ISSN 1713-7845

JOURNAL

of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ONTARIO

Volume One Hundred and Forty Four

2013

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

OFFICERS AND GOVERNORS

2012-2013

President: J. SKEVINGTON

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

K.W. Neatby Building

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

jskevington@gmail.com

President-Elect: J. MCNEIL

Department of Biology

Biological and Geological Sciences Building

University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7

jmeneil2@uwo.ca

Past-President: B. GILL

Entomology Unit, Ontario Plant Laboratories,

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Building 18 C.E.F.

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

bruce. gill@inspection.ge.ca

Secretary: N. MCKENZIE

Vista Centre, 1830 Bank Street, P.O. Box 83025

Ottawa, ON K1V 1A3

nicole_mcekenzie@he-sc.ge.ca

Treasurer: S. LI

Pest Management Centre, Building 57

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

sli@nrean.ge.ca

Directors:

C. BAHLAI (2012-2014)

Deparment of Entomology, Michigan State University

Center for Integrated Plant Systems

578 Wilson Rd., East Lansing MI USA 48824

cbahlai@msu.edu

R. BUITENHUIS (2011-2013)

Vineland Research and Innovation Centre

4890 Victoria Ave. North, P.O. Box 4000

Vineland, ON LOR 2E0

rose.buitenhuis@vinelandresearch.com

S. CARDINAL (2013-2015)

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON K1A 0C6

sophie.cardinal@agr.ge.ca

J. GIBSON

Department of Integrative Biology

University of Guelph

Guelph,ON N1G 2W1

jfgibson@uoguelph.ca

B. SINCLAIR

Department of Biology

University of Western Ontario

London, ON N6A 5B7

bsincla7@uwo.ca

(2012-2014)

(2013-2015)

ESO Regional Rep to ESC: H. DOUGLAS

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON K1A 06C

douglash@inspection.ge.ca

Librarian: J. BRETT

Library, University of Guelph

Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

jimbrett@uoguelph.ca

Newsletter Editor: A. GRADISH

School of Environmental Science

University of Guelph, Guelph ON NIG 4Y2

agradish@uoguelph.ca

Student Representative: A. FREWIN

Integrated Biology, University of Guelph

Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

afrewin@uoguelph.ca

Website: M. JACKSON

School of Environmental Science

University of Guelph, Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

jackson@uoguelph.ca

JESO Editor: J. HUBER

Canadian National Collection of Insects

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, ON,K1A 0C6

John.Huber@agr.ge.ca

Technical Editor: J. VICKRUCK

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Brock University

500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1

jess.vickruck@pbrocku.ca

Associate Editors:

A. BENNETT

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON K1A 06C

N. CARTER

Engage Agro Corporation

1030 Gordon St., Guelph, ON, N1G 4X5

neilcarter@engageagro.com

J. SKEVINGTON

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

JESO Volume 144, 2013

JOURNAL

of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

VOLUME 144 2013

Prior to the successful Joint Annual Meeting of the Entomological Societies of

Ontario and Canada in Guelph your Board met and discussed how to improve the profile

of JESO amidst all the competition from the numerous new electronic journals. In his 1999

editorial, past editor Dolf Harmsen had foreseen some of the problems the Proceedings

would face with the advent of electronic publishing. Since then, past editor Miriam

Richards overcame some of the hurdles and for almost a decade JESO has been publishing

electronically. It continues to be printed as hard copy as well. Having both formats has its

merits and for historical reasons—it is one of the longest running entomology journals in the

world, with no publication breaks since 1871—the hard copy will continue to be published.

It is an important part of ESO’s heritage. Greater visibility for JESO on the internet is now

needed and some good ideas for obtaining this were presented. Ideas for improving JESO’s

impact were also discussed. One action approved by the Board and promptly implemented

by past president Jeff Skevington was to sign an agreement with the Biodiversity Heritage

Library to have all back issues scanned, starting with Volume | of the Annual Report and

make them available on the website, with a two year embargo on the most recent volume.

This year’s volume contains five scientific notes and one scientific paper. All but

one (on taxonomy) report new species records for Ontario, new distributions or new host

records. Two papers are overviews of the past 60 years of JESO papers on two topics.

One, on Taxonomy and Faunistics, is mostly a summary. The other, much more detailed

and comprehensive is on Biological Control. Both were written to commemorate the 150"

meeting of ESO. If there is any trend in the kinds of papers submitted in recent years it

is more towards more papers in these areas of entomology and fewer on economically

important pest species and their control. Papers on all aspects of entomology are, of course,

welcome and my hope is that you, the readers, will continue to find JESO a good place to

publish your research.

John T. Huber

Editor

JESO Volume 144, 2013

New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario JESO Volume 144, 2013

NEW RANGE RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA:

CULICIDAE) FROM NORTHERN ONTARIO

J. L. RINGROSE', K. F. ABRAHAM?, D. V. BERESFORD"

'Department of Biology, Trent University,

2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8

email: davidberesford@trentu.ca

Abstract J ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 3-14

A survey for mosquitoes at 23 sites in the Ontario Shield and Hudson

Bay Lowlands of northern Ontario, Canada, in 2011 and 2012 yielded 19

species, including 16 of Aedes, and one each of Anopheles, Coquillettidia,

and Culesita. One species, Aedes pullatus (Coquillett) is newly recorded for

Ontario. Eleven northern range extensions and one southern range extension

are reported.

Published December 2013

Introduction

The distributions of many mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada are

incomplete. Jenkins and Knight (1952) conducted a survey of larval mosquitoes in southern

James Bay. Steward and Mc Wade (1960) published range summaries of species in Ontario.

Wood et al. (1979) compiled the most complete account of mosquito distribution in Canada

The Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC 2011) assessed the

status of many species, including mosquitoes. Yet, areas such as northern Ontario are still

relatively little sampled.

Northern Ontario has become the focus of increased mineral exploration and

development (FNSAP 2010). Additionally, the area is projected to undergo significant

ecological transformation over the next several decades due to climate change (FNASP

2010). Together, these two driving forces create a need for better knowledge of species’

distributions in northern Ontario before significant changes occur. A biological diversity

survey of different taxa in northern Ontario was initiated in 2009 to address this issue

(OMNR 2012). The species composition and diversity information obtained will help

determine land use, and management and conservation planning, as well as provide baseline

information to determine the impact of mining and climate change.

* Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.

* Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2140

East Bank Drive Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8

Ringrose et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mosquito species lists for particular geographic areas include species that have not

been collected there but are assumed to be present based on information from adjacent areas

(e.g., Wood et al. 1979; Darsie and Ward 2005). Thus, it is reasonable to expect species to be

found in northern Ontario if they have been found in similar habitats and at similar latitudes

elsewhere, i.e., in spite of regional climatic differences, we expected to find species that

have existing records from both adjacent western Quebec and northern Manitoba because

of the large scale continuity of the ecosystems in the boreal and subarctic forests that

span these three provinces. For mosquito species whose known distributional limits were

either south or north of our study areas, we expected to extend known ranges north or

south, respectively. Following this reasoning, and based on the range maps provided by

Wood et al. (1979) and Darsie and Ward (2005), we predicted a maximum of 31 species

in our surveys. In this paper we report new information on occurrences of known species

(range extensions), new collection locations and records of species new to the province

for Culicidae in Ontario from surveys of previously unexplored areas of the far north of

Ontario. We use both rarefaction and a lognormal analysis to explore the maximum number

of species predicted in these areas and to gauge their relative abundances.

Materials and Methods

Sampling took place within two different northern Ontario ecozones: the Ontario

Shield and Hudson Bay Lowlands ecozones (Crins et al. 2009) in 2011 and 2012, hereafter

referred to the western and eastern study areas, respectively, as part of a larger biological

survey of animal and plant taxa undertaken by the OMNR (2012). The 2011 sampling

occurred within 150 km of the First Nations communities near Big Trout Lake and Sandy

Lake in the western study area. The 2012 sampling occurred within 150 km of the First

Nations community of Fort Albany in the eastern study area. In each year 12 sample sites

were randomly selected from the computer generated grid of National Forest Inventory

(NFI) points (Gillis et al. 2005). Actual sample locations sometimes differed by as much

as 15 km from the NFI coordinates depending on feasibility of landing a helicopter. Our

plot locations are the sites at which field camps were established (OMNR 2012). Sample

locations were within | km of the field camp, which was verified using a handheld GPS

(Garmin Rino 530HCx, NAD83, +3m accuracy). Sampling occurred from 29 May to 17

July in 2011 and 4 June to 5 July in 2012.

Habitats at these sites were dominated by coniferous and shrub wetlands comprised

largely of black spruce (Picea mariana Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) and tamarack (Larix

laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) as well as shrub and sedge fens, and sphagnum bog. The sites

sampled in 2012 in the eastern study area generally had more standing water than those

sampled in 2011 in the western study area.

In both years the mosquito component of the sample regimen included daily sampling

both by individual collection (ad hoc, when mosquitoes were present, approximately 30

minutes total), and a dusk and dawn sweeping with an insect net for 6 minutes at each

sampling location. Individual collection consisted of catching mosquitoes that landed on the

face, arms, and legs of field crew members using snap cap vials (2.0 ml) before they had a

chance to bite. These collections occurred throughout the day and late evening. Individual

New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario JESO Volume 144, 2013

specimens in snap vials were preserved dry in the capture vials. Adult mosquitoes collected

by sweeping were placed in labeled sample jars with a silica desiccant to prevent deterioration

from moisture. A large proportion of them had scales on their thoraces abraded and so could

not be identified to species. Therefore, more effort was placed on individual collection in

2012. All specimens were pinned and identified by JLUR and DVB using the keys of Wood et

al. (1979), and Thielman and Hunter (2007). Nomenclature was based on the WRBU Online

Catalog (2013). Voucher specimens were assigned individual specimen numbers (Table 2)

and are stored at the Trent University Biology Department in Peterborough, Ontario. Some

vouchers are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.

Analysis

Rarefaction analysis for the 2011 and 2012 catch data was performed using software

on the University of Alberta website (http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/jbrzusto/rarefact.

php). This method relates sampling effort to number of species caught. The total number of

species caught each year is used to calculate the expected number of species (with standard

deviation) that would have been caught if fewer mosquitoes were sampled overall. Different

species numbers for the same total catch sizes indicate community differences such as those

due to site, e.g., habitat or phenological, or procedural differences.

We also fit the catch data (Table 1) to a lognormal distribution using the sum of

squares method, i.e., Preston’s method as described in Ludwig and Reynolds (1988). This

allowed us to calculate the expected number of species by estimating the number of rare

species not found in the samples. Essentially, it assumes that species of low abundance, e.g.,

about | per 1000 individuals, will only be found if at least 1000 individuals are collected.

The lognormal distribution uses the abundance of different species and groups them into

octaves or doubled catch classes, e.g., 0-1 individuals, 1—2 individuals, 24 individuals,

4-8 individuals and so on, and fits these frequencies to a lognormal curve by aligning the

mode. Species that had only one individual caught could go into either the first or second

class, so the number was divided between these classes, e.g., if one catches 5 species with

only one individual each, then half of these (2.5) are assigned to the 0-1 class, and 2.5 to the

1-2 class (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). One of the assumptions of this method is that very

rare species will not be sampled, but can be calculated from the area of the normal curve

to the left of the 0—1 class or veil line. The biological interpretation is that this class (0-1)

would become the 1—2 class if our total catch size was increased. This analysis requires an

iterative method to find values for two parameters that provide the best fit: a (width), and

So (height). We used the SOLVER optimization add-in function in Microsoft Excel 2007

version for this task.

Results

We caught 896 mosquitoes in 2011 and 826 in 2012. Mosquitoes caught directly

from the face and arms and housed in vials could all be identified to species, whereas

only 117 (13%) of individuals from 2011 and 192 (21%) from 2012 sweeping could be

identified to species. Species collected and collection locations are summarized in Tables

1 and 2. Twelve species were collected in the western study area in 2011 and 16 species

JESO Volume 144, 2013

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New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario JESO Volume 144, 2013

in the eastern study area in 2012 (Fig. 1, Table 1). The most abundant species identified in

both years was Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker). Rare species, i.e., those represented

by a single individual collected in either year were Aedes cinereus Meigen, Ae. nigripes

(Zetterstedt), Ae. provocans (Walker), Ae. pullatus (Coquillett), Ae. rempeli Vockeroth and

Culiseta impatiens (Walker).

Fitting to the lognormal distribution (Fig. 2), the expected number of species was

14.75 from the 2011 catches (fitted parameters a = 0.24, So = 2.0, Chi sq = 1.23, p = 0.94,

d.f. = 5) and 23.4 species in the 2012 catches (fitted parameters a = 0.225, So = 2.97, Chi

sq = 5.46, p = 0.36, d.f. = 5). By combining the two year’s totals, our expected number of

species for northern Ontario was 28.2 species (fitted parameters a = 0.21, So = 3.35, Chi sq

= 2.94, p = 0.82, d.f. = 6).

Interpretations of new records and range extensions are based on comparison with

range maps in Wood et al. (1979).

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FIGURE 1. Rarefaction analysis of mosquito catches (means and SDs) within 150 km of

Big Trout Lake and Sandy Lake in 2011 (closed circles) and within 150 km of Ft. Albany

in 2012 (open circles). The inset map of Ontario shows the sampling locations in 2011 and

2012.

Ringrose et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

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0003 | 4edes cinereus

TABLE 2. Mosquito species found at each sampling site. Dates indicate when sampling was conducted. Only 11 sample sites listed in

University Insect Collection.

JESO Volume 144, 2013

New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario

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New Ontario record

Aedes pullatus has two distinct distributions, an eastern population in northern

Quebec and Labrador and the western population in Alberta, British Columbia, and the

Yukon (Wood et al. 1979). The single specimen we collected in the eastern study area is the

first record in Ontario and extends the range of the eastern population westward.

Northward range extensions

Aedes canadensis (Theobald) is a widely distributed species found in forested

regions of all Canadian provinces and the Yukon (Steward and McWade 1960). It is known

to be found in Moosonee and Moose Factory in Ontario. Our collection was in the eastern

study area.

Aedes cinereus is a common species in Ontario and has been found in Moosonee,

Moose Factory and the town of Kenora (Steward and McWade 1960). Jenkins and Knight

(1952) noted that Ae. cinereus was the most common larval species that they collected in

the southern James Bay area but, oddly, they collected no adults. Our single specimen was

collected in the eastern study area.

Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) is a rare northern species and in Ontario has only been

collected in Moosonee and Moose Factory (Steward and McWade 1960). It was only

collected in the eastern study area, which is not surprising because of its relative proximity

to these communities.

number of species/class

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64-128

FIGURE 2. Fitted lognormal distributions of mosquito catches within 150 km of Big Trout

Lake and Sandy Lake in 2011 and within 150 km of Ft. Albany in 2012. The area of the

region left of the veil line represents species that were too rare to be sampled with our

methodology.

New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario JESO Volume 144, 2013

Aedes implicatus (Vockeroth) is common in the northern and central parts of

Ontario and has been collected in Moose Factory (Steward and McWade 1960). It was

collected in both study areas.

Aedes excrucians (Walker) is found throughout North America (Wood et al. 1979).

It was collected by Jenkins and Knight (1952) in Moose Factory and Moosonee and by

Steward and Mc Wade (1960). Our collection from the western study area provides a record

for the gap between the eastern James Bay coast and Manitoba.

Aedes intrudens Dyar is found south of the tree line in late spring (Wood et al.

1979). It has been recorded from all provinces (Steward and McWade 1960). The species

was common in the eastern study area, but was not found in the western study area.

Aedes provocans is a forest species and is a southern species in Ontario (Wood

et al. 1979), except for a single record from Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories. We

collected a single specimen in the eastern study area.

Aedes rempeli is one of the rarest Canadian species (Vockeroth 1954). However,

Wood et al. (1979) suggested that this species may be widely but sparsely distributed in

northern Ontario. We caught a single specimen along the Albany River about 150 km

upstream from the James Bay coast.

Anopheles earlei Vargas is the most common species of this genus in Ontario. Our

collections of this species in both study areas extend the known range.

Coquillettidia perturbans is common in southern Ontario (Wood et al. 1979).

Jenkins et al. (1952) found that this species was very abundant in a spruce forest west of

Cochrane, Ontario. In both study areas it was our most abundant species.

Culiseta impatiens is a northern species usually found in forested regions and has

been recorded from Moose Factory (Steward and McWade 1960). Our single specimen

came from the western study area, providing a westward extension of the known range.

Southward range extensions

Aedes nigripes is an arctic species whose range, according to Wood et al. (1979),

did not extend southward into Ontario. However, one recent record exists from Polar Bear

Provincial Park (Beresford 2011). One specimens was collected in the western study area in

2011, even farther south than Polar Bear Provincial Park.

Range gap infills

Aedes abserratus (Felt and Young) is an uncommon species in Ontario (Wood et

al, 1979). Steward and McWade (1960) reported the species from Moose Factory. Beresford

(2011) collected it in Polar Bear Provincial Park. Our collection of this species in both study

areas fills the gap. Aedes communis (De Geer) is one of the most widely distributed species

in the northern hemisphere. Beckel (1954) stated that this species was rarely collected in the

Churchill area of Manitoba because it is non-biting in that area. In Ontario, records show it

to be generally present and often abundant throughout the province. This species was well

represented (9.4%) in our collections from the western study area, but less so (1%) in the

eastern study area.

Ringrose et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

Aedes hexodontus Dyar has been collected in Churchill, Manitoba both as larvae

(Vockeroth 1954) and as adults (Beckel 1954), and also from western Quebec and western

Ontario (Wood et al, 1979). Our collection fills the gap.

Aedes impiger (Walker) is generally found in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories

(Steward and McWade 1960). It has been caught in Ontario at Moose Factory and along the

Albany River (Steward and McWade 1960) and in Manitoba at Churchill (Downes 1965).

Our collections from our western study area fill a gap between Churchill and the James Bay

coast in Quebec. Surprisingly, we did not find any in our eastern collections, which are close

to James Bay.

Aedes pionips Dyar is found in the forests of central and northern Canada, and has

been collected from Moose Factory, Ontario (Steward and McWade 1960) and Churchill,

Manitoba (Beckel 1954). Not unexpectedly, our collections fill the gap.

Aedes punctor (Kirby) is a common species in Ontario and throughout Canada

(Steward and McWade 1960). Records are from Moosonee (Jenkins and Knight 1952) and

Churchill, Manitoba (Beckel 1954). Our collections are within the expected range but fill

distributional gaps in northwestern Ontario.

Discussion

As expected we produced new distributional records, including both northward and

southward range extensions, and filled gaps in known ranges. All of the species we collected

are considered by CESCC (2011) to be secure (relatively widespread or abundant), except

for five with undetermined status: Aedes impiger, Ae. implicatus, Ae. pionips, Ae. rempeli

and An. earlei.

The rarefaction analysis, which standardizes across different sample sizes, indicates

that the eastern region (2012) had slightly more species than the western region (2011). For

example, in collections of 100 individuals we would only have been able to catch about 13

species in the east compared to 11 in west (Fig. 1). The lognormal analysis shows the same

pattern, with 23.4 species predicted to be in the eastern region compared to 14.75 in the

western region (Fig. 2). These analyses reveal that this difference in species richness may be

a function of the different regions (e.g., habitats) rather than catch effort. The 2012 eastern

study area collections were from sites with lower elevations (1—88 m) than the western sites

(148-379 m). However, because these two regions were sampled in different years, we

cannot attribute this difference to region alone.

From our survey of the range maps we expected to find up to 31 species. Fitting the

lognormal distribution to our overall catch numbers, our expected number of species was

28, a good estimate of species richness of this region.

In fact, we found only 19 species and four of the species we did catch were not

expected from the range map analysis: Aedes nigripes, Ae. provocans, Ae. pullatus, Ae.

rempeli. This means that 16 species from the range map analysis were expected but not

found, either due to our sampling methods, phenology, or habitat preferences. Of these,

Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) is fully autogenous and has not been reported bloodfeeding;

Ae. diantaeus Howard, Dyar and Knab is not found in coniferous forests; Ae. spencerii

(Theobald) is not found in forest regions; Ae. sticticus (Meigen) is generally restricted to

New range records of mosquitoes from Northern Ontario JESO Volume 144, 2013

floodwaters of rivers; Culesita morsitans (Theobald) and Culex restuans Theobald prefer

to bloodfeed from birds; Culex territans Walker prefers reptiles and amphibians; Culesita

alaskaensis (Ludlow) and Ae. mercurator Dyar are early spring species; An. walkeri

(Theobald), Ae. vexans (Meigen) and Ae. campestris Dyar & Knab are primarily nocturnal

biters. The remaining four of the expected species are rare, Ae. riparius Dyar & Knab, Ae.

flavescens (Miiller), Ae. fitchii (Felt & Young) and Ae. decticus (Howard, Dyar & Knab)

(Wood et al. 1979).

All collection methods have inherent biases associated with them (Muirhead-

Thomson 1991). Some important limitations to this survey are that collections occurred at

randomly chosen sites (i.e., not selected for high probability of detecting mosquitoes) and

using simple methods that were part of a larger diversity survey. The mosquito portion of

that survey was limited by the logistics of available time and equipment at these remote

sites. A collection effort that focused on targeting mosquitoes alone, within specific habitats,

would likely have produced more of the expected species, and the use of CO, traps of CDC

light traps would have produced far larger collections. Nevertheless, this study, despite

its limitations, indicates that surveys undertaken in under-sampled regions can produce

important baseline information that extends the previously known ranges.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Northeast Science and Information Section and Wildlife Research and Development Section

for project coordination and logistics, and Far North Branch for funding. Additional travel

support for JLR was provided by a Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP) grant

through Trent University. We give special thanks to Dean Phoenix and the field crews of

the Far North Biodiversity Project in 2011 and 2012. We would also like to thank the First

Nations communities of Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Keewaywin and Fort Albany for

their hospitality and generosity.

References

Beckel, W. E. 1954. The identification of adult female Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)

of the black-legged group taken in the field at Churchill, Manitoba. Canadian

Journal of Zoology 32: 324-330.

Beresford, D. 2011. Insect collections from Polar Bear Provincial Park, Ontario, with new

records. Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario 142: 19-27.

CESCC 2011. Wild species 2010: the general status of species in Canada. National General

Status Working Group. Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council.

Available online at: http://www.wildspecies.ca/wildspecies20 1 0/downloads/wild-

species-2010.pdf

Crins, W. J., Gray, P. A.,Uhlig, W. C. and Wester, M. C. 2009. The ecosystems of Ontario,

Part 1. Ecozones and ecoregions. Report SIB TER IMA TR-01. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment Section. Peterborough,

ON. 71 pp.

Ringrose et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

Darsie, R. F. and Ward, R. A. 2005. Identification and geographical distribution of the

mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. University of Florida Press,

Gainesville, FL. 400 pp.

Downes, J. A. 1965. Adaptations of insects in the arctic. Annual Review of Entomology 10:

257-274.

FNSAP. 2010. Science for a changing far north. The Report of the Far North Science

Advisory Panel. A report submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, ON. 141 pp.

Gillis, M. D., Omule, A. Y. and Brierley, T. 2005. Monitoring Canada’s forests: the national

forest inventory. Forestry Chronicle 81: 214-221.

Jenkins, D. W. and Knight, K. L. 1952. Ecological survey of the mosquitoes of southern

James Bay. American Midland Naturalist 47: 456-468.

Ludwig J. A. and Reynolds, J. F. 1988. Statistical Ecology: a primer on methods and

computing. John Wiley & Sons., New York, NY. 337 pp.

Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. 1991. Trap responses of flying insects. The influence of trap

design on capture efficiency. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 304 pp.

OMNR. 2012. Wildlife research: far North biodiversity. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Available online at: — http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/

Wildlife/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD _099955.html.

Steward, C. C. and McWade, J. W. 1960. The mosquitoes of Ontario (Diptera: Culicidae)

with keys to the species and notes on distribution. Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Ontario 91: 121-188.

Thielman, A. C., and Hunter, F. F. 2007. Photographic key to the adult female mosquitoes

(Diptera: Culicidae) of Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification 4,

Available online at: http://www.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/th 04/th_04.html, doi:

10.3752/cjai.2007.04

Wood, D. M., Dang, P. T. and Ellis, R. A. 1979. The mosquitoes of Canada (Diptera:

Culicidae). The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 6: Agriculture Canada.

Publication 1686. 390 pp.

Vockeroth, J. R. 1954. Notes on the identities and distributions of Aedes species of northern

Canada, with a key to the females (Diptera: Culicidae). The Canadian Entomologist

6: 241-255.

WRBU. 2013. Traditional Mosquito Classification, July 2013. Walter Reed

Biosystematics Unit. Available online at: http://www.wrbu.org/docs/mq_

ClassificationTraditional201307.pdf.

Taxonomy and faunistics in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

TAXONOMY AND FAUNISTICS IN ONTARIO, 1952-2012:

PUBLICATIONS IN THE “JOURNAL OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY OF ONTARIO”

J.T. HUBER

Natural Resources Canada c/o Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre,

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

email: john.huber@agr.gc.ca

Abstract J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 15-26

Publications on taxonomy and faunistics that appeared in the Journal of the

Entomological Society of Ontario over a 60-year period beginning in 1952

are tabulated. These consist of 60 papers on taxonomy with a total of 700

species, including 125 new ones, described and/or keyed. Almost 100 papers

on faunistics (lists, new distributions for North America or parts of North

America) were published, with a total of 4700 species mentioned. A brief

overview of taxonomy and faunistics as given in JESO volumes is provided.

Published December 2013

Introduction

Although the Entomological Society of Ontario (ESO) began in 1863, the first

report was published in 1871 (covering the year 1870) and publication continued as Annual

Reports up to 1958, then from 1959-2001 as the Proceedings of the Entomological Society

of Ontario (PESO), and finally from 2002—present as the Journal of the Entomological

Society of Ontario (JESO). Because the main goal of the Society at its inception was to

publish research on pest insects the first volume was titled “First Annual Report of the

Noxious Insects of the Province of Ontario” and subtitled “Prepared for the Agricultural and

Arts, and Fruit Growers’ Associations of Ontario, on Behalf of the Entomological Society

of Canada.” The first two articles in it were by the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, entitled “Insects

affecting the apple” and “Insects injurious to grape.” The 61 magnificent black-and-white

illustrations throughout Vol.1 and the 694 others in the next twelve volumes (illustrations

summarized in detail in Vol. 13) stand as a testament to the careful attention to detail in the

published papers.

Forward to the 1950s. Glen (1956) compiled a historical overview of entomology

in Canada with contributions by different authors in 16 categories, one being Systematic

Entomology by G. Holland. One category not treated by Glenn as a separate subdiscipline

was faunistics, probably because most taxonomy and biology papers included information

on insect distributions, even if it was for a single (usually pest) species, so “faunistics” was

too vague to treat as a subdiscipline. To mark the 150" Anniversary of the Entomological

Society of Ontario, papers in these two subdisciplines are compiled and briefly discussed

Huber JESO Volume 144, 2013

here. Only the past 60 years are treated, beginning with publication date 1953 (vol. 84) to

provide a slight overlap with Holland (1956). The subdiscipline of taxonomy, “systematic

entomology” of Holland, is complemented with a summary of papers on faunistics. The

latter were written by both taxonomists and non-taxonomists, but the non-taxonomists

relied heavily on taxonomists for specimen identifications. Over the past six decades both

groups of entomologists added a lot of new information on insect distributions in Ontario

or Canada. Because they do not include identification keys or taxon descriptions the papers

on faunistics are summarized separately from those on taxonomy. Except for 19 papers

on particular insect species, and five on insect associations with certain plant species, the

faunistics papers exclude studies that detail the biology of single species, most of which are

economically important as pests or biological control agents. Such papers are treated by P.

Mason (this volume).

Taxonomy

Only about | taxonomy paper per year (60 in total) was published over the past

60 years (Table 1). These covered almost 700 species of which 125 were described as

new. Twenty-five of the papers treated Ontario insects only. Most of them (47) included

identification keys, usually to adults but sometimes to larvae or pupa. Somewhat surprisingly,

25 of the papers treated Diptera, 25 treated Hymenoptera but only 7 treated Coleoptera and

1 treated Lepidoptera. About 36 family group taxa and 50 genera were covered. A few

papers were more general, treating Lepidoptera, Aculeata, and Symphyta. Two were on

nomenclature and type specimens, respectively.

Although most publications in the Annual Reports over its first 80 years treated

pest biology and control, the occasional paper foreshadowed the trend over the next 60 years

towards more papers on taxonomy and faunistics of insects in general. Fletcher (1902), the

founder of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, therefore began an Entomological

Record. His aim was not to record facts connected to economic entomology—he called it

“practical” entomology—but instead to publish information about other insects, including

1) arecord of special rarities taken by collectors, with the various locations and dates, 2) the

names of specialists who have devoted particular attention to some order, genus, species,

or phases of taxonomic study, 3) the names of any books of note affecting entomology,

or connected with any branch of it, which may have been published during the year. For

the year, Fletcher summarized collecting thus “The season of 1901 in almost all parts

of Canada has been characterized as ‘poor’ by nearly all collectors heard from.” Most of

Fletcher’s publication gives a literature summary, lists of names and locations of collectors

(36 for Lepidoptera, 10 for Coleoptera, and three each for Hymenoptera and Orthoptera),

and 8 pages of “notes on captures” compiled by himself and, for Orthoptera, by E. M.

Walker. The next year, Fletcher (1903) stated that he hoped at least some of the general

collectors in all parts of the country might become specialists on particular taxa because

they were urgently needed. He noted that the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were always

fairly well worked but specialists in the other orders were few. Fernald’s (1916) paper on

life zones in entomology and Felt’s (1926) paper on insect distributions presage Walker’s

(1955) discussion on climate change, mentioned below. So right from the beginning of

the 1900s there was interest and concern about taxonomy and distributions, particularly

changing ones, of the insect fauna of Canada in general and Ontario in particular.

Taxonomy and faunistics in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

Faunistics

In 1961, C.G. MacNay’s yearly article “A summary of the more important insect

infestations and occurrences in Canada in 19xx” ceased to be published. Although this series

of articles focused almost exclusively on pest insects from across Canada, other noteworthy

species were occasionally mentioned. Thus, for 1950 (eighty-first Annual Report) one and

a half lines were written on one species not considered a pest: “The noticeable scarcity of

reports of this insect [the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)]

contrasts with its widespread abundance in 1949”. The rest of the 19-page article summarized

the abundance of pest species under several subheadings: general feeders, field crop

insects, vegetable insects, fruit insects, insects affecting greenhouse and ornamental plants,

insects affecting man and domestic animals, household insects, stored product insects. All

the other articles in the volume related to pesticides—it was, after all, shortly after start

of the pesticide heyday/revolution. Similar examples occur in the 1951 Annual Report

[one mention of a Mourning Cloak butterfly larva, Nymphalis antiopa (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae)]. Almost invariably the record was in the context of damage to something

of economic interest. Preventing damage to crops/animals/humans was seen as perhaps

the most important task of entomology. In 1952, 150 years after Fletcher implemented

his ‘Entomological Record’, a section on new records of insects in Canada was added. It

included 17 species (5 in Ontario) recorded for the first time either for North America or for

Canada or for a particular province. From 1966—1972, H. W. Goble and others published

articles under the subheading “Review of infestations and other pests” but restricted their

coverage to insects (and nematodes) in Ontario only. Vol. 104 (1973) was the last year such

pest summaries were compiled. Thereafter, relatively more attention was paid to insects not

of economic importance.

In 1954, a symposium on changing faunal ranges was held, in which various

speakers discussed examples (in Lepidoptera, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera,

and Araneae) of Carolinian zone insects that showed evidence of a northward shift in

distribution. Some crop pests already present in southern Ontario or new entries of insects

into the Niagara Peninsula were included. Also exemplified were extensions of faunal

ranges in the Prairie Provinces, species spreading with agriculture, species whose ranges

fluctuate with climatic cycles, and species with annual northern migrations. Northern

shifts in populations of some bird species in the Prairie Provinces and alien pest insect

species introduced from abroad were also listed. The eminent E.M. Walker (1955), of

odonatological fame, summarized things thus: “But looking back over the sixty odd years

since I began to collect insects at De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, I have witnessed the

gradual decrease in numbers of some species that were once common, until they vanished

altogether, and I have seen other species, never known in that territory before, arrive there

and in the course of time become firmly established. The species that disappeared were

chiefly northern ones, whereas the newcomers were all from the south. This last statement

suggests a changing climate that is becoming warmer. The problem, however, is not quite

as simple as it seems.” I take the Baker symposium, mentioned in Table 2, and Walker’s

comments as the main post-war starting point for the shift in emphasis on controlling pests

to documenting and understanding the Ontario insect fauna in general, with emphasis on

changing distributions. However, over 150 years previously Webster (1902) noted general

Huber JESO Volume 144, 2013

trends in insect movements around North America. Fernald (1916) and Felt (1926) also

wrote about distributions and their significance, showing that within about 30 years since

publication of the Annual Reports began entomologists were aware of the importance of

tracking insect distributions.

Almost 100 papers on faunistics were published from 1953-2012 (Table 2), with

a low of 8 papers in the 1950s to a high of 19 in the 1970s. Many of these are species

lists, changes in distributions, or new provincial, country, or continent records. About

4700 arthropod (mostly insect) species in over 20 orders, especially Coleoptera, Diptera

and Hymenoptera, are listed. A wide variety of faunistic topics are covered: insects on

particular substrates, e.g., decaying mushrooms; in particular habitats, e.g., alvars; visitors to

particular species of flowering plants, e.g., Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae); or natural enemies

of particular, non-pest insects, e.g., Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Almost every

volume included at least one faunistics paper and a few volumes (104, 141, 142) as many

as five. Most papers were restricted to insects of Ontario or parts of Ontario. Occasionally

other provinces (Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec), or the USA or particular

US states were treated. Sometimes all of Canada, the Nearctic region (usually America

North of Mexico) or the entire New World (an abstract only) was covered.

Conclusions

Up to the 1950s the Annual Reports stressed pest biology and control, and many

detailed papers appeared on their biology often accompanied by excellent line drawings.

The Reports also included a smattering of more general papers discussing distributions

(read faunistics) and taxonomy. Over the past six decades a greater diversity of papers has

appeared, with relatively more emphasis on insects other than pests. On the whole, the

Society’s journal has provided a fair representation of entomological research in Ontario

over most of the past 140 years. This has changed over the past decade. Fewer papers are

published in JESO because of the greater number of competing, electronic journals, often

with more specialized interests. JESO is therefore perhaps a less reliable tracker of entomo-

logical research in the province than previously. Nevertheless, JESO remains a good venue

for publishing information on faunistics and taxonomy of Ontario insects.

SO Volume 144, 2013

Taxonomy and faunistics in Ontario, 1952—2012

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References

Felt, E. P. 1926. The distribution of insects and the significance of extralimital data. Fifty-

sixth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1925. Pp. 44-47.

Fernald, H. T. 1916. Life zones in entomology and their relations to crops. Forty-sixth

Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1915. Pp. 87-92.

Fletcher, J. 1902. Entomological record, 1901. Thirty-second Annual Report of the

Entomological Society of Ontario, 1901. Pp. 99-109.

Fletcher, J. 1903. Entomological record, 1902. Thirty-third Annual Report of the

Entomological Society of Ontario, 1902. Pp. 97-101.

Glenn, R. 1956. Entomology in Canada up to 1956: a review of developments and

accomplishments. The Canadian Entomologist 88: 290-371.

Holland, G. P. 1956. Systematic Entomology. Pp. 300-304 in Glenn, R. (compiler),

Entomology in Canada up to 1956: a review of developments and accomplishments.

The Canadian Entomologist 88: 290-371.

Walker, E. M. 1955. Summary of symposium. Pp. 37—38 in Baker, A. W. (co-ordinator),

Symposium II. Changing faunal ranges. Annual Report of the Entomological

Society of Ontario 86: 23-39.

Webster, F. M. 1902. The trend of insect diffusion in North America. Thirty-second Annual

Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1902. Pp. 63-67.

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN ONTARIO 1952-2012:

A SUMMARY OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE

“JOURNAL OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

ONTARIO”

P.G. MASON

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

email: peter.mason@agr.gc.ca

J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 27-111

Introduction

Biological control involves the manipulation of natural enemies to regulate

populations of pest species. This biologically based approach is key to the successful

management of pest species, and requires a sound understanding of the pest, its associated

organisms and their interactions. A first step is to understand the biology of a target species

which allows determination of such things as number of generations per growing season,

life stages that cause damage, and life stages that are appropriate for control. Knowledge of

the natural enemy community associated with a pest species will provide an indication of the

potential for biological control to suppress and maintain populations below economically

damaging levels. In Ontario, biological control began in 1882 when W. Saunders imported

Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from New York state for

release in Ontario gardens to control the Imported Currantworm Nematus ribesii (Scopoli)

(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (Glen 1962).

The present compilation summarizes the biological control contributions

published in the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario / Proceedings of

the Entomological Society of Ontario / Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario

(together, JESO) from 1952-2012 as part of the commemorative activities to celebrate the

150" anniversary of the Entomological Societies of Canada and Ontario. Although most

cover work in Ontario, several (e.g., James 1952; Maxwell and Morgan 1952; Robinson

1952), address studies in other regions. Glen (1956) summarized work in entomology,

including biological control in Canada to 1956 and this should be consulted for information

on studies prior to 1952. It should be noted that studies published in JESO document only

a portion of the work on each species. More comprehensive accounts can be found in the

Biological Control Programmes in Canada series (McLeod et al. 1962; Kelleher et al. 1971;

Kelleher and Hulme 1984; Mason and Huber 2002; Mason and Gillespie 2013).

Several contributions provide general summaries of the knowledge at the time of

their publication. Chant (1957) provided an overview of papers relevant to biological control

Published December 2013

and Agri-Food Canada.

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

presented at the 10" International Congress of Entomology. Cameron (1952) conducted

a review of diseases of insects to 1951 and Cameron (1969) reviewed the problems and

prospects in the use of pathogens for insect control. Putnam (1963) reviewed the biology

and management of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Wallace

and Sullivan (1985) reviewed the status of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Proverbs (1962) and Van Whervin & Wilde (1970) reported on sterile insect release

for control of codling moth, however this technique falls outside of the definition used

in this summary (1.e., manipulation of natural enemies) as does work with plant extracts

such as that reported for neem, Azadirachta indica A. de Jussieu (Meliaceae), by Lyons et

al. (1996) on the Pine False Webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) (Hymenoptera:

Pamphiltidae) and by Li (2000) against Balsam Fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris)

(Hymenoptera: Diprionidae).

In Ontario, more than 75 species have been the subject of studies in which associated

natural enemies have been documented. Introduction of exotic natural enemy species were

implemented for 12 invasive alien arthropods and five exotic weeds. The contributions

published in JESO on these species are varied but can be divided into broad categories,

Pest Life History and Natural Enemy Complexes, General Studies of Natural Enemy

Communities, Natural Enemy Biology, Classical Biological Control of Weeds, Classical

Biological Control of Arthropods, and Inundative Biological Control using Pathogens.

Fundamental to successful biological is correct identification of their natural enemies so

taxonomic studies treating relevant species are therefore also summarized under Natural

Enemy Taxonomy. The approach used here summarizes, under each of the categories

mentioned above, the findings published in JESO for each species studied. The 140 full

length scientific papers, scientific notes and abstracts include those that identified natural

enemies (arthropods and pathogens) associated with a host species and those reporting on

aspects of the biology of natural enemies of pest and beneficial species. A list of the updated

names of natural enemies and known hosts published in JESO from 1952-2012 is provided

in the Appendix.

1. Pest Life History and Natural Enemy Complexes

The development of intensive agriculture brings with it a host of species that exploit

a food source that, grown in large uniform plots, provides one of the optimum conditions that

contributes to exponential population increases. Fundamental to implementing successful

biological control is understanding the biology of target species well and identifying which

natural enemies already present in the system attack the various life stages of the host. In

Ontario, numerous studies have documented the natural enemies of native and non-native

species, usually in response to outbreaks in particular crops or regions. In addition to greater

knowledge of pest biologies these studies have increased knowledge of their natural enemies

present in Ontario. A summary of the findings published in JESO for each species follows.

Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a native

species that occurs in Ontario and Quebec (Hoffmeister 2002). Monteith (1977; 1978)

studied potential predators of apple maggot, e.g., the sowbug, Porcellio laevis Latreille

(Isopoda: Oniscidae), centipede, Lithobius forficatus (L.) (Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae),

earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), and beetles, including

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

Calosoma calidum (Fabricius), Harpalus pensylvanicus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Carabidae),

and Staphylinus badipes LeConte (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), which effectively attacked

and consumed apple maggot larvae. Millipedes, Trachelipus rathkei (Koch) (Polydesmida:

Paradoxosomatidae), attacked puparia. Monteith (1978) also reported on apple maggot

parasitoids, including Diachasma mellea (Gahan), D. lectus Gahan, D. lectoides (Gahan),

D. alloeum (Muesebeck) and D. ferrugineum (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Although these parasitoid species survived in wild habitats with apple and Crataegus spp.

(Rosaceae), their numbers were not sufficient to migrate into and reduce apple maggot

populations in managed orchards where even low numbers of this pest could not be tolerated.

Poinar et al. (1978) isolated the potential pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter)

Migula, Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland (Bacilliaceae), and Streptococcus sp.

(Streptococcaceae) from larvae and puparia. A nematode, Neoaplectana sp. (Rhabditida:

Steinernematidae) was also associated with puparia. The study suggested that natural

infestation by microorganisms might play an important role in regulating apple maggot

populations.

Armyworm, Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a Nearctic

species, was studied by Goble (1965) during an outbreak in 1964. The nuclear polyhedrosis

virus Betabaculovirus sp. (Baculoviridae) killed 35% of larvae. Parasitoids caused an

additional 25% mortality, particularly two Apanteles spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

and other Hymenoptera (20% and 3.3% mortality, respectively) as well as Diptera (1%).

Winthemia sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) was abundant at one site and birds consumed large

numbers of larvae. It was concluded that overall, natural control was of such magnitude that

the population was likely to crash without intervention.

Birch Leaf Edgeminer, Scolioneura betuleti (Klug) (Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae), first discovered in Ontario in 1983 near Newmarket, represented a first

record for North America (Nystrom and Evans 1989). They reported 12% parasitism by

three larval parasitoids, Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratzeburg), Pnigalio minio (Walker),

and Zagrammosoma multilineatum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

Black Army Cutworm, Actebia fennica (Tauscher) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),

a Holarctic species, was studied in black spruce plantations in Newfoundland by West

(1992). Parasitism levels of up to 60% were documented. Tachinomyia panaetius (Walker)

(Diptera: Tachinidae), and Campoletis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were reared

from larvae. Gonia sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), and Enicospilus sp., Ichneumon creperus

Cresson, and Arenetra rufipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were reared from

pupae. The nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabiditida: Steinernematidae) also

showed promise as a potential control agent. West (1992) recommended that since only /.

creperus was known to occur in British Columbia, where black army cutworm was also a

problem, relocation of the other spp. may be useful for biological control of A. fennica in

that province.

Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hibner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an annual

migrant from the southern USA. Harcourt (1963) determined that 7 ni was significantly

impacted by Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) but less so

by the polyphagous /toplectis conquisitor (Say), Stenichneumon culpator cincticornis

(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera:

Tachinidae). Polyhedral virus disease frequently killed larvae. Murillo et al. (2012) studied

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

the larval parasitoids of 7: ni in field tomatoes in southwestern Ontario. Nine primary

parasitoids were reared from 7: ni larvae, including an unidentified Tachinidae, Exeristes

comstockii (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead)

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Cofesia marginiventris (Cresson), C. plathypenae (Muesebeck),

Meteorus sp., and Microplitis alaskensis (Ashmead), one unidentified species (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae), and Euplectrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). One hyperparasitoid,

Trichomalopsis viridescens (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was reared from E.

comstockii, the most abundant parasitoid (17.6% and 39.2% parasitism levels in 2005 and

2006, respectively). Although common parasitoids of 7: ni in other parts of North America,

C. floridanum and C. marginiventris occurred in <2% of the host populations in Ontario.

The association of C. plathypenae with T. ni was a new host record.

Corn Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an

important introduced pest of corn. Foot (1974) studied the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)

community in corn fields in southwestern Ontario. He found that Hippodamia convergens

Guérin-Méneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibilais (Say), and Coleomegilla maculata lengi

Timberlake were the most abundant species. Adalia bipunctata (L.), Cycloneda sanguinea

(L.), H. parenthesis (Say), and Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann were present but

either not abundant or did not occur in all years. It was concluded that coccinellid numbers

overall were insufficient to control corn aphid as high populations of beetles occurred only

after aphid populations peaked and had damaged the crop.

Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), first found

in the Ottawa area in 1854, is a global pest of cole crops. Harcourt (1963) determined that

native parasitoids were a major mortality factor, the most important being the larval-prepupal

parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (33%), the prepupal-pupal parasitoid Diadromus

subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) (21%) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and the larval parasitoid

Microplitis plutellae (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Several species were of lesser

significance including, Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae),

Conura albifrons (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), Gelis tenellus (Say), Campoletis

sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché), Pteromalus sp.

near phycidis Ashmead, and Trichomalopsis viridescens. According to Harcourt (1963)

predators and diseases did not significantly affect P. xy/ostella populations.

European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae),

a non-native species, is a serious pest of fruit crops in Canada (Thistlewood et al. 2013).

Herbert (1953) studied the predacious phytoseid mites associated with European red

mite in orchards. More than nine species were collected, including Typhlodromus tilae

Oudemans, 7. rhenanus (Oudemans), 7: pomi (Parrot, Hodgkiss and Shoene), Neoseiulus

fallacis (Garman), T. conspicuous var. herbertae Nesbitt, T: finlandicus (Oudemans), T.

masseei (Nesbitt), Phytoseius macropilis (Banks) and Amblyseius spp. (Trombidiformes:

Phytoseiidae). Abundance and species compositions varied among locations and years.

Populations were denser in the centre of orchards in spring and early summer but increased

at the periphery in midsummer, then decreased as autumn approached. Cadogan and Laing

(1982) surveyed apple orchards in southern Ontario for the European red mite and its predator

Balaustium putnami Smiley (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae). Two distinct generations of B.

putnami occurred, the 1* generation having an abundance of larvae and the 2" generation

being dominated by nymphs and adults (motile stages). Balaustium putnami coexisted with

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeiidae and fed on both P. u/mi and the twospotted spider mite,

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Balaustium putnami was also

present in orchards with low volume pesticide application regimes suggesting that spray

regimes and schedules could be designed to preserve natural enemies.

European Skipper, Thymelicus lineola’ (Ochsenheimer) (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae), was first collected in 1910 near London, Ontario (Pengelly 1961). He studied

its biology near Bradford, Ontario in 1958. Several native parasitoid species were recovered.

Parasitism of pupae was low at 4.9%, mainly by /toplectis conquisitor. Also reared from

pupae were Pimpla pedalis Cresson and Camposcopus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).

Larval parasitoids included Meteorus hyphantriae Riley, Rogas sp. and Casinaria sp.

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The hyperparasitoid Gelis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

was reared from M. hyphantriae. Several Tachinidae were also reared from larvae.

Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma_ disstria Hibner (Lepidoptera:

Lasiocampidae), a cyclical pest of deciduous trees, was studied by Harmsen and Rose

(1984). They documented differential mortality in wet low-lying and dry higher-ground

habitats. Parasitism by A/leiodes malacosomatos (Mason) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

and Phobocampe clisiocampae (Weed) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and predation by

unspecified species were lower in the low-lying areas, likely due to limited accessibility

of appropriate sites for pupation and the greater accessibility for predators offered by drier

habitats.

Goldenrod Gall Moth, Epiblema_ scudderiana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae) was the subject of a parasitoid survey by Laing and Heraty (1982) who found

the primary parasitoids Apanteles cacoeciae Riley, Macrocentrus pallisteri DeGant, Bassus

binominatus (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Scambus pterophori Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and the hyperparasitoid Perilampus fulvicornis Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), which attacked all the primary parasitoids. Overall parasitism

was 32.4% in 1978-1979, 64.4% in1979—1980, and 76.6% in 1980-1981. Parasitism by M.

pallisteri was the major factor influencing the large annual fluctuations (19.4% in 1978-79,

57.5% in 1979-1980, and 67.5% in 1980-81) in E. scudderiana populations. Perilampus

fulvicornis appeared to be an important regulator of M. pallisteri, preventing it from

drastically reducing E. scudderiana populations.

Horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) were the subject of natural enemy

surveys in Churchill, Manitoba by James (1952). The chalcid larval-pupal parasitoid

Diglochis occidentalis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was found to parasitize

13.9% of Tabanus spp., including T. affinis Kirby and the T. frontalis-septentrionalis

complex, and 20.8% of Chrysops spp., including C. frigidus Osten-Sacken, and C. furcatus

Walker. Numbers of D. occidentalis that emerged from Tabanus spp. averaged 45.5 while

the smaller Chrysops spp. yielded an average of 16.1.

McDaniel Spider Mite, Zetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, the Apple Mite,

Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, and the Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch

(Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) in Manitoba were the subject of a survey by Robinson

(1952) to document their predators. The following species were collected: Stethocorus

punctum(LeConte), Adalia punctata(L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Sti/bus probatus Casey

(Coleoptera: Phalacrididae), Orius insidiosus (Say), Anthocoris musculus (Say) (Hemiptera:

Anthocoridae), Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Hyaloides harti Knight, H. vitripennis (Say),

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Plagiognathus obscurus (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Nabis ferus (L.) (Hemiptera:

Nabidae), Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Aeolothrips

melaleucus Haliday (Thysanoptera: Aelothripidae), Fe/tiella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),

Toxomerus geminatus (Say) (Diptera: Syrphidae), Chrysopa carnea (Stephens), C. chi Fitch

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Hemerobius simulans Walker, H. stigmaterus Fitch (Neuroptera:

Hemerobiidae), Zyphlodromus fallacis (Garman), T: longipilus Nesbit (Megostigmata:

Phytoseiidae), and Anystis agilis Banks (Trombidiformes: Anystidae).

Northern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence (Coleoptera:

Chysomelidae), native to North America, is a minor pest in Ontario. Tyler and Ellis

(1980) studied the importance of ground beetles as its predators. Among the 26 species

collected, Prerostichus melanarius (Illiger), Clivina fossor (L.), Agonum muelleri (Herbst),

Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum Say, Poecilus lucublandus (Say), and Harpalus

affinis (Schrank) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were most numerous. Radioactive labelling trials

indicated that carabids were probably more important as larval than egg predators.

Obliquebanded Leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), the Eyespotted

Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (Dennis and Schiffermiiller), and the Pale Apple Budworm,

Pseudexentera mali Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) all native species, were present at

all sites surveyed by Hagley and Barber (1992). Although parasitism levels in unmanaged

apple orchards in southern Ontario were low (4—10%), parasitoids reared included 24 species

of Hymenoptera and two species of Diptera. /toplectis conquisitor was the most frequently

reared parasitoid from obliquebanded leafroller and pale apple budworm and Bassus

dimidiator (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was most frequently reared from eyespotted

bud moth. The first records of Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

from obliquebanded leafroller and eyespotted bud moth were reported. Colpoclypeus florus

had earlier been introduced from Europe to control the redbanded leafroller (see below).

Highest parasitism levels were found in Coleophora spp. (Lepidopera: Coleophoridae)

(30.2%) and Sparganothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (62%), primarily due to Scambus

spp. and Orgilus scaber Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the former and Triclistus

spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the latter.

Pine Shoot Beetle, Zomicus piniperda(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a European

species, was first found in the Niagara region in 1993 (Bright 1996). Parasitoids found in

his study included Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead), Spathius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),

Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), Rhopalicus tutela (Walker), Roptrocerus xylophagorum

(Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Eupe/mus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) and

Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Predators included Platysoma gracile LeConte

(Coleoptera: Histeridae), Corticeus praetermissus (Fall) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae),

Medetera signaticornis (Loew) and M. pinicola Kowarz (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Most

of the species found are habitat-specific rather than host-specific, thus any bark beetle

encountered under the bark may be a suitable host. A few parasitoid species, e.g., Eupelmus

sp., may be hyperparasitoids. It was concluded that further investigation of the role of native

natural enemies would provide evidence on whether or not there is a need to introduce

exotic natural enemies.

Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a

pest of a variety of field crops such as edible beans, potatoes, alfalfa, peanut and soybean

(Appleton et al. 2004). They concluded that predators and parasitoids were not effective

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

regulators of potato leafhopper populations, despite egg parasitism up to 40% by Anagrus

armatus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Although the fungus Zoophthora radicans

(Brefeld) Batko (Entomophthoraceae) caused epizootics, the narrow environmental

conditions required for this are rare in Ontario; thus it was not considered to be a reliable

control.

Redbanded_ Leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae) is a native species that occurs on broad-leaved trees in eastern North America

(Hikichi 1971). In response to increasing outbreaks in apple orchards in Ontario, Hikichi

(1962) studied its mortality factors. Trichogramma minutum parasitized ~2% of the eggs

collected, ~S0% of larvae were infected by a granulovirus and another ~12% of larvae were

parasitized by Phytodietus vulgaris Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). The study

concluded that disease and drought conditions that reduced foliage quality were the primary

factors contributing to mortality of A. velutinana.

Six-spotted Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae),

is an important vector of aster-yellows virus (Miller and De Lyzer 1960). They conducted field

surveys but only a single parasitoid species, Epigonatopus plesius Fenton (Hymenoptera:

Dryinidae) was recovered from adults and levels of parasitism were not considered of

economic importance.

Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), native to

eastern Asia, was first reported in Ontario in 2001 (Ragsdale et al. 2004). Bahlai and Sears

(2009) studied the population dynamics of soybean aphid and the predator Harmonia axyridis

(Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in vineyards in the Niagara region. They found that

high populations of H. axyridis were correlated with substantial numbers of soybean aphid

when aphids occurred early in the season. However, outbreaks of H. axyridis in vineyards

were observed when the numbers of soybean aphid eggs were fewest on overwintering

buckthorn, Rhamnus spp. (Rhamnaceae), plant hosts. The availability of high numbers

of eggs, oviposited by soybean aphid late in the season on the winter host plant, served

to divert H. axyridis from feeding on ripening grapes in vineyards. Thus Bahlai and Sears

(2009) showed that high numbers of aphids in soybean did not result in high numbers of

H. axyridis invading vineyards. They proposed a ‘kick start/distract’ model to explain these

dynamics and provide a basis for integrated management.

Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella_ (Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) an invasive alien pest from the Palaearctic is an important pest

of apples in central Ontario as well as other parts of eastern Canada (Vincent et al. 2013).

Johnson et al. (1977) studied the seasonal occurrence and natural enemies of this pest in

Ontario apple orchards. They reported that the endoparasitic Pholetesor ornigis (Weed)

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the dominant parasitoid (up to 57% parasitism) and

was well-synchronized with the 1“ and 3" host generations. Sympiesis gordius (Walker),

S. sericeicornis (Nees), Pnigalio minio (Walker), P. uroplatae (Howard), Chrysocharis

nepereus (Walker) and Closterocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) impacted 1‘ and 2"

generation spotted tentiform leafminer, the first three species being most prevalent, although

overall parasitism was at most 24%. Predation was not significant.

Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a

widespread and important pest of vegetable, fruit, greenhouse, and field crops, particularly

those grown for seed (Broadbent et al. 2013). Broadbent et al. (1999) reared five parasitoid

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species, including Leiophron mellipes (Cresson), L. digoneutis (Loan), L. pseudopallipes

(Loan), Leiophron lygivora (Loan), and L. rubricollis (Thomson) (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Mason et al. (2011) examined the effect of periodic cutting of alfalfa on

parasitism of tarnished plant bug and alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)

(Hemiptera: Miridae) by Leiophron spp. Although populations of hosts and parasitoids

declined in cut habitats, they did not go extinct and recolonization by adults sustained

parasitoid populations.

Trefoil Seed Chacid, Bruchophagus platyptera (Walker) (Hymenoptera:

Eurytomidae) is an important pest of alfalfa, clover and trefoil seed crops (Ellis and

Nang’ayo 1992). These authors discovered two parasitoids, Mesopolobus bruchophagi

(Gahan) and Tetrastichus bruchophagi Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at levels of 8.2

and 11.0%, respectively. Parasitoids were not present in all fields and were more likely to

occur in older fields. They noted that these same species occur elsewhere in North America

where trefoil seed chacid is found.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodis strobi (Peck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), native to

North America, is a major pest in pine plantations in most of Canada and the USA (Hulme

and Kenis 2002). Wallace and Sullivan (1985) reviewed its biology, highlighting aspects

that could be exploited to manage the pest. Among major larval and pupal mortality factors

identified were the predator Lonchaea corticis Taylor (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) and the

parasitoids Eurytoma pissodes Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Dolichotomitus

terebrans nubilipennis (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).

Willow Gall Fly, Rhabdopahaga strobiloides Walsh (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was

studied by Judd (1953). In addition to willow gall fly which induces the galls, the inquiline

Dasyneura albovittata Walsh (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was reared from these galls, as was

a single female sawfly, Amauronematus sp. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Parasitoids

reared from willow gall fly included Copidosoma sp., (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Tridymus

sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Jorymus cecidomyae (Walker) (Hymenoptera:

Torymidae). Leptacis sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), Ceraphron sp. (Hymenoptera:

Ceraphronidae), Tetrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Jorymus sp. were reared

from cocoons of D.albovittata. Among the remaining parasitoids reared were Adialytus

salicaphis (Fitch) and Aphidius matricariae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), known

parasitoids of aphids, and Microgaster hospes Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and

Pediobius sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids of Lepidoptera. The hyperparasitoids

Lygocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Cephronidae) and A//oxysta sp. (Hymenoptera: Alloxystidae)

were reared, probably from A. phorodontis.

2. General Studies of Natural Enemy Communities

Natural enemy surveys that are not pest specific provide a broad perspective of

the complexes present in different habitats. Several studies published in JESO documented

natural enemies associated with particular pests or crop systems, often to evaluate the

impacts of management systems or pesticides on these communities. Other studies appear

to have been opportunistic and documented natural enemies associated with host species

likely encountered fortuitously during field trips focusing on other topics.

Field crop habitats. Ben-Ze’ev and Jaques (1990) surveyed alfalfa fields in

southwestern Ontario for entomopathogens. The invasive Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica

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(Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was infected by Erynia phytonomi (Arthur)

Humber, Ben-Ze’ev and Kenneth, Erynia sp. (Entomophthoraceae) and Beauveria bassiana

(Balsamo) Vuillemin (Moniliaceae). Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall and Dunn) Remaudiére

and Keller, C. thromboides Dreschler (Ancylistaceae), Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu,

Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiére and Hennebert (Entomophthoraceae), and Neozygites

fresenii (Thaxter) Remaudiere and Keller (Neozygiotaceae) were associated with a mixed

population of Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae

Scopoli, and the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresen (Entomophthoraceae) complex was associated with

the Seedcorn Maggot, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Erynia echinospora

(Thaxter) Remaudiere and Keller [or E. dipterigena (Thaxter) Remaudiére and Keller]

was associated with Lauxaniidae (Diptera). Erynia petchii (Ben-Ze’ev and Kenneth) was

associated with the Meadow Spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

and Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko was associated with the Potato Leafhopper,

Empoasca fabae Harris (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Aphididae. The study concluded that

entomopathogens have a role in natural regulation of pest insects and there is potential for

their introduction (e.g., B. bassiana and Erynia spp.) to supplement other biological control

agents to manage H. postica populations.

Orchard habitats. Hagley (1979) studied the effects of insecticides on

natural predator populations in apple, Malus spp. (Rosaceae), orchards. Hippodamia

tridecempunctata tibialis (Say) and Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

were the most abundant predators collected. Phytocoris sp., Deraeocoris fasciolus

Knight and Plagiognathus obscurus (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae) were the main true bug

species encountered, and Chrysopa oculata (Say) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Hemerobius

humulinus (L.) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), Epiodes americanus Wiedemann, Allograpta

obliqua (Say) (Diptera: Syrphidae), Cantharis sp. and Podabrus spp. (Coleoptera:

Cantharidae) commonly occurred. Overall, predator populations were low and insecticide

treatments (phosmet and azinphosmethyl) appeared to reduce eggs and immature stages

of the predators. Most adult predators collected immigrated from outside of treated areas.

Thus, numbers of predators in natural areas was insufficient to provide effective control of

the major pests: codling moth, apple maggot, and Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar

(Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Hagley (1979) concluded that augmentation of

predator numbers is required when management practices use insecticides.

Woolhouse and Harmsen (1985) studied the population dynamics of the mite

complex on foliage of a pesticide-free apple orchard. Over a 3-year period, population

dynamics were highly variable but pest species did not reach economic thresholds. Zetzellia

mali (Ewing) (Trombidiformes: Stigmaeiidae) and Phytoseiidae species tracked changes in

prey abundance. Zefzellia mali was more closely linked to eriophyid rust mites, Aculus sp.,

abundance while the Phytoseiidae were linked to tetranychid, i.e., Two-spotted Spider Mite

and European Red Mite, abundance. Ze/ze/lia mali and Phytoseiidae were more abundant

on trees nearer the orchard edge suggesting the acaricide spray programs that focus on

the central parts of an orchard could be less detrimental to predator populations. They

concluded that pest populations tend to be lower, sometimes by an order of magnitude, on

McIntosh and Golden Delicious varieties than on Red Delicious and Empire varieties in a

predator-rich environment.

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

Non-crop habitats. Laing and Welch (1963) reported feeding by adults of the

predaceous fly, Dolichopus gratus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), on larvae of Culex

restuans Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae). Edwards and Pengelly (1966) reported parasitism

of Bombus fervidus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by Melittobia chalybii Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Loan (1973) reported the first occurrence of parasitism of

adult Notoxus anchora Hentz (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) by Centistes agilis (Cresson)

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the level of parasitism was 7%.

3. Natural Enemy Biology

Understanding the biology of natural enemies provides guidance for the

development and conservation of agents to better manage key pests. Since 1952, five JESO

studies described methods to improve rearing of natural enemies useful as biological control

agents while another 18 studied performance of potential biological control agents. Four

other studies described the basic biology of particular natural enemies to better understand

development, behaviours or species interactions. Finally, four studies looked at how

particular pesticides affected the biology of natural enemies.

Rearing of natural enemies. Maybee (1956) described a method for rearing the

exotic parasitoid Basalys tritomus Thomson (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) on Drosophila

melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the laboratory. West and DeLong

(1956) studied the biology of and developed a rearing method for Ze/us exsanguis (Stahl)

(Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a generalist predator found in Ontario commonly found feeding

on larvae of the forest tent caterpillar. They successfully reared three generations in the

laboratory; cannibalism appeared to be an important consideration because it affects survival

of newly hatched nymphs.

Corrigan et al. (1990) studied the pupal orientation and emergence success

of Horismenus puttleri (Grissell) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), imported from Central

America for biological control of Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Because H. puttleri is unable to overwinter in temperate North

America, mass production for inundative releases was considered as the best option to use

this agent. Location of host eggs on leaf surfaces influenced parasitoid pupal orientation

and emergence. When egg masses faced down (i.e., underside of leaf) 98% of parasitoids

pupated with their head down and 89% of adult H. puttleri emerged successfully. In contrast,

when egg masses faced up (1.e., upper side of leaf) 63% of H. puttleri individuals faced

down (head faced the leaf surface) and 66% of adult parasitoids emerged successfully.

Corrigan and Laing (1992) studied an improved method for producing small,

consistent samples of hosts for presentation to the egg parasitoid, 7richogramma minutum.

They described a new sampling strip to decrease preparation times and reduce damage

to host Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Corrigan et al. (1994)

studied the feasibility of delaying emergence of 7. minutum and subsequent effects on adult

longevity and fecundity. Adult longevity of individuals reared at 16°C increased in direct

proportion to the length of time they were held as pre-adults at this temperature, compared

to 25°C. However, offspring production was reduced when reared at 16°C, although

reproductive potential was not affected by length of time at 16°C or 12L:12D conditions.

The results indicated that under the conditions studied emergence from E. kuehniella eggs

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

was not sufficiently delayed and rearing at lower temperatures (i.e., 16°C) adversely affected

reproductive performance.

Performance of biological control agents. James (1959) studied egg development,

hatching and prey consumption in several habitats by Mantis religiosa L. (Orthoptera:

Mantidae), introduced from Europe in the early 1900s. Egg development differed among

habitats but did not affect hatching. He found that prey abundance, primarily field crickets,

influenced number of and size of egg masses indicating the importance of this prey for

maintaining local populations of M. religiosa.

Loan (1964) studied the biology of Centistes ater (Nees) (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae), an internal parasitoid of adult Sitona spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as a

biological control agent of S. /inee//us (Bonsdorff) in Canada. In the field, C. excrucians is

well synchronized with the univoltine S. /ineellus. The parasitoids overwintered as mature

larvae in adult weevils, emerging the following spring in late April or May, depending on

temperature, to pupate in the soil. Adult C. ater emerged in late June—early July when the

summer-emerged adult S. /inee/lus were present.

Loan (1965) described the life cycle and development of Leiophron mellipes

(Cresson) in five Miridae (Hemiptera) hosts in southern Ontario. Adults were present

from May to September. Immature stages were found in Labops hirtus Knight (late May

to mid-June, 20% parasitism), Leptopterna dolobrata (L.) (mid-May to end of June, 42%

parasitism), Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) and A. rapidus Say (June, 49% and 60%,

respectively), and Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) (June-July, 46% parasitism, and

August-September, 12% parasitism). A single generation of L. me/lipes occurred in each host

species, although each of the two distinct generations of L. /ineolaris were parasitized.

Griffiths (1972) studied the discrimination ability of the parasitoid Pleolophus

basizonus (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) introduced from 1939-1949 for

biological control of the invasive European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy)

(Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Although unable to detect hosts containing eggs of conspecifics,

P. basizonus were able to detect hosts containing later developmental stages. Pleolophus

basizonus was also recovered from two other introduced and seven native sawflies.

Reid and Harmsen (1975) studied the biology of Trihabda borealis Blake

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Kirby) (Asteraceae).

They determined 7: borealis is of major importance as a phytophage on S. canadensis in

southeastern Ontario, although serious defoliation was rare.

Ramey (1990) studied the host identification and oviposition behaviour of Eurytoma

obtusiventris Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a parasitoid of Eurosta solidaginis

(Fitch) (Diptera: Tephritidae) that live in galls of goldenrod (Solidago spp.). Female E.

obtusiventris preferred stems of Solidago altissima L. infested with E. solidaginis but also

explored S. altissima stems without fly larvae, although females only oviposited in plants

containing host larvae. He also showed that E. obtusiventris females prefer S. altissima

infested plants over infested S. canadensis plants.

George (1979) studied the potential of Dugesia tigrina (Girard) (Tricladida:

Duegesiidae) for control of mosquitoes in Ontario. Field tests showed that D. tigrina

reduced populations of Culex restuans and C. pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) by 17 times

(4/dip versus 69/dip in control treatments). Low oxygen levels and toxins such as turpentine

and paint were important mortality factors of D. tigrina in catch basins (George 1984).

337)

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Loan (1982) developed a field technique to study the interaction of the fungi

Zoophthora spp. (Entomophthoraceae) and the parasitoid Perilitus colesi (Drea)

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) both of which attack larvae of the alfalfa weevil. Foliar

applications of the fungicide captafol protected weevil larvae from attack by Zoophthora

spp. The study confirmed earlier findings that peak attack by M. co/esi occurred after disease

epizootics caused by Zoophthora spp. began to subside.

Bolter and Laing (1984) studied competitive interactions between Diadegma

insulare and Microplitis plutellae for larvae of diamondback moth. Development of both

parasitoids was synchronized with that of the host. At 23°C average fecundity was 814

eggs per female for D. insulare and 316 eggs per female for M. plutellae. Degree-day

development from egg to adult was 282 above 6.6°C for D. insulare and 218 above 9.2°C

for M. plutellae. Diadegma insulare avoided superparasitism and multiple parasitism of

larvae already parasitized by M. plutellae. In contrast, M. plutellae avoided superparasitism

but could not detect eggs of D. insulare for at least 12 h after they were oviposited in the

host. When eggs of both species were oviposited at the same time, 1‘ instar M. plutellae was

intrinsically superior to 1*' instar D. insulare. However, 2™ and 3" instar D. insulare were

superior to 1“ instar M. plutellae.

Clements (1989) studied the role of the stigmaeid mite, Z. mali in orchards.

Zetzellia mali fed on the European red mite and the Apple Rust Mite, Aculus schlechtendali

(Nalepa) (Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) but did not interfere with the phytoseiid mite

Typhlodromus caudiglans (Schuster) (Mesostigmata: Phytosetidae), either by intraguild

predation or competition.

Whistlecraft and Lepard (1989) studied the effect of flooding on the survival

of the Onion Maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and two of its

parasitoids, Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Aleochara bilineata

Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Survival of A. pallipes was greater than or equal

to that of its host while survival of A. bilineata was less, even at temperatures below the

developmental threshold (1°C). This suggested that flooding of fields to control D. antiqua

may lead to elimination of 4. bilineata populations. Whitfield et al. (1981) developed a

computer model to simulate the interaction between onion maggot and A. pallipes, a larval

parasitoid. The model determined that 4. pallipes reduced 2™ and 3" generation maggot

populations, resulting in a 70% profit gain. As well, the model provided guidance on when

spray applications would least affect parasitoids.

Wang and Laing (1989) studied the reproductive biology of the introduced

Ageniaspis testaceipes (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg-larval parasitoid,

and its effect on the spotted tentiform leafminer. Potential fecundity of H. testaceipes

was 25 eggs per female and an average of 9.1+3.4 broods were produced over an average

lifespan of 7.5+2.7 days. Although newly oviposited host eggs were preferred, eggs up to 5

days old were successfully parasitized and parasitoid development took 35—37 days at 25°C.

Development of parasitized H. testaceipes was delayed and these individuals were larger

than unparasitized individuals. The longer feeding period and larger size of parasitized

spotted tentiform leafminer larvae suggest that H. testaceipes may consume more foliage,

however, this may also increase the size and/or number of parasitoids. They concluded that

the attribute that female H/. testaceipes may oviposit into host eggs of any age provides a

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

larger window of opportunity for oviposition, facilitating synchronization with its host and

improve efforts to establish H. testaceipes in North America.

Song (1990) studied the potential for Gelis tenellus, a hyperparasitoid, to influence

parasitism of gypsy moth by Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Gelis tenellus produced significantly more eggs when hosts were available on a daily

basis versus every third day. Nealis and Bourchier (1995) compared the vulnerability to

hyperparasitism of different European and Asian strains of Cotesia melanoscela, a biological

control agent of gypsy moth. Rates of predation and hyperparasitism were not related

to cocoon morphology but were dependent on length of time cocoons were exposed to

hyperparasitism in the field. The nondiapause characteristics of the Asian strain decreased

its exposure time and therefore reduced vulnerability to hyperparasitism. Thus, inundative

releases of nondiapause strains early in the season were likely to minimize exposure of

C. melanoscela to hyperparasitism, which currently is 95% over the summer. They also

concluded that diapause of already established local strains of C. melanoscela could be

manipulated by varying photoperiod during larval development, thus release of additional

exotic strains would not be required.

Villaneuva and Harmsen (1996) studied the ecological interactions of tarsonemid

mites inapple orchards. Dendroptus n. sp. near suskii Sharonov and Livshitz(Trombidiformes:

Tarsonemidae) was identified as a predator of apple rust mite and contributed to the mid-

summer decrease of this pest.

Jones et al. (2006) studied the influence of greenhouse microclimate on predation

of Western Flower Thrips, Franklinella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

by Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). Leaf temperature

was positively correlated with predation and oviposition by N. cucumeris, suggesting that

seasonal adjustments in release of this biological control agent could be made.

Development, behaviour and species interactions. Vander Hoek (1971)

described the larval instars of Aphidius nigripes Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a

common parasitoid of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Five instars were documented based on changes in cuticular structure observed at 24 h

intervals.

Bennett (2004) studied the host location behaviour of Pe/ecinus polyturator (Drury)

(Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) a common endoparasitoid of june beetles, Phyllophaga spp.

(Coleoptera: Scarabeidae). Host location consisted of wandering on the surface until the

antennae ceased moving and the distal abdominal segments appeared to touch the surface.

Then a series of movements would push the distal segment into the soil, penetrating up to 5

cm. The procedure lasted about 145 seconds.

Macfarlane and Pengelly (1978) studied Brachioma spp. (Diptera: Sarchophagidae),

and the eulophid Melittobia chalybii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasites of

the brood of Bombus spp. in southern Ontario. They reported Brachioma setosa Coquillett

as a parasite of Bombus for the first time and found that 2—3 generations occurred each

season. As well, M. chalybii attacked both Bombus spp. and B. setosa. They found that these

parasites attacked larvae of Bombus spp. and infested colonies had fewer workers and died

out more quickly than unparasitized colonies.

Wright and Laing (1979) reported on the effects of temperature on development,

adult longevity and fecundity of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Coleoptera:

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Coccinellidae) and its parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae (Shrank) (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). A total of 198.8 degree-days (above 13.8°C) were required for development of

C. maculata lengi from egg to adult while 180.5 degree-days (above 11.2°C) were required

for D. coccinellae development. Coleomegilla maculata lengi produced an average of 191.5

eggs per female and longevity averaged 82.3 days. Dinocampus coccinellae survived for 5

days when continuously exposed to hosts and produced an average of 66.8 eggs per female

at 25°C. Earlier studies had estimated potential fecundity of D. coccinellae at 200-400 eggs

per female, thus it appeared that realized fecundity was limited by the ability of females to

find hosts. Wright (1979) observed the copulatory behaviour of C. maculata lengi. The male

mounted females from behind and assumed the dorsal position as is normal for braconids.

Copulation lasted for 18-20 min, considerable longer than the <1 min known for other

braconids.

Effects of pesticides on natural enemies. Robinson (1953) described the biology

of Stethorus punctum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and determined that DDT and

methoxychlor were lethal to adults, killing 47.1 and 60%, respectively, in laboratory

experiments. Fisher (1988) reported on the effects of pesticides on Pholetesor ornigis

(Weed) and P. pedias (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the spotted

tentiform leafminer. The number of days to 50% mortality (LT50) of Pholetesor pedias was

higher than for P. ornigis when exposed to azinphosmethyl and permethrin.

Hagley and Laing (1989) studied the effect of pesticides on parasitism by 7. minutum

and 7: pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) of eggs of codling moth. The

insecticides azinphosmethyl, difluibenzuron, permethrin, and methomyl were toxic, as was

the acaricide cyhexatin. Triflumuron, a lower rate of diflubenzuron (1/3 of recommended

dose), and the fungicides captan, dodine and polyram did not affect parasitism.

Wang and Laing (1990) studied the toxicity of methomyl, permethrin,

azinphosmethyl and phosmet to adult Ageniaspis testaceipes, an introduced egg-larval

parasitoid of the spotted tentiform leafminer. At the time, these insecticides were used to

control spotted tentiform leafminer, the plum curculio, codling moth and apple maggot in

Ontario orchards. They concluded that understanding tolerance levels of A. testaceipes to

pesticides used is essential for integrating this biological control agent into management

programmes. For example, methomyl and permethrin residues caused higher mortality of

A. testaceipes than azinphosmethy! and phosmet, although responses of individual females

were highly variable to the latter two products.

4. Classical Biological Control of Weeds

Studies on classical biological control of weeds reported in JESO have been few and

none are comprehensive. A great deal of the work in this area relevant to Ontario has been

published elsewhere (e.g., The Canadian Entomologist). In JESO there are publications on

various aspects of exotic phytophagous-feeding insects introduced for biological control of

five non-native weed species (Table 1). Three species are on the Noxious Weeds in Ontario

list (Anonymous 2013) and all are treated in the Ontario Weeds guide (Alex, 1998). The

publications summarized here report on the status, at the time of publication, of introduced

species.

Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli (Asteraceae), is a noxious and

widespread weed in Ontario, most abundant in southern areas (Moore, 1975). Urophora

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

cardui L. (Diptera: Tephritidae) was introduced for its biological control (Laing 1978). Three

years after initial releases in 1975, 40% of host plants around the release site contained galls

of U. cardui and the agent had spread to plants several hundred meters from the release

site.

Leafy Spurge, Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae), is a noxious and widespread

weed in Ontario (Best etal. 1980). LeSage (1996a) reported that populations of the introduced

biological control agent, Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

increased significantly in 1994 and 1995 but did not damage leafy spurge. The survey also

yielded specimens of A. flava Guillebeau, a related exotic species that had not been approved

for release, suggesting that some individuals in the released population were misidentified.

Nodding Thistle, Carduus nutans L. (Asteraceae), is a noxious and widespread

weed in Ontario where it is most abundant, although it occurs throughout Canada

(Desrochers et al. 1988). Laing and Heels (1979) reported that three years after 1975

releases, Rhinocyllus conicus Frélich (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was well established

around Guelph. Infestation levels up to 95% (24-95%) were recorded. Thistle seed heads

with 7+ pupal cells of R. conicus produced significantly reduced amounts of seed than those

seed heads with 0-6 pupal cells.

Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), is highly abundant in the

Great Lakes Basin and along the St. Lawrence River (Mal et al. 1992). Corrigan et al.

(1998) conducted a study on potential non-target feeding by Neogalerucella calmariensis

(L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) introduced for biological control of this invasive plant.

The study was initiated based on the field observations of G. calmariensis feeding on

cuttings of Swamp Loosestrife, Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott, and egg masses on

Winged Loosestrife, Lythrum alatum Pursh (Lythraceae), at the Ontario Royal Botanical

Garden where large populations of NV. calmariensis were present. Monitoring of all three

plant species through two generations of the beetle revealed that L. salicaria plants sustained

moderate to complete defoliation in all areas monitored. Several D. verticillatus and L.

alatum plants were slightly damaged by N. calmariensis feeding and about 15 egg masses

were found when several hundred of these non-target plants were examined. No late instar

larvae were found on either D. verticillatus or L. alatum. The results suggested that the

minimal feeding and few egg masses represent a ‘spill-over’ effect that occurred when large

numbers of N. calmariensis were dispersing from locations where L. salicaria populations

had been significantly reduced.

St. John’s Wort, Hypericum perforatum L. (Hyperiaceae) is found in the Great

Lakes-St. Lawrence regions of Ontario (Crompton et al. 1988). LeSage (1996b) reported on

the presence in the Gatineau area of Quebec of Chrysolina hyperici (Férster) (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of St. John’s wort. The agent had dispersed

145 km from the release site in Belleville, Ontario, at an estimated rate of 6 km per year.

5. Classical Biological Control of Arthropods

Introduction of exotic species for the biological control of arthropods has been

reported in JESO for 15 invasive species (Table 2). All but one of these papers (Maxwell

and Morgan 1952) treated pests of agriculture crops or trees in Ontario. The JESO studies

summarized here for each target species report on the status of introduced biological

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control agents, i.e., whether established or not, and document native natural enemy species

associated with the targets at the time of publication.

Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer, 4gromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae),

invaded Ontario in the mid 1970s. Coote and Ellis (1987) studied the parasitoids of

alfalfa blotch leafminer near Guelph in 1983-1984. Four parasitoids, Diglyphus begini

(Ashmead), D. intermedius (Girault), D. pulchripes (Crawford) and Pnigalio maculipes

(Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were reared from larvae. Cyrtogaster vulgaris

Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Chrysocharis giraulti Yoshimoto (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae) were reared from pupae. Overall parasitism was low, averaging 3.4% due in

part to poor synchrony of the parasitoids with the host. One additional species, Diglyphus

isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was collected from alfalfa plants. Parasitoids

emerged later in the spring than alfalfa blotch leafminer, thus parasitizing only 2™ and 3"

generation hosts. Diglyphus intermedius was the most abundant of the larval parasitoids and

the three Diglyphus spp. accounted for 75% of the parasitoids reared from hosts. Diglyphus

isaea and C. vulgaris are exotic parasitoids and were reported for the first time in Ontario

and in association with alfalfa blotch leafminer. All but one of the pupal parasitoids was C.

vulgaris and parasitism levels were low, averaging <1% but were highest at 3.3% in the 3

generation, although sampling included only the few pupae on plants and not those in soil

where alfalfa blotch leafminer normally pupates. It was concluded that the existing parasitoid

complex was unlikely to maintain alfalfa blotch leafminer below economic thresholds and

exotic species already established in the USA would be suitable for introduction. Harcourt

et al. (1987) reported that the European larval-pupal endoparasitoid Dacnusa dryas (Nixon)

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), first released in1979 near Ottawa, became well established in

most counties of southern Ontario, with rates of attack averaging 84% (65-95%). Dispersal

from nursery plots and natural spread from release sites and life table data indicated that

alfalfa blotch leafminer populations declined less than three years after release of D.

dryas.

Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), of

European origin, was first reported in the Great Lakes region in the early 1960s. Abu and

Ellis (1976) studied Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a

larval parasitoid of alfalfa weevil and found that although spring emergence of B. curculionis

was synchronized with that of alfalfa weevil larvae, parasitism levels were low early in

the season (6.3—33.3%) when host populations were highest, increasing later in the season

(60-68%) when host populations were declining. High rates of diapause in 1* generation

parasitoid larvae were thought to be responsible for the lower initial parasitism. Several

hyperparasitoids, Gelis sp., Trichomalopsis viridescens, Pteromalus sp. and Eupelmella

vesicularis (Retzius) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) were reared from 24% of B. cuculionis.

Harcourt et al. (1980) studied the distribution of the European exotic Perilitus aethiops

Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid that attacks adults of alfalfa weevil. First

released in Ontario in 1970-1971, P. aethiops became widely established in southern Ontario

by 1979, where parasitism levels of the spring generation of alfalfa weevil averaged 60%

(13-92%). Harcourt et al. (1982) conducted a survey for Perilitus colesei (Drea), a larval

parasitoid introduced in 1970 and found that P. colesi was present in 39 of 41 counties, with

parasitism levels averaging 13% (152%). Although two fungal pathogens also attack alfalfa

weevil larvae, M. colesi emerges from cocoons in late May or early June and attacks larger

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

host larvae, likely after epizootics have subsided and therefore it is able to coexist with the

disease agents. The widespread distribution of M. colesi is probably the result of dispersal

from the USA into southwestern Ontario and dispersal from the release site in Prince Edward

County in eastern Ontario. Harcourt and Ellis (1992) determined that the larval parasitoid

Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), introduced in 1970, had

become widespread in southern Ontario and had displaced B. curculionis as the main larval

parasitoid of H. postica. Abundance of this parasitoid was influenced by the fungal! pathogen

Zoophthora phytonomi (Arthur) Batko (Entomophthoraceae), which dominated during wet

periods while B. anurus increased during successive dry springs.

Carrot Rust Fly, Psi/la rosae (Fabricius) (Diptera: Psilidae) was introduced

around 1885. Releases of Chorebus posticus (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval

parasitoid, and Basalys tritoma, a pupal parasitoid, were made from 1949-1953 in Ontario,

British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island (Maybee 1954). Although recoveries were

made in the year of release neither C. posticus nor B. tritoma were collected the following

winter.

Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was

first found in southwestern Ontario in 1965 and became established in 1967 (McClanahan

et al. 1968; Bierne 1971). McClanahan et a/. (1968) reported that while no natural enemies

were present in southwestern Ontario during the study, predators, parasitoids and diseases

had been reported elsewhere in parts of North America invaded by this European pest.

Ellis et al. (1979) reported that Tetrastichus julis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae),

introduced into southern Ontario in 1974 as a biological control agent for cereal leaf beetle,

had by 1977 expanded its range into the area north of Lake Huron and parasitism levels

from 19-90% were documented. In areas where T. ju/is had been established since 1976,

parasitism averaged 65%, indicating that it can maintain populations even when host

densities are low. This successful biological control continued until an outbreak occurred

in the central tobacco growing area of Ontario (Ellis et al. 1989). In a 1987 survey they

reared a single Anaphes sp. from eggs of cereal leaf beetle and parasitism by T. julis was

nil, despite high levels (~75%) of parasitism in other parts of the province. It was concluded

that tillage, which kills 95% of overwintering 7: julis, probably accounted for the absence

of this agent in areas where crop rotations were practiced.

Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), of southeastern

European origin, was present in Ontario by 1858-1860 and a major apple pest by 1868

(Putnam 1963). In a review of the status of C. pomonella Putnam (1963) included what was

known at the time about natural enemies. 7richogramma minutum was the only egg parasitoid

associated with C. pomonella, while larval parasitoids included Scambus pterophori

Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché) (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae), Hymenochaonia delicata (Cresson), Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer, M.

instabilis Muesebeck, Phanerotoma fasciata Provancher (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),

Mastrus carpocapsae (Cushman), Temelucha minor (Cushman), Cryptus albitarsis

(Cresson), Glypta sp., Aritranis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and the adventive

Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Dibrachys microgastri

was also found to be a hyperparasitoid of A. quadridentata as were Perilampus fulvicornis

Ashmead, P. tristis Mayr and Perilampus sp. (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), sometimes

at levels of 72%. Pupal parasitism was negligible but included D. microgastri, Eupelmus

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cyaniceps Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Pimpla annulipes Brullé, Itoplectis

conquisitor, and Eurytoma sp. a hyperparasitoid. Eupelmus cyaniceps also parasitized the

larval parasitoids Macrocentrus spp. and the pupal parasitoid P. annulipes. Liotryphon

caudatus (Ratzeburg) and Nippocryptus vittatorius (Jurine) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

were introduced from France from 1941—1945 but failed to establish. E/odia tragica (Meigen)

(Diptera: Tachinidae) and Pristomerus vulnerator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

were introduced from England in 1943-1944. Ascogaster quadridentata, L. caudatus and

N. vittatorius were introduced into British Columbia but only 4. quadridentata became

established. The most important insect predators were the trogositid borer Tenebroides

corticalis Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae), Chrysopa carnea (Stephens) and C.

rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), the egg feeding Haplothrips faurei Hood

and Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), and the mite Anystis agilis

Banks (Trombidiformes: Anystidae). Downy, Dendrocopos pubescens (L.), and hairy, D.

villosus (L.) woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae) were important predators of codling moth.

Several diseases have been isolated from codling moth, including Bacillus cereus from

the Niagara Penninsula, Beauveria bassiana from Nova Scotia, and Hirsutella subulata

Petch (Ophiocordycipitaceae) from the USA. Mermis sp. and Neoaplectana n. sp. (DD136)

(Mermithidae) nematodes were also found infecting codling moth. Hagley (1970) studied

codling moth to assess the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in regulating populations.

He determined that disease (34.4—65.1%) and parasitism (31.9-80%) could be significant,

although they were not uniform across orchards. Predation by birds was as high as 90%.

Hagley (1987) surveyed the Trichogramma spp. in apple orchards in southern Ontario after

inundative releases of 7. pretiosum and T. minutum. Only T: pretiosum was recovered from

sentinel codling moth eggs set out in 1982 and 1983. Parasitism ranged from 2.2—11.9% and

parasitoids were recovered in both unsprayed and sprayed orchards. In 1984, 7. minutum was

the only species recovered in unsprayed orchards. The results indicated that Trichogramma

spp. migrated into orchards from alternative hosts and occurred in low numbers early in the

season. This and overall low natural parasitism suggested that augmentative releases and

management of parasitoid populations could improve the success of biological control of

coding moth.

Cranberry Fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in New

Brunswick was the subject of a study showing that eggs were parasitized by Phanerotoma

franklini Gahan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and that Cryptus albitarsus albitarsus (Cresson)

(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) emerged from overwintered larvae (Maxwell and Morgan

1952):

European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis and Schiffermiiller)

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was introduced adventively from the USA into Ontario near

Windsor in 1925 (Pointing and Green 1962). Coppel and Arthur (1954) provided an update

on parasitoids introduced in Ontario to control it. From1928—1953 nine species, including

Campoplex difformis (Gmelin), Sinophorus turionum (Ratzeburg), Temeluca interruptor

(Gravenhorst), Exeristes ruficollis (Gravenhorst), Pimpla turionellae (L.), an unidentified

Pimpla sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Orgilus obscurator (Nees) (Hymeoptera:

Braconidae), Copidosoma filicorne (Dalmen) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Baryscapus

turionum (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were released. Among the species recovered

during post-release surveys, C. interruptor and O. obscurator accounted for more than 2/3

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of all parasitoids. Overall parasitism was |.96—10.86% and the native species, Campoplex

sp., /toplectis conquisitor, Itoplectis sp., Scambus hispae (Harris) (Hymenoptera:

Ichneumonidae), Eurytoma appendigaster (Swederus) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae),

Habrocytus sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Hyssopus thymus Girault (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae), the tachinid Exeristes comstockii, and an undetermined species were reared

from European pine shoot moth. Individuals of the introduced 7. turionum, C. difformis,

and P. turionellae were also reared; however, no recoveries of C. geniculatum, C. rufifemur

and £. ruficollis were made during the survey. Pointing and Green (1962) determined that

the 21 native and introduced parasitoids had negligible impact on the host and only four, O.

obscurator, T. interruptor, P. turionellae and B. turionum, of the 13 species introduced had

established. Among these, O. obscurator was the most abundant in Ontario and Quebec.

Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), was first reported in

Ontario on Wolf Island near Kingston in 1969, spreading to the mainland and throughout

eastern Ontario by 1971 (Griffiths 1977). A survey in 1974-1975 by Griffiths (1977)

reported that among the four parasitoid species recovered, Cotesia melanoscela, Compsilura

concinnata and Parasetigena agilis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Tachinidae) are

exotic introductions, none of which targeted gypsy moth, while Pimpla pedalis Cresson

(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is native. Also reported was the native Gelis tenellus as a

hyperparasitoid of C. melanoscela. Cotesia melanoscela was the most widely distributed

while C. concinnata was the most abundant. Nealis and Quednau (1996) documented

releases and overwintering survival of the European Ceranthia samarensis (Villeneuve)

(Diptera: Tachinidae) introduced for biological control of gypsy moth. Releases of gravid

female adults, parasitized larvae and parasitized pupae were made from 1991—1996. In each

year of release, evidence of successful parasitism by field-released females was observed.

All progeny retrieved were in diapause and overwintering studies indicated that survival

of pharate adults was expected to be high. Because of the low fecundity of C. samarensis

ongoing monitoring was recommended to determine if successful establishment had

occurred.

Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), was first

reported in eastern Ontario in 1871 and throughout southwestern Ontario by 1876 (Harcourt

1963). Parasitoids are important mortality factors of P- rapae (Harcourt 1963), principally

Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) which attacks larvae. Later instars

are attacked by Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and pupae are attacked by

Pteromalus puparum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Generalist species associated with

P. rapae include C. concinnata, Helicobia rapax (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and

Madremyia saundersii (Williston) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Although invertebrate predators

and birds are present they did not have a significant impact, unlike granulosis virus which

caused up to 94% mortality. Corrigan (1983) conducted a survey for Cotesia rubecula

(Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) introduced from British Columbia as a biological

control agent. Recovery of C. rubecula near Ottawa 10 years after its release indicated that

this agent had established in eastern Canada and was tolerant of winter conditions. Up to

1982, no progeny of C. rubecula released near Guelph and Harrow in 1978-1979 were

recovered in the years after release and it was thought that C. rubecula had been negatively

impacted by hyperparasitoids. Carter and Laing (1997) reported on recoveries of a Chinese

strain of C. rubecula released in 1991-1992. Three years after releases C. rubecula was

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

found in the release area, although the hyperparasitoids Catolaccus sp. (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae), Mesochorus vittator (Zetterstedt) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and

Baryscapus galactopus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were reared from C.

rubecula cocoons. Parasitism levels ranged from 15—21%.

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae),

was introduced into Ontario from 1935-1941. Graham (1958) studied the effectiveness of

parasitoids of larch casebearer and confirmed establishment of Chrysocharis laricinellae

(Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Agathis pumila (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Parasitism by the widely established 4. pumila ranged from 41% south of

43° north latitude to 67% between 44—4S° north and it was present in areas of low and

discontinuous host populations. In contrast, C. /aricinellae had spread only 42 miles from

the release point and spread appeared to be dependent on high host populations.

Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),

was first reported in Ontario in 1925 (McLeod 1962). Boyce and Dustan (1954) compared

parasitism of G. molesta in a young peach orchard and a mature orchard, before and after

pesticides (DDT and parathion) came into use. The most prevalent parasitoids recovered were

the introduced Macrocentrus ancylivora, and the native Hymenochaonia delicata, Enytus

obliteratus (Cresson), Glypta rufiscutellaris Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and

Temelucha minor. Overall, M. ancylivora populations increased since insecticide use began

while those of G. rufiscutellaris and H. obliteratus decreased. Hymenochaonia delicata

a common parasite of the ragweed borer, Epiblema strenuana (Walker) (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae), continued to be abundant. Dustan and Boyce (1966) assessed parasitism

of G. molesta from 1956-1965 and found that average parasitism by M. ancylivora was

43.2-64.5% in 1‘ and 2™ generations, respectively, in the Niagara region and 10.3 and

12.4% in the Essex county region. Parasitism of 2"4 generation oriental fruit moth by G.

rufiscutellaris was 1.4% in Niagara and 28.6% in Essex. Among the other parasitoids,

T. minor was reared from larvae of the I“ and 2™ generations, and Enytus obliteratus

(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and H. delicata were reared from larvae of the

I generation. The abundance of M. ancylivora in the Niagara region was attributed to the

presence of strawberry plantings which support populations of Ancylis comptana (Frolich)

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an alternate host of M. ancylivora. Phillips (1969) found that M.

ancylivora was the most abundant of eight parasitoids reared from Oriental fruit moth in pear

orchards. Between 40 and 50% of 1‘ and 2™ generation fruit moth larvae were parasitized

from 1964-1966. In 1967, parasitism of 1‘ and 2™ generation fruit moth larvae increased to

61-74%, respectively, a positive response to increasing host numbers. Increased parasitism

of 2™ generation larvae led to low adult emergence.

Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an invasive

species believed to be of Palaearctic-Oriental origin, was first reported in the Ottawa

area about 1898 (Mackauer 1971). Mackauer and Bisdee (1965) reported on the status of

Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) introduced to control

pea aphid. Their southern Ontario survey revealed Praon pequodorum Viereck and Aphidius

nigripes Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to be the principal parasitoids of A. pisum,

with Praon sp. and Aphelinus semiflavus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of secondary

importance. Although not released in Ontario, A. smithii was found in areas adjacent to

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

Lake Ontario and it was concluded that the populations present were the result of dispersal

from releases made in the USA (New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania) in the late 1950s.

Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Férster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a European

invader was first reported in Ontario in 1894 (McMullen 1971). Wilde (1965) studied the

biology of C. pyrico/a and noted that the nymphal parasitoid 7rechnites insidiosus (Crawford)

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was abundant before the widespread use of insecticides came

to dominate control strategies. However, the predators Chrysopa spp., Hippodamia sp.,

Cycloneda sp., Ceratomegilla sp., Anthocoris sp. and Orius sp. were abundant during the

study period. Anthocoris melanocerus Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) from British

Columbia was released in southwestern Ontario (Wilde 1965). Philogene and Chang

(1979) reported new records of parasitic chalcidoids of pear psylla in Ontario. Trechnites

insidiosus, Pachyneuron sp. and Coccidencyrtus sp. were found for the first time parasitizing

C. pyricola.

Potato Stem Borer, Hydraecia micacea (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an

invasive pest of European origin, established in southern Ontario in the 1960s, becoming a

pest in eastern Ontario in 1968 (Deedat et al. 1983). West et al. (1984) studied the parasitoids

of H. micacea, in southern Ontario and Europe. In Ontario, the tachinid Lydella radicis

(Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) was reared from 61% of the host larvae collected. Other

parasitoids recovered were Diadegma sp., Campoletis sp., Glypta sp., and Pterocormis sp.

and Therion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), although parasitism levels were low (0.5—

6%). European parasitoids imported into quarantine included Lydella stabulans (Meigen)

(Diptera: Tachinidae), Macrocentrus blandus Eady and Clark (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),

Exephanes occupator Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and an unidentified

mermithid nematode. Comparison of the biologies of L. radicis and L. stabulens suggested

that these species may coexist in the field. Lydella stabulens has a lower developmental

threshold (6.7°C) and develops faster (159 Degree days) than L. radicis (13.5 °C and 113

Degree days), suggesting that the latter species would attack overwintering potato stem

borer larvae earlier in the season than the former species. Developmental studies of M.

blandus suggested that it may require an alternate host in order to produce a 2™ generation

in summer. Small numbers of L. stabulans and M. blandus were released near Guelph

(43.7167°N 80.4000°W).

Red Clover Casebearer, Coleophora deauratella Lienig and Zeller (Lepidoptera:

Coleophoridae), was discovered in Ontario in 1989 at New Liskard (Ellis and Bjornson

1996). This European native is a threat to red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae), seed

crops. Ellis and Bjornson (1996) studied the biology and biological control of red clover

casebearer. Based on a successful biological control program in New Zealand, individuals

of the European native Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

were imported from the population established in New Zealand and released in Ontario.

However, no recoveries of N. formosa were made, although several other parasitoids,

including the native Bracon pygmaeus Provancher (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), were

reared. There are some taxonomic issues relating to whether the New Zealand specimens

released in Ontario were indeed N. formosa, known to be Holarctic, or a distinct more host-

specific population of N. formosa, or the related European N. trifolii Erdés (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae).

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

6. Inundative Biological Control of Arthropods with Pathogens

Entomopathogens, like other natural enemies, are important agents for reducing

populations of pest arthropods, particularly insects. Among these, Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner (Bacilliaceae) is the most studied and this is evident in the JESO publications

summarized here. In addition, papers in JESO have evaluated several other entomopathogenic

organisms for their potential for inundative biological of pest insects (Table 3).

Cameron (1952) conducted a review of diseases of insects to 1951. Included

was information on the fungi, Beauwveria bassiana, Anisoplia austraca Herbst,

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Clavicipitaeae), Aspergillus flavus Link

(Trichocomaceae) and /saria larinosa (Holmskiold) Fries (Moniliaceae), the bacteria

Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg), B. proteus

(Bach), B. thuringiensis, and Paenibacillus popilliae Dutkey (Bacilliaceae), as well as

polyhedroviruses and granuloviruses. The main conclusion was that better understanding

of the biology and pathogenesis of the organisms should be a priority, before practical

application as biopesticides could be considered. Later, Cameron (1969) reviewed the

problems and prospects in the use of pathogens for insect control. He reported that B.

thuringiensis and B. papillae were the most practical and most developed pathogens at

the time. Other pathogens reported on in JESO include Nosema species (Microsporida),

viruses, and pathogenic nematodes.

Bacillus thuringiensis. Angus and Heimpel (1960) reviewed the potential

of bacteria for insect control. Among the several species mentioned, strains of Bacillus

thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were considered to be promising and the authors concluded

that bacterial pathogens can be used to advantage in certain situations but they will never

entirely replace chemical insecticides.

Angus (1965) studied the post-larval mortality of Bt on forest tent caterpillar, the

Grey Midget, Nycteola cinereana Neumoegen and Dyar (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), and the

Mourning Cloak, Nymphalis antiopa (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Results showed that

while most larvae were killed by Bt in the larval stage, some individuals of each species

pupated; however, these did not survive and they contained Br cells. Stewart et al. (1992)

studied the factors affecting the efficacy of Bt serovar. San Diego against larvae of the

Colorado potato beetle. They determined that young larvae are most susceptible and should

be targeted when using this agent. Morris (1980) isolated microbial pathogens from the

Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), including a

Bacillus sp. from adults and two Pseudomonas spp. from larvae and pupae.

Tripp (1972) reported on field trials of Bt applications to control Eastern Spruce

Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Application

rates of 3.6 and 4.0 billion International Units (BIU) / US gal / acre effected mortalities of

96-99% on balsam fir and 80-86% on white spruce 33 days after spraying, although the

occurrence of frost shortly after spraying may have influenced mortality.

Cadogan et al. (1987) evaluated a formulation of Br on Jack Pine Budworm,

Choristoneura pinus pinus (Freeman) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Futura®, a new Br

formulation effectively suppressed populations of C. pinus pinus and prevented serious

defoliation of host tress when applied at a rate of 30 BIU/ha. Cadogan (1993) showed that

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

C. pinus pinus larvae that survived Br applied at 30 BIU weighed significantly less than

controls and Bt applied at 20 BIU, suggesting that weights of surviving larvae could be used

as an additional criterion for assessing efficacy of Bz.

Nosema species — Wilson (1978) determined that incidence of the microsporidian

Nosema fumiferanae (Thompson) (Nosematidae) infections increased from 35.9-69.0%

over a five-year period of outbreak of its host, eastern spruce budworm. Wilson (1981)

looked at the effects of N. fumiferanae on rearing stock of this host. Synthetic diets allowed

the host to cope better with infection by N. fumiferana. Wilson (1985a) studied transmission

and effects of N. fumiferanae and Pleistophora schubergi ZwGlfer (Pleistophoridae) on

eastern spruce budworm. Males infected with either N. fumiferanae or P. schubergi did

not transmit spores to uninfected females through mating. However, P. schubergi infection

reduced pupal weight (about 30%) and adult longevity of females by 2.5 days. Wilson

(1985b) studied dose mortality response of P. schubergi on eastern spruce budworm and

found that a dose of 5 x 10° spores/larva caused >80% mortality of larvae and a dose of

5x10’ spores/larva caused 100% mortality. Higher doses resulted in decreased survival times

of infected larvae. Wilson (1987) found that Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) (Nosematidae)

caused high mortality: a dose of 5 x 10* spores/needle caused 100% mortality. Large doses

caused mortality by gut damage and bacterial septicemia, whereas low doses caused death

by microsporidiosis usually just before pupation.

Wilson and Burke (1979) documented the presence of three microsporidians,

Nosema cerasivoranus Thomson (Nosematidae), Pleistophora sp. (Pleistophoridae)

and Thelohania sp. (Thelohaniidae) from larvae of the Ugly Nest Caterpillar, Archips

cerasivoranus (Fitch) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Levels of parasitism varied between years

and among species, Pleistophora sp. at 335.9% was the most prevalent, followed by N.

cerasivoranae at 0-28%, and Thelohania at 0-2.3%. Wilson (1980) examined the effects of

Nosema disstriae Thompson (Nosematidae) on the forest tent caterpillar, M. disstria, finding

that this microsporidian adversely affected pupal weights, adult fecundity and longevity.

Laing and Jaques (1985) studied Microsporidia associated with the European

Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hibner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) over a 7-year period.

Applications of Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) (Nosematidae), V. necatrix, Bt and Autographa

californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ACNPV) (Baculoviridae) had little or no effect on

reducing crop damage compared to insecticides. However, Microsporidia infection levels

of field collected corn borer larvae (17-40%) and adults (10-24%) did not result in reduced

damage to the current crop but these authors concluded that infection levels may, over the

longer term, reduce viability of populations of the pest.

Viruses — Cunningham et al. (1987) found the nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Lecontvirus (Baculoviridae) to be highly effective against the Redheaded Pine Sawfly,

Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). A dose of 5 x 10° polyhedral

inclusion bodies (PIB) per ha in spray volumes of 2.49.4 L/ha provided consistent control

when applied to 1‘-3" instar larvae. The virus can be cheaply produced (50 infected larvae

can produce enough concentrate for the 5 x 10° PIB/ha dose) at about $2.50/ha in 1985

dollars and applied using water alone. Evaluation of 100 trees, each with one redheaded pine

sawfly colony and scoring colonies as healthy, diseased or dead, allowed reliable monitoring

of epizootic progress. It was registered in Canada and was being used by Ontario.

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

Jaques (1971) studied the potential for use of viruses to control cabbage insect

pests. Natural epizootics of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Tricoplusia ni NPV (TnNPV)

and Pieris rapae GV (PrGV) (Baculoviridae) contributed substantially to control of T. ni

and P. rapae in the latter part of the season. Natural epizootics were the result of virus

accumulations in the soil, TnNPV residues being found in 60% and P. rapae GV in 19%

of samples taken. Application of the viruses to plants resulted in control as effective as or

better than that provided by chemical pesticides.

Bird et al. (1973) studied the possible use of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and

entomopoxvirus (EPV) (Poxyviridae) to control eastern spruce budworm. Both viruses were

isolated from eastern spruce budworm and the Two-year-cycle Budworm, Choristoneura

biennis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from British Columbia. EPV was more effective

on white spruce than on balsam fir in early season applications, while late spray of NPV was

more effective. Virus carryover from 1971—1972 occurred.

Cunningham et al. (1996a) evaluated Disparvirus, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and

Bt serovar. kurstaki (Btk) applied as aerial sprays on mortality of gypsy moth. Average

egg mass reductions from Disparvirus were 76% and 80% at a rates of 5.0 and 2.5 L/ha,

respectively, and 96% for Btk at 50 billion International Units (BIU) in 4.0 L/ha. Cunningham

et al. (1996b) reported on impact of Disparvirus and Btk one year after application. Gypsy

moth, larvae were 20.4% positive for NPV in plots treated with Disparvirus at 5.0 L/ha,

14.6% positive for NPV in plots treated at 2.5 L/ha, and 8.0% positive for NPV in plots

treated with Brk, and 9.2% positive for NPV in control plots. Negligible foliage damage was

reported and fall egg mass numbers were low indicating that in the treated area, the gypsy

moth population had collapsed, suggesting that NPV was a contributing factor.

Nematodes — Welch (1962) reviewed the status of nematodes as agents for insect

control. In nature, nematodes are generally not significant mortality factors, although

under some conditions they may be significant regulatory factors. Mermithidae have the

greatest potential as biological control agents because of their size and similarity to insect

parasitoids. Neoaplectanidae also show potential because of their high rate of reproduction.

Allantonematidae and Aphelenchoidea are best suited to environmental manipulation.

Moisture, moderate temperatures and high host density are important factors for successful

control.

Welch and Briand (1962) evaluated a neoplectanid nematode for control of Colorado

potato beetle, cabbage root maggot, European corn borer and the imported cabbage worm.

Use of the nematode was most promising for control of cabbage root maggot and European

corn borer where the soil environment provides conditions suitable for nematode survival.

Briand (1960) reported the occurrence of the nematode Howardula beninga

Cobb (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) in the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica vittata

(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Parasitism was 7.6% and 2.5% in surveys

conducted in 1958 and 1959, respectively. Parasitism was nil in the secondary host D.

unidecimpunctata howardi (Barber) even though this species was common in the southern

Ontario study area.

Wright (1972) reported a new Canadian record for the adventive nematode

Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle (Nematoda: Sphaerulariidae) as a parasite of the Face

Fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer (Diptera: Muscidae). Heterotvlenchus autumnalis is widely

distributed in Ontario but incidence was <2% and unlikely to contribute significantly to

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

natural control. Gregory and Wright (1973) released irradiated female face flies parasitized

with H. autumnalis and found that doses of 1.0 and 2.5 krad did not sterilize the nematodes

and parasitized face fly females produced progeny with high levels of parasitism. Release

of sterile flies that were parasitized was considered better than the release of sterile flies

alone.

Welch (1958) evaluated the nematode Neaplectana chresima Steiner (Rhabdidita:

Steinernematidae) for biological control of Colorado potato beetle. Application of ~20,000

cultured nematodes resulted in an approximate 14% reduction in beetle numbers although

abiotic factors, 1.e., significant rainfall, had an impact on the nematodes.

7. Natural Enemy Taxonomy

Taxonomy is essential to biological control and a few studies on groups relevant to

biological control have been published in JESO. These studies, while clarifying taxonomic

status, unfortunately also demonstrate just how poorly the biology of parasitoids is

understood. Six taxonomic studies published in JESO that are relevant to biological control

treat taxa within the Hymenoptera familes Braconidae (2), Eucharitidae (1) and Mymaridae

(3).

Braconidae. Loan (1970) described the new species, Leiophron pseudopallipes

Loan and Leiophron lygivora (Loan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from tarnished

plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, in Ontario. Leiophron pseudopallipes is ecologically distinct,

attacking 2™ generation L. /ineolaris, from the related L. mellipes (Cresson) which attacks

the 1* generation. Leiophron lygivora also attacks 2"! generation L. lineolaris. Loan

and New (1972) reviewed the taxonomy of the Euphorine (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

genus Leiophron, subgenus Euphoriella Ashmead and redescribed L. (E.) sommermanae

(Muesebeck), L. (E.) incerta (Ashmead), and L. (E.) pacifica (Muesebeck). Leiophron (E.)

nixoni (Loan and New), L. (E.) kaladarensis (Loan and New), L. (E.) solidaginis (Loan

and New), L. (E£.) foutsi (Loan and New), L. (E.) pallidifacia (Loan and New), L. (E.)

hyalopsocidis (Loan and New) and L. (E.) criddlei (Loan and New) were newly described.

Leiophron (E.) hyalopsocidis was the only species associated with a host and it was reared

from the psocid Hyalopsocus striatus (Walker) (Psocoptera: Psocidae).

Sharkey (2007) revised the Neotropical Braconidae (Hymenoptera) genus

Trachagathis Viereck. Among the 3 species treated, Trachagathis rubricincta (Ashmead) is

associated with the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lingosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae), from sugarcane and the biologies of the other two species are unknown.

Eucharitidae. Heraty (1985) revised the Nearctic Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera:

Eucharitidae), providing keys to the 5 genera and 16 species. Species of Eucharitidae are

specialized ant parasitoids. Among the species treated, only the host of Pseudometagea

schwarzii (Ashmead), the ant Lasius neoniger Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is

known.

Mymaridae. Huber (1992) studied the subgenera and species groups of Anaphes

(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), and reviewed the described Nearctic species of the fuscipennis

group of Anaphes s.s. and the described species of Anaphes (Yungaburra). Anaphes spp.

are mostly parasitoids of Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae. Among the 9 species of the

Anaphes fuscipennis group treated, hosts have been associated with Anaphes fuscipennis

Haliday [Sitona humeralis Stephens, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) and H. punctata

Silk

Mason JESO Volume 144, 2013

(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], 4. io/e Girault [Lygus spp. and Pseudatomoscelis

sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae)], 4. byrrhidiphagus Huber [Lioon simplicipes (Mannerheim) and

Lioligus nitidus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Byrridae)], and Anaphes flavipes (Forster)

[Oulema melanopus (L.), O. gallaeciana (Heydon), O. collaris (Say), Lema trilineata

Oliver, L. trilineata trivittata (Say), L. lichenis Voet. and L. cyanella (L.) (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae)]. Anaphes flavipes was imported for biological control of O. melanopus.

Hosts are unknown for the six species of the Anaphes (Yungabura) group.

Huber (2006) reviewed the described species of the Anaphes crassicornis group,

important in biological control with the aim to improve identification of the species. Among

the 13 species treated hosts are known for Anaphes calendrae (Gahan) [Sphenophorus spp.

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], A. conotracheli Girault | Conotrachelus geminatus (LeConte),

Hypera nigrirostris (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], 4. cotei Huber [Listronotus

oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], A. diana (Girault) [Sitona hispidulus

(Fabricius), S. humeralis Stephens, S. lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], A.

gerrisophagus (Doutt) [Gerris sp. (Hemiptera: Gerridae) and Lestes sp. (Odonata: Lestidae)],

A. listronoti Huber [L. oregonensis], A. luna (Girault) [Hypera spp., and in North America,

H. postica (Gyllenhal) and H. eximia (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], A. pallipes

(Ashmead) [Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and

Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae)|, A. pullicrurus (Girault) [Chaetoctema

denticulata (Illiger) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)], A. sordidatus |Tyloderma foveolatum

(Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)]|, and A. victus Huber [L. oregonensis]. Anaphes luna and

A. diana were imported and released in the USA as biological control agents.

Huber (2012) revised the Ooctonus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Nearctic

region. Among the 15 species described, hosts are known for O. aphrophorae Milliron

[on Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)|], and O. vulgatus Haliday

[on Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)]. Although white pine weevil was

recorded as a potential host for O. guadricarinatus Girault the record is incorrect (J. Huber,

personal communication).

Conclusions

Over the years, the Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario has been an

important venue for dissemination of scientific results on biological control of pest arthropods

and weeds in Ontario. Included are studies on natural enemy assemblages, biology of natural

enemies, releases of exotic species as agents for biological control, entomopathogens for

use in reduced risk management strategies, and taxonomy of groups important to biological

control. In recent years, competition with an ever increasing number of specialized journals

with high impact factors, many of which have no page charges, has led to a decline in

submissions to JESO. However, there are unfilled niches for which JESO can provide a

good opportunity to publish: documenting the status and distribution of natural enemies

intentionally released as biological control agents, documenting associations among natural

enemies and hosts, and assessing changes in natural enemy assemblages over time.

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

Acknowledgements

Andrea Brauner assisted in the task of verifying taxonomic names and JESO editor, John

Huber invited this review. Two reviewers provided constructive recommendations to

improve the manuscript.

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Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012 JESO Volume 144, 2013

West, R. J. 1992. Notes on the biology and control of black army cutworm, Actebia fennica

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Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 109: 33-47.

Wright, R. E. 1972. Nematode parasite of the face fly in Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Ontario 102: 168-175.

JESO Volume 144, 2013

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144, 2013

JESO Volume

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

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““penuyuos VW XTGNadddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

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144, 2013

SO Volume

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

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““penuyuos VW XIGNaddV

144, 2013

SO Volume

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

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““penunuos V XIGNaddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

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““penuljuos VW XIGNdAddV

144, 2013

‘SO Volume

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

(q *eSg61) OSTA

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“YT SAPLOYJUDID SNANPAV-)

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““penuljuos V XTGNdddV

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JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(Z66 |) Joqieg 2p Ao[seyH ployisered oepneuueidsoyouy eiojdouawiAY AQ] RY] WYNUIUL DUD ABOYIIAT,

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~penunioes v7 XTGNaddVv

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Aason

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VUIIIJIY «=—- 9YIU SuIpIoy ATE y 19P19 AUWIJUD [B.1NJB A] 1SOH

““penuyuos V XIGNdddV

‘SO Volume 144, 2013

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

(O861) SUI 2 JQJAL Joyepoid oepiqeie) viajdoajop (Aes) snouysna snjAjopposiup

(OS6L) SUA F J9JAL Joyepoid oepiqvie) viaj}doajo) ‘ds panup

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““penunuos V XIGNaddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(961) BuO Taq 7 ISAM

(9561) s0qhey

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(0861) SHIA 2 JIAL

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(WOYyIOUURI\\) DUAL) DINOAGDIG

1SOH

““penuyuos WV XIGNHddV

SO Volume 144, 2013

Biological control in Ontario, 195

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1SOH

““ponurjuos VW XIGNdAddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

BINsIN| (9epIplioy

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(P61) Te 19 ISAM

(PR61) “1B 19 ISAM

(F861) Te 19 ISOM

(ZL61) MON 29 ULOT

(ZL61) MON 7B UOT

SO Volume 144, 2013

(ZL61) MON 7 ULOT

(TL61) MON 2 ULOT

(ZTL6O1) MON 2 UOT

(ZL61) MAN 2F ULOT

(TL61) MON 2 UOT

(ZL61) MON 29 UROT

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(Z961) UIA

(6861) Sule] 29 Aajsey

(7661) Joqueg 2 Aajsey

(7661) oqueg 2% Ao[seH

IIUITIJIY

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

prowsesed

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(49]|[97Z) Diasouolys vApaT]

JSOH

“penunuos VY XTIGNdddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(7661) SUA

unosieH (9/61) SHIA 2 NQV

(Z661) SIA 2 Noose Hy

(7661) 19qnH

(9007) 4990H

(7661) 4990H

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(9007) 4940H

(7661) 9q0H

(9007) 9q0H

(9007) 49qnH

(7661) 49q0H

(9007) 42q0H

(F861) ‘Te 19 ISAM

(F861) Te 19 ISAM

(P8361) Te 19 ISAM

(F861) ‘Te 19 ISOM

(F861) ‘Te 19 ISAM

(P61) ‘Te 19 ISAM

(F861) Te 19 ISAM

(F861) ‘Te 19 ISAM

(F861) ‘Te 19 ISOM

Jud1IJOY

proyisesed

proysesed

proytsesed

prousesed

proqrseied

proqiseied

proqrsesed

proyiseied

prowsesed

proyrsesed

plowseied

proyiseied

proqseied

proqisesed

proqsesed

proqisesed

prowsesed

plowsesed

plouseied

proyseied

proysesed

ploysesed

dYoiu SUIpIIy

oepruowmnouys]

aepruownouysy

oepuewdyy

oepuewdAy|

oepuewAyy

oepluewAyy

oepuewdAy

oeplewAyy

oeplewdAyy

oepuewAy\

oepuewdyy

depHeUIWeISOYSIL,

aepruowmouyd]

SEPIUOI[A9G

aepruowinouys]

aepiuoorig

oepluoovig

aepruryor |,

seprulyoe

depruowimnouyd]

oepruouimnouydy

aepruownouys]

INTO ae

viajdouswAy

viajdouswiAY

eiojdouswAH

pia}douswiAY

eiajdouswiAy

eiajdouswAY

eiajdouswiAp

eiajdouswiAy

eiajdouswAY

eiojdouawAY

eiajdouswiA}

eiajdouswAY

elajdouswApY

elajdouswiAY

eiajdouswiAY

eia}douswAY

eiajdouswAY

eiajdouswiAY

viaqdiq

elaqdiq

eiojdouswAp

eiajdouswAy

eiajdouawAp

Reyne)

(uoswioy]) sivolnoind sajsajddyog

(uoswioy |) Snanup sajoajddyjog

yNeIH snpjaisiu saydoupy

(nei) puny saydoup

Aepey siuuadiosnf saydoupy

yNeIH snjjaisiu saydpup

yNeIIH yayov.ouos saydoup

yNeILD snjjaisiu saydvupy

(ney) vuny saydpup

(ney) puny saydpupy

JNCILD snjjaisiu saydpup

(ney) puny saydoup

(ney) Wnpi4ts10Jad DUWDABOYILAT,

‘ds uolsay

‘ds snuiouajay

‘ds snuisor01a}

(SOON) SNWAYUL SNAJUBIOAIDV,

yle[D 2 Apeq snpunjg snajuas0.ovyy

(uadlay)) suDjngnys KpjapAaT

(pudsuMO]) S1OIpY4 B]JAPAT

‘ds nid}.

JSIOYUDARID 4OJDdnNII0 saubydaxy

‘ds snuidq

AW9Ud [BANJEN,

(aepiuolnoimy :e1aj}doajoD)

({yeua|[AD) voysod piadAy]

(oepiuolnoinyD :e1ajdoajog)

Jaw vjooipnjod p1iadAH

(aepruolnoin|D :e1ajdoajoD)

(SnIoLiqe{) SLysouisiu d1adap]

(aeprluolnoiny :e1ajdoajoD)

(a4UOge7T) DIMIXAa DiadAL

(aepiuolnoinyg :e1ajdoajo))

[uewysog snyuiuo snuog=|

(ueWlayog) smjiui4o vAadAL

(oepluolnoinyD :e1ajdoajo))

(Aes) piduoo piaday

(aepluolnoin, :e1a}doaj02)

(uewayog) s1uuadiauunsg DiadAy

1SOH

““penunuos ¥ XIGNaddV

144, 2013

SO Volume

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

(9661) 143g

(9661) 14811

(9661) 1UsUg

(P861) TE 19 ISAM

(49661) a8eS2T

(9007) 49q0H

(9007) 42qnH

(9007) 49q0nH

(7661) 4990H

(Z861) ueOT

(T6611) SHIA 2 Nose

(0661) sanber 2p Aa,a7z7-ueg

(Z861)

uBOT (7861) ‘Je 19 UNOsIeY

(ZT86]) ueOT

(T8611 :O861) ‘Te 19 UNosIeH

(0661) senber 2 A2,97-uag

(0661) senber 2 Aa,a7-uag

(O61) Je 19 uNOSIe}]

(0661) Sanber 2 Aa,az7-uag

(0661) sanber 2p Aad,a7-uag

ERTIENCIEDS|

ployiseied

proyseied

proqiseied

proqisesed

aseydoyAyd

ploytseied

proqisesed

ployisesed

proyseied

ploytseied

uasoyjed

uosoyjed

uasoyjed

proytsesed

ployiseied

uosoyjed

uasoyjed

uosoyjed

uasoyjed

dyoiu SUIPIdy

depl[ewlold}g

oepiuoorig

oepluooeig

oepluoseig

oepljowosAry)

aepuewdyy]

oepliewAyy

oepluewAyy

oepuewAy\

aevoorloyydowougq

ovaovioyjydowojuq

seaovioyjYydowojuq

aepiuoseig

oepiuoorig

aeaovioyjydowojuq

aevaovioyjydouojuq

aeoorioyiydouojuq

aevaovioyydowojuq

avaoeI [UOJ

jruey

eiajdouswiAy

piajdouswiAy

viajdouswAY

eiajdouswiAY

eiaidoajod

eiajdouswAY

eiajdouswiAy

eiaj}douswiAp

piajdousw AH

eiajdouswiAy

eiajdouswAY

piajdouswiAY

IPO

(4oy[BA\) Pjainy snoypdoyy

(peowysy) sipossid sapioja0y

(peawysy) sipossid sapioja0)

Ye] 2 Apeg snpunjqg snsjuaso.vp

(49}8104) 1o14addy purjosdy)

(Qy[neIy) pun; saydouy

Qyneiy) puny saydpup

QynetD) puny saydoupy

(Q[neiD) bun) soydoupy

Aepley siuuadiosn{ saydoup

‘dds paoyjydooz

omeg (anyy) uouojdyd vsoyjydooz

TysMmazoer 1uoUuojAYyd wniydLvdy,

ROI 18a]09

SNUOJIOAIY =| (WIIG) 18A]0I sn4jip1dad

ueo7] sapiodoiyjap

SNUOJIOAIY =| S99N Sdolyjav snjyi4ag

‘ds piudsq

YOUU] 2? AI,9Z

-uog “Joquiny (anyry) muouojAyd viudag

Inyy 1uouojdyd psoyjydowojuq

DISMOGIeH

pywjound (wniyaiavny ) pAoysydowojugq

UIWAT[INA (OWRS|eg) VUDISSDg DIdaAnDag

Auwoud [B.1NjeN)

(osepruolnoiny

:e19}d0a]09) (Aes) mid sdy

(aepruolnoin, :e1ajdoa]o))

(yoyyoig) s1jjooipunss sdj

(sepruolpnoing :e1a}doa]0))

(aeULIOD) s1ydp1s81jp9 sdy

(oepInjooN :e1ajdopida7)

Aepalqnog siispjad pizavsdyy

(apaopiiadAy])

“7 wnypsofaad wnoaisaday

(oepluolnoinZ :e19}do0a]0))

yodoog snj1oz viadAy]

(oepluolnoin, :e1ajdoajoD)

ISQIOH SIjigo1ivAa DAéadAy]

(sepruolpnoing :v1a}d0a]0D)

weysieyl Vypauipia) DAadAL]

(sepruorNoinD :e1ajdoajog)

(snioliqe.) vipjound paadAy]

1SOH

~"penulyuos V XTANdaddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(9007) 2eqnH proyisered aepliewAy| viajdouswiAY (qnoq) vsnydosisias saydoup (aepysay :ejeuopd) “ds sajsaT

[suing sadyjod

uoaydoiaT= (suing) sadyjod snuajsiag

jou ‘(UOssaID) Sadijjau snuajsi4ag=| (sep :e1aydrwioy})

($96) uROT ployisesed oepluoorig piajdouswAY (uossaiD) sadyjau uoiydo1aT (J) vipaqojop vusajdojdaT

(7961) YIP

(1961) pueug 2 YoTEM ayiseied IEPNLUWISUIIUII}S epuipqeyy (9¢1dq) ‘ds ‘u vunj2ajdpoan

(S61) U91EM ayisered = 9ePRUWI9UIOUTI}$ epuipqeyy JauIa}g DUIsa4yo DUD_JIa]dvOaN,

[[[@ssuH lapynd

(0661) ‘[e 19 URSILUOD proyisered oepiydojng eigjdouswiAY = wnaopy=] (]]OSSuD) Mapund snuawus14opy

(aeprpawiosAry, :e1a}do0a]0_)

(7661) Je 19 UeEMAIS uasoujed avaoeyloeg Joulpiag sisuaisuniny) snjyjloog — (Keg) pipauljwacap vsavjoundaT

(aeprjowiosAry, :e1a}doajo))

[(Aes) DypyiALy DyDaUIp1A] DUAT=|

($661) J0qnH ployiseied oepuewAyy eiojdouawiAY (4938104) Sadiapyf saydvupy (Ae) DIDYIALA] DIDI1ALL] DUT

(aeprjauosAryS :e1a}do0a[0D)

(€661) JoqnH proyiseied oepluewAy piajdouawA}] (19}8104) sadiavyf saydoup (IAQ) DIDAUIILA] DUAT

(aepljauosAryD

(7661) 20qnH ployisered oepuewAyy piojdouswAH (19}810,4) Ssadianyf saydoup —:8.19\d0a]0D) 0A SIMaYyoI] DUAT

(aepljauosAry)

(7661) 49qnH proysered aepuewAyy| piajdouawAY (4018104) Sadiapyf saydvup — :e1aydoajod) (°7) pyjaundo vuaT

(aeprjawosAry, :e1a}doaj0D)

[(sntolige q) DIDYIA DIYOAGvIG=|

(0961) pueug oyisered = oepyeuoUOjURI[y epryouajAL, qqog vs8uiuag DjnpinMoy (SNIOLIge J) DIDI1A DIGAT

(oeprlolwu0 jf

(S861) Aier9H ploseied oepnieyong viojdouawAY (peowysy) 1zZioMyos vaspvjawopnasg :e1ajdouswiAp) “ds snisp7

(Qeprorwi0; :e1a}doawA})

(S861) AeI0H proyiseied oepniueyong piajdouswiAy (peowysy) uzioMyos vpaspjaumopnasd AIOWIY 4931UOIU SNISDT

[sing sadyjod

uosydolaT= (sing) sadyjod snuajsisag

jou {(uossaiD) sadijjau snuajsisag=| (aepliyyy

(S96) ueOT ployisesed oepluosrig piajdousw A} (uossaiD) sadiyjau uosydoiaT :e1aydiwiay) wystwy snjiy sdoqvT

(aepruolnoing

(9661) 1UsLIg proysesed depl[RUIOIA} eiojdouswiAY (prowysy) 1Moj201puap snosyoulq :e1ajdoajop) ‘dds sdy

VUdIIJIY=—-- YIU SuIpIoq INTO | JIP1O AWOUd [B.1NjBN }SOH

““ponuyuos V XIGNdddV

SO Volume 144, 2013

vie

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

(6661) ‘Je 19 JUaqpeolg

([L0Z) ‘Je 19 UOse|

(6661) ‘Je 19 JUaqpRo1g

(1107) ‘Ie 19 UoseW -(6661)

‘ye 19 uaqpeolg {(S96]) ULOT

(TLOZ) [2 39 Uose|

(6661) ‘JB 10 JUaqpRo1g

(T10Z) ‘Je 18 UoseYy

(6661) ‘12 19 Jaqpeoig

( I 107) ‘ye Jo UOSe|Y]

(1107) ‘Te 19 Uose

*(6661) ‘Te 12 JUaqpeoig

(T10Z) ‘Je 19 Uose

(L107) ‘[e 19 uoseyy

(110Z) ‘Je 19 Uoseyy

({10Z) ‘Je 39 UOse|

( 1107) “ye Jo UOSR|Y

(9007) 4990H

(4/861) SHIA 2 91005

(7661) 49q0H

(7661) 1990H

IIUIAIJIY

proysesed

proyisesred

proqseied

proysesed

proyisered

proysered

proyiseied

Joyepoid

Joyepaid

Joyepoid

proyrtsesed

proyisesed

proysesed

proyiseied

proyisesed

dyotu SUIpIdy

aeprluoorig

oepruoovig

aepiuoorig

oepiuoorig

oepluoorig

aepiuoorig

oepluoovig

aeploooyUy

SEDIGEN|

SEDIGEN

aeplIod0ayH

aeplo0s0aH

oepluewAyy

aeprydojng

oepluewAyy

oeplewAy|

Ayre y

piajdouswAY

eiajdouswiAY

elajdouswiAY

plojdouswiAY

piajdouswAY

eioydousuiAY

vio diay

eloidiwioy

playdiwioy]

era diwioy]

eiaidiwiaH

piojdouswiAY

eiajdouswiAy

piajdouswAY

viajdouswAY

vio}douswAyY

(ueyeo) siusofiun uosydoiaT

[ysiey] Ipp1uod snuajsl4ag=

(UOSWIOYL) S1//OI14gn4 snualsi4ag=|

(uosuIOY) s17joaluqna Uuosydo1aT

[sung sadyjod

uosydolaT= (Suing) sadyjod snuajsiiag

jou ‘(UOssa) sadijjawm snuajsisaq=|

(uossai)) sadyjau uosydolaT

(ueo7T) D10A18A] UOLYdoIaT

[uvoT] synauosip

snuajsi4ag=] (ueo'q) sinauosip uosydolaT

hejnoy

1App Snuajsi14aq=] (aN) Mop uosydoiaT

ueo7T sadyjodopnasd snuajsisag=|

(ueo7) sadijjodopnasd uosydoiaT

(UY) 40/091S814] SIAC

(uoAeIe)) snsafOI14alUD SIGDN

Aayysieg smjpu.iayjD SIGDN

(Aes) sadyound s11080a5)

[yes suappod si1090aH)

JNBIIL) 17AYIDAJOUOID saydpu V

(Qyjnemy) smipausajur snyddjsiq

Qynemy) saipausajur snydapsiq

Joqny saspydipiysidg saydpup

Jaqgny snspydipiyssdg saydpup

I3piO

AUWI9Ud [B.INJEN,

[(SloAnvag) s1“pjOaUT] S110901T=|

(Qosijed) sipjoaul) SNBAT

(oepliryy :e1oydiw9}])

IYsIuy sniadsay snBAT

(aepruorlnoin)

:B10}d09]09) (a3U0927T)

SISUDUOBALO SNJOUOAISIT

(oepizAwoisy :e1ajdiq)

[asouadg winspajofia) DZAWOLT=|

Joouads winivarjofid] DZAUWOLALT

(oepizAwoisy :e1ojdiq)

preyouryg apaos pzdwolsT

(oepiuAg :viaj}doajo_)

(ulaysouury|) sadiouduas uoory

(oeprludg :eiajdoajoD)

(Ays[nyos}oy]) Sp sns1]01T

}S0H

“penuryuos V XTGNAddV

oa)

i=)

= (9S61) BUD TAQ 7 ISOA\ Joyepoid oepnueyy piajdoyuo ({yRIS) siInsuDsxa snjaz

SE episeyd

—Te .

St (L861) UOSTIM, uosoyjed aepryeulasoN -o]deyrporsossiq (Jawery) x14jp2au DydsouLADs

E (F861) SOY 2 uasuLeH poniseied oepluowmouys] eiajdouswAY (paay) avdiunosoisya adups0qoyd

4 (O861) UOSTIA uosoujed aepleUlasON uosdwoy |] aviussip DUasSON

> (S96|) sn3uy uasoyjed avaor][loeg JOUT[IOg SisuaIsulLiny) snjploog

is (P86) asoy 2 UssULIe}H proysesed oepiuoorig eia}dousw AY (uOsRI\)) SOJMWIOSODD]DUL Sapolaly Jouqny} VISsIp DUIOSOIDI DIV

= (aeprjepeoiy :ezajdiway} )

(0961) 49247 9d 2 J2TIIN proyriseied oepiulAiq viojdouswAY uojuay snisajd sndojpuosidq ([B1S) suosiospf sajajsosoDy

(aepluooRig

(€96]) Weujng proysesediadAy oeprujadng via}douswAY peowysy sdasiupds snujadng :e1aydouswA}) ‘dds snajuarosovyy

[(]) Sisuatapuppo DjjaonsajvH=|

(661) ‘[e 19 URSILIOD asvydojAyd oepljowosAiy) eiaydoajo) (J) SisualapUjDd Dj]JAIMNABJVBOIAN (@DAIDAYIJAT) “TT DILADIIOS UNAYIAT

(BSQ6]) UOSTIMA uasouied aeploydojsia}d JayJOMZ Iduaqnyos vsoydojsiajg

(6L61) SHIWJUD proysesed depruownouys] viajdouawAY uossaly sijppad vjduig

(2261) SYD proqrseied aeprlulyory viaidiq (Aploasaq-neouigoy) siji3p DUuasasvADg

(6861) sure] 2 Agpsey proyisesed oepiyidouq viajdouswAY (paeMOH]) avuvany snj4AoUua0—

[(Sinqazyey) smjaosouvjau sajajuvdy=|

(9461) SWIWGUD prowsesed aepiuoorig piajdouswAp] (Bnqazyey) Vjaasounjau vIsajoy

(S66|) Jaryoinog 2 sI[RaN proqseied aepluoorig viajdouawAY (Singazjey) Vjaasouvjau vIsajo)

(LL61) SwUJUDH ployisesed oepruryoe viaidiq (uasiay) DipUUIDUOD DAN[ISdUOD

(9661) Nepuand) x sITeaN proqisesed aepluryor |, viaidiq (QANSUDTIIA ) SISUAIDLUDS DIYJUDAID

(oepiqoiq :erajdopida7)

1yDISANY [J todsip vi.yayliog=)

(q ‘e966]|) ‘Je 19 WeysuluUND uasoujed avaor[loeg “IPAOIOS IOUT[IOG SISUAIBULINY) SNpPLODg (-q) todsip v1quowuArT

[sung sadyjod

uosydoiaT= (suing) sadyjpd snuajsisag

jou {(UOSsaID) Sadijawu snuajsiiag=|

(S96) UeOT proyiseied oepruoorig elajdouswAY (uossai)) sadyjau uosydoiaT

(7661) Joqny proqiseied aeplewdAyl viojdouswAY yNeRIIH ajor soydoup — (aepiayy :esajdiway) ‘dds snsa7

Udy —- BYU Sulpoay ATI IIP1O AWOUd [B.1NjB 1S0H

= ““penuyuos V XIGNdddV

‘SO Volume 144, 2013

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

(696) uoraUIeD

(TL61) SHUGUD

(696|) UoroWIeD)

(L861) ‘Je 19 WeysiuunD

(L661) O8epty 2 Jeqny

(0661) Senber 2p Aa,a7z7-uag

(S961) 21905

(S961) 21995

(ZL61) WSU

(€L61) USM 2p Alo3eI1H

(ZL61) SUM

(EL61) BUA 2 AIOSaIN

(ZL61) WS

(1961) Ajjesued

(7961) YIP

(686) Sule] 2 Suen

dIUIIIJOY

uasoyjed

prouseied

uasoyjed

prowsesed

uosoyjed

proytseied

aseasip

prousesed

oyisesed

uasoyyed

oysesied

oisesed

proyserediadAy

oyiseied

proysesed

dou SUIpIey

appllAaojnavg

oepluowmnouyd]

aDplAlAO]NIDG

aDpldlAaojnoavg

aeplewAy

avoovlouYydowojwgq

SUMMA

appllAaojnang

aepruoseig

oepiiueynioevyds

avaovioyjydouojug

oepriuiepnioeyds

oepiiiepnioeyds

oepruowmoauydy

oepiyiAouq

Ayre

SndlA sisospayajod

eiojdouswiAY (Js1OYUSARIH) snuozispg snydojoalg

sndla sisoaspayAjod

(dN 4yMps auid pappaypas) SnAlAajuoraT

viodouswiAY (SuDyIag) 1/01Anpas sapouvydajs

nulog vuviuoyounjd vsoyjydowojugq

vlaqdiq ‘ds piuayluiy

[ds snarapurjassog=| “ds snaaojnopqvjag

eia}douswiAY ‘ds sajajupdp

BpO}eUlON ‘ds snyouajAjosajayy

‘ds psoyjydowojug

BpO}eUlON OPIN siyjpuwuniny snyouajAjosajayy

BPOJLUION| ‘ds snyoua]Ajosajay]

eio}douswAY ‘ds syjay)

BpO}eUloN apoyeuou

fjnemH sadis0j051g sn4saz04najp.4Dg=|

eiajdouswiAH (Qnemy) sadisojozg sidspiuasp

JIP1O AUIOUA [B.1N}EN

(sepruolidiq :e1ojdouawiA})

(Aoypood) 4afijsas uolsdipoan

(aepruolidiq :e1o}douswiA})

[pupisyupg uolddipoan=] 1aMYOr

apupisyung yjpsd uoldipoan

(aepruolidiq :e1o}douswA})

(YoI.4) 1a/U02a] uolsdipoan

(oepiqen :esojdiuay) [(Apyexzry)

1UANGYIDIG SNJOIANPEY ‘(TeWLIIH)

simsofisdps snjoianpay=|

IeULIayH simsofisddd siqoN’

(aepiprydy :e1ajdiwiop)

(daz[NS) avaisiad snzApy

(sepinjoonN,

:e1ajdopida7) [(yomep)

pjoundiun pyajppnasd=|

(yIOMeH]) BJouNdiun DUAYIAY

(oeplosnyy :B1aqdiq)

JOY[eA\ DUISSIINJaA DISNW

(oeplosnyy :e1ajdiq)

Jaana sijpuwuninv vosnwy

(aeprosnyy :esajdiq)

(ug][e@ 4) WnsO,4OY DILJ]2AAOPy

(aepruoumnsuypy] :e19}douswA})

[Aayry viguoyddy snsoajapy=|

Aayry apiajupyddy snsoajay

(oeproeqeieosg

:e19}d09]09) ‘dds nyjuojojap

(aepliepioe1H :e1ajdopida7q)

uneig Dj/OI1UIXDAL DADULADIN.

}sOH

““penuyuos V XTANaHddV

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(oeprlolyoL

(7661) Joqleg 2 Ag[sey ployisesed oepruoumMauysy] piajdouswAY ‘ds snjsyotsy e1aydopidaq) ds sruwapung

(6861 °6L61) ‘18 19 SULA proysered oepiydojng pia}douawAY (tayyeM) synl snyoysp.ay

(7661) (aeprjawiosAry, :v1a}doajo))

Jogny ‘(6861) ‘Te 3° SIA proyiseied oepuewdy piajdousw A} (49}S104) sadianyf saydpup (J) sndouvjau pwajno

(aeprjawiosAryD :e1ajdoajo))

(7661) 29qnH ploysesed oepliewuAy| eiajdouswAH (49}819,4) sadianyf saydpup (uopAa}]) DUDIJaD]]Ds DUAa]NC

(aeplpowiosAry, :v1a}doa]o))

(7661) J0qnH prouseied oeplewdAy eiajdouswAY (49}s104) Sadiavyf saydpup (Aes) siunjjoo pwuajng

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(€S61) HeqiaH Joyepoid oepiiasoyAyg PILLS ISOS (uewueD) sropjjof snjniasoany

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(€S6|) HeqiayH Jojyepoid aepliasoyAyd RILUISIISOS]A] (suewlapngd) sizawnond snjniasoayy

(S861)

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(€S61) HeqieH Joyepaid oepliasoyAyg RILUIDISOSa ‘dds sniasdjqup

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[(ydoy) 1ujn snyodub.4ajvjay=|

(6261) AqiseH Joyepoid depl[[euI9905 elajdoajoa (-q) bipjaundig vyopy (Yoox) Mujn snyodtuouvng

dUaIIJIYy«=—- BYU SuIpsaq Aqrure JIIP1O AWIOUD [B.INJe NY 1SOH

““penuyuos VW XTGNAddV

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(LL6|) ‘[e 19 UOsuYyor proyisesed oeprydojng eiojdouswAY (JOx[VA\) SNINYS snigoIpag

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(LL61) ‘Je 19 UOsuYyoOL ployisesed oeprydojng eiajdouswiAY (JaosaJA\) Snyjaunjojd snyoysp4jajoulpy

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(686) Sule] 2 Suey proyisesed oepridouq eiajdouswAy (uewyed) wnyjajpouns Duosopidoy

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(LL6|) ‘[e 19 UOsUYoL proyisesed oeprydojng piajdouswAy (S9dN) Snaovjolo1siu sndvosdupg

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(L161) ‘Te 19 Uosuyor proqiseied oeprydojng eiajdouswAY (S99N) S1UAOIIAIIAAS SISAIdWUAG

(L161) ‘[e 19 UOsuyor proqseied aeprydojng viojdouswAY Joye SMipso38 sisaidudg

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(S861) URATTING 7 9eET|EA

(9661) 18g

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[(suang) simuadiynovu

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DUdAIIJIY «=: 9YTU Surpsay [rue yy rey re) WUD [B.1Nje 1SOH

~“penuryuos VW XTGNaddV

Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

sIowi[eYyD pure rueyjayseD

(LL6|) ‘[e 19 JeUlod uosoyjed avaderidajoRqo1aUq ( e[NBIA\) 709 pIyoLaYyIST

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a QUdIIJIY-« AYOIU SuIpIody INTO 1IPIO AUWIOUD [BANE 1SOH

““ponuyuos V XIGNdAddV

100

SO Volume 144, 2013

“As

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

(-L61) Noo

(PLol) HOoY

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1SOH

“ponuyuos V XIGNdddV

101

JESO Volume 144, 2013

Mason

(aeproAquieia, :v1a}doajo))

(9961) Ajjasuad 2 sprempy ployisesed oeprydojng piajdouaw Ay peowysy gdjoyo vigou1ayy sniolige| ppipuvs ppiadvg

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($S6|) anyuy 2 jaddoy ploysesed oepluowimnouyos] viajdousw AY “ds xajdoduin)

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auUatIjYy =: AYDIU Bulps9oy ApH By 4JIPAO AUWIIUD [BANJEN 1SOH

“-panuuos VY XIGNAddV

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Biological control in Ontario, 1952-2012

(SL6]) UasWURH 2 ploy aseydoyAyd aeprjowiosAry) elajdoajoa (Aqity]) Sisuappuvs DpqvylAL

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(7961) UIOM oyisered aeployouajaydy Ppoyewioan, wyny munypjo snyouajaydvjisping (wieysieyA]) SNIDLYSIjNU snjAjoos

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adUIIIJIY«=—- BYU Sulpsaq ATLUe JIP1O AWI9Ud [B.1NJeN] }soH]

““penunuos V XIGNuddV

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(eeprolyoy,

:erajdopidaq) (sa];NWUayyIyIS

(Z661) Jaqieg 2 Ag[sey proyisered oepiuoorig plojdouswiAy (S99N) 4OJDIpIuIp snsspg 2p sluaq) VUD]]290 Pjouopids

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(aepruolnoiny :e1ajdoajoD)

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snsoydouayds=] (snioiiqe 4)

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dUdIIJOY=-« AYU SUIPIay INTO | 1IpsO AUWI9UD [B.INjVB NY }S0H

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104

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E ““penuyjuos VW XIGNdddV

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105

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(9661) 1sUIg

(9661) 1UsUg

(1961) Allesued

(1961) Allasued

(1961) Aljesued

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Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

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JESO Volume 144, 2013

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SO Volume 144, 2013

Biological control in Ontario, 1952—2012

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Ontario records of Sperchopsis tessellata JESO Volume 144, 2013

ONTARIO RECORDS OF SPERCHOPSIS TESSELLATA

(ZIEGLER), ARARELY COLLECTED LOTIC WATER

SCAVENGER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, HYDROPHILIDAE)

S.A. MARSHALL

School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph

Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

email: samarsha@uoguelph.ca

Scientific Note J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 113-114

Sperchopsis LeConte is a distinctive monotypic eastern North American genus

of water scavenger beetles including only S. tessellata (Zeigler), a rarely collected species

restricted to the margins of cold, clear, rapidly flowing streams where it prefers undercut

sandy or gravelly banks. Spangler (1961) reviewed the distribution and biology of S.

tessellata, recording it from the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec as well

as from localities throughout eastern United States. Smetana (1988), in his important

review of the Hydrophilidae of Canada, provides only three Canadian collection records

for S. tessellata: one from Nova Scotia, one from Quebec and one from New Brunswick.

Roughley (1991) used Smetana’s review as the basis for a checklist of Hydrophilidae of

Canada, but gave the known Canadian distribution of S. tessellata as Nova Scotia, Quebec

and Ontario instead of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec. There are no Ontario

specimens of S. fessellata in the Wallis-Roughley Museum of Entomology (University

of Manitoba) so Roughley’s listing of Sperchopsis from Ontario was probably a /apsus.

The relatively large (about 7 mm long), strikingly convex, pitted adults of this species are

easily distinguished from other water scavenger beetles, so it is unlikely that it would be

overlooked in collections or samples from aquatic insect surveys. The new Ontario records

of Sperchopsis given below are based on the only known Ontario collections of the genus.

I first collected and identified this species from Ontario in 1976, from the Credit

River near Belfountain in Wellington County. Despite subsequent searching in apparently

suitable parts of other streams and rivers in southern Ontario (including the Eramosa, Saugeen,

Speed, Grand, Sauble, Rankin and Crane Rivers), no further Sperchopsis specimens were

found until 2007 and 2008, when one beetle was found on rotting wood embedded in an

undercut sandy bank in the Credit River near Erin, and another was collected in the Credit

River very close to where the first Ontario specimen had been collected 31 years earlier.

Data for the Ontario specimens of Sperchopsis, all deposited in the University of

Guelph Insect Collection, are as follows (latitude and longitude are not on the original label):

Ontario, Wellington County, Belfountain, Credit River, 43°48'6.56"N 79°59'47.10"W, April

3, 1976, S. A. Marshall; Belfountain at the fork of the Credit River, May 5, 2007, Adam

Brunke; Ontario, Wellington County, Credit River at the crossing of highway 124 near Erin,

43°50'6.01"N 80° 1'20.04”,W, May 1, 2008, S. A. Marshall.

Published December 2013

103

Marshall JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIGURE 1. Adult Sperchopsis tessellata from the Credit River, Ontario. Body length

approximately 7 mm.

In view of the general rarity, taxonomic distinctness, and restricted habitat of this

beetle, it is of potential importance as a species of conservation concern in Ontario.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Miles Zhang for confirming that there are no Canadian Sperchopsis specimens in

the J. B. Wallis museum.

References

Roughley, R. 1991. Hydrophilidae. Pp. 130-135 in Bousquet (ed), Checklist of beetles of

Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada publication 1861/E.

Smetana, A. 1988. Review of the family Hydrophilidae of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera).

Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 142: 1-316.

Spangler, P. 1961. Notes on the biology and distribution of Sperchopsis tessellatus (Ziegler)

(Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 15: 105-12.

114

I. clavata, new generic placement for a misclassified species JESO Volume 144, 2013

IDIOTYPA CLAVATA (PROVANCHER, 1888) (HYMENOPTERA:

DIAPRIIDAE), NEW GENERIC PLACEMENT FORA

MISCLASSIFIED SPECIES

J. T. HUBER

Natural Resources Canada, c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects, AAFC,

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0C6

email: john.huber@agr.gc.ca

Scientific Note J ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 115-117

In 1888, Provancher (1889) described Camptoptera (as “Camptotera”’) clavata

from a male and a female collected at Ste. Gertrude, Quebec, though he did not note

the actual number of specimens examined. Presumably it was only two. He also did not

designate a primary type. Girault (1911) borrowed what was thought to be the unique

specimen of C. clavata, labelled “Camptotera clavata Prov. 1598”, but it arrived badly

damaged so he could only state that it definitely did not belong to Mymaridae. Girault

remounted the fragments remaining—initially stated to be “a single fore wing and several

tarsi’; later in the same description corrected to “these notes are based on a fore wing and

tibiae and tarsi of two legs’—in Canada balsam on a slide and described the fore wing

venation and leg remnants before returning the specimen to the sender, Abbé V.A. Huard,

Musée de |’ Instruction Publique, Quebec [City]. Girault’s designation must be construed as

a lectotype designation according to ICZN Article 73.1.3 and Recommendation 73F:

“Where no holotype or syntype was fixed for a nominal species-group taxon established

before 2000, and when it is possible that the nominal species-group taxon was based on

more than one specimen, an author should proceed as though syntypes may exist and,

where appropriate, should designate a lectotype rather than assume a holotype.” Gahan and

Rohwer (1917) correctly treated Girault’s “type” as a lectotype.

At my request, J. Perron, retired curator of the Provancher Collection, searched for

the Girault slide and noted that it had been lost. So nothing at all remains of the lectotype.

However, he found another specimen labeled in Provancher’s hand as C. clavata (Fig. 1)

and sent it to me for study. It is unquestionably one of the syntypes because its label number

#616 (Fig. 1) corresponds to catalogue number 1598 of Provancher’s personal collection,

which is the number of the lost type seen by Girault (J.-M. Perron, personal communication).

It is a species of Trichopria (Diapriidae) (Figs. 1-5), similar to 7. virginica (Ashmead) (L.

Masner, personal communication).

Peck (1963) catalogued the literature on C. c/avata. Both he and Burks (1979) had

treated the species as unplaced within Chalcidoidea, even though Girault (1911) had stated

“The fore wing... has the venation of a Pteromalid”. The question is whether Girault’s brief

description of those remnants actually fits that of a North American species of Pteromalidae.

If the Code is scrupulously followed, only Girault’s redescription of the lectotype can

be used to determine the correct identity of Camptoptera clavata. Provancher’s original

description must be disregarded, because it did not explicitly include a type designation,

Published December 2013

LES

Huber JESO Volume 144, 2013

ip : Ths amit Rat g : mi ai

FIGURES 1-5. Camptoptera clavata, paralectotype female. 1, habitus, lateral; insert:

labels. 2, head, anteroventral. 3, antenna, dorsal. 4, head and thorax, dorsal. Scale for Fig.

1=1 mm.

and the second Provancher syntypical specimen of C. c/avata is not a name-bearing type.

Yet, based on Provancher’s original description and the only remaining specimen of the

syntype series (the paralectotype) C. clavata could also be a species of Diapriidae.

Girault described the fore wing venation as “the costal cell is well developed,

the submarginal vein long and slender, eight or more times longer than the short, straight,

broad marginal vein, which is twice the length of the stigmal vein, which is distinct but

116

I. clavata, new generic placement for a misclassified species JESO Volume 144, 2013

without a neck; postmarginal vein somewhat shorter than the stigmal and short and broad,

subconic. Apex of the submarginal vein just before it joins the submarginal is colorless.”

No Nearctic member of Pteromalidae remotely fits Girault’s description of the venation.

The only Nearctic pteromalid that has a relatively short, straight and broad marginal vein is

Pachyneuron mucronatum Girault but in this genus the submarginal vein is much less than

eight times the length of the marginal which, in turn, is about as long as the stigmal vein

and the postmarginal vein is longer than the stigmal vein. As for the tibia and 5-segmented

tarsi, no species of Pteromalidae exactly fits Girault’s description: “The tarsi are 5-jointed,

with the spur forked and the strigil well-developed on the cephalic legs. The proximal tarsal

joint is long. The tibiae are curved and enlarged distad, almost club-shaped. The proximal

tarsal joint of the cephalic legs is curved at the base.” In contrast, Girault’s description fits

almost perfectly species of /diotypa (Diapriidae) (Masner, personal communication and

my own examination of Nearctic specimens). Thus, both the lectotype and paralectotype

are shown to belong to the same family, i.e., Diapriidae, though unfortunately not to the

same genus. Camptoptera clavata is therefore removed from being an unplaced genus

within Chalcidoidea, as catalogued by Peck (1963) and Burks (1979), and is here placed in

Idoiotypa (Diapariidae) as /. clavata (Provancher), comb. n.

Acknowledgements

I thank J. M. Perron for finding and sending me the only remaining specimen of

Camptoptera clavata, informing me about the correspondence of catalogue numbers for

this species. My retired colleague, L. Masner (Canadian National Collection of Insects,

Ottawa), kindly checked the generic placement of the paralectotype and suggested its likely

relationships. J. Read is thanked for taking the photographs and preparing the plate.

References

Burks, B. D. 1979. Family Mymaridae. Pp. 1022—1033 in Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr.,

Smith, D. R., and Burks, B.D. (eds), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of

Mexico 1. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1198 pp.

Gahan, A. B. and Rohwer, S. A. 1917. Lectotypes of the species of Hymenoptera (except

Apoidea) described by Abbé Provancher. The Canadian Entomologist 49: 298—

308, 331-336, 391400.

Girault, A. A. 1911. Notes on the Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of several

new genera and species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 19: 175—

189.

Peck, O. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). The

Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 30. 1092 pp.

Provancher, L. 1989. Additions et Corrections au Volume II de la Faune Entomologique

du Canada Traitant des Hyménoptéres. Québec: C. Darveau. 475 pp + Errata

(1 p).

JESO Volume 144, 2013

118

New Ontario records for NV. m. marmoratus JESO Volume 144, 2013

NEW ONTARIO RECORDS FOR NANOPHYES M. MARMORATUS

(GOEZE, 1777) (COLEOPTERA: BRENTIDAE), INTRODUCED

INTO NORTH AMERICA FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL

CONTROL OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE

E. ST. LOUIS

Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa,

Ottawa, ON, Canada KIN 6N5

email: estlol03@uottawa.ca

Scientific Note J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 119-123

In 1992, Nanophyes marmoratus marmoratus (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Brentidae),

the Purple Loosestrife Flower Weevil, native to Eurasia (Thompson et al. 1987), was

identified as a candidate for biological control of Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria (L.)

(Lythraceae), an alien weed invasive in North America. Although N. m. marmoratus was

assessed as having a lower potential impact than the other biological control candidates,

Neogalerucella calmariensis L., N. pusilla (Duftschmid) (Chrysomelidae) and Hylobius

transversovittatus (Goeze) (Curculionidae), it was still released due to its high likelihood

of establishment (Blossey and Schroeder 1995). From 1994-2005, N. m. marmoratus was

released in several US states (Skinner 1996; Blossey 2001). In Canada, 720 adults were

released in 1997 in southern Manitoba in three marshy sites (Lindgren et al. 2002). In

Ontario there is no record of this species ever having been released (D. Mackenzie, personal

communication). The present study is the first to monitor the spread of N. m. marmoratus

in Canada since its release in North America, thus addressing Corrigan et al.’s (2013)

recommendation to assess its establishment in Canada.

Nanophyes m. marmoratus adults are small (1.4-2.1 mm long), with light

yellowish-brown elytral markings and a long rostrum. Females (Fig. 1a) are slightly larger

and with more yellow on the elytra than males (Fig. 1b). The life cycle (egg to adult

emergence) is about four weeks. The weevils first appear in mid-spring, when they mate

on the flowering inflorescences before laying eggs singly in flower buds (Batra et al. 1986;

Blossey and Schroeder 1995). The young whitish larvae feed on the stamens and ovary of

unopened flower (Wilson et. al. 2004). The adult beetles emerge, feed on foliage and mate

in late August before overwintering in leaf litter (Lindgren et al. 2002).

In 2012 and 2013 several Purple Loosestrife populations in eastern Ontario were

surveyed. Only the well-established, leaf-feeding Neogalerucella beetles were expected

to be found but Nanophyes m. marmoratus was repeatedly discovered as well, on Purple

Loosestrife flowers from mid-June to late August. One of these specimens, from Pakenham,

ON, 45.3333°N 76.2833°W, 10 September 2012 (1 female, CNC), was reported by Douglas

et al. (2013) along with specimens collected in Quebec in 2011 from the area between the

Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers (Fig. 2). Nanophyes m. marmoratus has now been identified at

eighteen sites in eastern Ontario (Fig. 2) and quantified in fourteen of them. The average density

was 0.78 (+ 0.55) weevils per stem (n=513 stems), with a range of 0-14 weevils per stem.

Published December 2013

119

St. Louis JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIGURE la. (left) Female and 1b. (right) male NV. m. marmoratus showing elytral patterns.

Attacked buds do not flower; they become blackened, filled with frass and usually

fall off the plant (Wilson et al. 2004). In populations where N. m. marmoratus is common,

Purple Loosestrife fruit densities are noticeably lower, with higher proportions of aborted

seedpods (Fig. 3). Flower bud abortion was often seen on the lower half of the inflorescence

with many to all of the buds along this section missing. Affected buds that remain on plants

each have a single small exit hole—additional subtle evidence of the weevils’ presence.

The damaged bud can look very similar to fully developed fruits (seed capsules). Weevil

damage is easily spotted and distinguishable from that caused by Neogalerucella beetles.

The weevils’ presence reduces overall seed production. At high weevil densities, larval

feeding can reduce fruit output of a Purple Loosestrife plant by up to 70% (Van Dreische

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FIGURE 2. Records for Nanophyes m. marmoratus in eastern Ontario and southwestern

Quebec. Light grey points are new reports, dark grey points are those reported in Douglas

(2013).

120

New Ontario records for N. m. marmoratus JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIGURE 3. Abscission of flower buds caused by MN. m. marmoratus.

et.al. 2002; personal observation). In the fourteen sites with N. m. marmoratus, reductions in

reproductive output were measured as the portion (%) of the total lengths of inflorescences

bearing aborted flower buds. These reductions averaged 12.6% (+ 10.6%) with a range of

0—34.5% over all sites. When considering only the damaged plants (n=85) within the sites,

total reproductive output reductions averaged 53% (+ 26.2%) with a range of 0-100%.

Early in the biocontrol programme, it was thought likely that combining

biological control agents would significantly decrease Purple Loosestrife density (Malecki

et al. 1993; Blossey and Schroeder 1995; Wilson et al. 2004; Skinner 2006) but Coombs

(2004) suggested that V. m. marmoratus would thrive when Neogalerucella was low or

absent. At one Ontario site, anecdotal evidence suggested that obvious niche partitioning

occurred; N. m. marmoratus was found primarily on host plants situated in a field, whereas

Neogalerucella beetles were more concentrated on plants in the adjacent, recently-mowed,

roadside ditch. The mowed plants had an increased production of tender, young shoots

preferred by Neoalerucella, whereas unmowed plants in the field retained their flowers,

preferred by Nanophyes m. marmoratus.

Nanophyes m. marmoratus is now present in southwestern Quebec and Ontario

(Douglas et al. 2013). In Ontario, over 403 individuals were counted at 18 sites (50 vouchers,

University of Ottawa). Populations of N. m. marmoratus are present through extensive

areas of eastern Ontario, having been found along the Ottawa River watershed from above

Petawawa to the National Capital Region and throughout the Rideau waterway from Kingston

to Ottawa. Over the last 19 years tens of thousands of these weevils have been released and

redistributed in several northeastern states (Blossey, personal communication). The origins

of the Ontario populations are likely the closest US release sites, i.e., Buffalo (42.8553°N

121

St. Louis JESO Volume 144, 2013

78.8552°W) and Laurel Marsh, NY (42.8709°N 77.2424°W), about 300 km from the most

southerly Ontario site at Queen’s Biological Field Station (44.5681°N 76.3201°W). Though

N. m. marmoratus dispersal has not been described, Ferrarese and Garono (2010) noted that

dispersals across large expanses of open water have occurred in Oregon. They suggested

that adults are capable of dispersing 100-300 km/year. Blossey (personal communication),

also indicated that NV. m. marmoratus adults are strong dispersers and have generally spread

in a northeastern pattern, helped by the prevailing winds. It would be useful to survey

additional areas for the presence of NV. m. marmoratus, especially those between the original

release sites in the USA and Manitoba and the sites mapped here.

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge P. Bouchard who confirmed the identity of collected specimens

and J. Corrigan, D. McKenzie, B. Hall and M. Stastney for assistance, guidance and support.

Funding was provided by an Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation Early Researcher

Award to Risa D. Sargent.

References

Batra, S. W., Schroeder, T. D., Boldt, P. E. and Mendl, W. 1986. Insects Associated with

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Europe. Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Washington 88: 748-759.

Blossey, B. 2001. Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in

North America. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 1787-1807.

Blossey, B. and Schroeder, D. 1995. Host specificity of three potential biological weed-

control agents attacking flowers and seeds of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife).

Biological Control 5: 47-53.

Coombs, E. M., Clark, J. K., Piper, G. L. and Cofrancesco A. F. Jr. 2004. Biological control

of invasive plants in the United States. Western Society of Weed Science, Oregon

State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 457 pp.

Corrigan, J., Gillespie, D. R., De Clerck-Floate, R. and Mason, P. G. 2013. Lythrum salicar-

ia L., Purple Loosestrife (Lythraceae) Pp. 363-366 in Mason, P. G. and Gillespie,

D. R. (eds) Biological Control Programmes in Canada 2001-2012. CABI Publish-

ing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. 518 pp.

Douglas, H., Bouchard, P., Anderson, R. S., de Tonnancour, P., Vigneault, R. and Webster,

R. P. 2013. New Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) records for Canada. Zookeys 309:

13-48.

Ferrarese, E. and Garono, R. J. 2010. Dispersal of Galerucella pusilla and Galerucella

calmeriensis via passive water transport in the Columbia River Estuary. Biological

Control 52: 115-122.

Lindgren, C. J., Corrigan, J. and De Clerk-Floate, R. A. 2002. Lythrum salicaria L., Purple

Loosestrife (Lythraceae). Pp. 383-390 in Mason, P. and Huber, J. T. (eds), Biological

122

New Ontario records for N. m. marmoratus JESO Volume !44, 2013

Control Programmes in Canada, 1981-2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

583 pp.

Malecki R. A., Blossey, B., Hight, S. D., Schroeder, D., Kok L. T. and Coulson, J. R., 1993.

Biological Control of Purple loosestrife. Bioscience 43: 680-686.

Skinner, L. 1996. Integrated control of Purple loosestrife in Minnesota. Minnesota

Department of Natural Resources. Fifteenth North American Prairie Conference. Pp.

219-222.

Thompson, D. Q., Stuckey, R. L. and Thompson, E. B. 1987. Spread, impact and control

of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American Wetlands. United States

Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish Wildlife Research 2: \—55.

Wilson, L. M., Schwarzlaender, M., Blossey, B. and Randall, C.B. 2004. Biology and

biological control of purple loosestrife. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-04-12. 78

Pp.

Van Driesche, R., Blossey, B., Hoddle, M., Lyon, S. and Reardon, R. 2002. Biological

control of invasive plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest

Service FHTET-2002-04. 413 pp.

123

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First records of Z. indianus from Ontario and Quebec JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIRST RECORDS OF ZAPRIONUS INDIANUS GUPTA (DIPTERA:

DROSOPHILIDAE) FROM COMMERCIAL FRUIT FIELDS IN

ONTARIO AND QUEBEC, CANADA

J. M. RENKEMA", M. MILLER!, H. FRASER?, J-PH. LEGARE’, AND

RB HALLETT

'School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph,

50 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, Canada NIG 2W1

email: renkemaj@uoguelph.ca

Scientific Note J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 125—130

Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was described in India (Gupta

1970) (Fig. 1) but is suspected to be native to the Afrotropical Region (Chassagnard and

Kraaijveld 1996). In the New World, it was first found in late 1998 in Sao Paulo, Brazil

and has since spread rapidly throughout South and Central America (Vilela 1999; Goni

et al. 2001; Tidon et al. 2003). Zaprionus indianus was first detected in North America

in July 2005 in Florida (Steck 2005) and is now reported from many eastern, central and

southwestern states (van der Linde et al. 2006; van der Linde 2013). This species is now

globally widespread and considered cosmopolitan, present in temperate and tropical regions

(Tidon et al. 2003; Commar et al. 2012).

Zaprionus indianus is a generalist, with the ripe fruits of at least 74 plant species

in 31 families in Africa recorded as breeding sites (Lachaise and Tsacas 1983). It has a

similarly wide host range in South and North America and has become a significant pest

of figs (Ficus carica L.) in Brazil (Santos et al. 2003; Stein et al. 2003; van der Linde et al.

2006). While Z. indianus is often associated with damaged or fallen rotting fruit, larvae

are able to invade the soft tissue of figs before harvest and have been reared in Florida from

tree-ripened Malphigia emarginata (Barbados cherry), Punica granatum (pomegranate),

Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) and Dimocarpus longan (longan) (van der Linde et al. 2006;

Pasini et al. 2011). In northeastern USA, Z. indianus has been reported in high numbers

in net collected samples in a vineyard and was found in apple cider vinegar traps in cherry,

raspberry and blackberry fields (Biddinger et al. 2012).

Here we report the first records of Z. indianus in Canada, with all specimens found

in southern Ontario and Quebec. Specimens of Z. indianus were found during surveys for

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in apple cider vinegar traps in pre- and post-harvest fields of

Published December 2013

“Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs, Box 8000, 4890

Victoria Avenue North, Vineland ON, Canada LOR 2E0

*Ministéres de l’Agriculture, des Pécheries et de |’Alimentation du Québec, Complexe

scientifique, 2700 rue Einstein, local C. RC 105, Québec, QC, Canada GIP 3W8

125

Renkema et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

Se, We oe

FIGURE 1. Zaprionus indianus fro

A. Marshall).

m Africa dorsolateral habitus (Photograph by Stephen

peach, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, cherry and plums. Many of the Ontario specimens

were collected by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural A ffairs

(OMAF/MRA); all were identified by M. Miller and S. A. Marshall and deposited in the

University of Guelph Insect Collection, Guelph ON (DEBU). The specimens collected in

Quebec were identified at the Laboratoire de diagnostique en phytoprotection of Ministere

de l’Agriculture, des Pécheries et de |’ Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), confirmed by M.

Miller and S. A. Marshall, and deposited in the Collection d’insectes du Québec, Québec

QC (CIQ). Voucher specimens from both provinces are deposited in the Canadian National

Collection, Ottawa, ON.

Material examined. ONTARIO. Essex. Near Harrow, blueberries, 10.1x.2013, OMAF/

MRA (1912, DEBU). Near Harrow, blueberries, 3.ix.2013, OMAF/MRA (192, DEBU).

Near Harrow, peaches, 10.ix.2013, OMAF/MRA (219264, DEBU). Near Ruthven, peaches,

12.ix.2013, OMAF/MRA (1934, DEBU). Chatham-Kent. Near Blenheim, raspberries,

10.ix.2013, J. Renkema (19, DEBU). Near Blenheim, raspberries, 10.ix.2013, OMAF/

MRA, (1214, DEBU). Near Blenheim, 2.ix.2013, J. Renkema (12, DEBU). Niagara.

Near Beamsville, plums, 12.ix.2013, OMAF/MRA, (1914, DEBU). Near Niagara-on-the-

Lake, cherries, 11.ix.2013, OMAF/MRA, (14, DEBU). Simcoe. Near Barrie, peaches,

10.viii.2013, H. Fraser (19, DEBU). QUEBEC. Chateau-Richer. La Cote-de-Beaupre,

strawberries, 2.x.2013, MAPAQ (1%, CIQ). Compton. Coaticook, raspberries, 7.x.2013,

MAPAQ (14, CIQ). Laval. Laval, strawberries, 7.x.2013, MAPAQ (19, CIQ). Laval,

strawberries, 15.x.2013, MAPAQ (19, CIQ). Pierreville. Nicolet-Yamaska, strawberries,

8.vii.2013, MAPAQ (19, CIQ). Nicolet-Yamaska, raspberries, 19.vi1i.2013, MAPAQ

(12, CIQ). Sainte-Pétronille. L’ile-d’ Orléans, raspberries, 3.x.2013, MAPAQ (19,

126

First records of Z. indianus from Ontario and Quebec JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIGURE 2. Zaprionus indianus from Ontario, Canada, male, lateral habitus.

CIQ). Sainte-Sabine. Brome-Missisquoi, strawberries, 6.ix.2013, MAPAQ (19, CIQ).

Brome-Missisquoi, strawberries, 10.x.2013, MAPAQ (CIQ). Salaberry-de-Valleyfield.

Beauharnois-Salaberry, raspberries, 17.ix.2013, MAPAQ (12, CIQ). Yamaska. Pierre-De

Saurel, blueberries, 21.viii.2013, MAPAQ (1, CIQ).

Zaprionus indianus 1s the only member of Zaprionus Coquillett present in Canada

to date. It is distinguished from all other Canadian Drosophilidae by its reddish-brown

head and thorax with unique silvery stripes that extend dorsally from the antennae to the

tip of the scutellum (Fig. 3) and laterally from the leading edge of the thorax to the base of

each wing (Fig. 2) (Gupta 1970; Steck 2005; van der Linde et al. 2006; Yassin and David

2010). Because future invasion by other Zaprionus species is possible (van der Linde

2010), including the invasive Z. tuberculatus Malloch, currently established in Egypt and

Israel, and the potentially invasive Z. ghesquieri Collart, introduced to Hawaii and Cyprus,

but without established populations (Patlar et al. 2012; Yassin A, 2013, pers. comm.) we

provide additional features that would confirm that specimens are Z. indianus.

The keys to African (Yassin and David 2010) and European (Bachli et al. 2004)

Zaprionus species, the description in van der Linde (2010), and the original species

description by Gupta (1970) were used to identify our specimens of Z. indianus. Zaprionus

indianus specimens have 4—6 composite spines with second short branches arising directly

from the fore femur (a character of all 15 members of the vittiger species group) (Fig. 4);

the silver stripes with black borders are narrow and the black borders do not widen at the

scutellum; the scutellum lacks a white tip; the abdomen is light yellow; and the subapical

setae on the fourth and fifth abdominal tergite arise from dark spots. In males, the aedeagal

flap is smooth apically and serrated basally (distinguishing it from Z. africanus Yassin and

David with a deeply serrated apical margin and Z. gabonicus Yassin and David with a

127

Renkema et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIGURE 3. Zaprionus indianus, head and FIGURE 4. Zaprionus indianus, fore

thorax, dorsal view. femur, lateral view, showing the composite

spines.

complete lack of serration apically and basally). In females, the oviscape has six peg-like

ovisensilla (Z. africanus with 7 or 8 ovisensilla), and the spermatheca length to width ratio

is 0.95—1.16 (Gupta 1970; Steck 2005; van der Linde et al. 2006; Yassin and David 2010).

Zaprionus indianus is unlikely to become an established pest of fruit in Ontario and

Quebec. The small numbers of flies we report from Ontario and Quebec suggest Z. indianus

may have moved in from the United States in late summer and autumn 2013. However,

it can adapt to a wide range of climates (Karan et al. 2000), and if it can successfully

overwinter it may also spread rapidly in Canada, as evidenced by its rapid expansion in

the USA since its first discovery there (van der Linde 2013). Large populations are often

observed the year after its initial detection, particularly in urban environments (Ferreira and

Tidon 2005). Unlike D. suzukii, Z. indianus is not known to infest ripe, undamaged fruit, but

if it can use ripening fruit already attacked by D. suzukii, there is the potential for increased

damage to harvested fruit. Therefore, future monitoring for D. suzukii should include Z.

indianus. Further study on the biology and ecology of this fly is warranted, if population

levels in Canada are found to increase.

Acknowledgements

We thank participating farmers for allowing access to fields for D. suzukii surveys,

Anne Horst for coordinating the surveys in Ontario, collaborators at Ontario Ministry of

Agriculture and Food and the Ministry of Rural Affairs and the Ministere de I’ Agriculture,

des Pécheries et de |’ Alimentation du Québec and agronomic adviser groups of Quebec for

collecting samples. Stephen Marshall (University of Guelph) and Amir Yassin (Université

Paris Diderot) provided helpful feedback on an earlier draft of the manuscript and the former

kindly allowed us to use a photograph of Z. indianus.

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First records of Z. indianus from Ontario and Quebec JESO Volume 144, 2013

References

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Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavinca 38. 362 pp.

Biddinger, D., Joshi, N. and Demchak, K. 2012. African fig fly: another invasive drosophilid

fly discovered in PA. Plant and Pest Advisory, Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural

Experiment Station, Fruit Edition 17: \—2.

Chassagnard, M. T. and Kraaijveld, A. R. 1996. The occurrence of Zaprionus sensu

stricto in the Palearctic region (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Annales de la Société

entomologique de France (N.S.) 27: 495-496.

Commar, L. S. Galego, L. G. D., Ceron, C. R. and Carareto, C. M. A. 2012. Taxonomic and

evolutionary analysis of Zaprionus indianus and its colonization of Palearctic and

Neotropical regions. Genetics and Molecular Biology 35: 395-406.

Ferreira, L. B. and Tidon, R. 2005. Colonizing potential of Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) in

environments with different grades of urbanization. Biodiversity and Conservation

14: 1809-1821.

Goni, B., Fresia, P., Calvino, M., Ferreiro, M. J., Valente, V. L. and da Silva L. B. 2001. First

record of Zaprionus indianus Gupta 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in southern

localities of Uruguay. Drosophila Information Service 84: 61-65.

Gupta, J. P. 1970. Description of a new species of Phorticella Zaprionus (Drosophilidae)

from India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India 36: 62.

Karan, D., Dubey, S., Moreteau, B., Parkash, R. and David, J. R. 2000. Geographical clines

for quantitative traits in natural populations of a tropical drosophilid: Zaprionus

indianus. Genetica 108: 91—100.

Lachaise, D. and Tsacas, L. 1983. Breeding sites in tropical African drosophilids. Pp. 221—

332 in Ashburner, M., Carson, H.L. and J.N. Thompson, J.N. (eds), The Genetics

and Biology of Drosophila. London, Academic Press. 382 pp.

Pasini, M. P. B., Link, D. and Schaich, G. 2011. Attractive solutions efficiency in capturing

Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Ficus carica L.

(Moraceae) orchard in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Entomotropica

26: 107-116.

Patlar, B., Koc, B., Yilmaz, M. and Ozsov, E. D. 2012. First records of Zaprionus tuberculatus

(Diptera: Drosophilidae) from the Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Drosophila

Information Service 95: 94-96.

Santos, J. F., Rieger, T. T., Campos, S. R. C., Nascimento, A. C. C., Félix, P. T., Silva, S. V.

O., and Freitas, F. M. R. 2003. Colonization of Northeast Region of Brazil by the

drosophild flies Drosophila malerkotliana and Zaprionus indianus, a new potential

insect pest of Brazilian fruticulture. Drosophila Information Service 86: 92-95.

Steck, G. J. 2005. Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a genus and species

new to Florida and North America. Pest Alert, Florida Department of Agriculture

and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. DACS-P-01677.

Stein, C. P., Teixeira, E. P., and Novo, J. P. S. 2003. Aspectos biologicos da mosca do

figo, Zaprionus indianus Gupta 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Entomotropica 18:

219-221.

129

Renkema et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

Tidon, R., Leite, D. F. and Leao, B. F. D. 2003. Impact of the colonization of Zapronus

indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in different ecosystems of the Neotropical

region: 2 years after the invasion. Biological Conservation 112: 299-305.

van der Linde, K. 2010. Zaprionus indianus: species identification and taxonomic position.

Drosophila Information Service 93: 95—98.

van der Linde, K. 2013. Zaprionus indianus distribution in the United States. http://www.

kimvdlinde.com/professional/Zaprionus%20distribution%20US.php (accessed 10

October 2013).

van der Linde, K., Steck, G. J., Hibbard, K., Birdsley, J. S., Alonso, L. M. and Houle, D.

2006. First records of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera; Drosophilidae), a pest species

on commercial fruits from Panama and the United States of America. Florida

Entomologist 89: 402-404.

Vilela, C. R. 1999. Is Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) currently

colonizing the Neotropical region? Drosophila Information Service 82: 37-39.

Yassin, A. and David J. R. 2010. Revision of the Afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera:

Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on internal

reproductive structures and immature stages. Zookeys 51: 33-72.

130

First record of L. /i/ii in a wild population of S. amplexifolius —§ JESO Volume 144, 2013

FIRST RECORD OF LILIOCERIS LILH (COLEOPTERA:

CHRYSOMELIDAE) EGGS IN A WILD POPULATION OF

STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS (LILIACEAE)

C. D. KEALEY*, N. CAPPUCCINO’, P. G. MASON?

Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University

Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6

email: ckealeyO8@gmail.com

Scientific Note J. ent. Soc. Ont. 144: 131-134

Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the Lily Leaf Beetle, is an

invasive European species first found at Montreal, Canada, in the 1940s (Gold et al. 2001).

It is a serious pest of cultivated Lilium spp. and Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae) and has spread

across southern Canada and northeastern United States (LeSage 1983; Gold et al. 2001).

The beetle also poses a threat to native lilies in Ontario and Quebec, including Canada

Lily, Lilium canadense L., and Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum L. (Ernst et al. 2007;

Bouchard et al. 2008). In fact, in Ontario and Quebec eight out of 20 wild populations of L.

canadense were infested with L. /i/ii (Bouchard et al. 2008). There are also records of L. /ilii

adults feeding on plants in other liliaceous genera, e.g., Polygonatum (Temperé 1926; Fox

Wilson 1942), Streptopus (Ernst 2007), as well as genera in other families, e.g., Solanum

(Solanaceae) (Temperé 1926).

Kealey (2013) investigated Claspleaf Twistedstalk, Streptopus amplexifolius

(L.) DC. (Liliaceae), as a potential novel host of L. /ilii. Streptopus amplexifolius occurs

in rich moist coniferous and deciduous woods in all provinces and territories in Canada

and all adjacent states of the USA (Anonymous 2013). This native plant flowers from late

spring until mid-summer. Streptopus amplexifolius leaves were offered to L. /ilii larvae to

determine survivorship and development time. Leaves of S. amplexifolius were collected

from a wild population growing in Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada (45.491°N 75.863°W).

Infestations of L. /ilii were recently reported in urban areas south of Gatineau Park, but no

known L. /ilii populations are established within the Park nor on any wild populations of S.

amplexifolius (Cappuccino 2013).

During a routine collection of S. amplexifolius plants for laboratory tests on June

25, 2013, a row of three L. /ilii eggs (Fig. 1) was discovered on the underside of a wild S.

amplexifolius leaf. Surrounding plants were searched for more eggs, though none were

discovered, nor was any obvious feeding damage by adults or larvae observed. The S.

amplexifolius leaf with the L. /ilii egg mass was carefully removed from the stem and

transported to the laboratory. The eggs were left undisturbed, and the leaf was placed on

Published December 2013

* Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.

'Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON

*Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa,

131

Kealey et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

moist filter paper in a 60 x 15 mm Petri dish maintained at 23°C, 70% relative humidity and

16:8 L:D, and monitored for larval hatch. The three eggs hatched on June 30" or July 1%.

Two first instar larvae were still alive on July 2" and feeding damage was observed on the

leaf whereas the third larva was dead and had not fed. Subsequently both surviving larvae

died. The cause of death is unclear.

The eggs (Fig. 1), and hatched larvae (Fig. 2), found in Gatineau Park shared all of

the characteristics of L. /ilii. Lilioceris lilii egg masses are distinct: they are laid parallel to

leaf veins, in a linear arrangement of 2-16 eggs on the underside of host leaves (Salisbury

2008); eggs are bright red or orange in color, though darken when near hatching, and are

covered in a sticky orange layer; individual eggs are 1.0 x 0.5 mm, and masses are laid

from March—September (Haye and Kenis 2004); and Lilioceris lilli larvae are dirty-orange

in color, with a dark head and legs. First instar larvae (Fig. 2) have head capsule widths

between 0.36—0.55 mm, and a distinct egg bursting spine is located on the first abdominal

segment (Livingston 1996; Cox 1994). Larvae also carry a viscous fecal shield of their own

excrement on their backs.

Eggs of other genera within the Criocerinae subfamily may be confused with L.

lilii eggs. Hosts of Lema spp. belong to the distantly related plant families Solanaceae

and Asteraceae, and Oulema spp. are on species of Asteraceae, Commelinaceae and

Poaceae. The only species of Neolema that occurs in Canada, N. cordata White, occurs on

Commelinaceae spp. Two species of Crioceris closely resemble L. /i/ii in the larval stage;

however, both are closely associated with Asparagales and have distinctly different egg

placement and color (White 1993).

This observation marks the first record of L. /ilii ovipositing on S. amplexifolius

in nature and this is the first plant species outside the genera Lilium, Fritillaria, and

Cardocrinium (the known host genera for this beetle) where both oviposition in nature

and successful larval development in the lab have been observed (see Salisbury 2008).

Although Ernst et al. (2007) found that larval performance was poor on S. amplexifolius

leaves in laboratory tests, Kealey (2013) confirmed that almost half (42%) of L. /ilii larvae

can successfully develop to adults on S. amplexifolius. This record is also only the second

oviposition record for L. /i/ii in North America on a host plant in nature outside of urban

areas where development might also be occasionally possible. The observation reported here

is likely the result of an adult that emigrated from an urban area. However, it is unknown

what the potential is for colonization by L. /ilii of novel host plants, such as S. amplexifolius,

in non-urban areas. Among the factors that might encourage a more permanent move to S.

amplexifolius by L. lilii is the enemy-free-space hypothesis in which the herbivore escapes

its specialized parasitoid by feeding on a novel host plant (Brown et al. 1995; Rossbach et

al. 2006). Further study would help to establish if such events are rare or the first step in

adaptation by an invasive alien species to a novel host.

132

First record of L. /i/ii in a wild population of S. amplexifolius | JESO Volume 144, 2013

eal hidctcal ae 2 "-44 ee

FIGURE 1. Lilioceris lilii eggs on Streptopus amplexifolius \eaf from Gatineau Park,

Quebec.

FIGURE 2. Lilioceris lilii first instar larva on a Streptopus amplexifolius leaf collected from

Gatineau Park, Quebec. This picture was taken soon after larval death and shows A) feeding

damage B) egg bursters and C) fecal shield characteristic of the species.

133

Kealey et al. JESO Volume 144, 2013

References

Anonymous. 2013. 2. Streptopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Fl. Frang. ed. 3.

3: 174. 1805. Flora of North America 26: 145—147. Available from http://www.

efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon id=242101972 [Accessed 22

November 2013].

Bouchard, A., McNeil, J. N. and Brodeur, J. 2008. Invasion of American native lily

population by an alien beetle. Biological Invasions 10: 1365—1372.

Brown, J. M., Abrahamson, W. G., Packer, R. A. and Way, P. A. 1995. The role of natural-

enemy escape in a gallmaker host-plant shift. Oecologia 104: 52-60.

Cappuccino, N. 2013. Lily leaf beetle tracker. Available at: http://lilybeetletracker.weebly.

com/ [Accessed 8 November 2013].

Cox, M. L. 1994. Egg bursters in the Chrysomelidae, with a review of their occurrence

in the Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera). Pp. 75—100 in Jolivet, P. H., Cox, M. L.

and Petitpierre, E. (eds), Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 582 pp.

Ernst, C., Cappuccino, N. and Arnason, J. T. 2007. Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf

beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North

America. Ecological Entomology 32: 45—52.

Fox Wilson, G. 1942. The lily beetle, Crioceris lilii Scopoli: its distribution in Britain

(Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A) 18:

85-86.

Gold, M. S., Casagrande, R. A., Tewksbury, L. A. and Livingston, S. B. 2001. European

parasitoids of Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Canadian Entomologist

133: 671-674.

Haye, T. and Kenis, M. 2004. Biology of Lilioceris spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and

their parasitoids in Europe. Biological Control 29: 399-408.

Kealey, C. D. 2013. Potential host plants of the invasive beetle Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae): implications for the biological control agent Tetrastichus setifer

Thomson Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). B.Sc. Honours thesis. Carleton University,

Ottawa, ON. 19 pp.

LeSage, L. 1983. Note sur la distribution présente et future du criocere du lys, Lilioceris

lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), dans l’est du Canada. Le Naturaliste

Canadien 110: 95-97.

Livingston, S. S. 1996. Biological control and host range of Lilioceris lilii: Anew ornamental

pest in the USA. MLS. Thesis, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA. 78 pp.

Rossbach, A., Lohr, B. and Vidal, S. 2006. Parasitism of Plutella xylostella L. feeding on a

new host plant. Environmental Entomology 35: 1350-1357.

Salisbury, A. 2008. The biology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae). Ph. D. Thesis. Imperial College, London, UK. 157 pp.

Temperé, G. 1927. Régime alimentaire anormal de Crioceris lilii(Coleoptera Chrysomelidae).

Proceés Verbaux de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux (1926) 78: 131-133.

White, R. E. 1993. A revision of the subfamily Criocerinae (Chrysomelidae) of North

America north of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture Technical

Bulletin No 1805. v + 158 pp.

134

JESO Volume 144, 2013

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

OFFICERS AND GOVERNORS

2013-2014

President: J. MCNEIL

Department of Biology

Biological and Geological Sciences Building

University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7

jmeneil2@uwo.ca

President-Elect: I. SCOTT

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

1391 Sandford St. London, ON NSV 4T3

ian.scott@agr.gc.ca

Past-President: J. SKEVINGTON

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

K.W. Neatby Building

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

jskevington@gmail.com

Secretary: M. LOCKE

Vista Centre, 1830 Bank Street, P.O. Box 83025

Ottawa, ON K1V 1A3

entsocont.membership@gmail.com

Treasurer: S. LI

Pest Management Centre, Building 57

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

sli@nrean.ge.ca

Directors:

C. BAHLAI (2012-2014)

Deparment of Entomology, Michigan State University

Center for Integrated Plant Systems

578 Wilson Rd., East Lansing MI USA 48824

cbahlai@msu.edu

S. CARDINAL

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON KIA 0C6

sophie.cardinal@agr.ge.ca

J. GIBSON

Department of Integrative Biology

University of Guelph

Guelph,ON N1G 2W1

jfgibson@uoguelph.ca

A. GUIDOTTI (2014-2016)

Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum

100 Queen’s Park, Toronto ON MSS 2C6

antoniag@rom.on.ca

W. KNEE

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue,

(2013-2015)

(2012-2014)

(2014-2016)

Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

whknee@gmail.com

B. SINCLAIR (2013-2015)

Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario

London, ON N6A 5B7

bsincla7@uwo.ca

135

ESO Regional Rep to ESC: P. BOUCHARD

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue,

Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

patrice.bouchard@agr.gc.ca

Librarian: J. BRETT

Library, University of Guelph

Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

jimbrett@uoguelph.ca

Newsletter Editor: T. BURT

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue,

Ottawa, ON KIA 0C6

trevburt(@gmail.com

Newsletter Editor: A. LINDEMAN

Department of Biology, Carelton University

209 Nesbitt Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive

Ottawa ON K1A 0C

amanda. lindeman@gmail.com

Student Representative: L. DES MARTEAUX

Idesmart@uwo.ca

Website: M. JACKSON

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University of Guelph, Guelph, ON NIG 2W1

jackson@uoguelph.ca

JESO Editor: J. HUBER

Canadian National Collection of Insects

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

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john.huber@agr.ge.ca

Technical Editor: T. ONUFERKO

Lumbers Building (RM 345)

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Associate Editors:

A. BENNETT

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

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N. CARTER

Engage Agro Corporation

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neilcarter@engageagro.com

J. SKEVINGTON

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre

960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

The Society founded in 1863, is the second oldest Entomological Society in North America

and among the nine oldest, existing entomological societies in the world. It serves as an

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NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Please refer to the Society web site (http://www.entsocont.ca) for current instructions to

authors. Please submit manuscripts electronically to the Scientific Editor

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FELLOWS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

W. W. BILL JUDD 2002 BERNARD PHILOGENE 2010

C. RON HARRIS 2003 FREEMAN MCEWEN 2010

GLENN WIGGINS 2006 THELMA FINLAYSON 2013

American Museum

History

Received on: 01-27-14

Journal of the AMNH LIBRARY

scety of Ont UIA

, 100213326

CONTENTS

I. FROM THE EDITOR oc.ccccccscsccsecsessescocscccesccccocsnscessossacecssessesnccasstaneccartassessvusteussusvel seater ae tenennn 1

Il. ARTICLES

J.L.RINGROSE, K. F. ABRAHAM andD. V. BERESFORD —Newrange records of mosquitoes

(Diptera: Culicidae) from northern Ontarid........0:<cccccssossrsscscsssccsevscsessceseuccessceevescssaueetattanene 3-14

J. T. HUBER — Taxonomy and faunistics in Ontario, 1952-2012: Publications in the “Journal

of the Entomological Society of Ontario”. <......0...c:<seccoossesceassecssessesesevsareuessessassvenressitenteaeenein 15-26

P. MASON — Biological control in Ontario 1952-2012: A summary of publications in the

“Journal of the Entomological Society of Omtario”..............scsssccscsseescssscsssssssssesssessesseecees 27-111

Ill. NOTES

S. A. MARSHALL — Ontario records of Sperchopsis tessellata (Ziegler), a rarely collected

lotic water scavenger beetle (Coleoptera: Hydrophalidae)...............ssssssssssssssesserssesseses 113-114

J.T. HUBER — Idiotypa clavata (Provancher, 1888) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), new generic

placement for a misclassified SPeCieS.............sesscessesscescesscsscessesseessesscsscessssssessecsenssessessenses 115-117

E. ST. LOUIS — New Ontario records for Nanophyes m. marmoratus (Goeze, 1777)

(Coleoptera: Brentidae), introduced into North America for classical biocontrol of purple

LOOSCStHIfEC......essssoresssecesossncsesesanceosoocsetesscescsssventenstetdenssaasenssotsesssiasstecestsusencetntacrer tat teennetTeaaat 119-123

J. M. RENKEMA, M. MILLER, H. FRASER, J-PH. LEGARE, and R. H. HALLETT — First

records of Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from commercial fruit fields in

Ontario and Quebec, Camadar....csccercocsssscsosescsssesocsssosssoccssavecsesesevencsessecsssersvevcesectttscearten 125-130

C.D. KEALEY, N. CAPPUCCINO and P. MASON —First record of Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae) eggs in a wild population of Streptopus amplexifolius (Liliaceae)....... 131-134

IV. ESO OFFICERS AND GOVERNORS 2013-2014..........cssscsssscssssssssssssessssessesesessessssssenserenenss 135

V. ESO OFFICERS AND GOVERNORS 2012-2013............sssssesssessesseessessonee inside front cover

VI. FELLOWS (OF DEIR ESO Mie cccscccscccssscanscesnccosattcrsacsstecasatcestenosssncncevasssnstees tit inside back cover

VII. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSAHIP...............sscssccsssssssscosscssssscsessersnecens inside back cover

VEIT. NOTICE TO\ CONTRIBUTORS i niscsrercossssecesvsnetcenssvesssssspeosescsssesesceeurtee inside back cover