwartz) (AMNH_PBI 00271543,

AMNH_PBI 00285066-67, AMNH_PBI

00285073) [CNC].

Phytocoris heidemanni Reuter

Described by Reuter (1909) from New

Mexico, this species is now known to be

widely distributed in the western United

States, with records from at least Arizona,

California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada,

South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming (Henry

and Wheeler 1988; Stonedahl 1988). Phyto-

coris heidemanni is a large species in the P.

fraterculus Van Duzee complex, grayish

brown, with a long first antennal segment, a

strongly convex scutellum that is abruptly

deflexed distally, and distinctive male geni-

talia as described and detailed in the key

contained in Stonedahl (1988).

In the United States, the species is re-

ported to have been collected on Pinus albi-

caulis Engelm., P. contorta Dough, P.

edulis Engelm., P. monophylla Torr. &

Frem., and P. ponderosa Dough, as well as

Picea engelmannii Parry (Stonedahl 1988).

P. heidemanni is now known to occur in

British Columbia.

New record. BC: 1(5', Mt. Revelstoke N.

Pk., 4.ix.l970 (L.A. Kelton ) [CNC].

Pinalitus rubrotinctus Knight

Originally described by Knight (1968)

from Arizona, P. rubrotinctus in the west-

ern United States is also reported from

Colorado and New Mexico (Kelton 1977;

Henry and Wheeler 1988; Polhemus 1994),

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

5

and is now known to occur in Canada in

British Columbia.

P. rubrotinctus was keyed by Kelton

(1977) and as in P. mbricatus (Fallen) the

hemelytra are not mottled, but are uniform

reddish yellow or reddish brown. However,

the male claspers are distinctive, and as

illustrated by Kelton (1977). According to

Kelton (1977), P. rubrotinctus has been

collected in the United States on Pseu-

dotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abies

concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindley, and

Pinus flexilis James.

New records. BC: 2$, Hope, 20 mi E,

western hemlock, 26.vii.1957 (N. Ander-

son) [CNC]; \S, Riske Cr., Lt. trap,

3.viii.l978 (R.A. Cannings) [UBC]; 1?,

Campbell R., 23 km SW, Abies amabilis

branch, l.viii.l996 (MASS SW-T2-U-br2)

[RBCM].

Family TINGIDAE

Corythucha celtidis Osborn & Drake

Originally described by Osborn and

Drake (1916) from Ohio, this species is

widely distributed in the eastern United

States (Froeschner 1988). It is now known

to occur in Canada in Ontario, with records

from Essex Co. and Kent Co.

Corythucha celtidis was keyed by Gib-

son (1918) and Blatchley (1926) and has

spinules on the lateral margins of the prono-

tum and the costal margins of the hemely-

tra. The pronotal hood is slightly higher

than and about equal in length to the me-

dian Carina, which is not prominently

arched. The lateral carinae are short and

dark brown bands are present across both

the base and apex of the hemelytra. The

apical band on the hemelytra is not solid,

but has a few of the areoles quite hyaline.

The species occurs on hackberry {Celtis

occidentalis L.).

New records. ON; 2$, Leamington,

12. ix. 1961 (G.P. Brumpton) (debu

00015265, debu 00015266) [UG]; 9S 34$,

Point Pelee, Celtis, 4-5.vi.l961 (Kelton &

Brumpton) [CNC]; 6^' 5$, Point Pelee, 28-

29.vi.1961 (Kelton & Brumpton) [CNC];

7(^ 2$, Pt. Pelee, ll.ix.l961 (L.A. Kelton)

[CNC]; 9(5' 15$, Pt. Pelee, on Celtis,

23.V.1962 (Kelton & Thorpe) [CNC]; 1(5',

Point Pelee Natl. Pk., 17.vii.l978 (D. Mor-

ris) (debu 00015248) [UG]; \S,

28.vii.1978 (J. Cappleman) (debu

00015227) [UG]; 1$, id., 30.vii.l978

(W.A. Attwater) (debu 00015203) [UG];

8(5^ 4$, id., 31.vii.l978 (debu 00015205,

debu 00015207, debu 00015209-18) [UG];

1$, id., 31.vii.l978 (J. Cappleman) (debu

00015226) [UG]; 1(^ 4$, id., 31.vii.l978

(D. Morris) (debu 00015249-53) [UG]; 1$,

id., 26.vi.1979 (D.L. Krailo) (debu

00015228) [UG]; \S 1$, id., 26.vi.1979

(L. Templin) (debu 00015230-31) [UG];

1(5', id., 27.vi.1979 (D.L. Krailo) (debu

00015229) [UG]; 4$, id., 10.vi.l980

(J.D. Cashaback) (debu 00015219-25)

[UG]; 1$, id., 7.vii.l980 (S. Beierl) (debu

00015232) [UG]; 2$, id., 8.vii.l980 (S.

Beierl) (debu 00015233-4) [UG]; 1$, id.,

8.vii.l980 (D.L. Krailo) (debu 00015288)

[UG]; 3$, id., 9.vii.l980 (S. Beierl) (debu

00015235-7) [UG]; 3(5' 4$, id., 9.vii.l980

(D.L. Krailo) (debu 00015239-45) [UG];

7(5' 2$, id., 19.vi.l981 (D.H. Pengelly)

(debu 00015254-62) [UG]; 1(5', id., SE

beach, ll.v.2000 (O. Lonsdale) (debu

0001422) [UG]; iS 1$, Wheatley,

4.vi.l961 (Kelton & Brumpton) [CNC];

1(5', Wheatley Prov. Pk., deciduous forest,

19.ix.l993 (C.S. Blaney) (debu 01029649)

[UG].

Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA

Family GEOCORIDAE

Geocoris frisoni Barber

Described originally from Illinois by

Barber (1926), this species is brachypter-

ous, pale yellow with regular and dense

punctures on the corium. The vertex is

granulose, and the scutellum and calli are

entirely yellow. Geocoris frisoni is keyed

and illustrated by Readio and Sweet (1982).

It is widely distributed in the eastern United

States, being reported from Indiana, Iowa,

Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska,

Texas and Wisconsin (Readio and Sweet

1982). It is now known to occur in Canada

in Ontario.

New record. ON: 1$, Bruce Co., Inver-

huron Prov. Pk., 44°I8'N 8I°35'W, dunes,

25.vii.2003 (M. Buck) (debu 01126425)

[UG].

6

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Family RHYPAROCHROMIDAE

Zeridoneus petersoni Reichart

This species was described from Utah

by Reichart (1966), who published a photo-

graph of a dorsal view. Zeridoneus peter-

soni, so far only reported from Utah, char-

acteristically has the clavus a pale creamy

tan and the corium has the apical half dark

brown with a distinct subapical, more or

less triangular, pale spot. The species is

now known from Canada, with records for

the Prairie Provinces.

New records. AB: 1$, Calgary,

28.viii.1925 (G. Salt) [SMNH]; 1$, Can-

more, 25.viii.1952 (A.R. Brooks) [CNC];

1$, id., 28.viii.1952 (L.A. Konotopetz)

[CNC]; 1(5', Stettler, 3.viii.l957 (A.R. &

J.E. Brooks) [CNC]. MB: 4$, Dauphin,

17.viii.l958 (A.&J. Brooks) [CNC]; 2?,

Pilot Mound, 31.vii.l958 (A.&J. Brooks)

[CNC]. SK: 1?, Canora, 6.ix.l959 (A.&J.

Brooks) [CNC]; 1$, Val Marie, 6.viii.l955

(A.R. Brooks) [CNC].

Family CYDNIDAE

Aethus nigritus (Fabricius)

This Palaearctic species was first col-

lected in Delaware in 1977, and then in

Connecticut in 1979 (Hoebeke and Wheeler

1984). It was also reported from New Jer-

sey, New York, and Pennsylvania (Hoebeke

and Wheeler 1984), and is now known from

Canada, with numerous captures in Ontario.

Hoebeke and Wheeler (1984) provided

key characters for the recognition of this

species. These include the anterior margin

of the head between the eyes with a sub-

marginal row of long setae, and short, erect

pegs; the peritreme of the scent gland chan-

nel forming apically a large, nearly circular,

polished loop; and an extensive metapleural

evaporatorium that occupies more than half

of this sclerite, nearly reaching the base of

the metapleural lamella posteriorly. Hoe-

beke and Wheeler (1984) also provided

modifications for the keys contained in

Froeschner (1960), Slater and Baranowski

(1978), and McPherson (1982).

New records (in date order). ON: 1$,

Essex Co., Windsor, Ojibway Prairie, 42°

15'51"N 83°04'30"W, 18-19.vi.2002 (O.

Lonsdale) (debu 01114238) [UG]; 15',

Hald.-Norfolk Reg., Manestar Tract, 6 km

NNW St. Williams, 42°42T7"N 80°

27’38"W, sandy field, 23.vi.2002 (M. Buck)

(debu 00185485) [UG]; 1$, Kent Co., Ron-

deau P.P., South Point Trail, nr. east pkng.

lot, Carol, for., 42°15'42"N 81°50’49"W,

YPT, 3-4.vii.2003 (Paiero & Cheung) (debu

01133133) [UG]; 1$, Essex Co., Point Pe-

lee Natl. Pk., The Dunes, 24.vii.2003 (S.M.

Paiero) (debu 00219187) [UG]; 1$, Essex

Co., Windsor, Ojibway Prairie, 42°15'51"N

83°04’30"W, 25.vii.2003 (S.M. Paiero)

(debu 00222337) [UG]; 1$, Kent Co., Ce-

dar Springs, Gore Rd., grasses, sweep net,

4.viii.2003 (J. Renkema) (debu 01029648)

[UG]; 2(5 1?, Kent Co., Wheatley Prov.

Pk., 7.ix.2007 (S.M. Paiero) (debu

00291146-48) [UG].

SC: 1(5, Georgetown Co., Hobcaw Bar-

ony, ~5 km E Georgetown, open field,

WPT & YPT, 13-15.ix.2007 (Paiero &

Bergeron) (debu 00290903) [UG].

Melanaethus subglaber (Walker)

This cydnid is recorded from Arizona,

California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas,

and Utah, as well as Mexico and the Gala-

pagos Islands (Froeschner 1960). As noted

by Froeschner (1960), among the species of

Melanaethus Uhler with the large terminal

modification of the ostiolar peritreme ex-

tending almost to the lateral margin of the

evaporatorium, M. subglaber can be recog-

nized by its very elongate form and the fact

that the transverse impression of the prono-

tum is distinct across the entire width of

this sclerite, whereas the corium is dis-

tinctly polished.

New record. BC: 1$, Summerland,

30.V.1932 (A.N. Gartrell); Geotomus sp.?

uhleri Sign. Det. G.S. Walley 33 [CNC].

This species was previously recorded

from British Columbia incorrectly as

Melanaethus uhleri (Signoret) (Downes

1935 as Geotomus uhleri Signoret). The

occurrence was not included in Maw et al.

(2000), so this constitutes a new record.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

7

NEW PROVINCIAL RECORDS

Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA

Family MIRIDAE

Clivinema fuscum Downes

This mirid was described by Downes

(1924) from Saanich District on Vancouver

Island, British Columbia, and so far has

only been collected also on Vancouver Is-

land in Victoria and at Leanchoil in Yoho

National Park on the mainland. Until now it

has been regarded as endemic to British

Columbia. However, it is known to occur in

Alberta.

Clivinema fuscum has a rather uniform

brown coloration, with the pronotum con-

vex and with the middle third of the poste-

rior margin straight. The hemelytral mem-

brane is more or less hyaline, with the api-

cal third slightly infiiscate.

New records. AB: 1(5', Waterton Lakes

National Park, N5438280.660

E296797.567, yellow pan, unbumed, unsal-

vaged, Rep. 3, 21.viii-28.viii.2001 (E. Kin-

sella) (DBUC 2001 00747) [DBUC]; 1(5',

id., yellow pan. Rep. 2 (DBUC 2001

00745) [CNC]; 1(5', id.. Malaise, Rep. 2

(DBUC 2001 00746) [DBUC]; \S, Blood

Res. 148A, N5437127.790 E302345.233,

Burned, salvaged. Rep 2, 21.viii-

29.viii.2001 (E. Kinsella) (DBUC 2001

00744) [DBUC].

Pilophorus amoenus Uhler

This species is widely distributed in the

eastern half of North America (Henry and

Wheeler 1988; Schuh and Schwartz 1988),

with records in Canada from Manitoba east

to New Brunswick (Schuh and Schwartz

1988; Maw et al. 2000). The species is now

known to occur in Alberta and Saskatche-

wan.

Pilophorus amoenus was keyed by

Schuh and Schwartz (1988) and has the

whole of the third and base of the fourth

antennal segments white, a distinctly cam-

panulate pronotum, and the anterior part of

the corium and clavus is generally orange,

smooth and devoid of setae, but the anterior

and posterior transverse bands of setae on

the hemelytra are complete and nearly

straight. Hosts are reported to include Pinus

banksiana Lamb., P. clausa Chapin., P.

rigida Mill., P. strobus L., P. sylvestris L.,

P. virginiana Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst

and Chamaecyparis sp.

New records. AB: 1$, Cold Lake,

4.ix.l970 (L.A. Kelton) [CNC]. SK: 1(5',

Torch R., Pinus banksiana, 3.viii. 1950

(L.A. Konotopetz) [CNC].

Polymerus vulneratus (Wolff)

This Holarctic species was first reported

from North America by Schwartz et al.

(1991), with records from Alaska, British

Columbia, Northwest Territories, and

Yukon. It is now known to occur in Al-

berta.

Polymerus vulneratus was keyed by

Schwartz et al. (1991) and typically is

rather pale with an overall green cast, and

with moderately distributed appressed, sil-

very, sericeous setae intermixed with

sparsely distributed suberect, black, simple

seta. The structure of the vesica of the male

genitalia is distinctive, and illustrated by

Schwartz et al. (1991). Specimens in North

America have been collected on Betulaceae

{Betula glandulosa Michx.) and Fabaceae

(Hedysarum mackenzii Richardson and

Trifolium sp.).

New record. AB: 2(5' 2$, Ft. Vermillion,

Test Jl, Plot 302, ll.vii.2002 (J. Unrh)

(NIS#2003-187) [CNC].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Research for this paper was supported

by grants from the Natural Sciences and

Engineering Research Council of Canada. I

thank the curators of the various collections

for permission to examine the material in

their care and/or loan of specimens. I am

indebted to Steve Paeiro for bringing speci-

mens from the University of Guelph to my

attention, and for providing specimen data.

Dr. T.J. Henry (United States Department

of Agriculture, Washington, DC) kindly

helped with many of the determinations.

8

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Dr. M.D. Schwartz provided information on

specimens in the Canadian National Collec-

tion of Insects at Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada in Ottawa, and kindly identified or

confirmed the identity of most of the Miri-

dae. Labops utahensis records were pro-

vided by the Planetary Inventory Plant Bug

Project (NSF Planetary Biodiversity Inven-

tory Grant DEB-0316495 to R.T. Schuh

(American Museum of Natural History,

New York) and G. Cassis (University of

New South Wales, Sydney). I thank Launi

Lucas for the final preparation of the manu-

script.

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Faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1 1 16pp.

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Henry, T.J. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1988. Family Miridae Hahn, 1833 (=Capsidae Burmeister, 1835). The

Plant Bugs. Pp. 251-507. In T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner (eds.). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True

Bugs of Canada and the Continental United States. E.J. Brill, Leiden.

Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1984. Aethus nigritus (F.), a Palearctic burrowing bug established in

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Washington 86:738-744.

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ence Bulletin 32:1-827.

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The Canadian Entomologist 104:449-459.

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The Canadian Entomologist 109:1549-1554.

Kerzhner, I.M. and T.J. Henry. 2008. Three new species, notes and new records of poorly known species,

and an updated checklist for the North American Nabidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of Washington 110:988-1011.

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10

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

II

New distributional records for some Canadian Neuropterida

(Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera)

M. MEINANDER^ ^ J. KLIMASZEWSKI^ and G.G.E. SCUDDER^^

ABSTRACT

The coniopterygids Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, Helicoconis californica

Meinander, Semidalis angusta (Banks) and S. pseudouncinata Meinander, and the myr-

meleontid Dendroleon speciosus Banks are reported as new to Canada. Semidalis pseu-

douncinata is a new introduction for North America. Additional distribution records are

given for six British Columbian neuropterid species, four of which are new provincial

records.

INTRODUCTION

Over the past few years, distributional

records have been assembled for the neu-

ropterid insects in British Columbia, as part

of an assessment of the overall species rich-

ness of the province (Warman & Scudder

2007; Austin et al. 2008; Austin and Eriks-

son 2009). Some of these records constitute

species new to Canada and/or British Co-

lumbia, while others constitute significant

new provincial records.

The following account documents these

records. Abbreviations for museums in the

text are as follows:

CNC: Canadian National Collection of

Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ottawa, ON.

PFC: Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian

Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada,

Victoria, BC.

RBCM: Royal British Columbia Mu-

seum, Victoria, BC.

UBC: Spencer Entomological Collec-

tion, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Univer-

sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

All specimens, unless otherwise stated,

were identified by the authors: the Coniop-

terygidae by Meinander, the Hemerobiidae

by Klimaszewski, and the Myrmeleontidae

by Scudder. Specimen data cited are as on

the specimen data labels, except that dates

have been standardized: any elaboration of

data labels is in square parenthesis, includ-

ing the scientific name of host plants.

NEW RECORDS

Order NEUROPTERA

Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE

Coniopteryx canadensis Meinander

Heretofore known from Canada: Sas-

katchewan, USA: Wisconsin (Meinander

1972), and Alaska (Meinander 1990). It

was keyed by Meinander (1972).

First BC Record. BC: Ic^', Osoyoos, Mt.

Kobau, mi 3 [km 4.8] , Mt. Kobau Obs[e]rv

[atory] R[oa]d, 990 m., 31.v-3.vi.l991

(D.C.A. Blades, C.W. Maier) [RBCM ENT

992-010045].

Conwentzia californica Meinander

Recorded from most of the western

’Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, POB 17, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki,

Finland

^ Deceased

^Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 me du P.E.P.S.,

Case postale 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1 V 4C7

'’Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC,

Canada V6T 1Z4

^ Author to whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail; scudder@zoology.ubc.ca

12

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

United States (Meinander 1972; Penny et

al. 1997). The species was keyed by

Meinander (1972).

Previously reported Canadian Records:

BC, Spahats Creek Prov. Pk., on Hwy. 5,

north of Clearwater (Meinander 1990).

New BC Records. BC: 1 specimen,

Saanichton, Thuja plicata, 5.vi.l990 (FIDS

1990 90-1220-01) [PFC]; 1(5'6?, Vancou-

ver, on box [(Buxus sp.)], 9.vii.l965

(G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Vic-

toria, S[equoiadendron] gigantium,

ll.ii.l994 (R. Duncan) [PFC].

Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein

This Palaearctic species is widely dis-

tributed in the United States, and in Canada

has been reported from Manitoba, New-

foundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario

(Meinander 1972; Penny et al. 1997). The

species was keyed in Meinander (1972).

First BC Records. BC: 1 specimen,

Duncan, Cobble Hill, S[eed] 0[rchard], Se

[=Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii)],

beating, 30.vi.l994 (M. Hall) [PFC]; 2

specimens, Saanichton, Nootka S[eed] O

[rchard], ex. Sx [=hybrid spruce],

14.ix.l992 (M. Hall) [PFC]; 1(5', Salmon

Arm, 29.iv.1931 (Hugh B. Leech) [UBC];

\S, Victoria, beating branches of Firms

sylvestris with predator of Pineus sp.,

17.iv.l993 (CFS 93-0029-05) [PFC]; 1

specimen, Victoria, Lost Lake S[eed] O

[rchard], 10.ii.l993 em[erged] 22-

24.ii.1993 (R.G. Bennett) [PFC].

Helicoconis californica Meinander

Described from California by

Meinander (1972), this species was previ-

ously known only from that state (Penny et

al. 1997); it is newly reported here from

Alberta, British Columbia and Yukon. The

species was keyed in Meinander (1972).

First Canadian Records. AB: 1 $, Jasper,

on Pinus contorta latifolia, 17.vi.l942 (E.

McDonald) [UBC]; BC: 2(5, Aspen Grove,

14.vi.l933 (K. Graham) [UBC]; 1$, Chase

Creek, Chase, on Englemann spruce,

2.vii.l942 (F.B. Beatty) [UBC]; YT: 1(5,

Kluane N.P., Sheep Mt., 4.vi.l979 (G.G.E.

Scudder) [UBC].

Semidalis angusta (Banks)

Described from California and Arizona

by Banks (1906), this species has subse-

quently been reported from Arkansas, Mon-

tana, and Texas (Meinander 1972; Penny et

al. 1997), as well as Mexico (Meinander

1990) and Nicaragua (Meinander 1995). It

was keyed in Meinander (1972).

First Canadian Record. BC: 1(5, Ques-

nel, 5.vi.l947 (G.J. Spencer) [UBC].

Semidalis pseudouncinata Meinander

This Circum-Mediterranean species,

described and keyed by Meinander (1972),

has been recorded from Andorra, Croatia

[as Yugoslavia], France, Germany, Italy,

Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland,

Tunisia, and the United Kingdom by

Aspock et al. (2001), and from Slovenia by

Devetak (2002). The record from British

Columbia noted below constitutes a new

alien species in North America.

First North American and Canadian

Record. BC: 2(5 1$, Duncan, ex. Chamae-

cyparis nootkatensis, 5.iv.l988 (CFS 88-

10-02) [PFC].

Family HEMEROBIIDAE

Micromus variegatus (Fabricius)

A widespread Palaearctic species, until

recently known in North America only

from British Columbia (Klimaszewski and

Kevan 1988, 1990), with records reported

from Galiano Island. However, it is also

newly reported from Quebec

(Klimaszewsld et al. 2009). Keyed by Kli-

maszewski and Kevan (1988), this species

is now known in British Columbia from

elsewhere in the Georgia Depression eco-

province, as well as the Southern Interior.

New BC Records. BC: 2 specimens,

Aldergrove, 14.V.1977 (G.G.E. Scudder)

[UBC]; 2 specimens, Penticton, at light in

S.E. Cannings home garden, adjacent to

grassland, 9.vi.l995 (R.A. Cannings)

[RBCM]; 1 specimen, Vancouver,

19.vii.l977 (J.A. Van Reenen) [UBC]; 1

specimen, Vancouver, 16.viii.l981 (G.G.E.

Scudder) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Vancouver,

UBC Campus, 2.ix.l997 (G.G.E. Scudder)

[UBC]; 1$ (probably this species), Victo-

ria, Rocky Point, GC Site 1, Malaise,

1 l.vii.l994 (N.N. Winchester) [RBCM].

Psectra diptera (Burmeister)

A widespread Palaearctic species that

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

13

has been previously reported in Canada

only from Newfoundland (Kevan and Kli-

maszewski 1986) and Ontario (Carpenter

1940), although it is known from many

eastern states in the USA (Penny et al.

1997). The species was keyed by Kevan

and Klimaszewski (1986).

First BC Record: BC: 1 specimen,

White Lake, Okanagan Falls, Malaise,

l.vii.l990 (H. Nadel & R. Cannings).

[RBCM ENT 991-829].

Sympherobhis barberi (Banks)

Originally described from Arizona by

Banks (1903), this species is widely distrib-

uted in the New World from approximately

43 °N south to Peru, and on several remote

Pacific island groups: Galapagos Islands,

Revillagigedo Islands and Hawaiian Islands

(Oswald 1988), and has been introduced

into Bermuda (Bennett and Hughes 1959).

In Canada it was recorded from Ontario by

Klimaszewski and Kevan (1992), who also

provide a key for identification.

New BC Record. BC: 1(5', Campbell

River, Mohun Lake, 25.V.1988 (G.

Hutchings) [RBCM ENT 991-11083].

Wesmaelius yukonensis Klimaszewski

and Kevan

This species was described from the

Yukon (Klimaszewski and Kevan 1987b),

and was previously known only from that

territory (Penny et al. 1997). The species

was keyed by Klimaszewski and Kevan

(1987a).

New BC Record. BC: 1(5', Riske Creek,

CIFAC Base, light trap, 4.viii.l978 (R.A.

Cannings). [RBCM ENT 991-15995].

Family MYRMELEONTIDAE

Dendroleon speciosus Banks

Originally described from Colorado by

Banks (1905), this species has since been

recorded from Arizona, California, Colo-

rado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and

Oregon (Banks 1927; Penny et al. 1997;

Stange 2008), as well as Mexico (Oswald et

al. 2002). The genus was keyed by Banks

(1927) and species keyed by Stange (2008).

First Canadian Records: BC: 1 speci-

men, Duncan, 30.vii.l922 [CNC]; 1 speci-

men, Kamloops, 13.vii.l941 (G.J. Spencer)

[UBC]; 1 specimen, Kaslo (J.W. Cockle)

[CNC]; 1 specimen. Lac La Hache,

19.viii.l933 (W. Downes) [UBC]; 1 speci-

men, Lillooet [RBCM]; 1 specimen, Lil-

looet, viii-ix.l927 (A. Phair) [CNC]; 1

specimen, Lillooet, Seton L., 4.vii.l926 (J.

McDunnough) [CNC]; 1 specimen, id.,

7.vii.l926 [CNC]; 1 specimen, Oliver, UBC

Geology Camp, at light, 19.vii.l989 (S.

Cannings) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Osoyoos,

Haynes Ecol. Res., ‘The Throne’, pitfall

rock/ Selaginella, 10.vii-14.viii.l986 (S.

Cannings) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Seton L.,

22.vii.1933 (J. McDunnough) [CNC]; 1

specimen, id., 23.vii.1933; 1 specimen, id.,

24.vii.1933; 1 specimen, id., 1 l.viii.l933; 1

specimen, id., 12.viii.l933 [CNC].

Order MEGALOPTERA

Sialis joppa Ross

Originally described from North Caro-

lina by Ross (1937), this species is widely

distributed in the eastern United States

(Whiting 1991). Keyed by Ross (1937), S.

joppa was recorded from Ontario by Stange

(1990).

New BC Records. BC: 1(5', Cowichan

Lake, 22.vi.1937 (Idyall) [UBC]; 1(5',

Vernon, 14.V.1948 (D. Evans) [UBC].

Identified originally by Tarter and Wat-

kins in 1979, and confirmed by M.F. Whit-

ing in 2004.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research for this paper was sup-

ported by grants to G.G.E. Scudder from

the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-

search Council of Canada. Launi Lucas

maintained the georeferenced distributional

database on which this paper is based, and

assisted in the preparation of the manu-

script. M.F. Whiting (Brigham Young Uni-

versity, Provo, Utah) kindly confirmed the

identity of Sialis joppa. J.D. Oswald (Texas

A.&M. University) in an external review

provided many helpful comments that

greatly improved this paper. R.A. Cannings

(RBCM), R.G. Foottit (CNC), L. Humble

14

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

(PFC), and Karen Needham (UBC) will- specimens in their respective collections,

ingly loaned or permitted examination of

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dae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (54): 1-9.

Warman, L. and G.G.E. Scudder. 2007. Species richness and summed irreplaceability in B.C. Biodiversity

BC, Victoria, BC. (Available at: www.biodiversitybc.org).

Whiting, M.F. 1991. A distributional study of Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) in North America. Entomologi-

cal News 102:50-56.

16

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

17

A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of British Columbia

(Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera)

with a summary of their geographic distribution

GEOFFREY G.E. SCUDDER^ and ROBERT A. CANNINGS^

ABSTRACT

The Neuropterid orders in British Columbia consist of the Megaloptera, Neuroptera and

Raphidioptera. Twelve families containing 89 species are represented. The distribution

of these species is documented with reference to the 9 terrestrial ecoprovinces in British

Columbia. Collection localities are given for species represented by 5 or fewer sites.

Four species, 2 of Coniopterygidae and 2 of Hemerobiidae, are considered alien intro-

ductions.

INTRODUCTION

The first list of British Columbia (BC)

neuropterid insects was published by

Spencer (1942) at a time when the 3 orders

in this group of insects that occur in the

province (Megaloptera, Neuroptera and

Raphidioptera) were considered as a single

order, the Neuroptera. Most of the more

recent research on these 3 taxa in BC,

which include both aquatic and terrestrial

species, was summarized by Cannings and

Scudder (2001) and Scudder et al. (2001).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The list of species here considered as

occurring in BC follows the classification

of Oswald and Penny (1991) and Penny et

al. (1997), with some nomenclature

changes published since. In the recent lit-

erature, Garland and Kevan (2007) have

discussed the Chrysopidae, and Cannings

and Cannings (2006) the Mantispidae. Re-

cent new additions to the provincial list are

documented by Meinander et al. (2009).

A georeferenced distributional database

for the provincial species of neuropterid

insects has been maintained by Scudder,

and this is used as the basis for the follow-

ing summaries.

We have indicated the general geo-

graphic distribution of each species by list-

ing alphabetically the abbreviations of the

ecoprovince(s) (Fig. 1) in which it has been

recorded. An ecoprovince is an area with

consistent climatic or oceanographic, to-

pographic and geological history

(Meidinger and Pojar 1991, Demarchi

1996). There are 10 ecoprovinces in BC;

their size and broad internal uniformity

make them ideal units for the general dis-

cussion of geographic distribution of organ-

isms in the province. One of the eco-

provinces is completely marine and is omit-

ted from this study.

In the list, collection localities are given

for species known from 5 or fewer localities

(39 species, 44% of total). If a species is

found in two or more ecoprovinces and if

one of these ecoprovinces contains more

than half the collection localities for that

species, that ecoprovince abbreviation is

printed in bold font.

' Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T

1Z4. (604) 822-3682. scudder@zoology.ubc.ca. Research Associate, Royal BC Museum, Victoria, BC

^ Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2. (250) 356-8242. rcan-

nings@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca

18

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Figure 1. Map of British Columbia showing the nine terrestrial ecoprovinces: BP, Boreal

Plains; Cl, Central Interior; CM, Coast and Mountains; GD, Georgia Depression; NBM, North-

ern Boreal Mountains; SBI, Sub-boreal Interior; SI, Southern Interior; SIM, Southern Interior

Mountains; TP, Taiga Plains.

RESULTS

Table 1 lists the 89 species of neurop-

terid insects known from BC. The Mega-

loptera is represented by 2 families, 4 gen-

era and 9 known species, while the provin-

cial totals of the more diverse Neuroptera

are 8 families, 25 genera and 73 species.

The Raphidioptera in BC consists of 2

families, 2 genera and 7 known species.

DISCUSSION

The georeferenced distributional data-

base for the neuropterid species in the prov-

ince has been utilized in an assessment of

the overall species richness in the province

(Warman and Scudder 2007; Austin et al.

2008; Austin and Eriksson 2009).

Two species of Coniopterygidae

(Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein and Semi-

dalis pseudouncinata Meinander) and one

species of Hemerobiidae {Psectra diptera

(Burmeister)) are considered alien Palearc-

tic introductions to BC, while a second

hemerobiid {Micromus variegatus

(Fabricius)) may have been introduced from

Japan (Klimaszewski and Kevan 1990;

Penny et al. 1997). A fifth alien species, the

coniopterygid Conwentzia psociformis

(Curtis) was intercepted in Victoria in 1958

on a shipment of Rhododendron plants

from Holland (Meinander 1972). In contrast

to the other aliens, C. psociformis appears

not to be established in BC and is omitted

from our list.

The 3 neuropterid orders are found

throughout much of BC. The majority of

records of each order come from the south-

ern half of the province, a bias that proba-

bly reflects both the greater intensity of

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

19

Table 1.

Checklist of the neuropterid species of British Columbia and their distribution in BC’s eco-

provinces.

Order Megaloptera (Dobsonflies and Alderflies)

Family Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)

Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linnaeus). GD. Cloverdale, Cowichan.

Dysmicohermes disjunctus (Walker). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Protochauliodes spenceri Munroe. GD.

Family Sialidae (Alderflies)

Sialis californica Banks. CM, GD, SI.

Sialis concava (Banks). Reported from BC by Whiting (1991); lacks locality

data.

Sialis hamata Ross. SIM. Creston.

Sialis joppa Ross. GD, SI. Cowichan Lake, Vernon.

Sialis rotunda Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.

Sialis velata Ross. SI, TP. Osoyoos, Penticton, Salmon Arm, Petitot River.

Order Neuroptera (Lacewings, Mantidflies, Antiions and Relatives)

Family Berothidae (Beaded Lacewings)

Lomamyia occidentalis (Banks). SI. Penticton, Lytton, McGillivray Creek (S of Lillooet).

Family Chrysopidae (Green Lacewings)

Chrysopa chi Fitch. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.

Chrysopa coloradensis Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.

Chrysopa excepta Banks. SI. Oliver, Penticton, Nicola.

Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Chrysopa oculata Say. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SBI, SI, SIM, TP.

Chrysopa pleuralis Banks. Cl, SI, SIM.

Chrysopa quadripunctata Burmeister. GD. Vancouver Island.

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SBI, SI, SIM, TP.

Dichochrysa perfecta (Banks). SI. Oliver, Penticton, Summerland.

Eremochrysa canadensis (Banks). SI. Penticton.

Eremochrysa fraterna (Banks). SI.

Eremochrysa punctinervis (MacLachlan). SI.

Meleoma dolicharthra (Navas). CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Meleoma emuncta (Fitch). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Meleoma schwarzi (Banks). SI. Penticton.

Meleoma signoretti Fitch. Cl, CM, GD, SIM.

Nineta gravida (Banks). GD.

Nothochrysa californica Banks. CM, GD.

Family Coniopterygidae (Dusty wings)

Coniopteryx canadenisis Meinander. SI. Mount Kobau.

Coniopteryx tineiformis Curtis. Cl, SI. Quesnel, Cache Creek.

Conwentzia californica Meinander. GD, SI. Saanichton, Victoria, Vancouver, Spahats

Creek Park (Clearwater River Valley).

20

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 1. (continued)

Family Coniopterygidae (Dustywings) (continued)

Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein. Introduced. GD, SI. Duncan, Saanichton, Victoria,

Salmon Arm.

Helicoconis californica Meinander. SI. Aspen Grove, Chase.

Helicoconis similis Meinander. SIM. Moyie Mountain.

Semidalis angusta (Banks). Cl. Quesnel.

Semidalis pseudouncinata Meinander. Introduced. GD. Duncan.

Family Hemerobiidae (Brown Lacewings)

Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie. CM, GD, SIM.

Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Hemerobius costalis Carpenter. CM, Cl, NBM, SI, TP.

Hemerobius discretus Navas. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Hemerobius dorsatus Banks. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI.

Hemerobius humulimis Linnaeus. CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM,

Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Hemerobius nigrans Carpenter. Cl, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.

Hemerobius pacificus Banks. BP, CM, GD, SI, SIM, TP.

Hemerobius pinidumus Fitch. BP, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Hemerobius simulans Walker. NBM, SI, SIM. Telegraph Creek, Tujony Lake, Salmon

Arm, Vernon, Trinity Valley.

Hemerobius stigma Stephens. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI. SIM.

Megalomus angulatus Carpenter. GD, SI. Galiano Island, Lillooet.

Megalomus fidelis (Banks). BP. Rolla.

Micromus angulatus (Stephens). BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, TP.

Micromus borealis Klimaszewski & Kevan. Cl, CM, NBM, SI, SIM.

Micromus montanus Hagen. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Micromus posticus (Walker). BP. Pink Mountain.

Micromus subanticus (Walker). GD, SI. Galiano Island, Vancouver, Penticton.

Micromus variegatus (Fabricius). Probably introduced from Japan. GD, SI. Aldergrove,

Vancouver, Galiano Island, Rocky Point (Victoria), Penticton.

Micromus variolosus Hagen. Cl, GD, SI.

Psectra diptera (Burmeister). Introduced. SI. White Lake (Okanagan Falls).

Sympherobius angustus (Banks). Cl, SI. Chilcotin, 100 Mile House, Penticton, West

Bench (Penticton).

Sympherobius barberi (Banks). GD. Mohun Lake (Campbell River).

Sympherobius califomicus Banks. SI. Oliver.

Sympherobius killingtoni Carpenter. SI. Osoyoos, Penticton, Vernon.

Sympherobius perparvus (MacLachlan). Cl, SI. Riske Creek, Keremeos, Merritt,

Vernon.

Wesmaelius brunneus (Banks). NBM, SI, SIM. Coal River (Alaska Highway),

Silver Star Mt. (Vernon), Mt. Revelstoke.

Wesmaelius coloradensis (Banks). Cl, GD, NBM, SI.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

21

Table 1. (continued)

Family Hemerobiidae (Brown Lacewings) (continued)

Wesmaelius furcatus (Banks). NBM. Summit Lake (Alaska Highway), Toad River

(Alaska Highway), Pleasant Camp, Atlin.

Wesmaelius involutus (Carpenter). Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.

Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker). Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Wesmaelius nervosus (Fabricius). CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.

Wesmaelius pretiosus (Banks). SI. Nicola, Oliver, Oliver Geology Camp, Penticton.

Wesmaelius yukonensis Klimaszewski & Kevan. Cl. Riske Creek.

Family Mantispidae (Mantidflies)

Climaciella bnmnea (Say). GD, SI, SIM.

Leptomantispa pulchella (Banks). SI.

Family Myrmeleontidae (Antiions)

Brachynemurus abdominalis (Say). Cl, CM, SI, SIM.

Brachynemunis ferox (Walker). Cl, SI.

Brachynemurus peregrinus (Hagen). SI. Lytton, Oliver, Osoyoos Lake N end.

Dendroleon speciosum Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.

Myrmeleon exitialis Walker. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Family Polystoechotidae (Giant Lacewings)

Polystoechotes punctata (Fabricius). Cl, CM, GD, SBI, SI, SIM.

Family Sisyridae (Spongillaflies)

Sisyra fuscatus (Fabricius). GD, SI, SIM.

Sisyra vicarius (Walker). GD, SI, SIM. Agassiz, Cultus Lake, Lillooet, Oliver, Kaslo.

Order Raphidioptera (Snakeflies)

Family Inocellidae

Negha inflata (Hagen). SI, SIM.

Family Raphidiidae

Agulla adnixa (Hagen). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Agulla assimilis (Albarda). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.

Agulla bicolor (Albarda). SI.

Agulla crotchi (Banks). SI. Summerland.

Agulla herbsti (Esben-Petersen). GD, SI.

Agulla unicolor Carpenter. CM, SI, SM.

collections and the higher diversity of spe-

cies in the South. This trend is more obvi-

ous in the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera

than in the Neuroptera. Table 2 shows that

the latter order is distributed in all eco-

provinces; the Raphidioptera is not re-

corded in the 4 most northerly ecoprovinces

and the Megaloptera is found in only 1 of

these 4 (a single record of Sialis velata in

the Taiga Plains). All but 6 of the 84 locali-

ties (some localities have multiple records)

of Megaloptera are from south of 5 1 °N and

all but 12 are from coastal environments.

Although 2 of the 6 species of Sialis are

known only from east of the Coast Moun-

tains, the other megalopteran species are

mostly coastal. All records of Chauliodes

pectinicornis and Protochauliodes spenceri

are coastal as are 40 of 44 localities for

Dysmicohermes disjunctus. The Raphidiop-

tera is the most strongly southern of the

orders; the most northerly records are of

22

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 2.

Occurrence of neuropterid orders in the ecoprovinces of British Columbia.

Agulla adnixa from Quesnel and Tete Jeune

Cache, both approximately 53°N. However,

all but 5 localities are from the warm south-

ern valleys and coastal areas south of about

51°N.

Our analysis herein shows that the two

regions most threatened by habitat modifi-

cation, Southern Vancouver Island/ Fraser

Valley and the Okanagan Valley also sup-

port the most diverse faunas of neuropterid

insects (Austin et al. 2008). Five species are

known only from the former region -

Chauliodes pectinicornis and Proto-

We thank Launi Lucas for help in as-

sembling the list and maintaining the data-

base upon which it is based. The following

colleagues identified specimens: U. Aspdck

chauliodes spenceh (Corydalidae), Nineta

gravida and Nothochrysa californica

(Chrysopidae) and the introduced Semidalis

pseudouncinata (Coniopterygidae). The

Okanagan Valley has 10 species not re-

corded elsewhere - Dichochrysa perfecta,

Eremochrysa canadensis and Meleoma

schwarzi (Chrysopidae), Coniopteryx cana-

densis (Coniopterygidae), Psectra diptera

(introduced), Sympherobius californicus

and S. killingtoni (Hemerobiidae), Lepto-

mantispa pulchella (Mantispidae), Agulla

bicolor and A. crotchi (Raphidiidae).

(Raphidioptera), J. Garland (Chrysopidae),

J. Klimaszewski (Hemerobiidae), M.

Meinander (Coniopterygidae), and M.F.

Whiting (Sialidae).

REFERENCES

Austin, M.A., D.A. Buffett, D.J. Nicholson, G.G.E. Scudder and V. Stevens (eds.). 2008. Taking Nature’s

Pulse: The Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. 268 pp. (Available

at: www.biodiversitybc.org).

Austin, M.A. and A. Eriksson. 2009. The Biodiversity Atlas of British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria,

BC. 135 pp. (Available at: wvm.biodiversitybc.org).

Cannings, R.A. and S.G. Cannings. 2006. The Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) of Canada, with notes on

morphology, ecology and distribution. The Canadian Entomologist. 138: 531-544.

Cannings, R.A. and G.G.E. Scudder. 2001. An overview of systematic studies concerning the insect fauna

of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98: 33-59.

Demarchi, D.A. 1996. An introduction to the ecoregions of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Environment,

Lands and Parks, Victoria. On Internet at:

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/index.html

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

23

Garland, J.A. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 2007. Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neuroptera): re-

vised checklist, new and noteworthy records and geo-referenced localities. Zootaxa 1486: 1-84.

Meidinger, D and J. Pojar. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests,

Special Report Series. No. 6. xii + 330 pp.

Meinander, M. 1972. A revision of the family Coniopterygidae (Planipennia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 136:

1-357.

Meinander, M. 1974. Coniopterygidae from western North America (Neuroptera). Entomologica Scandi-

navica 5: 217-232.

Meinander, M., J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. 2009. New distributional records for some Canadian

Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Colum-

bia 106: 11-15.

Oswald, J.D. and N.D. Penny. 1991. Genus-group names of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Raphidioptera

of the world. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 147: 1-94.

Penny, N.D., P.A. Adams and L.A. Stange. 1997. Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and

Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50(3):

39-114.

Scudder, G.G.E., K.M. Needham, R.D. Kenner, R.A. Cannings and S.G. Cannings. 2001. Aquatic insects in

British Columbia: 100 years of study. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98: 61-

81.

Spencer, G. J. 1942. A preliminary list of the Neuroptera of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomo-

logical Society of British Columbia 38: 23-28.

Warman, L. and G.G.E. Scudder. 2007. Species richness and summed irreplaceability in B.C. Biodiversity

BC, Victoria, BC. (Available at: www.biodiversitybc.org).

Whiting, M.F. 1991. A distributional study of Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) in North America. Entomologi-

cal News 102: 50-56.

24

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

25

Haliplus leechi Wallis and H, salmo Wallis:

a new synonymy and sexual dimorphism

in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae)

REX D. KENNER^

ABSTRACT

Examination of the holotypes, specimens in the type series and material from across

their geographical ranges for Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis shows that the

two names are conspecific; H. salmo is placed as a junior subjective synonym of H.

leechi. A sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation is present in members of this

complex, H. canadensis Wallis and H. subguttatus Roberts. Preliminary data suggest

that this dimorphism may also be present in other haliplid species. This dimorphism

should be taken into account in constructing keys for the determination of haliplids.

INTRODUCTION

Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo

Wallis are very similar structurally.

Haliplus leechi is a widespread (Vondel

2005) species described from material col-

lected in Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC.

Haliplus salmo was described from speci-

mens recovered from the stomach of a trout

caught in Jasper, AB and has a more re-

stricted distribution (Vondel 2005). Wallis

(1933), in his description of these species,

admitted that “it is possible that one is but a

geographical race of the other”. However,

he felt that these two taxa could be sepa-

rated based on differences in background

color, maculation, punctulation and relative

eye separation. The results of an investiga-

tion of the taxonomic status of H. leechi

and H. salmo are reported here.

Relative eye separation, the dorsal dis-

tance between the eyes divided by the head-

width, is a character frequently used in keys

for the determination of haliplids (Wallis

1933; Holmen 1987; Vondel 1991, 1993,

1995; Vondel and Spangler 2008). In his

revision of the Nearctic species of Haliplus

Latreille, Wallis (1933) used this character

in separating three species pairs: H. leechi

and H. salmo, H. subguttatus Roberts and

H. salinarius Wallis, and H. immaculicollis

Harris and H. robertsi Zimmermann. Leech

(1964) showed that relative eye separation

was not a useful character in separating the

second pair and noted an apparent sexual

dimorphism in this character. Subsequently

both the second and third pairs were syn-

onymized (Vondel 1991, 2005).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The minimum distance between the

eyes, 10, and the maximum headwidth,

HW, were measured using an oeular mi-

crometer on a stereomicroscope (Wild M5,

Leica MZ12.5). Specimens were positioned

such that the structure being measured was

parallel to the optical plane. Relative eye

separation, Rjo was calculated by dividing

10 by HW.

The holotypes and allotypes of H. leechi

and H. salmo and the paratypes of these

species in the Canadian National Collection

of Insects (Ottawa, ON) were examined.

The relative eye separation, Rio, was meas-

‘ Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T

1Z4, CANADA, email: kenner@zoology.ubc.ca

26

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

ured for both these specimens and a number (San Francisco, CA), D. Kavanagh; Cana-

of other specimens previously identified as dian National Collection of Insects (Ottawa,

H. leechi or H. salmo. Approximately a ON), Y. Bousquet; J.B. Wallis Museum

third of the males in these latter series were (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB),

dissected to allow examination of the geni- R.E. Roughley; James Entomological Col-

talia. The dissected genitalia were exam- lection (Washington State University, Pull-

ined while they were floating in liquid, to man, WA), R. Zack; Michigan State Collec-

prevent possible distortion due to drying tion of Insects (Michigan State University,

and mounting. In addition, R|o was meas- East Lansing, MI), G. Parsons; Museum of

ured for specimens identified as H. subgut- Zoology, Invertebrate Section (University

tatus and H. canadensis Wallis. The speci- of Calgary, Calgary, AB), J.E. Swann;

mens examined are in the author’s codec- Spencer Entomological Museum

tion or were borrowed from the following (University of British Columbia, Vancou-

museums: California Academy of Sciences ver, BC), K. Needham.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Specific status of H. leechi and H.

salmo. Wallis (1933) suggested that H.

leechi and H. salmo could be separated by:

i) background color, ii) maculation, iii)

punctulation and iv) relative eye separation.

i) The color of preserved specimens is

often more a function of their previous

treatment than of the particular species in-

volved (e.g. Kenner 2005). Wallis acknowl-

edged this when he suggested that the color

of the H. salmo type series may have

“undergone some change” due to being

recovered from the stomach of a trout. It is

the current author’s experience, based on

the examination of large numbers of speci-

mens belonging to the H. leechi-H. salmo

complex, that the apparent background

color is variable but the variation is not

correlated with any other morphological

character.

ii) One of the most obvious differences

in the two holotypes is in the elytral macu-

lation, with H. leechi having elytral

blotches and H. salmo being immaculate.

However, the maculation in H. leechi is

variable, with some of the paratypes “losing

almost all traces of spots on the

elytra” (Wallis 1933). On most H. leechi

specimens with very reduced maculation,

one can still detect the position of at least

some of the elytral blotches, due to infus-

cate ‘halos’ around the strial punctures in

the appropriate positions. At least one of

the H. salmo paratypes shows this same

effect. It appe.irs that there is a continuum

in elytral maculation, with H. salmo being

at one extreme and the putative subspecies

H. leechi carteri Leech (1949) at the other.

Note that the latter has since been syn-

onymized with the nominate subspecies

(Vondel 2005). The maculation of the head

and thorax are similarly variable and do not

provide a reliable character for separating

H. leechi and H. salmo.

iii) Examination of a large number of

specimens in the current complex suggests

that the small differences in punctulation

seen between the two holotypes is within

the variation seen in the population as a

whole and does not seem sufficient to jus-

tify erecting separate species.

iv) Wallis gives Rio of the H. leechi and

H. salmo holotypes as 0.46 and 0.54, re-

spectively. The current author’s remeasure-

ment of the holotypes gives a smaller dif-

ference in Rio: 0.48 and 0.51, respectively.

The mean RioS for the two type series {H.

leechi. holotype, allotype and nine para-

types; H. salmo'. holotype, allotype and five

paratypes) are 0.48 (range 0.46-0.50) and

0.51 (range 0.50-0.52), respectively. Wallis

uses Rio < 0.50 {H. leechi) and Rio > 0.50

{H. salmo) in his key; this character does

not even correctly separate all members of

the two type series.

Rio was measured for 142 specimens

previously identified as either H. leechi or

H. salmo', these specimens are from a vari-

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

27

Relative Eye Separation

Figure 1. The frequency distribution of the Relative Eye Separation, Rio, for specimens identi-

fied as Haliplus leechi and H. salmo including the type series for each. Wallis used Rio <0.50 =

H. leechi and Rio >0.50 = H. salmo to separate the two species. Rio for the holotypes of H.

leechi and H. salmo are 0.48 and 0.5 1 respectively.

ety of localities. A histogram of Rio from

these specimens plus the specimens from

the type series (Fig. 1), gives a unimodal

distribution with a mean of 0.49 (range

0.44-0.54). It appears that there is a contin-

uum in the values of Rio, which suggests

that it is not a good character for separating

these two species.

This leaves possible differences in the

male genitalia to separate these two species.

The apparent differences in Wallis’s draw-

ings of the aedeagi are largely an illusion

caused by the fact that Wallis did not draw

the basal part of the aedeagus for H. salmo.

If his two drawings are overlaid, one finds

that the differences are on the order of a

linewidth. Examination of the mounted

genitalia of the two holotypes shows that

the only significant difference is in the

length of the digitus on the left paramere:

longer in H. salmo. Due to possible distor-

tions caused by drying and mounting, it is

not clear if this difference is real. Examina-

tion of a large number of genitalia from

both putative H. leechi and H. salmo speci-

mens suggests that the difference is not

constant.

Based on the similarity in the genitalia

of the two holotypes and the apparent clinal

nature of all other characters given by Wal-

lis to separate these two taxa, H. salmo is

placed as a junior subjective synonym of H.

leechi. Haliplus leechi was chosen as the

senior synonym to maintain stability in the

literature as it is the much more widely rec-

ognized and cited name and to maintain the

tribute to Hugh Leech intended by Wallis

(1933).

Sexual dimorphism in the relative eye

separation. In the data from the Rjo inves-

tigation discussed above, the smallest val-

ues of Rio are from male specimens while

the largest values are from female speci-

mens, although there is extensive overlap.

This suggests that Rio may be sexually di-

morphic. However, since headwidth is pro-

portional to size and is smallest in males

and largest in females, this could actually

be a dependence on size rather than on sex.

To test for a possible sexual dimorphism

in the relative eye separation, the specimens

were sorted by HW and the mean value of

Rio for each size group was calculated

separately for males and females. A paired

r-test (Whitlock and Schluter 2009) with a

null hypothesis of no difference in Rio for

males and females gives a mean Rio(c5'-$)

= -0.013 {t = -3.71, df = 15, P = 0.002). The

28

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

null hypothesis can be rejected with a high

degree of confidence. Since males and fe-

males of the same size were compared, one

can conclude that there is a sexual dimor-

phism in Rio for H. leechi, with females

averaging larger.

To determine if this is also true in other

species, similar tests were performed for H.

canadensis and H. subgnttatus. For H.

canadensis: mean Rio((5'-?) = -0.016 (^ = -

2.60, df = 8, P = 0.032); for H. subguttatus:

mean R,o(d'-?) = -0.016 (/ = -6.23, df = 10,

P < 0.001). In both of these species the null

hypothesis can be rejected with a high de-

gree of confidence and a sexual dimor-

phism in Rio is supported. Preliminary tests

on other species suggest that this dimor-

phism may occur more widely in haliplids

(Kenner unpublished). While the difference

in Rio for males and females of a given

species are not large, one can end up with a

situation, as the current author has, where

males and females go to opposite sides of a

couplet using Rio as the primary character.

Future keys should take this sexual dimor-

phism into account when the difference in

Rio is not large for the taxa being separated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank the CanaCol Foundation for a

grant that made possible my visit to the

Canadian National Collection of Insects and

Y. Bousquet for his generous hospitality

during my visit; the listed Curators for the

loan of specimens in their care; Rob Rough-

ley, Brad Hubley, Richard Zack and Dick

Baumann for the gift of specimens and John

Swann for sending me specimens that fi-

nally pushed me into dealing with this is-

sue.

REFERENCES

Holmen, M. 1987. The aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. I. Gyrinidae, Halipli-

dae, Hygrobiidae and Noteridae. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd., Leiden, Netherlands, pp.

168.

Kenner, R.D. 2005. Redescription of Haliplus dorsomaculatus (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) with a new synon-

ymy and comments on habitat and distribution. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

102:43-56.

Leech, H.B. 1949. Some Nearctic species of Hydradephagid water beetles, new and old (Coleoptera). The

Canadian Entomologist 80: 89-96.

Leech, H.B. 1964. Haliplus subguttatus Roberts from Washington and Oregon (Coleoptera: Haliplidae).

The Wasmann Journal of Biology 22: 323-329.

Vondel, B.J. van 1991. Revision of the Palaearctic species of Haliplus subgenus Liaphlus Guignot

(Coleoptera: Haliplidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 134: 75-144.

Vondel, B.J. van 1993. Revision of the Liaphlus species of the Oriental region excluding China (Coleoptera:

Haliplidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 136: 289-316.

Vondel, B.J. van 1995. Haliplidae: Review of the Haliplidae of China (Coleoptera). Pp. 111-154. In M.A.

Jach and L. Ji (eds.): Water Beetles of China. Vol. I. Wein: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in

Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologenverein, 410 pp.

Vondel, B.J. van 2005. Family Haliplidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Pp. 20-86, in Nilsson, A.N. and Vondel,

B.J. van. 2005 Amphizoidae, Aspedytidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae and Paelobiidae (Coleoptera,

Adephaga). In: World Catalogue of Insects 7: 1-171.

Vondel, B.J. van and P.J. Spangler. 2008. Revision of the Haliplidae of the Neotropieal Region including

Mexico (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). Koleopterologische Rundshau 78: 69-194.

Wallis, J.B. 1933. Revision of the North American species, (north of Mexico), of the Genus Haliplus, La-

treille. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute 19: 1-76.

Whitlock, M.C. and D. Schluter. 2009. The Analysis of Biological Data. Roberts and Co. Publishers, Green-

wood Village, CO. pp. xxxiii, 700.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

29

The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia

PHILIP D. BRAGG^^ and ROBERT G. HOLMBERG^

ABSTRACT

Twenty species of harvestmen (six families within three suborders) are known from

British Columbia. They are 1) Triaenonychidae: Paranonychus brunneus, Sclerobunus

nondimorphicus; 2) Ceratolasmatidae: Hesperonemastoma modestum; 3) Sabaconidae:

Sabacon occidentalis, Sabacon species, Taracus species; 4) Nemastomatidae: Den-

drolasma mirabile, Ortholasma picdpes; 5) Sclerosomatidae: Leiobunum exilipes, Leu-

ronychus pacificus, Nelima paessleri, Togwoteeus biceps', 6) Phalangiidae: Leptobunus

parvulus, Liopilio glaber, Odiellus pictus, Oligolophus tridens, Opilio parietinus,

Paraoligolophus agrestis, Phalangiiim opilio and Rilaena triangularis. Four are new

records for BC; O. parietinus, O. pictus, the second Sabacon species, and the undeter-

mined Taracus species. There are reports of two other species (Sclerosomatidae: Hadro-

bunus grandis and Leiobunum aldrichi) but these are probably incorrect. A further nine

species have been collected from the Yukon or adjacent American states and may occur

in the province. Each of these 3 1 species is listed along with information on its taxon-

omy and distribution. Updates on locations and earliest collection dates are also given

for three species introduced into North America from Europe: O. tridens, P. agrestis and

R. triangularis.

Key Words: Arachnida; Opiliones; Harvestmen; BC species

INTRODUCTION

Harvestmen (Opiliones) constitute an

order in the class Arachnida. Harvestmen

are characterized by having the prosoma

and opisthosoma broadly fused (i.e. one

rather than two body parts), chelate cheli-

cerae, pedipalps that can be leg-like or very

spiny, two medial eyes, a pair of scent

glands on the anterior of the prosoma, and a

penis or ovipositor. Unlike spiders

(Araneae), harvestmen do not have silk

glands or venom glands. Harvestmen are

primarily predacious on small invertebrates,

especially other arthropods, but are also

scavengers of dead animals and occasion-

ally feed on fleshy fruits. Opiliones is cur-

rently divided into four suborders: Cy-

phophthalmi, Laniatores, Dyspnoi and Eup-

noi (Pinta-da-Rocha et al. 2007).

Knowledge of the species of Opiliones

and of their distribution in British Columbia

(BC) is very limited. Banks (1916) identi-

fied the first two species for the province.

Over the years, various people added to the

knowledge of this region (Roewer 1910 and

1923, Bishop 1949, Briggs 1971, Bragg and

Leech 1972, Bragg and Holmberg 1975,

Cokendolpher 1980). As the published re-

cords for harvestman of BC are scattered,

taxonomic studies have resulted in changes

in classification and nomenclature, and we

have accumulated more specimens, we

herein summarize the present knowledge of

harvestmen in BC.

We believe that at least twenty species

of harvestmen occur in BC. These are

placed in three suborders (Laniatores,

Dyspnoi and Eupnoi) and six families

(Triaenonychidae, Ceratolasmatidae, Saba-

'Dr. Philip D. Bragg, 4378 West 14th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6R 2Y1. Telephone: 604-224-3897;

E-mail: pbragg@interchange.ubc.ca

^ Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3,

robert@athabascau.ca

^ Corresponding author

30

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

conidae, Nemastomatidae, Sclerosomatidae

and Phalangiidae). At least three, and up to

five, of these species are introduced from

Europe. There are reports of two other na-

tive species {Hadrobiinus grandis and

Leiobumim aldrichi) occurring in BC but

these records are probably incorrect. Up to

nine additional species may occur in the

province. These nine species have been

collected from adjacent states of the USA

or the Yukon.

Most species listed here can be identi-

fied with the use of Edgar’s key (1990).

Bishop (1949) gives detailed descriptions of

many species. Spoek (1963) and Hillyard

and Sankey (1989) give good descriptions

of the introduced European and Holarctic

species. For general information on harvest-

men, see Pinta-da- Rocha et al. (2007).

SPECIES

Suborder LANIATORES Thorell 1876

Superfamily Triaenonychoidea Sorensen

1886

Family TRIAENONYCHIDAE Soren-

sen 1886

Subfamily Paranonychinae Briggs 1 97 1

Paranonychus brunneus (Banks 1893)

Sclerobunus brunneus (Banks 1 893)

Sclerobunus parvus (Roewer 1931

cited by Shear and Derkarabetian (2008))

Paranonychus brunneus (Briggs 1971)

Britannia Beach (Briggs 1971); Bur-

naby; Garibaldi Park (Briggs 1971); Grouse

Mountain, Lake Cowichan (Vancouver

Island; hereafter abbreviated VI); North

Vancouver; Manning Park (Briggs 1971);

Mount Seymour Park (Briggs 1971); Mo-

resby Camp, Graham Island (Queen Char-

lotte Islands); Skedans, Louise Island

(Queen Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI); Up-

per Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver.

This species is also knovm from Alaska,

Washington, and Oregon (Briggs 1971).

It is found under logs and in leaf litter of

forests. Adults were collected in all months

except January.

Subfamily Triaenonychinae Sorensen

1886

Sclerobunus nondimorphicus Briggs

Species are listed alphabetically under

the family or subfamily. Very limited syn-

onymies are given in regular font following

the current name in italics. The first refer-

ence listed is the original description. The

last reference usually gives the best descrip-

tion of the species. Unless otherwise indi-

cated, BC locality records are from speci-

mens in our personal collections or in the

three museums listed in the acknowledge-

ments. The BC collection sites are usually

given as simply the nearest geographical

name. However a few localities originally

given in miles were converted into kilome-

tres (km). Unless otherwise stated, named

parks are Provincial Parks. Distribution

records from outside BC are from the litera-

ture as well as our records and are only

designated by province, territory or state.

RECORDS

1971

Sclerobunus nondimorphicus

(Briggs 1971)

The only two BC records are from Hope

(17 and 28 km east of), near Manning Park

(Briggs 1971).

It is also known from Washington and

Oregon (Briggs 1971).

This species has been collected from

forests between June and September

(Briggs 1971).

Suborder DYSPNOI Hansen and Sorensen

1904

Superfamily Ischyropsalidoidae Simon

1879

Family CERATOLASMATIDAE Shear

1986

Hesperonemastoma modestum (Banks

1894)

Nemastoma modesta (Banks 1894b)

Hesperonemastoma modestum

(Gruber 1970)

Burnaby; Gordon River (VI); Honey-

moon Bay (VI); Mesachie Lake (VI); Mo-

resby Camp, Moresby Island (Queen Char-

lotte Islands); Nimkish Lake (VI); Vancou-

ver.

This species is also known from Wash-

ington, Oregon and California

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

31

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

This species is found under logs and in

leaf litter. Adults were pitfall trapped from

May through December.

Family SABACONIDAE Dresco 1970

Sabacon occidentalis (Banks 1894)

Phlegmacera occidentalis (Banks

1894b)

Sabacon occidentalis (Shear 1975)

Alert Bay (VI) (Bishop 1949); Brooks

Peninsula (VI); Burnaby; Cassiope Lake

(VI); Coldstream Park (VI); Honeymoon

Bay (VI); Kyuquot (VI) (Shear 1975); Me-

sachie Lake (VI); Manning Park (Shear

1975); Parksville (VI); Prince Rupert

(Bishop 1949); Skidgate, Graham island

(Queen Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI);

Queen Charlotte City, Graham Island

(Queen Charlotte Islands); Tahsis (VI);

Upper Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver;

Yakown River, Graham island (Queen

Charlotte Islands).

This species is also known from Alaska,

Washington, Oregon and California

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993). In Bragg

and Leech (1972), this species was listed as

Sabacon crassipalpe, which is now consid-

ered as only Eurasian (Shear 1975).

Sabacon occidentalis is found under

logs and in leaf litter. Adults were collected

in pitfall traps June through October.

Sabacon species

There is a second species of Sabacon,

which occurs in northeastern BC, that will

be described separately by RGH et al.

Pine Pass (129 km West of Dawson

Creek).

Adults are present between April/May

and October in Alberta.

Taracus species.

More specimens from BC and the

United States need to be studied for a de-

finitive identification.

Creston; Hourglass Cave, Gordon River

(VI); Upper Carmanah Valley (VI).

This genus is characterized by very

elongate chelicerae. Seven species have

been described from the western United

States (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Adults were collected between Septem-

ber and October in BC.

Superfamily Nemastomatoidea Simon

1872

Family NEMASTOMATIDAE Simon

1872

Subfamily Ortholasmatinae Shear and

Gruber 1983

Dendrolasma mirabile Banks 1 894

Dendrolasma mirabilis (Banks

1894a)

Dendrolasma mirabile (Shear and

Gruber 1983)

Burnaby; Mesachie Lake (VI); Met-

lakatla (Shear and Gruber 1983); Queen

Charlotte City, Graham Island (Queen

Charlotte Islands); Upper Carmanah Valley

(VI); Vancouver.

This species is also known from Wash-

ington and Oregon and perhaps California

(Shear and Gruber 1983). Edgar (1990)

noted that this species ranges “from south-

ern Oregon to southern Alaska”. However

the most northern record (i.e. Metlakatla;

Shear and Gruber 1983) is south of the BC-

Alaska border. It may be premature to state

that this species occurs in Alaska.

Dendrolasma mirabile is found in moist

coniferous forests under logs and in leaf

litter. Adults were collected June through

August.

Ortholasma pictipes Banks 1911

Ortholasma pictipes (Banks 1911,

Shear and Gruber 1983)

Alert Bay (VI) (Shear and Gruber

1983); Bamfield (VI); Goldstream Park

(VI); Kyuquot (VI) (Shear and Gruber

1983); Skedans, Louise Island (Queen

Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI); Vancouver.

Ortholasma pictipes is also known from

Washington, Oregon and California (Shear

and Gruber 1983).

This species is found in coniferous for-

ests under logs and in leaf litter. Adults

collected from February through October.

Suborder EUPNOI Hansen and Sorensen

1904

Superfamily Phalangioidea Latreille

1802

Family SCLEROSOMATIDAE Simon

1879

Subfamily Leiobuninae Banks 1893

Hadrobunus grandis (Say 1821)

32

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Phalangium grandis (Say 1821)

Hadrobunus grandis (Roewer 1923)

Roewer (1923, page 919) recorded this

species from BC (“Brit Kolumbien; Van-

couver-Stadt - \ S - (Mus. Wien ...)”.

However, as noted by Cokendolpher and

Lee (1993), this record is probably incor-

rect.

Hadrobunus grandis has been collected

from Ohio, Illinois, Georgia, Maryland,

North Carolina, Oklahoma and Virginia

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Leiobunum aldrichi (Weed 1893)

Liobunum (sic) longipes (Weed

1890)

Leiobunum longipes (Davis 1934)

Leiobunum aldrichi (Cokendolpher

1984)

Bishop (1949) recorded '‘'Leiobunum

longipes” (now Leiobunum aldrichi, see

Cokendolpher 1984) from “British Colum-

bia, Selkirk Mts. (J.C.B)”.

Although Roewer (1910, 1923) recorded

this species from Washington and Weed

(1893) recorded it from South Dakota, we

think that this species does not occur in BC.

Other than these old records, this species

occurs in eastern North America (Ontario

and 23 states) (Cokendolpher and Lee

1993).

Leiobunum exilipes (Wood 1868)

Phalangium exilipes (Wood 1868)

Leiobunum exilipes (Davis 1934)

Banks (1916) reported “Several speci-

mens from Kaslo and Frye Creek [BC],

from June 13 to July 23. These specimens

have shorter legs than those from Califor-

nia.” Davis (1934) recorded '‘’’British Co-

lumbia: Inverness, July 1 $ (Keen). Van-

couver: 2 (S', 1 $ (Banks)”. RGH examined

the Inverness specimen from the Canadian

National Collection in Ottawa (single fe-

male labeled “Inverness”, “July”, “Rev.

J.H. Keen” and identified by Davis). It is a

dark Nelima paessleri. Older N. paessleri

tend to darken and may resemble L. exili-

pes. Note that we have not seen any speci-

mens of this species from BC.

Leiobunum exilipes is recorded from

Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California,

Nevada, and Montana (Cokendolpher and

Lee 1993).

Adults have been collected between July

and November (Davis 1934).

Leuronychus pacificus (Banks 1 894)

Leiobunum pacificum (Banks

1894c)

Leuronychus pacificum (Banks

1900)

Leuronychus pacificus (Banks 1901,

Roewer 1910, 1923)

Mudge Island; Nanaimo (VI) (Roewer

1910).

This species is also recorded from

Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California

and Baja California (Cokendolpher and Lee

1993).

Adults were collected from Mudge Is-

land in August

Nelima paessleri (Roewer 1910)

Leiobunum paessleri (Roewer 1910,

Davis 1 934, Holmberg et al. 1 984)

Nelima paessleri (Crawford 1 992)

Alouette Lake; Brooks Peninsula (VI);

Burnaby; Candlestick Cave, Kelsey Bay

(VI); Cascade Cave, Port Albemi (VI);

Cheakamus Lake; Cody Caves Park (north

of Nelson); Field; Glacier; Gordon River

(VI); Hope; Inverness; Home Lake Caves

Park (VI); Kimberly; Kuskonook; Meager

Lake Hot Springs; Metlakatla (Davis 1934);

Mount Kobau: Port Albemi (VI); Rogers

Pass (Davis 1934); Salmon Arm; Slesse

Creek and Chipmunk Caves (near Chilli-

wack); Sooke (VI); Stein Lake; Upper Car-

manah Valley (VI); Victoria (VI); Vancou-

ver; Wolfe Creek Cave (Cowichan Lake,

VI).

Nelima paessleri is known also from

Alberta, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Cali-

fornia, Montana and, possibly, Wyoming

(Holmberg et al 1984). We also have seen

collections from Idaho.

This species has been collected from a

wide range of forested habitats associated

with coastal and interior mountains. Adults

overwinter in aggregations in caves and

mines (Holmberg et al. 1984). Adults are

present all months of the year; juveniles

between May and October. Sexes can only

be distinguished by dissection of the genita-

lia.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

33

Togwoteeus biceps (Thorell 1877)

Mitopus biceps (Thorell 1877)

Homolophus biceps (Rower 1923)

Togwoteeus biceps (Holmberg and

Cokendolpher 1997)

Anarchist Mountain; Apex Mountain

(near Keremeos); Inkaneep Park; Kam-

loops; Kleena Kleene; Manning Park;

Mount Kobau; Oliver; Osoyoos; Salmon

Arm; Summerland; Vernon; White Lake;

Vaseaux Lake.

Togwoteeus biceps is known also from

Alberta, Saskatehewan, Arizona, California,

Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Ne-

vada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon,

South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and

Wyoming (Holmberg and Cokendolpher

1997).

This species is found in many habitats,

from densely wooded areas to windswept

mountain tops above the tree line. It oeeurs

in dry areas but also near bodies of water.

This species is restricted to higher eleva-

tions in the southern part of its range. It has

been found under roeks and logs, and in

deserted buildings. Adults occur between

May and November with a peak in August.

Immatures overwinter and ean be present in

any month (Holmberg and Cokendolpher

1997).

Family PHALANGIIDAE Latreille

1802

Subfamily Oligolophinae Banks 1893

Odiellus pictus (Wood 1868)

Phalangium pietum (Wood 1868)

Odiellus pictus (Bishop 1949)

The only reeord is Sitkum Creek, Nel-

son.

This species is widespread in all other

Canadian provinces. It is also present

throughout the northeastern USA

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Odiellus pictus prefers wet loeations in

hardwood and coniferous forests, in mead-

ows and marshes, in leaf litter and under

rocks, and on the foliage of trees. Adults

occur between July and October.

Oligolophus tridens (C.L. Koch 1836)

Opilio tridens (C.L. Koch 1836)

Oligolophus tridens (Spoek 1963,

Hillyard and Sankey 1989)

Campbell River (VI) (our earliest re-

eords are from 1978); Comox (VI) (1979);

Richmond (1971); Summerland (1980).

This species was introduced from

Europe (Bell 1975). It is also in New

Brunswiek (1974), Newfoundland (1958),

Nova Scotia (1956), Ontario (1961), Prince

Edward Island (1972), Quebec (1970), as

well as Maine (1982) and Vermont (prior

1974, Bell 1975).

This small species occurs mainly in the

ground layer of many different disturbed

habitats including grasslands, alfalfa fields,

sand beaches as well as forests. Adults have

been collected in Canada between July and

November.

Paraoligolophus agrestis (Meade 1855)

Opilio agrestis (Meade 1855)

Paraoligolophus agrestis (Spoek

1963, Hillyard and Sankey 1989)

Ainsworth Hot Springs (1985); Burnaby

(1971); Balfour (1980); Brentwood Bay

(VI) (1975); Boswell (1980); Campbell

River (VI) (1984); Comox (VI) (1984);

Coombs (VI) (1984); Haney (1979); Hope

(1984); Mesachie Lake (VI) (1979); Parks-

ville (VI) (1978); Port Albemi (VI) (1979);

Riehmond (1971); Rogers Creek (1980);

Vancouver (1963).

This is a European species introduced

into BC by 1963 and Washington by 1972

(Bragg and Holmberg 1975). We now have

single reeords from Alberta (1978) and

Nova Seotia (1950).

The species is found in gardens and in

forests under logs and in leaf litter, or on

low bushes and herbs. Mature speeimens

oecur between August and January.

Subfamily Phalangiinae Simon 1879

Leptobunus parvulus {Boviks 1894)

Liobunum (sie) parvulum (Banks

1894c)

Leuronychus parvulus (Banks 1901)

Leptobunus parvulus (Cokendolpher

1985)

Alliford Bay, Moresby Island (Queen

Charlotte Islands); Alouette Lake; Brooks

Peninsula (VI); Burnaby; Cassiope Lake

(VI); Coombs (VI); Cowichan Lake Experi-

mental Station (VI); Golden Ears Park;

Haney; Manning Park; Masset, Graham

34

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Port Al-

bemi (VI); Squamish; Upper Carmanah

Valley (VI); Vancouver.

Leptobunus parvulus is found also in

Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and Califor-

nia (Cokendolpher 1985).

This species is active at night and can be

found on low branches and shrubs and on

the trunks of alders. Juveniles have been

collected from the tops of 29 m tall red ce-

dar, Douglas fir and Western hemlock trees

(Holmberg et al. 1981). Juveniles were

mostly collected May through August;

adults, July through November.

Liopilio glaber Schenkel 1951

Liopilio glaber (Schenkel 1951,

Cokendolpher 1981)

The only record from BC is “Mt. St.

Paul, mile 392 [km 631] Alaska High-

way” (Cokendolpher 1981).

Liopilio glaber is found also in the

Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Washington

and Oregon (Crawford and Edwards 1989,

Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Adults were collected between July and

September at higher elevations.

Opilio parietinus (DeGeer 1778)

Phalangium parietinum (DeGeer

1778)

Opilio parietinus (Spoek 1963,

Hillyard and Sai^ey 1989)

Ainsworth Hot Springs; Kamloops;

Kleena Kleene; Port Albemi (VI); Prince

George; Summerland.

This species is widely distributed in the

Western Palearctic and may have been in-

troduced into North America from Europe.

In Canada, it is known from Alberta, Mani-

toba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec.

It has also been collected from more than

20 states (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Opilio parietinus was collected in dis-

turbed areas similar to those for Phalan-

gium opilio. O. parietinus was often col-

lected with P. opilio but, with time, the

latter seems to outcompete it. Adults from

western Canada occur between July and

November.

Phalangium opilio Linnaeus 1758

Phalangium opilio (Linnaeus 1758,

Spoek 1963, Hillyard and Sankey 1989)

Ainsworth Hot Springs; Aspen Grove;

Balfour; Barriere; Bella Coola; Blind Bay;

Blue River; Burnaby; Cache Creek; Camp-

bell River (VI); Chetwynd; Chilkoot Pass;

Chilliwack; Comox (VI); Coombs (VI);

Cranbrook; Creston; Dawson Creek; Edge-

wood; Elgin; Errington (VI); Fairmont; Fort

Nelson; Fort St. John; Glacier National

Park; Goldstream Park (VI); Grand Falls;

Haney; Hazelton; Hernando Island; Hope;

Hudson’s Hope; Kamloops; Kootenay Na-

tional Park; Ladner; Liard River; Manning

Park; Masset, Graham Island (Queen

Charolotte Islands); Mesachie Lake (VI);

Mica Creek; Mission; Mount Robson Park;

Nakusp; Nanaimo (VI); Nelson; Nicola

Lake; Oliver; Osoyoos; Parksville (VI);

Paul lake (near Kamloops); Penticton; Port

Albemi (VI); Pouce Coupe; Prince George;

Queen Charlotte City, Graham Island

(Queen Charlotte Islands); Quesnel; Skoo-

kumchuk; South Pender Island (VI); Sum-

merland; Telkwa; Terrace; Tlell, Graham

Island (Queen Charlottelslands); Tmtch;

Vancouver; Vernon; Victoria (VI); Weir

Beach (24km west of Victoria, VI); West

Vancouver; Williams Lake; Yoho National

Park.

Phalangium opilio occurs in all prov-

inces of Canada, Yukon and Northwest

Territories. It is also present in at least 17

US states as well as Europe, Asia, North

Africa and New Zealand (Cokendolpher

and Lee 1993). Although this harvestman is

commonly collected in Canada, it is most

likely introduced from Europe.

Phalangium opilio is found in disturbed

areas, such as gardens and roadside ditches,

as well as grasslands and forest edges. Pha-

langium opilio and Togwoteeus biceps are

the two species most likely found in drier

areas. Eggs are laid in the fall. The first

juveniles are seen in early April. The first

adults appear in June. The adults do not

overwinter.

Rilaena triangularis (Herbst 1799)

Opilio triangularis (Herbst 1799)

Platybunus triangularis (Spoek

1963)

Rilaena triangularis (Hillyard and

Sankey 1989)

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

35

Burnaby (1971); Coquitlam (1972); Haney;

Pitt Meadows (1973); Sumas (1963); Ter-

race (1975); Vancouver (1967).

This species was introduced from

Europe into BC and Washington (Bragg

and Holmberg 1975). The earliest record

that we have for Washington is 1951. It has

also been collected from Maine (1986),

Massachusetts (1999) and New York

OTHER POS5

Other species that have been collected

from adjacent states and the Yukon and

may be found in BC include:

Acuclavella cosmetoides Shear 1986

(Family Ceratolasmatidae) occurs in north-

ern Idaho and Washington. Also A. mer-

ickeli Shear 1986 occurs in Idaho and

Washington.

Liopilio yukon Cokendolpher 1981

(Family Phalangiidae) has been collected in

Yukon and Alaska.

Metanonychus idahoensis Briggs 1971

(Family Triaenonychidae) is found in north-

ern Idaho.

Mitopus morio (Fabricius 1779) (Family

Phalangiidae) seems to be Holarctic in dis-

tribution. It is common in eastern North

(1999).

R. triangularis matures in April to July

in BC and England. In England, it lays its

eggs during the summer and overwinters in

a juvenile stage (usually third or fourth in-

star) (Hillyard and Sankey 1989). This spe-

cies is found in disturbed areas, such as

gardens, and at the edges of woods.

5LE SPECIES

America but occurs also in Alaska

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Protolophiis niger Goodnight and Good-

night 1942 (Family Protolophidae) has been

recorded from Washington and Oregon

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).

Sclerobunus robustus idahoensis Briggs

1971 (Family Triaenonychidae) is found in

northern Idaho.

Siro acaroides (Ewing 1923), of the

fourth Opiliones suborder Cyphophthalmi,

extends from California to Washington

(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993). Siro kamiak-

ensis (Newell 1943) occurs in northern

Idaho and Washington (Cokendolpher and

Lee 1993).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the many collectors who con-

tributed specimens to us or to museums.

We also appreciate the loan of specimens

from the Royal British Columbia Museum,

Royal Ontario Museum and the Canadian

National Collection of Insects, Arachnids

and Nematodes. Donald J. Buckle identified

some of the specimens.

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38

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

39

Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini)

associated with Alaskan agricultural crops

AARON M. HAGERTY\ ALBERTO PANTOJA^^

and SUSAN Y. EMMERY^

ABSTRACT

Adult coccinellid abundance was monitored in agricultural areas of the Tanana and Ma-

tanuska-Susitna River valleys of Alaska during 2004 and 2005. Thirteen species were

collected in association with Alaskan agricultural crops. Of the species collected, Hippo-

damia quinquesignata quinqiiesignata (Kirby), Coccinella transversoguttata richard-

soni Brown, and Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say) were by far the most abun-

dant species, making up 51, 18, and 12%, respectively, of the individuals collected. Two

new species, Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia convergens Guerin, were

recorded for the first time in Alaska.

Key Words: lady beetles, biodiversity, integrated pest management, Alaska

INTRODUCTION

There has been much interest in the ex-

pansion of agricultural production in the

circumpolar region in reeent years

(Anonymous 1998, 2001, Whitfield 2003).

Alaska has tremendous agricultural poten-

tial, with approximately eight million hec-

tares of arable land. However, the taxo-

nomic identity, biology, population dynam-

ics, and distribution of insect pests and their

natural enemies in the circumpolar region is

lacking or poorly understood (Pantoja et al.

2009). There is a need for increased re-

search to improve management and to un-

derstand the biology of insect pests in arctic

and subarctic regions. The development of

pest management practices for Alaska is of

particular interest since it is expected that

insect populations in the state may increase

with climate change (Whitfield 2003).

In recent years, USDA-ARS, in coop-

eration with the University of Alaska, has

made efforts to develop integrated pest

management (IPM) programs for Alaskan

agricultural crops. However, some of the

fundamental knowledge necessary to de-

velop IPM systems is lacking. In Alaska,

the beneficial insect complex associated

with agricultural crops is not well known.

Knowledge of the taxonomic identity and

biology of beneficial insects is a critical

component of IPM systems (Pedigo 1 999).

Published information on Alaskan coccinel-

lids has been limited to distribution records

within taxonomic treatments (Belicek 1976,

Gordon 1985) and faunal lists (McNamara

1991). Additional research is needed to

determine the taxonomic identity, distribu-

tion, and population dynamics of agricultur-

ally beneficial insects in Alaska.

Coccinellids are commonly associated

with biological control of pest species

(Obrycki and Kring 1998). Members of the

tribe Coccinellini are primarily aphido-

phagous (approx. 75-85%) (Hodek and

Honek 1 996) and are easily recognizable in

agricultural systems. Lady beetles have a

wide distribution and occur in high num-

bers in agricultural habitats. Gordon’s

(1985) taxonomic monograph includes dis-

tribution maps and keys that include all

Alaskan species. In addition Belicek (1976)

and McNamara (1991) provide additional

' USDA, ARS, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America

^Corresponding author (e-mail: alberto.pantoja@ars.usda.gov). Alberto Pantoja, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box

757200, Fairbanks, AK 99775, Tel: 907-474-7536

40

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

records for Alaska, but no studies have

been conducted to survey the coccinellids

associated with Alaskan agricultural crops.

The purpose of this study was to provide

baseline information on the species compo-

sition of coccinellids of the tribe Coccinel-

lini associated with agricultural crops in

Alaska.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During 2004 and 2005 adult lady beetles

of the tribe Coccinellini were surveyed in

and around agricultural areas in the Tanana

(near Nenana, N64.70° WHS. 86°; near

Fairbanks N64.85°, W147.85°; near Delta

Junction N64.15°, W 145.81°) and Mata-

nuska (near Palmer N61.57°, W 149.25°)

river valleys of Alaska. Sites in Fairbanks

and Nenana were bordered by mixed boreal

forest. Delta Junction sites were bordered

by Conservation Reserve Program (USDA-

NRCS) grasslands and boreal forest. Palmer

sites were located in more developed rural

areas adjacent to large-scale commercial

agricultural lands.

Sampling was conducted in potato

{Solarium tuberosum L.), rhubarb {Rheum

rhabarbarum L.), and low-input mixed

vegetable plantings. Beetles were captured

by a variety of methods including Japanese

beetle traps, yellow adhesive cards, water

pan traps, sweep netting, and hand picking.

Japanese beetle traps (JBT) (Trece

Catch Can, Trece Inc., Salinas CA) were

placed in transects of three to five traps

around field perimeters. Traps were in-

stalled by burying the cage-catch can in the

ground so that only the top assembly was

visible. In Palmer during 2004 and 2005,

JBT’s were maintained from mid-May to

late August on a truck crop farm producing

various vegetable crops. During 2004, 19

traps were placed around onion {Allium

cepa L.), potato, squash {Cucurbita spp.),

and rhubarb {Rheum spp.) plantings during

mid-May and maintained until late August.

During 2005, nine traps were initially

placed around pea {Pisum sativum L.), rhu-

barb, and onion plantings on 10 May; an

additional six traps were then added to po-

tato and squash on 29 June. Additionally

during 2005, five JBT’s were maintained

around potato fields at one location in Fair-

banks and two locations in Delta Junction.

Traps were serviced weekly; beetles were

removed, transported to the laboratory,

placed in 80% ethanol for temporary stor-

age, pinned, labeled, and identified.

Adhesive cards (yellow; 0.04 Im^; Inter-

cept®; IPM Tech, Portland, OR) were

placed along potato field margins in the

Tanana and Matanuska valleys during both

years of the study. Yellow adhesive cards

(henceforth referred to simply as “cards”)

were stapled flat to a wooden stake with the

bottom of the trap at canopy height and

placed around potato field perimeters at a

density of eight cards per hectare. During

2004 cards (n = 21) were placed at three

locations in Fairbanks, one location in Delta

Junction and three locations in Palmer. Dur-

ing 2005 cards (n = 40) were placed at two

locations in Fairbanks, two locations in

Delta Junction, two locations in Nenana,

and three locations in Palmer. Cards were

placed around field perimeters just prior to

potato emergence (mid to late June) and

maintained until first frost/harvest (late

August to early September) during 2004

and first snow-fall (mid- to late October)

during 2005. Cards were changed weekly;

used cards were placed in 3.8 L plastic bags

(Ziploc®, SC Johnson Company, Racine,

WI), taken to the laboratory, and held in a

freezer. Most beetles were identified in situ

on the cards; problematic species were re-

moved, washed in xylene, and examined in

80% ethanol.

Water pan traps, as described by Irwin

(1980) and Villanueva and Pena (1991),

were placed along potato field margins in

the Tanana and Matanuska valleys during

both years of the study. During 2004, traps

(n = 24) were placed at three locations in

Fairbanks, one in Delta Junction and three

in Palmer. During 2005, traps (n = 41) were

placed at two locations in Fairbanks, two

locations in Delta Junction, one location in

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

41

Nenana, and three locations in Palmer.

Traps were placed around field perimeters

just prior to potato emergence (mid to late

June) and maintained until first frost/

harvest (late August to early September)

during 2004 and first snow-fall (mid- to late

October) during 2005. Periodically during

both years, additional pan traps were placed

adjacent to small plantings of mixed vege-

tables and rhubarb at both Fairbanks and

Palmer locations. Pan traps were changed

bi-weekly and brought back to the labora-

tory where insects were strained from the

soap solution and preserved in 80% ethanol.

Coccinellids were collected by hand

picking when encountered at field sights to

determine plant associations. Sweep net

samples of 100 sweeps (four reps of 25

sweeps) were taken along potato field mar-

gins on a semi-weekly basis from locations

in Fairbanks, Delta Junction, Nenana, and

Palmer during 2005. Sweep net samples

were not taken directly from potato foliage

due to grower concerns about crop damage

and to avoid possible mechanical spread of

RESULTS AND

During the field study, 1318 individuals

representing 14 taxa were collected in or

adjacent to agricultural habitats. Examina-

tion of the UAM revealed 196 individuals

representing 10 taxa (Table 1). The major-

ity of specimens at UAM were collected

from the University of Alaska Fairbanks

Research Farm in Palmer; however, label

data for most specimens was insufficient to

provide any meaningful agricultural crop

associations. The field collected specimens

included representatives of all species in

UAM with the exception of Anisosticta

borealis Timberlake and Coccinella hiero-

glyphica mannerheimi Mulsant that were

not collected from the field. The most abun-

dant species in the field collection, Hippo-

damia quinquesignata quinquesignata

(Kirby), Coccinella transversoguttata rich-

ardsoni Brown, and Hippodamia tredecim-

punctata tibialis (Say) were also numerous

in the UAM Collection. Macronaemia epis-

copalis (Kirby), Hippodamia falcigera

plant pathogens. Coccinellids, when inad-

vertently caught, were also collected from

bucket style noctuid moth traps (Landolt et

al. 2007).

Additionally, the University of Alaska

Museum Insect Collection (UAM 2009)

was examined to provide baseline informa-

tion on coccinellid species in Alaska. The

UAM includes the Washburn Insect Collec-

tion, which was amassed by USD A ento-

mologists J. C. Chamberlin, R. H.

Washburn, and others during the 1940’s

and 1950’s. This collection, formerly

housed in Palmer, AK, is the only large

general insect collection maintained in the

state (Washburn 1972).

All coccinellids were identified using

taxonomic keys of Gordon (1985) and

Gordon and Vandenberg (1991). Two rep-

resentative individuals from most taxa were

sent to Robert Gordon (retired. Systematic

Entomology Laboratory, USD A) for identi-

fication confirmation. Voucher specimens

were deposited in the UAM.

DISCUSSION

Crotch, H. parenthesis (Say), H. conver-

gens Guerin, and Coccinella septempunc-

tata L. were collected during the field study

but no representatives were found in the

UAM. Although the coccinellid species

Ceratomegilla ulkei Crotch, Hippodamia

expurgata Casey, H. arctica (Schneider), H,

sinuata spuria LeConte, Coccinella califor-

nica Mannerheim, C. johnsoni Casey, C.

fulgida Watson, C. monticola Mulsant 1850

and Mulsantina hudsonica (Casey) are

listed for Alaska either singly or in combi-

nation by Belicek (1976), Gordon (1985),

and McNamara (1991), these species were

neither collected nor examined during this

study (Table 1). The presence of these spe-

cies in the state is uncertain. However, it is

possible that they were not collected during

this study due to its relatively narrow geo-

graphic scope or that the species are not

associated with habitats commonly found

near areas of agricultural production.

A total of 489 individuals representing

42

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 1.

Lady beetle (Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) species listed from Alaska, numbers examined from

University of Alaska Insect Collection (UAM) and numbers collected from the field during

2004 and 2005.

' Belicek 1976 = 1; Gordon 1985 = 2; McNamara 1991 = 3; All 3 authors = 4.

^ Listed as Hippodamia ulkei (Crotch) in Belicek 1976.

six taxa were collected from Japanese bee-

tle traps during 2004 and 2005 (Table 2).

Of those, H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesig-

nata, and C. t. richardsoni were the most

commonly collected taxa, making up 12,

51, and 18% of the total number of indi-

viduals collected respectively. Hippodamia

parenthesis, Adalia bipunctata (L.), and

Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant

were collected in low numbers.

A total of 420 individuals representing

10 taxa were collected from yellow adhe-

sive cards. H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesig-

nata, and C. t. richardsoni were the most

commonly collected taxa, making up 17,

62, and 13% of the total number of indi-

viduals collected respectively. Hippodamia

falcigera, H. parenthesis, H. convergens,

Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.), A.

bipunctata, C. t. perplexa, and C. septem-

punctata were collected in low numbers.

No coccinellids were captured with cards at

the Nenana locations during 2005. Due to

staggered planting dates and other agro-

nomic factors, data from different regions

and study years could not be combined.

Coccinellids were collected sporadically

in low numbers from pan traps during

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

43

Table 2.

Combined numbers of individuals of each taxon collected by all methods at each locality in the

field study during 2004 to 2005.

' Locations: F, Fairbanks; D, Delta Junction; N, Nenana; P, Palmer.

2004-2005 (Table 2). A total of 121 indi-

viduals representing nine taxa were col-

lected. H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesignata,

H. convergens, and C. t. richardsoni were

the most commonly collected taxa, making

up 19, 30, 17, and 19% of the total number

of individuals collected respectively. H.

falcigera, H. parenthesis, C. quatuordecim-

guttata, A. bipunctata, and C. t. perplexa

were collected in low numbers. Insufficient

numbers were collected of any taxon from

any location to determine seasonal abun-

dance. However, some crop associations

can be made. H. t. tibialis were collected

from potato (n = 7), rhubarb (n = 8), broc-

coli (Brassica spp.) (n = 1), and lettuce

(Lactuca sativa L.) (n = 7); H. q. quinque-

signata were collected from potato (n = 25),

rhubarb (n=7), broccoli (n = 1), lettuce (n =

2), and tomato {Solanum lycopersicum L.)

(n = 1). C. t. richardsoni was trapped from

potato (n = 12), rhubarb (n = 3), broccoli (n

= 3), lettuce (n = 3), and mixed vegetables

(n = 2). H. convergens was collected from

potato (n = 1), tomato (n = 3), and pansies

{Viola spp.) (n = 16).

A total of 107 individuals representing

1 1 taxa was collected by sweeping along

potato field perimeters during 2005 (Table

2). H. t. tibialis, H. parenthesis, H. q. quin-

quesignata, C. trifasciata perplexa, and C.

transversoguttata richardsoni, were the

most commonly collected taxa, making up

15, 9, 14, 15, and 37% of the total number

of individuals collected respectively. Addi-

tionally, A. bitriangularis, M. episcopalis,

H. falcigera, Anatis mali (Say), C. quatuor-

decimguttata, and A. bipunctata were col-

lected in low numbers from herbaceous

vegetation along potato field margins.

A total of 166 individuals representing

1 1 taxa were collected from foliage by hand

picking (Table 2). H. t. tibialis was col-

lected from rhubarb and lettuce. H. q. quin-

44

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

quesignata was collected from a wide vari-

ety of plants including eggplant {Solarium

melongena L.), lettuce, potato, and rhubarb.

H. convergens was collected from banana

peppers and potato. C. t. richardsoni was

collected from potato and tomato. C. t. per-

plexa was collected from eggplant, and

rhubarb. During early May large numbers

of C. quatuordecimguttata (n = 32), A. mail

(n = 36), A. bipiinctata (n = 27), C. t. per-

plexa (n = 13) were collected from Euro-

pean bird cherry {Prunus padus L.) near

agricultural areas.

Although not directly comparable due to

differences in numbers of field sites and

sampling days in each region, little differ-

ence was noted in the relative abundance or

species composition between the Tanana

and Matanuska valleys. This is unexpected

because the Matanuska valley is well

known for its relatively mild climate com-

pared to that of the Tanana valley in the

interior. The majority of lady beetles was

collected from Fairbanks and Palmer re-

flecting the relatively heavy collecting com-

pared to other areas. In Delta, only one field

site was sampled during 2004 and two sites

during 2005. Relatively few specimens

were collected during 2005 from the two

sites in Nenana.

Hippodamia convergens and C. septem-

punctata are documented in Alaska for the

first time (Table 1). Distribution maps of

Acorn (2007) indicate the presence of C.

septempunctata in the state; however, the

source of the record is unstated and proba-

bly based on speculation.

Hippodamia convergens is found

throughout the USA and southern Canada

(Gordon 1985). H. convergens was col-

lected in small numbers during both years

of the study (Table 1) in association with

potato and mixed vegetables (Table 2).

Since H. convergens is commonly available

commercially and was collected near popu-

lation centers (Fairbanks and Palmer), it is

assumed that these specimens are a result of

private biological control releases. It is un-

clear at this time whether H. convergens is

established in Alaska.

Coccinella septempunctata is one of

several species of coccinellids propagated

and released throughout the west by the

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service for control of Russian wheat aphid

{Diuraphis noxia [Mordoviko]) (Gordon

and Vandenberg 1991). This species had

been implicated in declines in abundance of

native coccinellid species (Wheeler and

Hoebeke 1995, Elliot et al. 1996, Alyokhin

and Sewell 2004). The presence of this spe-

cies in the study area is most likely the re-

sult of a natural range extension or acciden-

tal release because it is not readily available

commercially (Hoffmann and Frodsham

1993). The apparently recent occurrence of

C. septempunctata in Alaska should pro-

vide a unique opportunity to study its im-

pact on native coccinellids in the state.

During this study members of the sub-

species H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesignata,

and C. t. richardsoni were collected in

highest numbers in association with agricul-

tural crops. Of those species, H. q. quinque-

signata was, by far, the most abundant,

representing 51% of the total number of

individuals collected during the field study.

Due to their abundance in or around agri-

cultural areas, H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinque-

signata, and C. t. richardsoni show the

most potential as naturally occurring bio-

logical control agents in Alaskan agricul-

tural systems. However, their role in Alas-

kan agricultural systems is in need of fur-

ther study. Additional research is needed to

determine seasonal abundance, habitat pref-

erence, and biology of these species in the

state.

C. septempunctata has been reported to

be invasive in some areas, displacing native

species; its future impact on Alaskan coc-

cinellid diversity should be monitored. H.

convergens is available commercially in the

state and its ability to overwinter is un-

known.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

45

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Alaska vegetable and/or po-

tato growers Frank Borman, Lyle Brasier,

Ted Pyrah, Ben Vanderweele, and Sven

Ebbesson for use of their farms; Pat Hollo-

way for access to the University of Alaska,

Fairbanks, Georgeson Botanical Garden;

and to Dr. Robert Gordon for coccinellid

identification confirmations. Phil Kaspari,

University of Alaska Extension agent, pro-

vided invaluable assistance in gaining ac-

cess to producers’ fields. Technical assis-

tance in the field was provided by James

Malapanis, Richard Ranft, Bethany Sweet,

and Robert Torgerson.

REFERENCES

Acom, J. 2007. Ladybugs of Alberta: Finding the Spots and Connecting the Dots. University of Alberta

Press. 169pp.

Alyokhin, A. and G. Sewell. 2004. Changes in a lady beetle community following the establishment of three

alien speeies. Biological Invasions 6:463-471.

Anonymous. 1998. Proceedings, 3'^'* Circumpolar Agricultural Conference. Anchorage, Alaska, USA, Octo-

ber 1998.

Anonymous. 2001. Proceedings, 4‘^ Circumpolar Agricultural Conference. Akureyi, Iceland, August 2001.

Belicek, J. 1976. Coccinellidae of western Canada and Alaska with analyses of the transmontane zo-

ogeographic relationships between the fauna of British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta Coleoptera Coc-

cinellidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 12:283^09.

Elliott, N., R. Kieckhefer, and W. Kauffman. 1996. Effects of an invading coccinellid on native coccinellids

in an agricultural landscape. Oecologia. 105:244-256.

Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York

Entomological Society 83:1-912.

Gordon, R. D. and N. Vandenberg. 1991. Field guide to recently introduced species of Coccinellidae

(Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to North American genera of Coccinellini. Proceed-

ings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 93:845-864.

Hodek, I. and A. Honek. 1996. Ecology of Coccinellidae. Series Entomologica Volume 54. Kluwer Aca-

demic Publishers, Boston.

Hoffmann, M. P. and A. C. Frodsham. 1993. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Cooperative Ex-

tension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 63 pp.

Irwin, M. 1980. Sampling aphids in soybean fields, pp. 229-259. In M. Kogan and D.C. Herzog (Eds.).

Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 587pp.

Landolt, P. J., A. Pantoja, A. Hagerty, L. Crabo, and D. Green. 2007. Moths trapped in Alaska with feeding

attractant lures and the seasonal flight patterns of potential agricultural pests. The Canadian Entomologist

139:278-291.

McNamara, J. 1991. Family Coccinellidae ladybird beetles, pp. 229-237. In\ Y. Bousquet (Ed.) Checklist of

Beetles of Canada and Alaska, Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1861/E, 430pp.

Obrycki, J., J. and T. J. Kring. 1998. Predacious Coccinellidae in biological control. Annual Review of

Entomology 43:295-321.

Pantoja, A., A. Hagerty, S.Y. Emmert, and J. Munyanesa. 2009. Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

associated with potatoes in Alaska: species composition, seasonal abundance, and potential phytoplasma

vectors. American Journal of Potato Research: 86: 68-75.

Pedigo, L. P. 1999. Entomology and Pest Management, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New

Jersey, 1-691.

UAM. 2009. University of Alaska Museum of the North, http://www.uaf.edu/museum/collections/ento/

Accessed October 06, 2009

Villanueva, J.A. and R. Pena. 1991. Afidos (Homoptera: Aphididae) colectados en "trampas amarillas

de agua" en la planicie costera de Veracruz, Mexico. Agrociencia Serie Proteccion Vegetal. 2: 7-20.

Washburn, R. H. 1972. The research insect collection. Agroborealis. 4: 6-7.

Wheeler, A. G. and E. R. Hoebeke. 1995. Coccinella novemnotata in northeast North America: historical

occurrence and current status (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

Washington. 97: 701-716.

Whitfield, J. 2003. Alaska's climate: Too hot to handle. Nature. 425: 338-339.

46

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

47

Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on

Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

J.A. McLEAN* ^ A.L. BEHENNAH^’^ and M. FAIRBARNS^

ABSTRACT

The ground beetle populations under 60% Garry Oak forest cover at Mary Hill and

Rocky Point on the Southwest fringe of Vancouver Island were assessed in September/

October 2003 using pitfall traps. Two groups of five pitfall traps were set out at each

location and collected weekly. The dominant species recovered was Pterostichus al-

gidus which made up more than 75% of the insects caught at Mary Hill and more than

90% of the insects caught at Rocky Point. Thirteen species of carabid beetles were re-

corded.

INTRODUCTION

Garry oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.)

ecosystems of Southern Vancouver Island

constitute a biodiversity hotspot in British

Columbia. This study is a contribution to

define the inventory of ground beetles

(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in areas that con-

tained at least 60% Garry oak. The study

area occurs within the Coastal Douglas-fir

Zone (CDFmm) near its western (wetter)

limits. This biogeoclimatic zone is re-

stricted to low elevations (<150m) along

southeast Vancouver Island, the southern

Gulf Islands and a small portion of the

nearby mainland. The zone is characterized

by warm, dry summers and mild, wet win-

ters and has the mildest climate in Canada.

Forests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzi-

esii (Mirb.) Franco), often with a secondary

component of grand fir {Abies grandis

Dougl. Ex D. Don) or western redcedar

{Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), tend to

dominate well-drained sites with medium

textured soils. Drier sites, such as our study

area, are dominated by Garry oak and/or

arbutus {Arbutus menziesii Pursh) (Green

and Klinka, 1994).

The Rocky Point area is close to a large

concentration of First Nations’ (aboriginal)

burial cairns and was almost certainly on

the edge of a major First Nations village.

Both the Rocky Point and Mary Hill sites

have been logged. Most of the Garry oak

stands, especially along the western part of

the CDF, were fire maintained for centuries

and are now reverting to Douglas-fir -

hence the spreading canopies of many of

the Garry oak trees indicating that they

grew in an open meadow (Fairbams, 2008).

Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

have been widely used in recent years as

one of the indicators of forest change in

Canada, especially in measuring the im-

pacts of various harvesting regimes. In gen-

eral, pitfall trapping of arthropods is more a

measure of activity than density (Work et

al. 2008). The taxonomic support for the

Carabidae in Canada and North America is

provided by an extensive set of keys devel-

oped by Lindroth (1963-9). The biological

notes for these species have been summa-

rized by Larochelle and Lariviere (2003).

The objective of this study was to deter-

mine the ground beetle species richness in a

relatively undisturbed Garry oak dominated

ecosystem.

University of British Columbia, 3034-2424 Main

' Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forestry,

Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4

^ 1829 Laval Avenue, Victoria, B.C. V8N 1M9

^ Aruncus Consulting, 2130 Kings Road, Victoria, B.C. V8R 2P9

Corresponding author john.mclean@ubc.ca

48

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Locations. Two locations within

the Department of National Defence lands

on Southwestern Vancouver Island, that

had greater than 60% Garry oak cover,

were selected as secure trapping areas for

this study. One was in the vicinity of Mary

Hill (48°20’32”N, 123°32’50”W) and the

other was near Rocky Point (48°19’20”N,

123°32’30”W). In each area, two trapping

sites were set up (MHl and MH2 at Mary

Hill and RPl and RP2 at Rocky Point) ap-

proximately 100 m apart. At each site, 5

pitfall traps were set out in a semicircle.

Inter- trap distances were ~25m. The hole

for the pitfall trap was excavated with a

bulb planter that resulted in minimal distur-

bance of the litter layer that reduced dig-

ging-in effects (Greenslade, 1973). Two

plastic 500mL plastic cups (8cm lip diame-

ter and 10cm deep) were inserted into the

holes with the upper (inner) cup lip at the

litter level. The outer cup retained the soil

allowing easy removal of the inner cup for

sample collection. The 75mL of polypro-

pylene glycol was changed at each collec-

tion. Each trap was covered with a 30 cm

square of marine plywood supported on

3 cm risers at each comer to act as a rain

and debris cover. Traps were set out on

September 7*'’, 2003 and collected each

week until October 5*^, 2003.

Three of the sites (MH 1 , MH2 and RP 1 )

were in vemally moist meadows overrun by

robust exotic grasses. Each was surrounded

by Garry oak in various mixtures with arbu-

tus, grand fir and Scotch Broom (Cytisus

scoparius (L.)). RP2 differed in that mature

grand fir, Douglas-fir, arbutus and Garry

oak dominated the site and the pitfall traps

were set in the litter layer under these tree

canopies where there was the lightest pres-

ence of grasses. The Rocky Point sites were

within 100m of the rocky shoreline while

the Mary Hill Sites were more than 500m

inland.

Vegetation Survey. A qualitative sur-

vey was made of the dominant species in

each site as well as some detail of the vege-

tation around each pitfall trap. These data

were especially useful for evaluating spe-

cies which showed restricted distributions.

Data Analyses. Sorenson’s Cs similarity

index (Southwood and Henderson 2000)

was used to compare species richness be-

tween sites within locations and between

locations, where Cs = 2J/(2J+A+B), and A

= number of species unique to Site A; B =

number of species unique to Site B and J =

the number of species common to both.

This index ranges fi'om 0.0, no common

species, to 1 .0, all species being common to

the two samples, and has been rated as one

of the better similarity measures by Smith

(1986). Rank order abundance plots

(Southwood and Henderson 2000) were

made to demonstrate level of species abun-

dance and richness at each site. ANOVA

was used to compare Pterostichus algidus

numbers among collecting locations and

weeks. Tukey’s Test was used for pairwise

comparisons (Statistix 7, 2000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 1188 ground beetles, in 13

species, were collected with the dominant

species {Pterostichus algidus) making up

more than 85% of the total catch (Table 1).

Significantly greater numbers of P. algidus

were caught on the Rocky Point sites than

on the Mary Hill sites. Lower numbers of

P. algidus were caught in the second week

when the mean daily temperature was lower

and the highest weekly rainfall was re-

corded (Fig. 1, Table 2). P. algidus is

known as a species that is common in

mixed forests and has been noted above sea

beaches, as we found in RPl and RP2

(Larochelle and Lariviere 2003).

The second most abundant species cap-

tured was Trechus obtusus (Table 1) that

was found in both locations but notably

absent from RP2, where traps were set out

in the litter layer and the grasses were

sparse. In the other three sites, with the ver-

nally moist meadows, traps that caught the

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

49

Table 1.

Numbers of ground beetles captured at each study site ordered by total numbers of individuals

captured.

' Significantly more Pterostichus algidus captured at Rocky Point than at Mary Hill ANOVA,

Tukey’s Test, (p<0.001).

^ Species noted as of recent European origin (Spence and Spence 1988)

Table 2.

Average weekly catch per trap of Pterostichus algidus and associated weekly weather data (as

recorded at William Head, Environment Canada).

' Significantly fewer P. algidus captured in the second week, ANOVA, Tukey’s Test, p<0.001.

highest numbers of T. obtusus were in

grassy areas near the edge of overstory

canopies. Scotch broom was also noted near

these traps. The next two most abundant

species, Calathus fuscipes and Carabus

nemoralis, were confined to the Mary Hill

sites. These two species (as well as T. ob-

tusus) were recorded by Spence and Spence

(1988) as being of recent European origin.

The sex ratios (males per female) for the

four most numerous species (see Table 1)

were 0.90, 0.45, 0.29, 0.50 respectively

50

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

140 n

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

□ Mary Hill 1

■ Mary Hill 2

□ Rocky Point 1

a Rocky Point 2

Weeki Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

September 2003

Figure 1. Total numbers of beetles captured in pitfall traps set out on DND Lands, Vancouver

Island in September/October 2003 (5 traps per location).

c

TO

T3

C

3

Jd

0)

ttyo

O

Rank

— MHl — MH2 — RPl n RP2

Figure 2. Rank order abundance plots for the carabid communities at Mary Hill and Rocky

Point, Southern Vancouver Island, September/October 2003.

showing that more females than males were

captured.

The similarity coefficients (Table 3)

were calculated to compare catches for sites

within locations (MH1,MH2; RP1,RP2)

and between locations (MH,RP). Six of the

7 species captured at the Rocky Point sites

were also caught at Mary Hill which re-

sulted in a higher similarity index for the

two locations than between sites in the

same location. The rank order abundance

plots (Fig. 2) show that a single species (see

P. algidus in Table 1) dominated all

catches.

A major concern in developing efficient

biodiversity conservation is knowing the

biodiversity already present and something

of its distribution (Leather et al. 2008). This

brief study documents the species that are

active in the fall in a Garry oak community.

The three exotic species from Europe are

well established in the area.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

51

Table 3.

Similarity indices for the ground beetle catches at Mary Hill and Rocky Point. Based on data in

Table 1.

' Parameters for the Sorenson Coefficient (Cs): A = Unique species in first group,

B = unique species in second group, J = species in both groups being compared.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank S. Carson and I.T. Behennah

for assistance in the field. J. Jarrett re-

viewed the ground beetle identifications.

Support was provided by the Environmental

Science Committee of Natural Resources

Canada and study sites were made available

through the kind offices of CFB Esquimalt.

Funding was provided by the Kathleen and

Sheldon Rothwell Forest Research Fund at

UBC Forestry.

REFERENCES

Fairbams, M. 2008. Biodiversity hotspots in British Columbia - Garry Oak Ecosystems, http://

www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/GarryOakEcosystems.html

Green, R.N. and K. Klinka. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver

Forest Region. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Land Management Handbook #28. 285 pp.

Greenslade, P. 1973. Sampling ants with pitfall traps: digging-in effects. Insectes Sociaux 20: 343-353

Larochelle, A. and Lariviere, M-C. 2003. A natural history of the ground beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of

America north of Mexico. Penasoft Publishers, Sophia, Bulgaria. XX pp.

Leather, S.R., Y. Basset and B.A. Hawkins. 2008. Insect conservation: finding the way forward. Insect

Conservation and Diversity 1: 67-69.

Lindroth, C.H. 1963-9. The ground-beetles of Canada and North America. Opulsca Entomologica Sup-

plenta! 20, 24, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35:1-1 192.

Smith, B. 1986. Evaluation of Different Similarity Indices Applied to Data from the Rothamsted Insect

Survey. University of York, York, (cited in Southwood and Henderson, 2000).

Southwood, T.R.E. and P.A. Henderson. 2000. Ecological Methods (3^“* Edition). Blackwell Science. 575

pp.

Spence, J.R and D.H. Spence. 1988. Of ground beetles and men: Introduced species and the synanthropic

fauna of western Canada. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 144: 151-168.

Statistix 7, 2000. User’s Manual, Analytical Software, Florida, USA.359 pp.

Work, T.T., M. Koivula, J. Klimaszewski, D. Langor, J. Spence, J. Sweeney and C. Hebert, 2008. Evalua-

tion of carabid beetles as indicators of forest change in Canada. Canadian Entomologist 140. 393-414.

52

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

53

Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

of Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia

following the storms of December 2006

JOHN A. McLEAN^’^ and AGNES Lp

ABSTRACT

Ground beetles in Stanley Park were surveyed using pitfall traps in two areas in 2007

that had little damage from the 2006 winter storms and in two areas in 2008 after exten-

sive windfall material had been cleared away and the sites replanted. The most numer-

ous species trapped were Pterostichus algidus, P. herculaneus, P. lama and Scaphinotus

angusticollis. Seasonal patterns of occurrence and rank order abundance plots are pre-

sented.

INTRODUCTION

Winds exceeding 110 km/h during the

winter storms of 2006/2007 caused massive

areas of blow down in the forests of Stanley

Park, a prized recreational and educational

area in the city of Vancouver. Stanley Park

is Vancouver’s oldest and largest park. It

was opened by Lord Stanley, Earl of Pre-

ston, the Governor General of Canada in

1888 (Steele 1988). The central feature of

the park is the 300 ha of uneven-aged

coastal temperate rainforest that is largely

classified under the EEC system as

CWHdm (Green and Klinka 1994). Stanley

Park was the site of several First Nations

(aboriginal) villages before the arrival of

Europeans in the 19‘*’ century. The forest

was selectively logged between 1860 and

1880 and later protected from further devel-

opment when it was designated as a mili-

tary reserve (Vancouver Park Board 2003-

09).

The first records of insects in Stanley

Park were made by Swaine (1914). Major

control operations were carried out in

Stanley Park for the western hemlock

looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa

(Hulst) in 1930 and again in 1959 when

there was an outbreak of the western hem-

lock looper and the greenstriped forest

looper, Melanolophia imitata (Walker)

(Richmond, 1986). The most recent control

program was against the Asian Gypsy

Moth, Lymantria dispar L. in 1992 (Van

Sickle and Wood, 1994). Humble (2008)

reported that 99 species of beetles, 122 spe-

cies of moths and 11 species of sawflies

have been recorded from Stanley Park and

adjacent forest habitats on the North Shore

by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey

between 1949 and 1995.

A restoration plan was developed to

guide the recovery of the park after the

2006/07 winter storms (Vancouver Park

Board 2007). As part of the restoration

plan, seasonal surveys of the moths were

carried out (deWaard et al. 2009) as well as

trapping for bark beetles and wood borers

with semiochemical-baited traps. A series

of pitfall traps were set out to survey epi-

gaeic fauna. The rove beetles

(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) caught in these

traps and in the funnel traps have been

listed by McLean et al. (2009a, b). The ob-

jective of this study is to report the results

of the seasonal survey of the carabid ground

beetles in undamaged areas in 2007 and to

compare patterns of occurrence with areas

where extensive blow down had been re-

moved and areas replanted in 2008.

' Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, #3034-2424 Main

Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4

^Corresponding Author: john.mclean@ubc.ca

54

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Areas. In 2007, a stand by

the Vancouver Aquarium (49°18’02”N,

123°07’04”W) (Fig. 1, Site A) with a small

amount of blow down (Fig. 2A) was desig-

nated as a natural disturbance site where no

restorative actions would be undertaken.

The second study site for 2007 was an un-

damaged mixed-age conifer forest to the

east of Rawlings Trail south of the Hollow

Tree (49°18’22”N, 123°09’1 1”W) (Fig. 1,

Site B). This site experienced damage from

Hurricane Freda in 1962 and has immature

trees from that time as well as mature trees

that survived the hurricane (Fig. 2B). The

2008 study sites included a stand to the

west of the South Creek Trail (49°18’03”,

123°08’25”W) (Fig. 1, Site C) which had

been logged and also burned in the 1860

fire. The high stumps (Fig. 2C) are a rem-

nant from that period. The site was cleared

of all fallen trees and replanted in the fall of

2007 with clumps of Douglas-flr

{Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and

western redcedar {Thuja plicata Dorm). The

second 2008 study site along Merilees Trail

(Fig. l,Site D) (49°18’40”N, 123°

09’02”W) had also been cleared and re-

planted in the same manner as Site C (Fig.

2D).

Field Collections. In 2007, five pitfall

traps were set out in each of Sites A and B.

These traps were set out in association with

a series of semiochemical-baited multiple

funnel traps set out at 25m intervals to sur-

vey bark beetles and wood borers. In 2008,

a sixth baited multiple funnel trap was

added to the survey along with a sixth pit-

fall trap in Sites C and D. Cavities for the

pit fall traps were excavated with a bulb

planter. This allowed for minimal distur-

RESULTS AND

A total of 629 carabid beetle specimens

(15 species in 8 genera) were captured, of

which only 10 specimens (3 species in 3

genera) were non-native. The most numer-

ous species collected in 2007 at Sites A and

B were Pterostichus algidus LeConte and

P. herculaneus Mannerheim. At Site B,

bance of the litter layer and the installation

of two plastic 450mL plastic cups, 8 cm lip

diameter and 1 0 cm deep, that were inserted

so that the inner cup lip was at litter level.

The outer cup retained the soil allowing

easy removal of the inside cup for sample

collection. The 75mL of polypropylene

glycol was changed at each collection. Each

pitfall trap was covered by a 30 cm by 30

cm square of marine plywood supported on

3 cm risers on each comer to act as a rain

and debris cover. Phillips and Cobb (2005)

showed that opaque covers over pitfall traps

do not adversely affect carabid catch rates.

Traps were set out in 2007 on April 20*^

and collected every two weeks until the end

of August. In 2008, traps were set out on

April 23'^'^ and collected monthly until the

end of October.

Sample analyses. Samples were sorted

at UBC Forestry and the ground beetles

identified with the aid of the Lindroth

(1961-69) keys to the ground-beetles of

Canada and Alaska. Total catches for each

year were tabulated and a rank abundance

graph (Southwood and Henderson 2000)

was prepared for each site to demonstrate

species abundance and species richness.

Graphs of the seasonal occurrence of the

dominant species were also prepared.

Sorenson’s similarity coefficient (Cs)

(Southwood and Henderson 2000) was de-

termined among all sites. Cs = 2 J/(2J + A +

B) where A the number of species unique

to Site A, B = the number of species unique

to Site B and J = the number species com-

mon to both. This index is rated as one of

the better similarity measures by Smith

(1986).

DISCUSSION

moderately large numbers of the larger spe-

cies Scaphinotus angusticollis (Fischer von

Waldheim) and P. lama (Menetries) were

also collected (Table 1); see also the rank

abundance curves for 2007 (Fig. 3). In

2008, P. herculaneus and S. angusticollis

were the more numerous species at Site C

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

55

Figure 1. Map of Stanley Park showing the locations of pit fall traps in 2007 and 2008.

while P. algidus and P. herculaneus were

more numerous at Site D (Table 1). The

major difference between Site C and the

other three sites was that the duff layer in

Site C had been considerably disturbed dur-

ing log removal and the subsequent fine

woody debris redistribution activities. The

rank abundance curves for 2008 show that

two species were dominant on sites C and

D (Fig. 3). Just three non-native species,

Carabus nemoralis O.F. Muller, Calathiis

fiiscipes (Goeze) and Pterostichus

melanarius (Illiger), were captured over the

two years. Sorenson’s coefficients between

pairs of sites (Table 2) showed considerable

commonality of species in this CWHdm

environment of Stanley Park.

Other ground beetles captured included

Calathus fuscipes (Goeze), Lebia margini-

collis Dejean, Leistus ferruginosus Manner-

heim, Notiophilus sylvaticus Eschscholtz,

P. crenicollis LeConte, S. angulatus (T.W.

Harris), S. marginatus (Fischer von Wald-

heim) and Trachypachus holmbergi Man-

nerheim.

Pterostichus herculaneus was caught

most consistently throughout the trapping

period on each of the four study sites with

individuals being caught during each col-

lecting period (Fig. 4). Johnson et al.

(1966) reported this species in a dense stand

of Douglas-fir as well as a recently logged

stand in Washington State and that it fed

readily on Douglas-fir seed. Niwa and Peck

(2002) recorded consistent activity of P.

herculaneus from July through October in a

Douglas-fir forested area in Oregon.

Very few Pterostichus algidus were

captured in July of both years (Fig. 4). This

species is more active in the spring and fall.

Very low catches were recorded at Site C

which was the most disturbed site as a re-

56

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Figure 2. Photographs of study sites with pit fall traps to survey ground fauna in 2007 and

2008. A. A stand near the Vancouver Aquarium (2007); B. The forest to the eastern side of

Rawlings Trail south of the Hollow Tree (2007); C. The cleared forest to the west of the South

Creek Trail (2008); D. A view of the restored area along Merilees Trail (2008).

suit of repeated traveling of heavy logging

equipment over the same trails even though

brush mats were used. Another taxon that

showed a similar reduction in catch num-

bers at Site C was the Isopoda, dominated

by the wood louse Oniscus ascellus L.

(Isopoda: Oniscidae) where we collected

894, 83, 43 and 313, at Sites A, B, C and D

respectively, during the same collecting

periods.

Pterostichus algidus was reported by

Johnson et al. (1966) to have a similar tem-

poral catch profile in Washington State and

that the beetle was a consistent eater of

Douglas-fir seed. The larger Pterostichus

lama was trapped most frequently in the

June/July period at both Site B (2007) and

Site C (2008) (Fig. 4). Johnson et al. (1966)

reported that P. lama would eat Douglas-fir

seed only as a last resort. We have no addi-

tional data on this species’ trophic relation-

ships. The largest catches of S. angusticollis

were in the fall of 2007 at Site B and in the

fall of 2008 at Site C (Fig. 4). S. angusticol-

lis is reported as feeding on snails, slugs,

earthworms and spiders (Larochelle and

Lariviere 2003) as well as juvenile western

red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehicu-

lum Cooper) in captivity (Ovaska and

Smith 1988). Ovaska and Smith (1988)

further noted that S. angusticollis preferred

slugs <25 mm long, the larvae feed on live

snails and adults will feed only on crushed

snails.

A search among rotting logs on Site A

in February 2008 found two overwintering

P. algidus along with a large number O.

ascellus and a small colony of dampwood

termites, Zootermopsis angusticollis

(Hagen) (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae). The

two P. algidus were placed in a small ter-

rarium with rotting wood, 5 wood lice and 5

termite nymphs along with one soldier ter-

mite as well as two piles of 10 Douglas-fir

seed. The soldier termite was eaten, one

wood louse was dismembered and one and

a half seeds were eaten over a six week

period. More accurate detailed feeding

studies should be carried out to fully char-

acterize the ecological niche of the ground

beetles, including the habits of developing

larvae, if we are to more fully appreciate

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

57

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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 2.

Sorenson’s coefficient (Cs) for pairwise comparisons of the species similarity between the four

sites sampled in 2007 and 2008 in Stanley Park.

123456789 10 11 12

Rank 2008

- -SiteC 0 Si te D

Figure 3. Rank abundance curves for the carabid beetles collected in Stanley Park in 2007 and

2008.

their roles and to more clearly understand

the processes that are presumed to be dis-

rupted by forest management activities.

Work et al. (2008) have evaluated carabid

beetles as indicators of forest change in

Canadian boreal forests east of the Rocky

Mountains. Unfortunately only 5 of the 93

species they ranked were found in this

study and then only as minor species. The

carabid fauna in BC is quite distinct and

needs further detailed investigation.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

59

Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of the four most abundant species of ground beetles during 2007

and 2008. Numbers shown represent the total catches from 5 traps in 2007 and 6 traps in 2008.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Canadian Food and In- well Forest Research Fund at UBC Forestry

spection Agency, the Vancouver Park for their financial support.

Board and the Kathleen and Sheldon Roth-

REFERENCES

deWaard, J.R., J-F Landry, B.C. Schmidt, J. Derhousoff, J.A. McLean and L.M. Humble. 2009. In the dark

in a large urban park: DNA barcodes illuminate cryptic and introduced moth species. Biodiversity and

Conservation Online DOI 10. 1007/s 1053 1-009-9682-7

Green, R.N. and K. Klinka. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver

Forest Region. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Land Management Handbook #28. 285 pp.

Humble, L. 2008. History of survey and control activities for forest pests in Stanley Park and adjacent forest

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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

environs. Journal of the Entomological Society of B.C. 105; 118 (Abstract only)

Johnson, N.E., W.H. Lawrence and I.D. Ellis. 1966. Seasonal occurrence of ground beetles

(Coleoptera:Carabidae) in three habitats in southwestern Washington. Annals Ent. Soc. Am. 56:1055-1059.

Larochelle, A. and M-C Lariviere 2003. A natural history of the Ground-Beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of

America north of Mexico. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow 883 pp.

Lindroth, C.H. 1961-69. The ground beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelidae) of Canada and Alaska. Opus-

cula Entomologica Supplementa. 20, 24, 29, 33-35: 1-1 192.

McLean, J.A., J. Klimaszweski, A. Li, and K. Savard. 2009a. First survey of rove beetles (Coleoptera,

Staphylinidae) from Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia with new records and description of a

new species. Zookeys 22: 5-17

McLean, J.A., J. Klimaszweski, D.S. Chandler, K. Savard and A. Li. 2009b. Survey of rove beetles

(Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) frome Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with a new re-

cord and description of a new species. Part 2. Zookeys 22: 19-33

Niwa, C.G. and R.W. Peck. 2002. Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae)

assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon. Environ. Entomol. 31:785-796.

Ovaska, K and M.A. Smith 1988. Predatory behaviour of two species of ground beetles

(Coleoptea:Caradidae) towards juvenile salamanders (Plethodon vehiculiim). Can. J. Zool. 66(3); 599-

604.

Philips, I.D. and T.P. Cobb. 2005. Effects of habitat structure and lid transparency on pitfall catches. Envi-

ronmental Entomology 34: 875-882.

Richmond, H.A. 1986. From packhorse to helicopter. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lands. Pest Management

Report Number 8. 44 pp.

Smith, B. 1986. Evaluation of different similarity indicies applied to data from the Rothamsted Insect Sur-

vey. University of York, York, (cited in Southwood and Henderson 2000).

Southwood, T.R.E. and P.A. Henderson. 2000. Ecological Methods (3rd Edition). Blackwell Science 575

pp.

Spence, J.R. and D.H. Spence. 1988. Of ground-beetles and men: introduced species and the synanthropic

fauna of western Canada. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 144:151-168.

Steele, R.M. 1988. The Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation: The first 100 years. 3 pp.

Swaine, J.M. 1924. Forest Insect Conditions in British Columbia - a preliminary survey. Dominion of Can-

ada, Depatment of Agriculture, Entomological Bulletin No. 7. 42 pp.

Vancouver Park Board, 2007. Stanley Park Restoration - Recommended Plan. 53 pp.

Vancouver Park Board, 2003-09. Stanley Park Nature: Forest Monument Trees. Accessed 2009-02-24.

Van Sickle G.A. and C.S. Wood 1994. In P.J. Hall (Compiler) Forest and Insect Disease Conditions in Can-

ada 1992 - Pacific and Yukon Region. Natural Resources Canada 120 pp.

Work, T.T., M. Koivula, J. Klimaszewski, D. Langor, J. Spence, J. Sweeney and C. Hebert 2008. Evalua-

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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

61

Delayed recognition of the European poplar shoot borer,

Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel)

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Canada

LELAND M. HUMBLE^ JEREMY R. DEWAARD^’^

and MEGHAN QUINN^^

ABSTRACT

The long-term presence of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae:

Olethreutinae), a European shoot-boring pest of poplars, was discovered in British Co-

lumbia during examination of cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of voucher specimens

deposited in the Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, arthropod reference

collection. Originally identified as a species of Epiblema, G. aceriana was first recov-

ered in BC in 1980, almost 20 years before it was reported in Washington State. DNA

barcodes from both larval and adult collections are demonstrated to be conspecific with

an adult collection from Great Britain. Preliminary surveys of early and late instar larval

feeding damage in southwestern British Columbia demonstrate that this shoot borer is

established on southern Vancouver Island and throughout the lower mainland of the

province. The eastern-most collections made to date include locations near Yale in the

Fraser Canyon, from the lower Coquihalla River watershed and from Hope.

Key Words: Gypsonoma aceriana, European poplar shoot borer, Populus spp., DNA

barcoding, COI, nonindigenous species detection

INTRODUCTION

Two species of shoot-boring Gypso-

noma (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) that at-

tack cottonwoods are known to occur in

North America. The native cottonwood

twig borer (CTB), G. haimbachii

(Kearfott), ranges across eastern North

America (Morris 1967; Solomon 1995),

while the introduced European poplar shoot

borer (EPSB), G. aceriana (Duponchel)

(Fig. 1) has been reported only from west-

ern Washington State (Miller and LaGasa

2001; LaGasa et al. 2001). Both species

exhibit similar life histories and damage in

cottonwoods. Early instar larvae feed as

leaf miners from late summer through fall.

The second instar larvae of both species

then spin hibemacula on the bark of stems

or branches and overwinter. In the spring,

larvae emerge from the hibemacula and

bore into the developing green shoots, pro-

ducing silk tunnels covered with frass and

debris deposits at the entrances to their

feeding galleries. At maturity, larvae of

both species leave the damaged shoots and

pupate in the leaf litter (Morris 1967; Solo-

mon 1995; Miller and LaGasa 2001; La-

Gasa et al. 2001).

As frass and silk tubes similar to those

caused by late instar EPSB and CTB had

previously been noted on Populus species

in British Columbia (BC), we undertook to

determine: 1) which of the species of Gyp-

‘ Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road,

Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5

^University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Sciences, Forestry Sciences Centre, Vancouver,

BC, Canada V6T 1Z4

^ Royal British Columbia Museum, Entomology, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 9W2

Current address. Urban Forestry, Parks Recreation and Forestry, 355 Lesmill Road, Toronto, ON, Can-

ada M3B 2W8

62

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Figure 1. Adult male (dorsal view) of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel).

sonoma was present in BC; and, if either ranges of shoot-boring Gypsonoma spp. in

was present, 2) the host and geographic the southwestern area of the province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Larval Hearings. During the spring of

2007, lateral and terminal new growth of

black cottonwood, Populus balsamifera L.

ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. 8c Gray ex Hook.)

Brayshaw, and Lombardy poplar, Populus

nigra L. cv. 'italica', exhibiting feeding

damage characteristic of EPSB were col-

lected in the Greater Victoria area (Table 1)

and reared until mature larvae emerged and

dropped to the bottoms of the rearing tubes.

Mature larvae were collected and placed

into clean tubes with a 2-cm-deep layer of

lightly moistened peat moss and held at

room temperature until adult emergence.

Field Collections. In the fall of 2007, a

roadside survey of Populus species was

conducted in southwestern BC, along High-

way (Hwy) 3 between Hope and Keremeos,

along Hwy 3b from Keremeos to the junc-

tion of Hwy 97, along Hwy 97 north to

Vernon, then west on Hwy 97 through

Falkland to the junction of Hwy 1, and then

west on Hwy 1 to Hope. Two branches

were cut from all sampled roadside trees (to

a maximum of five trees per location), and

the undersides of all leaves were examined

for leaf mines constructed by first or second

instar larvae. A more detailed survey was

conducted of the native and hybrid poplars

managed by the British Columbia Ministry

of Forests and Range at Kalamalka Re-

search Station, Vernon, BC. All leaf mines

were dissected, and any larvae recovered

were preserved in 95% ethanol. Between

2007 and 2009, additional sites were sur-

veyed for characteristic larval damage of

Gypsonoma during other field activities.

Locations of all sites positive or negative

for damage or life stages of Gypsonoma are

documented in Table 1 (positive collec-

tions) or Figure 2 (positive and negative

sites).

Historical Collections. Voucher collec-

tions and historical records of the Forest

Insect and Disease Survey held in the Cana-

dian Forest Service (CFS) Reference collec-

tion (PFCA) at the Pacific Forestry Centre

(PFC), Victoria, BC, were examined for

previous collections of Gypsonoma.

Molecular and Morphological Identi-

fications. DNA was extracted from legs

removed from pinned adult specimens of

Gypsonoma or from preserved first or sec-

ond instar larvae extracted from leaf mines

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

63

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Field Collection Life Stage Collection Location Latitude Longitude Collection Date Host & Collector

Number [No of specimens] (dec. deg.) (dec. deg.) [Date of adult Collection Data

emergence]

HUM-07-0362 L[10] Saanich, Dupplin Rd 48.448 -123.378 26-viii-2007 in mine along leaf midvein, L.M. Humble

P. nigra cv. 'italica'

64

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Previously identified as Epiblema n. sp.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

65

/■ — ‘.Cache Creek

imloops C

Vernon

Victoria

Penticton

Princeton

Nanaimo

‘^1 SEE

'ictoria INSET

Kilometers

Figure 2. Locations surveyed and distribution of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) in south-

western British Columbia.

on Populus spp. (Table 1), and the barcode

region of the mitochondrial gene cyto-

chrome c oxidase I (COI) was amplified

and sequenced using established protocols

(Hajibabaei et al. 2005; Hebert et al. 2004;

Ivanova et al. 2006; deWaard et al. 2008).

BOLD-IDS, the identification engine of the

Barcode of Life Database [see http://

www.barcodingIife.org/views/

RESULTS AND

The locations and hosts of all larval and

adult collections of Gypsonoma examined

in this study are documented in Table 1. We

reared four adult Gypsonoma from two lar-

val collections on Populus species in the

Greater Victoria area. COI barcode se-

quences were obtained from four reared

adults and 1 9 larvae recovered from various

Populus species in collections made be-

idrequest.php], was used to assign tentative

identifications for all sequences. Identifica-

tions were considered definitive if similar-

ity scores of 100% were obtained. The bar-

code-assigned determinations of adults

were confirmed morphologically through

genitalic dissections. All specimens were

deposited in the collection at the PFC, CFS,

Victoria, BC (PFCA).

DISCUSSION

tween 2006 and 2008. With the exception

of one larva recovered from a leaf mine on

black cottonwood in Victoria, all individu-

als collected were assigned to the species

Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Fig. 3)

by the BOLD-IDS engine. A single larva of

Batrachedra praeangusta (Haworth) recov-

ered from an EPSB mine in the base of a

leaf petiole in the spring of 2008 was also

66

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

jflandry1036

08-JDWBC-0074

1%

Dun<08<279

Dun-08-278,

08-JDWBC-3679

d8-JDWBC-3678

08-JDWBC-3677

08;JDWBC-3676|

.08ilDWB<>3672

08-JDWBC-3674

PFC-2006-0505 j

08-JDWBC-3673

08^DWBC-3672|

08-JDWBC-3671

08^DWBC-3667

8-JE^BC-3666j

DWBC-36(

DWB|:-36(

DWBj3-36(

PWB|:i-36e

f)WBb|-36(

fcwBbi-see

5UDWBb|-36£

; 08-JDWBy-36f

: 08-JDWB|i36£

;o8-jdwb:^

[PFC-200fi97(

PFC-200#-0901

Dun-08-282

Dun-08-281

Oun-08-280

08-JDWB 0-3089

CGUKLB402-09

I G. salicicolana

I G fasciolana

G. aceriana

British Columbia

I G aceriana

" England

Figure 3. Taxon-ID tree of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) and congeners in British Co-

lumbia (modified from the tree output option of the Barcode of Life Database Identification

System).

identified with BOLD-IDS. The neighbour-

joining tree (based on Kimura-2-parameter

distances (Kimura 1980) of COI sequences)

that was generated by the BOLD-IDS en-

gine also identified an additional nine COI

sequences from voucher specimens depos-

ited in PFCA (barcoded by LMH in order to

build reference libraries of COI sequences)

as those of G. aceriana. Five of the se-

quences were derived from moths originally

identified as Epiblema sp. that had been

reared from late instar larvae on P. b.

trichocarpa in 2006, and an additional four

sequences were obtained from moths cap-

tured in light traps on southern Vancouver

Island in 2007 (Table 1). BOLD-IDS indi-

cated a close match between the specimens

barcoded from BC (Table 2) and a single

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

67

reference specimen from Great Britain (Fig.

3). Genitalic dissection of FIDS 80-0271-01

confirmed the identifieation of the adult

moths as G. aceriana.

A re-examination of the Olethreutinae

housed in PFCA led to the discovery of

three additional pinned adults and three

freeze-dried larvae pinned in association

with damaged shoots bearing the frass-

covered entrance tubes characteristic of

EPSB. The adults had been submitted to the

Canadian National Collection in Ottawa in

1981 (Lot. No. 81-42) for determination

and were identified as “probably Epiblema

sp.”. That report noted that individuals of

the other sex (males) were required for a

definitive identification. A search of the

historical Forest Insect and Disease Survey

records (1949-1995) for all collections

identified as Epiblema sp. on Populus spe-

cies in BC produced five records, including

the 1980 and 1981 collections (FIDS 1980-

0271-01 and 1981-0384-01) that were con-

firmed to be G. aceriana in this study. No

voucher specimens could be loeated for the

remaining three collections; however, a

series of damage photographs from one

collection from the Cariboo (FIDS 1992-9-

0083-01, Horse Lake, BC, 51.607°, -

121.205°, 2-vi-1992, 6 larvae, D. White)

document larvae identified as Epiblema

boring in new shoots of P.b. trichocarpa.

The absence of a dark prothoracic shield

(present in G. aceriana) in the larval im-

ages from Horse Lake provides conclusive

evidence that the damage was not caused by

EPSB. Damage similar to that noted at

Horse Lake was collected again in 1994

(FIDS 1994-9-0668-01, Blue Lead Cr, E

end of Quesnel Lake, 52.625°, -120.375°,

23-vi-1994, P. b. trichocarpa, damage only,

R. Erickson). As this collection is in close

proximity to the previous collection, we

suggest that it is unlikely to have been

caused by EPSB. The final record (FIDS

1991-9-0718-01, Saanichton, CPFP Seed

Orchard, 30-V-1991, 48.600°, -123.440°,

damaged shoots of Populus sp.) also con-

sisted of damage only, and thus cannot be

conclusively attributed to EPSB.

The occurrence of G. aceriana in North

America was first reported by Miller and

LaGasa (2001) after a single male of EPSB

was recovered near the port area of Seattle,

WA, in 1998 and single males were de-

tected at two additional locations in 1999.

Subsequent surveys by LaGasa et al. (200 1 )

demonstrated that EPSB was widely distrib-

uted in western Washington State. Voucher

specimens (adults and freeze-dried larvae

with associated damage) misidentified as

Epiblema sp. (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)

deposited in PFCA demonstrate that EPSB

was already present in southwestern BC by

1980, almost 20 years before the species

was first recorded in Washington State.

As all but one late instar larvae recov-

ered from mines in petioles and new shoots

in the spring, as well as all early instar lar-

vae recovered from mines on the underside

of leaves in the fall, exhibited COI se-

quences identical to those of reared adults

of G. aceriana, we feel eonfident that our

visual survey records can be used to de-

velop the first map of occurrences of EPSB

in BC (Fig. 2). The full extent of ESPB

distribution is yet unknown. It has been

recovered on southeastern Vancouver Is-

land from Victoria to Nanaimo, throughout

the Fraser River valley, and as far inland as

Yale in the Fraser Canyon and Carolin

Mines Road along the Coquihalla Highway

(Fig. 2). To date, evidence of damage

caused by Gypsonoma sp. has not been

found east of these locations. Although it is

possible that low-level populations of EPSB

may be present at some sites examined in

the fall 2007 survey, we feel that the initial

data are representative of EPSB distribution

in those areas surveyed, as there was also

no evidence of the more conspicuous de-

bris-covered silken tubes constructed by the

later instar larvae at the entrance to larval

feeding tunnels that persist into the fall and

winter (LaGasa et al. 2001). The results of

this survey could be confirmed using phero-

mones identified by Booij and Voerman

(1984).

Miller and LaGasa (2001) note that

similarities between the poplar floras of

Europe and North America, as well as the

wide distribution of EPSB and its status as

68

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 2.

Field collection numbers, Barcode of Life Database Sample ID and Process ID registration

numbers, GenBank accession numbers, and life stage sampled for COI sequences of all indi-

viduals successfully barcoded. Unless otherwise noted, all barcoded specimens are Gypsonoma

aceriana. Voucher specimens are deposited in the reference collection (PFCA) at Natural Re-

sources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.

' Larva of Batrachedra praeangusta (Lepidoptera; Momphidae) recovered from frass and debris

covered silk tunnel at the base of a leaf petiole

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

69

a pest in Europe, suggest that this shoot-

borer could still become a significant pest

of poplars in North America. Because of its

lengthy presence in western North America,

the pathway by which EPSB was intro-

duced will never be determined. In BC, G.

aceriana has been recorded from native

black cottonwood, as well as two intro-

duced poplars, European white poplar

(Populus alba L.) and Lombardy poplar,

that are widely planted as ornamentals or

windbreaks in southwestern BC. The detec-

tion of EPSB in native poplars beyond ur-

ban forests (see Table 1, collection HUM-

09-0365) suggests that natural spread has

already occurred. The impact of EPSB on

native poplars has not been evaluated in

North America; however, in Belgium, Hey-

mans et al. (1983) found that clones of P.

trichocarpa and P. trichocarpa X deltoides

hybrids were more susceptible to EPSB

damage than were P. deltoides X nigra

clones, with the earliest flushing clones

sustaining the heaviest damage. The cryptic

nature of the hibemacula of overwintering

second instar larvae makes detection of this

pest in horticultural or forest nursery stock

very difficult. Prevention of continued

spread of EPSB through movement of live

plants or planting stock will require con-

certed efforts of the horticultural and forest

silvicultural sectors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding was provided by an NSERC

Graduate Scholarship (to JRD), the Cana-

dian Barcode of Life Network from Ge-

nome Canada through the Ontario Genom-

ics Institute, NSERC (to LMH), and other

sponsors listed at www.BOLNET.ca. Field

collections were supported by funding from

the CFS Invasive Alien Species program.

The assistance of Dr. Jim Corrigan, BC

Ministry of Forests and Range during sur-

veys of poplars at Kalamalka Research Sta-

tion is gratefully acknowledged and Gurp

Thandi, Natural Resources Canada, PFC is

thanked for producing the distribution map.

REFERENCES

Booij, C.J.H., and S. Voerman. 1984. Sex attractant for the poplar shoot-borer, Gypsonoma aceriana

(Duponchel). Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie 97:176-179.

Bradley, J.D., W.G. Tremewan, and A. Smith. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae,

Curwen Press Ltd., London, England. 320 pp.

deWaard, J.R., N.V. Ivanova, M. Hajibabaei, and P.D.N. Hebert. 2008. Assembling DNA Barcodes:

Analytical Protocols. Pp. 275-293 in Methods in Molecular Biology: Environmental Genetics (Ed: C.

Martin; Humana Press Inc., Totowa, USA).

Hajibabaei, M., J.R. deWaard, N.V. Ivanova, S. Ramasingham, R. Dooh, S.L. Kirk, P.M. Mackie, and

P.D.N. Hebert. 2005. Critical factors for the high volume assembly of DNA barcodes. Philosophical

Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 1959-1967.

Hebert, P.D.N., E.H. Penton, J.M. Bums, D.H. Janzen, and W. Hallwachs. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA

barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 14812-14817.

Heymans, P., J. Deligne, and L. Nef 1983. Influence de facteurs genetiques et environnementaux sur la

resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Land-

bouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 48: 293-302.

Ivanova, N.V., J.R. deWaard, and P.D.N. Hebert. 2006. An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for

recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 998-1002.

Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through compara-

tive studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 1 1 1-120.

LaGasa, E.H., P. Hertzog, D. Barshis, K. Turner, and H. Smith. 2001. Western Washington pheromone-trap

delimiting survey and field observations for European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana

(Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an Old World poplar pest new to North America. Entomology

Project Report - Washington State Department of Agriculture Publication 061 [online]. Available from

http://agr.wa.gOv/PlantsInsects/InsectPests/Exotics/Surveys/poplar_borer2000.aspx [accessed 1 5 June

2009].

70

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Miller, W.E., and E. LaGasa. 2001. First report of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortri-

eidae), an Old World poplar pest, in North America. Proceedings of the Entomology Society of Washing-

ton. 103; 1020-1022.

Morris, R.C. 1967. Biology of Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), a twig borer in

eastern cottonwood. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 60: 423-427.

Solomon, J.D. 1995. Guide to the insect borers of North American broadleaf trees and shrubs. Agriculture

Handbook. 706. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 735 pp.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

71

Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle

around the bole of windthrown trees

L. SAFRANYIK^

ABSTRACT

The distribution of attack density and egg gallery length by the spruce beetle around the

bole of windthrown spruce trees was investigated in central British Columbia. In wind-

thrown trees that are oriented north-south or east-west, the circular distributions of both

attack density and egg gallery length were significantly different from the uniform dis-

tribution. The mean directions for the center of mass of the distributions suggest an

evolved preference by the spruce beetle for establishing broods relative to habitat qual-

ity. The preferred habitats for brood establishment were the shaded bottoms and lower

sides of windthrown trees. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that attack pref-

erence is a function of solar insulation during the attack period.

Key Words: Spruce beetle, attacks, circular distribution, survival, sampling

INTRODUCTION

The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus

rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculioni-

dae, Scolytinae), is native to spruce (Picea

sp.) forests of North America (Bright

1976). Endemic spruce beetle populations

breed in fresh windthrown trees, logging

residue, injured, diseased or decadent trees.

Spruce windthrow is common in mature

spruce forests and is the preferred host ma-

terial of the spruce beetle even during out-

breaks (Schmid 1981).

Windthrown trees, especially those that

are scattered in stand interiors provide su-

perior breeding habitat for the spruce beetle

over standing trees likely because of attrib-

utes such as snow cover that protects the

broods from extremely cold temperatures

and from predation by woodpeckers. Wind-

throw occurs more frequently in the larger-

diameter classes and may also offer better

nutritional conditions for brood survival

compared to standing trees with low vigour.

Dyer and Taylor (1971) reported higher

brood survival by the spruce beetle on the

bottom of windthrown trees compared to

the upper sides and Schmid (1981) found

differences in both attack density and brood

densities among the tops, sides and bottoms

of windthrown trees. My objective was to

test the null hypothesis that the circular

distribution of attack densities and egg gal-

lery lengths/m^ around the bole circumfer-

ence of spruce windthrow is uniform and

independent of the direction of fall. I have

quantified the circular distributions and

provided an explanation in terms of the

adaptive and practical significance of the

results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study site was located approxi-

mately 75 km southeast of Prince George,

British Columbia, in the Naver Creek wa-

tershed (53°24' N; 122'20' W), at an eleva-

tion range of 900 m to 1400 m. The stands

comprised mature (> 150 years) hybrid

white spruce (P. glauca x P. engelmanni

hybrid population) and subalpine fir [Abies

lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.], with an average

stand density of 171 stems per hectare

' Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8Z 1M5. Email:

lsafrany@nrcan.gc.ca

72

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

greater than 20 cm diameter at breast height

(dbh). Spruce dominated the overstorey,

making up 73.1 % of the stems greater than

20 cm dbh, with an average diameter at 1.3

m (dbh) of 50.5 cm. A few mature Douglas-

fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco],

lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia

Engelm.), white birch (Betula papyrifera

Marsh.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides

Michx.) were scattered throughout the

study areas.

The windthrown trees used in the study

were located in stand interiors and were

attacked by spruce beetle during the spring

of 1974. The following spring, bolts cut

from six and five separate windthrown

trees, oriented north-south (N-S) and east-

west (E-W), respectively, were sampled to

determine the circular distribution of spruce

beetle attacks and egg gallery lengths

around the bole. Prior to cutting, the top of

each bolt was determined and marked as the

midpoint between vertical posts positioned

next to the bole on opposite sides.

From each selected N-S tree, one bolt

averaging 42.1 cm in length (range: 29.6

cm to 51.8 cm) was cut from each of the

bottom, middle and top third of the infested

bole. The average diameter of the bolts was

33.8 cm (range: 21.3 cm to 46.6 cm). From

the selected E-W trees, 13 bolts were cut,

one to four bolts per tree. The average

length and average diameter of the bolts

were 41.4 cm (range: 28.9 cm to 56.1 cm)

and 32.6 cm (range: 26.8 cm to 54.8 cm),

respectively. In the laboratory, each end of

each bolt circumference was divided into

nine equal strips, each strip representing a

40° angular interval. On bolts cut from N-S

windthrow, the first such interval was des-

ignated as being located directly west of the

top of the bolt. On bolts cut from E-W

windthrow, the first 40° angular interval

was designated as being located directly

north of the top of the bolt. Continuing

from the top around the circumference of

the bolt, each strip was designated by the

midpoint of the respective angular interval;

e.g., 20°, 60°, ..., 340°.

All bark was carefully removed from

each strip, and the following information

was recorded:

• strip length and width;

• number of egg gallery entrances

(attacks), and;

• length of exposed egg galleries.

Egg gallery length in a bark strip was de-

fined as the sum of the lengths of all com-

plete egg galleries and the lengths of all

partial egg galleries. The number of attacks

and total egg gallery lengths were con-

verted to numbers per square meter prior to

analysis by dividing respective totals by the

strip bark area. In what follows, egg gallery

length/m is referred to as egg gallery

length.

For bolts cut from N-S windthrow,

variation in attack density and egg gallery

length by tree and bolt position were ana-

lysed by analysis of variance in a random-

ized complete block design with wind-

thrown trees as blocks. For bolts cut from

E-W windthrow, variation in attack density

and egg gallery length by windthrow was

analysed by analysis of variance in a com-

pletely randomized design. The relationship

between densities of attack and egg gallery

length was analysed by linear regression.

For bolts cut from N-S windthrow, the em-

pirical circular distributions by bolt position

and of the total number of attacks were

compared by chi-square test, as were the

overall empirical circular distributions of

the total number of attacks by windthrow

orientation (Batschelet 1965).

The statistics for the empirical circular

distributions of attack density and egg gal-

lery length by windthrow orientation were

calculated as in Batchelet (1965). Based on

the observed angular distribution of attacks

and egg gallery lengths, the mean direction

(ttm) was calculated as follows:

[la] Om = arctan{[(l/n) I"sin(ai)]/[(l/n)

I"cos(ai)]}, if (1/n) S"cos(ai) > 0.

[lb] Om = 180°+ arctan{[(l/n) S"sin(aj)]/

[(1/n) rcos(tti)]}, if (1/n) rcos(aO < 0,

where Uj = the angle corresponding to the

midpoint of angle class i. The length of the

mean vector (r), dispersion about the mean

direction in radians (s) and skewness (g)

were calculated as given in equation 2, 3

and 4, respectively:

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

73

[2] r = (x^ + x = S"cos(aj),

y = H"sin(ai), n = sample size.

[31s = [2(l-r)f*

[4] g = f2 (sin (2 - a2m), a2mis calcu-

latedas in equations [la] and [lb] and r2is

calculated as in equation [2] but by doubling

each angle Oi

The Rayleigh test (z; Batschelet 1965) was

used to test the null hypothesis that the dis-

tribution of the direction of fall of wind-

thrown trees was uniform (equation 5).

[5] z = nr

RESULTS

In N-S windthrow, there was significant

variation among windthrow in attack den-

sity, but not in egg gallery length or in ei-

ther of these variables among bolt positions

within trees (Table 1). The mean attack

density and egg gallery length was 18.3/m^

and 250.1cm/m“, respectively. In E-W

windthrow, there was no significant varia-

tion among trees in attack density or egg

gallery length (Table 1). The mean attack

density and egg gallery length was 20.9/m^

and 278.3 cm/m , respectively.

The relationship between egg gallery

length/m^ (Y) and attack density/m^ (X)

was linear for both windthrow orientations

(Figure 1). The equation for the combined

data is given in equation 6.

[6] Y = 21.47 + 12.93 X, n = 135, r =

0.839, s.e.= 145.82

The intercept of [6] was not significantly

different from zero (t =1.285, p = 0.20).

The estimated average egg gallery length

per attack based on the zero intercept re-

gression of Y on X (equation 7) was 13.55

cm.

[7] Y= 13.55 X

Even though there was a strong linear

relationship between egg gallery length and

attack density, mean egg gallery length per

attack tended to be higher in those orienta-

tion angle classes that corresponded with

the highest mean attack densities (Figure 2).

In N-S windthrow, there was no signifi-

cant difference in the circular distributions

by bolt position of attack totals per strip

(i2df) = 12.83, p = 0.37). Based on this find-

ing, and the observation of no difference in

either attack or egg gallery length among

bolt positions, and the highly significant

correlation among attack density and egg

gallery length, analysis of the circular dis-

tributions of attack density and egg gallery

length was done on data combined over bolt

position.

The circular distributions of attack (a)

and egg gallery length (e) differed signifi-

cantly from uniform distributions in bolts

cut from windthrow oriented either N-S or

E-W (Table 2). The length of the mean vec-

tor and the dispersion about the mean direc-

tion for each of the variables (a) and (e)

were nearly the same magnitude in both

windthrow orientations. The mean angles

were nearly identical for attack density and

egg gallery length within, but not between,

the two orientations (Table 2). In N-S wind-

throw, the mean angles for both variables

were greater then the respective means in

E-W windthrow. The distribution of egg

gallery length was more skewed than that

for attack density, especially in N-S wind-

throw (Table 2).

There was no difference in the empirical

circular distributions of attacks per bark

strip in windthrow of the two orientations

(Table 3). This result is explained by the

nerly identical mean vectors and disper-

sions of attack density in windthrow of the

two orientations (Table 2). Because attack

density and egg gallery length were highly

correlated, the distribution of the latter was

largely determined by that of the former. In

windthrow, of both orientations, both attack

density and egg gallery length were highest

on the bottom quadrants of the trees.

(Figures 3 and 4). The respective means

corresponded with the angular intervals

120° to 160°, 240° to 280° (north-south)

and 80° to 120°, 200° to 240° (east-west).

74

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 1.

F-statistics and associated probability levels for variation among windthrown spruce trees and

among positions in trees of attack density and egg gallery length for windthrow oriented north-

south and for variation among windthrow oriented east-west.

Windfall orientation: North-South

0 20 40 60 80 100

Attack density

Windfall orientation: West-East

E

o

(/)

c

0)

■O

O)

c

V

_cg

■(5

cn

O)

LU

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Attack density

Figure 1. Relationship between egg gallery length (cm)/m^ and attack density/m^ by the spruce

beetle in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions. Pooled data from all orientation angle

classes.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

75

♦Y!

my 2

Top

Bottom

Top

Figure 2. Mean egg gallery length per attack (±1SD) by the spruce beetle in windthrow ori-

ented north-south (Y2) and east-west (Yl) around the circumference of the bole.

Table 2.

Statistics for the empirical distributions of attack density and egg gallery length around the bole

in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions.

' See equations 1 to 5 in Methods

** Significant at p < 0.01

DISCUSSION

Mean attack density, egg gallery length,

and mean egg gallery length per attack

found in this study are typical for endemic

spruce beetle populations in spruce wind-

throw in central British Columbia. Over a

five-year period in the Naver Forest, the

yearly mean attack density by spruce beetle

in windthrow ranged from 14.7/m^to 51.7/

m^, and the corresponding range in egg

gallery length was 120cm/m^ to 670cm/m^

(Safranyik and Linton 1999). The mean egg

gallery length per attack found in this study

(13.55 cm) was well within the range re-

ported by Safranyik and Linton (1999; 8.2

cm to 19.8 cm) and close to the average egg

gallery length in spruce bolts (12.7 cm;

Safranyik and Linton 1983) and trees (13.0

cm; Wood 1982). The lack of significant

variation by bolt position in attack density

and egg gallery length was surprising, con-

76

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Table 3.

Chi-square test of the empirical distributions around the bole of attacks per bark strip by the

spruce beetle in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions.

Figure 3. Empirical circular distribution of mean attack density/m2 (±1SE) and egg gallery

length/m2 (±1SE) by the spruce beetle on spruce windthrow oriented north-south.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

77

Figure 4. Empirical circular distribution of mean attack density/m^ (±1SE) and egg gallery

length/m^ (±1SE) by the spruce beetle on spruce windthrow oriented east-west.

sidering changes along the bole in host vari-

ables such as diameter, bark thickness

branch size and density, and the humped

distribution of attacks on height above

ground (Saffanyik and Linton 1987).

Even though there was a strong linear

relationship between attack density and egg

gallery length, mean egg gallery length per

attack tended to be higher in the orienta-

tion-angle class that had the highest attack

densities (Figure 2). This suggests that, in

addition to attack density, the position of an

attack on the bolt circumference affected

egg gallery length per attack. This effect

explains, in part, the relatively greater

skewness of the empirical circular distribu-

tions of egg gallery length compared to the

attack density (Table 2; Figures 3 and 4).

The results reported in this paper regard-

ing the distribution of attacks around the

bole by the spruce beetle in windfall con-

firm earlier results. Safranyik and Linton

78

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

(1987; 1988) reported higher attack densi-

ties by the spruce beetle on the north as-

pects of trees, near the duff, and the shaded

(northeast and southeast) aspects of stumps.

Schmid (1981) reported that, in windthrow,

attack and brood densities were the highest

on the bottom, lowest on the top, and inter-

mediate at the sides of the bole. Moreover,

Safranyik and Vithayashai (1971) found a

significantly non-uniform circumferential

distribution of attacks by the mountain pine

beetle {Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)

around the bole of lodgepole pine (Pinus

contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann)

with highest attack density corresponding to

the shadiest aspect of the bole during the

time of peak daily attack period.

The highly significant mean vectors for

the circular distribution of attack and egg

gallery length in windthrown trees of both

orientations indicate an evolved preference

for brood establishment based on habitat

quality. In both windfall orientations, there

was a strong preference by beetles to estab-

lish attacks on the bottom of the bole, as

indicated by the direction of the mean vec-

tor. In N-S and E-W windthrow, the “center

of mass” of attacks was located 5° east and

13° north of bottom center of the bole, re-

spectively. Due to the low density of the

overstory trees in this study (mean distance

among neighbouring trees =7.6 m), most

windthrow received only light to moderate

shading, resulting in differences in insula-

tion on various aspects of the bole. In N-S

and E-W windthrow, excepting the bottom

of the bole, respectively the east and north

sides would have received the least insula-

tion during peak daily attacks.

In mature spruce forests, most of the

endemic windthrow is comprised of larger-

diameter trees (Stathers et al. 1994). Wind-

thrown trees have no resistance to attack,

and often provide a large and thermally

stable phloem resource for exploitation,

especially at the bottom and sides of the

bole. Frequently, some roots of windthrown

trees are not tom from the ground and re-

main functional for some time. This also

can contribute to maintaining phloem qual-

ity, especially on the undersides of wind-

thrown trees. As described in the Introduc-

tion, spmce beetles in windthrown trees are

protected by snow cover during winter from

extremely low temperatures as well as from

predation by woodpeckers. All of these

characteristics make spmce windthrow in

general, and especially the bottom and

sides, preferred habitat for spmce beetle.

This preference apparently evolved even

though the rates of brood development in

shadier sides of windthrow are reduced,

resulting in an extended life cycle in the

preponderance of the brood in most years.

Hence, it appears that the evolution of this

preference is the result of a trade off be-

tween development rates and survival.

Based on studies of mountain pine bee-

tle behaviour in relation to heat and light

conditions. Shepherd (1965) hypothesized

that both high heat and high light intensity

stimulate flight. Therefore attacking beetles

tend to seek the shadier aspects of the bole.

This hypothesis is consistent with the na-

ture of the circular distribution of spmce

beetle attacks in windthrow, as well as pub-

lished information cited earlier regarding

the distribution of attacks by this species in

trees and stumps, as well as attack and

brood densities in windthrow.

The results presented here have implica-

tions for sampling spmce beetle populations

in windthrow to determine population den-

sity, brood survival and the relative sizes of

the attacking (parent) and emerging

(offspring) population. These results indi-

cate that reliable estimates of mean attack

density may be obtained by taking samples

along the sides of the bole. However, as the

distribution around the bole of brood sur-

vival is affected by a number of factors in

addition to attack density (including habitat

quality, competition for food and space, and

predation), the location around the bole of

mean brood survival may be different from

that of attack density and egg gallery

length.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

79

REFERENCES

Batschelet, E. 1965. Statistical methods for the analysis of problems in animal orientation and certain bio-

logical rhythms. The American Institute of Biological Sciences, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington,

D.C. 57 pp.

Bright, D. E.1976. The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska. Biosystematics Research Institute Research

Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture Ottawa. Publication! 576. 241 p.

Dyer, E. D. A. and D.W. Taylor. 1968. Attractiveness of logs containing female spruce beetles, Dendrocto-

niis obesus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist 100:769-776.

Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1983. Brood production by three spp. of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolyti-

dae) in bolts from host and non-host trees. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

80:10-13.

Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1985. Influence of competition on size, brood production and sex ratio in

spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 82:52-

56.

Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1987. Patterns of landing of spruce beetles, Dendroctonus nifipennis

(Coleoptera: Scolytidae), on baited lethal trap trees. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co-

lumbia 84:21-32.

Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1988. Distribution of attacks on spruce stumps by the spruce beetle, Den-

droctonus nifipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and effects on length of egg galleries. The Canadian

Entomologist 120:85-94.

Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1999. Spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) survival in stumps and windfall.

The Canadian Entomologist 131:107-1 13.

Schmid, J.M. 1981. Spruce beetles in blowdown. USDA Forest Service Rocky mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station Fort Collins, Colorado. Research Note RM-41 1. 6 pp.

Shepherd, R.F. 1965. Distribution of attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. on Pinus contorta Dough

var. latifolia Engelm. The Canadian Entomologist 97:207-215.

Stathers, R.J.; T.P. Rollerson, and S.J. Mitchell. 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia. B. C.

Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Working Paper 940. 131 pp.

Wood, S. L. 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a

taxonomic monograph. Great basin Naturalist Memoirs Number 6. Brigham Young University, Provo,

Utah. 1359 pp.

80

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

81

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Eleodes obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae):

confirmation of a Canadian population and

possible northward expansion from Washington State

into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley

R.A. CANNINGS^ and G.G.E. SCUDDER^

Eleodes is a western North American

tenebrionid beetle genus of about 130 spe-

cies, 14 of which are recorded in British Co-

lumbia (Bousquet and Campbell 1991).

Most are restricted to BC’s Southern Interior

grasslands, where they are a distinctive com-

ponent of the insect fauna. The large size and

the defensive habit of many species

(headstanding and releasing irritating

quinone compounds (Tschinkel 1975)) make

them conspicuous. The genus is often the

subject of ecological and population studies

in grasslands and desert ecosystems (e.g.,

CnsX etal. 1992).

Eleodes obscurus (Say) ranges from

southern BC south to northern Mexico and

east to Texas, Kansas and Wyoming, with

most of the range west of the Rocky Moun-

tains occupied by the subspecies E. obscurus

sulcipennis Mannerheim (Charles. A. Triple-

horn, pers comm.; Blaisdell 1909). Triple-

horn (pers. comm.) gives the distribution of

E. obscurus sulcipennis as Arizona, Nevada,

Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho,

Montana, and Texas in the United States and

Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango

in Mexico.

In Canada, E. obscurus is recorded only

from British Columbia (Bousquet and Camp-

bell 1991). There are reports from the

Okanagan in 1912 and 1913 (Brittain 1913,

1914); the only locality noted is Larkin in the

North Okanagan (Brittain 1914). Apparently,

these are the BC records cited by Boddy

(1965), but it is not known if the identifica-

tions are accurate or if the specimens exist in

any collection. No Canadian collections that

we checked (Canadian National Collection

of Insects, Ottawa; Pacific Forestry Centre,

Victoria; Royal British Columbia Museum,

Victoria; Spencer Entomological Museum,

Vancouver) contain BC material collected

earlier than our own specimens discussed

herein. Charles Triplehom (pers. comm.) has

no Canadian records in his extensive data.

As part of a large study by Scudder

(2000) on the biodiversity of terrestrial ar-

thropods of the Antelope-brush steppe in the

South Okanagan Valley, Latham (1995) re-

ported on the distribution of tenebrionid bee-

tles that Scudder collected in 1994 and 1995.

Pitfall traps set at ten sites ranging from the

east side of Osoyoos Lake, Oroville, WA, in

the south (48°58’N 119°25’W) to the south

end of Vaseux Lake, BC, in the north

(49°16’N 119°30’W) collected nine species

of tenebrionid beetles, including six of

Eleodes. Eleodes obscurus was collected

only at the Washington State site, which is

about a kilometre south of the International

Boundary and it was recorded in all months

between May and September. The species

has been common and widespread in eastern

Washington for many years (Rogers et al.

1978).

Although we collected extensively

around Osoyoos Lake in the 1970s and

1980s, we never found E. obscurus. Scudder

did not collect a single specimen at the

Haynes Ecological Reserve (north end of

Osoyoos Lake), which he monitored by

monthly pitfall trapping from 1991 to 2008.

However, about 20 km to the southeast, near

his home in Osoyoos, he ran traps in rem-

nants of Antelope-brush steppe; ten speci-

mens came from these collections (1992-

^ Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2.

rcannings@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca. (250) 356-8242.

^ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British

Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC.

82

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

1996). In addition, starting in 1990, he and

his wife hand-collected specimens around

their garden, recording 14 specimens up to

2008; ten of these were from 2004 and later.

All this suggests that although E. obscu-

rus has been widespread in the dry grass-

lands of Washington State for decades, it has

been absent or rare in the adjacent Okanagan

Valley in Canada. A couple of historic re-

cords from 1912-13, when the species was

reported as a possible agricultural pest, are

unverified and possibly represent misidentifi-

cations, given that there are several large

Eleodes species and other similar tenebri-

onids in the region. Eleodes obscunis, with

its large size and striking defensive behav-

iour, is readily recorded when it is present.

The notable increase in records since 1990

around Osoyoos, BC, immediately north of

the International Boundary, indicates that the

beetle’s range may be expanding northward.

Future records from grasslands to the north

of Osoyoos Lake will confirm this observa-

tion.

Material examined. Collections housing

material are abbreviated thus: CNCI

(Canadian National Collection of Insects,

Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa,

ON), GOES (G.G.E. Scudder Collection,

Vancouver, BC), RBCM (Royal British Co-

lumbia Museum, Victoria, BC), UBC

(Spencer Entomological Museum, University

of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC)

CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA:

Osoyoos, East Bench, 49°1’31.88”N x

1 19°25’12.43”W, Purshia association, pitfall

trap, 20.iv.-l l.vi.l992 (1), 1 l.vi-3.vii.l992

(3), 9.v-17.vi.l993 (1), 5.viii-12.ix.l994 (1),

8. v-13.vi.l996 (1), 13.vii-16.viii.l996 (2),

G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 13.vii-16.viii.l996

(1) G.G.E. Scudder (RBCM). Osoyoos, East

Bench, 49°1’34.00”N x 1 19‘’25’15.00”W,

hand collected in garden, 12.vi. 1990(1),

G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 30.vi.l991 (1),

20.vi. 2001 (1), J. Scudder (UBC); 25.V.2002

(1) G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 25.V.2002 (1),

G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 24.V.2004 (1), R.R.

Stubbs (CNCI), l.vii.2004 (2), 8.vii.2004 (1),

G.G.E. Scudder (CNCI); 14.V.2005 (1),

27.V.2005 (1), 28.V.2005 (1), 27.vi.2005(l),

G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 27.V.2008 (1), J.

Scudder (CNCI); 12.vi.2009 (1), 17.vi.2009

(1), G.G.E. Scudder (RBCM); SOCAP site 7

(H90-73) [unknown South Okanagan site],

9. V.1990, H. Knight (RBCM).

USA: WASHINGTON: Oroville, E

Osoyoos Lake, 48°58’N x 119“25’W, Pur-

shia association; AN, BGxhl, pitfall trap, all

collected G.G.E. Scudder. 5.v-30.v.2004 (1,

GGES; 4, UBC); 30.v.-5.vii.l994 (6, RBCM;

4, UBC); 5.vii.-2.viii.l994 (4, CNC; 3,

UBC); 2.viii.-6.ix.2004 (11, UBC); 6.ix-

6.X.1994 (2, UBC); 4.v.-7.vi.2005 (3,

UBC);7.vi-9.vii.l995 (2, UBC); 7.vii-

9viii.l995 (6, UBC).

REFERENCES

Blaisdell, F.E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the tribe Eleodini inhabiting the

United States, Lower California and adjacent islands. United States National Museum Bulletin 63: 1-524.

Boddy, D.W. 1965. Family Tenebrionidae. Pp. 130-1 83 in M.H. Flatch. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part

IV: Macrodactyles, Palpicomes and Heteromera. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 268 pp.

Bousquet, Y. and J.M. Campbell. 1991. Family Tenebrionidae. Pp. 253-261 in Y. Bousquet (Ed.). Checklist of

beetles of Canada and Alaska. Publication 186 IE, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. 430 pp.

Brittain, W.H. 1913. Report from Okanagan district. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Co-

lumbia 2: 13-16.

Brittain, W.H. 1914. Report from the Okanagan district: Insect pests of the year in the Okanagan. Proceedings of

the Entomological Society of British Columbia 4: 14-19.

Crist, T.O., D.S. Guertin, J.A. Wiens and B.T. Milne. 1992. Animal movement in heterogenous landscapes: an

experiment with Eleodes beetles in shortgrass prairie. Functional Ecology 6: 536-544.

Latham, S.J. 1995. Biodiversity of the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) under different grazing regimes in the South

Okanagan. Unpublished Bachelor of Science (Honours) thesis. Department of Zoology, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 38 pp.

Rogers, L.E., N. Woodley, J.K. Sheldon and V.A. Uresk. 1978. Darkling beetle populations (Tenebrionidae) of

the Hanford Site in southcentral Washington. Technical Report. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories,

Richland, WA. 129 pp.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2000. Arthropod species at risk, and livestock grazing in the South Okanagan of British Colum-

bia. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 6: 15-20.

Tschinkel, W.R. 1975. A comparative study of the chemical defensive system of tenebrionid beetles: chemistry

of the secretions. Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 753-783.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

83

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island

JAMES W. MISKELLY^

The genus Hesperia includes five species in

British Columbia (BC), the most widely occur-

ring of which are Hesperia comma (Linnaeus)

and Hesperia Colorado (Scudder) (Layberry et

al. 1998). Although H. comma and H. Colorado

have sometimes been considered conspecific

(Guppy and Shepard 2001), most recent authors

recognize them as distinct species (Layberry et

al. 1998, Pyle 2002, Acorn and Sheldon 2006).

H. comma is presently considered to be a holarc-

tic species found throughout the boreal forest in

North America, extending into southern BC at

higher elevations, with H. Colorado occurring

throughout the western United States and rang-

ing north into southern BC (Guppy and Shepard

2001). In the northern part of its range, H. Colo-

rado generally occurs in dry grassland at low

elevations (Layberry et al. 1998, Acorn and

Sheldon 2006). Apart from differences in habi-

tat, the two species may be distinguished by

differences in size and in the colouration of the

ventral hind wings.

On Vancouver Island (VI), Hesperia skip-

pers live in two habitat types: dry meadows at

low elevations on the southeast of the island and

in natural meadows and disturbed areas in upper

montane to alpine zones. There are few recent

records from low elevations and few records at

all from high elevations. Hesperia skippers on

VI were once considered H. comma manitoba

(Hardy 1954), but, more recently, they have

been considered H. Colorado oregonia, which is

found west of the Cascade Mountains from VI

south to northern California (Layberry et al.

1998, Guppy and Shepard 2001). Until now, the

scarcity of specimens from the mountains of VI

has prevented a comparison of the high and low

elevation populations in series.

Between 2006 and 2008, a series of eight

specimens (seven male, one female) of Hesperia

skippers from subalpine habitats at five locations

on VI was obtained by combining new collec-

tions made by the author with material borrowed

from the research collection of Crispin Guppy.

These were compared to the 24 male specimens

from low elevations that are held in the entomo-

logical collection of the Royal British Columbia

Museum in Victoria. Based on the colouration of

the ventral hind wings, the mountain populations

are clearly Hesperia comma. Compared to low-

land specimens, mountain specimens have a

darker base colour on the ventral hind wings,

with medial markings that are white rather than

light yellow (Figure 1). On the dorsal surface,

the brown margins are wider and darker on

mountain specimens and the apical spots within

the margins are smaller. Mountain specimens are

also consistently smaller. The average fore wing

length is 12.5 mm (range 12.0 mm - 14.0 mm, n

= 7) for male mountain specimens, compared to

14.5 mm for male lowland specimens (range

13.6 mm - 15.2 mm, n = 24. The high-elevation

specimens are consistent in size and colouration,

despite being collected from an altitudinal range

of over 500 metres. Similarly, the morphology

of the low elevation specimens is consistent;

there are no trends in size or colouration along

gradients of altitude or latitude.

Hesperia skippers on VI, therefore, represent

two species, H. Colorado oregonia at low eleva-

tions and H. comma (subspecies undetermined)

at high elevations. H. Colorado oregonia has

been collected from at least 1 7 locations, but has

been recently confirmed at only two of these

(Table 1). It is believed to be extirpated from at

least eight of the historic locations (Miskelly,

unpublished data). It is associated with Garry

oak {Quercus garryana) ecosystems, which have

been reduced to less than five percent of their

historic coverage and are declining rapidly due

to urbanization (Fuchs 2001, Lea 2006). Hes-

peria Colorado oregonia is apparently very rare

in Canada. Hesperia comma is probably wide-

spread in the mountains of VI, though more

sampling is required to confirm its status and

determine to which subspecies it belongs. Speci-

mens examined appear similar to H. comma

manitoba collected from interior and northern

BC. No comparison has yet been made to speci-

mens of H. comma hulbirti from the nearby

Olympic Peninsula.

' Research Associate, Royal BC Museum, 675 Belleville St., Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 9W2. Email:

james.miskelly@gmail.com

84

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Figure 1. Ventral view of six male Hesperia specimens from low elevations (top two rows) and high

elevations (bottom two rows) on Vancouver Island, showing differences in size and patterning.

Table 1.

All known location records for Hesperia Colorado oregonia in Canada, with current status as of 2009.

REFERENCES

Acom, J. and I. Sheldon. 2006. Butterflies of British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Fuchs, M. 2001. Towards a recovery strategy for Garry oak and associated ecosystems in Canada: Ecological

assessment and literature review. Technical Report GBEI/EC-00-030. Environment Canada, Victoria, British

Columbia, Canada.

Guppy, C. S. and J. H. Shepard. 2001. Butterflies of British Columbia. Royal BC Museum, Victoria, and UBC

Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Hardy, G. A. 1954. Notes on the life history of Hesperia comma L. manitoba Scud. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) on

Vancouver Island. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 51: 21-22.

Layberry, R. A., P.W. Hall, and J. D. Lafontaine. 1998. The butterflies of Canada. University of Toronto Press,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Lea, T. 2006. Historical Garry oak ecosystems of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, pre-European contact to the

present. Davidsonia 17: 34-50.

Pyle, R. M. 2002. The butterflies of Cascadia. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington, USA.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

85

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

New record of Eurytomocharis eragrostidis species complex

(Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff

{Eragrostis tef) in Oregon

JENNIFER E. BERGH

Teff, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter

(Poaceae: Eragrostoidae), an annual warm

season grass, is a major eereal erop in

Ethiopia and a hay crop in other African

countries (Twidwell et al. 2002). It was

introduced to the United States for produc-

tion and use as grain or fodder (McDaniel

and Boe 1990; Stallknecht et al. 1993). It is

being raised as a seed crop in the Wil-

lamette Valley, which is a key agricultural

area in Oregon, stretching from Portland to

Eugene between the Cascade and Oregon

Coast mountain ranges.

In August 2008, examination of a poor

stand of teff in a seed production field in

Linn County, OR (Site 1: 44.5447° N,

123.1 100° W) led to the detection of several

l-2mm insect emergence holes at the base

of the stems (Fig. 1). Here we report the

identity of the insect that emerged from

these and other damaged stems.

In addition to the stand at Site 1 listed

above, a second field was examined (Site 2:

44.4486° N, 123.2067° W). Infested plants

from both sites were transported to the

laboratory and individual stems were iso-

lated, examined for signs of infestation, cut

and placed in 4-dram glass vials to await

emergence of the adult insects. Photoperiod

in the lab was 14 hours and temperature

averaged 30 °C. Representative adults were

preserved in alcohol and sent for identifica-

tion to the Systematic Entomology Labora-

tory, United States Department of Agricul-

ture - Agricultural Research Service, in

Washington, DC.

Adults emerged over a 7-day period

after enclosure in vials. In all, 21 males and

27 females were recovered from Site 1 , and

^ and SUJAYA RAO^

5 males and 9 females were recovered from

Site 2. The adults were identified by Dr.

Michael Gates, USDA-ARS, as Eurytomo-

charis eragrostidis species complex

(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Species

separations are currently difficult and char-

acters used for identification are variable

intraspecifically (Gates personal communi-

cation). Voucher specimens are deposited

with Dr. Gates at the Systematic Entomol-

ogy Laboratory.

Damage varied at the two sites. At Site

1, approximately 70% of randomly sampled

plants were infested. However, this field

was not irrigated adequately at planting and

the stand was poor; the crop may have been

unusually vulnerable to infestation due to

extended water stress on the seedlings. At

Site 2, 10% of randomly sampled plants

showed evidence of the pest, but the stand

appeared well established and healthy.

This is the first record of the E. er-

agrostidis species complex in Oregon and

the first record of damage to teff by an in-

sect pest in the state. Teff has been raised in

the Willamette Valley in Oregon for seed

production for about 1 0 years, and no insect

pest has previously been observed feeding

on the crop.

Eurytomacharis eragrostidis, the spe-

cies, was reported as a pest of teff in South

Dakota in 1988 by McDaniel and Boe

(1990). In that study, larvae were found in

30% of infested stems in late July at two

widely separated locations. The presence of

the pest resulted in stunted plant growth and

75% reduction in forage yield (McDaniel

and Boe 1990). In all, 19 adults were recov-

ered. The pest was observed only once in 5

' Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

^ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed

86

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

Figure 1. Eurytomocharis eragrostidis emergence hole at 10 cm from crown.

years of observation. In the Willamette Val-

ley, the insect was detected because the

grower was investigating the reason for a

poor stand. It is possible that the wasp may

be commonly present on teff and/or on an

alternative host, perhaps controlled by natu-

ral enemies or causing damage below de-

tection thresholds.

Teff has a niche market and several

characteristics that make it attractive as a

rotational crop for seed production in Ore-

gon. Once established, it can be grown un-

der a wide range of environmental condi-

tions such as on marginal soils, water

logged soils or under drought conditions

(Stallknecht et al. 1993). It can produce a

crop in a relatively short growing season

and will produce grain for humans and fod-

der for cattle. Teff is low in gluten and is

marketed in the US as a health food product

and as late-planted emergency forage for

livestock (Stallknecht et al. 1993). It ap-

pears to have low susceptibility to disease

and pests when compared to other grain

crops such as wheat (Stallknecht et al.

1993). However, its susceptibility to the E.

eragrostidis species complex and damage

that could lead to losses could be a deter-

rent to commercial expansion of this crop.

Future monitoring of teff in Oregon is re-

quired to determine whether the E. er-

agrostidis species complex is an occasional

pest, as it was in South Dakota in 1988

(Twidwell et al. 2002), or an ongoing prob-

lem in the Willamette Valley.

We thank the growers for drawing our

attention to the damage in teff and allowing

us to survey their fields, Michael Gates at

the Systematic Entomology Laboratory for

identification of the wasp, and Glenn Fisher

for manuscript review.

REFERENCES

McDaniel, B. and A. Boe. 1990. A new host record for Euryto-mocharis eragrostidis Howard

{Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting Eragrostis tef 'm South Dakota. Proceedings of the Entomologi-

cal Society of Washington 92: 465-470.

Stallknecht, G.F., K.M. Gilbertson, and J.L. Eckhoff. 1993. Teff: Food crop for humans and animals, pp.

231-234. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New crops. Wiley, New York.

Twidwell, E.K., A. Boe, and D.P. Casper. 2002. Teff: a new annual forage grass for South Dakota. ExEx

8071. Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD.

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

87

Abstracts

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Annual General Meeting,

Henry Grube Education Centre, Kamloops, BC, Oct. 2, 2009

Current insect pest issues in the interior

of British Columbia

Susanna Acheampong. BC Ministry of Ag-

riculture and Lands, 200 - 1690 Powick

Road, Kelowna, BC, VI X 7G5, Ph: (250)

861-7230, Email:

Susanna. Acheampong@gov. be. ca

Insect pests of concern during 2009 on

apples, cherries, grapes and forage crops

will be discussed. Pest species include ap-

ple clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopae-

formis), apple leaf curling midge

(Dasineura mail), woolly apple aphid

{Eriosoma lanigerum), Western grape root-

worm (Bromius obscurus), grasshoppers,

and an unidentified alfalfa caterpillar. Re-

search needs will be highlighted.

Seasonality and the Latitudinal Gradient

of Diversity: the BC Eocene Insect Per-

spective

S. Bruce Archibald. Dept, of Biological

Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888

University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6

Canada sba48@sfu.ca

I tested the hypothesis that the latitu-

dinal diversity gradient is a function of sea-

sonality, not mean annual temperature,

comparing insect diversities in cool, sea-

sonal Massachusetts; hot, equable Costa

Rica, and; cool, equable Eocene BC. BC

Eocene insect diversity was high, implying

that high tropical diversity is associated

with seasonality.

Chasing Pollinators

B. Bains*, Caldicott, A*, and Heron, f. ^BC

Conservation Foundation and ^B. C. Minis-

try of Environment

Pollination by insects is vital for the

production of agricultural crops growing

throughout British Columbia. A decline in

the abundance and distribution of native

pollinators and managed honey bee colo-

nies appears to be worldwide. We used

wandering transects to survey for target

species at risk, such as the Western Bumble

Bee (Bombus occidentalis), and other na-

tive pollinators on privately owned or pri-

vately managed lands. None of the target

species were observed; however important

land owner contacts were made for future

sampling.

Expression of large lipids transfer pro-

teins in Helicoverpa zea: differential

regulation by juvenile hormone

Mustafa G. Cheema, Jason Kim and Nor-

bert H. Haunerland. Department of Biologi-

cal Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur-

naby, BC V5A 1S6

VHDL, a storage protein evolutionarily

related to vitellogenin, is strongly expressed

in last instar larvae when JH is absent.

Treatment with JH analogs suppresses

VHDL expression, while other vitellogenin

gene family members are up-regulated. The

results suggest that gene duplication and

subsequent changes in the promoters gave

rise to these proteins.

Mountain pine beetle condition and tim-

ing of emergence; who emerges when?

Alex Chubaty and Melanie Hart. Depart-

ment of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser

University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6

Individual variation in energy reserves

and timing of emergence are expected to

constrain host selection decisions of moun-

tain pine beetle. We examined the timing

and condition of emerging beetles, describ-

ing the probability of emerging on a par-

ticular day with a particular condition,

which can be used in models of individual

host selection and attack.

Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc-

cana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and the

88

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

potential for host race formation in cran-

berry and blueberry fields

Melissa Cook. Department of Biological

Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur-

naby, BC V5A 1S6

Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc-

cana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),

is a gall forming insect known to attack

cranberry and blueberry fields in British

Columbia. Cranberry tipworm has the po-

tential for host race formation on these two

crops. Here 1 present relevant results and

some early conclusions from my first field

season.

Pheromone-release behaviour of female

cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc-

cana, (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Sheila M. Fitzpatrick and Daniel A.H.

Peach. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO

Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC,

Sheila. Fitzpatrick@agr.gc. ca

Cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc-

cana, is a pest of concern on cranberry,

Vaccinium macrocarpon. If pheromone

could be identified and synthesized, grow-

ers would have a tool for monitoring adult

male tipworms. One- to three-day-old fe-

male tipworms showed pheromone-release

behaviour predominantly during the first 6

or 7 hours of a 16-hour photophase. This

would be the time to obtain pheromone for

identification.

Invasive and new grape pests

Tom Lowery. Pacific Agri-Food Research

Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Summerland, BC VOH IZO

Grapes and other plants of the family

Vitaceae are not native to the southern inte-

rior of British Columbia and no pests spe-

cific to grape were present here prior to the

introduction of these plants. The dozen or

so native pests that fed on grape, including

a complex of climbing cutworm, were aug-

mented by other polyphagous pests, such as

the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi,

introduced on shipments of potted plants

prior to the 1900s. Later, importation of

grapevines Ifom Europe and eastern North

America introduced a number of pests spe-

cific to grapes, such as grape phylloxera,

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, and grape er-

ineum mite, Colomerus vitis. The rate of

new introductions has increased recently

due to rising world trade, increased travel,

and rapid transportation of goods and peo-

ple by air. Reflecting this change, the past

two seasons have seen outbreaks of western

grape rootworm, Bromius obscurus, in the

Kelowna area and a widespread infestation

of grape leaf rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis,

such that approximately 30 pests of grape-

vines now occur in BC. Although it is diffi-

cult to predict how damaging an introduced

pest is likely to become, the greatest threat

is posed by insects in the orders Lepidop-

tera, such as the grape berry moths, Coleop-

tera and Homoptera. At least eight species

of non-native grape pests belonging to the

latter group, including hard and soft scale,

now occur in BC, and Homopteran pests

are the largest group on most quarantine

lists. Nine scale and mealybug species oc-

cur on grapes in Europe; a complex of six

leaflhopper species feed on grapes in eastern

NA. In addition to invasive pests, more

damaging biotypes or races can arise from

existing pests and native species can adapt

to feed on grapes. For example, the om-

nivorous leafi’oller, Platynota stultana, and

the orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana,

became pests of grapes in NA during the

1960s. In light of the serious economic

threat that new and invasive pests pose to

the BC grape and wine industries, a com-

prehensive management program that in-

cludes changes in legislation, local produc-

tion of clean nursery material, co-operation

with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency,

and a commitment to research is required to

prevent new introductions and minimize

potential damage.

Effect of residual Capture 2EC on wire-

worms

Selina McGinnis, Wim van Herk and Bob

Vernon. Agriculture and Agri-Food Can-

ada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre,

PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz,

BC

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

89

Wire worms are still affected by the py-

rethroid insecticide Capture 2EC

(bifenthrin) one year after its application to

soil in efficacy studies in the field. We pre-

sent results from laboratory studies demon-

strating how residual Capture 2EC affects

wireworm mobility and health, and discuss

some implications of this.

Fragments of the forest: Ground beetle

diversity in Coquitlam, BC

Robert McGregor. Institute of Urban Ecol-

ogy, Douglas College, PO Box 2503, New

Westminster, BC V3L 5B2

Urban development inevitably frag-

ments remnant natural habitat in cities.

Clearly, fragmentation can affect commu-

nity structure in resulting habitat fragments,

but such effects have rarely been quantified

in urban ecosystems. Previous work in Co-

quitlam, BC established that ground beetle

communities (Coleoptera: Cararabidae)

vary between disturbed areas and fragments

of intact forest. In July and August of 2008,

beetle communities were sampled in forest

fragments in Coquitlam parks ranging in

area from 4 to 180 hectares. Beetles were

sampled in eight parks along 100 meter

transects each with 5 pitfall traps arranged

from the edge to the interior of the park.

Measures of community structure and di-

versity were compared among sites differ-

ing in area and among trapping positions

along transect lines. Results are discussed

relative to the capacity of urban forests to

maintain biological diversity and the effects

of urbanization on biological communities.

The role of nitrogen fertilizer in a green-

house biological control system

Chandra E. Moffat and David R. Gillespie.

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific

Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000,

6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC

Bottom-up effects of nutrient availabil-

ity on host-parasitoid population dynamics

were investigated in a bell pepper-pest-

parasitoid system. Aphids and parasitoids

showed increased population growth rates

and fitness as nitrogen availability in-

creased, indicating the impacts of habitat

fertility on tri-trophic interactions and sug-

gesting implications for biological control.

Identification and biology of climbing

cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from

grapevines in the Okanagan Valley, B.C.

A.M. Mostafa and D.T. Lowery. Pacific

Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agri-

culture and Agri-Food Canada, Summer-

land, BC VOHIZO

Climbing cutworms are serious pest of

grapes in the Okanagan Valley, British Co-

lumbia. Twenty species of climbing cut-

worm were collected as larvae from vine-

yards in south central BC during the spring

of 2001 to 2008. Abagrotis orbis was the

dominant species, and with A. nefascia and

A. reedi accounted for over 85% of the

reared moths. Life cycle aspects of A. orbis

were assessed under three temperatures (11,

15 and 22 °C), two light regimes (16L;8D

and 12L:12D photoperiod), and on two

larval diets. Several observations suggested

that occurrence of some crucifer plants in

the vine rows decrease climbing cutworm

infestations. Hence, feeding preferences

and suitability of 13 host plants and post-

dormant grape buds was also investigated

for A. orbis in the lab.

Behavioral changes in parasitized aphids

at episodic high-temperatures

Abida Nasreen and David R Gillespie. Ag-

riculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific

Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000,

6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC

We investigated the effects of the sever-

ity and frequency of high-temperature

events, on the survival and site of mummy

formation of Aphelinus abdominalis Dalm.

(Hymenoptera; Aphelinidae) attacking

green peach aphids, Myzus persicae Sulz.

(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on pepper. Capsi-

cum annuum L. plants. Experimental condi-

tions were four factorial combinations of

magnitude and frequency of temperature

extremes produced in plant growth cham-

bers. All chambers were adjusted so that the

average temperature over 24 hrs was al-

ways 23°C. The temperature extremes were

32°C in the low extreme (Le) and 40°C in

90

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

the high extreme (He). Plants and insects

were exposed to these extreme events either

daily (high frequency, Hf) or on day 2 and

5 in a 7 day cycle (low frequency, Lf).

There was no effect of the different combi-

nations of extreme temperature and fre-

quency on the total number of mummies

formed. However, more mummies of A.

abdominalis were formed off the plant

when exposed to high temperature peaks on

a daily basis (HeHf and LeHf), than when

exposed to high temperature peaks twice in

a 7 day cycle (HeLf and LeLf). This re-

sponse was greater when the extreme tem-

perature peak was 40°C (HeHf) than when

it was 32°C (LeHf). Our results suggest that

increases in the frequency and severity of

extreme temperature events, may trigger

adaptive behaviours in parasitoids that will

facilitate their survival during such events.

Such shifts in behaviour could change the

frequency and severity of pest outbreaks.

Butterfly Surveys in Southeastern BC:

some observations, comments and future

work

Laura Parkinson, Sophie-Anne Blanchette

and Jennifer Heron. B. C. Ministry of Envi-

ronment

Although insects and other invertebrates

represent a majority of the biodiversity in

British Columbia, there have been rela-

tively few surveys conducted across the

province to inventory these groups and as-

sess the conservation status of individual

members. In response to a growing need to

expand the body of knowledge on the status

of rare invertebrates in B.C., a two person

crew conducted surveys between June 16*'’

and August 5*'’ 2009 in three areas in south-

east coastal BC for rare butterflies and op-

portunistically for other rare invertebrates.

Surveys were conducted on foot along

roads adjacent to suitable habitat for each

target species and within the habitat itself,

if possible. Butterflies were identified in

flight wherever possible or caught in nets

and subsequently released if identification

required closer inspection. From June 16

to June 24*'’ surveys were conducted in the

Sechelt area of Sunshine Coast, primarily

targeting Johnson’s hairstreak. Surveys

were conducted in the Harrison Lake area

between July 3*** and July 22"*' primarily

targeting Dun Skipper. Finally surveys

were conducted for Bremner’s Fritillary

between July 28 and August 5 on Salt

Spring, Mayne and Galiano Islands. A com-

bined survey effort of 197 hours was spent

surveying 264 km at 52 different sites. At

least 20 different species of butterflies were

observed (this is likely an underestimate as

some individuals could not be identified to

species), including three red listed species

and two introduced species. Red listed spe-

cies observed included a Johnson’s hair-

streak in Sechelt and at least 17 Bremner’s

fritillaries observed on Salt Spring Island,

as well as a common wood nymph opportu-

nistically observed on Salt Spring Island.

No dun skippers were observed during any

of the surveys and no red listed species

were observed in the Harrison Lake area.

Hymenopteran parasitoids from cran-

berry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana,

collected from a cranberry farm in BC

Daniel A. H. Peach and Sheila M. Fitz-

patrick. Agriculture and Agri-Food Can-

ada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre,

PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz,

BC, Sheila. Fitzpatrick@agr.gc. ca

We report the first instance of parasi-

toids emerging from cranberry tipworm,

Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae), collected from cranberry,

Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., in British

Columbia in 2009. The parasitoids are Eu-

lophidae and Platygastridae, with the eulo-

phid accounting for 78.3% of emerged

parasitoids. If conserved, these parasitoids

could contribute to biological control of

cranberry tipworm in BC.

Chemical cues mediating clonal prefer-

ence of Leptoglossus occidentalis in a

lodgepole pine seed orchard

Tamara A. Richardson'; Ward B. Strong^

and B. Staffan Lindgren'. ^Ecosystem Sci-

ence and Management Program, University

of Northern BC, Prince George, BC; ^BC

Ministry of Forests and Range, Kalamalka

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

91

Forestry Centre, Vernon, BC

Multiple surveys were conducted in a

lodgepole pine seed orchard in British Co-

lumbia in 2008, revealing that Leptoglossus

occidentalis (Heidemann) prefers certain

clones to others. We tested the hypothesis

that clone preference is based on chemical

cues from host trees, sampling monoter-

penes from cones of favoured and unfa-

voured clones. Analysis of variance and

post hoc means separation tests revealed

different quantities of semiochemicals in

the cones of favoured and unfavoured

clones. Contrary to previous studies, we

also found that L. occidentalis favoured the

same clones, and often the same trees, in

consecutive years.

What makes an ideal biological control

community?

Michael J. Wogin, Bernard D. Roitberg and

David R. Gillespie. Department of Biologi-

cal Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur-

naby, BC V5A 1S6

Due to the complex interactions that can

occur among parasitoids sharing a common

host, introducing a competitor into a system

can have unpredictable results. We con-

ducted field experiments examining the

outcomes of intra-guild competition. Re-

sults, ecological implications, and ideal

biological control communities are dis-

cussed.

Infrared radiation and its exploitation by

coniferophagus insects

Tracy Zahradnik', Audrey Labrie', Patti

Brown^ Ward Strong^, Robb Bennett'* and

Gerhard Gries*. ^Department of Biological

Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur-

naby, BC V5A1S6. ^CANFOR Seed Or-

chard, Sechelt, BC. ^BC Ministry of Forests

and Range, Kalamalka Forestry Centre,

Vernon, BC VIB 2C7. ^BC Ministry of

Forests and Range, Kalamalka Forestry

Centre, Vernon, BC VIB 2C7'

In seed orchards, we show foraging re-

sponse to infrared radiation (IR) by moths

{Dioryctria pseudotsugella), midges

(Contarnia oregonensis), and true bugs

{Leptoglossus occidentalis). The latter may

prefer IR in combination with visible light

over IR alone, and possibly use IR also to

locate mates, avoid predators, and seek

overwintering sites.

92

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

The JESBC is published once per year in December. Manuscripts dealing with all facets

of the study of arthropods will be considered for publication provided the content is of

regional origin, interest, or application. Authors need not be members of the Society.

Manuscripts are peer-reviewed, a process that takes about 6 weeks.

Submissions. The JESBC accepts only electronic submissions. Submit the manuscript in

MS Word or Wordperfect format, along with a cover letter, as an e-mail attachment to the

Editor. Manuscripts should be 12-point font, double-spaced with generous margins and

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tions should be placed together at the end of the manuscript. Each figure should be sub-

mitted as a separate electronic file. Figure lines should be sufficiently thick and lettering

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send raw (uncompressed) files such as TIFF or BMP.

Submission deadline for Vol. 107 is September 1, 2010. Submit contributions to:

Dr. Hugh Barclay, Editor hbarclay@shaw.ca

928 Old Esquimau Road Tel: (W) 250-363-3338; (H) 250-381-7293

Victoria, BC V9A 4X3 Fax: (250) 363-0775

Style and format. Consult the current volume for style and format. Style generally con-

forms to the Entomological Society of America Style Guide, available at http://

www.entsoc.org/pubs/publish/style/index.htm. Pay particular attention to the formats of

References Cited. If there is no precedent, consult Scientific Style and Format: The CBE

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Membership in the Society is open to anyone with an interest in entomology. Dues are

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Address inquiries to:

Dr. Lorraine Maclauchlan, Secretary lorraine.maclauchlan(^gov.bc.ca

B.C. Ministry of Forests

441 Columbia St Tel: (250) 828-4179

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Journal of the

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Volume 106 Issued December 2009 ISSN #0071-0737

Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2009-2010 2

G.G.E. Scudder. Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada, with additional new pro-

vincial records for three other species in Canada 3

M. Meinander, J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. New distributional records for

some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera) 1 1

G.G.E. Scudder and Robert A. Cannings. A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of Brit-

ish Columbia (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) with a summary

of their geographic distribution 1 7

Rex Kenner. Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis: a new synonymy and sexual

dimorphism in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) 25

Phulip D. Bragg and Robert G. Holmberg. The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of

British Columbia 29

Aaron M. Hagerty, Alberto Pantoja and Susan Y. Emmert. Lady beetles (Coleoptera:

Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) associated with Alaskan agricultural crops 39

J.A. McLean, A.L. Behennah and M. Fairbarns. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on Southern Vancouver Island, British Co-

lumbia 47

John A. McLean and Agnes Li. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Stanley Park,

Vancouver, British Columbia following the storms of December 2006 53

Leland M. Humble, Jeremy R. deWaard and Meghan Quinn. Delayed recognition of the

European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tor-

tricidae), in Canada 61

L. Safranyik. Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle around the

bole of windthrown trees 71

NOTES

R.A. Cannings and G.G.E. Scudder. Eleodes obscums (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae):

confirmation of a Canadian population and possible northward expansion from

Washington State into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley 81

James W. Miskelly. Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island 83

Jennifer E. Bergh and Sujaya Rao. New record of Ewytomocharis eragrostidis species

complex (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff (Eragrostis tef) in Oregon 85

ABSTRACTS

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Abstracts: Henry

Grube Education Centre, Kamloops BC. October 2, 2009 87

Inside Back Cover

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS