WAS

8332

Volume 103

Number 3

Fall 2017

Journal of the

WASHINGTON Rat eel

NOV 27 2017

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Washington Academy of Sciences

Founded in 1898

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Ram Sriram

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Sethanne Howard

Journal of the Washington Academy of

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Volume 103

Number 3

Fall 2017

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor's Comments S. Howard

Rae ENOS E EOES ERED MEAL CLIN OS ses sede pers ss east ics es die at wiaasdeed oe nines aR ili

How Wet Do You Get In The Raitt 7) LIDSCOMD: ...cccccccc.cscccesseessvesivescsossonnsessassacganssassovnursassannonrese 1

Description of a New Species of Cestode Parasitic Worm S. Banerjee et ai. ............. 17

ities elity op/at fol) [ci] dbo; eaee aes eee ian at ae enee feet Meare ON reek e deere ts amr epee See 29

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PRE RR AES CA VEL UNUM AES 2 aay cise oo cer cect cae dav as A waa T ees area

ISSN 0043-0439 Issued Quarterly at Washington DC

Fall 2017

EDITOR’S COMMENTS

Herein is the 2017 Fall issue of the Journal. This is an exciting time for

science. Studies of the brain are providing new insights into human

behavior. Recently the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave

Observatory (LIGO) has measured black hole collisions. I hope that our

readers will contribute papers on these topics.

For this issue we have two quite different papers. One is an

interesting study on raindrops. Have you ever wondered how wet you get

when running in the rain? The other reports on the discovery of a new genus.

It comes from colleagues in India. This 1s their second report of a discovery

in our Journal.

Letters to the editor are encouraged. Please send email

(wasjournal@washacadsci.org) comments on papers, suggestions for

articles, and ideas for what you would like to see in the Journal. We are a

peer reviewed journal and need volunteer reviewers. If you would like to be

on our reviewer list please send email to the above address and include your

specialty.

The sciences remain at the forefront of human progress. This

Journal contributes to that effort. Without an extensive variation in what we

study we step backward. One never can tell what useful result will come

from an otherwise rare study. I offer one example. Many years ago there

was a scientist who studied slugs found on the Massachusetts shoreline. His

interest was only the slugs. The fact that slugs seemed to have a method of

controlling bleeding was a side interest. When this odd result was

discovered by medical researchers they found a solution to a long standing

medical problem: hemophilia. Such a result cannot be predicted. Science

must wander where it will. Out of those wanderings come solutions to today

and tomorrows’ problems.

Sethanne Howard

Washington Academy of Sciences

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences

Editor Sethanne Howard showard@washacadsc1.org

Board of Discipline Editors

The Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences has an 11-member

Board of Discipline Editors representing many scientific and technical

fields. The members of the Board of Discipline Editors are affiliated with a

variety of scientific institutions in the Washington area and beyond —

government agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST); universities such as Georgetown; and professional

associations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE).

Anthropology Emanuela Appetiti eappetiti@hotmail.com

Astronomy Sethanne Howard sethanneh@msn.com

Biology/Biophysics Eugenie Mielczarek mielczar@physics.gmu.edu

Botany Mark Holland maholland@salisbury.edu

Chemistry Deana Jaber djaber@marymount.edu

Environmental Natural

Sciences Terrell Erickson terrell.erickson] @wdc.nsda.gov

Health Robin Stombler rstombler@auburnstrat.com

History of Medicine Alain Touwaide atouwaide@hotmail.com

Operations Research Michael Katehakis mnk@rci.rutgers.edu

Science Education Jim Egenrieder jim@deepwater.org

Systems Science Elizabeth Corona elizabethcorona@gmail.com

Fall 2017

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HOW WET DO YOU GET IN THE RAIN, IF YOU DON’T

CARE HOW WET YOU GET?

Water absorption by walkers and runners indifferent

to precipitation

T.C, Lipscombe

Catholic University of America

Abstract

Many researchers have discussed the optimum speed at which to walk in

the rain to get the least wet. This article looks at a related problem: if

walkers or runners are indifferent to the rain, how drenched do they become

during their journeys home? The semi-empirical answer employs basic

introductory physics and biomechanics, as well as anthropometric

formulas related to human-body ratios.

Introduction

A VENERABLE PROBLEM in applied mathematics and physics is to answer

the question “How fast should you walk in the rain to get the least wet?”

Many articles address this subject — and variations thereof — for a variety

of audiences. Early papers were aimed mostly at a mathematical

audience.!»*»? The typical result is that if the rain is at the walker’s back,

then the walker’s optimal speed equals the rain speed. In any other situation,

the walker should go as fast as possible.* Others explored related topics.

The pseudonymous Hailman and Torrents looked at the effect of ellipsoidal

walkers? while Banks allowed for splashing from the sidewalk.® As befits

meteorologists, Holden et al. included discussion of the rate of rainfall,’ as

did Peterson and Wallis.* Stern discusses the effect of raindrop sizes and

vertical motion of the walker.’ Bocci approached the question as a

pedagogical means to demonstrate fluxes and flux densities in physics.'°

Mungan and Lipscombe devised a simple cart propelled by rain power

alone.!!

The classical Hollywood musical Singin’ in the Rain suggests a

related question. After working all night, finally discovering how to save

the show-within-a-show, and having fallen in love, Don Lockwood (played

by Gene Kelly) heads home. Even though it is raining torrentially,

Lockwood doesn’t care — even going so far as to give his umbrella to a

Fall 2017

passerby. The question now is, how soaked does a walker become if

indifferent to the rain? Or, put differently, how wet does Gene Kelly get?

From the classical world, we know that Philippides brought joyful news to

Athens after the Battle of Marathon, some 26 miles away — collapsing and

dying immediately after announcing the victory over the Persians. Had it

have been raining, how wet would Philippides have become during his

journey?

To answer these questions, we use the familiar structure of the “How

fast should you walk...” problem but make the walker/runner more

realistically human by means of anthropometric formulas. These we

combine with biomechanical models of walking and long-distance running

to determine how wet, and how drenched, Gene Kelly and Philippides

became. Thus, we have a new take on a well-known problem, one that

encourages students to model real-world processes in interdisciplinary ways

by blending physics with biomechanics — a problem that is therefore is of

pedagogical value as well as being of interest for its own sake.

The Water Absorbed By A Moving Block

To begin, consider the walker/runner as a block of height 4, width

w, and breadth b. Suppose further that the walker has speed v and walks in

vertically falling rain of speed wu. In addition, assume that the walker has to

cover a distance L to reach home. Assume all such walkers are human

sponges, who absorb all the water that falls on them, and that the speed at

which they walk is unaffected by the amount of water absorbed. This is the

same model employed in determining how fast someone must run in the

rain to get least wet.

The top of the (bareheaded) walker has an area wd. If the rain falls

with a vertical speed uw, then in a time df, the walker absorbs a mass of rain

dMmrop given by Equation (1):

diyyp =(pwhu) dt, (1)

wherein p is the density of the rain-air mixture. The total amount of rain

absorbed through the top surface is during the journey home of duration

T (= L /v) 1s given by Equation (2):

Te pwhuL .

Mrop = Pwhu

(2)

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The mass of water absorbed by the walker through the front surface in time

dt is given by Equation (3):

dM rowr = (Phwy) dt. (3)

The total amount of water absorbed through the front is therefore Equation

(4):

Mipony = PAWL. (4)

The carefree, precipitation-indifferent walker thus absorbs a mass of rain

shown by Equation (5):

m= piu n+) (5)

A rainfall rate, r, is usually specified in millimeters per hour. In an

hour rain of speed wu m/s travels a distance 3.6 X 10°u millimeters. The

density of the air-rain mixture is thus!” given by Equation (6):

a= Po» (6)

3.6x10°u

where fo 1s the density of water. Light rain corresponds to r = 2.5 mm/hr,

heavy rain has r = 7.5 mm /hr. The world record for the most rain to fall

in one minute belongs to Unionville, Maryland!’ which on July 4, 1956,

experienced 31.5 mm of precipitation in 60 seconds, a phenomenal value of

r= 1,890 mm/hr.

Humanizing The Block

Let us think more about such travelers and “humanize” their

cuboidal physiques. That is to say, we recognize that there 1s a certain subset

of normal body proportions the width of a human being 1s not, for

example, ten times the person’s height — and so h, w, and 6 are not

independent parameters.

Mosteller’s formula'* states that the total body surface area of a

human being, A, in square meters, is given by Equation (7):

peal (7)

Fall 2017

There is also a human aspect ratio, a, so that the shoulder width of

a human, w, is related to height by Equation (8):

0 = a (8)

As with body mass index, this varies with the person — but it does

not vary by much. For an average male, of height 69.1 inches and shoulder

width of 17.9 inches, a = 0.26. This value is almost constant for people in

the 2.5"" height percentile to the 97.5" height percentile (0.25 to 0.26). For

mathematical simplicity, then, we set it equal to 1/4. (The aspect ratio is

approximately the same for women: an average height of 63.2 inches and

shoulder width of 15.7 inches has a = 0.248.!°)

The total surface area of a cuboidal walker 1s given by Equation (9):

A=2wh+2wb+ 2bh. (9)

Combine this with Mosteller’s formula!®, Eq. (7), and the aspect ratio, Eq.

(8), to obtain Equation (10):

wt Fs ami(142) (10)

6 2 4

This enables us to calculate the best breadth for an ideal humanoid cuboid

as given by Equation (11):

VMh

===, = bn, i

3 | (11)

So, solving for 6 we get Equation (12):

(12)

[As a check, this predicts that a 6’ tall walker with a mass of 80kg (176 Ibs)

has a breadth 5=0.085m and thus a chest measurement (2b + 2w = 2b +

2h/4) equal to 1.07m, or about 42 inches. ]

The mass of rain absorbed by the walker is given by Equation (13):

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m=piv( nem) =pi[ 4442 (13)

So m becomes Equation (14):

ma Pel real a) (14)

4 Sv |3Vh

Walking In The Rain

If walkers do not care about the rain, they will amble along at a

natural pace. One model for walking is that the legs behave like a rigid

pendulum of length Z'’, the time period for which is given by Equation (15):

T=2n pees (15)

While such stiff-legged swinging might seem more fitting to model

the walk of the undead in the Zombie Apocalypse, it is a surprisingly good

fit for low-speed human walking. As the leg length is approximately half

the walker’s height!*, we get Equation (16):

r=an/* (16)

Pedometer instructions!’ report that step length is 0.415/ which, to within

1%, 1s = h, and thus we get Equation (17):

J3gh

y=. 17

ce (17)

This predicts, as a check, a walking speed of 0.6 ms! (about 1.3 mph) for a

1.8m (6’) tall walker.

The mass of water accumulated by a person strolling in the rain 1s,

by combining Eqs. (14) and (17), given by Equation (18):

= Ply «AS |

m= c es xvi j |) (18)

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To estimate this value, we use meteorological data. The speed of falling

rain, u, depends on the size of the raindrops, but a good estimate 1s

approximately 5 m/s”’. Thus we get Equation (19):

[Su I

soe aeo8

To a reasonable level of approximation we have Equation (20):

m= El ween tf —4)) (20)

4 3V h

This is the equation that describes the mass of water absorbed by someone

of height A strolling a distance L in rain of density p.

=. OS: (19)

To compare these results, we follow Holden ef al. and consider

heavy rainfall, so that r=10 mm/h. During a 100-meter journey the walker

absorbs a mass of water equal to Equation (21):

m=a(m-2.778" +22 Vi | (21)

There is, though, a problem. Namely, the mass of a person is not

independent of their height. Hence in medicine, one usually speaks of the

body mass index (BMI), as defined by Equation (22):

Baa. (22)

Hence?! m becomes Equation (23):

| ee ae (23)

12 3

This allows us to look at water absorption based on body type. An

underweight person has a BMI of 16; a person in the middle of the normal

weight range for their height has a BMI of 21.7; an overweight person has

a BMI of 25; and a BMI of 30 or more is the clinical definition of obese.

For two walkers of the same height, the one with the larger body mass index

will get wetter. This is logical, as the speed at which they walk depends only

on their height and is thus the same for both walkers, whereas the person

with the higher body mass index will have a larger rain-collecting surface

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area. By the same reasoning, for two walkers with the same body mass

index, the taller one will become less wet, for their walking speed means

they get home far more quickly, thus exposing them to less rain.

Numerically, if we assume a |.8 m-tall walker (6’) with a body mass

index in the middle of the ideal range (21.7), and hence a mass of 70.3 kg,

the equation predicts absorption of 0.05 kg of water. This is close to the 0.06

kg calculated by Peterson and Wallis for a walker hustling to get home at a

speed of | ms’. Figure | presents the mass of water absorbed as a function

of height for various values of the body mass index.

Water absorbed as a function of height

“— »

E << = *

eS ee *

a e ® 2

8 0.06 a on cer

= eoe?®* e @ 3°

= e«? Pe

co os =

¥ 00 » °° —ate-e* is @BMie18.5

r= >

S id

gee” @5Mi=21.7

® 0.04

> 00

0.01

15 1.6 OF 18 hook 2 21

Height (m)

Figure |

As an example, Gene Kelly was 1.71 meters tall and had a mass of

70 kg”. Hence his BMI was 23.94. Thus, as he danced his way home in

heavy rain, he absorbed about 0.07 kg of water during the first 100 meters

of his journey. In contrast, his co-star, Debbie Reynolds, was 1.57 m tall

and weighed 51 kg” and thus had a BMI of 20.69. She would have absorbed

Fall 2017

a mass 0.057 kg, only 80% of the amount that Gene Kelly did, had she taken

part in the song-and-dance number, Singin’ in the Rain.

This suggests there is another quantity worth considering. Namely,

we introduce a drenching factor A, which is the ratio of the water absorbed

to the walker’s weight. Thus we get Equation (24):

G = 2.77? ATT iF |

omens

G =2.77h” ATT Bh

_ pl 3 al

4 Bh’

The implication is clear. The longer your journey home, or the

heavier the rain, the more drenched you become. For two people of the same

height, the person of higher mass or larger body mass index is less drenched.

For two people of the same mass or body mass index, the taller person 1s

less drenched.

Running In The Rain

Philippides ran from Marathon to Athens to convey news of the

Greek victory over the Persians**. He would have done so whether the

weather be hot or not. What if it had been raining? Again, we can think of

him absorbing water rather like a block, but instead of walking, he runs a

long distance. The speed of long-distance running is determined, as per

Banks, through energy considerations. Philippides generates heat

proportional to his kinetic energy. Hence, he produces heat energy E,

governed by Equation (25):

E, =k My’. (25)

Here, kg is a constant related to heat gain.

From Newton’s law of cooling, Philippides loses heat energy E,

through his surface area, so that we get Equation (26):

k, Mh

E,=k,A= ram (26)

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(The dynamics of weight loss has likewise been modeled by energy loss

proportional to human surface area.*°) A reasonable model for long-distance

running, then, is that these two energies must balance, in which case we get

Equation (27):

k,Mv* = (27)

k, Mh

6 5

so that v? becomes Equation (28):

eas follhgws fo peta (28)

6k, VM 6k, V Bh

As a plausibility argument, this equation predicts that successful

long-distance runners are likely to be relatively short and slight of build.

Men’s marathon record holder Dennis Kipruto Kimetto is 1.71 m tall, which

is below average height, and with a mass of 55 kg has a BMI of 18.8.

Sprinter Usain Bolt is 2m tall and has a mass of 93.9 kg, for a BMI of 24.5.

These BMIs are at the low and the high end, respectively, of the range of

“normal” BMIs.

The mass of water absorbed when running a (long) distance L 1s,

from Eq. (14) and Eq. (28), given by Equation (29):

ma Pll et (2) (2 fa] (29)

4 s¥k (nh) \3Va

Or, in terms of body mass index, m becomes Equation (30):

m= ae ae —h(Bh) Be = | (30)

As before, for two runners of the same height, the heavier runner or

the one with higher body mass index, will absorb more rain, a consequence

of having a larger surface area.

To obtain a numerical estimate, Kimetto’s world record is 2:02:57

for the 42.195 km race. Using his data we get Equation (31):

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(SP) - A os (31)

Sih) Gh Ne

So that it becomes Equation (32):

See. (32)

6k,

(There are, naturally, some problems in assuming that this number is the

same for all athletes and setting its value based on the world record holder.

Italy’s Stefano Baldini holds the 485" fastest marathon time and has a mass

of 162 kg and a height of 1.76 m, which gives a ratio of 180.6. There is

variation, then, among elite runners, but the percentage variation 1s slight.)

Hence, for long-distance road runners 1n the rain, Eq. (30) and Eq.

(32) predict Equation (33):

h( Bh)" Runa

fea 33

4 13262 a

Over the course of 100 meters of the race, in rain where r=10 mm/h,

the water absorbed is given by Equation (34):

Dells

. h( Bh)" Bh]

—— (34)

70 13.62

Figure 2 shows the mass of water absorbed during the course of 100

meters run.

_This does not depend appreciably on the body mass index of the

runner. This may seem surprising, since for two runners of the same height,

the one with lower body mass runs more swiftly and has a lower surface

area through which to absorb rain. However, there is a critical height or

body mass ratio, for which the term in brackets is zero. This occurs when

M is given by Equation (35):

M=9h’, (35)

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corresponding to a critical body mass index given by Equation (36):

B =n. (36)

crit

Water absorbed per 100m run

Water absorbed (kg) per 100m run

15 16 17 18 19 2 21

Height of rummer (m)

@BMili85 @BMr217 #830

Figure 2

Such a runner absorbs a “critical mass” of water given by Equation (37),

bee (37)

This 1s, 1n essence, the curve shown 1n Figure 2. Runners with a BMI

less than 9h will absorb less than this amount; runners with a BMI greater

than the critical value will absorb more water. The Center for Disease

Control defines the “underweight” category to be a BMI of 16. Hence, a

runner of height 1.78 m has a critical BMI of 16.02, and so a slightly

underweight runner will be below the critical value. An exceedingly tall

runner, of height 2.06m (about 6’ 8”), has a critical BMI of 18.5, which

corresponds to a “normal” weight for their height. In other words, most

reasonably fit runners will have a BMI close to the critical value and, as a

consequence, will absorb an amount of water equal to the critical mass.

The drenching ratio is given by Equation (38):

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ens 1/4

poe on =) ee

(38)

4 M

Or, in terms of BMI it is given by Equation (39):

; 6k,

h += |—2h( Bh)" Bh 1

= (39)

4 Bh’

Numerically, over 100 meters of the race 1t becomes Equation (40):

G +h(Bh)- Nah -])

AS (40)

We 13.62Bh™

Namely, for runners of the same height, the heavier runner 1s less drenched.

Conclusion

This article has explored how wet people become if, when going

somewhere in the rain, they do not care whether they get soaked or not. This

is closely related to the well-known problem of how fast to walk in the rain

to get least wet. When indifferent to the rain, and thus walking at a natural

pace, 1f two walkers are in the same overall shape, as measured by body

mass index, the taller walker will be less wet. Taller walkers have a faster

pace, which gets them indoors more swiftly than a slower walk, and this

more than compensates for their larger surface area.

Those who run long distances, though, have a different effect. While

those of lower body mass index should be able to run more swiftly and have

a lower surface area exposed to precipitation, the effect 1s barely noticeable.

The sole determining factor is not whether you are underweight or obese,

but how tall you are. Taller runners become wetter. Shorter runners will

remain drier than shorter walkers, but extremely tall runners may get wetter

than their low body mass index walking counterparts.

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' B.L. Schwartz and M.A.B. Deakin “Walking in the rain, reconsidered” Mathematics

Magazine 46(5) 246-53, 1972 corrects Michael. A. B. Deakin’s earlier “Walking in the

rain” Mathematics Magazine 45(5), 246-53. The former views the problem as an

interesting pedagogical case for mathematics students of minimizing the function |x|.

David E. Bell “Walk or Run in the Rain?” Mathematical Gazette. 60 No. 413 206-208

(1976).

> Mark J. Volkmann’s “To walk or run in the rain: A geometric solution” School Science

and Mathematics 93(4) 217-20 is suitable for high-school students and introduces the

fictional cartoon character Cubo, who could be replaced in modern classrooms by

Spongebob Squarepants.

4 Herb Bailey “On running in the rain” College Mathematics Journal 33(2) 88-92

dissents. He looks at the maxima and minima of the functions involved and thinks that

sometimes, even with the wind at one’s back, it is best to head home at top speed. Bailey

might be the first of those who studied the problem to consider a female walker.

> Dank Hailman and Bruce Torrents (a.k.a. Dan Kalman and Bruce Torrence) “Keeping

dry: The Mathematics of running in the rain”. Mathematics Magazine 82(4) 266-77,

2009.

® Robert B. Banks Slicing Pizzas, Racing Turtles, and Further Adventures in Applied

Mathematics. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). See chapter 12, “How Fast

should you run in the rain”, pp 114—122.

7 J.J. Holden, S.E. Belcher, A. Horvath, and I Pitharoulis “Raindrops keep falling on my

head” Weather 50(11) 367-70.

8 Thomas C. Peterson and Trevor W. R. Wallis “Running in the rain” Weather 52(3) 93—

Go19o7

? §. A. Stern “An optimal speed for traversing a constant rain.” American Journal of

Physics 51(9) 813-818 (1983).

!0 Franco Bocci “Whether or not to run in the rain” European Journal of Physics 33(5)

1321-322, (2012).

'! Carl E. Mungan and Trevor C. Lipscombe “The Rain-Powered Cart” European

Journal of Physics 37(5) 2016 055005

'2 Neglecting the density of the air, which is a mere fraction of the density of water.

'3 Howard H. Engelbrecht and G.N. Brancato “World Record One-Minute Rainfall at

Unionville, Marlyand” Monthly Weather Review, August 1959, p. 303-306.

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'4 RD. Mosteller “Simplified Calculation of Body-Surface Area,” New England Journal

of Medicine 317(17) 1987, p. 1098. There are other formulas to model body surface

area, but Mosteller’s is mathematically the simplest.

'S See illustration at http://www. learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM30008A-

EcoErgo/Ergonomics/Ergonomics.html

'© Mosteller’s formula, one might argue, is dimensionally incorrect. This is resolved by

. . . . os . 5/9

considering the 6 in the denominator as a normalizing physical constant, 6 kg!” m*”, to

ensure correct dimensions.

'? See, for example, Trevor Davis Lipscombe The Physics of Rugby (Nottingham:

Nottingham University Press, 2009), p. 36.

'8 G J Slater, A J Rice, I Mujika, A G Hahn, K Sharpe, D G Jenkins “Physique traits of

lightweight rowers and their relationship to competitive success” Br J Sports Med

2005;39:736—741 has measurements of L/h for 62 elite male rowers, with an average

value of 0.527, and 45 elite female rowers with a ratio of 0.531.

' http://livehealthy.chron.com/determine-stride-pedometer-height-weight-45 18.html

°° As per Holden ef al., vide supra.

*! As with the Mosteller formula, there are dimensional issues. If we regard the

denominator as being not M but 1M, where | is a physical constant whose dimensions

are m’ kg", the units become correct.

*? http://starschanges.com/gene-kelly-height-weight-age/

23 http://www.bodymeasurements.org/debbie-reynolds/

4 Tradition, and Herodotus (in The Histories, 6.105.1), credits Philippides for this feat,

and Lucian tells it this way in A Slip of the Tongue in Greeting. Plutarch reports, in The

Glory of the Athenians, that “most historians declare that it was Eucles who ran in full

armour, hot from the battle, and, bursting in at the doors of the first men of the State,

could only say, ‘Hail! we are victorious!’ and straightway expired.” See Plutarch, “de

gloria Atheniensium” in Moralia Vol. IV. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt.

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936) p. 505. For a fuller discussion, see John

Haberstroh “Philippides: Famed Marathon Runner?” Presentation, Missouri Valley

History Conference, March, 2013, online at

https://www.academia.edu/4924439/Philippides Famed Marathon Runner

°° Carl E. Mungan and Trevor C. Lipscombe “A Physics Model for Weight Loss by

Dieting” Latin American Journal of Physics Education 6(3) (2012): 344-346

Washington Academy of Sciences

Bio

Trevor Lipscombe is the director of the Catholic University of America

Press. He is the author of "The Physics of Rugby" (Nottingham University

Press, 2009); coauthor, with Alice Calaprice, of "Albert Einstein: A

Biography" (Greenwood Press, 2005); and editor of the critical edition of

Blessed John Henry Newman's novel "Loss and Gain" (Ignatius Press,

2012).

Fall 2017

Washington Academy of Sciences

Description of a New Species of Cestode Parasitic

Worm from an Indian Scops Owl in Mizoram, India

Suranjana Banerjee', Buddhadeb Manna’, and A. K. Sanyal !

'Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata -700053, India

*Parasitilogy Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata,

India

Abstract

We report a new genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899 from Mizoram, India.

In 2007 an Indian Scops Owl (Ottus bakkamoena) was procured from a

local man in Mizoram, India. On close examination the bird was found to

be infected with a new cestode species of the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann,

1899. The genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899 has only five known species.

The newly described species named Gyrocoelia mizoramensis 1s

characterized by a globular scolex; rostellum bearing single crown of 128

hooks arranged in 16 loops; multilobulated ovary and a large seminal

receptacle differentiating it from the rest of previously described species.

Introduction

THE GENUS GYROCOELIA was established by Fuhrmann in 1899. Khalil

et al. (1994) synonymized the genus Bothriocephalus Linstow (1906)

with Gyrocoelia. The type species of this genus 1s Gyrocoelia perversa

Fuhrmann, 1899 collected from Actophilus africanus from Africa. The

other known hosts of the type species are Himantopus himantopus,

Hoplopterus spinosus, Limosa rufa and Vanellus sp. The following

species under the genus Gyrocoelia have been synonymized with other

species:

1. G albaredai Lopez-Neyra, 1952 and G. polytestis Saakova, 1952

have been synonymized with /nfula burhini Burt, 1939.

2. G. australiensis (Johnston, 1910) Johnston, 1912 and G. kiewietti

Ortlepp, 1937 have been synonymized with G. coronata Krefft,

S745

3. G. brevis Fuhrmann, 1900, G. milligani Linton, 1927, G. fausti

Tseng, 1933 and G. fuhrmanni Rego, 1968 have been synonymized

by Schmidt (1986) with G. crassa (Fuhrmann, 1900) Baer, 1940.

Fall 2017

Currently the following known species are present under the genus

Gyrocoelia Fuhrman, 1899:

1. Gyrocoelia coronata Krefft, 1871; Host: Himantopus

leucocephalus from Australia.

2. Gyrocoelia crassa (Fuhrmann, 1900) Baer, 1940; Host: Aegialitis

collaris from Egypt.

3. Gyrocoelia pagollae Cable and Myers, 1956; Host: Pagolla

wilsonia from Puerto Rico.

4. Gyrocoelia perversa Fuhrmann, 1899; Host: Actophilus africanus,

Himantopus himantopus, Hoplopterus spinosus, Limosa rufa and

Vanellus sp., from Africa.

5. Gyrocoelia paradoxa Linstow, 1906; Host: Aegialitis mongolica

from Philippines.

Our goal is to add a new cestode species discovered in a vertebrate host

(Ottus bakkamoena) 1n Mizoram, India.

Material and Methods

During a study tour to collect cestode parasites from vertebrate

hosts in Mizoram, India a bird (Ottus bakkamoena) with ruffled plumage

was procured from a local in North Khawbung district in Aizawl,

Mizoram. The bird was examined for parasites in 2007. The bird was

euthanized with ethanol in a closed jar following the protocol of Ghosh

and Kundu (1999). The protocol of Ghosh and Kundu (1999) is followed

as per local standard collection procedure of cestode parasites for infected,

sick birds.!

A cotton swab of a few drops of ethanol was used for

anaesthetization. The necropsy was performed under a stereoscopic

microscope. The bird was dissected and the entire alimentary canals were

removed and internal organs such as liver, heart, lung, kidney, and urinary

CPCSEA Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Facility: GUIDELINES ON THE REGULATION OF

SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS Ministry of Environment & Forests (Animal Welfare

Division) Government of India, June 2007.

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bladder were placed into normal saline in petri dishes and examined under

a field binocular separately in different petri dishes (Justine e/ al., 2012).

We found that the bird was infected with two cestode specimens

of the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899. The cestode specimens were

collected from the intestine of the host, pressed and flattened between two

slides, and preserved in 70% alcohol in a glass vial. They were then

dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol, stained in alcoholic

borax carmine, cleared in xylol, and mounted on slides in Canada balsam

(Ghosh and Kundu, 1999). The specimens were studied under a

microscope (Magnus MLX-Trinoculor from Olympus, Japan) and camera

lucida drawings and photomicrographs were made to describe the species

in detail.

Results

We have isolated a new species of Gyrocoelia mizoramensis (Figs.

| and 2) with the characteristics of the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899.

The parasites are medium in length and the body consists of scolex, neck,

immature, mature, and gravid proglottids. The segments are almost square

in shape. Segmentation is craspedote. Immature proglottids are longer

than they are broad, while the mature and gravid proglottids are broader

than they are long. As the proglottids mature progressively the ratio

between the length and breadth decreases, and the proglottids appear to

be square. All the measurements given are in millimeters unless otherwise

mentioned in the text.

The immature proglottids measure 0.11-0.16 in length and 0.09-

0.12 in breadth. The mature proglottids measure 0.12-0.13 in length and

0.26-0.27 in breadth. The gravid proglottids measure 0.16-0.27 in length

and 0.31-0.34 in breadth. The parasite measures 19.65-22.13 in length and

0.32-0.34 in breadth.

Head region: The scolex is globular in shape, slightly set off from the

neck and measures 0.06-0.15 in length and 0.06-0.13 in breadth. The

scolex is provided with four slightly oval and unarmed suckers measuring

0.03-0.05 in length and 0.02-0.05 in breadth. The rostellum is everted

measuring 0.06-0.07 in length and 0.1-0.13 in breadth. The rostellum

bears a single row of 128 hooks arranged in 16 loops, each loop with eight

hooks. There are seven loops on each of its dorsal and ventral surfaces

Fall 2017

and one loop on each of its lateral faces. Each hook has a relatively long

handle and small guard and blade. The hook is bifurcated. The blade is

0.47-0.51 long. Each loop measures 0.03-0.04 in length and 0.04-0.06 in

breadth. The neck is short and broad and measures 0.42-0.63 in length and

0.06-0.07 in breadth.

Testicular region: The testes are round to oval in shape, 27-30 in number,

measure 0.03-0.04 in length and 0.04-0.05 in breadth, mostly postovarian

while some are present on the two lateral sides of the ovary. The cirrus

sac is elongated, slightly oblong and crosses the dorsal osmoregulatory

canals. It measures 0.27-0.3 in length and 0.02-0.03 in breadth. The cirrus

is unarmed, everted in most of the proglottids and measures 0.2-0.21 in

length and 0.02 in breadth. The vas deferens 1s coiled and thick-walled.

There is no external or internal seminal vesicle. The genital pores alternate

regularly except in a few proglottids where the genital pores are unilateral.

The genital pores are situated in the anterior part of the lateral margin of

each proglottid. The genital atrrum measures 0.08-0.11 in length and 0.11-

0.14 in width.

Uterine region: The ovary lies in the posterior portion of the proglottid.

It is single massed, consists of numerous lobes arranged almost fanwise

measures 0.1-0.12 in length and 0.16-0.3 in width. There is no ootype.

The vagina is a thin tube, arises from the ovary, runs for a very short

distance and then dilates into a round seminal receptacle, measuring 0.1-

0.12 in length and 0.1-0.14 in breadth in the middle of the proglottid. It

then extends as a straight tube from the seminal receptacle and opens

posterior to the cirrus sac into the common genital atrium. The uterus

appears as a sac but later ruptures and the eggs are entirely released into

the proglottids.

Post ovarian region: The vitelline gland is small, compact, and lies

posterior to the ovary. It measures 0.4-0.05 in length and 0.07-0.08 in

breadth. Each egg is round in shape and has a diameter between 0.02-0.05.

The osmoregulatory canals are four in number, two dorsal and two ventral.

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Data Summary

Type specimens. Holotype (One specimen in one slide with the

Zoological Survey of India Accession number W9943/1; one paratype

specimen is also present in the same slide.)

Deposition. Deposited in Platyhelminthes Section, Zoological Survey of

India, New Alipur, Kolkata-53, India

Type host. Oftus bakkamoena

Site of infection. Intestine

Type locality. Aizawl (Latitude: 23.7271° N, Longitude: 92.7176° E)

Mizoram, India

Prevalence. |/2

Etymology. The specific epithet 1s derived from the name of the state of

Mizoram from where it had been recovered.

Discussion

Summarizing the data we note that the present observed species

measures 19.65-22.13 in length and 0.32-0.34 in breadth; scolex globular,

measures 0.06-0.15 in length and 0.06-0.13 in breadth; suckers four in

number, oval, measures 0.03-0.05 in length and 0.02-0.05 in breadth;

rostellum measures 0.06-0.07 in length and 0.1-0.13 in breadth , bears a

single crown of 128 hooks arranged in 16 loops, each loop carries 8 hooks;

neck short; segmentation craspedote; testes 27-30 in number, oval in

shape, cirrus sac long and elongated, measures 0.27-0.3 in length and

0.02-0.03 in breadth; cirrus unarmed; genital pores regularly alternate or

unilateral; genital atrium deep, measures 0.08-0.1 in length; ovary

multilobulated, lies posteriorly, irregular in shape; vagina 1s a thin tube;

seminal receptacle large, round in shape; vitelline gland small, compact,

dorsolateral to the ovary; uterus tubular; egg round and diameter is

between 0).02-0.05.

The observed species comes closer to G. pagollae Cable and

Meyers, 1956 in number of testes, presence of a short neck and a fan-

shaped ovary. The observed species differs from G. pagollae Cable and

Meyers, 1956 in not having 66 rostellar hooks; dioecious strobila; spines

Fall 2017

in the cirrus; and a V-shaped vitelline gland and absence of seminal

receptacle and a genital atrium.

Table 1. A comparative account of the morphological characters of

the valid species under the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrman, 1899

G.coronat

a Krefft,

1871

Himantop

Host

leucoceph

alus

Chara

cteristi

1940

Body

Length

(L) and

Breadt

h (B)

Scolex

Length

(L) and

Breadt

h(B

Sucker

Length

(L) and

Breadt

h (B)

Rostell

Length

(L) and

Breadt

h (B)

Numbe

r of

rostella

rt loops

Numbe

r of

hooks

in each

loo

G.crassa

(Fuhrmann,

1900) Baer,

Aegialitis

collaris

Dioccious Dioecious nee

L=50-62.7

(male)

L=100.0

(female)

G.paradoxa

Linstow,

1906

G.perversa

Fuhrmann,

1899

G.pagollae

Cable and

Myers,

1956

Pagolla

wilsonia

rufinucha

Aegialitis

mongolica

Actophilus

africanus

G.mizoram

ensis n.sp.

Ottus

bakkamoen

Male and

Female in

same strobila

Male

1=30.0

Female

L=75.0

L=0.14

B near tip=

0.063-0.067

B near base

Male and

female in

same

strobila

8 hooks in

cach loop

Total hooks

= 128

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Length

of hook

Testes

Numbe

r (N),

Length

(L) and

Breadt

Length of

L= 0.040 L=0.029 blade =

0.468-0.507

Absent Very short Absent Absent Short,

broad

(N):20-30

G.P:Irregul

arly

alternate,

unilateral or

(N): (27-

(N)i GAP (IN)? 33 (GPs 30) GP:

Irregularly Regularly Regularly

alternate alternate alternate

(N):60 -76

L= 0.080

B= 0.038

h (B) ;

Genital Pree

Bure alternate

(G.P)

Male

strobila

L=0.520

Male strobila:

Cirrus

sac B=0.150 Teor L=0.27-0.3

Length Cirrus B=0. 16-0.18 B=0.02-

(i) and 6.900 Female | 2" Gaol

Breadt ; Female P not spined

strobila:

Hee) Cirrus spined

Strobila:

L=0.765

B=0.207

Semina

Recept

acle

(S.R)

Vagina

(V)

Genital

Atrium

S.R: absent

(V): absent

S.R: absent

(V):absent

G.A:Presen

WAG

G.A:Presen ; L=0.04-

t G.A:Present 0.05

B=0.07-

0.08

Transversel

Transversely se tubular Tubular Transversel

tubular with y clongated

diverticula

B=0.036

Remarks: (—) indicates data not available in original description

(G.A.) G.A:Presen

Vitellin G.A:Absent; ts

e Gland V.G: V.G:V-

(V.G) L=0.112x0.42 | shaped

Length transversely

(L) and , elongated

Breadt

Fall 2017

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director Zoological Survey of India for

providing necessary facilities during the course of the work. The authors

would also like to express their deepest thanks to the Library Division of

Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata- HQ for providing necessary

facilities.

References

Baer, J.G. (1940). Some avian tapeworms from Antigua, Parasitology

32 (2): 174-197 (Thirty seven figures).

Burt, D.R.R. (1940). New avian cestodes of the family Davaineidae

from Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science 22: 65-77.

Cable, R.M and Meyers, R.M. (1956). A dioecious species of

Gyrocoelia (Cestoda:Acoleidae ) from the naped plover. Journal

of Parasitology 42(5): 510 -515.

Fuhrmann, O. (1899). Deux singuliers Taenias d’ oiseaux: Gyrocoelia

perversus n.g. n.sp. et Acoleus armatus n.g. n.sp. Rev. Suisse Zool,

7: 341 —451.

Fuhrmann, O. (1900). Neue eigentumliche Vogel cestoden

Eingetrenntge-schlechtlicher cestode. Zool. Anz. 23: 48-51.

Ghosh, R.K. and Kundu, D.K. (1999). Fauna of Meghalaya (Cestoda).

Zoological Survey of India, State Fauna Series 4 (Part 9): 247-281.

Johnston, T.H. (1910). On Australian avian Entozoa. Proceedings of the

Royal Society New South Wales 44: 84-122.

Johnston, T.H. (1912). New species of cestodes from Australian birds.

Memoirs Queensland Museum 1: 211-215.

Justine, J.L., Briand, M., Rodney, A. and Bray, R.A. (2012). A quick

and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in

suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies.

Parasitology Research, Springer Verlag (Germany) 111 (1): 341-

Spill

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Khalil, L.F., Jones, A and Bray, R.A. (1994). Keys to the cestode

parasites of vertebrates. CAB International, /nternational Institute

of Parasitology, UK: xiii + 751.

Krefft, G. (1871). On Australian Entozoa.Trans.Entom. Soc. New South

Wales 2: 206-232.

Linton, E. (1927). Notes on cestode parasites of birds. Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. 70 (7): 1-73 (15 plates).

Linstow, O.F.B. (1906). Helminthes from the collection of the Colombo

museum, Spolia Zeylonica 3: 163-188. (3 plates).

Lopez-Neyra, C.R. (1952).Gyrocoelia albaredai n. sp. Relaciones com

Tetrabothriidae y Dilepididae.Rev. Iber. Parasit. 12 (4): 319-344,

(3 plates).

Ortlepp, R.J. (1937). South African helminths.Part I. Onderstepoort. J.

Vet. Sc. Anim. Ind. 9: 311-366.

Rego, A.A. (1968). Sobretres cestodeos de aves Charadriiformes. Mem.

Schmidt, G.D. (1986). CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification,

CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Florida: 1-675.

Saakova, E.O. (1952). Reference collected from website Global cestode

database for Gyrocoelia polytestis.

Tseng, S. (1933). Studies on avian cestodes from China. Part II.

Cestodes from Charadriuform birds. Parasitology 24: 500-511.

Fall 2017

Wwwig?D

WwUEg'd

O96 29% @

98 %@®

Figure 1. Camera lucida drawings of Gyrocoelia mizoramensis n.sp. isolated

from Ottus bakkamoena

(a) Scolex (b) Mature proglottid (c) Spine

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Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Gyrocoelia mizoramensis n.sp. isolated from

Ottus bakkamoena

(a) Scolex (b) Mature proglottids (c) Gravid proglottids

Fall 2017

Bios

Dr. Suranjana Banerjee M.Sc., Ph.D. in Zoology is a Senior Zoological

Assistant in the Zoological Survey of India. Her field of interest includes

research in morphology, taxonomy and systematics of cestodes. She

acquired her Ph.D. degree on her work on Taxonomy of Cestodes from

Eastern and North Eastern States of India. She has discovered several new

species of cestodes from India. Apart from her major field of interest in

cestode taxonomy, her other areas of interest include taxonomy of soil

nematodes and insects of the order Odonata. She has published more than

15 research papers in national journals.

Dr. Buddhadeb Manna, Emeritus Professor and Head (Ret.),

Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 1s engaged in research in

Parasitology. As many as seven students got a Ph.D. from Calcutta

University under his able guidance. He has published nearly 216 research

articles in different journals of international repute.

Dr. Asok Kanti Sanyal M.Sc., Ph.D. in Zoology was retired Director-in-

charge and Emeritus Scientist in Zoological Survey of India. He received

training on EIA, Biodiversity Conservation and SEM in U.K. and

Singapore. He has 40 years of working experience on taxonomy and

ecology of soil microarthropods, acarology, nematology, wildlife, and

biodiversity and has discovered over 130 species of mites and nematodes

from India and Antarctica. He has published several books and more than

220 scientific papers in national and international journals. He is also

amongst the very few to have made an Expedition to Antarctica from the

Zoological Survey of India. Several scholars have been awarded the

M.Phil. and Ph.D. degree under his supervision.

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