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VOLUME 56 NUMBER 1

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

RAiiiiit nr ve @

iv as ha

ai il. uh F

Passe

ae

—

—_— —

JANUARY 1966

ANN HSOMN/4 yy

)

CipRARIES

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: SAmMueEL B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture HeLten L. ReyNnoips, Food and Drug Adminis-

RicHARD P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration

ciation : Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowe ts, Department of Agriculture versity

RussELL B. StTEveENs, George Washington Uni-

versity

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University Jos—EpH B. Morris, Howard University

CuaArLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacosp Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Marsorte Hooker, Geological Survey ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

ReuBen E. Woop, George Washington Univer- Howarp W. Bonp. Public’ Healaeeae

sity i ; ‘

Epmunp M. Boras, Jr., Harris Research Lahbo- Vicror R. Boswett, USDA, Beltsville

ratories AnpREW F. Freeman, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: RicHArD P. Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, National Bureau of Standards

The Walker Interglacial Swamp.

Washington, D. C.

Arthur S. Knox

U. S. Geological Survey

In 1921, while excavating for the

foundation of the Walker Hotel, now the

Mayflower Hotel, on Connecticut Avenue

and DeSales Street, N.W. in downtown

Washington, workmen encountered hun-

dreds of stumps of bald cypress (Taxo-

dium distichum) in organic silt about 20

feet below street level. Some of the tree

trunks had a diameter of eight feet or

more, and most of them had _ attached

roots and knees, thus indicating that the

trees were in the place of original growth.

Since bald cypress has not been native

to the District of Columbia in historic

time, the find created considerable scien-

tific and local interest. Several papers

about the cypress swamp deposit were

published in this journal in 1924 (1).

C. K. Wentworth of the U. S. Geological

Survey described the geology of the site;

Albert Mann of the National Museum

identified the abundant diatom flora,

which included some rare species; Lau-

rence LaForge of the Geological Survey

and O. P. Hay of the Carnegie Institution

of Washington discussed the probable age

of the deposit; and E. W. Berry of Johns

Hopkins University identified the macro-

scopic plant remains. This latter study is

expecially noteworthy, because it was the

first detailed study of Pleistocene fruit

and seeds in this country.

* Publication authorized by the Director, U.S.

Geological Survey.

JANUARY, 1966

The geological and botanical evidence

indicated that the swamp had_ bordered

a slowly moving stream with thickets

and scattered ponds along its course, at

a time when the climate of Washington

was probably somewhat warmer, and sea

level somewhat higher than the present.

Question of Age

However, there was a_ difference of

opinion in regard to the age of the de-

posit. Some of the older inhabitants of

the District noted that the swamp was

located along the former course of Slash

Run, a tributary of Rock Creek: there-

fore, they believed that the swamp was of

recent origin. Nevertheless, the geological

and botanical evidence indicated a greater

age.

Wentworth regarded the swamp as in-

terglacial. He pointed out that the swamp

deposit was below the level of the 90-foot

Wicomico terrace and near the bottom of

the Wicomico Formation, both of which

are considered to be middle Pleistocene

in age. Therefore, he believed that the

swamp was about 100,000 years old and

possibly older. Hay, who had studied the

vertebrate fossils in similar Pleistocene

terrace deposits of the Atlantic Coastal

Plain, thought this deposit was much

older, probably Aftonian or the first in-

terglacial (500,000 years or more).

Berry, on the basis of the plant fossils.

disagreed with both the others. He found

iaauis

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Sele Te

of the Walker Interglacial Cypress

1. Location

Table 1. Pollen and spores from the Walker Swamp deposit, Operating Engineers

building, 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Percentages based upon the total num-

ber of forms identifted.

Percent

Bryophytes 1.0

Filicineae 1.0

Lycopodiaceae ‘Tr

Pinus (pine) 10.2

Abies (fir) re

Tsuga (hemlock) 1.0

Taxodium (cypress) 10.2

Typha Ne

Sparganium Tr

Potamogeton 8

Gramineae 2222.

Cyperaceae 3

Myrica A

Juglans (walnut) i;

Carya (hickory) 8.9

Corylus 2.0

Ostrya Adie

Carpinus aa;

Betula (birch) Tr

Alnus 3

= Tr=less than 2%.

no evidence to suggest an age of tens or

hundreds of thousands of years. He be-

lieved, however, that the swamp was not

recent, but was probably late Pleistocene.

New evidence for the age of the

Walker Swamp was disclosed in 1955,

when layers of cypress stumps were

again encountered in an excavation for

the foundation of the Operating Engi-

neers building on 17th Street, opposite

the Mayflower Hotel. A sample of the

wood (W-302) was analyzed in the radio-

carbon laboratory of the U. S. Geological

Survey and the age was determined to

be 38,000 + years (2), proving definitely

that the cypress swamp was Pleistocene

or older.

Evidence from Fossil Pollen

At that time (1955) I obtained sam-

ples of the silt in which the stumps were

buried, for palynological study. In addi-

tion to fresh water diatoms, I found that

pollen, spores, sponge spicules, and other

microfossils were very abundant. The

pollen-spore frequency was estimated to

be about 30,000 grains in one gram of

JANUARY, 1966

Percent

Fagus (beech) 3.0

Castanea (chestnut) LS

Quercus (oak) 28.7

Ulmus (elm) Tr

Chenopodium ‘Er

Nympheaceae 8

Liriodendron (tulip tree) Tr

Ranunculus Tr

Liquidambar (sweet gum) tists

Platanus (sycamore) 1.0

Rosaceae AN

Tlex 8

Acer (maple) 2

Vitis 2.0

Tilia (linden) es

Nyssa (sour gum) A

Ericaceae ir

Fraxinus (ash) Tr

Viburnum Tr

Compositae Tr

the organic silt. Over a thousand pollen

grains and spores were identified and the

results tabulated, as shown in Table 1.

It is notable that the majority of the

pollen grains are from trees, with at least

18 species represented. On the other

hand, spores and pollen from herbaceous

plants other than grass (Gramineae) are

comparatively rare. This distribution is

quite different from the plant remains in

the swamp as reported by Berry. Although

he mentions several shrub species, typical

tree species other than cypress and cherry

are lacking. Grass remains were not ob-

served at the original site, but sedges

(Cyperaceae) were among the most abun-

dant fossils found. However, pollen grains

of sedges are relatively rare in the sam-

ples from the foundation of the Operat-

ing Engineers building. Furthermore, pol-

len grains of other herbaceous plants

which were common in the earlier excava-

tion, are either rare or entirely absent. Of

the 40 spore and pollen types listed, 32

are from plants not found in the Walker

Swamp.

This discrepancy is not surprising since

wind transport undoubtedly brought a

large majority of the grains from a dis-

tance to the place of entombment. The

absence of pollen of most of the herbace-

ous plants found in the Walker Swamp

can be explained by the small number of

pollen grains produced by the plants,

their easy destructibility, and a lack of

dissemination.

Thus the macroscopic remains and the

pollen and spores in the deposits supple-

ment each other. The seed, fruit, and

other plant fossils recorded by Berry re-

veal the general character of the local

swamp flora, while the pollen and spores,

in the main, indicate the composition of the

more distant vegetation, especially the

forest cover in and around Washington at

the time.

It is significant in this regard to note

that the Pleistocene plants identified by

Berry (3) from the excavations of the

U. S. Government Printing Office and the

Bellevue Hotel, both near Union Station

nearly two miles east of the 17th Street

sites, include several tree species and

other plants represented in the Walker

Swamp only by pollen. All of these plant

remains are probably of the same geo-

logic age; the difference in the megaflora

of the two localities undoubtedly is

largely a matter of environmental con-

ditions.

Confirming Berry’s paleobotanical stud-

ies, | found nothing to indicate an age

greater than Pleistocene. The carbon-14

dates (4) and the evidence of the plants

suggested an interglacial age for the de-

posit, and this has been supported by my

recent palynological and geological stud-

ies of numerous excavations in down-

town Washington (5).

Extent of the Walker Swamp

Since 1955, stumps of cypress and other

trees have been uncovered in organic silt

in many excavations between 16th Street

N.W. and Washington Circle, three-

fourths of a mile to the west. These re-

mains occur at about the same horizon—

that is, from 25 to 40 feet above sea

level. Pollen and spore analyses from the .

various sites show that the organic de-

posits are all about the same age. There-

fore, it has been possible for the first

time to map with some degree of accuracy

the shape and extent of this prehistoric

swamp (Figure 1).

Geological studies have revealed that

the western and deepest portion of the

swamp, in the vicinity of Washington

Circle, lies in a valley deeply cut in

metamorphic rock of probable early

Paleozoic age, while the eastern part lies

on Early Cretaceous sediments. The ex-

treme northeast corner of the swamp is

now the site of the new National Geo-

graphic Society building (6).

National Geographic Society Section

In 1961 during the excavation for this

new building on 17th Street, just north-

east of the Mayflower Hotel and adjoin-

ing the Operating Engineers building,

stumps of cypress were encountered in a

10-foot layer of organic silt about 20 feet

below street level. The stratigraphy of the

site was similar to that of the Walker

Hotel. At the base of the excavation was

deeply weathered schist above which was

a thin layer of sediments consisting of

sand, gravel, and some clayey silt, pre-

sumably of Cretaceous age. Resting un-

conformably on these beds was an organic

silt layer as much as 10 feet thick with

a large number of upright stumps, some

as much as six feet in diameter. This bed

thinned out in the excavation and disap-

peared in the silt, sand, and gravel to the

north and east. Above the organic layer

were about 10 feet of clay and silt with

sand, gravel, and fill at the top.

The lower beds of silt, sand, and gravel,

which contain no fossils, were considered

by Wentworth to be Lower Cretaceous

on the basis of topographic position and

lithology. My observations at the Na-

tional Geographic Society location indi-

cate that these lower sediments are a con-

4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

-tinuation of similar beds found in exca-

vations for the Holiday Inn and _ the

Gramercy Inn on Rhode Island Avenue, a

short distance to the north, and in excava-

tions for the American Chemical Society

and National Education Association build-

ings on 16th Street to the east.

Fossil coniferous wood of Cretaceous

age was found at all these locations. At

the 16th Street sites the lignitic deposits

contained an abundant Lower Cretaceous

pollen-spore flora (7). These, the first

undoubted Cretaceous fossils reported

from downtown Washington, corroborate

the belief of Wentworth that the sediments

below the Walker Swamp in this area are

of Early Cretaceous age.

Several excellent sections through the

Cretaceous and overlying beds were ex-

posed in the southwest wall of the Na-

tional Geographic Society excavation, and

from these I cut two series of samples for

detailed palynological study. Pleistocene

pollen and spores were very abundant in

the organic layer, but less so in the upper

clays and silts. Except for the gravel,

most of the Pleistocene sediments con-

tained enough of these grains for detailed

palynological studies.

As in similar deposits of more recent

age, the number of pollen grains and

spores in the Walker Swamp and associ-

ated deposits is tremendous. I estimate

that at the National Geographic Society

site alone, there were approximately 13

trillion fossil pollen grains and spores in

the sediments removed for the foundation

of this building.

Pollen Analysis of the

National Geographic Site

The detailed pollen study reveals that

the herb and shrub pollen flora differs

somewhat in character from that in the

Operating Engineers’ site just to the south.

Especially noticeable was the abun-

dance of fern spores (Filicineae) with

several species represented. In addition to

these there were numerous sporangia of

ferns, many of them still containing

JANUARY, 1966

spores, which indicate that these plants

were growing at or near the place of en-

tombment. No fern remains were observed

in the Walker Hotel excavation.

The pollen grains of alder (Alnus)

were relatively abundant. In the samples

from the Operating Engineers’ site these

grains were less than one percent of the

total number of pollen grains. Their

abundance and localized occurrence in

the National Geographic Society excava-

tion show that these shrubs also were

growing nearby. Although remains of

alder were not encountered by Berry in

the Walker Hotel deposits, he observed

that the scales of Alnus rugosa were com-

mon in the Union Station localities (3).

Although diatoms are abundant through-

out most of the Walker Swamp, they are

almost completely lacking in the sediments

at the National Geographic Society site.

The plant microfossils thus reflect the

marginal character of the deposit at the

National Geographic Society location. Here

the swamp appears to have been covered,

at least in part, by a thick undergrowth

of shrubs and ferns. The ground probably

was periodically dry, differing from the

localities a short distance south, where the

ground appears to have been more open,

and wet most if not all the time. The

change in the character of the pollen of

herbaceous plants and shrubs in the silts

and clay above the swamp horizon re-

flects a rapid change to open, wetter, and

more turbid conditions.

Climatic Changes Recorded

The fluctuations of the tree pollen

types in the Walker Swamp and associ-

ated deposits record several cyclic changes

of climate in the Washington area during

the time these sediments were being laid

down.

Locally, at the bottom of the swamp is

a coniferous zone where spruce pollen is

very abundant. This is shown in some de-

gree in the National Geographic Society

excavation, but at other localities where

the Pleistocene sediments are deeper the

5

spruce zone is much better developed.

Near Washington Circle, for example,

where this zone occurs in sediments about

15 feet above sea level and about 10 feet

below the swamp level, 75 percent of the

total tree pollen is from spruce and fir.

On the other hand, the percentage of pol-

len grains from broad-leaved deciduous

trees, which attains a maximum of 87 per-

cent in the swamp horizon, is in this

lower zone less than one percent. The rest

of the tree pollen in this lower zone is

mostly from several species of pine in-

cluding forms similar to those of the

northern scrub pine (Pinus banksiana),

and a few from larch (Larix laricina).

This lack of deciduous tree pollen grains

is surprising, for it is much more pro-

nounced than in most late glacial sedi-

ments deposited near the Wisconsin ice

front in New England (8).

At present the boreal coniferous forest

along the north Atlantic Coast extends

from central Maine to southern Labrador

with spruce and fir increasing and decid-

uous tree species decreasing in number

northward. The average temperature of

this region is 10° to 20° F. cooler than

that of the District of Columbia. The

abundance of pollen grains of spruce and

fir, the lack of deciduous tree types, and

the absence of hemlock pollen in sedi-

ments below the Walker Swamp indicate

that the climate of the Washington area

during this time was subarctic and similar

to that of Newfoundland or southern

Labrador today, and that the average tem-

peratures were 15° to 20° colder than

now.

Following this period of cold, there was

a gradual amelioration of climate, as

shown in the pollen diagram by an in-

crease in the number and. variety of

broad-leaved deciduous tree pollen grains

and the decrease in numbers of those of

northern conifers. The deciduous forest

during this period consisted largely of

oak, hickory, and beech, and was much

like the forests which existed in the

Capital area in recent time.

The maximum development of this for-

est appears to have occurred during a

time when spruce and fir pollen entirely

disappear, while the pollen grains of de-

ciduous trees reach their maximum in

abundance and variety. This zone is

equivalent in character to the climatic op-

timum or hypsithermal period, recognized —

in postglacial deposits in northeastern

North America, when temperatures were

somewhat warmer than the present.

Following this deciduous tree maxi-

mum, there are indications from the pollen

profile that the climate became colder.

Thus there is a definite increase in pine

followed by an increase in spruce and a

decrease in the number and variety of

deciduous heat-loving trees.

At the top of the National Geographic

‘Society section, the abundance of pollen

from coniferous trees indicates a gradual

return of the boreal forests and a climate

much colder than the present. Above this

horizon at other places in downtown

Washington, the pollen grains of spruce

and fir increase to 64 percent, while those

of the broad-leaved deciduous trees de-

cline to less than one percent of the total

tree pollen. The rest of the grains, as in

the lower spruce zone, are mostly from

pine. This upper spruce zone occurs in

the ancient marsh deposits recently un-

coverd in several excavations near La-

fayette Park. The White House is, in all

probability, built on sediments of this age.

No macroscopic fossils other than

plants and insects have been recorded

from the Walker Swamp, although the

bones of elephant, wild hog, reindeer,

wild horse, and giant beaver have been

found in other Pleistocene deposits in the

District. However, locally, especially near

the bottom of the swamp, an earthy layer

of brilliant blue vivianite as much as six

inches thick is occasionally found. This

mineral is a hydrous ferrous phosphate,

and its abundance and localized occur-

rence may possibly be the result of de-

composition of bones of animals caught

and entombed in the organic silts.

6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

History and Age of the Walker Swamp

From the geological and botanical data

obtained from these recent studies of the

Walker Swamp and associated deposits,

we can now outline the history of the

swamp and some of the important geo-

graphic changes which occurred in the

Washington area during this portion of

the Pleistocene Epoch.

The evidence shows that the swamp had

its origin in a valley of one of the tribu-

tary streams of the ancestral Potomac

River. This stream had cut deeply into

older Pleistocene terrace deposits, Lower

Cretaceous sediments, and bedrock at a

time when sea level was at least 20 feet

below its present stand. Cliffs in places

as much as 20 feet high bordered the

stream. The climate at that time was much

colder than now and the area was covered

by dense forests of spruce, fir, and pine.

It was undoubtedly during this time that

the continental glaciers were advancing

and overrunning large areas of New

England, a few hundred miles to the north.

This period of glaciation was _ termi-

nated by a warming trend that caused

the melting and retreat of the continental

glaciers, which in turn caused a rapid

rise in sea level. As a result of this

change in sea level the lower course of

the Potomac and the lower valleys of its

tributaries were drowned and gradually

filled with alluvium deposited by the ag-

erading streams.

The change in climate also resulted in

a gradual change in the forest cover of

the Capital area. The spruce-fir forests

gave way to pine and these in turn were

replaced by the broad-leaved deciduous

forests that had retreated southward dur-

ing the glacial advance.

It was during this period that the

Walker Swamp came into existence. The

rise in sea level had become relatively

slow and alluvium filled most of the

lower tributary valleys of the tidewater

Potomac, giving rise to conditions favor-

able for the development of cypress

JANUARY, 1966

swamps. These swamps, including the

Walker Swamp, appear to have been in

existence for several thousand years, dur-

ing which time the climate of the area was

probably somewhat warmer than the pres-

ent. Eventually, with a rapid rise in sea

level accompanied by a gradual lowering

of temperature, the cypress were killed

and buried by sediments deposited by the

rising waters of the Potomac River and

its tributaries.

Relative sea level eventually reached a

height at least 60 feet above its present

stand, and as a result the Potomac River

estuary flooded a large part of what is

now downtown Washington, including the

site of the Walker Swamp and the future

site of the White House, and buried the

area under silt, sand, and gravel to a

depth of 20 feet or more.

As the temperature continued to fall, a

gradual change in the forest flora of the

Washington area took place. The decidu-

ous trees were gradually killed off and

replaced first by pine and then by the

encroaching northern evergreen forests of

spruce and fir. During this time conti-

nental glaciers increased in size and read-

vanced, causing a lowering of sea level.

As a result, the Potomac River began to

entrench itself at successively lower levels,

thus producing the lower steplike terraces

along the Potomac that have been impor-

tant in the planning and development of

the Capital City in modern time.

The postglacial change to deciduous

forests, the present rise in sea level, and

the gradual silting of the lower Potomac

River and its tributaries indicate that the

cycle of climatic and geological events

outlined above for the Walker Swamp is

being repeated. There is no evidence as

yet to suggest whether or not the cycle

will reach its previous culmination with

higher sea levels, a colder climate, and a

resulting change in the natural flora and

fauna of the region.

My palynological studies of the Pleis-

tocene forest beds and related marine sed-

iments in the Chesapeake Bay area in

~

Maryland (9) have led me to believe that

the Walker Swamp: belongs to the last or

Sangamon interglacial and» that it is

therefore about 100,000 years old. If this

age is correct, then the lower spruce zone

below the Walker Swamp occurred during

the [llinoian or third glaciation, while the

upper spruce zone represents the Wiscon-

sin or the last glaciation.

Bibliography

(1) Wentworth, C. K., Berry, E. W., Mann, A.,

and LaForge, L. The fossil swamp deposit at the

Walker Hotel site, Connecticut Avenue and De-

Sales Street, Washington, D.C. J. Washington

Acad. Sci. 14, No. 6, 1-42 (1924). Hay, O. P.

On the geologic age of the Walker Hotel swamp

deposit in Washington, D.C., and on the origin

and ages of the Coastal Plain terraces in general.

Ibid. 14, No. 12, 255-264 (1924).

(2) Rubin, M., and Alexander, C. U.S. Geol.

Survey radiocarbon dates IV. Science 127, No.

3313, 1484 (1958).

(3) Berry, E. W. New occurrence of Pleisto-

cene plants in the District of Columbia. J. Wash-

ington Acad. Sci. 23, No. 1, 1-25 (1933).

(4) Rubin, M. Dating on the banks of the

Potomac. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 54, 356-357

(1964).

(5) Knox, A. S. Pollen from the Pleistocene

terraces, Washington, D.C. Pollen et Spores 4,

No. 2, 357-358 (1962). |

(6) Grosvenor, M. B. Your Society takes giant

new steps. Nat. Geographic 120, No. 8, 882

(1961).

(7) Knox, A. S. Letter to Editor.

No. 8, 30 (1960).

(8) Ogden III, J. G. The Squibnocket Cliff

peat, radiocarbon dates, and pollen stratigraphy.

Am. Jour. Sci. 261, 344 (1963).

(9) Knox, A. S. Nachweis von Pleistozanen

meeresspiegel-schwankungen in ost-Maryland und

im District of Columbia. Int. Assoc. for Quater-

nary Research, VII International Congress, As-

stracts, 270 (1965).

Geotimes 4,

T-THOUGHTS

The Penalty of Leadership

The Cadillac Motor Company formu-

lated the following statement on the sub-

ject:

“In every field of human endeavor, he

that is first must perpetually live in the

white light of publicity. Whether the lead-

ership be vested in a man or in a manu-

factured product, emulation and envy are

ever at work.

“In art, in literature, in music, in in-

dustry, the reward and the punishment are

always the same. The reward is widespread

recognition; the punishment, fierce denial

and detraction. When a man’s work be-

comes a standard for the whole world, it

also becomes a target for the shafts of

the envious few. If his work be merely

mediocre, he will be left severely alone—

if he achieves a masterpiece, it will set a

million tongues a-wagging. Jealousy does

not protrude its forked tongue at the ar-

tist who produces a commonplace paint-

ing. Whatsoever you write, or paint, or

play, or sing, or build, no one will strive

to surpass or to slander you, unless your

work be stamped with the seal of genius.

'Long, long after a great or a good work

has been done, those who are disap-

pointed or envious continue to cry out

that it cannot be done. Spiteful little

voices in the domain of art were raised

against our own Whistler as a mounte-

bank, long after the world had acclaimed

him its greatest artistic genius. Multi-

tudes flocked to Bayreuth to worship at

the musical shrine of Wagner, while the

little group of those whom he had de-

throned and displaced argued angrily that

he was no musician at all. The little

world continued to protest that Fulton

could never build a steamboat, while the

big world flocked to the river banks to

see his boat steam by.

“The leader is assailed because he is a

leader, and the effort to equal him is

merely added proof of that leadership.

Failing to equal or to excel, the follower

seeks to depreciate and to destroy—but

only confirms once more the superiority

of that which be strives to supplant.

There is nothing new in this. It is as old

as the world and as old as human pas-

sion—envy, fear, greed, ambition, and the

desire to surpass. And it all avails noth-

ing.

“Tf the leader truly leads, he remains

—the leader. Master-poet, master-painter,

8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

master-workman, each in his turn is as-

sailed, and each holds his laurels through

the ages. That which is good or great

makes itself known, no matter how loud

the clamor of denial. That which deserves

to live—lives.”

Salesmanship

In listening to R&E solicitations, it is

frequently difficult to stick to the pur-

pose at hand and the facts of the case.

This requires a clear distinction between

the poor salesman with nothing worth-

while, the poor salesman with something

worthwhile, the good salesman with noth-

ing worthwhile, and the good salesman

with something worthwhile.

The unwary can be trapped readily by

a convicing argument from a _ polished

salesman with an actually inferior pro-

posal. Conversely, he may miss a gem

from the poor salesman.

In this respect, you may be interested

in the following excerpt from a letter by

Lord Chesterfield (1694-1773) to his

son:

“JT acquainted you in a former letter,

that I had brought a bill into the House

of Lords for correcting and reforming

our present calendar, which is the Julian;

and for adopting the Gregorian. .. . I

consulted the best lawyers and the most

skillful astronomers and we cooked up a

bill for the purpose. But then my diffi-

culty began: I was to bring in this bill,

which was necessarily composed of law

jargon and astronomical calculations, to

both which I am an utter stranger. How-

ever, it was absolutely necessary to make

the House of Lords think that I knew

something of the matter and also to make

JANUARY, 1966

them believe that they knew something of

it themselves, which they do not. For my

own part, I could just as soon have

talked Celtic or Sclavonian to them as as-

tronomy, and they would have understood

me full as well: so I resolved to do better

than speak to the purpose and to please

instead of informing them, I gave them,

therefore, only an historical account of

calendars, from the Egyptian down to the

Gregorian, amusing them now and then

with little episodes. But I was particularly

attentive to the choice of my words, to

the harmony and roundness of my pe-

riods, to my elocution, to my action. This

succeeded, and many of them said that

I had made the whole very clear to them;

when God knows, I had not even at-

tempted it.”

Playing It Safe

There is an understandable character-

istic, displayed by some of the more

thoroughgoing staff assistants, who want

to make sure that every conceivable ques-

tion is answered before flashing the green

light to a proposal.

But it does bring to mind what the

famous mathematician Jacobi said to the

student who hesitated to decide on the

specific subject of his research until he

had mastered everything written on the

general topic.* So advised Jacobi: “Your

father would never have married and you

would not be with me now, if he had

insisted on knowing all the girls in the

world before marrying one.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

* E. T. Bell, “Men of Mathematics,” Vol. II,

p63, 1953.

Academy Proceedings

January Meeting

493rd Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

SPEAKER: FRANK T. McCLURE

Chairman of Research Center, Applied Physics

Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

SUBJECT: LAWS—SCIENTIFIC, MORAL, AND PO-

LITICAL

DATE: THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1966

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Schedule of Events

This is the Academy’s annual dinner meeting. Cocktails at 6:00 p.m., dinner at

6:30. The address of the evening, at 8 o’clock, will be preceded by presentation of

the Academy’s annual awards for 1965.

Reservations for the dinner (price $5.00) may be made by calling John H. Menkart

(TU 2-4043) before January 18.

Abstract of Address—Laws are statements of the rules presumed to govern behavior.

They come in three types, describing either what is, or what should be, or what

must be. Corresponding to these three types are three explanations for failure of ob-

served behavior to conform, namely, the law is false, the behavior is wrong, the en-

forcement is inadequate. In the scientific method, the test of correspondence with ob-

servations and consistency with other pertinent laws provides the authoritative basis

for requiring modification. In other areas, the unavailability of similar objective

methods tends to allow the continued accretion of a confusing array of edicts of

questionable value and applicability.

The Speaker—Frank T. McClure was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He received the

B.Sc. degree (honors) in organic chemistry from the University of Alberta and the

Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from the University of Wisconsin. His scientific

contributions have been made in a variety of fields, from rocket science to biophysics.

He was awarded the Hillebrand Prize of the Chemical Society of Washington in 1960

for his theoretical work on combustion instability in solid-fueled rocket motors. In

1961 he won the first National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contributions

Award for his conception of a system of navigating ships at sea by the doppler signals

from an earth satellite. In 1965 he won the John Scott Award. He is an overseas fel-

low of Churchill College, Cambridge, and recently spent several months there. Among

his hobbies is “mushroom hunting”—the collection and identification of fungi.

10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to

fellowship in the Academy at the Board

of Managers meeting on December 16:

JOSEPHINE M. BLANDFORD, tech-

nologist, Materials Evaluation Laboratory,

National Bureau of Standards, “in rec-

ognition of her contributions to textile

technology, especially in the national and

international development and _ standardi-

zation of methods for measuring the prop-

erties of textiles, and in the education of

textile specialists.” (Sponsors: R. B.

Hobbs, P. J. Franklin, T. W. Lashof.)

JOAN ROBINSON CLARK, physicist,

U.S. Geological Survey, “in recognition of

her contributions to structural mineralogy,

in particular her research on the structure

of the borate minerals.” (Sponsors: C. E.

Weir, Stanley Block, E. M. Levin.)

ARCHIE J. McALISTER, postdoctoral

research associate, National Bureau of

Standards, “in recognition of his contri-

bution to the optical properties of mate-

rials and in particular his research on the

Fermi surface in an alloy system.” (Spon-

sors: L. H. Bennett, R. W. Mebs, J. R.

Cuthill. )

EUGENE G. McKIBBEN, director, Agri-

cultural Engineering Division, Agricultural

Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, “in recognition of his leader-

ship in agricultural engineering and _ in-

particular for his research in the kine-

matics and dynamics of the wheel-type

farm tractor.” (Sponsors: H. A. Borth-

wick, K. H. Norris, R. C. Dawson.)

HYMAN ORLIN, assistant chief, Grav-

ity and Astronomy Branch, U.S. Coast and

Geodetic Survey, “in recognition of his

contribution to geodesy and in particular

his research in the gravitational field of

the earth with special emphasis on sea

gravity measurements and studies of the

earth’s external gravity field.” (Sponsors:

C. A. Whitten, L. G. Simmons, J. B.

Small. )

HELLMUT SCHMID, scientific advisor

to director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Sur-

JANUARY, 1966

vey, “in recognition of his contributions

to geodesy and photogrammetry and _ in

particular his research and development

efforts toward the utilization of artificial

satellites for establishing a world-wide,

earth-centered, network of control points.”

(Sponsors: C. A. Whitten, L. G. Simmons,

J. B. Small.)

REX J. SNODGRASS, physicist, Harry

Diamond Laboratories, “in recognition of

his contributions to alloy physics and in

particular his researches on the nuclear

magnetic resonance of lead alloys.”

(Sponsors: L. H. Bennett, R. W. Mebs,

M. W. Oliphant.)

ACADEMY ANNOUNCES

AWARD WINNERS

Recipients of the 1965 Awards for

Scientific Achievement, sponsored annually

by the Academy, have been announced.

They are as follows:

Biological Sciences: Gordon M. Tom-

kins, National Institutes of Health, “for

the discovery of a mechanism whereby

hormones affect enzymes.”

Engineering Sciences: Ronald E. Wal-

ker, Johns Hopkins University Applied

Physics Laboratory, “for major improve-

ments in rocket design, analysis, and _ per-

formance.”

Physical Sciences: A multiple award

will be made, to Albert I. Schindler of

the Naval Research Laboratory, “for

outstanding studies of the electronic and

magnetic properties of metals,” and

jointly to Robert P. Madden and Keith

Codling of the National Bureau _ of

Standards, “for obtaining important new

information on the continuum states of

atoms.”

Mathematics: Joan R. Rosenblatt, Na-

tional Bureau of Standards, “for contri-

butions to systems reliability theory and

other areas of statistics.”

Teaching of Science: A joint award

will be made, to Stephen H. Schot, De-

partment of Mathematics, American Uni-

versity, “for resplendent, rigorous, and

11

evocative teaching of mathematics,” and

to Irving Lindsey, George Washington

High School of Alexandria, Virginia, “for

his inspiring teaching and his profound

and lasting influence on students.”

The selections were made by the

Academy’s Committee on Awards for

Scientific Achievement and were approved

by the Board of Managers on December

16. The awards will be presented at the

dinner meeting of the Academy to be

held on January 20.

JOINT BOARD ON

SCIENCE EDUCATION

For the sixth successive year, the

Board has sponsored the Summer Science

Research Participation Program which en-

ables secondary school students of excep-

tional ability to have the experience of

working in Government scientific labora-

tories during the summer. The students

are reimbursed for cost of transportation

and lunch. Leo Schubert, originator of the

program and its director, has reported

that the 6th session was highly successful.

Mrs. Margaret H. Maury who was again

responsible for day-to-day supervision,

visited the laboratories at regular inter-

vals and assisted the students, supervisors,

and administrators.

More than 100 scientists and engineers

served as preceptors for 100 students who

worked on chemical, physical, mathe-

matical, biological, medical, and engineer-

ing research problems at 10 Government

and private facilities. Principal financial

support for the program was provided by

a grant from the National Science Foun-

dation. Eleven students were sponsored

by the National Space Club. Additional

funds were contributed by the Academy,

the Junior Academy, and the Chemical

Society of Washington. The students re-

ceived amounts ranging from $13.50 to

$77.76 for the summer. Other costs they

paid themselves.

Designed to identify high-ability high

school students, to further their under-

standing of the nature of scientific re-

search, and to encourage their adoption

of scientific and engineering careers, the

program has been an outstanding success,

in the opinion of both preceptors and

the students themselves. Students were not

mere spectators nor apprentice techni-

cians; they were actively involved in re-

search problems. They were included in

planning sessions, encouraged to ask ques-

tions, given training in necessary skills

and techniques, invited to study back-

ground issues, and made responsible for

parts of the work within their compe-

tence. Students felt that they were team

members and took pride in their respons-

ibilities.

The 814 week program took advantage

of the unique research opportunities of

the many university laboratories, private

organizations, and Federal Government

installations in the Washington area. Most

of the students had just completed the

llth grade, although a few others were

also accepted. Two days were devoted to

orientation lectures at the American Uni-

versity, and on the last day the students

participated in student-conducted semi-

nars. The remainder of the time the stu-

dents worked as junior research partici-

pants for 8 hours a day, 5 days a week,

in the laboratories to which they were

assigned.

Plans are underway to reschedule the

program next summer. Applications may

be obtained from Dr. Schubert at Amer-

ican University.

—Leonard T. Crook

i JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column

may be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, De-

partment of Microbiology, George Wash-

ington University School of Medicine,

1339 H St., N. W., Washington, D.C.

20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the date of issue of the

Journal.

January 10—American Society for

Metals

H. Ll. D. Pugh, visiting lecturer, Case

Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio,

“Application of Hydrostatic Pressure to

the Forming of Materials.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N. W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:45 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

January 10—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Charles H. Carabell, director, Research

Department, Ferris and Company, “An

Investment Analyst Looks at Company

Management.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

January 11—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Lecture No. 1 of the 1966 Tuesday

Evening Lecture Series on Microwaves

in Space. Lester C. Van Atta, Electron-

ics Research Center, NASA, “Preparation

for Communication and Research in Deep

Space.”

East Building, National Bureau of

Standards, Conn. Ave. & Van Ness St.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

Note: There is a registration fee for

the lecture series. For further information

write to H. Warren Cooper, MS-129,

Westinghouse Aerospace, P.O. Box 746,

Baltimore, Md., 21203.

January 12—Geological Society of

Washington

James P. Minard, U.S. Geological Sur-

JANUARY, 1966

vey, “The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary

Problem in the Northern Atlantic Coast-

al Plain.”

Norman F. Sohl, U.S. Geological Sur-

vey, “The Importance of Being Well-

Preserved, or New Jersey Cretaceous Mol-

luscus.”

Donald Langmuir, U.S. Geological Sur-

vey, “Geochemistry as a Key to the Ori-

gin and Potential of an Aquifer System.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

January 13—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

Sponsoring Division—Fluids Engineer-

ing. Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 13—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main speaker: C. M. Williams, Harvard

University, “The Juvenile Hormone of

Insects—in Retrospect and in Prospect.”

Carnegie Institution of Washington,

1530 P St., N. W., 8:30 p.m.

Topical groups:

L. S. Birks, Naval Research Labora-

tory, “Electron Probe Microanalysis.”

E. Bolton, Carnegie Institution of Wash-

ington, “Nucleic Acid Interactions and the

Evolution of Polynucleotides.”

L. Craig, The Rockefeller

‘Membrane Dialysis.”

Carnegie Institution, 5:30 p.m. Social

hour, Carnegie Institution, 6:30 p.m.

Dinner, NEA Cafeteria, 16th and M Sts.,

N. W., 7:30 p.m.

January 13—University of Maryland,

Institute for Fluid Dynamics and

Applied Mathematics

H. Landsberg, director, Environmental

Data Service, Environmental Science Serv-

ices Administration, “Artificial Microme-

teorological Modifications; Changes of

Institute,

13

Surface Conductivity, Albedo, Exposure;

Shelter Belts and Wind Breaks; Frost

Protection; Crypto Climates.”

Room Y-315, Mathematics Bldg., Uni-

versity of Maryland, 3:00 p.m.

January 17—Acoustical Society of

America

Robert A. Frosch, deputy director, ad-

vanced Research Projects Agency. Topic

to be announced.

Auditorium, National Academy of

Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N. W.

8:00 p.m.

January 17—Society of American

Military Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

Y.W.C.A., 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.

January 18—Washington History of

Science Club

Morris C. Leikind, National Institutes

of Health, “Early History of Aviation

Medicine.”

Museum of History and Technology,

14th and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

2

January 18—Anthropological Society

of Washington

Gottfried Lang, Catholic University;

James Officer, Bureau of Indian Af-

fairs; Richard B. Woodbury, Smithsonian

Institution. “Anthropologists Interview

Each Other: ‘What are Your Prospects,

Points of View, and Problems in the Uni-

versities, the Government, and the Smith-

sonian ?””

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 19—American Meteorolog-

ical Society

Donald Jones, staff member of the Fed-

eral Coordinator for Meteorology, En-

vironmental Science Services Administra-

tion. Mr. Jones will speak on his respon-

sibilities while in India.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 19—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Ashley Gurney, Entomological Research

Division, Agricultural Research Division,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Exper-

iences of an Entomologist in Ethiopia.” |

Nicholas Chura, Patuxent Wildlife

Refuge, Beltsville, Md., ‘Residues of

DDT in the Bald Eagle.”

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

January 19—Society of American

Foresters

General business meeting. Speaker to

be announced.

International Room, Occidental Restau-

rant, 1411 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., noon.

Telephone 296-7820 for reservations.

January 19—Washington Society of

Engineers

Newman Hall, executive director, Com-

mission on Engineering Education, Wash-

ington, D.C. Discussion of new develop-

ments on future plans in the field of

engineering education.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

January 20—Society for Experimen-

tal Biology and Medicine

Francis B. Gordon, Department of Mi-

crobiology, Naval Medical Research Insti-

tute, moderator. Topic: “Effects of AI-

tered Gas Pressures on Living Systems.”

Capt. R. D. Workman, MC, USN, Navy

Diving Unit, Washington, D.C., “Intro-

duction: Scope and Analysis of the Prob-

lem.”

Lt. Cmdr. J. R. Hayes (MC, USN),

Capt. E. L. Beckman (MC, USN), Cdr.

E. Reeves (MSC, USN), Naval Medical

Research Institute, “Long Term Survival

of Rats Exposed to 100% Oxygen at One

Atmosphere.”

S. Hashimoto, S. Komatsu, E. H. La-

Brosse, and R. A. Cowley, University

Hospital, University of Maryland, Balti-

more, “The in vitro Effect of Hyperbaric

Oxygenation on the Activities of Mam-

malian Respiratory Chain-linked Dehy-

drogenases.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encour-

aged. Phone Dr. Gordon at 497-7002.

January 20—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See January Meeting page.

January 25—American Society for

Microbiology

Speakers to be announced.

Sternberg Auditorium, Walter Reed

Army Institute of Research, 8:00 p.m.

January 25—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Lecture No. 2 of the 1966 Tuesday

Evening Lecture Series on Microwaves in

Space. Lyle S. Stokes, Research and De-

velopment Division, Hughes Aircraft,

“Microwaves and Lasers in Space Com-

munications Systems.”

East Building, National

Standards, 8:00 p.m.

See note in notice of January I1 lec-

ture.

Bureau of

January 26—Geological Society of

Washington

Speakers to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

January 27—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

Sponsoring Division — Gas Turbine

Power. Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 3—Entomological Society

of Washington

Paul Woke, retiring president, Ento-

mological Society of Washington, “Per-

spective in Medical Entomology.”

Lee Terbush, Division of Microbiology,

Food and Drug Administration, “The

Medical Significance of Mites in Stored

Food Products.”

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

JANUARY, 1966

February 4—Entomological Society

of Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 8—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Lecture No. 3 of the 1966 Tuesday

Evening Lecture Series on Microwaves in

Space. Willard T. Patton, Radio Corpora-

tion of America, “Microwave Component

Problems in a Deep Space Communica-

tion System.”

East Building, National Bureau of Stand-

ards, 8:00 p.m.

See note in notice of January 11 lecture.

Lectures 4 and 5 (February 22 and

March 8) will be announced in the

February issue of the Journal.

February 9—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

Sponsoring Division — Applied Me-

chanics. Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 10—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main speaker: A. Szent-Gyorgyi, Insti-

tute for Muscle Research, Woods Hole,

Mass. Topic to be announced.

National Institutes of Health, Clinical

Center Auditorium, 8:30 p.m.

Topical groups:

V. P. Guinn, General Atomic, San

Diego, Calif., “Activation Analysis—New

Techniques, Capabilities, Forensic and

Biomedical Applications.” Conference

Room 4, Bldg. 31.

L. Flexner, University of Pennsylvania,

“Chemistry of Memory.” Wilson Hall.

D. W. Wooley, The Rockefeller Insti-

tute, “Structure and Effect of Drugs.”

Clinical Center Auditorium.

National Institutes of Health, 5:30

p-m. Social hour, 6:30; dinner, 7:30:

Building 31.

February 10—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Glenn A. Reiff, National Aeronautics

and Space Administration. Mr. Reiff will

—

15

speak on data transmissions and picture

reconstruction systems of the Mariner

satellite.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 14—American Society for

Metals

Burgess Memorial Lecture. Walter A.

Backofen, professor, Massachusetts Insti-

tute of Technology, “Superplasticity.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., Social hour, 6:00 p.m.; dinner

6:45 p.m.; meeting, 6:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Md.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

GEORGE W. IRVING, Jr. has been

appointed liaison representative of the

Department of Agriculture to the Divi-

sion of Chemistry and Chemical Technol-

ogy of the National Academy of Sciences-

National Research Council.

HAIG DERMEN, cytologist, retired Oc-

tober 31 after more than 28 years of

Federal Service.

AIR FORCE OFFICE OF

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

ALFRED WEISSLER for the second

time, has served the University of Allaha-

bad in India as a Ph.D. thesis examiner,

in the area of chemical ultrasonics. He

also has been asked to organize a ses-

sion on “Ultrasound in Chemistry and

Biology” for the June meeting of the

Acoustical Society of America.

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

LEO SCHUBERT delivered one of four

keynote speeches to the Directors’ meet-

ing for institutes for college teachers,

November 19-20. His topic was “Reasons

for Inclusion of the History and Philos-

ophy of Science in a Teaching Program

in Science.”

GEORGE WASHINGTON

UNIVERSITY

EDMUND S. NASSET has been ap-

pointed visiting professor of physiology

at the School of Medicine, effective Jan-

uary l.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

JOHN L. HAGUE, chief of Inorganic

Standards, Office of Standard Reference

Materials, received the Association of

Analytical Chemists’ ANACHEM Award

on October 20, in Detroit, for his distin-

guished services to the entire field of

chemical analysis. His achievements in-

clude the development of ion exchange

separations for accurate analysis of high-

temperature alloys and refractory metals,

the quantitative separation of tantalum,

niobium, and titanium, and the determina-

tion of zirconium and hafnium when pres-

ent together in an alloy. Mr. Hague was

the twelfth recipient of the award. His

lecture was entitled, “Genesis of Standard

Methods.”

NATIONAL INSTITUTES

OF HEALTH

DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS,

Laboratory of Biochemistry, National

Cancer Institute, were awarded the 1965

Gerhard Domagk Prize for Cancer Re-

search. This is the first time that the

award, named for the Nobel prize-win-

ning discoverer of sulfa drugs and former

director of medical research at the I. G.

Farben Industries, has been won by

American scientists. This year it provides

an honorarium of $5,000. Drs. Burk and

Woods were awarded the competitive

prize for a research paper, “The Rela-

tionship Between Glucose Fermentation

and Growth Rate in the Spectrum of Mor-

ris Rat Hepatomas.”

16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

UNCLASSIFIED

FRANK L. CAMPBELL, former presi-

dent of the Washington Academy of

Sciences, spent the academic year 19064-

1965 as a guest investigator in the II

Zoological Institute of Professor W. Kih-

nelt, University of Vienna. Dr. Campbell

expected to continue his research with

Professor A. F. O’Farrell at the Depart-

ment of Zoology, University of New Eng-

land, Armidale, New South Wales, Aus-

tralia, from November 1965 to April

1966.

DEATHS

HUGH L. DRYDEN, deputy administra-

tor of the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, died on December 2, 1965

at the age of 67.

Dr. Dryden was born July 7, 1898 at

Pocomoke City, Md. He attended Johns

Hopkins University, receiving the A.B.

degree in 1916, the A.M. degree in 1918

and the Ph.D. degree (physics) in 1919.

Dr. Dryden joined the National Bureau

of Standards in 1918 and spent nearly 30

years with that institution. He was at first

a laboratory assistant, inspecting muni-

tions gages. He served as chief of the

Aerodynamics Section, 1920-34; chief of

the Mechanics and Sound Division, 1934-

46; and associate director, 1946-47. Much

of his research was concerned with air-

flow turbulence and wind pressure on

structures.

During World War II, he conducted

development programs for the Armed

Forces, particularly in connection with

an automatic glide bomb.

In 1947, Dr. Dryden transferred from

NBS to the National Advisory Committee

on Aeronautics, and became its director in

1950. He was made associate director of

NASA when that agency was established

in 1958.

Dr. Dryden held honorary doctorates

in law, science, and engineering from

Hopkins and a half-dozen other academic

institutions. He was a member or fellow

JANUARY, 1966

of the National Academy, Institute of

Aeronautical Science, Society of Mechani-

cal Engineers, Royal Aeronautical Society,

Physical Society, Philosophical Society,

and Washington Academy of Sciences

(president in 1946). His distinctions in-

cluded the Medal of Freedom, the Presi-

dential Certificate of Merit, and member-

ship in the Order of the British Empire.

Two years ago, Dr. Dryden’s research

and administrative career was summarized

by a biographer as follows:

“His early research on turbulence and

its effect on aircraft helped to open the

door to supersonic flight, and the full po-

tential of his research is still to be realized.

He had charge of the development of the

first American guided missile to be used in

combat.

“His insight contributed to getting the

United States Air Force into advanced re-

search and development, and the govern-

ment’s principal aeronautical research arm

into advanced aircraft development and

space research. He helped to frame the

National Space Act, which preserved

American space efforts primarily for

peaceful uses and led to the creation of

the National Aeronautics and Space’ Ad-

ministration.

“He is credited by many with keeping

the Nation’s space efforts balanced between

manned space flight and scientific explor-

ation. And, as chief American negotiator,

Dr. Dryden reached the first agreement

for space cooperation between the United

States and Soviet Russia.”

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Alexander R. Todd, F.R.S., professor

of organic chemistry at Cambridge Uni-

versity and winner of the Nobel Prize

for his studies and syntheses of nucleo-

tides and nucleotide coenzymes, has ac-

cepted an invitation from Georgetown

University to deliver the second annual

Louis Pasteur Science Lectures in the

spring of 1966. Lord Todd, whose work

has had a profound impact on our under-

standing of the chemistry of the nucleic

Ii

acids, will speak at Georgetown in late

April or early May. The public is invited.

An Institute for Earth Sciences has

been created as one of the four Institutes

for Environmental Research of the new

Environmental Science Services Adminis-

tration. ESSA, an agency of the Depart-

ment of Commerce, was formed by merg-

ing the Weather Bureau, the Coast and

Geodetic Survey, and the Central Radio

Propagation Laboratory of the National

Bureau of Standards. The Institute for

Earth Sciences will conduct advanced and

applied research in seismology, geomag-

netism, and geodesy. It is expected to

play an important role in national pro-

grams dealing with earthquake prediction.

American University has been awarded

a grant of $60,890 for the summer of

1966 to support its 11th Summer Institute

in Recent Advances in Chemistry and

Physics for Secondary School Teachers.

Leo Schubert, chairman of the AU Chemis-

try Department, directs the Institute.

The University has also been awarded

a one-year contract for $35,088 by the

Army Engineer Research and Develop-

ment Laboratories, Fort Belvoir. R. T.

Foley, Chemistry Department, will direct

research on potential high energy couples

for electrically rechargeable electrochemi-

cal energy storage systems suitable for

vehicle propulsion. Dr. Foley will be

assisted by Cal Herrmann, assistant pro-

fessor of research.

The National Bureau of Standards has

received funds for a research study asso-

ciated with the NSF Chemical Information

Program. NBS will study fragmentation

codes for preparing indexes of chemical

structures, searching techniques for spec-

ifle and generic chemical structures repre-

sented as connection tables, organization |

of files for storing specific categories of

data, and extension and mechanization of

various linear notations. The NBS re-

search group will be coordinated with the

Chemical Abstracts Service research and

development group.

Recent publicity on the silverless “sand-

wich” quarters to be used in the Nation’s

coinage focuses one’s attention on efforts

by the Geological Survey to discover new

sources of the scarce metals. News re-

leases tell us of several advances in this

campaign. For example, H. W. Lakin

and N. M. Nakagawa, of the Denver lab-

oratory, have developed a rapid chemical

“method for determining trace amounts of

gold and another for detecting silver

which are said to be rapid, sensitive, and

specific. Apparently, metals may be de-

termined in the field in quantities as low

as ten parts per billion, using standard

laboratory chemicals and applying visual

color comparison techniques. The neces-

sary equipment is light enough to be

carried in an ordinary field pack, and per-

mits upwards of 50 determinations by one

man in an ordinary working day.

Meanwhile, F. E. Senftle, A. F. Hoyte,

and P. Martinez have adapted the tech-

nique of neutron bombardment—widely

publicized as an aid in crime detection—

to the search for silver. A device has

been constructed which directs a neutron

beam. at ground or other target, making

silver atoms radioactive for a few min-

utes, during which time the intensity of

this radioactivity can be readily meas-

ured, and this intensity used as a measure

of silver content.

18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Objectives

The objectives of the Washington Academy of Sciences are (a) to stimulate interest

in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and

the development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and

through cooperative action by the afhliated societies.

Activities

The Academy pursues its objectives through such activities as (a) publication of

a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs; (b) holding of public lectures

on scientific subjects; (c) sponsorship of a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences:

(d) promotion of science education and a professional interest in science among

people of high school and college age; (e) accepting or making grants of funds to

aid special research projects; ({) sponsorship of scientific symposia and conferences:

(@) assistance in scientific expeditions; (h) cooperation with other academies and

scientific organizations; and (i) award of prizes and citations for special merit in

science.

Membership

The membership consists of two major classes—members and fellows.

Members are persons who are interested in science and are willing to support

the Academy’s objectives as described above. A letter or form initiated by the appli-

cant and requesting membership may suffice for action by the Academy’s Committee

on Membership; approval by the Committee constitutes election to membership.

Dues for members are $7.50 a year.

Fellows are persons who have performed original research or have made other

outstanding contributions to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering. Candidates

for fellowship must be nominated by at least two fellows, recommended by the Com-

mittee on Membership, and elected by the Board of Managers.

Dues are $10.00 a year for resident fellows (living within 50 miles of the White

House) and $7.50 a year for nonresident fellows.

Persons who join the Academy as members may later be considered for fellowship.

Application forms for membership may be obtained from the office of the

Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C.

JANUARY, 1966 19

wy!

oo

me

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

the Local Affiliated Societies*

Semmeeniniicd! Society Of Washington ......................eccccccecccccsecsesssschiedsnccsveesshesceees Matcoim C. HENDERSON

Summenolapical Society of Washington o.oo)... 2... ccccccssecceeescccssoseescseescsssevecneeedereeets STEPHEN T. Boccs

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Chemical MINS RETR MRE IMRT TIMED Woes 08 So yt he eae io. coun. decesctesathonte. FiLorence H. Forziati

Entomological reeset Ban NY SASTRUMREMUOTE 2. ek (ei lle Sic si ecedes ip biavesoncatacdaver. Haroitp H. SHEPARD

"National PIR I EHPDIERE Lr tere, ier ah ne ed oe ALEXANDER WETMORE

Geological eS R Ce BEGTE Se ae alles th Tee ee oe as Luna LEopotp

(@ueemcar socicty of the District of Columbia 2.0... ete THomas M. Brown

Seolumbia SIMI MEO CR eh ica to UNS eo ee al U. S. Grant, III

Peal Society of Washington oc eccccccccccccessceecsstesesescsosessuetescsssetovesseessevessesessee Peter H. HEINzE

NINETEEN AUR, PGEGSECTS 0c. ood coe ced incdecccasccnvet cue saten shaqesasecssescnapesdomeesiqeesans Harry A. Fowetts

ME reicty (ah | BNEINCCES oie. elo ges cc scs ek sescseddeeedacdessccessueneseoees Martin A. Mason

| : Institute of Electrical Simidy Wlecte@MaCs: TOME INEETS 826. esis col icsuethcecevtevscsaceacbeeskcs GrorceE ABRAHAM

| American Society of Mechanical Engineers |........0....0.00..00.)occccccecccecceecececeeseeseeeseeeeees Witttam G. ALLEN

M@ttelminthological Society of Washington .................ccccccccsccsesscssessecsssseevsessseeseesvesessecsve eases AurEL QO. Foster

Wumerican Society for Microbiology ....0.....0...00..0.cecci eects teeeeeeeese Re Sct e Francis B. Gordon

"Society emer Math VIVA ATY PIP IREETS 61.6) olk sis ssgcelesdecgsnesoccsoc concbesassseceuscesatens H. P. DemutH

| _ American SP Te cal DS eet a a THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR.

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine .......00.0.000000.0. ccc Wittiam H. SUMMERSON

American Se EEA ES TIEN SST APE URED Nee a A RE a Hucu L. Locan

@unternational Association for Dental Research ...........0.0.0.0...cccccccccccccsscsesesesseeseeesseseseeeeeteneeee Harotp J. Caur

“American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics cece Delegate not appointed

Memetcam Vietenrolorical Society i... 0... lecceccccclecsdecseeetsggesecstessccseeassene J. Murray MirtcHeELt, Jr.

} INARI ESIOICEN OF WASH PEON 1... ..08...,<1)e cocks lysacccusedesevecosccceesddessodesossusvecacsessvesiuseseuts H. IvAN RAINWATER

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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 56 JANUARY 1966 No. 1

CONTENTS

Arthur S. Knox: The Walker Interglacial Swamp, Washington, D. C. ............ ok

TaThotighats oo. oc.) ecco Bean es Eg at eee 8

Academy Proceedings

January . Meetinig ) 2003.05.24 ea i ee a 10

Elections to: Fellowship 00/00) .0s0 20 Go i rr 11

Academy Announces Award Winners: «...........0...006.00c0:c100.0s acs 11

Joint Board on Science: Education( 55. wea ee ee ee 12

Science in Washington

Calendar of Events’) (o)0..0..0.0.6 eno oa Os oe 13

Scientists in the News: (00015. 10 Gico UR rereak car OR 16

Science “and: Development: jc G54%. eae eet ee ee pene ee ay

Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage

1530—P St., N.W. Paid at

Washington, D.C., 20005 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

LIGHARY .

U S NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON 25 0D ¢ J

WAS

IMPORTANT

CONTAINS DATED MEETING NOTICE. Do Not Delay!

VOLUME 56 NUMBER 2

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

FEBRUARY 1966

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: SAmuet B. DEetwiLerR, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture Heten L. Reynoips, Food and Drug Adminis-

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration

ant Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowe ts, Department of Agriculture versity :

Russet B. STEvENs, George Washington Uni-

versity

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University JosepH B. Morris, Howard University

CuarLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacog Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey _ ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

REUBEN E. Woop, George Washington Univer- Howarp W. Bonp, Public Health Service

sity : :

Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo- Vicror R. Boswett, USDA, Beltsville

ratories AnpREW F. Freeman, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and

fellows.

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; foreign post-

age extra. Subscription orders should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St.,

N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy

of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased

direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3,-N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal), and the Academy’s monograph, “The

Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa.”

Current issues of the Journal (past two calendar years) may still be obtained directly

from the Academy office at 1530 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of

mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed

because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal

zone number, if any.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, National Bureau of Standards

;

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Eight Scientists Receive

Academy’s Annual Awards

Awards for outstanding scientific

achievement were conferred upon six re-

search scientists and two science teachers

at the Washington Academy’s 68th An-

nual Dinner Meeting on January 20 at

the Cosmos Club.

The research investigators honored were

Gordon M. Tomkins of the National Insti-

tutes of Health, in the biological sciences;

Albert I. Schindler of the Naval Research

Laboratory, and Robert P. Madden and

Keith Codling of the National Bureau of

Standards, in the physical sciences; Ron-

ald E. Walker of the Johns Hopkins Uni.

versity Applied Physics Laboratory, in the

engineering sciences; and Joan R. Rosen-

blatt of the National Bureau of Standards,

in mathematics.

The science teachers were Stephen H.

Schot of American University, and Irving

Lindsey of George Washington High

School in Alexandria.

Award winners were introduced by

G. Donald Whedon of the National Insti-

tutes of Health; Wayne Hall of the Naval

Research Laboratory; Kar] G. Kessler of

the National Bureau of Standards; R. E.

Gibson, director of the Applied Physics

Laboratory; Edward W. Cannon of the

National Bureau cf Standards; Mary E.

Stine, supervisor of mathematics for Fair-

fax County Schools; and Robert W. Gar-

ner, principal of George Washington High

School.

The Academy’s awards program was in-

itiated in 1939 to recognize young scien-

tists of the area for “noteworthy discovery,

accomplishment, or publication” in the bio-

logical, physical and engineering sciences.

An award for outstanding teaching was

added in 1955, and another for mathe-

matics in 1959. Except in teaching, where

no age limit is set, candidates for awards

FEBRUARY, 1966

must be under 40. The previous award

winners are listed at the end of this art-

icle.

Biological Sciences

Gordon M. Tomkins was cited “for the

discovery of a mechanism whereby hor-

mones affect enzymes.” The enzyme se-

lected for study was glutamic dehydroge-

nase, an enzyme of particular significance

because of its role in the synthesis and

breakdown of glutamate. These reactions,

in turn, are important for they constitute

the major pathway for the shunting of

carbon into or out of the amino acid pool.

Essentially, what Dr. Tomkins and his as-

sociates did was to demonstrate that the

glutamic dehydrogenase reaction was in-

hibited by steroids (and by other sub-

stances) and that there was a concom-

itant alteration in the physical state of

the enzyme, viz., a disaggregation. The

latter was indicated by a change in the

enzyme’s_ sedimentation characteristics.

Further, it was shown that there are a

number of sites on the enzyme molecule

whose apparent functions are to regulate

the enzyme’s activity. In addition, it was

shown that adenosine diphosphate pro-

tected the enzyme against the disaggrega-

tion and also against the associated in-

hibition. Ultimately then, it could be pro-

posed that the degree of enzyme molecule

ageregation bore a relation to enzyme

activity. These investigations have thus pro-

vided essential information concerning the

relationship between structure and func-

tion.

Dr. Tomkins was born June 4, 1926,

in Chicago, Ill. He received the A.B. de-

gree from UCLA in 1945, the M.D. de-

gree from Harvard University in 1949,

and the Ph.D. degree from the University

of California in 1953. Dr. Tomkins has

21

SMNTHSUN iA

mstitutio, FEB15 1966

Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting

A. I. SCHINDLER

G. M. TomKIns

R. E. WALKER

J. R. ROSENBLATT

been at NIH since 1953 as clinical associ-

ate (1953-1955); senior investigator

(1955-1959); chief, Section on Metabolic

Enzymes (1959-1961); and chief, Labor-

atory of Molecular Biology (1962-pres-

ent).

Physical Sciences

The Physical Sciences Award was split

between research workers from two labo-

ratories in the Washington area. One award

was made to Albert I. Schindler of the

Naval Research Laboratory, and the other

award was made to a team consisting of

Robert P. Madden and Keith Codling,

both of the National Bureau of Stand-

ards.

Dr. Schindler’s award bears the citation,

“for outstanding studies of the electronic

and magnetic properties of metals.” Dr.

Schindler originally gained an _ interna-

tional reputation through his examination

and interpretation of the Hall effect in

metals and alloys, including those in the

superconducting state. He was the first to

R. P. Mappen K. CopLinc

S. H. ScHor I. LINDSEY

show that the Hall effect in ferromagnetic

alloys consisted of two contributions. He

also predicted the possibility of a Hall ef-

fect in type II semiconductors, which ef-

fect was subsequently observed. His work

in this and related areas stands as a model

for investigations involving close inter-

play between theory and experiment. Dr.

Schindler has also carried out investiga-

tions on electronic properties and _ struc-

ture of palladium-base alloys, e.g., Pd-Ni.

In these systems, one can investigate the

effect of the onset of ferromagnetic in-

teraction upon the electronic transport

properties. This work led to the predic-

tion of new and unusual band shapes for

palladium, and thus found utility in ex-

plaining electronic properties previously

considered to be anomalous. Another set of

important scientific contributions stemmed

from his work on the effects of neutrons

and charged particles on the magnetic

properties of ferromagnetic materials. In

the case of neutron irradiation, he showed

22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

oe

that the modifications of the magnetic prop-

erties were a direct consequence of atomic

displacements and the concomitant radia-

tion-enchanced ordering produced by the

impinging neutrons. He also discovered

that the configuration of the displaced

atoms could be controlled by the appli-

cation of a magnetic field during irradia-

tion.

Dr. Schindler was born in Pittsburgh,

Pa., on June 24, 1927. He received his

scientific education at the Carnegie Insti-

tute of Technology (B.S. 1947, M.S. 1948,

D.Sc. 1950). He is presently a supervisory

research physicist at the Naval Research

Laboratory, a position he has held since

1961.

The citation for the award to Dr. Mad-

den and Dr. Codling reads, “for obtaining

important new information on continuum

states of atoms.” Dr. Madden and Dr. Cod-

ling have investigated the behavior of

rare gas atoms under the influence of pho-

tons with wavelengths of from 70A to

600A. Photons of this energy excite the

individual atoms into energy states far

above the first ionization potential, i.e.,

states in the ionization continuum. This

region had not been studied previously

because of the lack of suitable background

sources. Broadly speaking, the excitation

involves either two outer (optical) elec-

trons, or one of the innershell electrons.

These studies uncovered an unsuspected

wealth of structure in the ionization con-

tinuum of neutral atoms and certain sim-

ple molecules. Typically, it was found

that the absorption of energy produces a

quasi-stable state of the neutral atom (or

molecule), which, after existing for an

interval of the order of 10-!* sec, under-

goes the process of ‘“‘auto-ionization” and

gives a normal ion and an electron. The

unusual phenomenon here is the existence

of the quasi-stable excited state in the

continuum. The interaction of these highly

excited states with the adjacent continuum

of states imparts an unusual shape of the

absorption cross section. In some extreme

cases, the shape is such that little or no

FEBRUARY, 1966

absorption occurs at certain wavelengths.

creating “windows” in the total absorp-

tion cross section.

Robert P. Madden was born in Sche-

nectady, N.Y., on December 20, 1928. He

obtained the B.S. degree in physics in 1950

from the University of Rochester and the

Ph.D. degree in 1956 from Johns Hop-

kins University. Presently he is chief of

the Far Ultraviolet Radiation Physics Sec-

tion of NBS, a position he has held since

1961. Dr. Codling was born in Lincoln,

England, on October 19, 1937. He obtained

the B.Sc. (1958) and Ph.D. degrees

(1960) in physics at Imperial College in

London. He is a member of the Far Ul-

traviolet Radiation Physics Section of

NBS.

Engineering Sciences

Cited “for major improvements in rocket

design, analysis, and performance” was

Ronald E. Walker of the Applied Physics

Laboratory. Dr. Walker has been working

in combustion studies and in advanced roc-

ket and ramjet engine design for the 14

years he has been at APL. His early work

involved research basic to the explana-

tion of the mechanism of flame reactions:

later he worked on thrust vector control of

rockets, which helped provide a practical

basis for effective control of large vehicles

by the injection of a fluid laterally into

the exhaust. His most recent work in-

volves the augmentation of rocket thrust

by air afterburning. Firing tests have

shown gains in thrust which greatly ex-

ceed those to be expected from improve-

ments in propellant formulations alone.

Born March 16, 1929, in Avon, S.D..

Dr. Walker received the B.S. degree from

the South Dakota School of Mines and

Technology in 1950. He joined the Johns

Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab-

oratory in 1951 as a member of the As-

sociate Staff. At the same time he carried

out graduate work in physics at the Uni-

versity of Maryland, and obtained the M.S.

degree in 1955 and the Ph.D. degree in

1958. He was advanced to Senior Staff

in 1955, Principal Professional Staff in

1961, and is currently supervisor of the

Rockets Project, Hypersonic Propulsion

Group.

Mathematies

Joan R. Rosenblatt was cited “for con-

tributions to systems reliability theory and

other areas of statistics.” She has studied

building blocks for a systematic approach

to prediction of the performance or relia-

bility of complex equipment from informa-

tion on component performance. The re-

liability of a system is defined as the

probability P that its satisfactory operat-

ing life under stated conditions is not

less than a specified time T. This probabil-

ity can, in principle, be estimated direct-

ly from life tests of a large number of

systems, but in practice such tests are

usually undesirable or impractical. It is

often desirable to make at least approxi-

mate estimates of P before a complete sys-

tem has actually been assembled, by ex-

amination of engineering design informa-

tion, component performance data, and

information on conditions of use, in order

that statistical techniques can be used to

estimate P. In addition to carrying out this

research, for which the award was made,

Dr. Rosenblatt also serves as statistical

consultant to the National Bureau of

Standards, and has succeeded admirably

in helping staff members on statistical

aspects of their problems.

Dr. Rosenblatt was born in New York on

April 15, 1926. She received the A.B. de-

gree from Barnard College in 1946 and

the Ph.D. degree from the University of

North Carolina in 1956. She has been

with the National Bureau of Standards as

a research mathematician and consultant

since 1955, and has been assistant chief

of the Statistical Engineering Section since

1963.

Teaching of Science

Recognized “for resplendent, rigorous,

and evocative teaching of mathematics”

was Stephen H. Schot, chairman of the

Department of Mathematics at American

University. Former students and colleagues

particularly mentioned his conscientious

and coherent classroom technique, and the

great care he takes to motivate each new

topic. His successful guidance has_per-

suaded a large number of his students to

earn graduate degrees. Dr. Schot was born

in Neubabelsberg, Germany, on June 13,

1930. He received the B.S. degree in

physics from American University in 1951

and the M.A. degree in mathematics from

the University of Maryland in 1953. After

spending two years as a problem analyst

at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, he returned

to the University of Maryland and re-

ceived the Ph.D. degree in mathematics in

1957. Joining the American University

faculty as an assistant professor of math-

ematics in 1957, he rapidly rose through

the academic ranks and is now professor

and chairman of the department.

A veteran of forty-one years of teaching

mathematics at the old Alexandria High

School and at George Washington High

School in Alexandria, [Irving Lindsey has

become something of a legend in his own

lifetime. Former students from as far back

as the nineteen-twenties wrote to support

his nomination, and to state that he was the

best teacher they had ever had. Cited “for

his inspiring teaching and his profound

and lasting influence on students,” Mr.

Lindsey has made mathematics a fascinat-

ing and important subject to all sorts of

students with all sorts of backgrounds and

interests, and has further made it a vehicle

for teaching important lessons about schol-

arship, integrity, and self-discipline. Born

in Alexandria on September 15, 1894, he

received: the B.A. degree from George

Washington University in 1923 and the

M.A. degree in mathematics from the

University of Virginia in 1928. He was

an instructor in mathematics at Virginia in

1929-1932, but returned to his first love,

classroom teaching of high school boys

and girls. In June of 1965, his friends

and former students organized a _testi-

monial in his honor, and donated funds

to establish an Irving Lindsey Mathematics

Scholarship to be awarded each year to

some student from George Washington

High School.

24 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944,

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944,

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1959

1960

1961

Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards

Washington Academy of Sciences

Herbert Friedmann

No award given

G. Arthur Cooper

Robert S. Campbell

Jason R. Swallen

Norman H. Hopping

Henry K. Townes

Waldo R. Wedel

No award given

Robert J. Huebner

Edward G. Hampp

David H. Dunkle

Edward W. Baker

Ernest A. Lachner

Bernard L. Horecker

Wilmot H. Bradley

Ferdinand G. Brickwedde

Sterling B. Hendricks

Milton Harris

Lawrence A. Wood

George A. Gamow

Robert Simha

G. W. Irving, Jr.

Robert D. Huntoon

J. A. Van Allen

John A. Hipple

Philip H. Abelson

Milton S. Schechter

Harold Lyons

John R. Pellam

Paul A. Smith

Harry Diamond

Theodore R. Gilliland

Walter Ramberg

Lloyd V. Berkner

Galen B. Schubauer

Kenneth L. Sherman

Martin A. Mason

Harry W. Wells

Maxwell K. Goldstein

Richard K. Cook

Samuel Levy

Max A. Kohler

Geoffrey S. S. Ludford

Philip J. Davis

Lawrence E. Payne

FEBRUARY, 1966

Biological Sciences

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

Leon Jacobs

Clifford Evans

Betty J. Meggers

Robert Traub

Earl Reese Stadtman

Maurice R. Hilleman

Ellis T. Bolton

H. George Mandel

Dwight W. Taylor

Louis S. Baron

Robert W. Krauss

Marshall W. Nirenberg

Brian J. McCarthy

Bruce N. Ames

Physical Sciences

1954

1955

1956

IWs7

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

Samuel N. Foner

Terrell Leslie Hill

Elias Burstein

Ernest Ambler

Raymond Hayward

Dale Hoppes

Ralph P. ‘Hudson

Lewis M. Branscomb

Meyer Rubin

Alan C. Kolb

Richard A. Ferrell

John Hoffman

Edward A. Mason

George A. Snow

James W. Butler

Engineering Sciences

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

IE

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

Mathematics

1962

1963

1964

William R. Campbell

Robert L. Henry

W.S. Pellini

Arthur E. Bonney

M. L. Greenough

Joseph Weber

San-fu Shen

Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr.

Romald E. Bowles

Rodney E. Grantham

Lindell E. Steele

Gordon L. Dugger

Thorndike Saville, Jr.

Bruce L. Reinhart

James H. Bramble

David W. Fox

Lo]

VI

Teaching of Science

1955 Helen N. Cooper

1956 Phoebe H. Knipling

1957 Dale E. Gerster

1958 Carol V. McCammon

1959 Betty Schaaf

Helen Garstens

1960 Karl F. Herzfeld

Pauline Diamond

1961 Ralph D. Myers

Charles R. Naeser

1962 Francis J. Heyden, S.J.

1963 Frank T. Davenport

George M. Koehl

Leo Schubert

1964 Donald F. Brandewie

Herman R. Branson

Teaching of Science Special Awards

1951 Howard B. Owens

1952. Keith C. Johnson

T-THOUGHTS

Tactful Tonguefencer

Ben Franklin was somewhat of a fire-

ball of an arguer during his younger days.

As he got older, however, he adopted the

following attitude in conferences and dis-

cussions:

“When another asserted something I

thought to be in error, I denied myself

the pleasure of contradicting him abrupt-

ly. | began by observing that in certain

cases or circumstances his opinion would

be right, but in the present case there ap-

peared or seemed to be some difference. I

soon found the advantage of this change

in my manner. I had less mortification

when I was found to be in the wrong, and

I more easily prevailed with others to

give up their mistakes and join with me

when I happened to be in the right.”

Pigs

My father once told me: “Son, never

wrestle with pigs. You get dirty and they

enjoy it.”

This is an earthy phraseology of an old

Chinese proverb: In shallow waters,

shrimps make fools of dragons.

—Ralph G. H. Siu

26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

‘The Big Move:

NBS Transfers to New Facility

Catherine C. Atwood

National Bureau of Standards

Drive northwest from Washington on

Interstate 70S almost any week between

now and the end of June and you may see

an assortment of variously shaped vans

and other transfer vehicles, heading for

the new site of the National Bureau of

Standards. Their destination is a group of

15 buildings on a rolling plot of 560 acres,

less than five minutes from the town of

Gaithersburg, Md.

Moving a scientific laboratory is always a

big and complicated task. This is especially

true here, because the laboratory involved

is responsible for establishing and main-

taining the central basis for our entire

measurement system. In fact, the national

measurement standards themselves are be-

ing transferred, as well as the fantastic ar-

ray of equipment needed to realize and

utilize them. Among moves of scientific

laboratories, the transfer of this 60-year-

old agency of the Department of Com-

merce—lock, stock and barrel — seems

to overshadow anything heretofore under-

taken.

The move got underway when the land

was acquired in 1956, following approval

by Congress to relocate the Bureau. The

project progressed through planning, de-

sign, and construction. Then, in 1963, came

the first in a series of moves of various

proportions.

Nothing done so far, however, has ap-

proached in bulk and complexity the “Big

Move” of uncounted hundreds of tons of

scientific equipment that will take place

between now and July.

The Bureau maintains a Washington

area staff of over 2800. About half this

FEBRUARY, 1966

number are professional people who work

in the technical divisions of NBS. The

work involves a wider range of the physi-

cal sciences than that of any other labora-

tory. The multi-million dollar facilities in

Maryland were long overdue. The premises

in northwest Washington had become

cramped and obsolete. Some of the build-

ings were over 60 years old, and the site

would not permit any substantial expan-

sion, even if it had been economically

feasible to renovate rather than build new.

Obviously, there was no room for the new

reactor. ;

The site for the new Bureau had to be

a relatively isolated location, to remove

the Bureau’s work from the mechanical.

electrical, and atmospheric disturbances of

the city. These can seriously hamper the

process of precise physical measurement.

The site selected fulfilled these require-

ments, and at the same time was within

easy commuting distance for the present

staff.

The well-known architectural firm of

Smith, Smith, Haines, Lundberg, and

Waehler conducted a study, and on its

recommendation the Bureau in 1958 adopt-

ed a multi-structure design, rather than a

single large building. The new facilities

have consequently been designed and con-

structed in a “campus” arrangement. This

permits maximum flexibility and minimum

restrictions in accommodating the varied

and specialized functions that characterize

the work of the Bureau.

Center of the architectural complex is the

Administration Building with its Tower.

housing administrative and some technical

97

~~

Part of the Administration Building and its Tower, at the new NBS site at Gaithersburg, Md. At

the far right is the Instrumentation Building, one of the seven general- purpose laboratories.

offices, as well as all the major com-

mon-use facilities. Around this are grouped

seven general purpose laboratories, into

which the Big Move is presently transfer-

ring occupants and equipment. Also in this

complex is the Shops Building, where the

artisans of the Bureau build highly spec-

ialized instruments and equipment to meet

the needs of the NBS program. These nine

buildings are independent structures, but

they are all connected by enclosed pass-

ageways.

In another sector of the site are located

the special purpose buildings, The Engi-

neering Mechanics Laboratory, built on

the first construction contract, was—along

with the Supply and Plant building—the

first to house NBS occupants (1963). The

others in this group are the unique Radia-

tion Physics Laboratory and these service

buildings: a boiler and_ refrigeration

plant; an electrical substation; a vehicular

maintenance facility; and the Supply and

Plant building.

Standing apart, throughly isolated on

approximately 100 acres, is the nuclear re-

search reactor.

Administration Tower Dominates the

Site

Dominating the new NBS site is the

Administration Building, whose Tower

rises 11 stories. Because of its clean, mod-

ern lines, extensive use of glass, and gen-

eral shape, the Tower resembles the United

Nations headquarters in New York City.

On September 13, 1965, in the largest

of the litthe moves, 300 staff members

transferred to Gaithersburg. In the new

group were Allen V. Astin, NBS director;

top executives and their staffs; a part of

the Applied Mathematics Division; and

28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

various administrative support activities.

Like an anchoring base, the first floor

of the Administration Building spreads

over several thousand more square feet

than the foot of the Tower, and its areas

are linked by a graceful network of glass-

ed-in walkways. While neither Dr. Astin’s

offices nor any of the other interiors in the

Tower are particularly luxurious by pres-

ent day standards, all seem so to Bureau

staffers who for years have “made do”

with the buildings and facilities of the old

site, some of them 50 and 60 years old.

In the Administration Building are two

modern auditoriums with carefully design-

ed acoustical systems: the “Green Auditor-

ium,” seating about 300, and the “Red

Auditorium,” accommodating over 750. In

these, complete projection equipment is

augmented by UN-type translation facili-

ties for three languages, or for two lan-

guages plus one facility for amplification in

English for the hard of hearing. Instead

of the drab old employees’ cafeteria and

the former chronic shortage of dining-con-

ference space of the old site, the Admin-

istration Building has an attractive, ultra-

modern staff cafeteria, two flexibly de-

signed dining-conference rooms decorated

in brilliant Polynesian hues, and a group

of 12 variously sized, well-equipped lec-

ture, conference, and class rooms.

The facilities described above were de-

signed to promote the Bureau’s scientific

growth, and to meet its ever-increasing

needs to accomodate large meetings. These

facilities will be offered on a space-avail-

able basis for the use of scientific and

technical groups of Montgomery County,

an area that is rapidly becoming one of

the nation’s major scientific centers. Be-

sides NBS and six other government scien-

tific organizations — Atomic Energy Com-

mission, National Institutes of Health,

Naval Medical Research Institute, David

Taylor Model Basin, Naval Ordance Lab-

oratory, and Environmental Sciences Serv-

ice Administration (a relatively new ag-

ency of the Department of Commerce) —

there are now located in Montgomery

FEBRUARY, 1966

County at least 35 private scientific re-

search and development organizations.

The new NBS library, with its nearly

36,000 square feet of floor space, stacks

to accomodate considerably more than the

present 126,000 volumes, and ample read-

ing areas, is in a wing of the Administra-

tion Building. It will probably be oc-

cupied in April. It has a beautiful spiral

staircase to the mezzanine, a group of car-

rels, and its own small elevator to facilitate

movement of books among the lower level.

first floor, and mezzanine.

General Purpose Laboratories:

Target of the Big Move

Each of the seven general purpose lab-

oratories is three stories high, with the

individual labs built on a module basis,

and with non-loadbearing walls. This de-

sign allows maximum flexibility in keep-

ing pace with changing programs and

technological advances. The buildings are

the same in exterior design, and together

they provide a total gross area of approxi-

mately 1,250,000 square feet. Although

termed “general purpose” because of their

design criteria, they have been individual-

ly designated as follows: Metrology, Phy-

sics, Chemistry, Materials, Polymer, Ins-

trumentation, and Building Research.

Into these seven buildings will be moved

equipment coming from 40 different loca:

tions at the old site. The move of the

Spectroscopy group into the Physics Lab-

oratory is typical of what will be taking

place: along with present equipment from

the Washington site, long-needed new in-

struments will be added, and old and new

together will comprise one of the finest

laboratories for spectroscopy in the coun-

LEY.

The rooms have been designed especial-

ly for use with spectrographs; the more

precise instruments will be mounted on

18-inch isolated concrete floor sections to

reduce vibrations, enabling the scientists

to obtain more precise results. Special

temperature-controlled rooms also will in-

crease the stability, and hence the preci-

29

One of the new 35-foot grating spectrographs, specially built to NBS specifications, which will

be installed in the new NBS Physics Laboratory. It is here shown as test-assembled by the manu-

facturer.

sion and accuracy, of the measurements.

Two new 35-foot grating spectrographs,

specially built to NBS specifications, will

be installed during the time of the Big

Move. One will operate in the vacuum

ultraviolet region, the other in the visible

and photographic infrared region.

A third instrument, now under con-

struction, is a 30-foot grazing incidence

spectrograph to be used for the extremely

short wave ultraviolet region, extending

into the softer x-ray region.

With these and other instruments, basic

measurements will be made of especially

difficult and complex spectra. The wave-

lengths and intensities of these spectra

will be determined with more precision

than has heretofore been possible. Higher

precision values for the energy levels of

the atoms being investigated are needed

for further atomic research to be car-

ried on by other scientists.

Unique Radiation Physics

Laboratory Collection Features

LINAC

Standing well back on the NBS site is

the Radiation Physics Laboratory. This big

brick and concrete building bears no unus-

ual exterior aspects, but it houses one of

the largest collections of electron and x-

ray sources in the country, including the

well-known LINAC.

The NBS LINAC, a 100-foot-long, 100

MeV linear electron accelerator, is unique.

It is capable of producing one of the

world’s most intense high-energy electron

beams. It was assembled at the Gaithers-

burg laboratory and, during the period

when other parts of NBS are engaged in

the Big Move, LINAC will be readied for

full operation.

Also assembled and installed at the

30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Radiation Physics Laboratory are the new

1.5 MeV dynamitron and 4 MeV Van de

Graaff.

Transferred into the building from

Washington in October 1965 were: five

x-ray machines with energies ranging from

60 kV to 250 kV; various radioactive

sources providing alpha, beta, and gamma

rays; a 900 kV dic. accelerator; and a

2 MeV proton Van de Graaff. During the

Big Move, a 180 MeV synchrotron will be

transferred from Washington to Gaithers-

burg.

The building housing these instruments

is built more than half underground, so

as to use the surrounding earth as a radia-

tion shield. All of the machines mentioned

above, except the proton Van de Graaff,

are for electron radiation research. With

this impressive array of equipment, NBS is

entering new areas of nuclear and atomic

physics, and developing new standards and

measuring techniques, which will be used

not only in scientific research but parti-

cularly in modern industry. These for-

ward-looking capabilities will make a sig-

nificant contribution to the heretofore less

emphasized areas of electron-and x-radia-

tion research. Since 1960, the use of elec-

tron radiation to create new materials and

processes useful to industry has been

growing by leaps and bounds.

Associated with the relative newness of

these radiation uses in industry and also

in science is the frequent inability of the

user to decide exactly what quantity

should be measured, as well as how to

measure it. The National Bureau of Stand-

ards with its new radiation complex, is

better equipped than ever before to lead

and coordinate the national measurement

system for radiation. This includes de-

velopment of standards, techniques, and

performance criteria; accumulation of

data; and also instruction and indoctrina-

tion of representative individuals from in-

terested groups (industrial and scientific,

private and Government).

With LINAC radiation soon to become

available for research, not only by NBS

but also by scientists from outside agen-

FEBRUARY, 1966

cies, NBS is working out means of putting

into practice the principle of as wide a

sharing as possible of these NBS facilities

with the technical community.

New NBS Reactor Undergoing

Shakedown

The NBS Reactor (NBSR), a complete-

ly new 10-megawatt nuclear research faci-

lity built at the Gaithersburg site, will

make extensive neutron irradiation facili-

ties available to NBS staff members, as

well as to researchers from other organiza-

tions. The reactor is currently continuing

its pre-operational shakedown and _ test,

and it is expected that these and the re-

quired licensing procedure with AEC will

be completed and full power operation be-

gun by the end of June 1966.

Important nuclear research and meas-

urement will be undertaken at the NBSR,

but it is planned that about 80 percent

of the work will be research into the prop-

erties of materials. For instance, NBSR has

15 beam holes which penetrate the reactor

shield, and which are used to extract

neutron beams to prove the constitution of

either ordinary matter (i.e., crystals, liq-

uids, magnetic structures, and so on), or

the nucleus. Also, there are 15 in-core ir-

radiation thimbles which are to be used for

either the production of radio-isotopes, or

the study of radiation-induced effects. The

facility also contains four penumatically

operated sample irradiation tubes for the

irradiation of materials over short periods

of time (seconds to hours), compared

with the reactor refueling cycle (three

weeks).

The reactor will operate 24 hours a day,

and ultimately its use will be divided

three ways: one-third by the Reactor staff;

one-third by other NBS researchers; and

one-third by scientists from outside or-

ganizations on a contract basis.

Largest Testing Machine Being

Installed

During the period of the Big Move, in-

stallation of the world’s largest testing

machine — a 12-million pound compres-

3t

sion and tension tester—will be under-

way in the Engineering Mechanics Lab-

oratory.

This monster, the most spectacular of

Engineering Mechanics’ new machines

from the standpoint of sheer size, was de-

signed especially for NBS and will take

from mid-January to May or June this year

to install and test. Installed in a special

23-foot deep reinforced concrete pit, it will

rise 99 feet above its base.

This vertical testing machine will be

used to apply multi-million pound forces

during the calibration of devices which

measure the thrust of jet engines, rocket

motors, and weighing systems of large mis-

sile-launching sites. Large sample parts of

structures, such as bridge columns and

steel beams, can also be tested on the

new machine for resistance to compres-

sion, tension, and flexure.

Between the summers of 1964 and 1965,

three huge new deadweight machines were

installed in the Engineering Mechanics

Laboratory. They consist of a one-million-

pound, a 300,000-pound, and a 112,000-

pound capacity machine. These three have

greatly expanded the Bureau’s ability to

calibrate precisely large force-measuring

devices.

These deadweight machines apply loads

up to a million pounds in tension or com-

pression, with an uncertainty of 0.002 per-

cent, or 20 pounds at one million pounds.

Previously, the load limit of the largest

deadweight machine at NBS was 111,000

pounds. The new machines have reduced

by almost one-half the time required to

calibrate one-million-pound capacity

force-measuring devices. Also, they provide

loads with accuracies that are 10 to 50

times as great as previously possible. It

is estimated that the improved accuracy

will save the space and missile program

hundreds of millions of dollars in the

development of rocket engines, since fewer

thrust-measurement tests will be required.

Gaithersburg Grounds Being

Beautified

“We hate to leave the beautiful lawns,

Stack of the new million-pound deadweight ma-

chine recently installed at the NBS Institute for

Basic Standards. The weights, each of 50,000

pounds, are 10 feet in diameter. James I. Price,

staff member, stands in the 26-foot pit.

trees, and flowering shrubs!” has been

the lament frequently heard at the old

NBS site. They needn’t have been so

concerned. At Gaithersburg, the grass is

thriving, so that no gaping stretches of

bare earth are seen; two attractive original

wood plots (8 and 66 acres) adorn the.

grounds, and each month new groups of

young trees appear, set out in accord-

ance with the architects’ landscaping

plans.

The most famous of all NBS botanical

possessions, the Newton apple tree, has

made its appearance at the new Bureau.

There are two authentic, grafted descend-

ants of “Newton’s” English apple tree im-

ported for NBS by the Department of

Agriculture. “Newton One” is to remain at

the old site. “Newton Two,” tenderly nur-

tured in the NBS nursery for several years,

has now been transferred to a special court

near the library and will be dedicated this

year.

In all, new plantings will total 700 shade

32, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

trees, 450 evergreens, 500 flowering trees,

about 2000 shrubs, and 10- to 15,000

pieces of ground cover (ivy and other

creepers).

Completion of the Big Move will see a

total of about 2600 of the Bureau’s 2800

‘Washington area staff located on the new

site and each completed building occu-

pied. This will leave several of ~ the

Bureau’s research activities to be carried

on at the old site for the time being. Five

more buildings, now in various stages of

planning and design, will be constructed

during the next two or three years—con-

creting materials laboratory, hazards lab-

oratory, fluid mechanics laboratory, in-

dustrial building, and sound laboratory.

The Bureau faces its future challenges

with bright confidence, better equipped

than it has been for decades to play a key

role in the development and application of

this nation’s science and technology.

The World Is So Full

Of a Number of Things...

Frank L. Campbell *

University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia

When a worker is retired and can in

good conscience do as he pleases, what a

bewildering number of tempting occupa-

tions lie before him. He can easily spend

all his time in altruistic pursuits, helping

his relatives, cultivating his friends, or per-

forming public services; he can indulge

himself in music, painting, gardening, or

indoor and outdoor sports and games; he

can write the book that he always wanted

to write or pursue any other scholarly

interest; if he can afford to do so, he can

sample the world by travel; if he had the

good fortune to be engaged in personal

research all his life, he can continue to do

it at his own pace; if he did not, it might

not be too late for him to pick it up

again. In practice one does not make an

exclusive choice among these categories,

but some one of them will predominate in

the resulting pattern.

~

*Dr. Campbell was president of the Academy

in 1959, and in this capacity was founder of the

present-day Journal. He retired from NAS/NRC

in mid-1964 and set out for the University of

Vienna to resume a_ long-interrupted research

career. At our request, he has prepared the pres-

ent account of his experiences.—Kd.

FEBRUARY, 1966

There seems to be some _ curiosity

tinged with envy among the gainfully em-

ployed about the patterns of activity of

the senior self-employed. And undoubted-

ly the self-employed themselves like to

compare notes on their designs for living

and their accomplishments. Therefore I

was pleased to receive and accept your

editor’s invitation to contribute my own

story.

My experience in personal entomologi-

cal research was limited. From 1922 to

1929 I made my own observations and re-

corded my own results. From 1930 to

1942 I tried to direct research, but was

not vigorous enough to carry on work of

my own while supervising that of others.

From 1942 to 1964 I was completely dis-

connected from the laboratory, though

still related in various ways to research.

I had observed during the latter years that

the people who seemed happiest after re-

tirement were those who continued or re-

sumed personal research. I had never for-

gotten the satisfaction of learning some-

thing, however trivial, that no one else

had previously known or understood. |

wanted to try after retirement to recover

33

my earlier absorption in the quest for

learning by thinking and doing, and to ex-

perience again the thrill of discovery.

My plans were based upon unfinished

business of 1928. I had then made a good

start toward describing the development

of the long antennae of the American

cockroach in terms of the increase in num-

ber and dimensions of the annuli that

compose them. In the intervening years the

general principles of the growth of anten-

nae of insects had been recognized and

published, but I wanted to know the de-

tails for a particular species of insect. |

probably could have arranged to do the

work in the Massachusetts laboratory of

Louis M. Roth, a former student of mine

now internationally known for his studies

of cockroaches, but I chose a more diffi-

cult and more interesting way. I had never

had a sabbatical year nor other opportun-

ity to study abroad. Therefore, with my

devoted and essential wife eager to go

along, I arranged to do my work in the

Second Zoological Institute of the Univer-

sity of Vienna at the invitation of Pro-

fessor Wilhelm Kuhnelt, whose early work

on insect chitin was similar to mine. In his

Institute I spent the academic year 1964-

65 studying the antennae of the German

cockroach instead of those of the larger

American species, because the former was

easier to obtain and develops more rap-

idly than the latter.

While living in Vienna, I visited the lab-

oratory of Dietrich Schneider in Munich

and was encouraged by him to include in

my work the mapping of bristles and other

sensilla that occur on the surface of the

antennae. I made progress in my original

purpose, and also, as a result of my map-

ping of sensilla, | made a genuine dis-

covery to crown my first sabbatical; I

recognized, apparently for the first time,

that a certain kind of sensillum is not

distributed at random on the surface of the

antennae but is to be found at approxi-

mately the same spot on every other an-

nulus along most of the length of an

antenna. This discovery of orderly ar-

rangement of an unexpected kind is a good

illustration of the rare, and correspond-

ingly rewarding, thrill to be had in re-

search. I was able to turn to specimens

of the American cockroach and found

this orderly sensillum on the antennae of

that species also. Is it common to all

cockroaches? What is its function? Why

is it distributed in such a peculiar way?

The questions surge up as if a new well

had been tapped. And every question

might take months of hard work to answer

and of course would lead to still more

questions. Thus I see myself pursuing

this rainbow as long as I am able.

The foregoing work was my principal

interest in Vienna, and I was absorbed

by it just as I used to be, continually

turning over in my mind ways and means

of getting the answers I wanted and going

eagerly to the laboratory with ideas to try

out. But Vienna means music, and the

pleasure of hearing that of Franz Schubert

and Johann Strauss, Jr. in their native city

was, while listening, more intense than

that of scientific discovery.

Travel may need no justification. I think

of it as amateur cultural anthropology

and archeology spiced with art and _ his-

tory. For two summers we traveled in

our own car in south central Europe. In

addition to ordinary sightseeing, we made

a point of visiting beautiful Italian scienti-

fic conference centers at Bellagio, Pallanza,

Ravello, and the Strazione Zoologica di

Napoli. And we carried out special proj-

ects that had some other characteristics of

research; e.g., on the identification of

Mark Twain’s Florentine villas and of the

chalet where Robert Louis Stevenson had

wintered in Davos-Platz; on the vineyards,

wines, and wineries of Germany, Austria,

and Italy; on the representation of insects

in ancient, medieval, and Renaissance art,

and on the pursuit of excellence in Scrab-

ble. Any one of these subjects would make

a story by itself.

For a retired scientist of reduced income

it seemed both desirable and economical

to follow one sabbatical by another and

save the expense of going home. I con-

34, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

sulted my Australian friends about the

possibility of continuing my studies in the

German cockroach research center at Ar-

midale, N.S.W. They gave us a cordial

invitation to come to the University of

New England, and here we are with our

car, which accompanied us from Naples

to Sydney on the liner Galileo Galilei, so

appropriately named as a carrier for a

scientific mission.

The Department of Zoology here is

noted for its research by Professors O’Far-

rell and Stock on regeneration in the Ger-

man cockroach, a truly international in-

sect. | have now studied specimens from

Blacksburg, Virginia; Vienna, Austria;

and Armidale, Australia. My present ob-

jective is to complete as quantitatively as

I can my description of what happens to

the annuli of the antennae of the German

cockroach during its development. Varia-

tion is inherent in any biological process

and it is particularly troublesome in the

antennae of this insect, because to normal

variation is added that caused by continual

multilation of the antennae by the insects

themselves. I shall have to decide on

structural specifications for antennae that

I think are typical and describe them

accordingly. I am continually at the micro-

scope, observing, counting, and measur-

ing parts of many specimens of antennae,

but at last, if I survive, will emerge a

picture close to the truth and one that has

not been seen before, because no one has

had sufficient time and interest to work

it out.

Who wants to see the picture? are not

cockroaches repulsive? No, my friend,

under a microscope cockroaches are beau-

tiful; you can’t go wrong in looking

closely at anything you please.

FEBRUARY, 1966

A CONTRIBUTION

FROM THE ARCHIVIST

Trilobites from Pennsylvania

In the Cambrian it was, as Edgar

Dacqué once said, fashionable to be a

Trilobite; it was a widespread form of

higher life. Beautifully-preserved speci-

mens were found right in our neighbor-

hood by Atreus Wanner, who named one

species in honor of Walcott.

Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850-1927)

published an extensive study of “Cambrian

Faunas of North America” (1) when he

was paleontologist at the Geological Sur-

vey, of which he became director in 1694.

He was president of the Washington

Academy of Sciences in 1903, and _ pre-

sided over the commemorative meeting at

which John Wesley Powell was eulogized

as a soldier, engineer, and archeologist

(Cae

Wanner reported about Olenellus (Hol-

mia) walcottanus sp. nov. in the Acad-

emy’s Proceedings of July 13, 1901 (Vol.

35

3, pp. 267-272), of which the introduc-

tion and one of the plates are reproduced

here.

“A New Species of Olenellus from the

Lower Cambrian of York County, Pennsy]l-

vania.

“By Atreus Wanner.

“Reference is made by Mr. Charles D.

Walcott, in Bulletin No. 134, United States

Geological Survey, to the Olenellus fauna

of the York county, Pennsylvania, Cam-

brian. At that time fragmentary impres-

sions of trilobites had been collected, but

no locality had yielded specimens that

could then be referred with certainty to

any described species of Olenellus. I have

recently found complete specimens of

several species, one series illustrating dif-

ferent stages of growth and presenting

variable features of Olenellus thompsoni.

One new species of the sub-genus Holmia

is beautifully preserved and [| take pleas-

ure in naming it after Mr. Walcott in-

recognition of his work on the Cambrian

faunas.”

References

(1) C. D. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 10

(1884), 30 (1886), and 80 (1891) (890 pp). See

also C. D. Walcott, “Lower Cambrian Terrane in

the Atlantic Province,’ Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. J,

301-339 (1900) ; “The Cambrian Fauna of India,”

ibid, 7, 231-6 (1905).

(2) Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5, 99-187 (1903)

with portrait and catalog of 251 published writ-

ings in period 1867-1902.

—Eduard Farber

ELECTION RESULTS

ANNOUNCED

Returns from the annual mail ballot of

the membership, sent out in mid-Decem-

ber, were tallied on January 5 by a Com-

mittee of Tellers consisting of Harry A.

Fowells, Norman Bekkedahl, and Samuel

B. Detwiler, Jr. The results were reported

at the Academy’s annual meeting on Jan-

uary 20.

This year’s balloting covered the elec-

tion of officers and managers only; no By-

laws changes and no professional society

affiliations were involved. Some 452 bal-

lots were cast, as compared with 440 re-

turns in January 1965, 340 returns in

1964, 278 returns in 1963, and 468 re-

turns in 1962.

The voters chose Heinz Specht of the

National Institutes of Health to be presi-

dent-elect; Richard P. Farrow of the Na-

tional Canners Association to be secre-

tary; and Richard K. Cook of the Nation-

al Bureau of Standards to be treasurer.

For managers-at-large, Alphonse F. Forziati

of the Department of Defense and Mary

Louise Robbins of George Washington Uni-

versity were elected for the three-year term

1966-1968, while Edward A. Mason of the

University of Maryland was elected to fill

the final year (1966) of the position va-

cated by resignation of Francis Reichelder-

fer.

The new officers were installed at the

close of the annual meeting on January

20. At the same time, John K. Taylor,

last year’s president-elect, automatically

assumed the presidency.

A complete roster of officers, managers,

and committee chairmen will be published

in an early issue of the Journal.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

In our December issue (page 236) we

cited figures on the consumption of cer-

tain natural resources in the United

States, during the period April 1964 to

October 1965, that were only a third as

large as they should have been. The

Geological Survey has corrected the fig-

ures, as follows:

199,000,000 short tons of iron ore

2,260,000 short tons of copper

20.744,000 short tons of aluminum ore

1.3 billion short tons of sand and gravel

12,898,000 short tons of sulfur

13.4 billion barrels (oil equivalent) of min-

eral fuels

27,594,000 short tons of phosphate rock

179 trillion gallons of water

36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

February Meeting

494th Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

(Address of the Retiring President)

SPEAKER: LEO SCHUBERT

American University

SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND ITS MATRIX

DATE: THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1966

ola ve Me

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N. W.

Abstract of the Address—The decreasing half-life of the scientific enterprise and

the shortened periods of time required for political, international, and other decisions

have created a “quiet” revolution and crisis. In this hurried tempo of science and

society, the interactions of science and ethics, science and philosophy, science and po-

litical demands, science and theology, science and the educational system—indeed,

science and the techniques used for its support, have been subjected to increasing

tensions. Several of these tensions will be explored. In particular, of interest is the

education of the scientist for creativity and the nature and personality of the great

teacher of science. The nurturing of method in scientific creativity is important to

the future of our culture; the kind of financial support for science is a serious matter

of public policy. The recent Protestant “God is Dead” movement emphasizes the

need of a more profound integration of the social and philosophical implications of

modern science into man’s matrix.

The Speaker—Born in 1916 in New York City, Leo Schubert received the B.S. de-

gree in chemistry at the College of the City of New York in 1936. He subsequently

earned an M.S. degree from New York University and the Ph.D. degree from the

University of Maryland. He has since received the D.Sc. (Hon.) degree from St.

Augustine’s College (1964), where he now serves as a member of the board of trus-

tees. He was a chemist at the National Bureau of Standards (1942-51) and since

1951 has been at American University. In addition to being professor of chemistry

and chairman of the Chemistry Department, he has been chairman of the Division of

Natural Sciences and Mathematics, honors professor, and has held many other posts

there. He has directed some thirty-odd institutes funded by the National Science

Foundation. Among these are institutes for college professors on the history and

philosophy of science and mathematics, institutes for high school teachers of physics

and chemistry which emphasize research programs, institutes for high school students

which provided research participation, an in-service institute for high school teachers

in all the sciences, and during 1963-65, ar inter-University Colloquium on Science and

Society. He is on the editorial boards of Chemistry (ACS), The Science Teacher

(NSTA), and Science Books (AAAS). He is director of the Purchase Guide pub-

lished by the Council of Chief State School Officers. He was a recipient of the WAS

“Outstanding Science Teacher Award” and president of the Chemical Society of Wash-

ington in 1964. His present research interest is in low temperature fluorescence.

FEBRUARY, 1966 37

BOARD OF MANAGERS

MEETING NOTES

December Meeting

The Board of Managers held its 575th

meeting on December 16 at the Cosmos

Club, with President Schubert presiding.

The minutes of the 574th meeting were

approved with minor corrections.

Announcements. Dr. Schubert an-

nounced that the Washington Board of

Trade would pay for publication of the

Science Calendar in 1966. He also an-

nounced the resignation of F. W. Reich-

elderfer as manager-at-large for the term

1964-1966, and that this action would re-

quire election of three managers at the

forthcoming annual elections, instead of

the usual two. Also, he announced that Dr.

Oliphant was currently resigning as chair-

man of the Membership Committee.

Contribution to Joint Board. Dr. Schu-

bert brought up the matter of the Aca-

demy’s annual contribution to the Joint

Board on Science Education, which in the

past has generally amounted to $300; this

is only a small proportion of the Joint

Board’s income, which comes also from

other scientific groups and NSF grants.

Dr. Schubert pointed out that JBSE has

been actively engaged in sponsoring

science fairs, of which he disapproved;

that an international science fair was plan-

ned for 1970 at a cost of $20,000; and

that AAAS also had taken a stand against

science fairs.

After considerable general discussion of

the parental obligations of the Academy

to the Joint Board, Dr. Henderson ex-

pressed the view that the Academy should

make its customary contribution regard-

less of its views on science fairs. It was

agreed that Dr. Schubert would forward

the contribution to JBSE with a letter ex-

pressing the Board of Managers’ views

on science fairs.

Academy Dinner Costs. The Board

agreed that the price of tickets to Academy

dinners should be set at $5.00, including

the cost of drinks. Dr. Menkart was ad-

vised to seek outside support for the cost

of the cocktail hour.

Election Procedures. Dr. Wood called at-

tention to the Board’s action at its October

21 meeting, concerning election of fellows

who would represent affiliated societies

on the Board. (December Journal, page

228, states: “The Board agreed that such

persons should automatically be elected to

fellowship.” ) Dr. Wood felt that this was

tantamount to election of Academy fel-

lows by other organizations, and disap-

proved. Further, he felt that the Board’s

action was inconsistent with the Bylaws

(Article II, Sections 3, 4, and 5). He

suggested that the procedure for electing

delegates from affiliated organizations

should be the same as the present proce-

dure for electing award winners.

After considerable discussion, the Board

agreed to Dr. Henderson’s motion, that

the Bylaws Committee be instructed to

prepare an amendment to the Bylaws,

providing for such automatic election of

delegates, and to present the amendment

to the Board for approval and transmission

to the membership. Asked what was meant

by ‘automatic,’ Dr. Henderson replied

that he had in mind the reading of names

to the Board, and routine approval.

Meetings. Dr. Gray announced that at

the January dinner meeting, F. T. Mc-

Clure of the Applied Physics Laboratory

would speak on “Laws—Scientific, Moral,

and Political.” In discussing plans for fu-

ture meetings, Dr. Gray expressed the

view that, as an interdisciplinary organiza-

tion, the Academy should be concerned at

its meetings with questions that join all

scientists as sclentists, rather than as

specialists.

Dr. Steinhardt reported advice from the

Cosmos Club, to the effect that when the

Academy’s meetings are held in the Powell

Auditorium, it is improper to print, “The

Public Is Invited,” at the bottom of our

announcements. Dr. Henderson felt that

this advice must be due to a misunder-

standing, and promised to look into the

matter.

38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Dr. Linnenbom, at the request of Dr.

Taylor, discussed the desirability of hold-

ing a meeting jointly with the Collegiate

Symposium, which would consist of in-

vited and contributed papers by mem-

bers of colleges and by Academy members.

Dr. Taylor said he had enjoyed the

Mendelian centennial meeting (November)

and asked for suggestions for similar

meetings. Dr. Farber thought that celebrat-

ing the 100th birthday of outstanding

members of the Academy would be ap-

propriate; also, one might celebrate the

birthday of a contemporary personality

in science. He promised to submit a list of

names to the Board for consideration.

Dr. Steinhardt announced that the De-

cember 1965 meeting was the last event

arranged by the current Meetings Com-

mittee under his chairmanship. Dr. Schu-

bert thanked him for an excellent, provoca-

tive program, the “Conversazione” in parti-

cular.

Treasurer's Report. The Treasurer re-

ported that as of November 30, 1965 in-

come was $21,394.06 and expenditures

amounted to $20,820.30, leaving a_bal-

ance of $574.76. In accordance with Board

authorization, he had sold 301. shares

of Investment Company shares for the sum

of $4,503.49, which was only $3.49 in

excess of the $4,500 recommended by the

Board. The bank balance was $2,566.22

as of December 16, 1965. He anticipated

little or no surplus at the end of the year.

Awards Committee. Dr. Mason said that

in spite of strong publicity efforts, re-

sponse had been small. The recommenda-

tions of the 1965 Committee on Awards

for Scientific Achievement were as fol-

lows:

Biological Sciences: Gordon M. Tom-

kins, National Institutes of Health.

Engineering Sciences: Ronald E. Walk-

er, Johns Hopkins University Applied

Physics Laboratory.

Physical Sciences: Multiple award to

Albert I. Schindler, Naval Research

Laboratory, and to Robert P. Madden

FEBRUARY, 1966

and Keith Codling, National Bureau

of Standards.

Mathematics: Joan R. Rosenblatt, Na-

tional Bureau of Standards.

Teaching of Science: Joint award to

Stephen H. Schot, Department of

Mathematics, American University,

and Irving Lindsey, George Washing-

ton High School of Alexandria, Va.

The recommendations were accepted by

the Board.

Dr. Mason noted that according to action

of the Board on October 21, the award

winners were automatically elected fellows

of the Academy, with remission of dues

for the first year. Dr. Wood questioned

this statement, pointing out that until the

Bylaws were changed by appropriate pro-

cedures, formal nomination papers would

be required.

History of Science in Washington. Mr.

Leikind said that his committee was work-

ing on a grant proposal for submission to

the National Science Foundation, for a

study of the history of science in the Wash-

ington area with particular reference to

the impact of the Academy.

Membership Promotion Committee. Mr.

Diamond said that he had mailed 600

copies of the December Journal, along

with a letter indicating the advantages of

joining the Academy, to members of the

Geological Society. As a follow-up, Dr.

Schubert spoke at a recent meeting of

the Geological Society, honoring its retir-

ing president. Nine applications for fellow-

ship resulted from these efforts.

Membership Committee. Speaking for

Dr. Oliphant, Dr. Schubert announced that

there had been no recent elections to

membership. The Committee recommended

for fellowship these seven nominees: Jos-

ephine M. Blandford; Joan Robinson

Clark; Archie Joseph McAlister; Hyman

Orlin; Hellmut Schmid: Rex Jackson

Snodgrass, and Eugene McKibben.

The Board elected the seven nominees

to fellowship.

New Business. Dr. Robbins announced

that she had contacted the program chair-

men of the affiliated societies and had re-

39

ceived information on future programs of

these societies, for inclusion in the Jour-

nal’s “Calendar of Events,” from all but

nine affiliates. She hoped to get some-

thing from the nonresponding nine also.

The Board gave a rising vote of thanks:

to Dr. Schubert for his efforts as presi-

dent of the Academy over the past year.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may

be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George

Washington University School of Medi-

cine, 1339 H St., N. W., Washington, D.C.

20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the month of issue of

the Journal.

February 14—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Glenn A. Reiff, National Aeronautics

and Space Administration. Mr. Reiff will

speak on data transmissions and picture

reconstruction systems of the Mariner

satellite.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

Note: This meeting was erroneously

announced for February 10, in the Janu-

ary issue of the Journal

February 15—Anthropological

Society of Washington

Peter B. Hammond, National Research

Council, “Toward a Greater Involvement

of the Division of the Behavioral Sciences

of the National Academy of Sciences-Na-

tional Research Council in the Work of

Anthropologists on the Washington Scene.”

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

February 16—American

Meteorological Society

Earl Droessler, program director, At-

mospheric Service Program, National

Science Foundation. Mr. Droessler will

discuss future activities in weather modifi-

cation and climate modification.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

February 16 Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced. |

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

February 16—Washington Society of

Engineers

Paul Howerton, director, Center for

Technology and Administration, American

University, “Cybernation or Hibernation.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00

p-m.

February 17—Society of American

Foresters

Congressman Wayne N. Aspinall, Colo-

rado, “The Public Land Law Review Com-

mission.”

International Room, Occidental Restau-

rant, 1411 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W.,

noon. |

Telephone 296-7820 for reservations.

February 17—Society for Experi-

mental Biology and Medicine

Isadore Zipkin, National Institute for

Dental Research, moderator. Topic: “Ef-

fect of Fluorides on Dental Skeletal Struc-

tures.”

Participants to be announced.

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center, Be-

thesda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m. (Place subject

to confirmation. )

Formal and informal discussion of the

AO JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

topic, and the presentations, is encouraged.

Phone Dr. Zipkin, 496-2759.

February 17—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See February Meeting page.

February 18—Helminthological

Society of Washington

Speakers: (1) C. J. Sindermann, “Ob-

servations on the Life History and Patho-

genicity of a Sporozoan Parasite of Chesa-

peake Bay Oysters”; (2) J. H. Barrow,

“Fluorescent Antibody Studies of Hap-

lostoridian Parasites of Oysters”; (3) T.

K. Sawyer, “Observations on Some Un-

settled Problems in the Life History of

Aquatic Amoebae”; (4) C. M. Herman,

“Host Range of Plasmodium circumflex-

um”; (5) D. J. Winslow, “Trichinosis in

a Maryland Raccoon”; (6) I. B. Tarshis,

“Problems and Progress in the Establish-

ment of a Blackfly Colony.”

Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,

Laurel, Maryland, 3:00 p.m.

February 21—Acoustical Society of

America

Speaker to be announced.

Auditorium, National Academy of

Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N. W.,

8:00 p.m.

February 21—Society of American

Military Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

wee Ae lth and. K. Sts., N. W.,

noon.

February 22—American Society for

Microbiology

Arthur Heimpel, Entomology Research

Division, Agricultural Research Service,

Department of Agriculture, Beltsville,

Maryland, moderator. Topic: “Insect Mic-

robiology.”

Participants to be announced.

Sternberg Auditorium, Walter Reed

Army Institute of Research, 8:00 p.m.

February 22—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Lecture No. 4 of the 1966 Tuesday

FEBRUARY, 1966

Evening Lecture Series on Microwaves in

Space. G. R. White, Electro-Optical Sys-

tems, Inc., “Components Research for

Laser Space Applications.”

East Building, National Bureau _ of

Standards, 8:00 p.m.

Note: There is a registration fee for

the lecture series. For further information

write to H. Warren Cooper, MS-129,

Westinghouse Aerospace, P. O. Box 746,

Baltimore, Md., 21203.

February 22—Washington Collo-

quium on Science and Society

Jacques Barzun, provost, Columbia Uni-

versity, “Fewer Facts and More Theory.”

Participants in discussion: John Palfrey,

commissioner, Atomic Energy Com-

mission, and Ralph Sawyer, American In-

stitute of Physics, New York.

Gorman Auditorium, Georgetown Uni-

versity Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir

Rd., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

February 23—Geological Society of

Washington

Speakers to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00

p-m.

February 24—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

Sponsoring Division — Nuclear. Speak-

er to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

March 1—Botanical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 6:00 p.m.

Mareh 2—Washington Society of

Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00

p-m.

Al

March 3—American Society of Civil

Engineers

Annual Meeting. Address by William

J. Hedley, national president, American

Society of Civil Engineers.

Jefferson Room, Washington Hilton

Hotel. Social hour, 6:30 p.m., dinner

(200)

March 3—Entomological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

March 8—Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

Lecture No. 5 of the 1966 Tuesday

Evening Lecture Series on Microwaves

in Space. M. P. Bachynski, director of

research, McGill University, “Communica-

tions in the Presence of Plasmas.”

East Building, National

Standards, 8:00 p.m.

See note in notice of February 22

lecture.

Bureau of

March 9—Geological Society of

Washington

Speakers to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00

pei.

March 10—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

Sponsoring Division—Fuels. Speaker to

be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

March 10—Chemical Society of

Washington

Hillebrand Award dinner and _ lecture.

Award recipient: Marshall W. Nirenberg,

National Institutes of Health.

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall,

0115 Little Falls Rd., Arlington, Va. So-

cial period at 7:00 p.m., dinner at 7:30.

(For reservations call Guido Cammisa,

KI 9-7196.)

March 14—American Society for

Metals

Morris Inman, visiting _ lecturer,

Pennsylvania State University, ‘“Trans-

mission Electronmicroscopy of Interfaces.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m. Social hour at 6:00, din-

ner at 6:45 at same address.

March 14—Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

Jack Morton, vice-president, Bell Tele-

phone Laboratories, “A System Approach

to Reliability.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N. W., 8:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Md.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

C. R. BENJAMIN was recently appoint-

ed to the U. S. National Committee of

the International Union of Biological

Sciences for a 6-year term. This 15-man

committee is administratively affiliated

with the Division of Biology and Agricul-

ture of the National Academy of Sciences

/ National Research Council.

C. H. HOFFMANN, associate director

of the Entomology Research Division,

served as chairman of the 5th Session of the

FAO Committee on Pesticides in Agricul-

ture, which convened in Rome September

30-October 2, 1965. Dr. Hoffmann ad-

dressed the 40th Annual Meeting of the

New Jersey Federation of Shade Tree Com-

missions on “Some Biotic Approaches to

Insect Control,” at Atlantic City, No-

vember 15, 1965.

GEORGE W. IRVING, Jr., spoke be-

fore a group of White House Fellows in

connection with an educational program

developed by the Brookings Institution on

January 6, in Washington. Dr. Irving

42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

was scheduled to speak also before the

annual meeting of the Purebred Dairy

Cattle Association on January 19, in

Washington, and before the 5lst annual

meeting of the National Dairy Council on

January 24, in Washington.

CALVIN GOLUMBIC spent six weeks

during November and December in Rome,

where he served as a consultant to the

Nutrition Division of the Food and Agri-

cultural Organization on development of

long range plans for prevention of food

losses in the developing countries.

HENRY STEVENS retired from the

Department of Agriculture in December.

Thirty years ago, as a research fellow of

the cottonseed industry, he started the

research on chemistry and immunology

of allergens which became the Pioneer-

ing Laboratory for the Investigation of

Allergens of Agricultural Products. Dr.

Stevens headed this work until his re-

tirement.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINIS-

TRATION

BmUCUSLUS R. GEASGOW Jr., has

joined FDA as chief of the Pesticides

Reference Standards Section. He transfer-

red from the National Bureau of Stand-

ards, where he had been a research chem-

ist with the American Petroleum Institute

(1935-1945) and with the Government

(1945-1965).

HARRIS RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

MILTON HARRIS has been elected di-

rector-at-large of the American Chemical

Society for a four-year term. On De-

cember 3 Dr. Harris attended the autumn

meeting of the Yale University Council at

Yale University. He also presented a talk,

“Barriers to Utilization of Science and

Technology in the Corporation,” at the

American Management Association’s Re-

search and Development Course held in

New York on December 17.

ARNOLD SOOKNE, associate director

of HRL, visited a number of scientific

institutions during a recent trip to Israel.

FEBRUARY, 1966

These include Technion, the Israeli Stand-

ards Institution, and the Institute for

Fibres and Forest Products Research. Mr.

Sookne presented a talk, “Permanent Press

Garments,” at the latter organization on

October 27 in Jerusalem.

ANTHONY M. SCHWARTZ attended

the American Dental Association’s annual

convention in Las Vegas, Nev., and on

November 8 presented a talk, “The Me-

chanism of Adhesion to Tooth Sub-

stance.”

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

DONALD G. FLETCHER, chief of the

Procurement Systems Section, Materials

Evaluation Laboratory, has been selected

as Washington’s Supervisor of the Year.

RAY P. TEELE retired on November

30, 1965 and H. F. McMURDIE on De-

cember 30, 1965.

ALLEN V. ASTIN headed the U. S.

delegation to the Planning Conference on

the Exchange of Research Materials meet-

ing in Tokyo, ‘September 20-24.

ARNOLD H. SCOTT, retired on Decem-

ber 28 after 42 years of service, and

HERBERT F. SCHIEFER, consultant on

textiles and former chief of the Textiles

Section, retired on December 31, after

36 years of service.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

JAMES H. SCHULMAN has been ap-

pointed superintendent of the newly or-

ganized Optical Physics Division, one of

13 research divisions of NRL actively en-

gaged in basic and applied research in

the physical sciences. Dr. Schulman rec-

ently returned from a month of interna-

tional meetings in Germany and _ Italy,

on luminescence and radiation dosimetry.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

LEONARD S. RODBERG has returned

to the faculty of the University of Mary-

land after serving four years in the

United States Arms Control and _ Dis-

armament Agency. He returns as associate

professor of physics and astronomy. Dur-

43

ing three of his four years with the gov-

ernment, Dr. Rodberg retained a_part-

time teaching affiliation with the Univer-

sity of Maryland.

CHARLES W. MISNER received a prize

of $500 and was awarded recognition as

the “Outstanding Young Scientist of

1965” by the Maryland Academy of

Sciences in Baltimore. Dr. Misner was

cited for his “contribution to the study of

the general theory of relativity and for

the application of general relativity to

important astrophysical problems”. The

award is given to scientists under 36

years of age.

4A

DEATHS

HERVEY WOODBURN SHIMER, 93,

professor emeritus of paleontology at

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

died December 13, 1965. His home was

at 62 Cottage Street, Hingham, Mass-

achusetts. After graduating from Lafay-

ette College, Dr. Shimer was appointed

instructor at MIT in 1903 and advanced

to professor of paleontology in 1922. He

retired in June 1942. Dr. Shimer received

the Ph.D. degree from Columbia Uni-

versity in 1904 and was given honorary

degree of Doctor of Science by Getts-

burg College in 1916.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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the Local Affiliated Societies*

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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 56 FEBRUARY 1966 No. 2 3

CONTENTS &

Eight Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards ..............::.:csscsssssssssscssssvesseveeen 21 i

T-Phosght ooo... ces eet ls ee 26

C. C. Atwood: The Big Move: NBS Transfers to New Facility ...........00000000000.. 27

F. L. Campbell: The World Is So Full of a Number of Things ......................... 33

Contribution from the Archivist’ .......0000.00/0.00.0e 35

Election’ Restilts: 0060 05 2 ae, eae ae ae Cedar] basagel ccewtacs eee er 36

Science and Development (.0(00:.0.:.:¢.c00c0. cess tense 36

Academy Proceedings

February Meeting 22.00.00. ..0...00.14./5i0s costs ngs sea ec 37

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (December) .........0.....0..0c.:cccceccctestettteeteees 38

Science in Washington

Calendar of Events: 2.000.000.0000) 2) 40

Scientists in the News ©... ).0.2.4.-c.0c.c.-0)s ides eee een 42

Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage

1530—P St., N.W. Paid at

Washington, D.C., 20005 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

LIBRARY

U S NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON 2506 4g

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IMPORTANT

CONTAINS DATED MEETING NOTICE. Do Not Delay!

0 Ge | 3

pe 223

VOLUME 56 NUMBER 3

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

P n va “e os

pl it IF

MARCH 1966

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Samuet B. Detwizer, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Associate Editors.

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso-

ciation

Harry A. Fowe ts, Department of Agriculture

HELEN L. ReEYNoLpDs, Food and Drug Adminis-

tration

Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

versity

Russet B. STEvENs, George Washington Uni-

versity

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University

Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey

Maryoric Hooker, Geological Survey

Reusen E. Woop, George Washington Univer-

sity

EDMUND M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo-

ratories

JosePpH B. Morris, Howard University

Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

ALLEN L, ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

Howarp W. Bonn, Public Health Service

Victor R. Boswe.tt, USDA, Beltsville

Anprew F. Freeman, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and

fellows.

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; foreign post-

age extra. Subscription orders should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St.,

N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy

of Sciences.” .

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased

direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal), and the Academy’s monograph, “The

Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa.”

Current issues of the Journal (past two calendar years) may still be obtained directly

from the Academy office at 1530 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of

mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed

because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. :

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W.,

_ Washington, D.C., 20005. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal

zone number, if any.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: Ricuarp P. Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Coox, National Bureau of Standards

, Preliminary Announcement

Of Special Meeting

The Washington Academy of Sciences

will hold a one-day meeting, the first of

its kind for the Academy, on May 7 at

the University of Maryland. The program

will consist of two sessions, a morning

symposium on oceanography and an after-

noon symposium on environmental pollu-

tion. Both symposia will feature invited

papers.

The symposium on oceanography is in-

tended to present to Academy members

selected topics in the ocean sciences to

illustrate the multidisciplinary nature of

this field and some of the diverse ways

in which we are increasing our knowl-

edge of the oceans. Similarly, the sym-

Marcu, 1966

posium on environmental pollution will

emphasize the varied problems we face

in this area and what we can do about

them.

Simultaneously with these two ses-

sions, the annual Collegiate Science Sym-

posium sponsored by the Joint Board on

Science Education will be held at the

same location. A joint luncheon for

those who attend both meetings will be

featured. Academy members and college

students will thus have an opportunity to

meet with each other, to exchange views,

and to attend sessions of both meetings.

Further information will appear in the

April issue of the Journal.

Laws—Scientitic, Moral, and Political”

Frank T. McClure

Chairman of Research Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins

University

When I was preparing this address, |

found myself toying with the thought of

discussing the systematic techniques asso-

ciated with invited lectures. The chain of

events flows with remarkable inevitability.

You all know how they go. First, you,

the selected victim, are presented with a

tactful presentation of the importance of

the occasion and of the unique contribu-

tion your talents will make to its success.

Second, either the emissary, or some-

one close behind him, is a friend who

has received similar attention from you in

the past. Third, the time is not now, but

at least several months away. Fourth,

“you may speak on any topic you wish.”

The last two really put the teeth in the

trap. Your ego is neither so high that you

can comfortably assert that other more

vital activities have claimed your every

minute from now until that distant date,

nor so low that you can admit that, in

all that time, you would not be able to

find any subject on which you might have

a useful thought. You begin to note that

there is some flexibility in your calendar

in the weeks immediately preceding the

proposed date. You might be able to

work up something then. Now you are

caught, and that is the end of Round One.

Round Two begins several weeks later

when it has turned out that for clericai

reasons a TITLE is urgently needed. Re-

luctantly, and with some squirming, you

produce a title which inevitably narrows

your future possibilities, but hopefully is

broad enough to leave you some freedom.

* An address before the Washington Academy

of Sciences on January 20, 1966.

Any euphoria that remains at this point

is quickly dispelled in another week or

two when it is discovered that an AB-

STRACT is an immediate need in order

that announcements of the program can

be printed. There you are, complete

with a published title and abstract, but

no speech. Sometimes there is still an-

other step arising from the brilliant new

idea of some one to publish the proceed-

ings for the benefit of posterity, and in-

cidentally the paper manufacturers, pub-

lishers, printers’ union, etc. In this event

a MANUSCRIPT is required right away

to allow ample time for the editors et al.

This cinches up a straight jacket which

would challenge a mental Houdini.

Round Three finds us in those one or

two weeks immediately preceding THE

DATE. Of course, the free time pro-

jected really isn’t available. This is

merely a consequence of Parkinson’s

Law, which states that work expands to

fill the time available to do it. Analogous

with many other expansions this one cre-

ates a shock wave which runs ahead of

us in time, causing a sharp jump in the

temperature of activity as recorded on

our calendars.

Significant activity in Round Three is

divided in three parts, namely, dealing

irritably with your colleagues, secretary,

and family, all of whom seem to expect

life to continue normally: frantically

searching mind and literature for some-

thing sensible to say; and making firm

resolutions to never let it happen again.

In Round Four you are behind the lec-

tern, hopefully projecting confidence and

poise.

But, as I said, you are all familiar

46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

with this and I should not have brought

it up except to remark that, with the pos-

sible exception of writing research pro-

posals, this whole sequence is exactly the

opposite of that commonly accepted in

carrying out our normal professional ac-

tivities. There we do the work, then

write the report, then abstract it, and fi-

nally cap it with an appropriate title.

When Dr. Gray, your new Program

chairman, first approached me he set very

few boundary conditions. He did not say

whether the speech should be serious or

funny, deep or shallow, but only that it

should be broad and short—which would

make it sort of round, I guess. In any

case, you see that I still have some lee-

way. The strictures are broad and short.

Broad it is, and short it will be, if I get

on with it.

The explosive development of science

and technology over the past half cen-

tury has made it a major force in the

social and economic structure of advanced

nations and perhaps the only hope, if

there is hope, for the future of the under-

developed nations. It is not surprising,

therefore, that there is an increasing

literature devoted to the interaction of

science and government. It was in 1959

that C. P. Snow delivered the Rede Lec-

ture at Cambridge with the title, “The

Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolu-

tion.” Publication of this paper gen-

erated considerable discussion in this

country and heated controversy in Eng-

land. If one abstracts the criticism of

“The Two Cultures” (as has become its

short title), disregarding the personal in-

vective of which there is ample, the posi-

tion would seem to be that there may pos-

sibly be any number of cultures, zero,

one, or thirty-three—any number, that is,

other than two. But the cogency of

Snow’s thesis, if it had any, really didn’t

depend on the magic of two. His theme

was that specialization in the intellectual

world has led the professions so far

apart that communication between them is

no longer possible. They neither speak

Marcu, 1966

the same language nor think the same

thoughts. Where the fault lies, or whether

the problem is really new, is not ad-

dressed. A story, purportedly told by

Adlai Stevenson in quite a different con-

text, seems peculiarly appropriate. A

preacher was much concerned about the

reputation of a certain woman in his con-

gregation, and he said to her on Sunday

after the service, “Madam, I prayed for

you last night for three hours.” And she

said, “Well, Reverend, you needn’t have

gone to all that trouble. If you’d have

just telephoned, [Vd have come right

over.”

The Snow thesis does not seem to have

been generally accepted. The flow of

papers—there is almost always at least

one in every issue of Science—on the

subject of the interaction of science and

society, of which science and government

is a central part, continues. Surely the

authors are not convinced of the impene-

trability of the barrier postulated by

Snow. Some papers are directed to the

importance of governmental support of

science, some to its hazards. Some are

devoted to the responsibilities scientists

must assume for their inventions—mostly

these refer to the nuclear scientists and

their contribution to providing the means

of blowing us all up, but more recently

there are allusions to the great advances

in genetics possibly presaging an ap-

plied science of human eugenics, or to

the even more recent investigations of the

brain and the mind foreshadowing ef-

fective thought control. Others are de-

voted to the participation of scientists in

government—not simply as_ individuals,

but rather bringing to bear the special

knowledge and disciplines of their field

on an area which, in the past, as been

left largely to a unique professional

group, namely, the lawyers. It is this

last thought that interests me tonight.

Some time ago, | picked up an ele-

mentary college text on government. As

with all mysteries, I opened it at the

back. There I found a set of sample ex-

AZ

amination questions, one of which im-

mediately leaped to my eye. I quote:

“Give at least four reasons why the

‘scientific method’ is difficult to use in

the study of government and _ politics.”

Note the word used was “difficult,” not

“impossible,” although the answer to the

question would have been illuminating

in either case. Parenthetically, based on

my experience, the question might equally

well have been asked about the use of

the “scientific method” in science. Greatly

encouraged, I hurried to the table of con-

tents for guidance to the appropriate sec-

tion. Finding nothing there, I turned to

the index where, it turned out, there was

no clue to the question or reference to

the “scientific method.” In desperation |

went through the book page by page.

This left me in the mood of the man who

was asked how he liked the book on but-

terflies which he had been given, and he

replied: “This book contains more about

butterflies than I care to know.”

was still helpless with a question that

was presumably transparent to an aver-

age sophomore.

Scientists concern themselves with un-

covering order in nature. They start with

the deep belief that natural phenomena

are not just the result of some whimsy

but are the consequences of a systematic

pattern. By their observations they strive

to display this pattern and to deduce its

rules, and to frame them into laws govern-

ing behavior. But moralists and_politi-

cians also believe in order and are inti-

mately concerned with laws governing be-

havior. The scientist deals with behavior

as it is, the moralist with what it

should be, and the politician, perhaps,

with both. Is it possible that this overlap

provides a common ground?

At the outset let me dispense with a few

familiar objections to this view. The

first objection one frequently hears is

that scientists deal only with the behavior

of inanimate things and thus the situa-

tions are not comparable. To say that

science does not deal with frogs and cats

and dogs and people is to say that the only

But I

scientists are physical scientists, which is

nonsense !

The second frequent objection is that

the scientist is only an observer of nature

and this passive role is in contrast to that

of the politician. If this statement had

any general validity the whole modern

debate on science and government

wouldn’t exist! True, some sciences are

observational, or better, are in the ob-

servational state, as for example are as-

tronomy or astrophysics. But this is only

because the practitioners haven't yet

found the means to do otherwise. Meteor-

ology is already straining at this leash.

The experimental sciences have long

passed this point. When a scientist ob-

serves a gas he doesn’t just sit and look at

it. He captures a bit in a bag and

squeezes it, noting the change of volume,

and announces Boyles’ Law. Or he warms

and cools it and announces Charles’ Law.

And this sort of “observation” leads with

apparent inevitability to internal com-

bustion engines and jets and all kinds of

intricate and highly ordered activity which

is “natural” only in that natural laws

don’t forbid it. And how many Beltsville

turkeys did your ancestors, who all came

over on the Mayflower, find in the woods?

And did they cook them in silicone-

coated aluminum pans? The point is

that ‘scientists do not simply observe an

object. They study its behavior under ex-

ternal stress, or if you like, its reaction

to changes in its environment—and this

behavior is the subject of their laws—

and this is how they learn to mold

nature.

A third objection is more difficult. The

question is whether, assuming it is pos-

sible, the application of scientific knowl-

edge and the scientific method to control

human behavior, i.e., to formulate effec-

tive political laws, would be moral. I

would have replied that this depends on

the desired end, but I am aware of the

arguments about morality of means. I

can only ask if it would be less moral

than trying to achieve the same ends by

48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

= a

a ie

the electric chair, flogging, jailing, soli-

tary confinement, etc. Especially, I ques-

tion the morality of attempting to pro-

duce, by those means, behavior which

the individual cannot, on __ scientific

grounds, display because of other more

overwhelming stresses also provided in

his social environment. Perhaps this

jou will be more clear later.

But let me move on to some comments

about the characteristics of the scientific

method. First, and perhaps above all, it

is empirical. Its laws, theorems, hy-

potheses, or whatever you may call them,

must correspond with the experimentally

observable. If they do not, they are dis-

carded and cease to exist as part of

science, although perhaps retained as arti-

facts in its history. Second, it calls for

consistency in that an acceptable body of

laws cannot be demonstrably inconsis-

tent. In particular, any law based on

limited evidence must not be inconsistent

with a more deeply rooted law or prin-

ciple. Of course, if this limited evidence

in itself is irrefutably inconsistent with

the principle, the latter will have to go.

Third, the method allows little reverence

for authority or precedent. This is, of

course, largely a result of the first two

characteristics, but it is worth noting

that there is no one who is more a “man

from Missouri” than a real scientist.

These three characteristics of the sci-

entific method are largely responsible for

the forward movement of science with

its ever more penetrating questions—it

shucks off the unfortunate and unsuccess-

ful ventures of its past—‘“phlogiston” and

“ether” are no longer part of its structure.

What of the “world of men” and its

laws? I need not tell you of all the

archaic provisions which still lie on the

statute books of our municipalities, our

states and our national government. Some

are enforced only capriciously, some

never, and some are used only as a con-

venience in perpetrating blackmail. But

not all fail to meet the need for change.

In Puritan New England in 1650, death

Marci, 1966

was provided for adultery. In the Dis-

trict of Columbia in 1965, the penalty

was down to one year in jail and a $500

fine. That this lesser, but still severe,

penalty is still effective is evidenced by

the fact that there have been no prosecu-

tions for criminal adultery in D.C. for

more than twenty years. The issue is be-

clouded somewhat by the fact that Vir-

ginia provides only a $20 to $200 fine and

in Maryland the price is only $10, with

about the same result.

Furthermore, I would not want to as-

sert that the test of conformity with ob-

servation is never used. Take the case of

the Eighteenth Amendment to the Consti-

tution, passed by Congress on December

17, 1917 and ratified by the States on

January 19, 1919, and providing for the

prohibition of intoxicating liquors in the

United States. Failure of the Law to con-

form with the behavior of the people re-

sulted in the Twenty-first Amendment to

the Constitution, passed by Congress

February 20, 1933 and ratified December

5, 1933, repealing the Eighteenth. The

time from hypothesis to test to rejection

took only sixteen years, long but not in-

ordinately so by scientific standards.

What of consistency? The situation

here is somewhat mixed. The Supreme

Court, in its decisions on segregation and

apportionment of the vote, saw that the

experimental evidence showed that - ear-

lier positions of the court had led to re-

sults clearly inconsistent with the deeper

principles of the Constitution, and_ it

therefore changed those positions. In

spite of the wails of many, it seems clear

that this is an exemplary case of the sci-

entific, although perhaps not the tradi-

tional method. On the other hand. we

find a strange situation when we. ex-

amine the circumstances surrounding the

income tax laws so assiduously enforced

by the Internal Revenue Service. At the

beginning a _ principle was _ involved,

namely, that the Federal Government

ought not to legislate in such a manner

as to drive any portion of the population

49

below some reasonable economic position

in our society. Thus, Congress evolved a

system of deductions and exemptions. Un-

fortunately, they expressed these prin-

ciples in the currency of the time rather

than in the invariant form which sci-

entists prefer. As a consequence, the

$600 exemption and 10 percent deduction

meant that with an income above about

$2700, a family of four paid income taxes

to the Federal Government in 1965. In the

interim the Social Security Administration

had established the poverty line at $3150,

and in many states relief support starts

at higher levels than that. In the District

of Columbia the Federal Housing Author-

ity ceiling, for a family of four to be

eligible for subsidized low-rent housing

for the near poor, is $9100. I leave the

questions of the flow of funds, and its

efficiency, to your imagination.

Of course we have all heard stories

about states legislating a value for 7. One

wonders how many of them are true.

M. H. Greenblatt in the American Scien-

tist of December 1965 gives the details in

Indiana in 1897. The bill didn’t prescribe

a value of z but rather provided formu-

lae covering a number of cases, each im-

plying a value. These ranged as high as

4. When the bill was introduced in the

House of Representatives it was referred

to the Committee on Swamp Lands, which

in turn deferred to the Committee

on Education. That committee reported

favorably and it passed the House unani-

mously, 67 to 0. In the Senate it was re-

ferred to the Committee on Temperance

and subsequently passed by the Senate on

the first reading. Somehow someone then

“got the word” and on the second reading

the Senate threw it out. A good thing,

too, else the Indiana inspectors would

have not been able to accept man-hole

covers because of the failure of the ratio

of their circumference to diameter to

meet state requirements!

But again, what about the consistency

with deeper principles? As early as 120

years ago Alexis de Toqueville marveled

at our concept of bail. In 1965 the same

question is being debated by the bar in

Washington. The problem is that a man

shall be judged innocent until proved

guilty. Presumably that means he shall

not be punished if not guilty. But if he

is charged, and has not the financial re-

sources to provide bail, he is jailed until

his trial—and there is no recompense if

he is then adjudged innocent. But if the

judgment be “guilty,” then it is “$100 or

100 days”—$100 for the rich and 100

days for the poor, that is—in keeping

with the principle that all men are equal

under the law!

Or consider the expenses of defense. In

civil law, if you challenge me and I win

the verdict, you, so to speak, pick up the

check. But if the Government charges

you, criminally or under the rules of a

regulatory agency, you pay for your own

defense whether you win the contest or

not. The procedure may bankrupt you

even though you are innocent! And if

you don’t think it happens, you are a

dreamer!

The government also provides criminal

penalties in what are clearly medical

problems. Do you really think it is sensi-

ble and moral to jail the drug addict

while simultaneously maintaining the con-

ditions that make highly profitable the

trade in addiction?

I ‘shall not recount more of these

strange things. I shall only draw my con-

clusion, which is that the scientific

method has a wider applicability to our

society than generally admitted, that it is

occasionally but rarely used, and that the

world would be a better place if the ap-

plication were more common. But by

now you are wondering if there is any

sense to all this. Can any of these things

be done? Has it not been said that

“politics is the art of the possible?” And

I say that that might be more aptly said

of technology. For, if there is anything

the twentieth century should have taught

us, it is that science, with its endless sift-

ing and winnowing, finds the keys to na-

ture, and so its companion, technology,

can open the doors to “the possible.”

50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Seience and Its Matrix”

Leo Schubert

Chairman of Chemistry Department, American University

fSome revolutions burst upon men with

demonic fury and leave behind them an

altered way of life. Others bring about

a change in the seat of power but have

no lasting influence upon man. Still

others, more subtle, speed up enormously

the pace of our culture but at the time do

not seem to be at all revolutionary.

Today we are in the midst of such a

quiet revolution, in contrast with which

the Renaissance, the Reformation, and

the Industrial Revolution were imper-

ceptibly slow. Whereas cultural revolu-

tions formerly took decades or genera-

tions, science doubles about every eight

years.

We are in the midst of a change in

which old ideas of morals are being

questioned. We now recognize that all

known cultures contain both compulsions

and prohibitions, some of them believed

with an intensity that is transmitted by

cultural conditioning so that these preju-

dices become identical with truth in the

minds of those so conditioned.

The effects of this revolution are so

powerful that we can now face public

discussion of matters such as birth con-

trol, the possibility of control through

biomolecular engineering of man’s nature,

and even the possibility of the synthesis

of life itself with all the theological and

social implications that this implies. The

recent “God is dead” movement in Prot-

estant theology emphasizes the extent of

the change.

Throughout recorded history man has

puzzled over his own moral nature.

* Address of the retiring president of the Wash-

ington Academy of Sciences at its meeting on

February 17, 1966.

Marcu, 1966

Science with its twin talents for greatness

and for destruction forces us to face

these questions with a new urgency and

we must learn to look at them with an

ethos shorn of myth, prejudice, and ig-

norance. With the purpose characteristic

of human activity, we must ask culture the

critical questions about man in relation to

his fellow man, and to the political group

in which he lives. To quote C. P. Snow,

“Science will give us a better world only

if enough people make sure it does so,

which means that we must, to begin with,

acquire the knowledge that helps us under-

stand.”

The subject matter of ethics is essen-

tially how man shall live with his fellow

man. He accomplishes this in a political

way by conferring on society the power

to enforce a social ethic through law and

the police. Through his priests, philoso-

phers, wise men, and the need for com-

fortable living with family and _ friend,

man has developed a personal ethic. It is

largely unwritten but it is so powerful

that it is referred to as “human nature,”

though surely it is more a function of

successful experience than of gene or

soul. Despite many diverse cultures,

some profoundly differing from others

the personal ethic has tended to be rea-

sonably uniform all over the world. Our

own Judeo—Christian tradition, stemming

jointly from the righteousness of the

Jews and the reason of the Greeks,

sought for morality in keeping with

reason, justice according to evidence, and

explanations not through arbitrary super-

natural acts but through a_ naturalistic

causal sequence. The impact of the Un-

certainty Principle has not dimmed this.

The lack of causality on the micro level

has not changed the requirement for

causality on the macro level. z

Recently C. P. Snow and others have

referred to “the science of science.” My

preference is to use the more conventional

term “philosophy of science.” The task of

philosophy has been how to think, how

to be sure, how to recognize truth and

validity. Idealists offered theories of ab-

solute, tied closely to an absolute knowl-

edge of nature. Materialists regarded

ethics in much the same way as they did

their very complete taxonomic ordering

of the universe. Humanist empiricists of-

fered the lessons of human experience as

the basis for social ethics. Sceptics ar-

gued the untrustworthiness of our sense

perception and were cynical about the

value of any moral standards for human

conduct. Modern philosophers have re-

minded us that the most difficult study

man has is man himself. For if it is dif-

ficult to understand just one human

being—the task of psychiatry—it is much

more complex to understand the behavior

of individuals within a small group and

still more difficult to grasp the social, po-

litical, and ethical interactions of so-

cieties.

Man’s ethical behavior was formalized

through two different pathways, religion

and philosophy, or more properly episto-

mology, the knowledge of nature.

The effective systems of ethics for-

malized through theology were based

upon commandments: “Thou shalt not.”

Even though the commandment was

founded on value, on psychological formu-

lations, this was not given as the inherent

reason for it. The commandment itself

was its own reward; its support gave its

believers an inner peace not necessarily

dependent upon an awareness of intel-

lectual and emotional values. Socrates

argued that to be good all one needed

was. to know the truth, for good was

truth, but we must remember that Greek

ethics were practiced by but a_ few

Greeks, for most Greeks were not citizens.

On the other hand, when Moses com-

manded “Though shalt not . . .” many

more people were directly involved in

obedience to the commandment for the

religious virtues inherent in obeying,

rather than for the “built-in” psychologi-

cal virtues that could sustain a people.

The second of the two pathways to-

wards ethics, through epistomology and

science, is far more tortuous. The spiritual

kin of Darwin argue that ethics can be

derived from evolution; to behave ethi-

cally means to behave in accordance

with an obvious destiny of the human

race. Of course, the same destiny is not

equally obvious to different people or

peoples.

Others argue that man is destined for

happiness, and ethics becomes the hand-

maiden of this compulsion towards hap-

piness. Still it is only a hope that happi-

ness is man’s lot. Some theologies re-

quire that to be happy in the next world

means that man may not be hedonistically

happy in this world. The same sort of

argument holds for those who believe

that ethics and survival are identical.

Much of the historical interaction be-

tween science and ethics reflects upon our

concepts of “law.” Originally laws tended

to be identified with “law of nature”;

man could not violate them, though the

gods might. Primitive man tried to pla-

cate the gods so that the laws of nature

would remain reasonably constant over a

given time period. Violation of the laws

of nature brought necessary retribution,

for it was assumed that the all-powerful

and omniscient gods were aware of every

violation. Since the laws of man were not

backed by this omniscience, punishment

was not as certain. A line was drawn be-

tween the ethics of men and of gods. The

sin of Hubris—the sin of men who dared

to be more than men, to go beyond man’s

place in the fixed order of things—was

the line.

Science, and indeed all knowledge, was

thought to be inherently good; this is the

Socratic point of view. The separateness

of knowledge was almost axiomatic. Mod-

52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ern society takes a more questioning

point of view. The scientist may no

longer practice his science as something

apart from human and ethical concerns.

He has come to see that his science is tied

to his philosophy. Groups such as the

Federation of American Scientists have

made social ethics their concern. And this

Academy has turned its attention to social

and ethical matters such as overpopula-

tidn, food, transportation, and the myth

of growth itself.

Science has not inevitably been a force

for good. It may be morally and ethically

neutral perhaps; but neutrality may be

construed as a positive force. The moral-

ity of science is not separate from man.

Until recently man has been slave to

the soil. Although the popular myth

holds that working the soil somehow

ennobles man, it is more likely to brutalize

him. For leisure, used properly, is neces-

sary to cultivate ethics as it is necessary

to cultivate science and art. Time is

needed for contemplation, to perceive and

understand nature rather than fight it.

Can we use the scientific method, so

successful in solving so many of man’s

problems, to help us solve these ultimate

problems relating man to man and man

to society? Alas, no! for the scientific

method is also a myth. There many

scientific methods. If there is any-

thing we can abstract from man’s ex-

perience with science’s success, it is a re-

spect for facts, a willingness to listen to

another’s hypothesis, and a freedom from

prejudice in evaluating results and con-

sequences. This is part of the methodol-

ogy, if there be one: the divorcement of

man from mean and degrading passions,

the willingness to treat another as an

honorable opponent, and_ respect for

man, nature, fact, and concept.

Then what of philosophy? It is not

quite what it used to be. Natural

philosophy has become physics. Psychol-

ogy derives from the philosophy of the

mind and social behavior. The philosophy

of culture and people-interactions have

MarcH, 1966

become sociology and anthropology. Two

things are left for philosophy: logic and

criticism.

Moreover, philosophy itself has always

been divided into the two major camps

of idealism and materialism. The idealist

seeks to establish his tenets with a priori

argument, which spring more from emo-

tional and aesthetic need than absolute

truth, the belief in a rational universe.

The materialist seeks to transform philoso-

phy to a material-causal science of be-

havior. Both are concerned with logic

and criticism. This fall from philosophy’s

preeminent position has taught us that

there is no one sure way whereby man

may solve all his problems.

If there is no one procedure, no sci-

entific method whereby man may look at

his science, his society, and public policy

that flows from this examination, man

still has a lever with which to manipulate

—his intelligence. Policy relative to

science may be decided by a democracy—

a democracy in which the voter may have

to pass a special literacy test, say the

Ph.D., to participate. It is a democracy

in which the leaders may be voted out

of leadership easily; it takes but the pub-

lishing of a paper to do that. As Ralph

Lapp has emphasized, it is a “priesthood”

that does not desire political power. Un-

happily, this scientific ethic does not

seem to carry over to make the scientist

an expert in other fields. Scientists, with

great morality in science, have frequently

not shown equal morality in social mat-

ters. Perhaps this is because science has

always been a subordinate instrument of

power in national policy. This situation is

not likely to change. For scientists are

scientists second, and are human beings

first. It is true that some of the idealized

notions of science such as precision, sim-

plicity, impersonality, objectivity, and the

determinate relationship between input

and output are valuable conditions for

the conduct of most human affairs. Even

social service with its emphasis on the in-

dividual human condition is more suc-

33

cessful when it remains personal.

Humanism did not flourish in past cul-

tures, when most people lived brutishly.

It can flower only when man is freed

from want, from war, and from _inse-

curities. The necessary condition for a

truly humane culture is one in which in-

humane work is done by non-human

agencies. Ours is still a very incomplete

technology. As our technology improves

we may witness the guaranteed annual

wage. We will see man freed from work

that man ought not to do and we will

find him doing instead the work of serv-

ice. This change in work will completely

change the social impact of science.

What, then, are some of the immediate

problems relating science and _ public

policy?

An obvious difficulty is that science is

expensive. It is not feasible to cut back

on expenditures for science; our com-

petitors will not. But society has a

right, indeed a duty, to require an ac-

counting and an effort at prediction. This

demands something from the scientist

that he, by temperament and experience,

is not interested in doing. The Nobel

Laureate, Szent-Gyorgy, put it this way:

“Research is to see what everyone else

has seen and to think what no one else

has thought.” How can the scientist de-

scribe in advance what no one else has

thought? How can he find a sympathetic

ear among the grant controllers for that

which may be originally unthinkable?

Can the grants establishments support

that which is not believed? Still, Con-

gressman Daddario in his recent com-

prehensive report on the functions and

operations of the National Science

Foundation wants the NSF to plan and

predict the nature of research over a pe-

riod of years. As Thomas Kuhn _ has

shown, science is of two kinds, normal

science and the “paradigm,” the revolu-

tionary approach. We must seek out the

paradigm and encourage its consequences.

This is a task of the utmost gravity.

Society must support the scientist-genius

if only because science is expensive and

because society needs desperately the

fruits of his intellectual labor. Public

policy on the support of genius must be

expanded. Original scientific creativity

must be encouraged. This encouragement

should be accompanied with a minimum

of administrative, accounting, and _ or-

ganizational trivia. The use of the “effort

report” and “100 per cent time” has done

a great deal to hamper creativity.

It is, of course, criminally foolish not

to use scientists in matters of public pol-

icy to which scientists can contribute.

Ralph Lapp says that Henry Stimson de-

cided to drop the bombs on Japan prior

to any meeting with scientists. Yet the

scientists to whom Stimson had _ access,

men such as Leo Szilard, were enor-

mously knowledgeable about the effects

of these weapons. We see government

officials making pronouncements on sci-

entific matters without any background

in these matters. Democracy implies

dialogue. In the affairs of science and so-

ciety, this dialogue is uniquely virtuous

because it must take place between groups

which have not in the past maintained

conversations.

Science and society interact through

our educational system. This system, es-

pecially with respect to science, mathe-

matics, and engineering, needs its own

paradigms. Our understanding of the cre-

ative process is quite primitive. There do

seem to be a few facts upon which action

may be based. For one thing, it appears

as though a non-authoritarian teaching

situation is helpful in encouraging the

production of scientists. For example,

while the Catholics comprise about 20%

of our population, about 3% of the

scientist-population are Catholics. Con-

gregationalists, on the other hand, com-

prise a disproportionate share of sci-

entists. Catholics, interestingly enough,

provide a disproportionately high inci-

dence of lawyers. It may be presumed

that the authoritarian character of pa-

rochial education has fashioned this mold.

54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

It is imperative, too, that the quality

of the teaching profession be altered. It

is not only a matter of money, salaries,

or even of upgrading competence. What

is needed is some serious social and psy-

chological thinking about the question of

teaching as a career. Why do some peo-

ple become teachers? What are the mo-

tives, the needs and desires that persuade

them to teach? Are there many who

teach for the wrong reasons? Is a com-

pulsion to the kind of power exercised by

the university professor, or a desire for a

minimum of responsibility part of these

reasons?

In every age, in every culture, there has

been something lacking in the educa-

tional process. This lack is more vital

today because the educational process

has lengthened, because it is even more

necessary for survival than ever before,

and because it is more expensive. The

cost of educating a science or engineer-

ing student in college will run from

$25,000 to $50,000. Yet we are aware

that some of the most creative students

drop out of school. It has been shown

that the person who earns the Ph.D.

degree is not necessarily the most cre-

ative or even the best student, but the

most persistent. Departments of science

are aware that the later productivity of a

faculty cannot be predicted reliably from

performance in graduate school or pre-

vious academic experience. Conversely,

men of little early promise may become

unexpectedly productive. Pasteur, a late

starter, failed his examinations repeat-

edly. If there are neuroticisms or en-

vironmental factors which influence pro-

ductivity, we ought to know about them

so that the environments afforded genius

may be as salubrious as possible. The

most complex and productive laboratory

possible is the human mind. Society

must learn to invest heavily in this labora-

tory. It must make demands that are as

rigorous as possible, for most of us per-

form well under a load. The creative

teacher-scholar must be exploited by a

Marcu, 1966

demanding university.

There have been, recently, serious at-

tacks about the “publish-or-perish” pol-

icy that is prevalent in some schools. The

argument runs that good teachers are

persuaded or even compelled to leave

teaching to do research. This is true. But

the rewards for the teacher, the school,

the student, and society are very real.

The usual situation is that the teacher’s

teaching load is decreased. The school is

able to obtain additional teaching staff

without the expenditure of large addi-

tional funds. Students receive financial

support for aiding in the research and

get the important benefit of different

scientific points of view from a large

number of teachers. This is made _ pos-

sible, in part, by research funds. Those

who are both teachers and scientists are,

in my opinion, uniquely fortunate. Either

is good; together the synergistic effect is

remarkable. [ would not derogate re-

search by labeling with the “publish-or-

perish” smear. To one’s peers, publica-

tion provides a means of entering one’s

mind. The student benefits because he

gets some contact with the research en-

terprise, which is of more consequence

than is learning a series of facts. Addi-

tionally, as Bacon wrote, “writing makes

the exact man.” In the written word of

the research paper, the sloppiness or

error that may be covered up in oral

presentation is not as likely.

The students at the Berkeley campus of

the University of California have com-

plained about large classes. Who forced

them to attend this campus? There are,

in California, many junior colleges that

have small classes. Perhaps these students

would rather hear Pimentel lecture to a

thousand students than a much lesser

scientist lecture to twenty students. Con-

fining Pimentel to a small group would

deprive the other students. Men such as

Pimentel emphasize that there is no

dichotomy here and that the attainment

of excellence in teaching demands an un-

compromising marriage. It is true that

55

there are excesses; yet in the balance |

believe that the government has _per-

formed a service to education by making

it possible for academicians to do re-

search and even by supporting the “pub-

lish-or-perish” principle. Rather than in-

sisting on the teacher’s responsibility to

teach, perhaps we should emphasize the

student’s responsibility to learn.

Being creatures of our culture we tend

to recoil from any considerations of in-

terference with laissez-faire individualism.

Personality is deemed to be sacrosanct,

even when it is to the best interest of

neither the person or society. Personality

factors are of tremendous importance in

many of our social problems. Every

teacher is baffled by how to enlist the

best efforts of his students towards learn-

ing. There should be some serious think-

ing. given to motivation, devotion, psy-

chological fulfillment. These are much

more the nuts and bolts of education

in the sciences than are instruments and

books.

If there is no scientific method. in

science, there is at the very least the ap-

plication of reason. Science has given

society the means to assure that all are

well-housed, well-fed, free of disease.

Science may someday show man how to

live for several hundred years in virile

health. Society must learn to live these

years happily.

If society has the right and the duty to

demand an accounting from science, sci-

ence in its turn has a right to demand

that society recognize that it is the scien-

tist who is most concerned with its work

and its implications. The view that only

through man’s spirit can understanding be

touched, and that the Hyde who practices

science must be different from the Jekyll

who esteems art, politics, and religion is

most demoralizing and perilous. Intellect

and reason must guide man to knowledge

of reality. Revelation and poetry may

give truth—but a highly personal truth

and one which need not be accepted by

others. The beauty of Picasso is a subject

for debate for it is personal. But the

beauty of EK = mc? is eternal and obvious

to all who care to take the effort to con-

sider it.

Our world is out of joint. Part of the

crisis arises because science has outrun

the moral and esthetic qualities of society.

Science has molded our material lives:

it has touched our spiritual lives but

little. This is partially due to the ivory-

tower built by the scientist; it is also due

to the humanist’s fear of scientific human-

ism. Society must exercise its self-interest

and require a reapproachment between

these “two cultures”, both expressions of

the human spirit.

Two equally large problems now face

science and society through its instrument-

ality of public policy. The first of these

is that we must train scientists who will

be both conceptually and professionally

the strongest in the world for an indef-

inite period of time. We need a vast

cleansing of our educational system, a

profound recognition of the virtues of

scholarship, an acknowledgement that

the future of this country and its people

are far more determined by competence

than by life adjustment. Equally we need

to understand the problems of guiding

and controlling technology. We need men

who are well enough informed about

science and technology to control the ways

in which we use their fruits. Our coming

lawyers, doctors, journalists, priests, and

legislators must have sound judgments

relating science to society. We need the

calm strength of a man who not only

knows his subject but who also has the

spiritual strength to know for what he

stands, what his values are, and how to

constructively direct the uses and goals

of science. Finally, if we truly do not

understand the magnitude of this problem

only becuase it is so large and so im-

portant, it is all the more reason for

public dialogue. Niels Bohr in speaking

about his mysterious wave function once

said “My method is to try to say what

I cannot say, since I do not understand it.”

56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

T-THOUGHTS

Empathy

Trying to sell basic research, the truly

significant type that is, brings to mind an

advertisement in the November 18, 1961

issue of Business Week. It was a_ two-

page spread.

On the left page was a large front-view

photograph of a _ bald-headed executive,

with eyebrows curling upward at the tips

and lips curling downward, with steely

eyes starting at you, determined hands

crossed before his paunch, and _ size-16

double-E feet planted on the floor, as he

squatted firmly in his chair.

On the right page, it read:

“T don’t know who you are.

I don’t know your company.

I don’t know your company’s product.

’ I don’t know what your company stands

for.

I don’t know your company’s customers.

I don’t know your company’s record.

I don’t know your company’s reputa-

tion.

Now what was it you wanted to sell

mee (+

The Thrasher

Many an R&D executive, at one time or

another, suffers a frustrating and ex-

hausting experience engendered by med-

dlesome and powerful individuals in

higher and coordinate echelons who keep

thrashing about within his operations. The

usual defense involves the long-drawn-out

battle against “higher echelons dabbling in

operations.” Jonathan Swift (in Gulliver’s

Travels) alluded to another possible

tactic:

“Seamen have a custom, when they

meet a whale, to fling him an empty tub

by way of amusement to divert him from

laying violent hands upon the ship.”

Lesson from an Old Fox

The old fox had fleas.

The fleas were a nuisance.

Marcu, 1966

To the river went the fox, with a piece

of moss in his mouth.

He backed his tail into the water.

The fleas scrambled onto his

quarters.

He backed further into the water.

The fleas fled onto the moss.

The fox let the moss go.

Out of the river come the fox.

hind-

A CONTRIBUTION

FROM THE ARCHIVIST

Two Belated Centennials

It is almost 101 years since the birth

of Cornelius Lott Shear on March 26,

1865, and of Edwin Emery Slosson on

June 7, 1865. Some of the magic con-

nected with the number 100. may thus be

lost, but the fascination with the lives of

these two outstanding men remains. They

differed greatly in their work and in their

general interests.

Cornelius L, Shear (1865-1945) was

principal pathologist in the Bureau of

Plant Industry, Department of Agricul-

ture. His “Studies of Fungus Parasites

Belonging to the Genus Glomerella’” (1)

were abstracted in this Journal (2). He

collaborated with Frederic E. Clements

(1874-1945), of the Carnegie Institute

of Washington, on “The Genera of Fungi”

with several hundred fine drawings on 58

plates by Edith S. Clements (3). An in-

dication of his interests beyond mycology

can be found in his membership in the

History of Science Society. He was elected

a fellow of the Academy on January 20.

1912.

Edwin E. Slosson (1865-1929) started

out as a chemist and gave up his profes-

sorship at the University of Wyoming to

become first director of the Science Serv-

ice organization in 1921. (In the same

year he was elected to the Academy.) He

was selected for this post because he

had long been interested in the task of

making science understandable to “the

millions.”” His book “Creative Chemistry”

of 1919 had phenominal success. The

wn

ee

newly-created Chemical Foundation dis-

tributed 300,000 copies of it to libraries

and schools.

In 1924, Slosson collected a large num-

ber of articles he had published for

Science Service into a book, “Chats on

Science” which he introduced with a chap-

ter on “The Chattability of Science.” His

interest went beyond science to the “major

prophets of today.” In two books pub-

lished in 1914 and 1917, he gave very

readable and highly informative accounts

of personal interviews with Wilhelm

Ostwald, Ernest Haeckel, G. B. Shaw,

G. K. Chesterton, John Dewey, Rudolf

Euken, Maurice Maeterlinck, and other

prominent persons of his time, and he

included valuable “guides” to the study

of their work.

In his enthusiasm about the progress

of science he was not beyond believing

that the newest findings must also be the

best and must offer the final solution to

the greatest problems. Shortly after the

discoveries of vitamins E and D he gave.

a talk before this Academy, of which the

Journal cautiously published only an ab-

stract. Here are parts of his own report

about the 206th meeting, jointly with the

Philosophical Society, on March 18, 1926:

“Dr. Edwin E. Slosson, editor of Sci-

ence Service. The chemical interpretation

of history. If we can find out the laws of

biochemistry we can not only improve the

present generation and control the future

but interpret the past. The historian in

the light of these laws will be able to tell

what happened and why. History will then

cease to be a mere chronicle and become

part of the science of human behavior.

Astronomy was for the first five thou-

sand years a mere observational science,

but now has become the extra-mundane

branch of physics and chemistry.

“Historians record the rise and fall of

races. They point out that the decline is

often due to a lowering of the birthrate

and they ascribe. this to various causes,

moral, financial, political or social. These

are plausible surmises, yet it may be that

the real cause was a lack of vitamin E.

It might happen that a people or clan or

class might die out suddenly through a

change of diet, while seemingly well nour-

ished and as vigorous as ever. Until this

factor is taken into consideration a charge

of race suicide must be held not proven

in spite of what the moralists may say.

“Then there is the climatic theory of

history: that the capacities and activities

of a people are due to the effects of

climate. But what does the climate affect?

Obviously the chemical composition and

balance of the body through temperature,

humidity, pressure, sunshine, diet, and

mode of life.

“The laws of heredity are concerned

solely with the combinations of the de-

terminants in the germ plasm. But what

determines the determinants? Obviously

the difference in their chemical composi-

tion. Some day we may find out their

chemical structure. Some day we may be

able to alter it. Already it has been found

possible by means of X-rays to reach the

factors of heredity inside the germ cell

and so to transform them as to produce

strange creatures, such as have never ap-

peared in nature, and this is not only in

the first but in the second generation.

Such synthetic animals are mostly mon-

sters, but might it not happen that im-

proved species could be produced in some

such way?” (4)

His son, Preston Slosson, wrote an ex-

tensive biography as an introduction to

the posthumously published collections of

causeries, travelogues, and sparks of wis-

dom composed in the manner of Benjamin

Franklin’s Poor Richard (5).

References

(1) C. L. Shear and Anna K. Wood Dept. of

Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. 252,

Jan. 25, 1913. Obituary by John Stevenson, He

logia 49, 283-97 (1957).

(2) J. Wash. Ac. Sci. 3, 194-5 (1903).

(3) F. E. Clements and C. L. Shear, The

genera of fungi. New York: Hafner, 1931; re-

issued 1954.

(4) J. Wash. Ac. Sci. 18, 288-9 (1928).

(5) E. E. Slosson, A number of things. New

York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1930, pp. 3-33.

—Eduard Farber

58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

a

Academy Proceedings

March Meeting

495th Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

SPEAKER: SIMON PASTERNACK

Editor, Physical Review

SUBJECT: IS JOURNAL PUBLICATION

OBSOLESCENT?

DATE: THURSDAY, MARCH 17, 1966

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N. W.

Abstract of the Address—The rapidly increasing volume of scientic publication,

the great recent advances in computer technology and document reproduction tech-

niques, and the projected development of a national information system raise the

question of the possible obsolescence of scientific journal publication as we know

it. The essential feature of journal publication—its orderly, cumulative, coherent

structure—is analyzed, with illustrations from the operational practices of the Physical

Review. The elements of the current developments that threaten this orderly communica-

tion are discussed.

The Speaker—Simon Pasternack was born in Calgary, Alberta. He received the B.Sc.

degree (honors) in mathematics from the University of Alberta and the Ph.D. degree in

physics from California Institute of Technology. He was an instructor in physics at the

University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently was employed as a theoretical physicist at

Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1951 he became assistant editor of the Physical Re-

view, and has been an editor of that journal since 1956. His publications include work

on theoretical spectroscopy, quantum electrodynamics, and the fine structure of hydrogen.

Marcu, 1966 59

Summary Annual Report of Secretary for 1965

The activities of the Academy during

1965 may be summarized as follows:

Membership: During 1965 the Com-

mittee on Membership approved the ap-

plications of 44 men. and women for

membership in the Academy. It recom-

mended 49 nominees for fellowship in the

Academy to the Board of Managers, which

approved them. Six of these nominees

were members who were elevated to

fellowship status by the Membership Com-

mittee after review of their current work.

Richard K. Cook served as Committee

chairman for the first six months, and

Malcom W. Oliphant for the remainder of

the year.

The Academy’s rolls now number 126 .

members, 997 fellows, and 147 emeriti,

for a total of 1,270. |

The Board approved the resignations of

19 persons and authorized a change from >

active to emeritus status of 14.

The following deaths were reported to

the Academy in 1965: Donald B. Brooks,

Hugh L. Dryden, Bernard Frank, Frank

Neumann, Oswald Schreiner, Hervey W.

Shimer, William. N. Sparhawk, Vilhjalmur

Stefansson, and Horace M. Trent.

Meetings. The. Committee on Meetings

(Jacinto Steinhardt, chairman) developed

eight monthly meetings, six of which were

held at the John Wesley Powell Audito-

rium of the Cosmos Club. The National

Academy of Sciences Lecture Room was

used for the May meeting. The November

meeting was held at Georgetown Univer-

sity because of the unusually large at-

tendance anticipated.

The 486th meeting of the Academy was

held on February 18th. Retiring President

Francois N. Frenkiel gave an interesting

talk on some of the results and methods

used to study random processes of phys-

ical origin.

The 487th meeting on March 18 was

addressed by Professor Kenneth E. Bould-

ing of the University of Michigan. His

speculations on the impact of a substan-

tial, perhaps indefinite, increase in the

human life span on human institutions

such as family, employment, insurance,

and pension plans were most provocative.

In view of the success of the Conver-

sazione held in 1964, a similar program

was arranged for the 488th meeting of the

Academy on April 15. Eleven discussion

groups considered eleven questions includ-

ing, What is a scientist? Is science sig-

nificantly lengthening the life of persons

already past 20? Is automation destroying

or increasing the good life? What is the

impact of federal research grants on

teaching?

A panel: discussion on urban-suburban

mass transportation. problems drew a

capacity audience on-May 20 to the 489th

meeting of the Academy. The keynote

speaker was Professor Henry Fagin of the

University of Wisconsin. The panelists

were C. Darwin Stolzenbach, admin-

istrator of the National Capital Transpor-

tation Agency, and E. H. Holmes, direc-

tor of planning of the Bureau of Public

Roads. :

The fall program series began with a

stimulating talk by Professor M. King

Hubbert of the Geological Survey and

Stanford University. His thoughts on prob-

lems that might arise if the human —

population continued to increase indefi-

nitely were very well received at a time

when many governments are concerned

about overpopulation and are encourag-

ing birth control measures.

The 491st meeting on November 18,

held at Georgetown University, com-

memorated the centennial of Mendel’s

work. The program included a social

period, dinner, a dinner speaker, and two

lectures following the dinner. At the

dinner Professor Alexander Weinstein

of Harvard University spoke on “The

Reception of Mendel’s Paper by his Con-

temporaries.” The after-dinner lectures

60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

were given by Louis Levine of City Col-

lege, New York, and Roy J. Britten of the

Carnegie Institution of Washington. Dr.

Levine spoke on “Mendelian and Evolu-

tionary Genetics” and Dr. Britten on “The

Physical Basis of Inheritance.” Attendance

at the dinner, 180, and at the lecture, 230,

was the highest within the memory of your

Secretary.

In this age of automation, where com-

puters presumably can do_ everything

better than humans, it was refreshing to

hear Vincent Giuliano point out the limita-

tions of information storage and retrieval

systems in his talk, “The Fact and Fancy

of Information Retrieval,” at the 492nd

meeting held on December 16.

At the 68th annual dinner meeting on

January . 20, 1966, winners of the

Academy’s 1965 awards for scientific

achievement were honored. They are:

Gordon M. Tomkins, National Institutes

of Health (biological sciences); Ronald

EK. Walker, Applied Physics Laboratory

of Johns Hopkins University (engineering

sciences); Joan R. Rosenblatt, National

Bureau of Standards, (mathematics) ;

Albert I. Schindler, U.S. Naval Research

Laboratory, Robert P. Madden and Keith

Codling, National Bureau of Standards

(physical sciences); Irving Lindsey,

George Washington High School, Alex-

andria (high school science teaching) ;

and Stephen H. Schot, American Univer-

sity (college science teaching).

Miscellany. The sum of $300 was

donated to the fund for grants-in-aid of

research by the Dairy and Food Indus-

tries Supply Assocation, Inc. This sum re-

presents the combined honoraria offered

to and declined by Drs. McPherson and

Siu for their addresses to the Association

at a recent meeting.

Six grants-in-aid to young scientists of

the Washington area, totaling $737.65,

were recommended by the Committee on

Grants-in-Aid of Research (Ralph I. Cole,

chairman), and approved by the Board.

The recipients were Howard Katz ($80.00

for the completion of a television sta-

Marcu, 1966

tion) ; Glenn T. Urquhart ($65.00 for the

construction of a Michaelson interfero-

meter); John M. Greenlee ($176.35 for a

radio-astronomy antenna); Jon R. Vos-

kuil ($70.00 in-support of his project on

piezoelectricity and crystal resonance) ;

Walter G. Twitty ($266.30 for his project,

“Protocol for Water Stress Study of Preg-

nant Mice”; and Alan Gillespie ($80.00

in support of his project, “A Study of

Two Phenomena in the Armosphere of

Mars: Yellow Clouds and Blue Clear-

ings”). The primary source of these funds

is a yearly grant of about $460 from the

National Science Foundation. Unspent

funds may be carried over for two ad-

ditional years only.

The Academy’s annual student awards

dinner was held at Georgetown Univer-

sity on April 21, under the auspices of the

Committee on Encouragement of Science

Talent (Father F. J. Heyden, chairman).

Forty local high school seniors were

awarded certificates of merit and a

voucher worth $7.50 for books of their

choice.

President Schubert appointed a new

Committee on the History of Science in

the Washington Area, with M. C. Leikind

as chairman.

Volume 55 of the Academy’s Journal

was published in 1965 with a total of 238

pages. The February issue was concerned

primarily with subjects of interest to the

Society of American Foresters; the March

issue contained the reports of the secre-

tary, treasurer and various committees:

in the May number, the proceedings of

the Geological Society of Washington for

1964 and a list of this society’s officers

were published. The Academy’s member-

ship directory was published in Septem-

ber; no affiliate membership lists were

included in order to reduce costs. The

other issues contained a variety of scien-

tific articles, notes about scientists in the

news, committee reports, calendar of

scientific meetings, and _ philosophical

thoughts on scientific matters.

—Alphonse F. Forziati, Secretary

6l

Washington Academy of Sciences

Statement of Income and Expenses

Annual Report of the Treasurer for 1965 |

:

|

Income

| Des ee Oe eR meal bk oh Fest Sa Nara lee ices Meant yin Ln ey $10,118.75

Journal

Subschiptrons 4 see Me Re he ie Le i ee ae $3,120.45

Salerohereprimts ick. ie.. bee Re OOS BE OR Ges sek ln echie 969.10

Salexof ‘single wcoplesiet.c: were eee AU een 385.46 4,075.01

COMMUTERS, So: een ee mcr acc Ses tea aed ee WA eh ae eA shea 1,773.09

Investment income

DIVA ETS, Secrest chee ae ee ce ee ee ae ee eee 2,806.10

Capitals warns rao ee eee ree tee en ne ee onl Bean oa 1,469.69 4,275.79

Crants-ineaid~ Gelmbursements/ sock ee ee ee 370.60

Miscellanéous: os .sccd cntt ae SETAE MO Rhea A a ieee eben Oe oe 1,156.79?

Pea Sheed See tits e A es eo ee teen aN chee team cr sk kL UNE AL, cise Seimei mat en 35.14

Sale? of -amyestment, ‘Slrares: 20 oe uate SG ehcp hac el arti Oral cart ~ 4,513.49

Motal\: AWGOME pois, bigeye AG Aen men een ae Oe le a Unie at setae ed eee $26,318.66 ;

Checking account, becinnine: of year ec ee (CE |

Total funds. for the “year cass ane F8 oss teen oe $27,044.39 |

—————- |

* $765.60 in shares received in 1965 should be included in the capital gains.

* Includes $1000.00 return of a loan to WJAS. .

Expenses |

- |

SE CREP AE edi ces bs ccsne SRN, UPA eae Mee dc a RE Be ae rE $ 838.19 |

sl By SY: 1S c( 5) 3a sm TCA REE RR leet MR EEN ad Wi emp la A a ac 276.12

Committees 3

Mee bimias abide ook ea Sd, Wena nae 5 Penk Ra ieteaeaeee $5,187.04

Other committees: :.6 24. 8 eee ee ee eee 681.76 5,868.80

APO UST ea ae besa Lk seas ake Set at Rela Se a ees ho Ae ne eee ~ 9,716.91

1 RSE) TG Lop ae ne Ae Diea NN ee Rr ye RY eR MONE Se Sot ea ft mS cue 38.75

Headquarters .

IY Ct erg i ee a Re Maen Min adie buaen dite UVM ies acca oa ak eS 941.62

Shi NG (Seer ek beta Meee eS ee ee D TE SEL. cn We ee em SM 2,874.52

(RSS 05 ane nae MN ee Ee LT Ran ee} Cane es 962.66 4,778.80

Grants-in-aid

LQ YG] oT c-he aee eae a A eR: Pun. Wn tne SRE CAPE, MEE TE SB net op 2) 600.00

NGM UTSA Gy wk is es hs ae he met cen = merase, Gece Reng ae a eee 812.65 1,412.65

Whiseellame Ouse: 28 ce.e ocr eee Bae cl Reh cod Gene sen er een nee eae 2,045.36 *

TStal OX CMSES | & sch s:5 2 hse 0 he ees modes accel hentypaceses onal te erent nea ee $24,975.58

CREATES csi ooc ceacrtse Coase dosha sck cw, Seon Su bareetios ooece sig ECAR ee ere 34.74

Total Gisburse ments occu. ce-cite ccc potcges secs goin esses cate tet TUT eS ee $24.940.84

* Includes $1000.00 lent to WJAS.

Cash Account Verified with Bank Account

Total expen dialsle. Siig: 0 ieee sooo cae doek cv ss cvdes wsdeemnnnc npn cedcheewetles as eae eee $27,044.39

Total: -€xpemded iors cc..d. Rosati ite tee Ro once crn seuaees dcuwanenn aes usta ReGen ene 24,940.84

Bank: balances 2/37 Gi Geter, ose trae es Asien chsnem cece $2,103.55

62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ‘

| Capital Assets

(Market Value 12/31/65)

Miecaelnisetts nm MiveseMeMe, “MORSE D 2.2.0 5/..5060 its .c-ccdnbedistecctiescsetsea ee tea cle Es $50,016.72

(2829 shares at $17.68)

LinecimentCormpanyrOle NMenCA vite csk ccc. co cco RUBIN. Lela leridcce eda A. BAL. 15,637.89

(1149 shares at $13.61)

RiShine Toni Mata lMlMVEStMeMt MEISE |... 62..5:cdecc.0ccce ses. Sheets -necuecscorseecberesseeeespvecccesvocesasasvoreacaee 22,877.95

(1745 shares at $13.11)

Semesi up TaN ATIC EVAL OM SLO Kee oh ck cate 9c Ae discs oc ne ennk jes abbbcnedeben ree tcck sebazehsvadenecedant evel MEredeta 88,532.56

Pernt atic ees er ee es ene eh a. a ne ie ee Le 2,103.55

Miateerassets, 12/31/65 2c. sa clase teens cecesw? eee cee ee ee ered ema ADIN? eet tae $90,636.11

Mar ISsers als PUTIMIMe OL OGD, oo. 5. cccckccclstaccsesscsdctsscdeovassvesssseecseliescecseosecsuevedesesessvsednodsoseunentoe $86,207.48

| Summary of sale of investment shares

| Invest- Shares, Com-

ment start Recd. Shares Shares mis-

| Co. of year 1965 12/31/65 sold Price Total sion Income

M.LT. 2951 2829 122 $18.17 $2216.74 $41.63 $2175.11

iG: ot “A. 1202 1149 5) 12.02 743.06 12.43 730.63

: W.M.I.T 1811 60 1745 126 12.98 1635.48 Pe bells 1607.75

| ORL ROCOHRE haa os Ae ey ee REIT ee) URI co 0 ee $4513.49

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

\]

Checking Account Savings Account

[Ee letnce: DAC Ce Se eee $ 292.76 Balance 12/9 640k is choo cece $138.48

| ELECERU EG! ~ El area anaen e 4954..50+* (No actions in 1965)

TORaL? a ee ee $5247.26

WISWUTSEMICMES, oi. c.cc.eccecscceecenceeusserones 4104.84 *

| BrlanGe 12/7 SU/ OS: © oe. cccceswsccsosssevesens $1142.42 Balancer 2/0/65 recs hones cakes $138.48

| 4 Includes $1000.00 loan from and return to WAS.

—R. R. Miller, Treasurer

Marcu, 1966 63

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may

be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George

Washington University School of Medicine,

1339 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.

20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the month of issue of

the Journal.

March 15—Society of American

Foresters

Annual “all-day” meeting,

Lands in a Changing World.”

Keynote speaker, Milton A. Pearl,

executive director, Public Land Law Re-

view Commission, “Public Lands in a

Changing World.”

Paul Carlin, assistant director, National

Association of Counties, “The Urbaniza-

tion of America.”

“Public

Speakers to be announced:

“Mineral and Fuels—The

Pressures.”

“Our Growing National Thirst.”

“Changing Pressures on Lands.”

Changing

Luncheon speaker, William D. Hagen-

stein, national president, Society of

American Foresters, “Twenty-fifth An-

niversary of AFPI and the American Tree

Farms System,” and “The Society of

American Foresters in a Changing World.”

Presidential Arms, 1320 G St., N.W.,

9:00 am.; luncheon 12:50 p.m. Tele-

phone 296-7820 for luncheon reservations.

March 15-17—Louis Pasteur Science

Lectures

Lord Alexander R. Todd, F.R.S., pro-

fessor of organic chemistry, Cambridge

University, “Phosphates in Vital Proces-

ses.” A series of three lectures.

Georgetown University, Gaston Hall

(third floor of Healy Building), 37th

and O Sts., N.W., 4:00 p.m. each day.

March 16—American Meteorological

Society

Herbert I. Butler, chief, Operational

Satellite Office, Goddard Space Flight Cen-

ter, and Arthur W. Johnson, deputy di-

rector, National Environmental Satellite

Center, “The Current and Projected Me-

teorological Satellite Program.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 16—Helminthological Society

of Washington

Program by members of the staff of

Nematological Investigations, Department

of Agriculture.

J. Good. Topic to be announced.

Ellen Powers, “Morphological Aspects

of Panagrellus redivivus.”

A. Morgan Golden, “The Taxonomic

Research Program in Nematology In-

vestigations.”

Richard Sayre, “A Turbellarian Prey-

ing on Nematodes.”

W. R. Nickle, “On the Classification of

the Insect Parasitic Family Allantonema-

tidae.”’

Auditorium, Plant

Beltsville, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Industry Station,

March 16—Washington Society of

Engineers

William C. Michael, president, CRS

Industries, Inc., “A New and Additional

Dimension in Contamination Control.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

March 17—Society for Experimental

Biology and Medicine

Carleton R. Treadwell, Department of

Biochemistry, George Washington Univer-

sity, moderator. Topic: “Lipid Me-

tabolism and Atherosclerosis.”

Participants to be announced.

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

64. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

: ———— ———— — ——

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encour-

aged. Phone Dr. Treadwell, 331-6517.

March 22—American Society of

Civil Engineers

Newman Hall, executive director, Com-

mission on Engineering Education, Wash-

ington, D.C., “Goals of Engineering Edu-

cation.”

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.

Luncheon meeting. Telephone LI 5-5837

or Code 115-5837 for reservations.

March 22—American Society for

Mierobiology

Annual graduate student night. Gradu-

ate students from the area universities

will present scientific papers based on

their research.

Sternberg Auditorium, Walter

Army Institute of Research, 8:00 p.m.

Reed

March 22—Washington Colloquium

on Science and Society

Congressman Emilio Z. Daddario

(Dem., Connecticut), chairman, House

Subcommittee on Science, Research, and

Development, “Science and the Congress.”

Responses by Philip B. Yeager, counsel to

House Committee on Science and Astro-

nautics, and Edward P. Wenk, chief,

Science Policy Research Division, Legis-

lative Reference Service, Library of Con-

gress.

Gorman Auditorium, Georgetown Uni-

versity Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir

Rd., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 23—Geological Society of

Washington

Speakers to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 23—Institute of Food

Technologists

H. T. Cook, assistant director, Market

Quality Research Division, Department

of Agriculture, ““Non-chemical Control of

Spoilage in Foods.”

Marcu, 1966

1133

National Canners Association,

20th St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

April 5—Botanical Society of

Washington

Russell L. Steere, Department of Agri-

culture, “Agar Gels for Purifying Virus

and Subcellular Particles.”

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

April 6—Washington Society of

Engineers

Harold K. Work, executive director,

National Academy of Engineers, ‘“Prob-

lems of the National Academy of Engi-

neers.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

April 7—Entomological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

April 11—American Society for Metals

and American Ceramic Society

Joint meeting, S. W. Bradstreet, Air

Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Pat-

terson Air Force Base, “Ceramic Com-

posites for the Space Age.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:45 p.m..,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

April 11—Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

Ralph Clark, Office of Telecommunica-

tion, Office of Emergency Management.

Executive Office of the President, “Con-

spicuous Failures in Communication. ”

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts..

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

April 12—American Society of Civil

Engineers

Spring Meeting. “Activities of the En-

gineer Research and _ Development

Laboratories.”

65

Officers’ Club, Fort Belvoir. Social hour,

6:30 p.m.; dinner 7:30 p.m. followed by

program.

April 13—Geological Society of

Washington

Speakers to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

April 14—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main speaker: F. P. Bundy, General

Electric Research Laboratory, “High Pres-

sure Synthesis.”

Gaston Hall,

8:15 p.m.

Topical groups:

Georgetown University,

C. J. Polyani, University of Toronto,

“Infrared Chemiluminescence.” B. Wit-

kop, National Institutes of Health, “Chem-

istry of Animal Poisons.” N. Bartlett,

University of British Columbia, “Noble

Gas Chemistry.”

Science Center, Georgetown University,

5:00 p.m. Social hour, Science Center,

6:00 p.m. Dinner, New South Building,

Georgetown University, 7:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Md.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

GEORGE W. IRVING spoke before the

Panel on Science and Technology for the

Development of Industry and Commerce

of the Department of Commerce on

February 1.

JUSTUS C. WARD addressed the Wis-

consin Pesticide Workers’ Conference on

January 5 and the California Weed Con-

ference on January 19 on “Zero Tol-

erances and No Residue Registration of

Pesticides.”

W. L. SULZBACHER is co-chairman of

a Gordon Research Conference on _ the

Chemistry and Psychophysiology _ of

Flavor and Odor to be held this summer

at Crystal Inn, Wash. He has been busy

with his co-chairman, Dean Foster of

Virginia Military Institute, in making

plans for the conference and would be

glad to hear from Academy members

who are working in this area.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION

MERLE A. TUVE, director of the De-

partment of Terrestial Magnetism, has

been appointed Home Secretary of the

National Academy of Sciences. He suc-

ceeds the Late HUGH L. DRYDEN, who

died last December. Dr. Tuve was re-

cently chosen to receive the 1966 Cosmos

Club Award, the first Washingtonian so

honored. The award is given annually in

recognition of “national or international

standing in a field of scholarship in

sciences, literature, the learned profes-

sions, the fine arts or in public service.”

FOOD AND DRUG

ADMINISTRATION

DONALD F. FLICK, Division of Nu-

trition, was appointed as a consultant in

nutrition to Food and Agriculture Or-

ganization of the United Nations. Dr.

Flick is currently chairman of the D.C.

Section of the Society for Experimental

Biology and Medicine.

GLENN G. SLOCUM, director of the

Division of Microbiology, retired from

Federal service in December 1965.

GEORGE WASHINGTON

UNIVERSITY

H. GEORGE MANDEL, chairman of

the Pharmacology Department, will di-

rect research under a $123,768 National

Institutes of Health award for investiga-

tions of the chemical effects of drugs in

the body.

The career of MARY LOUISE ROB-

BINS, professor of microbiology in the

School of Medicine, was featured in the

66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Washington Post, January 11. Dr. Rob-

bins’ attempts to develop cancer anti-

bodies and her efforts to interest young

women in science as a career were de-

scribed in detail.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

On December 17, 1965, HARRY

ALLEN, deputy director of the Institute

for Materials Research and DEAN OB.

JUDD, assistant chief of the Metrology

Division, received the 1965 Samuel Wes-

ley Stratton Award, which is given each

year by the Bureau to recognize outstand-

ing scientific or engineering achievements

in support of the NBS mission by a

member of the staff. Each recipient was

awarded a bronze plaque and a $1,500

honorarium.

JOHN L. HAGUE, chief of inorganic

standards of the Office of Standard Ref-

erence Materials, was given the Associa-

tion of Analytical Chemist’s Anachem

Award on October 20. The award is given

to an outstanding analytical chemist for

service to analytical chemistry through

research, administration, teaching, or

other activities advancing this field as a

profession.

RAY P. TEELE, Photometry and Col-

orimetry Section, retired November 29

after more than 42 years of service in the

Bureau.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES

OF HEALTH

BRUCE AMES, National Institute of

Arthritic and Metabolic Diseases, was one

of 20 semifinalists in the annual Arthur

S. Flemming Awards program.

BERNARD B. BRODIE, chief of the

National Heart Institute Laboratory of

Chemical Pharmacology, delivered the

Distinguished Lecture of the AAAS Sec-

tion on Pharmaceutical Sciences. The

title of his talk was “Biochemical Changes

Associated with Mental Illness.”

Marcu, 1966

NAVAL RESEARCH

LABORATORY

JOHN A. SANDERSON, who retired

from Federal service on December 30,

has been named research and education

officer for the Optical Society of America.

He is now president-elect of the Society.

VICTOR J. LINNENBOM has been

named superintendent of the new Divi-

sion of Ocean Sciences and Engineering.

RONALD E. KAGARISE transferred

from NRL to the National Science Founda-

tion on January 31. Dr. Kagarise came

to NRL directly from Pennsylvania State

University, where he developed an im-

pressive program in chemical spectros-

copy. At the National Science Founda-

tion, he will be associated with that in-

stitution’s program in physical chemistry.

A. V. MASKET, Mechanics Division,

presented a paper at the New York meet-

ing of the American Association of Physics

Teachers on January 26. His paper, en-

titled “Polar Vectors and Axial Vectors

in Real 3-Space,” presented a modified

definition of the vector product which

removes the distinction between polar

and axial vectors in physics with respect

to coordinate transformations.

ELIGIUS A. WOLICKI, head of the

Charged Particle Reaction Section, Van de

Graaff Branch, was among six recipients

of the University of Notre Dame’s Cen-

tennial of Science Awards at a dinner at

the Cosmos Club on December 17.

LENDELL E, STEELE, head of the

Reactor Materials Branch of the Metal-

lurgy Division, attended a Colloquium on

Brittle Fracture of Heavy Gauge Steels

Archives

History of Science in

Washington

Tellers

Editor

Associate Editors

See inside rear cover.

Special Committees

LAWRENCE A. Woop, Chairman

JAcos J. Diamonp, Chairman

Joun H. MenKart, Chairman

EDUARD FARBER, Chairman

Morris C. LEIKIND, Chairman

Harry A. FoweE ts, Chairman

The Journal

SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR.

Haroip T. Cook

RIcHARD P. Farrow

Harry A. FowELLS

HELEN L. REYNOLDS

Mary L. Rossins

RuSSsELL B. STEVENS

National Bureau of Standards

Harris Research Laboratories

American University

Consultant

Agricultural Research Service

National Canners Association

Agricultural Research Service

Food & Drug Administration

George Washington University

National Research Council

Delegates of Affiliated Societies

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Treasurer

Senior Academy Advisors

1898 John R. Eastman

1899-

1910 Charles D. Walcott

1911 Frank W. Clarke

1912 Frederick V. Coville

1913 Otto H. Tittmann

1914 David White

1915 Robert S. Woodward

1916 Leland O. Howard

1917 William H. Holmes

1918 Lyman J. Briggs

1919 Frederick L. Ransome

1920 Carl L. Alsberg

1921 Alfred H. Brooks

1922 William J. Humphreys

1923 Thomas W. Vaughan

1924 Arthur L. Day

1925 Vernon Kellogg

1926 George K. Burgess

SEPTEMBER, 1966

PHILIP WIRTZ

Larry MEISEL

STELLA MILLER

EDWARD ABRAHAM

Francis J. HEYDEN, S.J.

BERENICE LAMBERTON

Past Presidents

1927 Alexander Wetmore

1928 Robert B. Sosman

1929 Ales Hrdlicka

1930 William Bowie

1931 Nathan Cobb

1932 Leason H. Adams

1933 Robert F. Griggs

1934 Louis B. Tuckerman

1935 George W. McCoy

1936 Oscar E. Meinzer

1937 Charles Thom

1938 Paul E. Howe

1939 Charles E. Chambliss

1940 Eugene C. Crittenden

1941 Austin H. Clark

1942 Harvey L. Curtis

1943 Leland W. Parr

1944 Clement L. Garner

1945 John E. Graf

2916 Rittenhouse St., N.W.

(phone 966-0580)

Georgetown University

1946 Hugh L. Dryden

1947 Waldo L. Schmitt

1948 Frederick D. Rossini

1949 F.H.H. Roberts, Jr.

1950 ‘Francis B. Silsbee

1951 Nathan R. Smith

1952 Walter Ramberg

1953 Frank M. Setzler

1954 Francis M. Defandorf

1955 Margaret Pittman

1956 Ralph E. Gibson

1957 William M. Rubey

1958 Archibald T. McPherson

1959 Frank L. Campbell

1960 Lawrence A. Wood

1961 Philip H. Abelson

1962 Benjamin D. Van Evera

1963 Benjamin D. Van Evera

1964 Francois N. Frenkiel

1965 Leo Schubert

125

Bylaws and Standing Rules

The Bylaws of the Academy, as

amended in December 1964, were printed

in the December 1965 issue of the Journal,

pages 229-233. Minor revisions were ap-

proved by the membership in the mail

balloting of July 1966. An up-to-date

version of the Bylaws will appear in the

Journal in the near future.

The Academy’s original Act of Incor-

poration, dated February 18, 1898, ap-

pears in the Journal for November 1963,

page 212. A revised Act of Incorporation,

dated September 16, 1964, appears in the

Journal for December 1965, page 233.

The Standing Rules of the Board of

Managers appear in the December 1964

issue of the Journal, pages 360-364.

Officers of Affiliated Societies

As an innovation in the 1966 directory,

we have compiled the following list of

key officers of the Academy’s affiliated

societies. These officers generally com-

prise the president and secretary of the

organization, and its delegate to the

Academy. An address and phone number

are provided for the secretary and dele-

gate. Where available and significant, the

2B ___— Philosophical Society of Washington

President: Maurice M. Shapiro

month and year that an officer’s term ex-

pires is shown. (Academy delegates are

generally appointed for an indefinite pe-

riod.)

The organizations are listed in the

order that they became affiliated with the

Academy. For convenience, a subject key

is given at the end of the tabulation.

Term

ends

12/66

Secretary: George T. Rado, Naval Research Laboratory (574-1603) 12/67

Delegate: Maurice M. Shapiro, Naval Research Laboratory (574-1865)

2C_ Anthropological Society of Washington

President: Betty J. Meggers 5/69

Secretary: Elizabeth King, Textile Museum, 2320 S St. NW (NO 7-0042) 5/69

Delegate: Not appointed

2D _ Biological Society of Washington

President: Charles O. Handley, Jr. 6/67

Secretary: John L. Paradiso, National Museum (381-5096) 6/67

Delegate: John L. Paradiso

2E Chemical Society of Washington

President: Alphonse F. Forziati 12/66

President-elect: Gerhard M. Brauer 12/67

Secretary: Edward J. Prosen, National Bureau of Standards (921-2133) - 12/66

Delegate: Gerhard M. Brauer, National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040, X7227)

2F Entomological Society of Washington

President: Louise M. Russell 12/66

Secretary: Donald Duckworth, National Museum (381-5629) Indef.

Delegate: Harold H. Shepard, Department of Agriculture (DU 8-3561)

126

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2G

2H

2I

2J

2K

2L

2M

2N

20

2P

2Q

Term

ends

National Geographic Society

President: Melville B. Grosvenor Indef.

Exec. Vice-presi- Melvin M. Payne, National Geographic Society (296-7500) Indef.

dent and Secre-

tary:

Delegate: © Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution (628-1810)

Geological Society of Washington

President: John T. Hack 12/66

Secretary: Meyer Rubin, Geological Survey (343-2236) 12/67

Delegate: George V. Cohee, Geological Survey (343-2784)

Medical Society of the District of Columbia

President: Robert Coffey 1/67

President-elect: Henry Ecker 1/68

Secretary: George Cooley, 2007 I St. NW (223-2230) Indef.

Delegate: Thomas M. Brown, GWU Hospital (331-0200)

Columbia Historical Society

President: Gen. U. S. Grant, III Indef.

Secretary: Not appointed; office at 1307 New Hampshire Ave. NW (AD 4-5068)

Delegate: Gen. U. S. Grant, III, 1135 21st St. NW (FE 7-8080)

Botanical Society of Washington

President: William Q. Loegering 12/66

Secretary: Bernard M. Leese, USDA-Beltsville (474.4800 X284)

Delegate: Peter H. Heinze, USDA-Beltsville (GR 4-6500 X404)

Society of American Foresters, Washington Section

Chairman: Donald J. Morriss 6/67

Secretary: Robert Potter, Forest Service, USDA (DU 8-6831)

Delegate: Harry A. Fowells, Agricultural Research Service, USDA (DU 8-3561)

Washington Society of Engineers

President: Edward Landry 12/66

Secretary: Keith Fry, 20 Wessex Rd., Silver Spring, Md. (589-5785) 12/66

Delegate: Martin A. Mason, George Washington University (FE 8-0250, X248)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington Section

Chairman: L. D. Whitelock 7/67

Secretary: George Abraham, 3107 Westover Dr., Washington (LU 2-7210) 7/67

Delegate: George Abraham

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section

President: Myron E. Lunchick 6/67

Secretary: Philip V. Johnson, 1415 Evening Lane, Alexandria, Va. (SO 9-9007) 6/67

Delegate: William G. Allen, Maritime Administration (OL 2-7457)

Helminthological Society of Washington

President: D. B. McMullen 12/66

Secretary: William B. DeWitt, National Institutes of Health (496-5428) 12/66

Delegate: Aurel O. Foster, USDA-Beltsville (GR 4-4800, X387)

American Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch

President: William L. Sulzbacher 11/66

Secretary: Ernest G. Cutchins, Catholic University (LA 9-6000, X373) 11/66

Delegate: Carl Lamanna, Army Research Office (545-6700, X43331)

SEPTEMBER, 1966 127

2R

28

2T

2U

2V

2W

2X

Zant

2Z

3B

3C

128

Term

ends

Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post

President: Col. Edward J. Fletcher, USAF 6/67

Secretary: Col. Billie J. McGarvey, 9219 Dellwood Dr., Vienna, Va. (281-3290) 6/67

Delegate: Cmdr. H. P. Demuth, 4025 Pinebrook Rd., Alexandria, Va. (768-6014)

American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section

President: Frank A. Butrico 7/67

Secretary: W. Philip Somers, 3113 Valley Lane, Falls Church, Va. (343-5108) 7/67

Delegate: Thorndike Saville, Jr., Coastal Engr. Res. Center (HO 2-8000, X5798)

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, D.C. Section

Chairman: Emilie Weiss 7/67

Secretary: David Lincicome, Howard University (DU 7-6100) 7/67

Delegate: William H. Summerson, Food & Drug Administration (WO 2-8011)

American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter

Chairman: Irving J. Feinberg 5/67

Secretary: Eugene A. Lange, Naval Research Laboratory (574-1847) Indef.

Delegate: Hugh L. Logan, National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040, X646)

International Association for Dental Research, Washington Section

President: B. R. Bhussry 5/67

Secretary: Walter Brown, National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040, X7227) 5/67

Delegate: Harold J. Caul, National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040, X7227)

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington Section

President: A. Wiley Sherwood 5/67

Secretary: Henry H. Hovland, Marquardt Corp., 888 17th St. NW Rm. 502

(298-7560) 5/67

Delegate: Not appointed i

American Meteorological Society, D.C. Branch

Chairman: Philip A. Calabrese : 5/67

Cor. Secretary: Comdr. William S. M. Arnold, Fleet Weather Control, Suitland, Md.

(440-7352) .

Delegate: J. Murray Mitchell, Jr., Environmental Data Service, ESSA (495-2416)

Insecticide Society of Washington

President: H. Ivan Rainwater 6/67

Secretary: John Davidson, University of Maryland (WA 7-3800, X317)

Delegate: H. Ivan Rainwater, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Hyattsville

(DU 8-8433)

Acoustical Society of America, Washington Chapter

Chairman: Alfred Weissler 6/67

Secretary: Gerald J. Franz, David Taylor Model Basin (EM 5-2600, X315) 6/67

Delegate: Malcolm C. Henderson, Catholic University (LA 9-6000, X315)

American Nuclear Society, Washington Section

Chairman: Robert Loftness 6/67

Secretary: (Miss) Floran Zelewski, Atomics International, 1629 K St. N.W.

(296-6920) 6/67

Delegate: George L. Weil, 1101 17th St. NW (659-1266)

Institute of Food Technologists, Washington Section

Chairman: Louise M. Russell 12/66

Secretary: R. W. Sternberg, National Canners Association (338-2030) 12/66

Delegate: Richard P. Farrow, National Canners Association (338-2030)

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

3D American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section

Chairman: W. Clayton Ormsby

Chairman-elect: M. J. Kerper

Secretary: Joseph L. Pentecost, Melpar Inc. (JE 4-6000, X2381)

Delegate: J. J. Diamond, National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040, X488)

3E_ Electrochemical Society, Washington-Baltimore Section

President: Frederick Bowers

Secretary: Robert Foley, American University (244-6800)

Delegate: Kurt H. Stern, National Bureau of Standards (921-2710)

3F Washington History of Science Club

President: Wilson L. Scott

Secretary: Kurt H. Stern, National Bureau of Standards (921-2710)

Delegate: Morris Leikind, Consultant, 1334 Aspen St. NW (RA 6-5031)

3G American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section

President: Ferd Williams

Secretary: John M. Harrison, George Washington University (FE 8-0250)

Delegate: Raymond J. Seeger, National Science Foundation (343-7901)

3H Optical Society of America, National Capital Section

President: Fred Paul

Secretary: Jarus Quinn, Georgetown University (529-6000, X314)

Delegate: Fred Paul, Goddard Space Flight Center (982-4472)

3I American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Section

President: Sam Asen

Secretary: George K. Harrison, University of Maryland (WA 7-3800)

Delegate: Walter Shropshire, Smithsonian Institution (628-1810)

3J. Washington Operations Research Council

President: John G. Honig

Secretary: (Mrs.) Joann Langston, Tech. Ops./CORG, Ft. Belvoir

(780-1100, X42816)

Delegate: Not Appointed

Subject Key to Affiliates

Acoustics: 2Z

Aeronautics: 2W

Anthropology: 2C

Astronautics: 2W

Biology: 2D, 2T

Botany: 2K

Ceramics: 3D

Chemistry: 2E, 3E

Dental research: 2V

Electrochemistry: 3E

Engineering, general: 2M

civil: 2S

electrical and electronic: 2N

mechanical: 20

military: 2R

Entomology: 2F

SEPTEMBER, 1966

Food technology: 3C

Forestry: 2L

Geography: 2G

Geology: 2H

Helminthology: 2P

History: 2J, 3F

Insecticides: 2Y

Medicine: 2I, 2T

Metallurgy: 2U

Meteorology: 2X

Microbiology: 2Q

Nuclear science: 3B

Operations research: 3J

Optics: 3H

Physics: 2B, 3G

Plant physiology: 31

Term

ends

12/66

12/67

12/66

2/67

6/67

129

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ,

Objectives

The objectives of the Washington Academy of Sciences are (a) to stimulate interest

in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the

development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through

cooperative action by the afhliated societies.

Activities

The Academy pursues its objectives through such activities as (a) publication of

a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs; (b) holding of public lectures

on scientific subjects; (c) sponsorship of a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences;

(d) promotion of science education and a professional interest in science among

people of high school and college age; (e) accepting or making grants of funds to

aid special research projects; ({) sponsorship of scientific symposia and conferences;

(g) assistance in scientific expeditions; (h) cooperation with other academies and

scientific organizations; and (i) award of prizes and citations for special merit in

science.

Membership

The membership consists of two major classes—members and fellows.

Members are persons who are interested in science and are willing to support

the Academy’s objectives as described above. A letter or form initiated by the appli-

cant and requesting membership may suffice for action by the Academy’s Committee

on Membership; approval by the Committee constitutes election to membership.

Dues for members are $7.50 a year.

Fellows are persons who have performed original research or have made other

outstanding contributions to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering. Candidates

for fellowship must be nominated by at least two fellows, recommended by the Com-

mittee on Membership, and elected by the Board of Managers.

Dues are $10.00 a year for reisdent fellows (living within 50 miles of the White

House) and $7.50 a year for nonresident fellows.

Persons who join the Academy as members may later be considered for fellowship.

Application forms for membership may be obtained from the office of the

Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C.

CTR

|

130 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CHARLES G

PHILIP H

GEORGE

MEYER R

CAROLINE 'L

ELLIOT @

LEASON H

ADELMANe DAVIN M

AFFRONTI»+ LEWIS

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ALDRICHe JOHN w

ALEXANDER» AARON D

ALEXANDER. ALLEN L

ALEXANDER+ BENJAMIN H

ALEXANDERe LYLE T

ALEXANDER+ SAMUEL N

ALLANs FRANK D

ALLENe HARRY C JR

ALLENe WILLIAM G

ALLISONe FRANKLIN E&

ALTse FRANZ L

ALTERe HARVEY

AMBSe WILLIAM J

AMES+ BRUCE N

AMIRIKIAN» ARSHAM

ANDERSONe MYRON S

ANDERSON+ WENDELL L

ANDREWSe HOWARD L

ANDREWSe JOHN S

ANDREWSe T G

APPELe WILLIAM D

APSTFEINe MAURICE

ARMSTRONGe CHARLES

ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T

ARSEMe COLLINS

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BARBEAUs MARIUS

BARBROWs LOUIS E

BARGER« GERALD L

BARNES+ R PERCY

BARNHART» CLYDE S

BARRETT+ MARGARET D

BARRETT» MORRIS K

BARSS+« HOWARD P

BARTONE + JOHN C

BASS«+ ARNOLD M

BATEMANe ALAN M

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BAUVERe HUGO

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BEARCE.s HENRY wW

BECKERe EDWIN D

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BEIJ«e K HILDING

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GALLOWAY+ RAYMOND A

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GAMOWe GEORGE

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GARNERs CLEMENT L

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134 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

KOHLFERe MAX A

KOLBe ALAN C

KOPPANYI+« THEODORE

KOSTKOWSKI« HENRY J

KOTTER»s F RALPH

KRASNY» JOHN F

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LAMBERT+ WALTER D

LAMBERTONe BERENICE

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LANDSBERG» HELMUT F

LANGs WALTER B

LANGFORD: GEORGE S

LAPHAMs EVAN G

LAPP. RALPH F

LARRIMER» WALTER H

LASHOF se THEODORE w

LASTER+s HOWARD J

LATTAs RANDALL

LE CLERGe ERWIN L

LFE*« RICHARD H

LFEIGHTYs CLYDE &

LEIKINDs MORRIS C

LEINER. ALAN L

LEJINSe PETER P

LFEONARDs LORRAINE I

LFOPOLD.s LUNA B

LFVERTONe RUTH M

LEVINe ERNEST M

LEVY*s SAMUEL

LEY» HERSERT L UR

Lie HUI-LIN

LICKLIDERs JOSEPH C R

LINDEL + URNER

LIFBERMANs MORRIS

LIEBSONs SIDNEY H

LTLEYs. JOHN C

LINDQUIST» ARTHUR W

LINDSEY+ IRVING

LINGs LEE

LINNENBOMs VICTOR J

LIPPINCOTT. ELLIS R

LIST. (ROBERT J

LITOVITZ* THEODORE A

LITTLE+ ELBERT L YR

LLOYD+ DANIEL B

LOCKARD+s J DAVID

LOCKHARTs LUTHER B JR

LOGAN+* HUGH L

LORINGe BLAKE M

LOVEs S KENNETH

LUNFORDs GEOFFREY S S

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LYMANe JOHN

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MAC NDONALNDs« TORRENCE H

MAC DONALD« WILLIAM M

MACHTAs LESTER

MADDEN+ ROBERT P

MADORSKYe SAMUEL L

SEPTEMBER, 1966

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STOKES+s ARNOLD P 2HGEU AFRA VANDERSLICEe JOSEPH T. 2HUMD 2B2E2G AFRA

STRAUBe HARALD wW 1CESS 3H AFRA VANGELI« MARIO G 8BNRNC 2G AMRA

STREEVER.s RALPH L UR 1CNBS AFRA VEITCHe FLETCHER P YR ~ 2HUMD 2E2T AFRA

STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 1IGES 2G2H2L AFRA VERNICKe SANFORD H ' 2HGEU AMRA

STUART. NEIL W 1ARFR 2K3I AFRA VESTINEe E H 8NRNC AFNA

SULLIVANe DANIEL A JR 4CONS 2U AMRA VIGNESSe- IRWIN 1DNRL 2826 AFRA

SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 1ARNI ZEZOQSE AFRA VIGUE* KENNETH J STirre 2N3G AMRA

SUMMERSON+ WILLIAM H 1HFDA 2E2G2T AMRA VINAL+ GEORGE w TRETD 2B2G AF NE

SUTCLIFFEs WALTER ND TRETD 2B2G2Me2R AFRE VINTI« JOHN P 8BNRNC 2B2G2w AFNA

SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 1CNBS 2E2uU2V AFRA VOLWILERe ERNEST H 4CONS 2G AFNA

SWICKe CLARENCE H TRETD 2B2G2M AFRA VON BRAND+s THEODOR C THNIH 2P2T AFRA

SWINDELLS« JAMES F 1CNBS 2B AFRA VON HIPPEL« ARTHUR 1DNRL 2G AFRA

SWINGLEe CHARLES F 7TRETD AFNE

SYSKI« RYSZARD 2HUMD AFRA

WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS 282G63D AFRA |

WAGMANe DONALD D 1CNBS AFRA

TALBERT+ PRESTON T 2HHOU 2E AFRA WALKERe EGBERT H 7TRETD 2K AFRA |

TALBOTT: FLEO 2HCUA 2B2G3G AFRA WALKERse RAYMOND F 1DAx 263D AFNA |

TALIAFERROs W H 8NRNC AFNA WALKERe RONALD €& BIAPL 2G2w AFRA

TALMADGE+ HARVEY G JR 1DNRL 2G2N AMRA WALLENe IRVIN E 1XSMI 2G AFRA

TASAKI« ICHIJI 1HNIH AFRA WALTERe DEAN I 1DNRL 2E2G AFRA

TATE + DOUGLAS R I1CNBS 2B AFRA WALTHERe CARL H 2HGWU 2G2S AFRA

TAUSSKY*s OLGA 8NRNC AFNE WALTON» GEORGE P 7RETD 2G AFRE

TAYLOR». ALBERT L 1ARFR 2P AFNA WALTONs WILLIAM wW 1CNBS 2E AFRA 4

TAYLORs»s JAMES H 2HGWU AFRE WARDs HENRY P TRETD, .2e AFRE Hi

TAYLORs JOHN K 1CNBS 282E2G3E3G AFRA WARD» JUSTUS C 1ARRP 2T AFRA |

TAYLOR+s LAURISTON §S 3INAS AFRA WARDe THOMAS G S5MIAS 2G62Q2T AFRA }

TAYLORs MARIE C 2HHOU 2K3I AMRA WARGAs« MARY E 3A0SA 282G63G AFRA

TAYLOR» MODDIE D 2HHOU 2E AFRA WARINGe JOHN A 1DAx 2B83F AMRA 1

TAYLOR+s RAYMOND L 3AAAS AFRA WASHERe F E 1CNRS AFRA

TCHENs CHAN-MOU 1CNBS 2B AFRA WASTKe STANLEY P 1CNBS 2E AMRA

TFFLE« RAY P 4CONS 2B2G3H AFRA WATERMANe ALAN T 4CONS 2B2W3G AFRA

138 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

WATERMANs PETER

WATSTEINe DAVID

WATTS« CHESTER 8B

WEAVERs OE FORREST E

WEAVER» ELMER R

WER3_, RORFRT w

WEBBER. ROBERT T

WEBER» EUGENE w

WEBER+ ROBERT S

WEIDAs FRANK M

WEIDLEIN» EDWARD R

WETHEs, WERNER K

WETL« GEORGE L

WEINBERG» HAROLD P

WEINTRAUBse ROBERT L

WEIR« CHARLES E

W=1SSs FRANCIS J

WEISSe FRANCIS J

WEISS+ FREEMAN A

WEISSs RICHARD A

WEISSBERG+ SAMUEL G

WEISSLER» ALFRED

WE=LLMANe FREDERICK L

WENSCHs»s GLEN W

WEST« WALTER S

WESTe WILLIAM L

WESTENBERGe ARTHUR

WETMOREs+ ALEXANDER

WEXLERse ARNOLND

WEYLe F JOACHIM

WHEELERse WILLIS H

WHERRY.s« EDGAR T

WAITEs« CHARLES £&

WHITE»* HOWARD J JR

WHITEs« ORLAND E

WHITEs+ ROBERT M

WHITMANs MERRILL J

WHITTAKER» COLIN W

WHITTEN» CHARLES A

WICHERSs EDWARD

WILDHACKse WILLTAM A

WILLITAMS+ DONALD H

Wiitierer.s IPL PANE

WILSON~« BRUCE L

WILSON» RAYMOND E

WILSONe WILLIAM K

WINSTONe JAY S

Witihe GCFECTL F

WITRROWs ALICE P

WITKOP. BERNHARD

WITZIGse WARREN F

WOLCOTT+ NORMAN M

WOILFFe ENWARD A

Weert 6 MAE

WOLICKIs ELIGIUS A

WOMACK, MANELYN

WOODs LAWRENCE A

WOODs REUBEN E

WOODSe G FORREST

WOODNSs« MARK w

WORKMANe WILLIAM G

WRENCHe CONSTANCE P

WRENCHs JOHN W JR

WULF e OLIVER R

WYMANe LEROY L

YAO« AUGUSTINE Y M

YAPLFE, BENJAMIN S

YEOMANSe« ALFRED H

YOCUMs L EDWIN

MODERs HATTEN S JR

YOUDEN,» WILLTAM J

YOUNGs DAVIN A JR

YOUNGe ROBERT T JR

MUM. JOSEPH 'S

ZFLENe MARVIN

SEPTEMBER, 1966

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139

Classification by Place of Employment

1 GOVERNMENT SPRAGUE+ GEORGE F AFRA

STEEREs RUSSELL L 262K AFRA

1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT STEWARTs DEWEY 262K AFRA

STUART» NEIL Ww 2K31 AFRA

1A-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY TAYLOR» ALBERT L 2p AFNA

SAULMONe ERNEST E AMRA TROMBAs FRANCIS G 2p AFRA

1AASC AGRICULTURAL STAB & CONS SER 1ARMR MARKETING RESEARCH

SHEPARD» HAROLD H 2F ey AFRA COOKs HAROLD T 2B2K3C AFRA

GOLUMBIC+ CALVIN 2E3C AFRA

1ACSR COOP STATE RESEARCH SERVICE HARDENBURG» ROBERT E AFRA

BYERLY*« THEODORE C 2T AFRA HEINZE» PETER H 2E2G2K3C31 AFRA

LIEBERMANe MORRIS 2E AFRA

1AFAS FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE LUTZse JACOB M 2K3C31 AFRA

NORRIS»« KARL H 3c AFRA

1AFOR FOREST SERVICE PENTZERe WILBUR T 2B3!1 AFRA

HACSKAYLO» EDWARD 262K2L31 AFRA RYALLe A LLOYD 2K3C AFRA

LITTLEs ELBERT L YR 2keL AFRA

MORR1ISS* DONALD J aie AFRA 1ARNI NUTRe CONSUMER & INDUSTRIAL USE

PARKER» KENNETH W 2D2KeaL AFRA COULSONe E JACK 2E2T AFRA

YUILL s+» JOSEPH § 2F 2G2L2Y AFRA DETWILER» SAMUEL B UR 2E AFRA

FORZIATI»+ FLORENCE H 2E AFRA

1AM AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE FREEMANes ANDREW F 2E AMRA

KURTZe FLOYD E 2E AFRA

1AMRP MARKETING REGULATORY PROGRAMS LEVERTONe RUTH M AFRA

HUNT» W HAWARD 26 AmMRA PATTERSONe WILBUR I 2E262T3C AFRA

ZELENYs LAWRENCE 2G AFRA POMMER»s ALFRED M 2E2G2H2T AFRA

REYNOLDSe HOWARD 2Q3C AFRA

1AR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE SPIES* JOSEPH R 2E2T AFRA

SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 2E2Q3C AFRA

1ARAQ OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATOR» ARS TITTSLER»s RALPH P 203C AFRA

FOWELLS» HARRY A 2L31 AFRA WOMACKe MADELYN 2E2T AFRA

HAINESe KENNETH A 2F2G62Y AFRA

IRVING» GEORGE w JR 2 AFRA 1ARRP ARS REGULATORY PROGRAMS

PARKER» MARION w 262K31 AFRA RAINWATERe H IVAN 2F2G62Y AMRA

WARDs JUSTUS C 2T AFRA

1ARFR FARM RESEARCH WHEELER» WILLIS H 262K AMRA

ANDREWS*e JOHN S 2p AFRA -

BENJAMINe CHESTER R 2D2G62K AFRA 1ASCS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

BEROZA+s MORTON §S 2E2T2Y AFRA ALEXANDERe LYLE -T 2E AFRA

BORTHWICKs HARRY A 2D2G62K31 AFRA VAN DERSAL»s WILLIAM R 26 AFRA

BOSWELL« VICTOR R 26 AFRA .

CHRISTENSON+ LEROY D 2F2G62Y AFRA 1AX AGRICULTURE MISC

FGOLF+s DONALD R 2K AFRA CLARKs FRANCIS & AFNA

ENNISe WILLIAM B JR AFRA CRAFTs« CHARLES C AFNA

FOSTER» AUREL O 2P2y AFRA

FRAPSe RICHARD M 2B2T AFRA 1©¢ COMMERCE DEPARTMENT

GRASSL« CARL O AFNA

GURNEY+ ASHLEY B 2D2F2G AFRA 1C-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY

HALL « STANLEY A 2E2Y AFRA

HENNEBERRYs THOMAS J 2F2Y AFRA 1CBDS BUSINESS & DEFENSE SERVICES ADM

HILDEBRAND» EARL M 262K2Q3C3I AMRA HERSCHMANes HARRY K 2uU AFRA

HILTON» JAMES L 31 AFRA

HOFFMANN» CLARENCE H 2F2y AFRA 1CBUC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

JACOBSON» MARTIN 2E2Y AFRA HANSEN» MORRIS H AFRA

KNIPLINGs EDWARD F 2F AFRA

KREITLOWs KERMIT W 262K AFRA 1CCGS COAST & GEOD SURVEYe SEE 1CESS

MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 262K AFRA :

MEANS» URA MAE 2a AMRA 1CESS ENVIRONMENTAL SCI SERV ADM |

MILLER» PAUL R 2k AFRA BARGER) GERALD! I 2x AFRA |

MITCHELL» JOHN w 31 AFRA BLANCe MILTON L 2G AFNA

PRESLEYs JOHN T AFRA BRAATEN+ NORMAN F 2B2M2R AFRA |

RODENHISFRe HERMAN A 2K AFRA BRIER» GLENN Ww 2G2x AFRA i

RUSSELL» LOUISE M 2D2F 2G AFRA CARDER» DEAN §S 2H AFNA

SAILFRe REECE I 2F AFRA CRESSMANe GEORGE P 2x AFRA

SAN ANTONIO+s JAMES P AMRA CRY« GEORGE w 2x AMRA

SCHECHTER» MILTON S 2E2Y AFRA DEMUTHs HAL P 2N2R AMRA

SCHULTZ* EUGENE S 2K AFRE HICKLEY* THOMAS J 2N AFRA

SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 20 AFRA HUBERT+ LESTER F 2x AFRA

SHORB» DOYS A 2p AFRA KLEINe WILLIAM H 2x AFRA

SMITHs FLOYD F OF 2yY AFRA KNAPPe DAVID G 2G AFRA

140 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

KOHLFRe MAX A : 2S2x AFRA DIAMONDs+s JACOB J 2E3D AFRA

LANDSBERGe HELMUT E& 2x AFRA DICKSON+s GEORGE 262vV AFRA

LIST« ROBERT J 2x AFRA DOUGLAS+ CHARLES A 2B2G63H AFRA

MAC DONALD» TORRENCE H 2x AMRA DOUGLAS+ THOMAS B 2E AFRA

MACHTAs LESTER 2x AFRA EISENHARTs CHURCHILL 2B3F AFRA

MEADE*s BUFORD K 2R AFRA ELBOURNe ROBERT D 2B2N AFRA

MICKEYe WENDELL V 2B2Z AMRA FERGUSONe ROBERT E 2E AFRA

MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR 2G62Xx AFRA FLETCHERe DONALD G 2e AMRA

MURPHY « LEONARD M 2B AFRA FLORIN+» ROLAND & 2E2G AFRA

NAMIAS»« JEROME 2x AFRA FRANKLINe PHILIP J 2E2N AFRA

NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L 2x AFRA FREDERIKSEe HP R AFRA

OLIVER» VINCENT J 2x AFRA FRUSHe HARRIET L 2E2G AFRA

ORLIN» HYMAN AFRA FURUKAWA+s GEORGE T 2B2E2G AFRA

OSMUN+ JAMES w 2wex AFNA GARVINe DAVID AFRA

PACKs DONALD H 2x AFRA GARYe ROBERT 2E AFRA

POLINGs AUSTIN C 2N AFRA GEIL« GLENN Ww 2G2uU AFRA

PUTNINSe PAUL H 262x AFRA GINNINGSe DEFOE C 2E AFRA

RICE* DONALD A 2R AFRA GRAYs VANNIE E& 2E AMRA

RINEHARTse JOHN S 26 AFNA GREEN» MELVILLE S 2B AFRA

RUBINe MORTON J 2x AFRA GREENOUGHe M L AFRA

SCHMIDe HELLMUT H 2G AFRA GREENSPANe MARTIN 2B2Z AFRA

SHAPL=Ye AH AFNA GUILDNERe LESLIE A 2B2G AFRA

SIMMONSe« LANSING G 2R2s AFRA HAGUE s+ JOHN L 2E2G3H AFRA

SMALL+* JAMES B 2B2G2M2R AFRA HALLER+ WOLFGANG 2E2G3D AFRA

SMITHse RAYMOND G 2x AMRA HAMER»s WALTER J 2E26G2N3E AFRA

STEARNe JOSEPH L AFRA HARRIS* FOREST K 2N AFRA

STEWARTe HARRIS B JR 2G62H AFRA HOBBSe ROBERT B 2B2E2G AFRA

STRAUBse HARALD w 3H AFRA HOFFMANs JOHN D 2B2F2L2Y AFRA

TEWELESe SIDNEY 2x AFRA HOOVER. THOMAS B 2E AFRA

THOMe HERBERT C S 2x AFRA HOWARD». ROBERT E& AFRA

WHITE* ROBERT M 2x AFRA HUNTOONe ROBERT D 2N AFRA

WHITTENe CHARLES A 2B2G AFRA ISBELL «+ HORACE S 2E AFRA

WINSTON» JAY S 262x AFRA JENKINS» WILLIAM D 2u AMRA

WULFe OLIVER R AFNA JOHANNESENs ROLF B 2E2G AFRA

YAOs AUGUSTINE Y M 2x AMRA JOHNSONs DANIEL P 2B AFRA

ZIKEEVe NINA 2x AMRA JUDDs DEANE B 2B3H AFRA

KANAGY« JOSEPH R 2E AFRA

1CMAA MARITIME ADMINISTRATION KESSLERe KARL G 2B2G3H AFRA

ALLENe WILLIAM G 20 AFRA KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 2Bew AFRA

KOSTKOWSKI»® HENRY J 2B3H AFRA

1CNBS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS KOTTERs © RALPH 2N AFRA

AL=XANDER+e SAMUEL N 2B2N AFRA KRUGERs JEROME 2E3E AFRA

ALLEN+ HARRY C JR 2B2E2G AFRA KUSHNERe LAWRENCE M 2B2uU AFRA

ALTe FRANZ L 2B AFRA LASHOF + THEODORE w 2B263G AFRA

ARMSTRONG» GEORGE T 2B2E2G AFRA LEVINe ERNEST M 3D AFRA

ASTINe ALLEN V 2B2N2W3G AFRA LOGANe HUGH L 2U3E AFRA

AUSLOOS+ PIERRE J 2E AFRA MADDENes ROBERT P 3H AFRA

BARBROWe LOUIS E 2N3H AFRA MANDEL + JOHN 2B2E AFRA

BASSe ARNOLD M 2B AFRA MANNINGe JOHN R 26 AFRA

BATESe ROGER G 2E3E AFRA MARTONs L 2B3G AFRA

BECKETT+ CHARLES Ww 2B2E AFRA MARVINe ROBERT S 2B2E2G AFRA

BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 2B2E2G AFRA MARYOTTe ARTHUR A 2E2G AFRA

BENNETTs« JOHN A 2uU AFRA MAZUR» JACOB 2B2G AFRA

BENNETTs LAWRENCE H 2uU AFRA MC ALLISTERe ARCHIE J AFRA

BESTUL+ ALDEN B 2B2E2G AFRA MC NESBYe JAMES R 2B2E AFRA

BLANDFORD: JOSEPHINE AFRA MEBSe RUSSELL Ww 2M2U AFRA

BLOCKs STANLEY 2E AFRA MEINKE se W WAYNE 2E38 AFRA

BLUNTs+ ROBERT F AFRA MELMEDs+ ALLAN J AFRA

BOWERe VINCENT & AFRA MEYERSONe MELVIN R 2U AFRA

RBOYL=*« DON R 2N AMRA MILLIKENe LEWIS T 2B2E2G2H AMRA

BRAUER+ GERHARD M 2E2V AFRA MOORE + GEORGE A 2G62U3E AFRA

BRENNER+ ABNER 2E2G63E AFRA MUEHLHAUSE + CARL O 2838 AFRA

BURNETTe HARRY C 2G62U AFRA NEWMANe MORRIS AFRA

CANDELA+s GEORGE A AFRA NEWMAN» SANFORD B AFRA

CANNON» £ W 2835 AFRA NEWTONe CLARENCE J AFRA

CARRINGTONe TUCKER 2B2E AFRA OKABE+ HIDEO 2E AFRA

CASSEL+ JAMES M 2E2G AFRA OREMs THEODORE H 2uU AFRA

CAULe HAROLD J 2E26G2U2V AFRA PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 2v AFRA

CODLINGs KEITH AFRA PAGE+ CHESTER H 2B2G2N AFRA

COOKe RICHARD K 2B2Z AFRA PARKER» ROBERT L AFRA

COOTERe IRVIN L 2B2N AFRA PASSAGLIAs ELIO AFRA

COSTRELL+ LOUIS 2B AFRA PITTS*e JOSEPH w 2U3D AFRA

COYLF»s THOMAS D 2E2G AFRA PROSEN+s EDWARD J 2E AFRA

CREITZs E CARROLL 2E AFRA RHODES+ IDA AFRA

CUTHILL»® JOHN R 2G62uU AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 2B2G2M. w3D AFRA

DAVIS+ MARION M 2E2G AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 3H AFRA

DE WIT+ ROLAND 2G AFRA ROBERTSONe A F 2G AFRA

DESLATTES+« RICHARD D AFRA ROBINSONe HENRY E AFRA

SEPTEMBER, 1966 14]

ROSENBLATTs+ DAVID 2B

ROSENBLATT+« JOAN R 2B

ROTHe ROBERT S

RUBINe ROBERT J 2B

RUFF e« ARTHUR W JR 2G

SAYLOR+ CHARLES P 2E3H

SCHAFFER» ROBERT 2E2G

SCHEERs MILTON D 2B2E

SCHOENe LOUIS J

SCHOONOVERse IRL C 2B

SCHUBAUERe GALEN B 2B2G2w

SCRIBNERe BOURDON F 283H

SHAPIRO» GUSTAVE 2N

SHERLINe GROVER C 2B2G2N3G

SHULERe KURT E ee

SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 2B

SIMMONSe JOHN A 2G

SITTERLYs* CHARLOTTE M 2B2G3H

SMITH» JACK C

SNODGRASS* REX J

SPENCERe LEWIS v 2G

STAIRe RALPH 2G

STEGUNs IRENE A

STEPHENSe ROBERT E 2B

STERNe KURT H AE SNzel=

STIEHLERe ROBERT D 2B2E2620

STREEVERe RALPH L JR

SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 2E2U2V

SWINDELLS+« JAMES F 2B

TATE*® DOUGLAS R 2B

TAYLORe JOHN K 2B2E2G3E3G

TCHENe CHAN-MOU 2B

TIPSONs R STUART 2E

TORGESENe JOHN L 2E2G

TRYONe MAX 2E2G

WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 2B2G63D

WAGMANs DONALD D

WALTONs WILLIAM w 2E

WASHERe F E

WASIKe STANLEY P Ze

WATSTEINe DAVID

WEIRe CHARLES £& 26

WEISSBERGe SAMUEL G 2B2E

WEXLERe ARNOLD 2B

WHITE*s HOWARD J JR

WILDHACKs WILLIAM A 2B2G2w

WILSONe BRUCE L 2B2G

WILSONe WILLIAM K ele

WOLCOTT« NORMAN M

WOOD+ LAWRENCE A 2B2E

1CWEB WEATHER BUREAUs SEE 1CESS

1CX COMMERCE MISC

1D DEFENSE DEPARTMENT

1D-IP ARMED FORCES INST PATHOLOGY

MOSTOFI¢« F K 2T3B

1D—S ORR VCE 4OF SECRETARY

HAMMERSCHMIDT>+ WM W 2B

HERZFELDe CHARLES M 2B

REYNOLDS» ORR E 2vV

10-X DEFENSE MISC

CAMPAIGNE+ HOWARD H

HAASs PETER H

JACOBS+ WALTER w 2B

1DA DEPARTMENT OF ARMY

1DACE COASTAL ENGINEERING RES CTR

CALDWELL + JOSEPH M 2s

SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE JR 262s

1DAER ENGINEER RES & DEV LABS

CLEAVER» OSCAR P 2N

142

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AMRA

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AFNA

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AFRA

AMRA

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DINGER+ DONALD B 2N

HARVALIKe Z V 2E263G

HASS*s GEORGE H 3H

RODRIGUEZs*+ RAUL 2G2R

WETHEe WERNER K 2G2N3H

1DAEX CORPS OF ENGINEERS MISC

1DAHD HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES

APSTEINe MAURICE 2B2N

ARSEMs COLLINS 2G2N

DOCTORse NORMAN J 2N

GODFREY» THEODORE B

GUARINOs P A 2N

HORTONs BILLY M 2B2N

KALMUSe HENRY P 2N

KLUTEe CHARLES H 2B2E

KOHLERe HANS W 2G2N3G

LANDISe PAUL E 2N

ROTKINe ISRAEL 2B2N3J

SOMMERs HELMUT 2N

YOUNGs ROBERT T JR 2G

1DAMC MATERIEL COMMAND HEADQUARTERS

HUDSONe COLIN M

STIUe RALPH G H

1DAMS ARMY MAP SERVICE

MILLSe DAVID L 2s

1DARO ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE

BALDES« EDWARD J 2B2G

LAMANNAs CARL 2Q2T

WETSSe RICHARD A

1DAWR WALTER REED MEDICAL CENTER

ALEXANDER+ AARON D 2Q2T

ALEXANDERs BENJAMIN H 2&

BOZEMANes F MARILYN 2Q2T

HAHNs FRED & 2Q

KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 2E2T

MC MULLENe DONALD 8B 2P

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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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150 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2B

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2B PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON FAUSTs« WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA

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BECKETT» CHARLES w 1CNBS AFRA GOLDBERGe MICHAEL 7RETD AFRA

RBETJ» K HILDING 7TRETD AFNA GORDON» CHARLES L 7TRETD AFRA

BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 1CNBS AFRA GRAYs ERNEST P 31APL AMRA

BENESCHs WILLIAM @HUMD AFRA GRFENSPANs MARTIN 1CNRS AFRA

BENNETTse WILLARD H BNRNC AFNA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGWU AFRA

BERL» WALTER G 31APL AFRA GUILDNER» LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA.

BERLINER» ROBERT WwW THNIH AFRA HALL s® WAYNE C 1ONRL AFRA

BFSTUL»s ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA HAMMERSCHMIDT.+ WM W 1D-S AMRA

BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA HARRINGTONs MARSHALL C 1DFOS AMRA

BLOOMs MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA HARRISON» WILLIAM N 7RETD AFRA

BOGLE+s ROBERT w SDERE AFNA HARRISON» MARK 2HAMU AFRA

BRAATENe NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA

RBRANSONs HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA HAUPTMANs HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA

BRECKENRIDGEs F C 7RETD AFRA HENDERSON+ MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA

BRICKWEDDE. F G 8NRNC AFNE HENNEY + DAGMAR 2HGWU = AMRA

BROMBACHER»s w G 7TRETD AFRE ‘HERMANs» ROBERT C BNRNC AFNA

BROWN+s ALFRED E BNRNC AFNA HERSEY» MAYO D TRETD AFNA

BURGERS» JM 2HUMD AFRA HERZFELD»s CHARLES M 10-s AFRA

BURINGTONe RICHARD S 1DNAS AFRA HERZFELD+s KARL F 2HCUA AFRA

CALDWELLs+ FRANK R T7TRETD AFRA HFYNDENe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA

CALLENs EARL R 1DNOL AFRA HOBRSe ROBERT B 1CNBS AFRA

CANNON>s E W 1CNBS AFRA HOFFMAN«s JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA

CARLSTONs RICHARD C 1DNOR AMRA HOGE +s HAROLD J 1DAx AFNA

CARMICHAEL » LEONARD 3INGS AFRA HOLMGREN+ HARRY D 2HUMD AFRA

CARRINGTON+ TUCKER 1CNBS AFRA HONIG+ JOHN G 1SACD AMRA

CARROLL» THOMAS J SBERA AFRA HOOVER» JOHN I 1DNRL AFRA

CLAIRE+« CHARLES N 7TRETD AFRA HORTONe BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA

CLEVENe G w 8NRNC AFNA HUMPHREYS* CURTIS J 1DNOL AFNA

COHNs ROBERT 1DNHS AFRA HUNTER+ WILLIAM R 1ONRL AFRA

COOKs HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA INSLEY* HERBERT 7RETD AFRA

COOKs RICHARD K 1CNBS AFRA IRWINe GEORGE R 1DNRL AFRA

COOTERs IRVIN L 1CNBS AFRA JACKSONs JULIUS L 2HHOU AFRA

COSTRELL+ LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA JACOBS+ WALTER w 1D-x AFRA

CRAGOE. CARL §S 7RETD AFRE JENs CHIH K 3IrAPL AFRA

CRANE+ LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA JESSUP. RALPH S 7TRETD AFRA

CRAVENs JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA JOHNSONe DANIEL P 1CNBS AFRA

CURTIS» ROGER w SWEEL AFRA JOHNSONe KEITH C 2SDCP AFRA

CURTISS¢e LEON F TRETD AFNE JOHNSTON+ FRANCIS € 2HGWU AFRE

DARWENTs BASIL DE B 2HCUA AFRA JUNNs NEANE B 1CNRBS = AFRA

DAVIS+« RAYMOND TRETD AFRE JUDSONe LEWIS Vv 7TRETD AFNE

DAVIS« WATSON 3I1SCS AFRA KARLE*« JEROME 1DNRL AFRA

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DF PACKHe DAVIN C 1ONRL AFRA KENNARD» RALPH B 7RETD AFRE

pee ©) CARLES PENORs ANIA KFNNEYs ARTHUR Ww 7RETD AFRA

DOLECEKs RICHARD L 1ONRL AFRA KESSLER. KARL G 1CNBS AFRA

DOUGLAS+« CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA KFULEGAN+ GARRIS H 1NAxX AFNA

DUERKSEN+ JACOS8 A TRETD AFRE KIFS* JOSEPH A 1DNRL AFRA

DUNNINGse KENNETH L 1 ONRL AFRA KINGe PETER 1ONOR AFNA

FGLI« PAUL H BNRNC AFNA KLFEBANOFFse PHILIP 5S 1CNBS AFRA

EISENHARTe CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA KLUTEe CHARLES H 1NAHD AFRA

ELBOURNe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA KOLRe ALAN C LDNRL AFRA

ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 1DNx AFNA KOSTKOWSKI+ HENRY J 1CNBS AFRA

FALLONs ROBERT J SMELP AFRA KURZWEG+ HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA

SEPTEMBER, 1966 151

2B-2C

KUSHNERe LAWRENCE M 1CNBS AFRA SCHEER». MILTON D 1CNBS AFRA

LAPHAM. EVAN G TRETD AFNA SCHINDLERs+ ALBERT I 1DNRL AFRA

LAPPe RALPH E 4x AFRA SCHOOLEYs+ ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA

LASHOF « THEOCORE w 1CNBS AFRSA SCHOONOVERs IRL C 1CNBS AFRA

LASTERe HOWARD J 2HUMD AFRA SCHUBAUFRe. GALEN B 1CNBS AFRA

LIDDEL +e URNER 1XNAS AFRA SCHUBERT+ LEO 2HAMU AFRA

LIEBSON+e SIDNEY H BNRNC AFNA SCHULMANs JAMES H 1DNRL AFRA

LIPPINCOTT+ ELLIS R 2HUMD AFRA SCOTT+s ARNOLD H TRETD AFRE

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LYNNe W GARDNER 2HCUA AFRA SFEFGERe RAYMOND J 1XNSF AFRA

MAC DONALDe WILLIAM M 2HUMD AFRA SHAPTIRO« MAURICE M 1DNRL AFRA

MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRA

MAHANes ARCHIE I 3IAPL AFRA SILSBEE+ FRANCIS B TRETD AFRA

MALONEYs CLIFFORD J THNIH AFRA SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 1CNBS AFRA

MANDEL e JOHN 1CNBS AFRA SITTERLY+ BANCROFT w T7TRETD AFRA

MARSHALL e« WANDF H 1HNIH AFRA SITTERLYs« CHARLOTTE M 1CNBS AFRA

MARTONe L 1CNBS AFRA SLACKse LEWIS 3INAS AFRA

MARVINe ROBERT S 1CNBS AFRA SMALLe JAMES B 1CESS AFRA

MASONe FEDWARD A 2HUMD AFRA SMART» J SAMUEL 8NRNC AFNA

MASSEYe JOSEPH T 3IAPL AFRA SMITHs FALCONER 2HAMU AFRA

MAXWELL e« LOUIS R 1DNOL AFRA SMITHs PAUL A SRACO AFRA

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MAZURe JACOB 1CNBS AFRA SPECHT +s HEINZ 1HNIH AFRA

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152 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

STIRLINGs MATHEW W

2D BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

ALDRICHs JOHN Ww

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JACOBe KENNETH 1 4CONS AFRA SCHALLERe WALDFMAR T 1iGES -AFRE

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155

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HALLERe WOLFGANG

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HAMERe WALTER J

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SHROPSHIRE» WALTER A

SILSBEE*+ FRANCIS B

SIMMONS*s JOHN A

SITTERLY*e CHARLOTTE M

SLACKs LEWIS

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SMALLe+« JAMES B

SMITHs NATHAN R

SMITH+ PAUL A

SNAVELYs BENJAMIN L

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SPOONERs CHARLES S JR

STAIR« RALPH

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STEINERe ROBERT F

STEVENS« HENRY

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STIRLINGs MATHEW WwW

STRINGFIELD»s VICTOR T

SUMMERSONs WILLIAM H

SUTCLIFFE+ WALTER D

SWICKe CLARENCE H

TALBOTTe F LEO

TALMADGE. HARVEY G JR

TAYLOR» JOHN K

TEEEE. RAY P

THURMANs ERNESTINE B

TILDENs EVELYN B

TITUS+ HARRY W

TODD» MARGARET R

TORGESENe JOHN L

TORRESONe OSCAR W

TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III

TRYONs MAX

UMPLEBYe JOSEPH B

VAN DERSALs« WILLIAM R

VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D

VANDERSLICEs JOSEPH T

VANGELI+» MARIO G

VIGNESSe IRWIN

VINAL+« GEORGE W

VINTI*« JOHN P

VOLWILER+e ERNEST H

VON HIPPEL+« ARTHUR

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WALKERe RAYMOND F

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WALTERs DEAN I

WALTHER» CARL H

WALTONs GEORGE P

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WARGA»s MARY E

WATERMANs PETER

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WEAVERs ELMER R

WEBBe ROBERT WwW

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TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 1IGES AFRA SMITHe NATHAN R 7TRETD AFNE |

UMPLEBYe JOSEPH B 7RETD AFNE STEERE»s RUSSELL L 1ARFR AFRA |

WESTe WALTER S 11GES AMRA STEVENS+ RUSSELL B BINAS AFRA |

YODER» HATTEN S JR BIGEL AFRA STEVENSON+ JOHN A TJRETD AFRE

ZENe E-AN 1I1GES AFRA STEWARTs DEWEY 1ARFR AFRA |

ZIES» EMANUEL G 7TRETD AFRE STUART+ NEIL WwW 1ARFR AFRA

TAYLOR+ MARIE C 2HHOU AMRA

21 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE DIST OF COL WALKERe EGBERT H 7RETD AFRA

BERNTONe HARRY S 4PHYS AFRA WEINTRAUBe ROBERT L 2HGwU AFRA

BROWNe THOMAS M 2HGwU AFRA WEISSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA

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GANTs« JAMES @ JR 4PHYS AMRA WHEELERe WILLIS H 1ARRP AMRA

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RIOCHs DAVID M 1DAWR AFRA YOCUMs L EDWIN 7RETD AFNE

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STEWART«e SARAH E 1HNIH AFRA 2L SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS

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WORKMANe WILLIAM G 4CONS AFRE DETWILER+ SAMUEL B 7TRETD AFRA

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BARSS« HOWARD P 7TRETD AFNE HUTCHINSe LEE M 8NRNC AFNA

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BORTHWICKs HARRY A 1ARFR AFRA LARRIMER»+ WALTER H 7RETD AFRE

BOWMANe PAUL W 1HNIH AFRA LITTLE. ELBERT L JR 1AFOR AFRA

BROWNe EDGAR 7TRETD AFRE MORRISSe DONALD J 1AFOR AFRA

BROWNe RUSSELL G 2HUMD AFRA PARKER» KENNETH w 1AFOR AFRA

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COONS+ GFORGE H 7TRETD AFRE YUILL« JOSEPH S 1AFOR AFRA

CULLINANe FRANK P 7TRETD AFRE

DERMENe HAIG TRETD AFRE 2M WASHINGTON SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

DETWILER» SAMUEL B 7RETD AFRA ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA

DIEHL» WILLIAM wW 7TRETD AFRE BELSHEIMse ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA

DRECHSLERe CHARLES 7TRETD AFRA BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA

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LUTZe JACOB M 1ARMR AFRA |

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MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 1ARFR AFRA ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA :

MC KINNEYe HAROLD H 7TRETD AFRE ALEXANDERe SAMUEL N 1CNBS AFRA

MILLERe PAUL R 1ARFR AFRA APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA |

O BRIENe JOHN A 2HCUA AFRA ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA

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RANDS»+ ROBERT D 7TRETD AFNE BRADLEY« WILLIAM E 311DA AMRA

REIDe MARY E 7TRETD AFRE CLEAVERe OSCAR P 1DAER AFRA

158 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

—

2N-2R

COOTERs IRVIN L 1CNBS AFRA HERMANe CARLTON M 1IFWS AFRA

CRAFTONs PAUL A 2HGWU AFRA HUNTERe GEORGE w III BNRNC AFNE

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FRANKLINs PHILIP J 1CNBS AFRA TURNERe JAMES H 1HNIH AFRA

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GUARINOe P A 1DAHD AFRA

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HORTONe BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA RBOZEMANs F MARILYN 1DAwR AFRA

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MAYERs CORNELL H 1DNRL AFRA GORDONs RUTH & BNRNC AFNA

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‘POLINGs AUSTIN C 1CESS AFRA HUGHe RUDOLPH 2HGWU = AFRA

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SCHOOLEYs ALLEN H 1DONRL AFRA MFANS« URA MAE 1ARFR AMRA

SCOTT+ ARNOLD H 7RETD AFRE MORRISe JA 1HNIH AMRA

SHAPIRO+s GUSTAVE 1CNBS AFRA NOYES+ HOWARD E& 1DAWR AFNA

SHERLINes GROVER © 1CNBS AMRA O HERNs ELIZABETH M 2HGWU AMRA

SILSBEEe« FRANCIS B T7RETD AFRA OSWALD» ELIZABETH J 1HFDA AFRA

SMITHse SIDNEY T 1DNRL AFRA PARLETT+« ROBERT C 2HGWU AFRA

SOMMERs HELMUT 1DAHD AFRA PARR+ LELAND WwW 7TRETD AFRE

TALMADGEe« HARVEY G JR 1ONRL AMRA PELCZARe MICHAEL J JR 2HUMD AFRA

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WEBERe ROBERT S 1 DNBY AMRA ROBBINSe MARY L 2HGwU AFRA

WETHE+ WERNER K 1DAER AFRA ROGERS+ LORE A T7RETD AFNE

WITZIGe WARREN F S5NUUT AMRA SHANAHANs ARTHUR J 1ARFR AFRA

WOLFFe EDWARD A SKEIN AFRA SLOCUMe GLENN G 1HFDA AFRA

YAPLEEs BENJAMIN S 1DONRL AFRA SMITHe NATHAN R 7TRETD AFNE

SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA

20 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECH ENGINEERS TITTSLER® RALPH P 1ARNI AFRA

ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA AFRA WARD« THOMAS G SMIAS AFRA

BEAN+ HOWARD S 4CONS' AFRA WEINTRAUBse ROBERT L 2HGwU AFRA

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BUTLER+s FRANCIS E 1ONOL AMRA WEITSSe FREEMAN A TRETD AFNE

CRAFTONse PAUL A 2HGWU AFRA

DALZELL + R CARSON 1XAEC AFRA 2R SOCIETY OF AMER MILITARY ENGINEERS

DAVIS+ STEPHEN S 2HHOU AMRA AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 1DNBY AFRA

FULLMER»s IRVIN H 7TRETD AFRA BRAATENe NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA

GILLMAN+s JOSEPH L JR 4CONS' AFRA DFMUTHe HAL P 1CESS AMRA

MASON« MARTIN A 2HGwU AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L 7TRETO AFRE

OSGOODs wILLIAM R 2HCUA AFRA GRANTS SUevySsSeES. S. bhi 7TRETD AFRA

PELL «+ WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA HASKINS+s CARYL P 3ICIW AFRA

RIVELLO+s ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA ME CABEs LOUIS.C 4CONS AFRA

STIEHLER+ ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA MEADE« BUFORD K 1CESS AFRA

RAPPLEYE+ HOWARD S 7TRETO AFRA

2P HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH RICE« DONALD A 1CESS AFRA

ANDREWS« JOHN S 1ARFR AFRA ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 4CONS AFRE

DOSS*+ MILDRED A 2HUMD AFRA RODRIGUEZ+s RAUL 1DAER AFRA

NURBINs»s CHARLES G LHFDA AFRA SHALOWITZ+ AARON L TRETO AFRE

FARR«s MARION M 2HUMD AFRA SIMMONS« LANSING G 1CESS AFRA

FOSTERese AUREL O 1ARFR AFRA SMALLe JAMES B 1CESS AFRA

159

_ SEPTEMBER, 1966

o

2R-2V

SUTCLIFFE+ WALTER D 7TRETD AFRE RORBBINSe MARY L 2HGWU AFRA

THOMAS» PAUL D 1DNOC AFRA ROSE + JOHN C 2PHGEU AFRA

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WEBERe ROBERT S 1DNBY AMRA SHANNONe JAMES A 1HNIH AFRA

SHAWs JOSEPH C 8NRNC AFNA

2S AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, SMITHse FALCONER 2HAMU AFRA

AMIRIKIANe ARSHAM 1DNBY AFRA SMITHse WILLIE w 1HNIH AFRA

RBIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA SPECHT» HEINZ 1HNIH AFRA

CALDWELL« JOSEPH M 1DACE AFRA SPIES+ JOSEPH R 1ARNI AFRA

DOWNINGse LEWIS K @HHOU AFRA STEPHAN+s ROBERT M 1HNIH AFRA

GARNER+ CLEMENT L 7TRETD AFRE STEVENSe HENRY 7TRETD AFRA

GRANT+s ULYSSES § III 7TRETD AFRA STEWART+ SARAH £ 1HNIH AFRA

HOWARD» GEORGE w BNRNC AFNA SUMMERSONs WILLIAM H 1HFDA AMRA

KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA TIDBALL s+ CHARLES S 2HGwU AFRA

LEOPOLD» LUNA B 1IGES AFRA TREADWELL» CARLETON R 2HGwU AFRA

MASONe MARTIN A 2HGwU AFRA VEITCHs FLETCHER P JR 2HUMD AFRA

MILLS* DAVID L 1DAMS AFRA VON BRANDse THEODOR C 1HNIH AFRA

OLSENe HAROLD w 1I1GES AFMA WARD» JUSTUS C 1ARRP AFRA

PARSONS« DOUGLAS E 4CONS AFRE WARD« THOMAS G 5MIAS AFRA

RAPPLEYFe HOWARD S TRETD AFRA WOMACK,» MADELYN 1ARNI AFRA

ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 4CONS AFRE WOODS» MARK W 1HNIH AFRA

SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE UR 1DACE AFRA

SIMMONSe« LANSING G 1CESS AFRA 2U AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS

SMITHs PAUL A 5RACO AFRA ACHTER+ MEYER R 1DNRL AFRA

WALTHER+ CARL H 2HGwWU = AFRA BENNETT» JOHN A 1CNBS AFRA

WERBERe EUGENE W 4CONS AFRA BENNETTs LAWRENCE H 1CNBS AFRA

BROWNe BF 1DNRL AFRA

2T SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY G& MEDICINE BURNETTs HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA

AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGWU AMRA CARLSTONse RICHARD C 1DNOR AMRA

ALEXANDER» AARON D 1DAWR AFRA CAUL + HAROLD JU 1CNBS AFRA

ALLANe FRANK D 2HGwU = AMRA CHAPIN» EDWARD J 1DNRL AFRA

AMES+ BRUCE N 1HNIH AFRA CUTHILL+ JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA

ARMSTRONGe CHARLES TRETD AFRE DALZELL + R CARSON 1XAEC AFRA

BARRETT+ MORRIS K TRETD AFRE DE PUEe LELAND A 1DONRL AFRA

BARTONE*s® JOHN C 2HGwWU AMRA DIGGES« THOMAS G 7TRETD AFRE

BERLINERe ROBERT W THNIH AFRA ELLINGER» GEORGE A 4CONS AFRA

BEROZA« MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA : GEIL e GLENN w 1CNBS AFRA

BOZEMANs F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA GILLMANs JOSEPH L JR 4CONS AFRA

BRODIE. BERNARD B 1HNIH AFRA GOONEs ROBERT J 1DNOR AFRA

BURKe DEAN 1HNIH AFRA HARRISONs WILLIAM N 7TRETD AFRA

BYERLY« THEODORE C 1ACSR AFRA HERSCHMANs HARRY K 1CBDS: AFRA

CARMICHAEL » LEONARD BINGS AFRA HOLSHOUSER»s WILLIAM L 1XCAB AFRA

CHALKLEYe HAROLD w 7TRETD AFRE JENKINSs WILLIAM D 1CNBS AMRA

COULSONs E JACK 1ARNI AFRA KIES« JOSEPH A 1DNRL AFRA

DAFTe FLOYD S 7TRETD AFRA KUSHNERe LAWRENCE M 1CNBS AFRA

DAVISe RF 2HUMD AFRA LOGAN+ HUGH L 1CNBS AFRA

EDDY+ BERNICE E IHNIH AFRA LORINGse BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA

EDDY+s+ NATHAN B 4CONS AFRA . MARZKE« OSCAR T 8NRNC AFNA

ELLISe NED R 7TRETD AFRE MEBSe RUSSELL wW 1CNBS AFRA

EMMARTs EMILY Ww 1HNIH AFRA MEYERSONe MELVIN R 1CNBS AFRA

ENDICOTTse KENNETH M 1HNIH AFRA 3 MOORE» GFORGE A 1CNBS AFRA

FOXe M R SPIVEY 1HFDA AFRA OREMe THEODORE H 1CNBS AFRA

FRAPSs RICHARD M 1ARFR AFRA PELLINIe WILLIAM S 1DNRL AFRA

FRIEDMANs LEO 8NRNC AFNA PENNINGTONe WILLIAM A 11x AFNA

GORDON+ FRANCIS B 1DNMR AFRA PITTS+e JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA

HALSTEADs BRUCE w 8NRNC AFNA REINHARTe FRED M 1 DNxX AFNA

HAWTHORNE s EDWARD w 2HHOU AFRA SANDOZ+ GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA

HAZLETONe LLOYD w S5HALA AFRA STAUSS«e HENRY E 1XNAS AFRA

HIATT« CASPAR w 1HNIH AFRA STEELEs LENDELL €& 1DNRL AFRA

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HUGHe RUDOLPH 2HGwU AFRA SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 1CNBS AFRA

JAY. GFORGE E JR 1HNIH AFRA VACHER»s HERBERT C 7RETD AFRE

KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 1DAWR AFRA WEINBERGe HAROLD P SVAEN AFRA

KNOWLTON» KATHRYN 7TRETD AFRA WENSCHs GLEN WwW 1XAEC AFRA

KOPPANYI» THEODORE 2HGEU AFRA WHITMANs MERRILL J 1XAEC AFRA

LAMANNAs CARL 1DARO AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA

MAENGWYN=DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA

MANDEL » H GFEORGF 2HGwWU AFRA 2v INTERNAT ASSN FOR DENTAL RESEARCH

MC CLUREs FRANK J 7TRETD AFRA BRAUERs GERHARD M 1CNBS AFRA

MOSTOFI« F K 1D-IP AFRA CAUL + HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA

NOYES+* HOWARD E 1DAWR AFNA DICKSONe GEORGE 1CNBS AFRA

PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J SBIRE AMRA FORZIATI+ ALPHONSE F l1IwPC AFRA

PARR» LELAND w 7TRETD AFRE GRIFFITHSe NORMAN H C 2HHOU AFRA

PATTERSON+ WILBUR 1 1ARNI AFRA HAMPPe EDWARD G IHNIH AFRA

PITTMANe MARGARET 1HNIH AFRA HANSENe LOUIS S 1DNMC AFRA

POMMER.s ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA HESSe WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE

RALLs DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA MC CLUREs FRANK J 7TRETD AFRA

REID»s MARY E 7TRETD AFRE PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 1CNBS AFRA

160 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

| 2V-3C

REYNOLDS+s ORR E 10-S AFRA CHRISTENSONs LEROY D 1ARFR AFRA

SCOTTs DAVID B @NRNC AFNA CORY+s ERNEST N 7RETD AFRE

STEPHAN+ ROBERT M IHNIH AFRA FOSTER» AUREL O 1ARFR AFRA

SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 1CNBS AFRA FULTONs ROBERT A 7RETO AFNE

HAINES+ KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA

2w AMER INST AERONAUT & ASTRONAUTICS HALL» STANLEY A 1ARFR AFRA

ASTIN» ALLEN v 1CNBS AFRA HALLER» HERBERT L 7RETD AFRA

BERL» WALTER G 3IAPL AFRA HAMBLETONe JAMES I 7RETD AFRA

BOWLES+ ROMALD & SBOEN AFRA HENNEBERRY* THOMAS J 1ARFR AFRA

CHAPLINs HARVEY R UR 1DNDT AFRA HOFFMAN+s JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA

CRAFTON+s PAUL A. 2HGWU AFRA HOFFMANNs CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA

NIFHL*+ WALTER S 4CONS AFRA JACOBSON». MARTIN 1ARFR AFRA

FOURTs LYMAN SHARE AFRA LANGFORDs+s GEORGE S 2HUMD AFRA

FRENKIEL»+ FRANCOIS N 1DNDT AFRA ‘i LARRIMFRs WALTER H 7RETD AFRE

GIBSON» RALPH & 3IAPL AFRA NELSONe RH BAESA AFRA

HARRINGTONs MARSHALL C 1DFOS AMRA POOSs FRED wW TRETO AFRA

HILL + FREEMAN K 3IAPL AFRA PORTER» BA 7RETD AFRA

HONIGs JOHN G 1SACD AMRA RAINWATER» H IVAN 1ARRP AMRA

KLEBANOFFs PHILIP §S 1CNBS AFRA SCHECHTERe MILTON S 1ARFR AFRA

KURZWEG+ HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA SHFPARDs»s HAROLN H 1AASC AFRA

OSMUNe JAMES wW 1CESS AFNA SIEGLER»s EDOUARD H 7RETD AFRE

OSTEN+s EDWARD J 1XLIC AMRA SMITHe CHARLES M 7TRETD AFRE

| RICHMOND»+ JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA SMITHs FLOYD F LARFR AFRA

RITTs+ PAUL FE SMELP AFRA ST GEORGE+s RAYMOND A TRETD AFRA

RIVELLOs ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA YUILL« JOSEPH § 1AFOR AFRA

SCHUBAUER» GALEN B 1CNBS AFRA

SLAWSKY»s MILTON M 1DFOS AFRA 2Z ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

SMITHs PAUL A S5RACO AFRA COOK» RICHARD Kk 1CNBS AFRA

VINTI*® JOHN P BNRNC AFNA CRAVEN» JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA

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WATERMANe ALAN T 4CONS AFRA FRANZ+ GERALD J 1DNDT AMRA

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| WILDHACKs WILLIAM A 1CNBS AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA

| WOLFFse EDWARD A SKEIN AFRA HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA

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BARGER. GERALD L 1CESS AFRA SMITH» PAUL L 1DNRL AFRA

| BRIER» GLENN w 1CESS AFRA SNAVELYs BENJAMIN L 1DNOL AFRA

CRESSMAN+ GEORGE P 1CESS AFRA SNAY*» HANS G 1DNOL AFRA

CRY*s GEORGE w 1CESS AMRA WEISSLER» ALFRED 1DFOS AFRA

FRENKIEL»s FRANCOIS N 1DNDT AFRA

HASFELTINE*s NATE SWAPO AFRA 3B AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY

HUBERTs LESTER F 1CESS AFRA ABELSONs PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA

| JACOBSe WOODROW C 1XNOD AFRA DALZELL + R CARSON 1XAEC AFRA

| KLEIN» WILLIAM H 1CESS AFRA DE VORE+s CHARLES 1DNOR AMRA

| KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA FDOMUNDS« WADE ™M 31JBS AMRA

| LANDSBERGe HELMUT E 1CESS AFRA FOWLERe EMIL E 1XAEC AMRA

LISTs ROBERT J 1CESS AFRA HENDERSON+ MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA

: MAC DONALD» TORRENCE H 1CESS AMRA MAGINe GEORGE B JR 1XAEC AFRA

MACHTAs LESTER 1CESS AFRA MEINKEs W WAYNE 1CNBS AFRA

MARCUS+ SIDNEY O JR 1O0NOD AMRA MOSTOFI*« F K 1D-IP AFRA

MARTIN» ROBERT H 1DNWS AMRA MUFHLHAUSE+ CARL O 1CNBS AFRA

MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR 1CESS AFRA PROe MAYNARD J 1TIRS AFRA

MORANe FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA STEELE» LENDELL €& 1DNRL AFRA

MORTON+s JOHN D SMELP AFRA WEIL e« GEORGE L 4CONS AFRA

NAMIAS« JEROME 1CESS AFRA WETSSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA

NOFFSINGER»s TERRELL L 1CESS AFRA WENSCHe GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA

OLIVERs VINCENT J 1CESS AFRA WHITMAN»s MERRILL J 1XAEC AFRA

OSMUN»> JAMES w 1CESS AFNA WITZIGe WARREN F SNUUT AMRA

PACKs NONALND H 1CESS AFRA

PUTNINSe PAUL H 1CESS AFRA 3G INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS

REICHELDERFER» F W 4CONS AFRA COOKs+ HAROLD T 1ARMR- AFRA

\ RUBIN»* MORTON J 1CESS AFRA FARROWs RICHARD P BANCA AFRA

SMITHs RAYMOND G 1CESS AMRA GOLUMBIC+s CALVIN LARMR AFRA

TFPPER» MORRIS 1XNAS AFRA HFINZE+ PETER H 1ARMR- AFRA

TFWELES+ SIDNEY 1CESS AFRA HILDEBRANDs EARL M 1ARFR AMRA

THOMs HERBERT C S 1CESS AFRA HOLL INGSHEAD+ ROBERT S 7RETD AFRE

THOMPSONs JACK C 8NRNC AFNA HUNTERs RICHARD S SHUAS AFRA

WHITE+ ROBERT M 1CESS AFRA LUTZ* JACOB M 1ARMR AFRA

WINSTON+® JAY S 1CESS AFRA MC PHERSON+ ARCHIBALD 4x AFRA

YAO+ AUGUSTINE Y M 1CESS AMRA NORRIS» KARL H LARMR AFRA

ZIKFFVe NINA 1CESS AMRA PATTERSON+ WILBUR I LARNI AFRA

ZOCHs RICHMOND T 7RETD AFRA REYNOLDS+« HOWARD LARNI AFRA

RYALL« A LLOYD LARMR AFRA

| 2Y INSECTICIDE SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SLOCUMe GLENN G 1HFDA AFRA

BEROZA+s MORTON S LARFR AFRA SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA

}, BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2HUMD AFRA TITTSLER+ RALPH P 1ARNI AFRA

CAMPBELL+ FRANK L 7RETD AFRA WEISS* FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA

| SEPTEMBER, 1966 161

3C-3]

WILLIAMS* DONALD H 3ADIS AMRA KOFHL» GEORGE M 2HGWU AMRA

KOHLER«e HANS w 1DAHD AFRA

3D AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCTETY LASHOF « THEODORE WwW 1CNBS = AFRA

DIAMONDe JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA LASTERe HOWARD J 2HUMD AFRA

FAUSTe GEORGE T 1IGES AFRA LFE.e RICHARD H 2SSTA AFRA

GELLERe« ROMAN F 7JRETD AFRE MAC DONALDe WILLIAM M 2HUMD AFRA

HALLER» WOLFGANG 1CNBS AFRA MARTONs L 1CNBS AFRA

HARRISONs WILLIAM N T7RETD AFRA MASKETse A VICTOR 1DNRL AFRA

INSLEYe HERBERT 7TRETD AFRA MASONe EDWARD A 2HUMD AFRA

KLINGSBERGe CYRUS -BINAS AFRA MC MILLENe J HOWARD 1XNSF AFRA

LEVINe ERNEST M 1CNBS AFRA OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S 8BNRNC AFNA

MC MURDIEe« HOWARD F 4CONS AFRA SANDERSONe JOHN A 3AOSA AFRA

MILLERe ROMAN R 1DNRL AFRA SCHOOLEYe ALLEN H 1 DNRL AFRA

ORDWAYs FRED D JR SMELP AFRA SEEGERe RAYMOND J 1XNSF AFRA

PEISERe H STEFFEN 8NRNC AFNA SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRA

PITTSe JOSEPH Ww 1CNBS AFRA SLACKe LEWIS 3INAS AFRA

RICHMONDs JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA SLAWSKYe MILTON M 1DFOS AFRA

TOOL e ARTHUR Q TRETD AFRA SNAVELYs« BENJAMIN L 1D0NOL AFRA

WACHTMANs JOHN B JR 1CNBS AFRA TALBOTie F LEG 2HCUA AFRA

WALKERe RAYMOND F 1 DAX AFNA TAYLOR+s JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA

VIGUE.« KENNETH J a he AMRA

3E ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY WARGAe MARY E BAOSA AFRA

BATESe ROGER G 1CNBS AFRA WATERMANe ALAN T 4CONS AFRA

BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1ONRL AFRA

BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE 3H OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

BRADLEYs WILLIAM E B3IIDA AMRA RARSROWs LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA

BRANCATOe E L 1ONRL AFRA RENEDICTe WILLIAM S 2HIHU AFRA

BRENNERe ABNER 1CNBS AFRA RBENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD AFRA

BROWNe RF 1ONRL AFRA BRECKENRIDGEs F C 7TRETD AFRA

CARLSTONe RICHARD C 1DNOR AMRA CARROLL + THOMAS J 5BERA AFRA

COHNe ERNST M 1XNAS AMRA DOUGLAS« CHARLFS A 1CNSS AFRA

ELLINGER+e GEORGE A 4CONS AFRA DRUMMETERe LOUIS F JR 1DNRL AFRA

FORZIATI+« ALPHONSE F lIwPC AFRA FMFRSONe« WALTER B TRETD AFRE

GINTHERe ROBERT J 1DNRL AFRA GARDONERe IRVINE C TRETD AFRE

HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA GIBSONs KASSON §S 7TRETD AFRE

KRUGERe JEROME 1CNBS AFRA HAGUE*s JOHN L 1CNBS AFRA

LOGANs+ HUGH L 1CNBS AFRA HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AMRA

MOOREe« GEORGE A I1CNBS AFRA HASS+ GEORGE H 1DAER AFRA

SCHULMANe JAMES H 1DNRL AFRA HEYDFNe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA

SOLLNERe KARL IHNIH AFRA HUBSARDse DONALD T7RETD AFRA

STERNe KURT H 1CNBS AFRA HUNTERs RICHARD §S SHUAS AFRA

TAYLOR+s JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA HUNTERe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA

WOODe REUBEN E 2HGwWU AFRA INSLEYs HERBERT 7TRETCO AFRA

JUDDe DEANE B 1CNBS AFRA

7TRETD AFRA

BNRNC AFNA

7RETD AFRA

3F WASHINGTON HISTORY OF SCIENCE CLUB KARRER,. SFBASTIAN

BEDINIe SILVIO A 1XSMI AFRA KFEGANe HARRY J

CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 3INGS AFRA KENNEYe ARTHUR w

DAVIS*+ WATSON 3ISCS AFRA KESSLER+s KARL G 1CNBS AFRA

DETWILERe SAMUEL B 7TRETD AFRA KTE'SSs* CARLC 2HGEU AFRA

EISENHARTs CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA KOSTKOWSKI»« HENRY J 1CN8S AFRA

FARBERe EDUARD 2HAMU AFRA LIPPINEGOTT.s ELEESSR 2HUMD AFRA

HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA MANNENs RORERT P 1CNBS AFRA

JENKINSs ANNA E TRETD AFNE MEGGERSs WILLIAM F 4CONS AFRA

LEIKINDe MORRIS C 1HNIH AFRA MOHLERe FRED L TRETD - AFRE

MASONs EDWARD A 2HUMD AFRA NICKERSONe DOROTHY 7RETD AFRA

NEPOMUCENEs SR ST JOHN 7RETD AMRA RICHMOND+ JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA

OFEHSERe PAUL H 7RETD AFRA ROONEYs WILLIAM S 1XNSF AFRA

PERROSe*e THEODORE P 2HGWU AFRA SANDERSONe JOHN A BAOSA AFRA

RUBEYs+ WILLIAM w 8NRNC AFNA SAYLORe« CHARLES P 1CNBS' AFRA

SCHUBERT.s« LEO 2HAMU AFRA ; SCHULMANe JAMES H 1DNRL AFRA

SFEGER,» RAYMOND J 1XNSF AFRA SCOFIELDs FRANCIS 3BANPV AMRA

STERNe KURT H 1CNBS AFRA SCRIBNFERe BOURDON F 1CNBS AFRA

WARINGe JOHN A 1DAx AMRA SITTERLY+ BANCROFT w T7RETD AFRA

SITTERLY+« CHARLOTTE M 1CNBS AFRA

3G AMERICAN ASSOC OF PHYSICS TEACHERS SMITHe SIDNEY F 1DNRL AFRA

ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA SNAVELYe« BENJAMIN L 1DNOL AFRA

ASTINes ALLEN vV 1CNBS AFRA STRAUBe HARALD wW 1CESS AFRA

BRANSONe HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA TEELEs« RAY P 4CONS AFRA

DOLECEKs RICHARD L 1DNRL AFRA THALFRe WILLIAM J 2HGEU AFRA

FERRELL» RICHARD A 2HUMD AFRA TOUSZEYs RICHARD 1DNRL AFRA

HALL +s WAYNE C 1ONRL AFRA WETHEe WERNER K 1DAER AFRA

HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AMRA

HARRISON+s MARK 2HAMU AFRA SE

HARVALIKs Z V 1DAER AFRA

HEYDEN» FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA

JOHNSONe KEITH C 2SDCP AFRA

KARRERs SEBASTIAN 7TRETD AFRA

KENNARD+ RALPH B TRETD AFRE

WASH SOC OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS

ALLISON+s FRANKLIN E 7TRETD AFRE

BORTHWICKe HARRY A 1ARFR AFRA

CULLINANe FRANK P 7TRETO AFRE

FOWELLSe HARRY A 1ARAOQ AFRA

GALLOWAYs« RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA

162 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

31-3J

HACSKAYLO»s EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA

HAMMONDs H DAVID 2HHOU AMRA

HEINZE. PETER H 1ARMR- AFRA

HILNEBRAND+s EARL M 1ARFR AMRA

HILTONe JAMES L 1ARFR AFRA

LOCKARDs J DAVID 2HUMD AMRA

LUTZ+ JACOB M 1ARMR- AFRA

MC KINNZYs HAROLD H TRETD AFRE

MITCHELL» JOHN W 1ARFR AFRA

PARKER, MARION w 1ARAO AFRA

PFNTZERe WILBUR T 1ARMR- AFRA

SHROPSHIRE» WALTER A 1XSMI AMRA

STUART+ NEIL w 1ARFR AFRA

TAYLORs MARIE C 2HHOU AMRA

WEINTRAUB+ ROBERT L 2HGwWU AFRA

WEITSSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA

3J WASH OPERATIONS RES COUNCIL

CANNONe E W 1CNBS AFRA

HONTGe*e JOHN G 1SACD AMRA

MOSHMANes JACK S5EBSM AMRA

NFUENDORFFERe J A 1 DNX AFRA

ROTKINe ISRAEL 1DAHD AFRA

SEPTEMBER, 1966 163

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Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

the Local Affiliated Societies*

TERRELL LSOCICLY. OL) Vy AGNI BTON «5.55.05 scdcashbcusevcuesey oveecangeviece sassestiastensovsthcdivseseuesoasviaasdevenses M. M. SwHapriro

mmnnepological Society Of Washington ...........0...0......ccsssescsssssstesscssesssseneconsenennesens Delegate not appointed

Biological Society of Washington ................ een vik sarhdeen Bach eK arate yet dell ipotomelen oatgs cantare Joun L. Parapiso

REE URE OY MEET OU OED ce, cho. ccdirsos dose ts avvani sscodu ucsviusdasstedsaasbwe sebcvancsacéarcsvencense GERHARD M. BRAUER

Meemilorical Society Of Washington ............cscccccccssscssscesscscsscsssssscvsssecssseceecsessececsanes Haro.tp H. SHEPARD

TEN ARSED ORE LE LY, 955.00. 65 foo) since cscs vsGokwnss> dei teeteschsnsisstsovseaseoscssvstus,tlscasAvasdpaethes ALEXANDER WETMORE

RTE UT SELELY OF WW ASMATISEOM © 656.5 .0..jccssceesocescpasvsesssevsoarassnesuaseesavsssonevevscsvvevesenenepassonvenac GeorcE V. CoHEE

mmm society of the District of Columbia ..................:cccccccscccecessssscssssasssssnecrserentons THomas M. Brown

TERT ORIN MOTRIN 1 oho) jo 0s eco oes. scrsndecsienaneavincectindsoveloachbunecss san cncapdbybsnasvocduncvore U. S. Grant, TIl

SOME 00 NY GUSTUTINEEONN 502) coos cc svecsarsssaves denser cgceuedes saves danscevon tesdudseetensversavevusnateenss Peter H. HEINZE

RIMMER) WADETAUAIL OTE SUELE (8.50.50 6.5 145 cscie ss soucisessvesevccuvosecsaeessiesrbensasenguevstvaeaneonsencavivens Harry A. Fowetts

NNN rt TSP LY VOT = FOTMEUTICETS of...) . cs cc sscieidesesscsesscocseasssveecvtessoncocsassevaceesiaceaventousvaseazevenes ‘Martin A. Mason

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers .............0......cccccsccsccseescssereereseeeteesseeasenens Wittram G, ALLEN

Helminthological Society of Washington ....0....0.....ccccccccccecccseereees Tens Op hs ol Aunret O. Foster

MET SMETETY TOT VTICTOMIOIO LY | oo... ioséceiscsscsceventeststscasesessccsectcvsccconavesdensisvertentbescsesadPureahenes Cart LAMANNA

MUNMEMMOt Ataierican Walitary Hmgineers ......c.:...6-..sessscsscscssssccsscssossessesssdecseeresnvecseorvsunosvanse H. P. DemutH

mmeamoam soctety Of. Civil FmZineers. ..........:..c.cccccccssscsccssescsssesssecssesecsescscscssscesseponen THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR.

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ............0....c:ccccccccscseseeseeseseeees WittiAm H. SUMMERSON

NN NE STOO TU EE 5 oes os se cicck dade csavsnvdeoiecenvearensvsiedvevane¥ur lh scekvaveeavslenassibess Hucu L. Locan

International Association for Dental Research oo..........0...ccccccccccccssssesssessssscsesssesesencseseseseneassens Hanotp J. Caut.

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ........:.0.0c.cccccccccccseeseeeeeen Delegate not appointed

MESNE! NICTEOTOIOSICAL | SOCTELY 6... 02) dso.cccssssessssssoussssneveossonsscussnnedavsacnoavevdseerens J. Murray MrtcHett, Jr.

Ie RE GE ONY GREITELON 65. ccs cdsccsesssivsos cscndevcnceceeosrndvanducranctncecvanvasvrencavensdunst H. Ivan RAINWATER

TRIED NE PUTKBETRCI) 5.0. vcae cos; c6nsasosgsacncisinscrtdecsasyervddndrvsdonsvsargeceetseeeeutanke Matcotm C. HENDERSON

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MAE PEI. VGCHTOLOPISES) 2.850. cc)cc sist cscsesesscdacdan ss seinpdesdensvsnsrcrovadagsendvassenesesuenanencanste Ricuanp P. Farrow

MRE SPT SETIUCE SIO RE TY 51.6.0. yo ces occa sesesotsn geaphovsticesivenssnstedtodencdennstassensvenies ha, a ae a J. J. DramMonp

a UNDERMNRRE RE C al C a rk caaeast dodcsiannnsas voatsunnsdavecaemest adagpssontspapietdeuedaesh Kurt H. STERN

Mashineton History of Science Club .................cccccccsscessseeeseessseseseseeeen Ve Mapes aed Morris LEIKIND

American Association of Physics Teachers .....c.:.....cc.cccccscsesssssssessssesessseetessceesescsenesenas Raymonp J, SEEGER

AC EAE ARIAG PING 0, Pea daca esas ldncn pid uae Gsoadth oui ens vogas deowsnvonequttseliodaacd cagaabivbanmantriavévenes Frep PAUL

Peeeera SOciety Ot) Plant PH ysiolOgists....i.c.sc si sc.yseccseessscsescsecsesceccseescetecssartuesecdionces WALTER SHROPSHIRE

Seesnimeton, Operations Research Council).........0......ccccccessscceses scenes Delegate not appointed

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 56 SEPTEMBER 1966

CONTENTS

1966 Directory

General Information.) 40.0) 0G ¢.0 402k Soa

Washington Academy of Sciences

1530—P St., N.W.

Washington, D.C., 20005

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VOLUME 56 NUMBER 7

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

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OCTOBER 1966

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Samuet B. Detwi er, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture

Ricuarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso-

ciation

Harry A. Fowerts, Department of Agriculture

HeELen L. ReyNotps, Food and Drug Adminis-

tration -

Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

versity

RusseE.u B. Stevens, National Research Council

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University

CuHartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey

MaryorreE Hooker, Geological Survey

ReusBen E. Woop, George Washington Univer-

sity

Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo-

ratories

JoserH B. Morris, Howard University

Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

Howarp W. Bonn, Public Health Service

Victor R. Boswett, USDA, Beltsville

ANDREW F. Freeman, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and

fellows.

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00

for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent

to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005. Remittances

should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased

direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal), and the Academy’s monograph, “The

Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa.”

Most current issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from

the Academy office.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of

mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed

because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification

should show both old and new addresses and zip number.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St, N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005.

The Academy office is open weekdays from nine to one. Phone AD 4-5323.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Sprecut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: RicHarp P, Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarD K. Coox, National Bureau of Standards

)

NBS to Dedicate

Gaithersburg Facility

William K. Wilson

National Bureau of Standards

The National Bureau of Standards needs

no introduction to the audience of this

Journal. As of May 1966, more than 13

percent of the members of Washington

Academy of Sciences cited NBS as their

place of gainful employment. Those

members who had never heard of the Bu-

reau no doubt read the article by Cather-

ine Atwood in the February issue entitled

“The Big Move,” and Walter Hamer’s arti-

cle, “The ‘Volt Standard’ Moves to Gaith-

ersburg, Maryland,” in the May issue.

The new laboratory complex at Gaith-

ersburg will be formally dedicated on No-

vember 15. NBS was 65 years old as of

March 3 of this year, and by the end of

the year at least 85 percent of its staff will

have moved from the present cramped

quarters on Connecticut Avenue to the

spacious facilities 20 miles northwest of

Washington.

_ The formal dedication ceremony will be-

gin at 2:30 p.m. and is scheduled to last

for about a half hour. After the ceremony,

invited guests will be given a special tour,

followed by a reception from 6:00 to 8:00

p-m. to end the day’s activities.

On Wednesday and Thursday, No-

vember 16 and 17, a Symposium on Tech-

nology and World Trade, sponsored by the

Secretary of Commerce, will be held at the

Bureau. This was purposely timed to coin-

cide with the dedication of the Bureau’s

new laboratories. The Secretary has invit-

ed about 500 distinguished guests to par-

ticipate. The Symposium will (1) examine

the impact of technology on international

trade and investment, (2) consider the in-

ternational environment needed for the

OcTOoBER, 1966

wider generation and utilization of tech-

nology, and (3) explore prospects for

evolving policies and institutions that pro-

mote economic development through tech-

nology and trade.

On Saturday a “you-all-come” open

house will be held for the Bureau staff,

their families, friends, and _ friends’

friends. All interested persons, including

members of the Washington Academy of

Sciences, are invited.

Established in 1901 at the beginning of

the age of electricity for the purpose of

developing standards for industry, the Bu-

reau has had some influence on almost

every article of present-day commerce. Its

function has been largely advisory, educa-

tional, and cooperative. With its reorgani-

zation into institutes two years ago, its

basic duties have been phrased as follows:

1. Development of measurement stand-

ards and techniques.

2. Measurement of properties of materi-

als and distribution of standard materials.

3. Development of technical background

for engineering standards.

4. Dissemination of technical informa-

tion.

These functions, of course, may be broadly

interpreted.

We live in a society of systems—the

communication system, the educational

system, and the transportation system. One

of the basic systems in our society is the

National Measurement System whose main

function is to provide the central basis in

the United States for a complete, consist-

ent system for physical measurement. The

role of NBS in the National Measurement

System is one of central Federal leadership

165

Fig. 1. Air view of the new NBS site at Gaithersburg, showing the 15 major buildings that have been

constructed on the 565-acre site. Five additional laboratory buildings will be constructed in the near

future for specialized uses. Dominating the central core of laboratories is the 11-story Administration

Building. On its left is the 750-seat auditorium, while the 126,000-volume library is on the right. Be-

hind the library is the Shops Building. Clustered about the Administration Building are the seven

general-purpose laboratories: Metrology, Chemistry, Physics, Materials, Instrumentation, Polymer,

and Building Research. In the far left background is the Reactor; and between the central com-

plex and Reactor is the Radiation Physics Building. To its right is the “stair-step” Engineering

Mechanics Building.

—to guide the System as it continues to

operate through the voluntary cooperation

of American science and industry. The

Bureau must maintain this leadership

through general acceptance based on its

capability, not by law or fiat. The Bureau

exerts its leadership by developing and

maintaining the central core of national

standards: six basic standards (national

standards coordinated internationally) and

thirty-six derived standards. The six base

units of the International System of Units

are for the quantities mass, length, lumi-

nous intensity, temperature, frequency or

time, and current.

When the Bureau of Standards was

created in 1901, it was the leader and pro-

moter in the area of standards. With the

exception of Federal agencies, there was

probably little interest in standards. Many

of the states did not maintain standards of

any kind. In spite of a publicity program

by the Bureau, the states’ apathy was ap-

palling. As a consequence, buying and sell-

ing were surrounded by fraud and trick-

ery. Several writers of the period brought

166 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ee LL

these dishonest practices to the attention

of the public, and as a result of this wave

of publicity, the nation became aware of

the existence of the National Bureau of

Standards.

When the new Bureau site at Gaithers-

burg was selected in 1956, it was in a rur-

al setting. Since then a new industrial park

has been built across route 70S and a

large hotel-motel has been constructed

nearby. In contrast, as late as 1925 the

Bureau of Standards was located in such a

remote, rural setting that it was necessary

to send a vest-pocket map to visitors to

show them the way. They were advised to

look for the boardwalk that led up the hill

to the Bureau grounds. A 1918 picture of

the Industrial Building and Connecticut

Avenue shows a general store on the

present site of the guard office, but not an-

other structure can be seen on Connecticut

Avenue. The Bureau enjoyed more than 20

years of comparative isolation after many

of the buildings had been erected. It is

doubtful whether the present site will re-

main in rural isolation for 20 years.

Much of the information in this article

was drawn from “Measures for Progress—

A History of the National Bureau of

Standards” by Dr. Rexmond C. Cochrane

(NBS Miscellaneous Publication 275, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C., 1966), and from “Measurement Sys-

tem of the United States,” an address by

Dr. R. B. Huntoon at the 1966 Standards

Laboratory Conference. The author grate-

fully acknowledges his indebtedness to

these two sources.

Geological Society of Washington:

Abstracts of Papers in 1965

The 1964 Proceedings of the Geological

Society of Washington were published in

the Journal for May 1965. The compila-

tion included the authors and titles of all

papers presented at all meetings during the

calendar year 1964.

As a record of its activities in 1965, the

Geological Society has supplied the follow-

ing abstracts of certain papers presented at

meetings. The record is incomplete, since

abstracts were provided to the Society by

only about a third of the speakers who ap-

peared on the programs.

Bradley, Wilmot H., Geological Survey:

“Vertical Density Currents” (867th

meeting, February 10, 1965)

The constituents of lacustrine varves are

positioned sequentially in the order in

which they were produced in the surface

waters regardless of the settling velocities

of the individual particles. Experimental

OcToBER, 1966

vertical density currents flow 35 to 50 times

more rapidly than settling rates predicted

by Stokes’ law and may account for the

structure of the varves and also have other

limnological and geological significance.

Yochelson, Ellis L., Geological Survey:

“Some Early Mollusks?” (868th meet-

ing, February 24, 1965)

Since Marek’s work on morphology of

hyolithid opercula provides a sound mor-

phological basis for the extinct Class Hyo-

lithida, the proposed class groupings

Coniconchia Liashenko, 1955, and Ca-

lyptoptomatida Fisher, 1962, should be

abandoned. Both groups combine forms

commonly considered to be mollusks with

other forms of uncertain biological affini-

ties that may not be of molluscan origin.

Walcott ascribed the enigmatic Late Cam-

brian fossil Matthevia Walcott to “ptero-

pods” but it is here interpreted as a mol-

167

lusk having several hard parts,

superficially like Amphineura, but differ-

ing markedly in important features and

belonging in another extinct class of Mol-

lusca. Representatives of this proposed

class are rare but are morphologically as

distinct from the extant molluscan classes

as Hyolithida. Similarly, Stenothecoides,

Pelagiella, and other early Paleozoic gen-

era may be representatives of additional

extinct classes, although formal class pro-

posals must be delayed until more infor-

mation is available. With establishment of

several extinct molluscan classes, history

of the phylum may be viewed as a primary

early Paleozoic adaptive radiation into a

limited number of ecological niches. The

minor members of this primary radiation

became extinct during the early Paleozoic.

perhaps partly coincident with a second

major diversification of the mollusks

which began later in the Paleozoic.

Bell, Peter M., Geophysical Laboratory:

“Experimental Geology of Kyanite, Silli-

manite, and Andalusite’” (868th meet-

ing, February 24, 1965)

In attempting to determine the tempera-

ture-pressure field of the earth’s crust, fac-

tors such as geothermal gradients and

gravitational pressures are used with esti-

mates and measurements of the physical

properties of rocks. A mean pressure range

of 1-12,400 bars with a mean temperature

range of 0-650°C can be expected, al-

though higher temperatures and pressures

may exist locally. Within these ranges, the

results of shearing-squeezer experiments

have demonstrated that the commonly oc-

curring mineral polymorphs, kyanite, silli-

manite and andalusite have stable fields

which meet at a triple point. The present

results, which include an experimental and

theoretical examination of the pressures

and temperatures produced by the shear-

ing-squeezer, confirm the triple-point loca-

tion at 8000 (24500) bars and 300

(+50) °C. On the basis of this triple point

and the related univariant curves, it is sug-

gested that large sections of sedimentary

168 JOURNAL OF

rock, which are now exposed at the sur-

face, were buried and metamorphosed at

depths in excess of 25 kilometers.

Roedder, Edwin, Geological Survey:

“Bouncing Bubbles, or Who Put the Pep

in Mother Nature’s Pop?” (869th meet-

ing, March 10, 1965)

When a thermal gradient is impressed

on the enclosing material, the gas (vapor)

bubbles in many natural and “synthetic”

fluid inclusions, if free of the walls, move

rapidly through the liquid. These move-

ments differ from the well-known random

Brownian movement commonly seen in the

very small inclusion bubbles, in that the

movements are always perpendicular to the

isotherms, and they are shown by bubbles

many orders of magnitude larger. The

phenomenon is very useful for rapid rec-

ognition of differences in composition

(and therefore origin) between some oth-

erwise similar inclusions or groups of in-

clusions.

Movement direction is almost independ-

ent of gravity; it is either up or down the

thermal gradient, even in adjacent inclu-

sions in the same sample; some bubbles,

although free to move, fail to respond. All

free bubbles of a given inclusion genera-

tion move in the same direction. A motion

picture shows some examples: each puff of

room-temperature air blown on a sample

warmed slightly by ordinary microscope

lighting caused bubble movement, even 20

pufis/second; a warmed (or cooled) nee-

dle oscillating at 6-8 cycles/second in con-

tact with the surface of a quartz plate

caused a bubble located 0.9 mm below the

surface to oscillate, horizontally, the inclu-

sion length (50 «) for each cycle; the

thermal gradient from a shadow over part

of the microscope field caused bubble

movement across the “terminator” in sec-

onds. Movement rate is directly related to

cradient magnitude and inversely related

to bubble size. Both rate and sense of

movement are sensitive, but at present in-

explicable, functions of liquid composition

and ambient temperature.

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

——— OL

The cause of bubble movement presuma-

bly is rapid movement of liquid at the

bubble interface, due to differences in sur-

face tension, or surface diffusion; but be-

cause of the extreme sensitivity, true

quantification of the effect has not been

achieved.

Carpenter, John R., Florida State Univer-

sity: “The Influence of Structural Defor-

mation on Some Aspects of Metamor-

phic Differentiation” (870th meeting,

March 24, 1965)

A detailed study was made of some pe-

trological and structural features of the

Precambrian Moppin Schist of the Las

Tablas Quadrangle, New Mexico. This unit

is composed of a hornblende facies that

grades laterally into a chlorite facies. Pe-

trofabric data indicate that the Moppin

Schist was deformed into a large drag fold

during regional metamorphism. The horn-

blende facies occupies one flank of the

drag fold, and the chlorite facies occupies

fold crests. Altered grains of hornblende

and oligoclase were sometimes found in

samples of the chlorite facies. The least al-

tered of these grains are similar in compo-

sition and grain size to hornblende and

oligoclase in the hornblende facies. The al-

teration product of the hornblende is

chlorite; the alteration products of oligo-

clase are albite and epidote. These same

minerals, with quartz, constitute the major

mineralogical components of the chlorite

facies. These observations suggest that the

chlorite facies was derived from _ the

hornblende facies and that altered horn-

blende and oligoclase grains in the chlorite

facies represent relict grains that were not

completely transformed to chlorite, albite,

and epidote. It is proposed that chemical

potential gradients were developed as a re-

sult of folding and that these chemical po-

tential gradients induced diffusion of Na

and H,O from the high pressure fold

flanks to the lower pressure fold crests.

The increased concentration of these con-

stituents and the lower pressure associated

with the fold crests are thought to have

OcTOBER, 1966

rendered the hornblende facies unstable

and to have resulted in its alteration to the

more stable chlorite facies.

Pakiser, Louis C., Geological Survey:

“Anatomy of the Continental Crust and

Upper Mantle—Synthesis of Geologic

and Geophysical Evidence, Summary,

and Conclusions” (871st meeting, April

14, 1965)

Transcontinental seismic, aeromagnetic,

and gravity measurements, and geologic

observations, suggest that the coterminous

United States is divided by the Rocky

Mountain System into two crustal and up-

per-mantle superprovinces. In the eastern

superprovince, the velocity of compression-

al waves in the upper-mantle rocks is

everywhere greater than 8 km/sec, the

mean-crustal velocity is generally greater

than 6.4 km/sec, and the crust is generally

thicker than 40 km. In the western super-

province, the velocity of compressional

waves in the upper-mantle rocks is every-

where less than 8 km/sec (except along

the margin of the Pacific Ocean Basin),

the mean-crustal velocity is generally less

than 6.4 km/sec, and the crust is generally

thinner than 40 km. Aeromagnetic data

are characterized by anomalies of large

amplitude in the eastern superprovince, in-

dicating an abundance of magnetic miner-

als, whereas the magnetic field in the west-

ern superprovince is relatively featureless.

The weakly magnetic crust of the western

superprovince is relatively devoid of mag-

netic minerals at shallow depths and may

be above the Curie temperature for mag-

netite (about 600°C) and therefore non-

magnetic at depth. Gravity measurements

and considerations of isostasy indicate

that crustal and upper-mantle densities

vary with velocity. These observations,

and the Cenozoic geologic record of dias-

trophism and volcanism in the western su-

perprovince and relative Cenozoic inactivi-

ty in the eastern superprovince, suggest a

mobile upper mantle in the west and a pre-

dominantly silicic crust that is now receiv-

ing mafic, and probably also silicic, mate-

169

rial from the mantle, whereas the upper

mantle in the east is relatively stable and

the now predominantly mafic crust has

been extensively intruded with mafic mate-

rial from the mantle; additional mafic ma-

terial has been added by extrusion of lava.

The primitive continental crust that

evolved from the mantle was probably sili-

cic, and it has been made slowly more

mafic by addition of mafic material from

the mantle and removal of silicic material

from the continental surface by erosion

and stream transport.

Waller, R. M., Geological Survey: “The

Alaskan Earthquake of 1964—Hydrolo-

gic Effects in South-Central Alaska”

(872nd meeting, April 28, 1965)

The earthquake of March 27, 1964,

greatly affected the hydrology of Alaska

and was noticeable in many parts of the

world. Its effect was recorded as water-le-

vel fluctuations at gages operated on water

wells and streams, and even more striking

effects were observed as ejection of sedi-

ment-laden ground water and as sloshing

of the ice-covered lakes and streams. Lake.

and river ice was broken at distances of

450 miles as seiche action developed in

bodies of water. The sloshing caused some

lakes to be temporarily dewatered. Frac-

turing of streambeds and__lakeshores

caused loss of water also, and recovery

took a couple of weeks in some instances.

Landslides and snow avalanches into

streams created temporary dams and some

permanent diversions. The sediment load

in the first stream run-off in April ap-

peared to be greatly increased over that of

previous years. Greater effects on lakes

and streams would probably have occurred

except for the low stages of water and the

extensive ice cover at this time of the year.

Ground water was affected at distances

of at least 160 miles, chiefly in unconsoli-

dated aquifers. The most noticeable effect

was its role in ejecting vast quantities of

sediment upon most of the glaciofluvial

floodplains within 100 miles of the epi-

center. A shallow water table confined

under seasonal frost conditions seemed to

be required for most of the ejections that

took place. Cratering and subsidence of

the unconsolidated sediments was com-

monly associated with the ejections.

Deep aquifers in unconsolidated sedi-

ments, under high hydrostatic pressure,

were also greatly affected. Perhaps for the

first time, a long period of observations of

postquake water levels have definitely

proved that permanent changes occurred

in an aquifer system at some distance

from an epicenter. At Anchorage and in

parts of the Kenai Peninsula the artesian

pressure levels are as much as 10 feet be-

low prequake levels. These changes, be-

lieved to be permanent, are probably due

to (1) an increased porosity, which has

resulted in an increased transmissibility of

the aquifer, or (2) an increase in ground-

water flow through disturbed submarine

discharge zones. The increase in porosity

can be related to either a release of stress

or an imposed strain on the ground-water

basin causing grain rearrangement. The

increase in ground-water flow may be due

to removal of some of the subinlet sedi-

ments overlying discharge zones.

Water quality was not changed except

for a temporary increase in turbidity in

wells and streams.

Coulter, H. W., Geological Survey: “The

Alaskan Earthquake of 1964—Geologic

Effects at Valdez’ (872nd meeting,

April 28, 1964.)

Valdez. is on the seaward edge of a large

outwash delta composed of a thick section

of saturated, silty sand and gravel. The

earthquake triggered a massive, submarine

slide, involving approximately 98 million

cubic yards of material, that destroyed the

harbor facilities and nearshore installa-

tions. Waves generated by the slide and

subsequent strong seiches did additional

damage in the downtown area. Stresses

generated by the seismic shocks and the

slide developed an extensive system of

fissures throughout the unconsolidated de-

posits at the head of the fiord. These

170 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

—

TT

fissures plus the shocks caused structural

damage to many of the buildings in Val-

dez and destroyed the sewer and water sys-

tems. Removal of support from the face of

the delta allowed some of the material to

move seaward and caused portions of the

shore area to be depressed below high-tide

level. |

The designated relocation site for the

town of Valdez is situated on the Mineral

Creek fan which is underlain by coarse al-

luvial gravel. The relocation site is protect-

ed from seismicly generated sea waves by

a series of bedrock ridges and _ islands

which also provide a resistant buttress re-

taining and protecting the toe of the fan

from danger of sliding or slumping. The

absence on the Mineral Creek fan of evi-

dence of ground breakage phenomena, so

widespread on the Valdez outwash delta,

indicates that the coarse subsoils at the re-

location site do not react unfavorably

under seismic conditions.

Naldrett, A. J., Geophysical Laboratory:

“The Role of Sulphurization in the

Genesis of [ron-Nickel Sulphide Depos-

its of the Porcupine District, Ontario”

(873rd meeting, October 13, 1965)

Sulphurization of peridotite, i.e., reac-

tion between sulphur from an external

source and iron and nickel in the silicate

minerals of the peridotite or in partially

consolidated magma, is believed to be the

mechanism by which the small iron-nickel

sulphide deposits associated with the

ultramafic rocks of the Porcupine have

formed.

The pyrrhotite-pentlandite ore at the

Alexo mine, Dundonald township, is local-

ized by a shear that closely follows the

lower contact of a peridotite lens. In the

past, the magmatic segregation hypothesis

has been advanced on the basis of textural

evidence and the presence of the sulphides

at the base of the lens to account for this

ore body. Nickel sulphide deposits of the

Porcupine, however, are not characteristi-

cally found along the basal contacts of

bodies of peridotite. Furthermore this

OcToBER, 1966

study has shown that textures formerly

thought indicative of magmatic segrega-

tion have been formed in certain deposits

by the selective replacement of silicates by

sulphides.

At the Alexo mine, very minor amounts

of pentlandite and heazlewoodite (Ni,S.)

occur in the peridotite hanging wall adja-

cent to the ore. These sulphides are inter-

preted as having formed by sulphuriza-

tion, the sulphur involved coming from the

pyrrhotite-pentlandite ore emplaced along

the shear. This reaction aureole raises the

question of the role of sulphurization in

the formation of the main mass of the sul-

phide ore. The very localized equilibrium

that has been found to exist between sul-

phides and silicates in deposits throughout

the area; the results of 19 sulphur isotope

determinations; the abundance of pyrite in

the volcanic country rocks of the Porcu-

pine; and the presence, in volcanic rocks

close to the utramafic bodies, of pyrrho-

tite formed by the breakdown of pyrite in-

dicate that these deposits were formed by

sulphurization rather than magmatic segre-

gation.

Melson, William G., Smithsonian Institu-

tion: “Metamorphism in the Mid-Atlan-

tic Ridge” (874th meeting, October 27,

1965)

Greenschist facies metabasalts, meia-

tuffs, and metadolerites were dredged at

two stations on the eastern slope of the

median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at

22°N latitude. The rocks consist mainly of

the typical greenschist assemblage albite,

actinolite, chlorite, and epidote. Minerals

typical of lower metamorphic grades, such

as pumpelleyite and zeolites, are not im-

portant constituents, although nontronite

is abundant in the metatuffs from one of

the stations. Electron microprobe analyses

indicate ripidolitic chlorites and low-alu-

mina, low-soda amphiboles.

Bulk chemical analyses of six green-

stones indicate spilitic compositions char-

acterized by high soda (maximum 5.4% )

and low potash (minimum .05%) con-

171

tents. Relics of calcic plagioclase, pseudo-

morphed olivine phenocrypts, and other

textural features indicate derivation from

abyssal basalts, which typically have soda

around 2.7% and potash around 0.2%.

The alkali contents of the greenstones are

evidently a result of metasomatism during

metamorphism, and do not indicate a pri-

mary spilitic magma or reaction between

magma and sea water.

The greenstones occur with augite-rich

dolerites and fresh oceanic tholeiites which

are similar to those from which the green-

stones were derived. It is thus possible that

the greenstones were produced in a local-

ized hydrothermal aureole, perhaps around

a volcanic vent. However, the widespread

occurrence of the greenstones in the area

and a poorly developed schistosity in some

fragments indicate derivation by regional

metamorphism.

These greenschist facies rocks add com-

plexities to the present simple models of

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Typical estimates

of greenschist pressures and temperatures

require some burial under subsequent ex-

trusions or sediments even in the deep sea.

Thus, a temporary halt in, or even reversal

of, the commonly postulated upward move-

ment of material beneath the ridge is re-

quired. Furthermore, heat flow, seismic

magnetic, and gravity data perhaps may

be more satisfactorily treated by models

which assume the presence of metabasalts

as well as fresh basaltic rocks, serpentin-

ites, and fresh ultramafics.

Roedder, Edwin, and Creel, John P., Geo-

logical Survey: “Fluid Inclusions from

Bingham, Utah” (875th meeting, No-

vember 10, 1965)

Fluid inclusions from transparent ore

and gangue minerals from the porphyry

copper deposit at Bingham, and its periph-

eral Pb-Zn deposits at Lark, Utah, give

evidence on the nature of the ore fluids.

The preliminary data consist of 300 freez-

ing-stage measurements of the depression

of the freezing point (a measure of salin-

ity, see Econ. Geology, 57, p. 1045, 1962),

L7Z JOURNAL OF

plus optical identification and volume esti-

mates of the phases present.

The composition of the fluids at various

stages of mineralization and later fractur-

ing and rehealing ranged from nearly

fresh water to water containing more than

40 weight percent dissolved salts at the

temperature of trapping. Inclusion-filling

temperatures have not been determined,

but the size of some daughter crystals indi-

cates temperatures well above 350°C.

Many samples show at least two inclusion

types, differing in gas-liquid ratios, which

are roughly proportional to temperature of

formation, and (or) salinity. These

differences, representing changes in the

fluids with time, can be seen in primary

inclusions in various zones of color-zoned

sphalerite crystals, and in primary vs sec-

ondary inclusions. Evidence also exists for

two grossly different fluids: a dense fluid

containing more than 30 percent NaCl,

and a low-density, CO,-rich “steam” con-

taining only a few percent NaCl. The latter

may represent a vapor phase, which boiled

off from the first at high temperatures.

Daughter minerals, found in the inclu-

sions, include major amounts of halite and

sylvite, minor anhydrite (?), hematite (Vv

0.5% ), and several opaque phases. Rea-

sonably good evidence was found for the

identification of liquid H,S in inclusions

in a coarse, blue, fetid marble that partial-

ly envelops one Pb-Zn ore shoot at Lark.

The details are too complex for mean-

ingful generalizations at present, but sever-

al conclusions concerning the Cu-Mo core

of the deposit at Bingham seem to be val-

id. First, the temperatures of formation,

estimated from phase ratios, were much

higher here than in the peripheral ores.

Second, although the fluids at any one

place obviously varied in composition with

time, highly concentrated fluids were

present only in the core. Third, the only

evidence of possible boiling is found in the

core. However, much more work will be

required before such data permit a real

understanding of the complex sequence of

events and plumbing system in this large

deposit.

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ears

Powers, Howard A., Geological Survey:

“U.S.G.S. Research Program at Ha-

waiian Volcano Observatory” (857th

meeting, November 10, 1965)

The program is a study of movement:

earthquakes, earth deformation, magma

migration, and differential movement of

constituents of magma.

Four new seismic profiles obtained from

series of artificial shocks provide data for

refined local traveltime curves. These, with

continuing improvement of seismometer

installations, will soon yield acceptable lo-

cations of local earthquake foci as well as

their magnitudes and distribution in time.

Summit deformation of Kilauea is moni-

tored by daily reading of tilt at a sensitive

location. At appropriate times, deforma-

tion is mapped and measured by observa-

tions at a network of tiltmeter stations, by

third order releveling of loops of closely

spaced bench marks, and by geodimeter

measurement of distance changes along

critical lines.

Blending earthquake data and deforma-

tion data eventually will reveal patterns of

magma movement.

Three cooling bodies of tholeiitic mag-

ma, perched as stagnant lakes in accessible

pit craters, are unique subjects for study.

Dimensions, details of deposition, original

temperature, and composition are record-

ed. Repeated surface leveling and observa-

tion of crack development record volume

changes. Repeated core drilling and meas-

urement of in-hole thermal profiles follow

the solidification and retreat of isotherms

from the pond-surface. One pond, 50 feet

thick, solidified in 13 months and the

changing thermal profile through the en-

tire body is being followed. Observed cool-

ing rates are very close to Jaeger’s compu-

tations for conduction cooling.

Practical “base of crust” at 1065°C is

mush of about 60 percent crystals; at

980°C crystallization is practically com-

pleted. Samples cover temperature range

up to liquid at 1190°C and include various

residual liquids oozed from the crystal

OcTOBER, 1966

mush. In-hole measurements of P(O.) re-

late temperature, oxygen fugacity, sub soli-

dus crystal relations, and gas emanations

collected concurrently.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SCIENCE

COLLOQUIUM TO BE HELD

The 1966 Colloquium on the Pho-

tographic Interaction between Radiation

and Matter, co-sponsored by the Society of

Photographic Scientists and Engineers and

the Office of Aerospace Research, will be

held October 26-29 at the Marriott Twin

Bridges Motor Hotel. Twenty-seven

scientific papers will be presented in eight

sessions; the papers are about evenly di-

vided between silver halide and non-silver

halide systems.

Speakers include J. F. Hamilton, East-

man Kodak; J. W. Mitchell, University of

Virginia; Bernard Zuckerman, Polaroid

Corp.; G. Ascarelli, Purdue University;

W. F. Berg and H. E. Keller, Technische

Hochschule, Zurich; W. Jaenicke and E.

Isenmann, Universitat Erlangen; L. Slif-

kin, W. McGowan, A. Fukai, and J. Kim,

University of North Carolina; H. Staude.

Frankfurt University; J. Q. Umberger.

DuPont; Mikio Tamura, Kyoto Univer-

sity; E. Schumacher, CIBA Photochemie

AG; S. Kikuchi and Tadaaki Tani, Uni-

versity of Tokyo; P. B. Gilman, Eastman

Kodak; Hans Kuhn, Universitat Marburg:

Hellmut Frieser and M. Schlesinger, Tech-

nischen Hochschule Munchen; Karl

Hauffe and Reinhold Stechemesser, Gottin-

gen University; M. D. Tabak, Xerox

Corp.; S. Suzuki, University of Chiba; R.

W. Woodruff, W. Jeffers, and R. A. Sne-

deker, DuPont; W. Waidelich, Technis-

chen Hochschule, Darmstadt; D. Hosterey.

Eastman Kodak; E. Inoue, H. Kokado, I.

Shimizu, and K. Yoshida, Tokyo Institute

of Technology; F. Moser, Eastman Ko-

dak; J. H. Sharp, Xerox; V. Ozarow, B. C.

Wagener, and J. J. Bartfai, General Elec-

tric; R. Kopezewski and H. Cole, General

Electric.

General chairman of the Colloquium is

173

James E. LuValle, Fairchild Camera and

Instrument Corp. Additional information

may be obtained from the SPSE Office,

1330 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing-

ton, D.C. 20005.

MARYLAND U. AND NRL JOIN

IN PLASMA PHYSICS STUDY

The University of Maryland has estab-

lished a Joint Program for Plasma Physics

in collaboration with the Naval Research

Laboratory. A similar and closely cooper-

ating program has been established simul-

taneously by the Naval Research Laborato-

ry and Cornell University.

The program of plasma studies planned

includes plasma radiation, examination of

conditions necessary to achieve controlled

thermonuclear reactions in the laboratory,

and fundamental studies of the behavior

and characteristics of highly ionized gases.

Advanced graduate students and visiting

scientists from other institutions also will

participate in this research.

The Joint Program will be directed by

Alan C. Kolb of the Naval Research Labo-

ratory and Hans R. Griem of the Univer-

sity of Maryland. Dr. Kolb is superin-

tendent of the Plasma Physics Division at

NRL; beginning in September, he will be

a part-time professor at the University.

Professor Griem serves as professor of

physics at the University and directs the

experimental and theoretical program in

plasma research within the Department of

Physics and Astronomy. Since 1957,

Professor Griem and Dr. Kolb have collab-

orated closely on plasma research includ-

ing experimental studies of plasmas at

temperatures up to the multi-million de-

gree range and theoretical examinations of

the radiation characteristics of atoms and

ions at such high temperatures.

Research will be closely coordinated

with the University’s astrophysics pro-

sram, its space research group, and its

quantum electronics research program.

The University’s Institute for Fluid Dy-

namics and Applied Mathematics is also

174 JOURNAL OF

engaged in a program of experimental and

theoretical plasma research. Close ties also

will be encouraged with plasma scientists

at other nearby government and university

laboratories.

A CONTRIBUTION

FROM THE ARCHIVIST

Two Biochemists Report

In the Journal of 1916

Fifty years ago, the Journal published

reports on nutrition by Carl L. Alsberg

and on vitamins by Carl Voegtlin. These

two biochemists belonged to the genera-

tion after Stephen Moulton Babcock

(1843-1931), famous for his milk test, and

Harvey Washington Wiley (1844-1930),

whose efforts helped prepare the ground

for the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

(1).

With the M.D. degree from Columbia

University, Carl Lucas Alsburg (1877-

1940) studied in Germany for three

years and then became professor of physi-

cal chemistry at Harvard. In 1908 he

moved to the Department of Agriculture’s

Bureau of Plant Industry, advancing to

chief of the Bureau of Chemistry in 1912.

As director of the Food Research Institute

at Stanford, Calif.; from 1921 to 1938, he

worked on production and commodity reg-

ulation. Finally, he headed the Giannini

Foundation of Agriculture and Economics

and was a professor at the University of

California (2).

Carl Voegtlin (1879-1960) was born in

Switzerland. After obtaining the Ph.D. de-

gree from the University of Freiburg

under Gattermann in 1904, he spent a

semester in Manchester, went to the Uni-

versity of Wisconsin, and joined the De-

partment of Medicine at Johns Hopkins in

1906. There he began his work on vita-

mins, especially the antineuritic B,. At the

U.S. Hygienic Laboratory, he was put in

charge of research on pellagra at Spartan-

burg, S.C. After the war, he concentrated

on biochemical aspects of cancer with spe-

cial attention to glutathione, ascorbic acid,

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

—- -—— a

and methionine. In 1937, he became direc-

tor of the newly created Cancer Institute

in the Public Health Service. He retired in

1943, but the Medical Section of the Man-

hattan District claimed his services as a

consultant. One result of this assignment

was a book in four volumes on “Pharma-

cology and Toxicology of Uranium Com-

pounds” (New York, 1949), which he

edited together with Harold C. Hodge. The

Journal of the National Cancer Institute,

which he founded in 1940, published an

obituary with a complete list of his many

publications (3).

From Alsberg’s address of the retiring

president of the Chemical Society, at a

joint meeting with the Academy on Jan-

uary 13, 1916 (4), the selections reprinted

below deal mainly with “deficient” pro-

teins. In the selections from Voegtlin’s

paper on “The Importance of Vitamines in

Relation to Nutrition in Health and Dis-

ease” (5), the last part shows a certain

lack of communication between the two

scholars. Attention to the possibility of

protein deficiencies would have led to a

better interpretation of the difference be-

tween the two kinds of bread, one from

corn meal alone, the other with an addi-

tion of milk. The object in publishing

these excerpts here is not to criticize the

work of 50 years ago, but to emphasize the

recurring and persisting need for cross-

links in the scientific community.

From Alsberg: Biochemical Analysis of

Nutrition

Proteins are not ordinarily absorbed as such.

They are completely dismembered within the

intestinal canal into their component amino-acids

and these are absorbed. As long as it was known

that an animal can be maintained upon pure

synthetic amino-acids, no one had any reason to

believe that proteins were completely digested

before absorption.

Many proteins are incapable either of support-

ing life or of producing growth. On the whole

it may be said that many more vegetables than

animal proteins are defective in this way. Now,

when the composition of such defective proteins

is compared with that of proteins that are not

defective in this respect, it is found that the

OcTOBER, 1966

defective proteins lack one or more of the amino-

acids which are found in the proteins that are

not defective. This is very much oftener true

for the vegetable proteins than for the animal

proteins. Some lack lysine, others tryptophane

or histidine, or cystine. The latter is an amino-

acid containing sulphur, the usual form in which

sulphur is contained in proteins. Some proteins

lack more than one amino-acid. Gelatine, for

example, contains no cystine, tyrosine, or trypto-

phane. Now it has been shown in certain cases

that if to a diet of the kind just described, con-

taining a single defective protein, there be added

the amino-acids which that protein lacks, the

value of the diet is greatly increased: in certain

instances it may even become entirely capable

of supporting life and growth. We have here a

direct proof that the animal organism is capable

of utilizing amino-acids and incapable of manu-

facturing for itself certain amino-acids. Herein

it differs from the plant organism which is cap-

able of making all the amino-acids necessary to

support its life. The animal organism is, however,

capable of making certain amino-acids. It can,

for example, make glycine. It has not as yet

been finally determined exactly which amino-acids

can be made by animals and which can not.

There are a number of ways in which the lack

of certain amino-acids may affect the function-

ing organism. Their lack may, of course, make

it impossible for the animal to manufacture its

own tissue protein. It suffers a kind of starva-

tion. There are, however, more indirect ways in

which the absence from the diet of a necessary

amino-acid may be important. It has recently

been found that the iodine compound of the

thyroid gland, the gland that you feel in the

neck about the Adam’s apple, is a derivative of

the amino-acid tryptophane. It has long been

known that the normal functioning of the thyroid

gland is essential to life and health. It has been

found that the normally functioning gland con-

tains the iodine compound now believed to be

formed from tryptophane. It is therefore possible

that when there is no tryptophane in the diet,

difficulty in the formation of iodine compound

necessary for the thyroid gland results with cor-

responding disturbance of the gland’s function.

From Voegtlin: Roéle of Vitamins in

Nutrition

The work of Funk and Suzuki [on vitamins]

has been repeated and somewhat elaborated dur-

ing the last three years by a number of other

investigators. The main difficulty which presented

itself in the study of these substances was the

fact that with the available methods only small

amounts of the relatively pure substances could

be obtained from hundreds of pounds of the

most suitable raw materials, such as yeast and

rice polishings. Realizing this difficulty, work

175

was started over a year ago at the Hygienic

Laboratory, and somewhat later at the Pellagra

Hospital of the U. S. Public Health Service,

in search of improved methods for the isolation

of vitamins. I am glad to say that the work

resulted fairly successfully, although it is by no

means completed. For each raw product it seems

necessary to make some modification in the

method, in order to obtain the maximum yield.

Thus, Dr. Seidell succeeded in removing prac-

tically all of the antineuritic vitamine from an

active solution of autolyzed yeast filtrate by

means of a special preparation of kaolin, or

fullers’ earth. It was found that the so-called

Lloyd’s reagent (hydrous aluminum silicate) re-

moves the vitamine from autolyzed brewers’ yeast.

We must assume that this reaction is based on

adsorption, a view which will be referred to later.

Vedder and Williams had previously shown that

animal charcoal will also remove the antineuritic

vitamine from an extract of rice polishings. Fur-

thermore, Funk had observed that kaolin removed

the antiscorbutic vitamine from cow’s milk. We

were able to show quite recently that mastic, a

resin, also removes the antineuritic vitamine from

an autolyzed yeast solution. Dr. Seidell demon-

strated that his preparation of vitamine was fairly

stable and inasmuch as it is very easily prepared

and at low cost this preparation may be expected

to be of value in the treatment of certain defi-

ciency diseases. The preparation is being tested

clinically at present. The work along this line

at the Pellagra Hospital has also yielded encour-

aging results. Dr.

succeeded in modifying Funk’s method in such

a way as to give a much better yield and a

fairly stable preparation.

I now shall call your attention to some other

results obtained by Williams, of the Bureau of

Chemistry. Williams prepared some oxypyridines,

and on testing these substances on pigeons found

that they effected a temporary cure in doses of

about 1 mg. This is a most interesting observa-

tion. Suzuki and also Funk had previously iso-

lated nicotine acid from the crude vitamine frac-

tion of rice polishings and yeast. Funk had

expressed the opinion that nicotinic acid may be

part of the vitamine molecule. It is therefore,

very important that Williams should have dis-

covered the antineuritic properties of some pyri-

dine derivatives, especially as nicotinic acid is

also a pyridine derivative. This latter substance,

however, has no curative action.

While phosphorus does not enter into the vita-

mine molecule, the distribution of phosphorus

and vitamines within the grain run practically

parallel. Fraser and Stanton, on the basis of

a large number of observations and analyses,

came to the conclusion that rice containing less

than 0.4 per cent of P,O. is deficient in vita-

mines. Myers and myself have used this method

176

Sullivan and myself have

in order to correlate the vitamine content of

wheat and corn products as found by animal

experimentation with that of the quantitative esti-

mation of the P,O. content of these same prod-

ucts. Without going into detail it was found

that in the case of these cereals the same re-

lation exists between P,O. and vitamine content

as in the case of rice.

I now should like to call attention to another

factor involved in the reduction of the vitamine

content of corn bread. This concerns the use of

baking soda in the preparation of bread. Simul-

taneously with the introduction of highly milled

corn meal it was found that this product, when

mixed with salt and water, did not yield a bread

of the same lightness as the old-fashioned meal.

Housekeepers, therefore, began to resort to arti-

ficial leavening. Baking soda (sodium bicarbo-

nate) became very popular among the house-

keepers. This preparation is used very extensively

for this purpose in South Carolina, where I had

an opportunity of studying its uses in cooking.

Corn bread made from old-fashioned (whole)

corn meal, sweet milk, and soda, when forming

the exclusive diet of chickens leads to symptoms

of polyneuritis, whereas, corn bread prepared

from corn meal, sweet milk, and salt (NaCl) does

not give rise to any symptoms and fowls seem to

live in perfect health. Chickens which have de-

veloped polyneuritis on the corn bread made

with sweet milk and soda are cured by the

administration of vitamines prepared from various

foods. Hence, we may conclude that corn bread

prepared by means of baking soda, without the

addition of butter-milk, or substances of an acid

character (cream of tartar), is deficient in anti-

neuritic vitamines and. that this deficiency is

due to the destructive action of the alkali (bak-

ing soda) on the vitamines which were originally

contained in these foods.

We do not mean to imply that the use of

baking soda will always lead to an injurious ac-

tion on the health of persons eating bread pre-

pared by this method, although such bread is

undoubtedly deficient in vitamines. However,

when the other dietary components, outside of

corn bread, are also deficient in vitamines, the

consumption of corn bread made with baking

soda accentuates this dietary deficiency and may

lead to an impairment of health. The same

statement holds true in the case of highly milled

cereals.

References

(1) For biographies of Babcock and Wiley, see

A. J. Ihde in “Great Chemists” ed. E. Farber

(New York: Interscience, 1962, pp. 807 ff.).

(2) Obituary by E. C. Voorhies in Science 93,

32 (1941).

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(3) J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 25 (4), October 1960. The old rooster approached the vigorous

(4) Carl L. Alsberg. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6, young executive and asked that a few hens

269-80 (1916). be set aside for him in his old age. “Abso-

(5) Carl Voegtlin. Ibid., 575-95. lutely no!” said the newcomer.

—_Eduard Farber The old rooster then asked the young

one whether or not he would be willing to

race three times around the barn to settle

T-THOUGHTS the issue. Thinking it was a sure thing, the

: oung rooster agreed. In his confidence he

Ee erawen Ae see to a 20-yard handicap

The moral of the following story is which the old rooster requested. So off

strictly for newcomers. I’m sure others they started on the race. As they rounded

have long acquired a deep respect for the the third turn with the young one hot in

old-timer’s ability to survive. pursuit, “bang” went a shotgun in the dis-

Once upon a time a young rooster was tance. The farmer was heard muttering to

brought in by the farmer to upgrade the himself as he picked up the carcass of the

ege production of his hens. He had chosen young rooster: “Dammit! That’s the third

the young cock well. For the rooster imme- queer rooster I’ve had to shoot this

diately began shoving the old one aside month!”

and garnered all the hens unto himself. —Ralph G. H. Siu

~]

OcToBER, 1966 :

Academy Proceedings

October Meeting

498th Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

DEREK J. DE SOLLA PRICE

Avalon Professor of the History of Science.

Yale University

THE NEW CRITIQUE OF SCIENCE

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1966

JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Abstract of the Address—In the past 10 to 15 years, a field of scholarship has

emerged from a variety of origins, which seems uniquely suited to undertake a critique

of science. In the past, the study of the history of science was not an independent

discipline with an identity and structure of its own. It was considered as a “bridge

between the Sciences and the Arts,” carried out partly by scientists with a historical

bent, partly by historians with an interest in the lives of scientists, and was treated

as the Siamese twin of the philosophy of science. The recent past has seen the emergence

of a group of scholars who have fashioned out of the strands of this amateur past a

profession distinct from history and from science. For the first time, the relation between

the international and external treatment of the history of science—roughly, the study

of old science, and the study of the socio-economic relations of science—is coming into

focus. The tight logical structure of science imposes a structure of its own on the

course of its (internal) development, thereby making econometric (external) analyses

much more effective than they seem to be in the rest of history, and thus providing

a link between these two viewpoints. These recent insights hold out the hope that history

of science is the proper platform from which a critique of science—What makes science

tick ?—can be undertaken.

The Speaker—Derek de S. Price was born in London, England. He received the

B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in physics at the University of London. During 1951-54 he

was an Imperial Chemical Industries fellow at Cambridge University, where he ob-

tained the Ph.D. degree in history in 1954. Before this switch to the humanities, he

was a Commonwealth fellow in mathematical physics at Princeton during 1946-47,

and a lecturer in applied mathematics at the University of Malaya during 1947-50.

After this transformation, he held the Nuffield Foundation award at Christ’s College,

Cambridge, during 1955-56, was a consultant to the Smithsonian Institution in 1957,

held the Donaldson fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study during 1958-59, and

was visiting professor of history of science at Yale University during 1959-60. Since

1960 he has been a permanent member of the faculty at Yale, where he is now Avalon

professor of the history of science. His recent work on the administration of science,

and the development of a “science of science,” have had a considerable impact on the

field.

178 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ACHIEVEMENT AWARD

NOMINATIONS REQUESTED

The Committee on Awards for Scientific

Achievement has called attention to the

Academy’s annual scientific achievement

awards program. Nominations for awards

will be received at the Washington Acad-

emy of Sciences office, 1530 P St., N.W.,

until November 15.

Each year the Academy gives awards

for outstanding achievement in each of

five areas—biological sciences, engineer-

ing sciences, physical sciences, mathe-

matics, and teaching of science (including

mathematics). The 1966 winners of these

awards will be honored at the annual din-

ner meeting of the Academy early in 1967.

Academy fellows and members are invited

to submit nominations for the awards, in

accordance with the following procedures.

Eligibility. Candidates for the first four

awards must have been born in 1927 or

later; there is no age limit on the teaching

of science award. All candidates must re-

side within a radius of 50 miles from the

zero milestone behind the White House. It

is not necessary that a candidate be a

member of a society affiliated with the

Washington Academy of Sciences.

Recommendation. Nomination forms

can be obtained from the Academy office.

Use of these forms is not mandatory, but

the sponsor’s recommendation should in-

clude the following: (a) General biogra-

phy of candidate, including date of birth,

residence address, academic experience

with degrees and dates, and post-academic

experience with particular detailed refer-

ence to work for which an award is recom-

mended; (b) list of publications with re-

prints, particularly of that work for which

recognition is suggested. If reprints are

not available, complete references to publi-

cations must be included.

Citation. Particular attention should be

given to preparation of a citation (80

typewriter spaces or less) which, in sum-

mary, states the candidate’s specific ac-

complishments and which would be used

OcTOBER, 1966

in connection with presentation of award

to the successful candidate.

Re-nomination. Former nominees may

be re-nominated with or without addition-

al evidence, provided sponsors make

known their desires to the general chair-

man of the Committee.

Early submission of biographical and

publications information will facilitate the

evaluation of nominations. Further infor-

mation can be obtained from Dr. Florence

Forziati, general chairman of the Commit-

tee on Awards for Scientific Achievement,

in the Agricultural Research Service, De-

partment of Agriculture (DU 8-8470).

ACADEMY APPROVES NEW

AFFILIATES,

BY-LAWS CHANGES

Three new affiliations by local scientific

societies, and two Bylaws revisions, were

approved by the Academy’s membership

in mail balloting conducted during July.

The votes were tallied on August 12 by the

Committee of Tellers, consisting of Harry

A. Fowells, Norman Bekkedahl, and Sa-

muel B. Detwiler, Jr., with the following

results:

I. Affiliation of National Capital Sec-

tion, Optical Society of America: For,

046; against, 7; not voting, 2.

II. Affiliation of Washington Section,

American Society of Plant Physiologists:

For, 546; against, 7; not voting, 2.

Ill. Affiliation of Washington Opera-

tions Research Council: For, 502; against,

49; not voting, 4.

IV. Bylaws amendment concerning

nomination to fellowship of Academy

award winners and delegates of affiliated

societies: For, 495; against, 53; not vot-

ing, 7.

V. Bylaws amendment concerning mem-

bership of the immediate past president of

the Academy on the Board of Managers:

For, 549; against, 5; not voting, 1.

The number of valid ballots returned—

599—was the largest in recent years. Some

468 returns were made in the election of

179

January 1962, and 452 returns in the elec-

tion of January 1966.

JUNIOR ACADEMY NEWS

Last summer, in keeping with tradition,

the Junior Academy held a barbecue in

honor of the area winners of the Wes-

tinghouse Science Talent Search, in which

over 150 scientifically-minded students

participated. Activities at this annual event

included an alumni-student baseball game,

an informal hootenanny, a “frisbee” game,

and consumption of a great deal of food.

Future activities of WJAS this year will

include a tour of the C-E-I-R computer

complex; a meeting of science club officers

of all area schools; and co-sponsorship of

the Junior Science and Humanities Sym-

posium and the Christmas convention, at

which students present papers on their re-

search projects.

Also included in the schedule is a meet-

ing at which representatives of local sum-

mer science research programs outline the

opportunities open to students, and joint

meetings with both the Senior Academy

and the Chemical Society of Washington.

An innovation this year is a “liaison”

program in which two members from each

school will inform that school’s student

body on WJAS activities. Also, a calendar

of events and a list of governing council

members will be distributed to the mem-

bership in the periodic WJAS News, a re-

vival of the defunct Quarterly.

WJAS will play an important part in the

National Junior Academy of Sciences Con-

ference, to be held in Washington on De-

cember 28 in conjunction with the nation-

al AAAS meeting.

Better coverage is the key phrase in the

Junior Academy’s program during the

school years 1966-67. It is aiming for at

least two members in each area school to

represent that school in WJAS. Member-

ship is based on a point system of

scientific activities. Each activity, such as

science club officer, participation in a sum-

mer science research program, exceptional

service (recommended by a_ science

teacher), etc., is given a certain point val-

ue. Accumulation of ten points qualifies a

student for membership.

—Philip Wirtz, President of WJAS,

1966-67

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to

fellowship in the Academy at the Board of

Managers meeting on May 19:

EMANUEL L. BRANCATO, head of

Applied Solid State Section, Radiation Di-

vision, Naval Research Laboratory, “in

recognition of his verification that the

thermal degradation in dielectric materials

follows the Arrhenius chemical rate rela-

tion and his development of instrumenta-

tion and techniques for measuring materi-

al degradation.” (Sponsors: P. J.

Franklin, R. B. Hobbs, Josephine M.

Blandford. ) :

LUNA B. LEOPOLD, chief hydrologist,

Geological Survey, “in recognition of

his numerous outstanding research con-

tributions to meteorology, hydrology, river

channel morphology, and water resource

technology, and in particular his compre-

hensive investigations of water resource

management problems, both national and

world-wide.” (Sponsors: H. E. Landsberg,

J. M. Mitchell, Jr.)

RAYMOND W. MOLLER, head of De-

partment of Mathematics, Catholic Univer-

sity, “in recognition of his contribution to

higher education in the District of Colum-

bia, and in particular his leadership in di-

recting the Department of Mathematics at

the Catholic University of America.”

(Sponsors: M. W. Oliphant, J. Stein-

hardt. )

OSCAR FELSENFELD, chief, Division

of Communicable Diseases, Delta Regional

Primate Research Center, Tulane Univer-

sity, Covington, La., “in recognition of his

numerous and outstanding contributions

in tropical pathology, and in particular his

highly significant researches on cholera

180 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

|

and tropical infections.” (Sponsors: A. D.

Alexander, D. B. McMullen. )

PETER P. LEJINS, professor of socio-

logy, University of Maryland, “in recogni-

tion of his life-long work in the area of

sociological criminology, which has ad-

vanced the formulation and analysis of im-

portant concepts of criminal and delin-

quent behavior; his support and

organization of research in the area of

corrections as member and chairman of

many research committees and councils...”

(Sponsors: S. Ross, D. McK. Rioch.)

SILVIO A. BEDINI, assistant director,

Museum of Science and Technology,

Smithsonian Institution, “in recognition of

his original published research on the his-

tory of European and American scientific

instruments.” (Sponsors: K. H. Stern,

E. Farber, M. C. Leikind.)

MARTIN SONN, research consultant,

“in recognition of his studies in the field

of psychophysics. (Sponsors, J. J. Dia-

mond, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.)

ROBERT M. SASMOR, assistant for

plans, Office of Director of Laboratories,

Army Personnel Research Office, “in rec-

ognition of his studies in the behavioral

sciences.” (Sponsors: J. J. Diamond, J. M.

Mitchell, Jr. )

JULIAN BERCH, research supervisor,

Harris Research Laboratories, “in recogni-

tion of his contribution to surface chemis-

try and detergency, and in particular for

his researches on the deposition of soil

and removal of soil from fiber structures.”

(Sponsors: J. H. Menkart, A. E. Brown, E.

M. Buras, Jr. )

BRUCE D. MARTIN, geologist, Mary-

land State Department of Water Re-

sources, “in recognition of his con-

tributions to the field of submarine

geology.” (Sponsors: I. E. Wallen, J. J.

Diamond, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.)

SHERMAN K. NEUSCHEL, research

geologist, Regional Geophysics Branch,

Geological Survey, “in recognition of his

contribution to progress in geologic map-

ping in the Piedmont region of the south-

OcTOBER, 1966

eastern United States by application of air-

borne geophysical data in areas where

soils are deep and outcrops are limited”.

(Sponsors: C. H. Dane, T. P. Thayer, G.

V. Cohee. )

ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP

The following persons were elected to

membership in the Academy by action of

the Committee on Membership at its meet-

ing on May 2:

THOMAS H. HARRIS, chief _ staff

officer for chemistry, Pesticides Regulation

Branch, Agricultural Research Service, De-

partment of Agriculture (currently chief,

Registration Staff, Office of Pesticides,

Public Health Service).

COLIN M. HUDSON, technical direc-

tor, Development Division, Research & De-

velopment Directorate, Army Materiel

Command.

WILLIAM D. RANDOLPH, associate

mathematician, Applied Physics Laborato-

Ey eat

HARRISON B. SALISBURY, instructor

in air science, University of Maryland.

WALTER S. WEST, geologist and secre-

tary of Geologic Names Committee, Geo-

logical Survey.

Membership Certificates Available

Newly-designed membership certificates

for both members and fellows of the Acad-

emy are now available, suitable for fram-

ing. Written orders should be sent to the

Academy office at 1530 P St., NW, with an

indication of the form in which the

member’s or fellow’s name should appear.

The charge is $2.00; checks should be

made out to “Washington Academy of

Sciences.”” A month should be allowed for

processing.

CO

aad

BOARD OF MANAGERS

MEETING NOTES

April Meeting

The Board of Managers held its 578th

meeting on April 21 at the Cosmos Club,

with President Taylor presiding.

The minutes of the 577th meeting were

approved with minor corrections.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re-

viewed the background of a request for

affiliation with the Academy by the Wash-

ington Operations Research Council. On

his motion, the Board approved the affilia-

tion, subject to the customary ratification

by mail vote of the Academy membership.

In answer to a question previously

raised by the Membership Committee, con-

cerning the status of sociology as a

scientific discipline in connection with the

evaluation of a candidate for fellowship, it

was the view of the Policy Planning Com-

mittee that decisions relating to fellowship

in the Academy should be based upon the

work and accomplishments of individual

candidates rather than any formal designa-

tion of the field in which the candidate

might be working.

Dr. Stern discussed the Academy’s lec-

ture programs as concerns their interest to

members in various fields of engineering.

It was the concensus of the Board that en-

gineering and technology had_ received

adequate attention in past lecture pro-

grams.

Meetings. Chairman Gray announced

that Professor P. M. S. Blackett, president

of the Royal Society, had accepted an invi-

tation to speak at the Academy’s 500th

meeting in December. It had been decided

to hold the Academy meeting following

one of the divisional sessions at the 133rd

national meeting of the American Associa-

tion for the Advancement of Science, De-

cember 26-31. Dr. Blackett had not

definitely selected a title for his address;

but some such topic as “Organization of

Science and Technology in Great Britain”

had been suggested.

May Symposia. Dr. Linnenbom reported

182 JOURNAL GF

that arrangements had been completed for

an Academy symposium on oceanography,

scheduled for May 7 at the University of

Maryland. A concurrent symposium on en-

vironmental pollution had been organized

by Dr. Heinze.

Virginia Academy Request. Dr. Forziati

announced that he had received 16 papers

from the Virginia Academy of Sciences,

for evaluation in connection with their an-

nual competition for a $500 prize. Since

the papers were all highly specialized, he

had distributed them for evaluation to

Academy members who were particularly

qualified in appropriate fields. One paper

was regarded as outstanding. Dr. Forziati

expected to forward the results of the eval-

uation to the Virginia Academy.

Administrative Cost Sharing. Dr. Sha-

piro reported that the Philosophical So-

ciety had asked him to investigate the pos-

sibility of sharing administrative costs

among several of the local scientific socie-

ties. The Philosophical Society had found

that the high cost of administrative and

clerical housekeeping jobs was becoming

burdensome, and wondered whether other

societies would be willing to share the cost

of an office staff.

The suggestion was of interest to the

Board. It was’ considered that the

Philosophical Society and the Academy

were probably the only two local organiza-

tions that might wish to consolidate their

office activities. Dr. Taylor indicated that

he would discuss the matter further with

Dr. Rado, corresponding secretary of the

Philosophical Society.

Editor. Editor Detwiler called attention

to an outstanding feature article in the

April issue of the Journal—*Develop-

mental Biology and the Spruce Tree,” by

John A. Romberger of the Forest Service,

USDA.

The Academy’s 496th general meeting,

held at 8:15 on April 21 in the Carnegie

Institution auditorium, was addressed by

Professor Joel H. Hildebrand of the Uni-

versity of California on the subject, “The

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Education of Joel Hildebrand (with

Apologies to Henry Adams).” About 95

persons were present.

May Meeting

The Board of Managers held its 579th

meeting on May 19 at the Cosmos Club,

with President Taylor presiding.

The minutes of the 578th meeting were

approved with a minor correction.

Secretary. The secretary distributed a

list of names and addresses of officers,

managers, delegates, and committee chair-

men for 1966, with a sheet of corrections

through May 17.

The secretary reported that proposals

for affiliation by three local professional

organizations (Optical Society of America,

American Society of Plant Physiologists,

and the Washington Operations Research

Council), previously approved by the

Board, would be submitted in June to the

Academy’s membership for approval by

mail ballot, together with proposed changes

in the Academy’s Bylaws.

Treasurer. The treasurer reported that,

although the budget approved by the

Board at a previous meeting anticipated

deficit spending, the Academy now had at

hand sufficient operating funds to make it

unnecessary to liquidate any investments

at this time. Chairman Gray of the Meet-

ings Committee indicated that the Acad-

emy would probably not be required to

spend the $1,000 originally budgeted to

pay Professor Blackett’s expenses at the

200th meeting. The manner in which his

expenses were to be shared with AAAS

had not yet been resolved.

Membership. On motion of Chairman

Mitchell, the Board elected the following

persons to fellowship in the Academy:

Emanuel L. Brancato, Luna B. Leopold,

Raymond W. Moller, Oscar Felsenfeld,

Peter P. Lejins, Silvio A. Bedini, Martin

Sonn, Robert M. Sasmor, Julian Berch,

Bruce D. Martin, and Sherman K. Neus-

chel.

Dr. Mitchell announced that the Com-

mittee had elected the following persons to

OcTOBER, 1966

membership in the Academy: Thomas H.

Harris, Colin M. Hudson, William D. Ran-

dolph, Harrison B. Salisbury, and Walter

S. West.

Meetings. Chairman Gray reported that

speakers had been arranged for all meet-

ings during the remainder of the year, ex-

cept the November meeting.

Grants-in-aid. On motion of Chairman

Boyle, the Board approved a grant of

$150 to the “Whitman Aerospace Research

Society,” a group of students at Walt

Whitman High School (Bethesda), to pur-

chase materials for construction of a wind

tunnel.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern report-

ed that the Committee was considering the

organization of a self-supporting science

calendar for the Washington area. Also

under consideration was a proposal for

publication of a directory of area scien-

tists. The Committee expected to make rec-

ommendations on these projects at a fu-

ture Board meeting.

Monograph Proposal. The Board again

considered the handling of a 60,000-word

manuscript entitled, “Oxidation Theories

and Techniques in the Early 19th and 20th

Centuries,” that had been prepared by

Eduard Farber, the Academy’s archivist. A

National Science Foundation grant to

American University had paid for about a

third of the labor of preparing the manu-

script, while Dr. Farber had contributed

the remainder of the labor. It was under-

stood that NSF had made a second grant

to the University, amounting to $1500, to

cover publication costs; however, the Uni-

versity appeared unwilling to undertake

the administrative tasks involved in the

publication process. It had accordingly

been suggested that the Academy act as

sponsor for the work, using its office as the

clearing house for the sale of the book,

which would appear as another in the

series of occasional Academy monographs.

After considerable discussion, Dr. Tay-

lor indicated that he would reactivate the

Committee on Monographs, to consider the

clearance and editing of the monograph.

183

Spring Meeting. Dr. Taylor commented

on the excellence of the two symposia—on

oceanography and environmental pollution

—conducted at the Academy’s special day-

long meeting on May 7, and thanked

Messrs, Linnebom and Heinze for their

efforts in organizing the symposia. The

morning session, on oceanography, was at-

tended by about 125 persons, and the

afternoon session, on environmental pollu-

tion, by about 75 persons.

Journal. Messrs. Menkert, Gray, and

others complimented the editor on the arti-

cle by Jerome K. Delson (The Loss of Sta-

bility in the Northeast Interconnection on

November 9, 1965) that appeared in the

May Journal. Several Board members indi-

cated that the article had provided the first

184 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

clear report on the Northeast power fail-

ure.

The Academy’s 497th general meeting,

held at 8:15 on May 19 at the Cosmos

Club, was addressed by Dr. Harvey

Brooks, dean of engineering and applied

physics at Harvard University, on the sub-

ject, “Can Science Be Planned ?”

Back Journals Needed

The following numbers of the Journal

are urgently needed by the Academy office

to fill orders from new subscribers: Vol.

52, No.-1; Vol. 55, No. 2: andi¥ieleiae

No. 5. Members who have these numbers

but do not wish to retain them are asked

to phone the office on AD 4-5323.

eee NN

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may

be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George

Washington University School of Medi-

cine, 1339 H Street, N. W., Washington,

D.C. 20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the date of issue of the

Journal.

October 14—American Ceramic So-

ciety

(Cosponsored by NBS and the Middle At-

lantic District of ASTM)

Symposium on Ceramic Materials.

Morning Session: Cyrus Klingsberg, Na-

tional Academy of Sciences, “Scope of

Modern Ceramic Materials.”

H. F. McMurdle, American Society for

Testing Materials, “Crystal Chemistry of

Ceramics.”

J. F. Schairer, Geophysical Laboratory,

Carnegie Institution of Washington, “Phase

Equilibria in Ceramic Systems.”

L. Domingues, Bureau of Mines, “Ther-

mal Properties of Ceramics.”

Afternoon Session: F. J. Mardulier, vice

president, ASTM, “The Value of ASTM to

the Ceramic Industry.”

J. B. Wachtman, Jr., National Bureau of

Standards, “Mechanical Properties of Ce-

ramics.”

J. L. Pentecost, Melpar, Inc., “Electrical

Properties of Ceramics.”

Green Auditorium, National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., 9:00 a.m.

October 17—Acoustical Society of

America

Martin Greenspan, National Bureau of

Standards, “Radiation Induced Ultrasonic

Cavitation.”

Chemistry Lecture Room, NBS, Connec-

ticut Ave. & Van Ness St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

OcTOBER, 1966

October 18—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

October 19—American Meteor-

ological Society

James Lander, Seismology Division,

Coast & Geodetic Survey, “Earthquakes

and the Possibility of Prediction.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

October 19—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

October 19—Society of American

Foresters

Panel on rehabilitation of land disturb-

ances by industrial operations such as

strip mining.

Panelists to be announced.

International Room, Occidental Restau-

rant, 1411 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., noon.

October 19—Washington Society of

Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

October 20—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See October Meeting page.

October 25—American Society of

Civil Engineers

Brig. Gen. Charles M. Duke, engineer

commissioner, District of Columbia, topic

to be announced.

185

YMCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.

Luncheon meeting (telephone 524-2200,

ext. 237 or 235 for reservations).

October 25—American Society for

Microbiology

W. J. Scott, director, Food and Meat

Research Laboratory, © Commonwealth

Science and Industrial Research Organiza-

tion, Australia, “Preservation of Foods.”

Skinner Building, University of Mary-

land, 8:00 p.m.

October 25—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

October 26—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

October 26—Institute of Food Tech-

nologists

George J. Banwart, Department of Agri-

culture, Beltsville, “Salmonella.”

National Canners Association,

20th St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

1133

October 27—Society for Experimen-

tal Biology and Medicine

Norman C. Kramer, Department of

Medicine, George Washington University

School of Medicine, Moderator. Topic:

“Autoimmune Diseases.”

Philip McMaster, Laboratory of Germ

Free Animal Research, National Institute

of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH,

“Adaptive Transfer of Allergic Thyroidi-

tis.”

Marian W. Kies, Laboratory of Clinical

Science, National Institute of Mental

Health, NIH, ““Autoimmune Manifestations

in the Central Nervous System.”

Letitia V. Tina, Department of Pediat-

rics, Georgetown University Medical Cen-

186 JOURNAL OF

ter, “An Experimental Renal Model.”

Main Auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encour-

aged. Phone Dr. Kramer, LI 7-9200, ext.

Zone

November 1—Botanical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

November 3—Entomological Society

of Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

November 8—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

November 9—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W.. 8:00

p-m.

November 10—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main Speaker: F. P. Bowden, University

of Cambridge, England, “The Decomposi-

tion and the Detonation of Crystals.”

Topical Groups:

J. R. DeVoe, National Bureau of Stand-

ards, “Chemical Application of Mossbauer

Spectroscopy.”

P. von R. Schleyer, Princeton Uni-

versity, “Adamantane and Diamondoid

Molecules.”

J. C. Polanyi, University of Toronto,

“Infrared Chemiluminescence and Energy

Distribution Among Reaction Products.”

G. Oster, Polytechnic Institute of Brook-

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

|

lyn, “The Photochemistry of Polymers.”

Catholic University, 5:30 p.m., topical

sroups; 6:30, social hour; 7:30, dinner;

3:30, meeting.

November 14—American Society for

Metals

M. Jj. Salkind, supervisor, Advanced

Composites Research Group, United Air-

craft Research Laboratories, East Hart-

ford, Conn., “Controlled Solidification as

Applied to Turbine Blades and Whisker

Reinforced Composites.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

November 15—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be ad-

dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi-

tor, c/o Department of Agriculture, Agri-

cultural Research Service, Federal Center

Building, Hyattsville, Md.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

C. H. HOFFMAN, Entomology Research

Division, spoke before the National Asso-

ciation of Farm Broadcasters on recent re-

search developments in insect control on

June 29 in Washington.

EDWARD F. KNIPLING, director of

the Entomology Research Division, was

elected to the National Academy of

Sciences.

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the De-

partment of Chemistry, has been appointed

general chairman of the 1968 National

Science Teachers Association Convention,

and curriculum consultant to St. Augustine

College, Raleigh, N.C. Dr. Schubert recent-

ly attended a meeting in Estes Park, Colo..,

OcToBER, 1966

on the inclusion of the new earth sciences

program in in-service institutes.

ARMY ENGINEER R&D

LABORATORIES

OSCAR P. CLEAVER has been award-

ed the Exceptional Civilian Service Award

for exceptional technical and administra-

tive leadership as chief of the Electrical

Department.

GEORGE W. HOWARD, technical di-

rector, has retired from Federal service

after a military-civilian career of nearly 35

years.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION

MERLE TUVE has retired as director

of the Department of Terrestrial Magnet-

ism. He is currently Home Secretary of the

National Academy of Sciences.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

AARON L. SHALOWITZ, retired, re-

ceived the Colbert Medal from the Society

of American Military Engineers on May

23. He was cited “for distinguished au-

thorship, especially for his two-volume

work Shore and Sea Boundaries.” He was

also honored by the American Congress on

Surveying and Mapping on March 8 with

the presentation of a plaque bearing the

inscription, “for outstanding contribution

to the surveying and legal professions in

the field of shore and sea boundaries.”

HARRIS RESEARCH LABORATO-

RIES

ARNOLD M. SOOKNE, vice president.

presented “Some Concepts in Finishing

Cotton for Shape-Retentive Textiles” at the

Gordon Research Conference on Textiles

at Colby Junior College, New London,

N.H. on July 12.

JOHN H. MENKART, who was recently

appointed associate director at HRL, at-

tended the semi-annual scientific meeting

of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists in

New York on May 10. He presented a

paper entitled “Caucasian Hair, Negro

Hair, and Wool: Similarities and

Differences.” Dr. Menkart also recently

published the results of a study in another

field, “Effect of Cross-Linking on Flatspot-

ting of Nylon 6 Tire Yarn.”

MILTON HARRIS, founder of Harris

Research Laboratories and a vice presi-

dent of the Gillette Company, has been se-

lected to receive the Harold D. Smith Gold

Medal for pioneering work in fibers. The

award is made by the American Society

for Testing and Materials.

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY

MANOJ K. BANERJEE of the Saha In-

stitute of Nuclear Physics, at Calcutta, has

been appointed visiting professor of phys-

ics. MARVIN L. ROUSH, formerly with

Texas A&M University, has returned to the

University of Maryland as assistant profes-

sor of physics.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND-

ARDS

WALTER J. HAMER, chief of the Elec-

trochemistry Section, was presented with

an honorary Doctor of Science degree by

his alma mater, Juniata College, at cere-

monies dedicating the college’s new

science complex on April 16.

KURT E. SHULER, senior research fel-

low at the Bureau, has been appointed vis-

iting professor of chemistry at the Univer-

sity of California at San Diego for the first

half of the 1966-67 academic year.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH

ROBERT W. BERLINER, National

Heart Institute director of intramural re-

search, has been elected president of the

American Physiological Society.

FRANK J. MC CLURE retired July 15

as chief of the Laboratory of Bioche-

mistry, National Institute of Dental Re-

search.

JAMES A. SHANNON, director of the

National Institutes of Health, received the

President’s Award for Distinguished Fed-

eral Civilian Service in a ceremony in the

White House on June 15. Dr. Shannon al-

188 JOURNAL OF

so received the Department of Health,

Education and Welfare Distinguished

Service Medal at the Department awards

ceremony on April 11.

WALLACE P. ROWE of the National

Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis-

eases received the Esther Langer-Bertha

Teplitz Award from the Ann Langer

Cancer Research Foundation on June 5,

for his work in the field of virus-cancer

research.

BERNARD B. BRODIE of the National

Heart Institute has been elected to the Na-

tional Academy of Sciences.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA-

TION

RAYMOND J. SEEGER addressed the

Symposium on Technology and Humani-

ties at the dedication of the Science Center

at Southern [Illinois University, Carbon-

dale, on “The Humanism of Science.”

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

ALLEN H. SCHOOLEY, associate direc-

tor of research for special projects, re-

ceived an honorary degree from Purdue

University at the 114th commencement on

June 5.

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

PETER KING has been named chief

scientist of the Office of Naval Research.

Dr. King began his government career at

Naval Research Laboratory in 1939 and

earned the Distinguished Civilian Service

Award in 1960. For the past two years he

has served as chief scientist and scientific

director of the London Branch of ONR.

UNCLASSIFIED

HELMUT E. LANDSBERG (applied cli-

matology and seismology), director of En-

vironmental Data Service, Environmental

Science Services Administration, Depart-

ment of Commerce, and EMANUAL RU-

BEN PIORE (research policy and plan-

ning in electronics and_ solid _ state

technology), vice president and chief

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

scientist of the International Business Ma-

chines Corporation, have been elected to

the National Academy of Engineering.

LOUIS C. MC CABE, president of Re-

sources Research, Inc., received the Frank

A. Chambers Award of the Air Pollution

Control Association in recognition of his

leadership in the establishment of the Los

Angeles County Air Pollution Control Dis-

trict during the period 1948-1950.

WATSON DAVIS has retired after 37

years service as director of Science Serv-

ice.

ALAN T. WATERMAN was presented

the Edwin Bidwell Wilson Award of the

National Academy of Sciences at the Vi-

cennial Convocation of the Office of Naval

Research.

DEATHS

PAUL R. DAWSON, a chemist with the

Department of Agriculture for more than

40 years, died suddenly at his home in

New Orleans on July 17. He was 71 years

old and had retired in June 1962. At the

time of his retirement he was assistant to

the director of the Southern Utilization

Research and Development Division in

New Orleans. He made important research

contributions in the production of starch

from sweet potatoes and in the utilization

of other fruit and vegetable crops. Mr.

Dawson was born in Ann Arbor, Mich. He

received the B.A. degree from Clark Col-

lege and the M.A. degree from the Univer-

sity of North Carolina.

SAMUEL L. EMSWELLER died August

22 of lobar pneumonia at the age of 67.

He had directed the Department of Agri-

culture’s research on ornamental plants

since 1935 and was widely recognized as

an outstanding authority on lilies. In 1964

he was elected to the Hall of Fame of the

Society of American Florists, and in 1965

he was named a fellow of the American

Society for Horticultural Science. Dr.

Emsweller was born in Tarentum, Pa. He

received a bachelor of science degree in

horticulture from West Virginia Univer-

OcTOBER, 1966

sity and a doctorate in genetics and cyto-

logy from the University of California.

IRWIN VIGNESS, head of the Shock

and Vibration Branch, Naval Research

Laboratory, died September 13 of a heart

attack. He was 61. Dr. Vigness was born

in Bismarck, N.D., received the bachelor’s,

master’s, and Ph.D. degrees from Univer-

sity of Minnesota, and taught at the Uni-

versity from 1934 to 1939, when he joined

the staff of NRL. He was a consultant on

specifications and standards in mechanical

shock and vibration. Dr. Vigness was a

past president of the Society for Experi-

mental Stress Analysis and a fellow of the

Institute of Environmental Sciences and

the Acoustical Society of America. He re-

ceived the Navy Meritorious Civilian Serv-

ice Award in 1945.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Avid followers of what have been cu-

riously misnamed the comic strips will

know that Dick Tracy has, for the time

being at least, lost his miniaturized wrist

television receiver. We can only hope that

he will retrieve it ere ill befalls.

Meanwhile, engineering technicians in

the National Institutes of Health are con-

tinually bringing out devices of incredible

minuteness and versatility in the interests

of biomedical progress. Just recently they

have described a device, so small as to be

observed only with the aid of a magnify-

ing glass, which senses minute variations

in displacement, force, or pressure and is

used to control the operation of a power

source driving a heart assist instrument as

a function of blood pressure variations—

or to sense and transmit stresses in a sin-

ele tooth without interfering with normal

jaw motion. Another piece of apparatus is

a micro-drive which will force a microelec-

trode into a predetermined region of brain

or spinal column. A third is an electrode

capable of sensing the electrical activity of

single cells, positioned to within one given

cubic millimeter of the brain and of prov-

en value already in treatment of Parkin-

son’s disease.

Except for the inconvenience, to put it

mildly, of recovery enormous amounts of

mineral resources are to be found on the

Atlantic sea floor some 800 miles east of

Miami, according to observations reported

by staff of the research vessel John Elliott

Pillsbury in news of the Institute of Ma-

rine Science, University of Miami. At a

depth of about 18,000 feet, photographs

show as many as 450 golfball-sized nod-

ules to the square yard, which adds up to

about 180,000 tons per square mile—

“probably more manganese than the world

could use in the next hundred years,” ac-

cording to Chief Scientist Robert J. Hur-

ley. The metal oxides are built up in layers

over a center of some sort, often a shark’s

tooth, and though the composition varies

from place to place they usually contain

copper, nickel, and cobalt in potentially

usable concentrations. Just how these

layers are laid down remains a mystery—

indeed it is not clear even whether biologi-

cal activity is or is not involved.

Unless the news has escaped our notice,

the mechanism by which the much-talked-

about “loop” effectively aids those interest-

ed in reducing the number of children

born to women in overpopulated areas is

still largely a mystery. Curiously enough,

research with animal species has thus far

complicated the issue. That the plastic in-

trauterine devices are effective in non-hu-

man mammals is clearly shown by work of

H. W. Hawk and others of the Agricul-

tural Research Service, but the diversity

whereby they do so is puzzling to say the

least. In the water buffalo, the device pre-

vents egg production; in ewes it interferes

with the sperm-transporting mechanism—

in cows with the union of egg and sperm;

implantation of the embryo is blocked in

sows and rats; and in rabbits the implant-

ed embryo degenerates rather than devel-

oping normally. Which, if any, of these

are effective in the human species is a

question.

190 JOURNAL OF

In the age of computers it is surely inev-

itable, but those who find it well nigh im-

possible to keep up with the orthodox

professional journals of the present day

will feel a touch of panic to read that the

data centers associated with the National

Standard Reference Data System of the

National Bureau of Standards require im-

proved techniques for producing scientific

text via machine-sensible records. Faced

with a tireless producer of reading matter

on the one hand, the hapless scientist can-

not but wish for an equally tireless read-

ing and interpreting machine on the other.

In any event, development goes on apace,

and efforts are underway to produce key

pieces of equipment such as paper tape

generation devices and high speed printers

to provide complete copy for the editing

procedures. For bibliographies, lists, rec-

ords of selected data, and for efficient

use of original typing effort in production

of computer-aided photo composition, this

sought-after gadgetry has obvious benefits.

Whether for better or for worse, in our

rapidly changing society it is becoming in-

creasingly apparent that the most costly

way to have something done is to have

people, as opposed to things, do it. No-

where is this more striking than in the

harvesting of agricultural produce.

From the annual meetings of the Ameri-

can Society of Agricultural Engineers

comes a whole fistful of press releases hav-

ing to do with the mechanical harvesting

of fruits and vegetables. Here are some

new developments:

(1) A mechanical lettuce harvester to

which has been added a memory unit

which stores up to four signals simultane-

ously, permitting the selector unit to signal

that a head of lettuce is acceptable for cut-

ting in such a way that the cutter, some 30

inches behind, will not pass over two or

three intervening heads that are also ac-

ceptable.

(2) A new device for impaling and

handling stalk-cut tobacco without damage

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

to leaves, consisting of an offset-point

spear designed to pierce the stalk about

four inches above the base. In tests, more

than 98 percent of the stalks were properly

impaled and spaced on the sticks.

(3) A tractor-mounted boom type tree

shaker, collector and power-driven con-

veyor unit, tractor fork, and truck trans-

port to handle apples, a crop in which the

costs of harvest by traditional means often

runs to more than half the total cost of

production. USDA reports similar develop-

ments in the citrus industry.

Add to this some more bizarre investi-

gations, such as that by Joseph Molitorisz

of the Riverside, California, Experiment

Station. In this case electric currents have

been imposed on citrus trees to overcome

the reluctance, if you will, of these species

to drop fruit. A number of interesting

reactions to direct current were noted,

depending upon the direction of flow,

among these that mature fruit is dropped

and green retained if polarity is reversed

at the point where the fruit is attached.

The zenith seems to have been ap-

proached in work described by J. D. Pi-

chon of Rainy Sprinkler Sales, in Peoria,

Illinois, who envisions a robot control of

field machines, centering about electro-

magnetic guidance systems detecting a

current-carrying wire as a guidance refer-

ence and fitted to a radio-controlled farm

tractor. “Automatic crop production” is

the term used in his remarks; it suggests

that the tenant farmer of the future may

be an inanimate assembly of machines.

But we are warned by B. L. Manfre of

the FMC Corporation, San Jose, Califor-

nia, of some of the pitfalls when he says,

among other things, “Don’t ask a man,

possibly a stranger, to drive a tomato

harvester valued at $20,000 to $25,000,

hauling 18 to 20 people on this moving

platform at an overall cost of approximate-

ly $65 to $70 an hour, without making

sure that he is thoroughly familiar with

the machine and its capabilities, and that

OcToBER, 1966

he is aggressive, reliable, alert, and in

every sense a supervisor who can make

immediate and sound decisions in the

operation of the harvester.” Just one more

clear indication of the accelerating pre-

miums being placed by society on skilled,

intelligent manpower.

As entomologists attempt to widen and

diversify their control programs they face

an increasing need to know why insects

behave as they do. For example, research

in Finland, under a Public Law 480 grant

by the Agricultural Research Service, has

uncovered a substance in pines that at-

tracts a certain species of pine bark beetle.

It seems that of the many substances test-

ed, terpineol, a constituent of pine resin, is

the same material as the isolated attract-

ant. Predictably, efforts are now under-

way to devise a gadget that will lure the

beetle pests from pine trees into traps.

This attractant represents only a_ small

fraction of the phloem, the tissue in which

it is to be found.

Meanwhile D. C. Force, in cooperation

with the California Agricultural Experi-

ment Station, Albany, Calif., is working on

a similar problem with two leaf beetles,

whose selective attack on different host

species suggests a comparable response to

particular attractants.

What might be described as a con man

approach has been applied by entomolo-

gists R. L. Ridgway and L. J. Gorzycki,

with the help of S. L. Jones, at College

Station, Texas. In this work a feeding stim-

ulant, which is normally present in high-

est concentrations in the flower buds, is

sprayed on the foliage, thus making the

leaves as attractive to the boll weevil as its

more natural target. This maneuver, cou-

pled with a systemic insecticide, had the

dual effect of luring the pest away from

the more vulnerable portions of the plant

and destroying it.

Chemicals in control of weeds are here

to stay whether the approach meets univer-

19]

sal approval or not. Even so, specialists

must constantly be on the alert for ways in

which to make the use of weedkillers safe,

convenient, and effective and to minimize

the extent to which they damage desired

species. Two ingenious devices have been

announced in recent literature from US-

DA. In the first instance, loosely woven

cloth, treated with chemicals, is suggested

as a way of applying herbicides to small

plots, greenhouses, and commercial vegeta-

ble plantings. L. L. Danielson has found

that the cloth works with 14 different com-

pounds, indicating that it will be possible

to treat the cloth with specific materials at

proper rates for specific purposes. Acci-

dental poisoning, spray drift, and related

hazards are virtually eliminated and the

cloth decomposes before the tillage season

for next year’s crop rolls around.

What to do if a wanted plant is inter-

mingled with a weed has been solved in a

novel way by C. G. McWhorter, of Stone-

ville, Miss., in cooperative research with

the state experimental station. Here ses-

bania intermixed with soybeans has been

attacked by capitalizing on the fact that

the former grows measurably taller than

the crop species. By mounting bars of wax

containing 2,4-D on a tractor just high

enough to clear the soybeans, the weed

alone is contacted. At a cost of 75 cents to

a dollar per acre the method compares fa-

vorably with alternative techniques and is

more effective, in this instance, than pre-

emergence control.

To our knowledge, Sherlock Holmes

never did, by the condition of the thumb

and index finger, identify among his

clients a chrysanthemum fancier, but it

would have been no challenge. By early

autumn the obligation to pinch off all lat-

eral buds in order to develop prize-win-

ning blooms has seriously tried the pa-

tience and the thumbnails of all dedicated

mum growers. A report from the Beltsville

laboratories of the Department of Agricul-

ture suggests that a naphthalene-base oil,

in emulsion form, can be sprayed on the

plants after terminal buds are completely

formed, and thus used, cause partly

formed laterals to abort. True, much

further work is needed to discover the op-

timum dosage, time of application, and

formulation, but to H. M. Cathey, G. V.

Johnson, and F. F. Smith the idea seems

most promising.

The Rome Plow Company of Cedar-

town, Ga., has manufactured a clearing

blade for use by our Armed Forces in Viet

Nam which, mounted on a tractor, splits

large trees and permits them to be sheared

off at ground level. A guide bar controls

the direction taken by the trees in falling.

The same blade can be used to pile cut

material in windrows or to construct

drainage ditches. Using the blade, en-

gineers at the U.S. Army Engineer R&D

Laboratories have been able to clear an

acre in one hour. One cannot but hope, as

he sees the natural environment give way

to suburban developers, that this newly de-

veloped instrument does not, as the saying

goes, fall into civilian hands.

Plastic sheets, used as a “mulch,” have

been tested in corn plantings for some

time in Illinois and other agricultural

states. Effective as a means of moisture

conservation, it is generally assumed that

the black plastic most widely adopted

would cause serious elevation of soil tem-

perature if applied to extensive areas. One

possibility, the substitution of white for

black material, has been investigated by J.

W. Pendleton and D. B. Peters in plot-

sized plantings; they find an interesting

beneficial effect in that some 80 percent of

the light striking the group is reflected and

thus becomes involved in photosynthesis.

Increases of 21 bushels to the acre, on the

average, do not themselves justify the cost

of the plastic; but they do suggest that

where soil moisture retention is critical,

the white material is doubly advantageous.

—R. B. Stevens

192 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

the Local Affiliated Societies*

Pilosophical Soviety Of Washington oo. -.... eee ccsscecetesesesecssecsssecscsseesetessessrsesessseessee Ml. M. Spapmo

imamrepological Society of Washington on. ecccsscccccnteenensetecnnstect Delegate not appointed

EAE ER NT VME oe cc icel aes deny ceselsualon aps codecs ssdbuassbendeciotngd marssis Joun L. Parapiso

EEE NG ERIN TIN 22a, ca neas ccna se cvancn'e pcpaotnnesutbbsessidonsesucnlediseonnces GERHARD M. BrAvER

REPRE VOSOCICLY GE WASMIMPEON 225.00. .0h 0 20.ce sees stnce coves scsecenceavecscesevessatesceastnesdene Harovpv H. SHEPARD

EE RPP LEG SOOICTCEY. 22), os nc oso cnn ceed ceo ecse vac esebelusasesadasebalassiendeoasaestcnccances ALEXANDER WETMORE

NEW EVE DN ROMURTRECE OTN oo 05500. k- pe cances sn cnsnedin avon ucusvscsce sevsnevadinyaenesnencerseenoxs Grorce V. CoHEE

meme oociety of the District of Columbia 22....0..002.0..0.6...cc0cccsccceccccceccecececendeccseece THomas M. Brown

TEE Hed a IEEE WEES IE a VR a Se aU U. S. Grant, TI

ENTERS Or UP UU SEGIINT EEE ONT nei cc ce Udaceccaceccccesdeccascectecssckstssessvedeccpeecers Prrer H. HEtnze

RIN ORIINCEACHEIE | POE GSEGES, 2.5.0... 2-050. -200c-cenesaceceseesevadsccscesosercceesconscceelelcscoutsceccoceees Harry A. FoweEtts

MMPMPPERNASTES OE TESTIS) OT) PURISTMECCES ooo 5 cnc cis cee sce lesocencenc vanced ceccscelucvudecsdencnseecssncsscaceSaansee Martin A. Mason

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engimeers 20..0..0.0000000.0.0cccccccccccccccesceseeseesuneesceeees GreorceE ArraAHAM

American Society of Mechanical Engineers |.........0000..0.0.00.000.ccccceccccceccecccececeeseeeeeteneeee Wittiam G. ALLEN

Pemrnoloricdl Society Of Washingtom oo)... oc. clec cece cscccsseseccseessecesesecsccsseasemeece AureL O. Foster

American Society for Microbiology ...............0.....000000.00ccccceeeeeeee PEL emp ia pian whe Cart LAMANNA

Society nC EM THA) WANES EY POT SITICETS ooo oo ods shea anesodecesuvesewlbsnivsercedssoshvivescnvucesueneanass H. P. DemutH

Dummeneat eORICLY OL Cabvil PUMeIMEOTS o.oo coc eis oe ocesedceseneesceucdscseeeesccesecseseseseetersen THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR.

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |................0.0.0.0.00.0ccceteeeecees Wittram H. SuMMERSON

eT OWN el I oho Lacasauoaelysstaaladcnasnovessssstacsenbealvenh Hucu L. Locan

Besernational Association for Dental Research o.oo... cc c.cccc css escssssesssessescesesessstscscssveeees Harotp J. Caut.

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ...0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0c0c0ccccccccececeseseees Delegate not appointed

PER Mem SRAGECOTOIOPTCAl SOGLEEY o.oo... .ol..c-c cusses .e-csscecsccasessesscesseecevcescoeessvesetes J. Murray MitcHe tt, Jr.

MMMM: COGRCEY GE WSTIETICTON, |... .<.csep.cs-.ccccscadcesveccseccstasogesssssovnectescdedesvecsadesune. H. Ivan RAINWATER

NMED aE SIREN 9 oc ices i wa hades sgn gdnd sed de Dfatd ee sesipevdan oxsveene Matcotm C. HENDERSON

I RN CM eS se cect cates cplarcdectapsscecbeccsclcabesevsedecmrtitees Greorce L. WE.

RRR PASI RC CUNAANGS EEUU 15 o.oo) ocde ons cy ce custecv cont con sececausedanocaechs Uoadvacsgenrsedbonens Ricuarp P. Farrow

RE NNN UAE a 8a, sd evevtawesusesncannequdvalatcdbaskcuactacpens skegensenase J. J. Dramonp

NEO rE FBT oi hue ora A psvcnnngaendudoyndanasevigndncnansiiearvnsststye Kurt H. Stern

ET Estelle 1 ck Be vt eE ee a Morris LEIKIND

Stam) Association Of Physics Teachers ......................./ccccccscesscsessesssesentesteesesoeenen RayMonp J. SEEGER

MEME oe il an ne Sakckoss) slbndings «9x sieads nd emp snipe dnd eocddvecanndn repent iobin Frep Pau

mmrmenn Society Of Plant Playsiologists.........../........c.0c.cccessceseecsesesssecetecenesecosacees WALTER SHROPSHIRE

Washington Operations Research Council ....0......0......0cccccccccccccsescesssesesseteeetseeeneeee Delegate not appointed

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 56 OCTOBER 1966 No. 7

CONTENTS

W. K. Wilson: NBS to Dedicate Gaithersburg Facility 00.0000... 165

Geological Society of Washington: Abstracts of Papers in 1965 .........0.000........ 167

Photographic Science Colloquium | ..........002.00.000 24.44... 173

Maryland U. and NRL Join in Plasma Physics Study |....00000000.00000ocecee 174,

Contribution’ from the Archivist \....0¢.....00002..) 0 oe er 174

T=Thowghts 02 ao A LL t 2 177

Academy Proceedings

October’ Meeting *..003..20005 200 inet at i ls ee rr 178

Achievement Award Nominations Requested |..................0....0.:ccccsscececeeeeeresereereee 179 ©.

New Affiliates, Bylaws Changes .........20.0.0.00c0sccee lds tient 179

Junior Academy News ........................ cchecsescaachation lp bavtuddie see os tle helen 180

Elections to Fellowship ....2..00.. 5.21: iiggeccefece0eetdecteceseedesdes costes es 180

Elections to Membership: ............... 00/02. ene oe 181

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (April and May) ......02.....0.0.ccceee 182 ;

Science in Washington |

Calendar of “Viwents 556: ei ee ae 185

Scientists in the News AN Witiaetol ial oa La oli vines (dyndenl oraeth aes veep aia 187

Science and Development «.................::..::c:eieecense ss Aerts eet 189

US NATL MUscUMs “B

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VOLUME 56 NUMBER 8

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADENY OF

SCIENCES

NOVEMBER 1966

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: SamueE. B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture HELEN L. RreyNotps, Food and Drug Adminis-

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration :

Cation Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowe rs, Department of Agriculture versity

RusseE.u B. Stevens, National Research Council

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, Jr., Catholic University JoserpH B. Morris, Howard University

CuarLes A. WuHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Marsorte Hooker, Geological Survey AtLeNn L, ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

REUBEN E. Woop, George Washington Univer- Howarp W. Bonn, Public Health Service

sity ;

Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo- Vicror R. Boswett, USDA, ee

ratories AnpREW F. FREEMAN, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. TaAytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Sprcut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: RicHarp P, FArrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHARD K. Cook, National Bureau of Standards

On the Logic of Discovery”

George L. Farre

Georgetown University, Washington, D. C.

Like practically all forms of rational

knowledge, science was born in ancient

Greece. The first to be developed was

mathematics, somewhere in the 5th or 6th

century B.C. The young science was most

rigorously studied among a group of bril-

liant thinkers, who formed a learned fel-

lowship named, after its founder, the

Pythagoreans. The work they did was so

fantastically good that in a little more than

200 years, mathematics was in a well de-

veloped form that was to be left virtually

untouched until after the Renaissance, be-

ing brought to that state of enduring per-

fection by such men as Euclid, Diophantos,

and Archimedes, among the most cele-

brated.

It is interesting to observe what the

Greeks did in this context. It is well known

that they learned a great deal from the

ancient Egyptians, as well as from the

Chaldeans and Sumerians. The Pythagorean

theorem, for instance, was known at least

1500 years before Pythagoras. From the

Rhind papyrus and the Book of the Dead

of the 18th dynasty (circa 18th-19th cen-

tury B.C.), we know that the Egyptians

had at their command a surprising amount

of mathematical information, that they

probably got from the Babylonians. In-

deed, it appears that by the 20th century

B.C. their mathematical knowledge was

* Presented at a meeting of the Washington

Area, Chesapeake Section, American Association

of Physics Teachers, held at Georgetown Univer-

sity on April 2, 1966. A condensed version of this

address was published in The Science Teacher

(journal of the National Science Teachers Asso-

ciation) for October 1966.

NOVEMBER, 1966

already ossified, having become the

apanage of the Egyptian priesthood, who

looked upon it, it seems, as sacred knowl-

edge, with the result that the same errors

in computation went down, untouched,

from century to century, as befits sacred

scriptures.

Democritos, a 5th century Greek, origi-

nator of a well known atomic theory, pub-

licly acknowledged his debt to the Egyp-

tians and other ancient men of learning,

but, with characteristic realism, thought

himself greater than all of them. It would

be a mistake to think of Democritos as a

braggart; rather, his statement reflects a

sound appreciation of the nature of mathe-

matics, and of the achievements of the

Hellenes. Although the Ancients knew a

great many propositions of geometry and

of arithmetic, they knew them as (sorts

of} empirical generalizations. The Egyp-

tians, for example, had been faced with the

problem of drawing the boundaries of the

fields that each fellaghin was to cultivate.

after the Nile returned to its bed following

the annual flood. So important was this

function, as a matter of fact, that Pharaoh

himself is represented, on the murals and

bas-reliefs, with the tools of the harpe-

donapts, or land surveyors. Similarly, after

the harvest, the fellaghins came to the royal

granaries, where their grain was to be

divided, one part going to the royal estab-

lishment as a sort of tax. And so, many of

the problems found in the papyrii are

of the form, how to divide 10 bushels of

wheat into three equal parts, with empirical

means of solving them.

The inhabitants of the fertile valleys of

the Tigris and the Euphrates, in what is

193

now Iraq, were great traders and launched

important caravans going to all parts of the

known world, distributing and buying

goods. Consequently, their mathematics had

to do with what we would call book-keeping

and accounting, and as a result they de-

vised many techniques for the solution of

arithmetical problems, satisfied that such

solutions worked in practice.

Furthermore, most of the early religions

being astral, a great amount of work was

expended in the determination of the rela-

tive positions of many stars, the planets,

the moon, and the sun, as well as in the

keeping of time, which led to the invention

of the gnomon, a sort of concave solar disk.

Granted, then, that the early Greeks ob-

tained most, if not all, of this mathematical

information from the people of the Middle

East, what did they do, that so over-

shadows their inheritance? They did

several things that have left a permanent

imprint in our scientific posture. First and

perhaps most important, they made a fun-

damental distinction between Episteme and

Techne, that is, between “pure” and “ap-

plied” science. The emphasis in pure sci-

ence was on demonstration, and in applied

science on problem solving. For example,

they distinguished between geometry, deal-

ing with extended figures, and geodesy, or

geometry applied to practical problems

such as land surveying, or designing cylin-

drical wells, or building altars and temples,

etc. Similarly, they made a distinction be-

tween arithmetike, the science of numbers,

and logistike, the application of arithmetic

to the solution of concrete problems—for

example, how to count cattle, or the yield

of crops, and so forth. This distinction

between the pure and the applied, so com-

mon today, marked an important turning

point in the history of our culture, for it

made possible, among other things, the

disciplining and the systematic development

of speculative thought. This, I think, holds

the key to the remarkable achievements of

Western civilization. Certainly, the inabil-

ity of the Egyptians, Sumerians, et al., to

make this distinction is symptomatic of

their continued inability to rise above the

domain of material contingencies, and is

largely responsible, I dare say, for their

failure to create science as we understand

that term. Having distinguished clearly the

domains of pure and applied knowledge,

the Greeks were able to transform the

empirical rules of thumb they got from

the Ancients into scientific propositions.

That is, not content to know that certain

formulae were empirically true, i.e. useful

in some applications—formulae such as

3° + 4° = 5°—they also wanted to know

why they were true at all. Their great

merit, I think, once the question had been

raised, is to have resisted the great tempta-

tion of primitive people, and to have

shunned successfully all answers that

smacked of the occult, the magical, or the

mythical, and to have relied, instead, solely

on rational processes—namely on deductive

inferences—thereby introducing the theory

of demonstration.

Theory of Demonstration

The Greeks seem to have recognized

early the principal elements of the theory

of demonstration, and to have paid due

attention to them. For example, all demon-

strations in geometrical discourse were to be

done exclusively by means of the so-called

“Euclidean tools,” namely, the ungraduated

straight edge, and the compass with fixed

opening. Further, both the ruler and the

compass had to remain on the plane of

the figure at all times during construction.

These requirements, which may seem to be

unduly restrictive to the untrained, are in

fact the rules of transformation, or deduc-

tive axioms of the system. These rules

are responsible for the fact that the quadra-

ture of the circle is insoluble on Euclidean

terms, although the Greeks knew that it

could be done otherwise—for example by

means of Archimedes’ spiral, or by means

of the earlier method of Hippias of Elis,

that of the tetratrix (425 B.C.). Similarly

with the problem of the trisection of an

angle or of the doubling of the cube,

which cannot be solved in Euclidean

194, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

terms, but require, for their solutions,

transcendental (7.e., non-algebraic) curves.

From these examples, it is clear that the

“truth value’ of the scientific proposition

is, IN some sense, relative to the means

of “truth-determination.” Another impor-

tant feature of the theory of demonstra-

tion that the Greeks recognized early, is

that all deductive inferences are essentially

fondstionals, that is, “if ... . then .-. .”

propositions. This means that all theorems

(i.e., true propositions) are such relative

to given assumptions or postulates, which

are, as it were, the foundations of the

whole system. This dependence of the

conclusion on the premises is clearly

evidenced in the thirteen books of Euclid,

who presents the mathematics of his day

(3rd, 4th century B.C.) in axiomatic form.

This has the advantage that all assumptions

and definitions are clearly labelled as such,

and all theorems demonstrated in terms

of these and by means of the rules. So

successful was this work that it was not

to be significantly improved upon until

the 19th century, when the crisis in the

foundations of mathematics led to a re-

examination of the criteria of demonstra-

tion.

19th and 20th Centuries

This hypothetico-deductive conception

of scientific discourse, inherited from the

Hellenistic period, was seriously threatened

by the discovery of the paradoxes, that

were implicit in the theory of sets as

developed by Cantor, and the work of

Richard, Frege, etc., the paradox being

to deductive science what heresy is to

dogmatic theology—that is, a catastrophe.

The paradoxes presented a danger, be-

cause they were contradictions that had

been derived in orthodox ways from the

premises, or axioms of the system. The

question that presented itself was this:

“How do we know that all other branches

of mathematical science, which up to then

had been taken as models of scientific

rigour, and as patterns for scientific in-

ferences, are not to yield self-contradictory

NOVEMBER, 1966

theorems in the course of their develop-

ment?” The development of mathematical

logic gave mathematicians and _ philoso-

phers of mathematics the means to explore

in depth the foundations of hypothetico-

deductive science, and enabled Hilbert to

formulate a modern theory of demonstra-

tion, that sought to guard against the

reappearance of self-contradictory theorems

by establishing constructive criteria of con-

sistency, completeness, independence, and

categoricity. The Hilbertian ideal, although

seriously altered by K. Godel’s results for

systems such as classical arithmetics, re-

mains to this day the charter of the deduc-

tive sciences, although suitably modified.

when, as is the case in physics, one also

attempts to describe the world of experi-

ence, and not simply abstract models.

To resume what precedes, and keeping in

mind the empirical sciences, the deductive

method is seen to be operative between

two kinds of propositions, namely those

that are descriptive of the empirical world

—henceforward symbolized as p—and

those that are primitive to the deductive

system, namely the postulates, axioms, and

principles, that constitute, when collectively

considered, the hypothesis (or theory)

from which the empirical propositions p

are derived. Let the hypothesis, so con-

sidered, be referred to, if need be, as H.

Then the deductive method can be sym-

bolized as HDp. To take a_ familiar

example, the proposition p, that is descrip-

tive of free fall, may be expressed thus:

(1) PS he wt Ske

The principles that collectively I called

H would be, in this case, presumably these:

(2 Gay

ec : :

e. (field equation)

| eg

Further, we assume that any particle.

with the necessary characteristics (1.e..

having a gravitational charge m), when

immersed in the field, will interact with it.

and that this interaction will become mani-

fest as a force acting on the particle, to wit

(co) F = mG

The behavior of the particle will be

195

affected in a way that may be expressed as

(4). F =p

Lastly, we make a fundamental assump-

tion, which is characteristic of the theory,

and assert that the F in (3) is really the

same thing as F in (4). From this it

follows, as is well known, that

(dynamical equation)

(5) mG = p

from which, by virtue of the principle of

equivalence between gravitational and iner-

tial masses,

(6) he Th;

we obtain

(7) G=v

Hence the deductive process, Hp,

becomes, in this case,

(8) [(2),(3),(4),(5),(6) JO[Q)].

Because of its inherent simplicity, due

in large part to the logical mechanism

underlying it, the hypothetico-deductive

(or H-D for short) aspects of scientific

discourse were early discovered, long

understood, and widely applied. So much

is this the case, that one of the most

important tests of scientific theories has

always been their predictive (and _ retro-

dictive) powers, meaning by this, the pos-

sibility they give to infer deductively

propositions descriptive of new or antici-

pated states of affairs (and past ones as

well). In the first type of prediction, one

could include, for example, the bending of

light rays in gravitational fields, the in-

crease of mass with velocity, or the dilation

of time as velocity increases, which served

as tests of the Theory of Relativity. Of the

second kind of prediction, namely that of

anticipation, the best test is no doubt pro-

vided by the ever-increasing success of

applied science in general, and of tech-

nology in particular.

There is, however, another significant

aspect of scientific activity that is not

accounted for by the deductive method,

and that is best brought out by contrast

with it. Granted that H and p are con-

nected deductively in the manner outlined

above, the following questions present

themselves: how do we get p in the first

place? and, having found p, how do we

get to H, the hypothesis that justifies p

theoretically? For instance, having made

numerous observations on the position of

Mars at various times—such as were made

by Tycho Brahe—how does one come to

formulate a proposition descriptive of the

orbit of Mars around the sun as elliptical ?

And having got it, as Kepler did, how does

one get to the formulation of a theory—

such as that of a central force field, of

the inverse square type, that will account

for the motion of Mars, and of planets in

general? These two questions, that are

in some ways related, are usually grouped

together under the heading of the problem

of discovery. It is to this, then, that |

shall now turn my attention.

The Problem of Discovery

That the problem is an important one

is evident to even the most casual observer.

Francis Bacon, one of the modern founders

of empirical philosophy, saw it well when

he set out to develop a new kind of logic,

of an inductive sort, that would render the

art of discovery of empirical propositions

as independent -of the wits of man as the

compass had made the drawing of a circle

independent of his drafting skills. More

recently, C. S. Pierce attempted to outline

a method of abduction, or retroduction,

by means of which one could arrive at

the framing of hypotheses, either of a

theoretical or of an empirical kind. Even

now attempts are being made to at least

describe, if not prescribe, the way in which

discoveries are made. N. R. Hanson, in

this country, is probably the best known

of the advocates of a retroductive inference

pattern. If such a logic could be found,

we would be in the (supposedly enviable)

position to program discoveries and

“breakthroughs” the way we now program

problems in computers; in consequence,

scientific research, among other things,

could be considerably simplified as well as

made cheaper, and, more importantly per-

haps, made predictable. It is not too diff-

cult to imagine the far-reaching conse-

196 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

quences, social and political among them,

that such a logic would entail.

Despite the attempts made to construct

one, the fact remains that a logic of dis-

covery is still in the domain of fancy, and

is likely to remain there, until some prior

problems are successfully analyzed into

simpler questions amenable to scientific

treatment. I should like to indicate briefly

the nature of these prior problems.

The best way to do this, perhaps, is to

take some paradigmatic case, that I hope

will point to the salient features of the

problem of discovery. First, let us con-

sider some of the significant characteristics

of so-called scientific facts. Let us imagine

that on a hilltop, watching the sun rise one

bright morning, stand Kepler and_ his

master Tycho Brahe. Imagine further that,

seeing them there, you ascend the hill and,

upon joining the two astronomers, you in-

quire of them what it is they are seeing,

that so enthralls them. Tycho Brahe might

answer something like “I am _ watching

the rise of the Earth’s largest satellite”;

while Kepler, for his part, might say that

“the earth having completed one full rota-

tion since yesterday morning,” he is

“watching the sinking eastern horizon

bring the sun back into view!”’ On hearing

such conflicting reports, you may wonder

aloud “how is it, gentlemen, that observing

the same sun over the same horizon at the

same time, you claim to see different

things, so that, if one were so inclined,

one could, with little effort, exhibit the

contradiction of your two statements?

Surely one of you, at the least, must be

in error. Do tell me, what evidence do

you take as warrant for what you say you

see?” To this Tycho might reply by noting

that any one who is not hopelessly blind

will observe the increasing distance be-

tween the line of horizon and the solar

disk, as well as the continued ascension of

the sun till it reaches zenith overhead,

and its subsequent decline in the occident

and ultimate disappearance beyond the

western horizon; and that the “facts” speak

for themselves most eloquently to the un-

NOVEMBER, 1966

prejudiced mind. And that, furthermore,

the motion of the stars in the night sky,

as well as that of the moon, and the ob-

served stability of the earth, all go to

support the reasonableness, nay, the self-

evidence, of his statement about the sun-

rise. It then being the turn of Kepler.

he will no doubt appeal to the same “facts.”

these being the only ones available, to

support the reasonableness of his view, and

the error of his teacher’s, not to mention

his stubborn refusal to see the world as it

really is. I think it is evident that as long

as the discussion remains confined to

“facts,” no resolution of this divergence

is to be expected. The point of this

imaginary dialogue is three-fold. First, it

shows that “ordinary facts,” or data, such

as those appealed to above by the pro-

tagonists, do not “speak for themselves,”

as a naive realism bids us believe. Ordinary

facts are quite neutral: they point neither

to this nor to that interpretation; they

simply are. Second, it shows that scientific

facts, such as those asserted by Brahe

and Kepler, are really interpretations of

the data, that is, of the ordinary facts

available to all. Third, it shows that the

interpretation of the data reflects a certain

way of looking at the world, that is, a

perspective that orders the givens of experi-

ence in one way rather than in some

other. Hence scientific facts are perspec-

tival, reflecting, as it were, the light of

intelligence that illuminates them. The

disagreement between Brahe and Kepler

is not of what the givens of experience are

(presumably, their eyes see the same things

—the solar disk, the line of horizon, the

increasing distance between the two):

rather, the disagreement is on the ordering

principle for these givens—that is, ulti-

mately, on the perspective in which they

are viewed, Brahe looking at the sunrise

as a geocentrist and Kepler as a heliocen-

trist. The difference between the two

astronomers is not centered on what they

see in a physiological sense, but rather on

what they see it as.

This perspectival aspect of scientific

197

facts is central to the problem of discovery,

as it is to the whole theory of empirical

knowledge. And indeed, the most funda-

mental discoveries have been those of new

points of view, or perspectives, in which

the world appears in a new light. Newton

somewhere remarks that, if he saw farther

than others, it is because he stood on the

shoulders of giants. I take this statement

as an indication of intellectual modesty,

rather than as descriptive of his most note-

worthy achievement. For the greatness of

Newton is not that he saw more facts but

that he saw new kinds of facts; indeed, that

he taught us to look at the world in new

ways that revealed unsuspected features.

Many people had seen the proverbial apple

fall in the innumerable orchards that have

dotted the face of the earth up to Newton’s

time; but when he exclaimed, in the pres-

ence of that falling fruit, “Gravity strikes

again,” he revealed not so much a fact as

a new way of looking at the world.

What I said about Newton can be said

with equal justice about Darwin, Mendel,

Planck, Einstein, Freud, and others; for

after them, science could no longer be

pursued in the same way as before. Some-

thing radical had changed; and it was not

the world, which I don’t think worries over

much about what we think of it, but rather

our conception of it.

It is clear, I think, from what I have

said so far, that our perspective determines,

to a large extent, what we see the world as,

and therefore what the scientific facts are.

And therefore, indirectly, it determines

what our theories are, that account for

those facts. Consequently, a logic of dis-

covery, to be of real use, should give the

means to discover a multiplicity of view-

points that would reveal as many new as-

pects of our experience. Unfortunately, we

are very far from understanding the mecha-

nism that is responsible for these perspec-

tival mutations, although we understand

some of the factors that enter into them.

Assuming the time to be ripe for such a

mutation, what is responsible for an Ein-

stein? Why is it, for example, that Einstein,

and not Lorentz, or Poincaré, originated

198

the Theory of Relativity, and, more im-

portantly, the idea of it? After all, the

fundamental equations are due in large part

to Lorentz, but he didn’t see them in that

light. Perhaps, as K. R. Popper has sug-

gested, we should not raise the question of

the logic of discovery in the context of per-

spective, but rather should inquire into the

psychology of discovery. But to seek an

answer in psychology is, I feel, to seek an

explication of Obscurum per obscurius. Be

this as it may, the problem is at present

insuperable.

Having mentioned one kind of discovery,

that of a new perspective, let us now return

to the “facts.” Given a perspective, facts

will appear since, as I have indicated,

the perspective is manifested in the facts

that it reveals. The discovery of new facts

will then be a question of looking, that is,

ultimately, of means of observation. There

was a time, not so long ago, when it was

customary to make a distinction between

“observation” and “experimentation,” the

former being a sort of passive way of

looking, while the latter was conceived as

a sort of active probing, a forcing of

nature into “unnatural” postures. What

was simply observed was thought to be

the case independently of the observer;

the facts were taken to have a sort of

reality of their own, which required for

their discovery that the scientist be

merely observant. After the advent of

Relativity, which underlined the determin-

ing role of the observer in the form that

the observables take—along with the ap-

parent contradictions of the celebrated

paradoxes of quantum mechanics, and in

particular, with their reduction by workers

in the foundations of quantal physics, such

as von Neumann and Birkhoff—it became

clear that the observables themselves were

not only conditioned in some way by the

means of observation, but actually gene-

rated by them. In other words, it was

found that observables are relative to the

means of observation, both in form and

content, and that it makes no sense to talk

as if they led a sort of private life, in-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

dependently of the apparatus. Hence, the

alleged difference between observation and

experimentation ceased to have any sig-

nificance. From this fact, of the dependence

of observables upon the means of observa-

tion (for example, of spectra on spectro-

scopes), it follows that new facts may be

discovered in two ways. Either some new

means of observation are devised, that yield

new facts (such as a synchrocyclotron,

yielding a beam of polarized anti-protons),

or else existing means of observation yield

unexpected results (such as the finding of

the spectrum of some new element). Such

discoveries are obviously bound up ulti-

mately with the developments of theories

and hypotheses. If you were to go to the

National Science Foundation, in search of,

say, 10 megabucks, in order to build some

new smasher, you can be assured that you

would be asked, among other things, what

you intended to find with it. And it would

be of no use to tell the NSF people that

you are quite open-minded and have no

preconceived ideas, but simply want to plug

in your machine and see what happens.

Rather, you must tell them what it is that

you expect to find, and show them the

significance of the expected results. So it

is that, in all non-trivial cases, the discov-

ery of new facts is linked with the dis-

covery of new hypotheses and their devel-

opment. This linkage has been recognized

very early, and we have a logic of sorts

that describes it, namely the so called

“scientific method.” However—and this is

important—the scientific method, or the

logic of science as it is sometimes called,

does not provide us with a logic of dis-

covery of either facts or theories, although

it gives us the methodological criteria that

such discoveries, once made, must satisfy.

This brings us to the last aspect of dis-

covery that I have wish to discuss: namely,

the framing of hypotheses, and the con-

comitant problem of the design of experi-

mental setups that are circumscribed by

such hypotheses. It is clear that hypotheses

are framed within the general perspective

NOVEMBER, 1966

that defines the facts, since the purpose

of theories is to describe them, as well as

to correlate and order these descriptions, in

such a way as to obtain an organic unity

for the multiplicity of empirical descrip-

tions. Without going into details, which

would take us too far afield, I shall simply

outline a few points that are relevant to

the question at hand.

(1) New theories, or hypotheses, in the

context of a given perspective, are largely

determined, as a matter of fact, by old

theories that have ceased to be satisfactory.

This is due in large part to the fact that

we always approach the unknown with

what is familiar. It is borne out of the

history of science, which presents an evolu-

tionary picture of the development of theo-

ries, rather than a revolutionary one, leav-

ing aside the discontinuities presented by

the occasional changes of perspective men-

tioned before.

(2) The form of the theories is largely

determined by a series of @ priori notions,

which are often of a cultural rather than

of a scientific nature. For example, we as-

sume that Nature is essentially thrifty, or

economical, and that, of several ways of

achieving a given effect, the cheapest one.

energetically speaking, is to be realized.

Such assumptions find expression in the

so-called extrema principles, which are

really minima principles, such as Hamil-

ton’s and Fermat’s. Such considerations of

economy led Gell’mann, for instance, to

postulate the “strangeness quantum num-

ber” to account for the fact that in z-ion

proton interactions, certain “expensive” re-

actions took place instead of cheaper ones.

(3) Lastly, but most importantly, a new

theory will be conditioned, if not actually

determined, by the availability of an ade-

quate formalism to express it. Even if

Galileo had had the idea of universal gravi-

tation, he couldn’t have discovered the

Gravitational Theory, because the only

mathematics at his disposal was the geom-

etry of Euclid. Even Newton couldn't have

of fluxions if he

invented his calculus

199

hadn’t had at his disposal the analytical

geometry of Descartes, in addition to the

more ancient forms of mathematics.

These few points are not, of course, the

outline of a logic of discovery for hy-

potheses. There is no such logic in exist-

ence. Rather, as indicated earlier, I have

only tried to point to some of the problems

that must be faced prior to the development

of such a logic, assuming it to be possible.

A CONTRIBUTION

FROM THE ARCHIVIST

Examples of Longevity

My notes on “Centennials” (this Journal

56, pp. 97, 81) contain the names of several

members, born 1865-6, who attained a ripe

old age. The present communication is

concerned with several Academy members

who were born before 1865 and died at

ages 72-93. Such figures would contradict

vital statistics about the history of life

expectancy if the difference between aver-

age and individual values were neglected.

A few years ago, the Académie des

Sciences, Paris (founded as the Académie

Royale des Sciences in 1666) published a

count of the number of its members and

their average age:

Year Members Average Age

1806 64 29.1

1856 71 60

1906 78 63.2

1956 OL (Qe

Much can be studied about the list, but

conclusions have to be reached with care,

remembering particularly that in 1856 one

of the members was Chevreul, who lived

to be 103 (1786-1889).

Longevity of individuals is found in all

times. Plato, the founder of the first Acad-

emy, lived from 428 to 347 B. C. From

old, yet a little more recent times, names

that come to mind are William Harvey,

1578-1657; Anders Celsius (whose name

we wrongly attach to our thermometer

* Comptes Rendus 243 (24), p. 1956 (1956).

200

scale), 1670-1756; and René Antoine Fer-

chault, Sieur de Reaumur, 1683-1757.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, however, died

relatively young (1686-1736). Two Ger-

man and one American chemists may be

mentioned: Robert Bunsen, 1811-1899,

Adolph Baeyer, 1835-1917, and William

Browne Cogswell, 1834-1921. The latter

name is famously represented also by the

teacher, librarian, and art collector Joseph

Green Cogswell, 1786-1871, and the adven-

turer, dentist, and advocate of temperance

Henri Daniel Cogswell, 1819-1900, who

donated that unique fountain at Pennsy]-

vania Avenue and 7th Street, N. W. This

may lead us back to Washington and its

Academy of Sciences.

From obituaries in our Proceedings and

Journal, and from other sources, I have

assembled the following list of 27 long-

lived members with birth dates from 1822

to 1864. Many of them are widely known,

all deserve to be. Here are only a few

key words about these men (with the num-

ber under which they are listed) :

Runkle (1) was president of MIT,

1870-8. Mohr (2) showed his agricultural

and mineralogical collection at the 1884

World Exposition in New Orleans. Spifford

(3) was appointed to the Library of

Congress in 1861 by Lincoln. A group of

““universalists” includes Langley (5), the

astronomer, secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution, and inventor of a flying ma-

chine; his obituary was written by Adler

(25) who himself left about 600 publica-

tions on archeology and the history of re-

ligions; Pittier (16), an honorary mem-

ber, published on agriculture, linguistics,

and ethnology; de la Torre y Huerta (18)

was president of the University of Havana

and also an honorary member; and Cattell

(20), psychologist and science writer.

Morely (8) collaborated on the Michelson

experiment to measure whether there is an

ether-drift and worked on the atomic

weight of oxygen. Bell (9) is the great

man of the telephone. Munroe (10) in-

vented “‘indurite” for the guns of the Navy.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

- ~~ — ee ge _ —- ——, ——— — =_

Ridgeway (11) was an ornithologist. Stej-

neger (12) was a specialist on reptiles, but

he also wrote a biography of Dr. Steller,

who accompanied Bering on his expedition

to the North Pacific. Mottier (26), a

botanist, worked on chloroplasts and mito-

chondria. Geographers and geologists were:

Mohr (4), Pumpelly (6), Merriam (13),

Schokalsky (14), whose interests included

oceanography, Ulrich (15) who was also

John Daniel Runkle

Carl Theodor Mohr

Ainsworth Rand Spifford

Charles Anthony Schott

Samuel Pierpont Langley

Raphael Pumpelly

Thomas Brooks Maury

Edward W. Morley

Alexander Graham Bell

10 Charles Edward Munroe

11 Robert Ridgway

12 Leonhard Stejneger

13 Clinton Hart Merriam

14 Jules Mikhailovich Schokalsky

15 Edward Oscar Ulrich

16 Henri Francois Pittier

17 Allen Culling Clark

18 Carlos de la Torre y Huerta

19 Frank Leverett

20 Henry Fielding Raid

21 James McKeen Cattell

22 Waldemar Lindgren

23 George Washington Littlehales

24 William Jackson Humphreys

25 Cyrus Adler

26 David Myers Mottier

27 Arthur Keith

OmnrNa nb WN

a palaeontologist, Leverett (19), Raid

(20), Lindgren (22), Littlehales (23), and

Keith (27). Humphreys (24), of the U. S.

Weather Bureau, published a splendidly

illustrated celebration of the 1000th Meet-

ing of the Philosophical Society (Journal

20, pp. 245-316, with portrait plates on

pp- 257-316). Clark (17), who had studied

law, was an insurance man and president

of the Columbia Historical Society.

Oct. 11, 1822 - July 8, 1902

Dec. 28, 1824 - July 17, 1901

Sept. 12, 1825 - Aug. 11, 1908

Aug. 7, 1826 - July 11, 1901

Aug. 22, 1834 - Feb. 27, 1906

1837 - Aug. 10, 1923

1838 - July 15, 1923

Jan. 29, 1838 - Feb. 26, 1923

March 3, 1847 - Aug. 2, 1922

May 24, 1849 - Dec. 7, 1938

July 2, 1850 - March 25, 1939

Oct. 30, 1851 - Feb. 28, 1943

Dec. 5, 1855 - March 19, 1942

Oct. 17, 1856 - 1940

Feb. 1, 1857 - Feb. 22, 1944.

Aue. 13, 1857 = Jan. 27, 1950

Feb. 23, 1858 - May 16, 1943

May 15, 1858 - Féb. 19, 1950

March 10, 1859 - Noy. 15, 1943

May 18, 1859 - June 18, 1944.

1860 - Feb. 25, 1944.

Feb. 14, 1860 - Nov. 3, 1939

Oct. 14, 1860 - Aug. 12, 1943

Feb. 3, 1862 - Nov. 10, 1949

Sept. 13, 1863 - Apr. 7, 1940

Sept. 4, 1864 - March 25, 1940

Sept. 30, 1864 - Feb. 7, 1944

—EFEduard Farber

Science Notices

Although a science calendar is not pres-

ently being conducted by the Joint Board

on Science Education or by the Wash-

ington Board of Trade, such a calendar

has been resumed on a weekly basis by

The Washington Star, in its Sunday

edition. Notices should be sent to the

Science Calendar Editor, Washington Star,

225 Virginia Ave., S.E., by noon on the

preceding Thursday.

NOVEMBER, 1966

The Washington Post also carries science

notices in its Sunday edition. Announce-

ments should be sent to Mr. Howard

Simons, The Washington Post, 1515 L St.,

N.W., by the preceding Friday morning.

The Washington Daily News has no

special column or day for science notices.

but carries them as received. They should

be addressed to Mr. Sam Gordon, Science

Editor, Washington Daily News, 1013 13th

St., N.W., with an indication of the date

on which the notice should appear.

20]

T-THOUGHTS

Research on Horse-Flying

Budget formulation time is just around

the corner and the bugaboo of some proj-

ects being terminated is again rearing its

ugly head. For those who are at their wit’s

end in further defense of their project, the

following story is offered for encourage-

ment:

Once upon a time, two men were sen-

tenced to death by the Sultan of Persia.

One man, knowing how much the Sultan

loved his white stallion, promised that he

could make the horse fly in one year in

return for his life. The Sultan, fancying

himself as owning the only flying horse in

the world, agreed to postpone the execution

for a year.

The other prisoner looked at his friend

in disbelief. “You Anow you can’t make

the horse fly! What made you come up

with a crazy scheme like that? You're

just prolonging the inevitable.”

“No,” answered the wise one, “I have

actually given myself four chances for

freedom: First, the Sultan might die during

the year; second, J might die; third, the

horse might die; and fourth, I just may

teach the stallion to fly.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Electrochemists Honor Kruger

Jerome Kruger of the National Bureau

of Standards received the annual William

Blum award of the Electrochemical So-

ciety’s National Capital Section at a dinner

meeting on November 3. He was cited

“for original work on the fundamentals of

the corrosion of metals, the investigation

of oxide films on single crystals of copper

and iron, and the application of ellipsom-

etry to the study of corrosion.” The award

was presented by H. J. Read, president of

the Electrochemical Society.

Dr. Kruger earned the B.S. and M.S.

degrees at Georgia Institute of Technology,

and the Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry

at the University of Virgina. In 1952 he

joined the Naval Research Laboratory,

where he worked on the mechanism of the

action of wash primers and the corrosion

products on sacrificial zinc anodes. In

1955 he transferred to the Corrosion Sec-

tion of the Metallurgy Division at NBS,

where he has been engaged in studies of

the surface chemistry and physics of thin

films formed on metal surfaces. He is cur-

rently chief of the Corrosion Section.

Dr. Kruger is a fellow of the Wash-

ington Academy and a member of the

Electrochemical Society, American Chemi-

cal Society, AAAS, and Sigma Xi. The

Department of Commerce awarded him its

Silver Medal in 1962.

Holiday Science Lectures

The American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science, together with the

Philosophical Society of Washington and

the Smithsonian Institution, will present

the Washington Holiday Science Lectures

on December 29 and 30 in the auditorium

of the National Museum, from 9:30 to

11:30 am. and 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. The

lectures will be given by Theodore T. Puck,

director of the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute

for Cancer Research at the University of

Colorado Medical Center, Denver.

The Holiday Science Lectures program

provides selected high school students and

teachers in a number of areas throughout

the country with an opportunity to hear

outstanding lectures by eminent scientists.

Nomination blanks have been sent to area

high school principals, asking for nomina-

tions of outstanding students at each

school. There is a. quota for each school,

and only nominated students will be in-

vited to attend.

end

202 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

November Meeting

499th Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

SPEAKER: AARON FLEISHER

_ Associate Professor of Urban and Regional

Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

SUBJECT: TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN CHANGE

DATE: THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1966

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Abstract of the Address—In the past, technological developments were singular

events and therefore gave singular direction to changes in the city. Technology has

since become rich in capability and possibility. Its uses are varied. It no longer

implies direction. Alone, it is ambivalent. The way the city will change depends on our

tastes, not on technology.

The Speaker—Aaron Fleisher received the A.B. degree from New York University in

1939. After serving four years in the Air Force during the War, he returned to

civilian life to study at MIT, where he received the Ph.D. degree in meteorology. He

continued his research in meteorology at MIT as a member of the faculty until 1961.

At that time, his primary interest changed to the study of urban problems; and since

1961 he has been a member of MIT’s Department of City and Regional Planning,

where he is presently associate professor of urban and regional studies. He has pub-

lished numerous research papers both in meteorology and on urban studies.

NOVEMBER, 1966 203

BYLAWS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(Last Revised in July 1966)

ARTICLE J—PuRPOSES

Section 1. The purposes of the Washington Academy of Sciences shall be: (a) to stimulate

interest in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the

development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through cooperative

action by the affiliated societies.

Section 2. These objectives may be attained by, but are not limited to:

(a) Publication of a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs and such other pub-

lications as may be deemed desirable.

(b) Public lectures of broad scope and interest in the fields of science.

(c) Sponsoring a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences.

(d) Promoting science education and a professional interest in science among people of high

school and college age.

(e) Accepting or making grants of funds to aid special research projects.

({) Symposia, both formal and small informal, on any aspects of science.

(g) Scientific conferences.

(h) Organization of, or assistance in, scientific expeditions.

(i) Cooperation with other Academies and scientific organizations.

(j) Awards of prizes and citations for special merit in science.

(k) Maintaining an office and staff to aid in carrying out the purposes of the Academy.

ArtTIcLE II—MEMBERSHIP

Section 1. The membership shall consist of three general classes: members, fellows and

patrons.

Section 2. Members shall be persons who are interested in and will support the objectives of

the Academy and who are otherwise acceptable to at least two thirds of the Committee on Mem-

bership. A letter or application form requesting membership and signed by the applicant may

suffice for action by the Committee; approval by the Committee constitutes election to member-

ship.

Section 3. Fellows shall be persons who by reason of original research or other outstanding

service to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering are deemed worthy of the honor of election to

Academy fellowship.

Section 4. Nominations of fellows shall be presented to the Committee on Membership on a

form approved by the Committee. The form shall be signed by the sponsor, a fellow who has

knowledge of the nominee’s field, and shall be endorsed by at least one other fellow. An ex-

planatory letter from the sponsor and a bibliography of the nominee’s publications shall ac-

company the completed nomination form.

Section 5. Election to fellowship shall be by vote of the Board of Managers upon recommenda-

tion of the Committee on Membership. Final action on nominations shall be deferred at least one

week after presentation to the Board, and two-thirds of the vote cast shall be necessary to elect.

Section 6. Each individual (not already a fellow) who has been nominated as a Delegate by

a local affiliated society or who has been chosen to be the recipient of an Academy Award for

Scientific Achievement shall be considered nominated for immediate election to fellowship by the

Board of Managers without the necessity for compliance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5.

Section 7. Persons who have given to the Academy not less than one thousand (1,000) dollars

or its equivalent in property shall be eligible for election by the Board of Managers as patrons

(for life) of the Academy.

Section 8. Life members or fellows shall be those individuals who have made a single pay-

ment in accordance with Article JII, Section 2, in lieu of annual dues.

Section 9. Members or fellows in good standing who have attained the age of 65 and are re-

tired, or are retired before the age of 65 because of disability, may become emeritus. Upon request

to the treasurer for transfer to this status, they shall be relieved of the further payment of dues,

beginning with the fellowing January first; shall receive notices of meetings without charge; and,

at their request, shall be entitled to receive the Academy periodical at cost.

Section 10. Members or fellows living more than 50 miles from the White House, Washington,

D. C., shall be classed as nonresident members or fellows.

204. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Section 11. An election to any dues-paying class of membership shall be void if the candidate

does not within three months thereafter pay his dues or satisfactorily explain his failure to do so.

Section 12. Former members or fellows who resigned in good standing may be reinstated upon

application to the Secretary and approval by the Board of Managers. No reconsideration of the

applicant’s qualifications need be made by the Membership Committee in these cases.

ArticLte II]—Dues

Section 1. The annual dues of resident fellows shall be $10.00 per year. The annual dues of

members and of nonresident fellows shall be $7.50 per year. Dues for fractional parts of the year

shall be at the monthly rate of one-twelfth the annual rate. No dues shall be paid by emeritus

members and fellows, life members and fellows, and patrons.

Section 2. Members and fellows in good standing may be relieved of further payment of dues

by making a single payment to provide an annuity equal to their annual dues. (See Article II.

Section 8.) The amount of the single payment shall be computed on the basis of an interest

rate to be determined by the Board of Managers.

Section 3. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for one year shall not be entitled to

receive Academy publications.

Section 4. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for more than two years shall be

dropped from the rolls of the Academy, upon notice to the Board of Managers, unless the Board

shall otherwise direct. Persons who have been dropped from membership for nonpayment of dues

may be reinstated upon approval of the Board and upon payment of back dues for two years

together with dues for the year of reinstatement.

ArtTIcLE [V—OFrricers

Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, a President-elect, a Secretary,

and a Treasurer. All shall be chosen from resident fellows of the Academy.

Section 2. The President shall appoint all committees and such non-elective officers as are

needed unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers or provided in the Bylaws. He (or his

substitute—the President-elect, the Secretary, or the Treasurer, in that order), shall preside at

all meetings of the Academy and of the Board of Managers.

Section 3. The Secretary shall act as secretary to the Board of Managers and to the Academy

at large. He shall conduct all correspondence relating thereto, except as otherwise provided, and

shall be the custodian of the corporate seal of the Academy. He shall arrange for the publication

in the Academy periodical of the names and professional connections of new members, and also

of such proceedings of the Academy, including meetings of the Board of Managers, as may appro-

priately be of interest to the membership. He shall be responsible for keeping a register of the

membership, showing such information as qualifications, elections, acceptances, changes of resi-

dence, lapses of membership, resignations and deaths, and for informing the Treasurer of changes

affecting the status of members. He shall act as secretary to the Nominating Committee (see Art.

VI, Sect. 2).

Section 4. The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping an accurate account of all receipts

and disbursements, shall select a suitable depository for current funds which shall be approved by

the Executive Committee, and shall invest the permanent funds of the Academy as directed by that

Committee. He shall prepare a budget at the beginning of each year which shall be reviewed by

the Executive Committee for presentation to and acceptance by the Board of Managers. He shall

notify the Secretary of the date when each new member qualifies by payment of dues. He shall

act as business adviser to the Editor and shall keep necessary records pertaining to the sub-

scription list. In view of his position as Treasurer, however, he shall not be required to sign con-

tracts. He shall pay no bill until it has been approved in writing by the chairman of the com-

mittee or other persons authorized to incur it. The fiscal year of the Academy shall be the

same as the calendar year.

Section 5. The President and the Treasurer, as directed by the Board of Managers, shall

jointly assign securities belonging to the Academy and indorse financial and legal papers neces-

sary for the uses of the Academy, except those relating to current expenditures authorized by the

Board. In case of disability or absence of the President or Treasurer, the Board of Managers may

designate the President-elect or a qualified Delegate as Acting President or an officer of the

Academy as Acting Treasurer, who shall perferm the duties of these officers during such dis-

ability or absence.

NOVEMBER, 1966 205

Section 6. An Editor shall be in charge of all activities connected with the Academy’s pub-

lications. He shall be nominated by the Executive Committee and appointed by the President

for an indefinite term subject to annual review by the Board of Managers. The Editor shall

serve as a member of the Board.

Section 7. An Archivist may be appointed by the President. If appointed, he shall maintain

the permanent records of the Academy, including important records which are no longer in cur-

rent use by the Secretary, Treasurer, or other officer, and such other documents and material

as the Board of Managers may direct.

Section 8. All officers and chairmen of standing committees shall submit annual reports at

the January meeting of the Board of Managers.

Section 9. Prior to November 1 of each year the Nominating Committee (Art. VI, Sect. 2),

having been notified by the Secretary, shall meet and nominate by preferential ballot, in the

manner prescribed by the Board of Managers, one person for each of the officers of President-elect,

of Secretary and of Treasurer, and four persons for the two Managers-at-large whose terms expire

each year. It shall, at the same time and in like manner, make nominations to fill any vacancy in

the foregoing. Not later than November 15, the Secretary shall forward to each Academy member

a printed notice of these nominations, with a list of incumbents. Independent nominations may

be made in writing by any ten active members. In order to be considered, such nominations must

be received by the Secretary before December 1.

Section 10. Not later than December 15, the Secretary shall prepare and mail ballots to mem-

bers and fellows. Independent nominations shall be included on the ballot, and the names of the

nominees shall be arranged in alphabetical order. When more than two candidates are nominated

for the same office the voting shall be by preferential ballot in the manner prescribed by the Board

of Managers. The ballot shall contain also a notice to the effect that votes not received by the

Secretary before the first Thursday of January, and votes of individuals whose dues are in arrears:

for one year or more, will not be counted. The Committee of Tellers shall count the votes and

report the results at the annual meeting of the Academy.

Section 11. The newly elected officers shall take office at the close of the annual meeting,

the President-elect of the previous year automatically becoming President.

ARTICLE V—BoarD OF MANAGERS

Section 1. The activities of the Academy shall be guided by the Board of Managers, con-

sisting of the President, the President-elect, the immediate past President, one Delegate from each

of the affiliated societies, the Secretary, the Treasurer, six elected Managers-at-Large, and the

Editor. The elected officers of the Academy shall hold like offices on the Board of Managers.

Section 2. One Delegate shall be selected by each affiliated society. He shall serve until re-

placed by his society. Each Delegate is expected to participate in the meetings of the Board of

Managers and vote on behalf of his society.

Section 3. The Board of Managers shall transact all business of the Academy not otherwise

provided for. A quorum of the Board shall be nine of its members.

Section 4. The Board of Managers may provide for such standing and special committees .as

it deems necessary.

Section 5. The Board shall have power to fill vacancies in its own membership until the next

annual election. This does not apply to the offices of President and Treasurer (see Art. IV,

Sect. 5), nor to Delegates (see Art. V, Sect. 2).

Article VI—CoMmMMITTEES

Section 1. An Executive Committee shall have general supervision of Academy finances,

approve the selection of a depository for the current funds, and direct the investment of the per-

manent funds. At the beginning of the year it shall present to the Board of Managers an itemized

statement of receipts and expenditures of the preceding year and a budget based on the estimated

receipts and disbursements of the coming year, with such recommendations as may seem desirable.

It shall be charged with the duty of considering all activities of the Academy which may tend

to maintain and promote relations with the affiliated societies, and with any other business which

may be assigned to it by the Board. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, the

President-elect, the Secretary and the Treasurer (or Acting Treasurer) ex officio, as well as two

members appointed annually by the President from the membership of the Board.

Section 2. The Delegates shall constitute a Nominating Committee (see Art. IV, Sect. 9). The

Delegate from the Philosophical Society shall be chairman of the Committee, or, in his absence,

the Delegate from another society in the order of seniority as given in Article VIII, Section 1.

206 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Section 3. The President shall appoint in advance of the annual meeting an Auditing Com-

mittee consisting of three persons, none of whom is an officer, to audit the accounts of the Treas-

urer (Art. VII, Sect. 1).

Section 4. On or before the last Thursday of each year the President shall appoint a com-

mittee of three Tellers whose duty it shall be to canvass the ballots (Art. IV. Sect. 10. Art. VII.

sect. 1) |

Section 5. The President shall appoint from the Academy membership such committees as

are authorized by the Board of Managers and such special committees as necessary to carry out

his functions. Committee appointments shall be staggered as to term whenever it is determined

by the Board to be in the interest of continuity of committee affairs.

Article VII—MEEtINGs

Section 1. The annual meeting shall be held each year in January. It shall be held on the

third Thursday of the month unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers. At this meet-

ing the reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditing Committee (see Art. VI, Sect. 3). and

Committee of Tellers shall be presented. |

Section 2. Other meetings may he held at such time and place as the Board of Managers may

determine.

Section 3. The rules contained in “Robert’s Rules of Order Revised” shall govern the

Academy in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with

the bylaws or the special rules of order of the Academy.

ArTICLE VIIJ—Cooperation

Section 1. The term “affiliated societies” in their order of seniority (see Art. VI, Sect. 2)

shall be held to cover the:

Philosophical Society of Washington

Anthropological Society of Washington

Biological Society of Washington

Chemical Society of Washington

Entomological Society of Washington

National Geographic Society

Geological Society of Washington

Medical Society of the District of Columbia

Columbia Historical Society

Botanical Society of Washington

Washington Section of Society of American Foresters

Washington Society of Engineers

Washington Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Washington Section of American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Helminthological Society of Washington

Washington Branch of American Society for Microbiology

Washington Post of Society of American Military Engineers

National Capital Section of American Society of Civil Engineers

District of Columbia Section of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Washington Chapter of American Society for Metals

Washington Section of the International Association for Dental Research

Washington Section of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

D. C. Branch of American Meteorological Society

Insecticide Society of Washington

Washington Chapter of the Acoustical Society of America

Washington Section of the American Nuclear Society

Washington Section of Institute of Food Technologists

Baltimore-Washington Section of the American Ceramic Society

Washington-Baltimore Section of the Electrochemical Society

Washington History of Science Club

Chesapeake Section of American Association of Physics Teachers

National Capital Section of Optical Society of America

Washington Section of American Society of Plant Physiologists

Washington Operations Research Council

and such others as may be hereafter recommended by the Board and elected by two-thirds of the

members of the Academy voting, the vote being taken by correspondence. A society may be

NOVEMBER, 1966 207

released from affiliation on recommendation of the Board of Managers, and the concurrence of

two-thirds of the members of the Academy voting.

Section 2. The Academy may assist the affiliated scientific societies of Washington in any

matter of common interest, as in joint meetings, or the publication of a joint directory: Provided,

it shall not have power to incur for or in the name of one or more of these societies any expense

or liability not previously authorized by said society or societies, nor shall it without action of

the Board of Managers be responsible for any expenses incurred by one or more of the afhliated

societies.

Section 3. No affiliated society shall be committed by the Academy to any action in conflict

1th the charter, constitution, or bylaws of said society, or of its parent society.

Section 4. The Academy may establish and assist a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

for the encouragement of interest in science among students in the Washington area of high

school and college age.

ARTICLE _[X—AWARDS AND GRANTS-IN-AID

Section 1. The Academy may award medals and prizes, or otherwise express its recognition

and commendation of scientific work of high merit and distinction in the Washington area. Such

recognition shall be given only on approval by the Board of Managers of a recommendation by a

committee on awards for scientific achievement.

Section 2. The Academy may receive or make grants to aid scientific research in the Wash-

ington area. Grants shall be received or made only on approval by the Board of Managers of a

recommendation by a committee on grants-in-aid for scientific research.

ARTICLE X—AMENDMENTS

Section 1. Amendments to these bylaws shall be proposed by the Board of Managers and

submitted to the members of the Academy in the form of a mail ballot accompanied by a state-

ment of the reasons for the proposed amendment. A two-thirds majority of those members voting

is required for adoption. At least two weeks shall be allowed for the ballots to be returned.

Section 2. Any affliated society or any group of ten or more members may propose an

amendment to the Board of Managers in writing. The action of the Board in accepting or reject-

ing this proposal to amend the bylaws shall be by a vote on roll call, and the complete roll call

shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting.

ACT OF INCORPORATION OF

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority

being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 545 to 552,

inclusive, of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia, as

amended by an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to amend the Revised Statutes of the United

States relating to the District of Columbia and for other purposes,” approved April 23, 1884, hereby

associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing:

1. That the name of the society is the Washington Academy of Sciences.

2. That the term for which the Corporation is organized shall be perpetual.

3. That the Corporation is organized and shall be operated exclusively for charitable, educa-

tional and scientific purposes and in furtherance of these purposes and for no other purpose shall

have, but not be limited to, the following specific powers and purposes:

a. To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner the advancement and promotion of

science.

b. To acquire, hold, and convey real estate and other property and to establish general and

special funds.

c. To hold meetings.

d. To publish and distribute documents.

e. To conduct lectures. _

f. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of science.

¢. To acquire and maintain a library.

h. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to an academy of sciences.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing enumerated powers, the Corporation shall

not engage in activities, other than as an insubstantial part thereof, which are not in themselves in

furtherance of its charitable, educational and scientific purposes.

4. That the affairs, funds, and property of the Corporation shall be in general charge of a

Board of Managers, the number of whose members for the first year shall be nineteen, all of

whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Academy.

5. That in the event of dissolution or termination of the Corporation, title to and possession of

all of the property of the Corporation shall pass to such organization, or organizations, as may

be designated by the Board of Managers; provided, however, that in no event shall any property

of the Corporation be transmitted to or vested in any organization other than an organization

which is then in existence and then qualified for exemption as a charitable, educational or

scientific organization under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.

Editor’s Note: This Act of Incorporation is shown as amended in 1964 by Francois N. Frenkiel,

President, and George W. Irving, Jr., Secretary, acting for the Washington Academy of Sciences.

in a Certificate of Amendment notarized on September 16, 1964. A copy of the original Act of

Incorporation dated February 18, 1898, appears in the Journal for November 1963, page 212.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may

be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George

Washington University School of Medi-

cine, 1339 H Street, N. W., Washington,

D.C. 20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the date of issue of the

Journal.

November 14—American Society for

Metals

M. J. Salkind, supervisor, Advanced

Composites Research Group, United Air-

craft Research Laboratories, East Hartford,

Conn., “Controlled Solidification as Ap-

plied to Turbine Blades and Whisker Re-

inforced Composites.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N. W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

NOVEMBER, 1966

November 15—University of Mary-

land Chapter, Society of the Sigma

Xi

Bernhard Witkop, National Institute of

Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases and Na-

tional Lecturer for the Society of the Sigma

Xi, “The Role of Biochemistry in Drug

Design.”

Drake Lecture Hall, Chemistry Building.

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

November 15—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland.

4:30 p.m.

November 16—American Meteorolog-

ical Society

Speaker to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave.. N. W., 8:00 p.m.

209

November 16—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

November 16—Washington Society of

Engineers

6lst annual banquet. Edgar M. Cort-

right, deputy associate administrator for

space science and applications, NASA,

“Space Exploration.”

Park Room, Sheraton Park Hotel, 7:00

p.m. For reservations contact Robert Weiss,

1115 18th St., N.W., phone 338-7385.

November 16—Institute of Food

Technologists

Clifton E. Swift, U.S. Department of Ag-

riculture, Eastern Regional Research Labo-

ratory, “Meat Emulsions.”

National Canners Association, 1133 20th,

Dt, NAW 278200) ome

November 17—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See November Meeting page.

November 18—Philosophical Society

of Washington

Walter Hibbard, director, Bureau of

Mines; topic to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:15 p.m.

November 19—Society of American

Foresters

No speaker. Ladies’ Night.

Marriott Key Bridge Motel, 6:30 p.m.,

cocktails; 7:30 p.m., dinner; 8:30 p.m.,

dancing.

November 21—Acoustical Society of

America

Theodore Schultz, Balt Beranek and

Newman, Inc., New York, “Field Evalu-

ation of Sound Absorbing and Sound Iso-

210

jating Construction.”

Auditorium, National Academy of Sci-

ences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00

p-m.

November 22—American Society of

Civil Engineers

Frank C. DiLuzio, Assistant Secretary of

Interior for Water Pollution Control, topic

to be announced.

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon.

Luncheon meeting. Phone 524-2200, ext.

327 or 235, for reservations.

November 22—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

November 23—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p. m.

November 29—American Society for

Microbiology —

Annual dinner meeting. Speaker to be

announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N. W., 6:00 p.m., social

hour; 7:00 p.m., dinner; 8:30 p.m., meet-

ing.

November 29—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

December 1—Botanical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

December 1—Electrochemical Society

Roger Bates, chief, Electrochemical

Analysis Section, National Bureau of

Standards, “pH and other Electrochemical

Acidity Functions for Non-aqueous Media.”

Room 264, Reiss Science Center, George-

town University, 8:00 p.m.

December 1—Society for Experi-

mental Biology and Medicine

Symposium on Biology of Collagen.

Moderator: Sidney Udenfriend, National

Heart Institute, NIH. Speakers:

Karl A. Piez, National Institute of Den-

tal Research, NIH, “Chemistry and Bio-

synthesis of Crosslinks in Collagen.”

John J. Hutton, Jr., National Heart In-

stitute, NIH, “Biosynthesis of Collagen

Hydroxyproline.”

Harry R. Keiser, National Heart Insti-

tute, NIH, “The Beginning of a Clinical

Pharmacology of Collagen.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encouraged.

Phone Dr. Udenfriend, 496-5628.

December 2—Entomological Society

of Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St. and

Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

December 2—Philosophical Society of

Washington

Homer E. Newell, associate administrator

for space science and applications, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration;

topic to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:15 p.m.

December 6—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland.

4:30 p.m.

NOVEMBER, 1966

December 7—Washington Society of

Engineers

Annual meeting. H. A. O'Neal, deputy

director, Ocean Science & Technology

Group, Office of Naval Research, on engi-

neering aspects of the Navy’s “Man-in-the-

Sea” program.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2710 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

December 12—American Society for

Metals

International Night.

G. Wistreich, British Iron and Steel Re-

search Association, England, “Metal De-

formation and Processing: New Develop-

ments in Europe.”

AAUW Building, 2401 Virgnina Ave.,

N. W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

December 13—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland.

4:30 p.m.

December 14—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

KENNETH W. PARKER attended the

10th International Grassland Congress in

Helsinki, Finland, July 7-16, as head of

the U. S. delegation. He served as chair-

man of Section 4, and as chairman of the

plenary session on July 9, which covered

21]

the topics, “Investment Development in

Grassland” and “International Training

Center for Grassland Research.” He also

participated in a pre-Congress tour of

erassland, forest, and farming areas in

southern and southwest Finland, July 3-5,

and in Post-Congress travel in Norway and

Denmark to observe research on grasslands

and wildlife problems.

VICTOR R. BOSWELL of the Crops

Research Division, ARS, joined the staff

of USDA’s Current Research Information

System (CRIS) in late June, on a tempo-

rary basis. The unit is charged with

exploring possibilities of automated sys-

tems for storage and retrieval of informa-

tion concerning the 16,000 to 17,000 re-

search projects of USDA and the agricul-

tural experiment stations of the 50 states,

for both scientific and management pur-

poses.

Dr. Boswell was the USA representative

on a working group of the Organization

for Economic and Cooperative Develop-

ment in Paris, September 12 and 13, which

met to consider the feasibility of an inter-

national plan for control of quality and

trueness to variety of vegetable seeds in

international trade.

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., spoke before

the Pesticides Subdivision of the Division

of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, dur-

ing the meeting of the American Chemical

Society in New York on September 13.

Dr. Irving also was the dinner speaker for

the Division of Agricultural and Food

Chemistry at the same meeting. On Sep-

tember 22 he spoke at the Annual Mem-

bership Meeting of the North Carolina

Peanut Growers Association and Joint Re-

search Field Day at Lewiston, N.C.

ELBER L. LITTLE, JR., Forest Service

dendrologist, is professor of

biology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute

for the fall and winter quarters, teaching

visiting

dendrology.

A. L. RYALL, chief of the Horticultural

Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Re-

search Service, has been recognized for his

212

outstanding contributions to horticulture

by election to fellowship in the American

Society for Horticulture Science. He is

recognized as a pioneer in establishing

proper handling, storage, and transporta-

tion practices for fresh produce and has

been with USDA since 1928.

CHESTER R. BENJAMIN recently vis-

ited Japan to participate as chairman of the

U. S. panel in joint “Toxic Micro-organ-

isms” panel meetings, part of the bilateral

governmental “Joint U.S.-Japan Coopera-

tion on Development of Natural Resources”

program. During his visit, Dr. Benjamin

was made a member of the Mycological

Society of Japan. He became president

of the Mycological Society of America in

August.

MARTIN JACOBSON, Farm Research,

attended the 4th International Symposium

on the Chemistry of Natural Products held

in Stockholm June 26-July 2, where he

presented a paper “The Isolation, Identifi-

cation, and Synthesis of the Sex Attractant

of the Pink Bollworm Moth.” He also

attended the annual meeting of the

Entomological Society of Canada at Banff,

Alberta, on September 11-14 and presented

an invited paper, “Insect Sex Attractants:

Past, Present, and Future.”

CALVIN GOLUMBIC, chief of the Field

Crops and Animal Products Research

Branch, Agricultural Research Service, is

serving as a member of Sub-Panel 5 of the

President’s Science Advisory Committee

(PSAC) to Study the World Food Supply.

Sub-Panel 5 is concerned with the contribu-

tion that better marketing, processing, and

distribution of food can make to meet

world food needs.

W. B. ENNIS, JR., chief of the Crops

Protection Research Branch, Agricultural

Research Service, is serving as a member

of Subpanel 3 “Manufactured Physical and

Biological Inputs” of the President’s

Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) to

Study the World Food Supply. Subpanel

3 is concerned with estimating future re-

quirements for fertilizer, seed, machinery,

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

and pesticides to meet world food needs.

EDWARD F. KNIPLING, director of the

Entomology Research Division, Agricul-

tural Research Service, is one of five career

Federal workers from the Washington

area who were recently chosen to receive

erants from the Rockefeller Public Service

Awards Committee. The awards, conceived

and financed by John D. Rockefeller III,

are administered by Princeton University.

The tax-free grants have gone to 32 other

career employees since 1960. This year

they will be presented at a luncheon on

December 7 at the Washington Hilton

Hotel.

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

EDUARD FARBER, research professor

of chemistry, addressed the University’s

Chemistry Club on November 4, on the

subject, “Nobel Prize Winners in Chem-

istry.” Dr. Farber has written extensively

on the history of chemists and chemistry.

His books include “The Evolution of

Chemistry” (1952); “Great Chemists”

(1962); and “Nobel Prize Winners in

Chemistry” (1963).

HARRIS RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

LYMAN FOURT presented the keynote

address. entitled, “Milton Harris—the

Man,” at the awards dinner of ASTM

Committee D-13, held October 19 at the

Barbizon Plaza Hotel in New York City.

Dr. Harris, the founder of Harris Research

Laboratories, was the 17th annual recipient

of the Harold DeWitt Smith Memorial

Gold Medal for outstanding achievement

in the science of textile fiber utilization.

ANTHONY M. SCHWARTZ presented a

paper entitled “Physico-Chemical Compati-

bility of Dental Restorative Materials with

Tooth Tissue” at a summer session on new

procedures in dentistry, held at Massachu-

setts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

on June 30.

NOVEMBER, 1966

JOHN MENKART, with Paul R. Ric-

cluti, was recently granted United States

Patent 3,250,680, “Heat Generating Cos-

metics.”

ARNOLD M. SOOKNE was elected vice

president of the Fiber Society at its fall

meeting in Boston, on September 21-23.

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY

The Department of Physics and Astron-

omy has announced the following new ap-

pointments, effective at the start of the fall

semester, 1966-67: CARL LEVINSON,

from Weizmann Institute of Science, as

professor of physics; ALVIN W. TRIVEL-

PIECE, from the University of California

(Berkeley), as professor of physics;

FRANK J, KERR, from the Australian

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organization, as visiting profes-

sor of astronomy for a two-year term;

JULIUS H. TAYLOR, from Morgan State

College, as visiting professor of physics

for a one-year term; KOICHI KAMATA,

from the Institute of Physical and Chemical

Research (Tokyo), as visiting associate

professor of physics for a one-year term:

THOMAS A. MATTHEWS, from Cali-

fornia Institute of Technology, as associate

professor of astronomy; YOSHIO URANO,

from the Government Industrial Research

Institute (Osaka), as senior guest scientist

for a one-year term; MICHAEL A’HEARN,

from the University of Wisconsin, as assist-

ant professor in astronomy: A. H. GAB-

RIEL, from the UK Atomic Energy

Authority, as a visiting member of the

Department for a one-year term; DAVID

BEAGLEHOLE, from the University of

Chicago, as assistant professor of physics;

RICHARD BERG, from Michigan State

University, as assistant professor of

physics; GUNTER BRUCKNER, from

Gottingen University, as assistant professor

of physics; JAMES J. GRIFFIN, from Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratories, as assistant

professor of physics; ROBERT E. PECHA-

CEK, from the University of California,

as assistant professor of physics; GERARD

213

J. STEPHENSON, JR., from the Cali-

fornia Institute of Technology, as assistant

professor in physics; NAOMI BARASH,

from Columbia University, as research

associate in physics; RICHARD A.

BRANDT, from MIT, as research associate

in physics; GREGG EDWARDS, from Rice

University, as research associate in physics;

PAUL C. KEPPLE, from New Mexico State

University, as research associate in physics;

PETER F. M. KOEHLER, from the Uni-

versity of Rochester, as research associate

in physics; CLAUDIO A. ORZALESI,

from the Istituto di Fisica Teorica

dell’Universita di Pavia, Italy, as research

associate in physics; and ALAN C. E.

SINCLAIR, from Bristol University, Eng-

land, as research associate in physics.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

HARRY J. KEEGAN, physicist-coordi-

nator of the NBS-ARPA Infrared Measure-

ments Program, has been named Joseph E.

Sirrine Guest Lecturer in Textile Science at

Clemson University. He is the first to hold

this professorship, which was established

through the J. E. Sirrine Textile Founda-

tion. Mr, Keegan retired from the Bureau

after 42 years of Government service.

W. T. SWEENEY, chief of the Dental

Research Section, Institute for Materials

Research, and GEORGE C. PAFFEN-

BERGER, senior research associate of the

American Dental Association, attended a

meeting of the Organization of the Inter-

national Standards in London, July 4-5, as

representatives of the American Standards

Association. On July 7-14, with GERHARD

M. BRAUER, they attended the 54th annual

session of the Federation Dentaire Inter-

nationale in Israel.

LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER, former

chief of the Metallurgy Division, has been

named deputy director of the Institute for

Applied Technology.

JAMES F, SWINDELLS, chief of the

Temperature Section, Heat Division, has

been granted the Award of Merit by the

214,

American Society for Testing Materials in

recognition of “outstanding administrative

and technical service to the Society’s tech-

nical committees, particularly in promoting

and establishing standard methods of test

for thermocouples and for liquid-in-glass

thermometers.”

HARRY C. ALLEN, JR., deputy director

of the Institute for Materials Research, is

leaving NBS to become assistant director

for minerals research at the Bureau of

Mines.

Foreign lectures have been presented as

follows: W. HALLER: “Liquid/liquid-

Immiscibility as Cause of Microhetero-

geneous Structures in Glass,” International

Commission on Glass, Tokyo, September

12-17. P. J. AUSLOOS: “Photoionization

of Cycloalkanes in the Gas Phase. A Study

of Charged Transfer Process,” Conference

on Radiation Chemistry and Photochem-

istry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,

England, September 21. P. S. KLEBAN-

OFF: “Effect of Nonlinearity on Hot-Wire

Measurements of Turbulence,” Interna-

tional Symposium on Boundary Layers

and Turbulence, including Geophysical

Applications, Kyoto, September 19-24. H.

C. ALLEN, JR.: “The Nature of the

Metal-Metal Interaction in Copper-Contain-

ing Coordination Compounds,” IXth Inter-

national Conference on Coordination

Chemistry, St. Moritz-Bad, Switzerland,

September 5-9. H. P. R. FREDERIKSE:

“Experimental Evidence Concerning the

Conduction Band of SrTiO;,” International

Conference on the Physics of Semiconduc-

tors, Kyoto, September 8. A. W. RUFF,

JR.: “Stacking Fault Energy Measurements

in Silver-Tin Alloys,” Conference on De-

formation of Crystalline Solids, National

Research Council, Ottawa, August 24. C.

M. TCHEN: “Plasma Turbulence in a

Magnetic Field,” “Turbulence in a Rarefied

Plasma,” and “Nonlinear Scattering of a

Laser Beam from a Plasma,” International

Summer Institute on Nonlinear Phenomena

in Plasmas, University of Paris, Orsay,

France, September 5-23.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH

JAMES A. SHANNON, director of NIH,

and HEINZ SPECHT, chief of the Office

of International Relations, participated in

the second meeting of the Joint Committee

of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Sci-

ence Program in Hakone, Japan, August

17-19.

THEODOR C. von BRAND of the Na-

tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases is giving a two-month series of

lectures at German universities on parasite

physiology and biochemistry.

CARL R. BREWER has been named

chief of the General Research Support

Branch of the Division of Research Facili-

ties and Resources. He was formerly in the

Division of Regional Medical Programs.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

RAYMOND J. SEEGER addressed the

Sigma Xi Club of the University of Puerto

Rico on October 18, on the subject, “The

Humanism of Science.” On November 7

he gave the same talk before the Fort

Detrick (Md.) branch of the Scientific Re-

search Society of America.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

W.S. PELLINI returned recently from

a year with the Office of Naval Research,

London, to assume his position as super-

intendent of the Metallurgy Division. Pres-

ently he is serving as associate director of

research for materials.

JAMES H. SCHULMAN was one of the

official U. S. delegation to the Conference

on Solid State and Chemical Dosimetry

conducted by the International Atomic

Energy Agency in Vienna, October 3-3.

He was invited to give the opening paper

entitled “Principles of Solid State Dosim-

etry,” and to serve on a discussion panel at

the end of the meeting. In July, Dr. Schul-

man was one of the lecturers at a Summer

Institute on Applications of Solid State

Physics to Science and Technology at the

NOVEMBER, 1966

Institute of Technology in Israel. Dr.

Schulman is superintendent of the Optical

Physics Division.

DEATHS

RICHARD L. DOLECEK, associate di-

rector of research for materials, Naval Re-

search Laboratory, died September 2. Dur-

ing the years since 1946, when he joined

NRL, Dr. Dolecek gained international

recognition for his research in the fields of

magnetic resistance phenomena and high-

pressure physics. He became superintendent

of the Solid State Division in 1954 and

served in that capacity until 1965 when he

was appointed associate director of re-

search for materials.

IRWIN VIGNESS, head of the Shock

and Vibration Branch of the Naval Re-

search Laboratory, died of a heart attack

on September 13, aged 61. Dr. Vigness had

served on the NRL staff since 1939. He

was born in Bismarck, N. D., and received

the master’s degree in electrical engineer-

ing and Ph.D. in physics from the Univer-

sity of Minnesota. He received the Navy

Meritorious Civilian Service Award in

1945 in recognition of World War II work.

MARION W. PARKER, associate ad-

ministrator of the Agricultural Research

Service, died of a heart attack on October

8. He was 58 years old. A native of

Salisbury, Md., Dr. Parker received the

bachelor’s degree in botany at Hampden-

Sydney College and the master’s degree and

doctorate in plant physiology at the Uni-

versity of Maryland. After teaching there

for five years he joined the U. S. Depart-

ment of Agriculture in 1936. He was in-

ternationally recognized for his research

on photoperiodism, controlled environment,

and the effect of light on plant growth as

well as for his abilities as a research ad-

ministrator. Before becoming associate ad-

ministrator of ARS, he had served as head

of the Division of Rubber Investigations,

head of Weed Investigations, and assistant

director and director of the Crops Research

Division.

G. FORREST WOODS, professor of

chemistry at the University of Maryland,

died October 19 at the Washington Hospital

Center, from complications following throat

surgery. He was 55.

A native of Chicago, Dr. Woods received

the B.S. degree from Northwestern Univer-

sity in 1934, and the master’s degree and

doctorate from Harvard. He taught at the

American International College in Spring-

field, Mass., for two years and at Harvard

for five. He joined the University of Mary-

land faculty in 1945 and was promoted to

full professor in 1950. He directed the

University’s sophomore organic chemistry

program, taught graduate courses, and

directed graduate student research.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

A new projector, under development by

the Army’s Engineer Research & Develop-

ment Laboratories, makes possible ship

navigation from 105-mm microfilmed slides

of standard navigation charts. The first

designed specifically for shipboard installa-

tion, the unit backprojects a full-scale

42 x 36-inch colored image of a chart onto

the underside of its transparent top.

Courses may be plotted on the top, over

the image, and easily erased. A roll of

vellum is provided also for a permanent

record of the course. The transparent top

is provided with a drafting machine to

serve as a standard chart table if required.

In Biblical times, if we heed the Scrip-

tures, dreams were carefully interpreted

and accorded great significance. Today, if

studies reported by scientists at Duke

University are borne out by further in-

vestigations, they often serve to trigger

angina episodes in patients with a history

of this disease. In this investigation, elec-

troencephalograph, electrocardiogram, and

instruments to monitor eye movements and

respiration patterns were used. Other in-

vestigators have shown a high correlation

between rapid eye movement and dreaming,

whereas the deeper sleep characteristic of

minimal eye movement is seldom accom-

panied by dreams. By the measurements

indicated, supplemented by interviews with

patients upon awakening, the Duke investi-

gators feel they have unearthed a clearly

causal relationship between dreaming and

chest pain onset in angina patients during

the night.

Articles on the defects commonly found

in science writing, themselves usually well

done, continue to appear. It can be hoped

that each contributes its bit to alleviating,

if not solving, this burdensome problem. A

recent account by Russell G. Lynch in

the Agricultural Science Review (Second

Quarter, 1965), suggests that intellectual

snobbery or arrogance, fuzzy thinking, or

erudite ignorance may lie behind the

difficulty. The article cannot easily be con-

densed but is weli worth reading in its en-

tirety. From Norris Rakestraw, who has

himself written so effectively for the Office

of Naval Research in London in recent

years, comes a delightful item which might

suggest the penalties of ignoring clarity in

exposition. The British Government, in

carrying out its Food Labelling Regula-

tion, insists that a chocolate concoction

named “Flake” must be labelled “convolut-

ed milk chocolate,” and that this must be

done in letters of such size that “the smal-

lest rectangle capable of enclosing each let-

ter, apart from the initial letter, shall be

not less than nine-sixteenths of the area of

the smallest rectangle capable of enclosing

the largest letter, apart from the initial let-

9 ae.

ter in the word ‘Flake’.

ee

216

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

the Local Affiliated Societies*

Peemegonical Sovicty Of Washington «00.0... is cekeeseccssteseecsesssareavsesssessssevesssecseseseserenselle M. Sapmo

mmtnrapological Society of Washington 2.0... i.cccccs cc csesessscsesecsssecesseseeseceessesseee Delegate not appointed

SEI UNG E NT WV ASHIMIEON 2). c0 hc c4cscescesedssessssccss suede cansdoueessorsesaverdednecrstesadegdecs Joun L. Parapiso

Chemical Society of Washington ..................... Baden cn le Avi y Aaa es YN GERHARD M. BRAUER

MMNIIROISAL (SOCIETY) OF WASHINGTON | o...ncs....lccecepeevedessescecoseveseccecsuceersceceesuececcaseseusysece Harrop H. SHEPARD

EM ee SOCIETY Ft) ok ile de oraslusteasscislailstactibeccea i ccobllesces ALEXANDER WETMORE

UMMM IEE FOE) VY ASIII STON is 2f 6,25 ccescccceacveecendesscsasvesnsdevevaanevsssctsnccysorealensevengeesesctes. Grorce V. CoHEE

mmEmeneseiy or the District Of Columbia. ........0..0.....0:.-ccccccc:cescsscosesceaseesesecseveneeces Tuomas M. Brown

MUTRMPETEE PTIGTAPICGL SSOCICEY. (ioc... sc. 0..0.50.s0cccccpdeceecsscdeonssacechesssveceuscoceessvecveccUssesacese RGD a <1 U. S. Grant, TI

Botanical Society of Washington ........... PRM Oe ia PARE! eae a Ore ih te ek ioe Cat boys Peter H. HeInze

SMT NICTICHM OP OLESECTS 9)... ).....celece-s.sunek-sevesssccsenvesaneutocscsacstvepanssccsesosuecesdisensesesstee Harry A. Fowe tts

RIPPED REDE) PMP ICETS 620.2... csuag cus vesdanosetuveed osceseecssesecsacecuapesvecesesesnesanuse Martin A. Mason

Teeerute oO: Wlectrical and Electronics Engineers’ .............0.0.0..0....scccccdcccccscsseceseennesseeeee Grorce AnrAHAM

American Society of Mechanical Engineers .................. Fas RES CCR title: Witttram G. ALLEN

DeCNICOmiedl SOCIeLy Of WaSHINgtOn oo. icc... ccs ceccccscensccceeccasececssevesestacsssneaseesscdmmacsce Auret O. Foster

mennmanresoviety for Microbiology %...2.)...0.........cccccss. ccc cesceccseetssesaenees FA AEM IM NT Cart LAMANNA

Society of American Military Engineers .............0.000..... YAP oes Ca eee TR, H. P. Demutn

PEER SOCIETY. OL CAV! PMEIMEETS 2.6.6.0... ceccss coe decssesscecssacessenssssesssessssccsveensveneoven THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR.

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine .............0......:.:ccccceeecttteees Wittram H. SuMMERSON

ETAT RET NUECES E62 V2 009i phos ies) s hocs cis vatcsswencs, pvnsucesdasb fan ctuerseveitbavsseeceeden as denedbes Hueu L. Locan

International Association for Dental Researely «......................ccccccccccssccccsscsscteeeeseeseseseeerescaees Harorp J. Caur

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ...0..0....0..0.0cccccccccsccccseceeeeees Delegate not appointed

SOMME MM MICTCOTOIOPICAL SOCIEEY. .o......c.5 icc. escscyssnvseecesscoseotacsevesssccsssvenseseccnasdensce J. Murray MitcHELt, Jr.

MME C MPIC MOGTEEY. OL We ASHITIEEON o.oo... oe ccsccdcecestscpsescsschossevesedesecseucesecvssesceessteanevsveciene H. Ivan RAINWATER

NMNNTEEOORCEEE GE TN TVENTCA 22.5.0). acs .gisviss ss sunntsgictesslevispevvsessavesvtecnsvcovovoncasereasents Matcotm C. HENDERSON

OMIM UAT ESTEE ie coos scp disvas sicsgslusassdesussensavedesgevs susan bovacs dnasnuesidnusndsas’ oudiaananudighacese Grorce L. WE.

RENT TON UCOMTNOIORASES ol.) oe. hcl ks ecdececsscsce-tensadepsscascoecetasssvgvethesecphsheascopubeveccenen RicHarp P. Farrow

MINNIE MNT SUNT Dia eis dent 1rd aie aves nese vebidass xeGdewhes casi aukas sina din danhadiapeackehasdendenonones Stade J. J. Dramonp

EN Ten et a eS oo 0, das ecb yoddun gvavansvevemupaise vassontunbssdhtemnabebesentes Kurt H. Stern

eemmaN tan Pt ibory Gt SCIEN! CUD 4... cd cliche ckcsseaet onspecensceccnencceqeecant cane seateccnessens Morris LEIKIND

MeMEtIOa AGEOCIAMON Of PHYSICS. DEACHEES ool...) icc .ccis..cesscesesecsssceseensertsaeeeenssessseonens RayMonp J. SEEGER

A er WIE THER T RN cc eoy sd" le dislu adj sah ven cul avebrecangcnrod rescue areca sh coess vecasacesuvesuncucaneeian Frep PAuL

emer society OF) Plant Physiologists.) ..20.6)c6scc.0ccesesecseone cpvenceresserecnvsennssevaneeeessnenn WALTER SHROPSHIRE

Mesmmeton Operations Research Council ..............00..0:.cccccceneescte te ceessesoeeeees Delegate not appointed

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 56 NOVEMBER 1966

CONTENTS

George L. Farre: On the Logic of Discovery

Contribution from the Archivist ...............0.......... PART coos

T - Thoughts ........ 1 cc ER al ae ae RE Ns a

Academy Proceedings

November Meeting of the Academy

Bylaws of the Academy (OV eo. a i ee eg

Revised Act of Incorporation of the Academy .........................

Science in Washington

Calendar: OF TGvents Oa eek ona Rt aL At ee

Washington Academy of Sciences

1530-—P St., N.W.

Washington, D.C., 20005

Return Requested with Form 3579

IMPORTANT

CONTAINS DATED MEETING NOTICE.

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D2w 33

Wa

VOLUME 56 NUMBER 9

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

i

fi f tl i ‘lig

DECEMBER 1966

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Samuet B. Detwiter, Jr.. Department of Agriculture

Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture HeLten L. Reynoxtps, Food and Drug Adminis-

Ricuarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration

Aeetioni Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowe ts, Department of Agriculture versity

RussELL B. Stevens, National Research Council

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University JoserpH B. Morris, Howard University

Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Maryorie Hooker, Geological Survey ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory

eae E. Woop, George Washington Univer- Howarp W. Bonp, Public Health Service

sity ?

Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo- Victor R. Boswert, USDA, iit Sh

ratories -_ Anprew F. Freeman, USDA, Washington

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and

fellows.

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00

for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent

to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005. Remittances

should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased

direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal), and the Academy’s monograph, “The

Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa.”

Most current issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from

the Academy office.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of

mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed

because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification

should show both old and new addresses and zip number.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005.

The Academy office is open weekdays from nine to one. Phone AD 4-5323.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1966

President: Joun K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards

President-Elect: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

Secretary: RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K, Coox, National Bureau of Standards

> ip air ote oe %

AAAS Holds National

Meeting in Washington

The American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science will hold its 133rd

meeting in Washington, December 26-31,

with headquarters at the Sheraton-Park

Hotel. Hon. John W. Gardner, Secre-

tary of Health, Education, and Welfare,

is general chairman of the meeting. Under

the general theme, “How Man Has

Changed His Planet,’ more than 1500

scientific reports will be given to an

audience expected to exceed 10,000.

The invited address of P.M.S. Blackett,

Nobel Laureate in Physics, is sponsored

by the Washington Academy of Sciences

and is announced under Academy Pro-

ceedings elsewhere in this issue.

Sixteen vice-presidential addresses will

be given, including the following: Geol-

ogy and Geography—“The Building of

Midway,” by Harry S. Ladd; Zoological

Sciences—‘“‘Critical Points of Evolution,”

by Richard B. Roberts; Anthropology—

“Ethnographers and the Social Scien-

tists,’ by Cora DuBois; History and

Philosophy of Science—“The Disunity of

Science-Technology,” by Melvin Kranz-

berg; Information and Communication—

“Toward a National Information System

for the Life Sciences,’ by William C.

Steere.

Two lectures in the series, “The Mov-

ing Frontiers of Science,” will be pre-

sented on December 26. Lynn White, Jr.,

University of California at Los Angeles,

will discuss “The Historical Roots of Our

Ecologic Crisis.” Dr. White’s thesis is that

the present ecological crisis is a phenom-

enon of the western world and the Chris-

tian attitude that the only reason for

nature’s existence is to serve man.

Theodosius Dobzhansky of Rockefeller

University, in his lecture “The Changing

Man,” will review various proposals ad-

DECEMBER, 1966

vanced for the improvement of human

environments and developmental patterns

and the ways in which man can control

his own evolution.

A full day’s session will be devoted to

“The Place of Information Retrieval and

Scientific Communication in the Educa-

tion of Scientists,’ arranged by Eugene

Garfield, University of Pennsylvania and

Institute for Scientific Information. Speak-

ers will include F. Peter Woodford,

Rockefeller University; John Bardeen,

University of Illinois; Frederick L. Good-

man, University of Michigan; Andrew

Lasslo, University of Tennessee; Leonard

Ornstein, Mount Sinai Hospital; and Saul

Gorn, University of Pennsylvania.

Three papers will be presented on De-

cember 27 under the common topic, “The

History of Scientific Instruments,” a ses-

sion arranged by Edward Grant of Indi-

ana University. Derek J. De Solla Price

of Yale University will speak on “The

Tower of the Winds,” Silvio A. Bedini of

the Smithsonian Institution on “Instrument

Makers,” and Cyril Stanley Smith on

“The Development of Materials for In-

struments. ”

Margaret Mead, the well known an-

thropologist, will introduce and

marize a symposium, “The Utility of the

three

sulm-

Construct of Race,” in sessions:

“Behavior-Genetic Analyses and Their

Relevance to the Construct of Race,”

“Biological Aspects of Race in Man,” and

“Social and Psychological Aspects.” Other

members of the program committee for

the symposium are Theodosius Dobzhan-

sky, Robert E. Light (Scientists’ Institute

for Public Information), and Ethel To-

bach (American Museum of Natural His-

tory).

A symposium in two sessions on “World

917

_ :

Food Supply” has been arranged by Fred-

eric R. Senti, U.S. Department of Agri-

culture. Session I has as its theme “Can

Science Feed the World?” At Session II,

a panel comprising Dorothy Jacobson, As-

sistant Secretary of Agriculture, Senator

George McGovern, and Herbert J. Waters,

Assistant Administrator of AID, will dis-

cuss “U.S. Policy on Food and _ the

World’s Future.”

The meeting will also feature the An-

Hegel’s Philosophy

Eduard Farber

American University

Introduction: An Apology

Hegel is often cited to demonstrate the

futility of speculation. A scientist who

writes about the positive values he finds

in the work of Hegel runs the risk of

being classified with him—a real risk

since the Hegelian dialectic method ac-

quired abhorrent political implications.

The historian of science knows how wrong

this is; the dialectic method grew from

Greek philosophy. Atomism, also a part

of the Greek heritage, was politically sus-

pect from early times into the 18th cen-

tury. The historian has learned that

philosophy, like science, can be misin-

terpreted and misused.

Hegel and other proponents of the

“nature philosophy” of the period be-

tween about 1790 and 1840 made many

fantastic statements. It should no longer

be necessary to quote them as a warn-

ing against this kind of speculation;

Schopenhauer did that more than a hun-

dred years ago when he called Hegel the

nonsense scribbler. I consider this pe-

riod as a great experiment of the human

spirit; its positive results should be at

nual Exposition of Science and Industry

—displays by leading publishers, optical

companies, instrument makers, and sup-

pliers of laboratory materials and equip-

ment—and the AAAS Science Theatre,

which will show a selection of science

films, both foreign and domestic. For

those under 16 years of age, the Acad-

emy Conference will provide a Junior

Scientists Assembly featuring talks by

eminent scientists on science and _ sci-

entific careers.

of Physics

least as interesting as its errors. My

search for such results was based on my

interest in that historical experiment

and was sustained by my feeling that, if

we need a warning today, it is against

underrating the human spirit in science.

On the other hand, such a warning will

not be likely to exceed its necessary

limits when it is connected with the ex-

position of Hegel’s philosophy of physics.

Our Reflection—the Dialectic _

Treatment of Cognition

All of Hegel’s writings are difficult to

understand, but his first philosophical

work at first appears not to be under-

standable at all. It is the so-called

Jenenser Logik which he wrote in Jena,

1801-1802 (1). All the things he dis-

cusses here fluctuate or vacillate. Space,

time, substance, force are always pre-

sented as in a state of change. They

exist in themselves and are identical with

themselves, yet they go over into their

opposites, following an innate urge to be-

come their inverted selves. From _ in-

finitely real they turn into absolutely

218 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

i

negated—from completely necessary to

infinitely free. What urges them on?

What keeps them under control? Hegel

does not consider such questions; he

gives no reasons for these movements.

All his statements are made quite peremp-

torily.

Something approaching an explanation

is given only after a long sequence of

such statements. A chapter on “Das

Erkennen” starts with:

“(a) Bisher war das Ubergehen des

Begriffs in sein Anderswerden oder in

seine Realitat und die Zurticknahme dieses

Anderswerdens unter den Begriff unsere

Reflexion; eine dialektische Behandlung,

die die Gegensatze entwickelte, welche in

dem Gesetzten unentwickelt vorhanden

waren” (p. 114).

Before translating this passage, I must

discuss Hegel’s language; then this cate-

gorical statement about one of the as-

pects in “Das Erkennen” can lead to an

understanding of some parts of the book.

In my previous studies of Hegel’s philoso-

phy of chemistry (2) I did not include

the Jenenser Logik, because at that time

it simply did not make sense to me.

Since then, I have found some clues to its

meaning. Thus, I discovered several

thoughts in this first form of Hegel’s

philosophy which lead to some under-

standing not only of his later work but

also of certain discussions in contem-

porary science and philosophy. The fol-

lowing discussion may thus be of help to

those who experienced similar difficul-

ties in reading this work and may be wel-

come for what light it throws on present

problems. The translations are my own

versions of the very complex language

that is characteristic of Hegel and is par-

ticularly difficult here.

Throughout the book, Hegel stresses

Act and Process. Thus, he says “das

Erkennen,” not “die Erkenntnis.” An Eng-

lish equivalent, therefore, would be not

cognition, nor the cognitive act, but rather

“the action of obtaining cognition” or

DECEMBER, 1966

“the process of discerning.” Similarly,

“das Ubergehen” is not “the transition,”

but more fittingly “the shifting.” A par-

ticular and recurring problem is “Anders-

werden,” in many other places “das An-

derssein”, and the shifting into “sein

Anderes.” On most of these occasions,

the right word will be “inversion” as an

abbreviation for “becoming its comple-

mentary opposite,” to avoid saying “its

specific Other-ness.” “Das Gesetzte” is

that which has been posited or set down;

it is almost the same as “the given.” In

both cases, nothing is said about who has

posited or given what. I prefer to use the

word “set” for “das Gesetzte” with some

allusion to its several meanings, includ-

ing the mathematical one.

With these premises, I translate the

quoted sentence as follows:

“So far, the shifting of the concept to

its inversion or to its reality and the

restitution of this inversion under the

concept has been our reflection; a dialecti-

cal treatment.that developed the opposites

which were present but undeveloped in

the set.”

If this meant that cognition is only our

“reflection”, it would indicate nothing

but an idle game of our imagination. This

is not so; cognition is aimed at “the

other”; it is “the indifferent space of this

other,’ and the movement of cognition.

l.e., the reflection into itself, consists in

being “the simple relation in which this

other moves, comes, and disappears’ (p.

131). The dialectic method comes out of

our reflection, but it corresponds with

the “set,” with the world, in a relation-

ship which itself is subjected to the dialec-

tic process, or which “in itself” is this

process.

Hegel gives us a picture of the world

as a systematic relationship between com-

plementary pairs of opposites, which

exist as the only positions available to

things and thoughts. This relationship

makes existence possible as the con-

stantly moving transition from one to the

other. The firm postulates by which

219

Hegel describes this world can perhaps be

considered as the “other,” the inverse of

what he finds as existing and to be de-

scribed.

Thus, the strangeness of this world of

Hegel’s philosophy is that all change,

even when it appears to be gradual, con-

sists in the process of becoming its own

opposite. Change does not proceed in

aligned steps, least of all in conformance

with any idea of preformation or de-

velopment. If there were a model for it,

it would be the pendulum, in which only

the extreme positions of the swinging are

considered, not the path between these

positions.

In my attempt to circumscribe and

summarize, I have to start with an ap-

parent vagueness, because at this point

any greater precision would be presump-

tious and deficient. With this apology I

formulate Hegel’s basic assumption as

follows: When a reality is set, its own

negativity is immediately established also.

From here, I continue my explanation by

means of two analogies with physical

concepts: The relationship of the posited,

or positive, to its own negative is analo-

gous to (1) that of kinetic and potential

energy, and (2) that of matter and anti-

matter. I believe that the first analogy

was historically important in the origin of

his work, but I am far from suggesting

that Hegel should in any way be con-

sidered as a “precurser” of the hy-

pothesis of anti-matter.

The Infinite Relationship

These analogies are justified in several

respects. First, they may contribute to

overcoming the barrier erected by Hegel’s

language and serve as a general guide to

a “translation” of its sense. This repre-

sents a relatively external use of these

analogies. An internal use proceeds from

the language to the intention in Hegel’s

work. He stated it succinctly a few years

after the Jenenser Logik in the Phano-

menologie des Geistes: “The true form in

which truth exists can only be its scientific

system. What I have intended to do is to

contribute to the goal that philosophy

should approach the form of science, so

that it will be able to discard its name

‘love of knowledge’ and be real knowl-

edge” (3). He pointed in the same direc-

tion again in the Encyklopddie: “Dialec-

tics has a positive result, because it has

a specified content. Therefore, philosophy

does not at all deal with mere abstrac-

tions of formal thoughts, but solely with

concrete thoughts,” 7z.e., thoughts that are

full of definite contents (4). Dialectics

served Hegel in place of the first law of

thermodynamics. The quantitative equal-

ity of the positive with its negative cor-

responds to a law of conservation. Beyond

that point and actually prior to it, Hegel

had to define what he means by the

Quantum.

He distinguished between the definite-

ness of the quantum and the thing itself.

The thing remains, independent of mag-

nitudes. “In the absolute Small, the

thing does not disappear—just as it does

not exceed itself in the absolute Large”

(p21 ain: the method of analysis by

calculus, the magnitudes are made to be-

come infinitely small, but this only brings

out the infinite reality of the proportions

or ratios. “By the very course in which

a magnitude, set in a system of magni-

tudes, is made to disappear absolutely, the

concept of that which is to be specified

emerges as absolute relationship and it is

this relationship alone with which we are

concerned, not any definite magnitudes;

therefore, those invariant magnitudes fall

completely away which do not only ex-

press what relationship they have, but in-

clude things outside of this relationship”

(p. 15). In the derivation, e.g. dx/dy,

neither dx nor dy have a “magnitude for

themselves” but only in relation to each

other. Hegel expands this thought from

differential calculus to any “quantum”

that has only an “absolutely relative”

magnitude in a system. He exemplifies

this by the hypothenuse a = 1/ (b? + c*)

220 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

which, he says, represents the hypothenuse

as it actually is, not a line outside of a

rectangular triangle (p. 18). Further on,

he distinguishes between the division a/b

and its unity, the quotient c = a/b (p.

120).

The importance of

tends

66

relationships ex-

from mathematics to __ things.

.. . das Ding ist nur das System seiner

Momente, und diese sind nur, was sie

sind, im Verhaltnis zu einander, und das

Ding selbst ist dieses Verhaltnis: indem

das einzelne Moment sich verandert, ver-

andert es ein Verhaltnis zu den andern,

das ganze Verhaltnis, das Ding selbst

wird ein anderes” (p. 19). The word

“moment” here means specific property or

quality, but the translation “‘characteris-

tic’ is better, because it avoids the nar-

rower meaning of quality. Thus Hegel’s

sentence expresses the thought that a

substance and its characteristics are mu-

tually connected in a reversible relation-

ship. The substance, as a thing, is the

system of the characteristics, and their

change involves the substance itself. Actu-

ally, he continues, not a change of one of

the characteristics occurs; any change is

“der Lebenslauf der Sache selbst,” the

life story of the thing itself.

I conclude that Hegel would have

agreed with Margenau’s statement: “Facts

are not interesting or important ingredi-

ents of science, unless they point to rela-

tions, unless they suggest ideas combined

into what is called a theory” (5). Hegel

would only have added that these rela-

tions are a built-in feature of the facts,

and the true function of a theory is to

bring out this feature.

Tautologies

Just as a substance, being a thing, is

only the relationship of its characteris-

tics, so force, as moving force, “is in itself

product of mass and velocity, a product

equal to itself, and at the same time mass

in its being as one with velocity and thus

as one with the change of motion in it-

self” (p. 51). “Thus, the attractive force

DECEMBER, 1966

is not a substance that is for itself and to

which the definiteness of attraction as a

relationship to others could externally be

added or not added; rather, the attractive

force is in itself directly the being-re-

lated to others” (p. 50). His error in

speaking of velocity instead of accelera-

tion is irrelevant to the main fact that he

rejects the duplication in giving a sep-

arate name, v.e., force, to the product.

The so-called forces of attraction between

substances, or affinities, are nothing but

the relationship itself. When substances

are entirely for themselves they are also

for each other. We either have a contra-

diction or a tautology, the latter when we

place the being-related into the sub-

stances, and the reason for their

relationship is the tautology that they

simply are related” (p. 58). “It follows,

that there is no force for our cognition,

which, being infinite in itself, reaches

only for the infinite and necessary; there

is not the moving, accelerating force but

movement, acceleration, etc., not mag-

netic, electric etc. force but magnetism,

electricity etc. for this cognition, nor the

force of imagination, memory, or the

ability of imagination, memory, reason,

understanding itself, least of all, how-

ever, a force of attraction or of affinity”

(p. 59). They are the functions them-

selves, and they do not need something

behind them that must make them active.

Hegel found a more succinct expres-

sion for this functionality in the Encyklo-

pddie, where he wrote: “The friendship

of the opposite poles and the enmity of

the equal poles are thus not a subsequent

or an additional, separate manifestation

belonging to a presupposed and _ specifi-

cally predefined magnetism, they express

nothing else than the nature of magnetism

itself and, with that, the nature of the

concept when it is posited as activity in

this sphere” (6). However, the picture of

force in the Enzyklopddie has two sides.

One one side it is “aa empty tautology”

to explain an event by a force. “On the

22]

other hand, the nature of force is indeed

an unknown,” because we do not see the

necessity by which its content in itself is

connected with the specificity imposed

by external events.

One hundred years later, Hermann

Weyl wrote: “The fundamental law of

mechanics: Mass & Acceleration — Force,

teaches what kind of movement of masses

results from the influence of given forces

(at given initial velocities). However,

mechanics does not teach what force is;

that we learn in physics. The fundamen-

tal law of mechanics is an open schema

that acquires a solid content when the

concept of force in this schema is filled in

by physics” (7). By comparing the two

quotations we can judge to what extent

the dual aspect of force in Hegel’s philoso-

phy revealed a basic truth. He arrived

at it by rejecting the “Vermogen,” with

indirect reference to Kant and to the

preformation theories that flourished at

that time.

Because the idea of a preformation is

hidden in “frequently so-called explana-

tions,”

senting a tautology. In the example that

he specifically mentions, tautology is

again, as above, linked with contradic-

tion. “Rain is first considered as cause,

but then also as effect, not as rain any

more but as wetness, a property of state

of the ground (on which the rain fell) :

and the dry ground has become different

from what it was before through the ef-

fect of the rain. The differentiation be-

tween rain and humidity is null and void;

what was supposed to be separated into

rain and wetness is always the same: in

truth, there is no separation here, and the

action of rain to produce wetness is a

completely empty tautology . . . the dry-

ness has, to express it in this manner, gone

to the place where before there ‘was

rain... .. (p40 a )e) Wath this: kindof

explaining we do not state a true rela-

tionship (p. 47). Between cause and ef-

fect a network of contradiction is cre-

he characterizes them as repre-

ated when they are not properly recog-

nized. “Die Ursache also ist absolut nur

in der Wirkung” (p. 43); cause is only

the potential acting substance and there-

fore it exists only as force. Force “is

properly speaking the whole causality re-

lationship, or it is the cause as being at

one with the effect and in truth real sub-

stance, but also being the cancelled causal-

ity relationship” (p. 43). Tautology is

avoided when force is recognized as the

unity of opposites, as being in itself and

also as being related to others. This

unity is not static. When we attempt to

hold it at any fixed points we achieve

only contradiction or tautology. The key

here is Hegel’s concept of “Aufhebung”

in the meaning of cancellation, not in the

other one of suspension, but with the

somewhat contradictory meaning of con-

servation also implied. The process of

this “Aufhebung” is not further explained,

but it forms the keystone for the edifice

of his philosophy. Without it the whole

edifice crumbles.

It ‘would be playing with the double

meaning of this word to say that without

cancellation the whole system would be

cancelled. ‘“Aufhebung” as a_ process

does not cancel itself; it is a movement

in a circle (p. 134). Kant dissolved

antinomies by declaring that the princi-

ple of pure reason is an indefinitely con-

tinued regressus (in indefinitum), not a

For this

regress Hegel substitutes the movement in

a circle, and instead of an either-or rela-

regress into the infinite (8).

tionship between opposite members he

postulates “the absolute, immediate unity

of both. .

in itself is the opposite of definiteness

and cancelled definiteness” (p. 139). The

circle symbolizes the fact that cancella-

. the absolute concept, which

tion is not eradication. The opposition of

unifying, of unity

against separation, leaves “a positive re-

separating against

sult in the reality which encloses both”

(po.

Do? JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

-_——= -—-—_ -

~~ we Ee any

The Absolute Fluid

In a poetic vision Thales (6th century

B.C.) saw water as the primordial ele-

ment in all matter. In a_ philosophical

extrapolation Hegel proceeded from the

specific substance water to its fundamen-

tal concept. The reality of matter is “the

absolute Fluid, the truly real, terrestrial

matter.” This Fluid is something singular,

but since it also is absolute motion, its

being equal to itself is cancelled by abso-

lute communication of its motion. This

motion is “ein Erzittern in sich selbst,”

a rotation, in which the centrum is not

differentiated from the _ circumference,

“sondern in welcher das Ganze Achse und

Mittelpunkt ist” (p. 261). When we

read this strange statement, we may be

reminded of Thales and Robert Boyle,

and iwe may assume kinship to “the uni-

versal fluid” of Leibniz (9), but at least

this “trembling in itself” has no _prece-

dents. This “motion resumed into itself as

moving motion” is the simple “Ton,” it is

a sound for us, liberated from the Fluid

in which it is “completely immersed.”

“Matter, the absolute Fluid, is this unit of

the sound and the being-equal to itself...

and what went before was the absolute

construction of matter” (p. 262).

Was Hegel here inspired by a vision or

premonition of something akin to the

general basis of our wave mechanics?

He defines “the absolute singularity” of

substance, “the sound (tone) that is not

yet sound for itself or while it is abso-

lutely internal or external, Z.e., light

(Licht)” (p. 267). The very specific way

in which Hegel elaborates on this further

frustrates any attempt to connect these

speculations with subsequent develop-

ments.

What then follows concerning the

“definition of chemical elements” and the

chemical process is a jungle of misunder-

stood chemical experiences. A long de-

scription of relationships between fire,

air, and its constituents contains the

quotable summary: “. . . nitrogen is, so

DECEMBER, 1966

to say, the present becoming the past;

hydrogen, on the other hand, the future

becoming the present” (p. 284). Through-

out, the new system of chemistry is

mixed ‘with remnants of phlogiston theory.

In his later works, Hegel has corrected

many of the erroneous connections which

he constructed here.

The Infinite Process

When we reject the specific embodi-

ments by which this philosopher presents

his “construction,” we realize that it is

closer to a poetic vision, nourished by an-

cient thoughts and now combined with the

more recent vocabulary of latent heat.

We see that to the speculations of

Thales, Boyle, and Leibniz, the insight

gained by Joseph Black is added, and

from a “general liquifier” heat becomes

the “general Fluid’ as in the following

passage: “The general dissolution, as gen-

eral Fluid . . .” is unity in itself; “the

specific characteristics, with which it is

endowed, are in fact related to each other

and cancel each other in this relatedness

by existing, or in their Becoming vanish-

ing and in their Vanishing becoming, and

their essence is this unity” (p. 273).

As I indicated above, the application of

these thoughts to a “construction” of mat-

ter, of elements and the chemical process,

spread over many pages in the /enenser

Logik, is preposterous. Yet, since this is

an incidental and unnecessary display by

Hegel, it can safely be separated from the

whole. Through such separation we res-

cue the great thought: “. . . in ihrem

Entstehen vergehend und in ihrem Verge-

hen entstehend . . .,” the thought of the

universal process. Hegel found a succinct

expression for this thought in the Encyklo-

pddie: “Nothingness as immediately equal

to itself is as well, in reverse. the same as

what Being is. The truth of Being and

Nothingness is, therefore, the unity of the

two; this unity is the Becoming” (10).

The emphasis is on the universal proc-

ess, and thereby this philosophy is char-

acterized as one of functionalism. Sub-

223

stance, force, and cause are the actors in

this functionalism. Man the experimenter

is the actor in modern operationism. In

functionalism, man must be understood

in a much larger and wider role than that

of the experimenter who uses an_ ob-

jectively given material. He is here made

in the image of the Creator. All of nature

is “freely released” by a decision of free

Idea (11). Operationism is thus made

universal and referred to the “free act-

ing of Idea.” Under Hegel’s point of

view, what we now call operationism is

merely a part of the universal process,

although this part is the infinite sum of

all little operations in the sphere pro-

duced by Idea. Operationism thus _be-

comes only a microcosm compared with

the macrocosm of this functionalism.

Conclusion: Idea and Experiment

Hegel was highly acclaimed at his

time; he was not only refuted but ridi-

culed later. This reversal of appreciation

can ironically by interpreted as a truly

Hegelian process, the shifting from one

position to its opposite “Anders-sein.” A

much better Hegelian interpretation of

this process would consider that “free

idea” unites in itself the opposites of

power and impotence. LEthusiastic con-

temporaries felt the power; the critics

dwelt on the “Ohnmacht.” For us, the

task is to establish the limits of the

power; that Hegel did not recognize

these limits is important biographically

and historically, but it does not invalidate

the other part of his findings.

For Hegel, existence is change, but this

differs essentially from the constant flux

we are accustomed to associate with the

name of Heraclitus. Hegel’s world is

limited to changes defined as inversion,

therefore, coming into being is bound to

fading away. A further consequence is

that in our reflection we can separate the

“trembling-in-itself” into components, eé.g.,

by spectroscopic analysis, but we must

not omit the constitutional relatedness be-

tween these components, e.g. in the atom

constituted by vibrations.

Hegel was not concerned with the ques-

tion to which Kant devoted his philosophi-

cal work: How is it possible to make syn-

thetic statements, 7.e., to find anything

that is new and not contained in the

premises? In this answer, Kant intro-

duced the limitation of all @ priori, which

consists in the attempt to furnish us

with the knowledge of what is accessible

to human experience; we cannot be in-

formed of anything supposed to be out-

side of this range: ‘“Nuominibus non

datur scientia.”* This was a pure product

of the period of enlightenment; it put

man into the center of a world he can

know, because he can want to know it only

to the extent within his reach, and what

lies beyond is not open to knowledge.

Hegel does not admit this limitation as

binding.

“Der Geist hat fir uns die Natur zu

seiner Voraussetzung, deren Wahrheit, und

damit deren absolut Erstes er ist.” (Spirit,

for us, has Nature as its precondition of

which spirit is the truth and, therefore,

the absolute First) (12). Spirit and

Nature, subject and object, idea and ex-

periment are connected by the universal

processes of inversion and reversion, not

by the assumed purpose in the subject.

Hegel rejects force and affinity when

they are constructed as something exist-

ing separately from the relatedness be-

tween mass and movement, or between

substance and substance. He started the

battle which was later continued by Ernst

Mach, John Bernard Stallo, and John

Dewey in their particular ways. He

would have characterized Wilhelm Ost-

wald’s concept of energy as a_ typical

tautology.

By declaring that coming-into-being and

fading-away are complementary, Hegel

removed the Parmenides argument against

the possibility of change. Philosophy was

* “Nuomena” are the imagined counterparts of

phenomena and do not impress on our senses;

therefore, “there can be no science about nuom-

ena.”

DIA, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

a

neil

:

.

-

|

not converted into science by the dialectic

process. This philosophy could not have

predicted vitamins; yet, once they were

discovered, the existence of anti-vitamins

could be foreseen on the basis of the

science. The ability to predict is the test

by which we can guard against tautologies.

Hegel did not achieve freedom from

tautology when he said: “The Absolute

is Spirit: this is the highest definition of

this Absolute” (Encyclopddie, § 384) ;

—hby this emphasis on the freedom of the

spirit he made room for creativity and

refuted in advance the violent distortions

of his ideas by Karl Marx.

Nevertheless, Hegel could not prevent

the distortion of his ideas; he distorted

them himself when he reached over into

the field of experiment. We may deplore

this consequence, but if we added that it

was inevitable we would follow too closely

in Hegel’s steps.

At the beginning of this article I de-

scribed Hegel’s physical world as strange

in postulating continuous transformations

from each position to its opposite coun-

terpart, a world where coming-into-being

and fading-away are intertwined and mat-

ter is characterized by a trembling in it-

self. In some ways, however, this kind of

world is familiar to the physics of our

day, where particle and wave are inter-

twined, and where the solidity of a body

is explained by the vibrations of its

parts. The relatedness of the two views

would be wrongly interpreted by presum-

ing that Hegel “foresaw” what happened

a century after his work. Instead, I sug-

gest that we should look at Hegel as con-

tinuing and specifying thoughts which in

his time were already old, back to the

ancient philosophies about the unity of

opposites, with the Yin and Yang of the

classical Chinese as an example. The per-

sistance of these philosophies then appears

clearly, but controversially, as the proper

subject either of metaphysics or of an-

thropology—an alternative that would be

resolved in Hegel’s view of Spirit as the

truth of Nature.

DECEMBER, 1966

References

(1) G. W. F. Hegel: Jenenser Logik, Meta-

physik und Naturphilosophie, ed. Georg Lasson.

Phil. Bibliothek, vol. 58, Felix Meiner, Leipzig,

1923. (The page numbers in the quotations refer

to this edition.)

(2) E. Farber: Hegel’s Philosophie der Chemie,

in: Kantstudien 30, 91-114 (1925); Hegel und

die Chemie, in: Chemiker Zeitung 55, 873 (1931).

(3) Hegel: Phanomenologie des Geistes, 2nd

ed., Ed. by Georg Lasson, Phil. Bibl., vol. 114,

1921, “Vorrede” (1807) p. 5.

(4) Hegel: Encyclopadie der philosophischen

Wissenschaften im Grundrisse, 2nd ed., Ed. by

Georg Lasson, Phi. Bibl., vol. 33, 1920, p. 106

(§ 82). Here, as in the following quotations, I

use my translation.

(5) Henry Margenau: Open Vistas. Yale Uni-

versity Press, New Haven, 1961, p. 29.

(6) Encyclopadie, 1. c., p. 272 (§ 314).

(7) Hermann Weyl: Raum-Zeit-Materie. Spring-

er, Berlin, 1918, p. 60.

(8) Kant: Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1. ed.,

1781, -p. 517 £.; in the translation by J.-M. D.

Meiklejohn, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1930, p. 322

fe

(9) G. W. Leibniz: Theoria motus concreti seu

hypotesis nova, Mainz, 1671; Math. Schriften, vol.

6, Ed. by Gerhardt, p. 17 f.

(10) Encyclopadie, l.c., p. 110 (§ 88).

(11) Ibid., p. 205 (§ 244).

(12) Tbid., p. 334 (§ 381).

T-THOUGHTS

The Man Who’s Never Turned Down

‘“There’s a man in the world who is

never turned down, wherever he chances

to stray” said Walt Mason (1862-1939) ;

“he gets the glad hand in the populous

town, out where the farmers make hay: he’s

greeted with pleasure on deserts of sand,

and deep in the aisles of the woods;

wherever he goes, there’s the welcoming

hand—he’s the Man Who Delivers the

Goods.”

Teamwork

Some people’s idea of teamwork has

been well described by Joel Harris in

Uncle Remus:

“You do de pullin’, Sis Cow, en I'll do

de gruntin’.

—Ralph G. H. Siu

220

Academy Proceedings

December Meeting

200th Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences *

SPEAKER: PATRICK M. S. BLACKETT

President, The Royal Society

SUBJECT: THE EVER WIDENING GAP

DATE: TUESDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1966

3 slone

PLACE: SHERATON HALL

Sheraton Park Hotel

Abstract of the Address—Nine years ago I took as my theme for my presidential

address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Dublin, “Science,

Technology, and World Advancement.” I contrasted the great wealth of those parts of

the world which have participated in the scientific and industrial revolutions with those

that have not done so. The resulting division of the world into Rich and Poor provides

the greatest challenge today to scientists, technologists, industrialists, and statesmen.

In spite of the wide diffusion of scientific knowledge and industrial know-how, the gap

in their application is very wide, and probably on balance getting wider. The hopes

of ten years ago that the gap might begin to narrow markedly have not been fulfilled,

in spite of massive financial and technical aid from the rich countries, in the form of

government help and private investment. These disappointing results have led to some

withdrawal of interest in aid programs in Western countries. So it must be admitted

that the efforts of the richer countries during the last decade to reduce the now widen-

ing gap have been a relative failure. We were all too optimistic. The real lesson is that

another still greater effort must be made, making use of all we have learned in past

years, to help develop the economic growth of the underdeveloped countries. The ex-

ploration of space would not have taken place if the attempt had been abandoned when

the first space rocket failed to leave its launching pad.

The Speaker—P. M. S. BLACKETT, C.H., M.A., P.R.S., was professor of physics at

Imperial College from 1953 to 1965, previously having been Langworthy professor of

physics at Manchester University for 16 years. Trained for the Royal Navy at Osborne

and Dartmouth College, he served throughout World War I, taking part in the battles

of Jutland and Falkland Islands, but left the sea for science in 1919 when he went up

to Cambridge to read physics. He began his scientific career in the great days of Lord

Rutherford, under whom he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory for 12 years, during

which, in 1924, following Rutherford’s disintegration of the atom in 1919, he took

the first known photograph of the nuclear disintegration of nitrogen. Intensive study

of cosmic rays by the cloud chamber method in the following years led in 1933 to his

* Jointly with AAAS in connection with its 133rd Annual Meeting.

226 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

election as fellow of the Royal Society, the award of the Royal Society Medal in

1940, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1948. In 1956 he received the Copley Medal

of the Royal Society for his work in the fields of cosmic rays and palaeomagnetism.

During World War II he was scientific adviser to the Commander-in-Chief, first of

Anti-Aircraft Command and then of Coastal Command, later becoming director of

Naval Operational Research (of which he was a British pioneer) at the Admiralty; in

recognition of this work he was awarded the American Medal for Merit in 1946. He

was president of the British Association in 1957-58. He has been a member of many

committees concerned with the direction of scientific work, both in this country and

in the newly-developing countries of Asia and Africa. Honorary degrees have been

conferred on him by a number of universities at home and abroad. In 1964 he be-

came deputy chairman of the Advisory Council of the newly-created Ministry of Tech-

nology, and in November 1965 he succeeded Lord Florey as president of the Royal

Society. He is a senior research fellow of Imperial College and is carrying on his

studies of rock magnetism.

Besides many scientific papers, he is the author of three books on the political and

military aspects of atomic energy.

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to

fellowship in the Academy at the Board

of Managers meeting on November 17:

GORDON K. TEAL, director, Institute

for Materials Research, National Bureau

of Standards, “in recognition of his many

basic contributions to semiconductor sci-

ence and technology, particularly the de-

velopment of transistor-grade germanium,

the junction transistor, and the grown-

junction single-crystal technique for pro-

ducing transistors.” (Sponsors: J. J. Dia-

mond, J. K. Taylor, R. G. Bates.)

MARSHALL K. WOOD, program man-

ager, Economic Analysis Systems, Techni-

cal Analysis Division, National Bureau of

Standards, “in recognition of his contri-

butions to mathematical economics, logis-

tics, and the domain of large-scale com-

putation in the resource sciences; and in

particular his researches in the theory

and application of linear programming

and related techniques.” = (Sponsors:

D. Rosenblatt, S. Silverman, K. E.

Shuler.)

DECEMBER, 1966

RICHARD C. CARLSTON, assistant re-

search coordinator, Metallurgy Branch.

Office of Naval Research, “in recogni-

tion of his discoveries in the electrochem-

istry of anion exchange processes, par-

ticularly the so-called ‘lithium chloride

effect,’ and of his contributions to a deeper

understanding of the crystal chemistry of

transition metal oxides and the factors

which contribute to structural phase stabil-

ity.’ (Sponsors: J. Kruger, F. J. Weyl,

M. C. Bloom.)

GEORGE M. JEMISON, deputy chief

for forestry research, Forest Service, De-

partment of Agriculture, “in recognition

of outstanding leadership, as associate

deputy chief and deputy chief, Forest

Service, in developing a comprehensive

program for research on the manage-

ment, protection, and utilization of forest

land and their products.” (Sponsors:

H. A. Fowells, M. W. Parker, S. B. Det-

wiler, Jr. )

DAVID H,. FREEMAN, chief, Separa-

tion and Purification Section, National

Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of

fundamental contributions to the under-

227

standing of the behavior of ion-exchange

systems.” (Sponsors: J. K. Taylor, R. G.

Bates, B. F. Scribner. )

THOMAS H. HARRIS, chief, Registra-

tion Staff, Office of Pesticides, Public

Health Service, “in recognition of his con-

tributions toward the enforcement of the

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Roden-

ticide Act, and in particular his chemical

studies on a lipoprotein fraction from

wheat flour.” (Sponsors: G. W. Irving,

Jr., S. B. Detwiler, Jr., W. I. Patterson.)

COLIN M. HUDSON, technical director,

Development Division, Army Materiel

Command, “in recognition of scientific

insight and leadership in new technology,

especially in propellants and propulsion,

in guidance and in systems analysis ap-

plicable to military and space advances.”

(Sponsors: R. G. H. Siu, J. J. Diamond.)

OSCAR MENIS, chief, Analytical Co-

ordination Chemistry Section, Analytical

Chemistry Division, National Bureau of

Standards, “in recognition of his contribu- -

tions to analytical chemistry, and in par-

ticular his researches on improved meth-

ods of determination of trace and minor

constituents of complex materials. (Spon-

sors: J) Kt) Paylor; Re G Bates; Jerk

Diamond. )

ROBERT E. MICHAELIS, chief, Metal

Standards, Office of Standard Reference

Materials, Institute for Materials Research,

National Bureau of Standards, “in recog-

nition of his researches on standard sam-

ples of metals and on the chemical

analysis of metals by emission spectro-

scopy and x-ray fluorescence.” (Sponsors:

J. K. Taylor, J. J. Diamond.)

WILLIAM R. SHIELDS, chief, Analyti-

cal Mass Spectroscopy Section, National

Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of

his contribution to mass_ spectrometry

and in particular his determinations of

the absolute isotopic abundance ratios

and atomic weights of the elements.”

(Sponsors: J. J. Diamond, J. K. Taylor.)

JAMES R. DeVOE, chief, Activation

Analysis Section and chief, Radiochemi-

cal Analysis Section, Analytical Chem-

istry Division, National Bureau of Stand-

ards, “in recognition of his contributions

to radiochemical methods of analysis.”

(Sponsors: J. K. Taylor, J. J. Diamond.)

HOWARD E. SORROWS, manager, Op-

erations and Planning, and assistant to

director, Institute for Materials Research,

National Bureau of Standards, “in rec-

ognition of his contributions to the fields

of solid state, surface physics, photocon-

ductivity and electromagnetic measure-

ments, and also of noteworthy accom-

plishments in the planning and manage-

ment of scientific research.” (Sponsors:

J. K. Taylor, J. J. Diamond.)

CHARLES A. RADER, research super-

visor, Harris Research Laboratories, “in

recognition of his contributions to surface

chemistry, and in particular his researches

on the flow of liquids in fibrous systems.”

(Sponsors: A. M. Schwartz, E. M. Buras,

Jr., A. M. Sookne. )

RICHARD A. KELLER, chemist, Na-

tional Bureau of Standards, “in recog-

nition of his contributions to chemical

physics, and in particular his investiga-

tions of excitation transfer in organic

crystals.” (Sponsors: R. E. Ferguson,

J. R. McNesby, R. J. Rubin.)

ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP

The following persons were elected to

membership in the Academy by action of

the Committee on Membership at its

meeting on November 8:

ELIZABETH P. ANDERSON, research

biochemist, National Cancer Institute,

NG

HARVEY W. BANKS, research associ-

ate and professorial lecturer, George-

town College Observatory.

LOWRIE M. BEACHAM, JR., director,

Division of Food Standards and Addi-

tives, Food and Drug Administration.

MICHAEL Y. NUTTONSON, crop ecol-

ogist and research director, American In-

stitute of Crop Ecology.

MOSES PASSER, educational

tary, American Chemical Society.

SeCcre-

228 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

——E

RICHARD W. RUSSELL, park planner,

National Park Service.

ANDREW H. VAN TUYL, mathema-

tician, Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

CLINTON J. T. YOUNG, president,

Outlook Engineering Corp.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may

be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George

Washington University School of Medi-

cine, 1339 H Street, N. W., Washington,

D.C. 20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the date of issue of the

Journal.

December 12—American Society for

Metals

Speaker to be announced.

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

December 16—Philosophical Society

of Washington

A. E. Lilley, professor, Harvard College

Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts;

topic to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

-mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15

p-m.

December 20—Anthropological Soci-

ety of Washington

Kent V. Flannery, Smithsonian Institu-

tion, “Plants, Land and Animals: Some

Ecological Factors Influencing the Meso-

american Formative.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 6:15

p-m.

December 20—University of Mary-

land Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

DECEMBER, 1966

December 21—American Meteorolog-

ical Society

Harry M. Johnson, National Environ-

mental Satellite Center, ESSA, “The In-

terpretation of Meteorological Satellite

Data.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2102

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

December 26 to 31—American Associ-

ation for the Advancement of Sci-

ence

133rd Annual Meeting.

Sheraton-Park, Shoreham,

ington Hotels.

and Wash-

December 26—Chemical Society of

Washington

(Cosponsored by Section C, Chemistry,

of the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science)

Bernard B. Brodie and Elwood O. Titus,

National Institutes of Health, chairmen,

“Chemistry, Form and Function.”

Cotillion Room, North, Sheraton-Park

Hotel, 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.

December 27—Chemical Society of

Washington

(Cosponsored by Section C, Chemistry,

of the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science)

Fred R. Senti, Department of Agricul-

ture, chairman. 9:00 a.m., “World Food

Supply”; 2:00 p.m., “U.S. Policy on Food

and the World’s Future.”

Sheraton Hall, Sheraton-Park Hotel.

December 27—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See December Meeting page.

2IO

December 29—Chemical Society of

Washington

(Cosponsored by Section C, Chemistry,

of the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science)

George W. Irving, Jr., Department of

Agriculture, chairman. 9:00 a.m., “‘Sci-

entific Aspects of Pest Control’; 2:00

p-m., “Pest Control, Public Policy and

National Welfare, a Look at the Future.”

Sheraton Hall, Sheraton-Park Hotel.

January 3—Botanical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

January 3—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

January 5—Entomological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 6—Philosophical Society of

Washington

Maurice Shapiro, retiring president,

Philosophical Society; Laboratory for Cos-

mic Ray Physics, Naval Research Labora-

tory; topic to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15

p-m.

January 10—American Society for

Metals

Speaker to be announced.

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 8:00 p.m., meeting.

January 10—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

230

January 11—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

JUSTUS C. WARD retired from the

Pesticides Regulation Division on October

31 after 38 years of Government service.

Dr. Ward spent almost 20 years with the

Biological Survey, Fish and Wildlife

Service, in the Denver, Colorado, labora-

tories, and 18 years with the regulatory

agency, nine of which were as its director.

ALFRED M. POMMER, Nancy S. Simon

and Philip L. Calcagno presented a com-

munication entitled, “Urinary Sodium

Glass Electrode Studies in Children with

Pyelonephritis: Methodology and Anoma-

lous Response in a Child About to Retain

Sodium” at the 3rd (1966) International

Congress of Nephrology in Washington.

Dr. Pommer also presented a paper en-

titled, “Modification of Selectivity of a

Silicate Glass” before the Geological So-

ciety of Washington on October 26. He

has been appointed chairman of the Re-

search Committee, National Society for

Autistic Children, and has been elected

first vice president of the Washington

Section, Instrument Society of America.

WILBUR T. PENTZER, director of the

Market Quality Research Division, ARS,

received a citation at the annual meeting

of the Pacific States Cold Storage Ware-

housemen’s Association for assistance over

the years in solving food storage prob-

lems.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

The University has received an NSF

grant of $56,770 to support a Summer In-

stitute on the History and Philosophy of

Science and Mathematics for College

Teachers during the summer of 1967.

LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the Chem-

istry Department, will direct the institute.

This is the ninth year that the institute

has been held at the University.

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY

WILLIAM J. BAILEY, research pro-

fessor in the Chemistry Department, has

been elected 1967 chairman of the Poly-

mer Division, American Chemical Society.

In September, Dr. Bailey participated in

an international symposium on macro-

molecular chemistry, held in Tokyo under

the sponsorship of IUPAC.

The Chemistry Department has in prog-

ress an inservice institute for high school

chemistry teachers, supported by the Na-

tional Science Foundation. About 40

teachers are registered in the course,

which meets each Saturday morning dur-

ing the school year. The institute is under

the direction of RICHARD H. JAQUITH,

who is aided in the instruction by MAR-

JORIE GARDNER and DOROTHY SVIR-

BELY.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH

JAMES A. SHANNON, director of

NIH, received the John M. Russell

Award for his “outstanding contribution

to academic medicine” at the Four-

teenth Annual Meeting of the Markle

Scholars in Academic Medicine. Dr.

Shannon also was recently awarded the

Abraham Flexner Award for distinguish-

ed service to medical education.

KENNETH S. COLE of the Laboratory

of Biophysics, National Institute of Neuro-

logical Diseases and Blindness, has been

awarded the National Order of the

Southern Cross of Brazil in recognition

of his work at the Instituto de Biofisica

of the University of Brazil. The award was

DECEMBER, 1966

presented to Dr. Cole by the Brazilian

Minister of Health.

KOLOMAN LAKI, chief of the Labora-

tory of Biophysical Chemistry, National In-

stitute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases,

recently returned from Hungary where he

was a guest speaker at an anniversary

meeting of the Hungarian Chemical So-

ciety. Dr. Laki, a former university pro-

fessor in Budapest, left Hungary in 1948.

ROBERT J. BYRNE has been named

chief of the Research Reference Reagents

Branch, National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases. Dr. Byrne was for-

merly chief of the Laboratory Aids Branch,

Division of Research Services.

NATIONAL NAVAL MEDICAL

CENTER

LOUIS S. HANSEN became executive

officer of the Naval Dental School on

September 28. Captain Hansen had been

head of the School’s Officer Education

Department for the past two years.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

NAS-NRC has announced publication

of the “Food Chemicals Codex,” which

defines standards of identity and purity

for more than 500 food additives now in

common use. This 832-page document,

priced at $25.00 and available from the

NAS-NRC Printing and Publishing Office,

will provide chemical manufacturers and

food processors with uniform release,

procurement, and acceptance specifica-

tions comparable to those that have long

been available for drugs through the

U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National

Formulary. Publication of the first edi-

tion of the Codex culminates a five-year

effort, initiated by the Food Protection

Committee of the NAS-NRC Food and

Nutrition Board, in which scientists from

government, industry, universities, and

private research organizations have coop-

erated. Prior to this time, certain sections

of the Codex were issued in _ loose-leaf

form.

A new linear particle accelerator, or

“linac,” that produces one of the world’s

most intense electron beams has been

placed in operation at the National Bureau

of Standards’ new laboratory complex at

Gaithersburg, Md. With an electron power

output of more than 80 kw—an intensity

200,000 times greater than previously

available at the Bureau—this beam can

produce extremely high radiation dose

rates in materials of all kinds.

The NBS linac’s well-defined beam,

highly stable and extremely small in

energy spread, can be controlled by

magnetic fields and made to interact di-

rectly with various materials, or it can be

directed at certain targets to generate

other radiations, such as x-rays, positrons,

or neutrons. Its electron energies are

continuously variable from 10 to 150

MeV. The new accelerator thus provides

a powerful, flexible, and versatile tool

which the NBS Institute for Basic Stand-

ards can use to develop the measurement

science now urgently required because of

recent advances in electron-beam _tech-

nology.

The late Hugh L. Dryden, former dep-

uty administrator of the National Aero-

nautics and Space Administration, has

been honored by the establishment of a

Hugh L. Dryden Memorial Fund, under

the auspices of NASA, NAS-NRC, and

Mrs. Dryden. Its goal is to erect a 700-seat

auditorium as an addition to the Na-

tional Academy of Sciences building on

Constitution Avenue, and to establish an

honorary award for outstanding contribu-

tions in a professional field associated

with Dr. Dryden’s career. Preliminary

design work on the auditorium has al-

ready been performed by an_architec-

tural firm, under the guidance of Detlev

W. Bronk, immediate past president of

the Academy.

The National Bureau of Standards is

planning a series of Precision Measurement

Seminars for the spring of 1967, in con-

tinuation of a program begun four years

ago. The purpose of these seminars is to

present information on the problems of

standards laboratories in measuring phys-

ical quantities and calibrating instruments

primarily at levels of accuracy used at

the Bureau in its calibration services. The

program is part of a broader NBS effort

to provide advice and assistance on

measurement and calibration problems

met by the growing number of standards

laboratories serving either research or

production activities in industry, the uni-

versities. and other government agencies.

The seminars are open to a limited

number of persons from measurement

and standards laboratories who meet ap-

propriate prerequisites relating to educa-

tion, work experience, and current profes-

sional activity. They will last from 3 to

9 days and will be held at the NBS fa-

cilities at Gaithersburg, Md., or at Boul-

der, Colo. A registration fee will be

charged.

The following fields will be covered by

the seminars, provided there is sufficient

registration in each: At Gaithersburg,

precision and accuracy in measurement

and calibration, calorimetry, and therm-

ocouples and/or optical pyrometers; at

Boulder, phase shift (LF, HF, and MW),

and high frequency voltage.

eS

WAY JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

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Volume 56 DECEMBER 1966.

CONTENTS

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Science in Washington

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VOLUME 57 NUMBER 1

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ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

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JANUARY 1967

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Reactions and Phase

‘Transformations at

Very High Pressures*

F. P. Bundy

General Electric Research and Development Center, Schenectady, N. Y.

I. Introduction

The pressure range I shall discuss to-

night is so large that we should take a

moment to calibrate ourselves. In terms of

the atmosphere of pressure, an automobile

tire or a bottle of soda water has a pres-

sure of | or 2 or 3. The peak pressure in

the automobile engine cylinder is about

30 atmospheres. The highest pressure

steam. turbines—and steel bottles of com-

pressed gases—go up to one or two hun-

dred atmospheres. One or two thousand

atmospheres of pressure are attained in a

high-powered rifle or at the greatest ocean

depths. At 10,000 atmospheres nearly all

common liquids become solid at room

temperatures—and some solid phases of

materials may collapse to more dense

solid phases of different crystal lattice.

At 100,000 atmospheres of pressure the

melting temperatures of many materials

become different by several hundred de-

grees from their atmospheric pressure

values; common materials have reduced

their volume by around 10 per cent and

the alkali metals by around 50 per cent.

At this pressure many materials have al-

ready collapsed to more dense forms. At

the center of the earth the pressure is

calculated to be about 3.6 million atmos-

pheres. At this pressure, most materials

would be in much denser forms than we

* An address before the Chemical Society of

Washington on April 14, 1966, at Georgetown

University.

JANUARY, 1967

know them at the earth’s surface. For ex-

ample, materials like NH3, He, or C might

be in metallic states.

Tonight we shall discuss phenomena

which take place in the pressure range

from about 25,000 to about 500,000 at-

mospheres—static pressures which are at-

tainable in laboratory experiments at the

present time. The pressure unit we shall

use is the kilobar, which is very nearly

1,000 atmospheres, or about 15,000 psi.

For temperatures we shall use °C. or °K.

II. Apparatus and Techniques for

High Pressure and High Temperature

The generation of the high pressures of

which we speak requires very special ap-

paratus because such pressures are several

times the usual engineering strengths of

the strongest known materials of con-

struction. About the most simple of pres-

sure apparatus is the “piston-and-cylin-

der.”” The material contained by the cyl-

inder is compressed by forcing the piston

in against it. Even with the strongest

multi-wall cylinders and the strongest

pistons, such an apparatus fails by break-

age of the piston or cylinder, or both, at

pressures less than 40 to 50 kilobars.

The late Professor Bridgman, of

Harvard, developed a simple, useful, op-

posed-anvil apparatus(1) (Fig. 1) which

is capable of operating up to over 100 kilo-

bars. This design makes use of Bridgman’s

principle of “massive support” of a small

face area by the large anvil body. The

specimen is confined by the anvil faces

and a ring-gasket of stone having special

friction and flow characteristics, such as

pipestone or pyrophyllite. The specimen

may be heated and monitored electrically

by providing appropriate contacts to the

top and bottom anvils. Some experi-

CARBIDE

ANVIL

INNER

DISCS &

SPECIMEN

CARBIDE

ANVIL

Ni ELECTRODE Ni STRIP

Vi

PYROPHYLLITE Ni ELECTRODE

CENTER PART ENLARGED |0X

1. Bridgman opposed anvil apparatus.

menters heat the whole apparatus (2).

Figure 2 is a center section of an ap-

paratus known as the “belt,” which was

invented and developed at the General

Electric Research Laboratory by H. T.

Hall(3) and colleagues. This apparatus has

been very useful for experiments requir-

ing combined high pressures and high

temperatures for prolonged periods of

time. The pistons and the cylinder ele-

ment (called the die) are generally made

of cemented tungsten carbide. The cylin-

drical bases of the pistons and die are

each surrounded by strong steel binding

rings to give them the required lateral

support. The gaps between the flanks of

the pistons and the mouths of the die are

sealed by conical sandwich gaskets of

pyrophyllite stone and steel. Pressure is

generated by forcing the pistons toward

each other by use of a hydraulic press. As

the pistons advance the pressure in the

chamber rises, the gaskets deform and seal

in the contents, and at the same time they

provide the necessary lateral support of

the flanks of the pistons and the mouths

of the die. The reaction zone of the cham-

ber is heated by electric current passing

through a heating element. The current

comes in through one piston and out

through the other via the “current rings

and discs.” This type of apparatus is cap-

able of nearly 90 kilobars and over

2000°C. steady heating.

Figure 3 is a section of a belt-type ap-

paratus which is capable of attaining

around 200 kilobars of pressure(4). It

has the same major features as the “stand-

ard belt,” but the gaskets extend much

farther out on the piston flanks and the

length-to-diameter ratio of the pressure

FORCE GASKET

FORCE

2. G. E. Belt apparatus.

chamber is much less. It is known as the

“high-compression belt.” It has proved

very useful for higher-pressure, high-

temperature work.

Figure 4 shows a cross section of a

modified opposed-anvil apparatus de-

veloped by Drickamer(5) at the Univer-

4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

sity of Illinois. It may be thought of as a

Bridgman opposed anvil with a surround-

ing cylinder and a tapered pyrophyllite

button to give graded support to the

conical flanks of the pistons. The area of

the flats on the piston faces is about

1/100 of the base area. This great de-

Se

2~

Ix,

IN Si

~ GASKET NF

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LY

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\. TOP PISTON

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3. G. E. High Compression Belt apparatus.

gree of “massive support” within the

piston structures, plus the graded sup-

port of the conical faces, make this ap-

paratus capable of reaching pressures

above 400 kilobars when properly oper-

ated. Drickamer and _ colleagues have

adapted this apparatus for use in optical,

x-ray diffraction, and Mossbauer studies

as well as electrical resistivity.

Another class of apparatus which has

become useful and widely applied to high-

pressure, high-temperature work may be

designated as “multi-piston apparatus.”

It is characterized by the pressurized

chamber being bounded by the faces of

pistons aligned on axes which converge

symmetrically to a common center. The

Bridgman opposed-anvil apparatus might

be included as the simplest possible ex-

ample of this type. The next consists of

four pistons with triangular faces con-

verging on a tetrahedron-shaped compres-

sion space(6). The next member of the

family has six pistons, with square faces,

which close in on a cube-shaped compres-

sion region. And so on. In such appara-

tuses the “sample-holder’” is generally

JANUARY. 1967

made of pyrophyllite that is about 25

per cent oversize compared to the size of

the space formed by exact closure of the

pistons. In this way the piston faces engage

the faces of the sample holder before

they touch each other at the flanks. The

excess pyrophyllite is forced to extrude

somewhat into the interflank zone, form-

ing “gaskets.” This type of apparatus, in

various forms, is used for phase trans-

formation, electrical, optical, and x-ray

diffraction studies. :

There are many particular designs of

high-pressure apparatus in use today

which | will not have time to describe.

However, they are all essentially variations

of the types I have discussed.

NZ

N *UTACKET

18° ANGLE

CARBOLOY

PISTON”

|" DIAMETER

PYROPHYLLITE

PEELEE

CARBOLOY CELL

MICA

| [-— insucarine

SLEEVE

BAKELITE

INSULATING

SLEEVE

CARBOLOY

PISTON

DRICKAMER'S FLANK- LOADED OPPOSED - ANVIL

APPARATUS

4. Drickamer opposed anvil apparatus.

It is difficult to determine the actual

pressures which are generated in the cham-

ber of superpressure apparatus because the

force on the piston is not distributed uni-

formly over the face and flanks of the pis-

tons. The pressure at the center of the piston

face is generally

considerably greater

w™)

than it is at the edges and at the flanks.

Thus one cannot properly compute the

pressure by dividing the force applied

by the area of contact. In practice, ap-

paratus is calibrated by placing a wire

or ribbon of a special material in the

sample holder and monitoring the elec-

— CALIBRATION

5. R vs. P for Bi, Ba, Rb, Pb, Fe, Eu.

trical resistance to observe certain resist-

ance jumps which correspond to abrupt

phase transformations that are known to

occur at certain pressures (5, 7). Figure

5 shows the resistance vs. pressure char-

acteristics, at room temperature, of a num-

ber of metals commonly used for pressure

calibration. Bismuth is the most common

one; it has large, sharp resistance jumps

at 25, 28, and 83 kilobars. Barium also is

commonly used for its large resistance

jumps at 58 and 144 kilobars.

In summary, there are three main gen-

eral regions of high pressure-temperature

that are presently attainable by laboratory

methods, and can be used for studies of

the behavior of matter. First there is the

region attainable by the “two-dimen-

sional” static pressure type apparatus ex-

emplified by Bridgman opposed anvils,

and better by Drickamer supported op-

posed anvils. The latter is normally used

from temperatures a few hundred degrees

above room temperature on down to cry-

ogenic temperatures, and up to pressures

over 400 kbar. Second is the region at-

tainable by “three-dimensional” _ static

type apparatus, such as the “multipiston™

and the “belt” apparatus, which have

pressurized chambers of such shape and

size that the reaction zones contained

within may be internally heated by elec-

tric furnace-like elements to very high

temperatures simultaneously with the high

pressure. Such apparatus is currently

capable of operating at pressures up to

over 200 kbar at steady temperatures up

to over 2500°C. (limited only by melting

or reacting of the wall materials), or up

to over 4500°C. for quick transient heat-

ing (tens of milliseconds) (4). The third

general region is that attainable by in-

tense shock compression techniques which

use explosives, hammer plates, and shock

6. P, T diagram for carbon.

plates. Pressures well over 1000 kbar

for time periods of the order of micro-

seconds have been generated(8). Along

with the sudden rise of pressure is a rise

of temperature due to the adiabatic com-

pression—the temperature rise depending

upon the compressibility characteristics of

A JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

the specimen. The greater the compres-

sibility, or volume collapse, the greater

the heating. Thus there is only limited

control of the temperature in such ex-

periments. Shock compression techniques

are very interesting and useful, but there

is not time enough to describe them in

detail here.

7. Yellow cubo-octahedral diamonds with pat-

terned faces.

Ill. Behavior of Carbon

Carbon is one of the best elements to

use to illustrate a large range of pres-

sure and temperature behavior because of

its great physical strength and its refrac-

tory nature. Figure 6 is a pressure-tem-

perature diagram which is a kind of

phase diagram for carbon, most of which

has become known only in the last few

years (4, 9). On this diagram the main

areas correspond to thermodynamic stabil-

ity regions for the graphite, diamond,

metal, liquid, and vapor forms. The vapor

region covers such a small pressure range

on this diagram that it does not even show.

Graphite is the thermodynamically stable

form at low pressures; diamond at “in-

termediate” pressures; and a close-packed

JANUARY, 1967

metallic phase is expected to be the high

pressure form (by analogy to silicon.

germanium, and tin). At high tempera-

tures the liquid phase would prevail over

all the pressure range except the very

lowest, where vapor would be stable. The

melting lines on this diagram are quite

interesting. The data available at the pre-

sent time indicate that the melting tem-

perature of graphite at first increases

with pressure, reaches a maximum at 60

to 70 kilobars, then progressively decrea-

ses as the pressure is increased further.

The temperature of the graphite/

diamond/liquid triple point seems to be

about the same as that of the graphite

liquid/vapor triple point. The melting

temperature of diamond decreases with

increase of pressure just like silicon and

germanium. This is because the diamond

cubic solid lattice is less dense than the

liquid phase at the same temperature.

Liquid carbon at these pressures is quite

metallic in nature. The metallic solid

form of carbon has not yet been demon-

strated beyond doubt, but it would be ex-

pected to have a close-packed lattice and

to be more dense than the liquid. Some

shock compression experiments of Alder

and Christian reported in 1961(10) indi-

cate the density of the metallic form would

be about 20 per cent greater than that of

diamond. On the other hand, some shock

compression experiments on diamond mate-

rial done by McQueen and others, reported

recently, did not give any indication of a

transition to a more dense phase. Hence.

this part of the diagram must be consid-

ered uncertain at the present time.

Lower pressure shock compression ex-

periments on graphites by DeCarli and

Jamieson in 1961(11) resulted in the

formation of some diamond material

when certain graphites were used as start-

ing material. The estimated conditions of

this conversion were over 300 kilobars

and over 1000°C. for periods of a few

microseconds. In 1962, at our laboratory,

we first succeeded in forcing the direct

transition of graphite to diamond in a

static pressure apparatus by electrical

flash heating. The threshold of this fast

reaction (milliseconds) is quite close to

the melting line of metastable graphite.

This suggests, but does not prove, that

the fast transformation of graphite to

diamond requires a close approach to the

melting conditions of metastable graphite.

A similar fast reaction (milliseconds) of

transformation of metastable diamond to

sraphite has been observed repeatedly at

pressures below 100 kilobars and tem-

peratures exceeding about 3800°K.

We come now to the most common and

commercially important reaction, namely,

the transformation of graphite to diamond

via the catalyst-solvent path(12). This

reaction takes place at pressures just

above the graphite/diamond equilibrium

line at temperatures above the melting

point of the catalyst metal/carbon-eutec-

tic. The transfer of carbon takes place

through a thin film of the catalyst melt

which separates the graphite source and

the growing diamond. In a typical ar-

rangement, the reaction zone of the high

pressure cell contains two blocks of

catalyst metal (Group VIII metals or

alloys) with a block of graphite between.

At the interface, diamonds nucleate and

srow. The catalyst metal film advances

into the graphite, leaving diamond _ be-

hind. When the run is ended each

diamond crystal retains its “birthday suit”

of catalyst metal. Different catalyst metals

are effective in different pressure-tem-

perature ranges(13), depending mainly

upon the melting point of the metal-

carbon alloy at the required pressure. In

all cases the high-temperature boundary

of the effective zones is determined by the

thermodynamic stability of diamond rela-

tive to graphite.

Like all crystals, man-made diamonds

grow in many shapes, colors, and degrees

of perfection (or imperfection). Three

examples are shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9.

(In the original lecture, seven color

slides were shown for illustration.) Figure

7 shows some yellow cubo-octahedral

crystals grown from Ni-Fe catalyst. A

particularly interesting feature of these

crystals is the lace-work patterns on their

faces which result from the “Jack-Frost-

like’ freezing patterns of the skin of cat-

alyst metal when the heating of the re-

8. Diamonds from thick film process.

action cell is turned. off. Figure 8 shows

a group of crystals grown by R. H. Went-

orf using a “thick film” iron medium un-

der temperature gradient conditions. The

colors range from pale yellow to dark

blue. The latter derive their color from

boron doping. Figure 9 shows side and

top view photographs of a graphite bar,

the center part of which was converted

to polycrystalline diamond by flash-

heating it to about 3200°C. at a pressure

of about 150 kilobars. The ends did not

convert because the temperature there did

not rise to the threshold value due to

thermal cooling through the electrodes.

Diamond synthesis quickly became more

than a laboratory exercise. Public an-

nouncements of the first diamond synthe-

sis were made in February 1955. In Oc-

tober 1957, in Detroit, General Electric

6) JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

made a public announcement of com-

mercial availability of its man-made dia-

mond. abrasive. Several tens of thousands

of carats were on display. This event

took place only a few days after the

Russians had launched their first satellite

into orbit. Since then the manufacture and

sale of man-made diamonds for commer-

cial abrasive and cutting purposes have

grown to a fair-sized business of -world

wide proportions. In addition to General

Electric, diamonds are also being made

and sold by other organizations in the

world located in South Africa, Ireland,

Japan, Sweden, and Russia.

IV. Behavior of Boron Nitride

Boron nitride is a “III-V compound,”

isoelectronic with carbon in that each pair

of atoms has eight valence electrons. For a

long time boron nitride has been known

in a form which crystallographically is

very similar to graphite. It is different

from graphite in that it is white in color

and is a good electric insulator. In 1957,

Wentorf(14) found that boron nitride

could be made to crystallize in the more

dense diamond-cubic (zincblende) form

by subjecting it to approximate diamond-

making conditions of pressure and tem-

perature in the presence of catalyst-

solvents which consist of the alkali and

alkaline earth metals, their nitrides, and

antimony, tin, and lead. Since then, a

moderate amount of study has been di-

rected to boron nitride, and some of its

behavior characteristics have been de-

termined. Figure 10 compares, on a P, T

diagram, boron nitride with carbon. Note

that the major features are the same. The

melting temperatures of BN are somewhat

lower than those of carbon, and the pres-

sure of the equilibrium line between the

graphitic and diamond forms is slightly

lower than that for carbon. The P, T

regions in which the catalytic transforma-

tion from the graphitic to diamond forms

takes place are very nearly the same.

Cubic boron nitride is quite similar to

diamond in several respects (such as den-

JANUARY, 1967

sity, hardness, and refractive index), but

different in others, particularly in its re-

sistance to oxidation at high temperatures.

When hexagonal BN is compressed at

room temperature it begins to collapse to

a more dense wurtzite form at about 120

kilobars(15). The volume change is about

TOP VIEW

SIDE VIEW

|GRAPHITE |

GRAPHITE | DIAMOND

|

9. Direct transition to diamond of center of

graphite bar.

the same as that between graphite and

diamond. When hex BN is compressed at

very high temperatures, say above

1500°C., it seems to prefer to go to the

diamond cubic (zincblende) form. This

wurtzite and zincblende temperature-

dependent behavior of BN has thrown

some light on one of the carbon reactions

that has puzzled us for several years. We

have known since 1962 that when single

crystal graphite is compressed cold it un-

dergoes a transformation to a more re-

sistive form starting at about 130 kilobars.

The resistance increases by a factor of

four in the c-direction, and by a factor of

100 to 200 in the directions perpendicular

to the c-axis. However, upon decompres-

sion, the resistance drops and the speci-

men tests out to be only normal graphite.

If the carbon specimen is heated to a

temperature above about 1000°C. while

it is in the high-pressure, high-resistance

state its resistance increases as it is cooled

(i.e., semiconductor behavior) and remains

high during the complete decompression.

The resulting material is dense and hard,

and has an x-ray diffraction pattern

similar to that of diamond, but with extra

~

lines. For quite a while we thought it could

be “brought back alive” only when it was

trapped within diamond and hence held

under pressure. Now, after more experi-

ments, and after considerable analysis by

our crystallographer colleague, John Kas-

per, we have concluded that the 3.1 A line,

P,T DIAGRAMS FOR C & BN

1000 2000 3000 4000

T(°K)

10. P, T diagram of BN and C compared.

which had seemed to be the most promin-

ent line of the pattern (but varied in

intensity ratio with the other lines), is

really graphite trapped within crystallites

of the other more dense form and held in

compression. The rest of the pattern cor-

responds to a hexagonal diamond which is

analogous to the wurtzite BN.

V. The T, P Behavior of the Group

IV Elements as a Family

The Group IV elements C, Si, Ge, Sn,

and Pb, when in their usual forms at

room conditions (as_ graphite, semi-

conductor Si and Ge, white tin, and gray

lead) do not exhibit much similarity.

When the forms which these elements can

take under a wider range of conditions

are noted, there does appear to be con-

siderable similarity, which also applies

quite well to IIIJ-V compounds. The low-

est pressure form is graphitic; the next is

diamond cubic with a descending (with

increasing pressure) melting line; the

next is tetragonal-metallic with an ascend-

ing melting line; then comes a more dense

metallic form with a more rapidly ascend-

ing melting line. Examples are graphitic

carbon and BN; diamond cubic carbon,

Si, Ge, gray tin, cubic BN; white tin,

metallic Ge, metallic Si; high pressure Sn

and Pb. A rather obvious common point

of comparison would be the minimum

melting point at the diamond-cubic/

tetragonal metal/liquid triple point(16).

This comparison is made in Figure 11 for

the four elements tin, germanium, silicon,

and carbon. The reality of the carbon

triple point has yet to be properly tested,

or demonstrated. The predicted 2400°C.

is not very difficult to reach, but 500 kilo-

bars of pressure is somewhat beyond the

range of present-day static pressure ap-

paratus at 2400°C. In principle the ex-

periments could be done by shock com-

pression methods, but under these condi-

tions it is not an easy matter to observe

changes in electrical resistance or changes

in viscosity associated with melting. Ob-

viously some work for the future resides

here.

VI. The Earth’s Mantle

One of the most effective areas of in-

vestigation which is made possible by the.

superpressure apparatus and_ techniques

that we described earlier is that of the

physics and chemistry of the earth’s

mantle. The status of investigations in this

field was well reviewed in 1964 by F. R.

Boyd(17). In his article, Boyd showed a

section of the earth which I have taken

the liberty of borrowing, and modifying

somewhat to bring it up to date. In Figure

12, on the left, is shown the depth, in

kilometers. Different layers are indicated

corresponding to recognized seismic “dis-

continuities.” The surface is known to be

composed of granite, metamorphic rock,

and gabbro. Below the “Moho discon-

tinuity” lie denser rocks like peridotites or

8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

garnet-peridotite. Then there is probably

a deep “transition zone” in which many of

the more common minerals exist in more

dense phases than the familiar forms at

lower pressures. Below 900 kilometers

probably all the silicate minerals are in

quite dense forms corresponding to the

PHASE DIAGRAMS OF GROUP IY ELEMENTS

—— =

4800 -——

GRAPHITE

| LIQUID | |

CARBON _-|

=

\ )

Ve ‘61 ADLER & CHRISTIAN

- {ABRUPT AV IN SHOCK

'62 BUNDY

TX ESTIMATE

SO 2

SYA \Z=_/\ COMPRESSION.

Ny.

1600 RA V7: | 7

S/ ae HemetlG

7 E

WAV

VV VVVAV AVN

VVVVANA

\\

Vy VVVNA

V\\\\\

ss === ESTIMATE

See ee 4 eV

SN Soe) ONY

0 LEBEL med

600 800 1000

P(KB)

ll. T, P diagram of the Group IV elements

C, Si, Ge, and Sn.

silicon ion being in a coordination of six.

At 2900 kilometers the molten outer core

is reached, which is believed to be molten

iron-nickel alloy. The center core—not

shown—is believed to be solid metal. The

depths at which corresponding P, T condi-

tions are now attainable in laboratory

apparatus are indicated by the “well”—

the bottom of which would be at a pres-

sure of about 250 kilobars and a tem-

perature of 2000° to 3000°C.

As an example, let us consider the be-

havior of the common mineral material

Si02 over this P, T range. The low pres-

sure form is ordinary quartz with a co-

ordination number of four and a density

of 2.65 g/cc. The next higher pressure

form is coesite(18) with a density of

3.01 g/cc. The highest pressure form pres-

ently known is stishovite(19) wih a co-

ordination number of six and a density

JANUARY, 1967

of 4.35 g/cc. The results of many experi-

ments in a number of different laborato-

ries indicate that the equilibrium line be-

tween the quartz and coesite forms runs

from about 25 kilobar, 700°C. through 50

kilobar, 3000°C.; and that between the

coesite and stishovite forms runs from

about 100 kilobar, 1000°C. through about

170 kilobar, 3000°C. The binding energies

of these denser high-pressure forms are

such that if they are cooled before decom-

pression they may be “brought back

alive” (so to speak) even though at room

conditions they are thermodynamically

unstable relative to quartz—just as dia-

CONDITIO

IN NS R

EPR

LABORATORY BLE

GRANITE, METAMORPHIC ROCK ,GABBRO CONTINENT

CRust ¢

DEPTH, Ke PRESSURE ks

200 65

TRANSITION ZONE 200

<= ae

SILICATES WITH SILICON §

NIN COORDINATION 2g

MANTLE

MOLTEN Fe-Ni

150g TER CORE

SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES IN THE EARTH WITH PROBABLE ROCK TYPES

12. Section of the earth (after Boyd).

mond is unstable relative to graphite at

room conditions.

Many of the silicates have already been

studied extensively in laboratory apparatus

at high pressures and temperatures cor-

responding to the upper mantle, and there

are many reported examples of phase trans-

9

formation to more dense forms. In the

lower part of the transition zone Ringwood

and Seabrook (17, 20), as well as others

working in the field, suggest that the

sequence for the magnesium silicates

might go as follows:

MgsiO3 (pyroxene) 2 Mg2Si0, (oli-

vine) + SiO: (stishovite)

MgeSiO, (olivine) 2 MgeSiO, (spinel)

Mgesi0, (spinel) -+ SiO. (stisho-

vite) 2 MgSiOz (ilmenite)

By analogy to actual observed transfor-

mations in the germanates, it was predicted

that the MgeSiO, (olivine) to MgsSiO,

(spinel) transformation should occur at

pressures around 150 kilobars. Wentorf

tried this several years ago in a high

compression belt without success. Last

year | made a few attempts again in a

higher pressure version of the belt ap-

paratus, and was unable to get the pure

Mg2SiOz, to transform to the _ spinel

form, at pressures as high as 230 kilobars

and temperatures over 2500°C. Under the

same conditions, a natural Hawaiian

olivine which was mainly MgeSi0, but

contained a few percent iron, did trans-

form quite well to the more dense spinel

form. Also, under the same conditions,

silica alone transforms 100 percent to

stishovite. At our laboratory we have not

concentrated on the rock reactions; but

judging from what has been done, this

area of work is certainly a potentially

fruitful one for laboratories and _ scien-

tists whose work charter properly lies in

this field.

VII. Conclusion

In the lecture tonight I have attempted

to convey to you an idea of what the

field of superpressure, high-temperature

research is like; to show you some of the

results in terms of knowledge and ma-

terials; and to impart some of the

enthusiasm that many of us feel. I believe

it is quite obvious that many questions

remain unanswered, and that there is a

great deal more work for the future.

References

1. P. W. Bridgman. J. Appl. Phys. 12, 461

(1941). P. W. Bridgman. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lon-

don) 203A, 1 (1950).

2. D. T. Griggs and G. C. Kennedy. Geo. Phys.

Soc. Amer. Bulletin 66, 1569 (1955).

3. H. T. Hall. Rev. Sci. Instr. 31, 125. (1960).

4, F. P. Bundy. J. Chem. Phys. 38, 631 (1963).

.. A. S. Balchan and H. G. Drickamer. Rey.

Sci. Instr. 32, 308 (1961).

6. H. T. Hall. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 267 (1958).

7. F. P. Bundy. J. Eng. for Indus. (ASME) 83,

207 (1961).

8. M. H. Rice, R. G. McQueen, and J. M.

Walsh. Solid State Physics 6, 1 (1958) (Aca-

demic Press, New York).

9. F. P. Bundy. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.

105, 951 (1964).

10. B. J. Alder and R. H. Christian. Phys. Rev.

Letters 7, 367 (1961).

11. P. S. DeCarli and J. C. Jamieson. Science

153, 1821 (1961).

12. H. P. Bovenkerk, F. P. Bundy, H. T. Hall,

H. M. Strong, and R. H. Wentorf, Jr. Nature

184, 1094 (1959). -

13. F. P. Bundy, H. P. Bovenkerkwehiae

Strong, and R. H. Wentorf, Jr. J. Chem. Phys.

33, 383 (1961).

14. R. H. Wentorf, Jr. J. Chem. Phys. 34,

809 (1961).

15. F. P. Bundy and R: H. Wentoniaayaaee

Chem. Phys. 38, 1144 (1963).

16. F.. P. Bundy. J. Chems Phycaraiaeaon9

(1964) .

17. F. R. Boyd. Science 145, 13 (1964).

18. L. Coes. Science 118, 131 (1953).

19. S. M. Stishov and S. V. Popova. Geok-

_ himiya 10, 837 (1961).

20. A. E. Ringwood and M. Seabrook, J.

Geophys. Res. 67, 1975 (1962).

A CONTRIBUTION

FROM THE ARCHIVIST

Linne and Biographers

Linné’s 200th birthday was celebrated

on May 23, 1907, at a joint meeting of

the Washington Academy of Sciences,

the Biological Society, and the Botanical

Society of Washington. The main speaker

was Edward Lee Greene. Right in the

title he put Carolus Linnaeus in paren-

thesis as the old name, before it was

changed to Charles von Linné. Greene

tells a fascinating story of the man who

had such a vast knowledge of plants and

their literature that he impressed even

Hermann Boerhaave and won his powerful

favor. Linné’s Genera Plantarium first ap-

peared in 1737, just 20 years after Se-

10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

a — a ee ————

bastien Vaillant (1669-1722) had _ ini-

tiated the new science of stamens and

stigmas as the essential part of the flower.

This new “anthology” was essential in

Linné’s development.

After the address by Greene(1), Wil-

liam Healey Dall gave a short, enthusi-

astic talk about “Linnaeus as a Zoologist”

7).

Edward Lee Greene (August 20, 1843—

November 10, 1915) was an Episcopal

clergyman before he became a professor

at the University of California in 1885.

Flora Franciscana, an Attempt to Classify

and Describe the Vascular Plants of

Middle California, originated at that time,

although it was completed (1897) when he

taught at the Catholic University of Amer-

ica, 1895-1904. After that, he became an

associate in botany at the Smithsonian In-

stitution in Washington. Of his Land-

. marks of Botanical History, only Part I:

Prior to 1562 A. D. was published(3).

Asa Gray (1810-1888) often had occa-

sion to criticize Greene’s claims to the

discovery of new botanical species.

William Healey Dall (August 21, 1845-

March 27, 1927) was the son of a Uni-

tarian minister in Boston. For the Western

Union Telegraph Expedition, Dall spent

3 years in Alaska (1865-8) and returned

with a book on Alaska and Its Resources

(1870). He then joined the U.S. Coast

Survey, became an honorary curator of

mollusks at the U. S. National Museum,

and served as a palaeontologist with the

Geological Survey from 1884(4).

Thus the Academy commemorated

Linné. There is no record that the Acad-

emy itself or its affiliates took any notice

of Benjamin Franklin’s 200th birthday in

1906. Benjamin Franklin was a grandson

of Thomas Franklin (1598-1682), a son of

Josiah (1657-1745) and his wife Abiah,

née Folger (1667-1752). Benjamin’s life

dates are January 6/17, 1705/6, to April

17, 1790. In Philadelphia, the anniversary

was the occasion for a great new edition

of The Writings of Benjamin Franklin in

10 volumes (1905-7). In Washington,

JANUARY, 1967

there was then no physicist who was as

interested in Franklin as Greene was in

Linne.

References

1. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 9, 241-71 (1907) .

2. ibid. pp. 272-4.

3. Smithsonian Institution Publications No.

1870 (Washington, 1909) .

4, Obituary by C. Hart Merriam, Science,

April 8, 1927.

—KEduard Farber

New Journal

Abstracts of Mycology is being pub-

lished for a three-month trial period under

a National Science Foundation grant of

$33,400. It will be made up of abstracts

dealing with fungi which will be sorted

out by a computer from the total content

of Biological Abstracts. About 5,000 ab-

stracts are expected to appear annually in

Abstracts of Mycology. An author index

will be included in each monthly issue,

and annual cumulative author and subject

indexes will be provided. If enough sub-

scriptions are obtained during the trial

period for self support, the journal will

continue publication. The annual subscrip-

tion rate is $30.00.

T - THOUGHTS

Nasr-ed-Din Hodja

Being rational creatures, we naturally

crave understanding of the reasons for

things. Once in a while, a directive ap-

pears which doesn’t seem to make sense.

It is interesting to watch the reactions of

various people as they go about carrying

out the order. Somehow this recalls to

my mind the story of Nasr-ed-Din Hodja:

“Nasr-ed-Din Hodja, in the heat of day.

sat under a walnut tree looking at the

pumpkin vines. He said to himself, ‘How

foolish God is! Here He puts a great

heavy pumpkin on a tiny vine without

strength to do anything but lie on the

ground. And He puts tiny walnuts on a

big tree whose branches could hold the

weight of a man. If I were God, I could

do better than that!’ Just then a breeze

L |

dislocated a walnut in the tree and fell on

the head of the skeptical Nasr-ed-Din

Hodja, who rubbed his head, a sadder and

wiser man.... (FF. S. Mead in S. Green-

bert, 1954: A Treasury of Comfort.)

Measurements

Perhaps we should pass the following

quotation from Saint Augustine to some

of our statistically-minded friends:

“For so it is, oh Lord my God, I meas-

ure it; but what it is that I measure, I do

not know.”

Advice to Aides

Here is an interesting bit of Persian

advice given in The Gulistan of Sadi

(1184-1292) (trans. by Sir Richard Bur-

ton) to aides and staff assistants, on how

to get ahead. I don’t know how many

people take Sadi seriously nowadays.

The viziers of Nushirvan happened to

discuss an important affair of State, each

giving his opinion, according to his knowl-

edge. The King likewise gave his opinion,

and Barzachumihr concurred with it.

Afterwards the viziers secretly asked him:

“What superiority hast thou discovered in

the opinion of the King above so many

other reflections of wise men?”

The philosopher replied: “Since the

termination of the affair is unknown, and

it depends upon the will of God whether

the opinion of the others will turn out

right or wrong, it was better to agree

with the opinion of the King, so that, if

it should turn out to have been wrong,

we may, on account of having followed

it, remain free from blame. To proffer

an opinion contrary to the King’s means

to wash the hands in one’s own blood;

should he in plain day say it is night, it is

meet to shout: ‘Lo! The moon and the

Pleiades!’ ”

Swift Arrows

There must have been hard-driving ex-

ecutives fifteen hundred years ago, when

the old proverb was coined: For a swift

arrow, pull hard on the string.

The Noble Sort of Man

Confucius said: The nobler sort of

man is accommodating but not obse-

quious; the inferior sort is obsequious but

not accommodating.

The nobler sort of man is easy to serve

yet difficult to please. Who seeks to

please him in wrongful ways will not

succeed. In exacting service from others, :

he takes account of aptitudes and limita-

tions. The baser sort of man is difficult

to serve yet easy to please. Who seeks

to please him in any wrongful tway will

assuredly succeed. And he requires abso-

lute perfection in those from whom he

exacts service.

The nobler sort of man is dignified but

not proud; the inferior man is proud but

Nob dientwed see

The nobler sort of man pays special

attention to nine points. He is anxious to

see clearly, to hear distinctly, to be

kindly in his looks, respectful in his de-

meanor, conscientious in his_ speech,

earnest in his affairs; when in doubt he -

is careful to inquire; when in anger, he

thinks of the consequences; when offered

an opportunity for gain, he thinks only

of his duty. (The Sayings of Confucius,

trans. by Lionel Giles, 1907.)

—Ralph G. H. Siu

1 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

January Meeting

—901st Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

SPEAKER: S. DILLON RIPLEY

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution

SUBJECT: THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN OUR

CHANGING CULTURE

DATE: THURSDAY, JANUARY 19, 1967

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM,

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Schedule of Events

This is the Academy’s annual dinner meeting. Cocktails at 6:00 p.m., dinner at 6:30.

The address of the evening, at 8 o’clock, will be preceded by presentation of the Acad-

emy’s annual awards for 1966.

Reservations for the dinner (price $5.00) or further information may be obtained by

calling Charles Rader (TU 2-4043) before January 15.

Abstract of Address—Museums, galleries, and kindred private institutions represent

a third force in the urban educational scene. Few people realize the educational use

of such institutions. Because of the emphasis on the degree-granting process, people

_ tend to think of education as the prerogative of the school-college system. They do

not realize the vitality of the open forms of education and the numbers of people

involved in these institutions either in research or in the production of exhibits.

Museums are really friendly places that can help man understand his inward self.

Natural history museums remind us that, in spite of man’s attempts to engineer his en-

vironment, certain patterns, such as the annual migration of birds, persist in nature

apparently outside of man’s control. Thus, the museums play a useful role in showing

man as part of an eco-system.

Future museums will have to diversify their product and their appeal, and take an

active part in the educational process. Man’s social and intellectual growth is so closely

linked with a need to develop taste and an aesthetic sense that art appreciation should not

be separated from general comprehension. We should be careful not to create artifi-

cially separate realms of the arts, humanities, and sciences.

The Speaker—S. Dillon Ripley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, is an educa-

tor and scientist specializing in ecology, particularly patterns of adaptation and dis-

tribution of birds. A native of New York, he received the bachelor’s degree from Yale

JANUARY, 1967 13

and the Ph.D. degree from Harvard University in 1943. A former staff member of the

Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, the American Museum of Natural History,

and the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Ripley joined the science faculty of Yale Univer-

sity in 1946 after serving with the Office of Strategic Services throughout the Pacific

Theater in World War II. He was director of the Peabody Museum of Natural His-

tory from 1959 to 1964 and professor of biology at Yale from 1961 to 1964, when he

became secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Ripley is president of the Interna-

tional Council for Bird Preservation, a member of the Executive Board of the Interna-

tional Union for the Conservation of Nature, and a trustee of the White Memorial Foun-

dation, the French Institute, the World Wildlife Fund, and George Washington Univer-

sity. He is presently serving as chairman of a committee of the National Academy of

Sciences—National Research Council devoted to consideration of environmental health.

His publications include “A Synopsis of the Birds of India and Pakistan” (1961) and

“The Land and Wildlife of Tropical Asia.”

aseenenemmmnienninieriiememmntiaiae oneness

ACADEMY ANNOUNCES

AWARD WINNERS

Recipients of the 1966 Awards for Sci-

entific Achievement, sponsored annually

by the Academy, have been announced.

They are as follows:

Biological Sciences: James L. Hilton,

Department of Agriculture, “for outstand-

ing contributions to knowledge of the

mechanisms of herbicide action.”

Engineering Sciences: Henry H. Plot-

kin, National Aeronautics and Space Ad-

ministration, “for outstanding achieve-

ments in optical communications and

tracking technology.”

Physical Sciences: Robert W. Zwanzig,

University of Maryland, “for his out-

standing contributions to statistical me-

chanics.”

Mathematics: Joint award to George H.

Weiss and Marvin Zelen, National Insti-

tutes of Health, ‘“‘for research in mathe-

matical methods applied to problems in

the study of cancer.”

Teaching of Science: Martha L. Walsh,

McLean High School of McLean, Virginia,

“for effective chemistry teaching and

leadership in high school science pro-

srams.”

The selections were made by the Acad-

emy’s Committee on Awards for Scientific

Achievement, of which Florence Forziati

is chairman, and were approved by the

Board of Managers on December 15. The

awards will be presented at the dinner

meeting of the Academy to be held on

January 19.

WASHINGTON JUNIOR

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vacations Are for Learning

The December holidays were a busy

time for young scientists in the Washing-

ton area. The American Association for

the Advancement of Science, the National

Junior Academy of Sciences Convention,

and the Christmas Convention of WJAS

combined to keep student scientists well -

occupied.

For the first time the Junior Academy

organized its Christmas Convention in

conjunction with AAAS so that students

would have an opportunity to become

aware of this prominent organization and

hear some outstanding speakers. The re-

sponse was overwhelming and many stu-

dents took advantage of this opportunity.

The Christmas Convention was held

December 27. Its varied activities in-

cluded presentations of student papers

and a talk by an astronaut. Traditionally

an outstanding meeting, this year’s Con-

vention was a great success.

About 30 WJAS members, including

14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

two who presented papers, attended the

National Junior Academy of Sciences Con-

vention on December 28. The Junior

Academy furnished transportation for the

40 students presenting papers, who were

honored guests.

On December 29 and 30, the Smith-

sonian Institution held lectures and tours

in conjunction with the AAAS meeting.

JSHS—An Opportunity to Learn

The Thanksgiving Holiday weekend was

the date of one of the area’s most im-

portant student events, the Junior Science

and Humanities Symposium. Sponsored

by the Department of Defense, the prin-

- cipal objective, as outlined in the key-

note address of Dr. Ralph Siu, was to

bring about an understanding of the

humanities and the sciences.

Friday’s events included speeches by

two noted scientists and papers by three

“student” scientists. The afternoon was

spent visiting various laboratories, a lan-

guage center, and a collection of the

works of Dr. Carrel.

Saturday featured two more talks by

noted speakers, seminars on various topics,

presentation of three more student papers,

and a concluding talk by William

Schneider on the Gemini Space Program,

in which films and slides taken by the

astronauts in space were presented.

The JSHS gives talented young students

a chance to meet and talk with eminent

scientists and at the same time gives the

scientists a chance to meet some of our

future scientists. Throughout the sym-

posium, the theme was stressed that

science cannot exist without the humani-

ties.

—John J. Boronow, Historian, WJAS

BOARD OF MANAGERS

MEETING NOTES

October Meeting

The Board of Managers held its 580th

meeting on October 20 at the Cosmos

JANUARY, 1967

Club, with President Taylor presiding.

The minutes of the 579th meeting were

approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Taylor welcomed

the three latest of the Academy’s affili-

ated societies—the local section of the

Optical Society of America, the local sec-

tion of the American Society of Plant

Physiologists, and the Washington Op-

erations Research Council. He also an-

nounced the appointment of Charles De-

Vore as chairman of the Committee on

Monographs.

Treasurer. Dr. Cook distributed a re-

port dated September 30, comparing 1965

expenditures, 1966 budget estimates, and

1966 expenditures to date. In 1966, in-

come of $17,637 had been received, while

expenses amounted to $14,814. He noted

that despite deficit budget estimates made

in March 1966, it had not yet become nec-

essary to liquidate Academy assets to

meet operating expenses.

Membership. In the absence of Chair-

man Mitchell, Secretary Farrow reported

that the Committee had no regular nom-

inations for fellowship to present to the

Board. However, he noted that in accord-

ance with recent amendments to the By-

laws, seven delegates of affiliated societies

should be considered for fellowship, as

follows: John L. Paradiso (Biological So-

ciety of Washington); Hal P. Demuth*

(Society of American Military Engineers) ;

William H. Summerson* (Society for Ex-

perimental Biology and Medicine) ;

H. Ivan Rainwater* (Insecticide Society

of Washington); Fred W. Paul (Optical

Society of America); Walter A. Shrop-

shire* (American Society of Plant Physi-

ologists) ; and John G. Honig* (Washing-

ton Operations Research Council). (*—

already a member of the Academy.) On

motion of Mr. Farrow, these persons were

elected to fellowship.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re-

ported that the Committee was working

on a plan for operating a unified science

calendar for the Metropolitan Washing-

ton area. This calendar might operate on

Lo

a subscription basis.

Meetings. Chairman Gray announced

that at the general Academy meeting on

November 17, the speaker would be

Aaron Fleisher of MIT, who would dis-

cuss “Technology in Urban Change.”

Commenting on the Academy’s 500th

meeting on December 27, to be held

jointly with AAAS, Dr. Gray commented

that Professor Patrick M. S. Blackett

would address only this particular meet-

ing, and not other AAAS sessions as pre-

viously planned. Accordingly, AAAS and

the Academy will share expenses of Pro-

fessor Blackett’s trip; AAAS will finance

the affair and later bill the Academy for

half the costs.

Dr. Gray then presented a_ proposed

resolution prepared by the Committee on

Meetings, outlining the objectives of the

Academy’s monthly meetings. After con-

siderable discussion, the resolution was

amended and passed by the Board in the

following form:

“The main purpose of the monthly

meetings of the Washington Academy of

Sciences is to present topics that will be

of general interest to scientists. As a broad

guideline, it is suggested that the topics

be either interdisciplinary or directed at

questions pertaining to science as a whole

rather than to any one particular disci-

pline. Generally, subjects which would be

more appropriate for one of the member

societies of the Academy should be avoided.

“The formulation of an objective for

the monthly meeting is meant to express

the aim of the Academy to emphasize

those aspects of science which unite sci-

entists in a common culture, a common

pattern, and partaking of common enter-

prises and concerns. It is the sense of the

Board of Managers, therefore, that this

statement of purposes be broadly and

positively interpreted.”

Meeting Arrangements. Chairman Men-

kart reported that the Sheraton Park ball-

room had been reserved for the 500th

meeting of the Academy on December 27.

A reception would be held in connection

with the meeting, in a room at the

Sheraton accommodating about 145 per-

sons. It was suggested that the reception

be by invitation, and that invitations be

sent to delegates and officers of the affili-

ated societies, AAAS, and the Carnegie In-

stitution. It was anticipated that the re-

ception would cost about $200.

Grants-in-Aid. On motion of Chairman

Boyle, the Board approved a grant of

$95.10 to David J. Ackerman of Vienna,

Va., for studies on the comparative assim-

ilation of radioactive and nonradioactive

phosphorus and calcium by E. coli bac-

teria.

Monographs. Chairman DeVore re-

ported that, according to information

given to him, the NSF grant of $1500

thought to be available for publication of

the monograph was no longer available;

he estimated that 500 copies could be pub-

lished for between $1500 and $2000.

Dr. Schubert replied that the $1500 in

question had already been allotted and

was indeed available at American Uni-

versity. Dr. DeVore expected to obtain

additional information on the manner in

which the funds could be utilized.

Membership Promotion. Chairman Dia-

mond reported on a ‘new procedure for

locating eminent scientists in the Wash-

ington area who should be fellows of the

Academy. His committee had prepared a

list of 12 officers of the National Bureau

of Standards, who were contacted by

President Taylor concerning their inter-

est in becoming fellows. Seven of these

officers had responded affirmatively; and

their applications are being processed.

Dr. Taylor suggested that for distin-

guished scientists who were unquestion-

ably qualified for fellowship, still another

procedure of election might be considered.

Their names might be selected by the

Membership Promotion Committee and

cleared by the Board of Managers, prior

to their being contacted by the president

of the Academy with a firm invitation to

fellowship. The procedure would be in-

16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

tended to apply only to top-flight scien-

tists of unquestioned scientific stature.

The suggestion was favorably received

by the Board. The secretary was in-

structed to transmit the proposal to the

Committee on Bylaws for study and

formulation of a suitable Bylaws amend-

ment.

November Meeting

The Board of Managers held its 581st

meeting on November 17 at the Cosmos

Club, with President Taylor presiding.

The minutes of the 580th meeting were

approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Taylor introduced

the delegates of the Academy’s three most

' recent affiliates: Fred W. Paul of the Op-

tical Society of America; Walter Shrop-

shire of the American Society of Plant

Physiologists; and John G. Honig of the

Washington Operations Research Council.

Treasurer. Dr. Cook reported a current

balance in the checking account of $3500.

As at the previous meeting, he expressed

doubt that it would be necessary to liqui-

date any of the Academy’s assets in order

to meet 1966 operating expenses.

Membership. On motion of Chairman

Mitchell. the following persons’ were

elected to fellowship in the Academy:

Gordon K. Teal. Marshall K. Wood,

Richard C. Carlston, George M. Jemison,

David H. Freeman, Thomas H. Harris,

Colin M. Hudson, Oscar Menis, Robert E.

Michaelis, William R. Shields, James R.

DeVoe, Howard E. Sorrows, Charles A.

Rader, and Richard A. Keller.

Dr. Mitchell announced that the Com-

mittee had recently elected the following

persons to membership in the Academy:

Elizabeth P. Anderson, Harvey W. Banks,

Lowrie M. Beacham, Jr., Michael Y. Nut-

tonson, Moses Passer, Richard W. Russell,

Andrew H. Van Tuyl, and Clinton J. T.

Young.

Meetings. Chairman Gray reported that

plans had been completed for the Acad-

emy’s 500th meeting on December 27,

jointly sponsored by AAAS, which would

JANUARY, 1967

be addressed by Professor Patrick M. S.

Blackett, president of the Royal Society.

Meeting Arrangements. Chairman Men-

kart discussed details of the December

meeting, to be held at the Sheraton Park

Hotel: Dinner at 7 p.m., Professor

Blackett’s lecture at 8:30, and a recep-

tion after the lecture. AAAS meeting

badges would not be needed for attend-

ance at the lecture.

Awards for Scientific Achievement.

Chairman Florence Forziati reported that

about 30 nominations for receipt of the

Academy’s 1966 awards had been re-

ceived and were under consideration.

Public Information. Chairman DeVore

reported that announcements of the No-

vember 17 general meeting had been sent

to Washington newspapers. He also indi-

cated that AAAS was publicizing the

200th meeting on December 27.

Monographs. Chairman DeVore _ re-

-sumed discussion of the Academy’s spon-

sorship of a chemical monograph written

by Eduard Farber. He confirmed that

American University did indeed have a

$1500 NSF grant to cover printing costs;

he provided a printer’s estimate of $1345

for 500 copies (paper-covered, with right

margins unjustified) and $379 for each

additional 500 copies; he suggested a

sales price of $4.00 per copy; and he

stated that he had read the manuscript

and was much impressed.

The Board agreed to proceed with pub-

lication of 1000 copies of the monograph,

at an estimated cost of about $1725. Dr.

DeVore indicated that he would move

forward with publication and promotion

of the monograph.

Nominations. Chairman Shapiro pre-

sented the following slate of Academy of-

ficers for 1967:

President-Elect, Malcolm C. Henderson

Secretary, Richard P. Farrow

Treasurer, Richard K. Cook

Managers-at-large (two to be elected).

Ernest P. Gray, Peter H. Heinze, John

H. Menkart, and Richard A. Weiss

Bylaws and Standing Rules. In response

to the Board’s request at its previous

meeting, Chairman Wood presented the

following proposed amendment of the

Bylaws:

Article II, add new Section 7: “An in-

dividual of unquestioned eminence may

be recommended by vote of the Commit-

tee on Membership Promotion for immedi-

ate election to fellowship by the Board of

Managers, without the necessity for com-

pliance with the provisions of Sections 4

and 5.” (Renumber old Sections 7 to 12

as new Sections 8 to 13.)

The Board cleared the proposed amend-

ment with the understanding that, as

usual, it would be submitted to the mem-

bership for ratification by mail ballot.

Editor. Editor Detwiler reported that

the November issue of the Journal had

been mailed several days previously, and

that copy for the December issue was in

preparation.

Other business. The Board elected Pro-

fessor Patrick M. S. Blackett, president of

the Royal Society, an honorary member

of the Academy.

Dr. Stern again brought up the ques-

tion of publishing a comprehensive science

calendar, to include meetings not only of

affiliates but of any local science group.

The calendar would be prepared by vol-

unteer retired scientists, and it would be

mailed out on subscription. Further dis-

cussion was postponed until the December

meeting.

Dr. Schubert announced that he had

been asked to serve as chairman of the

1968 convention of the National Teachers

Association. The theme of the program

will be “Science: the New Humanism.” He

expressed the hope that the Academy could

cooperate in arrangements for this meeting.

Dr. Taylor suggested that the status of

emeritus members of the Academy was not

clearly defined, and that the matter should

be discussed at some future Board meeting.

18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

RN

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column

may be sent to Mary Louise Robbins,

George Washington University School of

Medicine, 1339 H Street, NW., Washing-

ton, D.C. 20005, by the first Wednesday

of the month preceding the date of issue

of the Journal.

January 16—Acoustical Society of

America

Gerald J. Franz, David Taylor Model

Basin, “Flow-noise Measurements in

Water.”

Lecture Room C, Administration Build-

ing, National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

January 17—Anthropological Society

of Washington

James Schoenwetter, Museum of New

Mexico, “An Ecological Interpretation of

Anasazi Settlement Patterns.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 8:15

p.m.

January 17—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

January 16—American Meteorologi-

cal Society

Col. Charles K. Anderson, Air Weather

Service, U.S. Air Force, “The Solar Ob-

serving and Forecasting Network

(Sofnet) .”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 18—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

January 18—Society of American

Foresters

Speaker to be announced.

JANUARY, 1967

International Room, Occidental Restau-

rant, noon.

January 19—Washington Academy of

Sciences

See January Meeting page.

January 19—Washington Society of

Engineers

Walter Redit, Department of Agricul-

ture, Beltsville, “New Developments in

Precooling of Fruits and Vegetables.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium,

Cosmos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W.,

8:00 p.m.

January 20—American Society of

Plant Physiologists

Igor V. Sarkissian, associate professor

of genetics, College of Agriculture and

Forestry, West Virginia University, “Some

Molecular Aspects of Action of Indo-

leacetic Acid.”

Room 201, Patterson Hall (New Wing),

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

January 20—Philosophical Society of

Washington

E. U. Condon, Joint Institute for Lab-

oratory Astrophysics, University of Col-

orado; topic to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.,

8:15 p.m.

January 24—American Society of

Civil Engineers

Eugene P. Feldman, Bureau of the

Budget, “Program Evaluation,” (regard-

ing the Defense Department's Program

Planning and Budgeting System).

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.

Luncheon meeting. Telephone 524-

2200, ext. 237 or 235 for reservations.

January 24—American Society for

Microbiology

“Applications of Molecular Genetics to

Microbiology.” Speaker to be announced.

Room 103, Reiss Science Center, George-

town University, 8:00 p.m.

19

January 24—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

January 25—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

January 25—Institute of Food Tech-

nologists

L. M. Beacham, Jr., Food and Drug

Administration, “Food Standards under

Codex Alimentarius.”

National Canners Association, 1133 20th

St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 26—Optical Society of

America

James Schulman, Naval Research Lab-

oratory, “Radiation-induced Color Cen-

ters in Solids.”

Catholic University, 6:00 p.m., social

hour, Social Center; 7:00 p.m., dinner,

Social Center; 8:00 p.m., lecture, Room

110, Keane Building.

January 26—Society for Experimen-

tal Biology and Medicine

Norman H. MacLeod, Goddard Space

Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, mod-

erator. Topic: “Planetary Life Detection

Systems.”

Discussants:

Freeman H. Quimby, Library of Con-

eress, “Criteria Useful for the Detection

of Extraterrestrial Life.”

Phillip Hovnanian, Bioscience Program

Office, National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, “Some Instrumental Tech-

niques for Life Detection.”

Ira Blei, Melpar Inc., Falls Church,

Va., “Optical Rotation and Biological Ac-

tivity.”

Thomas Hoering, Geophysical Labora-

tories, Carnegie Institution of Washington,

“Assay Techniques used in Studies of

Precambrian Shales.”

Gilbert Levin, Hazleton Laboratories,

Falls Church, Va., “An Automated Micro-

biological Metabolism Laboratory.”

Emmett Chappelle, Goddard Space

Flight Center, “Concept and Rationale of

a Metabolic Probe.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encour-

aged. Phone Dr. MacLeod, 982-6147.

January 31—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 1—Washington Society of

Engineers |

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p.m.

February 2—Electrochemical Society

Jerome Kruger, chief, Corrosion Sec-

tion, National Bureau of Standards, “Pas-

sivity.””

Room 264, Reis Science

Georgetown University, 8:00 p.m.

Center,

February 2—Entomological Society

of Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 3—Philosophical Society of |

Washington

Sir Lawrence Bragg, The Royal Institu-

tion, London, “The History of the Royal

Institution.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15

p-m.

February 7—Botanical Society of

Washington

David Challinor, special assistant in

tropical biology, Smithsonian Institution,

“An Ecological Study of Some Forest

Tree Species in New England.”

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

~ tr ES SE

CE ti NN eE—eEEEEEeeE>EeEeaaa>=~eeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeeeEeeEeeEeEeEeEeEeeEeEeeeeeEeeee

February 7—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 8—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium,

Cosmos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W.,

8:00 p.m.

February 9—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main speaker: H. F. Mark, dean emeri-

tus, Brooklyn Polytechnical Institute,

“New Polymers; New Uses.”

Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md.,

3:30 p.m.

Topical groups:

K. L. Loening, Chemical Abstracts Serv-

ice, “Nomenclature: Problems with Solu-

tions.”

J. R. McNesby, National Bureau of

Standards, “Photochemistry in the

Vacuum. Ultraviolet.”

W. A. Sheppard, Dupont, “Substituent

Effects in Aromatic Systems.”

J. C. White, Oak Ridge National Lab-

oratories, “The National Reference Ma-

terials Program for Analytical Chemistry.”

Naval Medical Center, 5:00 p.m.; social

hour, 6:00 p.m.; dinner, 7:15 p.m., Naval

Officers Club.

February 9—Institute of Food Tech-

nologists

F. J. Francis, professor of food science,

University of Massachusetts, “Food Stand-

ards under Codex Alimentarius.”

National Canners Association, 1133 20th

St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 13—American Society for

Metals

Speaker to be announced.

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner; 3:00 p.m., meeting.

February 14—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

JANUARY, 1967

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

February 15—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

A. M. POMMER has been appointed to

the Public Health Committee, National

Association for Retarded Children.

JOSEPH R. SPIES is the author of a

book, “The Compleat Cat,” published No-

vember 15 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. He was

interviewed by Barbara Walters on the

Today Show on November 22 in connec-

tion with launching the book.

KENNETH W. PARKER presented a

talk on the range and wildlife habitat re-

search program of the Forest Service to

the National Capital Section, American

Society of Range Management, on Novem-

ber 30.

W. L. SULZBACHER was recently

elected vice-president of the Washington

Section, Institute of Food Techologists,

for 1967.

ASHLEY B. GURNEY, Entomology Re-

search Division, spent much of October

and November in the West Indies.

mainly on the island of Dominica in co-

operation with the Smithsonian Institu-

tion, collecting cockroaches and other in-

sect specimens for the systematic collec-

tions. On December 2 he participated in

a workshop sponsored by the National

Pest Control Association on the identifica-

tion, biology, and control of cockroaches,

at San Antonio, Texas.

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR.,

fore the meeting of the National Associa-

spoke be-

2]

_—

tion of County Agents in Honolulu, Ha-

wail, November 4.

C. H. HOFFMANN, associate director

of the Entomology Research Division, pre-

sented a talk entitled “What’s New in In-

sect Control’” before the Summit Nature

Club, Summit, N.J., November 17.

COMMERCE DEPARTMENT

MILTON L. BLANC, field research co-

ordinator for the Environmental Data

Service of the Environmental Science Serv-

ices Administration, is leaving his office

in the Engineering Center, Arizona State

University, Tempe, to take up a post as

technical officer in the headquarters of

the World Meteorological Organization,

Geneva, Switzerland. In his new post he

will continue his activities in interna-

tional agricultural meteorology.

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVER-

SITY

CHARLES MILTON, research profes-

sor of geology at the University since his

retirement from the Geological Survey,

has been given the Distinguished Service

Award of the Department of the Interior.

In September he led an expedition, spon-

sored by the Geological Survey and

George Washington University, to the

swamp-jungle region of the Merume River

in the interior of Guiana, to rediscover a

“lost” chromium ore deposit, and to make

field studies of the occurrence of a num-

ber of chromium minerals new to science.

These are now being studied in the lab-

oratories of the Geological Survey and the

University. On his return to Georgetown,

he spoke over the Guiana national radio

on the significance and results of the ex-

pedition. In November Dr. Milton spoke

to the staff of the Tulsa Research Center,

Sinclair Oil and Gas Company, on the

“NasCO3CaCOz System.”

HAZLETON LABORATORIES

MILTON HARRIS, prominent Wash-

ington-area scientist, has been elected to

the Board of Directors of Hazleton Lab-

oratories, an independent research lab-

oratory specializing in the life sciences

and chemistry, located near Falls Church,

Va. In 1945, Dr. Harris founded the

Harris Research Laboratories, which be-

came an independent subsidiary of the

Gillette Company in 1956. Until his re-

cent retirement, Dr. Harris served as di-

rector of research and vice president for

the Gillette Company.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

H. OKABE presented a talk on “Ex-

cited Species on the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Photolysis of NoO” at the Departmental

Seminar, York University, Toronto, Can-

ada, on October 6.

JAMES F. SWINDELLS has been ap-

pointed assistant division chief for Ther-

mometry, Heat Division. He was formerly

chief of the Temperature Section.

LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER, former

chief of the Metallurgy Division, has been

named deputy director of the Institute for

Applied Technology.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH -

ROBERT P. AKERS has been ap-

pointed Extramural Operations and Pro-

cedures Officer.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

V. J. LINNENBOM attended the annual ~

conference on electrical insulation spon-

sored by National Academy of Sciences-

National Research Council at Pocono

Manor, Pa., where he presented the in-

vited banquet speech on “Oceanography—

A Challenge and a Promise.”

On November 30, G. R. IRWIN pro-

vided the Robert Henry Thurston Lecture

(named for the founder of ASME) on the

subject “The Leading Edges of Fracture

Mechanics” at the annual meeting of

ASME in New York.

A. V. H. MASKET, Mechanics Divi-

sion, has been seriously ill since July

1966. He is currently at Holy Cross Hos-

pital.

Ip JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

/

|

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

DANIEL I. FIVEL, assistant professor

ef physics since 1963, has been selected

as one of 10 outstanding young faculty

members at the University of Maryland

to receive the annual “Board of Regents

Award for Excellence in Teaching” of

$1,000. Dr. Fivel has taught the basic

physics course for engineers and currently

teaches the introductory course in quan-

tum mechanics. He received the B. A.

and Ph.D. degrees from Johns Hopkins

University. He has been research associ-

ate at University of Pennsylvania, Na-

tional Science Foundation fellow at

Laboratorio Nazionale di Frascati at

Rome, and at the Physics Department of

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr.

Fivel’s research has been in the field of

scattering theory and elementary particles.

DEATHS

CLYDE EF. LEIGHTY, an expert on

plant genetics and former head of the

Office of Dry Land Agriculture, Depart-

ment of Agriculture, died of a heart ail-

ment on December 5. He was 84 years

old. He retired in 1945 after more than

40 years in scientific research. He was

born in Lawrenceville, Illinois, and earned

a bachelor’s degree from Illinois Wes-

leyan and Ph.D. degree from Cornell

University. In addition to the Academy,

Dr. Leighty was a fellow of the American

Association for the Advancement of

Science and a member of the American

Society of Agronomy and the Cosmos

Club. During his career with USDA, he

developed improved methods for shipping

grain, headed studies of wheat growing

in the Eastern states, and developed new

hybrids of wheat and rye.

WILLIAM F. MEGGERS, retired from

National Bureau of Standards, died No-

vember 19 at the age of 78. A native of

Clintonville, Wis., he held degrees from

Ripon College, University of Wisconsin,

and Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Meg-

gers joined NBS in 1914 as a laboratory

JANUARY, 1967

assistant; he served as chief of the Spec-

troscopy Section from 1920 until his re-

tirement in 1958.

An internationally recognized authority

on atomic spectra analysis, he made sig-

nificant contributions to the analysis of

more than 80 atomic spectra during his

lifetime and was responsible for the de-

finitive measurement of most of the wave-

lengths used as precise standards by spec-

troscopists. He was president of the In-

ternational Joint Commission for Spec-

troscopy for eight years and of the Inter-

national Astronomical Union Commission

on Standard Wavelengths and Spectral

Tables for 17 years. Dr. Meggers was

awarded the U.S. Assay Commission

Medals for 1928 and 1932, a Gold Medal

from the Department of Commerce, and

the Elliot Cresson Gold Medal from the

Franklin Institute.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Dedication ceremonies for the $120 mil-

lion laboratory complex of the National

Bureau of Standards at Gaithersburg, Md..

were held November 15, 1966. Secretary

of Commerce John T. Connor gave the

dedicatory address to an audience of

2500, including distinguished guests from

government, industry, and the world sci-

entific community. Allen V. Astin, direc-

tor of NBS, presided over the ceremonies

and introduced Secretary Connor.

A plaque commemorating the dedica-

tion was unveiled in the nearby Admin-

istration Building when the Secretary

pressed a button at the podium, activat-

ing a radio receiver tuned to one of the

standard frequencies (5 megacycles)

broadcast by NBS station WWV at Green-

belt, Md. Reception of the standard fre-

quency triggered circuitry that opened

curtains to unveil both the dedication

plaque and a replica of it placed above

the speaker’s platform.

Science faculty members at small col-

leges are finding it increasingly more dif-

ficult to keep pace with rapid advance-

9)2

ys

ments in the sciences.

Aware of the problem, the University

of Maryland’s Physics and Astronomy

Department has announced an expansion

of its program to help science teachers at

small colleges to do research.

Supported by a grant of $35,200 from

the National Science Foundation, the De-

partment will sponsor an academic year

institute for the first time beginning next

fall. At the same time, NSF granted an-

other $37,950 to the Department to con-

tinue its summer institute program, now

in its seventh year.

“As modern science has required in-

creasingly sophisticated facilities, many

smaller schools have begun losing ground

to large institutions with big research

programs,” said Leonard S. Rodberg, as-

sociate chairman of the Department. “In

previous years, much of the best science

teaching in the United States was done at

small colleges.”

The academic year institute will support

five college teachers, allowing them to

work full-time in the University’s re-

search laboratories.

The summer program allows 14 visit-

ing teachers to collaborate with Univer-

sity physicists and astronomers. Previous

participants have come from small col-

leges in such diverse places as Peru, Can-

ada, California, Alabama, and Illinois, as

well as Maryland and neighboring states.

The new building being constructed for

the National Academy of Sciences on

property of George Washington Univer-

sity at 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue has

been named in honor of Joseph Henry,

the distinguished nineteenth century physi-

cist who served as second president of the

Academy. The eight-story, 253,000-

square-foot structure will house offices of

NAS and the National Research Council

not quartered now in the main building

at 2101 Constitution Avenue, six blocks to

the south. Under the terms of the con-

tract signed last June with the University,

the Academy will lease the entire building

for a 20-year period with options that

could extend the lease for an additional

ten years. The building has been con-

structed according to the desires and needs

of both the Academy and the University.

The “Joseph Henry Building” was _pro-

posed as the name of the structure several

months ago by the Academy because of

Henry’s eminence in American science and

his close ties with the Academy in its

formative years. Henry became second

president of the Academy in 1868 after

the death of Alexander Dallas Bache

and served in that position until 1878. It

was Henry who established and defended

the principle that the Academy “should

be exclusively composed of men distin-

guished for original research.” During

their consideration of the proposed name,

officials of GWU discovered an early as-

sociation of Henry with the University that

made the designation of the new building

in his honor all the more appropriate.

He had served as a trustee of Columbian

College, the predecessor of George Wash- |

ington University, from 1862 to 1871.

The name will be placed on the 21st

Street face of the structure, near the

main entrance.

Ground was broken for the building in

February 1966; the building was named

the following October; and completion is

scheduled for July 1967.

24, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

|

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the Local Affiliated Societies*

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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Academy Pee Ss :

January Meeting - San Ge ne i)

Academy Wmepaees Award Winners ae

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences abe

Board of Managers Meeting Notes. (October, November)

Science in Washington — | ot aes f

Calendar of iene, Sean Tai Mao ulti, Ste

Siete, Mm the News PND eiegne, Sk aN

Science and Development Re at ee ars

b

Washington Academy of Sciences

1530—P St., N.W.

Washington, D.C., 20005 Le Py

Return Requested with Form 3579

IMPORTANT :

CONTAINS DATED MEETING NOTICE.

VOLUME 57 NUMBER 2

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

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FEBRUARY 1967

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Samuet B. Derwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture

Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture HeLten L. Reynoxps, Food and Drug Adminis-

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration tae :

ciation Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowetts, Department of Agriculture versity

Contributors ,

Frank A. Brperstein, Jr., Catholic University Josep B. Morris, Howard University

Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

MarsorigE Hooker, Geological Survey Auten L. ALexanprr, Naval Research Laboratory

Reusen E. Woop, George Washington Univer- Vicror R. Boswetr, USDA, Beltsville

-sity eae |

Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Harris Research Labo- Anprew F, Freeman, USDA, Washington

ratories

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and

fellows. ; |

Subseription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00

for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent

to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005. Remittances

should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased

direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal), and the Academy’s monograph, “The

Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa.”

Most current issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from

the Academy office.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of

mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed

because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification

should show both old and new addresses and zip number.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St, N.W.,

Washington, D.C., 20005.

The Academy office is open weekdays from nine to one. Phone AD 4-5323.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1967

President: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

President-Elect: MatcoLm C, HEeNpERSON, Catholic University of America

Secretary: RicHArp P, FArrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K, Cook, National Bureau of Standards

Six Scientists Receive

Academy’s Annual Awards

Awards for outstanding scientific

achievement were conferred upon _ five

research scientists and one science teacher

at the Washington Academy’s 69th An-

nual Dinner Meeting on January 19 at the

Cosmos Club.

_ The research investigators honored were

James L. Hilton of the Department of

Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Serv-

ice, in the biological sciences; Robert W.

Zwanzig of the University of Maryland,

in the physical sciences; Henry H. Plot-

kin of the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration’s Goddard Space Flight

Center, in the engineering sciences; and

George H. Weiss and Marvin Zelen of the

National Institutes of Health, in mathe-

matics.

The science teacher was Martha L.

Walsh of McLean High School in Mc-

Lean, Va.

Award winners were introduced by

W. B. Ennis, Jr. of the Agricultural Re-

search Service; E. A. Mason of the Uni-

versity of Maryland; Eugene W. Wasie-

lewski, associate director of the Goddard

Space Flight Center; Churchill Eisen-

hart of the National Bureau of Stand-

ards; and Charles R. Davis, supervisor of

science of the Fairfax County Schools.

The Academy’s awards program was

initiated in 1939 to recognize young sci-

entists of the area for “noteworthy dis-

covery, accomplishment, or publication”

in the biological, physical and engineer-

ing sciences. An award for outstanding

teaching was added in 1955, and another

for mathematics in 1959. Except in teach-

ing, where no age limit is set, candi-

dates for awards must be under 40. The

previous award winners are listed at the

end of this article.

FEBRUARY, 1967

Biological Sciences

James L. Hilton was cited “for out-

standing contributions to knowledge of

the mechanisms of herbicide action.” Dr.

Hilton was the first to show that the ac-

tion of certain herbicides is related to

their effectiveness in inhibiting the bio-

synthesis of essential growth factors such

as vitamins and amino acids. He demon-

strated that certain herbicides act as anti-

metabolites and provided documentation

to prove that the most sensitive site of

action for a herbicide may differ in dif-

ferent organisms. He also demonstrated

that treatments with specific natural me-

tabolites can reduce the toxicity of herbi-

cides to plants.

Dr. Hilton’s pioneering investigations

have provided basic information which

has resulted in greater efficiency in the

use of herbicides presently available

and has enhanced the development of

more sensitive methods of discovering

herbicidal chemicals by showing why some

chemicals possess herbicidal properties

while closely related derivatives do not.

His work has helped to explain the tol-

erance of susceptibility of different spe-

cies and varieties of plants to herbicides.

paving the way to the systematic synthesis

of new, efficient, and more selective herbi-

cides. His research has thus resulted in a

better understanding of the effects of

herbicidal chemicals on man’s total en-

vironment.

Dr. Hilton was born in Bristol, Va. on

April 14, 1930. He received the A.B.

degree in 1952 from Duke University, the

M.S. degree in 1954, and the Ph.D. degree

in 1955, both of the latter coming from

Iowa State University. Since 1956 he has

been a plant physiologist with the Agri-

cultural Research Service.

No

Ao |

Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting

JAMES L. HILTON

GEORGE H. WEIss

Physical Sciences

Robert W. Zwanzig was cited “for his

outstanding contributions to statistical me-

chanics.” His work has covered a large

variety of topics, and several methods

which he introduced have wide ranges of

application. One of his principal contri-

butions is the useful and elegant applica-

tion of projection operators to separate

the information about a nonequilibrium

system into a part relevant to the descrip-

tion of its irreversible behavior, plus an

irrelevant part. This technique, which en-

abled him to obtain the Pauli master

equation in a few steps and to generalize

Onsager’s laws of irreversible thermody-

namics, has since been used by a large

number of research workers both in this

country and abroad. Dr. Zwanzig has de-

veloped new and important applications

of time correlation functions of dynamical

variables in problems dealing with

transport coefficients in dense gases, fre-

R. W. ZWANzIc

MARVIN ZELEN

H. H. PLorKi1n

MarTHA WALSH

quency-dependent transport coefficients,

transport coefficients of a fluid in the

vicinity of its critical point, dielectric re-

laxation and friction, inelastic neutron

scattering, and the index of refraction of

a fluid near its critical point. His recent

critical review of time-correlation func-

tion methods in statistical mechanics is

clear and definitive.

Dr. Zwanzig’s current work on approxi-

mate eigenfunctions of the Liouville op-

erator and on elementary excitations in

classical liquids is characteristic of an in-

novator.

Another aspect of his work has been

concerned with the invention and investi-

gation of simplified models of real physi-

cal systems which are amenable to theo-

retical analysis and which still contain

some of the essential physical features of

real systems. In this way he has studied

the efficiency of energy exchange in col-

lisions of gas atoms with crystals, and a

26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

phase transition in a gas of long thin

rods.

Dr. Zwanzig was born in Brooklyn,

N.Y., on April 9, 1928. He received the

B.S. degree from Polytechnic Institute of

Brooklyn in 1949, the M.S. degree from

the University of Southern California in

1950, and the Ph.D. degree from

California Institute of Technology in 1951.

He is presently a research professor in

the Institute for Molecular Physics at the

University of Maryland.

Engineering Sciences

Cited “for outstanding achievements in

optical communications and tracking tech-

nology’ was Henry H. Plotkin of the

Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Plot-

kin has been working in semi-conductor

theory since 1948 and in laser materials

and laser tracking systems since the late

fifties. His most recent work at the Center

has been in the areas of satellite tracking,

ranging, and communication by laser

means. Several of the more recent opti-

cal tracking experiments executed by Dr.

Plotkin’s group have had spectacular suc-

cess, e.g., measuring the range of a satel-

lite at a distance of 3,000 miles to an

accuracy of less than two meters.

Born in New York City on May 6, 1927,

Dr. Plotkin received the B.S. degree in

physics from the City College of New

York, the M.S. degree from New York

University in 1948, and the Ph.D. degree

in physics in 1957 from Massachusetts

Institute of Technology. From 1948 to

1950 he worked as a physicist with the

Westinghouse Research Laboratories;

from 1950-54 he was a research assist-

ant at the MIT Research Laboratory for

Electronics; from 1955-1960 he was as-

sistant chief of the Atomic Frequency

Control Branch, Signal Corps, at Fort

Monmouth; and from 1960 to the present

he has served as head of the Optical Sys-

tems Branch, Advanced Development Di-

vision, at the Goddard Space Flight Cen-

ter.

FEBRUARY, 1967

Mathematics

George H. Weiss and Marvin Zelen of

the National Institutes of Health were

cited jointly “for research in mathematical

methods applied to problems in cancer

studies.” They have worked jointly, indi-

vidually, and with other experimental sci-

entists in developing quantitative models

of natural phenomena. Among their con-

tributions are models relating to the de-

struction of animal tumors with laser

energy, leukocyte kinetics for chronic

myelocytic leukemia, acute leukemia in

animals and man, breast cancer, and the

reliability of complex equipment.

Dr. Weiss and Dr. Zelen both have dis-

tinguished publication records. Dr. Zelen

has made fundamental contributions to

the mathematical theory of the planning

and analysis of experiments. His work on

the “robustness” of life tests has stimu-

lated important developments in the sta-

tistical theory of reliability. Dr. Weiss

has made many resourceful applications

of mathematical techniques to the theories

associated with the ultracentrifuge, lattice

dynamics, traffic flow, reliability, and

the statistical mechanical theory of the

relaxation of gases.

George H. Weiss was born in New York

City on February 19, 1930. He received

the A.B. degree in physics from Columbia

University in 1951 and the M.A. and Ph.D.

degrees in mathematics from the Univer-

sity of Maryland in 1953 and 1958. He

joined the staff of the National Cancer In-

stitute in 1964, after spending 1963-64 as

research associate at the Rockefeller In-

stitute, where he was the recipient of an

NIH special fellowship. He has also held

positions at the Naval Ordnance Labora-

tory, the University of Maryland Insti-

tute for Fluid Dynamics and Applied

Mathematics, and the National Bureau of

Standards.

Marvin Zelen was born in New York

City on June 21, 1927. He studied at

City College of New York (B.S. 1949),

the University of North Carolina (M.A.

27

1951), and American University (Ph.D.

1957). Since 1963 he has been head of

the Mathematical Statistics and Applied

Mathematics Section, National Cancer In-

stitute. He earlier held positions at the

National Bureau of Standards (1952-60),

the University of Maryland (1960-61),

and the University of Wisconsin Mathe-

matics Research Center (1961-63). Dur-

ing 1965-66 he was a senior Fulbright

scholar in residence at the University of

London.

Teaching of Science

Martha L. Walsh was recognized “for

effective chemistry teaching and _leader-

ship in high school science programs.”

She has taught at McLean (Virginia)

High School since 1955, and has been re-

sponsible for the McLean High School

science fair since 1957. During this time

65 students have won first place awards

in the Northern Virginia science fair and

six students have been selected to attend.

the National Science Fair, where they

won four fourth place awards and one

second place award. At the 1966 Interna-

tional Science Fair, the first place award

for girl entrants went to one of Mrs.

Walsh’s students. Fourteen of her stu-

dents have been in the Honors Group of

the Westinghouse Talent Search. She

has brought her students into contact

with the scientific community through

seminars and summer trainee programs,

and has served as the faculty sponsor of

an active and large high school science

club for several years. She has demon-

strated her ability to motivate students to

learn, and a number are now pursuing

careers in science. Never one to fear inno-

vation, she was one of the first teachers in

the Washington Area to teach the Chem-

ical Bond Approach to high school stu-

dents and was the first to teach the Ad-

vanced Placement Chemistry Course in

Fairfax County. She has served on a

number of panels, both national and area

wide, to evaluate the effectiveness of in-

novations in high school chemistry pro-

grams. In 1965 and 1966, Mrs. Walsh

was editor of the Virginia Junior Acad-

emy of Science Proceedings and also

served as chairman of the Science Teach-

ers Section of the Virginia Academy of

Sciences. Previous awards include the

Distinguished Science Award of the Vir-

ginia Section of the American Chemical

Society (1966), the Distinguished Science

Teacher Award of the Virginia Academy

of Sciences (1960), and the Outstanding

Teacher Award of the Joint Board on

Science Education (1958).

Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on

September 15, 1904, Mrs. Walsh re-

ceived the B.A. degree in 1925 from

Westhampton College and the M.A. de-

gree in 1940 from the University of Vir-

ginia. She has taken additional courses

and has attended special institutes at

George Washington University, Brown

University, and Bowdoin College. She

taught in Winston Salem, N.C., and Rich-

mond, Va., from 1925 to 1942, at which

time she married and left the teaching

profession. She returned to teaching in

1955 at McLean, where she has given dis-

tinguished service.

28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

en

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944,

1945

1946

1947

1948

1939

1940

194]

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944,

1945

1946

1947

1959

1960

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1951

Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards

Washington Academy of Sciences

Herbert Friedman

No award given

G. Arthur Cooper

Robert S. Campbell

Jason R. Swallen

Norman H. Topping

Henry K. Townes

Waldo R. Wedel

No award given

Robert J. Huebner

Wilmot H. Bradley

Ferdinand G. Brickwedde

Sterling B. Hendricks

Milton Harris

Lawrence A. Wood

George A. Gamow

Robert Simha

G. W. Irving, Jr.

Robert D. Huntoon

J. A. Van Alien

John A. Hipple

Philip H. Abelson

Paul A. Smith

Harry Diamond

Theodore R. Gilliland

Walter Ramberg

Lloyd V. Berkner

Galen B. Schubauer

Kenneth L. Sherman

Martin A. Mason

Harry W. Wells

Geoffrey S. S. Ludford

Philip J. Davis

Helen N. Cooper

Phoebe H. Knipling

Dale E. Gerster

Carol V. McCammon

Betty Schaaf

Helen Garstens

Biological Sciences

Edward G. Hampp

David H. Dunkle

Edward W. Baker

Ernest A. Lachner

Bernard L. Horecker

Leon Jacobs

Clifford Evans

Betty J. Meggers

Robert Traub

Earl Reese Stadtman

1949

1950

LN

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

Physical Sciences

Milton S. Schechter

Harold Lyons

John R. Pellam

Samuel N. Foner

Terrell Leslie Hill

Elias Burstein

Ernest Ambler

Raymond Hayward

Dale Hoppes

Ralph P. Hudson

1951

1952

1953

1954

1959

1956

1957

Engineering Sciences

Maxwell K. Goldstein

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

Richard K. Cook

Samuel Levy

Max A. Kohler

William R. Campbell

Robert L. Henry

W. S. Pellini

Arthur E. Bonney

M. L. Greenough

Mathematics

1961

1962

Lawrence E. Payne

Bruce L. Reinhart

Teaching of Science

Karl F. Herzfeld

Pauline Diamond

Ralph D. Myers

Charles R. Naeser

1960

1961

1962

1963 Frank T. Davenport

Francis J. Heyden, S.J.

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1963

1964

1965

1964

1965

Teaching of Science Special Awards

Howard B. Owens

FEBRUARY, 1967

1952. Keith C. Johnson

Maurice R. Hilleman

Ellis T. Bolton

H. George Mandel

Dwight W. Taylor

Louis S. Baron

Robert W. Krauss

Marshall W. Nirenberg

Brian J. McCarthy

Bruce N. Ames

Gordon M. Tomkins

Lewis M. Branscomb

Meyer Rubin

Alan C. Kolb

Richard A. Ferrell

John Hoffman

Edward A. Mason

George A. Snow

James W. Butler

Albert I. Schindler

Robert P. Madden

Keith Codling

Joseph Weber

San-fu Shen

Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr.

Romald E. Bowles

Rodney E. Grantham

Lindell E. Steele

Gordon L. Dugger

Thorndike Saville, Jr.

Ronald E. Walker

James H. Bramble

David W. Fox

Joan R. Rosenblatt

George M. Koehl

Leo Schubert

Donald F. Brandewie

Herman R. Branson

Irving Lindsey

Stephen H. Schot

29

Food Habits and the Introduction

Ot New Foods*

Arthur H. Niehoff

George Washington University

Rudyard Kipling wrote a story called

“William the Conqueror” about a famine

in South India and the problems faced by

a colonial officer who was _ responsible

for famine relief work there. This officer

was sent to distribute wheat, barley, and

millet from the Punjab to the rice-eating

southerners. His attempts to distribute

the unfamiliar grain were herculean; but

wherever he went with his bullock carts

of grain, the starving people turned

away in dejection, moaning that they

needed rice. In the spirit of colonial serv-

ice the officer refused to accept defeat.

He looked about in his travels from vil-

lage to village and saw that animals as

well as men were dying of starvation. He

knew that South Indians, like Punjabis,

regarded milk as a very desirable food.

Whereupon he started collecting starving

goats, which he could get for practically

nothing, and began to feed them north-

ern grains. When the goats started pro-

ducing milk, he gave it to starving chil-

dren. Soon, he was being offered dying

children by their mothers and he carried

them along in his caravan. Other children

*The research reported in this paper was per-

formed by Human Resources Research Office

(HumRRO) Division No. 7 (Language and Area

Training), Alexandria, Va., under a Department

of the Army contract with George Washington

University. The contents of the paper do not

necessarily reftect the official opinion of the

Department of the Army.

Presented December 27, 1966, as part of a

symposium entitled, “World Food Supply,” held

at the 133rd meeting of the American Associa-

tion for the Advancement of Science in Wash-

ington, D. C.

who could walk trailed behind. Thus he

developed a system to use his wheat,

barley, and millet to help in ameliorating

the famine without violating the food

prejudices of the local people. He fed the

unfamiliar grain to the goats, which had

no food biases, and the milk to the chil-

dren, whose biases were not violated by

this food:

What is the significance of this story

to the topic under discussion? First, it

must be admitted that it is fiction and we

do not know how exaggerated it is. How-

ever, most of us can recognize that there

is some truth in the tale. We need only

imagine a similar situation in the United

States where, for famine relief, dog meat

or termites would be offered to starving

peoples. We know that fair numbers of

people eat dogs and termites, particularly

in Africa and Southeast Asia. Also, al-

though I am no dietetics specialist, I can

think of no reason why either of these

creatures would not provide some nutri-

tion. But irrespective of the nutritional

value or the fact that other peoples eat

these foods, we still know that Americans

would resist eating them. Whether they

would starve before eating termites or

dogs is a moot question, but certainly

there would be resistance. Food biases for

Americans as well as for South Indians

are real and do affect their behavior.

The Kipling story provides an indica-

tion of the extent to which traditional

biases can inhibit the utilization of new

foods. Fortunately, biases toward new

foods of this intensity are not the norm

for most of the world. The clearest indi-

30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

cation that this is so is derived from a

knowledge of how many new foods have

been transferred from one people to an-

other just since the age of European ex-

ploration. To mention only a few of the

animals and plants that were taken from

Europe to the New World, South Af-

rica, Australia, and New Zealand, as well

as to many tropical countries, there were

wheat, oats, rye, cattle, pigs, chickens,

horses, and many vegetables. From the

New World to Europe, Asia, and Africa

went corn, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes,

cocoa, cassava, tomatoes, lima beans, pea-

nuts, and turkeys, also only mentioning

a few of the items. From South and

Southeast Asia went rice, tea, sugar cane,

and many fruits to other tropical or

semi-tropical areas. If we go further back

than 1492, we find these different foods

have already moved from their place of

origin. The transference of different

foods from one people to another has

been so extensive in the past 400 years

that it would be difficult at this stage to

know where a given plant or animal food

originally was developed if we did not

have the historical records. For instance,

corn is grown and eaten practically every-

where in the wet tropical regions, as well

as in those temperate climatic regions

which have hot wet summers. In large

parts of the East Indies, corn and sweet

potatoes are more commonly eaten than

rice. If there were no historical records

to prove that corn was unknown to Euro-

peans before the discovery of America, it

might be imagined that the grain was de-

veloped in Asia, or Africa, Eastern Eu-

rope, or the American prairie region,

rather than in Central or South America.

Take the crops and foods of practically

any people of the world, even those who

are somewhat isolated from the main

channels of 20th century communication,

and it is quickly apparent that only a

minority of their plants and animals

were originally developed in that area. In

Southeast Nigeria, where I recently spent

several months on field research among

FEBRUARY, 1967

village farmers, the main staples are

yams and cassava, of which the first

originated in the East Indies and the sec-

ond was developed by the South Ameri-

can Indians. Other important crops used

by the Nigerians but developed by Amer-

indians are corn, tomatoes, cocoa, and

peanuts. The main domestic animals are

goats and chickens, the former originally

from the Middle East, the latter from

South Asia. Sugar cane comes from the

East Indies while a recent import. rice,

is from Southeast Asia. The only signifi-

cant crops developed in the area are

bananas and oil palms. What all this

means is that the Southeast Nigerian has

been consistently borrowing new foods

and consequently changing his habits, both

in production and consumption.

The extent of this borrowing is indi-

cated in a statement by Murdock (7),

a it is doubtful whether there is a

single culture known to history or an-

thropology that has not owed at least

ninety per cent of its constituent ele-

ments to cultural borrowing.”

Kroeber (6) also stresses this point

in saying, “The total part played by dif-

fusion in human culture is almost incred-

ibly great . . . to the effect that all cul-

tures are largely hybrid composites of

material that once entered them from the

outside.”

We seem to have a contradiction. While

rice-eating Indians refuse to eat wheat

when starving, and Americans refuse to

raise dogs for food, we find that people

have borrowed foods very extensively

from one another in the past. How can

this be explained? The simplest explana-

tion is that there are two forces operating

in every social unit, with opposing ends.

There are both a force for conservatism

and a force for change. The conservatism

is brought about through a built-in drive

for continuity. Although all social units

have other aims, the one common de-

nominator they all have is a drive toward

self-perpetuation. A business organiza-

tion, a political party, a nation, or a peas-

ant village—all these groups want to

continue to function. And in order to

assure this continuity, they must have

some common traditions or beliefs which

make all members act together on vital

issues. But traditions by their very

nature must not change too much or the

uniting core of belief will be lost, and

there will be little left to which the

members can adhere. Thus attitudes are

developed to prove that the beliefs and

traditions of the group are superior in

some ways to those of other groups. And

to assure the desired continuity, young

people are indoctrinated with such _be-

liefs at ages when they are incapable of

knowing that their minds are being subtly

molded. This process takes place with-

out conscious deliberation by the average

man. He simply “knows” that the way

his people do things is the “right” way

and he automatically teaches this to his

children. Thus, by the time an American

youngster reaches his early teens, he

“knows” that dog meat is unfit for human

consumption while the Hindu youngster

“knows” that killing a cow and eating its

meat is not only disgusting but morally

wrong. It is easy to criticize such con-

servatism, but any social unit which did

not have it would soon cease to exist,

since it would lose the central core of

beliefs that holds its members together.

The fact that the beliefs of one people

may appear to be ridiculous and non-

rational to another is irrelevant. The be-

liefs of most Americans that snakes and

insects are not suitable for food is little

more rational than the Muslim-Jewish

belief that pork is unfit for their con-

sumption.

If social units have this basic con-

servatism, how do they manage to change?

Why do people continue to adopt new

foods from one another? This is ex-

plained most easily by the competition

into which all social units are forced in

their relationship with others. Business

organizations, political parties, nations,

and individual villages are all in com-

petition with one another. When one

group obtains a new way of doing things

which the others fail to obtain, and

which provides an obvious advantage in

production, consumption, or other fields

of activity, the borrowing group gains a

competitive advantage, which in the most

drastic extremes can cause the extinction

of the group which did not borrow the

new idea. In food production this proc-

ess has been most clearly indicated by

the steady extinction of hunting and

gathering tribes in their competition with

agricultural peoples. Although there are

other differences in the way of life of

these two types of people, one fact stands

clear—the agricultural producer has _al-

ways obtained a greater and more re-

liable return of edibles for his labor

than has the hunter and gatherer of wild

plants. This process of attrition has gone

on to such an extent that today there are

only a few tribes left, in the most inac-

cessible parts of the world, which still

depend primarily on hunting and gather-

ing for their subsistence.

Even when extinction is not brought

about, the results of such competition are

clear. The Soviets realize that the devel-

opment of highly efficient hybrid corn

agriculture in the United States provides

our country with a competitive advantage

in food production, so much so that they

have taken overt steps to obtain knowl-

edge of those practices for themselves.

And the same is true, on a local level, in

a non-industrial country such as Nigeria.

Cassava has been steadily replacing yams

as the primary starch crop in Southern

Nigeria because it produces more on a

given acreage. The village which has cas-

sava acreage has more to eat and more to

sell than the one which has only yams.

Thus, cassava continues to gain ground

even though the most highly regarded

food is yams. Conservatism is present in

the attitude toward yams, but change is

taking place due to the competition of in-

dividuals and villages with one another.

Thus we can say that there are two

32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

|

forces in any culture which influence

food habits, as well as other behavior.

There is conservatism which assures con-

tinuity of the group and which inhibits

the adoption of new foods. On the other

hand, there is a drive toward change

which is a result of competition, and

which stimulates the adoption of new

ideas and practices. All cultures and all

social groups have these contradictory

forces to varying degrees, though pre-

sumably “traditional societies” tend to be

more conservative while “modern socie-

ties’ tend to be more oriented toward

change.

Conservatism in food habits can be

conveniently subdivided into two cate-

gories: beliefs and habits. The two are

interrelated though there is enough of a

difference to consider them separately.

Basically, a food belief is a cultural con-

cept with considerable emotionalism in-

volved and related to other aspects of the

value system. It defines what is or is not

food, frequently in relation to religious

beliefs or some other aspect of the core

values of the culture. It does affect be-

havior significantly, usually in a negative

way. Perhaps the most striking examples

of such beliefs are the Hindu attitude to-

ward cows, and the Muslim and Jewish

attitude toward pigs.

A food habit differs from a food belief

in that it is merely a part of customary

behavior and the practitioners believe it

is right only because they have tradi-

tionally done it that way. Little emo-

tionalism is attached, and there are no

moral judgments as to whether the prac-

tice is right or wrong; the people are sim-

ply unaccustomed to eating those items.

The examples cited before, of the normal

American repugnance to the idea of eat-

ing insects or snakes, are of this kind.

There are no religious concepts or other

deeply seated beliefs which inhibit the

consumption of these creatures, but Amer-

icans and their European ancestors have

simply not developed the habit of utiliz-

ing them for food and therefore find the

FEBRUARY, 1967

idea unpleasant. A similar reaction, based

primarily on habit, is the East and South-

east Asian attitude toward milk consump-

tion. The people of these lands, previous

to influence by Western Europeans and

Americans, simply did not develop the

tradition of milking their cows and buf-

faloes, and consequently did not include

milk as a food for adults. There appears

to be no more than tradition to explain

why they did not, since there are no com-

mon religious or other concepts in the

various cultures which have this bias. Nor

is an economic explanation very useful,

since their neighbors, the people of India

and Pakistan, have had milk producing

and consuming traditions for at least

5.000 years. The same water buffalo that

the Indians milk are available to Burmese

and Thai villagers, and the animals are

used for most of the same purposes ex-

cept milk production.

Presumably, food biases based on cul-

tural core beliefs are less amenable to

change than are those based on habits.

The reason ‘is not far to seek. Those

based on cultural beliefs are interrelated

with many other aspects of the same cul-

ture, while habitual patterns usually af-

fect that bit of consumption behavior

alone. For instance, the attitude toward

the cow in India is involved in the re-

ligious beliefs and social relations as well

as the utilitarian use of the animal. The

cow is considered to be the celestial

mount of the Hindu diety, Shiva, and its

image is found in temples and _ shrines

all over India. Traditionally, one of the

most desirable ways of dying for a high

caste Hindu was to hold the tail of a live

cow which would be put into the proper

position by relatives. The relationship to

cattle also affected one’s caste position.

Although in traditional Hindu society the

killing of cows has been absolutely pro-

hibited, some of the lower castes in vil-

lages were permitted to eat the flesh of

animals that had died natural deaths, as

well as process their hides for leather.

However, the Chamars, or leather work-

ers, of village India have frequently

given up this right in order to raise

themselves in the caste hierarchy. Even

the substances of the cow have been

traditionally sacred. In the old days, the

“panch-gavya” or five sacred substances

of the cow—milk, two kinds of butter,

urine, and dung—were prepared in a

drink and given to a Brahman if he had

become seriously polluted by his social

relations. I am not maintaining that all

these practices and beliefs about cows in

India have remained unchanged to the

present day, but it is significant that

enough of the emotional intensity re-

mains to cause rioting in the streets at

the suggestion of killing these animals.

And the main point is that to change a

custom based on a core belief of this

sort is to effect changes in many aspects

of the culture, a very complicated task.

Simple food habits based on custom

are probably more easy to change. We

know that the Americans, when they first

came from Europe, depended principally

on bread made of wheat or rye as their

principal staple. However, when the new

food, Indian corn, was introduced to

them, they were not averse to trying it

and it has become an integral part of the

American’s. diet. And although they

ground it into flour, like wheat, in the

early days they soon learned to eat it in

a fashion quite different—on the cob.

The same is true of potatoes, also un-

known in Europe. The value and taste of

this new food was easily assimilated into

the diet of the American. More recently,

rice has become an important dish on the

American’s table. Lest we form the idea

that the adoption of such new, different

foods is only a characteristic of advanced

industrial nations, we must remember

that corn and potatoes have also been

adopted and are eaten by the same

Hindus who refuse to eat beef.

Even the specific problem posed in the

Kipling story is not an insoluble one.

Traditional rice eaters do eat wheat and

other grains when they do not have rice,

or the cost is much greater, even if there

is some resistance. American bulgur

wheat has been sent to many parts of the

world in the Food for Peace Plan, and rice

eaters do eat it. It is reported that such

wheat is eaten to a limited extent by

South Vietnamese even though they do

not like the taste. The same report indi-

cates, however, that the Viet Cong, which

has more organizational control over its

people, uses captured bulgur wheat fre-

quently, since the leaders have learned that

it provides more nourishment for guer-

rilla fighters than the traditional glutinous

rice.

The same kind of problem occurred in

a rural development scheme in East Paki-

stan, and in the end the rice eaters learned

to eat the American wheat. This was a

village irrigation and drainage project

which depended on local labor for con-

struction. The workers were given one-

half payment in wheat provided under

the American aid program. There was

grumbling among the workers at first,

particularly since wheat flour was given

to them at a price only slightly lower

than rice. Some villagers thought they

would die if they did not get rice. How-

ever, when the price of wheat was re-

duced to about one-half that of rice, it be-

came readily acceptable (5). Thus, when

the practical advantage of changing foods

became twice as great, the willingness. to

change became considerably greater. Also,

it should be mentioned that the change

agents took other measures to gain ac-

ceptance. They showed the women how to

cook the wheat, and devised a dish that

was half-wheat and half-rice.

Although I believe that biases toward

new foods based on core cultural beliefs

are less amenable to change than those

based on habit alone, this does not mean

that habitual actions are taken lightly.

The process of socialization, of indoctrinat-

ing each person with the attitudes and be-

liefs of his cultural group, is a very

subtle one. Children are not merely

taught that certain things are not food,

JA JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

but feelings of repulsion are trained into

them in regard to these “non-foods.”

These feelings will last a lifetime for

most people. This is true of both food

biases based on custom alone and those

based on cultural beliefs. [ remember

the repulsion expressed by American mil-

itary men in Laos when they saw _ local

soldiers roasting and eating bats. My wife,

who has accompanied me to many parts

of the world where foods unusual to

Americans were eaten, has developed an

attitude of tolerance toward such _prac-

tices. However, when she was offered live

termites by a Nigerian on our recent

field trip, she was unable to eat them.

Her explanation was that she had never

eaten anything alive before and she could

not bring herself to make that initial bite

necessary to crush the creature.

There are even physiological reactions

to eating taboo foods unwittingly. I re-

member an occasion in Trinidad when a

young Christian woman of Hindu ancestry

who was eating a “roti” (unleavened

bread with sauce inside) which she

thought was made of vegetables, but in

which she found a piece of something

that looked like meat. She quickly became

convinced it was beef, whereupon she

rushed to the side of the road and

vomited. She had retained her repulsion

toward eating beef despite the fact that

she was a second generation Christian

and was no longer living in a country

which treated cows as sacred.

We have now discussed the types of

food biases that exist, and their ramifi-

cations, and we accept the fact that they

can cause resistance to new foods. How-

ever, we know that the different peoples

of the world have always adopted new

foods from one another. And we maintain

that this is primarily because of the

competition which is forced on all people

and all social units. This may be gratify-

ing to program planners intent on intro-

ducing new foods to other peoples and

thereby improving their nutrition. How-

ever, we also know that many such pro-

FEBRUARY, 1967

grams do not achieve the desired goals.

As examples we can cite some of the un-

successful efforts to introduce hybrid

corn, where people have either discon-

tinued growing it after a season or two or

have started using it to make beer (2, 4,

and the author in Nigeria). Also, we can

mention the many chicken improvement

projects which have either been abandon-

ed or have failed to do more than pro-

vide cheaper eggs for the national elite

and foreigners (3, and the author in Laos

and Nigeria).

I think that one of the main difficulties

of many past aid programs has been due

to the fact that they have been developed

on the higher levels of technical and

administrative program planning, where

there was relatively little understanding

of the process of innovation on a local

level. The process by which an idea is

transferred from one people to another.

to the extent that it becomes accepted

and integrated into the cultural life of the

recipient people, has been little under-

stood or used by many operations people

in the past; and it is my view that an

understanding and use of such knowledge

will greatly facilitate the transference of

new food habits of a beneficial nature. [

shall attempt to stress the most important

of the influences which bear on this proc-

ess in the rest of my talk. There are other

influences on the change process, but time

limitations preclude discussing them all.

(1) The characteristics of any new

food are extremely important insofar as

adoption is concerned. It is apparent

from what was cited above that adoption

is not an indiscriminate process. People

and cultures are selective in what new

foods they will try. In general, local

people will adopt most quickly those new

foods or food improvements which are

similar to though better than what they

already have, usually in terms of produc-

tion or cost. For instance, we know that

the Vicos Project in highland Peru was

successful initially largely because the

change agents merely introduced new

35

methods of seed cultivation and improved

seed varieties of a crop which was already

the staple, potatoes (8). In contrast, we

cite an attempt to improve the diet

among Costa Rican coffee farmers by at-

tempting to get them to grow vegetable

gardens. They were not accustomed to

eating many vegetables, and were conse-

quently unwilling to shift their land from

commercial production to the new use

(1). Therefore, a general rule for inno-

vations is that they should provide a

“maximum amount of benefit with a mini-

mum change in local habits of production

or consumption.

(2) Food innovations can be based on

either felt needs or generated needs. A

felt need is one which is based on the

wants and values of the potential adopters.

Though the change agents may know far

more of the total potential benefits of a

change in terms of nutrition and national

improvement than the local people, this

will rarely assist the process of adoption.

New ideas are adopted for personal or

local reasons, not those usually visualized

by economic planners. When a felt need

exists, there is no need for elaborate ef-

forts to generate a positive motivation for

change. For instance, the example of im-

proved potato cultivation practices in

highland Peru was based on the need for

averting a near famine situation. The

Indians were desperate due to the effects

of a potato blight which had struck their

fields. The disease-resistant varieties pro-

vided a solution to this need (8). If the

change agents had decided under these

circumstances to introduce a public health

project, their chances for success would

have been far less. In general, then, in-

novations will be more likely to succeed

if they are based on the wants and values

of the potential adopters.

(3) Innovations should be based on

perceived practical benefits to the poten-

tial adopters. As with felt needs, it is

just as important that the potential adopt-

ers recognize the advantages of a new idea

or practice as it is for the program plan-

ners, because the final result will depend

on whether or not the local individual

adopts the practice. The same difficulty

occurs in that most programs are chosen

and planned on a high level where the

perceptions of the adopters are little

known or considered. The introduction

of improved varieties of corn provides a

good example of this problem. Many of

the hybrid varieties are much harder than

local types. Local people soon find out

that their traditional means of grinding

or processing the corn are inadequate for

the new types, and after a season or so

they either turn to using the new corn for

other purposes or discontinue growing it.

The agriculture department of Eastern

Nigeria is sponsoring the cultivation of

NS-1 maize, a hard variety designed to be

used as chicken feed. The intention is to

buy this corn from the farmers. How-

ever, financial problems and adminis-

trative difficulties frequently prevent the

government from buying the crop. The

farmers who initially plant the new variety

attempt to eat it as is their customary

manner of consuming corn, and find that

it is too hard to chew, even though they

know they get more ears per stalk. Many

of them discontinue growing it. They do

not perceive any practical benefit in

growing corn they cannot eat. If there

were a reliable market for the new corn,

it is likely that the Nigerian farmers

would continue to grow it. Farmers of

the Eastern Region have widely adopted

the cultivation of rice without govern-

ment assistance when they learned it was

quite profitable (9). They eat little be-

cause they get such a comparatively high

market price for it. We can say, therefore,

that innovations will be more likely ac-

cepted when there are perceived practical

benefits to the local people.

(4) Even when proper innovations are

selected there is the necessity of introduc-

ing them to the local people. This is

principally a matter of communication, of

transferring the knowledge of the new

idea in a manner which will be under-

36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

stood. There are impersonal and personal

methods of communication. The imper-

sonal channels, primarily mass media

techniques and formal presentations, are

useful for introducing new ideas, though

rarely sufficient for convincing people to

adopt them. Personal communication,

either from the change agent to the

adopters or the grapevine among _ the

adopters is the chief means by which

people will be convinced to try the new

idea. From then on, it will depend

chiefly on its demonstrability as to

whether or not there are real advantages.

One of the chief aspects of personal

communication which is highly significant

but which has been neglected much too

often in the past is feedback. Unless

change agents get feedback from the

potential adopters at the grass roots level

during the process of introduction, they

will not be able to guess the outcome

until final acceptance or rejection takes

place. Feedback is the only means by

which information can be obtained to per-

mit flexibility in implementing the intro-

duction of a new idea. And not enough

is known of most local communities and

their habits for an outside planner to

predict the reactions of the members in

advance.

(5) Finally, there is the need to work

through local leaders. Such people have

the ability to sanction or disapprove any

new idea and ignoring them or attempting

to work around them is tantamount to

making enemies of them. And they usu-

ally have the ability to close the gate of

information flow to their followers.

Summary

Our conclusion then, is that there are

normal resistances to new foods in local

communities, based chiefly on traditional

habits and beliefs. These cause barriers

which can, however, be overcome by se-

lecting proper innovations and_ using

proper innovation techniques. The poten-

tially successful innovation is one which

adapts to local habits and beliefs, which

is based on needs recognized by the local

people which provides a clearly perceived

practical benefit to the adopters. This

means that a minimum understanding of

the local culture is a necessity before ex-

pectations of successful introduction of

new ideas can logically be expected. The

primary requirements for introducing the

idea are efficient communication chan-

nels for transferring the knowledge of it.

most critical being the creation of feed-

back channels from the grass roots level,

and obtaining the sanction of local leaders.

References

(1) Alers-Montalvo, M. Cultural Change in a

Costa Rican Village. Human Organization, Vol.

15, 1957, Ithaca, pp. 4-5.

(2) Apodaca, Anacleta. Corn and Custom. [n-

Human Problems in Technological Change (Ed-

ward W. Spicer, ed.), Russell Sage Foundation,

New York, 1952, pp. 35-39.

(3) Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Sociocultural Para-

meters in Directed Change. Human Organiza-

tion, Spring 1963, Ithaca, pp. 98-100.

(4) Kelly, Isabel. La Anthropologia, la Cul-

tura y la Salud Publica. Institute of Inter-Amer-

ican Affairs, USOM/Bolivia, La Paz, 1959, pp.

9-10.

(5) Khan, A. H., and Mohsen, A. K., Mobiliz-

ing Village Leadership. International Develop-

ment Review, Sept. 1962, Washington, D.C., p. 8.

(6) Kroeber, Alfred E. Anthropology, Har-

court, Brace and World, New York, 1948, p. 412.

(7) Murdock, George P. How Culture Changes.

In Man, Culture and Society (Harry Shapiro,

ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1960,

p. 204.

(8) O’Dea, Thomas F. Changing Attitudes To-

ward Economic Cooperation. Community De-

velopment Review, March 1958, Washington,

Da GC... pp2 48-52:

(9) Welsch, Delane E. Response to Economic

Incentive by Aahaliki Farmers in Eastern Nigeria.

Journal of Farm Economics, November 1965, pp.

900-914.

MN

FEBRUARY, 1967

The National Academy of Sciences

Frederick Seitz

President, National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences is a

unique national institution, created

about halfway along in the Nation’s his-

tory. It is a private organization with a

Federal charter, granted in 1863 in the

midst of the Civil War. Its membership

of distinguished scientists and engineers,

first 50 and now about 750 in number, is

elected, as many as 45 new members

being added annually. The Academy has

two chief purposes: to foster the orderly

development of science and its use for

human welfare, and to advise the Federal

Government, on request and without fee,

on matters relating to science and engi-

neering. It is also called upon frequently

to nominate qualified individuals to im-

portant Federal positions involving science

and engineering.

Initially, the advisory groups organ-

ized by the Academy in response to re-

quests for advice were composed pri-

marily of members of the Academy. In

1916, however, in response to President

Wilson’s request for help in dealing with

the scientific and technical problems cre-

ated by the outbreak of World War I, the

Academy created the National Research

Council as part of its structure. Since

that time, most of the Academy’s advisory

committees, which are composed of sci-

entists and engineers drawn from the sci-

entific and engineering community at

large, have been organized within the

framework of the Research Council. At

present, about 5,000 scientists and engi-

neers serve on the committees of the Na-

tional Research Council; all give their

services without financial compensation.

About half of the members of the Acad-

emy participate actively in one or more

committees.

In 1964, the National Academy of En-

gineering was organized under the charter

of the National Academy of Sciences. The

objectives of the new academy are to rec-

ognize distinguished engineers, to advance

the field of engineering, and to share with

the National Academy of Sciences re-

sponsibility for providing scientific and

technical advice to the Government. The

National Research. Council serves as the

operating agency for both academies.

The nature of the activities and re-

sponsibilities of the National Academy of

Sciences has changed remarkably over its

first century, as has the range and volume

of its services. In the past several decades,

at least, the work of the Academy has

consistently been classifiable into one of

five major categories:

(1) Recognition and critical review of

major developments in science and engi-

neering and their application in the

solution of national and _ international

problems. Many examples of this kind of

activity can be found in the history of the

Academy. A Committee of Nuclear

Science played a leading role following

World War II in fostering the rapid

transfer of knowledge from that newly-

opened scientific area to other branches

of science. The establishment of the

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

and the massive Federal support of ocean-

ography were due, in large measure, to

the vigor and initiative of a few members

of the Academy who were sensitive to the

opportunities in that field of study. Much

the same holds for the National Center

for Atmospheric Research and the at-

mospheric sciences.

38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The origins of a large number of other

contemporary institutions — both public

and private — can be traced directly or

indirectly, to seminal discussions held

under the sponsorship of the Academy.

These include the Weather Bureau, the

Geological Survey, the National Bureau

of Standards, the Smithsonian Astro-

physical Observatory, the American Geo-

physical Union, Science Service, the Amer-

ican Geological Institute, the Industrial

Research Institute, the American Institute

of Biological Sciences, the Population

Council, the International Council of Sci-

entific Unions, the Operations Research

Society, and the Radiation Research So-

ciety.

(2) Establishment of advisory groups

to deal with new organizational and _pol-

icy programs within agencies of the Fed-

eral or State governments, in the private

sector, or ranging across both. These ac-

tivities may be generated by the Academy

membership out of a collective sense of

responsibility for the national welfare in

broad areas in which science and engi-

neering play a significant role; or they

may originate in the need of public and

private agencies for guidance in the selec-

tion of programs, policies, and personnel

related to the development of science and

technology or their applications to the

general welfare.

Prominent examples of the Academy’s

work in this area are the planning and

policy studies that have been undertaken

under the leadership of the Committee on

Science and Public Policy, whose mem-

bership represents all 15 sections of the

Academy. Reports issued by this commit-

tee have been used by the Federal Gov-

ernment in budgeting long- EAL SE ou

for several major fields of science, in

formulating policy on funding of aca-

demic research, and in planning pro-

grams aimed at controlling population

growth.

(3) Undertakings of such a nature that

the Academy is uniquely suited to as-

sume responsibility for their conduct.

FEBRUARY, 1967

Typical examples are the Atomic Bomb

Casualty Commission, studying the long-

term biological effects of the atomic

detonations over Hiroshima and Naga-

saki; the National Highway Test Pro-

gram, a $27 million project comparing

the durability and roadability of various

types of highway construction: the Medi-

cal Follow-up Agency, utilizing the medi-

cal records of 22 million military person-

nel to study the characteristics and long-

term effects of specific diseases and in-

juries; and the San Francisco Port study,

analyzing the effects of mechanization on

the turn-around time of maritime cargo

vessels.

(4) Informational and representational

activities that link the Academy to the na-

tional and international community. In-

cluded in this category are the publication

of professional journals and reports for

the scientific and lay public, the organiza-

tion of symposia for the scientific public,

the convening of appropriate gatherings

in connection with the appearance of dis-

tinguished visitors, and the granting of

suitable awards to distinguished scientists

and engineers for their work.

A listing of several recent symposia or-

ganized under the general auspices of the

Academy may serve to illustrate the

breadth of its concerns: world food sup-

ply, underwater physiology. photosyn-

thesis, problems of drug dependence, de-

salination, performance concepts in build-

ing, radiation research, permafrost, pest

control, problems in space research, en-

vironmental health, hyperbaric medicine,

insect behavior, highway research, and

radio sciences.

(5) Overseas activities, including ex-

change programs, participation in inter-

national scientific organizations and pro-

grams, strengthening ties and _ working

relationships with sister organizations

abroad, and assisting the scientific com-

munities of selected developing countries

in developing both their institutions and

their national competence in science and

technology.

39

One of the Academy’s most intensive ac-

tivities in its 103-year history was the

management of U.S. participation in the

International Geophysical Year. The en-

tire U.S. effort, including the planning of

the artificial-satellite program, was car-

ried out under the direction of an Acad-

emy committee, augmented by a large

professional staff. Although the bulk of

the IGY program has ended, other Acad-

emy committees now bear scientific re-

sponsibility for U.S. participation in the

International Years of the Quiet Sun,

the International Biological Program, the

International Hydrological Decade, and

the Upper Mantle Project. In addition,

the Academy is the adhering body for the

United States in all 14 international sci-

entific unions, as well as in the special

committee on space, oceanic, and antarc-

tic research of the International Council

of Scientific Unions.

The primary objective of the Academy

is to bring together the most competent

scientists and engineers of the country in

appropriate groups to deal with scientific.

problems and to exchange information in

furtherance of research. Since its mem-

bership embraces all the natural sciences,

engineering, medical sciences, and agri-

culture, the Academy enjoys a unique

opportunity to organize broad attacks on

problems of national interest that may

benefit from the attention of investigators

in several fields of study. Because the

undertakings vary widely in nature and in

the duration and type of effort required,

a flexible pattern of organization is nec-

essary to permit each problem to be ap-

proached in a suitable manner.

Most typically, the scientists and engi-

neers who carry out the work of the

Academy are appointed to committees ad-

ministered by one of the eight divisions

of the Research Council—Behavioral Sci-

ences, Biology and Agriculture, Chemistry

and Chemical Technology, Earth Sciences,

Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Med-

ical Sciences, and Physical Sciences. The

f

work of each division is under the direc-

tion of a chairman, appointed by the

Council of the National Academy of

Sciences (in the Division of Engineering,

upon nomination by the Council of the

National Academy of Engineering).

The Foreign Secretary of the Academy

directs the work of a large office that

serves as the focus for the international

activities of both academies. An Office of

Scientific Personnel carries out a broad

variety of fellowship programs and man-

power studies.

In order to facilitate the work of the

committees of the Research Council, a full-

time staff of about 750 is employed, of

whom about 250 are senior administrative

or technical personnel.

The National Research Council has

about 400 committees at the present time,

their members drawn from universities,

industry, and government. In addition to

the work of the committees, conferences—

both ad hoc and continuing—may be

convened to deal with problems requir-

ing a greater variety of individual con-

tributions; boards are organized to deal

with large interdisciplinary problems of

long duration (such as maritime trans-

portation and highway research) ; insti-

tutes have been established to permit the

voluntary participation of interested ob-

servers (agricultural research, laboratory

animals resources); and offices and cen-

ters conduct continuing services to science

(fellowships, critical tables) .

Although the nature of the Academy

permits few descriptive generalizations, it

is generally true that its advisory groups

are self-limiting both in duration and in

extent of activity; to maintain maximum

flexibility in dealing with problems

identified by its own circle or brought to

it for consideration, the Academy seeks to

avoid long-term or open-ended opera-

tional responsibilities; and, because it is

not an agency of the Government, it rec-

ommends, rather than establishes, pro-

grams, budgets, and standards.

The responsibility for the Academy’s

40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

undertakings rests with the Council of

the Academy, whose fifteen* members

contain the delegated authority of the

Academy membership. The affairs of the

Academy are discussed at six meetings a

year. At five of these meetings, the

Council of the Academy considers the

business of the National Research Coun-

cil jointly with the Executive Committee

of the National Academy of Engineering

Council, the chairmen of the National

Research Council divisions, and the chair-

man of the advisory committee to the

Office of Scientific Personnel.

The initiative for the undertakings of

the Academy, however, has a finely di-

vided root structure. It may arise within

the membership of the Academy itself or

the Research Council, within any part of

the divisional structure of the Research

Council, or, indeed, any individual or in-

stitution in the scientific or engineering

communities.

For the most part, the activities of the

Academy derive from its statutory role

as an official—yet independent—adviser

to the Federal Government. At the pres-

ent time, the Academy is conducting ad-

visory services at the request of and/or

supported by the Executive Office of the

President, the Departments of State,

Treasury, Defense, Interior, Agriculture,

Commerce, Health, Education and Wel-

fare, and Housing and Urban Develop-

ment; many independent agencies of the

Government, such as the Atomic Energy

Commission, the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, and the National

Science Foundation; the U.S. House of

Representatives; and State governments.

Most of the Academy’s programs are,

consequently, supported by one or more

Government agencies, chiefly through

contracts that reimburse the Academy for

actual expenses of specific missions and

*In 1965 a change in the Academy bylaws

ordered the election of four, rather than two,

Councilors at each annual meeting. At the

election in 1967, the Council will reach its full

size of 12 Councilors and five officers.

FEBRUARY, 1967

prorated portions of indirect expenses. A

substantial portion of the Academy’s ac-

tivities, however, are supported by pri-

vate foundations, industry, private con-

tributions, and income from the Academy

endowment, which is largely the result of

a generous gift from the Carnegie Cor-

poration of New York in 1919. The total

budget of the Academy, now about $20,-

000,000 per annum, is only a partial in-

dicator of the activities of the organiza-

tion, for it does not include any figure to

represent the principal product of the

Academy: the devoted effort of the

several thousand scientists and engineers

who serve the Academy and, in the words

of its first president, “asking no compen-

sation therefor but the consciousness of

contributing to judicious action by the

government on matters of science.”

T - THOUGHTS

The Nine-Point Promotional Test

In the employment of new personnel,

Civil Service regulations provide for a

probationary period. Here is how Con-

fucius might have commented on the eyal-

uation process:

‘“Man’s mind is more treacherous than

mountains and rivers, and more difficult

to know than the sky. For with the sky

you know what to expect in respect of

the coming of spring, summer, autumn.

and winter, and the alternation of day

and night. But man hides his character

behind an inscrutable appearance.

“There are those who appear tame and

self-effacing, but conceal a terrible pride.

There are those who have some special

ability but appear to be stupid. There

are those who are compliant and yielding

but always get their objective. Some are

hard outside but soft inside, and some are

slow without but impatient within. ...

“Therefore a gentleman sends a man

to a distant mission in order to test his

loyalty. He employs him nearby in order

to observe his manners. He gives him a

lot to do in order to judge his ability. He

suddenly puts a question to him in order

Al

to test his knowledge, and makes a com-

mitment with him under difficult circum-

stances to test his ability to live up to his

word. He trusts him with money in order

to test his integrity, and announces to

him the coming of a crisis to test his

heart. He makes him drunk in order to

see the inside of his character, and puts

him in female company to see his aitti-

tude toward women.

“Submitted to these nine tests, a fool

always reveals himself.” (Cf. Lin Yutang,

Wisdom of Laotze, pp. 250-251, 1948.)

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Bekkedahl Receives

ACS Rubber Award

Norman Bekkedahl,

deputy chief of the

Polymers Division,

National Bureau _ of

Standards, has been

named the 1967 win-

ner of the Charles

Goodyear Medal, the

rubber _ industry’s

highest honor. The award, presented an-

nually by the Division of Rubber Chem-

istry of the American Chemical Society, is

given, in commemoration of the discov-

erer of vulcanization, to a person who has

made a valuable contribution to the

science or technology of rubber. This

year Dr. Bekkedahl will receive it at the

spring meeting of the Division, to be held

May 2-5 in Montreal, Canada.

Dr. Bekkedahl is a pioneer in rubber

chemistry and technology. More than 30

years ago he initiated work on the appli-

cation of thermodynamics to the chem-

istry of rubber, and the application of

dilatometry to the study of transitions in

rubber. He has also pioneered in the test-

ing and grading of wild and _ plantation

rubber. The thermodynamic data on spe-

cific heat, entropy, and free energy de-

veloped by Dr. Bekkedahl are funda-

mental to understanding the mechanism

of polymerization and vulcanization, and

are now being applied to synthetic poly-

mers by other chemists. He made one of

the first investigations of the glass transi-

tion, now recognized as one of the most

important factors in determing the prop-

erties of rubber and the variation of these

properties with temperature and composi-

tion; and his investigation of crystalliza-

tion in natural rubber has become a

widely-recognized model for similar stud-

ies with other crystalline polymers.

After brief periods with the American

Sugar Beet Company and the Department

of Agriculture, Dr. Bekkedahl came to

the National Bureau of Standards in 1930

as a research associate, joining the staff

as a chemist in 1931 when he became a

member of the Rubber Section. In 1954

he was named chief of the Polymer

Structure Section, and since 1963 he has

been deputy chief of the Polymers Divi-

sion.

During World War fl Dr. Bekkedahl

was detailed to Brazil to plan, direct, and

install a Rubber Research and Testing

Laboratory for the Brazilian Government

at the mouth of the Amazon River. He

has served as delegate to several interna-

tional congresses; and for nine years he

was chairman of the Crude-Rubber Com-

mittee of the American Society for Testing

and Materials. He has written more than

40 technical articles on rubber.

Dr. Bekkedahl is a graduate of the

University of Minnesota, with a BS.

degree in chemical engineering. He re- |

ceived the M.S. degree in chemistry from

George Washington University in 1929,

and the Ph.D. degree from American Uni-

versity in 1931.

Dr. Bekkedahl is a member of the

American Chemical Society, as well as of

the Society’s Division of Rubber Chem-

istry and its Division of High Polymer

Chemistry. He belongs to the Chemical

Society of Washington and the Washing-

ton Rubber Group, and has served as

president of both groups. He is a fellow

of the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science and a member of

the American Society for Testing and

Materials.

42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

February Meeting

902nd Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

(Address of the Retiring President)

SPEAKER: JOHN K. TAYLOR

National Bureau of Standards

SUBJECT: PROBLEM AREAS IN PROFESSIONAL

EMPLOYMENT

DATE: THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1967

ool> EVE.

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Abstract of the Address—The employment of large numbers of scientists and other

professional personnel is in sharp contrast to the traditional consultant-client relation of

the professions. The submergence of professional employees into the body of workers has

created problems that have only partly been resolved.

Suggestions will be presented for improved policies and procedures to facilitate the

recruitment of highly qualified personnel, for enhancement of the professional environ-

ment, and for the general elevation of the professional status of employed scientists.

The Speaker—John K. Taylor received the B.S. degree from George Washington Uni-

versity in 1934 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Maryland in 1938

and 1941, respectively. His entire professional career has been at the National Bureau of

Standards, where he has been employed since 1929. He is presently chief of the Micro-

chemical Analysis Section of the NBS Division of Analytical Chemistry. His research

has included work in refractometry, and in physical methods of chemical analysis, par-

ticularly in electro-analytical chemistry. He is a past chairman of the American Chemical

Society’s Committee on Professional Relations and Status, and a long-time member of the

NBS Board of Civil Service Examiners. He is presently chairman of the ACS Division

of Analytical Chemistry, and is a past president of the Chemical Society of Washington.

a

FEBRUARY, 1967 43

ELECTION RESULTS

ANNOUNCED

Returns from the annual mail ballot of

the membership, sent out in mid-Decem-

ber, were tallied on January 6 by a Com-

mittee of Tellers consisting of Harry A.

Fowells, Norman Bekkedahl, and Samuel

B. Detwiler, Jr. The results were re-

ported at the Academy’s annual meeting

on January 19.

This year’s balloting covered the elec-

tion of officers and managers, as well as

one Bylaws change, concerned with elec-

tion to fellowship of eminent scientists;

no professional society affiliations were

involved. The tellers counted 404 bal-

lots, as compared with 555 returns in

August 1966, in balloting that involved

new affiliations and Bylaws changes only.

Comparable figures in past regular elec-

tions are 452 in January 1966; 440 in

January 1965; 340 in January 1964; 278

in January 1963; and 468 in January

1962.

The voters chose Malcolm C. Hender-

son of Catholic University to be presi-

dent-elect. At the same time, Richard P.

Farrow of the National Canners Associa-

tion was re-elected secretary, and Rich-

ard K. Cook of the National Bureau of

Standards was re-elected treasurer. For

managers-at-large, Ernest P. Gray of the

Applied Physics Laboratory and Peter H.

Heinze of the Department of Agriculture

were elected for the three-year term 1966-

1968.

The new officers were installed at the

close of the annual meeting on January

19. At the same time, Heinz Specht,

last year’s president-elect, automatically

assumed the presidency.

A complete roster of officers, man-

agers, and committee chairmen will be

published in an early issue of the Journal.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column

may be sent to Mary Louise Robbins,

George Washington University School of

Medicine, 1339 H Street, N.W., Washing-

ton, D.C. 20005, by the first Wednesday

of the month preceding the date of issue

of the Journal.

February 14—Society of American

Foresters

Speakers: Officials of the Battelle Me-

morial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. Sub-

ject: “Decision-making Functions of For-

est Resources Managements.”

International Room, Occidental Restau-

rant, noon.

February 15—American Meteorolog-

ical Society

Willis L. Webb, chief scientist, At-

mospheric Sciences Office, Army Elec-

tronics Command, White Sands Missile

Range, New Mexico, “Structure of the |

Equatorial Upper Atmosphere.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 15—Insecticide Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

February 15—Washington Society of

Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos

Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

4A, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

February 16—Consortium of Univer-

sities of the Washington Metropoli-

ton Area and the Smithsonian In-

stitution

Jerome J. Wolken, Biophysical Re-

search Laboratory, Carnegie Institute of

Technology, “Comparative Structure of

Photoreceptors.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. and 12th

SreN.W., 7:30 p.m.

February 16—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 16—Washington Academy

of Sciences

See February Meeting page.

February 17—Philosophical Society

of Washington

Cyril S. Smith, professor, Massachu-

setts Institute of Technology, “The In-

teraction of Pure Science and Technology

Exemplified by the History of Metal-

lurgy.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15

p-m.

February 20—Acoustical Society of

America

Gideon Maidanik, David Taylor Model

Basin, “Sonic Pressure Gauge.”

Lecture Room, National Academy of

Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W..,

8:00 p.m.

February 20—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

George Mueller, associate administrator

for Manned Space Flight, NASA, “The

Apollo Program: Scientific Objectives and

Engineering Problems.”

Auditorium, Museum of Natural His-

tory, 10th St. and Constitution Ave., N.W..,

8:00 p.m.

FEBRUARY, 1967

February 21 — Anthropological So-

ciety of Washington

James Deetz, Museum of New Mexico,

“Archeology and Colonial America.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. and 12th

St., N.W., 8:15 p.m.

February 21—Communication Tech-

nology Group

Edwin Dyke, Radio Science Company,

McLean, Va., “Loading and Prototype

System Parameters for Bit Error Rate

(BER) Prediction.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts.,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 22—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

February 22—Washington Society of

Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

February 23—Consortium of Univer-

sities of the Washington Metro-

politan Area and the Smithsonian

Institution

George K. Smelser, College of Physi-

cians and Surgeons, Columbia University,

“The Vertebrate Kye.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. and 12th

St., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

February 23—Society for Experimen-

tal Biology and Medicine

Fred Sperling, Department of Pharma-

cology, Howard University, moderator.

Topic: “Teratogenesis and Teratogenic

Agents.”

Discussants :

Ira R. Telford, Department of

Anatomy, George Washington University,

45

‘“Anoxia and Hyperbaric Originator in

Cardiogenesis.”’

Herbert Posner, National Institute of

Dental Research, NIH, “Chlorcyclizine-

induced Birth Defects and Chlorcyclizine

Metabolism in Rats.”

J. K. Lamar, Food and Drug Adminis-

tration, “Chemical Teratogens.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the

topic, and the presentations, is encour-

aged. Phone Dr. Sperling, 797-1422.

February 23—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

Jand, 4:30 p.m.

February 28—American Society of

Civil Engineers

Theme: “Engineering for the Human

Environment.”

The speaker, to be announced, will give

a candid appraisal of the role of the en-

gineer in shaping human environment.

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.

Luncheon meeting; telephone 524-2200,

ext. 237 or 235 for reservations.

February 28—American Society for

Microbiology

General topic: “Adventures of Micro-

biologists in Southeast Asia.”

Speakers:

Col. Hinton J. Baker, Walter Reed

Army Institute of Research, “Leptospi-

rosis in Malaysia.”

Lt. Col. John D. Marshall, Army Medi-

cal Unit, Ft. Detrick, Md., “Microbiology

in Vietnam.”

Earl C. Suitor, Jr., Naval Medical Re-

search Institute, “Moth-hunting on Yona-

guni Island.”

William B. Greenough, National Heart

Institute, NIH, “Paradoxes of Cholera in

East Pakistan.”

Catholic University, 8:00 p.m.

February 28 or March 1—American

Nuclear Society

A Congressional member of the Joint

Committee on Atomic Energy will speak

on a topic to be announced. Exact date

to be announced.

Broadmoor Apartments, 3601 Connecti-

cut Ave., N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour;

7:00 p.m., dinner; 5:00 p.m., meeting.

For reservations phone Dr. Oscar Biz-

zell, 973-3471.

Mareh 2—Consortium of Universities

of the Washington Metropolitan

Area and the Smithsonian Institu-

tion

W. A. Hagins, Laboratory of Physical

Biology, National Institute of Arthritis

and Metabolic Diseases, NIH, “Informa-

tion Flow in Photoreceptors.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. and 12th

St, NW, 7:30) pm.

March 2—Electrochemical Society

John K. Taylor, chief, Microchemical

Analysis Section, National Bureau of

Standards, “Recent Developments in Elec-

troanalytical Chemistry.” Also laboratory

tour.

Lecture Room D, “National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, National Museum, 10th St.

and Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 2 — University of Maryland

Microbiology Seminar

Maurice R. Hilleman, director, Virus

and Cell Biology Research, Merck Insti-

tute for Therapeutic Research, West

Point, Pa., “‘Recent Advances in Viral

Vaccine Research.”

Conference Room B, Center of Adult

Education, University of Maryland, 3:15

p-m.

46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Mareh 2—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

March 3—Philosophical Society of

Washington

Herbert B. Rosenstock, Naval Research

Laboratory, “Lattice Dynamics.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15

p-m.

Mareh 4—American Association of

Physics Teachers and Joint Board

on Science Education

Washington Area Meeting.

Program will be of special interest to

high school and college physics teachers.

Morning session: Speakers to be an-

nounced.

Afternoon session: To be devoted in

part to student papers on methods of

presentation and teaching of physics. One

eraduate and one undergraduate student,

selected as winners, will present their

papers at the Chesapeake Section meeting

on April 22.

Room 100, Corcoran Hall, George

Washington University, 725 21st St.,

N.W., 9:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

For luncheon reservations, contact Mrs.

M. W. Montzka, Physics Department,

George Washington University, 676-6489.

March 6 to 10—Medicine and Den-

tistry Branch, Office of Naval Re-

search

Symposium on Mathematical Modeling

and Analysis of Biological Systems.

Speakers from government, industry,

universities, and other organizations.

Washington Engineering Services Com-

pany, Kensington, Md.

Interested persons

WESCO (949-3900) .

March 7—Botanical Society of Wash-

ington

L. C. Cochran, head, Fruit and Nut

Crops Research Branch, USDA, “Horti-

should

contact

FEBRUARY, 1967

culture in Australia, New Zealand, and

India.”

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

March 8—Geological Society of Wash-

ington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

March 9—Chemical Society of Wash-

ington

Hillebrand Award dinner and lecture.

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall,

D115 Little Falls Rd., Arlington, Va. So-

cial period at 7:00 p.m., dinner at 7:30

p-m.

March 9—Consortium of Universities

of the Washington Metropolitan

Area and the Smithsonian Institu-

tion

Donald S. Farner, Department of

Zoology, University of Washington, Se-

attle, “The Daily Photoperiod in the Con-

trol of Annual Cycles in Animals.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. and 12th

SNE W 5) @icon) gaan:

March 9—University of Maryland

Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Mary-

land, 4:30 p.m.

March 13—American Society for

Metals

Speaker to be announced.

AAUW Building, 2401 Virginia Ave.,

N.W., 6:00 p.m., social hour; 6:30 p.m.,

dinner, 8:00 p.m., meeting.

March 13—Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

A. A. Curry, Motorola, “History and

Development of Radio Communication for

Railroads.”

PEPCO Auditorium,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

10th and E Sts..

March 13 and 14—Washington Op-

erations Research Council

Second Annual Symposium. Theme:

Analysis for Program Planning and Budg-

eting. Speakers will include Congressmen

and assistant secretaries of Government

Departments.

Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel, all

day.

March 15—American Meteorological

Society

Maj. Gen. J. C. Maxwell, director, Su-

personic Transport Development, Federal

Aviation Agency, “How Weather will af-

fect the Supersonic Transport.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101

Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

Mareh 15 — Insecticide

Washington

Society of

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,

University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Depariment of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

WILBUR T. PENTZER, director of the

Market Quality Research Division, ARS,

retired on December 30 after more than

40 years of service in the USDA.

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., adminis-

trator of the Agriculture Research Servy-

ice, presided at the symposium, “Scien-

tific Aspects of Pest Control,” at the

AAAS meetings held here at the end of

December.

A. M. POMMER presented a _ paper,

with Nancy S. Simon and Philip L. Cal-

cagno, entitled “Determination of Urinary

Sodium with the Sodium Electrode: In-

terpretation of Abnormal Electrode Re-

sponse,” on December 27, at the AAAS

meeting. Dr. Pommer has been ap-

pointed a member of the Committee on

Public Health, National Association for

Retarded Children.

J. T. PRESLEY presented an invited

paper on cotton diseases at the Crop

Congress II at Dallas, Texas, on Decem-

ber 7. The Congress was sponsored by

Chevron Chemical Company; the various

papers will be combined into a

book, “Cotton,” to be published by the

Iowa Press.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

HELMUT E. LANDSBERG retired in

December as director of the Environmen-

tal Data Service, to take a position as re-

search professor in the Institute for Fluid

Dynamics and Applied Mathematics at the

University of Maryland.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES

OF HEALTH

BERNHARD WITKOP, chief of the

Laboratory of Chemistry, National In-

stitute of Arthritis and Metabolic Dis-

eases, recently delivered the Sigma Xi-

RESA National Lecture for the Mid-At-

lantic area at ten college and university

chapters of Sigma Xi. In October Dr.

Witkop lectured before the Annual Con-

gress of the Neurochemical Society of

Japan; he spoke in the Japanese language.

MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG, chief of

the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics -

at the National Heart Institute, received

the $10,000 Research Corporation award

for 1966 at a dinner in his honor, held

January 19 in New York. The award is

the 3lst given since 1925 by the Research

Corporation, a foundation supporting aca-

demic research in the natural sciences.

Previous winners have included 13 scien-

tists who later won Nobel Prizes.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

V.J. LINNENBOM served as chairman

and moderator of a Symposium on Ocean-

ography sponsored by the National

Science Teachers’ Association during the

AAAS meetings, December 26-31.

48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

JOHN McELHINNEY became superin-

tendent of Nuclear Physics Division, ef-

fective December 1, 1966. In this posi-

tion Dr. McElhinney will administer the

Laboratory’s broad program of basic and

applied research in nuclear physics and re-

lated areas.

ROBERT M. PAGE retired December

30 as director of research, after almost

40 years of Government service at- NRL.

At a pre-retirement reception, Dr. Page

was presented with a letter from Presi-

dent Johnson, which noted that his “dis-

tinguished career as a scientist and an ad-

ministrator is an example for many dedi-

cated young people who have chosen the

public service as a career.” During his

service at NRL, Dr. Page received more

than 50 patents, including substantially all

the basic radar patents. He had been the

Laboratory’s director of research since

oy:

DEATHS

ALBERT V. H. MASKET, 52, a retired

research physicist at the Naval Research

Laboratory, died December 19 at Holy

Cross Hospital, Silver Spring. Prior to

his retirement earlier this year, Dr. Mas-

ket had been a consultant in the Labora-

tory’s Mechanics Division. A member of

the NRL staff since 1963, Dr. Masket had

previously worked at the Laboratory from

1942 until 1948, two years of which he

spent on assignment at the Oak Ridge Na-

tional Laboratory. He had been an asso-

ciate professor of physics at the Univer-

sity of North Carolina for 12 years and

had also been employed by General Dy-

namics Corporation. Dr. Masket received

the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics

at the University of Virginia; he had pre-

viously received the Bachelor of Science

degree from New York University Heights

and was a native of New York City. Dur-

ing his career, Dr. Masket published more

than 30 technical papers and was credited

with four inventions.

GEORGE P. WALTON, 78, former re-

search chemist for the Department of

FEBRUARY, 1967

Agriculture, died January 1 at Sibley

Hospital after a brief illness.

A native of Richmond, Va., Mr. Walton

was raised in the Washington area. He

received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in

chemistry from George Washington Uni-

versity. He entered USDA’s Bureau of

Chemistry in 1907, and served with that

Bureau and its successors until 1951, ex-

cept for five years of Wartime service

with the War Food Administration. At

the time of his retirement, he was in

charge of honey investigations for the

Eastern Regional Research Laboratory of

the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial

Chemistry. In that position, he was re-

sponsible for development of the cur-

rently-used system of standards for honey.

His previous research had been con-

cerned with standards for linseed prod-

ucts, the use of wastes for stock feed and

fertilizer, and the production of vitamin

D from natural sterols.

Mr. Walton was a member of the Cos-

mos Club, a member and past president

of the Fossil Club, and a charter mem-

ber and past master of the Chevy Chase

Masonic Lodge. He is survived by his

wife, Ruth, three sons, and a daughter.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Robert M. White, administrator of the

Commerce Department’s Environmental

Science Services Administration (ESSA),

and E. Sussenberger, director of the na-

tional weather service in the Federal Re-

public of Germany, have opened a new,

high-speed weather communications cir-

cuit linking North America and Europe.

The new circuit, linking ESSA’s Suit-

land center with Offenbach (Frankfurt),

Germany, is expected to revolutionize the

exchange of weather information between

the two continents. Capable of voice,

teletypewriter, or pictorial transmission,

the circuit replaces a line which carried

only teletypewriter messages.

The link will transmit teletypewriter

messages at a speed of 1050 words per

49

minute, more than 10 times the 100-word-

per-minute capability of the earlier circuit.

The line facility will carry pictorial

weather data between the United States

and western Europe, providing better re-

ception than the radio broadcast method

previously used.

Initially, the circuit will permit more

reliable and rapid interchange of weather

information within the Northern Hemis-

phere and between North America and

Europe. Later, it is expected that this

circuit will play an important role in the

World Weather Watch global telecom-

munications system for total exchange of

weather information on a global basis.

The use of lasers has made possible a

significant advance in precise long-line

measurements being made by the Coast

and Geodetic Survey. The development

of the laser technique was conducted by

the Survey’s Geodesy Division, with the

cooperation of the National Bureau of

Standards.

Use of the laser as a light source for

geodetic measurement will increase sub-

stantially the pace of the Survey’s pro-

eram in that field. It will make possi-

ble distance measurements whenever

weather will permit optical observations.

Because the atmosphere is more stable at

night, most geodetic measurement is done

nocturnally. However, the laser is capable

of daylight operations, but will require

evaluation. It will enable geodetic crews

to measure long distances in one “step”

instead of two.

Ultimately, as more powerful laser

beams are employed and techniques are

refined, it will make possible greater serv-

ice to the Nation’s satellite program and

even to “shoot the moon” for accurate

distances from points on the earth.

Geodetic distance is measured with a

geodimeter essentially by determining the

time needed for a light beam to make a

round trip from the geodimeter to a dis-

tant reflector and back. Distance is cal-

culated in terms of velocity and time.

The device has been tested in the area

of ESSA headquarters at the Washington

Science Center, Rockville, Maryland; at

Beltsville, Maryland; and in Aurora, Ne-

braska, where transcontinental traverse

measurements are under way.

In the Nebraska tests, where reliability

under operational conditions was the cri-

terion, technicians were able to measure

with undiminished precision a single 30,-

000-meter line, nearly twice the length of

previous measurements. Readings over

this distance produced accuracy exceeding

one part in a million.

During field testing over 10-mile dis-

tances, it was determined that the laser

light source measured through haze and

marginal weather with at least 50 per

cent more light return than was obtained

from a conventional geodimeter. Survey

experts believe the limit of operational

capability in the future will be set, not by

the instrument, but by the state of the

atmosphere itself.

“Probability of precipitation 10 per-

cent today, 50 percent tonight, and 20

percent tomorrow.”

This statement, with the figures and

times changed as required, has been a

part of Weather Bureau forecasts since

September 1966.

Probability forecasting is taking hold.

The public, at first uncertain of the rea-

son for it, seems to like it. Major reason

for the approval is the increased infor-

mation imparted by the probability fore-

cast. It permits better planning espe-

cially among weather-sensitive businesses

that can apply percentages to their pro-

duction schedule formulas and derive a

profit vs. loss projection.

The Weather Bureau, a component of

the Environmental Science Services Ad-

ministration, instituted the probability

forecast as an honest expression of the

forecaster’s fallibility.

“Forecasts are based on scientific judg-

50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ment,” says Charles F. Roberts, the

Weather Bureau’s procedures develop-

ment chief. “We recognize that the state

of the art is far from perfect, but the

categorical prediction had a positive tone

that was unintended. That put us in the

position of being the decision-maker for

the public. When we said ‘Rain,’ that was

it, as far as the public was concerned.

People acted upon it. And if they can-

celled an appointment or took along a

raincoat and it did not rain, the Weather

Bureau was held to blame.

“We prefer not to have that imposed

upon us. With the probability forecast,

decision-making responsibility falls upon

the public, where it should be. There

may be some comfort in knowing that an

evaluation of the new procedure shows

that the probabilities actually work out

over the long haul. The ‘20 percent’ fore-

casts have been followed by precipitation

on 20 days out of 100, the ‘40 percenters’

on 40 days out of 100, and so on.”

Using computers to gain a deeper un-

derstanding of the nature of language,

and finding means to improve human and

machine-aided translation, are two areas

of linguistics which deserve increased Fed-

eral research and development support,

according to a committee of the National

Research Council.

The committee sees, however, little jus-

tification at present for massive support

of machine translation per se, finding it

generally slower, less accurate, and more

costly than that provided by human trans-

lators.

These recommendations are contained

in Language and Machines, the report of

a two-year study of the use of computers

in the translation of foreign languages

undertaken by the NRC Automatic Lan-

guage Processing Advisory Committee at

the request of the Central Intelligence

Agency, Department of Defense, and Na-

tional Science Foundation.

The report points out that what was

once a life’s work in linguistics, such as

FEBRUARY, 1967

the compilation of a concordance, can now

be accomplished in a few weeks using

computers, making possible much more

rapid advances in the understanding of

languages. Such knowledge speeds prog-

ress in endeavors as diverse as foreign

language teaching and the development of

artificial languages—for example, pilot-

to-control-tower language.

The committee viewed computer aids

to translation as being of secondary im-

portance, mainly because it found no

critical need for translation beyond that

already being provided by the human

translation force available in _ this

country. However, it did recommend sup-

port in such matters as finding means for

speeding up the human translation proc-

ess, including further development of au-

tomatic dictionaries, and evaluation of the

cost and quality of different sources of

translations.

A fuel-cell-powered, _ electrically-pro-

pelled truck is being tested by the Army

Engineers at Fort Belvoir, as part of their

development of electric drive systems

that are expected to provide more eco-

nomical, efficient, and quieter propulsion

for Army vehicles, as well as on-board

electric power for vehicle-mounted weap-

ons, communications, and _ surveillance

systems. The three-quarter-ton test ve-

hicle has as its prime propulsion power

a 40-kw hydrazine-air fuel cell plant,

which can generate electricity for external

use when the truck is idle. Compact and

lightweight, the plant incorporates a unit-

ized cell concept designed by the Engi-

neers. It consists of eight 5-kw stacks, a

static DC voltage controller, and a DC

series traction motor. Operating on hy-

drazine-monohydrate fuel, the test ve-

hicle will provide operational experience

and data to expedite development of a

fuel cell electric drive system using lo-

gistically available hydrocarbon fuel.

A new term, “tsunami watch,” has be-

come part of the Environmental Science

Services Administration’s natural disaster

warning vocabulary; it replaces the term,

“tsunami advisory.” ESSA will issue a

public bulletin announcing a_ tsunami

watch when an undersea earthquake has

occurred and the possibility exists that it

may generate the seismic sea wave com-

monly known as a tsunami. The watch is

a notification to the public to be aware

that an earthquake has occurred and

trouble may follow, but otherwise to go

about its normal business. If it is later

established that the earthquake has created-

ed a tsunami—which can generate coastal

waves attaining heights up to 100 feet or

more—a tsunami warning will be issued

as a signal for local public public safety

agencies to begin immediately the work

of appropriate evacuation and _ other

emergency procedures.

Tsunamis are generated by a very small

proportion of the undersea earthquakes;

when they do occur, however, they can

strike with devastating savagery. Tsunamis

killed 173 persons in Hawaii in April

1946; 1288 persons in South America in

May 1960; and 132 persons in Alaska in

March 1964.

Comprehensive information on the re-

lationship of smoking and health will re-

sult from a Public Health Service project

of collection and analysis of materials

published since 1963 dealing with all

aspects of smoking and its effects on

health. Under a $96,000 contract from

PHS, an information systems develop-

ment firm will search out information

sources for federal and state anti-smoking

campaigns. Included in the project is the

indexing, cataloging, and abstracting of

4,000 items at present on file with the

PHS National Clearinghouse for Smoking

and Health. Upon completion of the

project, the materials will be filed with

the National Clearinghouse and serve as a

basic source for such information.

52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies.

Volume 57 FEBRUARY 1967 No. 2

CONTENTS

Six Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards ...........0.0.....:c:cccteette tenes 25

A. H. Niehoff: Food Habits and the Introduction of New Foods .............0000...0..... 30

Frederick Seitz: The National Academyaf Sciences //0...6)2..0..0. 0) 338

T-Thoughts oo. oco5 ee ee SR NT ae eRe ye Al

Bekkedahl Receives ACS Rubber Award (0000000002000 200 42

Academy Proceedings

Kebruary Meeting. ire 5 EE NG 43

Election Results Announced’)... 000.00 a 44,

Science in Washington

Calendar ‘of Events’ oo 000 Se eo a ae 4A,

Scientists. im’ the’ News .):..00.2.2) 2/30 U2 43

Science and Development ................... COUR MAR PRTC OR 49

Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage

1530—P St., N.W. Paid at

Washington, D.C., 20005 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

LIBRARY J

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IMPORTANT

CONTAINS DATED MEETING NOTICE. Do Not Delay!

"icon Sa 4 :

50673

) Daw23

VOLUME 57 NUMBER 3

Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF

- SCIENCES

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MARCH 1967

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES thr

Editor: SAMUEL B. DETWILER, Jr., Department of Agriculture

_ Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture HerLten L. Reynoxps, Food and Drug Adminis-

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- tration

ciation Mary L. Rossins, George Washington Uni-

Harry A. Fowetts, Department of Agriculture versity

Contributors .

Frank A. BIperstEIN, Jr., Catholic University Joseph B. Morris, Howard University

Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey ALLEN L. ALExanper, Naval Research Laboratory

Revsen E. Woop, George Washington Univer-

sity Vicror R. Boswett, USDA, Beltsville

Epmunp M. Buras, Jn., Harris Research Labo- ANDREW F. FREEMAN, USDA, Washington

ratories

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical Ye

articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed- _

ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including

personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in

January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active page 3 and

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Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00

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the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volunies 1-13, 1898-1910), the Index (to Volumes

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Most current issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from

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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1967

President: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health

President-Elect: MAtcoLtm C. HENpbERSON, Catholic University of America

Secretary: RicHARp P. Farrow, National Canners Association

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, National Bureau of Standards

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—

Drug Dependence of the Morphine

‘Type and the Evolution of Totally

Synthetic Morphine-like Analgetics

Everette L. May

Laboratory of Chemistry, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases,

Bethesda, Md.

Drug dependence may be defined sim-

ply as a state arising from the repeated

use of a substance on a periodic or con-

tinuous basis. It may be physical or ex-

clusively psychic or both, its characteristics

varying with the substance used. Three

principal features characterize dependence

of the morphine type, namely, tolerance

(the necessity to take more and more

drug to attain the desired effect); physi-

cal dependence (a change in the organism

requiring the presence of the drug for

normal functioning); and psychic de-

pendence (emotional reliance upon the

drug’s effects). Tolerance and _ physical

dependence may develop at different rates

and to a different degree, but both de-

pend upon drug-organism interaction

(physical) through mechanisms not yet

understood. Psychic dependence arises

because the individual becomes emo-

tionally involved in the administration of

the drug and its effects, which he inter-

prets as desirable or even obligatory. The

devastating social, financial, and medical

effects of dependence of the morphine

type are well known.

Although relatively crude preparations

of opium (the sole commercial source of

morphine) have been taken by man vir-

tually since antiquity for the relief of

pain, anger, and distress, morphine-like

drug dependence (narcotics addiction) did

not become a major problem until the

latter part of the 19th century. Un-

Marcu, 1967

clinical medicine,

doubtedly the isolation of morphine from

crude opium by Sertiirner (1803), the in-

vention of the hypodermic syringe (about

1850), and the chemical conversion of

morphine to its diacetyl derivative, the

well-known heroin (1884), were heavily

contributing factors. Notwithstanding the

continuing extensive use of morphine in

only a rather small

minority of the individuals who consti-

tute our drug-dependence problems are

morphine users, and only part of these

fall prey to their habit through legal

medical use. Ironically the morphine-like

analgesic most often abused, heroin (out-

lawed in most countries), was first claimed

to be a potent non-addicting pain killer

and antitussive agent. This erroneous im-

pression arose from its observed ability

to substitute completely for morphine,

that is, to relieve morphine withdrawal

symptoms in an established morphine de-

pendence. Such a misconception is highly

unlikely to arise today.

Whereas acetylation of both hydroxy]

groups of morphine (Fig. 1) to produce

heroin leads to a more potent analgesic

of higher dependence liability, methylating

or otherwise masking only the phenolic

hydroxyl has quite the opposite effect.

The methylated compound, codeine, which

also occurs in opium in small quantity, is

much less potent than morphine; very

large doses of codeine are required to re-

lieve morphine’s abstinence symptoms,

<9

IO

MITHSONIAN R 20 196/

INSTITUTION MA

NCH Ne

8

\ = A

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7

. HCO re) OH

OH

CODEINE

MORPHINE YX

NCH

H.CCO

ai 0 accHs

0 0

HEROIN

Figure 1. Chemical structure of morphine, codeine and heroin.

and in general it is much less prone to

abuse. In fact, dependence on codeine is

rare despite the fact that it is the most

frequently used morphine-like analgesic

for medical purposes. The euphoriant

properties of morphine, codeine, and

heroin parallel their dependence liability.

Thus, most sophisticated narcotic users

place heroin at the top, codeine at the

bottom in desirability.

Recognition of the structure-activity re-

lationships of these three closely related

compounds might be considered the start-

ing point for the preparation and testing

of the many congeners of morphine, now

numbered in the hundreds, a few of which

(Fig. 2) have come into clinical use with

only minor differences to their advan-

o4,

tage. Relatively small achievements which

seemed larger at first are represented by

metopon, desomorphine, and numorphan

(May and Sargent, 1965).

Attempts to improve the situation by

total chemical construction of various frag-

ments of morphine from simple starting

materials were equally discouraging, per-

haps more so until 1939. It was then

that Ejisleb and Schaumann (1939) of

Germany synthesized the simple com-

pound 4 - carbethoxy - 1 - methyl - 4-

phenylpiperidine, now well known as peth-

idine, meperidine, and Demerol (among

many names) and discovered by routine

screening that it possessed pronounced

analgesic and other morphine-like as well

as spasmolytic properties. As Fig. 3

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

MORPHINE DIHYDROMORPHINONE DIHYDROCODEINONE

HYDROMORPHONE HYDROCODONE

(DILAUDID) (DICODID)

2 STEPS

NCH NCH NCES

on\ > e

oe OU Stee TU eee

a 7K sters

HCO ) ") HCO 0 OCH, HO Oo” cH, ?

OXYCODONE THEBAINE METOPON

(EUCODAL) =e

HO

OXYMORPHONE

(NUMORPHAN)

Figure 2. Chemical structure of congeners of morphine.

re)

NCH

ae 3 2 INCH if

4

si nase _ 3

a,

2

N%

HO fe) OH fe) !

° CH,

CoH.

MORPHINE PETHIDINE, MEPERIDINE (OEMEROL)

Figure 3. Chemical structure of pethidine.

on

wn

Marcu, 1967

HO

0

r

COC, H, Occ,

H

CH,

N N

| i

CH, CH,

KETOBEMIDONE ALPHAPRODINE TRIMEPERIDINE

(CLIRADON) (NISENTIL) (PROMEDOL)

0 0

t :

COC,H, COEt

. N

a

H, CH,CH,NH

2cHocHn CH, CH, NH.

PIMINODINE (ALVODINE) aWiLERiatne

Figure 4. Chemical structure of analgesic compounds related to pethidine.

shows, pethidine represents a_ rather

fundamental portion of the morphine

molecule. Pethidine has proved to be an

efficacious and valuable drug in medicine

and is administered almost as often as

morphine, not infrequently by the oral

route. Its milligram potency is 1/5 to

1/10 that of morphine, i.e., doses of 50-100

mg. are required to relieve the pain for

which 10 mg. of morphine will usually

suffice. Initial claims of lower incidence

of side-effects and lower dependence lia-

bility than morphine are not valid. Dr.

Harris Isbell, formerly of the Addiction

Research Center, USA, who has assessed

many drugs for abuse liability, feels that

pethidine, considered on the basis of all

56

dependence factors, is just as dependence-

producing as morphine. Some clinicians-

believe that an emotional dependence is

developed to pethidine in prolonged ad-

ministration for chronic pain that is not

satisfied by morphine and similar anal-

gesics despite the fact that pain relief by

-uch agents often may be better.

Pethidine addiction has occurred all ioo

frequently in its medical use, especially

among medical and ancillary personnel,

but in the overall drug abuse situation in-

dividuals dependent upon pethidine are

relatively rare. Little pethidine has found

its way into illicit drug channels. Pethi-

dine, as stated before, has proved to be a

useful drug and must be looked upon as a

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

MORPHINE

+

H3C—_NCH, 0

ll

CH, CCH,

= c

Pe \

CHa CHN (CH),

CH

3

METHADONE

Figure 5: Structure of methadone.

real break-through in the field of syn-

thetic, morphine-like agents. Hundreds

upon hundreds of pethidine congeners, the

most important of which are shown in

Fig. 4, have been synthesized but none has

risen to the prominence of the parent

compound (May, 1960).

After pethidine came methadone (Fig.

5), also from Germany, and its many

derivatives, apparently a still more radi-

cal departure structurally from morphine.

The pharmacological profile of metha-

done is almost identical with that of

morphine except for some time-action

differences. Its only material advantage

for pain relief is that it is effective

orally. Methadone will completely satisfy

morphine dependence and is useful in the

disintoxication phase of addiction treat-

ment by substitution before final with-

drawal because its own abstinence syn-

drome is of low intensity though more

prolonged. Like pethidine, methadone is

rarely encountered in illicit drug traffic

and is of little consequence indeed in the

drug abuse problem. d-Propoxyphene

(Darvon) (Pohland and Sullivan, 1955)

and dextromoramide (Palfium) (May

1960) (Fig. 6) are practical developments

of methadone.

Almost simultaneously with the develop-

ment of methadone came another impor-

tant advance in synthesis, the morphinans

(Hellerbach et al., 1966), which resulted

from one of the earliest attempts at the

total synthesis of morphine by the Ger-

man chemist Rudolph Grewe. The most

Marcu, 1967

harmful

prominent member of this series, levoro-

tatory - 3 - hydroxy - N - methylmor-

phinan (Fig. 7), known internationally

as levorphanol and trade-named Dromo-

ran, contains the complete carbon-nitro-

gen framework of morphine but lacks

several of morphine’s peripheral, func-

tional groups. It is nevertheless some

four times as potent on a milligram basis

as morphine with good oral effectiveness

and with no greater—maybe reduced—

side-effects at optimal doses.

The dependence liability of levorphanol is

similar to that of morphine, although

few cases of levorphanol dependence have

been encountered.

Now, despite this not-too-bright picture

of the dependence liability of levorphanol.

we at the National Institutes of Health

were convinced that it was an excellent

analgesic and did represent still another

step in the right direction, a_ simpler

structure with greater analgesic potency

without correspondingly greater adverse

effects. Consequently, we tried further

abbreviation of the molecule (deletion

of part of the terminal hydroaromatic

ring (C) and arrived at a tetrahydronaph-

thalene skeleton in place of the octa-

hydrophenanthrene structure present in

morphine and the morphinans (Fig. 7).

We have synthesized and evaluated phar-

macologically a considerable number of

these tetrahydronaphthalenes (6,7-benzo-

morphans) which have the _ intact

N-methyliminoethano bridge and_ other

features of morphine and the morphinans

believed essential for strong analgesic ac-

|

Cc -CH, CH;

Cc \ CH;

CH, CHN ~~

| CH,

CH3

METHADONE

e)

L]

ees

2)

CH

3

Norcia

| CH

CH, 3

CH

D- PROPOXYPHENE

(DARVON)

C) /

& \-o

_

DEXTROMORAMIDE (+)

(PALFIUM)

Figure 6. Structure of d-propoxyphene and dextromoramide.

tion. For the first time a consistent sep-

aration of morphine-like analgesic activ-

ity (referred to the mouse and rat) and

physical dependence properties (tests in

the monkey) has been achieved in the

6,7-benzomorphan series. This separa-

tion is not entirely species-related but

carries over at least partially to man for

those benzomorphans which have been

tested in man. For example, (-)-2’-hy-

droxy - 2,5,9 - trimethyl - 6,7-benzomor-

phan (levometazocine), comparable to

morphine in the relief of post-operative

pain, has almost negligible capacity to

support a morphine dependence. ‘Toler-

ance and physical dependence developed

more slowly and less severely than with

morphine in formerly morphine-dependent

subjects, who disliked the compound and

wished frequently to discontinue its ad-

ministration. Yet single doses in non-

tolerant, drug-free post-addicts produced

subjective effects indistinguishable from

those of morphine. Again, the racemate

a-5, 9-diethyl-2’ -hydroxy-2-methyl 6, 7-

benzomorphan has no dependence liabil-

ity in monkeys but is as effective as

morphine in the relief of post-operative

pain. The levo-antipode of this substance

not only causes no dependence in mon-

keys, but actually antagonizes some of the

effects of morphine (nalorphine-like, vide

infra) and its dextro-counterpart which

does have dependence liability in monkeys

similar to codeine. Phenazocine or Nar-

phen, presently on the market as a paren-

58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

NCH,

NH NCH,

HO HO re} OH

MORPHINAN LEVORPHANOL MORPHINE

(LEVO-DROMORAN)

NCH; NCH,

CH;

CH,

CH

3 CH,

HO HO

(-)- METAZOCINE (t)-ETAZOCINE (+)-PHENAZOCINE

(PRINADOL)

ve

NCH, CH=C

~

CH,

HO

(2) PENTAZOCINE

Figure 7. Structure of morphinan and benzomorphan analgesics.

teral analgesic in the United States (Prina-

dol) and as an oral analgesic in England

(Narphen), is three to five times as ef-

_ fective as morphine in the relief of various

types of pain, will substitute for mor-

phine in an established morphine de-

pendence at 14 the dose, but on chronic

administration develops less tolerance and

less physical dependence (Eddy and May,

1966).

Coming back now to specific opiate

antagonism, the best known drug in this

area is N-allylnormorphine (Nalorphine)

which was synthesized in the early 1940's

during a search for an analgesic which

would not depress respiration. It has no

demonstrable analgesic effect in animals,

but has proved to be a strong antagonist

to most of morphine’s pharmacologic ef-

Marcu, 1967

fects. Some investigators reasoned that in

appropriate dosage nalorphine might pre-

vent the undesirable properties of mor-

phine without nullifying adequate pain

relief. This has not been realized, but

nalorphine alone (without abuse _liabil-

ity) did relieve pain just as well as mor-

phine itself. Unfortunately, the disturbing

side effects of nalorphine (principally

hallucinatory) render it useless as a prac-

ticable analgesic (Keats and _ Telford,

1964).

Based on these findings, investigators

at the Sterling-Winthrop Laboratories

(Archer, et al., 1964) have developed a

series of antagonists of the benzomorphan

series by substituting various groups for

methyl on the nitrogen. Two of these,

pentazocine (Fig. 7) and cyclazocine (the

a9

N-cyclopropylmethyl analog), have been

tested extensively. Pentazocine (a weak

antagonist) shows promise of becoming

the first practicable strong analgesic yet

discovered without abuse liability; cyclazo-

cine, a strong antagonist and analgesic,

may prove useful in the treatment and

rehabilitation of morphine-like dependent

individuals. |

In any event, with the plethora of to-

tally synthetic agents now available, sev-

eral of which have been found com-

pletely satisfactory as substitutes for mor-

phine and codeine and some of which are

less likely to be abused, we are no longer

dependent on opium. It is possible, in

fact probable, that if opium, the only

ready source of morphine and_ heroin,

were to be extinguished, the problem of

drug dependence of the morphine type

would be greatly alleviated.

Literature Cited

Ascher, 5; sAlbertson, N:oi.,” Harris, Wu; 5:

Pierson, Anne K., and Bird, J. G. Strong anal-

gesics and analgesic antagonists in the benzo-

morphan series: Pentazocine. J. Med. Chem. 7,

123, 1964.

Eddy, N. B., and May, E. L. Synthetic Anal-

gesics: Part II-B, 6,7-Benzomorphans. Pergamon

Press, New York, 1966.

Eisleb, O., and Schaumann, O. Dolantin, a

new antispasmodic and analgesic. Deutsch. Med.

Wschr. 65, 967, 1939.

Hellerbach, J., Besendorf, H., Pellmont, B.,

and Schneider, O. Synthetic Analgesics: Part

IIl-A, Morphinans. Pergamon Press, New York,

1966.

Keats, A. S., and Telford, J. Studies of anal-

gesic drugs. VIII. A narcotic analgesic without

psychotomimetic effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp.

Ther. 143, 157, 1964.

May, E. L. Analgesics. In Medicinal Chemistry

(2nd ed.), Burger, A. (Ed). Interscience Pub-

lishers, Inc., New York, 1960.

May, E. L., and Sargent, L. J. Morphine and

Its Modifications. In Analgetics, deStevens, G.

(Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1965.

Pohland, A., and Sullivan, H. R. Preparation

of a-d- and_ a-l-4-Dimethylamino-1,2-dipheny]-

-3-methyl-2-propionyloxybutane. J. Am. Chem.

Soe. 77, 3400, 1955.

60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Physical Methods of Pest Control

Walter M. Carleton and L. A. Liljedahl

Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Agricultural Research Service.

Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md. **

Introduction

Pests will be defined in this paper as

organisms, such as insects, weeds, para-

sitic plants, and animals and_ viruses,

which cause economic losses in agricul-

ture, or which are considered noxious to

man. Pests, like all living things, live in

a total environment which can be roughly

partitioned into physical, chemical, and

biological environments. The pest re-

sponds to changes in these environments

and all three environments can _ be

manipulated to control the pest. Which

of these component environments or which

combination of them we choose to manipu-

late for pest control, will depend to some

extent upon the times, because technical

knowledge of the effect of these environ-

ments on the pest grows somewhat spo-

radically. Also, the economics of manipu-

lating one or another environment changes,

frequently due to technical developments

quite outside the field of pest control.

Our earliest methods of pest control

were invariably physical. They did not

require sophisticated technology, the ef-

fects were immediate, and they were con-

clusive. House flies were controlled,

poorly, we think now, by fly swatters and

sticky paper. Weeds were pulled up and

* Presented by Dr. Carleton on December 29,

1966, as part of a symposium entitled, “Scientific

Aspects of Pest Control,” held at the 133rd meet-

ing of the American Association for the Advance-

ment of Science in Washington, D. C. The sym-

posium was sponsored jointly by AAAS Section C

(Chemistry) and Section F (Zoological Sciences) .

** Dr. Carleton is director of the Agricultural

Engineering Research Division, and Dr. Liljedahl

is chief of the Division’s Crop Production Engi-

neering Reesarch Branch.

Marcu, 1967

left to die, or cultivated with the same

results. Our whole present pattern of

agriculture, that of growing many crops

which are susceptible to weed infestation

in rows in order that they can be culti-

vated, dates back to the discovery that

row cropping practice permitted a more

methodical type of physical pest control.

As our knowledge of chemistry and

biology has increased, we have become

able also to manipulate the chemical and

biological environment of pests. It has

indeed frequently so engaged our atten-

tion that the physical environment, and

its possible manipulation, are now often

neglected. In fact new and more glamor-

ous ways of accomplishing these objec-

tives are often mistaken for cure-alls, and

physical methods, instead of continuing

to supplement new practices, are fre-

quently abandoned.

It would appear axiomatic that re-

search on all phases of pest control will

be most effective when there is well or-

ganized cooperation among the scientific

disciplines which study the chemical.

physical, and biological environment of

the pest, wherever and whenever the

situation and resources permit (9). The

actual control methods which are _prac-

ticed certainly should also include all

three phases of the pest environment for

best control of the pest. It seems likely

in fact, that some mix of various levels

of all three types of pest control would

result in the method which would produce

the maximum control for a given cost.

This approach, termed integrated control

by some, is supported by the bulk of ex-

ol

perience found in systems analysis in a

wide variety of economic problems, and

supported by analogy with good medical

practice as well. The vast majority of

recommended therapies for human dis-

eases and disorders include recommenda-

tions for improving all phases of the pa-

tient’s environment. One does not rea-

sonably expect to be completely cured by

therapeutic chemicals while ignoring the

effects of undesirable physical and_bio-

logical environments of the patient.

Finally, if physical control methods are

not considered, we risk the possibility of

ignoring the resources of a highly devel-

oped technology. Study of the physical

sciences underwent a major expansion

possibly 50 years before similar expan-

sions of chemistry and biology. We thus

have a large number of individuals,

namely engineers of every label, who

have had years of experience in exploit-

ing physical science for practical benefit.

What is the significance of an_ inte-

grated pest control program? It means

that, in general, the day is over when a

scientist can study the effect of a physical

or chemical pest control method, whether

it be on an insect, a pathogen, or a weed,

without continuous consultation with en-

gineers or physical scientists about the

physical problems involved (23). The

result is going to be more complicated

research. The research is also going to be

slower and more expensive. But the re-

sults we will get will be worth it.

Mechanical Control

We indicated earlier that methodical

mechanical control was once the founda-

tion of plant husbandry and responsible

for many of our present cropping prac-

tices. In well structured soils it is likely

that herbicides can be substituted for

most tillage operations. Total reliance

upon chemical control, however, encour-

ages buildup of weeds which are re-

sistant. Use of some mechanical control

will greatly slow this buildup of resistant

species. Experience shows also that only

about three out of four years have the

climatic conditions, such as rainfall pat-

tern, soil temperature pattern, etc., needed

to make herbicides fully effective (19). In

soybeans, yield reduction from heavy

stands of pigweed or giant foxtail may

average nearly 40 percent for corn and

D9 percent for soybeans (18, 21, 25). The

use of mechanical control thus serves as

an insurance against losses of this magni-

tude if the chemical treatments fail. Re-

cent surveys indicate that more than 98

percent of the total cultivated crop land

in Illinois is still given shovel or sweep

cultivation each year, and much of the

area is tilled more than once (16).

Ohio biologists (32) and others are

concerned about the effects of no tillage

operations on buildup of diseases and

insect pests. In Texas and Nebraska, re-

search revealed (33) that herbicides were

most useful for controlling weeds in

crops with high plant populations and

with narrow row spacings where cultiva-

tion was not practical. In Nebraska (34),

the present limitations of chemical fallow

are erratic weed control, high herbicide

cost, and possible loss of crop by herbi-

cide residues. /

There are several million acres of once

good pasture land in the United States

which are now infested with either brush

or a non-productive species of grass and

weeds. Typically low in acre value of .

production, the infested areas offer spe-

cial challenges to engineers and biological

scientists in reestablishment of productive

grass lands. An attempt is being made to

develop economical methods of removing

or killing this brush while at the same

time establishing suitable stands of grass

which are acclimated to this region of

low rainfall. Of course this reestablish-

ment must be coupled with good prac-

tices of range management, or otherwise

the undesirable species will again estab-

lish themselves and the range will resume

its present low carrying capacity, which

may be as little as two or three head of

cattle per section of land.

62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Engineers and agronomists working on

the Jornada Range, north of Las Cruces,

N.M., are attempting to develop equip-

ment and procedures which will remove

the undesirable species, place it in

windrows, and at the same time plant

desirable grass species below the wind-

rows. It is hoped that the windrows will

shade the ground so as to maintain lower

soil temperatures and reduce evaporation

of the sparse water supply. This should

aid in germination of the grass and pro-

tect it from soil blowing. Ingenious

schemes have been used for removing

brush. For example, large ship anchor

chains pulled by two large crawler trac-

tors do a fair job. However, complete

brush removal leaves the land unpro-

tected and present research relates to

utilizing the brush to assist in grass es-

tablishment as previously described.

In the states of California and Texas,

there are millions of acres of land where

the rainfall is higher than in the Jornada

Range but where assistance must be given

to reestablishment of preferred vegeta-

tion. In some cases it is not desirable to

completely eliminate the native vegetation

which serves as a protection from blowing

sands and from erosion by occasional

high intensity rains.

Special planting and fertilizing equip-

ment must be designed for these dry

and difficult terrains. Not only is the

land arid but frequently it is also ex-

tremely rough and hilly, causing diffi-

culty in equipment operation. Heavy duty

rangeland drills, originally developed by

the U. S. Forest Service for use on sage-

brush range, have been modified by Cali-

fornia workers (17) for seeding trials.

Usually the planting procedures take ad-

vantage of the use of chemicals to help

control weeds in the planted row so that

the desirable seed will then have a better

chance of taking available moisture from

the soil.

Sometimes it is also possible to me-

chanically control soil-borne diseases.

Deep plowing to control a_ soil-borne

Marcu, 1967

disease of mint is a fairly successful prac-

tice in Michigan organic soils, and work

is presently underway to see if a similar

method can be used to control cotton

stem rot in Texas.

Mechanical control of insects has been

practiced successfully, but, as mentioned

earlier, new practices and techniques tend

to obscure earlier useful methods. An

early means for insect control was the ap-

plication of plowing to reduce grasshop-

per infestation. Before the advent of

pesticides and pesticide application equip-

ment, deep plowing was recommended

for stubble fields. These fields were

plowed in strips, with the result that

more favorable egg laying conditions ex-

isted in the unplowed strips. The latter

areas were subsequently plowed to fur-

ther reduce the grasshopper population.

Such methods, even though they are now

rarely practiced, at least indicate at-

tempts to carefully observe the physical

behavior of the pest and to take advan-

tage of some weak point in this behavior

for use in a.control measure.

The attempt to find and attack a weak

point in the pest’s cycle is illustrated by a

current study of mechanical control of

boll weevils. The weevil lays its egg in

the flower bud of the cotton plant, called

a “square’’, which then abscisses and falls

to the ground, under the plants, where the

insect develops. It is possible that the

insect is quite vulnerable at this point in

its life cycle, for if the abscissed bud is

destroyed or broken open at this point,

the insect is killed. A machine to destroy

these buds has recently been developed

and use of it appears to give good control

during the first part of the cotton grow-

ing season (6).

An obvious, although

used, system of control for weeds is to

avoid planting weed seeds while planting

a desirable crop. It is possible to reduce

weed populations considerably by proper

seed cleaning. Some seeds are very diffi-

cult to separate, but engineers at the

USDA seed cleaning laboratory at Cor-

insufficiently

6

Cs

vallis, Oregon, have developed equipment

for separating many weed seeds which

seem almost identical in shape and physi-

cal characteristics to those crop seeds

which they are infesting. Some states

have rigid laws requiring seeds to meet

certain standards of cleanliness before

they are sold. In any event, the farmer

should exercise due diligence in planting

clean seed as one method of pest control.

In his own farm operations he can avoid

considerable trouble by such practices as

cleaning a combine which has been used

in a weed-infested field before moving it

to a non-infested field.

Temperature Control

Many practices which are considered

cultural pest control are in part intended

to take advantage of temperature effects

on the pest. Use of correct planting dates,

and planting patterns which shade the

inter-row area, for example, are attempts

to restrict weed growth through soil tem-

perature control.

Control of soil and air temperatures

in bulk is too costly to attempt at present.

It has been known for 15 or 20 years,

however, that weeds could be controlled

in certain crops by brief exposure of the

row area to flame temperatures. Flame

weed control, particularly in cotton pro-

duction, has played an important role in

the transition from a nonmechanized to a

mechanized production system. Fre-

quently a combination of chemical, me-

chanical, and flame weed control will

give the most consistent results in many

crops (12). Several improvements in

burner design within recent years have

made flame cultivation more efficient and

foolproof than in earlier designs. Again,

flame weed control is only one of the

tools in a completely integrated system of

pest control.

In Illinois, during a two-year study,

corn exhibited relatively good tolerance to

flaming (20). Soybeans were more sus-

ceptible to injury by flaming at early

growth stages than was corn. The studies

suggested that flame cultivation would be

less competitive under Illinois conditions

where pre-emergence herbicides and con-

ventional cultivation give satisfactory con-

trol of weeds. It was suggested that

flame cultivation may have more poten-

tial in the drier areas where pre-emer-

gence herbicides have been less effective.

Small insects ought also to be fairly sus-

ceptible to flame, and this method of

control has been investigated to a limited

extent.

| Radiation

Recent engineering work in insect radi-

ation, in cooperation with entomologists,

has yielded interesting findings. Of

course, insects have been known to re-

spond to lights for many years, but no

specific data were available as to the kind

of light or intensity which was most or

least attractive to insects. Basic research

now is being devoted to determining the

particular wave length of light to which

various insects respond (11, 13, 15). Asa

result of research, the use of electric

light traps probably is now the most

effective way of determining insect in-

-festation buildup which, in turn, dictates

the need for initiating other control

methods. In some cases, it may even be

possible to use electric lights as at-

tractants for partial or complete control

of certain insects, for example, in co-

operative Federal-state research in Indi-

ana for control of cucumber beetles and

for control of the tobacco hornworm in

one area in North Carolina. Extensive

installations of light traps were made by

tobacco farmers in Kentucky and North

and South Carolina during the 1964 sea-

son; a large acreage of cotton was cov-

ered during the 1965 season in Texas,

and producers of shade-grown tobacco on

the Georgia-Florida border are contract-

ing for light traps as part of an _ inte-

grated control program. Work of this

sort may also help to keep down pesticide

residues.

Research work by ARS and University

64. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

of Nebraska personnel has been devoted

to determining the effects of radiation

(26), at various frequencies and _ intensi-

ties, on insects in stored grain. Funda-

mental information is being obtained rela-

tive to the effects on both grain and in-

sects, and this research may some day

lead to radiation as a part of an overall

integrated pest control program.

Entomologists have conducted interest-

ing experiments on the use of aluminum

foil around certain garden plants for pest

control. For some reason, as yet unknown,

the presence of bright aluminum next to

the plants seems to repel aphids. It is

possible that this repellency is due to re-

flection of radiation. On some _high-

value crops, the practice of using alumi-

num reflectors may also find a place in

integrated pest control.

The use of aluminum to repel insects

from plants is another example of the in-

creasing need for fundamental research

relating to biological reactions of super-

imposed artificial physical conditions.

Sound

Engineers and entomologists have also

extensively investigated the response of

insects to various frequencies of sonic

and ultrasonic sound, and many studies

are currently in progress (27). For in-

stance, an ARS engineer in South Caro-

lina, in cooperation with state personnel,

is conducting work to determine the spe-

cific frequency and intensity of sound to

which a bollworm will respond. Results

to date indicate that the insect senses the

sound from distances as great as 100 feet.

Instrumentation to measure biological re-

actions of this sort is complicated and ex-

pensive and the investigator must have a

fairly comprehensive knowledge of both

the physical and biological principles in-

cluded. It is also complicated by the

possibility that the insects may respond

primarily to modulations of the sound,

rather than simple sound itself.

It is interesting to note that research on

insect communication may have military

Marcu, 1967

applications. It was discovered, for ex-

ample, that the bat has a built-in sonar

system which enables him to locate and

catch insects. It has also been discovered

by entomologists (7) that some insects

can sense the sound made by bats and

are thereby able to take evasive action

from attack. The sound from the bat,

however, is not constant, but consists of

short pulses, or chirps. An example of

this sort illustrates and restresses the

need for fundamental biological informa-

tion as a basis for the application of ad-

vanced physical equipment and principles

to solution of biological problems.

Physical Aspects of Biological Control

Entomologists have developed schemes

for controlling certain insect populations

by superimposing sterilized male insects

on the naturally occurring population.

These schemes, and other biological con-

trol methods, have physical considerations

which offer possibilities for improved

biological control. For example, certain

insects cannot be sterilized by radiation

without substantial loss of vigor unless it

is done in a rather short and critical in-

terval during development of the pupa.

This interval can be differentiated by a

change in color of the pupa. Based upon

this physical difference, engineers have

built equipment which sorts out pupae

which are at the proper stage for steriliza-

tion. This makes the male sterilization

technique possible where it would other-

wise be impossible (30).

As another example, our entomology

co-workers tell us that if it were possible

to separate the male and female insects,

the males could be sterilized and the fe-

males could be used for other biological

control measures. For instance, engineers.

in cooperation with entomologists, have

developed methods for separating the

male and female codling moth pupae

based upon slight differences in size. The

intention is to irradiate the male popula-

tion and release it when ready. In the

meantime, the female population would

65

be exposed to parasitic wasps. The para-

sitic wasps multiply in the host pupae

and, at the proper time, the pupae can be

placed in the natural environment after

which the parasitic wasps will assist in

control of those insects which have not

been controlled by sterilization proce-

dures.

Separation of pupae by sex, maturity,

or some other characteristic is often pos-

sible based on associated physical dif-

ferences such as size, shape, density,

color, or surface texture, following much

the same procedures as engineers use in

separating weed seeds from crop seeds.

Physical Aspects of Chemical

Pest Control

When chemicals are used to control a

pest, it is necessary to physically place

the chemical at locations which insure

that the pest will contact or ingest it. A

chemical which goes anywhere else in-

creases the cost and hazard of its use with-

out any improvement in control. The

great biological effectiveness of chemicals

has often obscured the fact that the pres-

ent methods of applying the chemicals, as

sprays or dusts, are very inefficient, fre-

quently being of the order of 5 to 15 per-

cent (5). Improving the efficiency of ap-

plication to say, 50 percent, would permit

a three-to-ten fold reduction in the amount

of chemical used, with associated reduc-

tion in hazards to the environment.

The position of the U.S. Department

of Agriculture (31) is to urge that pesti-

cides be used in the smallest effective

amounts, applied precisely to the infested

areas and no more often than needed for

effective control or elimination of the

target pest. This implies that greater ef-

fort should be made to improve the

methods of applying pesticides.

The actions and interactions of electro-

static, gravitational, thermal, aerodynamic,

and inertial effects on pesticide particles

are being explored over a wide range of

particle-size distributions and turbulence

conditions with various kinds of particles,

including dusts, sprays, and fogs (10).

The attainment of any significant in-

creases in pesticide application efficiency

will depend upon an improved engineer-

ing knowledge of how to control and

apply these forces and effects.

The trend of current research seems to

be toward better exploitation of aerody-

namic and electrostatic forces to improve

pesticide deposition. Aerodynamic forces

are much greater and possibly can be ap-

plied with less complex equipment. For

practical reasons of economy, however, it

is generally assumed that the air and fluid

must be moving at turbulent flow rates.

The resulting aerodynamic environment

of the spray or dust contains increased

turbulence, or velocity randomness. Be-

cause of this turbulence, there is a loss of

control which reduces the improvement

in deposition efficiency that might other-

wise be expected from the increased

velocity. Study of the nature of turbu-

lence and its effect on fine particle he-

havior is currently part of the USDA re-

search program on pest control equip-

ment (3).

Electrostatic forces, while much smaller

than aerodynamic forces, do not induce

turbulence. Industrial experience with

electrostatic spraying has generally been

quite favorable (2). A modest amount of

work on the use of electrostatic spraying

and dusting has been steadily conducted

since about 1950 (22). Experimental re-

sults have indicated that, under certain

conditions, a significantly greater amount

of material will be deposited on plants

when particles are charged. For example,

recent field studies (8) have found that

on beans and on corn, only half to two-

thirds the amount of electrostatically

charged dust will yield pest control equal

to conventional application. Several com-

panies are now manufacturing dusters and

sprayers which use electrostatic charging

as a means of improving deposition.

Much of this work has also shown elec-

trostatic charging to be rather incon-

66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

sistent in its effect, in fact, sufficiently

inconsistent to discourage further work

(5). It has been found recently that

this variability can be reduced in dusts by

use of dust which has a high electrical

resistance.

The non-uniformity of spray and dust

particles also contributes to the lack of

control of pesticides. All forces which

affect particle behavior are strongly in-

fluenced by particle size, and a twenty-

fold range of sizes for a given dust or

spray is common. In view of this range

of sizes, it is not surprising that there are

large variations in particle behavior. Most

methods for producing uniform drops

have been restricted to use in the labora-

tory. Some devices which have been de-

veloped recently for field use produce

fairly uniform spray (24, 29). Perhaps

this type of equipment can be used in fu-

ture research to determine the best parti-

cle size for coverage of various plants

and for best pesticidal effect. Research

on the effect of particle sizes should be

accelerated by the availability of new

semi-automatic equipment for sizing and

counting particles. In the past, the mag-

nitude of the problem of counting and

sizing has been such as to deter the study

of particle size effects. Droplets were ob-

served through a microscope or as pro-

jected on a screen and manual counts

and size measurements made. Such a pro-

cedure was terribly time-consuming. In

our own research, the Agricultural Engi-

neering Research Division presently uses

a flying-spot particle analyzer which scans

photographic negatives of solid particles

or liquid droplets which have been re-

corded on 35 mm. high-contrast film. The

instrument, by use of on-line card punch-

ing equipment, prepares a tabulation on

cards of size distribution, distances be-

tween particles, total area covered by the

drops, and total area of space between

drops. This ability to perform high-speed

counting and sizing may seem to be of

minor significance to the layman, but it

Marcu, 1967

is of the highest importance to the re-

search worker for he cannot know for

certain the improvements he has made

until he can measure the results.

Other Chemical Application Methods

Spraying and dusting equipment is rela-

tively simple, and is quite reliable and

flexible in application. Because of these

features, it was easy to overlook study of

the efficiency of application by spraying

and dusting. There is still not a great deal

of data on the question, but the limited

measurements made to date indicate that

in row-crops these processes are fairly in-

efficient because they result in applying

perhaps 15 percent or less of the chemical

on the crop. At the same time that we

attempt to improve these processes, we

perhaps ought to investigate other meth-

ods of applying chemicals to plants and

animals.

As frequently as brushes and rollers are

used for applying paints, cosmetics, ad-

hesives, and other materials to solid sur-

faces, it is surprising that so little effort

has been made to use them for applying

pesticides. Early work with soft synthetic

foam rollers encountered difficulties of

fouling with dust from plants and of in-

consistent metering (14). However, re-

cent experience with roller brush applica-

tion of systemic insecticide to plant stems

seems to have encountered less difficulty

Qs\r

Foam also might be a useful carrier for

applying pesticides (1, 4).

formulated, it has the property of high

Properly

surface-to-volume ratio and good wetting

It can be di-

rected to a target by auxiliary air cur-

In addition,

spun filament “cob-web”, water-soluble

and deposition behavior.

rents in a continuous flow.

polymer films, and many other approaches

may have possibilities. In retrospect, it

would appear that more effort should be

directed toward

methods which do not use spray or dust.

chemical application

67

Summary

(1) Pests live in an environment which

has chemical, biological, and _ physical

components. Any and all of these environ-

ments can be manipulated for pest con-

trol.

(2) Chemical and biological methods,

being newer and more familiar to biologi-

cal scientists, may tend to overshadow the

possibilities of physical methods, unless a

deliberate effort is made to consider and

investigate the physical methods.

(3) Physical control may be possible

through changes in the mechanical, ther-

mal, sound, or radiation environment.

(4) Study of the behavior and _ life

cycle of pests should deliberately include

observation of physical behavior, to per-

mit a broader choice of physical control

methods.

(5) Cooperative research on pest con-

trol among biological scientists, chemists,

and engineers should consider physical

problems involved with biological and

chemical control, as well as physical con-

trol methods per se.

(6) Some combination of control meth-

ods is likely to be the system which op-_

timizes control under monoculture con-

ditions over a long period. Such an inte-

grated system will likely contain physical

and biological approaches.

References

(1) Barrentine, W. L. and C. G. McWhorter.

New spray techniques for directed post-emergence

weed control in row crops. Abstracts of 1966 meet-

ing, Weed Society of America, 1966.

2) Brazee, R. D. and W. F. Buchelé. Electro-

static precipitation of pesticidal dusts, an outline

of research and literature. U. S. Dept. of Agricul-

ture publication ARS-42-29. July 1959.

(3) Brazee, R. D. Particle size distributions in

Brownian motion. U. S. Department of Agricul-

ture publication ARS-42-78. November 1963.

(4) Bouse, L. F. Personal communication. 1965.

(5) Bowen, H. D., W. M. Carleton, and Peter

Hebblethwaite. Application of electrostatic charg-

ing to the deposition of insecticides and fungicides

on plant surfaces. Agricultural Engineering

33 :347-350. June 1952.

(6) Burt, E. C., M. E. Merk] and T. B. Daniels.

Boll weevil control in a field experiment with a

machine designed to destroy shed cotton squares.

U. S. Department of Agriculture publication ARS-

42-121. August 1966.

(7) Callahan, P. S. Electromagnetic commu-

nication in insects—elements of the terrestrial

infrared environment, including generation, trans-

mission and detection by moths. Presented at

AAAS meeting, Section O, Agriculture, Mon-

treal, Canada, December 1964.

(8) Casselman, T. W., C. Wehlburg, W. G.

Genung, and P. L. Thayer. Field evaluation of

the electrostatic charging process for dusts. Paper

No. 65-647 presented at American Society of

Agricultural Engineers Meeting, December 7-10,

1965.

(9) Carleton, W. M. Integrated pest control

systems. Presentation before FIEI Power Spray-

ers and Dusters Council, Washington, D. C.

November 15, 1966.

(10) Carleton, W. M. and R. D. Brazee. Physi-

cal and engineering aspects of pest control. Publ.

No. 1402, NAS-NRC, pp. 169-184. Proceedings of

a Symposium on Scientific Aspects of Pest Con-

trol, Feb. 1-3, 1966.

(11) Carlson, Stanley D., John S. Smith Jr.,

and James M. Stanley. Moth visual potentials

in response to middle ultraviolet radiation. Un-

published information, 1966.

(12) Corley, T. E. and W. T. Dumas. Engi-

neering for weed control in the changing south.

Presented at the Southern Weed Conference,

Dallas, Texas, Jan. 19, 1965.

(13) Earp, U. F., J. M. Stanley and J. J. Lam.

Spectral response of hornworm moths. Trans-

actions of ASAE 8(2): 183-185, 1965.

(14) Gebhardt, M. H. Personal communication.

1961.

(15) Hollingsworth, J. P. Attracting insects

with radiant energy. Conference proceedings:

Electromagnetic Radiation in Agriculture. Ilu-

minating Engineering Society and the ASAE. pp.

23, 29, and 33. October 1965.

(16) Illinois Agricultural Statistics, Weed Con-

trol used by Illinois Farmers, 1965. Illinois Crop

Reporting Service, Ilinois Dept. of Agriculture—

USDA, Bulletin 65-6, Dec. 1965.

(17) Kay, Burgess L. Paraquat for range seed-

ing without cultivation. California Agriculture,

Oct. 1966.

(18) Knake, Ellery. Giant foxtail, a robber in

your fields. Illinois Research, Summer 1960, Uni-

versity of Illinois Expt. Station.

(19) Knake, E. L., T. D. Hinesly and R. D. Seif.

Can herbicides replace cultivation in Illinois?

Crops & Soils, Jan. 1965.

(20) Knake, Ellery L., Fred W. Slife, and

Robert D. Seif. Flame cultivation for corn and

soybeans. Weeds, Jan. 1965.

(21) Knake, Ellery L. and Fred W. Slife. Com-

petition of Setaria faberii with corn and soybeans.

Weeds, Jan. 1962.

68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(22) Kumkel, Wulf B. and J. W. Hansen. A

dust electricity analyser. Review of Scientific

Instruments, 21:308-314, April 1950.

(23) Liljedahl, L. A. The systems approach

to pest control. Presentation at Symposium on

Low-volume Application of Chemicals. Sponsored

by the Council on Pesticide Application, Chicago,

Oct. 19, 1966.

(24) Liljedahl, L. A. Unpublished work. 1966.

(25) Moolani, Moti K., Ellery L. Knake and

Fred W. Slife. Competition of smooth pigweed

with corn and soybeans. Weeds, April 1964.

(26) Nelson, S. O. Insect control possibilities

with electromagnetic and sonic energy (Abstract).

Proceedings of the Nebraska Academy of Sci-

ences. p. 75, April 1965.

(27) Nelson, S. O. and J. L. Seubert. Electro-

magnetic and sonic energy for pest control. Pro-

ceedings of Symposium, National Academy of

Sciences 1966.

(28) Reeves, B. G., L. H. Wilkes, R. L. Ridge-

way, and D. A. Lindquist. Design and evaluation

of equipment for basal application of systemic

insecticides to cotton plants. American Society

of Agricultural Engineers paper 66-106. June

1966.

(29) Roth, L. O. and Jay Porterfield. Liquid

atomization for drift control. American Society

of Agricultural Engineers paper 65-156. 1965.

(30) Schoenleber, L. Personal communication.

1966.

(31) U.S.D.A. Policy on Pesticides. Secretary’s

Memorandum 1565, December 23, 1964. U. S.

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

(32) Triplett, G. B. Jr. and D. M. VanDoren.

Can herbicides replace cultivation in Ohio?

Crops and Soils, Jan. 1965.

(33) Wiese, A. F. and O. C. Burnside. Higher

sorghum yields with pre-emergence herbicides.

Crops and Soils, Jan. 1965.

(34) Wicks, G. A. Herbicides during the fal-

low season in wheat rotations. Crops and Soils,

Jan. 1965.

Geological Society of Washington:

Proceedings For 1966

All meetings were held in the John

Wesley Powell Auditorium and President

John T. Hack presided except where noted

otherwise.

877th Meeting

The 877th meeting of the Society was

held on January 12.

Informal Communication. William E.

Davies reported on frost-riven rock at

Jacks Mountain, Va. Brian Skinner re-

ported on the structure of opal.

Program

James P. Minard: “Cretaceous-Tertiary

Boundary in the North Atlantic Coastal

Plain.”

Norman F. Sohl: “The importance of

Being Well-Preserved—or, New Jersey

Cretaceous Molluscs.”

Donald Langmuir: “Geochemistry as a

Key to the Origin and Potential of an

Aquifer System in New Jersey.”

Marcu, 1967

878th Meeting

The 878th meeting of the Society was

held on January 26.

Informal Communication. Leopold A.

Heindl reported on his trip to Iceland,

comparing the table mountains there with

those in the southwestern United States.

Program

Robert L. Smith: “The Bandelier Tuff:

A Study of Ash Flow Eruption Cycles

from Zoned Magma Chambers.”

James Gilluly: “Geochronology

Orogeny.”

and

879th Meeting

The 879th meeting was held on Febru-

ary 9. The president announced the

deaths of Jewell Glass, Gilbert Gros-

venor, and John G. Fairchild.

Program

J. A. Calkins and T. W. Offield: “Struc-

ture of the Southern Himalayas, Hazara

69

Area, West Pakistan, and Western Kash-

mir.”

Bruce B. Hanshaw, Meyer Rubin, Wil-

liam Back, and Irving Friedman: “Radio-

carbon Determinations Applied to Ground

Water Hydrology.”

George E. Ericksen: “Salars in Chile.”

S30th Meeting

The 880th meeting of the Society was

held on February 23.

Informal Communication. George Erick-

the Rodadero

sen reported on fault.

Program

Charles R. Warren: “Antarctic Jokulh-

laup?”

Blair F. Jones: “Trends in the Major

Anion Composition of Closed Basin

Waters.”

Jack Evernden: “Sierra Nevada Batho-

lith: An Example of Uninterrupted Gran-

ite Emplacement for Over 100 Million

Years.”

38lst Meeting

The 88lst meeting of the Society was

held on Mach 9.

Informal Communication. William New-

man called for speakers for the Joint

Board on Science Education of the Wash-

ington Academy of Sciences. Edwin Roed-

der reported on fluid inclusions in crys-

tals from Salars in Chile.

Program

Douglas W. Rankin: “Late Precambrian

Ash Flow Sheets Amid Thrust Sheets in

the Southern Appalachians.”

Irving May: “Trends in Techniques of

Geochemical Analyses, or, Is the Wet

Chemist Drying Up?”

W. S. Burbank and Robert G. Luedke:

“Volcanism and Cauldron Development in

the Western San Juan Mountains, Col-

orado.”

$82nd Meeting

The 882nd meeting of the Society was

held on March 23.

Program

Jack B. Epstein: “Origin of Wind and

Water Gaps in Eastern Pennsylvania.”

Walter Adey: “Crustose Coralline Ecol-

ogy.”

Frank E. Senftle: “Mineral Explora-

tion Using an ‘In Situ’ Neutron Activa-

tion Technique.”

833rd Meeting

The 883rd meeting of the Society was

held on April 13.

Program

B. D. Martin and R. W. Rex: “Clay

Minerals Formed by Submarine ‘Weath-

ering’ of Granodiorite.”

Margarita Menzel: “Nickel Selenide

Solid Solutions: A Tool for Measuring

Selenium Fugacities in the Laboratory.”

Allen Heyl: “The 38th Parallel Liena-

ment and Its Relationship to Ore De-

posits.”

834th Meeting

The 884th meeting of the Society was

held on April 27 with Vice-President

Joshua I. Tracey presiding.

Program

J..J. Rowe, G.. W. Morey, andpeGae

Silber: “Crystallization-Differentiation of

the Gnome Melt: The System NaCl-Ko-

SO4-CaSO,.”

Sherman K. Neuschel: “Airborne Geo-

physical Surveys: A Valuable Aid in

Geologic Mapping in the Eastern Vir-

ginia Piedmont.”

H. T. Millard: “Activation Analysis as

Applied to Geochemical Problems.”

885th Meeting

The 885th meeting of the Society was

held on October 12. The President an-

nounced the deaths of A. William Postel

and Jane Titcomb.

Informal Communication. Douglas M.

Kinney described the new building of the

Geological Survey of Saxony.

Program

Martin A. Buzas: “Comparison of Fora-

miferid Population from Central Texas

Coast along Canonical Axes.”

Frank Cuttitta: “Application of Atomic

70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

held on December

Absorption and X-ray Fluorescence Spec-

troscopy to Geochemical Problems.”

Robert Vorhis: “Relation of Seismic

Seiches to the Tectonic Features of the

United States.”

886th Meeting

The 886th meeting of the Society was

held on October 206.

Program

Alfred M. Pommer: “Modification of

Selectivity of Silicate Glass.”

Edward C. T. Chao: “Shock Effects in

Quartz and Plagioclase.”’

Richard A. Krushensky and Ralph L.

Miller: “Recent Volcanism in Central

America.”

$87th Meeting

The 887th meeting of the Society was

held on November 9.

Program

Harry J. Rose, Jr.: “Minerals, X-rays,

and Electrons: Present and Future.”

I. G. Sohn and Louis Kornicker: “Ostra-

coda, Microconcretions, and Pseudo-mico-

fossils.”

C. W. Sever, G. Tifton, J. B. Cathcart,

and S. H. Patterson: “Phosphate in the

Georgia-Florida Field.”

S88th Meeting

The 888th meeting of the Society was

14. The President

announced the deaths of Henry Ferguson

and Istvan Ferenczi.

Program

Presidential address by John T. Hack:

“Geomorphic Analysis by Means of Stream

Gradients Using the Blue Ridge as an Ex-

ample.”

74th Annual Meeting

The 74th Annual Meeting was held

immediately following the 888th regular

meeting. The reports of the secretaries,

treasurer, Auditing Committee, and Fi-

nance Committee were read and approved.

The award for the best paper of the

year went to Robert Luedke for his

Marcu, 1967

paper “Volcanism and Cauldron Develop-

ment in the Western San Juan Moun-

tains, Colorado.” Bruce B. Hanshaw was

awarded second prize; honorable men-

tion went to James P. Minard. The Great

Dane Award was presented to Edwin

Roedder for his informal communication

on fluid inclusions. The Sleeping Bear

Award was presented to Robert Vorhis.

Officers for the year 1967 were then

elected as follows:

| 3 aey (6 (01 eee ee Michael Fleischer

First Vice-President ...... Ralph L. Miller

Second Vice-President .... George S. Switzer

SECKetany is. 5... William A. Oliver, Jr.

SeASUED 2c ou ee oe, Jane Wallace

Commence, B. Carter Hearn

Blair F. Jones

E-an Zen

The Society nominated George V.

Cohee to be delegate to the Washington

Academy of Sciences for the year 1967.

—Meyer Rubin, Secretary

T-THOUGHTS

Hens and Roosters

The following study in proportions was

allegedly translated from a manuscript

dredged up from the lost continent of

Atlantis.

“Once upon a time it was the custom of

the country to raise eggs by gathering to-

gether hens of proven background and

ability and placing them under the di-

rection of a rooster. The latter imposed

discipline, made the necessary decisions,

took charge of publicity, and through

brief, intimate, individual sessions with

each hen did much to improve morale

and insure the fertility of the end item. It

was a rather loose system but produced

an astonishing number of eggs in an at-

mosphere of eager effort and normal

bickering.

“Rumors soon reached the

however, that more eggs were being pro-

duced elsewhere—a challenge that must

be met. The disciples of organization

couniry,

7]

and management infiltrated the hereto-

fore unhurried scene with instructions to

increase the number of end items.

“More direction was clearly needed

and roosters seemed to be just the type

to spur things along. Each flock was

therefore increased by several squads of

energetic roosters. The effect was dra-

matic and impressive. Far more activity

was immediately apparent. Louder pro-

nouncements were possible. Some rivalry

between roosters broke out and factional

disputes became quite common. But this

was evidence that an all-out effort was

in progress.

“Unfortunately, there were demands

for additional funds to feed this growing

organization that were not fully satisfied.

The value of the organizational and ex-

pediting talents of the roosters was well

recognized under the new system and so,

when feed was short hens were reduced.

“Some of the more eager of the roosters

became quite generous with instructions

and advice to the hens on the art of

laying. The prima donna hens, however,

resented this intrusion on their hereditary

competence and began to sulk. Some

stopped producing and many flew the

coop. Others camouflaged themselves as

roosters, practiced crowing, and began

annoying the few remaining steadfast pro-

ducers. The resulting decrease in egg

production was met by the creation of a

new planning group to resolve the prob-

lem and devise future goals. By this time

the proportion of roosters to hens was

ten to one.

“The final pages recording this ancient

episode have been lost in the passage of

time, but folklore indicates that, after the

demise of the last overworked hen, the

roosters continued to crow over door

knobs until engulfed by the waves.”

Avoiding the Issue

It is frequently prudent to take on a dis-

agreeable issue the first time it shows its

threatening face. This seems to be the

moral behind the following story told by

Jean Cocteau to Edith Wharton (A Back-

ward Glance, Chap. II) :

“One day when the Sultan was in his

palace at Damascus, a beautiful youth

who was his favorite rushed into his pres-

ence, crying out in great agitation that he

must fly at once to Baghdad and implor-

ing leave to borrow his Majesty’s swift-

est horse.

“The Sultan asked why he was in such

haste to go to Baghdad. ‘Because’ the

youth answered, ‘as I passed through the

garden of the Palace just now, Death was

standing there, and when he saw me he

stretched out his arms as if to threaten

me, and I must lose no time in escaping

from him.’

“The young man was given leave to

take the Sultan’s horse and fly; and when

he was gone the Sultan went down in-

dignantly into the garden, and found

Death still there. “How dare you make

threatening gestures at my favorite?’ he

cried. But Death, astonished, answered:

‘I assure your Majesty I did not threaten

him. I only threw up my arms in sur-

prise at seeing him here, because I have

a tryst with him tonight in Baghdad.’ ”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Paar aT

G2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

March Meeting

203rd Meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences

3 SPEAKER: DONALD M. MacARTHUR

Deputy Director (Research and Technology).

Defense Research and Engineering, Office of

the Secretary of Defense

SUBJECT: PROJECT HINDSIGHT

DATE: THURSDAY, MARCH 16, 1967

orto P.M

PLACE: JOHN WESLEY POWELL AUDITORIUM

COSMOS CLUB

2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.

Abstract of the Address—HINDSIGHT was a study undertaken by DOD to deter-

mine: (1) How science and technology were utilized by the Department of Defense in

its advanced weapon systems; and (2) whether any utilization pattern was evident

that could be used to more effectively plan other science and technology programs

in the future.

The study involved analysis of 20 weapon systems that have recently been com-

mitted to inventory. These systems were examined by teams of experienced scientists

and engineers and specific contributions from post-1945 scientific and technical in-

vestigations were identified. Each contribution identified was then traced backward

in time to the point of invention or discovery.

This methodology permits identification of clearly significant contributions. It was

not designed to identify scientific or technical innovations that predated 1945, nor

was it designed to identify indirect contributions from science or technology.

The Speaker—Donald M. MacArthur was born in Detroit, Mich., in 1931. He received

the B.Sc. (Honors) degree from St. Andrews University, Scotland, in 1954 and the

Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from Edinburgh University in 1957. In the latter

year he returned to the United States and taught for a year at the University of

Connecticut. In 1958 he joined Melpar, a subsidiary of Westinghouse Air Brake:

when he left he was manager of the Chemistry and Life Sciences Research Center. In

this position he was responsible for the management and technical direction of a

group of 300 scientists representing a broad spectrum of disciplines from instru-

mentation engineering to biology He was responsible for programs in detection instru-

mentation, life sciences, atmospheric sciences, natural resources, and space sciences.

In February 1966, Dr. MacArthur accepted a position as deputy director (chemis-

try and materials) in Defense Research and Engineering, Department of Defense. In

July he was appointed to his present position, in which he has cognizance of the

overall DOD research and technology programs. He reviews and evaluates the pro-

grams in the various areas for balance, adequacy, and responsiveness to military

needs, and he develops and recommends plans, policies, and procedures for the man-

Marcu, 1967 73

agement of the overall effort. In addition, he oversees the operation of the DOD in-

house laboratories to insure that they are organized and operating most effectively

to meet high-priority current and future military needs.

Annual Report of the Treasurer for 1966

Washington Academy of Sciences

Statement of Income and Expenses

Income

1 D1 st Siireeaa ee eRD hh Ge MRE I Re ee RD Mae el ae Sud a et oe a wscoco. $ 9,932.66

Journal

SUPSCHIpL ONS ..ica Bats Maer N ys hat PUNO ear ON a AA ech cme ene ae $2,427.00

Sale" ol: PepEMmMts s..cc1ak se eens eee ole eee en ee Ae 339.60

SalexOr suigle* copies: Bil eek hesesswo8. eae Mee Roe ec oe 67.88 2,834.48

InVESEMENt “INCOMES <5 A ee eee ee ee ae ee 5,672.82

Crantsin-aid “retmbursements (000i cae eee et ee antte Ae ee 853.65

Miscellaneous: ioe! ential Seog ae Nel ed erase 0 eluded Bena ied see pale Re er 31525

Totals AnCOMeh 4.8. HN OE ng ee A Ae ae he OT ee I, Sula « $19,608.86

Expenses

Headquarters office

GALE Sy sass ook cachet este eee es sak ac Rete abc ate ec net ae Dea et Re eR $3,186.96

Supplies, matettals: amd) SegvicGs. selec. seccdre te eee oe eo 1,506.93

TE CoA eas bin here tin AP ane ck Ui ke te na a ee Ae ene Rk ON 133.92 $ 4,827.81

Vournal, (printing, mailine.sreprinits, i€6C)) jes... eee ei ee 8,208.89

Meetings

FATT ATSC IMENES 1.4, 5eic5 Med as ce Pe ec rtcastek ead ee See ee LEO ie a I rE 2,808.56

PLO ATL Seen re MOS eke te RL ees Bia ea ld escent YOR 681.94 3,490.50

Grants-in-aid 3

GUI eed 1) Maa ae SOPs ids een Meciene RARD eeee mene OOM AMIE Nal ads A oe Mey tee 634.75

PREM UT SAG e eee ee ce orate eae ase ee eee Ae Maa EN ee 401.35 1,036.10

Miscellaneous (Board, other committees, e6C.) ...cc:ccsecc.scssccessccecrseeseeceencecavensveateessesrssersese 1,221.14

otal expenses. 40a eek kee ee Whi 2 a hme a Sycihie shcyehcosce (eA Oe $18,784.44

Capital Assets and Cash

The capital assets are in mutual funds whose total market value on December 31, 1966, was

$77,466.36. Of this total, $724.48 is in shares received as dividends during 1966. The total

market value on December 31, 1965, was $88,532.56.

The checking account balance on December 31, 1966, was $9, 687.54.

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

Checking Account Savings Account

Balance: 12/31/65. eee ee $1,142.42 Balance 12/31/66 ........2 $152.39

FRE CENPIS. «cst eh eee cet aay. came 4,841.10

Toralys heh. ce Ae ee a eee $5,983.52

Disbursements eae. ee ee 4,793.54

Balance *12/30/66 eee ene. $1,189.98

—Richard K. Cook, Treasurer

74, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

President

President-Elect

Secretary

Treasurer

1965-67

1966-68

1967-69

Executive

Membership

Policy Planning

Ways and Means

Meetings

Awards for Scientific

Achievement

Grants-in-Aid for

Research

Encouragement of

Science Talent

Public Information

Science Education*

Academy Organization for 1967

Officers

HEINZ SPECHT

Matcotm C. HENDERSON

RicHArD P. Farrow

RicHArD K. Cook

Managers-at-Large

Joun H. MeENnKarRT*

Grorce W. Irvine, Jr.

ALPHONSE F. Forztati

Mary L. Rossins

ERNEsT P. Gray

Peter H. HEINZE

National Institutes of Health

Catholic University of America

National Canners Association

National Bureau of Standards

Harris Research Laboratories

Agricultural Research Service

Federal Water Pollution Control

Administration

George Washington University

Applied Physics Laboratory

Agricultural Research Service

* Replacing Malcolm C. Henderson, who has become President-Elect

Standing Committees

Heinz SpEcHT, Chairman

J. Murray MitcHeE LL, Jr., Chairman

Kurt STERN, Chairman

Roman R. Miter, Chairman

SIDNEY GALLER, Chairman

To be appointed

GROVER SHERLIN

Francis J. HEYDEN, S.J., Chairman

CHARLES DEVORE, Chairman

Harorp E. Fintey, Chairman

National Institutes of Heaith

Environmental Science Services

Administration

National Bureau of Standards

Naval Research Laboratory

Smithsonian Institution

National Bureau of Standards

Georgetown University

Office of Naval Research

Howard University

* The Academy contingent of the Joint Board on Science Education, which is sponsored by the

Academy and the D. C. Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies.

Bylaws and Standing

Rules

Membership Promotion

Meetings Arrangements