COVER: Bombus vosnesenskii (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The yellow-faced bumble bee, Bombus vosnesenskii, is found across large areas of western

North America. Like many other native pollinators in North America, it faces threats due to

habitat loss and pesticide usage. However, unlike many other native bumblebees, its range

seems to be currently expanding in some areas. On page 31 of this issue of the Journal of the

Entomological Society of British Columbia, David F. Fraser and his co-authors document this

species' range expansion in southern British Columbia.

The news is not all good. The expansion of the yellow-faced bumblebee may be occurring due

to declines in populations of the western bumble bee, Bombus occidentalis.

Photograph details:

Sean McCann photographed this yellow-faced bumble bee worker foraging

on Echinacea purpurea growing in a local community garden in Pandora Park, Vancouver,

British Columbia. The flowers planted there attract many insects that would not ordinarily be

abundant in the area. Technical details: Canon 60D; f/11; 100 mm; ISO 200; lit with two

diffused off-camera flashes.

The Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia is published

annually in December by the Society

Designed and typeset by Tanya Stemberger

Printed by FotoPrint Ltd., Victoria, B.C.

Printed on Recycled Paper.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2012

Journal of the

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Volume 109 Issued December 2012 ISSN #0071-0733

Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2012-2013... csecsssseeeeesneeees ps

J.J. Holland. ‘Cosmetic’ Pesticides: Safe to Use by Professionals and Homeownets................... 3

G.E. Haas, J.R. Kucera, S.O. MacDonald, and J.A. Cook. First flea (Siphonaptera) records for

KanutisNational Wildlite Refuge, Central Alask avis. tscn.se.csssdecorcassevesesbcasvnedacssscvavesansessssavatcnseenve 6

S. Acheampong, D.R. Gillespie, and D.J.M. Quiring. Survey of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids

(Hymenoptera) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum

solani (remiptera: Aphididac)iam Britishy Colum bias oe. 8 2c eae a lecsca ac encacnscsdecsecavieacsesees 12

J.W. Miskelly. Updated checklist of the Orthoptera of British Columbia.................:.::ceceeeeeeee 24

D.F. Fraser C.R. Copley, E. Elle, and R.A. Cannings. Changes in the Status and Distribution of

the Yellow-faced Bumble Bee (Bombus vosnesenskii) in British Columbia................0.000000eeeee 3]

David R. Horton, Christelle Guédot, and Peter J. Landolt. Identification of feeding stimulants

for Pacific coast wireworm by use of a filter paper assay (Coleoptera: Elateridae).................... 38

Brittany E. Chubb, Caroline M. Whitehouse, Gary J. R. Judd, Maya L. Evenden. Success of

Grapholita molesta (Busck) reared on the diet used for Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera:

MONUICIGAG SEIS ISCO OTC ICASC ci, cdess con sxnnssesevectnets.cntl sass Qvaneecsdeuciiea Weewavehabeteeeesstinsdawssesdadacon Jensoees 48

G. G. E. Scudder. Additional provincial and state records for Heteroptera (Hemitera) in Canada

PTIRO TEA BE UIEX0 B04 121 ICI RA eae Ae Ua oA Ae De reat Tema ee odanr nee y Sa ete ey ker ee ee iy Sr rie 55

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

A.G. Wheeler, JR. and E. Richard Hoebeke. Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa) (Hemiptera:

Lygaeoidae: Oxycarenidae): First Canadian Record of a Palearctic Seed Bug................:.::0088 ay

B. Staffan Lingren, Daniel R. Miller, J. P. LaFontaine. MCOL, frontalin and ethanol: A

potential operational trap lure for Douglas-fir beetle in British Columbia....................:::eeeeeeeeees 59

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING ABSTRACTS

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Symposium Abstracts:

Gira ee Mier eres ee nan ese eee cc ca tte TELE Se seta sunt cause ac weccusctencadebsetess tavinatetsovegsodssssecasseetnssirs¥ 74

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Presentation Abstracts...76

INOMMCESTOIEONMR ITB WT ORG ooo sin encsc te tcect eo eellcs iow sdval ebeteesiosees Inside Back Cover

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2012

DIRECTORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR 2011-2012

President:

Ward Strong

B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations

President-Elect:

Mike Smirle

Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Summerland

Past-President:

Rob McGregor

Douglas College

Treasurer:

Maxence Salomon (membership@entsocbc.ca)

Secretary:

Leo Rankin (scholarships@entsocbe.ca)

B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (retired)

Directors:

Bob Lalonde, Jenny Cory, Karen Needham, Tracy Hueppelsheuser, Susanna Acheampong

Graduate Student Representative:

Ikkei Shikano

Regional Director of National Society:

Bill Riel

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

Editor, Boreus:

Gabriella Zilahi-Balogh (boreus@entsocbc.ca) & Jennifer Heron (Assistant Editor)

Web Editor:

Alex Chubaty (webmaster@entsocbce.ca)

Honorary Auditor:

Rob McGregor

Douglas College

Society homepage: Journal homepage:

http://entsocbe.ca http://journal.entsocbe.ca

Editorial Committee of the Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia:

Editor-in-Chief: Editorial Board:

Dezene Huber (journal@entsocbc.ca) Lorraine Maclauchlan, Robert Cannings,

University of Northern British Columbia Steve Perlman, Lee Humble, Rob

McGregor, Robert Lalonde

Copyeditor: Monique Keiran

Technical Editor: Tanya Stemberger Editors Emeriti: Peter and Elspeth Belton

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

FORUM

‘Cosmetic’ Pesticides: Safe to Use by Professionals and

Homeowners

JOHN J. HOLLAND!

The Special Committee on Cosmetic

Pesticides was instituted by the British

Columbia government to investigate whether

or not pesticides can be used safely for the

protection of ornamental plants and turf. After

hosting numerous presentations in order to

gain a fundamental understanding of the issue,

the Committee recently concluded that there

existed no scientific grounds to prohibit the

products (Bennett, 2012). Representatives of

Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory

Agency (PMRA), the agency responsible for

ensuring the safety of pesticides, appeared

twice and also provided written responses to

two submitted lists of questions. Dr. Keith

Solomon, one of Canada’s most

internationally respected toxicologists and

acclaimed expert on pesticides, answered

committee questions by conference call.

Many presenters were opposed to the use

of pesticides. Unfortunately, none of them had

a background in toxicology or the necessary

expertise in pesticide science. The Canadian

Cancer Society, one of the organizations most

vocal in opposing pesticides, presented on

November 8, 2011, with Kathryn Seely (CCS

Public Issues Manager) stating that the

Society had “weighed the growing body of

evidence that's suggestive.” But therein lays

the problem: the CCS seems to regard as

trustworthy only selected and weak

epidemiological studies that fit preconceived

notions concerning the ‘dangers’ of pesticides.

The Society has managed to collect 200 or so

selected epidemiological studies with weak

correlations; but compare these to the

23,000,000 pages of proprietary scientific

studies alone which the PMRA uses to assess

pesticide safety (as explained by the PMRA’s

Jason Flint — Director, Policy and Regulatory

Affairs Division — in the January 17, 2012

presentation to the committee). Also not

understood by many Canadians is that the

CCS is a fund-raising advocacy association,

not a scientific organization.

A tenet of epidemiology is that correlations

cannot prove causation. As well, epidemiology

cannot prove biological plausibility.

Toxicological confirmation is required in

order to illustrate plausibility, and none exists

to substantiate the suggestion that ‘cosmetic’

pesticides cause cancer. Furthermore, no

‘cosmetic’ pesticide registered in Canada

today has been determined to be carcinogenic

by any regulatory agency in the world. The

CCS, which has done much good work in the

past, would seem to have lost its way on this

issue, perhaps preferring to follow opinion

rather than science.

In response to a written question submitted

by the Committee on April 30, 2012, the

PMRA stated that “(w)hen determining the

acceptability of a pesticide, PMRA scientists

critically examine the totality of the scientific

database for pesticide active ingredients and

end-use products, including the

epidemiological studies in the OCFP (Ontario

College of Family Physicians).” This could

certainly help explain the difference between

the conflicting stances of the PMRA and the

CCS: the PMRA considers all the evidence,

including toxicology, not just a few selected

epidemiological studies.

In 2007, a report by the World Cancer

Research Fund International and the American

Institute for Cancer Research outlined the

results of a five-year review by nine teams of

international cancer experts. One of the main

findings is as follows: “There was no

epidemiological evidence that current

exposures to pesticides cause cancer in

humans” (WCRFI and the AICR, 2007). The

same report maintains that it is necessary to

enroll 10,000 to 100,000 or more subjects in a

study, in order “to have sufficient statistical

power to identify factors that may increase

cancer by as little as 20 to 30 per cent.” The

‘Communications Director, Integrated Environmental Plant Management Association of Western Canada

studies promoted by the CCS and other anti-

pesticide organizations generally have

considerably less than 2,000 subjects enrolled.

Because epidemiological correlations are

based on statistics, many subjects are required

to provide some assurance that links are not

merely chance occurrences.

The ongoing American Health Study

(AHS) was initiated in 1994 and is the largest

continuous epidemiological study ever

undertaken on the possible effects of

pesticides. It has 89,000 Iowa and North

Carolina farmers, spouses, and commercial

applicators enrolled, in order to examine

possible causes of diseases — including cancer.

In a review of the findings of the AHS, the

PMRA’s Dr. Scott Weichenthal stated at a

2009 Heath Canada meeting in Winnipeg that

“current occupational exposure levels are not

expected to result in increased risks of adverse

health effects.” If occupational exposures to

pesticides were not creating adverse health

effects, why would homeowners and others

with extremely limited exposure to pesticides

develop them?

As another of its stated reasons for a

prohibition, the CCS says that the

International Agency for Research on Cancer

(IARC) finds that pesticides can be

carcinogenic. What is not mentioned,

however, is that none of the recognized

carcinogenic pesticides are registered for use

in Canada. And, according to a recent report

by the IARC, “(v)ery few currently available

pesticides are established experimental

carcinogens, and none is an established human

carcinogen. Studies in humans have failed to

provide convincing evidence of an increased

risk, even in heavily exposed groups” ( IARC,

2007). In the words of Dr. Connie Moase

(Director, PMRA Health Evaluation

Directorate) in her appearance before the

Committee on January 17, 2012:

For any known human

carcinogen, whatever the chemical

might be — I'm not speaking directly

to pesticides — the animal models

that have been used have shown to

be positive for anything that's known

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

to be carcinogenic to humans as

well. So they are well understood

predictors of potential human

toxicity, and those are the models

that are well worked out and used for

toxicity testing.

Some medical associations have joined

with the CCS: to “oppose pesticides:

Unfortunately, physicians generally have

neither the scientific nor toxicological

expertise that must be gained over years of

postgraduate studies and experience, and the

position of a medical association’s board of

directors does not necessarily represent that of

the majority of its members.

The ‘viable’ organic alternatives, suggested

by those opposed to conventional products,

are much more expensive, very labour-

intensive, and do not work very well — if at all.

As Health Canada states, “(i1)n most cases,

efficacy data requirements for non-

conventional products will be less than for

conventional pest control products and the

establishment of a lowest effective rate (such

as is required for conventional products) will

not be needed. The PMRA recognizes that

some non-conventional products may not be

as efficacious as conventional

products” (Health Canada, undated).

A ban of ‘cosmetic’ pesticides in B.C.

would result in a duplication of Ontario’s

experience: parks so full of weeds that they

cannot be used, lawns destroyed by grubs, and

ornamentals lost to insects and disease. The

next time you hear of a study about the

‘danger’ of pesticides, you should ask the

following two questions: (1) is the study

epidemiological and, if so, how many subjects

were enrolled?; and (2) does toxicology

confirm the biological plausibility of the

suggested correlation?

Removing useful products that can be used

safely — merely because weak epidemiological

studies are proffered as evidence (without

toxicological findings to substantiate

correlations) — is not part of a scientific

process. Fortunately, the Special Committee

on Cosmetic Pesticides made a decision based

on science, not opinion.

REFERENCES

Bennett, Bill. 2012 (May 17). Report of the Special Committee on Cosmetic Pesticides. Ministry of Environment,

Government of British Columbia, Canada. 118 pp.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Health Canada. Undated. Guidelines for the registration of non conventional pest control products. http://www.hc-

sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_pol-guide/dir2012-01/index-eng.php

(IARC) International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2007. Attributable causes of cancer in France in the year

2000. World Health Organization, Switzerland.

(WCRFI) World Cancer Research Fund International and the (AICR) American Institute for Cancer Research.

2007. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute

for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.

Disclaimer

The BC Cancer Agency was also asked to write a Forum article on the topic of

cosmetic pesticides. We hope to run their contribution to this discussion in an upcoming

ESBC publication.

JESBC Forum articles express the opinion of the author(s) and do not necessarily

reflect the views of the Entomological Society of British Columbia. Forum pieces are

presented to stimulate discussion on matters related to entomological research and

practice, and we invite potential authors to contact us with ideas for future Forum articles.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

First flea (Siphonaptera) records for Kanuti National Wildlife

Refuge, Central Alaska.

GLENN E. HAAS!, JAMES R. KUCERA?’, S. O. MacDONALD? and

JOSEPH A. COOK?

ABSTRACT

Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge (KNWR) was established in 1980 in Central Alaska.

Collections of mammal fleas began in 1991. Six species resulted: Catallagia dacenkoi loff,

Corrodopsylla_ curvata (Rothschild), Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, Megabothris

calcarifer (Wagner), Amalaraeus dissimilis (Jordan) and Peromyscopsylla_ ostsibirica

(Scalon). Ten species of fleas were previously recorded from the upper Koyukuk River

watershed. One female specimen each of C. curvata and Ct. pseudagyrtes from the KNWR

are the only new fleas added to the upper watershed list.

Key Words: fleas, Siphonaptera, mammal hosts, Alaska

INTRODUCTION

The upper Koyukuk River watershed in

Central Alaska (MacDonald and Cook 2009:

Figs. 10, 12, pp. 33, 34) was mostly an

unknown Arctic wilderness before 1929

(Figure 1). The earliest systematic

comprehensive mapping survey of the

topography of this large area from the Brooks

Range south to the Arctic Circle was

accomplished from 1929 to 1939 primarily by

R. Marshall (1956: maps pp. 6, 34, 35, 111,

143 + folding map). Flea collections begun in

1955 were facilitated by accurate detailed

maps showing rivers, lakes and _ villages.

Recent collections in Kanuti NWR since 1991

benefitted from instruments for determining

georeferenced locality coordinates.

The length of KNWR north of the Arctic

Circle is ca. 35 km and ca. 63 km south of it.

The south portion extends from 66°33’ to

slightly more than | km south of 66°00’.

Collections by Patsy Martin are nearest the

Arctic Circle at 66°19°9”, 1.e., 13°51” south of

66°33’. Marshall’s maps only extend ca. 10

km south of the Arctic Circle. Thus, they

could not be used to confirm KNWR

localities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collecting began in KNWR on 9

September 1991 when Patsy Martin recorded

AF1115 (UAM22104) ex Myodes (formerly

Clethrionomys) rutilis near small lakes south

of the Arctic Circle. at 66°19" O0"N,

151°47°0°W. On 10 and 11 September 1991 8

additional AF records had Sorex cinereus Kerr

(1), Synaptomys borealis (Richardson) (1),

and Microtus pennsylvanicus (2) as well as

My. rutilis (4). We have not seen the fleas in

these 9 collections nor in AF1644

(UAM46647) recorded by Aliy Zirkle on 27

August 1993, south of the Arctic Circle at

66°18’12”N, 151°46’30”W. Most flea

specimens that we obtained had complete field

collection data that facilitated identifications.

Field collection years were 1991 (fleas not

seen), 1992, 1993, 1996 and 2006. Patsy

Martin was the most active collector. Other

contributors were A. Zirkle, J. Bopp, and R.

Brubaker. More recently, specimens (2006)

were collected by L. Saperstein. Her new

collections are welcome compensation for

fleas missing in 1991 and 1993 (see below).

All localities were south of the Arctic Circle.

Six species of fleas from 7 species of

' Dr. Glenn Haas died during the publication of this work. Glenn was a long-time supporter of the Society and made

major contributions to the knowledge of western North American Siphonaptera. He will be missed.

> Associated Regional and University Pathologists, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA

> Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

mammalian hosts from KNWR were studied.

Note that we received a report that whatever

fleas were collected by Martin in 1991 and

Zirkle in 1993 were transferred from the

Nixon Wilson collection to the University of

Nebraska, Lincoln collection for curation in

20122

Acronyms identifying collectors of flea

specimens mainly in the species accounts are

as follows: AZ=Aliy Zirkle; JB=Jesse Bopp;

PM & PAM=Patsy Martin; RB=Rachel

Brubaker; LS=Lisa Saperstein.

After receiving one or more fleas in a vial

of 70% ethanol containing an AF label

matching the AF for the mammal host on data

provided by University of Alaska, Fairbanks,

all specimens were permanently slide-

mounted in Canada balsam. Technique for

slide-mounting is as specified in Haas ef al.,

2005.

KANUTI NWR SPECIES ACCOUNTS

CTENOPHTHALMIDAE

Catallagia dacenkoi loft, 1940

Material examined: USA: AK: 66°19.4’N,

151°46.9°W, 14 from Microtus oeconomus

[AF1585; UAM47004], 28.viii.1993, AZ.

66°18'43”N, 151°46732”W, 13, 192 from M.

oeconomus |AF18469; UAM38386], 9.viil.

1996, PM. 66°18’45”N, 151°45’59”"W, 1°

from Microtus pennsylvanicus |AF18466;

UAM41561], 8.viil.1996, PM. 66°19’9”N,

151°47°41”"W, 14, 12 from Myodes rutilis

[AF18454; UAM38338], 1.1x.1996, PM.

66°19°9”N, 151°47°41”°W, 12 from M. rutilis

[AF18450; UAM38334], 2.1x.1996, PM.

66°19’9”N, 151°47°41”W, 134 from My. rutilis

[AF18449; UAM38333], 3.1x.1996, PM.

66°19’9”N, 151°47°41”W, 19° from My. rutilis

[AF18459; UAM38343], 3.ix.1996, PM.

Remarks: This common Holarctic flea is a

parasite of the voles Myodes rutilis, Microtus

oeconomus and Microtus pennsylvanicus in

Alaska. Its vestigial eye indicates it has the

behaviour of a nest flea. It ranges across

Alaska eastward to the Yukon Territory, then

east-southeast as far as Manitoba (Holland

1985: Map 16). Its range in Alaska has several

large regions that lack records: Southeast

Panhandle, North Slope, extreme Southwest,

Kenai Peninsula, and land in and around

Prince William Sound. There appears to be a

maritime factor that precludes C. dacenkoi

from coastal habitat with a few exceptions:

Unalakleet, Stebbins, St. Michael along the

S a 33,5 ~ |

cTit —— fi or > iA |

AR ar Swainwright “2 oy EAN i

£ a Tp Ss Mackenzie \S) 5 § a

‘ S ay a f

SK mA =

u =

4 KANUTI q

’ r

: N.W.R. ie

— et ‘ = : a

at eal eter / =a Mack:

ait =< ede wenn. at, ; et saa

<I> LF # CIRCLE _is - i as =, %.

's % a 1 Sf 7 | = Ve _

= ot ; mee ¢ .&

J Yee aoe 3 % \,

§ nit 7 , ue - ~%

ea, siyet — :

5; 3s

tt 5

—— Nulstoe

PRIBILOF

iSLARDS

ew 1; te irhanks

\ Zi,

4 Bay “e

| } a

ra)

hor Bis

t_ Anchors:

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Figure 1. Map of Alaska showing central location of Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge in the upper

Koyukuk River watershed and straddling the Arctic Circle.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 1

Seven mammalian hosts of six taxa of fleas with present records for Kanuti National Wildlife

Refuge, central Alaska.

Mammal

Rodentia: Cricetidae

Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson),

brown lemming

Microtus oeconomus (Pallas), root vole

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), meadow

vole

Microtus xanthognathus (Leach), taiga

vole

Myodes rutilis (Pallas), northern red-

backed vole

Synaptomys borealis (Richardson),

northern bog lemming

Soricomorpha: Soricidae

Sorex cinereus Kerr, cinereus shrew

Fleas (Siphonaptera)

Ctenophthalmidae, Ceratophyllidae

Peromyscopsylla ostsibirica (Scalon, 1936)

Catallagia dacenkoi loff, 1940

P. ostsibirica

C. dacenkoi

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, 1895

Amalaraeus dissimilis (Jordan, 1929)

C. dacenkoi

P. ostsibirica

Megabothris calcarifer (Wagner, 1913)

A. dissimilis

M. calcarifer

Corrodopsylla c. curvata (Rothschild,

bOI)

In Table 1, the mammal column shows Microtus spp. and Myodes sp. are dominant. Their fleas are

almost entirely common species. The exceptional collection of the Crenophthalmus pseudagyrtes

specimen from Microtus xanthognathus in Kanuti NWR extended this flea’s continental range

northward roughly 100 km. A series of three brown lemmings totaled four female P. ostsibirica

specimens. A northern bog lemming only had one female M. calcarifer. Another mammal with

only one female flea specimen (C. c. curvata) is the cinereus shrew, a rarity in Kanuti NWR that

suggests testing different traps and live baits for shrews.

Bering Sea coast and at the head of Cook Inlet

in Southcentral Alaska (Holland 1985: Map

16; Haas et al. 1989: p. 399, Map 3;

MacDonald and Cook 2009: Figs. 14, 16).

Catallagia dacenkoi might have been

preceded to east Beringia by its uncommon

Holarctic congener C. ioffi Scalon, 1950, now

restricted to YT, northern BC and southern

Alberta. In a review of the 15 species of

Catallagia in North America, Lewis and Haas

(2001: pp. -57-59,_ Figs. 15, 29, 43,57)

determined that C. jellisoni Holland, 1954 is a

junior synonym of C. ioffi Scalon. Its closest

known approach to Alaska from the east is

Swede Dome, YT (Holland 1985: p. 101, Map

17).

Corrodopsylla_c. curvata (Rothschild,

1915)

Material examined: USA: AK:

66°18°43”"N, 151°46’32”W, 12 from Sorex

cinereus [AF17817; UAM38366], 8.viii.1996,

PM.

Remarks: Only this one shrew and its

single flea were collected. It took until the last

year (1996) of collecting in KNWR for this

success by P. Martin. Sorex cinereus 1s

recorded along the Koyukuk R. and over most

of Alaska but not the North Slope and the

Yukon-Kuskokwim R. delta (MacDonald and

Cook 2009: Map 35). Records of C. c. curvata

are sparse in Holland (1985: p. 189, Map 36)

with a large void west of the Yukon-Tanana

confluence. Later however, Haas ef al. (1989:

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Map 2) recorded 19 ¢¢ and 19 9 collected

by T.O. Osborne along the Yukon R. between

Galena and the Yukon-Koyukuk R.

confluence. Six new records of shrew fleas in

western Alaska had been published (1982),

and four were along the Bering Sea coast. The

symbols for these records appear on

distribution map 2 of Haas ef al. (1989: p.

398). Records (Bering Sea shore): Nelson

Island, Toksook Bay, 192 from Sorex

monticolus, 25.ix.1978 and Hooper Bay, 1

from S. monticolus, 28.vi1.1980 (Haas 1982).

Scammon Bay, 2¢'¢ 19 from S. monticolus,

13.vi.1980, GEH & Goodman: same data but

1¢ from M. oeconomus (Haas et al. 1982).

Records (inland): Yukon R., Holy Cross, 19

from S. monticolus, 28.viii.1979 and

Kuskokwim R., Tuluksak, 12 from S.

cinereus, 1.vii1.1980 (Haas ef al. 1982).

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker 1895

Material examined: USA: AK: Mouse

Lake, 66°18°47.22”N, 151°45’54.18°W, 1°

from Microtus xanthognathus |AF40419;

UAM87607], 25.viii.2006, LS.

Remarks: Haas ef al. (2010) noted the

incongruity of the known range of this flea

with the huge range of its main host, Microtus

spp. This collection establishes the most

northerly known record of this species in

Alaska and in the Koyukuk River watershed.

CERATOPHYLLIDAE

Megabothris calcarifer (Wagner, 1913)

Material examined: USA: AK: no

coordinates, 14, 12 from Myodes rutilis

[AF1585; UAM47004], 13.1x.1992, RB. 2nd

record same data but [AF1577, UAM36776].

66°19’°9”N, 151°47°41”W, 19° from My. rutilis

[AF18459; UAM38343], 3.i1x.1996, PM.

Mrionrsie. Leake, "G6° 138° 47.22” N,

151°45°54.18’W, 192 from Synaptomys

borealis [AF40305; UAM87674], 27.viii.

2006, LS.

Remarks: This flea stands out as the only

one of 12 that was collected in KNWR and the

three villages of Allakaket, Bettles and

Wiseman. This is no doubt a sign of small

samples: more data are needed from KNWR.

Collection data were recorded there in April,

August and September. May, June and July

would undoubtedly be productive.

Megabothris_ calcarifer is a common and

abundant Holarctic vole flea that prefers

Holarctic My. rutilis and Mi. oeconomus. It

ranges over much of Alaska, even as far as

Hudson Bay according to Holland (1985: Map

78). The Southeast Panhandle has no records.

Four diverse distribution maps are available:

Hopla (1965: Map 8); Haddow et al. (1983: p.

109, Map 82, as Megabothris asio gregsoni

Holland, 1950); Holland (1985: pp. 355-359,

Map 78); Haas et al. (1989: p. 399, Map 4).

Lewis (2009) discussed the uncertain

taxonomic status of the Megabothris asio-

calcarifer complex. Are there two species in

North America or only one? If two, do they

each have two of more subspecies? Holland

(1985: pp. 355-359) retained M. calcarifer for

his many New Alaska Records and stated M.

asio asio (Baker, 1904) “... has not been

reported for Alaska ... “ nor did he mention,

list or map (77) M. asio megacolpus (Jordan,

1929) in Alaska.

Amalaraeus dissimilis (Jordan, 1929)

Material examined: USA: AK: 66°19.36’N,

151°46.98’W, 12 from Microtus

xanthognathus [AF1583, UAM46995],

28.viii.1993, AZ. 66°19.4’N, 151°47.0’°W, 134

from Myodes rutilis [AF1584; UAM47239],

28.vili.1993, AZ. 66°19°9”°N, 151°47°41”W,

12 from each of 3 My. rutilis [AF18451

(UAM38335), AF18450 (UAM38334),

AF18454 (UAM38338)] and 14 399 from

My. rutilis [AF18460 (UAM38344)], 1.ix.

1996, PM. Mouse Lake, 66°19’20.94”N,

151°46°58.02”W, 72 from My. rutilis

[AF40221 (UAM87427)], 26.viii.2006, LS.

Remarks: The most prolific, wide-ranging

vole flea in Alaska except for the Southeast

Panhandle is Amphi-Beringian Amalaraeus

dissimilis. Its two preferred hosts are Myodes

rutilis and Microtus oeconomus. Collections

along the Koyukuk R. were successful at all

study areas except Bettles. Available

distribution maps are those of Hopla (1965:

Map 7); Haddow ef al. (1983: p. 14, Map 8);

Holland (1985: Map 86); Lewis (2008: Fig

2A). Hopla (1965: pp. 159, 161 Table XV)

noted the sustained population of this most

common microtine flea throughout the year.

Haas et al. (1989: pp. 400-401) also noted A.

dissimilis is the most common, wide-ranging

flea of My. rutilis and Mi. oeconomus. Haas

(1982) found that A. dissimilis was more

abundant in vole nests than any other species

of flea found in the nests. For example: of 14

species of vole fleas found in nests in Alaska,

A. dissimilis led in five of six measurements:

Total specimens (939), Total specimens reared

(417), Maximum number in a nest (388),

Number of nests infested (91) and Total

number of localities (40).

LEPTOPSYLLINAE

Peromyscopsylla_ ostsibirica (Scalon,

1936)

Material examined: USA: AK: 66°19’9”N,

151°477 417° W, 1-2 from? Lemmus

trimucronatus [AF17981; UAM47025], 2.1x.

1996, PM & JB. 66°19°9"N, 151°47°41”W,

12 from L. trimucronatus [AF18400;

UAM38294], 2.1x.1996, PM. 66°19’9”N,

151°47°41"°W, 22°92 from L. trimucronatus

[AF18406; UAM38300], 2.1x.1996, PM.

66°18’43”N, 151°46’32”W, 266 from

Microtus oeconomus [AF 17818; UAM38379],

8.vill.1996, PM. 66°19’9”°N, 151°47°41”W,

1¢ from Myodes rutilis [AF18449;

UAM38333], 3.1x.1996, PM. 66°18'43’N,

15-1°46232°W,X1¢6 from: Microtus

pennsylvanicus |AF17826; UAM41541],

7.vill. 1996, PM. Mouse Lake, 66°19’20.94’N,

151°46’58.02”W, 1¢ from My. rutilis

[AF40221; UAM87427], 26.viii.2006, LS.

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Remarks: This flea is an Amphi-Beringian

parasite of Holarctic Microtus oeconomus,

secondarily Myodes rutilis with several

records in the YT has most of its records in

central and south-central Alaska. None is in

the southeast Panhandle or the North Slope. It

is primarily found in the interior forests, as in

Siberia, with a few exceptions. It reaches

tidewater at the head of Cook Inlet and on

tundra at Nome and Unalakleet (Holland

1985: pp. 238-242, Map 51). Haas ef al.

(1989: p. 401, Map 7) noted its wide

distribution in taiga and over tundra with a

tidewater record at Toksook Bay, Nelson I.

(Haas et al. 1979). A survey of fleas in vole

nests confirmed collection of P. ostsibirica

from Mi. oeconomus on tundra at Toksook

Bay and added Goodnews Bay (Haas 1982).

Hopla observed over several years that adults

of P. ostsibirica first appeared on hosts around

the end of July. Haas ef al. (1978) agreed on

the timing of adult emergence behaviour.

DISCUSSION

Excluding missing fleas of 1991 and one

of 1993, field workers were only able to

collect five common species of Alaska

mammal fleas from host rodents and a shrew

in KNWR in 1992, 1993 and 1996 (Table 1).

Two additional species of mammal fleas

recorded by an earlier collector from

Allakaket and Bettles are so close to KNWR

that field workers can walk across the

boundary to add red squirrel fleas,

Ceratophyllus vison Baker and Orchopeas

caedens (Jordan). The nest flea of voles,

Amphipsylla_ marikovskii loff & Tiflov, is

another species within walking distance of

KNWR. The Arctic ground squirrel flea,

Oropsylla_ alaskensis (Baker), occurs north

and south of KNWR with no records between.

Similarly, the lemming and vole flea,

Megabothris groenlandicus Wahlgren, was

recorded from Microtus voles at the northern

location of Wiseman although there are more

southern records such as along the Yukon

River east of the confluence with the Koyukuk

River. Brown bears, Ursus arctos Linnaeus,

occur along the Koyukuk River and

necessitate different flea collecting techniques

by field workers who trap small mammals.

The nearest bear record was on the Middle

Fork near Wiseman. One female flea,

Chaetopsylla_ tuberculaticeps (Bezzi), was

collected by an unknown technique from a

Brown bear.

Holland (1985: pp. 481-487, 489-493)

listed mammals that have records of fleas in

Alaska. MacDonald and Cook (2009) have 13

mammal distribution maps with symbols

showing where the species occur in the upper

Koyukuk River watershed. Their fleas are

totally unknown. Some hosts might have just

one or two accidental fleas, but such records

are nonetheless of interest. These potential

host mammals are the following: singing vole,

snowshoe hare, pygmy shrew, dusky shrew,

tundra shrew, Canadian lynx, red fox,

American black bear, wolverine, American

marten, ermine, least weasel, American mink.

Collecting fleas from carnivores can require

years in the field instead of months compared

with small, abundant, easily trapped and

handled rodents.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012 11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank our collectors, especially Patsy manuscript. Dr. Derek Sikes (University of

Martin and Lisa Saperstein. We also thank Alaska, Fairbanks) kindly provided specimens

Editor Dezene Huber, especially reviewer Dr. collected in 2006. We also thank Jean A.

MacLauchlan and an anonymous reviewer for Wilson for her time and effort proofing the

many helpful comments that improved our manuscript.

REFERENCES

Haas, G.E. 1982. Fleas (Siphonaptera) from vole nests in subarctic Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:

2157-2161.

Haas, G.E., R.E. Barrett and N. Wilson. 1978. Siphonaptera from mammals in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology

56: 333-338.

Haas, G.E., J.R. Kucera, A.M. Runck, S.O. MacDonald and J.A. Cook. 2005. Mammal fleas (Siphonaptera) New

for Alaska and the Southeastern Mainland collected during Seven Years of a Field Survey of Small Mammals.

Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 102: 65-75.

Haas, G.E., N. Wilson, R.L. Zarnke, R.E. Barrett and T. Rumfelt. 1982. Siphonaptera from mammals in Alaska.

Supplement III. Western Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 729-732.

Haas, G.E., N. Wilson, T.O. Osborne, R.L. Zarnke, L. Johnson and J.O. Wolff. 1989. Mammal fleas (Siphonaptera)

of Alaska and Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 394-405.

Haas, G.E., N. Wilson, J.R. Kucera, T.O. Osborne, J.S. Whitman and W.N. Johnson. 2010. Range expansion and

hosts of Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) in central Alaska. Journal of

the Entomological Society of British Columbia 107: 87-88.

Haddow, J., R. Traub and M. Rothschild. 1983. Distribution of Ceratophyllid fleas and notes on their hosts. Jn The

Rothschild Collection of fleas. The Ceratophyllidae: key to the genera and host relationships with notes on their

evolution, zoogeography and medical importance. By R. Traub, M. Rothschild and J.F. Haddow. Published

privately by M. Rothschild and R. Traub (distributed by Academic Press, London). Pp. 42-163 + 151 maps.

Holland, G.P. 1985. The fleas of Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Siphonaptera). Memoirs of the Entomological

Society of Canada 130: 1-631.

Hopla, C.E. 1965. Alaska hematophagous insects, their feeding habits and potential as vectors of pathogenic

organisms. I. The Siphonaptera of Alaska. Vol. 1. Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, Fort Wainright, Alaska. i-xiii

+ 1-267.

Lewis, R.E. 2008. The North American fleas of the genus Amalaraeus loff, 1936 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae).

Annals of the Carnegie Museum 77: 313-317.

Lewis, R.E. 2009. The North American fleas of the genus Megabothris Jordan, 1933 (Siphonaptera:

Ceratophyllidae). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 77: 431-450.

Lewis, R.E. and G.E. Haas. 2001. A review of the North American Catallagia Rothschild, 1915, with the

description of a new species (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae: Phalacropsyllini). Journal of Vector Ecology

26: 51-69.

MacDonald, S.O. and J.A. Cook. 2009. Recent Mammals of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. 387 pp.

Marshall, R. 1956. Arctic Wilderness. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 171 pp. + folding

map.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Survey of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the

green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and the foxglove aphid,

Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in British Columbia

S. ACHEAMPONG)|, D. R. GILLESPIE’, and D. J. M. QUIRING?

ABSTRACT

We surveyed the parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae,

and the foxglove aphid, Au/acorthum solani in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia,

Canada. Field surveys were conducted using isolated pepper plants, with aphids, as trap

plants. Primary parasitoids recorded from field surveys were Aphidius ervi, A. matricariae,

Praon gallicum, P. unicum, P. humulaphidis, Ephedrus californicus, Diaeretiella rapae,

Monoctonus paulensis, Aphelinus abdominalis and A. asychis. Diaretiella rapae only emerged

from green peach aphids, and Ephedrus californicus only emerged from foxglove aphids.

Aphidius matricariae was the most abundant primary parasitoid species reared from both

aphid species. Hyperparasitoid species collected belonged to the genera Dendrocerus,

Asaphes, Alloxysta, Pachyneuron and Syrphophagous. In greenhouses, Dendrocerus

carpenteri was the dominant hyperparasitoid species. Aphidius and Aphelinus spp. were

attacked by hyperparasitoids at similar rates. In the field, Aphidius spp. were attacked by five

species of hyperparasitoid, and Aphelinus spp. were attacked by one, Alloxysta ramulifera. In

general, the rate of attack by hyperparasitoids was much lower in field surveys than in our

collections from greenhouses.

Key Words: Aphidius, Aphelinus, Praon, Dendrocerus, Alloxysta, Asaphes, greenhouse,

biological control

INTRODUCTION

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

(Sulzer) and the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum

solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

are serious pests of greenhouse pepper crops

(Bliimel 2004, Rabasse and van Steenis 1999).

In greenhouses in British Columbia (BC),

Canada, these aphids may be managed in part

by introduction of four different parasitoid

species: Aphidius colemani Viereck, A. ervi

Haliday, A. matricariae Haliday,

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Aphelinus

abdominalis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera:

Aphelinidae). In BC and elsewhere, biological

control of these pests periodically fails. A

number of potential, and not mutually

exclusive mechanisms may be responsible:

e.g., differential susceptibility to parasitoids

among aphid clones (Gillespie et al. 2009);

mismatches between parasitoid virulence and

aphid susceptibility (Henry et a/. 2005); and

mortality of primary parasitoids from

hyperparasitoids (Brodeur and McNeil 1994).

We postulated that additional parasitoid

species would be present in the environment

outside of greenhouses, and that some of these

might be useful additions to the biological

control arsenal for these pest aphids. Survey

approaches have identified locally-present

natural enemies for the BC greenhouse

industry in the past (Gillespie et al. 1997;

McGregor ef al. 1999). Moreover

considerable, potentially useful variation in

key life history attributes have been shown to

be present in populations of aphid parasitoids

outside of greenhouses (Henry ef a/. 2010).

Thus, it is reasonable to predict that additional

parasitoid species would be present in the field

and that at least some of these could be

exploited as commercially-produced natural

enemies. Moreover, field-derived variation in

life-history attributes might be exploited to

address the possible biotype mismatches cited

above as causes of failures in aphid biological

control.

| British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Kelowna, BC, Canada

2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Agassiz, BC, Canada

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Growers and biological control advisors

have long felt that hyperparasitoid attack on

primary parasitoids of aphids is involved in

the periodic collapse of biological control

programs in greenhouses. Schooler ef al.

(2011) have recently shown, in greenhouse

cage experiments, that a hyperparasitoid,

Asaphes suspensus (Nees) (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae: Asaphinae) is able to eliminate

populations of an aphid parasitoid, A. ervi,

attacking pea aphids Acrythosiphum pisum

(Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). However,

little is known of the abundance or diversity of

hyperparasitoids attacking the key primary

parasitoids of aphid pests of greenhouse crops,

either inside or outside of greenhouses. In

order to study hyperparasitism-mediated

collapse of biological control, it is essential to

know the identity of the species involved.

Moreover, surveys might reveal species of

primary parasitoids that are less susceptible to

hyperparasitoid attack than the currently-

available species.

We report here, the results of a survey of

primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids

attacking M. persicae and A. solani on pepper,

Capsicum anuum (L.) (Solanaceae). Our

objectives were to inventory the diversity and

relative abundance of parasitoids and

hyperparasitoids of both M. persicae and A.

solani in the lower Fraser Valley, British

Columbia. We used pepper plants as trap

plants in field exposures, to ensure relevance

to the greenhouse system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Primary parasitoid survey

Surveys for primary parasitoids of M.

persicae and A. solani were conducted at four

locations in the lower Fraser Valley of British

Columbia: Agassiz (N 49° 14.971’ W 121°

45.498’), Abbottsford (N 49° 00.481’? W

122° 20.024’), Langley (N 49° 06.583’ W

122° 38.455’), and Ladner (N 49° 06.111’ W

123° 10.251’) from April to August 2005 and

to a lesser extent in 2006.

As a survey tool, we used pepper plants,

Capsicum anuum L., “Bell Boy” (Stokes

Seeds, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada),

which hosted large populations of one of the

two target aphid species. These were placed

into survey sites for 3 days. Pepper plants

were seeded in a soilless mixture (70% peat,

30% Perlite), transplanted to 1 L pots in

soilless mixture after 2 weeks, and grown in a

greenhouse under 16 h daylength. After 8 to

10 weeks, these were transplanted to a soilless

medium (peat and perlite) in 4 L pots and used

in surveys. We inoculated these plants with

aphids from laboratory colonies. Excised

pepper leaves containing approximately 200

mixed stages of either M. persicae or A. solani

aphids were placed on pepper plants. The two

target aphid species were each placed on

different plants. Aphid populations increased

in isolation cages on greenhouse benches for 7

to 14 days, prior to field exposure. At time of

field exposure, each plant contained

approximately 2000 aphids, and these were

predominantly immature stages. Some alate

adults were present, but we did not determine

the relative frequency of these.

Each pepper plant, with aphids was placed

on a pedestal in a tray of water, and

surrounded by a cylindrical cage, 43 cm dia x

56 cm tall, constructed of 1 cm square wire

mesh. This cage prevented larger, generalist

predators from accessing the aphids, and the

tray of water mostly prevented slugs

(Mollusca) from consuming the plant. Pepper

plants at each location were placed in three

separate sites within 500 m of each other

within each location. Thus, there were six total

plants (three with M. persicae and three with

A. solani) at each of four locations on each

survey date. After 3 days of exposure, the

plants were collected, and held in Im?cages

covered with very fine mesh, on greenhouse

benches. The plants were inspected daily and

any mummies that formed were removed from

the plant with a fine brush or on small leaf

pieces that were cut from the plant with a

scalpel... The mummies. were placed

individually in #00 gelatine capsules (T. U. B.

Enterprises, Almonte, Ontario, Canada) for

emergence of the adult parasitoid or

hyperparasitoid. These were then either

pointed on insect pins, or preserved in 70%

ethanol, for taxonomic identification. A subset

of material on insect pins was shipped to

taxonomic specialists (primarily Dr. K. Pike,

and Dr. M. Mackauer) for comparison with

specimens in their collections. We used

voucher material from these specialists, and

from the Canadian National Collection of

Arthropods, Ottawa, combined with generic

descriptions and taxonomic keys in van

Achterberg (1997), and species descriptions

and taxonomic keys in Ferriére (1965),

Mackauer (1968), Graham (1976), Pike ef al.

(1977), Powell (1982), Johnson (1987),

Mescheloff and Rosen (1990), Hayat (1998),

Takada (2002) and Kavallieratos et al. (2005).

We investigated the effects of host species

and location on diversity of parasitoids using a

simple Berger-Parker dominance index

(Southwood 1978). For each sample we

calculated the abundance of the dominant

species across all samples (A. matricariae)

relative to the total number of individuals in

the sample. An ANOVA model was used that

included both of the above factors and their

interaction, and because the dominance index

is essentially a proportion, we transformed

these data [arcsine(x°°)] for analysis, although

we report the raw proportions. At each

location, plants were located in three places

separated by at least 500 m. Although these

could be considered’ a form ‘of

pseudoreplication, we judged that the

separation was sufficient to render these as

independent samples, and we used this

replication in the model. We also used date of

placement as replication. Again, although this

is not strictly correct, survey plants were not

placed continuously at each location and we

therefore considered each survey date as an

independent sample of parasitoid diversity at

the location.

Due to scheduling and handling time

issues, plants were placed into sites at

different times. Therefore, we could not use

time of placement as an analysis variable. We

grouped the results by month of exposure to

hosts and host species, which allowed a visual

analysis of the trends in parasitoid community

composition for each host aphid.

Hyperparasitoid survey

We conducted both greenhouse and field

surveys for hyperparasitoids. Surveys for

hyperparasitoids of M. persicae and A. solani

On peppers in greenhouses in British

Columbia were done in four greenhouse

operations, from June — October, 2006. These

greenhouses had not been sprayed within 4

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

weeks of the survey date and had aphids and

primary parasitoid mummies present.

Mummies were collected from pepper plants

and placed individually in #00 gelatine

capsules as above. These were held until adult

primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids

emerged. Adult hyperparasitoids were

preserved in 70% ethanol and later identified

to species. We stopped surveys when

greenhouse operators treated with insecticides,

mainly because live material was subsequently

impossible to find.

Field surveys for hyperparasitoids of M.

persicae and A. solani were conducted at four

locations in the lower Fraser valley of British

Columbia: Agassiz (N 49 14.971’ W 121

45.498’), Abbottsford (N 49 00.481’ W 122

20.024’), Langley (N 49 06.583’ W_ 122

38.455’), and Ladner (N 49 06.111’? W 123

10.251’), monthly from May to August 2005

and at least four plants with each aphid host

were placed at each location on each date.

Aphids were exposed at survey sites for three

days, using the same methods as for the

primary parasitoid survey. These plants were

returned to the greenhouse at the research

centre and held in cages until mummies began

to form. When mummies began to form, the

plants were then returned to the field locations

for 3 days. At this time the survey plants

contained both fully formed mummies and

parasitoid larvae inside hosts. This provided

opportunities for both endophagous (female

wasp deposits eggs inside the primary

parasitoid larva while it is still developing

inside the live aphid, before aphid is

mummified) and ectophagous (female wasp

deposits her egg on the surface of the primary

parasitoid larva or pupa after the aphid is

killed and mummified) hyperparasitoid

species to find hosts. When the plants were

returned to the greenhouse the mummies, and

any that formed afterward, were removed

from plants as above and held for emergence

of primary or hyperparasitoid species. We

used taxonomic keys and species descriptions

in Graham (1969), Andrews (1976), Fergusson

(1980), Powell (1982), Pike et al. (1997), and

Gibson and Vikberg (1998) to identify the

specimens to the species level.

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Primary parasitoids

Nine primary parasitoid species were

identified from each of the aphid species

(Table 1). In addition, a small number of

unidentifiable Aphidius and Aphelinus

specimens were reared. The diversity and

relative abundance of primary parasitoid

species was almost identical between the two

pest species (Table 1). Diaretiella rapae

(M’Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was

only reared from M. persicae, and Ephedrus

californicus Baker (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae) was only reared from A. solani.

In general, fewer primary parasitoids were

collected from pepper plants baited with A.

solani, than from those baited with M.

persicae. This is likely because A. solani

drops from plants in response to parasitoid

attack (Gillespie and Acheampong 2012),

resulting in fewer parasitoid offspring on the

plants. In comparison, we have observed that

M. persicae rarely drops from plants in

response to parasitoid attack.

Mackauer and Stary (1967) recorded 34

described species attacking M. persicae and

1S attacking A. solani. Records for Aphelinus

spp. in Dunn (1949), Schlinger and Hall

(1960), Shands ef al. (1965), Mackauer (1968)

and Kavallieratos et al. (2010) add an

additional four species for M. persicae and

one for A. solani. Based on published surveys,

the number of parasitoids actually reared from

M. persicae in any given region ranges from

five to ten, and for A. solani, from one to five.

The dominant complex on both hosts

generally consists of one or two Aphidius spp,

a Praon species and an Aphelinus species. Our

Survey recorded no new parasitoid

associations for M. persicae. The primary

parasitoid community that we found attacking

M. persicae is very similar to that found

elsewhere. The primary parasitoid community

attacking A. solani is considerably more

diverse than found elsewhere. This may be

due to our survey methods, which entailed

placing hosts into the field on isolated plants,

as opposed to the plant inspection and general

collection methods used by others. It appears

that Praon gallicum Stary, P. humulaphidis

Ashmead, Monoctonus paulensis (Ashmead)

and Ephedrus californicus Baker

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have not been

reared previously from A. solani, and thus

these constitute new host records.

The generalist parasitoid, Aphidius

matricariae Haliday (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae), was the most abundant species

on both aphid species (Table 1). It has been

Table 1

Percent of species in the parasitoid complex of Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani, reared

from pepper plants with the indicated aphid species exposed in the field at four different locations

in 2005 and 2006.

Aphid host

Primary parasitoid Myzus persicae Aulacorthum solani

Aphidius ervi 6.7 39

Aphidius matricariae 48 54.7

Aphidius spp. 0.7 1.7

Praon gallicum 3.5 10.1

Praon unicum Id. 4.1

Praon humulaphidis 0.2 l

Diaretiella rapae Ep. 0

Aphelinus asychis 3.6 0.2

Aphelinus abdominalis 16.7 21.1

Aphelinus spp. IZ 0.5

Monoctonus paulensis 0.5 0.3

Ephedrus californicus 0 0.3

Hyperparasitoids ee 0.3

Total number reared 2585 583

recorded as the dominant parasitoid of M.

persicae by many authors (e.g., Dunn 1949,

Schlinger and Hall 1960, Mackauer 1968,

Shands et al. 1972, Devi et al. 1999). It is

known to be effective for the control of the

green peach aphid on sweet pepper (Rabasse

and Shalaby 1980). This species was

apparently accidentally introduced into North

America (Schlinger and Mackauer 1963,

Mackauer 1968). However, it was reported to

be reared at the Belleville biological control

laboratory [under a synonym, and as a native,

Aphidius phorodontis Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Bracondiae)], and widely

shipped to Canadian greenhouse growers for

biological control of M. persicae in 1938,

1939 and 1940 (McLeod 1962). It is presently

commercially reared for release as a biological

control agent, particularly for control of green

peach aphids. Aphidius matricariae has not

previously been reported to be abundant on A.

solani although it has been reared from this

host (Mackauer and Stary 1967, Dunn 1949,

Kavallieratos et al. 2010). Laboratory

experiments indicate that under choice

conditions, 4. matricariae selects M. persicae

as hosts in” preference’ to A. ‘solani

(Acheampong & Gillespie unpublished data).

The abundance of A. matricariae on A. solani

may simply be due to an abundance of 4.

matricariae adults in the habitat, either

because of the concentrations of hosts and

honeydew signals on our trap plants

(Bouchard and Cloutier 1985) or the

abundance of alternative hosts in the habitats

in which we placed our survey plants. Because

we did not survey abundance of parasitoid

adults in those habitats, there is no evidence to

Support either of these competing

explanations.

Aphidius ervi Haliday, which is currently

released in greenhouses for biological control

of A. solani and Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by some

growers in BC, was less common than 4.

matricariae. This species was introduced into

western North America from Europe in the

1960s for biological control of pea aphids,

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera:

Aphididae) (Mackauer and Stary 1967).

Although there are field collection records of

A. ervi from both M. persicae and A. solani

(e.g. Kavalliaratos et a/. 2010) this parasitoid

is not widely reared in the field from either

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

host. Takada and Tada (2000) did not rear this

species from field collections of either host in

Japan, and Mackauer and Stary (1967)

considered records on A. solani and M.

persicae to be suspect. Henry ef al. (2005,

2006) found that A. ervi is not particularly

adapted to using A. so/ani as hosts until it has

been reared for several generations on that

host.

It is important to note that we did not rear

any specimens of Aphidius colemani Viereck

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This species is

intensively released for biological control of

aphids in greenhouse crops in the region. It

has been recovered from cereal fields in

Germany, where it is also released for

biological control of aphids in greenhouses

(Adisu ef al. 2002). It is conceivable that some

specimens of this species were present among

the A. matricariae specimens. The species are

very similar in general appearance (M.

Mackauer, pers. comm.), and some could have

been overlooked. Pike et al. (1996) report a

single specimen of A. colemani reared from an

unidentified aphid in Washington State. A

molecular analysis of field collections of A.

maticariae is likely needed to resolve this

question in British Columbia.

Aphelinus asychis Walker and Aphelinus

abdominalis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera:

Aphelinidae) were present on both ™.

persicae and A. solani. Aphelinus abdominalis

was more abundant than A. asychis on both

hosts. Aphelinus abdominalis is of European

origin, and has been used extensively for

biological control of aphids in greenhouses in

North America since 1998 (Gillespie ef al.

2002), but it is not clear if this application was

the first release in North America. It is

extensively released for biological control of

aphids in greenhouses in British Columbia.

Aphelinus asychis was released into North

America in Texas, for biological control of

Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera:

Aphididae) in the late 1960s (Jackson 1971)

and has since been widely re-distributed.

Neither species is recorded in any of the

earlier general field surveys in North America

(MacGillivray and Spicer 1953; Shands ef ai.

1955, 1965; Schlinger and Hall 1960).

Mackauer (1968) reports A. asychis to be a

parasitoid of M. persicae in Europe and 4.

semiflavus Howard to fill the same role in

North America. Aphelinus semiflavus is

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

widely recorded as a parasitoid of M. persicae

and A. solani but this species was not reared in

our survey. In Japan, A. solani was not a

suitable host for A. abdominalis, but was

highly suitable for A. asychis (Takada 2002).

Our survey results suggest an opposite trend,

but the abundance of A. abdominalis could be

an artifact resulting from a combination of

releases in protected agriculture combined

with an abundance of highly suitable

alternative hosts in the field.

Of the remaining parasitoid species, the

Praon spp. were common as a group. Praon

unicum Smith was common on M. persicae,

and. P. -gallicum -on.A.. solani. .Praoen

humulaphidis Ashmead was not reared during

extensive surveys in 2005, but was reared

from both hosts during selected exposures of

aphids on pepper plants in 2006, and so is

included as a host record in the survey results.

Johnson (1987) reports that P gallicum was

introduced into North America for biological

control of S. graminum, and that a Praon sp.

reported by Shands ef a/. (1965) on both A.

solani and M. persicae was actually P.

gallicum. Thus this species is either native to

North America, or was introduced at some

time previous to 1965, and it is important to

note that the species was not described, from

European specimens, until 1971 (Stary 1971).

Jansen (2005) reared P. gallicum from both A.

solani and M. persicae in a survey in Belgium,

and Schlinger and Hall (1960) reared P

unicum from M. persicae in Riverside, CA.

Raworth ef al. (2008) reported P. unicum to be

important in the regulation of aphid

populations on blueberry (Vaccinium

corymbosum). Other surveys have found

different Praon spp. on the two aphid hosts,

particularly Praon volucre Haliday in Europe,

and Praon occidentale Baker in North

American surveys. In general, species in this

genus are consistently present in surveys, but

are not particularly abundant. Species of both

Aphidius and Aphelinus are exploited as

commercially reared biological control agents,

but at this time, no Praon spp. are reared for

release against M. persicae or A. solani in

North America.

The diversity of parasitoids, based on the

Berger-Parker dominance index (Number of

A. marticariae/total parasitoids from the

location) was different between locations

(0.67 + 0.093, 0.20 + 0.103, 0.58 + 0.133 and

0.41 + 0.115 for Abbotsford, Agassiz, Ladner

and Langley, respectively; Anova, F3, 55 =

3.26, P = 0.0279). The Agassiz samples were

the most diverse (least dominated by 4A.

matricariae), compared to the Abbotsford

(most dominated by A. matricariae), and the

samples from Langley and Ladner were

intermediate, and not different from each other

or the extremes. The Berger-Parker dominance

index was also affected by aphid species (F1,

55 = 10.40, P = 0.0021), with the samples

from M. persicae being considerably more

dominated by A. matricariae than those from

A. solani (0.62 +0.075 and 0.28 + 0.082, for

M. persicae and A. solani, respectively). The

differences between the two aphid species are

not surprising since A. matricariae 1s a

dominant parastiod on M. persicae in almost

all literature reports, whereas this parasitoid 1s

not often recorded from A. solani. The

differences between locations may reflect a

number of factors relating to both plant

community and agronomic practice in the

different locations. For example, plants at the

Agassiz location, were located in proximity to

native forest habitat with considerable plant

diversity, and were not bordered on all sides

by agricultural habitat. In contrast, the

Abbotsford plants were in close proximity to

commercial raspberry production, with

comparatively low plant diversity. The

differences in plant diversity may imply

similar differences in aphid and _ parasitoid

diversity in surrounding habitats, but these

ideas are preliminary, and would need to be

tested rigorously with better-designed surveys.

The proportion of each parasitoid species

on the two aphid hosts appeared to vary

through the survey period. Aphidius

matricariae was almost absent on M. persicae

in April, although it was the dominant

parasitoid thereafter. Conversely, A.

matricariae was relatively common on 4.

solani in April and May, and generally

decreased in abundance thereafter. Praon

unicum was only present on both species in

the May samples, which is consistent with the

observations of Raworth ef al. (2008), who

found that this parasitoid is an early-season

species on Vaccinium. Aphelinus abdominalis

was abundant on M. persicae in April, yet did

not continue to be common, whereas on A.

solani this parasitoid was common throughout

the survey. There are a number of other trends

Myzus persicae

210

1.0 | SOO

@ 08-4 Od

2 .

c 06 5 se

5 se

o 04 - RO

aes

0.2 -

0.0 a

June July August

Month

A. matricariae

Y 72 A. eri

KAN) P. gallicum

KA) P. unicum

[| 1] D. rapae

VZZA A. asychis

Bassey A. abdominalis

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Aulacorthum solani

10%)

0.8 +

0.6 +

Proportion of total

April May June July August

Month

[__] A. matricariae

V7) A. ervi

A.J P. gallicum

(AP. unicum

CL 1) P. humulaphidis

VZZZ A. asychis

ERS A. abdominalis

Figure 1. Proportion of parasitoids reared from M. persicae and A. solani during five months of

sampling at four locations in British Columbia. The numbers over each bar represent the total

number of primary parasitoids on which the proportions are based.

in species composition that could be

constructed from Figure 1. However, these

data are derived primarily from one year of

survey so it is not clear if the trends apply to

all years or are unique to the survey period.

Again additional survey is required to

determine if these are valid trends.

Hyperparasitoids

The primary parasitoid survey yielded a

relatively low frequency of hyperparasitoids

(Table 1). This was likely due to the relatively

short exposure time, which removed hosts

from the field before mummies had formed.

In hyperparasitoid surveys, we placed plants

back into the field after mummies of the

primary parasitoids had begun to form, and we

found considerably greater diversity and

abundance of hyperparasitoids.

From primary parasitoid mummies that we

placed into our field survey locations we

reared six species of hyperparasitoids, and two

other species we could only identify to genus

(Table 2). Collectively, the Alloxysta spp.

(Hymenoptera: Charipidae: Alloxystinae)

were the majority of the hyperparasitoids.

Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis)

(Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) was next in

abundance, and was the single most abundant

species. Three Asaphes species (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae) comprised the remainder.

Although the majority of the hyperparasitoid

species were reared from Aphidius species,

Aphelinus species were attacked by Alloxysta

ramulifera Thompson, and Praon mummies

were attacked by an Alloxysta sp., and by

Asaphes suspensus (Nees). The aggregate rate

of hyperparasitism did not exceed 10% in any

collections (Table 2). It is important to note

that this intensity of attack resulted from

exposure of mummies and maturing larvae of

the primary parasitoids for only three days,

and that these plants had also been previously

exposed in the field to collect a community of

the primary parasitoids. Longer exposures

would likely have resulted in higher rates of

hyperparasitism. We do not record the primary

parasitoid host to species because we could

not be absolutely sure of the identity of the

mummies. However, based on the primary

parasitoid survey, the majority of hosts were

A. matricariae, and Aphelinus abdominalis.

All of the associations between primary

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 2

Numbers of hyperparasitoid species emerging from primary parasitoid mummies exposed in the

field at four different locations in British Columbia, 2005

# of plants : iad. : one

Location Month ae with primary |” ee # of ener : # of ae Py Pepae Enel Host

plants parasitoids yperparasitoids parasitoids hyperparasitoids species mummy

Abbotsford April/May 12 9 0 198 0

June 16 13 | 637 4 Alloxysta sp. Aphidius

July 12 1 340 10 eee oleae

carpenter!

August 23 15 5 429 19 Po aaa

carpenterl

3 Alloxysta sp. Aphidius

6 Pap eed Aphidius

suspensus

9 Asaphes sp. Aphidius

September 8 3 0 70 0

Agassiz April/May 12 4 0 39 0

June 16 12 2 W137 l Alloxysta sp. Praon

2 Alloxysta sp. Aphidius

July 12 7 359 2 ANOS pepe rus

victrix

August 20 10 0 742 0

September 12 6 I 99 4 ae Praon

suspensus

Ladner April/May 12 fi 0 344 0

June 16 ll 3 740 26 me

californicus

July 12 1 5 495 3 eae

victrix

47 res ae Aphidius

rassicae

August —_20 10 0 530 0

: Dendrocerus _

Langley April/May 12 5 it 288 17 earpenteri Aphidius

June 16 12 140 pee. aie

carpenter!

July —-12 ll 4 437 16 : HOG Aphids

rassicae

| Alloxysta sp. Aphelinus

10 me Aas

victrix

Alloxysta ;

August 20 13 2 1070 30 Aphelinus

ramulifera

Alloxysta

73 ramulifera Aphelinus

parasitoid genera and hyperparasitoids have

been previously recorded.

We identified six hyperparasitoid species

attacking primary parasitoid mummies

collected from greenhouses, and reared a

further three species that we could identify

only to genus (Table 3). In all the greenhouses

surveyed, D. carpenteri was the most

abundant hyperparasitoid species (Table 3).

The hyperparasitoid complexes were quite

different between the two most common

primary parasitoid mummy types. The

majority of hyperparasitoids that emerged

from Aphidius mummies in all greenhouses

were D. carpenteri. This species was also

present on Aphelinus mummies, but was not

the dominant hyperparasitoid on that host in

any greenhouse. Three Asaphes species

collectively dominated the community of

hyperparasitoids attacking Aphelinus

mummies. Only one Praon mummy was

collected from the greenhouse survey and an

A. suspensus hyperparasitoid emerged from it.

The community of hyperparasitoids appears to

be quite different between field and

greenhouse collections. In the field, the

Alloxysta species dominated and Asaphes spp.

were not common. In contrast, the Asaphes

species were common in greenhouses while

the Alloxysta spp. were not. Asaphes spp. have

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 3

Numbers of hyperparasitoids emerging from primary parasitoid mummies collected from pepper

plants in greenhouses in British Columbia, 2006

a) g,

g a ”n [in i 3 Q = Vv ine e

2 Z do ene = 8 3 2 i Scenes z z

S 53 = RPE RE te. 5 = 5 S vy = = S

= a& EA UG 8. eS a s Ss S = 2 s

5 > oh aS S&S 3 = = > £S § : R >

0 = os og S) > 6 a S = ‘ mse < =

O = terry) St ae eae = x S a x x S

= y

a 7)

A Aphidius 324 28 25 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A Aphelinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B Aphidius 114 75 40 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0

B Aphelinus 12 6 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0

LE: Aphidius 1340 129 84 9 19 0 10 l 4 0 2

C Aphelinus 64 3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

C Praon l l 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0

D Aphidius 254° 217 1e2 20 32 I ‘ 1 0 2 0

D Aphelinus 85 43 20 9 9 5 0 0 0 0 0

Total! 502 322 4] 64 12 5] 2 4 4 ?)

Percent? 64.1 8.2 1237 2.4 10.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4

1. Total primary parasitoid mummies collected from greenhouses

2. Percent of each species in the total hyperparasitoid community

a higher temperature threshold than their

parasitoid hosts (Campbell et a/. 1974) and

might therefore be more successful in

greenhouse than in field settings.

Dendrocerus carpenteri was common in both

habitats. Although differences in the

greenhouse and field environments might

account for the differences in hyperparasitoid

communities, it is equally possible that

community assembly has a strong random

component, and that the community that we

found in our surveys is determined to a large

extent in both habitats by which species are

the first invaders.

The greenhouses each had quite different

histories, and thus we did not pool data for

these surveys (Table 3). Greenhouse A, where

the hyperparasitism rate was low, was treated

with insecticides for a pest other than aphids,

and sampling was discontinued. In greenhouse

B, the hyperparasitism rate — 1.e., the percent

of primary parasitoid mummies that yielded a

hyperparasitoid — was high (60.32%) in July,

and the greenhouse was treated for aphids

with an insecticide. Hyperparasitism peaked in

greenhouse C in August (61.54%) and in

greenhouse D at the end of August and early

September, at 77.78 and 77.38% respectively.

Greenhouse D was sprayed for aphids in

September and the survey was terminated.

Greenhouse C, a propagation house at the

Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Centre,

Agassiz, was not sprayed during the survey

period. For greenhouse C, there was an

increase in hyperparasitism from June to July

and a peak level of hyperparasitism, with a

subsequent decrease in hyperparasitism rate in

September and October. Across all

greenhouses, the level of hyperparasitism of

primary parasitoid species was similar for

Aphidius and Aphelinus species, at 32.28 and

34.78%, respectively. This demonstrates that

the two genera are equally vulnerable to attack

by hyperparasitoids in greenhouses. A/loxysta

ramulifera was the dominant hyperparasitoid

species reared from Aphelinus species in the

field. This species was not collected from the

ereenhousée. survey. The recoveryean

hyperparasitoid species from Aphelinus 1s

particularly significant, as this species is

thought to not be attacked by hyperparasitoids

in greenhouse systems. There may be

undiscovered impacts of hyperparasitoids on

Aphelinus in greenhouses in BC which could

worsen if A. ramulifera migrates from the

field into greenhouses.

Hyperparasitism could be a limiting factor

in the biological control of aphids in

greenhouses, since these are essentially large

cages with limited opportunities for refuge for

the primary parasitoid hosts. Mackauer and

Volkl (1993) argued that hyperparasitoids

would be unable to limit the actions of

primary parasitoids of aphids because of low

lifetime fecundity and limited egg supply in

the hyperparasitoids, as long as the parasitoids

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

are able to escape by dispersal. Schooler ef ai.

(2011) demonstrated that Asaphes suspensus

could drive Aphidius ervi to extinction after

four generations in large multiple-plant cages,

and their result is highly relevant to

greenhouse agriculture. In our greenhouse

surveys, a high rate of hyperparasitism was

associated with the collapse of biological

control of aphids, but it was not clear that

there was a causal relationship.

The objectives of our survey were to

identify parasitoid species in the community

in BC that could potentially be exploited as

biological control agents for M. persicae and

A. solani in greenhouse crops. We identified

three Praon species that could be further

evaluated. Aphelinius asychis and Aphidius

matricariae occurred on A. solani and might

be host-adapted strains that could be

integrated into biological control programs.

We surveyed the biodiversity of

hyperparasitoids and demonstrated that there

are several species that might be of concern,

but their impacts on population dynamics

require further study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our sincere thanks to

Drs. Manfred Mackauer and Keith Pike for

identification of parasitoid species, and Dr.

Frank van Veen for identification of

Aphelinus ramulifera and two anonymous

reviewers whose comments substantially

improved the manuscript. We thank Christine

McLoughlin, Jackson Chu, Samantha Magnus,

Rachel Drennan, Caroline Duckham, Jamie

McKeen and Jessica Hensel for technical

support; and Mark Gross and Jim Nicholson

facilities for hyperparasitoid surveys and other

studies. We thank Environment Canada

Pacific Wildlife Centre and Kwantlen

University College for access to land used for

field surveys of parasitoid species. This

project was funded in part by the BC

Greenhouse Growers’ Association, Agriculture

and Agri-Food Canada and the Investment

Agriculture Foundation of BC through

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s

Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-

for greenhouse support. We thank the various Food (ACAAF) program.

growers who allowed us access to their

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J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Updated checklist of the Orthoptera of British Columbia.

JAMES W. MISKELLY!

ABSTRACT

Since the last publication of a checklist of the Orthoptera of British Columbia, much has been

learned about the group. New information has come from a variety of web-based resources as

well as new collections. An updated checklist is presented, listing 104 resident species in the

province. Two of these species are represented by two subspecies in BC. Eight species have

been added since the last list was published, including newly discovered native species and

newly established non-native species. Records of six species have been found to be based on

misidentified specimens and these species have been deleted from the checklist. An additional

15 species are considered hypothetical and may one day be confirmed to occur in BC.

Key Words: Orthoptera, British Columbia, Checklist

INTRODUCTION

The basis for understanding the Orthoptera

of British Columbia (and Canada) is the

Agriculture Canada handbook published in

1985 (Vickery and Kevan 1985). While the

handbook was in preparation, a number of

taxonomic changes were proposed by Otte

(1981, 1984). These changes necessitated

updates to the information presented in the

handbook (Vickery 1987) and the publication

of a new checklist (Vickery and Scudder

1987). Since that time, there have been a

number of changes in both the taxonomy of

the order and the state of knowledge of the

provincial insect fauna. The advent of the

Orthoptera Species File Online (Eades et. al

2012) has provided easy access to

authoritative and up to date taxonomic

information. Other web-based developments,

such as the Singing Insects of North America

(Walker and Moore 2012), Bugguide (Iowa

State University 2003 — 2012), and efauna

(Klinkenberg 2012), have provided

information to a wider audience and raised the

public profile of Orthoptera and other insects.

At the same time, submissions to these

websites from the naturalist community have

provided unusual records and added to our

knowledge of the Orthoptera of BC. Recent

field collections have also contributed greatly

to our understanding of the group. Presented

here is an updated checklist of the Orthoptera

of BC, with an explanation of changes to the

1987 list.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Beginning in 2005, the staff and volunteers

of the Royal British Columbia Museum

(RBCM) have increasingly targeted

Orthoptera during field collections. A number

of collecting events have specifically focused

on Orthoptera in regions of the province

known to have high diversity, records of

under-collected species, or a lack of historic

records. At the same time, the British

Columbia Ministry of Environment has

collected Orthoptera during insect sampling

throughout the southern portion of the

province. Both the RBCM and the Ministry of

Environment have been successful in

soliciting donations of specimens collected by

private companies and community

organizations engaged in a variety of

biodiversity studies. Examination of

specimens from all sources has yielded several

new species for the province and has provided

new distributional data for more than half of

the species now known from BC.

The author has critically examined the

Orthoptera collections of the RBCM, the

‘Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville St. Victoria BC, V8W9W2,

—

- — Vv

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Lyman Entomological Museum (Montreal),

the Canadian National Collection (Ottawa)

and the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto).

These examinations revealed a number of

identification errors and previously

unrecognized species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An updated checklist to the Orthoptera of

BC is presented in Table 1.

Taxonomic changes

The following species are listed here

differently than in previous checklists. These

taxonomic changes are according to Eades ef

al. (2012) unless another source is identified.

Arphia pseudonietana pseudonietana

(Thomas 1870) is listed here as Arphia

pseudonietana (Thomas 1870); no subspecies

are recognized.

Chorthippus curtipennis curtipennis

(Harris: kS3> jciselasted here as

Pseudochorthippus curtipennis curtipennis

(Harris 1835).

Circotettix rabula rabula Rehn and Hebard

1906 is listed here as Circotettix rabula Rehn

and *Hebard. 1906: no. subspecies. are

recognized.

Circotettix undulatus undulatus (Thomas

1872) is listed here as Circotettix undulatus

(Thomas 1872); no subspecies are recognized.

Melanoplus femurrubrum femurrubrum

(De Geer 1773) is listed here as Melanoplus

femurrubrum (De Geer 1773); no subspecies

are recognized.

Melanoplus kennicottii kennicottii Scudder

1878 is listed here as Melanoplus kennicotti

Scudder 1878; no subspecies are recognized;

the spelling is corrected.

Melanoplus occidentalis occidentalis

(Thomas 1872) is listed here as Melanoplus

occidentalis (Thomas 1872); no subspecies are

recognized.

Orphulella pelidna desereta Scudder 1899

is listed here as Orphulella pelidna

(Burmeister 1838); no subspecies are

recognized.

Psoloessa delicatula buckelli Rehn 1937 is

listed here as Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder

1876); no subspecies are recognized.

Sphagniana sphagnorum (F. Walker 1869)

is listed here as Metrioptera sphagnorum (EF.

Walker 1869). The species was included in the

genus Metrioptera in the most recent revision

of North American Tettigoniinae (Rentz and

Birchim 1968).

Trimerotropis suffusa Scudder 1876 is

listed here as 7) verruculata suffusa Scudder

1876.

Trimerotropis verruculata (Kirby 1837) is

listed here as 7: verruculata verruculata

(Kirby 1837).

Xanthippus buckelli Hebard 1928 has been

synonymised with Xanthippus corallipes

(Haldeman 1852).

Additions to the checklist of the

Orthoptera of BC

Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille 1804): A

non-native species established in the Fraser

Delta (Miskelly, in prep.) (RBCM and UBC

specimens).

Meconema thalassinum (De Geer 1773): A

non-native species well-established in the

Fraser Valley (Cannings ef a/. 2007) and

Victoria area (RBCM specimens).

Melanoplus digitifer Hebard 1936:

Collected by RBCM in the Selkirk Mountains

in 2008. Subsequently, a group of specimens

from the same area that had been misidentified

aS Melanoplus oregonensis triangularis

Hebard 1928 was found in the Lyman

collection. Since 2008, M. digitifer has been

collected at several locations in BC in the

southern Selkirk Mountains (RBCM

specimens).

Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder 1876):

Collected in BC (and Canada) for the first

time by the BC Ministry of Environment in

Osoyoos in 2010 (RBCM specimens).

Orchelimum gladiator Bruner 1891:

Though not previously recorded in BC, two

specimens were found in existing collections.

One specimen in the RBCM collection was

collected in Creston in 1991 and identified

correctly. The second, found in the UBC

collection, was collected in Myncaster in 1998

and misidentified as Conocephalus fasciatus

(De Geer 1773). Since 2008, O. gladiator has

been collected at many locations from

Christina Lake to Fernie (RBCM specimens).

Steiroxys: This genus is in need of revision

and no British Columbian specimens have

been identified to species. However, there

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 1

Checklist of the Orthoptera of British Columbia. I = Introduced species. A = Addition since

previous checklist.

Family

Stenopelmatidae

Rhaphidophoridae

Prophalangopsidae

Tettigoniidae

Gryllidae

Myrmecophilidae

Acrididae

Subfamily

Stenopelmatinae

Ceuthophilinae

Tropodischiinae

Cyphoderrinae

Conocephalinae

Meconematinae

Phaneropterinae

Tettigoniinae

Gryllinae

Oecanthinae

Nemobiinae

Myrmecophilinae

Gomphocerinae

Species

Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman 1852

Stenopelmatus longispinus Brunner von Wattenwyl

1888

Ceuthophilus agassizii (Scudder 1861)

Ceuthophilus alpinus Scudder 1894

Ceuthophilus vicinus Hubbell 1936

Pristoceuthophilus celatus (Scudder 1894)

Pristoceuthophilus cercalis Caudell 1916

Pristoceuthophilus pacificus (Thomas 1872)

Tropodischia xanthostoma (Scudder 1861)

Cyphoderris buckelli Hebard 1934

Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhler 1864

Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille 1804)!4

Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer 1773)

Orchelimum gladiator Bruner 18914

Meconema thalassinum (De Geer 1773)'4

Scudderia furcata furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl

1878

Scudderia pistillata Brunner von Wattenwyl1 1878

Anabrus longipes Caudell 1907

Anabrus simplex Haldeman 1852

Apote robusta Caudell 1907

Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker 1869)

Neduba steindachneri (Herman 1874)

Peranabrus scabricollis (Thomas 1872)

Steiroxys cf. strepens Fulton 19304

Steiroxys cf. trilineata (Thomas 1870)“

Steiroxys undescribed species “

Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus 1758)!

Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister 1838

Gryllus veletis (Alexander and Bigelow 1960)

Oecanthus argentinus Saussure 1874

Oecanthus californicus californicus Saussure 1874

Oecanthus fultoni T. J. Walker 1962

Oecanthus quadripunctatus Beutenmuller 1894

Oecanthus rileyi Baker 1905

Allonemobius allardi (Alexander and Thomas 1959)

Allonemobius fasciatus (De Geer 1773)

Myrmecophilus oregonensis Bruner 1884

Aeropedellus clavatus (Thomas 1873)

Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder 1876)

Amphitornus coloradus coloradus (Thomas 1873)

Aulocara elliotti (Thomas 1870)

Brunneria brunnea (Thomas 1871)

Chloealtis abdominalis (Thomas 1873)

Chloealtis conspersa (Harris 1841)

Orphulella pelidna (Burmeister 1838)

Pseudochorthippus curtipennis curtipennis (Harris

1835)

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012 vg |

Family

Subfamily

Melanoplinae

Oedipodinae

Species

Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder 1862)

Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder 1876)

Asemoplus montanus (Bruner 1885)

Bradynotes obesa caurus Scudder 1897

Buckellacris chilcotinae chilcotinae (Hebard 1922)

Buckellacris hispida (Bruner 1885)

Buckellacris nuda nuda (E. M. Walker 1898)

Hesperotettix viridis pratensis Scudder 1897

Melanoplus alpinus Scudder 1897

Melanoplus bivittatus (Say 1825)

Melanoplus borealis borealis (Fieber 1853)

Melanoplus bruneri Scudder 1897

Melanoplus cinereus cinereus Scudder 1878

Melanoplus confusus Scudder 1897

Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder 1875)

Melanoplus digitifer Hebard 19364

Melanoplus fasciatus (F. Walker 1870)

Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer 1773)

Melanoplus foedus foedus Scudder 1878

Melanoplus huroni Blatchley 1898

Melanoplus infantilis Scudder 1878

Melanoplus kennicotti Scudder 1878

Melanoplus montanus (Thomas 1873)

Melanoplus occidentalis (Thomas 1872)

Melanoplus oregonensis oregonensis (Thomas 1875)

Melanoplus packardii packardii Scudder 1878

Melanoplus rugglesi Gurney 1949

Melanoplus sanguinipes sanguinipes (Fabricius

1798)

Melanoplus washingtonius (Bruner 1885)

Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder 1876) 4

Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas 1872)

Arphia conspersa Scudder 1875

Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas 1870)

Camnula pellucida (Scudder 1862)

Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer 1773)

Circotettix carlinianus (Thomas 1870)

Circotettix rabula Rehn and Hebard 1906

Circotettix undulatus (Thomas 1872)

Conozoa sulcifrons (Scudder 1876)

Cratypedes lateritius (Saussure 1884)

Cratypedes neglectus (Thomas 1870)

Dissosteira carolina (Linnaeus 1758)

Dissosteira spurcata Saussure 1884

Metator nevadensis (Bruner 1905)

Pardalophora apiculata (Harris 1835)

Spharagemon campestris (McNeill 1901)

Spharagemon equale (Say 1825)

Stethophyma gracile (Scudder 1862)

Stethophyma lineatum (Scudder 1862)

Trachyrhachys kiowa (Thomas 1872)

Trimerotropis fontana Thomas 1876

Family Subfamily

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Species

Trimerotropis gracilis (Thomas 1872)

Trimerotropis pallidipennis (Burmeister 1838)

Trimerotropis verruculata suffusa Scudder 1876

Trimerotropis verruculata verruculata (Kirby 1837)

Xanthippus corallipes (Haldeman 1852)

Tetrigidae Tetriginae

Tetrix brunnerii (Bolivar 1887)

Tetrix ornata occidua Rehn and Grant 1956

Tetrix ornata ornata (Say 1824)

Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus 1758)

appear to be three taxonomic and ecological

entities in BC, two of which resemble named

species. Therefore, the following three names

are included in the checklist to represent these

three entities:

Steiroxys cf. strepens Fulton 1930: This

name refers to populations found in oak

woodlands on southern Vancouver Island

(RBCM and UBC specimens). These

populations resemble those described from

western Oregon in both appearance and

habitat. They do not resemble any other

named species.

Steiroxys cf. trilineata (Thomas 1870):

This name refers to populations found in

montane to alpine meadows in the Rocky

Mountains (RBCM_ specimens). These

populations resemble those described from the

southern Rocky Mountains in both appearance

and habitat. They do not resemble any other

named species.

Steiroxys undescribed species: This name

refers to populations found in grasslands of

the southern interior (RBCM, UBC, Lyman

specimens). They do not resemble any named

species.

Deletions from the checklist of the

Orthoptera of BC

Anabrus cerciata Caudell 1907: Earlier

reports of this species in BC were based on a

single misidentified specimen of 4. /ongipes

Caudell 1907 in the Lyman Entomological

Museum.

Anabrus spokan Rehn and Hebard 1920:

This species had been included in previous

checklists presumptively; no specimens have

ever been collected in BC (but “see

Hypothetical/Expected species below)

Melanoplus oregonensis triangularis —

Earlier reports of this species in BC were

based on misidentified specimens of

Melanoplus digitifer in the Lyman

Entomological Museum (see Additions section

above).

Oecanthus_ nigricornis F. Walker 1869:

Earlier reports of this species in BC were

based on misidentified specimens of O.

quadripunctatus Beutenmuller 1894 in the

Lyman Entomological Museum.

Spharagemon collare (Scudder 1872):

Earlier reports of this species in BC were

based on misidentified specimens of

Spharagemon equale (Say 1825) in the Lyman

Entomological Museum.

Trimerotropis koebelei (Bruner 1889): Otte

(1984) mapped this species as occurring in

BC, but described the species as restricted to

Oregon and California. No specimens from

Canada are known, and the point on the map

is assumed to be an error.

Trimerotropis sparsa (Thomas 1875):

Earlier reports of this species in BC were

based on a single misidentified specimen of 7:

gracilis (Thomas 1872) in the Lyman

Entomological Museum.

Hypothetical/ Expected species

The following species are excluded from

the BC checklist for lack of unequivocal

evidence of either their presence in the

province or the taxonomic validity of the

species. Some of these species are likely to be

confirmed as occurring in BC in the future.

Anabrus spokan Rehn and Hebard 1920:

Recorded in northern Idaho and adjacent

Washington and may occur in the Creston or

Trail areas. However, the original description

of this species did not clearly separate it from

A. longipes, and it may be a synonym.

Brunneria yukonensis (Vickey 1969): This

species has been recorded in the southwestern

Yukon Territory and may occur in adjacent

BC:

Conozoa texana Bruner 1889: Reported by

Otte (1984) to occur in BC. The only known

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Canadian specimens could not be

unequivocally identified and may represent C.

sulcifrons (Scudder 1876) (Vickery 1987).

Encoptolophus coastalis (Scudder 1862):

The species has been recorded in the Peace

region of Alberta and may occur in adjacent

Be:

Melanoplus dodgei (Thomas 1871): This

species has been recorded in northern

Montana and may occur in the southern part

of the British Columbian Rocky Mountains.

Melanoplus frigidus (Boheman 1846): This

species has been recorded in coastal Alaska

and may occur in extreme northwestern BC.

Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder 1897: This

species has been recorded in grasslands of

western Alberta and may occur in BC in the

southern Rocky Mountains or the Peace

Region.

Melanoplus packardii brooksi Vickery

1979: This taxon has been recorded in

northern Alberta and may occur in adjacent

BC.

Myrmecophilus manni Schimmer 1911: An

unidentified Myrmecophilus species was

collected once near Penticton (specimen at

Beatty Biodiversity Museum) and

photographed once in Oliver (Iowa State

University 2003-2012). These specimens

resemble M. oregonensis Bruner 1884

morphologically. However, M. oregonensis is

not known to occur east of the Cascade

Mountains (Hebard 1920). The range and

habitat for these records are most consistent

with published information on M. manni

(Hebard 1920).

Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas

1871): This species has been recorded in

western Alberta and may occur in adjacent

BC:

Pristoceuthophilus gaigei Hubbell 1925:

This species was removed from BC checklists

following a suggestion by Hubbell (1985) that

it is a synonym of P. cercalis Caudell 1916. P.

gaigei 1s retained here as a_ hypothetical

species because it has never been formally

entered into synonymy with P. cercalis.

Tessalana tessellata tessellata (Charpentier

1825): This European species was introduced

to California (Rentz 1963) and has rapidly

spread as far north as the mid latitudes of

Washington on both sides of the Cascades

(pers. obs.). It is expected to eventually spread

into BC in the lower mainland and/or

Okanagan Valley.

Trimerotropis cincta (Thomas 1870):

Reported by Otte (1984) to occur in BC, but

shown as disjunct from the remainder of the

species’ range. The only known Canadian

specimens could not be unequivocally

identified, and may represent 7! fontana

(Thomas 1876) (Vickery 1987).

Xanthippus aquilonius Otte 1984: This

species was described based on specimens

from the Okanagan and Kettle Valleys in BC.

However, previous authors have commented

on the apparent overlap with X. coralipes

(Vickery 1987, Vickery and Scudder 1987).

X. aquilonius 1s omitted from the checklist

with the assumption that it will eventually be

synonymised with X. corallipes.

Xanthippus brooksi Vickery 1967: This

species has been recorded in the southwestern

Yukon Territory and may occur in

northwestern BC.

Adventive species

A number of foreign species of Orthoptera

have been recorded in BC as rare adventives

that have not become established and are not a

part of the BC fauna. These species are not

included in the checklist. Records of adventive

species can be found in Vickery and Kevan

(1985) and Vickery and Scudder (1987).

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entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/Buzz/ (accessed 25 August 2012)

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Changes in the Status and Distribution of the Yellow-faced

Bumble Bee (Bombus vosnesenskii) in British Columbia

D.F. FRASER', C.R. COPLEY’, E. ELLE’ and R.A. CANNINGS4

ABSTRACT

Bombus vosnesenskii, the distinctively-patterned Yellow-faced Bumble Bee, has undergone a

significant and rapid range extension in British Columbia. Known initially from a single

record of a few specimens at Osoyoos in 1951, it was put forward in 1996 as a species that

warranted a threatened or endangered status because of its severely restricted range in the

province. However, since 2000, the species has expanded north in the Okanagan Valley, west

to the Similkameen Valley and, especially, has become firmly established in south coastal

regions of the province, including Vancouver Island. Population increases in B. vosnesenskii to

the south of BC have also been reported. The reasons for the rapid expansion of B.

vosnesenskii in BC are unclear. Particularly in lowland southwestern BC, the range expansion

might have been enhanced through escapes from colonies kept as pollinators of agricultural

crops. The spread of B. vosnesenskii has coincided with the decline of B. occidentalis, so the

former may have been introduced or naturally expanded its range at the same time as a niche

was becoming vacant. Recent changes in agricultural practices, such as the increase of

cranberry crops, may also be a factor, as might climate warming. Clarification of the reasons

for the rapid population increases and range expansion of B. vosnesenskii is needed but, in the

meantime, it should no longer be considered a candidate for species-at-risk listing.

Key Words: Hymenoptera; Apidae; Bombus; Bombus vosnesenskii; range expansion; British

Columbia

INTRODUCTION

Trends in pollinator populations are most

frequently reported as declines, and the range

of causes include habitat loss, disease,

pesticides, climate change and competition

with invasive species (Goulson ef al. 2008,

Potts et al. 2010, Cameron et al. 2011). At a

time when several species of North American

bumble bees are becoming increasingly

endangered (e.g., Bombus occidentalis

Greene), others are exhibiting the opposite

trend (Cameron ef al. 2011, Colla and Ratti

2010).

Bombus_ vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, the

distinctively-patterned Yellow-faced Bumble

Bee, has undergone a significant and rapid

range expansion in British Columbia (BC).

This species can be readily recognized by its

bold coloration: setae on the face, front of the

thorax and a band on the fourth abdominal

tergum are bright yellow; the remainder of the

bee is covered by black setae (including all

sternal segments) and the wings are dark

brown (Fig. 1). In the Pacific Northwest, there

are two similar-looking species, Bombus

caliginosus (Frison) and Bombus_ vandykei

(Frison). Bombus caliginosus has been

reported only as far north as the Olympic

Peninsula and Okanogan Valley in Washington

State (Krombein ef a/. 1979) and we are aware

of only a single photographic record of a male

B. vandykei from BC (E-Fauna 2012). Bombus

vosnesenskii 1s so readily recognizable, it is

unlikely that any significant populations were

previously overlooked in BC, and, instead, the

dramatic increase in observations and

collections documented in this paper represent

'BC Ministry of Environment, 2975 Jutland Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M9. dave.fraser@gov.be.ca. (250)

387-9756.

Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC, V8W 9W2. ccopley@royalbcmuseum.be.ca.

(250) 952-0696.

3Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC. V5A 1S6. eelle@sfu.ca. (778) 782-4592.

4Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC, V8W 9W2.

rcannings@royalbcmuseum.be.ca. (250) 356-8242.

a real change in the species’ range and

abundance in the province.

Bombus vosnesenskii ranges from southern

BC south through Washington, Oregon,

western Nevada and California to northern

Baja California in Mexico (Thorp ef a/. 1983).

Stephen (1957) noted that the bee was

abundant in the coastal valleys and mountains

of California and Oregon, but uncommon

along the coast of southwestern Washington,

Oregon and northern California. There it was

mostly replaced by B. caliginosus. Around

San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound, however,

B. vosnesenskii was the more common of the

two. Also, at that time, the bee was scarce

north of the Columbia River and east of the

Cascade Range and there were no records

from eastern Washington or Idaho (Stephen

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

1957). For many years in BC, B. vosnesenskii

was known from a single record of a few

specimens collected at Osoyoos in 1925

(Buckell 1951) and, in 1994 and 1996 Scudder

suggested that the severely restricted BC

range warranted a threatened or endangered

status for the species. At that time, he was

unaware of the first known coastal BC

specimen, a surprisingly early 1970 record

from Burnaby in the Simon Fraser University

collection. However, since 2000, the species

has expanded north in the Okanagan Valley,

west to the Similkameen Valley and,

especially, has become firmly established in

south coastal regions of the province. In many

of these newly occupied areas, it is now

among the most commonly noted bumble bee

species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were collected from adult specimens

of Bombus vosnesenskii from the collections

of the Royal British Columbia Museum,

Victoria, BC (RBCM); Department of

Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC (SFU); Beaty Biodiversity

Museum, University of BC, Vancouver, BC

(UBC); and the Packer Collection, Biology

Department, York University, Toronto, ON

(PCYU). Photographic records were compiled

from postings on the web sites indicated. In

most cases, specimens were identified by the

collectors and vetted by experts. Specimens

with an asterisk were identified by the authors.

CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA:

Abbotsford, blueberry farm, 49.130992N

122.260036W, 4.vi.2011, L. Button (19, SFU

741525), 49.718425"N 122.388556W, 12.vi.

2011, L. Button (12, SFU 741644):

49.126239Ny 122.418817W, l2-vi-20iE er:

Button (192, SFU 741742); Burnaby, 1.viii.

1970, J: Hicks (16; SFU), 10:x:2007;;8; Mam

(13, SFU), 10.ix.2009, B. Rajala (1¢, SFU);

15.x.2009 K. Lee (16, SFU); Cawston,

Forbidden Fruit Winery, 14.vii.2010, D.

Figure 1. Bombus vosnesenskii queen. BC, Victoria, 48.414722N 123.325111W, 27 April 2012,

R.A. Cannings, RBCM ENT012-0022860.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Marks (12, RBCM); Duncan, Mount

Tzuhalem Ecological Reserve, 48.78617N

123.63399W, 7.v.2010, E. Elle, L. McKinnon

GiOweSEUl 7265405." 727653,2/27660),

Quamichan Lake, Cowichan Garry Oak

Reserve, 48.808556N 123.631250W, 14.v.

2009, E. Elle (12, SFU 719624), 3.v.2010, G.

Gielens (12, SFU 726491); Fraser Valley

Regional District, Onnink property,

49.07833N 122.38778W, 6.v.2004, C. Ratti

(12, PCYU), Randhawa property, 49.12806N

122.41806W, 22.v.2003, C. Ratti (12, PCYU),

28:v.20035. -C.e Rati. (12, PCYU): Greater

Vancouver Regional District, Banns property,

49.22361N 122.75333W, 19.vi.2003, C. Ratti

(uOMeP CY); -1-vii.2003,.-C. Ratti (12;

POY) 5.10-2003,.-C. Ratti (29,PCYU),

17wi.2004, YC. Rattr ((f2, PCYU);: Bissett

property, 49.08833N 123.16388W, 16.iv.2004,

C. Ratti (12, PCYU), Edwards property,

49.14778N 123.06528W, 26.vi.2003, C. Ratti

GESeePCYU) = 4.71.2003;~C.- Ratti “119,

PCY.W jer8. van 2003,-°C., Rati C2;/PCYU),

ID 2003ieC. Rate GY,°PCYU),.. Fisher

property, 49.14472N 123.07333W, 17.1v.2003,

C, Ratt: (19, PCYU), 4.vi.2003, C. Ratti 9,

PCY W)s..1v:2004.'C; Rata (1O,;PC YU); 9.1v.

2004, C. Ratti (22, PCYU), 21.v.2004, C.

Ratti (29, PCYU); Hopcott property,

49.24972N, 122.71722, 5.vii.2003, C. Ratti,

(12, PCYU), Mayberry property, 49.19250N,

123.04556, 26.91.2003, C. Ratti 22, PCYU),

26.v1.2003,C. Ratti 2, PCYU), 4.vii,2003,

Cea Oa PCY U)e-12,vi.2004.. C> Ratti

(io SPCYU),217.41,2004 “Co. Ratti, (62,

PCY W)s 272.40: 2004, CC Rattis(29, PCY),

McKim property,49.08139N 123.12056, 30.iv.

2003,-C; Ratti: (22, PCYU), 23.iv.2004,..C.

Ratti (19, PCYU), 14.v.2004, C. Ratti (29,

PCYU); Surrey farms property, 49.09833N

122.79194W, 8.v.2003, C. Ratti (12, PCYU),

hlv.2003, Ce Ratti 2. PEYU),:1-v1-2003,.C.

Ratt U2) -PCYU); Tilson property,

49. 15611N 122.43389W, 24.vi.2004, C. Ratti

(12, PCYU); Lake Cowichan, 15 km E, Stoltz

Meadows, 48.781667N 123.885250W, 17.v.

2009, L. McKinnon (19, SFU 717264),

Mesachie Lake, Cowichan Lake Forestry

Station, 48.81885N 124.1381885W, 23.vi.

2009, E. Elle (192, SFU 719077); Okanagan

Falls, Blasted Church Vineyards, 3.vi.2010, D.

Marks (12, RBCM), Blue Mountain

Winieyards,-235v1.2010; *D. Marks (1°,

RBCM); Osoyoos, 20.vii.1925, E.R. Buckell

(22, UBC); Pitt Meadows, blueberry farm,

49.260858N 122.701900W, 23.v.2011, L.

Button (19, SFU 741145), 49.26092N

122.70444W, 5.vi.2011, L. Button (12, SFU

741341); Richmond, blueberry farm,

49.152308N 123.072550W, 5.vi.2011, L.

Button (12 RBCM 012-000783); Vancouver,

16.ix.2006, E. Xia (134, SFU), 15.ix.2009, M.

Sighan (1¢, SFU), Jericho Park, 30.vi.2011,

S.A. Russell (192, UBC), Queen Elizabeth

Park, 6.x.2006, D. Tanner (19°, SFU), Stanley

Park, 14-22.v.2008, J.A. McLean & A. Li (19,

UBC), University of BC, Beaty Museum,

225-2010; RT. ‘Curtiss (22, UBC); 171.

2010, R.T. Curtiss (292, UBC), University of

BC Botanical Gardens, 24.vi.2011, S.A.

Russell (39, UBC); 5.vii.2011, S.A. Russell

(22, UBC); 8.vii.2011, S.A. Russell (29,

UBC); 19.vii.2011, S.A. Russell (12, UBC),

University of BC, Pacific Spirit Park, 3.vi.

2010,. RT. “Curtiss: (12; UBC); - Victoria,

Beacon Hill Park, 48.409715N 123.362835 W,

20.vi.2007, L. Neame (192, SFU 709157);

48.409715N 123.362835, 20.vi.2007, L.

Neame (12, SFU 709175); 48.409715N

123.362835W, 10.v.2007, L. Neame (12, SFU

709195); 48.409715N 123.362835W, 12.vi.

2007, L. Neame (14, SFU 709263); Victoria,

32 Chown Place, 17.iv.2010, M. Walsh (19,

RBCM ENT012-002855*); Victoria, Oak Bay,

Costain Green, 48.452754N 123.301117W,

8.vi.2007, L. Neame (14, SFU 709570);

Victoria, Saanich, Royal Oak Drive, found

dead, 14.vii.2011, C.R. Copley (12, RBCM

ENT012-002856), Beaver Lake, Retriever

Ponds, 17.vii.2011, C.R. Copley (12, RBCM

ENTO012-002859).0: Cedar Hall : Park,

48.458103N 123.347128W, 7.v.2007, L.

Neame (19, SFU 709464), Little Saanich

Mountain, 48.520446N 123.420315W, 10.v.

2007, L. Neame (192, SFU 710398), Lochside

Trail, found dead, 13.iv.2012, C.R. Copley

(22, RBCM ENTO12-002857, -002858),

Prospect Lake;.25.v.2005, DF... Fraser (19,

RBCM ENTO12-005340); Victoria, 1909

Shotbolt Road, 48.414550N 123.326210W,

27.iv.2012, R.A. Cannings (12, RBCM

ENT012-0022860); Victoria, University of

Victoria, 14.ix.2009, C. Bruckal (14, RBCM

ENT012-002852*), L. Dumoulin (14, RBCM

ENT012-002853*), 21.ix.2009, R. Pretty (10,

RBCM_ ENT012-002854*); Victoria, View

Royal, Thetis’ Lake Regional) Park;

48.466917N 123.466278W, 29.vi1.2005, E.

Elle (14, RBCM 012-000784).

Identifiable photographs of B. vosnesenskii

from BC are also available. On the E-Fauna

BC (2012) website, photos are posted from

Crescent Beach, Nanaimo, Port Alberni,

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Richmond, Saanichton, and Vancouver. The

Crescent Beach photo (#10577), from 14 July

2007, is the earliest taken. Flickr (2012) has

identifiable photos from Vancouver but the

BugGuide website (2012) has no BC

photographs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present known range of Bombus

vosnesenskii in BC is shown in Fig. 2.

Winston and Graf (1982) and MacKenzie and

Winston (1984) reported on bee diversity in

surveys of both commercial berry crops and

native vegetation in the Fraser Valley in 1981

and 1982, but did not record B. vosnesenskii.

However, of 2248 bumblebees collected, 25

were identified as “other” in MacKenzie and

Winston, and could potentially have included

B. vosnesenskii. The earliest record for the

southwest coast of BC is from Burnaby in

1970; no others are known until 2000. Since

then, the bee has been recorded frequently

throughout the Lower Mainland. In

2000-2001, Tommasi et a/. (2004) reported 38

individuals in urban surveys throughout

Greater Vancouver. This compared to 801 B.

flavifrons Cresson, 547 B. mixtus Cresson, 194

B. melanopygus Nylander, 16 of unknown

species and 2 B. occidentalis, making B.

vosnesenskii one of the less common species

of the region. Ratti et al. (2008), in a crop

pollination study in the Fraser Valley in

2003-04, found the species at 10 of 11

blueberry and cranberry fields surveyed. It

was at the time still one of the less common

Bombus species, comprising 39 of the 3,683

specimens collected. The bee was observed at

all 15 sites surveyed at farms in the Fraser

Figure 2. Map of southwestern British Columbia illustratin

vosnesenskii. Shaded area represents 2012 range. The symbol

record at Osoyoos.

range expansion of Bombus

represents the original 1925

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Valley between 17 July and 21 September

2009 (Bains et al. 2009) and, by 2010, when

they documented the bee in 25 of 64 sites

surveyed from Delta east to Agassiz,

Parkinson and Heron (2010) could state that it

was one of the most common late season

Bombus species in Greater Vancouver and the

Fraser Valley.

Also in 2010, similar pollinator surveys in

the South Okanagan and Similkameen valleys

recorded B. vosnesenskii at three farms from

Okanagan Falls south to Cawston (Marks and

Heron 2010), the first records in the Interior

since Buckell’s initial collections in 1925.

However, population expansion in the

Okanagan has been much less obvious than on

the South Coast. Other surveys in 2010 in the

grasslands of the South Okanagan, in which

about 10,000 pollinating insects were

collected, recorded no B. vosnesenskii

specimens (Elwell 2012). In 2012 we asked a

number of biologists and naturalists

throughout the Okanagan to watch for the

distinctive species, but none were seen.

On Vancouver Island the Yellow-faced

Bumble Bee is well established and expanding

its range. In 1951 Buckell intimated that B.

vosnesenskii could occur in Victoria;

nevertheless, the first specimen record on the

Island is from near Prospect Lake, Saanich, on

25 May 2005. Another specimen was collected

the same year on 29 June at Thetis Lake

Regional Park, during the third author’s

pollination research there. That year, she and

her students pan-trapped at eight sites from

Victoria to Campbell River and caught no

other individuals. In 2007 they sampled with

nets and pans at 19 sites on the Saanich

Peninsula and collected seven specimens, out

of 884 Bombus collected (less than 1%). In a

net-only survey in the same area in 2012, 301

out of 2139 Bombus collected (14%) were B.

vosnesenskii. In the Cowichan Valley in 2009,

three were captured at three sites; in 2010 in

the same region, four were collected at two

localities. By 2009 the species was found as

far north on the Island as Port Alberni (E-

Fauna BC: photo #12718) and in 2012 it was

photographed in Courtenay (T. Thormin, pers.

comm.). Bombus vosnesenskii is now among

the most common bumble bee species on the

south coast of BC, especially in urban and

farmland habitats.

Population increases in B. vosnesenskii to

the south of BC have also been reported. In

Oregon, Thorp (2008) conducted surveys for

Bombus franklini (Frison) from 1998 to 2007

and noted that more than 50% of all Bombus

reported in 2006 and 2007 were B.

vosnesenskii, up from approximately 30% in

1998. Cameron ef al. (2011) noted that B.

vosnesenskii populations are stable in the

western United States relative to historic data,

at a time when several other Bombus species

are declining.

The reasons for the rapid expansion of B.

vosnesenskii in BC are unclear. One

possibility, particularly in lowland

southwestern BC, is that the bee could have

been assisted in its range expansion through

escapes from colonies kept as pollinators of

agricultural crops. In 1991, B. vosnesenskii

was tested as a greenhouse pollinator of

tomatoes in Surrey south of Vancouver,

although it was not intentionally released

during that study (Dogterom ef a/. 1998). In

adjacent Washington State, colonies are

currently commercially available for crop

pollination of raspberries, blueberries,

cranberries, strawberries, peaches, plums,

cherries and cabbage (Mike Juhl, pers. comm.,

http://www.hornetnestsfreeremoval.com/

29601.html). Bumble bee escapes from

greenhouses are well documented elsewhere,

have contributed to the out-of-range

introductions of other Bombus species, and

have been implicated in the introduction of

bumble bee diseases (Velthuis and van Doorn

2006, Colla et al. 2006). Greenhouse escapes

likely resulted in the introduction of B.

vosnesenskii to Australia (Planck 1999),

In BC the spread of B. vosnesenskii has

coincided with the decline of B. occidentalis

(Colla and Ratti 2010), so the former may

have been introduced or naturally expanded its

range at the same time as a niche was

becoming vacant. As a study by Allen ef al.

(1978) showed, B. vosnesenskii has large

colonies (including, in one, an estimate of the

production of 650 queens), implying that it

has an impressive capacity for colonization.

Cameron ef al. (2011) reported that B.

vosnesenskii has a greater genetic diversity

and a lower prevalence of the fungal pathogen

Nosema bombi Fantham and Porter, compared

to B. occidentalis, suggesting that these

characteristics could serve as predictors of

population patterns. It is unknown, however,

whether these observations indicate cause and

effect, or if they apply to BC.

Recent changes in agricultural practices

may also be a factor. Declines in some species

of bumble bees have been attributed to the

intensification of agriculture (Goulson ef al.

2008), and even B. vosnesenskii populations

have been shown to be closely linked to the

proximity of natural habitat (Greenleaf and

Kremen 2006). But B. vosnesenskii 1s

frequently reported pollinating cultivated

cranberries in Oregon, and in BC this industry

has undergone considerable expansion in

recent years. There are currently 1150 hectares

under cranberry production, particularly in the

Fraser Valley, as well as a few operations on

Vancouver Island (Ministry of Agriculture

2012).

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Modest population expansion in the South

Okanagan-Simikameen, where we can find no

reports of pollinator introductions, suggests

that a natural cause is at work there. A number

of species across a wide variety of taxa show

changes in their distributions due to the effects

of climate warming (Parmesan 2006, David

and Handa 2010, Feeley 2012, Moreno-Rueda

et al. 2012). Their life histories make insects

especially good at adapting quickly to changes

in the environment (Robinet and Roques

2010), so the spread of B. vosnesenskii may be

facilitated by anthropogenic climate change.

Clarification of the reasons for the rapid

population increases and range expansion of

B. vosnesenskii is needed but, in the

meantime, it should no longer be considered a

candidate for species-at-risk listing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. Andrew Bennett (Canadian National

Collection of Insects, Arachnids and

Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Ottawa, ON), Sheila Colla

(Department of Biology, York University,

Toronto, ON), Steve Halford (Department of

Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC), Karen Needham (Beaty

Biodiversity Museum, University of BC,

Vancouver, BC), Meghan Noseworthy (Pacific

Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service,

Victoria, BC), Dr. Cory Sheffield (Royal

Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, SK)

examined specimens and provided data on

material in their care. Jennifer Heron (BC

Ministry of Environment, Vancouver, BC)

supplied information and reports on BC

Ministry of Environment surveys. Orville

Dyer (BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and

Natural Resource Operations, Penticton, BC)

and other biologists and naturalists in the

Okanagan watched for Bombus vosnesenskii

in the spring and summer of 2012. The

comments of two reviewers improved the

paper.

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Identification of feeding stimulants for Pacific coast wireworm by

DAVID R. HORTON!, CHRISTELLE GUEDOT, and PETER J. LANDOLT

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

use of a filter paper assay (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

ABSTRACT

Sugars and several plant essential oils were evaluated as feeding stimulants for larvae of

Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Compounds were evaluated

by quantifying biting rates of wireworms on treated filter paper disks, modifying a method

used previously in assays with Agriotes spp. wireworms. Independent counts of the same disk

showed that the method led to repeatable estimates of biting rate. Higher rates of biting were

obtained on filter paper disks if those disks had been treated with sucrose, fructose, glucose,

maltose, and galactose, than if the disks were left untreated. Sucrose and fructose were more

stimulatory than the other three sugars. Biting rates declined with decreasing concentrations of

sugars in water. Combining a highly stimulatory sugar (sucrose) with certain plant essential

oils in some cases led to non-additive (both synergistic and antagonistic) effects on biting

rates. We discuss the possible role for this type of assay in developing insecticide-laced baits

for attract-and-kill programs.

Key Words: Limonius canus, feeding assay, phagostimulants, synergism, plant essential oils

INTRODUCTION

Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are

important subterranean pests in a number of

vegetable and grain crops worldwide. The

Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus

LeConte, inhabits irrigated soils of western

North America, where it is a pest in potatoes,

vegetables, and grain crops (Lane and Stone

1960). Grower difficulties in managing this

and other wireworm pests can be attributed to

a number of factors, including a shortage of

chemicals effective against wireworms, lack

of efficient monitoring tools, and incomplete

understanding of wireworm basic biology

(Jansson and Seal 1994).

Wireworm larvae are attracted to various

types of food-based baits, including baits

composed of germinating seed; wheat and rice

flours; and rolled oats (Apablaza et al. 1977;

Toba and Turner 1983; Horton and Landolt

2002). Historical success in drawing

wireworms to food-based baits under field

conditions has prompted efforts, beginning at

least as early as the 1930s, to develop

insecticide-laced baits for use in wireworm

control (Lehman 1933; Woodworth 1938).

Yet, almost 80 years following these first

efforts, no toxicant-laced bait is commercially

available for controlling wireworms in North

America. Difficulties in developing field-

effective baits may often be due to wireworm

behavior. Specifically, a bait that is highly

attractive when free of a toxicant may become

repellent to wireworms with addition of a

toxicant (Lehman 1933; Woodworth 1938).

Similar problems may affect how well coating

of grain seed with insecticide protects

germinating seed from wireworms. Protection

of treated seed from wireworm damage may

often be due to pre- or post-contact repellency

of the insecticide rather than to actual kill of

the pest (Long and Lilly 1958; van Herk and

Vernon 2007; Vernon ef al. 2009).

A long-term aim of our research program

is to develop a toxicant-laced bait that can be

used in an attract-and-kill program for

managing L. canus. Ongoing trials with a

food-based bait laced with an insecticide

(formulation currently proprietary) have

shown mixed results: rates of kill in laboratory

trials are inconsistent, apparently due in part

to antifeedant effects associated with presence

of the toxicant (DRH pers. obs.). Improving

bait palatability by the addition of feeding

stimulants could lead to increased rates of kill

if the stimulant prompts higher rates of

feeding even in the presence of the toxicant.

'USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951 USA, (509) 454-5639, david. horton@ars.usda.gov

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Compounds that elicit increased feeding by

Limonius wireworms have yet to be

specifically identified and assayed, and this

has slowed our efforts to develop a

consistently effective bait.

The objective of this study was to develop

an assay method suitable for testing

compounds as potential feeding stimulants for

L. canus. Assays to determine whether certain

compounds prompt feeding behaviour of

subterranean insects generally involve

application of test products to a substrate that

allows feeding by the insect. We modified a

filter paper assay developed over 50 years ago

to examine biting response of Agriofes spp.

wireworms (Thorpe ef al. 1947; Crombie and

Darrah 1947), and determined whether the

method would be suitable for identifying

compounds that elicit feeding of L. canus. We

then used this assay method to examine biting

rates of L. canus in response to several sugars

at different concentrations. Sugars have been

shown to prompt feeding by a number of root-

feeding insects (e.g., Thorpe et al. 1947;

Allsopp 1992; Bernklau and Byjostad 2008),

and may be stimulatory enough under some

conditions to reduce the deterrent effects of

otherwise repellent chemicals (Shields and

Mitchell 1995; Bernklau et a/. 2011). We next

tested whether one particular sugar (sucrose)

in combination with other plant compounds

acted synergistically with those compounds in

eliciting the biting response. We examined

combinations of several plant essential oils

with sucrose, as plant essential oils have been

shown to both deter and elevate feeding by

phytophagous insects (Tanton 1965; Klepzig

and Schlyter 1999).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source of insects. Mid-sized to large

larvae (1.2-1.4 cm in length) of L. canus were

collected in spring from fields located near

Yakima, WA and Hermiston, OR. The insects

were collected by baiting with balls of

moistened rolled oats (Horton and Landolt

2002). The Yakima field was fallow at the

time of baiting, but had been planted to either

wheat or potato crops in preceding years.

Wireworms at the Hermiston site were

collected along a fence line adjacent to potato

or wheat crops. Larvae were stored in groups

of 20-30 in 35 x 25 x 10 cm plastic tubs filled

with moistened potting soil until they were

used in the assays. Tubs were kept at room

temperature «(22-23°C). Small plugs of

moistened rolled oats were added to each tub

every 7-10 d, and removed after 48 h;

otherwise, the larvae were kept unfed. Larvae

were used within 1-3 weeks of having been

collected. Assays were done in May and June

of 2009 and 2012. Wireworms were discarded

following each assay.

Quantification of biting response.

Feeding response was assayed by quantifying

biting marks of wireworms on treated filter

paper disks (Thorpe ef al. 1947; Crombie and

Darrah 1947). Filter paper disks (Grade 413

qualitative filter paper, 5.5 cm diameter; VWR

Scientific Products, West Chester, PA) were

treated with individual compounds or with

combinations of compounds (see below) and

presented to wireworms in either paired-

choice or no-choice assays. The treated disks

were placed in plastic petri dishes (14.5 cm

diameter x 2 cm deep) filled with 200 ml of

sand (Quikrete Premium Playground Sand,

Quikrete, Atlanta, GA) moistened with 30 ml

of tap water. In positioning a treated disk in

the petri dish, we first filled each dish

approximately one-quarter full with the

moistened sand and placed the disk on the

surface of the sand. The disk was then covered

with enough additional sand to fill the petri

dish approximately three-quarters full.

Wireworms (see below for numbers used in

each assay) were placed on the surface of the

sand layer at the center of each petri dish and

allowed to enter the soil. The insects were

randomly assigned to treatments, to ensure

that any variation in feeding rates associated

with wireworm size was randomly allocated

across the different treatments. The assays

were conducted at room temperature. Petri

dishes were kept covered to prevent the sand

from drying.

After 24 h of exposure to wireworms, disks

were examined for feeding damage. In studies

with Agriotes sputator (L.), Agriotes lineatus

(L.), and Agriotes obscurus (L.) (Thorpe et al.

1947; Crombie and Darrah 1947), the

stimulatory response was quantified by

counting bite marks on the disks. However,

we found that it was often difficult to

determine where physically on a disk a given

bite mark began and ended, which made this

method somewhat subjective. This approach

was especially problematic when highly

stimulatory products were tested, as these

products often led to large contiguous patches

of damage on disks. Instead, we quantified

biting rates on a disk by placing the disk on a

light table, covering it with a transparent grid

(0.5 x 0.5 cm squares), and then counting the

number of squares in which any bite marks

were observed (Fig. 1). Both sides of each

disk were examined. Squares in which the

feeding damage was observable on both sides

of the filter paper disk were counted only

once. Two people examined each disk, and an

average of the two counts was used in the data

summary and analyses. To examine

repeatability of this method for estimating

biting rates, correlation analysis was used to

determine whether counts were consistent

between the two people. The assessments of

repeatability were done using the PROC

CORR program in SAS (SAS Institute 2010).

(1) Sugars as feeding stimulants. Five

sugars were assayed: D-sucrose, D-fructose,

D-glucose, D-maltose, and D-galactose

(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Each sugar

was tested at five concentrations in deionized

water: 2% (2 g per 100 ml of water), 1%,

0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125%. Each filter paper

disk received 200 ul of solution delivered by

pipette, which led to quantities of sugar per

disk between 4 mg (2% solutions) and 0.25

mg (0.125% solutions). Control disks received

an equivalent amount of deionized water.

Disks were assayed immediately following

treatment. We used a choice test to examine

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

feeding stimulation, by pairing a treatment and

control disk in our feeding arenas (as in

Wensler and Dudzinski 1972). Paired disks

were set 1 cm apart in the petri dish and

buried in sand as described above. Each paired

comparison was replicated 10 times. Three

wireworms were used per feeding arena, and

allowed to feed for 24 hrs.

For each pair of disks, we subtracted

control results (number of grid squares

showing feeding damage) from treatment disk

results. Thus, large positive values indicate

that the sugar was highly stimulatory, whereas

values near zero indicate that damage was

similar on sugar-free and sugar-treated disks.

These arithmetic differences were then used in

a two-way factorial analysis of variance to

assess the effects of sugar type and sugar

concentration on biting response. A Tukey-

Kramer means separation test was used to

compare sugars following a_ significant

ANOVA. To test whether a particular sugar at

a specific concentration was significantly

stimulatory, we compared simple effects

means (i.e., a specific sugar at a specific

concentration) to a hypothesized value of zero,

using a t-statistic. Thus, a mean found to be

significantly larger than zero was evidence

that the sugar at that particular concentration

was stimulatory. Analyses were done with the

PROC GLIMMIX program in SAS (SAS

Institute 2010).

(2) Additive and non-additive effects of

sucrose and plant essential oils. These trials

were done to determine whether our filter

paper assay could be used to demonstrate non-

additive (synergism or antagonism) effects of

plant essential oils if combined with a sugar.

i Pad

Figure 1. Sucrose-treated disk showing feeding damage (left photograph), and the same disk on

light box showing grid (0.5 x 0.5 cm squares) used in quantifying damage (right photograph).

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

We examined five plant essential oils in the

presence and absence of sucrose: lemon

(Citrus limon), garlic (Allium sativum), winter

savory (Satureja montana), cedarwood

(Juniperus virginiana), and tea tree

(Melaleuca alternifolia) (Herbal Advantage,

Rogersville, MO; Mountain Rose Herbs,

Eugene, OR). These compounds were chosen

because preliminary trials suggested that a

range of effects (synergistic to antagonistic)

would be produced when the compounds were

used in combination with a sugar. Sucrose

was chosen for these trials because this sugar

was found in our assays with sugars to elicit

substantial rates of biting (see Results).

The literature of insect feeding trials is not

always consistent in how synergism and

antagonism are defined and demonstrated. We

used an experimental design that allowed us to

statistically demonstrate either of these two

effects as the interaction term in a factorial

analysis of variance. The design was a 2 x 2

(sucrose x plant oil) factorial experiment in

which sucrose was at one of two levels

(present vs. absent) and the plant essential oil

of interest was at one of two levels (present

vs. absent). Thus, unlike the previous trial

with sugars, this assay was done using a no-

choice design having (for a given plant oil)

four possible treatments. A significant

interaction term in the analysis of variance

would be evidence of non-additive effects:

1.e., biting rate in the combined sucrose +

plant oil treatment was either higher

(synergism) or lower (antagonism) than the

sum of their separate effects.

All plant oils were diluted in solvent as 10

mg of the product in 100 ml of methylene

chloride. Sucrose was diluted to 0.2% in

deionized water. In preliminary trials, we

found that wireworms often failed to feed on

disks that were free of both sucrose and the

plant oil, which led to difficulties in

conducting analysis of variance tests (due to

variance assumptions of ANOVA). Therefore,

we redefined our two sucrose levels (i.e.,

present vs. absent) as sucrose present (0.2%)

versus sucrose highly dilute (0.02%), thus

substituting an extremely dilute level of

sucrose for our no-sucrose level. This highly

dilute level of sucrose prompted some biting

by wireworms, and this in turn allowed us to

use ANOVA to examine results.

Filter paper disks were first treated with

200 ul of the diluted plant oil in methylene

chloride or with 200 wl of methylene chloride

(for those treatments in which plant oil was

not present). Disks were allowed to dry, and

then were treated with 200 ul of the

appropriate sucrose solution (either 0.2% or

the highly dilute solution). The disks were

immediately placed singly in moistened sand

and petri dishes as described above for the

sugar trials. A single wireworm was added to

each petri dish and allowed to feed for 24 h.

At the end of 24 h, biting rates (numbers of

squares showing damage) were quantified for

each disk using methods described above. We

had 20 replicates of each treatment.

Number of squares showing damage was

compared among treatments using ANOVA

for a 2 x 2 factorial design. If the interaction

term was significant, we examined interaction

graphs to assess whether biting rates in the

combination treatment were higher than

expected under an additive model (synergism)

or lower than expected under an additive

model (antagonism), and used the PDIFF

command in SAS to examine comparisons of

simple effects means (e.g., plant oil effects

separately at each level of sucrose).

RESULTS

(1) Sugars as feeding stimulants.

Estimates of biting rates (= numbers of

Squares showing damage) were highly

correlated between the first count and second

count (Fig. 2; data shown only for the sucrose-

treated disks), suggesting that our counting

method provided an objective and quantifiable

index of biting rates. We observed biting

marks in virtually all replications, except at

the most dilute rate (Fig. 2). All five sugars

prompted biting by L. canus (Fig. 3); each

mean is the average of the arithmetic

differences in grid squares showing damage,

between the paired sugar-treated and control

disks. Both concentration (F4.225 = 11.8, P <

0.0001) and type of sugar (F4225 = 28.9, P <

0.0001) affected biting rates. The sugar x

concentration term was non-significant (P =

0.28). A means separation test showed that

sucrose was significantly more stimulatory

than fructose, and that both products prompted

more biting than glucose, maltose, and

galactose (Fig. 4; the latter three sugars were

Statistically the same in their effects).

Stimulatory effects disappeared at

concentrations of 0.125% for fructose, and at

0.5% for glucose, maltose, and galactose

(assessed using f-tests to compare each mean

in Fig. 3 to zero); all concentrations of sucrose

were stimulatory.

(2) Additive and non-additive effects of

sucrose and plant essential oils. Results with

the five plant essential oils are shown as a

series of interaction graphs (Fig. 5), in which

(+) indicates presence of the compound and

(—) indicates that the compound is absent

(plant oil) or is at a highly dilute concentration

(sucrose at 0.02%). Additive (Fig. SA),

synergistic (Fig. SBC), and antagonistic (Fig.

SDE) effects were each observed. Winter

savory elicited biting responses whether in the

presence or absence of sucrose (main effects

of plant oil: Fi,76 = 19.1, P < 0.0001); sucrose

also was highly stimulatory (F1,76 = 100.6, P <

0.0001). The effects of winter savory and

sucrose were additive, as shown by the non-

significant interaction term (sucrose x plant

oil: Fi.76 = 0.6, P = 0.44) and the parallel lines

in the interaction graph (Fig. 5A).

Two plant oils (tea tree and lemon)

exhibited synergistic effects with sucrose, as

shown by a significant interaction term

(sucrose x plant oil: tea tree — Fi,76 = 8.0, P =

0.006; lemon — F1,76 = 5.1, P = 0.026) and the

nonparallel lines in the interaction graphs (Fig.

5B and C). For both plant oils, addition of the

plant compound to sucrose (—) disks did not

cause an increase in biting rates (comparison

of simple-effects means, plant oil (+) versus

plant oil (—) at sucrose (—): tea tree — t76 = 0.8,

P = 0.44; lemon — tz = 1.9, P = 0.06).

Conversely, addition of the plant oil to

sucrose-treated disks did elicit higher rates of

biting (plant oil (+) versus plant oil (—) at

sucrose (+): tea tree — t7> = 4.8, P < 0.0001;

lemon — t7 = 5.1, P< 0.0001).

Both cedarwood and garlic appeared to

inhibit response of wireworms to presence of

sucrose (Fig. 5D and E). The plant oil x

sucrose interaction was significant for both

products (cedarwood: F176 = 4.6, P = 0.035;

garlic: Fi76 = 5.3, P = 0.025). Addition of

either plant oil to sucrose (—) disks failed to

cause significant changes in biting response

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Number of squares with damage (person 2)

0.125%

0 20 40 60 80

Number of squares with damage

(person 1)

Figure 2. Scatter plots showing results for

first (person 1) and second (person 2)

estimates of damage; sucrose-treated disks (N

= 10 disks per concentration). Correlations

varied between 0.930 (2% concentration) and

0.982 (0.5% concentration).

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

NO £ 22)

Oo >) Oo

Arithmetic difference between treatment

and control (no. of squares with bite marks)

2% 1%

—L— sucrose

-Y- fructose

—©- glucose

-(} maltose

A. -<>- galactose

0.5% 0.25% 0.125%

Concentration

Figure 3. Mean (+ SEM) arithmetic difference between treatment (sugar) and control disks in

number of squares showing feeding damage. Means are shown as a function of sugar

concentration. Each mean is based upon 10 replicates.

(cedarwood: t76 = 0.8, P = 0.43; garlic: t76 =

0.7, P = 0.52). In contrast, adding either plant

oil to the sucrose (+) disks actually led to

statistically significant drops in biting rates

compared to rates seen on the sucrose (+)

treatment (cedarwood: t76 = 2.2, P = 0.029;

garlic: t76 = 2.6, P= 0.011).

DISCUSSION

The plant-associated cues that mediate

feeding by wireworms or other subterranean

insects are often inadequately known, in large

part due to difficulties in studying these

insects (Johnson and Gregory 2006; Johnson

and Nielson 2012). This shortcoming may be

especially pronounced for generalist species

such as L. canus, given that its generalized

feeding habits provide no obvious clues as to

what plant compounds might elicit feeding.

Several different approaches have been used

to screen compounds as potential feeding

stimulants or deterrents for either generalist or

specialist root-feeders, most of which

comprise an analysis of feeding or biting

activity by the insect on a substrate that has

been treated with the compound of interest.

Substrates used in these assays have been

quite diverse, and include at a minimum

products such as filter paper disks (Thorpe ef

al. 1947; Wensler and Dudzinski 1972;

Bernklau and Bjostad 2005), cellulose

membrane disks (Ladd 1988; Allsopp 1992),

thin sections of potato tuber (Villani and

Gould 1985), pith wafers (Thomas and White

1971), or agar (Tanton 1965). The assay

developed here provided a repeatable means

for estimating biting response of L. canus on

treated filter paper disks.

Cues that prompt feeding by root-feeding

Coleoptera often include any of several sugars

(Chrysomelidae: Bernklau and Bjostad 2008;

Scarabaeidae: Wensler and Dudzinski 1972,

Ladd 1988, Allsopp 1992; and Elateridae:

Thorpe ef al. 1947, Crombie and Darrah

1947). Indeed, in a review of subterranean

insects and their interactions with host plants,

Johnson and Gregory (2006) showed that 48%

of the chemical compounds shown to

stimulate feeding by root-feeding insects were

sugars. Thorpe ef al. (1947) showed that the

wireworms Agriotes lineatus, A. sputator, and

A. obscurus were stimulated to bite filter

paper disks if those disks had been treated

with a sugar. Varietal differences in

susceptibility of potato tubers to wireworm

feeding are affected in part by levels of sugars

in the tubers (Olsson and Jonasson 1995).

Here, we showed that biting of filter paper

disks by L. canus was induced by any of five

sugars, with sucrose and fructose being the

most stimulatory (Fig. 3). Intensity of feeding,

as estimated by counting bite marks, showed a

decline with decreasing concentration of sugar

in the solutions, to the extent that highly dilute

concentrations of most products were not

stimulatory (Fig. 3).

Plant compounds may interact either

positively or negatively to affect feeding rates

of phytophagous insects (Hsiao and Fraenkel

1968; Shanks and Doss 1987). Sugars have

been shown to act synergistically with other

(non-sugar) compounds in eliciting feeding

behavior by above-ground and below-ground

phytophagous insects (Crombie and Darrah

1947; Shanks and Doss 1987; Bartlet ef al.

1994). Our assays with plant essential oils in

combination with sucrose demonstrated any of

three effects, depending upon the plant oil:

additive, synergistic, and antagonistic. The

exact mechanisms leading to these results are

not clear, but could have included both

gustation and olfaction. Volatiles from plant

e @

ot Ro

NO a

Ce ©

» 30

= 20

® 10

0 10

Mean biting response

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

essential oils are known to affect both short-

and long-distance attraction and aversion

responses of phytophagous insects (Landolt et

al. 1999; Robacker 2007; Youssef et al. 2009).

Similarly, gustatory signals from plant

essential oils may inhibit or elicit feeding

response (Tanton 1965; Klepzig and Schlyter

1999). Thus, the additive or synergistic effects

observed here between sucrose and tea tree or

sucrose and lemon theoretically could have

been the result of either of two processes: (1)

the plant essential oil acted as an additional

feeding stimulant; or, (2) the plant oil acted as

an olfactory cue that attracted the wireworm to

the treated disk, and biting was then elicited

by the sucrose. Antagonistic effects (Fig.

SDE) could have been due to inhibition of

Sugar receptors by the second compound

(Ishikawa ef al. 1969) or because the plant

essential oil was modestly repellent (e.g., van

Herk ef al. 2010) and slowed how rapidly

Wireworms approached the sucrose-treated

disks.

Historical efforts to use insecticide-laced

baits for controlling wireworms have often

sucrose

fructose

glucose

maltose

galactose

Figure 4. Diffogram showing results of Tukey-Kramer test for separating sugar means. Diagonal,

upward sloping line depicts equality. Each solid circle shows joint location of two sugar means;

the associated solid or dashed lines show confidence intervals for treatment differences (Tukey-

adjusted). A confidence interval that intersects the equality line indicates that those two means are

not statistically different (shown as dashed lines); a confidence interval that fails to intersect the

equality line indicates that those two means are statistically different (shown as solid lines).

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012 45

—@®— savory(-)

—O— savory(+)

Mean (SEM) no. squares damaged

Sucrose(-) Sucrose(+)

—e®— teatree(-) 30 | —®— lemon(-)

—O— teatree(+) —O— lemon(+)

Sucrose(-) Sucrose(+) Sucrose(-) Sucrose(+)

—@®— cedarwood(-)

—O— cedarwood(+)

30 —@— garlic(-)

—O— garlic(+)

Mean (SEM) no. squares damaged

Sucrose(-) Sucrose(+) Sucrose(-) Sucrose(+)

Figure 5. Interaction graphs showing the separate and combined effects of sucrose and plant

essential oils on damage to filter paper disks. A: an additive effect; B and C: synergistic effects; D

and E: antagonistic effects. Each mean based upon 20 replicates.

been unsuccessful (Lehman 1933; Woodworth

1938), apparently due to antifeedant or

repellent effects of the toxicant (see also Long

and Lilly 1958; van Herk and Vernon 2007).

Addition of an appropriate phagostimulant

could theoretically lead to improved rates of

kill. For example, in trials with western corn

rootworm larvae, Diabrotica virgifera

LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae),

addition of a phagostimulant to insecticide-

treated disks of filter paper led to higher rates

of feeding on disks and increased kill of larvae

than found in the absence of the

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

phagostimulant (Bernklau and Bjostad 2005;

Bernklau et al. 2011). The studies summarized

here provide a simple tool for screening of

compounds for gustatory effects, including

non-additive effects elicited by combinations

of products, with possible longer-term benefits

of developing a palatable bait. Additional

compounds such as proteins or fatty acids

shown in filter paper assays to elicit biting

responses of other wireworm species (Thorpe

et al. 1947) also merit attention for effects on

Limonius spp. wireworms.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Kathie Johnson, Merilee Bayer,

Deb Broers, Keith Kubishta, and Daryl Green

for expert technical assistance. The comments

of Andy Jensen, Wee Yee, and two anonymous

reviewers on an earlier draft of this paper are

appreciated. Discussions with Jim Dripps and

Harvey Yoshida of Dow AgroSciences

prompted these studies. Funding support was

received from the Washington State Potato

Commission and Dow AgroSciences.

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J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Success of Grapholita molesta (Busck) reared on the diet used for

Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) sterile insect

release

BRITTANY E. CHUBB!, CAROLINE M. WHITEHOUSE!, GARY J. R.

JUDD?, MAYA L. EVENDEN!

ABSTRACT

The survival and development of Grapholita molesta (Busck) reared from egg to adult on the

synthetic diet currently used by the Okanagan—Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Program to

mass rear Cydia pomonella L., in Osoyoos, British Columbia, was compared to those of G.

molesta reared on the synthetic diet normally used to rear G. molesta in the laboratory.

Survival and development on a diet of crab apples were tracked as a control. The fitness of

resulting moths was compared using metrics of survival to pupation and pupal weight,

survival to adulthood, and female fecundity. More G. mo/esta reached the pupal stage and had

significantly greater mass when reared on the G. molesta diet than on either the C. pomonella

diet or the crab apple diet. Numbers of moths surviving to adulthood were similar for all three

diet types. Although larval diet affected pupal mass of G. molesta, the resulting females

produced a statistically similar number of offspring, regardless of diet. This study suggests

that Grapholita molesta can be reared successfully on the diet currently used to rear C.

pomonella for sterile insect release, but mass production of G. molesta will require

modification, as well as a period of adaptation to this novel food source.

Key Words: Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, Codling moth, Cydia pomonella, Sterile

Insect Release

INTRODUCTION

The Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita

molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is

an economically destructive pest of stone and

pome fruits, including peaches and apples

(Rothschild and Vickers 1991), and is

considered a key pest in many fruit-growing

regions (Rothschild and Vickers 1991, Bellutti

2011). Female OFM lay eggs on or adjacent to

young shoots and fruits. Upon hatching,

neonate larvae usually penetrate the host

within 24 h (Dustan 1960). Early in the

season, they feed on new growth of twig

terminals; after twigs mature, larvae feed

internally on the host’s fruit (Rothschild and

Vickers 1991, Notter-Hausman and Dorn

2010),

The OFM originated in Central Asia

(Roehrich 1961) and has spread to most of the

world’s temperate fruit-growing regions. It

was first brought to North America on

ornamental fruit trees in the early 1900s, and

now occurs in most stone-fruit growing

regions of Canada and the USA (Rothschild

and Vickers 1991). British Columbia (BC)

remains the only temperate fruit-growing

region in the world free of this pest and, as

such, its orchard industry is at constant risk of

inadvertent introduction of this internally

feeding insect.

An absence of OFM and other pests of

apples in BC justified attempts to eradicate the

only key pest, codling moth (CM), Cydia

pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),

from the province’s montane fruit-growing

valleys (Dyck et al. 1993). In 1992, the

Okanagan—Kootenay Sterile Insect Release

Program was launched to eradicate CM from

southern BC’s Okanagan and Similkameen

valleys (Dyck eft al. 1993). Although

eradication has not yet been achieved, a

' University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G

ZE9

> Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Pacific Agri-food Research Centre, Box 5000, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland,

British Columbia, Canada VOH 1Z0

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

combination of sterile insect release (SIR) and

other integrated pest management (IPM)

tactics (Judd and Gardiner 2005) has provided

area-wide suppression of this key pest of

pome-fruit production in BC (Bloem ef al.

2007).

Success of SIR against CM may eventually

lead to the underutilization of the program’s

rearing facility in Osoyoos, BC, and additional

uses for the facility are being considered.

Possible alternative uses include the rearing of

biological control agents that could

supplement IPM programs for other BC crops

or the rearing of other pest insects that might

be controlled by SIR programs.

If OFM is introduced to BC, the insect

may be a potential target for control by SIR

technique. Preliminary trials in Bulgaria have

shown that population densities of OFM on

peaches were reduced during a pilot program

that combined classic SIR with Fi; male

sterility (Genchev 2002).

Development and reproductive output in

OFM are significantly affected by the

nutritional quality of their host plant (Meyers

2005, Meyers eft al. 2006a). Low-quality larval

food negatively affects OFM body size and

flight capacity (Gu and Danthanaraya 1992),

and larger OFM are more fecund (Hughes ef

al. 2004).

The first step in developing the SIR

technique to control any insect pest species is

the development of a diet and mass-rearing

system that are inexpensive and produce

good-quality insects. An objective of this

study is to assess the success, as defined by

survival, development time and fecundity, of

OFM when reared on the diet currently used

to mass rear CM for SIR in the BC Interior.

The study is designed to also provide

preliminary information on whether rearing

OFM in the SIR facility currently used to

mass rear CM is possible and feasible.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Insects. The OFM eggs used in_ this

experiment were obtained from a colony

reared under laboratory conditions (16:8 h

light:dark, 24° C) for ~ 8 y (~12 generations

per year) on a lima bean-based diet (Shorey

and Hale 1965). The colony was originally

obtained from Dr. Mitch Trimble at

Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, in

Vineland, Ontario. The eggs were collected

from a 15 x 15 cm wax-paper roll that served

as an oviposition substrate within a wooden

mating chamber (31 x 18.5 x 18.5 cm). Viable

eggs were determined by egg colour and were

counted using a dissecting microscope.

Groupings of 10—25 eggs were cut away from

the wax paper. Sterile pins were used to

arrange a total of 200 eggs on each diet, so

that newly hatched neonate larvae could

balloon directly onto the diet treatment (as

described below). Three replicates of each diet

type—codling moth diet (CMD), Oriental fruit

moth diet (OFMD), and crab apple diet (ApD)

—were conducted, for a total of 600 eggs per

treatment.

Codling Moth Diet. The codling moth diet

(CMD) is a sawdust-based larval diet

modified from a diet originally developed by

Brinton et al. (1969). The CMD currently

contains a sawdust mixture obtained from

mills processing Douglas-fir and larch logs

(Scott Arthur, Facilities Engineer, Sterile

Insect Rearing Facility, Osoyoos, BC,

personal communication). The CMD _ was

obtained from the Okanagan—Kootenay Sterile

Insect Release Program, in Osoyoos, BC. The

ingredients (per kilogram of diet) were as

follows: 717.00 ml distilled water; 12.40 g

paper/wood pulp; 26.90 g casein; 9.00 g wheat

germ; 18.00 g wheat bran; 26.90 g sucrose;

98.60 g whole wheat flour; 11.00 g ascorbic

acid; 6.10 g vitamin mixture; 6.20 g Wesson’s

salt mixture (Cohen 2004); 4.94 ¢

Aureomycin®; 2.70 g sorbic acid; 68.90 g

sawdust; and, 9.00 g citric acid. The vitamin

mixture was as follows, in grams per

kilogram: 5.00 niacinamide, 5.00 calcium

pantothenate, 1.30 thiamin hydrochloride,

1:230°-folicacid; ‘0.10 biotin, 1.01 Vit. B12,

1,804.00 ascorbic acid, 449.00 sorbic acid.

Five-hundred millilitres (S00 ml) of CMD

were poured into a plastic rearing box (21 x

22 x 7 cm) and allowed to reach room

temperature for 60 min prior to experimental

use.

Oriental Fruit Moth Diet. The OFM diet

(OFMD) is the same lima bean-based diet

adopted from Shorey and Hale (1965), and

used to maintain the laboratory colony

described above. The ingredients include, per

1.30 litres: 400.00 g organic lima _ beans,

Phaseolus lunatus; 80.00 g brewer’s yeast;

8.00 g ascorbic acid (coated with fibre); 5.00 g

methylparaben (USP); 2.00 g sorbic acid

(FCC); 25.00 g vitamin mix (Vandersant—

Adkission); 18.00 g carrageenan (Irish moss);

and, 2,500.00 ml distilled water. The lima

beans were purchased from Planet Organic,

Edmonton, Alberta; all other ingredients were

purchased from Bio-Serv®, New Jersey, USA.

Five-hundred millilitres (S00 ml) of OFMD

were poured into a plastic rearing box (21 x

22 x 7 cm) and allowed to dry for 60 min.

Apples. The apples (ApD) used as a

control diet were “‘Dolgo’ crab apples (Malus

spp.) collected in Edmonton, Alberta, in late

August, 2011. The apples were rinsed first

with 1.5% bleach solution, then with distilled

water. The apples were left to dry for 10 min

on paper towel before being placed into plastic

rearing boxes (21 x 22 x 7 cm) to ~ 500 ml

volume.

After being placed into rearing containers,

all three diets were sterilized with ultraviolet

radiation for 30 s (Kowalski 2009).

Experimental Procedure. Each rearing

box contained 200 OFM eggs that were evenly

distributed across the diet surface. The boxes

were sealed with screened lids and held in a

growth chamber at 24 °C, for 16:8 (light:dark)

h. Initial hatch success of eggs positioned on

diet was determined by number of unhatched

and hatched eggs. Larvae were allowed to

develop until the wandering stage, at which

point two 5 x 12 cm cardboard strips were

placed into each rearing box to provide

pupation sites.

Every 2-3 days, fine forceps were used to

remove pupae from their cocoons. The pupae

were weighed on a microbalance (Mettler

Toledo XS105) to the nearest 0.01 mg, and

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

each was placed into its own 30-ml plastic cup

until adult eclosion.

Adult moths were separated by sex, and

the first 10 male and female moths per

replicate from each diet were established as

mating pairs (N = 30 pairs per diet treatment).

Each moth pair was placed in its own 30-ml

plastic cup that was lined with wax paper as

an oviposition substrate. Plastic mesh was

glued to the inside of the lid of each cup to

deter oviposition on the lid. Moths were

provided with a 10% sucrose solution via a

dental wick inserted through the cup lid.

Mating pairs were maintained under the same

conditions as those provided for larval rearing.

Upon mortality of the females in each mating

pair, the number of hatched and unhatched

eggs laid per female was counted.

Statistical Analyses. Response variables

were visually assessed for assumptions of

normality. Initial hatch success was

determined by number of hatched and

unhatched eggs found on the egg sheets, and a

mixed-effects model, with replicate serving as

the random variable, was used to determine

differences in initial hatch success among the

diets. A mixed-effects model was used to

determine effect of diet type and sex on pupal

mass, with replicate designated as a random

effect. Multiple comparisons were conducted

using t-values from the summary output (a =

0.05). A logistic regression model was used to

analyze effect of diet and pupal mass on

survival to adulthood. Replicate was included

as a blocking factor in the logistic regression

model. We used a mixed-effects model, with

replicate as the random effect, to determine

relationship between female pupal mass and

diet on fecundity (total eggs laid), and a

square-root transformation to normalize data.

Statistics were conducted using R (R Core

Team 2012). Differences were deemed

significant at P< 0.05.

RESULTS

Initial hatch success. The emergence of

OFM neonate larvae from eggs did not differ

by diet type (F = 2.69; df = 2; P = 0.182;

Table 1).

Pupation. Numerically, but not

statistically, more larvae developed to pupae

on the OFMD than on either the CMD or ApD

(Table 1). The interaction between diet and

sex (F = 6.22; df = 2; P = 0.0022), and the

main effects of diet (F = 116.82; df = 2; P <

0.0001) and sex (F = 126.81; df = 1; P

<0.0001), had significant effects on pupal

mass (Fig.1). Larvae reared on the OFMD and

the CMD emerged from the diet in search of a

pupation site within the same 24-h period.

Pre-pupal wandering in the ApD occurred >

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 1

Mean (+ SE) numbers of Oriental fruit moth surviving to various life stages on different diets.

Diet Initial hatch success* —Pupae Adults

Codling moth 188.67 + 6.39 48.33 + 4.74 34.00 + 4.19

Oriental fruit moth 186.00 + 4.36 67.33 + 2.84 48.33 + 2.88

Apples 181.67.4°9°33 48.67 + 5.10 30,33 25.01

‘Includes three replicates of 200 eggs reared on each diet.

48 h later than it had on either the CMD or the

OFMD.

Survival to adulthood. The proportion of

individuals that survived to adulthood was low

on each diet treatment (Table 1). Survival to

adulthood was not dependant on pupal mass

(df = 1; P = 0.79), diet type (df = 2; P = 0.91),

nor the interaction between pupal mass and

diet (df = 2; P = 0.91).

Female fecundity. Females reared on

OFMD produced the most offspring

numerically (Table 2). However, diet

treatment (df = 2; F = 0.40; P = 0.67), female

pupal mass (df = 1; F = 1.18; P = 0.28), and

the interaction between diet and pupal mass

did not significantly influence female

fecundity (df= 2; F = 0.80; P = 0.45).

DISCUSSION

Our results indicate that the CMD can be

used to rear OFM, but the condition of moths

reared on the CMD was poorer than that of the

moths reared on the OFMD. The initial hatch

of OFM eggs on each diet was high and did

not differ by diet type. Diet type influenced

the mass of pupae, which may reflect

Ml Male

14-4 [7 Female

Mean pupal mass (mg + SE)

ApD

differences in the nutritional quality of the

diets. The larvae reared on the OFMD were

the largest, followed by larvae reared on the

ApD, with the CMD producing the lowest

pupal weights. Yokoyama ef al. (1987) found

that OFM reared as larvae on apples were

significantly smaller in mean pupal mass than

n=99

CMD OFMD

Diet

Figure 1. Mass of male and female Oriental fruit moth pupae on the codling moth diet (CMD), the

Oriental fruit moth diet (OFMD), and crab apples (ApD). Bars marked with different letters are

significantly different (a = 0.05).

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Table 2

Mean (+ SE) fecundity of female Oriental fruit moth in each of three replicates when reared on

different diets.

Diet® Replicate

Codling moth I

Oriental fruit moth I

Apples I

Female fecundity No. of mating pairs (7)

13333 257.68 8

52,13 2. Ou. 10

38.00 + 6.16 10

905 8:90 10

ISDSES TS 10

392 = O52 10

$6.29. 5.51 8

62.40 + 8.02 7

41.20 + 5.76 w

‘Pairs of virgin males and females reared from each diet type.

>Mean eggs laid per female. Female fecundity defined as total eggs laid.

those resulting from larvae reared on the lima

bean diet. High survival occurs when OFM

are reared on fresh thinning apples, but both

survival and pupal mass decline as apple

quality degrades over time (Vetter ef a/. 1989).

Our experiment showed a decline in female

fecundity among all three diet types in the

latter replicates, particularly in replicate III. In

our experiment, each diet resulted in 20-40%

survival, which is comparable to larval

survival on apple and peach twigs and fruit

under field conditions in the eastern USA

(Myers ef al. 2006b), but is lower than that on

other synthetic diets (Genchev 2002). More

larvae reached pupation when reared on the

OFMD than on the CMD or ApD. This may

indicate that the insects used in this study

were adapted to the diet the laboratory colony

had been reared on for many preceding

generations. In the Bulgaria study, emergence

of adult female OFM was consistent, but

fecundity increased with number of

generations reared on two synthetic diets

(Genchey 2002). Further research should

determine if OFM survival increases on the

CMD after multiple consecutive generations

are reared on this new food source.

Both male and female pupae reared as

larvae on the OFMD were significantly larger

than pupae of larvae reared on the CMD or the

ApD. Oriental fruit moth larvae deprived of

food have an increased rate of pre-imaginal

development, with smaller pupae resulting

(Hughes et al. 2004). Laboratory flight

bioassays indicate OFM adults that eclose

from small pupae do not fly as far as those

that eclose from large pupae (Hughes ef al.

2004). The suboptimal pupal weights attained

by OFM reared on the CMD in the current

study may reduce the flight capacity of the

resulting moths.

Larval development time varied among the

diets tested. The pre-pupal wandering stage on

the ApD occurred 48 h later than on either

synthetic diet tested. This may be due to

differences in penetration of light into the

natural versus the synthetic diet types, which

can affect behaviour of last-instar larvae

(Nylin ef al. 2008). Apple skin contains

phenolics that protect the fruit from UV

damage (Solovchenko and Schmitz-Eiberger

2003). This may have decreased the amount of

penetration of light radiation into the ApD, as

compared to the CMD or OFMD. Short

photophase duration correlates with increased

pre-imaginal mortality and delayed

reproduction in OFM (Hughes ef a/. 2004).

Larval development of OFM is faster on

peach than on any other host, including apple

(Bellutti 2011). Oriental fruit moth females

prefer peach trees over apple trees for

Oviposition in close-range controlled tests

(Meyers 2005). This preference may involve

nutritional components found in peach that are

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

not present in apple. The crab apples used in

the current study were reaching full maturity

at the time of picking. Sugar levels and the

allelochemistry of apples can vary as the fruit

matures (Meyers ef al. 2006b); this variation

may change the fruit’s suitability for larval

development. For instance, larval CM survival

is optimal as pear fruit approach maturity, but

decreases as the fruit loses firmness with

ripening (Van Steenwyk ef al. 2004).

Decreased penetration of the crab apple skin

might also slow development and explain the

48-h delay in the pre-pupal wandering on the

ApD.

Although diet type significantly influenced

pupal mass in this study, females were

similarly fecund, regardless of diet type. Body

size 1s a good indicator of fitness in many

moths (Tammaru ef a/. 2002), including OFM

(Hughes et al, 2004). Compounds obtained

from fruit by OFM larvae are used in the

synthesis of courtship pheromones by male

moths (Baker eft al. 1981). Males reared on

formulated synthetic diets lack trans-ethyl

cinnamate, a compound sequestered from

apples and peaches (Baker eft a/. 1981) that

dictates mate acceptance by females (Loftstedt

et al, 1989). Other diets used to rear OFM for

SIR in Bulgaria incorporate peach and apple

purée into the synthetic diet (Genchev 2002).

The incorporation of trans-ethyl cinnamate or

fruit purées into synthetic diets for OFM

should be examined before mass rearing is

considered.

The Okanagan—Kootenay Sterile Insect

Release Program, in combination with other

tactics (Judd and Gardiner 2005), has provided

area-wide suppression of CM populations in

BC’s Okanagan and Similkameen valleys

(Bloem et al. 2007). This multi-million-dollar

facility may soon be underutilized, but could

be used to rear other insects for SIR.

Adaptation of the facility to house another

closely related species would be most cost

effective if minimal changes to the rearing

techniques currently used for CM were

required.

Wood-based diets such as the CMD are

more effective for mass insect rearing,

because they are less susceptible to mould

growth than agar-based diets are, and wood is

a less costly binding material than agar

(Brinton et al. 1969). The first step in

developing the SIR technique for any species

is the development of an inexpensive mass-

rearing system, including diet. Although the

agar-based diet used to rear OFM in this study

produced good-quality moths, the diet would

be too expensive for large-scale mass

production of moths in the SIR facility. Our

results show that OFM can be reared on the

diet currently used for CM SIR. The quality of

mass-reared insects 1s critical to the success of

a SIR program (Calkins and Ashley 1989).

Therefore, further research into specific

nutritional requirements for OFM should be

investigated to determine if the CM diet can

be modified to improve reared-insect quality.

Our study’s findings indicate that, based on

pupal size as a measure of insect condition,

the CMD is inferior to the OFMD, but that

both diets produced equally fecund female

moths. Further research would determine if

OFM can readily adapt to the CMD after

several generations of rearing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Boyd Mori for providing the

crab apples, and the Okanagan—Kootenay

Sterile Insect Release Program for providing

the CMD.

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J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

oe)

Additional provincial and state records for Heteroptera

(Hemiptera) in Canada and the United States

G. G. E. Scudder!

ABSTRACT

New provincial and/or state records are given for 73 species of Heteroptera in Canada and the

United States. Lygaeospilus brevipilus is reported new to the United States, and Corythaica

acuta and Sehirus cinctus cinctus new to Canada. Eremocoris melanotus is synonymized with

E. semicinctus.

Key Words: Records, Heteroptera, Canada, United States

INTRODUCTION

Over the past few years, a study of the

Heteroptera in various museum collections has

resulted in the detection of a number of new

provincial and state records for Canada and

the United States. These records are additional

to those listed for Canada in Maw et al. (2000)

and subsequent publications. For the United

States, the distribution records are additional

to those listed in Henry and Froeschner (1988)

and subsequent publications.

The higher classification follows Maw et

al. (2000), but the lygaeid subfamily

Orsillinae is raised to family status following

Sweet (2000). Species are listed in

alphabetical order under each family, and the

data are cited as recorded on the specimen

labels.

Museum abbreviations are as follows:

AMNH — American Museum of Natural

History, New York, NY (R. T. Schuh)

CAS — California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco, CA (P. H. Arnaud, Jr., N. D.

Penny)

CNC — Canadian National Collection of

Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ottawa, ON (R. G. Foottit)

DBUC -— Department of Biological

Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB

(J. E. Swann)

JBWM -— J. B. Wallis and R. E. Roughly

Entomological Collection, University of

Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (T. Galloway, R. E.

Roughley)

LEM — Lyman Entomological Museum,

Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste-

Anne-de-Bellevue, QC (S. Boucher, T. A.

Wheeler)

NBM — New Brunswick Museum, St.

John, NB (D. F. McAlpine)

NSM — Nova Scotia Museum of Natural

History, Halifax, NS (A. Hebda, B. Wright)

OSU — Oregon State University, Corvallis,

OR (J. D. Lattin)

PFC — Pacific Forestry Centre, Natural

Resources Canada, Victoria, BC (L. M.

Humble)

RAM — Royal Alberta Museum,

Edmonton, AB (A. T. Finnamore)

RBCM — Royal British Columbia

Museum, Victoria, BC (C. Copley, R. A.

Cannings)

ROM — Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto,

ON (D. C. Curry)

RSM — Royal Saskatchewan Museum,

Saskatoon, SK (R. R. Hooper, R. Poulin)

UASM -— Strickland Museum, Department

of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, AB (D. Shpeley)

UBC — Spencer Entomological Collection,

Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of

British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (K. M.

Needham)

UCB — Essig Museum of Entomology,

University of California, Berkeley, CA (C. B.

Barr)

USNM -— United States National Museum,

Washington, DC (T. J. Henry)

'Department of Zoology and Beaty Biodiversity Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University

Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4

WFBM — William F. Barr Entomological

Museum, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

(W. F. Barr, F. W. Merichel)

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

WSU — James Entomological Collection,

Department of Entomology, Washington State

University, Pullman, WA (R. S. Zack)

NEW CANADIAN AND U.S. STATE RECORDS

Infraorder NEPOMORPHA

Family GELASTOCORIDAE

Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius)

The Gelastocoridae were revised by Todd

(1955), who provided a key to species.

Gelastocoris oculatus is widely distributed in

the United States, but in Canada, it is reported

from only British Columbia, Manitoba, and

Ontario (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. VIRGINIA: 36 19,

Botetourt Co., Buchanan, James R., 27.v1.

1993 (H. Nadel) [RBCM].

Infraorder LEPTOPODOMORPHA

Family SALDIDAE

Saldula nigrita Parshley

The Canadian species of Sa/dula have been

keyed by Brooks and Kelton (1967). Saldula

nigrita is widely distributed across Canada,

and it has been recorded from the Yukon

(Scudder 1997).

New record. NORTHWEST

TERRITORIES: 2¢, Martin R., 61°55'N

121°35"W, MR3-3S8120772, Pan trap 2, 12.vii.

1972 (MacKenzie Valley Pipeline Study Fort

Simpson Region) [CNC].

Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA

Family NABIDAE

Pagasa fusca (Stein)

Kerzhner (1993) distinguished Pagasa

fusca from P. nigripes Harris on the basis of

differences in the male and female genitalia.

He noted that, in Pagasa fusca, the legs are

yellow and the femora orange or reddish.

Kerzhner (1993) clarified some of the earlier

distribution records for P. fusca, but did not

cite the species from Washington State.

New record. WASHINGTON: 1, Walla

Walla, 1x.1931 (K. E. Gibson) [WFBM].

Family MIRIDAE

Deraeocoris incertus Knight

This species can be identified by using the

keys in Knight (1921) and Razafimahatrata

(1981). It has previously been recorded in

Canada from only British Columbia (Maw et

al. 2000).

New record. ALBERTA: 1°, Kananaskis,

Barrier Lake Field Station, 51°01'49"N

115°02'W, Malaise trap, 900-2100, 8.viii.2009

(Larry Wu) [DBUC].

Melanotrichus coagulatus (Uhler)

Illustrated by Kelton (1980) and keyed by

Kelton (1980) and Henry (1991), M.

coagulatus has silvery scale-like setae on the

dorsum in patches, a membrane with a small

dusky-brown patch just beyond the veins, and

brown to fuscous tibial spines. The insect is

widely distributed in North America (Henry

and Wheeler 1988; Maw et al. 2000) and was

previously recorded from the Yukon (Scudder

1997).

New record. ALASKA: 2¢ 29, Fairbanks,

U. of A. Campus, Malaise trap powerline cut,

26.vi-1.vii.1979 (B. Wright) [NSM].

Paraproba cincta Van Duzee

Schwartz and Scudder (2000) clarified the

identity of Paraproba cincta and made P.

nigrivervis Van Duzee a junior synonym.

Paraproba cincta can be distinguished from P.

hamata Van Duzee by the following

characteristics: in P. cincta, the length of the

lateral margin of the cuneus is equal to or

greater than the posterior width of the

pronotum, the apex of the clavus lacks a small

black mark, and the corium is uniformly pale

green and has no faint black cloud.

New record. ALBERTA: 1, Kananaskis,

University of Calgary Barrier Lake Field

Station, .51°01'49"N .115°02'W,. Malaise.

meadow site, vi1i1.2003 (AMNH PBI

00395256) [DBUC].

Pinalitus solivagus (Van Duzee)

The species of Pinalitus in North America

were keyed by Kelton (1977). Pinalitus

solivagus can be distinguished by the mottled

hemelytra, short rostrum, and shape of the

male parameres.

New record. ALBERTA: 1°, Kananaskis

Field Station, 51°01'49"N 115°02'W, gravel

pit site, 6-11.viii.2003 (AMNH_ PBI

00395238) [DBUC].

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Plagiognathus albatus (Van Duzee)

Plagiognathus albatus was keyed recently

by Schuh (2001), who also provided a colour

photograph of the species. Schuh (2001) cites

the distribution as eastern North America,

from Quebec south to the Gulf Coast, west to

central Texas and the foothills of the Colorado

Rockies. In Canada, P albatus is recorded

from most provinces east of Alberta (Schuh

2001). The following record for British

Columbia evidently represents an alien

introduction.

New record. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 5.4,

2°, Kelowna, ex Platanus hybrida Brot., v1.

2012 (S. Archeampong) [CNC].

Plagiognathus shoshonea Knight

Plagiognathus shoshonea was keyed

recently by Schuh (2001), who also provided a

colour photograph of the species. In Canada,

P. shoshonea has been reported previously

from Alberta and British Columbia (Maw et

al. 2000).

New record. SASKATCHEWAN: 19,

Fort Walsh, prairie hillside, 2.vii1.1979 (K.

Roney) [RSM].

Prepops borealis Knight

This species was keyed by Kelton (1980).

It is distinguished by the black scutellum and

black hemelytra. In Canada, P borealis had

been reported previously from British

Columbia to Nova Scotia (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. NORTHWEST

TERRITORIES: 24, Martin R., 61°55'N

121° 35'W, MR3-3S200772, Pan trap 4, 20.vil.

1972 (MacKenzie Valley Pipeline Study Fort

Simpson Region) [CNC].

Sericophanes heidemanni Poppius

Keyed and illustrated by Kelton (1980),

this species was previously reported in

Canada, from British Columbia to

Saskatchewan, and also in Ontario and

Quebec (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. NOVA SCOTIA: | (abdomen

missing), Lun. Co., New Ross, swept from

marsh at Ross Farm, 31.vii.1984 (Wright,

Morris) [NSM].

Sixeonotus rostratus Knight

Keyed and illustrated by Kelton (1980),

this species has previously been recorded in

Canada from only Alberta and Saskatchewan

(Maw et al. 2000).

New record. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 13,

Bull River Valley, south end, 49°29'41.3"N

115°24'51.2"W, 11U 614832 5483663, 873m,

28.vii.2011 (C. & D. Copley) [RBCM].

Trigonotylus flavicornis Kelton

Recently keyed with characteristics

illustrated by Scudder and Schwartz (2012),

this species has been recorded in North

America from only Manitoba and

Saskatchewan (Kelton 1970, 1980; Henry and

Wheeler 1988; Maw et al. 2000).

New records. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 22

49, Chilcotin, 27.vii.1920 (E. R. Buckell)

[CNC; UBC]; 14, Chilcotin, 20.viii.1930 (G.

J. Spencer) [CNC].

Family TINGIDAE

Corythaica acuta Drake

This species is keyed by Gibson (1919)

and Hurd (1945). It has been recorded from

only Colorado, Montana, and Nevada

(Froeschner 1988f). G. G. E. Scudder

collected comparative material in Colorado

(Pawnee Nat. Grassland Hdq., 9.viii. 1973).

This entry represents a new species for

Canada.

New records. ALBERTA: 14, CFB

Suffield, NWA, 50°23.466'N 110°36.768'W,

PT 1.3.2, 1-16.vi.1994 (A. T. Finnamore)

[RAM]; 39, id., PT 1.3.3, 16-29.v1.1994 (A.T.

Finnamore) [CNC; RAM]; 19, id., PT 1.3.2,

16-29.vi1.1994 (A. T. Finnamore) [RAM]; 39,

td, PT 325, -16-29.vi0.1994- (A... T.

Finnamore) [CNC; RAM]; 16, id., PT 1.3.2,

16.vili-17.1x.1994 (A. T. Finnamore) [RAM].

Hesperotingis occidentalis Drake

This species is distinguished from other

species in the genus in northwest North

America by the following characteristics: a

rostrum that reaches only the middle coxae,

and a costal area of the corium that has one

complete row of areoles in the middle and a

double row of areoles near the base and the

apex.

New record. MONTANA: 72, Glacier

N.P., Babb, 10 mi W, 8.viii.1969 (Oman)

[OSU].

Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA

Family ARADIDAE

Aradus aequalis Say

Keyed by Matsuda (1977), with

photographs of both male and female in dorsal

view, this species has been recorded in Canada

from only Ontario and Quebec (Matsuda

1977; Maw et al. 2000). However, it 1s widely

distributed in the eastern United States

(Froeschner 1988a).

New record. MICHIGAN: 49, Ingham

Co., Michigan St. U. Campus, 12.vii1.1978 (B.

D. Ainscough) [RBCM].

Aradus kormilevi Heiss

This species was keyed and illustrated by

Matsuda (1977) as Aradus cinnamomeus

Panzer. However, Heiss (1980) showed that

North American specimens under this name

were a new species. Aradus kormilevi occurs

across Canada from British Columbia to Nova

Scotia (Maw et al. 2000), and is widely

distributed in the United States (Froeschner

1988a).

New record. OREGON: | 29, Lake Co.,

23 mi W of Adel, under bark, 17.v.1957 (W. J.

Hogg) [RBCM].

Aradus nigrinus canadensis Parshley

Described by Parshley (1929) from Banff,

Alberta, and keyed by Matsuda (1977), this

aradid has to date been recorded from only

Alberta.

New record. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 12,

Monkman Rd. [mi 15], Picea glauca, 15.vi.

1965 [(R. Wood)] (FIS 65-5793-01) [PFC].

Aradus similis Say

Keyed and illustrated by Matsuda (1977),

this species has not previously been recorded

from New Brunswick (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. NEW BRUNSWICK: 19,

St. John, Rockwood Pk., 5.vili.1954 (J. F.

Brimley) [CNC].

Family RHOPALIDAE

Boisea trivittata (Say)

Illustrated by Blatchley (1926), Froeschner

(1942), and Henry (1988), the box-elder plant

bug is widely distributed in North America,

although early western records refer to B.

rubrolineata Barber (Barber 1956; Henry

1988).

New record. WYOMING: 39, Ft.

Laramie, 25.x.1973 (W. J. M.) [RBCM].

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Rhopalus tigrinus (Schilling)

First reported from eastern North America,

R. tigrinus was keyed and illustrated by

Hoebeke and Wheeler (1982). This species

occurs in many western states (Wheeler and

Hoebeke 1999) and in the southern interior of

British Columbia (Scudder 2007).

New records. IDAHO: 19, Canyon Co.,

Parma, Sample #F11, 17.vu1.2000, Mary

Gardiner MS thesis voucher specimen:

collected from Hop-Humulus lupulus

(Urticales: Cannabaceae) [WFBM]; 12,

Canyon Co., Parma, sample #F52, 20.vii.

2001, Mary Gardiner MS thesis voucher

specimen: collected from Hop-Humulus

lupulus (Urticales: Cannabaceae); [green

label] ‘Lygaeidae unident. Sp. #2’ [WFBM];

12, Latah Col, Moscow, 20.vi.1963 (D. J.

Schotzko) [WFBM]; 1°, Latah Co., Kendrick,

3 mi SE, 23.iv.1981 “((D: J. Schotzko}

[WFBM]; 1, Latah Co., Kendrick, 3 mi E,

14.v.1982 (D. J. Schotzko) [WFBM]; 1¢ 19,

Latah Co., Genesee, 1.5 mi N, UI Kambitsch

Farm, ex Brassica napus, 25.vii.2001 (A. A.

Stehr) [WFBM]; 14 Latah Co., Moscow, 5 mi

E; Robinson. Park, 22.iv.2005 ((Brentewk

Werner) [WFBM].

Stictopleurus knighti Harris

Redescribed and keyed by G6Ollner-

Scheiding (1975), this species was reported in

Canada from Quebec by Roch (2008). In the

United States, it is recorded from Michigan,

Minnesota, and Wyoming (Henry 1988).

New record. NEW BRUNSWICK: 19,

Restigouche Co., Jacquet River Gorge PNA,

47.8207°N 65.9961°W, 25.vi.2008 (Rv °F:

Webster) [NBM 030638].

Family ARTHENEIDAE

Chilacis typhae (Perris)

An alien species in North America, C.

typhae was illustrated by Wheeler and Fetter

(1987), and is known to be widely distributed

both in Canada and the United States.

Although already recorded from many states

(Wheeler and Fetter 1987; Wheeler and

Stoops 1999; Wheeler 2002), this is the first

report from Idaho.

New record. IDAHO: 1, Latah County,

Moscow, Paradise Creek, 1.v.2005 (Brent J.

Werner) |[WFBM].

Family BERYTIDAE

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Berytinus minor (Herrich-Schaeffer)

This alien species in Canada was keyed by

Scudder (1991), and the characteristics of the

head were illustrated. It is also keyed and

illustrated by Henry (1997). Until now, the

species has been known only from Ontario

eastwards to Newfoundland, in Canada

(Scudder and Foottit 2006). Wheeler (1970,

1971) gives details of the occurrence and

biology of the species in North America.

New record. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 1.3,

Victoria, University of Victoria, 28.1x.2009

(Clarissa Bruckal) [RBCM].

Family CYMIDAE

Cymus luridus Stal

The Cymus species were keyed by Torre-

Bueno (1946) and Hamid (1975). Cymus

luridus 1s a Nearctic species, widely

distributed in North America (Ashlock and

Slater 1988).

New record. MONTANA: 19, Lake Co.,

Swan Lake, flight, 22.vi1.1962 [WFBM].

Family GEOCORIDAE

Geocoris atricolor Montandon

Keyed by Torre-Bueno (1946), G. atricolor

in Canada is recorded from British Columbia,

Alberta, and Saskatchewan (Scudder 2010a);

in the United States, it is confined to the west

(Ashlock and Slater 1988).

New record. SOUTH DAKOTA: 19,

Badlands, 13.ix.1963 (G. G. E. Scudder)

[Scudder Coll.].

Geocoris howardi Montandon

Keyed and illustrated by Readio and Sweet

(1982). This species is widely distributed

across boreal North America.

New records. IDAHO: 19, Canyon Co.,

Parma, alfalfa, 9.viii.1971 (N. D. Waters)

[WFBM]; 192, Latah Co., Moscow-Manis

Lab., 10.1x.1984 (D. J. Schotzko [WFBM].

Geocoris pallens Stal

Geocoris pallens was keyed and illustrated

by Readio and Sweet (1982). They note that

this species has been collected from most of

the western United States and has a range

eastwards to Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and

Arkansas. In Canada, it has long been known

from British Columbia (Torre-Bueno 1925,

1946; Downes 1927) and was recently

recorded from Saskatchewan (Scudder 2010a).

New records. ALBERTA: 14, Brocket, 19

km N, 49°43'N 113°45'W, 1410m, pan trap

collection Code No. D1-10-Y1, 6-10.vili.1998

(K. White) [CNC]. WASHINGTON: 19,

Maryhill, on alfalfa, 23.1v.1938 (Gray &

Schuh) [OSU]; 12, Oroville, E. Osoyoos L.,

48°58'N 119°25'W, Purshia assoc., AN

BGxhl, Pitfall trap O5-2, 9.viti-10.1x.1995 (G.

G. E. Scudder) [UBC].

Family LYGAEIDAE

Lygaeospilus brevipilus Scudder

Described, illustrated and keyed by

Scudder (1981), L. brevipilus is also keyed by

Slater (1992). To date, it has been recorded

from only British Columbia. The records

below constitute a new species to the United

States.

New records. CALIFORNIA: 19,

Siskiyou Co., Bartle, 1 mi SE, 8-10.vi.1974 (J.

Doyen) [UCB]. IDAHO: 1°, Moscow, 2560',

21.v.1928 [WFBM]. OREGON: 142 29,

Wallowa Co., Enterprise, 5 mi N, 3760',

roadside sweeping, 30.vi.1960 (J. D. Lattin)

[OSU].

Lygaeus truncatulus Stal

Keyed by Brailovsky (1978) and Slater

(1992), this western species has been reported

to date from Arizona, California, and Mexico,

south to South America (Ashlock and Slater

1988).

New records. OREGON: 14, Klamath

County, mouth Williamson Cr., on Asclepias,

17.vi.1958 (Joe Schuh) [OSU]; 14, Klamath

L., Eagle Ridge, 27.v.1924 (C. L. Fox) [CAS].

Melacoryphus lateralis (Dallas)

Melacoryphus lateralis is keyed by Slater

(1992. It is a western North American species

also recorded from Mexico (Ashlock and

Slater 1988).

New records. NEBRASKA: 20 29,

Lincoln Co., North Platte, 27.vii.1978 (H.W.

Homan) [WFBM]. NEW MEXICO: 19,

Dofia Ana Co., Las Cruces, 7.x.1991 (J. B.

Johnson) [WFBM]. NEVADA: 12, Lincoln

Co., Pioche, Penstemon, 9.vii.1965 (W. F.

Barr) [WFBM]. OREGON: 1°, Warner V.,

15.viti.1934 (McLeod) [CAS].

Melanopleurus belfragei Stal

This species, keyed by Slater (1992), has

been reported from Arizona, California, New

Mexico, Texas, and Mexico (Ashlock and

Slater 1988).

New record. NEVADA: 29, Clark Co.,

Kyle Canyon, Encelia, 19.vi.1967 (S. M.

Hogue) [WFBM].

Neacoryphus bicrucis (Say)

Keyed by Slater (1992), N. bicrucis 1s

widely distributed in North America, and

occurs from Mexico to Brazil (Ashlock and

Slater 1988).

New records. OREGON: 4¢ 39, Detroit,

Willamette Nat. Forest, Humbug Forest Camp

44, 17.vii.1941 (H. & F. Daniels) [WFBM].

WASHINGTON: 1°, Whitman Co.,

Wawawal, 24.x.1989 (R. J. Sawby) [WFBM].

Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)

This well-known migratory lygaeid, keyed

by Slater (1992), is widely distributed in

North and South America, but is not recorded

from New Mexico by Ashlock and Slater

(1988).

New records. NEW MEXICO: 2°,

Hildalgo Co., Rodeo, | mi S., 26.v1.1969 (D.

E. Foster, L. S. Hawkins, R. L. Penrose)

[WFBM]; 14, McKinley Co., Zuni, 11 mi NE,

Asclepias, 23.vu:1969 (D.E. “Foster; Ru« L.

Penrose) [WFBM].

Family ORSILLIDAE

Belonochilus numenius (Say)

This species was keyed by Blatchley

(1926) and Torre-Bueno (1946). Until now, in

Canada, B. numenius has been recorded only

in Ontario (Maw et al. 2000), although it is

widely distributed in the United States

(Ashlock and Slater 1988). The seasonal

history, habits, and immature stages of this

species were described by Wheeler (1984).

The usual host is sycamore or American plane

tree (Plantanus occidentalis L.). The

following record for British Columbia

evidently represents an alien introduction into

this province.

New record. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 3¢

20, (Kelowna 49°53" 16584N

119°25'23.75"W, 1245 ft., on London plane,

9.1x.2011 (Susanna Acheampong) [CNC].

Neortholomus scolopax (Say)

Keyed by Hamilton (1983), N. scolopax is

distributed across southern Canada, the

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

continental United States, Mexico and

Guatemala.

New records. OREGON: 66 39,

Corvallis, on strawberry, 21.vii.1935 (K.

Gray) [OSU]; 19, Maclean, 7.iii.1933 (J.

Schuh) [OSU]; 19, Peoria, 24.vii.1928 (J. E.

Davis) [OSU].

Nysius insoletus Barber

Described and keyed by Barber (1947), WN.

insoletus has been recorded from only

Colorado and Utah (Ashlock and Slater 1988).

Idaho specimens have been compared with

paratypes from Utah [USNM].

New record. IDAHO: 29, Bingham Co.,

SE of Blackfoot, 12.vii.1956 (H. W. Smith)

[WFBM].

Nysius raphanus Howard

Keyed by Barber (1947), N. raphanus

occurs widely in North America, Mexico, and

the West Indies (Ashlock and Slater 1988). It

is illustrated by Baranowski and Slater (2005).

Previous to the record below, it has not been

reported from Washington State.

New record. WASHINGTON: 1<.,

Franklin Co., Palouse Falls, 13.viii.1971 (A.

R. Gittins) [WFBM].

Nysius tenellus Barber

Described and keyed by Barber (1947), N.

tenellus occurs widely in western North

America (Ashlock and Slater 1988). In

Canada, it has been reported previously from

British Columbia and Saskatchewan (Scudder

2010a).

New record. ALBERTA: 1, Medicine

Hat, 6.vi.1932 (O. Bryant) [CAS].

Family OXYCARENIDAE

Crophius albidus Barber

Described and keyed by Barber (1938), C.

albidus to date has been recorded from only

Utah. The Idaho specimen has been compared

with a photograph of a male paratype from

Mt. Pleasant, Utah [USNM].

New record. IDAHO: 192, Owyhee Co.,

Hot Springs, 16.vi.1961 (M. M. Furniss)

[WFBM].

Crophius angustatus Van Duzee

Described and illustrated by Van Duzee

(1910), C. angustatus was keyed by Barber

(1938). It is a North American species

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

reported from across Canada (Maw et al.

2000; Scudder 2010a) and, in the United

States, from California, Colorado, Oregon,

and Utah (Ashlock and Slater 1988).

New records. IDAHO: 16, Big Wood

Riv., Stanton Crossing, 10.vii.1930 (J. C.

Chamberlin): [CAS];:(1¢; ' Camas 'Co.,

Fairfield, 23 mi E, 24.vi.1966 (W. F. Barr)

[WFBM]; 14, Custer Co., Leslie, 10 mi N,

Bear Cr. Camp, 19.vii.1965 (R. L. Westcott)

[WFBM]; 1¢ 19, Custer Co., Morgan Creek,

29.vi.1964 (R. L. Westcott) [WFBM]; 19,

Nez Perce Co., Lewiston, 7 mi E, collected on

Salix (D. A. Barstow) [WFBM] (previously

det: C. scabrosus by Froeschner 1967):

MONTANA: 19, Flathead Co., Swan Lk. G.

S., sweeping marsh, 22.vu.1963 [WFBM].

WASHINGTON: 19, Cle Elum, 20.vi1.1954

(B. Malkin & D. Boddy) [CAS].

Crophius bohemanni (Stal)

Keyed by Barber (1938), this species is

widely distributed in the western United States

(Ashlock and Slater 1988). In Canada, it is

recorded from British Columbia and

Saskatchewan.

New records: WASHINGTON: 1°,

Klickitat Co., Lyle, 5 mi NE, 5.v.1972 (Oman)

[OSU]; 19, Pierce Co., Fort Lewis, 5.v.1946

(P. H. Arnaud) [CAS].

Crophius impressus Van Duzee

Described and illustrated by Van Duzee

(1910), C. impressus was keyed by Barber

(1938). To date, the species has been recorded

from only California and Utah (Ashlock and

Slater 1988).

New records. NEVADA: 1°, Nixon, 30.vi.

1927 (E. P. Van Duzee) [CAS]; 19, Reno,

Pie VO2, ACh Ps) Var) Duzee)-. (CAS,

OREGON: 1°, Benton Co., Corvallis, 4.vi.

1957602 D Lattin): [OSU]; 12; Benton: Co.,

Granger, on thimbleberry, 11.v.1960 (E. A.

Dickason) [OSU]; 19, Corvallis, 11.vi.1925

(E. P. Van Duzee) [CAS]; 23 29, Josephine

€o7, Deer Crk. Selman Iimi-S, 1325") 29,

1960 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 14, Monroe, 21.v.

1931 (Noal P. Larson) [USNM]; 19, Portland,

10 mi S, sweeping along highway, 22.v.1959

(S. Radinovsky) (J. D. Lattin collection)

[OSU]; 19, Talent, under c.m. bands, 26.i.

193 i ( GaGentner) (OSU):

Crophius scabrosus (Uhler)

Keyed by Barber (1938), C. scabrosus has

been recorded from Arizona, California,

Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nebraska,

Utah, and Mexico (Ashlock and Slater 1988).

New records. OREGON: 1 69, Harney

Co., Andrews, 6 mi N, Alvord Desert, 11.vii.

1968 (Oman) [OSU]; 2°, Harney Co., Hdq.

Squaw Butte Exp. Sta., 3 mi S, ex. sagebrush,

6.v11.1977 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU].

Family PACH YGRONTHIDAE

Phlegyas annulicrus Stal

Keyed by Slater (1955), P. annulicrus has a

wide distribution in the United States

(Ashlock and Slater 1988) In Canada, it is

known from only British Columbia (Maw et

al. 2000).

New record. IDAHO: 14, Owyhee Co.,

Snake River, Bruneau, 5 mi NE, 19.vi.1972

(W. F. Barr) [WFBM].

Family RHYPAROCHROMIDAE

Antillocoris pilosulus (Stal)

Keyed by Barber (1952), A. pilosulus is

widely distributed in the eastern United States

(Ashlock & Slater 1988).

New record. GEORGIA: 1°, Rabun Co.,

Tally Mill Crk., at Hwy. 28, 18.v.1986 (A.

Smetana) [CNC].

Atrazonotus umbrosus (Distant)

The genus Atrazonotus was described and

keyed by Slater and Ashlock (1966).

Atrazonotus umbrosus 1s widely distributed in

North America (Ashlock and Slater 1988).

New records. MINNESOTA: 1°, Olmsted

Co... Chathield,. 6 mi E;: 17.1967 (JO. R.

Powers) [UCB]. WASHINGTON: 10 19,

Vancouver, ex bark mulch, x.1981 (Mike

Hart) [OSU].

Drymus crassus Van Duzee

Recently keyed by Scudder et al. (2012),

D. crassus is restricted in Canada to the

eastern provinces (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. NEW BRUNSWICK: 12,

Queens Co., Cranberry Lake Protected Natural

Area, 46.117°N 65.608°W, 85m, in leaf litter,

6.vi1.2009 (D. F. McAlpine, P. P. Webster,

Aaron Fairweather) [NBM 028314].

Eremocoris borealis (Dallas)

Sweet (1977) clarified the identity of this

species and keyed the species of Eremocoris

of North America east of the 100th meridian.

The hind tibia of E. borealis is sparsely pilose,

with the setae shorter than the moveable

spines. The labium also attains only the

metasternum and not the abdomen, as is the

case in E. ferus (Say).

New records. MASSACHUSETTS: 19,

Beach Bluff, ocean beach, 4.vii.1915 (H. M.

Parshley) [CAS]. NEW YORK: 19, Ithaca,

23.v.1967 (A. Greene) [WSU].

Eremocoris ferus (Say)

The identity of E. ferus was clarified and

the species keyed by Sweet (1977). The hind

tibia has setae that are much longer than the

moveable spines. Sweet (1977) indicated that

old northern records probably refer to E.

borealis and that records west of the 100th

meridian refer to a complex of undescribed

species. However, FE. ferus has been recorded

from British Columbia and Saskatchewan

(Scudder 2010a).

New records. IDAHO: 2¢ 19, Custer,

Co., Challis, 14.5 mi N, leaf litter, Ber. funnel.

17.111.1981 (F. W. Merichel) [WFBM].

WASHINGTON: |, Pullman, VI [WSU].

Eremocoris inquilinus Van Duzee

Eremocoris inquilinus was keyed by Torre-

Bueno (1946). In addition to lacking long out-

standing setae on the hind tibia, the species’s

corium and clavus are uniform ferruginous,

and its membrane is dark brown without an

obvious pale spot, but quite ferruginous

adjacent at the base. To date, the species has

been reported from only California.

New records. ARIZONA: 16, Sta. Rita

Mts., 30.ix.1936 (Bryant Lot 51) [CAS]; 19,

id., 25.11.1937 (Bryant Lot 9) [CAS].

Eremocoris obscurus Van Duzee

Eremocoris obscurus was keyed by Torre-

Bueno (1946). Eremocoris obscurus \acks

long erect setae on the hind tibia, the apical

two-thirds of the insect’s coritum is uniform

dark brown, the membrane has a_ small,

elliptical pale spot, and the fore femora have

two large spines. In the male, the anterior lobe

of the pronotum is markedly convex. To date,

E. obscurus has been recorded from only

British Columbia, California, and Idaho.

New records. OREGON: 1°, Klamath

Co.,; Lav Pme; -13smiS..724S) RESIS,

12.1x.1958 (Gerald F. Kraft) [OSU]; 19,

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

Upper Klamath Lk., 3 m Cr., 30.v.1960 (Joe

Schuh) [OSU]; 19, Wasco Co., Bear Spr.,

5.vi.1962 (K. M. & D. M. Fender) [OSU].

WASHINGTON: 1, Columbia Co., Sheep

Creek nr. Tucannon R., 6 mi S Tucannon RS,

east of Dayton, 22.v.1982 (W. J. Turner)

[WSU]; 19, Puyallup, 30.iv.1935 (Wm. W.

Baker) [WSU]; 1°, Tampico, 6.i11.1931 (A. R.

Rolfs) [WSU]; 16, id., 7.v.1932 (A. R. Rolfs)

[WSU].

Eremocoris semicinctus Van Duzee

Eremocoris semicinctus was keyed by

Torre-Bueno (1946) and by Walley (1929) as a

new species (= FE. melanotus Walley syn.

nov.). Eremocoris melanotus was described

from British Columbia, and examination of

the types shows these two species are

conspecific. Both have previously been

recorded from Idaho. Eremocoris semicinctus

was described from California.

New records. WASHINGTON: 1<,

Chelan Cos. Wenatchee,{5 miucss.

Squillchuck Crk. at Wenatchee Hts. Rd., 1800

ft., 9.v.1981 (W. Turner) [WSU]; 19, id., 14.v.

1983 (W. J. Turner) [WSU]; 12, Cle Elum,

1.v.1932 (J. Wilcox) [WSU]; 1¢, id., 21.v.

1933 (Wm. W. Baker) [WSU]; 9, id., 21.iv.

1935 (Wm. W. Baker) [WSU]; 1¢ 19,

Spokane Co., Spokane, Upriver Rd., Minihaha

Park, 1.1v.1983 (Alan Mudge) [WSU].

Eremocoris setosus Blatchley

Keyed by Torre-Bueno (1946) and Sweet

(1977), E. setosus’s entire body and legs are

densely pilose with long erect setae, the

hemelytra are uniformly dark brown, the

antennae and legs are dark brown, and the fore

femora are armed beneath with two major

spines. The insect’s membrane is dark brown

with an elliptical pale spot with diffuse

margins adjacent to the apical angle of the

corium. Previous records are from the eastern

United States (Ashlock and Slater 1988) and

from Ontario and Quebec in Canada (Paiero et

al. 2003). The species evidently has not

previously been reported from western Canada

and the western United States.

New records. ALBERTA: 1¢ 19, W. of

Pembina R., nr. Fawcett, 3-4.vi.1957 (George

E. Ball) [UASM]. ARIZONA: 1¢ 39, Sta.

Catalina Mts., 15.vii.1938 (Bryant Lot 21)

[CAS] 202 oe 15.v1i.1938 (Bryant Lot 43)

[CASI eG. 15.x.1938 (Bryant Lot 21)

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

[CAS]; 19, id., 25.vi.1940 (Bryant Lot 23)

[CAS]; 29°, id., vi.1940 (Bryant Lot 23)

[CAS]; 13 19, id., 25.ix.1940 (Bryant Lot

9700) [CAS]. COLORADO: 16, Boulder,

March (T. D. A. Cockerell) [CAS].

Ligyrocoris delitus Distant

Keyed by Barber (1921) and Sweet (1986),

L. delitus has been recorded from Arizona and

California, and from Mexico to Central

America (Ashlock and Slater 1988).

New record. NEW MEXICO: 10,

Deming, 5 mi NE, Asclepias, 5.vii.1958 (W. F.

Barr) [WFBM].

Ligyrocoris diffusus (Uhler)

Keyed by Barber (1921) and Sweet (1986),

L. diffusus is widely distributed in North

America (Ashlock and Slater 1988), and

across Canada (Maw et al. 2000), although not

previously recorded from Oregon and Prince

Edward Island.

New record. OREGON: 1°, Summit

Prairie, 3.viii.1935 (Joe Schuh) [OSU]; 19,

id., 23.vii.1939 (Schuh & Gray) [OSU]; 10,

id., 9.viii.1939 (Schuh & Gray) [OSU].

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: 1°, Wood

Island, ix.1927 [CNC].

Malezonotus arcuatus Ashlock

Described and keyed by Ashlock (1958),

this species so far has been reported from only

British Columbia and Washington.

New record. OREGON: 16, Linn Co.,

Monument Peak G.S., Sec. 21, T105, R4E,

16.vi1.1974 (W. F. Barr) [WFBM].

Myodocha serripes Olivier

Keyed most recently by Cervantes (2005),

M. serripes is widely distributed in eastern

North America, but to date does not appear to

have been recorded from Delaware (Ashlock

and Slater 1988).

New record. DELAWARE: 1°, Newcastle

Co., Newark, 2 mi N on Papermill Rd., 31.vii.

1991. (P. W. Gothro) [WFBM].

Ozophora occidentalis Slater

Described and keyed by Slater (1988), O.

occidentalis so far has been recorded from

only British Columbia, California, Nevada,

and Oregon. Idaho specimens were compared

with paratypes from British Columbia.

New records. IDAHO: 1 1°, Idaho Co.,

Skookumchuck Cr., cottonwood leaf. litter,

Ber. funnel, 9.11.1981 (F. W. Merichel)

[WFBM]; 192, Latah Co., Moscow, Berlese

sample, maple leaf litter, 4.1.1963 (W. F. Barr,

A. R. Gittins) [WFBM]; 39, Nez Perce Co.,

Arrow Jct. at Hwy. 3 & 12, B.f. Populus/

Locust litter, 25.1.2005 (F. W. Merichel)

[WFBM].

Peritrechus convivus (Stal)

Keyed most recently by Scudder (1999), P.

convivus is a Holarctic species widely

distributed in North America (Scudder 1999).

New record. MINNESOTA: 19, Clay Co.,

Moorehead, 3.v.1961 (B. Wermager) [UCB].

Peritrechus fraternus Uhler

Keyed most recently by Scudder (1999), P.

fraternus is widely distributed in North

America (Ashlock and Slater 1988), but does

not appear to have been recorded from Ohio.

New record. OHIO: 1°, Columbus, 19.v.

1943 (H. W. Smith) [WFBM].

Pseudopamera nitidula (Uhler)

Keyed by Barber (1921) and Torre-Bueno

(1946) as Ligyrocoris (Neoligyrocoris)

nitidulus Uhler, this species occurs in the

western United States (Ashlock and Slater

1988), but has not previously been reported

from Idaho.

New record. IDAHO: 14, Owyhee Co.,

Hot Cr. Falls, 9.vii1.1969 (W. F. Barr)

[WFBM].

Scolopostethus diffidens Horvath

Scolopostethus diffidens was keyed by

Torre-Bueno (1946). In S. diffidens, the clavus

has more than three regular rows of punctures,

the terminal two segments and apical part of

the second antennal segment are black, and

the membrane 1s fuscous with a distinct round

white spot. In macropterous specimens, the

veins are also pale, especially basally. S.

diffidens 1s widely distributed in North

America (Ashlock and Slater 1988) and was

recently recorded from Nevada (Scudder

2010b).

New records. OREGON: 2, Benton Co.,

Mary’s Pk., 14 mi W Corvallis, Parker Cr.

Falls, 2800' elev., in moss, 28.1x.1960 (J. D.

Lattin) [OSU]; 8¢ 72, Benton Co., Grass Mt.,

5 mi NW Alsea, 3600', on ground in meadow,

3.x.1960 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 14 29, Benton

Co., N. Fk. Alsea R., 8 mi E Alsea, moss on

fallen log, 12.1.1961 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 19,

Clackamas Co., Portland, 3 mi S, leaf litter,

26.xii.1959 (S. Radinovsky) [OSU]; 16,

Cannon Beach, 14.vi.1927 (E. C. Van Dyke)

[CAS]; 29, Clatsop Co., J. J. Astor Exp. Stn.,

moss on logs, 29.1x.1960 (E. Dickason)

[OSU]; 19, Curry Co., Brookings, 9 mi N, ex.

ground litter, 9.1x.1958 (J. Capizzi) [OSU];

12, Douglas Co., Glide, 20 mi ENE, 2450’,

lichen & moss, 23.111.1961 (D. Fellin) [OSU];

2%, Jackson Co., Upper Dead Indian Soda

Springs, Eagle Point, 23 mi ESE, 2650'", 21.v.

1960 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 20¢ 129, Jackson

Co., Upper Dead Indian Soda Spr., Eagle Pt.,

23 mi SE, 2650' ex. moss around spring, 21.v.

1960 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 14, Klamath Co.,

Mare’s Egg Spring, 30.v.1960 (Joe Schuh)

[OSU]; 15 19, Lane Co., Florence, 5 mi N,

sand dune litter, 5.vii.1959 (S. Radinovsky)

[OSU]; 14 29, Lane Co., Florence, 15.vii.

1959 (S. Radinovsky) [OSU]; 29, Lincoln

Co., Waldport,-13.vi 19367 (Van Dyke

collection) [CAS]; 19, Lincoln Co., Waldport,

2.5 mi N, 29.x.1970 (Oman & Viraktamath)

[OSU]; 13 49, Linn Co., Sweet Home, 32 mi

E, 3800', Rhododendron litter, 25.111.1960 (J.

D. Lattin) [OSU]; 23 29, id., Manzanita

litter, 25.iii.1961 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 23 29,

Linn Co., Cascadia St. Pk., Sweet Home, 14

mi E, leaf & moss litter, 26.111.1960

(Radinovsky) [OSU]; 74 109, Linn Co.,

Longbow Camp, Sweethome, 25 mi E, leaf &

moss litter, 26.111.1960 (Radinovsky) [OSU];

43, Linn Co., Sweet Home, 8 mi E, moss nr.

River, 18.vi.1960 (J. D. Lattin) [OSU]; 1¢

12, Marion Co., Silver Cr. Falls, ground litter,

26.iv.1959 (S. Radinovsky) [OSU]; 19,

Tillamook Co., Oceanside, % mi S, 3.x.1972

(Oman) [OSU]; 23, Tillamook Co., Woods,

salal-huckleberry, 23.x.1955 (K. M. Fender)

[OSU]; 14, Yamhill Co., Bald Mt., 4.vii.1958

(K. M. Fender) [OSU].

In addition to the above, G. G. E. Scudder

examined 26¢ 312 specimens (mostly

singletons) in the OSU collection from the

same counties 1n Oregon.

Scolopostethus thomsoni Reuter

This Holarctic species is easily recognized

by the double row of spines ventrally on the

fore femora. It occurs across Canada (Maw et

al. 2000) and is widely distributed in the

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

United States (Ashlock and Slater 1988). It is

recently recorded from Nevada (Scudder

2010b).

New record. WYOMING: 1°, YNP, Old

Faithful, 15.vii.1956 (Gary Debel) [UCB].

Sisamnes claviger (Uhler)

Keyed by Barber (1953), S. claviger is

widely distributed in North America (Ashlock

and Slater 1988), and recently was recorded

from Saskatchewan (Scudder 2010a).

New records. CALIFORNIA: 10 19,

Siskiyou Co., Lava Beds Nat, Mone

Mammoth Crater, under Horkelia sp., 13.viii.

1961 (Joe Schuh) [OSU]. WASHINGTON:

43, Oroville, E. Osoyoos L., 48°58'N

119°25'W, Purshia assoc., AN BGxhl, Pitfall

trap 04-1, 5-30.v.1994 (G. G. E. Scudder)

[UBC]; 5¢ 19, id., Pitfall trap 04-3; 8, id.,

Pitfall trap 04-5; 34, id., Pitfall trap 05-1; 2¢

19, id., Pitfall trap 05-2; 184 39, id., Pitfall

trap 05-4 [AMNH, CAS, OSU, USNM, WSU,

Scudder Coll.]; 2¢, id., Pitfall trap 02-3,

5.vil-2.viii.1994 (G. G. E. Scudder) [Scudder

Coll.]; 16, id., Pitfall trap 05-2, 5.vii-2.viii.

1994 (G. G. E. Scudder) [Scudder Coll.].

Sphragisticus nebulosus (Fallén)

Sphragisticus nebulosus is a _ Holarctic

species keyed by Torre-Bueno (1946). It is

easily recognized by the explanate lateral

margin of the pronotum with a few punctures

from which arise upstanding black bristles,

and with a scutellum apically with a pale Y-

shaped flavescent mark. S. nebulosus occurs

across Canada (Maw et al. 2000), is widely

distributed in the United States, and was

recently reported from Vermont (Scudder

2010b).

New records. ARIZONA: 1°, Cochise

Co., Portal, 5 mi W, 28.v1.1958 (W. F. Barr)

[WFBM]. WASHINGTON: 1°, Tonasket, 4

mi S, attracted by black light, 1.vii1.1962 (J. E.

Halfhill) [WFBM].

Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE

Elasmostethus cruciatus (Say)

Keyed by Torre-Bueno (1939) and Thomas

(1991), E. cruciatus lacks a row of black spots

laterally on the abdominal sternum. It occurs

across Canada (Maw et al. 2000), but this is

the first Yukon record. Other Elasmostethus

specimens previously studied from the Yukon

have black spots laterally on the abdominal

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

sternum; they are E. interstinctus (L.)

(Scudder 1997).

New record. YUKON TERRITORY: 1°,

Alaska Hwy. km 1403 at Judas Cr. Cpgrd.,

60°23'N 134°08'W, flying along rd., 11.vi.

1980 (ROM Fld. Pty.) [ROM#800017f].

Family CYDNIDAE

Sehirus cinctus cinctus (Palisot)

Keyed by Froeschner (1960), this

subspecies characteristically lacks a pale spot

on the corium. S. cinctus cinctus occurs

throughout the eastern United States and in

New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico (Froeschner

1988b). The record below for Ontario

represents a new taxon for Canada, as most

other specimens of this species across Canada

are S. cinctus albonotatus Dallas (Maw et al.

2000).

New record. ONTARIO: 19, Pt. Pelee,

2.v1.1982 (Randy Young) [CNC].

Family PENTATOMIDAE

Dendrocoris pini Montandon

Keyed by Nelson (1955), D. pini occurs in

the western and southwestern United States

(Nelson 1955) and in British Columbia

(Scudder 1985).

New records. NEVADA: 1, Clark Co.,

Mt. Springs Summit, 5400", 26.v.1961 (R. C.

Bechtel) [OSU]; 19, Lincoln Co., Pioche,

Pinus monophylla, 22.v.1961 (R. C. Bechtel)

[OSU].

Thyanta accerra McAtee

Keyed by McPherson (1982), 7. accerra is

widely distributed in the United States

(Froeschner 1998c), but in Canada, it is

reported from only Manitoba, Ontario, and

Quebec (Maw et al. 2000).

New record. SASKATCHEWAN: 1<,

near Clearwater Lake, 60°52.464'N

107°54.444'W, 18.vi1.2012 (J. E. Swann & D.

R. Edwards) [DBUC].

Family SCUTELLERIDAE

Eurygaster alternata (Say)

Eurygaster alternata was keyed by

McPherson (1982). In E. alternate, the antero-

lateral margins of the pronotum are slightly

concave, and the base of the scutellum

typically has a pair of well-developed

flavescent calloused spots. Lattin (1964) noted

that this species occurs across the entire

northern United States and southern Canada,

although it does appear to be localized. The

Species is not recorded from either Idaho or

Vermont by Froeschner (1988d).

New records. IDAHO: 19, Bovill, 17.vi.

1911 [LEM]. VERMONT: 1°, Manchester,

L.vu.1965 (W. Boyle) [LEM].

Eurygaster amerinda Bliven

Eurygaster amerinda was keyed by

McPherson (1982). In E. amerinda, the

antero-lateral margins of the pronotum are

arcuate or broadly convex, and the base of the

scutellum typically lacks a pair of flavescent

calloused spots. Although Froeschner (1988d)

reports the species from only California and

Illinois, Lattin (1964), in Plate 13, shows it to

be widely distributed across North America.

Maw et al. (2000) report the species across

Canada, from the Northwest Territories to

Quebec. The following records are in addition

to those in Froeschner (1988d) and Maw et al.

(2000).

New records. COLORADO: 1°, Boulder,

vii.1927 (D. Stoner) [LEM]. MAINE: 1<,

19, Peaks Is., 26.vii.1920 (G. A. Moore); 13,

id., 4.viii.1920; 19, id., 25.vii.1925; 163, id.,

23 Nin1927; 19, id.g 234u1933; LY, id.

27.vii.1935; 14, id. 11.viii.1936; 124, id.,

2.wi, 1937; 12, dd... Wevii.1938;. 1Q;. id.,

s1.v11. 1939 (Gy. A. Moore) TLEM].

MICHIGAN: 1, Douglas Lake, vii.1917 (D.

Stoner) [LEM]. MONTANA: 19, Missoula,

12.vi.1985 (G. G. E. Scudder) [USNM].

NOVA SCOTIA: 16, Falmouth, 20.v.1984

(G. G. E. Scudder) [CNC]. TEXAS: 2,

Houston, 19.vii.1965 (W. Hoek, J. Lorrity)

[LEM]. UTAH: 2¢ 49, Iron Co. [LEM].

WASHINGTON: 1, Pullman, vi.1920 (G.

A. Pearson) [LEM]; 19, id., v.1921 (Adah

Procter) [LEM]; 19, id., vi.1921 (H. Eggerth)

[LEM]; 14 29, Pullman [LM].

Vanduzeeina borealis Van Duzee

Keyed by Usinger (1930) and Lattin

(1964), V. borealis is reported from Alberta,

British Columbia, California, Illinois, Ontario,

South Dakota, and the Yukon (Froeschner

1988d; Maw et al. 2000).

New record. SASKATCHEWAN: 19°,

Prince Albert N.P., Picea glauca, 22.vi.1960

(F.1.S. W60-1203-05) [JBWM].

Family THY REOCORIDAE

Galgupha atra Amyot & Serville

Keyed by McPherson (1982), G. atra is

widely distributed in North America

(Froeschner 1988e). In Canada, it has been

reported from Saskatchewan to Newfoundland

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

(Maw et al. 2000), but it has not been recorded

from New Brunswick to date.

New record. NEW BRUNSWICK: 19,

St. J[ohn], 15.v.1899 (W. M.) [NBM].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank the curators of the various

collections for permission to examine the

material in their care and/or the loan of

specimens. Dr. F. W. Merichel (WFBM)

recently loaned a large collection for

identification, and D. Giberson (University of

Prince Edward Island) sent Heteroptera

specimens sorted from the collections made

by the Mackenzie Pipeline Project. I am

USNM), P. H. Arnaud, Jr., V. F. Lee and N. D.

Penny (CAS), E.R. Hoebeke and? 2 ane

Liebherr (Cornell University) for the loan of

type material. M. D. Schwartz (CNC)

identified some of the mirid specimens and

allowed me to report Belonochilus numenius

and Plagiognathus albatus from British

Columbia. Launi Lucas kindly prepared the

final version of the manuscript.

especially indebted to T. J. Henry (USDA,

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J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2012

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea:

Oxycarenidae): First Canadian Record of a Palearctic Seed Bug

A.G. WHEELER, JR.' and E. RICHARD HOEBEKF?

Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa) is a mainly

west European and north African

(Mediterranean) species (Péricart 1999) that

has expanded its range in the last half century,

as evidenced by comparing the distributions

listed by Slater (1964) and Péricart (2001).

First taken in England in 1952 (Woodroffe

1953a, b), this immigrant bug was not

recorded again in Britain until breeding

populations apparently became established in

the 1990s; by the late 1990s, “prodigious

numbers” were observed (Kirby ef a/. 2001).

In continental Europe, M. ditomoides has

spread north from the Mediterranean region

(Rabitsch 2008) and probably also has been

transported in shipments of plant material

(Deckert 2004). This seed bug has been

detected recently in several countries,

including Belgium (Bruers and Viskens 1997),

and has become more common in the

Netherlands (Aukema 2003).

The first North American records were

from Oregon (Benton, Lane, Marion, and Polk

counties), where adults were collected from

hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) orchards and

found swarming in houses (Lattin and

Wetherill 2002). Metopoplax ditomoides soon

was reported from California (Alameda,

Marin, Solano, and Sonoma counties), with

the first collections at Vernon (Sonomo Co.) in

2002 (Gaimari 2005), and from Washington

State based on adults taken in a house at

Lynden (Whatcom Co.) in 2006 (LaGasa and

Murray 2007). Lynden is within about 6 km of

the Canadian border south of Aldergrove,

British Columbia.

Metopoplax ditomoides (Figure 1) can

readily be distinguished from other Nearctic

oxycarenids. The antenniferous tubercles are

prominent and rounded anteriorly; the clypeus

is produced and spatulate; the head, pronotum,

and scutellum are black, densely punctate, and

have a vestiture of long, pale setae; and the

forewings are pale to whitish, with veins of

the membrane colorless to brown (Woodroffe

1953b, Péricart 1999).

Here we report M. ditomoides from BC as

the first Canadian record for this oxycarenid.

Voucher specimens have been deposited in the

United States National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

DC (USNM) and University of Georgia

Collection of Arthropods, Athens, GA

(UGCA).

Specimens examined: CANADA: BC,

100 Ave. nr 140 St., Guildford, Surrey,

Figure 1. Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa) °,

British Columbia, Canada, Blackie Spit,

Crescent Beach, Surrey, 28-vi-2011 (E. R.

Hoebeke, A. G. Wheeler) [UGCA].

‘School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634-0310,

U.S.A.

*Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853-2601, U.S.A.; current address: Georgia Museum

of Natural History and Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

49°10.994’N_ 122°50.195’W, 26-vi-2010,

12sweeping forbs; Blackie Spit Park,

Crescent) Beach, Surrey, 49°03:579°N

122°52.875'W, 24-vi-2011, 264, 399 & 28-

vi-2011, 134, 239. ex Achillea millefolium L.,

E.R. Hoebeke & A.G. Wheeler.

Adults in BC, including a mating pair,

were collected from inflorescences of

common yarrow (A. millefolium; Asteraceae).

Other forbs growing nearby were goose

tongue or salt marsh plantain (Plantago

maritima L. (Plantaginaceae) and silver burr

ragweed (Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.)

Greene (Asteraceae). The collection of M.

ditomoides from yarrow at Blackie Spit Park

is consistent with the bug’s frequent

association with composites in the Palearctic

Region (Péricart 1999),

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Thomas J. Henry (Systematic

Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS,

Washington, DC) for verifying the

identification of M. ditomoides and providing

specimens had been deposited in the USNM

collection, as well as relevant pages from

Péricart (1999), and Joseph V. McHugh

(Department of Entomology, University of

the numbers of males and females after Georgia, Athens) for providing Fig. 1.

REFERENCES

Aukema, B. 2003. Recent changes in the Dutch Heteroptera fauna (Insecta: Hemiptera). pp. 39-52. In M. Reemer,

P.J. van Helsdingen, and R.M.J.C. Kleukers (eds). Changes in Ranges: Invertebrates on the Move. Proceedings

of the 13th International Colloquium of the European Invertebrate Survey, Leiden, 2—S5 September 2001.

European Invertebrate Survey, Leiden.

Bruers, J. and G. Viskens. 1997. Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa, 1847) Belgié nieuw sp. (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae,

Oxycareninae). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Belge d’Entomologie 133: 469.

Deckert, J. 2004. Zum Vorkommen von Oxycareninae (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) in Berlin und Brandenburg. Insecta

9: 67-75.

Gaimari, S. (ed.). 2005. Significant records in Entomology: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Metapoplax [sic] ditomoides

(Costa) (Oxycarenidae), a seed bug. California Plant Pest & Disease Report 22 (1): 9-10.

Kirby, P., A.J.A. Stewart and M.R. Wilson. 2001. True bugs, leaf- and planthoppers, and their allies. pp. 262-299. In

D.L.Hawksworth (ed.). The Changing Wildlife of Great Britain and Ireland. Taylor & Francis, London.

LaGasa, E. and T. Murray. 2007. Exotic seed-bugs (Lygeoidea [sic]: Rhyparochromidae and Oxycarenidae) new to

the Pacific Northwest. pp. 5-6. /n Proceedings of the 66th Annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management

Conference, Portland, Oregon, January 8-9, 2007. http://www.ipmnet.org/PNWIMC/

2009 _PNW_Conference_Proceedings.pdf. Accessed 2 September 2012.

Lattin, J.D. and K. Wetherill. 2002. Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa), a species of Oxycarenidae new to North

America (Lygaeoidea: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78: 63-65.

Péricart, J. 1999. Hémiptéres Lygaeidae Euro-Méditerranéens. 2. Faune de France 84B [1998]: 1-453.

Péricart, J. 2001. Superfamily Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829. Family Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 — seed bugs. pp.

35-220. In B. Aukema and C. Rieger (eds.). Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 4.

Pentatomomorpha I. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam.

Rabitsch, W. 2008. Alien true bugs of Europe (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa 1827: 1-44.

Slater, J.A. 1964. A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World. Vol. I. University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Woodroffe, G.E. 1953a. Notes on some Hemiptera-Heteroptera from Hounslow Heath, Middlesex. Entomologist

86: 34-40.

Woodroffe, G.E. 1953b. On the occurrence at Hounslow, Middlesex, of Metopoplax ditomoides Costa (Hem.,

Lygaeidae) new to Britain. Entomologist 86: 224-225.

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2012

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

MCOL, frontalin and ethanol: A potential operational trap lure

for Douglas-fir beetle in British Columbia

B. Staffan Lingren!”, Daniel R. Miller’, J. P. LaFontaine*

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus

pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a

major pest of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga

menziesii (Mirb.) in British Columbia

(Humphreys 1995). An operational trap lure

for D. pseudotsugae could be useful in an

integrated pest management program to

minimize mortality of Douglas-fir, particularly

in conjunction with anti-aggregation

pheromones (Lindgren ef a/. 1988; Ross and

Daterman 1995a). The principal pheromone of

D. pseudotsugae is frontalin (1,5-

dimethyl-6,8-dioxyabicyclo [3.2.1] octane),

which is produced by male and female beetles

and attracts both sexes of beetles (Pitman and

Vité 1970; Kinzer et al. 1971; Rudinsky ef al.

1976). In British Columbia, D. pseudotsugae

prefer multiple-funnel traps baited with

racemic frontalin (50:50 mix of the two

enantiomers) or (S)-(—)-frontalin equally over

those baited with (R)-(+)-frontalin (Lindgren

1992).

Two additional pheromones are produced

by female D. pseudotsugae and attract both

sexes of beetles, particularly when presented

with host odours or frontalin: MCOL (1-

methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol) (Libbey ef al.

1983; Lindgren ef a/. 1992; Ross and

Daterman 1995b) and seudenol (3-

methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol) (Vité ef al. 1972;

Rudinsky et al. 1974; Pitman et al. 1975; Ross

and Daterman 1995b). These two compounds

are isomers of each other.

In 1991, we conducted a trapping

experiment in British Columbia, targeting D.

pseudotsugae. The objective of the experiment

was to determine the effect of racemic

frontalin and racemic MCOL, alone and in

combination, on the attraction of D.

pseudotsugae to traps baited with ethanol in

' Corresponding author, Staffan.Lindgren@unbce.ca

British Columbia. Lindgren ef al. (1992)

found that the attraction of beetles to traps

baited with the two enantiomers of MCOL

seem to be additive with the highest catches in

traps baited with racemic MCOL. In

laboratory assays, ethanol enhanced the

activity of frontalin on arrestment of male D.

pseudotsugae (Libbey ef al. 1983). In field

assays, ethanol increased catches of beetles in

traps baited with frontalin and seudenol

(Pitman ef al. 1975; Ross and Daterman

1995b).

PheroTech Inc. (now Contech, Victoria,

BC) supplied all traps and lures. Chemical

purities were >95% for all semiochemicals.

Release rates were determined gravimetrically

at 20-23 °C. Traps were suspended from a

metal pole made from electrical conduit

tubing such that the bottom of each trap was

0.2-0.5 m above ground level. No trap was

suspended within 2 m of any tree. All lures

were placed within the funnels (Lindgren

1983).

The experiment was conducted in mature

stands of Douglas-fir at three locations in

southern British Columbia: 1) Maple Ridge

(10 April—12 May 1991); 2) Cache Creek (13-

31 May 1991); and 3) Invermere (30 May-8

August 1991). We used 40 12-unit multiple-

funnel traps (Lindgren 1983) with dry cups in

Maple Ridge and Cache Creek, whereas 20

traps were used in Invermere. Each collecting

cup contained a small piece of Vapona No-

Pest Strip (Green Cross; Fisons Horticulture,

Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) as a killing

agent to prevent damage to the target species

by predatory insects. At each location, traps

were set in blocks of four traps per block

resulting in 10, 10, and 5 replicate blocks per

location, respectively. Blocks, and traps within

? Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University

Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

3 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA, USA 30602-2044

* Contech Enterprises Inc., 7572 Progress Way, Delta, British Columbia, Canada V4G 1E9

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 109, DECEMBER 2012

blocks, were spaced 10-15 m apart in Maple

Ridge and Cache Creek and 50m apart in

Invermere. Each trap was baited with a white

PVC sleeve pouch (40 cm) releasing ethanol

at approximately 53 mg/d. Racemic frontalin

and racemic MCOL were released from

micro-centrifuge tubes (250 wL) and plastic

bubblecaps, respectively, each at a rate of

approximately 2—3 mg/d. One of the following

four treatments was randomly assigned to

each trap within a block: (1) untreated control;

(2) MCOL,; (3) frontalin; and (4) MCOL +

frontalin.

Data were analyzed with the SYSTAT “COh™

11) statistical package (SYSTAT Frentalin (F)

M+F

(ver.

Software Inc., Point Richmond,

California). Trap catch data were

transformed by In(y+l) to reduce

heteroscedasticity. Data at each location

were subjected to ANOVA using the mcot(m

following model: (1) replicate; (2)grontatin(F)

MCOL; (3) frontalin; and (4) MCOL x

frontalin.

Trap catches of D. pseudotsugae were

significantly affected by MCOL and _ controt

frontalin at all three locations (Fig. 1). seo, (m)

The responses were additive in Maple

Ridge and Cache Creek, as there was no

significant interaction with MCOL and

frontalin at either location (Fig. 1A—B).

There was a significant MCOL x frontalin

interaction on trap catches in Invermere,

resulting in a synergistic effect (Fig. 1C).

The difference may be due to the

Control

Frontalin (F)

Control

M+F

frontalin in Oregon. In their study, the

combination of ethanol, frontalin, and

seudenol was the most effective lure

combination for Douglas-fir beetles.

Geographic variation in chemical ecology is

known for D. pseudotsugae, warranting

further trials of trap-lure blends over a broader

range (Ryker et al. 1979; Stock et al. 1979;

Ross and Daterman 1995b). Nevertheless,

traps baited with frontalin, MCOL, and

ethanol as described here should be used for

Maple Ridge ANOVA trapping

(W¥=194) | Source df P

Replicate 9 0.140

Frontalin(F) 1 <0.001

MCOL 1 0.005

A} Fxmcot 1 0.899

Cache Creek ee

(NV =6753) Source df P

Replicate 9 0.880

Frontalin(F) 1 <0.001

MCOL 1 0.004

F x MCOL 1 0.165

Invermere | ANOVA

(N=3818)] Source df P

Replicate 9 0.381

Frontalin{F) 1 <0.001

MCOL 1 <0.001

F x MCOL 1 <0.001

250

500

Mean (+SE) number of

beetles per trap

Figure 1. Effect of MCOL and frontalin on

relatively close spacing of treatments in Catches of D. pseudotsugae in traps baited

the Maple Ridge and Cache Creek with ethanol in Maple Ridge (A), Cache

experiments. In contrast to our results,

Ross and Daterman (1995b) found that

MCOL had no effect on catches of D.

pseudotsugae in traps baited with ethanol and

levels (P

Creek (B), and Invermere (C). Significance

) for ANOVA on trap catches.

Douglas-fir beetles in British Columbia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Emile Begin for field work in

Invermere; the University of British Columbia

for permission to conduct the study in the

Maple Ridge Research Forest; and Dave

Piggin for help locating sites near Cache

Creek. Funding for this research was provided

by NSERC (BSL), a grant (BSL) and an

Industrial Post-doctoral Fellowship (DRM)

from the Science Council of British Columbia,

and from the USDA Forest Service (DRM).

The use of trade names and identification of

firms or corporations does not constitute an

official endorsement or approval by the

United States Government of any product or

service to the exclusion of others that may be

suitable. The USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

74 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2012

REFERENCES

Humphreys, N. 1995. Douglas-fir beetle in British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

Forest Pest Leaflet 14.

Kinzer, G. W., A. F. Fentiman, Jr., R. L. Foltz, and J. A. Rudinsky. 1971. Bark beetle attractants: 3-Methyl-2-

cyclohexen-1-one isolated from Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Journal of Economic Entomology 64: 970-971.

Libbey, L. M., A. C. Oehlschlager, and L. C. Ryker. 1983. 1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol as an aggregation

pheromone of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 9: 1533-1541.

Lindgren, B. S. 1983. A multiple funnel trap for scolytid beetles (Coleoptera). The Canadian Entomologist 115:

299-302.

Lindgren, B. S. 1992. Attraction of Douglas-fir beetle, spruce beetle and a bark beetle predator (Coleoptera:

Scolytidae and Cleridae) to enantiomers of frontalin. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

89: 13-17.

Lindgren, B. S., M. D. McGregor, R. D. Oakes, and H. E. Meyer. 1988. Effect of MCH and baited Lindgren traps

on Douglas-fir beetle attacks on felled trees. Journal of Applied Entomology 105: 289-294.

Lindgren, B. S., G. Gries, H. D. Pierce, Jr., and K. Mori. 1992. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera:

Scolytidae): Production and response to enantiomers of 1l-methylcyclohex-2-en-ol. Journal of Chemical

Ecology 18: 1201-1208.

Pitman, G. B., and J. P. Vité. 1970. Field response of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to

synthetic frontalin. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63: 661-664.

Pitman, G. B., R. L. Hedden, and R. I. Gara. 1975. Synergistic effects of ethyl alcohol on the aggregation of

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Col., Scolytidae) in response to pheromones. Zeitschrift fiir angewandte

Entomologie 78: 203-208.

Ross, D. W., and G. E. Daterman. 1995a. Pheromone-based strategies for managing the Douglas-fir beetle on a

landscape scale, pp. 347-358. In F. P. Hain, S. M. Salom, W. F. Ravlin, T. L. Payne, and K. F. Raffa (eds.),

Proceedings: Behavior, population dynamics and control of forest insects, Joint [UFRO Working Part

Conference, Maui, Hawaii, February 6—11 1994. Ohio State University, Wooster, OH.

Ross, D. W., and G. E. Daterman. 1995b. Response of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and

Thanasimus undatulus (Coleoptera: Cleridae) to traps with different semiochemicals. Journal of Economic

Entomology 88: 106-111.

Rudinsky, J. A., M. E. Morgan, L. M. Libbey, and T. B. Putnam. 1974. Additional components of the Douglas fir

beetle (Col., Scolytidae) aggregative pheromone and their possible utility in pest control. Zeitschrift fiir

angewandte Entomologie 76: 65-77.

Rudinsky, J. A., M. E. Morgan, L. M. Libbey, and T. B. Putnam. 1976. Release of frontalin by male Douglas-fir

beetle. Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Entomologie 81: 267-269.

Ryker, L. C., L. M. Libbey, and J. A. Rudinsky. 1979. Comparison of volatile compounds and stridulation emitted

by the Douglas-fir beetle from Idaho and western Oregon populations. Environmental Entomology 8: 789-798.

Stock, M. W., G. B. Pitman, and J. D. Guenther. 1979. Genetic differences between Douglas-fir beetles

(Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) from Idaho and coastal Oregon. Annals of the Entomological Society of America

72: 394-397.

Vité, J. P., G. B. Pitman, A. F. Fentiman, Jr., and G. W. Kinzer. 1972. 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1l-ol isolated from

Dendroctonus. Naturwissenschaften 58: 469.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2011

Symposium Abstracts: Grape IPM

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Annual General Meeting,

Pacific Agri-Food Research Station, Summerland, B.C., Oct. 11-12, 2012

Note: There was a total of eight papers presented in this symposium. We were able to obtain

abstracts from six of the authors.

Grape insect pests, including spotted wing

drosophila

Susanna Acheampong, BC Ministry of

Agriculture, Kelowna, BC

Major and secondary insect pests of grapes

in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia,

include leafhoppers, climbing cutworms,

wasps, grape phylloxera, mealybugs, thrips,

mites, and earwigs. Monitoring and

management of these insect pests will be

discussed. Results from monitoring and

damage assessment of spotted wing drosophila

in grapes in the Okanagan in 2011 will also be

presented. Spotted wing drosophila adults

were caught in apple cider vinegar traps

placed in vineyards during the last week of

July, with peak numbers occurring in

September and October. Spotted wing

drosophila flies were reared from only

damaged wine and table grape varieties

sampled, not from intact grape samples. In

damaged samples with spotted wing

drosophila and other drosophila species, very

low numbers of spotted wing drosophila were

found compared to other drosophila species.

Cutworm species complex and natural

control agents

Naomi DeLury, and Tom Lowery, Pacific

Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and

Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC.

A total of 27 species of cutworm

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were collected as

larvae feeding at night on grapevines, Vitis sp.

L (Vitaceae), in the Okanagan Valley, British

Columbia, during April-May, 2004—2012. The

majority of the population (86.6%) is

represented by three species: Abagrotis orbis

(Grote), A. nefascia (Smith), and A. reedi

Buckett. The species complex differs by soil

type and region, with occasional outbreaks of

minor species in specific locations. The

invasive lesser underwing moth, Noctua

comes (Hubner), has potential to cause

significant damage due to increasing numbers

and distribution. Natural control agents—

parasitoids and pathogens—are being

considered for control of cutworm larvae.

Twelve species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera

and Diptera) have been reared from field-

collected late-instar larvae, but parasitism

rates are overall very low. Investigation into

susceptibility of A. orbis to commercial and

field-collected fungal cultures, as well as to a

novel indigenous Abagrotis nuclear

polyhedrosis virus, is underway.

Grapevine nematode pests in British

Columbia

Tom Forge, Gerry Neilsen, Denise Neilsen,

Rosy Smit, and Pat Bowen, Pacific Agri-Food

Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Summerland, BC

Several species of plant-parasitic

nematodes are recognized to be damaging

pests of grapevines in most major grape-

growing regions of the world. These include

species of root-knot nematodes (primarily

Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria),

dagger nematodes (primarily Xiphinema

index), and root-lesion nematodes (primarily

Pratylenchus vulnus). In the Okanagan Valley,

the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne

hapla, is present but its pathogenicity to

grapevine is not as well known as ™.

incognita and M. arenaria. Dagger nematodes

in the X. americanum group (X. bricolensis

and X. pacificum), are widespread in

Okanagan vineyards, but they are not

considered to be as directly damaging to

grapes as X. index is. Species from the X.

americanum group can be important as

vectors of tomato ringspot virus, but only X.

index transmits grapevine fanleaf virus, which

is among the most damaging of grapevine

virus diseases. Pratylenchus penetrans is also

widespread in Okanagan vineyards, but its

pathogenicity relative to P. vu/nus is unknown.

In 2006, we began recovering ring nematodes

(Mesocriconema xenoplax) from Okanagan

vineyards that exhibited patchy, poor growth

and impaired root systems. Controlled

inoculation studies in field microplots at the

Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre—

Summerland indicate that M. xenoplax can

significantly reduce growth (trunk diameter,

pruning weights, and root biomass) over three

years of self-rooted Merlot. The nematode

also reduced trunk growth of Merlot on 3309C

rootstock, but Merlot on 44-53 and Riparia

Gloire rootstocks appeared to be tolerant to

the nematode. Similar microplot research to

evaluate the pathogenicity of P penetrans

under British Columbia growing conditions is

warranted, as is additional research to extend

knowledge of the distribution and impacts of

M. xenoplax on different rootstocks.

Anagrus parasitoids of leafhopper eggs on

grapevines

Tom Lowery, Pacific Agri-Food Research

Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Summerland, BC

There are at least 10 known instances of

Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg

parasites successfully imported for the control

of leafhopper pests in various countries. In

British Columbia, they are important for the

control of Virginia creeper leafhopper,

Erythroneura ziczac, and western grape

leafhopper, EF. elegantula. Their parasitism

rates in certain locations near riparian areas

reach nearly 100% late in the season. Our

research has shown that their activity 1s

limited by a lack of suitable overwintering

hosts and that they are sensitive to chemical

sprays. Until recently, the taxonomy and host

relationships of Anagrus species that use eggs

of leafhoppers on grapes was poorly studied.

A single species, Anagrus epos, was thought

to parasitize both E. ziczac and E. elegantula,

but it is now understood that one species, A.

daanei, uses eggs of the former and a different

species, A. erythroneurae, parasitizes the

latter. A survey is being conducted to

determine if a third species, A. tretiakovae,

that parasitizes eggs of both species has

arrived in the province from Washington

State, or if it can be imported from its native

range in eastern North America.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2011

Vineyard plant diversity: Relation to insect

populations

Olga Shaposhnikova, Pat Bowen, Tom

Lowery, and Naomi DeLury, Pacific Agri-

Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-

Food Canada, Summerland, BC

Ninety-eight vineyards in the Okanagan

and Similkameen valleys in south-central

British Columbia were included in a study of

vegetation within and surrounding vineyards

as a component of terroir. Plant species

diversity was evaluated three times at the

vineyard sites during the 2011 growing

season. Attention was paid to broadleaf

flowering plants used as cover crops, as these

can potentially serve as habitats for beneficial

insects. Grapevine-leaf samples were collected

during the second and third visits to determine

populations of beneficial insects and pests.

Fourteen sites were selected for study of

native plant communities. These were suitable

for vineyard development, but were

undeveloped and contained representative

native local ecosystems. Hypothetically,

inclusion of plants inherent in natural

ecosystems as vineyard residents can help to

integrate the native and vineyard landscapes,

and increase vineyard ecosystem stability by

balancing it with the natural environment. The

natural and vineyard study sites were mapped,

and a database was created using Geographic

Information System tools. It was found that, at

the majority of vineyard sites where

populations of beneficial insects were

recorded, at least 10% of the ground-cover

crops comprised broadleaf plants at early and

mid-season. About 60% of these sites were

located in close proximity to the natural areas.

It was observed that ground-cover crop

composition at some study sites changed

considerably during the season, depending on

management practices. Some management

practices apparently prevented formation of

stable habitats for beneficial insects. Plant

species diversity in the vineyards was low,

consisting of a maximum of two to three

introduced species that were evenly

distributed. In comparison, the natural sites

had a minimum of five plant species observed

later in the season. We found higher

populations of some beneficial insects when

broadleaf flowering plants are resident in

vineyard ground-cover crop and when the

grapevines are located near natural areas.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2011

Grape-insect toxicology

Mike Smirle, Cheryl Zurowski, Marissa

Neuner, and Tom Lowery, Pacific Agri-Food

Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Summerland, BC

The effects of natural and synthetic

materials on two insect pests of grapes,

cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and

leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), are

discussed. In all of these studies assessing the

effects of toxicants, the importance of dose

response was stressed (Paracelsus: “The dose

makes the poison’). In the first set of studies,

insecticides were tested for efficacy on fourth-

instar larvae of three species of cutworms that

have become serious pests in British

Columbia vineyards: Abagrotis orbis, A.

nefascia, and A. reedi. There was considerable

variation in response to these insecticides

(chlorantraniliprole [rynaxypyr], permethrin,

methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, spinosad,

malathion, carbaryl, and Bacillus

thuringiensis), both within and among the

three species. Significant differences in

tolerance among the species to currently

fescispered-activexingeredrents

chlorantraniliprole and permethrin illustrates

the importance of correct identification of the

species complex present in different locations.

The second set of experiments examined the

effects of essential oils on the Virginia creeper

leafhopper, Erythroneura ziczac. These studies

are an example of experiments that assess

behavioral responses, not mortality, resulting

from exposure to toxicants. In this case,

repellency was measured using leaf-disc

choice tests on third-instar nymphs. Of the 11

oils tested, four repelled leafhopper nymphs

(paraffin oil, canola oil, mustard seed oil, and

lemon oil), whereas tea tree oil and citronella

oil repelled nymphs at high concentrations but

attracted them at low concentrations. Five

materials had no significant effect (eucalyptus

oil, peppermint oil, rice bran oil, cedarwood

oil, and garlic juice). Essential oils may be

useful in reducing leafhopper feeding if

appropriate formulations can be developed

and effective usage patterns determined.

Presentation Abstracts

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Annual General Meeting,

Pacific Agri-Food Research Station, Summerland, B.C., Oct. 11-12, 2012

Current insect pest issues in the Southern

Interior of British Columbia

Susanna Acheampong, BC Ministry of

Agriculture, Kelowna, BC

Insect pests of concern in 2012 on stone

fruit and vegetable crops and their

management will be discussed. Pest species

include San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus

perniciosus; apple leaf curling midge,

Dasineura mali; woolly apple aphid,

Eriosoma lanigerum; onion maggot, Delia

Antigua; and, garlic bulb mites.

Micromus variegatus: a new biological

control agent for aphids on greenhouse

peppers

Rob McGregor, and Jordan Bannerman,

Douglas College, New Westminster, BC

Brown lacewings (Neuroptera:

Hemerobiidae) have rarely been used in

augmentative biological control programs.

Hemerobiids feed voraciously on aphids in

both the larval and adult stages, and often

display low developmental temperature

thresholds. Both of these characteristics confer

advantages regarding the use of brown

lacewings for biological control. Here, we

present results of a greenhouse cage

experiment where the brown lacewing,

Micromus variegatus, was released alone and

simultaneously with the parasitoid, Aphidius

matricariae, for management of the green

peach aphid, Myzus persicae.

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): From

the greenhouse to the lab, a new pest on

lavender, Lavendula pinnata, and in

coriander, Coriandrum sativa, tissue culture

Lauren Erland, Naomi DeLury, and Soheil

Mahmoud, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada,

Summerland BC

Thrips are a common phytophagous pest

with a significant economic impact. Adults

and nymphs were found on lavender, a plant

thought to have few or no insect pests, and on

coriander in tissue culture. To our knowledge,

this is the first report of thrips on L. pinnata

and of a sterile population of a greenhouse

pest in tissue culture.

The confusing transition into adulthood:

age—size conflict in insect metamorphosis

Amber Gigi Hoi, Simon P. Zappia, and

Bernard D. Roitberg, Simon Fraser

University, Burnaby, BC

Holometabolous insects often face a trade-

off: spending more time as larvae growing for

bigger adult size, higher fecundity, but

delaying reproduction. We studied such time

allocation in larvae under deprived conditions

and during a nutrient influx. A waiting tactic

was observed and the complex trade-offs

involved are discussed.

Cool climate and climbing cutworm:

Biological control of a grape pest

T. Scott Johnson, Tom Lowery, Joan

Cossentine, and Jenny Cory, Simon Fraser

University, Burnaby, BC and Agriculture &

Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC

Abagrotis orbis is a climbing cutworm pest

in the vineyards of the Okanagan. Much of

their active feeding periods occur under cooler

temperatures. We evaluated their susceptibility

to several entomopathogenic fungi and

nematodes across three temperatures. The

larvae were susceptible to entomopathogenic

fungi and nematodes with the highest

mortality rates occurring at higher

temperatures, although mortality occurred at

lower temperatures.

Spotted Wing Drosophila in fruit crops of

interior valleys of British Columbia, 2009 —

2012

Howard Thistlewood, Susanna Acheampong,

Charlotte Leaming, Molly Thurston, Brigitte

Rozema, Duane Holder, and Gayle Krahn,

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Summerland, BC

A vinegar fly, Spotted Wing Drosophila,

Drosophila suzukii, was first detected in the

British Columbia interior in September 2009,

and damaged crops in 2010. We report on its

abundance and distribution in traps and plant

hosts, on a parasitoid, and other efforts to

understand the ecology of this invasive insect.

J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2011

Effects of thermal stress on survival and

development time of Aphidius matricariae, a

biological control agent of Myzus persicae

Christina Hodson, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC

We evaluated thermal-tolerance limits of

the aphid parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae.

Heat stress was applied to juvenile parasitoids,

and effects on survival and development time

were assessed. The results have implications

for the effectiveness of A. matricariae as a

biological control agent during heat waves.

Are fungi and parasitoids compatible for

controlling aphids in greenhouses?

Jasmine Norouzi, Agriculture & Agri-Food

Canada, Agassiz, BC

Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA) in the

commercialized form, BotaniGard, affected

survival and longevity of a parasitoid,

Aphidius matricariae attacking Myzus

persicae on pepper plants, Capsicum annuum.

The results suggest that the fungus interferes

sufficiently with the parasitoids and that it

does not have a positive effect on controlling

aphids.

Turning up the heat on predation:

Temperature fluctuations decrease pest

Suppression

F. W. Simon, A. M. Chubaty, and B. D.

Roitberg, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,

Insect activity is temperature mediated,

however little work has explored how

temperature fluctuations can influence pest

suppression. We investigated this phenomenon

with a Lokta—Volterra predator-prey model

with daily temperature fluctuations. We found

that increased amplitude of temperature

fluctuations caused large boom—bust cycles,

which lead to more severe pest outbreaks.

Visual and olfactory cues used by the apple

clearwing moth to locate showy milkweed

flowers

Chelsea Eby, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC

In British Columbia, adult Synanthedon

myopaeformis commonly feed on showy

milkweed flowers. Vision was examined using

ERGs and spectral reflectance. Olfaction was

examined using GC-EAD and _ proboscis-

extension assays. A single milkweed floral

J. ENTOMOL. SOc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 108, DECEMBER 2011

semiochemical was shown to be highly

attractive in field-trapping assays, whereas

visual cues were less important.

Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

parasitoids of leafhopper eggs on

grapevines

Tom Lowery, Agriculture & Agri-Food

Canada, Summerland, BC

There are at least 10 known instances of

Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg

parasites successfully imported for the control

of leafhopper pests in various countries. In

British Columbia, they are important for the

control of Virginia creeper leafhopper,

Erythroneura ziczac, and western grape

leafhopper, E. elegantula, with parasitism

rates in certain locations near riparian areas

reaching nearly 100% late in the season. Our

research has shown that their activity is

limited by a lack of suitable overwintering

hosts and that they are sensitive to chemical

sprays. Until recently the taxonomy and host

relationships of Anagrus species utilizing eggs

of leafhoppers on grapes was poorly studied.

A single species, Anagrus epos, was thought

to parasitize both FE. ziczac and E. elegantula,

but it is now understood that one species A.

daanei uses eggs of the former, and a different

species, A. erythroneurae, parasitizes the

latter. A survey is currently being conducted to

determine if a third species, A. tretiakovae,

which parasitizes eggs of both species, has

arrived in British Columbia from Washington

State, or if it can be imported from its native

range in eastern North America.

Eocene fossil insect beta diversity, climate,

and topography across southern British

Columbia and northern Washington

S. Bruce Archibald, David R. Greenwood, and

Rolf W. Mathewes, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC, Royal BC Museum, Victoria,

BC, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, MA, USA and Brandon

University, Brandon, MB

Just over four decades ago, Janzen

hypothesized a relationship between dispersal,

topography, climate, and latitude. He proposed

that whereas warm valleys and cool mountain

passes in seasonal temperate latitudes have a

temperature overlap at least part of the year

that facilitates dispersal of organisms between

valleys, the same elevation difference in the

equable tropics share no common

temperatures over a year, constituting a

physiological dispersal barrier between

valleys. This would result in higher overturn

of species—increased beta diversity—across

tropical montane landscapes. The early

Eocene Okanagan Highlands fossil sites of

southern BC and northern Washington present

a unique opportunity to test this notion

independent of latitude. We sampled insect

fossils across this 1000-km montane transect

of cool mean annual temperatures, yet low

temperature seasonality as in the modern

tropics. We found that beta diversity was

indeed high, supporting Janzen’s notion that

temperature seasonality is key to montane beta

diversity, as well as that global biodiversity

was higher in the Eocene than it is today.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

The Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia is published once a year in December and

articles are also published online as they are accepted. The JESBC provides immediate open access to its

content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global

exchange of knowledge. Manuscripts dealing with all facets of the study of arthropods will be considered for

publication. Submissions may be from regions beyond British Columbia and the surrounding jurisdictions

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Journal of the

Entomological Society of British Columbia

Volume 109 Issued December 2012 ISSN #0071-0733

Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2012-2013

J.J. Holland. ‘Cosmetic’ Pesticides: Safe to Use by Professionals and Homeowners

G.E. Haas, J.R. Kucera, S.O. MacDonald, and J.A. Cook. First flea Sho

records for Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, Central Alaska

S. Acheampong, D.R. Gillespie, and D.J.M. Quiring. Survey of parasitoids and

hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and the

foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in British Columbia

J.W. Miskelly. Updated checklist of the Orthoptera of British Columbia

D.F. Fraser C.R. Copley, E. Elle, and R.A. Cannings. Changes in the Status and

Distribution of the Yellow-faced Bumble Bee (Bombus_ vosnesenskii) in British

Columbia

David R. Horton, Christelle Guédot, and Peter J. Landolt. Identification of feeding

stimulants for Pacific coast wireworm by use of a filter paper assay (Coleoptera:

Elateridae)

Brittany E. Chubb, Caroline M. Whitehouse, Gary J. R. Judd, Maya L. Evenden. Success

of Grapholita molesta (Busck) reared on the diet used for Cydia pomonella L.

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) sterile insect release

G. G. E. Scudder. Additional provincial and state records for Heteroptera (Hemitera) in

Canada and the United States

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

A.G. Wheeler, JR. and E. Richard Hoebeke. Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa) (Hemiptera:

Lygaeoidae: Oxycarenidae): First Canadian Record of a Palearctic Seed Bug

B. Staffan Lingren, Daniel R. Miller, J. P. LaFontaine. MCOL, frontalin and ethanol: A

potential operational trap lure for Douglas-fir beetle in British Columbia

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING ABSTRACTS

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Symposium

Abstracts: Grape IPM 74

Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Presentation

Abstracts