ACT

0274.4

MERFETOLOG |

ISSN 1000-3215

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ACTA HERPETOLOGICA SINICA

第 1 期

1988

FL 学出版和社

SC lien) PRES Ss

PR Ne Bh 1988 年 ”第 1 其

A. 有

中国铀足昌科的细胞分类学研究区 .4 种雌昌的核型及其 C- 带分析 ee

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脆蛇蜥的染色体组型、C- 带和 Ag-NORs 研究 pp RE

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有 Susana Salas Frazier, John G, Frazier et al( 16 )

Sie GLA. BER) 头部的形态学研究 V. 乌梢蛇属、鼠蛇属、锦蛇属和 S

青蛇属头部形态的比较研究及其机生 ee sdbdodonnor gabndadoce addabechecesen: 张服基 ( 47 )

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简报

海峙在广西的首次发现 “ 孙建运 ( 65 ) 山东央类一新纪录一一财花锦蛇 ” 员震绑〈( 66 ) REMI

类的复殖吸虫 RAE ( 67 ) 温度决定部分爬行动物的性别 tem (70 )

两栖腿行动物学报 ”1988 年 A, 1-4

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

In fy

‘ st: 7

i "| :

i 5) ET BE

IV. 4 种此蟾的核型及其 C- 带分析

(图版工 )

AKA BEE ARK

(中国科学院成都生物研究所 )

材料与方法

1, IR/BTGHE: 1986.4 1987.3, KE

AREA MILE. FRR tp AN Te Hh 2760

公里 8

2, Few:

自四川省昭觉县。

3. SHAS: 分别于 1984.10 月采自

四川省茂汶县及 1986.4 采自洪雅县。

4, PERE. 1985.5 及 1986.10 采自

四川省昭觉县。

妆色体组型标本采用离体骨骼离心〈见

1985.5 及 1986.10，采

oe

. Individuals and

Table I The summary of materials examined in this study

赵尔密 1983) 及蒸汽固定法 ( 吴政安，1982)

制备 C- 带显带技术按 Sumner (1972) 法

制备。观察的个体数及细胞数详见表蕊

结果和种间比较

1. 染色体组型 :

4 种齿蟾染色体的二倍体数均是 26 (A

WI; A- 囊 )，13 对同源染色体由 5 对大的

(Nos.1-5)、1 对中型的 (No.6) 和 7 对小染色

tx (Nos,7-13) 组成 ,在 No.5 与 No.6 之

间，No.6 与 No.7 之闻在长度上存在比较明

显的分界线。全部种的 No.6 的长敬中段上

TAR

Numbers of metaphase

Species

Sexes Giemsa Stained C-banded

Oreolalax yg 50 20

omeimontis 9 2 30

O. pingii LING 30

Pode 37

haves 105 40

O, popei Ss

O, rugosa Se , 10 246 11

rh use 36 3

DnT Pe KE. EPENAA-t

基本相似的核型式，参考本亚科中已知有关

属的资料，也将它们分成 3 组，各染色体相

对长度与臂比值等，接分组排列于表 2 ,种间

SS EB RL IE AR LIN ILI LN TE FE ET IIN TS TOE LIE LE IS I I IN RE IE

差别可查看表 2 进行比较，文中不一一分别

描述。

本文于 1987 年 4 月 7 目收到。

Leob, PRE RUEWAB Ah Ae.

EAM ANS Ba Be, a RIA

Ap On == 97. Gales 9m —_ OO) Ss 7s iw fee ee

数 GLB. Be -K), PH 多于正常

ree 2 条或 3 Ee, 1B; ENE Tr

te py KL), HIRAI eT Sas ae

遍上县有 wat fa, (microchromosomes),

TE By TA 13 AY TA RR BAS ABS 20 = 261k

党型的相对长度和分型上则区无差别。该染

APARNA EMH, waa

EY) AS ESE So Tk Hi SE FE: AA EJP

Lhak SWB AHS. See ve. oe

等 3 SOE, TEPPER Se Be, A

Ve *

AN

= br

mip

现两性 HIRAM SS, 宝

簿成放县和洪雅县两地区均风采范

本， ESL AG BALLET LG A.

2, Cee, 〈图版 1.B、D PLA)

a a ys ie IX yg Se kA

22 ah C~ a BS = SE

Sie

Sh

iy

Ma

sii

长近区 SKIL Ree SZ" CRBE, 3% Ab

JLT C per tank

abe awies :

Re ee ry 2 52 ER

仅 NOs) 1-5: Hit @ AE Ke Cn 带 ay iy

55 3 agen

各种的 Ne 6 32 Bee

ee. cer iad fe Be GF

MABE TOR A Rs FER ES LA RESP

7 in Tee |B : MIEN CH

Call I. 1); Sesh ve Joule SC a HH

现异型现象， 2 Cink 2 238

A, ASS 2/30 Fig. Brwmgen

je ee

ay

1, AFA RAR WISER TO Eb 较可

KL, AM UNE R SHADERS, AAW

数目无变化，组型的结构简单, Lay

巴、s 钙两个类型的染色体，除文着齿蟾 Ore-

ae ae

olalax rugosa 有较多了的 SS 染色体而易于识

别外，另 3 个种群中不论在大型与小型组染

色体在种群相互之间并无太大差异，显示为

核型分化不明显。特别是 FEMI

域或过域分布的种，二致地在 NO .6 的相同

臂位 LWA EM Be UGE, (EZ 公历了

长期演化的过程以后，并未导至其位置有可

JL Beas. 人有标志性

的共有特征，反 8 a HSS 1% HW ASE

fel, Pr bic 2 eee, SHWE lS Vibrissaphora

极相似 GAR oR, as 几乎不可区分，

唯一可比较区别是具蟾属内的大型组染色体

上有具有较高璧比值或有较多的 sm 染色 HK.

ABS 影蟾属是互为亲近的属，外形上是十

=|

ig

分清楚的，但两者细胞学将形态特征则显示

0

2, 关于 ( 带带型 “无尾类一些较高级类群，

antes (Bufonidae), fy e: (Hylidae),

@l-(Ranidae), dake (Microhylidae) 7 iW

i: (Rhacophoridae) Spray C 显带资料

AW, FEREWRREMK, MANA

PIKE C 带，大多数种的长、短臂末端有

CC 带，一些或个别染色体还有和臂 BT Aa

(Schmid, 19782, b; 1980), 4) BUS (Pe-

lobatidae) 的 C 带带型研究较少， DRAB

HOC DHE, RSMAS Ap,

se AI IE LER He BCH {EC ar BEER

显著较小 ”长、短臂端均不具有 (CC 带 , 劈间

区除在 NO.6 上伴随着次痕绞附近册 BC ae

外，其他染色体光无插入带。这与上述各科

福比有明显的区别，从男一亚科即角哆亚科

(Megophryinae) Hh B&H) Megophrys

nasuta, Pelobates fuscus( WlSchmid ,1980a)

FIFC E28 Atympanophrys shapingensis (5

HA, 1987.8) 等 3 属 3 种 4 带核型来看，也

仍然揭示了类似的区别特征。直此可克，下

老的铀足蟾科中较少而又不太发达的 CC 带

可能表明它和一些镑高级的类群之间存在的

普遍性差别。

结构异染色质普遍被认为与核型的进化

ABWMXR, EKHEM, MSAK SI

ty BEL, ARATE KM,

Hibs kit C 带和璧间播六带，是变化后失

活的着丝粒所留下的残迹 (3chmid; 1978a),

其数量多少在一定程度上可籍以估计它们变

化的频次，另一种是少数种类中个别染色体

Nee ERASERS EKA aE FH

染色质化的情况，如像在 Pyxicephalus ad-

spersus (=Rana adspersus) hy ZZ/ZW Ve Be

a fkiwit Gtk Kb Schmid, 1980b)

和南美鬼 Litoria infrafrenata No.4. K

-E(King, 1980) pr DB, BRAM ACh

ro

=.

HSCS LAE Ak MSI, BOIL

22 BAL RIA AER NAT BEEN 根据

King (1980) MUL. 2OARBAREES

靠异染色质的量和位置来进行内部调整的过

fe, CERT H lleca cee hk. canied

I, K—-DEM AWA we et PBK

态。人 L Bt a, BH

No.6 一对同源染色体之间的形态大小和着

丝粒人世置 ,并无可见的变化 ,但 C 显带出现异

型，其中一条长臂上总是占有明显优势的异

染色质区 ,虽然目前还不明了这种现象是否

诸如与性染色体分化等性质有无关系，但不

bable 2 3 The maeiative Lengths and Arm Ratio of f meen best 6 chromosomes of four eol 和法

DO 本 | | O. ined , rf

| Rui Uy A iRe Type, | Ro) Rae Gp Type

1 1861.67 十 13 .2 1.2240.05 om | 入 38752111 1.29-+0.10 m

elu 1292 90st 1,.69+-0.16,,, “ml sm. 139.13 十 7.5 1.60-+0.13 m

ae 3 | 112.53825.4 (ela B 14st | 128.88-56.5 1.9320.27 sm

人 105.13 十 5.4 133-0921 sr 113.78-+3.% 1.78-+0.16 sm

5 98.352 2.6 1.5400.14 m | 98.83 士 6.4 1.80200.17 m, sm

I 6 T1TIHL42 a sto. ape | 69.8 214, avi: 2340.11 m

T 55.19+3.0 ‘i 45-c0. 20 m AQ, 784 an 1.50260.18 m

8 51.387°2.8 1.6€1-+9:20 m. sm AT. T4-£8.7). -1.802-0.19 sm

. 9 29.61 二 5.0 9 46.0743.1 1.5220.13 m

10 45, 86-b2.6 1 i4oeh TS 41.262°3.7 1.25270.14 m

ii Pa ban.) {edplcacOetay sy 10 36.7452.1 | 1.28250-19 m

AB, 910°". 48-F4. g aKa Sis oa 83.4°t4.6 2.3820.24 sm

18¢ 4) 1) 36.94 二 4.0 1. O80. om ia 82.7%: 4.0 1.26200.26 m

| QO: ace aa O, rugosa. 吕

Roy Ae sro Rn Type 展翅并中从全全 Rig Type

i 158.7210.1 °° 1.47-0.12 全二 | t58.24-410.3 - t.94-b0.18 m

2 132.415¢8,6 £.712-0.19 . > +sm 135.7 2ET.2 1.58 士 0.25 m, sm

i 3 119.67 十 6.3 工时二 0.24 sm 115.39::3.4 1.790.416 sm

4 110.475 .4 1.66+0.19 m. sm 111.08-5.8 1.692-0.13 sm

5 99.21-b4, 0) 1.88-£0.09 m a4. 114, Ay 1.86 士 0.30 sm

‘I 6 19. esr, 2 1.25-20.15 m 79. +7: 1 1.77+0.22 sm

7 53.0043.1 1.41 士 0.16 m 53.99-3.2 1.61200.16 m, sm

8 51.49-+3.9 1.42+0.24 .m 51.09-+3.9 1.61-£0.17 m, sm

7 9 47.31+3.4 1.38250.25 m 40 T1251.7 1.00.09) oy aeisis

10 43.39 十 5.2 人 3 本 02 [it ee date Dea 1.24-£0.21 m

11 39.68+3.3 1.311+0.19 m 40.39-42.3 {. SIO 19 a

12, slyly sBlaete-3 <3 1.34-0.28 m 36.42 十 1.7 1.17 士 0.16 m

seine) 35.62+5.1 1.300. 16 m 33.63 土 2.6 1.20.18 m

aa a

容怀疑地该条染色体上的异染色质量是增加

了，这也许是常染色质的转化到异染色质增

加的一个例证。同时，鉴于它的染色体着丝

粒区 C RAHA ARS tia ACH, STA

ASABE. SENEHY Cary 型可能

反映了较进化的性质。

参考文献

HRS: 中国两栖爬行劲物鉴定手册。科学出版

社〈1986) 。

赵尔志等，及蟾属的研究 5. 染色体组型的比较。

PACT yi 2(1):15-20(1983),

King M, C-Banding Studies on Australian

Hylid Frogs,

Structure and the Concept of Euchro-

Secondary Constriction

matin Transformation. Chromosoma, 30:

191-217(1980).

Schmid M, Chromosome Banding in Amphibia

J]. Constitutive Heterochromatin and

Nucleolus Organizer Regions in Bufo

‘and Hyla. Chromosoma, 66:361-388 (1978

a).

Chromosome Banding in Amphibia IV.

Differentiation of GC- and AT-Rich

Chromosome Regions in Anura,

Chromosoma, 77:83-103(1980a) .

Schmid M, Chromosome Banding in Amphibia

V. Highly differentiated ZW/ZZ Sex

Chromosome and Exceptional Genome

Size in Pyxicephalus adspersus, Chromo-

soma, 80:69-96(1980),

CYTOTAXONOMICAL STUDIES ON CHINESE PELOBATIDS

IV. THE KARYOTYPES AND C-BANDS OF FOUR SPECIES

IN THE GENUS Oreolalax

Gelategul »)

Wu Guanfu Tan Anming Zhao Ermi

(Chengdu Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica)

Abstract

The karyotypes and C-bands of 4 species, Oreolalax omeimontis, O, pingii, O,

popei, and O, rugosa are reported for the first time, All these species have the

same diploid number, 2n=26, consisting of 5 large (nos, 1-5), 1 medium (no, 6),

and 7 small (nos, 7-13) chromosome pairs, There is a secondary constriction at

the long arm of chromosome no, 6 in all 4 species, The karyotypic formula of

this genus is quite similar to that of Vibrissaphora, C-—banding shows that Oreolalax

has less advanced constitutive heterochromatin than other genera in more advanced

families of Anura, C-banding techinque reveals heteromorphism in chromatin in

the secondary constriction of chromosome no, 6 in O, popei, in which one chro-

matin is much larger than the other, suggesting that a euchromatin may have

transformed into a heterochromatin,

ICT ASR ”1988 年 A, 5-4

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

脆蛇蜥的染色体组型 .C- 带和 Ag-NORs 研究

(图版工 )

WRK BAX

(安徽师范大学生物系 )

蛇蜥类动物主要分布于热带美洲。在我

ERD MAAS, Ep het ite a ap

较广的一种，除四川、云南和贵州有分布以

外，江苏、浙江，广东、广西和福建等均有

记载。近几年来，在安徽也有发现〈安徽师

大生物系，1978)。本文所研究黄山产 WY Be

ket (Ophisaurus harti Boulenger) fy 3 f&

2A, C- ar AAg-NORs, VIRAXS He

蛇蜥的遗传进化、分类地位等的研究提供参

Fw

材料和方法

Heke eS 2, 2ORA Ree WFR.

1. 染色体标本制备 ”以骨髓细胞和肠组织

细胞为材料，采用常规空气干燥制片法。

1.1 ‘idm: 实验动物腹腔注射秋

水仙素溶液 (5-8 微元 /区体重 )。5-8 小时后

Reais, HO.40K Claim ih bee Be

细胞，直接低渗 20 一 30 分钟 , 然后离心 (1000

转 / 分 )，弃上清液 .再用甲醇与冰醋酸 (3:1)

的固定液固定 15 分钟，重复固定 2 一 3 次。常

规滴片，晾于后用 1/10Giemsa 液 (0.15M ig

酸绥冲液稀释，pH6.8) 染色 30-40 分钟，水

be» ART.

1.2 BAR: ERR wy 上

Riga BAAR. 0.250 REA

(0.7% NaC lig ye Ac iil) 33 iH (6 2-3 分钟。

Ra AEM AKEAR DEA. MR BEY

体积，离心 (1000 转 /分 ) 后弃上清 IR. BF

沉淀物作进一步处理，具体步又与骨肯制片

法相同。

标本制成后，显微镜 (10x100) 下观察

计算二倍体染色体数目。统计数据系由 10 个

细胞的放大照片上测得。由于脆蛇蜥有相当

多的小染色体，不便测量，因此相对长度的

计算以每号染色体长度占大型染色体总长度

的百分数计 . 着丝点位置的确定按 Levan et

al.(1964) 标准 .染色体缩写符号按常用的让

行动物染色体命名法，即 Y 代表中部或亚中

部着丝点染色体 ;] 代表端部着丝点染色体，

mK Ze phe BK.

2, C-#&e fSumner(1972) i BSG 方

法稍加修改 : 即将标本在 0. 2NHCI 室温处

理 30 分钟，经蒸馏水洗后移入新配的 5 匈 Ba

(OH),-8H,O 8-10 分钟 ,再于 60C F2xSSC

温浴 60 分钟，最后用 5 驳 Giemsa 液染色 20 分

钟即成。

3, Ag-NORs 染色 #¢ Be HE ) Howell 和

Black(1980) 方法进行 ( 施立明，1984)。

结采

1, 染色体组型 ” 脆蛇蜥的染色体数目

ASCRMREBUS HID, FRICBRL.

本文于 1987 年 3 月 4 日收到。

Table 1 The chromosomal number of 0 harti baie

人 Diploid chromosome mm

animals obeerved 09K ga ae Mae rf Pan | Ga ay

: 早 | a ie i 13 Be ne Sis f 了 uk | 61 | 2 | 2

a | 2 Wi-- Od 人 5 ee i ee 4 ote 3 | 1h

Total | 138 3 3 A Ve 114 Be

gb 12.32 | seer) gu07

Se SR WRT A OES

Table 2 The measured data of macrochromosome of Ophisaurus harti Boulenger

Ace, No Relative length Arm ratio Ceniromere ratio Ceniromere position

1 19.73-£0.35 1.62 十 0.16 38.24 士 0.20 Vv

2 17.98-F0.26 Hest! Far age) 41.94+0.16 Vv

3 16.63-50.14 1.3940.15 (| 41.860.10 von

4 15.28:40.17 1.72-+0.09 36.710. 11 T

5 12.57 士 0.08 I

6 10.64 士 0.21 1.39+0.11 41,820.08 了

7 1. 16-0. 16 I

和大型染色体的测量结果见表 1 和表 2。 Whe KE 716-19, 73 之间。其中 5 对属中部或

体组型如图版下，-A4. 呈所示。脆蜂晰二倍亚中部着丝点染色体 (No.1-4，No.6)，2 对

体染色体数 (28) 为 38，可分成大型染色体，是端部着丝点染色体 (No.5 和 No.7)。各相

(macrochromosome) 和微小染色体 (micro- ，邻染色体对间相对长度均有较明显差异。容

chromosome) 两组。 zeke

大型染色体组 : 蕉 7 对 (No.1-7)，相对微小染色体组 : 包括 No.8-19 染色体。

.

45

10

5

0

CANO MOG Saag

Fig 1 The idiogram of macrochromo- Pig 2 The idiogram of C-banding pattern

somes of O. harti Boulenger of macrochromosomes of O. harti

Boulenger ;

Bese — AeA} Hr e738 ay WI BUN HE ee, Oe A

例，该组均以单臂染色体计。

染色体总臂数 NE. 三 48(Y 具 oe,

茵具 1 臂 )，其染色体组型可表示为

10V +41+- 24m

大型染色 eee tas, RIA

JBAS EAT WER ARE

2. Ae eR BY C- BF a0 AgNORS CaF Ge

结果表明，脆蛇晰的结构异染色质位于染色

体上上的着丝点区，核型的全部染色体均显示

Hizs 22 (centromere)C-#, Hm~ Hw

色体的 No, 2-4 #1 No.6 ane C-i, it

No,1, No 5#1No,7Hig2C-jirs 微小染色

体也表现有染色深浅程度的差异图版工，

c.D 及图 2)。

人银桨结果发现胞蛇晰呈现两对清晰

而稳定的 NORs，均位于小型染色体上，

Mie No.8 fiNo.11 染色体上 (图版

T ,sz)。在被分析的 20 个 Ag-NORs 染色的中

期分裂相惠，有 7 了 7 个 No 11 《接我们初步排

列 ) 上的 NORs 呈现出姊款染色单体间联

PR

Ho

1, 染色体组型，从结果分 SBT By UIE RE pan

=38, NF .三 48，染色体组型 (10V 十 4I 十

24m) 有以下几个主要特点 ; (1) 染色体组中

含 7 对大型染色体和 12 对微小染色体，属于

两型核型 (Bimodal Karotypes), fie ke UR

的这秆两型核型骨况与是蝎目多效动物是相

似的。(2) 根据已有报道，蜥蝎目的二倍桨

色休数目一般为 22-46，其中大多数晰赐 22

=36, Morescalchi(1976) AW 2n=36 Ei

蝎类中的较原始状态。 ee

玫类核型接近。(3) 蜥蝎类动物存在性染

体分化的复杂性，

ASAE, IAF 〈吴美锡，

1983), Sei (RHR, 1981) VK King

(1977) Bike EBA Ee ii El 15

: soem

的染色体组型中，有 8 BL 《除个别种外》

有

是只雄异型性染色体晰竭，它们有克性异型

(XY o/XX), 维性异型复合体 (XAXBYery

和 AAAXBXB) AME: SAL (ZZ A /ZW)

Giemsa 染色的一般染色体组型分析忠，未

发现胞蛇晰有有异型性染色体。属于在形态下

无可辩认的异型性次色估人巷型。

2. 结构异染色质和核仁组级者 (NORs)

4- 融技术是显示染色体结构异染色质区的

主要方法之一。许多研究结果表明，结梅异

染色质主要分布在着丝点区。现已知道绪息

蜡染色质县有种的特异性，可以从一个侧面

AIA Jel SHE & BX Re B

HU. Set ue 28 WN C-aNRIa AR & (Moritz

198423).

A Sg (Schmid,1978a; Zuiz3s , 1981)

AA, ERPS, BHRLARE

一种能促进核型进化 LEE 染色体的

sy ote ETAWR REA K, AAG

25M ZEAL, . La eMae a wh 2G

see He He 68 USHER ARP A

ladies: cules 如果产生染色

体重排，直 C- 带显示时就可能有揪六型 C-

Inn hg ese a ie a 主

HS PS AAT] Bohs Fe 8, 75 EE in ab 2a 22S [a] FB

ab Ae ese cst 或微小染色体 A & 2B

少，相应的大染色体直少变多〈李树深等，

1981)。因此，在较进化的筷型中，主要是

中部或亚由部着芭点党色体，而迪色体的所

人型 - 带和端型 4fF 带也许部分是端着丝点

, 色休的原台着丝点的结构

下工王

Ge 68 (AO SE

ean AAJ, Hsu 和 Arsenic eeene

乳类人研究中曾设想过整条染色体易位后，由

化的着丝点附近的异染色质构成插入型

C- 带。但是从本文的实验结果表明，脐 he

贿仅显示着丝点 C- 带，即从 C- 带型上表 A

其染色体核型的相对稳定性。

银妆技术是特异显示 NORs 的有效方法

之一 , 已经证明 Ag-NORs 即 18s 十 28SrRNA

7

RANA. ERM, Mee

蜥有两对 Ag-NORs，它们都分布于微小 2

色体上。Howell(1977) 认为，银染的染色

体位点代表与 IDNA 活性有关的蛋自质。

”schmid(1980) 在对众多的两栖类进行研究

以后，进一步指出，银染方法对于有丝分裂

中期染色体来说，只是那些在间期有转录活

性的 NORs 能被 AgNOs 特异地染色，而活性

弱或无活性的 NORs 则不能用 AgNOs: 显示。

因此，利用 Ag-NORs 能反映出它在间期核

中的转录活性特点，人们已经把它做为细胞

分类学的重要指标，在核型及其比较研究

中，Ag-NORs 不仅反映了 rRNA 基因的染

色体定位，而且通过观察它的染色变异性可

了解 ?RNA 基因数目的不同或活性的差异。

我们在银染适当的脆蛇晰的间期核里能看到

1-2 个棕色的大核仁，它们是 NORs 在间期

核里的反映。

RAS. |e hee Shinisaurus crocodilurus

Ali 的研究。3. 鲍晰绝色体组型的初步研究。

两栖疏行动物研究 5(8):59-64(1981) .

昊美锡 : 中国石龙子染色体组型的初步研究。两栖

NC4T Sh Py FAK2(3) + 27-31(1983)。

李树深等，昆明龙晰的核型研究 .动物学研究 2(3): ，

2.23-227( 1981),

Gorman G C: The

Reptilia, a Cytotaxonomic Interpretations,

chromosomes of the

In “Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolu-

tion”, edt. by Chiarelli, A.B. et al.,

Academic Press, London and New York

(1973).

Hsu T C et al.:Distribution of constitutive

heterochromatin in mammalian chromo-

somes, Chromosoma (Berl.) 34:243-253

(1971).

Howell W M: Visualization of ribosomal —

Gene activity:silver stained proteins as-

rRNA transcribed from

oocyte chromosomes. Chromosoma §2:261-

267(1977).

King M:The evolution of sex chromosomes

sociated with

in lizards, In: Evolution and Repro-

duction, Proc. 4th Int, Conf. on Repro-

duction and Evolution, Aust. Acd. Sci,

55-60(1977).

Levan A et al,:Nomenclature for centro-

meric position on chromosomes, Hereditas

52: 201-220(1964).

Morescalchi A:Phylogenetic aspects of kar-

yological evidence, In “Major Patterns

in Evolution” eds. M. K, Hecht et al.

Plenum Press New York and London,

pp.149-167(1976).

Moritz C:The origin and evolution of par-

thenogenesis on Heteronotia binoei, I.

Chromosome banding studies, Chromoso-

ma $9(2):151-162( 1984).

The evolution of a highly variable sex

chromosome in Gehyro purpurascens,

Chromosoma 90(2):111-119(1984).

STUDIES ON THE KARYOTYPE, C-BANDS AND

Ag-NORs OF Ophisaurus harti BOULENGER

(Plate 7)

Guo Chaowen

Dong Yongwen

(Department of Biology, Anhui Normal University)

Abstract

The diploid number, 2n, of the glass lizard, Ophisaurus harti Boulenger, is 38,

consisting of 7 pairs of macr- and 12 pairs of microchromosomes,

Among the

macrochromosomes, Nos, 1-4 and 6 are metacentric,and Nos, 5 and 7 acrocentric,

oh S

The karyotype formula may thus be shown as 10V+41+24m, and NEF is 48, No

heteromorphic chromosome is observed in the karyotype,

C-bands of various shades are found in all chromosomes, The Ag-NORs

observed are located on 2 pairs of microchromosomes, Nos, 8 and 11, Moreover,

Ag-NORs association between sister chromatids was observed on 7 chromosomes

of No, 11 during metaphase,

PANO AT BD AR 198846 3A; 10-12

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

CA kk HD

A ”

《西北病范学院生物系 )

关于受精过程中原核重建〈pronuclear

reconstruction) A\|Al Rize > 7B 7b dR TE.

Longo PAE RR RUE, AA 80%

来自卵的内质网，但从受精驻发育的不同时

期认识两性原芒重建的形态变化， eo

未见有详细的报道。为进一步认识原核重

HTK, WA: ala i

EAA Bee a Sh

材料和方法

Be INH PAE A WE Me Bufo

raddei Strauch) WAFS. 4AM 是

EER RN BARES. ERMA

SHAE RANT, FEzeig 210 FA LR

精。按匈子受精后发育时间的不同，分为 13

2H, Sy Hie: ASIN. SeHH15, 25, 35,

AQ BO. 558 65.75. oe 95. 105° Libay

钟的受精获。每组有 9-12 个受精更。上述材

BUY Ez (Bataillon) 固定剂 Ei 定、

ApH, ESO. AE, ABA.

绿染色，最后镜检照象。

[| Pro Pai)

3. dy Zz 洒

fe LRG IR 1 SH Hea Be BE a NTE

的度层，呈第二次成熟分聂中期象〈图版

0

i. D. SARNIA. Sa

的第二次成熟分裂纺锤体活动过的皮层区，

可见一条由着色大红的卵黄颗粒组成的明显

标记，自皮层直达上座原核显现处，此即肉性

受精 15 分钟时，精也已入郧内但尚位

于皮层浅部，其周围有许多色素颗粒。棒状

Kasten, ABR AWK. BAR

20, SRRPER CAH. 2). BER. JREE

细胞核呈第二次成熟分裂后期象。受精 25 分

钟时，精子原有形态已经消失，精子入卵时

自动物极弃层表部带入卵内的色素颗粒，成

为雄性原核活动去向的天然标记，些色素带

AU AGE id. JRA AGE TR

部， ER iit 呈嫌色性的尘清亮区，高倍镜下

此区砚有细丝样的网状结构，着色痰红，是

了地刻座原核染色体的表现形式。羊清亮区的

边周珍集有一些小泡及色素颗粒 (ARI.

3). JERI, SN ab 38 Sik pe SU A,

一半染色体已排出外底层，即第二补体。另

一半留于卯内，成为难原仿的染色体〈图版

和下，4)。35 分钟时，雄原核在羊清亮区开始

出现断组不全的核膜，核膜外局附有单层排

本文摘要曾在， 1986 年 10 月召开的中国细胸生

yy ee Rite Lins.

* 本系发育生物学研究生。

本文于 1987 年 3 月 10 目收到。

列的色素颗粒、

卵黄籽粒。这样

SDR Hy HEI Re REAR,

Rs eA

ener s 红色杆状体和

;构成了雄性原芒的维形。

Bt eRe

WZ 4M “i

eee

Be ee 分清晰， ese [il 的示

同部位，核膜形成比较完整，核膜外周小泡

及色素颗粒显著减少，核内染色体着 ; 色淡

绿，显弱碱性。由于双层核膜的和逐渐形成，

并包被了核物质，核膜与其周围的卵黄之间

on Ee eae 半清亮区 “图版下 ,5)。

SIN NESS, EE AI AID

pee 45 分钟以后，出现欢性原核。初成

的雌性原巷位于动物极浅层，被卯黄及色素

BEEN, AME. HERI RI

wi. BALE ADA aaRANAKD

CREM). SMR INATER UAB ATI CZ

ji >. 6) fis 3 a fecha 进程 oT UT Pe LEE Js

核泛动的举请亮区移动 ,内含丝状物的在色

时， set oe

续 5

AUREL E ASG, (Hey eS 638

FERREIRA. 6553, NE

NEARER ERIN, BARE

AGE. POAT RMT Ke

755; Fit, BREE BIER, ARETE

EE dat Be yma

TAT SN AR) ae o PE RA. PYRE

JLEBBRE RM (ERY my. was.

67h, HSS KAH AE IRBERMS

(Aig, 8), 10577 钊时，两性原核马部

FRE, ANA Re Smee 为的染色体，

BREA, DRERM. BAR ENDS

55 Wav 5 DY.

两 WE Yes FS Es ES f= LH, Hit Te WG Fs J 形

成还是从和核蛋白质由酸变碱的速度上，雄性

原核总是快于内性原核，这是由于败性原核

的重建起娩于精子入匈 15 分钟以后，琵刻，

精核已进入核脱大的重

BH. (Re SME

> tA PIA GE 1 林 a

Yu Ey Ane 7 Fit METS Fan, BF 0 25 分钟后，

原核在玫坟和让反上发育到与雄性原核基本

相同的程度，两性原核才开始相结并融合

精子入卵后，精头开始膨大，随之变成一内

Gua yin, a AF Ae EK ek,

这些

分散的核物质重新北聚，出现嗜酸性的染色

体。原核边周开始出现断续的核膜，核膜出

班的同时，附于核外周的小泡、色素和厚黄

颗粒减少了，参与了核膜的

重建，对此尚需作进一步研究。原核活动的

Geman. Bonen eee

SRETAR. MERE EERE

ZS RNWEEL SMM. £S

精后 35-45 7 Ph, AGEL SIRES, JR

因是此时核内的染色体着色与卵黄颗粒颇难

Kal, Ea SE SSR UL, BERT

BURKE.

原核运动的机理，曾有许多报道。60 年

fe, Longo 和 Anderson 用透射电镜观察到

ia FAA Bite wee; 8046, Harris

SMe ts & A DURE 莫行了间接免疫荧光法

的观察。目前认为精子在卵内的移动是由于

星体内微管的作用，而且认为难原核定向运

动的启动，也赖于精子星体内微管蛋自的取

合和和解聚的平衡 L. BAVA BERS

MTERWE EAI. (ESR S EM

忠，未曾见到精吕星光，两人性原核运动的动

Fis WFP Io

i ee Mer dine (EB

RELL WZ eS Bie Sag Nha eA

eC eae oe

JHSERERENB. mE. MHRA

AZ he fo 2 (he ERT UE IB eT PE Eo

ty

-

B 才

3 OR

让

q

章鱼受猎过程中的质核动态。西

沙师范学院学报〈目然科学碑 )1， (1981).

Chen Da-Yuan and F, J, Longo, The Ana-

Record 207:325-334 (1983).

mem-

a5 kbs Wh 1 aS

a5 Biz A iE, ORE BS =

tomical

Frank J,

Loago, Derivation of the

动 Il -

brane comprising the male pronuclear Gerald Schatten, International Review of Cy-

envelop in inseminated sea urchin eggs, tology 79:60-156 (1982).

Develop. Biol, 49, (2), 347-368 (1976).

A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE PRONUCLEAR RECONSTRUCTION

IN THE FERTILIZED EGG OF Bufo raddei

(Plate J)

Wu Yiging Mao Mingting

(De pariment of Biology, Northwest Teachers College)

Abstract

At the time of fertilization, the egg of Bufo raddei is in meiotic metaphase

1. and the spindle is located in the cortex, near the centre of the animal pole.

The sperm nucleus can be observed at the end of the sperm penetration path

marked by pimant granules, 15 minutes after fertilization, the sperm nucleus starts

to decondense and migrate towards the centre of the egg, A semitransparent area,

which later becomes the site of fusion between the male and female pronuclei, will

appear around the male pronucleus during its reconstruction, The female pronu-

cleus can readily be found at the end of the female nuclear migration path marked

by yolk granules, The female pronucleus reconstructs at a lower speed than does

the male pronucleus, During pronuclear reconstruction, both male and female pro-

nuclear proteins turn from acidity to alkalinity,

PRCT yA «1988463; 13-15

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

(徐州市三十一中学 )

目前世界上已报道的闭壳龟共有 6 种 , 即

安布闭壳龟 Cuora amboinensis(Daudin), 黄

Bias aC, flavomar ginata(Gray) , 233)

faC, galbinifrons Bourret, BRAS A

C. pani Song, =H aC. trifasciata(Bell)

FR AC. yunnanensis (Boulenger),

分布手我国中部及南部，以及自缅甸向东，

砂达目杰，南至印度尼西亚等东南亚各国。

我国产后 5 种 ”。

笔者在 1985 年 10 月及 1986 年 10 月，获得

来自安徽省南陵县的闭壳龟标本 3 号，经研

究，与上述 6 种均有了明显差异，确认为一新

种。

全头闭壳人旬 Cuora aurocapitata Luo et

Zong，新种〈图 1-2)

鉴别特征，新种与潘氏闭壳 AC. pani

相近似。但潘氏闭壳龟背甲扁平，正中线上

BAA; 颈盾细小 ;第 =, AK RR

等，二 ,三肋持等长，喉慎沟为有扰盾沟的 1.5

音，胸、腹盾沟比肛导沟长，腹甲后缘缺刻

明显。眶径与吻长相当。头彰橄槛色，头便

瞳灰色，有二条褐纹从眼后达肛部鼓膜痰

RE, PRRRMBRRE. KARE, B

部黄色，有黑色宽纹位于盾片相接处，并连

成一整体。而新种金头闭壳龟 Cuworc auro-

capita ARH, BUBOE, BRL;

SUS, HI; 三、五椎慎宽均大于长，

SIA ISIGHT 52.54%, 肛盾沟最

长，胸、距盾沟次之 ; 腹甲后端微缺 ; ER

HBATWR. ASHE. KM Mi SB

属一新种 -一一金头闭帝鱼

(上海自然博物馆 )

色，具三条黑线纹。最上一条黑线纹从欧

端经鼓膜上方达颈部，中间一条短，仅位于

RERBLA, FABOAGR EP PARR

部。鼓膜、下吃及喉部、咽部均为金黄色。

体背黑褐色，腹部黄色，有左右基本对称的

大黑斑，腹甲前叶五块大黑斑呈梅花形。

模式标本 :，正模标本 87 亚 012 S , WEE

BA, BIA, 8710115, 8700105,

雄性幼体。模式标本由当地农民吕三宝采于

南陵县丘陵地区的诅边石堆中。模式标本保

存于上海自然博物人馆。

头大小适中，头背平滑。萄略突出于工

m, beh, Pee ke. HERAT

ko SERA. Hash, SPREE,

ARE, IPREARH YT, AiR. MR

Ba), 2: HBAK, S-HEALAY,

MAPRAMRH, WARRARs —.=.

四椎盾基本为六边形，宽均大于长 ;第五椎

* 有的作者，如 9. B. McDowell(1963) AUX

尔密 (1986)，把 Cyora flavomarginata(Gray) JF

入 Geoe1yada 属。赵尔密〈1987) 认为，海南 se

危 Czwora hainanensis (Li) HS 额 Asc {Cuore

galbinifrons Bourret, (HAA 持不同意见，有

待进一步证实。

本工作在研究、鉴定过程中，得到中科院成都

生物研究所赵尔密研究员、江跃明付研究员、安徽

IVR REBAR, BERS RIE.

Fn See PRA. RNIN SRE WA

ARERRLBREREWHERBR, HARSAS

的天力支持和帮助，并请上海目然博物馆曹未元同

pie, ZEAE, SSRN TAY Aw,

均此致谢。

本文于 1987 年 8 月 12 日收到。

。 13%

PRR ESSA SEEN SESE N TK SUSAR ER NSE SRI RE SR ESTEE OE TH

盾扇形，宽大于长。肋盾四对， Dye Jb

Bk, ARG: 第二肋丑最大 ”长方形 ; 宽

Ke; 2 汪咱首列涵关 2 Tt is we

Wii). R12. H-AeRE;, =A

ee oe

SUR eee ving

Fam LR » supa “HIER, a

闻亦有韧带相连，腹甲前后两部分 oe

STB UR BASIKIANL bee.

Bash, Hakka aes eon

BIA, IIa. AIBA» SIE.

IUS2H, OREM BU Ik HEIR

A ERASER). Bm a— Pal

BO DCE; Je ABE il Bic aE BE ee

HORAN, JSR. 38. BE ia KES

Be, BBE, HR, 背面被细鳞，后段鲜

raat; 腹面被成对鳞片，正中有一纵沟，

基部稍远。

RRB RAK, WEVEIL

活时头为金黄色，头侧略带黄神色，

细黑纹。一条从吻端向后，在眶处齐

ae

th

[I

IT 5 LA Ty Nee I ID gh i 25 Ha fa] — 25 4a Asi =

BURen LAs Pim -AS SASS RP

Ae, BR, PRR, Se.

Meme, HRM RSM. RPA.

普甲墨神色，鲜片接颖处明显色深。第二至

SPREE, RESCUE PRS

RSET SBE. ARR TE EE RB

bE. [PS &. caer SAAN A

RE, ZR ATH RAL, RB MBE

AG. HUM ERA BREA RABTEIE, 87

CEN I a: HEE OBC» DU

PARE Ge, MISA-LREMA, B

ad 股部亦为音色。丰褐色末端色稍

& BRR=SMEMA. 中间二条短，未

明显，腹刘黄色。

SSL, 沙巴

SST A A A VE TSI IEG

模式标本 : | 性别 ty WIS Kee

正模 87 开 012| 2.

8TH0Oi0;

23.7X14.TX11.6 | 6.0] 6.5

we 414 Pp

ie & an ae

27.5 £20, 8X13. 6.4 | 8.9

BCeE8T O11) 吧 24.4%14.3%9.8 4.9| 5.9

ETNIES ECR EC EL MRS ETRE A TY GIN

Cuca agurecapitata, Sp. nov.

2 fewm,-2. s7ioi2.

=) 度 (07, mm)

fa] fa | wR 秀吉高 fig FA te, an Ete

9.3 138.6% 92. 6X50 8 96.7% 136.1x72.8 | 50.9

7.5 1 99.3X65.6X29.2 | 32.6% | 81.9%46.4'| 35.0

7.9 | 91.765. 7x82.4 . 35.3% | 87.9X 47.2.) 31.2

835 Sa ARSENE EN ARONA EATS aR CS

参考 XM mM

四川省生物研究所两栖疏行动物研究室 ,， PET

动物系统检索。科学出版社。9-14(1977)。

宋鸭涛，闭壳匈属一新种。动物分类学报芒 3):330

—332(1984),

McDowell S B:Partition of the Genus Clem-

mys and Related Problems, in The Tax-

onomy of The Aquaitc Testudinidae. 269-

270(1963),

Pope C H: The Reptiles of China. Nat.

Hist, Central Asia 10:28-35(1935).

Smith M A: Fauna of British India, Reptiles

and Amphibians 1:84-88(1931).

Wermuth H and Mertens R: Schildkroten.

Krokodile, Brtickenechsen, 66-72(1961).

A NEW SPECIES OF Cuora—Cuora' aurocapitata

Luo Bitao

(Xuzhou Thirty-first Middle School, Jiangsu)

Zong Yu

(Shanghai Museum of Natural History)

Abstract

Cuora aurocapiiaia sp, nov,

Holotype. SMNH 86f[ 012, an adult female,

Paratypes, SMNH 879[910-011, two’male young,

All the type specimens were collected from Nanling County, Anhui by a peasant

in October,1985 and 1986 and are preserved, in the Shanghai Museum of Natural

History,

Diagnosis, The new species is closely related to C, pani but differs by the

possession of,. carapace more convex while flattened at top with a prominent verte-

bral keel; nuchal small, bell-shaped; third and fiith vertebrals broader than long,

suture between gulars 1,5-2.5 times as long as that between humerals, which, is

the shortest; suture between anals the longest; plastron. slightly notched at pos;

terior. end; snout \shorter than orbit; head.golden, brownish on the, side, with

three black thin streaks, second to fifth vertebrals red-brown; second costal with

a spot (red-brown in young and, lighter in adult), plastron yellow, with largely

symmetric large, black patches; front lobe with 5 large black patches,

Length of shell 89,3-138,.6mm, breadth 65,7-92,6mm, and. depth 29.2-50,.8mm,

45»

两栖谎行动物学报 1988463; 16-46

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

SEA TURTLES IN FUJIAN AND GUANGDONG

PROVINCES —

Susana Salas Frazier John G, Frazier

(National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington D, C, 20560, USA)

Ding Hanbo

(Fujian Teachers University, Fuzhou, PRC)

Huang Zhujian

(Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, PRC)

Zheng Ji

(Fujian Teachers University, Fuzhou, PRC)

Lu Ling

(Fujian Agricultural College, Fuzhou, PRC)

ABSTRACT

Five species of marine turtles occur in Fujian and in Guangdong Provinces,

where a survey of the coast was carried out between June and August 1985, Details

of morphometrics, scalation, other body characteristics, and epizoa are given for

each species, The major age classes recorded were: Caretta caretta - subadults; Lepi-

dochelys olivacea = adults and subadults; Chelonia mydas - adults; Eretmochelys imbricata

-subadults; and Deriacea—-adults and subadults, Nesting is reporetd to have once

occurred throughout these two provinces, but the only significant nesting

known to occur now is by C, mydas, and most of that is in the Xisha Island, with

the exception of C, mydas which is fished intensely in the Xisha Islands, incidental

capture during offshore fishing operations is the source of nearly all turtles, Most

catches are made during the summer and autumn, Beaches, reported to have once

had nesting, are now subjected to so many perturbations that virtually no nesting

This article reports the results of a cooperative project between: Fujian Teachers University, Fuzhou,

China; National Program for Advanced Study and Research in China, CSCPRC; and National Academy

of Sciences, Washington D. C., USA. Major responsibilities are as follows: Senior sponsorship and

obtaining permits (particularly in Fujian—Professor Ding Hanbo; Obtaing permits and logistical

planning and support—Zheng Ji; Negotiations and obtaing permits in Guangdong, logistical planning—

Huang Zhujian; Translations and Interviews—Lu Ling; Assisting in data gathering, analysis, and

writing of preliminary and final reports—Susana Salas Frazier; Data gathering and analysis,

scieatific planning, amd writing of prelimimary and final reports—Joha G, Frazier, 5

* 16 。

turtle can escape back into the sea, The few inshore marine areas observed suggest

that there is little feeding habitat for C, mydas or E. imbricata, It was virtually

unanimous among fishermen and other ‘coastal peoples that populations of sea

turtles have declined tremendously over the past few decades, and attitudes toward

the animals have changed’ from traditional respect and protection to contemporary

full-scale exploitation: There is a great need for long-term, detailed studies—even

of basi biology; and there is an urgent need for rational conservation and man-.

‘agement of these valuable renewable natural resources and their requisite habitats,

The present rate of exploitation on the Xisha Islands will soon result in the whole-

sale destruction of natural resources there,

INTRODUCTION

There are some 7 or 8 species of sea turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)

living today, and these include some of the largest of ali extant reptiles, as well as

some of the most economically valuable of wild animals, Marine turtles represent

much appreciated sources of proteins, oils and other products that have been used

for nutritional and medicinal purposes for centuries, Some marine turtle products

(e, g, tortoise-shell and leather) are much sought after in» industrialized nations

and as a result these command high prices and. earn foreign exchange in areas where

income is generally low, The effect,on the turtles, is very heavy exploitation,

As a tarely broken rule, marine, turtle populations around the, world have been

overexploited and their numbers catastrophically reduced-particularly during the

last few decades (Frazier 1980; Bjorndal 1982),

In addition, human populations ‘have increased dramatically over the last decades

in most cotntries, and.as a result coastal and marine habitats have come under

heayy pressure from exploitation of natural. resources and from modification of hab-

itats for agricultural and socio-economic development, As a consequence, requisite

nesting and feeding habitats for marine turtles in many parts of).the. world have

been destroyed or so greatly altered that they do not provide the tequirements of

the animals, ;

A further factor which greatly complicates the situation is that all sea turtles

have highly ,complicated life cycles, depending on.a variety of habitats from terres-

trial :to epipelagic ecosystems, and requiring decades to. reach, maturity, In the

course of a normal.life cycle.a single sea turtle, during its;development, may travel

over vast areas of ocean, ofice it is mature the turtle may make seasonal migra-

tions of thousands of kilometres, across coastal. waters and open ocean, Hence, dur-

ing its lifetime, an individual turtle will pass through and live in. many sovereign

territories, Despite half a century of detajiled scientific study by, biologists in. dozens

of countries, many basic biological points about sea turtles remain. unknown (Fra-

* Ob ,。

zier, 1984a),

As a consequence, biologists, naturalists and people concerned with the ratio-

nal use of natural resources are dedicated to the study of marine turtles. so that

mankind can better benefit from a more thorough understanding of the biology and

natural history of these intriguing animals and so that we can benefit from rationnal

utilisation of these natural resources—in such a way that future generations will be

able to enjoy these natural treasures, and not suffer from the greed and misman-

agement of former generations, This concern is world-wide, transcending national

boundaries,

The goals of the project described herein were to make available basic infor-

mation on marine turtles in a poorly studied area; assist in the conception, plan-.

ning and guidance of management and conservation programs; and assist in techno-

logy transfer for field, analytical and management procedures,

ITINERARY and METHODS

The survey began on 6 June 1985 in Fujian province, where two weeks were

spent, using 8 bases: Shishi, Zhangpu, and Dongshan. During this time 15 coastal

sites were visited; 28 interviews were carried out; 6 potential nesting areas were

visited; and 13 specimens were examined ¢of which 10 were collected) ,

From 19 June until 2 July and from 19 July until 27 July the survey was

based'on the mainland of Guangdong Province, Seven different bases were used; 4

coastal sites were visited; 12 interviews were carried out; one nesting area was

visited; and about 16 specimens were examined (of which 3 were collected),

Hainan Island was surveyed between 2 July and 19 July, Four bases were used;

7 coastal sites were visited; 15 interviews were carried out; 6 potential nesting

areas were visited; 3 potential feeding habitats were visited; and 102 specimens

were examined (of which 10 specimens and additional stomach contents and limb

bones were collected) ,

From 9 to 12 August, the survey continued on Pingtan Island, Fujian, where:

6 coastal sites were visited; 4 interviews were carried out; one potential nesting

area was visited; and 19 specimens were examined (of which 7 were collected),

During the various stays in Fuzhou 39 specimens were examined, of which 31

were in the Depareneut of Biology, Fujian Teachers University and 8 in the

Fujian Provincial Museum,

Identifications of specimens were based on information in Frazier (in press) ;

measurements are as described in Frazier (1984b), Abbreviations used in the text

are listed in Appendix I, Interviews witlt coastal fishermen and others were con-

ducted using the standard format in Appendix [| (omitted) ,

“9 18 Ps

RESULTS

The results are treated in 3 parts, Specimens, Habitat Surveys, and Interviews,

SPECIMENS

Specimens of 5 species were examined, totaling 189 individuals, Only 4 of these

were live, The vast majority of specimens were carapaces (of Chelonia mydas_ espe-

cially) that remained after the animal had been killed and consumed, In all but

one instance the specimens were easily identified to species; the exception was a

small and badly weathered fragment of a carapace (for comments on identification

of sea turtles see Frazier, in Press),

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus)—Xi Gui, Loggerhead Turtle,

Specimens examined - A total of 16 specimens (and a fragment of another spec-

imen thought to be of this species) were examined, FTU=6; FPM=2, Fujian fish-

ermen=5; Hainan fishermen=3,

Distribution-The species was recorded from Hainan Island (19° 40’N) to Pingtan

Island (25° 30’N); 819 of the C. caretia were from Fujian and only 19% from

Guangdong, Of all the Fujian specimens examined, C, carette comprised 23%; of all

the Hainan Island turtle specimens examined, C, caretita comprised only 3%, No C,

careita from the Guangdong mainland were seen, Hence, the species is more com-

monly captured in the north than in the south (more than half of the specimens of

this species came from Pingtan Island alone),

Seasonality - The species is caught through much of the year; records span from

March to October, with 3 Hainan specimens in late June/early July and 4 Fujian

specimens in October, The few data suggest that in the south the species is caught more

commonly in the summer and in the north, more commonly in the autumn, but

more data are required to establish seasonal trends,

Morphometrics - Curved carapace length of 16 specimens ranged from 74,5 to

102 .5cm (X +1 St, Dev, =82.0 +6.88cm) (Figure 1), Less than half of the ani-

mals were greater than 80cm, so most of the sample were evidently subadults,

Curved carapace width varied from 88 to 97% of CCL, averaging 91.4% (42.56%;

N=15). Depth of the supracaudal notch varied from 1.0 to 2.8% of the CCL,

averaging 1.8% (10.46%; N=15). Head width varied from 19 to 21% of CCL,

averaging 19.4% (+0.67%; N=9). Plastron length varied from 69 to 76% of

CCL, averaging 72.7% (12.46%; N=9), Length of the postanal scale varied from

2.1 to 7.6% of the PL, averaging 3.9% (+2.06%; N=7).

The sample sizes are too small to make conclusions about sexual differences or

ontogenetic variation, although there are indications of allometric decrease in rela-

tive, CCW (Figure 2), HW (Figure 3), and PL (Figure.4),

Scalation - Only one of the 15 specimens showed variation in the normal number

e 49 。

of vertebral scutes; it had 6 instead of the usual 5. Variation in the number of

pleural scutes was greater, 12 specimens each had 5 pairs of large scutes; 2 speci-

mens each had a greatly reduced Ist right pleural; one specimen had 4 right and 5

left pleurals; and one specimen had 6 right and 5 left pleurals, Hence, 25% of the

specimens had abnormal right pleurals; no specimen had abnormal left pleurals,

Marginal scutes were relatively variable. 6 specimens each with 11 pairs; dne spec-

imen with 10+1 partially divided left and 11 right, 3 specimens each with 12 left

and {1 right, 3° specimns each with 12 pairs of marginals, Hence, more than half

of the sample’ had non-inodal conditions(viz, other than 11 pairs of marginals), One

of the il specimens had a divided cervical scute; in 12 others it was single,

Head scalation also shows considerable variation, The number of postocular

scales was most frequently 3 pairs’ (7 of 9 ‘specimens) .Other ‘conditons were, 4

‘pairs, and’ 2+-1 partially divided left and 4 right, ‘prefrontal scales varied from 4

‘fo 8 in number, with 5 being most fréquent (4 of 9 cases).

Inframarginal scutes were 3 pairs in the majority of specimens (8 of 9); the

exception had 4 pairs, The intergular scute was much reduced in comparison to

other species in the Cheloniidae; it was absent in 4 cases and very small (less than

1/4 of a gulat scute) in 4 other cases; The submandibular scales, that gover’ the

_-ventral surface of each ramus of the mandible, were always greater than 1 in num-

ber; each side of the jaw had cither two large elliptical scales with a much smaller

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circular scale between them; or 3 large rounded scales of nearly equal size,

Other morphological features, difficult to quantify but characteristic of this

species, were present, The notch between the supracaudals was “V”-shaped, A py-

geal “knob” was conspicuous at the anterior of the tifth vertebral. scute, |

Epizoa - Filamentous algae were on at least 4 of the 16 carapaces (25%). Bar-

nacles were on 50% of the 16 specimens examined,Chelonibia testudinaria on 3, bur-

rowing barnacles (Stomatolepas 7?) on 4 (including one male turtle with an extensive

infestation that covered about 80% of the carapace), and one animal had Platyle-

pas hexasiylos, One carapace had small depressions with what appear to be macro-

scopic copepods within, These rates of epizoan occurrence represent minimal values,

because these organisms are frequently cleared off of specimens during preparation

for museum collections,

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz)—Li Gui [ “Beautiful Turtle” 1, Olive Ridley turtle,

Specimens examined - A total of 24 specimens were examined, FTU=5; DSMS=

1; Fujian fishermen=17 (including one carapace said to have been ponent in Zhe-

jiang Province); Hainan fishermen=1,

Distribution - The species was recorded from Hainan Island (19° 40’N) to Zhe-

jiang Province (about 27°N), Nearly 92% of the Lepidochelys olivacea were from

Fujian Province, only one specimen was from Hainan, Guangdong; and one from

Zhejiang (captured by Pingtan Island fishermen), Hali of the specimens came from

Pingtan Island, north Fujian Province, and of all the Fujian specimens examined,

L. olivacea comprised 31%; of the Hainan Island specimens examined, L. olivacea

- 22+

comprised less than 1%. No turtles of this species were recorded from the mainland

of Guangdong Province, Hence, the species is captured more commonly in the north

than in the south,

8

NUMBER OF TURTLES

CURVED CARAPACE LENGTH (em)

Seasonality - Specimens were collected between May (1 case) and October (1);

cae

with a preponderance (3) in June, Fishermen reported catches trom February/

March (2) to October (1), with the vast majority (7 of 12) in June and July, The

species is evidently captured much more frequently during summer months,

Morphometrics-The 24 specimens measured included adults and subadults,

Curved carapace length varied from 43,0 to 70,0cm,averaging 59,3(-+6.70cm;N=23)

(Figure 5), Curved carapace width varied from 99 to 108% of the CCl, averaging

102.4% (42.44%; N=20), Head width varied from 18 to 19% of CCL, averaging

18.2% (+0.53%; N=5), Plastron length varied from 70 to 75% of CCL, averag-

ing 72,0% (42.16%; N=4). Postanal scale length varied from 2 to 3% of PL,

averaging 2.5% (40.51%; N=3). |

The data are insufficient to determine if any sexual differences occur, and they

do not indicate any consistent ontogenetic trend, There may be an allometric reduc-

tion in relative carapace width (Figure 6), but relative head width (Figure 7) and

plastron length (Figure 8) appear to decrease allometrically, More data are needed

to determine if these trends are statistically significant,

Scalation-This species shows great variation in carapace scalation, The number

G18 i

of vertebral scutes varied from 5 to 8 in 24 specimens, 5=25%; 5+1 partially di-

vided=4%; 6==38%; 7=29%; 8=4%, Variation in pleural scutes was even greater;

63% had symmetric arrangements while 38% had asymmetric arrangements; Of the

symmetric arrangements, 6 pairs of pleurals was the most frequent (29% of the to-

tal), but there were as few as 5 pairs (8% of the total) and as many as 7 pairs

(21% of the total); one animal had 5+1 partially divided on each side, Of the

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asymmetric arrangements, a greater number of left pleurals was more common than

a greater number of right pleurals (25% and 13%, respectively). The greatest num-

ber of pleurals on any side was 8 and the least, 5,

Data on marginals are available for only 16 specimens, Of these, bi dias had 12

pairs, the remainder had asymmetric arrangements ol 12 on one side and less than

12 on the other, Postocular scales varied from 3 pairs to 4 pairs, asymmetric com-

binations of 3 on one side and 4 on the other also occurred, Data from only 5

specimens are available, and there is no mode,

Inframarginals were 4 pairs and the intergular was small (but data on only 2

specimens are available), There was frequently a pygeal swelling (not a knob) at

the level of the last vertebral, and the notch between the supracaudals was nor-

mally “C”-shaped, A single, exceptionally large elongate scale covers the anterior

ventral surface of each ramus of the mandible, Often there are conspicuous keels on

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the neurals at the level ot the Ist and 2nd vertebrals,

Other features, common in the East Pacific (Frazier 1984b), were absent, There

were never scratches or notches in the anterior “shoulders” of the carapace; nor

were there abrasions or gouges on the ventral posterior marginals, These two sorts

of injuries are characteristic of breeding turtles and are evidently made by the male

during mounting activities, None of the Chinese Lepidochelys olivacea showed a bi-

tonal carapace, with the posterior smoother and lighter in colour, This feature is

normal in both breeding and nonbreeding populations of the East Pacific,

Epizoa-This species evidently has very low rates of epizoan infestations, at

least in China, Only one animal had epizoa, a few small barnacles on the carapace,

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus)—Lu Gui (= “Green Turtle”), Green Turtle,

Specimens examined - A total of 130 specimens were examined, FTU=12; FPM

=2: DSMS=1; SCSI=4; ZSU=3,; Fujian fishermen=6; Guangdong nesting beach=

about 4; Hainan fishermen=98,

Distribution - The species was recorded from the Xisha Islands (16° N)to Ping:

tan Island (25° 30’N). At least 79% of the Chelonia mydas examined were from

Hainan-Xisha Islands; only 16% were from Fujian, Of all the Fujian specimens

examined, this species comprised 30%; it comprised 95% of the Hainan-Xisha Is-

lands specimens, Of all of the sea turtle specimens examined during the present

survey, C, mydzs made up 69%, Clearly, this was the most common species, and

it is most abundant in the south,

Seasonality - Specimens were collected between April and October, The vast ma- .

jority were from June and July, due to the large number of animals examined

in early and mid July during the present study in Hainan Island,

Morphometrics - The majority of the 125 animals measured had curved carapace

length between 71,5 and 108.0cm; however, turtles as small as 20,0em were mea-

sured, There is a conspicuous mode between 90 and 95cm (Figure 9), Curved

carapace width is about 90% of CCL, The notch between the supracaudals is nor-

mally much less than 1% of the CCL, but in a dozen cases the notch was deep

and more than 1% of CCL; never was it more than 2%, Head width varied be-

tween 13 and 19% of CCL, averaging 13.8% (+1.36%; N=23), Plastron length

varied from 71 to 82% of CCL, averaging 77.9% (+2.23%; N=33). Postanal

length varied from 0,0 to 10.5% of PL, averaging 2.5% (+1,.93%; N=23).

Detailed morphometric data will be analised later to test for sexual differences,

The data indicate that there are several allometric changes, With increasing CCL,

there is a decrease in relative, CCW, HW, and PL (Figures 10-12)

Scalation - Of 123 specimens, 96% had 5 vertebral scutes. Four specimens (3%)

had 6 scutes and one (1%) had 7, Pleural scutes were scored for 126 specimens,

95% of which had 4 pairs, Other arrangements were, 5 pairs=i,; 5 left/4 right=1,

6 leit/5 right=1,; 4 left/5 right=3, Marginal scutes were scored for 118 turtles, of

which 97% had 11 pairs, Two turtles each had 10+1 partially divided left/11

right, and one had 12 pairs,

Postocular scales were scored for 29 turtles; 76% had 4 pairs, Two had 5

pairs; one had 5 left/4 right, three had 4 left/5 right; one had 2+1 partially di-

vided left/3 right, Axillary scales were recorded for 19 specimens, 42% had 3 pairs;

e 26 e

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21% had 4 pairs; 11% had 2 pairs, Four turtles had 4 left/3 right, and one had

4 left/5 right, Inframarginal scales were scored in 32 turtles; 919% had 4 pairs;

two turtles had 4 leit/5 right, one turtle had 2+1 partially divided on both sides,

In the same 32 turtles the intergular was invariably large. One pair of inguinal

scales were present in 22 of 23 turtles, the exception had 2 left/i right,

Coloration - Information on coloration was collected for 103 turtles, Of these,

70% had concentrations of dark pigment in all large carapace scutes; only 7% had

no concentrations in the carapace scutes, The occurrence of red-brown “bulls-eyes”

within the concentrations was scored for 97 of the turtles, In 35% the bulls-eye

was conspictious in all scutes; it was absent from all scutes in 49% of the turtles.

There appears to be a sexually related difference in these color characteristics

(see Frazier 1971; 1985a), and detailed data will be analised later. There is a clear

ontogenetic sequence of color phases, typical of the species in other areas,

Epizoa - On all the specimens examined, filamentous algae were found on only 9

individuals; green, red and brown forms were evident, Barnacles were recorded on

only 21 turtles, at least 4 species were present, Four turtles had heavy infestations

of burrowing barnacles in their carapaces,

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus) —Daimei (frequently, but incorrectly called “Dai-

mao”), Hawksbill Turtle,

Specimens examined - A total of 10 specimens were examined, FTU=3,F PM=2

(one live), SCSI=4; ZSU=1,

Distribution — The species has been recorded from the Xisha Islands (16° N),

to Pingtan Island (25° 30’ N) and Lianjiang (26° 6’ N), on the north side of ‘the

Minjiang River, Fujian, About half the specimens of this species were from Xisha

Islands and about half from Pingtan and Lianjiang, Eretmochelys imbricata com-

prised 7% of all of the Fujian specimens and 4% of all of the Guangdong specimens,

The absence of records from southern Fujian and the Guangdong mainland is curi-

ous, but at least in part must reflect the lack of collecting effort, '

Seasonality — Records (all from northern Fujian) are from: May, July, August

and October—summer months with the exception of last named,

Morphometrics - All 10 specimens are well below adult size; the largest was 65

em curved carapace length (Figure 13), Curved carapace width varied from 82 to

91% of CCL, averaging 88.2% (+3,12%; N=i0), Depth of the supracaudal notch

varied from 3,6 to 5.8% of the CCL, averaging 4.8% (40.77%; N=10) , Head

width varied from 12 to 16% of CCL, averaging 13.7% (11.44%; N=9), 了 las-

tron length varied from 68 to 79% of CCL: averaging 71.9% (+4°37%; N=5).

Length of postanal scale varied from 1,8 to 4,1% of PL, averaging, 2,62%

(41.03%; N=4) ,

The data are insufficient to determine if there are sexual differences in mor-

phometric characters, Several allometric changes are apparent; with increasing CCL

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there are relative decreases in CCW and HW and relative increase in PL (Figures

14-16), Statistical verification of these trends must be done when more data are

available,

Scalation -Carapace scalation was unvarying in all 10 specimens; each had 5 ver-

tebrals, 4 pairs of pleurals and 11 pairs of marginals, Postocular scalation was also

unvarying; 3 pairs in 7 of 7 cases, In 6 of 6 cases inframarginals were 4 pairs,

Normally the intergular is large and there are 4 prefrontal scales, One animal (JGF

42-87) was unusual in having a very small intergular (less than 25% of a gular)

and 7 prefrontal scales,

The position of the most anterior dentate marginal varied from the Ath to the

7th and was inversely related to carapace length, Similarly, the number and

strength of dorsal and ventral keels is related to body size; the smaller animals

have more prominant keels, This is comparable to the situation in the western

Indian Ocean (Frazier 1985),

Epizoa — Only one live E, imbricote was examined, and it had two species of

balanid barnacle and at least two species of algae, The other museum specimens

had evidently been cleaned of epizoa during preparation,

Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus)—Leng Pi Gui (“Keeled Turtle”), Leatherback

Turtle, :

Specimens examined — A total of 9 specimens were examined: FTU=5, FPM

三 2; ZSU=1; Fujian fishermen=1,

Distribution - Eight of the nine specimens (89%) came from Fujian, between

Dong Shan Is, (23°40 N) and Lianjiang (26°6’ N) , The one specimen in Guang-

zhou was evidently from Guangdong Province, but it had no specific locality data,

Of all the Fujian specimens, Dermochelys coriacea comprises 11%; less than 1% of

the Guangdong specimens was D, coriacea, This suggests that the species is caught

more commonly in the north, .

Seasonality - Four specimens were collected in May call in 1984), two in July

and one each in August and October, The species appears to be caught more com-

monly during summer and autumn,

Morphometrics - The 7 specimens with measurements include adults and sub-

adults, Curved carapace length (taken along the medial keel) varied from 115.5 to

152.5 cm, averaging 131,8 (112.62%) (Figure 17), Curved carapace width varied

from 66 to 75% of CCL, averaging 70.4% (+3.30%: N=7), Head width varied

from 14 to 16% of CCL, averaging 14.6 (40.57; N=7).,

The largest and smallest animals were both males, and there are insufficient

data to determine what sexual differences exist, There are clear cases for allome-

tric changes; both relative carapace width and relative head width decrease with

increasing CCL (Figures 18 and 19),

Osteoderms-—In at least 3 of the Fujian specimens large osteoderms were con-

。 32 。

spicuous in the anterior of the paramedial keels of the plastron, Small osteoderms

in these keels were as far anterior as the level of the axillae,

Epizoa — None of the museum specimens examined had any evidence of epizoa,

HABITAT SURVEYS

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A total. of 14 beaches were visited: 7 in Fujian, one on the Guangdong main-

land, and 6 on Hainan Island, Three potential feeding habitats were visited—all on

Hainan, Although beach visits were brief—usually only half an hour in duration—

an attempt was made to assess the status of strand vegetation and the potential

value of each beach as a sea turtle nesting habitat,

Fujian beaches

Pingtan— A long sandy beach stretches from Dafa west to Da’ao, on the north

east of Pingtan, It was reputed to have once had nesting, some 30 years ago (al-

though it seems that only one nest was ever seen), The intertidal area ends abruptly

at vertical cliffs of soil and sand. These cliffs have been, and are, undergoing ac-

tive erosion, The beach provides poor, if any, nesting habitat, Its badly degraded

status appears to be a result of extensive and prolonged sand mining, The Dafu-—

Da’ao beach is today unimportant as a sea turtle nesting area,

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Zhangpu - Five beaches in this county were reported to have had turtles nest-

ing; two were visited, Liaozhua beach is on the east, or ocean, side of Liu’ao

peninsula; Kishan and Liaozui are evidently alternate names for the same beach,

It has a wide terrestrial area: a lower terrace without vegetation, and an upper

vegetated terrace with half a dozen typical strand species, Some 25 to 35 m irom

the high water mark (HWM) is a dense plantation of Casuarina, evidently planted

about the year 1980, Although there is a small human settlement at its north end,

the beach provides good to excellent nesting habitat, If, however, the Casuarina

are planted farther seaward, the nesting habitat will be destroyed,

At the south eastern end of Gulei peninsula, near Xia’an village, is Houjiang

beach, Here there are low dunes inland of a wide intertidal zone, Half a dozen

typical strand species grow on the dunes, helping to stabilize them, Thirty metres

inland of the beach is a plantation of Casuarina, Settlements are both west and

north of the beach, but there is good nesting habitat, Like the previous beach,

there was no evidence of nesting,

Dongshan-Six beaches were reported to have had nesting on this island, four

were visited, In the north east, Nanmen and Yulan, two contiguious beaches here

considered as one, are near to the township, Nanmen actually forms the seaward

limit of much of the town; breakwaters and other constructions line the beach,

At its. south end, free from human habitations, the intertidal zone ends abruptly

at actively eroding cliffs of sand and soil, Extensive and prolonged sand mining

has evidently been done on this beach, and whatever value it once may have

had as a nesting habitat has long since been destroyed, Yulan, which extends

to the south, has a few dwellings, Sand. is being mined in the north, creating

vast depressions and beginning an irreversible erosional process, Other activities

Fae

‘on the beach include rope making, and the omnipresent Casuarina plantation

lines the beach, At the southern end the beach is relatively undisturbed, and a

vegetated beach platform provides good nesting habitat, However, the base of the

littoral zone has numerous large rocks, obstructing the approach to this part of

the beach, All things considered, there seems to be little significant nesting habi-

tat left here, There was no sign of nesting,

“Luoshanxu beach, near Huidong village in the east centre of Dong shan, was

“reported to have had turtles nesting on it as recent as 1981 or 1982, A narrow

platform, vegetated with half a dozen typical strand species, is all that is left of

the original coastal habitat, for Casuarina has been planted along the beach and

cultivation taken to the edge of the Casuarina, A vestigeal hedge of Pandanus indi-

cates that this beach once had an “oceanic” type strandline vegetation, and that

the nesting habitat was once good or excellent. The high beach habitat that re-

mains provides fair nesting habitat, |

~Guizitou beach is at the southern end of the island, immediately west of Ao-

jiao villace. Turtles are said to have nested about 1980. An undulating beach plat-

form has an open Casuarina plantation within 10 to 15 m of the HWM, Little re-

mains of the strand vegetation, and there is considerable pedestrian traffic on and

along the beach. Although there is fair nesting habitat, there is little chance that

a nesting turtle would be able to escape from the beach before being detected and

killed, a

Houjiang beach is in the extreme south, just east of Gonggian village, Here

also it was said that turtles had nested since 1980. The south end of the beach is

next to the village and is actively used for fish drying, There is little (if any)

natural strand vegetation left. The north end is more isolated, but Casuarina have

been planted to within 20 m of the HWM, A few strand species occur, and there

is a strip with good nesting habitat, As before, no signs of nesting were evident.

Guangdong mainland beaches |

Huidong — This county was first visited in the midst of a typhoon on 24 June,

and then again a month later with normal weather. Haigui Bay, with a sandy

beach less than 2 km long, is on the east side of a stubby peninsula about 100

km north east of Hong Kong, A dune ridge about 10 m high runs the length of

most of the beach; it is covered by an intact Pandanus hedge, As many as 3 fter-

races occur between the HWM and dune base, the two seaward platforms are with-

out vegetation and together as much as 50 m wide in the north of the beach, The

inland, vegetated terrace (ideal for nesting) is about 10 m wide in the north and

nearly 30 'm wide in thé south, There are ‘about a dozen species of conspicuous

strand plants.

In 1984 this area was declared a sea turtle conservation area, and at the major

points of entry to the beach large signs proclaim that it is a protected area. A

s $5 e

temporary shelter at the center of the dune ridge houses 1 to 4 beach wardens that

patrol the beach and record nesting events by turtles, Before its declaration as a.

reserve, this beach was subject to human predation, and the skeletal remains of

half a dozen C, mydas are scattered about, On 26 July there were i7 recent nest-

ing pits, at least 13 of which appeared to contain eggs, these spoors were consis-

tent with those of C, mydas, Considering the nesting cycles normally exhibited by

this species, there had probably been no more than 6 individual turtles nesting on

this beach before 25 July, We were told that general reports about the conservation

area and the turtles were top security aud secret and could not be shown to us;

however, Mr, Zheng and Mr, Huang were given access to the relevant reports and

they were allowed to extract from them, :

Hainan beaches

Qionghai - This county is known for its turtles, but the majority of the animals

we saw were imported from the Xisha Islands, indicating that the local breeding

population has been decimated, Seven beaches were reputed to have had nesting,

and 5 of these were visited, Fentoulin is north of Taimen village, A vast expanse

of sand stretches both northeast and south as far as the eye can see, The off-

shore bay has a shallow sandy bottom that extends out for about 1 km; it serves

as an anchorage for fishing vessels and provides protected waters for dozens. of

dip net fishing stands. At the south end of the beach an erosional cliff as much as

1 m high has encroached into a small coconut plantation; sand mining has evident-

ly been carried out here, A dense forest of Casuarina has been planted along nearly

all of the beach to within a few metres of the beach crest, Seaward of the Casuarina

is a zone about 3 to 5 m wide with a low colonizing vegetation consistiog of about

half a dozen typical strand species, This narrow vegetated zone provides good nest-

ing habitat, but the amount of human activity in the offshore and onshore areas

greatly decreases the chances of any turtles nesting here, there were no signs of

nesting ,

Xilu beach is on the south side of Taimen village; the sand beach here extends

as far as the eye can see, both to north and south, Dense plantations of , coconut

and Casuarina are within 25 m of the HWM, The vegetated beach platformiis domi-

nated by spiny grass, Near to the beach are human habitations and considerable

pedestrian traffic, There is a vast emergent tide flat at the base of the beach, and

this extends about 100 m seaward; this flat is a major impediment to turtles that

attempt to ascend the beach, nest and return safely to the sea. The nesting habitat

available is fair to poor, and there was no sign of nesting,

Sutan beach is between Taimen and Bo’ao on a stretch of coast that is an

uninterrupted sand beach, Rising from the beach crest about 1 to 2 m is a. zone

about 3 m wide vegetated with typical strand species, At the landward edge a ter-

race rises and extends inland for at least 10 m; at its seaward edge is. an intact

+ 36 。

hedge of Pandanus that runs for a total distance of several km, The narrow zone

between beach crest and terrace provides good nesting habitat, Although it was

stated that as recently as 1983 turtles had nested here, there was no evidence of

nesting, There is a well established Casaurina plantation inland of the Pandanus

hedge, but otherwise little human traffic or disturbance, The Sutan beach was one

of the two places seen during the entire survey that has a significant remanent of

natural coastal vegetation along the beach.

Beimen beach is just north of Bo’ao port, seaward of the village, Not only is

it close to a center of human activities, but it is the site of a mechanized mining

operation that digs up and washes sand for rare metals, The mouth of the Wan-

quan River is a few hundred metres south, and this river has evidently been depos-

iting large amounts of sand along the coast here, for there are open rolling dunes

on the high beach platform that is nearly 100 m wide and sparsely covered by low

colonizing species typical of the strand, Apparently a turtle nested here in 1980,

but at present there is poor nesting habitat available—notably because of the mining

operation, It is not known if the mining activities will proceed northward along

the beach of Sutan; if they do, they will destroy the remanent of beach vegeta-

tion that is there,

Donghai (formerly Nangang) beach is south of Bo’ao port; it once again is

part of a vast uninterrupted stretch of sandy beach. A wide, gently undulating

open dune, some 300 m from beach crest to Casuarina plantation, has sparse cover

of typical strand species and dune colonizers, The seaward edge of the vegetation

is dominated by a spiny grass, There is some pedestrian traffic on and near the

beach, but there is a large area of good nesting habitat, It was claimed that as

late as 1984 turtles had nested here (and been caught and slaughtered), However,

no Sign of nesting was seen,

Sanya- There are reported to be at least 4 places with turtles nesting; two are

on Xidao Island, It was only possible to visit Haiguishi on the south east of

the island, This was the shortest beach visited during the entire survey, about 200

m long, An emergent fringing reef lies about 40 m offshore, The littoral and su-

pralittoral beach are littered with wave worn coral rubble, which is being extracted

from the north end of the beach, A zone, some 5 m wide that runs about 10 to

15 m from the HWM, has cover provided by nearly a dozen plant species, typical

of the strand. The colonizing vegetation is in succession to shrubs and woody

forms, whick dominate the beach immediately inland of the strand zone, Pandavus,

and aa Asclepiadaceae (Pleurosteima 7) dominate the woody hedge, An Opuntia, evi-

dently naturalized on the island, is also conspicuous in the hedge, and it is colo-

nizing the zone of strand vegetation, A few old nest pits, the size of Chelonia mydas

pits, were in the centre of the beach, and we were told that at least one turtle

had nested in 1985, This beach was named “Sea Turtle. Market” because of the

ey ek

large number of turtles that nested here; it now appears that the market has been

abandoned.

Hainan marine habitats _

Qionghai-Only one marine pasture was seen during the survey, that which

grows immediately to the south of a sea wall that extends out from Taimen inlet,

To landward is a wide emergent tide flat covered with Halodule sp, On a _ sub-

strate of coarse sand, coral rubble and silt, a mixed species pasture extends from

afew msouth to the sea wall southward for at least 300 m, At low tide it is cov-

ered by about 50 cm of water, Clumps of Enhalius acaroides are in slightly deeper

water that forms small channels,or depressions, The flat shallower area has Thalas-

sia hemprichii, Cymodocee sp,, Halophila sp., Halodule spp, and Syriogodium isoeti-

folium, The last named forms nearly species pure swards some 50. m from the sea

wall, and on 14 July 1985 there. were numerous flowers, In many, tropical | seas,

pastures of this type provide feeding habitat for Chelonia mydas,, There were few

algae in evidence, The rubble covered depressions had few angiosperms but 3 brown

algae were evident, including Padina sp,,and Sargasum sp,

Sanya - South of Sanya city a peninsula extends toward the southwest, A bay

on the east side has a “C”-shaped beach that extends for several km; at its south-

west end is a fringe reef about 300 m long, Surge channels perforate the platform

at the north end, The south end has an emergent reef platform, The platform is

widest (nearly 150 m) in the centre, and narrowest (about.15 m).at the north and

south ends, At the outer edge of the platform there is an abrupt drop off to 3 to

6 m deep, Scattered to seaward of the edge are numerous granite boulders, The

most active scleractinian coral growth is on these boulders and on the edge of the

platform; the most conspicuous species belong to the groups: Acropora spp., Pocitl-

lopore spp,, meandrines and faviids. Porites spp, were not conspicuous, At the south

end of the reef platform Alcynarian type soft corals are conspicuous and in localized

places these seem to be dominating the hard corals, Few thalloid algae were evi-

dent; there was moderate diversity of coral reef fishes, There was a great abundance

of crinoids, and the textural diversity of this reef was good, In conclusion, there

was fair feeding habitat and good sheltering habitat for Hreimochelys imbricata, It

is not known to what level of exploitation this reef is subjected; there was evidence

of unnatural breakage to some of the branching hard corals, and fishermen and fish-

ing boats were seen here in ones and twos,

On the west side of the same peninsula, facing Sanya harbour, is a protected

bay with long gentle “C”-shaped beach, A vast submergent reef flat extends out 300

to 500 m. from the shore, lt is covered with coral rubble, sand and silt, there is

very little live coral, Shrimp burrows with symbiotic gobies are common, At the

edge of the reef flat is a slope from about 1 m of water at mid tide to several metres

below the surface, Shoreward of the slope are a few live hard corals, but the ma-

es 38 *

jority of these are broken, solitary, unsupported branches (e.g. Acropora sp.) that

appear to have been washed in from actively growing colonies elsewhere, Slabs and

| blocks of dead coral are also common near the slope, Large solitary corals (e.g,

Fungia sp.) are common on the reef flat, but they, like the branching coral pieces

and coral blocks, have evidently been washed in from elsewere, At the slope there

are growing colonies of table forms of Acropora, but there is only about 25% cover

by live corals, There are very few algae on either the reef flat or the slope, and

there are very few live mollusks evident, In conclusion, this reef appears to have

been very heavily mined for coral and shells, there has evidently been repeated

breakage and removal of live coral, It is a habitat poor in species diversity, poor

in textural diversity and with very little value. as feeding or sheltering habitat for

marine turtles, Tourists frequent this bay, for it is next to the grounds of a large

hotel, .

It must be noted that in and around Sanya large amounts of hard coral are

sold as souvenirs; these are eagerly purchased by visitors from the Chinese mainland

and from overseas. There is no apparent control on, or concern for, the amount of

coral destroyed and sold, This is symptomatic of large scale destruction of the near

shore marine environment,

INTERVIEWS

There is no substitute for direct examination and investigation of specimens and

habitats, However, untrained people during their lives accumulate a wealth of

knowledge, and although this is often subjective, mixed with superstitions, and

not organized scientifically, the information provides unique and valuable opportu-

nities to make inferences about situations outside the scope of an individual scien-

tist’s personal experiences, In the case of sea turtles, the experiences of professional

fishermen and people who live along the sea coast provide valuable sources of in-

formation, After several days trying different methods at questioning fishermen, we

made up a standarized interview form, this was translated into Chinese and dupli-

cated (see Appendix If) (omitted),

Language is a tremendous barrier in China - not only to those who speak no

Chinese but also to natives, The diversity of dialects and pronunciations, in a lan-

guage that depends on subtle differences in tones, makes it difficult —if not impo-

ssible—for neighbors to communicate efficiently with each other, When one is

trying to extract precise, objective information from people not trained in the sci-

entific method, this further complicates an already difficult situation, It was, thus,

not uncommon to have 10-minute discussions to get a two word answer to a specific

question, Because each question was asked three times (English - Mandarin - local

dialect, and back by the reverse route), the chances of misunderstandings and

erroneous, or misinterpreted end products were very great, Nonetheless, a major

effort was put into interviewing coastal people and fishermen in an effort to learn:

«? 96P..°

species occurrene, seasonality and abundance; status, past and present, rates of ex-

ploitation, past and present; reproductive sites and seasons, and economic value, A

total of 59 interviews were conducted, some under makeshift conditions on a beach,

but most around a table, In Fujian 32 interviews were recorded, 12 on the Guang-

dong mainland, and 15 on Hainan Island, The number of common names used for

sea turtles in just Fujian and Guangdong provinces is at least 75; of these, 25 can

be assigned with certainty to a certain species of sea turtle, The remaining 50 names

are used for several species and/or, have imprecise definitions so that. they are of

limited use, |

The names that can be individual species are those that refer to the distinctive

Dermochelys coriccea and the economically important Eretmochelys imbricata, Some

13 names apply to the former and 10 to the latter, Six names were related to a

large-headed turtle, probably Caretta caretta,

There were reports of nesting from Pingtan Island to Hainan Island, but the

only place where there was any evidence for recent nesting (and this was very little),

and the only place where the species nesting could be identified, was in. Huidong,

Guangdong province,

With but 1 or 2 exceptions (and these exceptions are of questionable reliability) .

it was unanimously stated that sea turtles had become much less abundant \over the

last few decades, It was usual to hear that once sea turtles had been revered, ven-

erated or respected in some way, and that they were released when accidentally

caught, However, in recent years most turtles that are caught are killed, Given

that a single turtle may sell for the equivalent of a month’s wages, this is not hard

to understand, It is also relevant that in recent years new markets have appeared

in China; nowadays all parts of the turtle can be sold for a handsome profit,

whereas formerly certain parts like the shell and bones were useless and thrown

away, (It seems that in the last few years the shells of turtles have been bought to

make wine)

Direct exploitation on sea turtles in China is of 3 kinds: capturing animals

intentionally at sea with trammel nets, harpoons, and other means; capturing ani-

mals specifically on nesting beaches; and capturing animals accidently, or incidental

to other fishing activities, in fishing nets, trawls or with other fishing gear not

designed to catch turtles, This last phenomenon occurs throughout coastal Fujian

and Guangdong, ,ia varying degrees depending on place, season, gear and other

variables, At any one place the incidental capture may seem insignificant, but the

annual catch of sea turtles in Fujian and Guangdong may approach 1000, Although

the absolute number of nesting animals caught on the mainland is surely very small,

the percent of nesting animals that are caught must be very high; nesting females

were said to be caught in Fujian and Hainan, and formerly they were captured in

Huidong — before the creation of a conservation area, The only places today where

.。 40°

sea turtles are purposefully caught at sea are Hainan and Xisha Islands. It is likely

that nesting turtles are caught in large numbers in Xisha, The majority of sea turtle

specimens that were seen during the present survey were Chelonia mydas in Wenchang

and Qionghai Counties, Hainan Island; the vast majority of these were said to have

come from the Xisha Islands, Given the enormous amounts of coral, giant clams

(Tridacna sp.), sea snails (Strombus sp. etc.) that are also mined from the Xisha:

Islands, it is clear that there is rampant, unchecked exploitation of potentially

renewable natural resources in the Xisha Islands.

Only 3 people had any knowledge of tags on sea turtles, but it was impossible

to decipher which species of turtle had been tagged or what the tags had inscribed

on them, Several people had knowledge of turtles bearing chinese words engraved

on their shells,

CONCLUSIONS

Five species of sea turtles frequent the South and East China Seas; 3 of these

have been recorded in scientific writings since the early part of the present century:

Chelonia, mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Dermochelys coriacea, The 2 members of

the subfamily Carettinae (Caretta coretic and Lepidochelys olivacea), as in other

parts of the world have been confused and often misidentified as a single species

(“Caretta olivaces”), combining the characteristics of the two (see Zhou 1983, Fra-

zier 1985b), It is now clear that both Caretie caretta and Lepidochelys olivacee are

relatively common, at least in the East China Sea, Dermochelys coriacea is also a

regular visitor to the East China Sea, although captured less often, Chelonia mydas

is common in the South China Sea, where Er etmochelys imoricata is also found most

often, Vet, all 5 species occur from Hainan Island to the north of Fujian,

Captures of all 5 species appear to be most common during summer months, C,

careita are evidently caught mostly during summer in the south but mostly during

the autumn in the north. However, the records are not standardized and are likely

to be effected by biases in both fishing and collecting efforts,

The size classes that are caught most often, for all species except Eretmochelys

imbricata, are subadults and adults, Immatures of C, mydas and E., imbricata are

caught with notable frequency,

There are indications of ontogenetic variation in several body proportions, — be-

cause of allomeiric growth, and this point needs to be investigated in more detail,

Although there are some sexually related differences in several morphometric varia-

bles and proportions, the data are too few to describe the differences statistically,

The meristics of Chinese sea turtles are consistent with those of other populations

for the respective species,

Although there may be some small regional differences, on the whole other

° Al 。

external characterisitcs, e.g., scalation and coloration, are also comparable to

those of other populations of the respective species, Even epizoa and rates of colo-

neeaitd conform to the general situation—except, however, the occurrence of heavy

infestations of Stomatolepas sp,, and resultant disease—like conditions,

One of the most important biological questions to be answered is “From whence

come the Chinese sea turtles ” Chelonia reproduces in China, but there is no

verified record of reproduction by other species, Nesting by Dermochelys is most

unlikely, It is possible that the remaining species nest in China, but most unlikely

that there are large Chinese breeding populations still to be discovered,

There is potentially good nesting habitat on isolated beaches from southern

Fujian to Hainan Island, Although turtles are said to have once nested from Ping-

tan to Hainan, the number of animals now nesting annually on this coast of nearly

4000 km in length, is very few (possibly a dozen or two), and mainly (if not

entirely) Chelonic, The annual number of Chelonia nesting in the Xisha ‘Islands is

evidently large, but no detailed studies have been done,

Except for Cheloniz, which evidently breeds in fair numbers on the oceanic

Xisha Islands, any reproduction which occurs in China is unlikely to produce a

significant part of the populations found in Chinese waters, This was probably not

true before the impact of Man was as great as it is now, and nesting by other che-

loniid turtles may have once been widespread, |

Despite a lack of quantified information, there can be little doubt that the

populations of (Chinese séa turtles have undergone major declines; this is the opinion

of virtually every fisherman and fisheries official interviewed, and this is, sadly

enough, consistent with the general pattern around the world,

Several factors are likely to be related to (if not the main cause of) the decrease

of Chinese sea turtles, The exponential increase in human populations and their

technology is at the base of the problem, Direct exploitation of sea turtles has in-

creased from several factors, greater numbers of people fishing, motorized vessels

and gear that enables fishermen to travel farther and faster; modern net fibers (nylon

and monofilament) that have greater catch efficiencies than natural fibers, modern

techniques such as trawling and purse seining that effectively entrap organisms in:

vast volumes of water, capturing many non-target species; and also contemporary

attitudes that now generally accept complete utilization of sea turtles in a profit-

based economy (rather than the old traditional custom of respecting the live turtles

and releasing them for religious reasons),

Coupled with this is massive habitat degradation, Many beaches, as well as

coastal areas, have been destroyed by uncontrolled sand mining and resultant

erosion, After-the-fact checks, to control this erosion (viz sea walls) are rare,

but these constructions completely destroy the high littoral and supralittotal beach

habitat, as well as the dynamic nature of sand movement, Vegetation modification

e 42 e

by cutting natural strand plants as well as by developing plantations of Casuarina and

coconut down to the strand line greatly reduce the area and quality of nesting

habitats, Human habitation on, or near to, beaches, and the resulting activities and

disturbance are likely to drive away breeding turtles (if they are not first caught

and killed), Of the entire coast of Fujian and Guangdong, which totals nearly

4000km, there are only a few km of coast that are reserved and protected; less

than 2km in Huidong county and probably less than 2km in Sanya county, Virtu-

ally the entire coast has beea modified in some form or another,

The situation in the Xisha Islands is alarming to say, the very least, It appears

that there is not only no control of exploitation of marine resources, but intense

exploitation of resources which are potentially’ renewable, These natural resources

will soon be squandered if the overexploitation continues,

RECOMMENDATIONS

There is an urgent need to gather basic information in a quantitative and

standardized way, Particularly valuable will be fisheries statistics, e,g,, dates, local-

ities, conditions of environment, capture techniques, species, weight, length and

sex, Information on tagged turtles is desperately needed, data as above in addition

to tag type, number and address, !

Every effort should be made to reduce the incidental capture of sea. turtles—

particularly in breeding areas, Trawl efficiency devices (= TED = turtle ex-

cluder device) should be tested by Chinese fishermen, modified if necessary, and in-

stalled on all trawls, Fishing near breeding areas should be prohibited during the

breeding seasons,

Detailed, non intrusive, studies on nesting beaches should be initiated on a long

term basis with trained personnel, incorporating postgraduate students that can

make a long term commitment for research purposes, The design of these studies

should be developed on the basis of progress made in programs in other regions

that have been going on for 30 years; there is no reason to repeat. the mistakes

made many years ago, These studies should include nest habitat ecology, repro-

ductive ecology, and intense tagging, |

In Xisha Islands all of the above approaches are needed, It is ironic that Xisha

Islands seems to be the most important area in China for marine turtles, yet it is

the area that has been least studied and is subjected to the highest level of exploi-

tation, —

The agencies best situated for this work, and the agencies with responsibility

to manage and protect the sea turtle resources, are the Aquatic Products Bureaux,

lt is of the greatest importance that personnel in the Aquatic Products Bureaux be

informed about the sea turtle situation and how best to solve the conservation pro-

we

blem, Cooperation and communication between counties and provinces is also of the

highest priority, Full cooperation and collaboration with academic and research

professionals is just as important; inthis way the greatest benefits will be derived

from different professionals with different specialities,

The present survey, as those that have gone before it, represents a small. but

significant beginning, A great deal of basie information still needs to be docu-

mented and recorded quantitatively; basic conservation problems need to be solved

with some urgency; critical habitats must be given the fullest protection—ideally as

reserves; fundamental descriptions of the status of the populations and their habitats

need to be distributed and explained to policy makers; nationally important laws

made by the central government need te be enforced in the various counties where

they are now being ignored,

Yet, the results of this survey show that China has a great diversity of turtle

species, some of which occur in considerable abundance, There is a great eagerness

for different agencies to collaborate, including management, academic and research

organizations; this cooperation has also transcended geographic boundaries between

17 counties, 2 provinces and 2 nations, All the signs are that successful programmes

are being developed by counties, provinces and the central government, With the

present rate of advance the future for sea turtle conservation and research in China 8

bodes well,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The survey would not have been possible without the generous assistance of a

great many people and organisations, Political and academic leaders in the Fujian

Province Government, Fujian Teachers University, and Department of Biology gave

generous support, Local political officials and other authorities, notably leaders and

staff of the Aquatic Products Bureaux, provided valuable pesiskanes in, Pingtan,

Shishi, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Dongsha, (Fujian); Shantou, Haifeng, Huidong,

Guangzhou, Yangjiang, Zhanjiang, Haikang, Xuwen, Haikou, Wenchang, Qionghai,

and Sanya (Guangdong), ‘Various museums assisted with specimens, Fujian Teachers

University (Mr, Zheng Ji), Fujian Provincial Museum (Mr, Lee Shuging), Dong-

shan 2nd Middle School (Mr, Au Yingmon), South China Sea Institute of Oceano-

logy (Dr, Chen Zhenran), and Zhong Shan University (Dr, Lin Haoren), Count-

less fishermen in coastal Fujian and Guangdong gave generously of their time and

knowledge, Invaluable assistance with translations was given by Fan Yen, Liw

Zhendeng, Zhao Jianzhong, Chen Huanan, Zheng Zhiping, Chen Guoming, Wen

Jianghua, Zhu -Zhiwen, Yin Dahu, Wang Mu, Xiu Xiu, Yang Qinlan, Xu Xiu, Lin

Qiuping, Lin Xinyun, and many others, Generous support was also provided by

Mr, John Lundin, USIS, Guangdong, Funding for the study was provided by the

。 A4 +

Fujian Provincial Government, Fujian Bureau of Higher Education, Fujian Tea-

chers University-Department of Biology, and the National Program for Advanced

Study and Research in China, CSCPRC, National Academy of Sciences (Washing-

ton. D. Ci USA) :

To these many people and organizations we are deeply grateful,

LITERATURE CITED

BIORNDAL, K, (Ced,) 1982. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian

Institation Press, Washington, D, C,

FRAZIER, J, 1971, Observations on sea turtles on Aldabra Atoll, Philisophical

Transactions of the Royal Society (B) 260, 373-410.

FRAZIER, J, 1980, Exploitation of marine turtles in the Indian Ocean, Human

Ecology. 8(4); 329-370.

FRAZIER, J. 1984a, Contemporary problems in sea turtle biology and conservation,

Madras 27-29 February 1984, Sulletin of the Central marine Fisheries Research

Institute, Special Publication, Cochin 18, 77-91,

FRAZIER, J, 1984b, Analisis estadistico de la tortuga golfina Lepidochelys olivacea

(Eschscholtz) de Oaxaca, Mexico, Ciencia Pesquera 4(1983); 49-75,

FRAZIER, J, 1985a, Marine turtles in the Comoro Archipelago, Koninklijke

Nederlandse Akedemie van Wetenschappen 84, 177 pp, 18 pls,

FRAZIER, J, 1985b, Misidentification of marine turtles, Coreita caretta and Lepi-

dochelys olivacea in the East Pacific, J, of Herpetology 19(1); 1-11,

FRAZIER, J, in press, A key to sea turtle identification in the field,

ZHOU K, 1983, Caretta, Lepidochelys and Dermochelys from coastal waters of

Jiangsu Province, Acia Herpetologica Sinica 2(3), 57-62, pls 7 & 8.

APPENDIX 1, ABBREVIATIONS

Measurements,

Curved carapace length =GCl,

Curved carapace width baie hp =CCW

Head. width : =HW

Plastron length yee al

Museums,

Dongshan 2nd Middle School = DSMS

Fujian Provincial Museum =FPM

Fujian. Teachers. University =FTU

South China Sea Insitute of Oceanology =SCSI

Zhongshan University =Z5U

a Ad 2

CAPTIONS TO FIGURES

Figure 1, Size frequency histogram for curved carapace length in Caretta caretta,

Figure 2, Relationship between log curved carapace width and log curved carapace

length in Coretta ccretic,

Figure 3, Relationship between log head width and log curved carapace length in

Caretta caretia. :

Figure 4, Relationship between log plastron length and log curved carapace length

in Caretta caretta,

Figure 5, Size frequency histogram for curved carapace length in Lepidochelys oli-

vacea, ‘

Figure 6, Relationship between log curved carapace width and log curved carapace

length in Lepidochelys olivacea,

Figure 7, Relationship between log head width and log curved carapace length in

Lepidochelys olivacea, . )

Figure 8, Relationship between log plastron length and log curved carapace length

in Lepidochelys olivecec, :

Figure 9, Size frequency histogram for curved carapace length in Chelonia mydas,

Figure 10, Relationship between log curved carapace width and log curved cara-

pace length in Chelonia mydas,

Figure 11, Relationship between log head width and log curved carapace length in

Chelonia mydas, | .

Figure 12, Relationship between log plastron length and log curved carapace length

in Chelonia mydas., 3

Figure 13, Size frequency histogram for curved carapace length in FEretmochelys

imbricata,

Figure 14, Relationship between log curved carapace width and log curved cara-

pace length in Eretmochelys imbricata,

Figure 15, Relationship between log head width and log curved carapace length in

Eretmochelys imbricata, '

Figure 16, Relationship between log plastron length and log curved carapace l2ngth

in Eretmochelys imbricata,

Figure i7, Size frequency histogram for curved carapace length in Dermochelys

coriacea.,

Figure 18, Relationship between log curved carapace width and jog curved carapace

length in Dermochelys coriaceca,

Pigure 19, Relationship between log head width and log curved carapace length in

Dermochelys coriacea,

- ae

PURIET Wik 198842 34, 47-55

Atoa Herpetologica Sinica

Ea pie fe (ae OE. eae AL) Sheng Hess

ey 档 dees ee -区雪山 ex 司饥 Me ee er Se Se ae St

V. -S]7S ee. BEC Bae ell Be Sa

1 RYATQIiEs Fx EF Lis $s 1 aN Ke, + j 24 Weeden Pie Ae Woo

SK BDI asi) LOBE SE Be L 能和 etal UX

Kk 服 2

CHA Ee 8. 2 Be eae ECAR

在我国蛇类的形态和分关研究方面，过

去多注重外部形态的描述，如鳞被、体形、

色斑及上颌下等。现国外无论在科间关系讨

论 (Dowling，1959， Johnson, 1955; Marx

=, 1972), 还是在属种分类及系统关系研

究昌过般多择重于解剖将征一一元其头骨特

征的研究 (Bogert，1947

Rossman ,1977; Cundall, 1981, Camp-

Bel mos ase Maris 1977).' 近年来，

对蛇类比较解剖学的深入研究以及有关机能

形态和演化研究方面。则多择重于头部形态

Zag MOF (Albright=§, 1959; Kardong,

1974, 1977).

VES SM HA BP de WE PL SABA AS

特征进行了比较，并初步探讨了它们之闻的

系统演化关系，认为乌梢蛇属、鼠蛇属、锦

蛇属和又青蛇属等的关系较近《和张服基等，

1984) 。本文详细比较了这些属种间头部形态

特征 ;并初步讨论了它们的类型 .演化及机能。

FEAR ALOAP, 75E 4 属。

EM heZaocys dhumnades (Cantor) 5

Io

杰文于 1987 年 8 月好日收到，

Maglio, 1970; ©

He AREZ, nigromar ginatus( Blyth)

:

JAM we Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus) 2 号

SMA, LESH |

TRE tEP. Rorros (Schlegel) 2 号头部

标本

AJB tlt Elaphe taeniura Cope 30122

Boi iaueE por phyracea por phyracea

(Cantor) 10112

BEBE EE, mandarina (Cantor) 207

eo

4p See rufodorsata(Cantor) 1%

PAS

=ZeweE., radiata (Schelegel) 1 5

头部标本

Ss itz Kntechinus doriae (Boulenger)

28129

头骨形态的比较

SMe Ae Aeekeeres

JB BB. Hey

2 ERR SRANEAARERSN—R

i. HEB. BRRAA. 也存在不同

mw Bw

程度的差异。根据作者对乌梢蛇属头骨的划

分，现接下列五个部分分别比较如下 GEAR

6 人)

1, 颅腔部分 (cranial component)

这部分的主要差异表现在顶骨和前额骨

上，其次在额骨、基螺骨和基枕骨。其他骨

乒的差异不太明显。

SS

ve ys ws YA

Fig, 1 The shapes of ridges and the

bilateral transverse processes in the

parietal bone

Zaocys dhumnades

Ptyas mucosus

Elaphe taeniura

E, radiata

E, p. porphyracea

FE, mandarina

E, rufodorsata

Entechinus major

the ridge of the parietal 2. the

transverse process of the parietal 3, the

ridge of the supraoccipital

1.1 项骨的差异 (Al)

EREWARH ARNE K. SHS

ASP — aA TE, BURG TU Ge

后额骨处向后方延伸，在顶骨后端中央与位

FELEABHN “WW” Vise, Heah

i. RUBS Hele.

ASAE Fe A SS EAS KT Je SS BY >

px — Bee Tm 7S AS, EAVES A we Ta] Se FB Be

小，其上桃骨上的 “个 ” 形哺也较深而耳。

此外，乌梢驼属顶骨前端两侧向外的横突一

直延伸到腹面，因此与其外侧方的后额骨间

FRI ALAM ERK, ERE GU

鼠蛇属的这对横突状态近乌梢蛇属，但其

BAMBA RHE C1).

a REV UU Pr WS TG ASS a a) 2 Be BS Se

~ 43 «

PROM noon >

(Al), RRB ReMS= Aine. Hawt

类的骨眶一般较浇。墨层锦蛇和三索锦蛇的

两侧骨请宇顶骨的后半部分即运浙会合成 _-

7eS, TERE AY “AN” JERROD PROBE.

a eS BS TI Se A EB ZN G90").

BCE ESR, AER

浅，顶骨的后缘未达上枕骨 “个 ”处 (图 1) 。

玉斑锦蛇和红点锦蛇顶骨庇似乌梢蛇属。此

Sh, BRET BBR OE Bi A BY ERS [el HE

BS GEBUCE RA) 外，其余种类的这对

PRBVREALET A, BRO

蛇、三索锦蛇和紫灰锦蛇最明显。

223 SCS OE PE eS he J A OB BE

EB. Hehe le x A —

Cundall (1981) #jREA—R, Re Ripe

TE o

Fig. 2 The lateral process in the

prefrontal bone A-H as same as Fig,1

OA 人

bx Data

DA Vo CA OA

pig of

Fig. 3 The nasal bone and the

ascending process of the premaxillae

A-H as same as Fig. 1

the dorsal view of the nasal

the anterior view of the premaxilla

1.2 前额骨便突〈图 2)

前额骨差异主要在其外侧的突起。马梢

蛇属的这一侧突最窄，侧面观呈长条形。鼠

CEB WARE, MOMS AI.

蛇属存在三种状态 :; 黑眉锦蛇、三索锦蛇和

紫灰锦有蛇侧突向前方延伸最多，而玉斑锦蛇

ALICE RD, IIR ARIE HR

ASE MIE. SBIR KAILERRIE.

除上述外，乌梢蛇属因眼径大，因也额

RO ke

° °

Fig. 4 The palato-maxillary component

A-H the same as Fig, 1

i. the palatine 2. the pterygoid 3, the maxilla

4, the ectopterygoid 5, the medial process §,

the maxillary process 7, the palatine process

8, the ectopterygoid process 9, the medial

process of the ectopterygoid 10, the lateral

process of the ectopterygoid 11. the ectopterygoid

process extending posteriorly and the elongate

lateral process of the ectopterygoid in E, major

a PARTE SB ALAA RR, RULER IN RAS TPE

似。其余种类的额骨内陷均不太深。此外，

鼠蛇属和乌梢蛇属基桃骨腹面的骨畏突起也

较一般明显。

2. 鼻腔者分 (iasal component)

这部分的差异主要在鼻骨，其次是前额

骨。

2.1 Beh2e 〈图 3)

鼻骨背面部分的形状于各属种间存在不

同程度差异。锦蛇属的鼻骨一般较大，呈梯

NCS. SRR Sae er. 27

. 形。鼠蛇属鼻骨上略变小，呈长三角形。乌梢

蛇属最小，三角形。

2.2 BOOT (3)

1S AS We ES 0 BL Re BY Ba Oe FS TR HE

12. TREX —-ARRE, BRAK, Te

ELSE DER MEAS Bit. Ze Ee IG ee a aa EY

状态。

3. “有上颌部分 (palato-maxillary com-

ponent)

这部分的差异主要是上颌骨的形状和各

骨间关节突的形状〈图 4)。

3.1 ，引颌骨及其突起

在锦蛇属中，上颌骨一般较细而长，其

lin RRBs Nae, CASA

he Al = Zea Sey HA, a 12-247;

红点锦蛇、三索锦蛇和琅斑锦蛇的后端上颌

ABE. SRB Lita Nb mMA

aa Suk, ACR ain te, Ea w20-25%c,

最后 3-4 枚粗大。鼠蛇属与乌梢蛇属类似。

层青蛇属上颌骨较细，其后端略过后额肯后

ZR; #2420. |

Sree Lia ie x (palatine pro-

cess) Rik, SHU; BSBA 《ecto-

pterygoid process) AAEM, BMIZ BIL

三角形，位于外翼骨前端分又的四部。限蛇

属的突起状况似乌梢蛇属。锦蛇属中，胆突

— Pye, SWRA; ASPB

RR ARH Lm a ae, Aree

GL ores

“AK 2 Pr x

AW eS SS A

NY Soe R eas : iN

SS TDP = SN

oe B pg Cc Res

A oo LE fa p

- ae ar ay

Ve 2 ie wea ea

PP! ae (LLB usu SO

7 EE Ja Pr) 《人人人 De gf ws ch Ve) <=. ‘

Set pAbdetnss ail = SN Ase

Xa

(Gers 站

-一人 ? ——) SH

zy \ Lah | am

E i \\\) ete pee

ie cee HIN \ ers: 2

So TAN Se sacl ae

Se > (CULULd pe fit <a :

eRe Meet EE 1a

Fig. 5 The mandibular component

A-H the same as in Fig, 1

' 1, the squamosal 2, the broad squamo-quadrate articulation 3, the narrow squamo-quadrate articulation

249" «

(STE a Oh Us a to A SMES BRIN BS

RA, USBI: HRDRRS RM

均不同，明显向斜后方延伸很多 , 近长方形，

后部为外翼骨复盖较多 (图 4) 。

3.2 aA

BW BMRB Ss PIs (medial

process, tHljchoanal process) Riek,

梯形。锦蛇属内窒一般略变窗，近三角形。

殿青蛇属的内突已很退化，仅呈一浅突起。

3.3 RAI |

22 SEBS EROS. Buti SL

的外支相当延长，远远大于其内支 (Spatu-

jate process), '3Cundall (1981) 描述同。

其余属种的外权骨形状相似，外支宽，内支

Ze. HAE AScIgae/) C4).

4. 下颌部分 (三 andibular component)

差异主要在方骨及其与鲜骨关节形式，

其次在下颌四窝〈fossa) 的内壁突起状况

〈图 5)。

鼠蛇属和马梢蛇属方骨的近端明显宽

大，关节于馆骨的后半部 , 占鳞骨总长的 1/2

或以上 EME Pm SA Be 突起不大。

悄青蛇属的状况与乌梢蛇属相似，但甚鳞肯

Be, HEB ae ee. AUC a BE

度相近，呈长条形》其关节占鳞骨长的 2/5

以下，但下颌止帘内壁的突起较大。

5. 舌器部分 (hyoid component)

as (apparatus hyoideus) 的形状在

游蛇科中相似。其差异在于其长短大小。乌

梢蛇属和鼠蛇属的舌己从第 1-2 腹鳞延伸到

SS18-20/G HER, BAIS F Wik 19-20

路蛇属一般达第 13-15 腹 Eb,

I

q

发现红点锦迪有的标本达第 18 腹鲁处。

头部肌肉的比较

从比较解剖可见，这些属种头部肌肉的

基本结检大体一致。由于肌肉的解剖比较比

超骨骼来较为困难，因比向来为比较解剖和

分类讨论时忽略。其实肌肉的形态结构在不

同属种间也存在不同程度差异，并与头骨的

结构和活动状况有一定关系。在此仅就其主

要差异的情况分述如下。

1, 下颌收肌系 (adductores' mandibulae)

这些属秋的下颌收肌均包括 3 对外收

股、I 对中收肌。2 对内收肌和 1 RC HL.

这些肌和肉的差异不大，主要在肌年维的走向

及其着力方式上，这从前外收肌的比较清楚

可见 ( 图 6) 。

乌梢蛇属的前外收肌起于后额崩后方的

Fig. 8 The cephalic glands of

Z. dhumnades

premaxillary gland

nasal gland

supralabial gland

infralabial gland

Harderian gland

Duvernoy's gland

anterior temporal gland

se

a1 Ol eo he

Sale ae = eee HO

Fig. 6 The adductores mandibulae

Zaocys dhumnades

Elaphe taeniura

E, mandarina

aAv>

+50. 。

D, Entechinus major

1-2 m, adductor mandibulae,

Pars anterior

Fig. 7 The intermandibular muscles

A-D the same as in Fig. 6

1. m, intermandibularis anterior

2, m, intermandibularis posterior,

pars anterior 3。 m, intermandibu-

laris, pars posterior 4, m, neuro-

costo-mandibularis

We SM sip, MAR PA, Seat

Def, AMOS PMA aD, A

IMEEM, SPMERARK CH

RN), 其着力方向几乎垂直于下颌。有鼠蛇属

和臀青蛇属的前外收肌状态与马梢蛇属的相

似。在锦蛇属中存在两种不太相同的状态 : 黑

眉锦蛇、三索锦蛇和紫灰锦蛇的前外收肌起

点面较宽，起于后额骨后缘及其后方的顶骨

哺处，肌年维比较平缓地斜向后下方，与下

MUA ABN, 这与前述的顶骨两侧横突的

特征是二致的 ;，玉斑锦蛇和红点锁蛇的状态

较接近于乌梢蛇属。

其他下颌收肌的差异不明显。

2. PSMA Cmusculi intermandibular

is)

SBN Pama RULER, BS

KS; Pals ila2., Ee Fala BAL

〈也叫后下颌间肌后部 ) 虽然薄，但明显存

在。鼠蛇属和骏青蛇属也与此类似。锦蛇属

ASP ala] IRR Ze, TCR See

明显 ; 它们的下颌间后肌后部大多已退化不

可见，仅在玉斑锦蛇中见其痕迹 (图 7)

3. Si4eAl(m, constrictor colli)

这一肌肉明显存在于乌梢蛇属、鼠蛇属

Me Stee A. :此肌位于后下颌间后肌的后

A> RE, AMMABRAPA. MMe wR.

ASL 21. 5 fia HE 70 AB DE ip RE HH LE LBS FY

MEAP Boke. TCR ARB ate Le

IO, SRB RR ARN MAS AL

在锦蛇属中也比乌梢蛇属中的细小。

4. GSBA(m, hyoglossus)

TG, HELE See PRR,

TASKS Wain (2818-2008), F387-

1OSGEMEAT HL. BUC Be Rw

Sn, MA Ble WixX—-ALA RA. Bale

属的舌骨天肌一般较细小，从第 3-7 腹鲜到

5213-15) web

头部皮肤腺的比较

这四个属的头部弃肤腺一般包括前土俩

Re. SR. LR. PSR. SPR. We

PAR. HUBRRLL & Harderian fg f1 Duver-

noy’s fk. BR HARV). ABM,

RARER OR LR, BE

行比较。

乌梢蛇属和鼠蛇属的上下层腺较一般种

AMA, THRE RANI 2. 差异较大

的是 Duyernaoy“s 腺 (图 8)。乌梢蛇属和鼠蛇

属的这一腺体存在于吾 arfderian 腺腹下方的

上层腺背缘。翠青蛇属未发现此腺体。锦蛇

属有两种傅况 ; ZL, SRE BBE

锦蛇中该腺体存在 ,但其大小有不同 ,而黑眉

a me AO Be De a ee CH Ml] 7G. ~ Duvernoy’s pe By

有无或发达程度可能与上俩上的状态有某种

联系，因乌梢蛇属和鼠蛇属的最后 3-4 枚上

颌贞明显较粗大，红点锦蛇、三索锦蛇和玉

斑锦蛇的后端上颌下也比其余齿略大，而无

Duvernoy’s 腺的 HARA ILL ME

这种状况的意义有必要进行研究 s

头部形态的类型分类和

演化意义

通过解剖比较可见，蛇类头部的形态特

征在不同的属种间一般较稳定，其状态在分

类和系统演化研究上很有意义。以往机能形

TG Be

究较注意头部肌肉的结构特点，对其

意义亦讨论不多。国内这方面的研究

的研

薄弱，因此这一工作的深入进行是有一

态的

Sy 383

还很

从前述已可见，中国产鸟梢迪属和鼠蛇

属的属内特征较为一致，变异不大，但锦蛇

属的属内种间差异则较大，由此可见锦站属

;再已出现较天的分化。

作者曾依据半阴茎形态的比较研究认为

在游蛇科蛇类中这史个属的系统关系最近

( 张服基等，1984)。本文从其头部形态结构

存在较多前共同特征，也证实了这一观点。

现把这四个属的头部形态结构归纳成以

BILAL.

1, Site a tele

上后骨声较宽而得，后端仅达后额骨的

后缘，最后 oAMELMAREK, BRR

大呈梯形，而外翼突较宗小，外翼骨前端的

AxZ/); BANARSMIE, Daron

ee eee

壁突起不大，鼻骨小，近三角形; 前颌骨

FRB, 顶骨两侧哺于其后端或近处相

会成三角形 ;前额骨侧突较窒 ; IK. &

梢蛇属眼径 / 眼到吻长为 97-110 匈，鼠蛇属

为 80-90 匈 ; 团口时前外收肌与下颌间夹角

较大，近于垂直 ;下俩间肌和有颈 ae AL Re

达， A OM P ai el Je WL; ADuvernoy’s

腺。

2, 2B

EDU DS ERIE; SDE

外支远比内支长，肚骨内罕退化，比一般浅

eZ, Wal, FAR PROS REELS

ie. MLMs. WMaM eae Rar ta

Res A PUBL, “Pai le] ALA i ae LAK

SHEESH Ite, HRSA ADs ZH

Duvernoy’ sf .

3, MBs, SRE TO RHE

LibD -

RARE GES aR RTE

NOES ERORDR ARIE SDs LACE AN ERE BL

Es DAMMAM ERAS, (RI

后下方延伸，前额骨侧罕向前延伸且较大 ;

鼻骨一般较大， BRIG; HIVE TERE,

RAW; 上和毛骨较细而长，超过后额骨后

y, HRB, DBR, SARI

较窗，其方骨近长条形，关节面仅占鳞骨长

的 2/5 以下 ; PREINABR RRR: BS

较细而短 ; 前外收肌与下颌间卖角小，下颌

间前肌绞窗，后下似间后肌无 ; 4 ME

化 ; SPUR), SHERMAN,

4. 斑斑得蛇和红点锦蛇 ©

这两个种闻也明显存在一定的差异，匹

其红点锦蛇与其他锦蛇类差别较大，把它们

epimmnintgaiiac yy 8

来有必要进一步作分类研

ETN WS 属地 ISOIGRAERO me)

KARMBUMKSARUS Hts. (AS

MIR, LES SRS AL

Rte MRS MUKAI S he we

Dae SHR o

Bla, RNTOSEM:. 在这些近缘属

中，以聂眉锦驼为代表的部分锦蛇属种类可

BRAT ENMAWRERGAR, MSs

可能是较进化类群，鼠蛇属与乌梢蛇属关系

较近，妙青蛇属可能是较晤从原始主于分化

里滋的二侈分支。

结构与机能间关系

的初步分析

任何结梅及其变异均与机能及其适应相

联系。蛇类头部形态特点显然与其特殊的运

动和知星方式有较密切的关系。蛇的香旺活

动是一个复杂的过程，但有两个主要的特

点，一是上下颌间极度地张开，三是两下癸

闻极度地扩张，且可独立地交错运动，其胆

上上颌寻也可配合两下后运动向左右扩张和独

WHA. KARAT. REARS

MARS, AER Lae

定的适应性变化。已知这些种类的食谱一般

是鼠类、马类、晰蝎及峙类，仅奴彰蛇主要

以时归和昆虫的幼虫为食，除已知红点锦蛇

为半水竺性外，一般已知均为陆生性蛇类。

但在相近央类间由于其主要食物及其吞噬方

式焉的不同也会在其结构上带来一定的差

异。现以马梢蛇和黑眉锦蛇为代表试分析如

Ase

VERA. SAS Aes Be

两个不同类群的代表。从野外观察可见，乌

MIS ARR N\A MRS, SAFE

陵耐坡、平原等地，比黑眉锦蛇更接近水

边，墨惧锦蛇比之乌梢蛇更喜食鼠类，因此

常栖于房屋及其附近，甚至侵入人的居室

内。

由手下颌弓的联结形式可决定上下颌间

的垂直扩张程度，因此先比较这两类蛇的下

mS RASS. MR, SARI

AK, KUTRAN Ra MAB), it

BMNA eS RK, BOTH A Tea

ja1/2, ACA WS BRE Hh 联结

AREER PRSRABKNEERD SKE.

Veoh, 22 Me TO WG OW SS Dy TD

Aa 7 se, Abe RR, eh

RSET MAIEV AS RES, iit

HAPMAWLER ME SSR, EPR

PASH, PUES ey SF Sma i ae fH Be

\, K-AEbA IS Be PB

Pea. WH. Li, HeRMAR

ASS HE PY Sb BE LRP SA CHL

NHEBEREFHO, BARMERA PRE

ARMED ES, BSR

CSR HSER ELON, Se

后方枕骨的 “个 ” 嘲均较深，这增加了中外收

肌的附着面，同样黑眉锦蛇比乌梢蛇突起较

大的下僻四内壁所灯应六加了中外收肌和中

a

|

-

=

4

:

WALES BAS Ta PL, Sh RR ee Rate

WSIS AA ee Pte 77. DAY

黑眉锦蛇整个收肌群作用力的方向较鸟梢蛇

更靠后方。由此可见，黑眉锦蛇下颌与头骨

闻的联结形式使其下颌弓比乌梢蛇具有更大

的垂直扩张能力。

相反，黑眉锦蛇的下毛间肌群、颈缩肌

AUS YAS We eI. HAPS DL

AAS co — eS WP LG Ze a BB

肤的收缩能力有关，因此可以看出黑眉锦蛇

下颌的水平扩张能力和颈部收缩能力不如乌

梢蛇。乌梢蛇的吻部呈圆弧形，较对眉锦蛇

略宽，左右两上颌或两下颌间排列较为平

行，这一形式亦有利于上下人毛的水平扩张和

收缩。些外。在黑眉锦蛇的腥上俩弓中，除

后端的外愤罕较大外，其余彼此关联的罕起

明显较乌梢蛇窄小，这可能也是由于其上下

颌的水平扩张和活动能力不大，因而这些突

起较为退化的缘故。此外，从解剖可见黑丑

锦蛇鼻吻部骨骼与皮肤闻联系紧密，其鼻骨

和前额骨侧突较大且与额骨、有鼻骨联系村

密，亦不如乌梢蛇该部联系松弛。马梢蛇的

鼻骨和前额骨侧突均较退化，因此彼此同联

系及与皮肤间联系均较松旨。据此可推测马

梢蛇在吞呈过程中其鼻吻部具有相对大的上

下左右活动余地，这也可能补充其口舱在垂

直面上的活动能力。, 由此可见，马梢蛇上下

颌的水平扩张能力及其颈部扩张能力较哑眉

锅蛇类为大。

从上述可知，在亲缘关系较近的蛇关

间，其头部形态结构和机能与其食性和生活

JA eR. EME, ENA

AAAI BAR, ae LP Al

的垂直扩张能力，二是两上颌与两下颌间的

KEP RAE RABY KA. ATER

HERA TERA ER AMR SU BY Ze

异，其至在结构上的差异。

参考 M Mm

BAR AE HUES Ra: BUF IL A Colubrinae

(HEA, Colubridac) 半阴蕉形态的比较研究

与演化关系的探讨。两栖朴行动物学报 3(3):

Or

23-44,

张服基 : Sees GLB. wee) 头部形态学

研究 [ . 乌梢驼属头部骨骼和肌肉的研究。两

栖疏行动物学报 6(3):52-62( 1987),

张服基 , SE COLE. eee) 头部形态学

HAN. 乌梢蛇属头部形态机能的初步研究。

PAI To wk 6(4):1-11(1987)。

Albright RG and EM Nelson: Cranial Ki-

netics of the generalized colubrid snake

Elaphe obsoleta quadrivitiata, Journal of

Morphology 195(2):241-291(1959).

Bogert CM: The status of the genus Lepto-

drymus Amaral, with commeats on mod-

ifications of colubrid premaxillae, Amer-

ican Museum Noviiaies 1352:1-14(1947).

Campbell JA and LS Ford: Phylogenetic

relationships of the colubrid snakes of

the genus Adelphicos in the highlands

of middle America, Occasional Papers

(100): 1-22(1982).

Cundall D: Cranial osteology of the colu-

brid snake genus Opheodrys. Copeia (2):

353-371(1981).

Dowling HG: Classification of

pentes: A critical review. Copeia (1):

38-52( 1959).

the ser-

Johnson RG: The origin and evolution of the

venomous snakes, Evolution 19: 56-$5

(1956),

Kardong KV: Kinesis of the jaw apparatus

during the strike in the cottonmouth

snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus, Forma et

functio 7:327-354(1974) .

————, Kinesis of the jaw apparatus dut-

in the

Agkistrodon

(2):338-348 (1977).

Maglio VJ: West Indian xenodontine colubrid

ing swallowing cottonmouth

snake, biscivorus,

Copeia

snake: Their probable origin, phylogeny,

and zoogeogtaphy, Bull, Mus, Comp.

Zool. 141(1):1-54(1970),.

Marx H and GB Rabb: Phyletic analysis of

fifty characters of advanced snakes.

Fieldiana Zoology 63:1-320(1972).

Rossman DA and WG Eberle: Partition of

the genus Natrix, with preliminary ob-

servations on evolutionary trends in

natricine snakes,

34-43(1977).

Voris HK: A phylogeny of the sea snakes

(Hydrophiidae), Fieldiana Zoology 70

(4): 79-169(1977). |

Herpetological 33 :

STUDIES ON THE CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF Zaocys (SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE)

V. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF CHINESE |

Zaocys, Piyas, Elaphe AND E'ntechinus, WITH PRELIMINARY

DISCUSSIONS ON THE FUNCTION AND PHYLOGENY -

Zhang Fuji

(Chengdu Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica)

Abstract

The cranial structures of 10 species of Chinese snakes, Zaocys dhumnades, Z.

nigromar ginatus, Piyas mucosus, P, korros, Elaphe taeniura, 已， porphyracea por phyra-

cea, E, mandarina, E’, rufodosaia, E, radiaia, and Euiechinus doriae, in 4 genera

(Colubrinae) are morphologically compared through anatomy,

The characters of their skulls, head muscles, and cepualic glands are discussed,

The skulls of all 10 species examined display a generalized colubrid pattern and

are essentially similar, though some intergeneric and even interspecific differences

e 5A 外

may be observed (Figs, 1-5), These species are different in the shapes of the pari-

etal ridge, the lateral process of the prefrontal, the nasal, the ascending process of

the premaxillae, the quadrate, and the articular processes of the palato-maxillary

arch, the size of orbit, the pattern of squamo-quadrate articulation, and the length

of the hyoid apparatus, The main differences in muscles consist in the adductors

mandibulae and the intermandibular muscles (Figs, 6-7), The direction of muscle

fibers and the pattern of function of the adductors mandibulae are different, For

example, when the mouths of Zaocys and a few other snakes are closed, the angle

between the mandible and the pars anterior of m, adductor mandibulae externus

is larger than that in E, taeniura, FE, radiata, and E, p, porphyracea, and the line

of action is almost vertical to the mandible, In Zaocys and a few other snakes, the

m, intermandibularis anterior is comparatively thick and consists of 3 bunches, while

in Elaphe this muscle is narrow, The pars posterior of the m, intermandibularis

posterior of Elaphe is so degenerate that it cannot be determined, Although constrictor

colli is generally present in most snakes, it is absent is some Elaphe snakes, e, ¢.

taeniura, radiata, and EF, p, porphyracea, Besides, the size of m, hyoglossus is also

different among these snakes, Among the cephalic glands, Duvernoy’s gland pre-

sents the most remarkable difference, There is no such gland in EF, taeniura, E, p,

por phyracec, and Entechinus major, and the size of it is different from species to

species in the other snakes observed, It is discovered that the degree of development

of this gland is correlated to the degree of development of the posterior maxillary

teeth, There are at least 4 types of head structures based on comparison: 1. Zaocys

and Ptyas type; 2, Eniechinus type; 3, E, taeniura, E, radiata and FE, p, por phyra-

cea type; and 4. EF mandarina and E, rufodorsata, The relationship of the two

snakes of type 4 deserves further study, as considerable differences can be distin-

guished between them, especially between FE, rufodorsata and other species of the

same genus, It is regarded that among these related species, type 3, which is rep-

resented by F, taeniurc, is a primitive group, whereas the genus of Zaocys, to

which Ptyas is closely related, is a derived group, Entechinus is probably an off-

shoot derived from a common ancestor at a primitive stage long ago,

The relationship between the structure and function is preliminarily studied,

using Zaocys and FE’, taeniura as research objects, These animals are all terrestrial

and feed mainly on mice, birds, lizards, frogs, and fish, However, various species

of Zaocys inhabit waterside and favour frogs and fish, while E, taeniura lives around

human houses and consumes mice as staple food, It is presumed that the volume

of the mouth cavity of snakes, when swallowing, depends mainly on their ability

to move the maxilla and mandible vertically and horizontally, as well as to move

the cervix horizontally, The ability of E, taeniura to move its maxilla and mandi-

ble vertically is preater than that of Zaocys, while Zaocys is more capable of

moving them horizontally,

PINGICT Mw 1998473, 56-59

Acta Herpetdogica Sinica

+LHRH-Axtees

RAE is Be he 89 Fe

CK

Piya He

( 面和天学生移学系 )

促黄体素释放激 A (Luteinizing hor-

mone releasing hormone, LHRH) 是

FERIA RAD WTB. TEIE

生理状态下，它作用于垂体促性腺细胞使之

A easy LH, FSH, Smee MEE

ARAQIE BPLBE.

但最近十几年来在哺乳动物上证明，大

剂量 LHR 百及其高活性类似物 (LHRS-A)，

无论在峻性动愧上还是在雄性动物上，都具

ATE MASE: FUGUE A EI

We (CorbinS:, 1975; Beattie2¢, 1977; xi

以训等，1979， mE 晓等，1978、 1985),

使雄性动物精子生成障碍 ( 齐易详等 ,1986;

Yves 等，1985)、血浆序激素水乎降低

(Sandow, 1983; 77H iF =e. 1986) 等。

ARSE, LHRH LHRH-A

是否也有抗生育作用尚未见报道。为此我

{11 ZED tg 2S HAE es as (Bufo gar garizans)

上，以排精反应为指标，结合垂体、性腺的

细胞学观察，对大剂量 LHRH-A 的作用进

行了探讨，并对其作用机制作了初步分析。

材料和方法

He WR ES 50-70 Fe HU HE PEWS 34 A, aD

三组在室温下进行实验。

AA. hokey, SRSA, MA

— Ye FES PR EEE L00pg_LH REA

(上海生化所生产 )。

® DO 。

B 组，6 只，同上法注射 HCG501.U..

C44. 6 只，同上法注射等量 (0.25ml)

的生理盐水。 Ate

EHS 2) ANDRA. UW

察有无排精反应。

A 组持续注射至不出现排精反应时，绸

对动物进行如下处理 :

1, 取动物 6 只，每只注射一个正稍雄

(SER EAD, WATCH RRM.

2, 6 只 ,每只注射了 CG50Iu，观察有

无排精反应。

3. 了到动物 4 只 , SAMAK, 往射

LHRH-A 100kg，观察排精反应能否恢复。

4. 取 A 组和 C 组动物各 6 只，3 只的

垂体和性腺用 Zenker ike, Oh oe,

垂体用 Slidder 氏法染色，性腺用 Masson 氏

三色染色 -〈卡林，1982) 光镜观察，3 只的

垂体用 2.5 驳戊二醛和 2 幼钱酸双固定，作电

Ea

ne

1, 大剂量 LHRH-A BSH Rw

A 组动物在开始注射 LHRH-A 的头 5

天肉，每次都有大量活动的精子出现在尿液

中。五天后精子量逐渐减少，到 14 天示右

时，全部动物不再册现排精反应。

* 现在地进，济南 ,山东省医学科学院基础所

本文于 1987 年 3 月 30 日收到。

在第 15 天，给 6 AAW ERR

BADR, PAN NRX Sa

的精子。

Ea HCG i 6 RRR BHI

动的精子。

停引排精后，间隔五天再注射 LHRH-

A，无排精反应。间隔十天注射时，4 只动

有 3 只册现排精反应。

2, HCG 诱导的排精反应

B 组注射囊 SG 的动物在头五天内也有大

量精子排婴 , :之后逐渐减少，但直到第十五

天仍有少量活动精子排出。

对照组动物注射生理盐水则无精子排

出。

3, 蛤肾精梨的组织学观察

3.1 对照组《4 组 ) ap i B.

细精管内有大量精子，大部分成答状哇在管

EE Sertoli 氏细胞上，生精作用不活紧 (图

WV ,1).

3.2 LHRH-ASa mii: Hae

管内仍有很多精子，但基本上已从 Sertoli

氏细胞上游离到管膛中。间质细胞发过〈图

WV, 2).

3.3 HHCSG 组动物的精梨 : 曲绍精管内

精子很少，但年精作用活路。间质细胞也很

Bis (ARV. 3).

4. ERA SE ie

促性腺细胞《哮碱性细胞 ) 被染成紫红

色，嘻酸性细胞呈黄色。长期大剂量注射

二百下下 -A 组动物的嗜碱性细胞内颗粒减少，

在油镜下可见细胞内有大量洲泡，对照组动

Dy ate AH LARA; HCG 组动物嘲

碱性细胞情况与对照组相似。

5. 垂体的电镜观察

正常对照组动物的垂体促性腺细胞内含

有大量大小不同、电子密度各异的两种颗粒

《图版也 ,4)，颗粒内的物质都有膜包被 ;内

质网，线粒体不发达。

LHRH-A 组动物的促性腺细胞含有大

BRC, RHA MMA, Aafia

内只残留小部分形态很不规则的分这物质。

粗面肉质网、高尔基体和线粒体发达〈图版，

人

Bis: Hee

长期天剂量给予 LHRH 或 LHRH-A €

哺乳动物可出现抗生育作用，已为多方面所

证实。抗生育作用的机制，目前主要有三种

解释 : 一种认为是垂体促性腺细胞对再下韦

失敏。此在完整动物 (Sandow，1983)、下

Fel iit (i) By (Belchetz, 1978), WHR

除动物 (Koiter 3, 1981; Schuiling 等，

1984) Bt ER OPS FE BES i (Mark,

1981; Mcintosh , 1985) 的实验上已得

到证明 ;，一种认为是性腺对垂体释放的促性

腺素的失敏 (Labrie, 1978; Hsueh 等，

1976; 陈钟祯等，1984)。另一种看法认为

LHRH 或 LHRH-A 对性腺具有垂体外的直

接抑制作用 (Hsueh 等，1983， Clayton 等，

1980，Rosario 等，1984)。 #J 91, LHRH

或 LHRH-A 的抗生育机制比较复杂。从进

ILE RA, LHRAAKRS AE ENE

AL ve VERA SSL 2) Yy tH 1. fe We Be 0. Sug

LHRH-A BUay (28 100% BY HE te. Im

LHRH-A 3x hi SSR AR ENDL Gl 是

通过脑下垂体释放促性腺素而起作用的《王

龙等，1983)。我们的实验结果 BH. KS

大剂量给予 LHRH-A 在低等脊椎动物上也

具有抗生育作用。抗生育作用的环节在垂体

水平而不是在性腺水平。因为在给予

LHRH-A FHSS RMS. 给予垂体护

12 RHCG RA S| HH ML, 表明长期

KRG LHRH-A 2 SRLS AE Se

WHEE , ARE LER EAR RRS.

TEBE A Pew IERA RET

as (are

EK PERR SS ER Kile LHRH_-A 作用

下释放减少的原因，从垂体光镜和电镜观察

来看，可能是垂体促性腺细胞合成促性腺素

的速率跟不上释放的速率，虽然促性腺细胞

内粗面内质网、高尔基体和线粒体很发达，

. 但是分泌颗粒基本上已排圣

实验结果指出，长期大 ee

的抗生育 SVE RAY, 7 felS AK OS

部分动物又恢复对 LHRHAA

Yves 等《1985) 在独于的实验结果一致。

至于动物排精反应恢复后的垂体形态学在不

同时间的变化，还有待于进一步研究。

S$ 4 xX

EX, DAB: GAARA RBORE A Uy (LRE-

A) S| USHERS VLEET. WRK ik

(〈目然科学版 ) 1:109 (1983),

EME. SURES: 组织病理学与组织化学手册。

468 页。科学出版社。468(1982)。

MILI. SRR: LARA LARS aT

BBN: | WEEK MNSe. sys

fz 25(3): 201(1979),

齐易详 8 BRA. MISH. sha, MR. RBA

VES EDA KF Se ALI ZS 2 2 2a

SA EME, AE SHEAR, 6(1)+53( 1986),

Peet Ol: 墨丸功能的激素调节与男性生育 iT Za

WAS. AWS SRS 4(2): 60(1984),

喜其晓、樊庆华，促黄体素释放激素类似物对天自

BUFO EGE DRE, AE BAe He 30(2) 99

19ve 和 ee

RE, See. Ke, Sa. 黄体生成素释

放激素闫似物抗生育作用机吾的分析。生殖与

避孕 5(3):41(1985)。

Beattie CW, A Corbin, G Cole, S Corry, RC

K Kock, and J Tracy: Mechanism

Jones,

of the post-coital contraceptive effect of

LHR Ain the cats)

levels during chronic LHRH administra-

Reprod, 16:322 (1977),

Belchetz PE, TM Plant, Y Nakai, EJ Keogh,

and E Knobil: Hypophyseal responses to

setum hormone

tion, Biol,

continuous and intermitent delivery of

° 58s

Labrie F,

hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hor-

mone, Science, 202:630 (1978),

Clayton RW, M Katikineni, V Chan, ML

Pufau and KJ Catt: Direct inhibition of

testicular function by gonadotropin-

releasing hormone: Mediation of testicular

function by specific gonadotropin-releasing

hormone receptors in interstitial cells,

Proc, Natl, Sci, USA, 17:4459 (1980),

Corbin A and CW Beattie: Post-coital contra-

ceptive and uterotrophic effects of lu-

teinizing hormone releasing hormone,

Endocri, Res, Commun, 2:445 (1975).

Hsueh AJW, ML Dufau \ and. KJ < Catt:

Regulation of LH receptors’ in testicular

interstitial cells by gonadotropin, Bio-

chem, Biophysi, Res, Commun, 72:1145

(1976).

Hsueh AJW, C Wang and GF Erickson:

Direct inhibitory effects of gonadotropin

releasing hormone upon follicle-stimula-

tion hormone induction of luteinizing

hormone recepters and aromatase activity

in rat granulosa cells, Endocri, 106:1679

(1980),

Hsuek AJW, TH Bamibion, L-Z Zhuang,

JR Welsh end NC Ling: Mechanism of

the direct action of gonadotropin-releasing

hormone and its antigonist on androgen

biosynthesis by cultured rat testicular

cells, Endocrinology 112:1653 (1983).

TR, N Pols-Valkhof, . and CA

Schuiling: Recovery of the pituitary gland

from LHRH-induced

LHRH in the ovariectomized rat, Acta,

Endocrinologica, 96:315 (1981).

C Auclair, L Cusan, RA

G Pelletier, and F Ferland: Inhibitory

effects of LHRH and

gonadotropin

Koiter

refracteriness to

Kelly

its agonists on

testicular . receptors and

spermatogenesis in the rat, Int, J, Andor-

logy. (suppl 2)303 (1978), |

Mark AS and WV Wylie: Desensitization

‘to gonadotropin

releasing hormone ob-

served in superfused pituitary cells on Cy- its analogue, Clini, Endocri, 182571

todex beads, Endocrinology 108:752(1981), (1983),

Mcintosh RP and JEA: Mcintosh: Dynamic Schuiling G A, N Pols-Valkhof, GC J Van-

characteristics of luteinizing hormone der Schaaf-Verdonk, and TR: Koiter

release from perifused sheep anterior cells Blockade of LH and FSH secretion by

stimulated by combined pulsatile and LH-releasing hormone, by the LH-rele-

continuous gonadotropin-releasing hor-

asing hormone analogue, buserelin, and

mone, Endocrinology 117:169 (1985).

by combined treatment with LH-releasing

Rosario D, T Cassorla, AK Munabi, V hormone and oestradiol benzoate, J,

Mericq, MC, Gekato, BD Albertson, Endocri, 103:303 (1984), |

and L Lorianx : Direct effect of the Yves T, and A Belanger: Reversible inhibi-

LHRH analog: 6-D-tryptophan-10-proline tion of gonadal functions by a potent

-LHRH-N-ethylamide on rat testicular gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in

steroidogenesis, Steroid 43(2):201 (1984), adult dog, Contraception 30(5):483 (1985),

Sandow J: Clinical application of LHRH and .

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC LARGE DOSES OF AN LHRH ANALOGUE

ON THE SPERMIATION RESPONSE IN THE TOADS

(Plate IV)

Wang Shili Wang Long

(Department of Biology, Snangdong University, Jinan)

Abstract

An analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), D-Ala®-des-

Gly"-LHRH-ethylamide, was administered subcutaneously 100ug twice per day in

each of 22 toads for a period of 14 consecutive days, The spermiation of the toads

was initially accelerated, and then inhibited during the course of treatment, These

animals resumed spermiation after an injection of either normal toad pituitary

homogenate or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (501U), A lot of sperms were

observed to remain in the seminiferous tubules in the testis slice under microscope,

Gonadotropic cells contained large numbers of endoplasmic reticula, mitochondria,

and Golgi bodies, as revealed by observation of pituitary gland under electron

microscope, while the secretory granules could hardly be observed, The results

reveal that after repeated large doses of LHRH analogue the inhibition of sper-

miation occurs, This may results from the exhaustion of gonadotropin stored in the

pituitary gonadotropic cells after the administrations,

* 309 «.

FAIA «1988423, 60-64

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

ocd | | as ie

y a ii ae

眼镜蛇与滑

He TOR at 3)

冯瑞本

《华东师范大学生物系 )

ILA Wee te ab, EA 19 AEE

WERE IS HH, DBR he By ke Caja naja)

Rieke Pe we (Piyes mucosus) i) Be at Be

多 .我们在 1984 年 4 月 .5 月和 7 月及 1985 年 7 月

和 9 月，对这两种蛇的繁殖情况进行了研究。

材料与方法

材料来源于浙江骨严岛定海县洋香及自

虹两个活蛇收购站，这些蛇都捕于背山本乌

及其邻近岛屿 ,先后巷得眼锁蛇 327 条 ( 持 119，

吧 208) ，清鼠蛇 205 4 (2100, 105). ill

量和解剖雁眼镜昵 38 条，内人性 119 条 ; 7h BN

驼雄性 18 条，卜性 100 条。测

长径和得径，镑检军叉。雌蛇体内的匈，处

于各个发育阶段，我们根据不同时期外的相

MA), MAKE ORK. ADRA

—B, APR RER RAN) FAN CONTE

小，天小很不一致，当年不能成然 ) 两个类

型 (简称大卯，小外) ANALY EH BE

Baer

1, HERE TERR

HEE TR BNE ERE A HE RS

EER WH 的

FN F7I90, 3+ 14, 4(75-130) em#ti82, 4+ 19.8

(144-225)cm, PRAPIE NS GS te ap BA

43.7+10,6(26-63) mm 71,3 + 14.1 (45-

95)mm, SKE BAZ4. 748. 4(20-55)

mmFi60,0+10,8(42-73)mm, Fe 2K

THE a BAL. 72,783 BRS wk

HAR Ry Al Ar = 0/792 Fr =0,585,

FASS AR ESE OLR EAR 14.4% , 7G

Se sinh ye ela a Zs (6-15)em, $2 鼠蛇去

右轴九宽度较为一致 ,平均为 7.7 士 1.6 严。

腿网蛇和消鼠蛇在 4 月或 5 月初出洞，

5 月中 .下旬仍处于繁殖阶段 ,它们吝 A 中都

有大量成熟精子。眼镑凡坚丸的相对体积天

Tie iE, BAL RE SARE R440

3.9% ; BRD AASB E20. 8% F110, 7% -

2. MESE TROD Ta oe

2.1 . HRs Pi HE HR) PRU 4 DG UN Lay 1984

425 A16-28 5 Wea OLAS EAR ee, Eh

(EEK 68, 81AIS4emy 3 AON, HK

4 474-91icemsy 23 Za Re CAD 55 K93cm

KSHEMETA, (22 KAKIN, 440%, INR

-分别为 20 和 23 枚，2 条体全长 95cm 者，有一

条怀有大卵，95czm 以上者，怀天卯数都超

Tabs i Fes number of Meds 人 28, May 1984)

Total No. of (No. Sot baakal Sidel of Taree Ay. No, | Av, Ne, Av; No,

length samples conceiving eggs of large of small of total

(em), large eggs (mm) eggs eses(6mm) eggs |

68- 80 19 0 | re 12. T2242 1242

81-99 Tah ee oe 9 pitien | 13.58.42) 18.548.4

91-160 15 | 1¢6(87.9%) 8.3-+9.9"4.62:0.7 Qbear 5.2 Onder 23.728.5

101-110 27 25(92.6%) Saale ee ac0 51 21.4¢5.5 13.625. 2 33.1+8.6

111-120 20 |, 19(95.0%) | 16.5 二 2.8 “5.4 二 0.9 22.2 二 4 | 16.028.9 38.02:7.2

121-128. 4 14}, 14G00.07%) 10.2:11.9%5.350.5 | 23.048.8 | 16.646.2 | 37.2+8.0

101 ， | 68(67， 3%) 9.7°5.3 21 ots. 8 14162 28.1 士 141.9

FR EN I EE LT 一人

本文于 i987 年 8 月 21 目收到。

are See RE PE IS ST 一

2.2 JERUEN ARR RA 1984 期的卵，虽能区分大、小卵，但还不甚明显

年 4 月 28 日，共解剖 25 条，都已怀卵，其中 …( 表 4)。

最小的内蛇体长仅 72cm，无大卯。这一时

Tab.4 下 state of Eaves mucosus, 28 Apa 1984

rere ON TT SETI IT rrzuramrnrr eS eet Se SOS Se eee cone eS

Total length No. of ‘Size of large No, Pag Size of small | “Total No,

(cm) large eggs eggs(mm) small eggs | eggs (mim) | of eggs

72 = = 49 | <4%3 40

144 7 x, 51 | <5*3 | 51

153 = = 15 | <6*5 | 15

167 17 8x6.5 | 28 | <5x3 | 45

167 一 | 34 <6%5 34

168 一 = 34 <6*4 | 34

168 一一 34 <<6x4 | 34

169 19 8x6 22 | <4%3 | At

171 一 = 53 <6%5 | 53

1T1 11 8x5 | 14 | <3%2 | 25

180 12 9x5 42 | <5#4 | 54

182 一一 28 | <5x4 | 28

183 22 8*5 12 <Ax3 | 34

184 一一 37 <5*3 37

189 一一 15 <6*5 15

193 21 8*5. 55 <4%3 16

193 16 9x5 11 <3%2 21

193 一一 49 <5x4 49

194 17 8x6 . 35 <Ax3 52

195 18 9x6 10 <4%4 28

201 = = 31 <6%4 31

204 一一 34 <5x3 34

205, 25 | Be5 19 <4%3 44

205 8 8x5 20 <4*3 28

207 一一 49 -<<584 49

178.8227.2 | 16.9:5.0 8.2*5.2 30.9 士 14.1 4.8#*3.6 38 .2 土 12.9

傈长在他于 Te 肉蛇，当年能产卵的只

占 52.9 狗，170cama 以下的个体，大都不能于

当年产卵。

1984 年 5 月 24-29 日，又解剖肉蛇 61 条，

这时所怀大、小厚的分化已趋明显。表 5 显

滑鼠蛇体长到 180cm 以上时，多数个体

的性才成熟，怀有大旬的比例超过 93 匈，而

Tab. 5 Pregnant state of Ptyas mucosus during 24-29, May

ar TES A EB NE BI SER IF IE EEE

EAE LE TE cron zs a

een

* 62 «

Total body No, of | No, of snake Size of Av. No. of | “Av. No, of | | Av, No,

conccving small eggs | of total

length (cm) samp, large cggs large eges(mm) large eggs (<6mm) | eggs

164-170 10 (40%) 10.8+1.3*5.5+0.5 22.8 十 3.3 25.5 士 11.5 34.6+13.8

171-180 17 9(52.9%) | 10.4+1.5*6.0-+0.7 19.7+3.2 36.619.0 | 47.0+13.4

181-190 16 15(9¢.7%) 11.1+1.5*6.1+0.6 | 23.944.3 27. TE11.5 48.0+9.3

191-200 12 12(100%) 11.4+3.0*5.9-0.5 28.9+4.5 31.611.6 60.3212.7

201-215 6 6(100%) 13.1 士 3.4x6.9 士 1.0 | 25.5 士 4 8 22.8+9.7 44,8-12.0

61 . 46(75.4%) 11.3*6.0 23.6 士 4.0 30.4+13.4 | 49.9+10.3

过 9 0% (#1). AAAS KK 95cm

以上时，可能手半年兰郧。

同时从图 1 可见，眼镜蛇怀卵数与体长

显著祖关，7r 三 0.7200 0 |

1984427 7A, HRA 11 Awe

( 表 2)。结果可归纳为如下三点， DA.

RASA, ATARI, RAB

4ommeG, Ky NSAI BIS HBEE; (2)

Fc OPH BZD 〈从 5 月的 21.9 土 5.8 枚减

至 9.0 土 2.2 枚 ) ，而小卵数增加，这一现象

可能与营养有关。在营养不足的情况下《〈因

捕提后不再进食 ) ，部分大卵继续 RA, A

一些可能停止发育。据此推测，眼氏蛇的繁

. 殖强度与食物丰军度有关，并会有较大的波

动范围，在饥饿条件下，平均产卵 9 枚 (4-12

BOs (3) 体长在 103-110cam 的 8 条瞧蛇，No-。

1. 4. 5. BEAR, RASH 仅为

62.5 匈，据表 1，在这一体长范围内的峻蛇，

怀大卵率为 92.6 狗，表明有些肉蛇已在 7 月

Ea i

Tab. 2 Pregnant state of Naja naja, 7 July 1984 —

Total length

| Size of

| No, of | No, of | Size of small | No, of

(cm) _ large eggs _ large eggs(mm) small eggs | eggs (mm) total eggs

103 = = 22 | 12*5 22

107 40 47*19 45 - 85 | ”2950

108 9 47*23 35 6*4 44

108 一 = 36 9*5 | 36

110 = <q 31 8*5 | 31

110 9 39*22 29 10*4 38

110 9 aT 2a Ad | T*5 50

110 10 40*17 34 : 10*6 - Ad

115 12 35*18: 30- 11*4 ; 42

118 8 46*20 36 | 9*5 | 4A

122 11 40*22 25 | 10*5 ly BUBB ia

111.0 士 5.7 | 9,012.2 | 42.6*20.3 人 SR 二 1 8.8*4.6 本 Ta 去 1256

1985 年 7 月 23 日解剖 3 条肉蛇，大匈已

全部产完。同年 9 月 19-25 日，又解剖 4 条，

亦未发现有分化的天厚 ( 表 3) ，表明眼镜 RE

并无分期产卵现象，一年产卵一次。 1985 年

7 月 22 日发现一条肉蛇产卵 10 枚，卵的量度

为 51.0 十 3.2x24.1 土 0.7 毫米。Moriguchi

等〈1982) 记录了从我国大陆及台湾省得到

的 5 条肉眼镜蛇的产儿情况，人台湾产的 3 条，

其产卵目期为 5 月 10 日，5 月 20 目及 6 月 15

日，另 2 条大陆产眼镜蛇是 &% 月 10 日。台湾

省的气候较闵山温暖得多，产卵期较早是意

料之中的事。

Tab. 3 Pregnant state of Naja naja,

in uly and REDE. , 1985

Date Total 得中 Size” se! No. al Uae: No.of

(cm) | eggs | eggs | eggs

eB SOM27 <tem | 27

eV moses <10cm | 34

te23 145 <9cm 21 | 23.8+9.1

S19 | 4. wat \<5em “| 29 |

9.19 145 <Tem 23

9,25 129 <6cm 32

9.25 155 |<ioem | 21

« 6L -

TH PRE OOD 量，

SIR BIE

范围在 191-200cm 之间，

0281,

SRRAT HR, r=

RNB RB RK

#250 200cm 者反而

198442 7A 7A, MHZ

体长分别为 151cm 和和

iy ° ae 也 ADF I He

1160em 的

体长不足 170czma 者很

ZU ME , ETB

2%, RRK

A PE 降趋努。 Mp 24 aE sere eae ae

Tab.6 Prengant state of Ptyas mucosus, 7 July 1984

aS OUR ERS CTI STN RE RIT RTI A NOR NT NNT NR SR ore oe CUE A ELSES = SENATE PRA AS ORCA BIEN US SPT EO NTI TE

Total No. of Jarge Size of large No, of Size of small Total No ,

length (cm) eggs eggs (mm) small eggs eges(mm) of eggs

151 ae Tr 27 <4x3 27

160 rap : PRG 4} <12*7 Ai

167 12 36#20 17 <8¥4 29

168 8 46x20 22 | <beg 30

180 9 39x22 29 | <i0%4 39

182 6 58*18 17 | <9H5. 23

194 1 44%18 34 | <10*5 Al

im. Ha: 5 ha shes o poe ey 6 28. 148, on &.3%4.4 323 Tae ton

浙江医科大学生物学教研组 1975 年从浙，，的局面。这一现象必须引起重视。许多地方

江南部捕得的唑滑鼠蛇，其产卯期是 8 月 1

目，产匈数为 15 枚，卵的大小为 45-50X25-

30mm, FORMER, SURE IE,

(Etre 7 AR 下名。

1985 年 9 月 17- ghee 押解

ue. AON RES eB 5e GRD.

数 6 NS 26,74 8.8 枚 #7 Hy 27.6

16.75%) Bee (AMI A) 都

BN--, AAI BE WIR KEE

近年来，因蛇弃、蛇胆、蛇毒、蛇肉价

值高造成到处过量捕蛇使蛇资源量严重下降

Tab. 7 Pregnant state of Piyas mucosus

during 17-21 Sept. i985

(a ETE NS EPI i IRIN EA ROT LE = a PT

Bay 7 条肉滑

CT

Date of Total | Maximum | Total Nol

| |

dissection | length i(em) (she of cggs | of ges

DAG diy 156 a lee aTae Gul 42

9.18 159 | 885 bas

| if

9.20 162 5x3 (Peceet

9.24 167 i 8#6 Ly 26

OTe Lbs 95#5 2T

9:20", a acenan T#A 21

9.29 183 10*5 | 21

1612 Samael Ganee Gr: | 27.6007

2 TRS MASAI LES REE ERA OSE ES IT AST CET SII ETD

FGI MOB ，

ne et iy SS PME, FAR SS 5 AEA

PVA RE AAA, ON BE as BE BY BB

inkl. AAR SM mba. HEAR

eas 但不分天小，

蛇就捕，将会破坏蛇类资源。通过本文对

ee ee 可提供一

个利用的限制性措施。建议眼镜蛇限量收购

体长在 110cm 以上的个体，清鼠蛇限量收购

体长在 190c 瑟以上的个体，雄性的限量及规

格可略放宽。

a 4 3 ik

WILESAMED SAHA: —PIIA ET NR

TSG. HEAT FEB} (3) + 32(1976),

Moriguchi H, M, Toeoriba H, Miyata

A Sakai and H Sugano,

Notes on reproductions of captive

snakes observed in the Japan snake

institute during the years 1980-1981.

The Snake vol, 14. 57-60, 1982,

- * 63°

THE REPRODUCTIONS OF Naja naja AND Piyas mucosus ON

ZHOUSHAN AND NEARBY ISLANDS

Sheng Helin Xie Shengxun Feng Ruiben

(Department of Biology, East China Normal University)

Abstract

During April and May 1984 and July and September 1985, 327 Naja naja (119

females and 208 males) and 205 Ptyas mucosus (100 females and 105 males) were

captured from the, main island) of. Zhoushan and.its nearby islands, Zhejiang pro-

vince, and were analized through observation and dissection,

The results show that the right testes in the males of both species were long-

er than the left ones and the difference is significant (P<0,01), The average leng-

ths of the right and left testes in Naja naja are 43,7 and 34,7mm,_ respectively

(t=10.7); and data for the other species are 71,3 and 60,0mm (t=2,78),

As for the females of Naja naja, those which were as long as or shorter

than 91cm could not lay eggs in that year; 50% of those that reached a length

of 93-95cm could lay eggs; and 90% of those that measured over 95cm could lay

eggs, The average number of eggs in the body, which had a linear correlation

with the body length (r=0,.720, P<0,01), was 28,1+11,9; whereas the average

clutch number was 9, Egg-laying occured in early and mid July,

Half of the female Ptyas mucosus with a length of 171-180cm had an ability of

laying eggs; and 90% of those longer than 180cm could lay eggs, The average

number of eggs found in the body, not correlated with the body length, was 47,9

+10,3 (r=0,281, P>0,05), Clutch number was 8.3, however, Egg-laying occured

in mid and late July,

人

PUHIeTT ay Aik 1988463; (1):65

Acta Herpetologica- Sinica

AAA AAT AN AAS Aun

y

ital Fh)

Dae ew ve ew

ENE TES PE Se BL

Rana cancrivora Gravenhorst Discovered in Guangxi

Ygic:R ana cancrivora Gravenhorst 主要分布

于东南亚某些热带国家的治岸，国丙报道分布于海

BS, 笔者于 1987 和 7 月 2 目和 7 AIR A) Babys

市大冠沙盐田的泥沙渡上采集到 15 只海星标本 ,，现

存放在北海市水产馆。

生活时背面为浅黄绿色。背部、头侧及 AMA

深色不规则的斑纹。液浸标杰灰绿色。

雄性有二对咽侧下外声事 ;

海峙栖息和手海瓷泥水浴下 , 自天隐蔽在泥洞里

或水草众中，傍晚在长有水草的海滩上砚食小形昆

虫。雨夜时出洞活动的海些较多。雄性海星的鸭声

较其他种闫礁星的鸣声小。用电简光照捕海峙较之

照捕其他些类容易 :

海蛙在广西除厚于慈海市大冠沙 A, eS

椒场外 ”了人防城呈及含浦县南康乡营盘海边或羊成水

地区亦有分布 :

th 建运

(广西北海水产久 )

Sun Jianyun

(Beihai Museum of Aquatic Products, Guanxi)

未文于 1987 年 8 月站目收到。

“e 65 “。

PUBIC ship ik 1988463 A;

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

(3):66

1 东省蛇类二新纪录一团花锁几

Elaphe davidi 一一 A Record New to Shandong

据中国《惧行动物系统检索 >》(〈1977) 记 ee

东省蛇类 11 种。作者自 1963 年 6 月起，在济南和泰

而进行过疏行动物的采集调查。在整理采集标本

mh, 经鉴定，发现团花 He Elaphe davidi (Sau-

vage)，系山东省新纪录。

至条标本 1o，? 性别不详。全长平均 298.0 十

66.3mm, +7, BALA. RSS, kB

MASA /448 47; SAR2, TAKER: HAR

2, HA SRR KTH, RA LE

8, 3-2-3 5h; IGE, IEZEG, AME; BRR

(BK2); HEBISe1-2; HESEIERS, Ae 仅最下一行

S38, Hi4ree 起棱，25-23-19 行，腹鳞 174-180,

尾下鳞 64 对，肛鳞二分。头昔部 Whee, BLE

神色，攀部多褐色，眼后有一块墨 BARA, AG

部灰褐色，颈尾背面正中有一行较粗大的深棕色团

斑，约 70 余枚，斑间淡棕褐色，体侧各有一行较小

而不规则的黑褐色粗点斑，大致与中央团斑相间排

列，位置在背鳞和腹鳞交界处。 ALE E, 有横

ECR IRS Bi) BER.

EVA Ki OL ee 峪一带。此处植

物茂盛，水源丰富。标本 645059 号采于小河旁，

6372 号和 645071 号均采于石砌于泗水 RA, RoE

» 66 »

活泼、暴躁 ,行动迅速夏季常到水源侈水。在

1963 年 7 月 8 日采到的 6372 SAS A

鸟卵的壳及卵膜，另有一只半消化的 hy, AA

东北三省南至河北及山西诸省均有分布，些 AR

省首次纪录。

表 Al 76 op Be

SSRIS RE RE STS RE ES ED

编号 ”性别体长 ek se ns ee

6372 ATF 301.0 65.0 25-23-19 183 64

645059 oo 295.0 72.0 25-23-19 169 64

Beane AE 298. 0 62.0 25-23-19 183 64

MY a RYN EE ES TERE IM SE TOM co

(单位 : min)

R RK 绒

(而东农业天学德州农学专 BSE)

~ Jia Zhenxu

(Dezhou Specialized Class of Agriculture,

Shandong University of Agriculture)

A THERRURAKSEDAR Ral 教授指导

并提供资料，特此致谢。

本文于 1987 年 4 月 21 日收到，

PUI a= 1988423 A; (1)26%

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

人

向报 )

有

天津常

VERE He 5 HE We HE

Digenetic Trematodes from Common Snakes of Tianjin

1986 年 5 月，在天津采集的蛇类中解剖了 12 条

BEBE MISA AA, AR 斑游蛇中分别

找到吸虫 9 个和 41 个，经鉴定认为是两种重合属吸

th die, EH WW Diplodiscidae Skrjabin,

1949 国内现有三个属，裂 AEB Schizamphistomum

1912 和寄生于疏行动物，此属目前只有 1 种，

Looss,

”是 FEischthal et Kuntz 1975427 GIS Kye ta lon

EIN, ZEZAGEAA Ke Schizamphistomum

taiwanensis, 7¢)T j= Amuroiroema Achmerov,

1959 寄生于鱼类，此属现也只有 1 种，

1959 年在综肠中找到的，定名铣黑龙江吸虫 4oruro-

trema dombrovskajae; ##; 属 Diplodiscus Die-

sing, 1836292:-F PUNE, ILE ATE 10th (#1).

RPKECKALAGAER, eR K

的新记录种。标本测量以毫米为单位，标本保存在

南开大学生物系。

1 两盘重盘吸颗 Diplodiscus amphichrus Tu-

1935 (1),

= Achmerov

bangui,

Al 两盘重盘吸虫

Diplodiscus amphichrus Tubangui

宿主 “虎斑游蛇 Natrix tigrina lateralis

寄生部位肠

日期 “1986 年 5 月

感染解剖 12 条蛇，在 1 条内发现虫 9 个。

此虫过去所记载的终末宿主 AW, HE

BEE, RSS HEME, Se MA, Zee

内发现还属首次。过去报道的里体体长为 3.04-

3.76，我们采到的标本较小，体长为 1.131-1.658，

DO, RUA 1:2.5, ORHRK, SHS RA

#2, Weh, HORE. Be 相对位置均与两盘吸

蝇模式标本相符。我们所采标本个体较小，其原因

可能是在非正常答主体内，颗体发育受到抑制而影

MM BAA, (Ase, 1973466 月我们在山东烟台捕

ENDER MASEA RAIN 虫标本，体长

为 1.951=-2.968，在东方铃蟾与中国林 Jw 内找到

的标本则更小，体长为 0.916-1.198。在鉴定标本

时发现，虫体变短粗， DEH, =A Ree

并接近两侧肠管，摆丸与卵梨紧密相接等，这些现

象有明显的相关性，注意这些因素的变化，有益于

我们更准确地鉴定吸里的种类。

3.5mm

A2 .日本重盘吸虫

Diplodiscus japonicus Yamaguti

20 ABA Diplodiscus japonicus Yama-

guti, 1936 (图 2)。

= EBT Natrix tigrina lateralis

SEM ” 肠

日期 ”1986 年 5 月

本文为中国科学院科学基金资助的课题。

本文于 1987 年 6 月 24 日收到。

。 67 。

表 1 重盘属吸虫的种类、宿主及分布

be Zo 1a ES 分 “fe

| RRR. FEE | 福建、山东

| Rr = Ja 泽、 =

D, amphichrus Tubangui, 1933 ARATE pS HOR Fey BE

中国林蛙缅甸、朝鲜

RSE EERIE | 斯里兰卡

Tf 印度、加纳

拟两盘重盘吸虫 Rana cyano phlyctis

D, amphichrus magnus Srivastava, Rana tigrine

1934 Hylarana Kassina |

Dicer Be Be |

Eh tae kia by aap

ie bufonis VEE 1977 |

RM Dek | BAR KAE, Pelee, pk | RE, BAK

D. japonicus (Yamayuti, 1936) | FADE, DESH, 7H Scie Pee 二

| | RBEREE GE BHIER) HA

PABA Dh | Hyla aurea ”澳大利亚

15M LEGER GTS Helnas nas (1912 和 ae |

Pie aes | rE KURA, BBE | 福建、北京

D. mehrai Pande, 1937 Bufo bufo viridis | 印度

Rana cyanop DES | 斯里兰卡

Asses a 人 ewingii j | 澳大利亚

D, microchrus OI 1912 te Se ee tasmaniensis | Mek

微小重瘟吸中 Rae 北京

D, minutus Li et Gu, 1978 |

EYE HE LW oh HEME Le RS

D, melanosticti Yamaguti et |

BEG 1943, |

BBE A Uhh, a: gis | ae

D, DOOR Wang, 1977 |

ine Sar Ba Refer | 非洲

D, pallascatus Manter et Peitchard, |

1964 |

DSi e amas | Rana erythraea 马来亚

D, sacculosus Yuen, 1962 |

中华重盘吸电 aE, |. MRO

D, sinicus Li, 1937 | OL, Tee

le ae 上海、吉林

SRS. Nye 德国、非洲

SAWS. EB FE

pe e eee ee:

D, subclavatus (Goeze, 1782) | Bombinator igneus

Bufo regularis

e 68 e

FOS ATT RT TE LS EN TN

= 分 4

B, vulgaris

bie, Sa

Dendrodryas sp, 德国、非洲

Diplocotyle mutabile |

{ies BM

D, subclavatus (Goeze, 1782)

Lissotriton

Emys orbicularis

Molge al pestris

M , vulgaris

Natrix natrix

Pelophylax, Phyrne, friturus

Pot te

Redia gracilis

pee

D, tigrinus Wang, 1977

ANBAR Triton palusttis 西德

D., unguiculaius (Rud, ,1819)

= er TCR 人让了个 EE I EN ETT TE ES ETT -

感染解剖 12 条蛇在 1 条内发现虫 1 个。

据记载此蝇终未宿 EAA AK HL RO

tee, ADEE, FESCEA RE, FEE 内发现属首

标本较小，体长 0.245，肠管直 AK 端与腹吸

BAERS, WRS252ZAA—E IER, Nie

泪泡天。

LF MRAM MRR AMREN, BAAR

is. WE Ae Baez oh he WR Gyraulus

prashadi, HABARENDE BEER AMS

12 Planorbis compressus Ff ka #2 Se gmentina

SE I TN EBL IE I EL ITE ae

mica, Feke TE TKTKIY ES AT ASB te 出的成熟尾

蜗，还是直接香食了中间宿主或终未宿主而被感

染，这个问题有待于进一步研究。

FRE KBE We

《南开大学生物系 )

Kit KR 众

《天津目然博物馆 )

Li Qingkui Zhang Runsheng Qiu Zhaozhi

(Depariment of Biology, Nankai University)

Chen Xiqin Liang Zhong

(Tianjin Museum of Natural History)

2 Oo «

MTS lessees A; 70-74

Acta Herpetologica Sinica

Po Ge #

简报，

Weleacbindeis

温度决定

部分爬行动物的性别

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles

性别如何决定 ? 经典地性别遗传理论认为 : F

代的性别是由亲代的性染色体决定。而性别的表现

可分为三个独立而又相关的问题 : 遗传学上的性别

决定 ; 胚胎学上的性别分化 ; 生态学上的性比。有

Big, KSA MME (S/S4+Q)H1/2, 这

种性比的存在与最初的遗传决定有着密切的关系。

BE, RAD Moles, ARENA

WEES.

近年来认识到， ee ee

因素 (如温度 ) HBR. B96 LK

广泛的细胞遗传学研究以及室内试验和野外观察发

FT; 这些人性比发生变化的看行动物的性别不是由受

精时的遗传决定，而是由卯子姐化时的温度次定的

(Temperature-dependent Sex determination,

简称 TSD)。这种客观现象，引起了许多学者的极

大关注。本文就国内外近三十年有关温度对部分丰

ADWARE NTE.

故行动物的两种性决定方式

目前已经发现。朴行动物性别决定的方式有两

种 :一种是异型性染色体诀定 ; 另一神是贱化温度

决定。

1, 性染色体决定性别 NTA, TER 色

体的类型比较复杂，其至有蛙种类不行有性生殖。

在蜥蝎类有 6 科 :8 属 22 种动物发现了单性生殖。腿行

动物的竹染色体有克种不同的复杂稍况。在蛇亚月

AZZ-2W 型，在不同种类中异型化程度不同。在

蜥蝎类具性染色体的种类及 X-XY 和 22-2W 两

种类型。龟攻类只在一种中发现双 X-XY 型决定性

本文承日本九州大学理学院生由系德永章二博

士提供部分参考资料 “特此致谢

本文 1986 年 1 月 27 目收到。

« 70 «

1 Ritalin eis

(根据 Bull， 1980 年补充 )

eer SES SURE TRAE

BA iceman PIC CIEM Senate

蛇亚目 2Z-ZW 2

we XX-XY FS

壁虎科 2/54 ZZ-ZW 2

Sa aT EY 5/6 DP. 0, ey. CD. Gian

= eRe Ve

最蜥科 45/145° XiXiX,X,-KiX.Y

Ris BE} 1/46 RK-KV a

蜥蝎科 4/33 ZZ-ZW 2.

2 KE

石龙子科 3/25 X:X:X,X,-KiX,Y ss"

巨蜥科 : 4/18 ZZ-ZW 2

Sa aS en a ee ne

过 2 Teale a IS Aah BEA AES RES

sy # TSD 研究种数 He 者

RE BR} 三 2 Bull (1978)

fee (1986)

HRB BL 一 2 Rayaatud 等 (1972)

Bale tet (1982)

游蛇科 = 1 Osgood(1980)

发晰科 aS 1 Muth (1981)

Lor

|

i 已

‘pipes se ie 一一一 ~ Bo tot ae oe

rf y

ok

| See eee ee a) 5 SE ee

20 22 24 26. 28), 30 32, 34 36° 88

ett (°C)

图 1 SeiRe Sete

PEAS RES Mea, MebeA1/2

〇 Behe Muth#iBull(1981)

@ ke - 科 AEB ull (1980)

会 ”中华鉴 ( 监科 ) fe BE(1986) 、

RS EY Sa ER ENE Bl 4 MEF BN Hy ALE Bull 4h Fe)

SST SR NL NY 1A SNA RE TENE NE TE TL TRE RN TI IN BST OKIE 2

fF | 者

Bll 等 (1979,1981),Pieau(1971 一 1978,1982) 修陵人 1985):

Yetema 等〈1979) ，Morreale 等 (1982)

Wanger (1980) fate (1885)

分类 TSD 研究种类

ee ec) 科十 T

条 | 全和十 i Pieau (1971.1975)

se 8 科 + 2 Yetema (1976,1979)

ue 海 fy 科到 3

目泥危科 + 2 Bull (1980)

BY TS F753} = 1 Pieau (1982)

Be WK a Oe + fi Charnier (1966)

B® + 2

- 鳄 =| ie 科 RY 1 bs Ferguson 等 (1982)

A iid 8

Ae 人 i

=. 0-5

oa ay

人 8

|

(HEEL) EN

/ F

4 !

eas Coors eo mieS

[toy 2 Si eed Le IG I

Ce ee TRY BOyka wae

(at)

Bigxs

1-0

| yp

: ji

3 i

A i f

| /

| a j

号 chs 2 i} \,

eee ee eek

从 AAD 4.30 3.82

( C)

FY 2

Lee

A,

O . bie: Cea) Charnier(1988 )

。 BERRY 根据 Ball(1880)

B, 4322:

OQ. Sere rkesCes4e}) Ferguson (1982)

Cy az):

eee cece!

2

Sars mera | a=

C ese ()

if

] (3 of --?

于 i A

poe renee soci neramenp ace iors cemrcracnncrtnrs cmon irae adlencearcaecl

36 0g 2 2A re 26 Tf 2B) BOI 32 ht Bt

二

| ry s

t j ne

i ;

i t

了

让

人

) e

4

6

§

| i]

a

8

| 2 A‘O

is} peas

1 ey

99S TT TE ONE!

Fated EN

及 ge wr Bin Gy. 6 9

20 Ni 2280 Patton einem Soy x32 . HS

人

¢

Ov

Hee

ili ESE AAA

(Lie BES HELLS ROTI:

Ball 等 (1982)

O Ate (8%)

@ ike (Hee) Mrosovsky (1980)

A St Ga) fz Be (1985 )

12 e798 Sieg

O vent Vogt 2 (1982)

@ Fe HM) Yetema(1978)

71

AT ITS UTE

别。在这里以蜥蝎类的性染色体较为复杂 ( 表 12。

BARMERA, Enews

SR ima, SUR Se iE a all

MRA Fa eA Ee I,

2. 温度决定性别 (TSD) AMERTRARHR

AUER, TESA, RABI, BM

Fy WP AI FS Le fa, PTA Me ae

Wins. Charnier(i9)SKRMNT mew

DOERR EZ. thie tht (Agama agame)

BY SP THE 26-27 0 HEL FANOT. 8% HEE, FE29T

下子代 100 多为雄性，而在 28-430 YOR, FH

只礁各自 50 允。册于他的发现引起了许多生物学者

的极天兴趣。近二十年来对慢度决定爬行动物性别

进行了大量的研究 ( 表 3 )。

由表 3 可以看出，相当 _ 关的行动物温度奖

定性别。那么，贬化温度与性比之间的关系怎样?

网图 2 ， |

综上所述，可以看到艇化温度对疏行动物性别

的影响，并不完全相同。有些种类的性别与远度没 .

BRA, SZAAHE MAREE, SHAS

MM 21—3 CLEC). FEB

类与乌类、晰蝎类对温度的反应堆然不同。一般规

Ge ei F (30-350) AOA ME GEE

RE IE Mim F(20-27C) RABE GEE RE

ime (2, C), sss ywAM SER, &

im THEE, (im 7 HEHE C2, A, B). mss meBAy

Wyte, (Chelydra serpeniina) BH RR, 24306

M20CH, FRA AMEE, TOZE 20-30 Zia

化时，子代为雄性 (图 ?2，D )。

产卵环境对性型的影响

1. 温度敬感期 ”温度决定性别主要在胚胎时期发

生作用，但并不对束个发育期间起作用，而只在胚

胎发生的一段时期内对性别起着决定作用，这有段区

应时期便是温度敏感期。在此之前或者以后进度对

性别不起作用 .REergtsoa 和 Joameak19352) 观察到密

西西比河鳄 (Alligator mississippiensis) 的温度

敏感期是产卵后的 2-3 周之间。了 Bull fa Vogt(igsi)

发现一种水龟 (Chrysemys picta) 的温度敏感其

Se LM. Gaara 化们做了下述实 Bee Ce

4).

DMB ihin F (250) 产生雄性 ,高远下

(30.5 PPM. 当分期 16 时，把低温改变为高

im, FT PERT E, MMM SHEE. ia 19

oa TBs

py) Bed RIE A Ae CB

改变温度的方式罗性比 ( 2 调配

16 O/1T

25 ->320.5T 19 18/16

LO | 3/9

30.50 >25T 21 5/27

23 f/18

时改变温度由于性别已经其定，高温下仍为站

性 :

2. 野外指性别决定 ”野外实验发现，产区时的生

态环赢与性别有着密切的关系。在野外出于种种原

Al, 产匈梨中的温度是变化的。Eergusona 和 Joanea

《1982) 室内和野外试验都证明，密西西比河捷的性

别完全由钱化温度决定。邪子在 30 字多化时，后代

全部为肉性，在 347 钱化时，后代全部为雄性，在

S2CRHLN, AREA, (HME EES. te

外，位于沼泽阴凉处寅中〈平均温度在 30 有和以下 )

钱出的后代为只性，而位于阳光充足产卵寅中 CF

ty im BE7E34T 以上 ) 孵出的后代 99 多为雄性。在二

IB Ear NIG APA, WEE 31234% 之间 ) 结

ALE NE CGEM, HET Sn cy az DLS Oe Oe Le BSE

然界中，平均每 6 条鳃 Sth RARE. ABER

RESP DL, MERE, BUA A

ASIMEMAHSTAEN SERA, DEAT

AQIS BY iia SE SG ES Ac A ee 72 ell, PR BE HE

(1983) AMF SSH Sl 6 Ree RA

BES. PRES BERN AEB

性数目和多于雄性，平均 4 只乌龟中一只雄危。肉性

的增多可能对动物的繁殖有利，因为一只雄性可以

与数只峻性交配，保持种群繁衍

地理分痊和温度决定性别

SNF RES EN URE EB RT SES,

结果该种群的性比取决于环境温度、肉性对筑巢位

置的选择和性别决定的胚胎控制这三大要素的相互

作用。那公园一种动煌在北方和南方的情况下性比

怎样 ?根据急娄温度与性比的关系，如果其他条件

相同，那笃温度低的北方应该只产生雄性，温度高

的南方只产生雌性。但 Vogt (1982) 发现在 Se.

国北方友包比例反而比南方允。那么用什么方法保

持着性比的平衡 ? A, HT UPR: C1 IR

imEe CEES /2A mM BE) :发生变化 ABA 要低 ;

C2 ) 错开筑梨时 BB, Jb BGR: C3 ) 改变筑梨场

所，在北方 ,在阳光充足处筑梨 .Bull 等 (19827 对

土述可能性进行了研究。他们把美国不同地域、同

PAW KS (Chrysemys picta) 和图 & (Grapte-

mys pseudogeogra phicajitty J AACA 3 ).

10r Q tre.

| gig 4

FP,

\ i ay

\ e

| \ \ x

i" | \ : ie

ce 1 \ ‘

0-5 / Ny Pia gahiun

a+ ¢ | \ \ Sa

| \ eon

\ \ NA

| RN

{ \ Dees ‘ « \ oY tN

0 上 b jer Cen Ses DS

| EE a hg Ee Us ae eS Ra UO)

25 28 29 30

畴化温度 ( °C)

AS RAW SIAR

O-—O 2 CHAE APE)

@-----@ Ke (北方威斯康星州 )

A---A 图筷《南方因纳西州 )

A A Alfa Cha RRB) -

由图 3 可以看出 ; COSTE, dba heat

HERMES, NR Bea SIAN A

祖比，北方比南方的筑梨时间必须迟一个月以上，

WARES Sala: 因此，竹毕的平衡不是根

据 41 作 2)，而是根据筑桌场所和位置的选择来控制

着种群的性比。如有果不是通过筑集位置的选择等调

节性比，则种合内的性比将出现很大的地理差异。

这一点如果得到泛证实，则温度控制竹别不存在

地域上的差异。

温度决定性别的原因

Swe Re EAS, Rabe BBA

发现性染色体的种类。由于它们的后代性别受环境

温度影响而变化，故它与性染色体决定性别相比要

原始。稍椎动物的远祖是具雄同体，在进化过程

中，两性发生了分离，向肉雄异体发展，忆后又出

现了性染色体的分化。人得进化过程中并不是千篇一

律的。部分朴行动物种类或许受到环境的影响，而

朝着另一方向进化，出现了妈化温度决定性别的类

型。温度盗定性别可能是一种长期进化过程中的适

应。有关这点有下述两种解释。

1. Charnov 和 Bu 理论 “Charmaov 和 Btll(1977) 记

为受精后的环境决定性别比受精前或受精时的遗传

决定性别有利，当旬在某一环境产下后 , 珊与环境

之间就有一种是否适应的问题，而环境的变化很

天，因此在各种环境中形成万种性别的适合度

《fitnaess) 是不同的。产郁时的环境如果形成雄性的

适合度大于肉性 ”外就发育成雄性 ;友之为叭性。

他们认为适合度小的形成内性，适合度大的成为雄

ME, Ferguson 和 Joanen( 1982 Ky es HT ER

AS. Haff Es aS Leal BS ULES C FN34°C FH

#4REmin PRB REE, HRT RB

“:. REAANBE ES, AEZHABESH SA,

(AA ANS SSK, MAAS, BEE

‘ADR 5). ARTDDAAR RA Eta

的营养来源，故匈商多对未来生长有利。因此他们

推论为匈黄多对雌性更快的生长、成熟繁殖，增大

自身对环境的适合度是有利的。用 Charaov 和和 Bull

理论解释在高旭下由于体内旬黄减少，形成瞧竹不

利，改而成为雄性。但这种理论目前还不能解释包

类为何在低温下为雄性，高温下为峻性 ? 难道龟类

fei PPE? 为什么 TSD 会出现两种截

然不同的性比 ? 姓化温度对雌性或雄性的适合度怎

样作用 ? 姐化后卯黄重量的差异怎样影响到数年后

#€ 5 FL RAF Stl, ABMAADRENAA 〈根据 Fergtson 等，1982 年 )

《1 ) 在室内 :

aip 38 最初卵重 FES ERAS 体内卵黄重

Retake Bg =| (#) te Fill (g) (gz) (g) (z)

30T ST 2. 65.1-5.7 47.6-3.1 37.8+3.9 8.12.2

34 94 J 65.2-+6.1 43.7+4.0 38.2+4.6 5.3 士 1.9

32 es 2 65 8 二 6.8 46-2b4.5 36.8 士 4.2 T.7H2.5

13 45 83.9 37.0+4.0 7.62.8

(2 eee ae ee

"SUE 数目 (条 ) 性别 =7 于名体重 (g) SIRE) 内卵黄重 (g)

31.1 士 1 15 oe) 39. 1+2.8 28.7+4.4 10.71.14

340.5 3 SS 37.520.5 28. 8260.3 8.5 士 0.5

A Re a te eR EL A NY RIS EE ST NE TREE ECE ST A RNS IE PTE

BY HE RBA? )

2. SRB RR Bull(ios Hew

fe Bl BRA HY BEES PRA Ga FT IE

后代的性别 .; RATER MN ERE

比的事实，在止述的卵类、角类中已经看到。亲代

通过主动元选择产胡场所，间接地控制产卵梨内的

温度 ,从而产生示同性比的后代，当然 , 仅仅以上

述行为就断定亲代能够控制子代的性别，尚难成

Ze 得这将确可以看出危类和鳃类的亲代有着对后

代性别控制的光力，只是某些控制性别下的极其复

ROH BRM IMAGER.

温度决定性别的机制

现已证明，腊型性染色体决定性别与黎化温度

决定性别在想行动物中是不能共存的，即凡是有性

染色体的种类，温度对性别没有影响 ”凡是温度诀

定性别的动物，就找不到异型性染色体。因此，温

|

的课题。温度怎样控制性别，至今了解不允。

哲郎〈1984) 设想了一个爬行动物性别 Re 的视

型 :

RCT PEE AON

SERIE GL-YHuROeE) |

y

| 环境 (RR. EES) AREA |

RNY

| 生活环境温度的适应 |

m

PURE, RPE |

(SHAE, 4825, SBI, Kay mRHRZE)

这个模型给我们理解温度次定性别提供了二条

eg2, (AVS YEOH im BE winsome, ASH ze,

TLEARA SED DEM AM, BH-YsiRe

HN RFE Be sein LARA EN

Pah, BOY aus Ae aa: ELAS » pee

异配性别相关，即马 - 立抗原阳性《士 ) 是异配性别

《表 6)。 wa \AH-Y ¢ ae 2 al ee HS

SRILA. REH-VRN, Biete

PRae BS Awe Lee. Alb. BARA RE-Yat

原来研究温度总定性别的爬动动物。至今作过囊 - 立

抗原研究的 14 种龟中， empremnerrrn is oc

te, MPP EWE ARHEE, EEA BARE 7).

Zaborski##=( 1982) iat (Emys ee

ABARAT, BERER IM ay fa A Ae Fa ay fy

Th ，

az 6 | ”上 YY 抗原与性别的关系

ENG TR RAST ES LSE. ee a ra od

; 异配性别 ”有 H-_Y 抗所的性别定

DE unser OU) J

18, 3 9 (ZW) $.

ES Pape Eso. 4 J

SEW ?GZWC 2

ST I I TT RI IIE TE IC

7 2 ANVIL RANE

(根据能衬哲郎，1984 整理 )

SS SOR RT ET RT BE OT TS

AY Sika

科 ety 全

ie We

Site A 2 = no

泥 a 科 2 = 十

泽 RL BY 5 i 市

>| 十 <

FEL oy AE 3 * ot:

KEE 7 = +

SS SN DS ET RE IS EE

SaRH-YiiR i. erry SONS FE

BCRLEMARE, 0CRLEMAMR, £

5-290 PEAS UL HERE, SBS PERE

闻广。互 -Y 抗原检测 ,个体血细胞的 H2Y 抗原与性

别没有对应关系，仅性腺细胞的 H-Y 抗原与性别

一致。即在再- 立抗原存在下胚胎发育成瞧性，反

之 ;胚胎发言成雄疆。

从和急类也存在着再 - 立抗原这二事实来看，即

便是没有异型性染色体，但也具有与哺乳类同样的

遗传决定性别的背景。从危类的性别表现型受胜化

温度影响这一点来考虑 ”可永锥测及化温度可能不

是性别决定的因素，而只是作用于胚胎发生过程中

”性腺分化的因素，通过孵化温度影响 H-Y 基因的

活动 ) ,从而进一步影响性别的表现型。

贱化温度决定性别揭示了一个极其深奥地性别

决定和性别分化的间题六未知因素营允 ;尽管目前

已有人从 HY 抗原与有行类动移性别的关过 ) 性

激素对仆行类性别的作用，弱性别决定基因对温度

决定性别的作用 ,水的潜在性在温度决定性别中的

(ASAD GREER ER ERA SES

#, LESMEREMSR SATEEN.

a) a

(湖南师范大学生物率 )

Hou Ling

(Department of Biology,

Hunan Normal University)

图版

~

He El 4 Ae Ye EL By 2 He ah Re

W Ah Ba oy

及其 C 带分析

4

天贯夫等

ies

. popet

O

O. jorge Wi:

eG. IDs

is

rugosa,

t

O

The number variation of the chromosomes of O, rugosa,

27; J. 2n=28; K,. 2n

The chromosomes No, 6 from six metaphases of O

Showing C-bands heteromorphism,

7mon

G. lal

The Karyotypes and C-bands of four Oreolalax spec

O ome

‘A-H

A,B:

ie

Fig,

9. I-K:

2n

I

Fig.

29.

. Lope,

Ik,

郭超文等

脆蛇蜥的染色体组型、C- 带和 Ag-NORSs 研究

胞蛇晰的核型 (A，B)、，C= 带型 (C，D) 和 Ag=NORS (E)

The karyotype (A, B), C-banding pattern (C, D) and Ag-NORs (E) of

Ophisaurus harti Boulenger

BE: FEY SR SC Ten ER EY LR

The unfertilized ezg is in meiotic meitapase |. X1329

Fifteen minutes after fertilization, the sperm has penetrated

into the cortex of the egg, X729

Twenty-five minutes after fertilization, the sperm head

starts to decondense, X1320

Twenty-five minutes after fertilization, the egg is in the end

of meiotic metaphase I. X720

The male pronucleus, fifty-five minutes after fertilization, X720

The female pronucleus, fifty-five minutes after fertilization, X720

Two pronuclei in the clear area, seventy-five minutes

after fertilization, X720

Two pronuclei conjugate, ninety-five minutes after

fertilization, X720

ERT, KA AELURE-AHERAE

Flg 4,

Fig 5.

The spermary histology of the normal toads, (X490)

Observation on the spermary of the toads administered

twice daily with large doses of LHRH analogue for 14d.

(X496). A lot of sperms remained in the seminiferous tubules

can be seen when thier spermiation was inhibited,

Observation on the spermary of the contrast toads injected twice

daily with 501U HCG for 15d. (X490). Spermiogenesis is

active (——) , and spermatic cell is proliferative,

Portion of gonadotropic cell of the normal toads. (X28000).

GTH: gonadotropin; Nu: nucleus,

Gonadotropic cell of the toads administered twice daily

with large doses of LHRL analogue for 14d. (X11600). Nu:

nucleus; G: Golgi body; RE: rough endoplasmic reticulum;

V: vesicle; Mt: mitochondria,

图版了

Ae Me 7t Hh wy BS TR

国际标准期刊编号 ISSN1000-3215 出版日期，1988-03-05

ae

|

aki

59.1153 {MES RN ARZSSABAR 究 [ 刊，中 ]/ 武一

清等《西北师范学院生物系 ) 儿两栖疏行动物学报 21988，1.-10-12

26，由五对天的，一对中型和七对小染色

为进一步认识原核重建中的核、质关系，选用花背姑肾受精卵，对其原核

ASG IGE IRS, Sema, SES a. PEAS

o &

x 层

H >

翌一

是 ie

& &

eS

= =

sy

eB ‘

ie fa a 的重建作细胞学研究。

Ww Es ial Ra EROS Le De “细胞学

2 中 Ie 由

e ww = I ug a JJ sare uN ER RSET HSS IAA CORRE OSTEO A CREAN RE NABI RE RI RT

Mt N 号局让

ey # eR ee

ee

IK od Kk eo &

= a 8 | oe :

£7 Ze | 58.374 AGB —Sit— SMBS lH, $1/F SSS AN

Pe. ee Re

A ated 市三十一中学 ) | ICT RRR. 1983, 1.-13-15 |

Cate ie as

QC Es a Ee oe oy 笔者在 1985 年 10 月及 1986 年 10 月，获得来自安徽省南陵县的闭 58 fins

Bee ee et | | 二 sex, mum, mane.

£#i28+ 3 &

2 as |

eeeee Fl i Kei: SAM PAE

See ee ike

四 Oo 4) 一 = zh)

Bea gik 7 。 De ch bas QUI TU ee Sai

al) ae at a TOMAS ne LENS SMR diene ae

° ee es Oe) a

Beoee 2. od

2 fe ek = 时 a Bk Neeson noc ttm merce Bids

Rese a qk & | 6 中国福建省和广东省的海龟吊 S Epasi

ae“ K # 人 A 由 | 59.16 TARE AAT ZR 的海龟 [ 刊，中 ]/Susana Salas Frazier

4} iz Fe 2a fe Bs ie | | (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,

pa | 上 a o£ H 四 4 一 Ry

el a! = = wo 名 a : | Washington D.C. 20560. USA) | PIMR ia) MAIR. 1987, 1-16-46

si S Se ae | 1985 年 6 对 8 月 ,对福建和广东两省的海域内的海龟类作了考察 ,发现有以下

aye se SER | | 五种 : ete CIRCA) 、丽龟 (成体与亚成休 ) 、海龟 (成体 ) . RAE GRR

Heel? . Sc ， 8 | | # Mee Ges 。据报导，这两个省的次尖党有海色关和

SBP SESL AIR | | & 但现在多有海怨 -一种在读地有明显的营梨活动，而且大多发生在西沙群

ate 由 a Ee Sy 5. REBECA ARH SH, ILFRESMECESREERAR

es SRG ES 2g | | 偶然捕获它们大多在夏、秋两季被搞。

Se eG ew ES x a 2 oe

< p= = i \

Lee! suk Gee | 1

Se nO arden ee een Aca era Re a cin ASN DICER AI ANAEROBIC

ag- 80- B80

a ae:

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ERE

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26:152 SEM

如

ET

和出访

Bhi es TA" 4088" 1-8-9 1

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vi RU MUNG Ns 2 a Aer ae a bie oS Be ip

Sa aan RIM dict EN Se

Js ante? annette. ‘Hawes: Anh ee fia DRL ss 4 a

flo Se &

noidudifent nsinozddime qioteil Taantis to nN be mei rah 7

OFT T8et~ aise eh ee Ra A CAAU ae ， 9 多，

bon on (he ayy

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mt ne:

{

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Be

\

i Me Me 4t Bh hy * I

国际标准期刊编号 ISSN 1000-3215 出版日期，1988-03-05

和梁青蛇属头部形态的比较研究及其机能和演化初探 [ 刊，中 ]/ 张服，

基 ( 中国科学院成都生物研究所 ) / 两栖忠行动物学报 .-1988,1.-47-55 ，

STScI STO OIE EE ETS ET

ir

a

的结构和机能

bay, DRS. BUG. CM

属种至少可分为 4 个不同的类型，即乌梢蛇属和鼠蛇属、

锦蛇和紧灰锦蛇、玉斑锦蛇和红点锦蛇。杯文除对头

oe

A

Sn K

3 a ath

yy D4

e « <

= ze >

水由二 he

ma eS 1 =

aS ae BX 2g) Sat

=i a] OS ap

zs om 黑

中 ia HL I ie

gS BR “ 8

sid

ASI

tk

Ais.

| 59.17 SHR. GME, mu. ER |

| 的关系

下、头部肌肉和腺体进行了比较外，同时还对乌梢巡和思眉锦蛇

™

~_ °

[a

oo BRL iy

ike) PKI 4

ee (4 PE GRRE ICES SO TREES

SS a EE EE

笔考在 1987 年 7 月 3 日和 7 月 10 Ae) AAR HEL Re ，

未，现存放在北海市水产馆。

59.1933 REED NERA, 中 ]/ 孙建运〈广西北海市水，

产馆 ) | PMRW wWAR.-1988, 1.-65

ra

te

#

i

ies

HO

2 雪

eee

im

i

四

|

a A ET EE

TERR A ET

59.5 长期大剂量 LHRH-A WAAR ROAST, B/E

立〈鲁东大学生物系 ) | 两栖疏行动物学报 .-1988，1.-56-59

CNSR CEIREscernerrara

se

REL EIT LA OETA

pee

“cE

a SR SIC RIS SS A I ME ET NN A RS TST EST ESD

Heiress: BYR PEAR LHRH-A(100n2e/). Fras WACEHE

H, ARB, TORAGHRMAMIBA. WN, ADE

RIE SSAA PHASRRACG, Maw aR.

精梨组织学检查曲细精管内仍有许多精子存在。长期天剂量射往 LHRH=

人 A 导致动物排精反应消失的原因是在生体水平而不在性腺水平。可能是 FE

体释放促性腺素的量大于和人快于合成的量，终于导致牌体促性腺素耗竭，不能

释放出是以引起动物排铺的激素量，从而使排精反应消失。

排精反应消失的动物，在间隔十天后再注射工再 RH-A，多数动物又可出

现排类反应，表明该反应的消失是可逆的。

关键词 : ESKER He FES IPR Sh

59.1914 山东省此类一新纪录一 AE tase (LT, PI/RRA Cy

东农业大学德州农学专 ee es 学报 .-1988.1.-66

作者自 1963 年 6 月起，在济南和泰山对不行动物进行调查。在整理采集标

本中，经鉴定，发现团花锦蛇，系山东省新记录。

关键词 : 山东省 ” 团花锦蛇

58.519 天津常见蛇类的复殖吸虫 [ 刊，中 ]/ 李庆夺等《南开大学生

物系 ) || 两栖忠行动物学报 .1988,1.-67

重盘属吸虫寄生于两栖类肠道。在从行类肠中发现重盘属的吸虫两种，不

仅是窜主的新记录，也是地区种的新记录，

RRA: 复殖吸虫蛇 Re

EE a a RE CT 一王 Ci IT TITT -0ET DTrTRPDTTTRT 2

i

4

Ec ee

eae

o AS,

ry

AA A RT HER

a5 7 2

RSH aE

SE OL EEA ARTES ANCL NMR ENR 9 NA ER TE NAS SOE I NT PERO Ae TEE

as

58.151 HERE 2 MBA Ta ASA LT, ee ae

学生物系 ) | 两笨妥行动物学报 .1988，1.-70_74

本文主要对 “ 温度块定部分代行动物的性别进行了研究。自 1966 年以来广

泛的细胞直传学研究以及室内试验及野外观察发现，性比发生变化的用行动物

的性别不是由受精时的泪传决定 ,而是由路子娃化时的温度决定的。

关键词，让行动愧 “温度性别

ME dh ND RS I SILOS EY LL RENE CAA ARR NPP RI SEE SSI US IES IANS CIEE BTR SE RIN |

| 89.131 为山群岛限倘蛇与滑鼠这的繁殖情况 [ 刊 , 中 ]/ 盛和林等 ( 华 «|

i }

| 过师范大学生物系 ) | SMITE RE.-1982, 1.-00-04 |

|

| wat sigs Siem Solos Foacer, Joly G., Frasier

(2119, 208), TSR RE205% (2100, (105). 测量和解剖和礁腿镜蛇 38 条，

Pr

| HRHELI9R; 滑鼠蛇礁伺 18 条，骏性 100。测星备丸及卵的长径和短径 ;，镜检举

关键词 : 眼镜蛇 Tae StL OP

a PE I NN RT PTI BME ITF SEINE IIIT EEE IE I ES EL IIE EEE SENT TASER

ah

aA ose

PAGAN Gore 0012) 4 Fh Gass eg

AS ERENT HY eR

Sige ee mw oon

45:

as Sai ARE TRVOT TAN ALO ta RE

¥

:

wii,

ACTA HERPETOLOGICA SINICA 1988 NO,1

CONTENTS

Cytotaxonomical studies on Chinese pelobatids WV, The karyotypes and C-bands

of four species in the genus 全六 CO

有 ooopa6600800 有 0 和 Guanfu, Tan Anming & Zhao Erm 人)

Studies on the karyotype，C=bands and Ag=-NORS of Ophisaurus hartis Bou-

Guo Chaowen & Dong Yongwen( 5 )

A cytological study on the pronuclear reconstruction in the fertilized egg of

Bufo “Gyolel ilocos 040000.000.000000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 Wu Viging & Mao Mingting( 10)

A new species of Cuora—Cuora aurocapitata odp 000000000000 006600 D00 GOD 000000 000000000000000

Sea turtles in Fujian and Guangdong proVimceSs cee eee cer ceeceenee

Steet teen eee ete eens een eteeteecesese ess Susan Salas Frazier, John G, Frazier et al,( 16 )

Studies on the cranial morphology of Zaocys (Serpentes, Colubridae) V .

A comparative study on the cranial morphology of Chinese Zaocys, Ptyas,

Elaphe and Entechinus, with preliminary discussions on the function and

phylogeny-:. + Zhang Fuji( 47 )

Effects of chronic is a doses of an LHRH analogue on the spermiation

response in the toadS Wang Shili & Wang Long( 56 )

The reproductions of Naja naja and Ptyas mucosus on Zhoushan and nearby

islands pp Sheng Helin, Xie Shengxun & Feng Ruiben( 60

~—S

Herpetological Notes

Rana cancrivora Gravenhorst discovered in Guangxi—Sun Jianyun( 65 ). Elaphe davidi—a

record new to Shandong—Jia Zhenxu( 66 ). Digenetic trematodes from common snakes

of Tianjin—Li Qingkui et al .( ). Temperature-Dependent sex determination in rep-

tiles—Hou Ling( 70 ).

两栖疏行动物学报

(= TD) |

19884 3 月第 1 期

编和辑中国两栖怜行动物学会

ca ras ae Oc) 2

(北京朝阳门内大街 137 号 )

zetT HO A ml 3 — 站

总发行处四川德阳市邮电局

订购处全国各 B® 电局

四川省报刊临时登记证，第 1065 号

ACTA HERPETOLOGICA SINICA

(Quaterly)

1988 March, Number 1

Edited by:

Chinese Society of Herpetologists

证 by Science Press

(137 Chaoyangmen Nei St,, Beijing, PRC) ee: |

KE, 62-60 Sk ee