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Journal of the West African Ornithological Society

Revue de la Société d’Ornithologie de l’Ouest Africain

.

VOLUME 18 Number 1

ISSN 0331-3689

May 1996

V ■' -4

■

West African Ornithological Society

Société d’Ornithologie de POuest Africain

Council:

President: Dr Gérard J. Morel

Vice-president: John H. Elgood

Treasurer and Membership Secretary: Robert E. Sharland

Member of Council: Dr Max Germain

Secretary to Council: Dr Roger Wilkinson

Managing Editor: Dr Alan Tye

Editorial Board: Dr R J. Dowsett, Dr L.D.C. Fishpool, Dr L.G. Grimes, Dr G J.

Morel, Dr M.-Y. Morel, Dr J.-M. Thiollay, Dr J.F. Walsh, Dr R. Wilkinson

Malimbus distribution: G.D. Field

Correspondence should be addressed as follows:

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Cambridgeshire, PEI 7 2NL, U.K.) regarding contributions to Malimbus, includ-

ing incidental photographs or line drawings;

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2JR, U.K.) regarding subscriptions, financial matters and back numbers;

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applications for W.A.O.S. Research Grants;

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regarding policy matters.

The Society grew out of the Nigerian Ornithologists’ Society, which was founded

in 1964. Its object is to promote scientific interest in the birds of West Africa and to

further the region’s ornithology, mainly by means of its journal Malimbus

(formerly the Bulletin of the Nigerian Ornithologists’ Society).

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15(2) of Malimbus and can be obtained from the Secretary to Council (address

above).

1996

1

New information on birds in Ghana, April 1991 to

October 1993

by T. Helsens

32 bis rue Richard Lenoir, 35000 Rennes, France

Received 10 October 1994

Revised 12 December 1995

Summary

I present records of 74 bird species from Ghana, mainly from Central

Region, accumulated during a stay of two and a half years. À Red-footed

Falcon Falco vesperiinus was observed, a species lacking previous Ghana

records. The Piapiac Ptilostomus afer , formerly known only further north,

was frequent at Cape Coast. Stone Partridge Pîilopachus petrosus was found

breeding at Mole N.P.. À colony of Orange Weavers Ploceus aurantius was

discovered near Cape Coast.

Résumé

Je présente des données sur 74 espèces d’oiseaux au Ghana, principalement

de Central Region, recueillies durant un séjour de deux ans et demi. Le

Faucon kobez Falco vespertinus a été observé pour la première fois dans le

pays. Le Piapiac Ptilostomus afer , jusqu’ici connu seulement plus au nord,

est désormais observé à Cape Coast. La reproduction de la Poule de rocher

Ptilopachus petrosus a été notée au Parc National de Mole. Une colonie de

Tisserin orangé Ploceus aurantius est installée près de Cape Coast.

Introduction and study area

This list results from a two and a half year stay in Ghana, April 1991 to October

1993, with absence on leave each year from mid- July to mid-September.

Most of the observations reported here were made in Central Region (Table 1;

see also map in Grimes 1987). Other sites from which records are incorporated in

this paper are Mole National Park (Northern Region), visited in March 1993, Shai

hills N.P. (northeast of Accra) in December 1992 and March 1993, and Ankobra

river (Western Region) in March 1993.

Several sites in Central Region were visited during the course of my work and on

Sundays. Central Region is the second smallest Region in Ghana, situated in the

2

T. Helsens

Malimbus 18

Table 1, Gazetteer. All localities are in Central Region unless Region specified in

parentheses.

centre of the southern part of the country, and covering 9826 km2. It is located

between approximately 5° and 6°20' N, and 0°25' and 2°15' W, and is bordered on

the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The human population was 1,142,335 of which

813,193 are rural and 329,196 are city inhabitants. Its capital, Cape Coast, has

about 60,000 people.

There are two geographic zones in Central Region, the coastal basin and the

1996

Ghana birds

3

forested dissected plateau. The coastal plain, with an average height of 168 m, is

undulating in nature, with the occasional hill. The coastline bordering this plain is

characterised by lagoons and bays such as at Winneba and Cape Coast. The

forested dissected plateau stands at 240-300 m, steadily climbing northwards from

the coastal plain. Different kinds of rocks give rise a variety of relief. A gently

rolling landscape is found over the Lower Birrimian rocks, with hills standing

about 60-90 rn above the broad, flat valleys. The hills made up of Upper Birrimian

rocks are, on the other hand, steep sided and rise to about 240 m above the valleys.

Over the Tarkwaian rocks, the topography is rugged and hilly rather than smooth

or gently undulating.

Four vegetation belts may be defined:

— the foreshore: swampy mangrove; red and white mangrove trees in the

intertidal zone;

— the coastal strip: coastal scrub and grassland; scrub dense in the west but patchy

in the east with grasses and wild Oil Palms Elaeis guineensis ;

— the north: moist, semi-deciduous forest with several valuable timber trees like

Obeche Triplochiton scleroxylon , Sapele Entandrophragma cylindricum and the

mahogany Khaya ivorensis ;

— the west: tropical rain forest; several layers of trees, with middle layer forming a

dense cover, blocking light

The annual rainfall varies within Central Region from 800 mm in the southeast

along the coast, to 1650 mm in the northeast. The rainfall defines two zones: a

coastal zone of low rainfall, where the climate is typically dry-equatorial, and a

zone of higher rainfall in the north, characterised by a wet semi-equatorial climate.

The rainy season runs from March to November, with a short interim period

known as the little dry season about August, and the longer dry season from

December to February.

The average temperatures at Saltpond range between 26.4°C and 31.0°C in

March. Relative humidity varies from 40% to 70% in the south and 60% to 80% in

the north.

Central Region is crossed by several coastal rivers running north-south. They

are, from east to west: Ayensu, Nakwa-Ochi, Amisa-Ochi, Kakum and Pra. The

Pra is by far the largest; its main tributaries are the Offin and Birim, which run

more or less east-west, and which make up part of the northern boundaries of the

Region. The Kakum river is important in terms of water supply; the Cape Coast

area depends for its water supply on the Brimsu dam on this river. Its catchment is

the Kakum forest, now a National Park.

Results

In the following list, only birds for which I obtained new information, and rare

species, are included. Nomenclature and species order follow Grimes (1987), from

4

T. Helsens

Maiimbus 18

which summaries of the then current knowledge are given in parentheses at the end

of each species account, for comparison. PM signifies Palaearctic migrant. Owing

to my annual absence, for species noted as present “all year”, this means recorded

in all months but August.

Ardeidae

Botaurus stellaris Bittern. One record, Ankobra river. Western Region, Mar 1993.

(PM, only one certain record, Mole.)

Ixobrychus sturmii Dwarf Bittern. Not uncommon resident, recorded all year,

Cape Coast lagoon, Elmina saltponds and Brimsu dam. One record in forest area,

Pra-Suhicn Forest Reserve near Abrafo, May 1993. (Uncommon but widespread,

coastal areas, only wet season.)

Tigriornis leucolophus Tiger Bittern. A few records throughout year in swampy

forest areas, Pra-Suhien F.R. and Kakum N.P. (Uncommon resident, forest

streams.)

Nycticorax leuconotus White-backed Night Heron. Scanty records, forest areas

only (Pra-Suhien F.R. and Kakum N.P.), more often heard than seen. (Resident,

uncommon; wetlands in forest, riverine woodlands.)

Ardeola ibis Cattle Egret. Common and widespread. Nesting colony in Bereku, c.

100 nests May-Jul; feeding of young observed Jun-Jul, Sep-Oct. (Common dry

season visitor; breeding late May to Jul.)

Ciconîîdae

Anasîomus lamelligerus Openbill. One at Brimsu dam, Dec 1992. (Present all year

near Weija, recorded Takoradi, not yet at Cape Coast.)

Anatidae

Nettapus auriîus Pygmy Goose. One record in Central Region, two adults with an

immature, Brenu lagoon, Jun 1992. Recorded Weija dam (Greater Accra), Dec

1992 to Mar 1993. (Not uncommon resident. Breeding: prospecting, Mole, Aug;

immature, Weija, Jan.)

Acdpitridae

Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier. Not uncommon PM, Sep, Dec-Apr: Komenda,

Brimsu dam, Winneba wetlands, Takoradi, Weija dam. (Uncommon PM, Oct-

Apr; not recorded Cape Coast.)

Buteo auguralis Red-necked Buzzard. Common all year in Central Region, but

especially Nov- Jul. Immatures Apr, Cape Coast. (Common dry season breeding

visitor to savanna area, some probably resident forest zone, influx of breeding

birds at coast late Sep to early Jun, some remain all year)

Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard. Locally common. Records 10 km

north of Cape Coast, Mar and Apr, and Mankessim, Jun. Common from

Winneba to Shai Hills N.P.. Not recorded in forest areas. (Not recorded Cape

Coast nor Winneba.)

Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Hawk-Eagle. Not uncommon: Mankessim,

Apr; Assin Foso, Jun; edges of Kakum N.P., Sep; Shai Hills N.P., Dec. (Common

1996

Ghana birds

5

resident, woodland savanna; less frequent in clearings in forest region.)

Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle. One record in woodland savanna, 15 km

north of Cape Coast, Oct 1991. (Uncommon resident northern savannas, else-

where occasional.)

Stephanoetus coronatus Crowned Hawk-Eagle. Two records, Kakum N.P., Oct

1991, Mar 1993. (Uncommon forest resident.)

Falconidae

Falco tinnunculus Kestrel. Only one record, Cape Coast, 3 Feb 1993. (Occasional

Cape Coast and Kumasi.)

Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon. Only one certain record, adult male, Elmina,

Apr 1993. (No certain records.)

Phasianidae

Ptilopachus petrosus Stone Partridge. Adults with five dependent young, Mole

N.P., Mar 1993; five adults, Shai Hills N.P., Mar 1993. (Breeding unrecorded.)

Recurvirostridae

Himaniopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt. Common PM and resident (all year in

Elmina), coastal areas, lagoons and saltponds. Breeds Elmina: 15 pairs with

dependent young, Jun 1993. (Regular breeder near Accra, recorded breeding Cape

Coast.)

Burhinidae

Burhinus vermiculatus Water Thick-knee. Uncommon resident in Brenu lagoon.

(Very uncommon, probably resident, breeding unrecorded.)

Glareolidae

Glareola nuchalis Rock Pratincole. Only recorded on forest rivers: Pra river from

Twifo to south of Sekyere-Heman (300 near Sekyere-Heman, Oct 1992), and

Ankobra river. (Not uncommon resident, including Pra river.)

Stercorariidae

Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Skua. Elmina: fighting with Royal Terns Sterna

maxima Oct 1992; two flying west, Oct 1993. (Not uncommon Holarctic migrant.)

Laridae

Sterna caspia Caspian Tern. One (perhaps others further off) at Birriwa beach,

Apr 1992. (Not uncommon, occasional at Accra, but only one record further

west.)

Psittacidae

Poicephalus gulielmi Red-headed Parrot. Uncommon resident in forest areas,

Kakum N.P. and Dunkwa on Offin river. (Not uncommon resident in forest.)

Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot. Common resident in forest areas, flocks of 10-50

at Abrafo, sometimes around Cape Coast. (Uncommon local resident throughout

forest zone.)

Cuculidae

Chrysococcyx cupreus Emerald Cuckoo. Only one record, Pra-Suhien F.R.

(Abrafo) Mar 1993. (Common resident, forest, throughout.)

Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill. Common resident in Central Region. Indivi-

6

T, Helsens

Malimbus 18

duals in forest appeared darker than those along the Pra river. (Common resident,

throughout forest zone.)

Centropus leucogaster Black-throated Coucal. One record, Pra-Suhien F.R. near

Abrafo, Mar 1993. (Uncommon resident, forest and coastal thicket.)

C. toulou Black Coucal. Scanty records: one immature, Brimsu dam, Mar 1992;

one immature, Weija dam, Dec 1992; around Dunkwa on Offin river, Oct 1992.

(Not uncommon breeding migrant to coastal areas, mainly wet season.)

Strigidae

Bubo poensis Fraser’s Eagle-Owl. Five records scattered over year (resident?) in

Kakum N.P.. (Uncommon resident, forest, throughout forest zone.)

B. lacîeus Yerreaux’s Eagle-Owl. An adult at 17.00 h, Mole N.P., Mar 1993. (Rare

resident, probably overlooked, wooded savanna north of forest belt.)

Apodidae

Chaetura cassini Cassin’s Spine-tailed Swift. Abrafo, Dec 1992, May 1993.

(Uncommon resident, possibly overlooked but recent records may represent

westward extension of range.)

C. ussheri Ussher’s Spine-tailed Swift. Not uncommon, Kakum N.P., Pra-Suhien

F.R., Sckycre •Hcrnan, all records Feb Mar. (Not uncommon resident, seasonal

on Accra plains, mainly Jan-Sep, and west to Cape Coast.)

Akedinidae

Halcyon badia Chocolate-backed Kingfisher. One record, Pra-Suhien F.R. near

Abrafo, Nov 1992. (Uncommon resident, forest.)

Coraciidae

Coracias garrulus European Roller. Two records: edge of Pra-Suhien F.R., Feb

1992; Weija dam. Mar 93. (Rare PM.)

C. naevia Rufous-crowned Roller. Recorded in Central Region only on eastern

border. Locally common Accra plains and Shai Hills N.P.. (Locally not uncom-

mon seasonal migrant, savanna; status and movement uncertain; not recorded

coastal strip west of Accra.)

C. cyanogaster Blue-bellied Roller. Recorded in Central Region only on eastern

border: near Winneba, Jan 1992; three near Bereku, Jul 1993. Shai Hills N.P., Dec

1993. (Uncommon, status uncertain, probably resident, forest edges on Accra

plain.)

Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller. Common in Central Region Dec- Apr.

(Common, dry season visitor to coastal strip west of Accra.)

Bucerotidae

Tockus nasutus Grey Hornbill. Not very common. Recorded Mar, Jun, Sep, Nov

in Central Region (Komenda to Winneba). (Seasonally common, mainly Oct-

May, occasional to Winneba but no records further west along coast.)

T. camurus Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill. Kakum N.P. only, 10 Nov 1991. (Rare

resident, mature forest.)

T hartlaubi Black-billed Dwarf Hornbill. North of Dunkwa on Offin river, Mar

1992; Kakum N.P., May 1993. (Not uncommon resident, forest.)

1996

Ghana birds

7

Tropicranus alhocristaîus White crested Hornbill. Not uncommon resident, forest,

all year: Kakum N.P., Pra-Suhien F.R. and along Pra river. Mainly in association

with monkeys. (Not uncommon resident, rare at Cape Coast.)

Capitonidae

Lybîus dubius Bearded Barbet. One record, Shai Hills N.P., Mar 1993. (Occasio-

nally as far south as Yegi, 8°13'N, 0°39'W.)

Hiruiidmidae

Hirundo leucosoma Pied-winged Swallow. Two records in Central Region: Brimsu

dam, Nov 1991; Mankessim, Jan 1992. (Rare in forest region.)

H spilodera Preuss’s Cliff* Swallow. Afrotropical migrant. One record in Central

Region: > 400 nesting under bridge near Ankaful, May 1 99 1 ; not recorded there the

two following years. (Locally not uncommon resident wherever suitable nest sites.)

Psalidoprocne obscura Fantee Rough-wing Swallow. Not uncommon, resident?

Observed irregularly throughout the year, with gaps of up to a month. Nesting

along road near Cape Coast, Jun. (Not uncommon inland from Cape Coast,

mainly end Sep to Mar, but several wet season sightings. Nesting Takoradi-Cape

Coast road, month uncertain.)

Campephagidae

Coracina azurea Blue Cuckoo-shrike. Three records, Pra-Suhien F.R.: one, Feb

1992; two, Mar 1993; two, Oct 1993. (Uncommon resident, forest; near Cape

Coast, Subri River F.R..)

Pyenonotidae

Criniger barbatus Bearded Bulbul. Pra-Suhien F.R. (Abrafo), Apr 1993. (Not

uncommon resident, forest, also gallery forest at coast near Winneba.)

C, calurus White-bearded Bulbul. Not uncommon resident, Kakum N.P., Brisco

camp 1 and Abrafo. (Probably not uncommon resident, forest.)

Ixonotus guttatus Spotted Bulbul. Not uncommon resident of forest, flocks of 3-7,

Kakum N.P. and Pra-Suhien F.R.. (Uncommon local resident, forest.)

Phyllastrephus icterinus Icterine Bulbul. Not uncommon resident in Kakum N.P.

at Brisco camp 1 and Abrafo. (Few records, forest.)

Laniidae

Lanius coilaris Fiscal. Very common around Cape Coast. Nesting Apr J un (Not

uncommon resident, mainly coastal thicket zone, Takoradi to Winneba. Breeds

Cape Coast, Dec-Oct with peak possibly Jan.)

L. senator Woodchat. Uncommon PM. Around Brenu lagoon, Feb Mar 1992.

(Not uncommon PM, northern savanna. Only three records west of Accra.)

Turdidae

Phoenicurus phoenieurus Redstart. Mole N.P., one male, Mar 1993. (Not uncom-

mon PM, open wooded savanna in north; sporadic Mole.)

Sylviidae

Eremomela pusilla Green-backed Eremomela. One record Central Region:

Komenda, Sep 1993. Shai Hills N.P., Mar 1993. (Common resident, throughout

Volta Region to Accra and Keta plains; absent Cape Coast.)

8

T. Helsens

Malimbus 18

Macrosphenus concolor Olive Longbill. Uncommon, Kakum N.P., Mar 1993.

(Uncommon resident, throughout forest zone.)

Muscicapidae

Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher. Brenu lagoon and Komenda, Mar 1992;

Cape Coast, Nov 1992. (Not uncommon PM; passage migrant at Cape Coast.)

M. aquatica Swamp Flycatcher. Not uncommon, Pra-Suhien F.R., Oct, Jun-Jul.

(Uncommon local resident, riverine habitat in north.)

Alseonax cinereus Ashy Flycatcher. One record, Pra-Suhien F.R., Jul 1991.

(Resident, forest edges and woodland savanna, probably uncommon.)

Batis senegalensis Senegal Puff-back Flycatcher. Not very common. Central

Region: Brimsu dam, May 1991; Ankaful, Jun 1992. Mole N.P., Mar 1993. (Not

uncommon resident; unrecorded in coastal thicket zone.)

Platysteira cyanea Scarlet-spectacled Wattle-eye. Common resident, woodland

savannah, coastal areas and forest edges, all year. (Common resident south

through Volta Region to Accra Plains, coastal mangroves and thicket.)

Paridae

Parus funereus Dusky Tit. One record, Kakum N.P. (Brisco), Mar 1993. (Rare

resident, forest. Collected near Winneba, Sep 1861.)

Nectariniidae

Nectarinia fuliginosa Carmelite Sunbird. One record, mangroves west of Elmina,

Oct 1991. (Rare, no recent records.)

N. superba Superb Sunbird. Common resident of woodland savanna and gardens

around Cape Coast. (Not uncommon resident; occasional Cape Coast.)

Estrildidae

Pirenestes ostrinus Black-bellied Seed-cracker. Common resident of forest in

swampy areas, Pra-Suhien F.R. and Kakum N.P.; nesting colony in association

with Blue-billed Malimbe Malimbus nitens in Pra-Suhien. One record near

Komenda. (Not uncommon resident, forest and edges, often near water.)

Nigrita bicolor Chestnut-breasted Negro-Finch. Resident forest and forest edge.

Nesting in Pra-Suhien F.R. (Abrafo), Jun 1992. (Not uncommon resident, forest

and edges.)

N. fusconata White-breasted Negro-Finch. One record, Kakum N.P., Nov 1991.

(Uncommon resident, forest.)

Ploceidae

Amblyospiza albifrons Grosbeak Weaver. Only two records in Central Region:

five, Cape Coast, May 1991; one near Komenda, Sep 1993. Also 30, Sekyere-

Heman (Western Region, close to border of Central), Mar 1993. (Locally not

uncommon, seasonal; Cape Coast region, Jun to late Sep, exceptionally one on 25

Mar.)

Ploceus aurantius Orange Weaver. Uncommon. Nesting colony on a small

artificial pond, 10 km north of Cape Coast (on road to Twifo Prasso) in

association with Village Weaver P. cucullatus , Sep 1993). (Rare resident, man-

groves and coastal vegetation, Axim to Cape Coast.)

1996

Ghana birds

9

P . tricolor Yellow-mantled Weaver, Uncommon resident, forest, Kakum N.P. and

Pra-Suhien F R Some records in Mar around Dunkwa on Offin river. (Not

uncommon resident, widespread in forest edges but rare Cape Coast.)

P. preussi Golden-backed Weaver. One certain record, Kakum N.P. near Abrafo,

two birds, Feb 1992. (No records near coast.)

Sturnidae

Onychognathus fulgidus Chestnut- winged Starling. Not very common. Sekyere-

Heman and Kakum N.P., 2 Mar 1993. (Not uncommon resident, forest, including

Suivi River F.R.)

Poeoptera luguhris Narrow-tailed Starling. One record, Sekyere-Heman (Pra

river), Mar 1992. (Rare resident, forest zone.)

Dicruridae

Dicrurus adsimilis Glossy-backed Drongo. Not very common. Feeding young in

Birriwa, Oct 1991. (Common resident woodland savanna south to Yolta region.)

D. atripennis Shining Drongo. Common resident of forest, Pra-Suhien F.R .

Kakum N.P. and Subri F.R. (Rare resident, forest.)

Corvidae

Ptilostomus afer Piapiae. Not uncommon, vagrant, often seen around Cape Coast

May-Jul, Oct. (Locally common resident, woodland savanna in north; also

through Yolta Region to eastern border of Accra and Keta Plains.)

Reference

Grimes, L.G. (1987) The Birds of Ghana, Check-list 9, British Ornithologists’

Union, London.

10

Malimbus 18

Birds observed in Guinea-Bissau, January 1986, with a review

of current ornithological knowledge of the country

by C. J. Hazevoet

Institute of Systematics and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam,

P.O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Received 22 March 1995

Revised 29 February 1996

Summary

Little is known about the ornithology of Guinea-Bissau, particularly of the

interior. In this paper I present bird observations made in coastal Guinea-

Bissau, January 1986. Twenty-one species were observed that are not

included in the most complete list of the country’s birds. A short history of

ornithological exploration in Guinea-Bissau is given, with a review of recent

literature.

Résumé

Nos connaissances sur l’avifaune de la Guinée-Bissau, et surtout des régions

de l’intérieur, sont lacunaires. Ce travail présente les observations effectuées

sur les oiseaux côtiers en Guinée-Bissau en janvier 1986. Il mentionne

l’observation de 21 espèces qui ne figurent pas sur la liste la plus complète de

l’avifaune de ce pays. Il comprend aussi un bref historique des recherches

ornithologiques en Guinée-Bissau.

Introduction

Guinea-Bissau, a former Portuguese colony, is a small, coastal country of 36,125

km2, bordered by Senegal in the north and Guinea (Conakry) in the east and

south. The western half of the country is dominated by large river systems and

there is an offshore group of islands (the Bijagôs archipelago) which is surrounded

by extensive mudflats. The eastern parts mainly consist of dry savanna, with

secondary and remnant primary forest to the south. The country is generally flat,

the highest elevation — in the southeast — being only 262 m.

Little has been published about Guinea-Bissau’s birds. The most complete

species list (Frade & Bacelar 1955, 1959) was published many decades ago. These

authors listed collected specimens only and did not include information on

breeding, movements, distribution within the country, or other biological data.

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

11

The list of Dowsett (1993), who did not consult Frade & Bacelar (1959), is less

complete: it contains only three species not included by Frade & Bacelar (1955,

1959) or in the present paper (Appendix 1).

During a short visit to Guinea-Bissau by ship, 15-23 Jan 1986, bird observations

were made at eight localities, all near or on the coast. Due to other commitments,

it was not possible to make systematic counts of all birds encountered. Never-

theless, and in view of the paucity of ornithological data from the country,

it is thought worthwhile to present a systematic list of observations. In addi-

tion, the opportunity is taken to present an update on Frade & Bacelar (1955,

1959).

Short history of ornithological exploration in Guinea-Bissau

Until the mid- 1930s, the Portuguese did not succeed in “pacifying” much of the

country and few Europeans penetrated the interior. Collecting during the 19th and

early 20th centuries took place almost exclusively in the coastal districts, especially

the surroundings of Bolama (the old capital) and Bissau. Many specimens

collected during the mid- 19th century originated from Beaudouin, a Frenchman

who resided in Bissau for some time and worked for the Verreaux brothers in

Paris. Many of his specimens were sold as trade skins and their locality was often

given as “Casamance”, which is in southwestern Senegal. It is thought, however,

that a good proportion of these were in fact taken within the borders of present

day Guinea-Bissau (see Bocage 1901, Frade 1950, Frade & Bacelar 1955).

Small collections, mainly from the Bolama and Bissau areas, reached European

museums with some regularity during the second half of the 19th century (see

Bocage 1867, 1871, 1876, 1880, 1892, Sharpe 1874). These were summarized in a

list of all species known to occur up to that time by Bocage (1901). The great

explorer Leonardo Fea, who worked the country in 1898-1900, was the first to

collect widely away from the Bissau and Bolama areas, visiting both the north and

the south of the country (see Salvadori 1901, also Fea 1900). In 1909, W.J.

Ansorge stayed in the country for several months and collected for the London

and Tring museums, but a comprehensive work on his collections was never

published. The first large zoological collecting expeditions, covering much of the

territory, were undertaken by A. Monard in 1937-1938 and the Portuguese Missâo

Zoolôgica da Guiné in 1945-1946. The ornithological results of these were

presented by Monard (1940) and Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) respectively, the

latter including all species known to have been collected up to that time (see also

Frade et al 1946, Frade 1949, 1950). A good collection of bird specimens was also

made during the Portuguese Missâo Etnolôgica e Antropolôgica in 1946-1947

(Madureira 1978, 1982).

During the 1960s, the Abbé R. de Naurois was the first to draw attention to the

rich avifauna of the coastal areas and the Bijagôs archipelago in particular (see

12

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

Naurois 1962, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1981). His papers remain the only studies on the

breeding biology of birds in Guinea-Bissau. During the 1980s, there have been

several surveys aimed at establishing the numbers of wintering waders in Guinea-

Bissau, mainly through expeditions organized by the Dutch Working Group for

International Wader and Waterfowl Research (WIWO). This has resulted in a

steady flow of articles and reports, emphasizing the great importance of the

mudflats, mangroves and rice fields of Guinea-Bissau for wintering Palaearctic

migrants, particularly waders ( e.g . Altenburg & van der Kamp 1985, 1986, Zwarts

1985, 1988, Altenburg & van Spanje 1989, Wymenga et al 1990, Altenburg et al.

1992, Salvig et al. 1994). Recently, the Cufada area (Quinara region), which

includes a Ramsar site, has been proposed as a National Park (Araûjo 1994). Since

the works of Monard (1940), Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) and Madureira (1978,

1982) — which dealt with collections made in the 1930s and 1940s — virtually

nothing has been published on areas other than wetlands, and the interior of the

country remains largely unexplored. An ornithological bibliography of Guinea-

Bissau has recently been published (Hazevoet 1995).

Description of study sites

Observations were made at the following localities (see Fig. 1):

15-16 Jan. Town and harbour of the capital city of Bissau. A large roost of

waterbirds is situated at Ilhéu dos Pâssaros in Rio Gêba, a few kilometres to the

east of Bissau (see Naurois 1969, Altenburg et al. 1992). At dusk, eastward

movement of many waterbirds was observed along the harbour front.

16 Jan. Dry savanna and rice fields, 48 km northeast of Safim along the road to

Nhacra.

17 Jan. Ilha de Bolama. Much of the island is cultivated and there are large oil

palm plantations, but along the fringe are some remnant marshes and secondary

forest.

18 Jan. Eastern shore of Canal do Porto, between Ilha de Bolama and the

mainland. The channel is mainly bordered by secondary forest.

19- 20 Jan. Ilha de Bubaque; extensive oil palm plantations with patches of

secondary forest.

20- 21 Jan. Ilha de Rubane; oil palm plantations and secondary growth.

21- 22 Jan. Ilha Roxa (also known as Ilha de Canhabaque); oil palm plantations

but with larger stretches of secondary forest than on Ilha de Bubaque.

22 Jan. Ilhéu dos Porcos, a small uninhabited island just north of Ilha Roxa;

mainly secondary growth and some oil palms.

The shores of the islands consist of sandy beaches, rocky coasts, and mangrove

swamps. For a detailed account of the geography and vegetation of the areas

visited, see Naurois (1969).

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

13

15°40W

14

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

Systematic list

The present list of species observed by me, includes 21 species not mentioned by

Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959), but 20 of these have also been reported by other

authors since. Additional references on species not included by Frade & Bacelar

(1955, 1959) are given, while 72 species not included by these authors nor observed

in Jan 1986, but which have been reported elsewhere, are listed in Appendix 2.

Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) included 344 species. With additional records

published since (including the present paper), the grand total of bird species

observed in Guinea-Bissau now stands at 437 (excluding 13 species listed in

Appendix 1; but see Rodwell 1996 for further additions to this total), although

Dowsett (1993) listed only 319 species for the country. In comparison, the totals

for the neighbouring Senegambia and Guinea are 626 and 606 respectively (Morel

& Morel 1988, 1990, Demey 1995). Even allowing for divergent views of species

limits, this indicates that, with growing ornithological knowledge, a considerable

increase in the number of species reported from Guinea-Bissau is still to be

expected.

Species not included in Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) are marked with an

asterisk. Many of these species are now known to be common visitors. When

records of the “new” species have also been published' elsewhere, numbered

references are given as follows: 1— Naurois (1966); 2— Naurois (1969); 3 — Voous

(1970); 4 — Madureira (1978); 5 — Poorter & Zwarts (1984); 6 — Altenburg & van

der Kamp (1986); 7 — Altenburg et al. (1992); 8 — Araüjo (1994). See also Zwarts

(1988) for further information on numbers and distribution of waders, although

his records are also included by Altenburg et al. (1992) and are included below in

reference 4; Salvig et al. (1994) provide further data on this group, but no new

species. For information on the occurrence of terns, see Altenburg et al. (1992). As

Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) are used as the starting point for this paper, no

references are given in the species accounts to Dowsett (1993), except to point out

some of the errors in the latter; his unreferenced data on ringing recoveries are not

included, as they appear to contain many inaccuracies. There are many other

errors in Dowsett’s list, concerning species not dealt with in the present paper,

especially as regards breeding codes. I have excluded species shown to occur in

Guinea-Bissau on the distribution maps in Brown et al. (1982), Urban et al. (1986),

Fry et al. (1988) and Keith et al. (1992) when no further details are given. Names

and sequence of non-passeriformes follow Brown et al. (1982), Urban et al. (1986)

and Fry et al. (1988); those of passeriformes follow Serle & Morel (1977).

Localities are abbreviated as follows: CG — Canal do Gêba; CP — Canal do

Porto; IBol — Ilha de Bolama; IBub — Ilha de Bubaque; IP — Ilhéu dos Porcos;

IRox — Ilha de Roxa; IRub — Ilha de Rubané; NES — northeast of Safim.

Sulidae

*Sula leucogaster Brown Booby. Two observed offshore near CG. There is a

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

15

colony of c. 3000 pairs on Alcatraz islet, off Guinea, close to the border with

Guinea-Bissau (Chételat 1938, Altenburg & van der Karrip 1989). Although the

species may be presumed to be regular offshore, only few records have been

published (1, 2, 3). Dowsett’s (1993) “definite breeding” code is an error, based on

a misinterpretation of Naurois (1966).

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant. Several hundred flying towards a

roost east of Bissau harbour; common around IBub.

Anhingidae

Anhinga rufa Darter. Two on IBol.

Pelecanidae

Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican. Parties of 5-20: NES, along IBol, CP,

IRox and IP.

Ardeidae

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret. Singles and small parties (<25) on IBub and IRub.

Egretta gularis Western Reef Heron. Widespread in small numbers at all localities

visited.

E. garzetta Little Egret. Regularly observed and particularly common around

Bissau; smaller numbers NES, on IBol and IP. Breeding data in Naurois (1969),

pace Dowsett (1993).

E. intermedia Yellow-billed Egret. Small numbers (< 10) at all localities visited.

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron. Small numbers (< 5) at Bissau, NES and on IBol.

A. melanocephala Black-headed Heron. Two NES.

A. goliath Goliath Heron. One along CP, three on IBub, one on IRub, two on

IRox.

Scopidae

Scopus umbrella Hamerkop. Two NES. Breeding data in Naurois (1969), pace

Dowsett (1993).

Ciconiidae

Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork. Five NES, two on IBol, two along CP. Breeding

data in Naurois (1969), pace Dowsett (1993).

Ciconia episcopus White-necked Stork. Two on IBol.

Threskiornithidae

Bostrychia hagedash Hadada. Three on IBol, one on IRox, two on IP.

Threskiornis aethiopica Sacred Ibis. C. 50 flying towards a roost east of Bissau

harbour, four NES, five on IBol, c. 25 on IBub, seven on IRox, three on IP.

Platalea alba African Spoonbill. Six NES.

Pandionidae

*Pandion haliaetus Osprey. One along the shore of IRox. (5, 7, 8)

Accipitridae

Aviceda cuculoides Cuckoo Falcon. One on IBub.

Milvus migrans Black Kite. Up to 15 on IBub, IRub and IRox. All seen well

enough were M. m. parasitus.

16

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

Haliaeetus vocifer Fish Eagle. Three on IBol, two adults and a juvenile along CP,

two on IRox.

Gy pokier ax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture. Two on IBol, a pair building a nest along

CP, regularly 1-2 on each of I Bub, IRub, IRox and IP.

Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture. Common at Bissau, NES, on IBol, IBub

and IRub.

Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture. Eight in a mixed party of vultures along

road NES.

Aegypius occipitalis White-headed Vulture. One in a mixed party of vultures along

road NES.

Polyboroides typus Harrier Hawk. Two on IBub.

*Circus pygargus Montagu’s Harrier. A male NES. (5, 6, 7)

*C. aeruginosus Marsh Harrier. A female NES. (5, 6, 7, 8)

Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Hawk-eagle. One NES.

Fakonidae

*Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel. One on IBub. (5, 7)

Gruidae

Balearica pavonina Black Crowned Crane. A party of 12 NES.

Recurvîrostrîdae

IP man t opus himantopus Black-winged Stilt. Twelve near Bissau harbour, five

NES, three on IBol.

*Recurvirostra avocetta Avocet. Four NES. (5, 6, 7)

Burhinidae

Burhinus senegalensis Senegal Thick-knee. Two on each of IBol and IBub.

Glareolldae

Giareola pratincola Common Pratincole. A party of c. 25 NES.

Charadrildae

*Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover. Regular in small numbers in littoral at Bissau

and on all islands visited. Collected by Monard (1940) but excluded by Frade &

Bacelar (1955) who suspected the record to be of C. dubius. Mona id's measure-

ments, however, agree with those of hiaticula. (5, 6, 7, 8)

*Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover. Regular in small numbers in littoral on all

islands visited. Included by Dowsett (1993) on the basis of unpublished ringing

recoveries. (5, 6, 7, 8)

Vanellus spinosus Spur- winged Plover. Small numbers ( < 5) at Bissau, NES, IBol,

IBub and IRox.

Scolopacidae

Calidris alba Sanderling. Small numbers on sandy beaches on IRox and IP.

C minuta Little Stint. C. 30 near Bissau harbour.

C. ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper. Common in littoral on all islands visited; several

hundred roosting on sandbanks between IBub and IRub.

*C. alpina Dunlin. Small numbers in littoral on IBol and along CP Apparently a

relatively scarce visitor. (6, 7, 8)

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

17

Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit, C. 25 near Bissau harbour.

L lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit. Common in littoral near Bissau and on all islands

visited.

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel. Common in littoral near Bissau and on all islands

visited.

*N. arquata Curlew. Two along CP, three on I Rox... four on IP. Widespread but

less common than the previous species. (5, 6, 7, 8)

*Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank. One in rice fields NES. Rather uncommon.

À specimen attributed to this species by Monard (1940) was transferred to T.

totanus by F rade & B ace! ai (1955). The measurements given by Monard do indeed

agree with those of totanus and not with erythropus. (6, 7, 8)

T. totanus Redshank. Regular in small numbers at all localities visited.

T. stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper. Three NES, two along CP.

T nebularia Greenshank. Widespread in small numbers at all localities visited.

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper. Regular in small numbers in littoral on all

islands visited.

Arenaria interpres Turnstone. Common in littoral at Bissau and on all islands

visited.

Laridae

Lams cirrocephalus Grey-headed Gull. C. 10 at Bissau harbour; one along shore

on IKub,

*L. ridibundus Black-headed Gull. Two at Bissau harbour. (7)

Steraidae

Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern. Regular in small numbers along shore of all

islands visited.

Sterna caspia Caspian Tern. Regular in small numbers along shore of all islands

visited.

*S. maxima Royal Tern. Flocks of up to 30 offshore near CG; c. 20 at Bissau

harbour; 12 along CP; five off IP. (5, 6, 7, 8)

*S. sandvicensis Sandwich Tern. Six along CP; flocks of up to 20 along IBub, IRub

and IRox. Included by Dowsett (1993) on the basis of unpublished ringing

recoveries. (4, 5, 7, 8)

*S. albifrons Little Tern. Small flocks ( < 10) along IBol, CP, IBub, IRub and IRox.

(5, 6, 7, 8)

*Chlidonias nigra Black Tern. Flocks of up to 30 at Bissau harbour, along CP,

IBub and IRub. (6, 7)

Columbidae

Treron calva Green Pigeon. Two on IBub, two on IRox.

Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove. Common on all islands visited.

Oena capensis Namaqua Dove. Three NES.

Sireptopeiia vinacea Yinaceous Dove. CIO NES; common on IBol.

S. senegalensis Laughing Dove. Several at Bissau.

Psittaddae

Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot. Two along CP. There is no documentary

evidence to support Dowsett’ s (1993) “definite breeding” code.

18

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

Psittacula krameri Ring-necked Parakeet. Flocks of up to 10 on IBol, along CP

and on IBub.

Musophagidae

Crinifer piscator Western Grey Plantain-eater. Two along CP.

Cuculidae

Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas’s Cuckoo. A female on IRox.

Centropus senegalensis Senegal Coucal. Five on IBol.

Apodidae

Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift. Flocks of up to eight on IBol.

Apus affirms Little Swift. Common at Bissau.

Alcedinidae

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher. Several at Bissau harbour, on IBol, along CP and on

IRub.

Meropidae

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater. Two on IBol.

M. albicollis White-throated Bee-eater. C. 10 NES; two along CP.

M. persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. Flocks of up to 20 on all islands visited.

Coraciidae

Coracias cyanogaster Blue-bellied Roller. One on IBol.

C. abyssinica Abyssinian Roller. One at Bissau, three NES, five on IBub.

Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller. Twelve along CP.

Phoeniculidae

Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood-Hoopoe. A party of six on IBol.

Bucerotidae

Ceratogymna fistulator Piping Hornbill. Three on IBub, two on IRub.

Picidae

Mesopicus goertae Grey Woodpecker. Two NES.

Hirundinidae

*Riparia paludicola African Sand Martin. Small numbers ( < 10) on IBub and IRox.

Apparently not recorded before.

Hirundo lucida Red-chested Swallow. Small numbers at all localities visited.

H. senegalensis Mosque Swallow. C. 30 on IBub.

Motacillidae

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail. C. 20 on IBub.

*M. alba White Wagtail. Two at Bissau harbour. (7, 8)

Laniidae

Dryoscopus gambensis Gambian Puff-back Shrike. A male and a female along CP.

Laniarius barbarus Barbary Shrike. Five NES.

*Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike. A male on IBol and another on IRox. (7)

Dicruridae

Dicrurus adsimilis Glossy-backed Drongo. One NES.

Sturnidae

Lamprotornis splendidus Splendid Glossy Starling. C. 25 NES.

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Amethyst Starling. A male and a female on IBub.

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

19

Corvidae

Corvus albus Pied Crow. Several at Bissau and NES, four on IRox, two on IP.

Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotus barbatus Common Bulbul. Common at Bissau, NES, on IBol and

along CP. There is no documentary evidence to support Dowsett’s (1993) “definite

breeding” code.

Timaliidae

Turdoides plebejus Brown Babbler. A party of six on IBol.

Sylviidae

*j Phylloscopus coîîybiia Chiffchaff. One singing in a garden, Bissau. (7)

Prinia subflava/fluviatilis Tawny-flanked / River Prinia. One on IP (cf. Naurois &

Morel 1995).

Muscicapidae

Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher. Two on IRox, 2-4 on IBub.

Nectariniidae

Nectarinia venusta Yellow-bellied Sunbird. Three NES, two on IBol, four along

CP, two on IP.

N. chloropygia Olive-bellied Sunbird. Two on IBub, two on IRub, two on IRox.

Ploceidae

Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver. During a Harmattan dust storm (no land in

sight), c. 30 stayed on the ship for at least one hour while we approached CG;

common NES and on all islands visited.

*P. superciliosus Compact Weaver. A male and a female along CP. (2, 8)

Estrildidae

Lagonosticta senegala Senegal Fire-Finch. Common NES.

Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin. Common in villages on IBub.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank the owners and crew of SV Sirius for providing the opportunity to

visit Guinea-Bissau. Joâo Rabaça kindly supplied a copy of Araujo (1994). C.S.

Roselaar and Jan Wattel provided useful comments on the manuscript. Discus-

sions with Alan Tye were helpful in clarifying certain points of contention.

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20

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

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22

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Malimbus 18

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Serle, W. & Morel, G.J. (1977) A Field Guide to the Birds of West Africa.

Collins, London.

Sharpe, R.B. (1874) On a small collection of birds from Bulama, one of the

Bissagos islands, W. Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 305-306.

Smith, R. & Limoges, B. (1989) Liste Systématique des Espèces de Vertébrés

Supérieurs Connues en Guinée-Bissau. Annex 1 to unpubl. MDRA/CECI/

IUCN rep., Bissau [only this annex seen].

Spencer, R. (1965) Report on bird-ringing for 1964. Brit. Birds 58: 533-583.

Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. & Keith, S. (1986) The Birds of Africa , vol. 2. Academic

Press, London.

Voous, K.H. (1970) Sabine’s Gull (Larus sabini ) along west coast of Africa. Ardea

58: 266.

White, C.M.N. (1965) A Revised Check List of African Non-passerine Birds.

Government Printer, Lusaka.

Wyemnga, E., Engelmoer, M., Smit, C.J. & van Spanje, T.M. (1990)

Geographical origin and migration of waders wintering in West Africa. Ardea

78:83-112.

Zwarts, L. (1985) The winter exploitation of Fiddler Crabs Uca tangeri by

waders in Guinea-Bissau. Ardea 73: 3-12.

Zwarts, L. (1988) Numbers and distribution of coastal waders in Guinea-Bissau.

Ardea 76: 42-55.

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

23

Appendix 1

Species not included by Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) but included in later

publications, which are in error or for which no further details are available.

Species for which no further details are available

1 — White (1965) “records off Portuguese Guinea”, included by Dowsett (1993);

2 — Scott & Pineau (1990), cited in Araüjo (1994); 3 — Smith & Limoges (1989);

4 — Tauraco data bank “miscellaneous records” (Dowsett 1993); 5 — Ferreira

(1973), cited in Smith & Limoges (1989).

Phaethon aethereus 1

Macheiramphus alcinus 2

Aegypius tracheliotus 3

Accipiter tachiro 4

A. melanoleucus 2

Aquila rap ax 2

Otis arabs 5

Species included by Dowsett (1993) in error

Platalea leucorodia. Based on Naurois (1969), where the species is named in error

for P. alba.

Columba livia. Based on White (1965) “Loss Islands (Portuguese Guinea)”, but

these islands are off Guinea-Conakry.

Sterna anaethetus 4

Streptopelia turtur 5

Cent r opus monachus 5

Coracias garrulus 5

Andropadus gracilirostris 2

Euplectes ardens 5

Appendix 2

Species not included in Frade & Bacelar (1955, 1959) nor observed by me in Jan

1986, but reported by other authors

Numbered references are as follows: 1 — Fairbairn (1932); 2 — Fry (1965); 3 —

Spencer (1965); 4 — Naurois (1966); 5 — Naurois (1969); 6 — Voous (1970); 7 —

Madureira (1978); 8 — Poorter & Zwarts (1984); 9 — Altenburg & van der Kamp

(1986); 10 — Dowsett et al (1988); 11 — Altenburg et al (1992); 12 — Araüjo

(1994). References are placed between square brackets when identification was

reported to be not fully satisfactory.

Oceanites océaniens 1

Sula bassana 3

Pelecanus onocro talus 8, 9, 12

Phalacrocorax carbo 4, 5, 11, 12

Plegadis falcinellus 8, 9, 11

Phoenicopterus ruber [4, 5], 8, 9, 11, 12

Dendrocygna bicolor 8, 9

Tadorna tadorna 8

Anas crecca 8

A. acuta 8, 9

A. clypeata 11

Ay thy a ferina 8, 11

24

C. J. Hazevoet

Malimbus 18

Falco chicquera 1 1

F. cuvieri 11, 12

F. peregrinus 11

Coturnix coturnix 12

C chinensis 12

Turnix sylvatica 1 1

Porphyrio porphyrio 8, 12

Haematopus ostralegus 8, 9, 11

Charadrius pecuarius 1 1

C. alexandrinus 8, 9, 11, 12

C. marginaîus 11, 12

Calidris canutus 8, 1 1

Lymnocryptes minimus 1 1

Gallinago gallinago 8, 9, 11, 12

Tringa ochropus 8, 9, 11, 12

Sîercorarius parasiticus 6

Larus minutas 12

L. sabini 2, 6

L. genei 8, 11, 12

L. fus eus 9, 11

Sterna bengalensis 1 1

S. dougallii [11]

S. hirundo 4, 5, [9], 11, 12

S. paradisaea 6 [9, 11]

Chlidonias leucopterus 8, 9, 11, 12

Rhynchops flavirostrîs 1 1

Pierocles exustus 1 1

Macrodîpteryx vexillaria 12

Apus paltidus 1 1

A apus 11

Merops gularis 1 1

Eurystomus gularis 7

Tockus erythrorhynchus 1 1

T. albocristatus 12

Riparia riparia 8, 11, 12

Delichon urbica 11, 12

Anthus campestris 8

A. trivialis 1 1

Oriolus brachyrhynchus 12

O. nigripennis 11

Onychognathus morio 12

Oenanthe oenanthe 1 1

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 11, 12

A. scirpaceus 8, 11, 12

A. arundinaceus 12

Hippolais polyglotta 11, 12

Sylvia b or in 10

S. atricapilla 10, 11

S. cantillans 1 1

S. conspicillata 12

Cisticola galactoîes 5

C. br achy p ter a 11

Sylvietta brachyura 1 1

Muscicapa striata 12

M. aqua t ica 12

Artomyias ussheri 12

Nectarinia adelberti 1 1

Quelea quelea 12

Vidua orientalis 1 1

1996

25

Notes on the distribution and abundance of birds observed

in Guinea-Bissau, 21 February to 3 April 1992

by S. P. Rodwell

Wetland Trust, Elms Farm, Pett Lane,

Icklesham, Winchelsea, East Sussex TN36 4 AH, U.K.

Received 18 July 1994

Revised 10 February 1996

Summary

Observations of birds from 15 different locations in Guinea-Bissau are

presented. Two hundred and seventy-nine species were seen from 21

February to 3 April 1992, of which six (White-crested Tiger Heron

Tigriornis leucolophus, Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar, Rock Pratincole

Glareola nuchalis, White-throated Blue Swallow Hirundo nig r it a, Grey

Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, and Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida ) were

recorded in Guinea-Bissau for the first time. The total number of species

seen in the country currently stands at 45 1 .

Résumé

L’article présente la liste des oiseaux observés en Guinée-Bissau en 15

endroits différents, du 21 février au 3 avril 1992, soit un total de 279 espèces.

Six espèces (Onoré à huppe blanche Tigriornis leucolophus , Autour gabar

Micronisus gabar, Glaréole auréolée Glareola nuchalis, Hirondelle à bavette

Hirundo nigrita, Bergeronnette des ruisseaux Motacilla cinerea, et Apalis à

gorge jaune Apalis flavida), sont signalées pour la première fois dans le pays.

Le nombre total d’espèces observées dans le pays s’élève actuellement à 451 .

Introduction

The avifauna of Guinea-Bissau is one of the least known of any African country.

There are few ornithological publications and information regarding the distribu-

tion and abundance of birds from the interior or the country is lacking.

In recent years, projects run by Canadian and Dutch biologists have provided a

considerable amount of new information. Canadian scientists working for CECI

(French-Canadian aid agency), in collaboration with government staff from

Guinea-Bissau, have participated in a diverse array of zoological projects. An

inventory of 383 bird species recorded by CECI personnel and from existing

26

S. P. Rodwell

Malimbus 18

publications was produced by Smith & Limoges (undated), considerably more

than the 313 given by Dowsett (1993). Surveys of the southern regions (Tombali

and Gabû) are still providing further information for the proposed Dulombi

National Park. Dutch research has primarily concentrated on waders and terns

wintering in the Bijagos Islands. Observations of other Palaearctic and Afrotropi-

cal species are reported in Poorter & Zwarts (1984), Altenburg & van der Kamp

(1986, 1992), Zwarts (1988), Wymenga & Altenburg (1992) and Hazevoet (1996).

Table 1. Locations visited (numbered as in Fig. 1).

No. Location Coordinates Dates (1992)

N W

1 Sao Domingoes 12°24' 16° 12' 21-22 Feb, 10-12 Mar, 3 Apr

Coastal forest, oil palm plantations, tidal river and marsh.

2 Sao Vicente 12° 14' 16°46' 22 Feb

Mangrove marsh, tidal river.

3 Bula 12°6' 15°43' 23-24 Feb, 7-8, 12-13, 22-26 Mar

Mixed agricultural land, paddy fields, sedge beds, open water.

4 Bissau 1 1 °5 1 ' 15°36' 24-25 Feb

Tidal harbour

5 Bolama 11°34' 15°29' 26-27 Feb

Coastal forest, oil palm plantations, tidal marsh.

6 Sâo Joâo/Brandâo H°35'15°27' 27 Feb

Coastal forest, oil palm plantations.

7 Tite/Enxudé 11°46' 15°24' 27 Feb

Dry paddy fields.

8 Mansôa 12°4' 15°19' 28-29 Feb, 3, 13, 20-22 Mar

Low scrub, mixed agriculture, dry paddy fields, tidal river.

9 Farim 12°29' 15°13' 29 Feb to 3 Mar

Low scrub, mixed agriculture, tidal river, mangrove marsh, reed pockets.

10 Bafatâ 12°10' 14°40' 4-5 Mar

Wooded river banks, river, tidal creeks, paddy fields.

11 Contabane 11°32' 14°43' 14-17 Mar

Secondary forest, mixed agriculture.

12 Chumael 11°4L 14°40° 17-20 Mar

Low scrub, mixed agriculture,

13 Dandum 11°43' 14°13' 27-30 Mar

Riverine forest strips, dry grassland, river, mixed agriculture.

14 TchéTché 11°55' 14°13' 28 Mar

Riverine forest strips, river.

15 Madina Dongo 1 1°38' 14°33' 31 Mar to 1 Apr

Open woodland, dry grassland, pockets of secondary forest.

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

27

Prior to this paper, the total number of species reliably reported in Guinea-

Bissau was 437 (Hazevoet 1996), including records from Fairbairn (1932), Frade &

Bacelar (1955, 1959), Naurois (1966, 1969), Voous (1970), Madureira (1978),

Poorter & Zwarts (1984), Altenburg & van der Kamp (1986, 1992), Wymenga &

Altenburg (1992) and Hazevoet (1996).

This paper presents observations from 15 different locations (see Table 1 and

Fig. 1) in Guinea-Bissau from 21 February to 3 April 1992. Most of the sites were

inland, close to major water-courses. Brief notes on the habitat of each site are

given in Table 1. The observations were made at the end of the dry season, and

during the main period of passage for Palaearctic migrants.

The primary objective of the expedition was to assess the possibility of future

ringing studies of Palaearctic migrants in Guinea-Bissau, although observations of

all species were recorded.

A considerable amount of fieldwork is needed to improve our knowledge of the

avifauna of Guinea-Bissau. Forests in the south and west of the country are being

cleared at an alarming rate and it is essential that a network of reserves be

established before many species are lost from the country. This paper provides

important data about the current status of birds from these regions.

Results

Results are presented in the Appendix as a systematic list of 279 species.

There were no large concentrations of Palaearctic passerines either wintering or

on passage in Guinea-Bissau. The rice fields bordering most of the water-courses

had small numbers of Yellow Wagtail. White Wagtail, Tawny Pipit and Winchat

(scientific names are given in the systematic list). A few Sedge and Reed Warblers

were restricted to pockets of reed ( Phragmites spp.) and sedge ( Carex spp.).

Melodious and Willow Warblers were found in low densities throughout the

country in coastal forest and savana, and small numbers of Pied Flycatchers

occurred in secondary forest.

The following six species were documented in Guinea-Bissau for the first time.

One White-crested Tiger Heron was seen closely, fishing from the edge of the

Rio Corubal in deep shade; when disturbed it froze erect, then flew away. It

resembled a long-necked Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris, with darker brown

plumage, but with the upperparts finely barred buff and lacking the streaking of

Eurasian Bittern. The white crown feathers were concealed. White-crested Tiger

Heron has been recorded in small numbers in forested regions of neighbouring

Guinea and Senegal (Richards 1982, Sala 1983, Morel & Morel 1990).

Gabar Goshawk was recorded twice, in March. The birds were smaller than

Dark Chanting Goshawk, with grey upper breast and finely barred belly;

upperparts dark grey with narrow white rump; tail more heavily barred than that

of Shikra and lacking dark central feathers of Dark Chanting Goshawk; red legs

28

S. P, Rodwell Malimbus 18

•H

H

Fîg. 1. Localities listed in Table 1,

1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

29

of one of the birds (which was perched) seen. Gabar Goshawk occurs in open

woodland of Mali and Senegal (Lamarche 1980, Morel & Morel 1990).

Eight Rock Pratincoles were seen standing on boulders in the Rio Corubal, 31

March and 1 April. They were later seen hawking insects along the river, in

company with Common Pratincoles, which were obviously larger than they. The

hind-collar was pale buff, unlike that of the Sierra Leone subspecies G. n. nuchalis.

Rock Pratincole was recently found in Guinea, and is uncommon in Mali (Walsh

1987, Lamarche 1980).

Up to five White-throated Blue Swallows were seen flying up and down the Rio

Corubal. The distinctive blue plumage with white tail streaks and small throat

patch were seen clearly. This species has been recorded at one location in Guinea

(Halleux 1994).

A female Grey Wagtail was seen on two days on the Rio Corubal, feeding from

boulders in the river. The dark slate upperparts were seen clearly. This is a rare

Palaearctic migrant to Mali and Senegal (Lamarche 1981, Morel & Morel 1990).

Yellow-breasted Apalis was recorded on two dates in February, at Bula and

Mansôa. Both birds were skulking in low scrub but views of the grey head, green

upperparts, white chin and throat, and broad, bright yellow breast patch (black

spot not visible), were obtained, sufficient to enable identification. This species is

unrecorded from neighbouring countries, although small numbers have been

found in The Gambia (Morel & Morel 1990, Wacher 1993).

A further eight species (Grasshopper Buzzard, Turtle Dove, Lesser Honey guide,

Willcocks’s Honeyguide, Sun Lark, Slender-billed Bulbul, Yellow-throated Leaf-

love and Grey Tit-babbler) were observed, which are shown as occurring in

Guinea-Bissau on maps in Brown et al. (1982), Urban et al (1986), Fry et al.

(1988) and Keith et al. (1992), although no reference to the original observations

have been found.

The total number of species recorded in Guinea-Bissau is now 451. Undoub-

tedly, the range of many more species that occur in Guinea and Sierra Leone,

extend north into Guinea-Bissau.

Acknowledgments

I would especially like to thank: Stephen Runsey and the Wetland Trust for

funding and providing logistical support for the trip; David Kelly, who accompa-

nied me for the first two weeks; Jean-Marc Leger from CECI and Fai Djedjo and

his colleagues from the Guinea-Bissau ministry responsible for wildlife protection,

for enabling me to join them on two field trips into the south of the country and

providing considerable help and support. Benoît Limoges and Richard Smith

kindly provided me with a copy of their report listing the ornithological records

collected by CECI personnel, Kees Hazevoet, Gérard and Marie-Yvonne Morel,

Alan Tye and Frank Walsh assisted with their helpful comments.

30

S. P. Rodwell

Malimbus 18

References

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Humides de la Mauritanie du Sud, du Sénégal » de la Gambie et de la Guinée-

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the Coastal Wetlands of Guinea-Bissau . WIWO Rep. 26, Working Group

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et Laridés dans l’archipel des Bijagos (Guinée portugaise). Alauda 34: 257-278.

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Guinea-Bissau birds

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Collins, London.

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Malimbus 15: 24-37.

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Guinea-Bissau in winter. Pp. 69-77 in W. Altenburg, E. Wymenga & L.

Zwarts (eds) Ornithological Importance of the Coastal Wetlands of Guinea-

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Research, Zeist.

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Ardea 76: 42-55.

32

S. P. Rodwell

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42

S. P. Rodwell

Malimbus 18

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1996

Guinea-Bissau birds

43

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44

Malimbus 18

Observations sur la reproduction et les déplacements

du Rollier d’Abyssinie Coracias abyssinien , du Rollier varié

C. naevia et du Roiie africain Eurystomus glaucurus ,

au nord du Burkina Faso

par Gilles Balança & Marie-Noël de Visscher

CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France

Reçu 2 mai 1995

Revu 5 février 1996

Résumé

Durant les années 1992 et 1993, nous avons accumulé des observations sur

les trois espèces de Coraciidae qui fréquentent le nord du Burkina Faso. Ces

données confirment l’existence de déplacements latitudinaux du Rollier

d’Abyssinie Coracias abyssinica et du Rolle africain Eurystomus glaucurus

en relation avec le cycle des pluies et celui de leur reproduction. Nous

présentons de nouvelles informations sur le comportement reproducteur

encore mal connu du Rollier d’Abyssinie: possibilité d’un individu-aide

surnuméraire chez certains couples nicheurs et existence d’une période

d’intense agressivité internuptiale intra et interspécifique. Le Rollier varié C

naevia n’est présent qu’en nombre réduit dans la région et semble absent

entre fin décembre et début mai.

Summary

During 1992 and 1993, we gathered observations of the three species of

Coraciidae which inhabit the north of Burkina Faso. These data confirm the

existence of latitudinal displacements in the Abyssinian Roller Coracias

abyssinica and the Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus in relation to

the rainfall and breeding cycles. We present new information on the

breeding behaviour of the Abyssinian Roller, with observations of super-

numerary individuals at the nests of some pairs and of a period of intense

inter- and intra-specific aggression during the non-breeding period. The

Rufous-crowned Roller C. naevia was only present in small numbers

in the region and appeared to be absent between the end of December

and early May.

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

45

Introduction

En dépit de son abondance, le Rollier d’Abyssinie Coracias abyssinica a été très

peu étudié en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les nombreux travaux de Thiollay (1971a, 1985,

1989) ont surtout été réalisés en Côte d’ivoire, soit en limite méridionale de

distribution pour cette espèce qui n’y est traitée que de façon marginale. Le Rolle

africain Eurystomus glaucurus et le Rollier varié C. naevia y ont été mieux observés

mais surtout pour les comparer au Rollier à ventre bleu C. cyanogaster , espèce

grégaire, sociale, abondante et bien visible à ces latitudes. Moynihan (1988)

analyse de façon relativement anecdotique le comportement du Rollier d’Abyssi-

nie au sud du Sénégal, surtout en termes de concurrence avec le Rollier à ventre

bleu. Quelques informations sur les trois espèces étudiées ici sont parfois données

dans des travaux récapitulatifs sur l’avifaune de certaines régions (entre autres:

Thonnerieux 1988, Thonnerieux et al 1989, Koster & Grettenberger 1983). Dans

leur étude sur les migrateurs africains, Elgood et al. (1973) analysent plus

longuement le cas du Rolle africain et du Rollier varié. Cette étude limitée au

Nigéria ne peut être complète pour le Rollier d’Abyssinie dont la zone de

distribution s’étend très largement au nord de ce pays.

A l’occasion de deux séjours de 10 mois au nord du Burkina Faso où trois

espèces de Coraciidae cohabitent au moins partiellement, nous nous sommes

intéressés à leurs comportements au fil des saisons avec une attention particulière

pour les déplacements et la reproduction. Le Rollier d’Abyssinie, qui, dans cette

région, est l’espèce la plus abondante et la plus visible des trois, a été aussi la plus

observée. Le Rollier varié et le Rolle africain sont plus rares, ou plus discrets.

Région d’étude

L’ensemble des observations a été réalisé entre mai 1992 et mars 1994 dans une

zone située entre la ville de Ouahigouya (13°35'N, 2°25'0) au sud, et la frontière du

Mali environ 70 km au nord (14°N) (Fig. 1).

Du sud au nord, on passe d’une végétation de type nord-soudanien à sud-

sahélien. Le caractère sahélien de cette région est accentué par la présence de vastes

dunes fossiles qui traversent le nord de la zone d’ouest en est. Le paysage de cette

région est largement dominé par les cultures pluviales de céréales et les zones de

pâture pour les troupeaux de zébus et de petits ruminants. En dehors des bas-fonds

argileux plus densément boisés, la végétation arborée est dispersée, dominée au

sud par le Karité Butyrospermum parkii , les Sclerocarya birrea et les Lannea

microcarpa et plus nord par les Baobabs Adansonia digitata, les Balanites aegyp-

tiaca, les Combretum micranthum, et les Pterocarpus lucens. Le paysage est riche en

perchoirs pour la chasse à l’affût au milieu de zones plus ouvertes, ainsi qu’en sites

favorables à la reproduction, notamment grâce aux Baobabs pour les espèces

nichant dans des cavités.

46

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

Le cycle saisonnier se caractérise par une succession de saisons sèches et

pluvieuses très bien différenciées. La quasi totalité des pluies (moyenne de 600 mm

annuels à Ouahigouya) tombe de juillet à septembre, les pluies de mai, juin et

octobre étant beaucoup moins abondantes. Normalement, aucune pluie quantifi-

able ne tombe les autres mois de l’année. Le cycle de développement de la

végétation et de la faune est évidemment très lié à celui des pluies qui engendrent

parfois une véritable explosion des populations, notamment chez les insectes dont

se nourrissent les Rolliers et les Rolles.

Méthodes

Des points d’écoute et d’observation (PEO) ont été réalisés sur huit sites différents

dans une zone située à Bembéla (13°35'N, 2°30'O), en milieu nord-soudanien, et

une autre à Kaïn (14°N, 2°40'O), dans des conditions sud-sahéliennes. Il s’agissait

de noter pendant 15 min. à partir d’un point fixe tous les oiseaux vus et entendus.

Dans la mesure du possible, ces comptages ont eu lieu une fois par décade, soit

trois fois par mois, pendant la saison des pluies, de juin à novembre et toujours

durant les premières heures du jour (6h30 à lOh). Durant la saison sèche les

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

47

oiseaux sont trop discrets pour que cette méthode de comptage soit encore

efficace. Un total de 296 relevés de 15 min. ont ainsi été réalisés au cours des

saisons pluvieuses de 1992 et de 1993.

Un total de 11 heures réparties sur 13 jours a été consacré à l’observation

intensive du comportement de Rolliers d’Abyssinie sur leur site de nidification, en

particulier durant le mois de juin 1993. Le reste du temps, tout comportement

particulier des trois espèces était noté lors de nos très nombreuses sorties sur le

terrain.

Les comportements agressifs, qui incluent les attaques en vol, les cris d’intimida-

tien, les poursuites, les contacts physiques, sont divisés en deux groupes: agression

intraspécifique et agression interspécifique. Le comportement de reproduction est

réparti en parades, fréquentation d’un trou d’arbre, nourrissage et observation de

jeunes volants. Afin de disposer d’un indice de fréquence de ces comportements

selon la période de l’année, nous avons totalisé, par décade, le nombre d’observa-

tions de chaque catégorie de comportement. Une “observation” correspond au cas

d’un oiseau (ou d’un couple) observé un jour donné. Il s’agit donc bien d’un indice

d’intensité qui permet de suivre l’évolution de certains comportements dans le

temps. Cette méthode de travail est valable dans la mesure où la pression

d’observation par décade varie peu au cours de l’année à l’exception des mois

d’avril et mai quand nous étions absents du pays.

Répartition géographique et saisonnière des trois espèces

En Afrique de l’Ouest, toutes saisons confondues, l’aire de répartition du Rollier

d’Abyssinie est située entre 7°30' et 19° N , les populations de Rolliers variés

évoluent entre 6° et 1 6° N, les Roi les africains (de la race afef) occupent une bande

située entre 5° et 15e N (Thiollay 1971a, Fry et al, 1988). Ces trois espèces dont les

aires de distribution se chevauchent partiellement migrent sur un axe nord-sud en

fonction de la saison, en traversant notre région d’observations située entre 13° et

14° N (Fig. 2).

Le Rollier d’Abyssinie est l’espèce la plus septentrionale et celle qui possède

l’extension latitudinale la plus importante. Les populations des deux Rolliers ont

des aires de répartition saisonnière qui se chevauchent sur au moins 4° de latitude.

Le Rolle africain semble par contre occuper en saison des pluies une zone presque

complètement distincte de celle de la saison sèche (Fig. 2). On sait que ces

mouvements nord-sud sont parallèles à ceux du front intertropical des pluies,

déterminant lui-même très strictement le déroulement et l’intensité des pluies et par

conséquent la disponibilité de la nourriture pour les insectivores. C’est ainsi que les

bornes latitudinales de distribution saisonnière des trois espèces étudiées varient

probablement d’une année ou d’une région à l’autre en fonction de l’intensité et de

la durée des pluies.

48

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

Rollier d'Abyssinie Rollier varié Relie africain

Figure 2. Distribution latitudinale saisonnière en Afrique de l’Ouest de trois espèces

de Coraciidae (selon la littérature).

Rollier d’Abyssinie

Le Rollier d’Abyssinie s’observe toute l’année dans toute la région d’étude même si

des variations d’abondance y sont perceptibles. Cette espèce recherche les milieux

ouverts où elle se perche bien en vue sur un arbre ou un arbuste. Elle est de loin le

plus abondant des Coraciidae avec une moyenne de 1,2 individu par PEO dans le

nord (Kaïn) et 1,3 dans le sud (Bembéla).

La Fig. 3 montre que, sur le site du sud (Bembéla), le nombre de Rolliers

d’Abyssinie diminue temporairement dans les PEO fin juin puis beaucoup plus

brusquement et durablement début août (t-Student, p < 0,0 1 ) pour ne remonter qu’à

partir de fin septembre (t, p < 0,0 1 ). A partir de ce moment, les données d’abondance

deviennent beaucoup plus variables d’une décade à l’autre. La population

observée au nord (Kaïn) semble plus stable dans l’ensemble avec toutefois une très

légère diminution début août (Fig. 4).

Ces variations du nombre d’individus observés au cours de la saison peuvent

s’expliquer de la façon suivante. La fin de mai et le début de juin correspondent à

l’apogée des parades nuptiales autour des sites de nidification, rendant les oiseaux

très visibles. A partir de la mi-juin, la plupart des adultes deviennent beaucoup

plus discrets car ils sont en train de couver ou commencent à nourrir leur nichée.

Au cours de juillet, le nombre d’observations augmente à nouveau temporaire-

ment car les jeunes ont, pour la plupart, quitté leur nid (premiers jeunes volants

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

49

Figure 3, Variations décadaires de Fabondan.ee moyenne par PEO, avec écarts types,

des Roïlîers d’Abyssinie au cours de la saison des pluies à Rembéla, au sud de la zone

d’étude.

Figure 4. Variations décadaires de l’abondance moyenne par PEO des Roïlîers

d’Abyssinie au cours de la saison des pluies à Kaïn, au nord de la zone d’étude.

50

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

vus le 18 juillet en 1992 et le 19 juillet en 1993). En août, la forte chute du nombre

d’individus, observée uniquement sur le site du sud (Bembéla), suggère l’existence

d’un déplacement général des populations, après la reproduction, au moment de

l’apogée des pluies. La réduction d’abondance en août-septembre sur le site du

nord (Kaïn) n’est pas significative et laisse penser que les oiseaux reproducteurs

plus septentrionaux migrent moins ou qu’ils sont remplacés par des individus

venus de plus au sud. La remontée du nombre d’observations du mois d’octobre-

novembre correspond au retour des Rolliers d’Abyssinie sur leurs sites de

nidification où, comme on le verra plus loin, leurs manifestations de territorialité

sont très spectaculaires.

Rolle africain

Aucun Rolle africain n’a été observé durant la saison sèche dans notre région

d’étude. Les dates extrêmes d’observation, en fin de saison des pluies, sont le 10

octobre en 1992 et le 28 octobre en 1993. Nos premières observations en début de

saison des pluies, le 30 mai 1992 et le 1 juin 1993, ne correspondent pas

nécessairement aux premières arrivées de l’espèce dans la région car nos obser-

vations ont commencé le 21 mai en 1992 et le 27 mai en 1993. En saison des pluies,

le Rolle africain n’est régulièrement présent que dans le sud de la zone d’étude

(autour de 13°25' N), avec une exception pour un secteur situé à 30 km au nord de

Ouahigouya où il a été vu à plusieurs reprises. A cet endroit, l’existence de bas-

fonds inondés et d’un lac de barrage favorise le développement d’une végétation

arborée particulièrement importante offrant ainsi un milieu attractif pour cette

espèce. L’abondance moyenne du Rolle africain est de 0,39 individu par PEO sur

le seul site d’observation au sud de la région d’étude (Bembéla). Il n’apparaît pas

dans les relevés réalisés au nord.

La petite population de Rolles africains observée sur le site du sud (Bembéla)

subit aussi des variations d’abondance plus modérées que celles du Rollier

d’Abyssinie, au cours de la saison des pluies (Fig. 5). La courbe correspondant aux

résultats des PEO à Bembéla n’est pas aussi aisée à interpréter que celle du Rollier

d’Abyssinie. Ces données correspondent essentiellement à un petit groupe d’indivi-

dus cantonnés sur la zone en juin et en juillet. A partir de ce moment, il s’agit alors

surtout d’oiseaux de passage soit pour des déplacements locaux soit en partance

vers le sud comme dans le cas des groupes observés début octobre (jusqu’à 9

ensemble), les Rolles disparaissant de la région au mois de novembre.

Rollier varié

Le Rollier varié, qui ne devrait être visible dans la zone d’étude que durant la

saison des pluies (Fig. 2), a cependant été noté jusque fin décembre en 1992 et en

1993. L’espèce ne semble être à nouveau régulière, dans la région, qu’à partir du

mois de mai. Toutes nos observations correspondent à des individus isolés ou en

couple dans des milieux ouverts où les arbres dispersés leur servent de perchoir. Le

Rollier varié est à la fois plus rare et plus irrégulier, n’ayant été vu que cinq fois sur

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

51

Figure 5, Variations décadaires de l’abondance moyenne par PEO des Polies

africains au cours de la saison des pluies à Bern bêla, au sud de la zone d’étude.

les 164 PEO réalisés dans le sud (abondance moyenne de 0,05) et neuf fois sur les

132 PEO du nord (abondance moyenne de 0,08). Le très petit nombre d’observa-

tions exclut toute analyse des variations d’abondance dans la région.

Reproduction, parades et agressivité

La saison de reproduction du Rollier d’Àbyssînie et du Roi le africain correspond

aux dernières semaines de la saison sèche et aux premières de la saison des pluies

quelle que soit la latitude (Eîgood et al 1973, Fry et al 1988, Thonnerieux 1988).

Une même espèce se reproduira d’autant plus tôt dans Tannée qu’elle vivra à une

latitude plus méridionale, étant donné la progression du front des pluies du sud

vers le nord en début de saison des pluies. Le Rollier varié, quant à lui, semble se

reproduire durant la seconde moitié de la saison des pluies (août-octobre) en

Mauritanie et au Sénégal (Fry et al 1992) mais de février à avril en région nord-

guinéenne (6°N) selon Thiollay (1985).

Rollier d’Abyssinie

Comme tous ses congénères, le Rollier d’Abyssinie montre, pour nicher, une

préférence marquée pour les cavités naturelles dans les troncs ou les branches des

52

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

arbres, plus particulièrement les baobabs. Dans la région d’étude, la période de

reproduction s’étend de fin mai à fin juillet ou début août, lorsque les derniers

jeunes quittent le nid.

La présence de nicheurs est toujours aisée à repérer dès la fin du mois de mai

grâce à leur comportement agressif et à leurs parades très bruyantes. Les oiseaux

nicheurs poursuivent, en lançant des cris stridents, tout oiseau d’une certaine taille

qui s’approche de l’arbre qu’ils ont choisi pour leur nid. Certains oiseaux

effectuent même des vols en piqué sur les observateurs. En mai et juin, les

agressions interspécifiques sont aussi fréquentes que les agressions intraspécifiques

(Fig. 6) et les nicheurs cavernicoles sont principalement visés (Fig. 7). En octobre-

novembre, un deuxième pic d’agressivité est observé. L’agressivité est alors surtout

dirigée contre des individus de la même espèce (Fig. 6). Sur les 14 espèces

répertoriée attaquées (Tableau 1) en plus des Rolliers d’Abyssinie, on ne note plus

de préférence pour les espèces cavernicoles (Fig. 7).

Lors des vols de parade, l’oiseau s’élance plusieurs fois de suite, verticalement

vers le ciel pour redescendre ensuite en une sorte de piqué qui s’interrompt à

quelques mètres du sol. Ce comportement accompagné de salutations ou de

nourrissages entre les membres d’un couple est plus souvent observé durant les

deux dernières décades de juin correspondant, dans la région, à la fin de la période

d’installation des nids (Fig. 6). C’est uniquement durant ce mois que les oiseaux

ont été vus dans ou aux abords de cavités dans les arbres.

12 i

I I T I I I I I I I I T I I I I

mai3 juin2 juill juil3 août2 septl sept3 oct2 novl

juinl juin3 jui!2 aoûtl aoûts sept2 octl octS nov2

Cl Agression intraspécifique Agression interspécifique

E§2 Parade

Figure 6. Variations décadaires du nombre de comportements liés à la reproduction et

à la défense territoriale chez le Rollier d’Abyssinie.

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

53

mai3 juim2 juill jui!3 aoûK septl sepî3 oct2 nsvl

juinl juîn3 jui!2 aoûtl aoûts sept2 octl oct3 nov2

a

Nicheurs cavernicoles

Nicheurs non-cavernicoles

Figure 7. Variations décadaires du nombre de comportements agressifs interspécifi-

ques du Rollîer d’Abyssinie selon que l’espèce impliquée niche ou non dans une cavité.

Un couple en début d’installation a été suivi plus intensivement en juin 1993. Les

premiers jours, sept individus au moins circulaient sur c. 2 ha où se dressaient 13

grands baobabs. Plusieurs oiseaux se succédaient devant l’entrée d’une cavité d’un

de ces arbres, sans d’ailleurs jamais y entrer. Les agressions et les vols de parade

étaient très nombreux autour de cet arbre. Huit jours plus tard, trois oiseaux

seulement occupaient le même arbre, mais ils rentraient à tour de rôle dans le trou

ou se perchaient au bord en tournant fréquemment la tête vers le congénère posé

juste derrière lui, dans une sorte de mouvement d’invite. Un des trois Rolliers offrit

même un lézard à un de ses compagnons. Les moments d’agressivité se faisaient

Tableau 1. Espèces attaquées par le Roi fier d’Abyssinie.

Scopus umbretta Ombrette Tockus nasutus Calao à bec noir

Necrosyrtes monachus Vautour charognard Oenanîhe oenanthe Traquet motteux

Buteo auguralis Buse d’Afrique

Butasîur rufipennis Buse des sauterelles

Falco ardosiaceus Faucon ardoisé

Crinifer piscator Touraco gris

Eurystomus glaucums Ro i U: africain

Ceryie rudis Martin-pêcheur pie

Corvineila corvina Corvinelle

Cinnyricinclus leucogasîer Etourneau

améthyste

Lamprotornis purpureus Etourneau

pourpré

Corvus albus Corbeau pie

54

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

plus rares. Une semaine plus tard, seuls deux individus étaient régulièrement

visibles sur le même arbre. L’un d’entre eux au moins effectuait de nombreux vols

de parade au dessus de l’arbre, ou rentrait la tête dans le trou du baobab. Ces deux

oiseaux semblaient se “tolérer” sur le même arbre alors qu’un troisième installé

dans le trou, probablement pour couver, n’en sortit qu’une seule fois en deux

heures.

Dans la région, les premiers apports de nourriture au nid sont observés durant la

deuxième décade de juin et les premiers juvéniles volants en compagnie d’adultes

pendant la deuxième décade de juillet. Dans un cas, un couple qui nourrissait

régulièrement des jeunes au nid, tolérait aussi un troisième individu sur le même

arbre alors que deux autres Rolliers d’Abyssinie installés à environ 150 m faisaient

l’objet d’agressions intermittentes, au même titre qu’un Corbeau pie Corvus albus

ou des Vautours charognards Necrosyrtes monachus de passage.

Rolle africain

Les seuls indices de reproduction que nous ayons pu recueillir pour le Rolle

africain se résument à deux observations durant la deuxième moitié d’août 1992 et

à trois observations entre la mi-août et la mi-septembre 1993, d’un adulte

accompagné d’un jeune volant, sur des points d’observation où l’espèce n’avait pas

été notée plus tôt en saison. Dans un cas, la paire adulte-jeune attaqua un Rollier

d’Abyssinie en vol.

En dehors de cela, on a vu que durant le mois de juin, les conflits avec les

Rolliers d’Abyssinie sont fréquents. A deux occasions, les Rolles prennent

l’initiative des attaques au point qu’une fois, cinq individus réussissent à chasser

définitivement un couple de Rolliers d’Abyssinie qui tentait de s’installer dans un

baobab. Durant tout le mois de juin, ces cinq oiseaux restent agressifs vis à vis

d’autres espèces de taille équivalente ou supérieure comme le Milan noir Milvus

migrans ou le Héron cendré Ardea cinerea. Ils n’adoptent par contre aucun

comportement de parade ou d’agressivité entre eux. Ce groupe d’oiseaux disparaît

au mois d’août et seuls des individus de passage sont encore observés sur le même

site à partir du mois de septembre.

Sachant que cette espèce se reproduit avec certitude au sud de la région d’étude

et qu’elle montre ensuite une nette tendance à monter vers le nord avec l’arrivée

des pluies (Elgood et al. 1973, Thiollay 1985, 1989), le Rolle africain ne se

reproduirait pas dans notre zone d’étude. Nos données suggèrent plutôt que, lors

de leur migration vers le nord, ils peuvent établir un territoire qu’ils défendent

temporairement. La période de reproduction étant corrélée à la date d’arrivée des

premières pluies, les Rolles africains se reproduisent d’autant plus tard qu’ils

vivent à une latitude élevée et proche de notre zone d’étude. Les groupes agressifs

observés en juin seraient, soit des nicheurs très méridionaux ayant terminé leur

reproduction, soit des oiseaux non-nicheurs ayant déjà migré vers le nord.

L’absence de jeunes volants parmi les oiseaux observés en juin et en juillet

conforterait plutôt l’hypothèse d’oiseaux non-nicheurs ou ayant échoué dans leur

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

55

tentative de nidification. Les jeunes accompagnés d’adultes observés en août

correspondent, par contre, à des nichées réussies au sud de la région d’étude. A

partir de septembre, la dispersion postnuptiale semble être complète, avec l’aban-

don de toute agressivité territoriale et l’observation d’individus dispersés et très

mobiles en plusieurs endroits de la région.

R oil ier varié

Les indices de reproduction de cette espèce sont rares. Le 26 juillet 1993, un adulte

est observé en compagnie de deux jeunes volants tout près de Ouahigouya. Un peu

plus tôt dans le mois et à 40 km au nord de cette ville, un couple est noté en train

d’attaquer un Calao à bec noir Tockus nasuîus en vol. Sur le site d’observation du

nord (Kaïn), durant le mois d’octobre 1993, un couple s’agite en grognant autour

d’un trou de baobab. Un individu juvénile est observé une fois dans la même zone

durant ce même mois.

Rien ne permet donc d’affirmer que le Roi lier varié se reproduit dans la zone

d’étude. Comme dans le cas de l’espèce précédente, les jeunes individus observés ne

sont pas nécessairement nés sur place et un comportement agressif n’est pas

toujours lié à la reproduction.

Discussion

Les observations dans le nord du Burkina Faso confirment à la fois la distribution

latitudinale des trois espèces de Coraciidae considérées mais également, pour deux

d’entre elles, l’existence de déplacements réguliers nord-sud en fonction de la

saison. Aux latitudes de cette étude, ces mouvements se traduisent soit par des

variations progressives d’abondance d’une espèce sahélienne présente toute l’an-

née (R oh ter d’Abyssinie) soit par l’apparition pendant quelques mois seulement

d’une espèce plus soudanienne (Rolle africain). Le R. other varié semble être en

limite d’aire de distribution dans la zone d’étude.

De très nombreuses espèces d’Afrique de l’Ouest effectuent ce genre de

déplacements parallèles à ceux du front intertropical des pluies (Elgood et al

1973). Le R oilier d’Abyssinie et le Rolle africain font partie du groupe de celles qui

réalisent une migration postnuptiale dans le but très probable d’optimiser leur

recherche de nourriture en profitant de l’abondance des proies induite par les

pluies au nord de leur aire de reproduction.

Le comportement reproducteur des Rolliers est peu étudié (Fry et al 1992).

L’existence chez le R oilier d’Abyssinie d’une période internuptiale d’agressivité

lors du retour de migration en début de saison sèche ou celle d’un troisième

individu qui accompagnerait le couple au moment de la nidification semblent ne

pas avoir été mentionnés.

L’évolution dans le temps de la fréquence des comportements agressifs inter et

fiur aspécifiques et des parades est liée à la stratégie de survie en saison sèche et à la

56

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher

Malimbus 18

reproduction. De mai à juillet, les Rolliers d’Abyssinie se reproduisent et ont donc

tendance à s’opposer à toute espèce potentiellement concurrente pour l’occupation

de cavités d’arbres. Après la saison des pluies, le retour des Rolliers sur leur zone

de nidification est suivi d’une phase d’intense agressivité prioritairement dirigée

vers leurs congénères. Cette forte tension agressive concerne aussi dans une

moindre mesure d’autres espèces mais alors avec moins de sélectivité pour les

nicheurs cavernicoles qu’au début de la saison des pluies. Celle-ci peut avoir

plusieurs causes. Il s’agit vraisemblablement de manifestations de compétition

pour l’établissement de territoires de survie en saison sèche, lors du retour de

migration. Ces territoires ne seraient peut-être pas occupés en permanence

puisqu’au cours du mois de novembre les oiseaux deviennent rares ou très discrets

sur les sites où ils étaient si visibles et combatifs le mois précédent. Les

comportements agressifs sont accompagnés de comportements de parade (vols,

salutations) qui correspondent probablement à une phase de formation des

couples. D’autres espèces similaires sont ainsi soupçonnées de former les couples

bien avant la période de nidification: c’est le cas du Rollier indien Coracias

benghalensis à Delhi ou du Rollier d’Europe Coracias garrulus dans ses quartiers

d’hivernage africains (Cramp 1985). Les Guêpiers à gorge blanche Merops

albicollis sont également connus pour parader dans leur territoire

d’hivernage avant d’entreprendre leur migration vers les zones sahéliennes (Fry et

al. 1988).

Chez les Rolliers, seul le Rollier à ventre bleu, espèce sociale polyandre ou

polygine, est signalée comme nicheur bénéficiant de nombreux individus-aides

(Thiollay 1985). L’existence d’un individu-aide auprès de couples nicheurs de

Rolliers d’Europe est citée par certains auteurs et contestée par d’autres (voir

Cramp 1985). Comme dans le cas de nos observations pour le Rollier d’Abyssinie,

il est probable que ce n’est pas très fréquent. Nous n’avons pas vu l’individu

surnuméraire jouer un rôle actif dans la nidification. Il était simplement toléré

auprès du nid.

A leur arrivée dans la région en juin, les attaques de Rolles africains, en

particulier contre les Rolliers d’Abyssinie, ne semblent pas pouvoir s’expliquer en

termes de reproduction, l’espèce ne paraissant pas nicher sur la zone d’étude. Par

contre, elle est connue pour son extrême agressivité sur ses lieux de nidification

(Thiollay 1971b). Des Rolliers d’Europe, espèce également très territoriale, ayant

échoué dans leur nidification tentent parfois de s’associer avec un couple en train

de se reproduire, provoquant ainsi de nombreux conflits (Cramp 1985). La

présence d’oiseaux non-nicheurs en période de reproduction ne serait pas surpre-

nante chez le Rolle africain, cela ayant été observé pour le Rolle à ventre bleu

(Thiollay 1971) ou le Rollier d’Europe C. garrulus (Cramp 1985).

Les données concernant le Rollier varié suggèrent que les périodes de ponte

soient échelonnées dans le temps. Des individus manifestement nés dans l’année

ont été observés en juillet et en octobre, les premiers contredisant les données qui

situent la période ponte entre août et septembre, à des latitudes similaires (Fry et

1996

Reproduction et déplacements Coraciidae

57

al 1992) mais confirmant la possibilité de reproduction entre février et avril en

zone guinéenne (Thiollay 1985).

En conclusion, cette étude montre que dans F environnement saisonnier, sahé-

lien et soudanien de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, les trois espèces étudiées adoptent une

stratégie de migration complexe et propre à chacun d’eux mais qui reste parallèle

aux déplacements latitudinaux du front des pluies. Cette stratégie de déplacement

est indissociable du cycle de reproduction dont les modalités restent encore mal

connues. Le rôle des relations antagonistes intraspécifiques et interspécifiques

pour la défense d’un territoire ou la réussite de la nidification mériterait d’être

approfondi notamment par l’observation plus intensive de couples et d’individus,

si possible marqués, pendant plusieurs années.

Bibliographie

Cramp, S. (ed.) (1985) The Birds of the Western Palearctic , vol 4. Oxford

University Press, Oxford.

Elgggd, J. H., Fry, C.H. & Dowsett, RJ. (1973) African migrants in Nigeria.

Ibis 115: 1-45, 375-411.

Fry, CH., Fry, K. & Harris, A. (1992) Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers.

Christopher Helm, London.

Fry, C.H., Keith, S. & Urban, E.K. (1988) The Birds of Africa , vol. 3. Academic

Press, London.

Koster, S.H. & Grettenbekger, I. (1983) A preliminary survey of birds in Park

W, Niger. Malimbus 5: 62-72.

Mqynihan, M. (1988) The opportunism of the Abyssinian roller ( Coracias

abyssinica) in Senegal. Rev. Ecol (Terre Vie) 43: 159-166.

Thiollay, J.M. (1971a) L’avifaune de la région de Lamto (Moyenne Côte

d’Ivoire). Ann. Univ. Abidjan. Sér . El Ecol 1: 5-132.

Thiollay, J.M. (1971b) Les guêpiers et les rolliers d’une zone de contact savane-

forêt en Côte d’ivoire. Oiseau Rev. fr. Oui. 41: 148-162.

Thiollay, J.M. (1985) Stratégies adaptatives comparées des rolliers ( Coracias

spp.) sédentaires et migrateurs dans une savane guinéenne. Rev. Ecol. (Terre

Vie ) 40: 355-378.

Thiollay, J.M. (1989) The birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution.

Malimbus 7: 1-59.

Thonnerieux, Y. (1988) Etat des connaissances sur la reproduction de Pavifaune

du Burkina Faso (ex Haute-' Volta). Oiseau Rev.fr. Orn . 58: 120-146.

Thonnerieux, Y., Walsh J. F. & Bortoli L. (1989) L’avifaune de la ville de

Ouagadougou et ses environs. Malimbus 11: 7-40.

58

Malimbus 18

Short Notes

Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia on the coast of Cameroon

On 20 Feb 1993, on the small lagoon behind Six-mile Beach, Limbe, excellent close

views were obtained of a single Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia , feeding

often only 1-2 m from a Great White Egret E. alba, the striking difference in size

and appearance being immediately obvious. This species was, until recently,

known in Cameroon only from L. Chad (Louette 1981), but it has since been

found on the Rio del Rey estuary by Green (in press) and in the Benue Valley by

Girard et al. (in press).

References

Girard, O. & Thal, J. (in press) Quelques observations ornithologiques dans la

région de Garoua, Cameroun. Malimbus.

GREEn, A. A. (in press) More bird records from Rio del Rey estuary, Cameroon.

Malimbus.

Louette, M. (1981) The birds of Cameroon. An annotated checklist. Verhandel.

Kon. Acad. Wetensch. Lett. Schone Kunst. Belg., Kl. Wetensch. 43(163): 1-295.

Received 30 April 1993 I. Martinez1, V.A. Elliott1 & G.D. Field2

Revised 17 January 1996 'Gombau 2, Ier, 08003 Barcelona, Spain

237 Milton Grove, New Milton, Hants, U.K.

Historical records of birds from the Republic of Benin

A recent list of birds from the Republic of Benin (Dowsett 1993) omitted reference

to some of the earliest publications on the ornithology of that country, formerly

known as Dahomey. One of these early papers documented species, listed below,

which should be added to the list for the country.

Francisco Newton collected specimens of 16 species which were deposited in the

Lisbon Museum and documented by Sousa (1887). This collection contained little

very unusual material but a second collection of Newton’s, described by Bocage

(1892), added a further 13 species including Charadrius (“Aegialitis”) tricollaris.

This bird, a male, was probably a Forbes’s Plover C.forbesi, which taxon was only

described by Shelley in 1883 and was sometimes treated as a subspecies of the

Three-banded Plover C. tricollaris (e.g. by Sclater 1924). C. tricollaris is however

also possible as it has been recorded in neighbouring Nigeria (Elgood et al 1994).

Unfortunately, the identity of the specimen cannot be checked as all the collections

in the Bocage Museum, Lisbon, were destroyed by fire in 1978 (C. Almaça in litt.).

Neither species is included by Dowsett (1993).

1996

Notes courtes

59

Bouet (1914) recorded 141 species from Benin, of which four were omitted by

Dowsett (1993), namely Black Heron Egret ta ardesiaca , Common Quail Coturnix

coturnix, White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconota and Zebra Waxbill Aman-

dava subflava. Bouet also recorded two other species absent from Dowsett’s list:

Violet-tailed Sunbird Anthreptes aurantium which, like the record of A. aurantium

in Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994) was probably a mis-identification for Violet-backed

Sunbird A. longuemarei, and Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus. Records for the

latter were based on hearsay regarding the species’ presence, albeit rare, in forests

north of Sakété (6°43'N, 2°40'E) and on captive specimens said to be from that

region. In a later publication, Bouet (1955) did not mention the record of the

White-backed Duck, but the original paper gave no hint of any doubts, when

referring to the duck as rare and seen on the banks of the R. Niger at Bodjécali

(11°53'N, 3°27'E). As the R. Niger forms the border with the Niger Republic at

this site, T. leuconota should, perhaps, also be added to the list for Niger. It was

not included by Giraudoux et al. (1988).

I am grateful to Prof. C. Almaça for information on the fate of the collections in

Lisbon, Mrs F.E. Warr for supplying photocopies, M.P. Walters for assistance

with synonyms and R.J. Dowsett, A. Tye and R. Wilkinson for comments.

References

Bocage, J.V.B. du (1892) Aves de Dahomé. J. Sci. math. phys. nat. Lisboa ,

(2)2(7): 185-187.

Bouet, G. (1914) Liste des oiseaux recueillis ou observés au Dahomey de 1908 à

1911. Rev. fr. Orn. 3: 265-269, 305-308.

Bouet, G. (1955) Oiseaux de l’Afrique Tropicale (première partie). ORSTOM,

Paris.

Dowsett, R.J. (1993) Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country lists. In

Dowsett, R.J. & Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (eds) A Contribution to the Distribu-

tion and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy Birds. Res. Rep. 5, Tauraco

Press, Liège.

Elgood, J.H., Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharland, R.E. &

Skinner, N.J. (1994) The Birds of Nigeria. Check-list 4. (2nd ed.), British

Ornithologists’ Union, Tring.

Girardoux, P., Degauqier, R., Jones, P.J., Weigel, J. & Isenmann, P.

(1988). Avifaune du Niger: état des connaissances en 1986. Malimbus 10: 1-140.

Sclater, W.L. (1924) Systema Avium Aethiopicarum. Part 1. British Ornitho-

logists’ Union, London.

Sousa, J. A. (1887) Aves de Dahomey. J. Sci. math. phys. nat. Lisboa 11 (44): 1-3.

Received 29 September 1995 Dr. R. A. Cheke

Revised 15 January 1996 c/o Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue,

Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U. K.

60

Malimbus 18

Book Reviews

Where to Watch Birds in Africa. By N. Wheatley, 1995. Pp. 432, 51 line drawings,

> 100 maps. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-4013-8, hardback, £14.99.

Most of the books in the Where to Watch Birds series cover a single U.K. county; a

few deal with whole countries. The author of this one is attempting to cover a

continent, as he has also done for S America. Is it possible to produce a usefully

detailed guide in a single book? The author states that he cannot direct a visitor to

every site and bird, but is trying to provide a “guiding light”. He omits general

information of the kind given by travel guides, in favour of information on birds;

this is fine, but the bibliography should have included a comprehensive list of

travel guides which provide such information, and it doesn’t. The logistics sections

are cut down to features of interest to bird-watchers (road condition, climate,

timing of visits etc.) but there are some fatuous hangovers which could have been

removed to permit fuller treatment of more countries: the “Accommodation and

Food” section consists of statements such as “A variety of food is available in

most places, including pasta”.

This is very much a book for twitchers; calmer souls may become irritated with

the jargon and amused by the listing contrivances expounded (the main reason

given for visiting Egypt is to add a few Afrotropical species to one’s Palaearctic

list). The introduction reviews the continent from this point of view: which

countries and sites boast the longest species lists and most endemics, and how

many one could expect to see in two or three weeks.

The biggest mistake was to use exclusively English names for the birds, and to

take them from Clements (1991, Birds of the World , 4th ed. plus 1992 and 1993

supplements). Many of the names in this N American publication differ from those

in current use in Africa and it is often impossible to tell what species the author is

talking about, without consulting Clements. A list of southern African species

with Clements’s, “common use” and scientific names is provided, but this should

have been provided for the whole continent.

Country accounts make up most of the book; they concentrate on describing the

fewest sites which could provide a more or less complete tick-list of endemics and

specialities. This usually results in most of each country being ignored although, in

addition to the 2-3 major sites discussed for each country, a few others are assigned

a few extra lines. Site bird lists (which make up the bulk of the book’s text) include

restricted-range, rare or little-known species, and a selection of other spectacular

or sought-after birds.

Factually, the site accounts seem to match the author’s claims (partly because he

so circumscribes them), although there are errors and many over-generalizations.

Perhaps the most misleading group concerns site access: many of the sites

described are restricted, or open only with permission; this is not always stated, or

one is told to ask permission but not where or who to ask. Although the book

1996

Critiques de livres

61

might help to promote conservation by increasing eco-tourism, it could also have a

negative effect, by bringing birders into conflict with local authorities.

Country coverage is highly uneven. Kenya gets the most pages (26, with most of

its sites getting more space than entire W African countries), while Equatorial

Guinea and Guinea-Bissau get least (1.5 pages each — bear in mind that half a page

for each country is a map). Three countries are omitted (Western Sahara, Lesotho,

Swaziland) despite the claim that two of them are included in the South Africa

account (they aren’t). Countries with < 10 pages are not covered adequately, and

that applies to 19 of the 24 W African states. It is astonishing that countries like

Cape Verde (2), Ghana (2, with a map that shows none of the sites mentioned) and

Mali (3.5) are dismissed so briefly. It is precisely such poorly known countries that

need a guide of this kind. In W Africa, the guide only approaches adequacy for

Cameroon (16), Gabon (14), Gambia (10) and Ivory Coast (12).

This latter selection reveals the book’s main purpose: to describe the smallest

number of sites which would enable a lister to get the birds of a region most easily.

The book is definitely not a guide to a selection of the best places in every country

in Africa. So it is only worth buying if you suffer from a twitch and want to know

which countries to visit to get your lifers fastest, or if you happen to be visiting

some of the better-covered countries. For any of the others, it would be possible to

make notes very quickly from a library copy, or standing by the shelves in the local

bookshop. Even for the more fully-treated countries, the amount of information

presented inevitably falls short of that in country checklists or guides, which are

available for many countries in Africa. Still, non-listers, planning a less single-

minded holiday, might find it useful as a selective guide to a few sites not dealt with

by general guidebooks, which could add interest to the trip.

Alan Tye

Les Oiseaux de l’Archipel du Cap Vert/ As Aves do Arquîpélago de Cabo Verde. By

R. de Naurois, 1994. Pp. xvii + 188, 10 colour plates. Institute de Investigaçâo

Cientifica Tropical, Lisbon. ISBN 972-672-628-X, hardback. Obtainable from

Centro de Documentaçâo e Informaçâo do IICT, Rua de Jau 47, 1300 Lisboa,

Portugal.

The Birds of the Cape Verde Islands. By CJ. Hazevoet. Pp. 192, 48 colour plates.

Check-list 13, British Ornithologists’ Union, Tring. ISBN 0-907446-17-5, hard-

back, £17.

The Cape Verde Islands are of interest because they lie on the western margin of

the Old World, in the region where the Palaearctic and Afrotropical biota overlap

62

Book Reviews

Malimbus 18

and in a position in the Atlantic roughly comparable to that of the Galapagos

Islands in the Pacific. In fact, although it has seldom been noticed, Charles Darwin

first encountered sibling species of passerine there. Most of the information about

them has already been reviewed in the massive History of the Birds of the Cape

Verde Islands by D.A. & W.M. Bannerman (1968, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh), but

that is now out of print and costly, so it was time for an up-to-date summary and

here are two, of different sorts.

The main new contribution in the Bannermans5 work was the preliminary

reports on a series of visits to all the islands by the Abbé René de Naurois, from

1962 to 1969. It was said that he would be publishing more details himself, but

these have taken the form of over 30 short notes on individual species and topics,

which he has now summarized in parallel French and Portuguese texts, in what is

essentially an illustrated field guide. It includes brief accounts of the geography,

vegetation and avifauna, and one-page descriptions of each species (under the

headings vernacular names, wing length, description, distribution, habitat, food,

voice, reproduction) with coloured figures of the birds and their closest mainland

allies, a summary of some biological conclusions and a limited bibliography,

mainly listing his own works.

The author of the second book, C.J. Hazevoet, first visited the islands with a

birdwatching tour in 1986, married a Cabo-Verdian, and has been intermittently

resident there, visiting all the islands, since 1988. He also summarizes, at greater

length, the history, geography, climate, vegetation, habitats, breeding, migration,

zoogeography and conservation of the islands and their birds. The main news is

that, while after recent droughts the larks have been spreading and the sparrows

fluctuating, the endemic Cane Warbler Acrocephalus brevipennis has disappeared

from two of the three islands where it occurred, and some seabirds, notably the

Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens, are also reduced. Little attention is

paid to the many other past visiting ornithologists, to field notes on the birds, or to

the peculiarities of the avifauna. Instead, most effort is devoted to promoting a

new cladistic taxonomy, whereby three endemic species and 1 6 races are reduced

to 14 “phylogenetic species” (and my classification of the gadfly-petrels is

misrepresented on p. 155).

Since I first proposed that the B.O.U. publish these check-lists, and requests are

made in them for records in the name of the Union, I should like to record my

concern at the way in which, instead of being used as a means of elucidating the

normal avifauna and features of biological interest of the area concerned, they are

now becoming erratic tourist tick-lists, often using unconventional taxonomy and

nomenclature, as in the similar case of the use of an alphabetical order of genera

and species in the Gambia list (M.E.J. Gore, Birds of The Gambia , 1990). It seems

time these currently unsupervized B.O.U. productions were subjected to peer

review.

W.R.P. Bourne

1996

Critiques de livres

63

Les Oiseaux des Iles du Golfe de Guinée/ As Aves das Ilhas do Golfo da Guiné. By R,

de Naurois, 1994. Pp. xxiv + 208, 24 plates. Institute de Investigaçâo Cientifica

Tropical, Lisbon. ISBN 972=672-629-8, hardback. Obtainable from Centro de

Documentaçâo e Informaçâo do IICT, Rua de Jau 47, 1300 Lisboa, Portugal.

All who have studied the birds of the Gulf of Guinea islands over the last decade

or so owe a great debt to the Abbé de Naurois, whose visits to Sao Tomé and

Principe in 1963 and 1970-73 have led to the publication of more than 20 papers

(with more promised) dealing with the ecology and systematics of their avifauna.

Unfortunately, much of this scholarship has appeared in relatively obscure

journals. Now in his 90th year, Réné de Naurois has brought this material together

in one volume, covering the three oceanic islands of great interest to ornithologists

because of their high levels of endemism. However, most of the material deals with

Sao Tomé and Principe; Annobôn (where the author never worked) seems almost

to have been added as an afterthought, and much of the information for it is

incomplete or erroneous (especially status and occurrence: e.g. the endemic race of

Aplopelia larvata is omitted entirely, and several species are listed as present which

have never been recorded there).

An appealing feature of the book is that it is presented as parallel texts in French

and Portuguese on facing pages, placing it among the few recent accounts of Gulf

of Guinea birds that are accessible to lusophone readers. It begins with an

interesting biographical preface by J.C. de Cabral, which provides intriguing

glimpses into the eventful life of this mathematician, priest, soldier and ornitholo-

gist. Brief geographical descriptions of the islands are followed by a summary of

their flora and forest formations, which stresses the islands’ botanical uniqueness

and sets the scene for the ensuing discussion of the avifauna. There is a short

history of early ornithological exploration, and an analysis and checklist of

resident species. The bulk of the book, however, comprises species accounts that

include information on distribution, food, behaviour and breeding.

Sadly, despite its potential as a coherent résumé of previously published work,

and the inclusion of some hitherto unpublished observations, the book has

significant faults. Virtually all of the considerable amount of new information

obtained from recent visits to the islands by other workers is ignored. An obvious

deficiency is the omission of new data on the Dwarf Olive Ibis Bostrychia bocagei,

Sao Tomé Fiscal Lanius newtoni, Sao Tomé Short-tail Amaurocichla bocagii and

Sâo Tomé Grosbeak Neospiza concolor, whose recent rediscovery is included only

as footnotes, where that of the grosbeak is wrongly credited. The bibliography

neglects all but Naurois’s own papers: only eight other articles on the islands’ birds

are listed. Many references are misdated, and many quoted in the text are omitted

from the bibliography (including some of Naurois’s own publications!), rendering

it impossible to trace and check otherwise unsupported statements. The text is full

of slips, some serious (e.g. species mis-named, data attributed to the wrong species,

previously published information misinterpreted, records mis-dated etc.). An

64

Book Reviews

Malimbus 18

opportunity to provide a complete review of the avifauna has also been missed,

because only breeding species are dealt with and the large number of more or less

regular visitors omitted. Misleadingly, a species is marked “absent” in Table 1 if it

is not known to breed, and finally, some known or suspected residents ( e.g .

Francolinus afer ) are left out.

Because of such errors, the book is dangerous as a work of reference. It is not a

field guide either — its large, glossy format precludes that— but until the ECOFAC-

sponsored guide to the birds of Sao Tomé and Principe appears, it is valuable as a

supplementary guide: it is the only volume to describe and illustrate all of the three

islands’ endemic birds (and most other residents). However, although a couple of

the plates by Marc Chamaillard are engaging in their old-fashioned style, most are

naïve and rather obviously painted from skins.

The book is thus a mixture of very valuable field notes and very unreliable

reportage: a great contribution but one which must be used with equally great

care. But whatever its faults, it will be of interest to all engaged in the natural

history of the islands and hopefully to the sâotomenses themselves, who still have

few other ways of learning about their unique bird-life. Above all, this volume

stands to remind us of a remarkable and indefatigable man who has contributed so

much to our knowledge of the Gulf of Guinea avifauna.

P.J. Jones & A. Tye

Woodpeckers. A guide to the woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks of the world. By H.

Winkler, D.A. Christie & D. Nurney, 1995. Pp. 406, 64 col. plates. Pica Press,

Mountfield. ISBN 1-873403-25-9, hardback, £30.

This book does not attempt to compete with Short’s monograph on the same

group (1982, Woodpeckers of the World , Delaware Mus., Greenville), at least not

on the taxonomic front. It is, however, also a monograph of a sort, placing equal

emphasis on biology and identification and giving much fuller treatment of

biological aspects than similar works in this series (or comparable series, e.g.

Helm). It is also bigger, with smaller print (small than on this page) and scarcely a

blank space, so that the amount of information crammed in is phenomenal; other

publishers could learn from this. I did not feel that the small type was a

disadvantage in a work which is primarily for reference, not leisure reading. The

bibliography includes about 600 references to key works, making this a good

starting point for investigations into the biology of Picidae.

There are the usual introductory chapters, brief (total c. 30 pages) but wide-

ranging and well-referenced, including an interesting one on mechanics (how

woodpeckers climb and why they don’t get headaches, but the explanation of how

they stow the long tongue left me still puzzled). But some of this is highly technical

and only likely to be appreciated in full by the professional biologist.

1996

Critiques de livres

65

Some 230 pages are devoted to the species texts, which are set out much as in

The Birds of Africa (Fry et ai 1988, vol. 3, hereafter “BoA”), with sections on

identification, distribution, movements, habitat, descriptions voice, habits, food,

breeding and references. West Africa is moderately rich in species: two wrynecks

Jynx, a piculet Sasia, nine Campethera , 1 1 Dendropicos, and one Picoides. The

texts are quite full and I spotted few errors or misinterpretations, although one

might question some statements, such as the records of Sasia from Ghana and

Nigeria being of “abnormally long-distance dispersal” in what is probably quite a

sedentary species and which is notoriously hard to see. One remarkable oversight

is the irregularity of comment on status and conservation. Some species have a

sentence or two, others nothing at all, even some well-studied ones. The accom-

panying maps, on the other hand, contain many errors (some traceable to BoA!),

and are hard to read because not enough underlying detail is included (e.g. no

political boundaries).

The clear and spacious, field-guide fashion plates, by Nurney, show all species in

a precise, attractive style, and include a range of subspecies at the expense of

immature plumages. They seem generally accurate, although the greens and

golden-greens are too dull, and some of the browns not quite right — rather

important for Campethera and Dendropicos spp.

Although this is one of the best books of its type that I have come across, to

have a real use to most people, such a book should present a level of detail greater

than can be found in regional works, because most people are more interested in a

regional avifauna than a worldwide group of birds. So, although this book deals

with all the world’s woodpeckers, I personally would consult BoA for information

on African species, or Birds of the Western Palaearctic (Cramp et al, Oxford Univ.

Press) for European ones; both these works are more detailed than the present

book. Therefore, although there may be more buyers in regions with fewer

competing books (Asia, S America?), I suspect that the real market here will again

be bird book collectors, who may not care greatly about the precise content.

Alan Tye

66

Malimbus 18

News and Letters

Request for information on Little Terns off West Africa

This note stems from discussions by the British Ornithologists’ Union Records

Committee (BOURC) about a bird which was apparently a Least Tern Sterna

(albifrons) antillarum, which was present at Rye Harbour, U.K., on and off

through the summers of 1983-1992. BOURC is likely to accept this as a valid

species, split from S. albifrons. However, there are problems over the status of the

West African “S. albifrons guineae”, which seems to be intermediate between the

two species in plumage, but which is little known. In particular, there seem to be

no recordings or other data relating to its vocalizations. Indeed, so little is known

about it that it is even possible that it is actually a form of S. antillarum , rather

than of S. albifrons. The plumage descriptions from Rye Harbour do not appear to

exclude guineae , and this form may be as likely to turn up in Britain as N

American S. antillarum.

The purpose of this note is to encourage any readers who might visit the range

of guineae to pay particular attention to the bird and, if possible, to obtain

recordings of its vocalizations. These would be of great value in allowing an

assessment of the status of the subspecies and of the identity of the British records.

Please send any information to:

Dr D.T. Parkin (Chairman, BOURC)

Dept of Genetics, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.

Fax: +44 (0)1159 709906. Email: david.parkin@nott.ac.uk

Yellow-billed Stork — Tantale africain — Mycteria ibis

Photo: Michael Gore

1996

67

Society Notices

Editor’s Report for 1994-95

Malimhus Volume 16 contained 140 pages and Volume 17 comprised 116, each in

the usual two parts, issued in June and November 1994, and May and December

1995. Since Malirnbus began publication, the average number of pages per volume

has been 125. We are thus back to about the average, after the lean years of the

early 90s. As in previous years, there has been no backlog of completed

manuscripts, causing the spacing between issues to be irregular. Some delay was

also caused by changing typesetter between the two issues of 1995, when I moved

from Tanzania. The aim is still to regularize the appearance of issues but this is an

elusive goal for a small journal with an irregular supply of manuscripts coming in.

The supply of papers and numbers published are given below. No submitted

articles were withdrawn by their authors during the period.

1994 1995

Indexes to Volumes 14, 15 and 16 were also published, as well as a booklet of

guidelines for applicants for the newly-established W.A.O.S. Research Grants.

Of the 32 scientific articles published, 25 required revision by their authors

(beyond minor editorial changes), a process which occupied between one and 32

months (mean 12 months). The delay between receiving a final acceptable version

of a paper and its publication ranged from two to nine months (mean 4.8); the

longer delays were caused by the irregular spacing of the issues (longest gap 7

months). Adding the time taken for review by referees, editing by me and proof-

reading by authors, the delay between receiving an initial submission and its

publication was 4-41 months (mean 14.7); however, this longer delay than in

previous years was caused by the final completion of a few manuscripts which had

been awaiting revision by their authors for up to 2.7 years, and 56% of papers were

published within a year of receipt.

Six papers were rejected owing to one or more of the following shortcomings:

falling outside the area of interest of the journal (1); conclusions unjustified by the

data (5); no new data (4); results invalidated by poor methodology (1); argument

incomprehensible (2). Rejection took place within eight months of receipt (and

68

Society Notices

Malimbus 18

after refereeing) in all cases. As I wrote in an editorial in 1993, poor papers with

even a small amount to contribute are usually accepted and heavily edited; these

six appeared irredeemable.

As before, all the full-length papers in Malimbus and over 80% of Short Notes

are subject to peer-review by two (occasionally one, three or four) referees, who

are acknowledged as the “Editorial Board” in each issue. I should like to thank

again all the referees who have devoted their time to reviewing papers. I am

especially grateful to the reliable regulars to whom I return time after time.

My move from Tanzania necessitated a change in the production process, so I

should like to take this opportunity to thank Liz Baker, who typeset in Dar-es-

Salaam all the issues from December 1991 to May 1995; her efficient and amiable

processing of difficult material, often at short notice, was a delight. The typesetting

has now been taken on by our new printer, Pardy & Son of Ringwood, U.K. We

also lost our mailing-label producer when Amberley Moore resigned as Secretary

during 1995; thanks also to her, for accepting with such grace my unreasonable

deadlines, and to Geoffrey Field and Bob Sharland who continue to take charge of

the distribution of the journal.

Alan Tye

Rapport du Rédacteur pour 1994-95

Le volume 16 de Malimbus comprenait 140 pages et le volume 17 en comptait 1 16,

chacun avec les deux numéros habituels, parus respectivement en juin et novembre

1994 et en mai et décembre 1995. Depuis les débuts de Malimbus, le nombre moyen

de pages par volume a été de 125. Nous sommes à peu près revenus à cette

moyenne, après la pénurie du début des années 90. Comme les années précédentes,

il n’y eut pas de manuscrits achevés en souffrance, ce qui cause un espacement

irrégulier des parutions. Le changement de compositeur, dû à mon départ de

Tanzanie, causa aussi un certain retard entre les deux livraisons de 1995. Notre but

est bien d’arriver à une parution régulière mais c’est un objectif inaccessible à une

petite revue qui ne dispose pas d’un apport régulier de manuscrits.

Ci-dessous est donné le nombre de manuscrits reçus et publiés. Aucun manuscrit

soumis n’a été retiré par ses auteurs durant cette période.

1994 1995

1996

Informations de la Société

69

Les index aux volumes 14, 15 et 16 ont aussi été publiés, de même qu’une feuille

d’instructions destinée aux candidats à la Bourse de Recherche de la S. O. O. A.

récemment créée.

Sur les 32 articles scientifiques parus, 25 demandaient une revision par leurs

auteurs (sans compter de petits changements éditoriaux), tâche qui exigea entre un

et 32 mois (moyenne 12 mois). Le délai entre l’acceptation définitive d’un

manuscrit et sa publication fut de deux à neuf mois (moyenne 4.8); les délais les

plus longs résultaient de l’espacement irrégulier des parutions (le plus long

intervalle, 7 mois). Si l’on additionne le temps demandé par le comité de lecture,

mes mises au point et la lecture des épreuves par les auteurs, le délai entre la

soumission d’un article et sa publication fut de 4-41 mois (moyenne 14.7);

cependant, ce délai, plus long que les années passées, tient à ce que quelques

manuscrits n’ont été achevés par leurs auteurs qu’au bout de 2.7 années, et 56% des

manuscrits ont été publiés dans les 12 mois qui suivaient leur réception.

Six manuscrits furent refusés pour une ou plusieurs de ces raisons: ne concer-

naient pas l’aire d’intérêt de la revue (1); les données ne justifiaient pas les

conclusions (5); manque de données nouvelles (4); résultats invalidés par une

méthodologie médiocre (1); argumentation obscure (2). Le refus fut signifié, pour

tous les manuscrits, dans les huit mois qui suivirent la réception (et après examen

par des spécialistes). Comme je l’écrivais dans un éditorial de 1993, même les

articles de faible niveau, avec peu de données, sont habituellement acceptés et

profondément remaniés; les six manuscrits en question ne semblaient pas amend-

ables.

Comme par le passé, tous les longs articles et plus de 80% des Notes Courtes de

Malimbus sont soumis à un comité de lecture de deux (parfois un, trois ou quatre)

spécialistes, qui sont cités dans le “Comité de Rédaction” de chaque numéro. Je

voudrais remercier de nouveau tous les spécialistes qui ont donné de leur temps

pour la lecture des manuscrits. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant aux “fidèles”

à qui je m’adresse régulièrement.

Mon départ de Tanzanie nécessita des changements dans la production de la

revue et je saisis l’occasion pour remercier Liz Baker, qui assura à Dar-es-Salaam

la composition de tous les numéros de décembre 1991 à mai 1995; sa manière

efficace et affable de traiter les documents difficiles, souvent dans un bref délai,

était un plaisir. La composition a désormais été reprise par notre nouvel

imprimeur Pardy & Son à Ringwood, U. K. Nous avons aussi perdu celle qui

imprimait les étiquettes d’expédition quand Amberley Moore démissionna de son

poste de Secrétaire en 1995; nous la remercions aussi pour avoir accepté si

gentiment d’impossibles dates limites, de même que Geoffrey Field et Bob

Sharland qui continuent d’assurer l’expédition de la revue.

Alan Tye

70

Society Notices

Malimbus 18

W.A.O.S. Research Grant No. 2

An award of £300 has been made to Mr A. Tamungang, towards his research on

the behavioural ecology of Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus in Korup National

Park and environs, Cameroon. Mr Tamungang, is a Cameroonian graduate

student at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria; his research is taking place in

association with the Korup National Park authority and the World Wide Fund for

Nature. The fieldwork has been completed and was financed almost entirely by the

student himself; the W.A.O.S. grant will assist in the analysis of the data. A brief

description of the research appears below.

Bourse de Recherche de la S.O.O.A. no. 2

Une allocation de £300 a été décernée à M. A. Tamungang, en contribution à

l’étude des Perroquets gris Psittacus erithacus dans le Parc National de Korup et

ses environs au Cameroun. M. Tamungang est un étudiant camerounais de 3ème

cycle à l’université d’Ibadan, Nigéria; ses recherches se déroulent en association

avec la direction du Parc National de Korup et le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature

(WWF). Le travail de terrain est achevé et a été financé presque entièrement par

l’étudiant lui-même; la bourse S.O.O.A. aidera à couvrir les frais de traitement des

données. Un bref exposé des recherches est publié ci-dessous.

W.A.O.S. Research Grant report. The vanishing Grey Parrots of

Cameroon: conservation prospects.

The African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus is limited to the remaining patchy

rainforests of West and central Africa. The worldwide demand for it, mainly as a

household pet, coupled with habitat loss, menaces its survival.

Information gathered so far, in a study undertaken by the author, indicates that

the Grey Parrot is the most hunted bird in Cameroon, Tens of thousands are

captured yearly, for local consumption and export. Since 1993, Cameroon has

restricted export quotas under CITES, which has asked the government to declare

the population status in the wild, in order to justify export figures. However, little

is known about population trends and the ecology of the species, so the basic

information necessary for planned sustainable use is lacking. The present study

was established to address this dearth of information.

Conservation and sustainable use depend on the cooperation of individuals,

local communities and public institutions. To help achieve this, the Korup

National Park and its Support Zone were chosed as the study site. Here, parrot

population trends and habitat use are monitored, and parrot use and local

knowledge of the bird are evaluated. Interestingly, it appears that parrots may find

human-disturbed habitat richer in vital resources.

1996

Informations de la Société

71

Results should enable action to be taken to redress the imbalance between the

rate of exploitation and the parrots’ rate of replenishment. Habitat data collected

should be relevant to exploitation of the forest resources, and the project should

also improve conservation awareness among the local communities. Effective bird

conservation can probably not be totally separated from traditional hunting and

use of other forest resources.

Awafor Tamungang

Dept of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Auditor required

Our former auditor has resigned owing to pressure of work. Is there a member of

the Society with accounting experience who would like to volunteer for this task?

R.E. Sharland, Treasurer

Photograph errata

Was Kees Hazevoet the only person to have spotted the non-deliberate error in the

photo caption on p. 52 of the last issue (Vol. 15)? The bird pictured is quite clearly

an ordinary Redshank Tringa totanus. Congratulations to him; one is tempted to

make this a regular feature.

Also, apologies to Michael Gore, whose photographs in that issue were

inadvertently blown up by the printer beyond their best. The Redshank photo lost

the boot-print intended to give it scale, while the kingfisher on p. 1 16 should have

stood out strikingly in the centre of a clear background.

Alan Tye

72

Society Notices

Malimbus 18

West African Ornithological Society

Revenue account for the year ended 31 December 1995

T 1994

Income

Subscriptions £3141 £3073

Sales of back numbers 233 422

Interest 157 232

Donations 100

£3631 £3727

Expenditure

Printing and publication £2373 £3133

Postage 613 581

Research Grant 520

Conference - 9

Surplus for year 125 4

£3631 £3727

Balance sheet as at 31 December 1995

Assets

Building Society balance £5284 £3006

Bank balance 598 1447

Debtors 36 235

£5918 £4688

Liabilities

Creditor £1130

Subscriptions in advance 400 425

£1530 425

£4388 £4263

Accumulated funds

Balance at 1 January £4263 £4259

Surplus for year 125 4

£4388 £4263

R.E. Sharland, Treasurer

Certified that I have been over these accounts with the Treasurer and verified the

bank accounts.

J.H. Elgood, Vice-President

Instructions to Authors

Malimbus publishes Papers, Short Notes, Reviews, News and Letters, and illustrative

material covering the field of West African ornithology. Written contributions are

accepted in English or French; editorial assistance will be made available to authors whose

first language is not one of these. Papers and Short Nptes cover original contributions;

material published elsewhere, in whole or in part, will not normally be accepted. Short

Notes are articles not exceeding 1000 words (including references) or two printed pages in

length. Wherever possible, manuscripts should first have been submitted to at least one

ornithologist or biologist for critical scrutiny. Manuscripts will be sent for critical review to

at least one relevant authority.

Items for News and Letters should not exceed 1000 words.

Contributions, of which two copies are required, should be typed on one side of the

paper, with double spacing and wide margins. Dot-matrix printouts will only be accepted

if they are of “near-letter” quality. Authors should not send a diskette copy with their

initial submission, but are requested to indicate whether they can do so if their paper is

accepted. Diskettes will be returned to authors. Consult the editor for further details, e.g.

for acceptable word processing programs.

Conventions regarding tabular material, numbers, metric units, references, etc. may be

found in this issue and should be adhered to carefully. Note particularly the following:

dates should be in the form 2 Feb 1990 but months standing alone in text may be written in

full; times of day are written 6h45, 17h32; coordinates are written in the forai 7°46'N,

16°4'E; numbers up to ten are written in full, except when followed by abbreviated units

(e.g. 6 m), numbers from 1 1 upwards are written in figures except at the beginning of a

sentence. All references mentioned in the article, and only such, must be entered in the

bibliography.

Avifaunal articles must contain a map or gazetteer, including all localities mentioned.

They should include brief notes on climate, topography, vegetation, and conditions or

unusual events prior to or during the study (e.g. late rains etc). Species lists should include

only significant information; full lists are justified only for areas previously unstudied or

unvisited for many years. Otherwise, include only species for which the study provides new

information on range, period of residence, breeding etc. For each species, indicate

migratory status, period of residence (as shown by the study), range extensions, an

assessment of abundance (Malimbus 17: 36) and dated breeding records. Where appropri-

ate, set data in context by brief comparison with an authoritative regional checklist.

Lengthy species lists should be in tabular form (e.g. Malimbus 12: 39-51, 1: 22-28, or 1: 49-

54) or of the textual format of recent issues (e.g. Malimbus 12: 19-24, 12: 61-86, 13: 49-66,

16: 10-29). The taxonomic sequence and scientific names (and preferably also vernacular

names) should follow Dowsett & Forbes-Watson (1993, Checklist of Birds of the Afrotropi-

cal and Malagasy Regions, Tauraco Press, Liège) or The Birds of Africa (Brown et al. 1982,

Urban et al. 1986, Fry et al. 1988, Keith et cil. 1992, Academie Press, London), unless

reasons for departure from these authorities are stated. A more complete guide for authors

of avifaunal papers, including the preferred abundance scale, appeared in Malimbus 17: 35-

39. A copy may be obtained from the Editor, who will be happy to advise on the

presentation of specific studies.

Figures should be prepared as for final reproduction, allowing for 20-50% reduction,

using indian ink on good quality white paper or heavy tracing, and adhesive transfer

lettering as appropriate. Diagrams produced by computer programs other than specialized

graphics packages, and by printers other than laser printers, are rarely of acceptable

quality. When designing Figures, pay attention to the page-shape of Malimbus.

All Papers (but not Short Notes) should include a Summary, not exceeding 5% of the

paper’s length. The Summary should include brief reference to major findings of the paper

and not simply review what was done. Summaries will be published in both English and

French and will be translated as appropriate by the Editorial Board.

Ten offprints of Papers (but not of Short Notes) will be sent to single or senior authors,

gratis. Offprints will not be stapled, bound, or covered; they are merely cut from copies of

the journal.

New information on birds in Ghana, April 1991 to October 1993.

T. Helsens 1-9

Birds observed in Guinea-Bissau, January 1986, with a review of

current ornithological knowledge of the country.

C.J. Hazevoet 10-24

Notes on the distribution and abundance of birds observed in

Guinea-Bissau, 21 February to 3 April 1992.

S.P. Rodwell 25-43

Observations sur la reproduction et les déplacements du Rollier

d’Abysinie Covacias abyssinica , du Rollier varié C. naevia et

du Rolle africain Eurystomus glaucurus , au nord du Burkina Faso.

G. Balança & M.-N. de Visscher 44-57

Short Notes

Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia on the coast of Cameroon.

I. Martinez, V.A. Elliott & G.D. Field 58

Historical records of birds from the Republic of Benin. R.A. Cheke 58-59

Book Reviews

Birds of the Cape Verde and Gulf of Guinea Islands; where to

watch birds in Africa; Picidae of the world 6(1-65

News & Letters

Small terns off W Africa 66

Society Notices

Editor’s report; Research grant; Accounts

67-72

b~7f

mW MALIMBUS

Journal of the West African Ornithological Society

VOLUME 18 Number 2

ISSN 0331-3689

September 1996

West African Ornithological Society

Société (FOrnithologie de POuest Africain

Conseil:

Président: Dr Gérard J. Morel

Vice-Président: John H. Elgood

Trésorier et chargé des abonnements: Robert E. Sharland

Secrétaire Générale: Dr Roger Wilkinson

Membre du Conseil: Dr Max Germain

Rédacteur en Chef: Dr Alan Tye

Comité de Rédaction: P.D. Alexander-Mar rack, Dr G. Allport, P.W.P. Browne,

Dr A.J.F.K. Craig, Dr R J. Dowsett, Dr Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Prof. J. H.

Elgood, G.D. Field, A. A. Green, Dr L.G. Grimes, Dr M. Louette, Dr G J. Morel,

Jane Thomas, Dr Hilary Tye, Dr R. Wilkinson

Distribution de Malimbus: G.D. Field

La correspondance doit être adressée comme suit:

— au Rédacteur en Chef (CDRS, Casilla 17-01-3891, Quito, Equateur) pour les

publications dans Malimbus , y compris éventuellement des photos ou des dessins

au trait;

— au Trésorier (1 Fisher’s Heron, East Mills, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6

2JR, U. K.) pour les abonnements, les questions financières et les numéros anciens;

— au Secrétaire Générale (Zoological Gardens, Chester CH2 1LH, U.K.) pour les

demandes des Bourses de Recherches de la Société;

— au Président (1 Route de Sallenelles, 14860 Bréville-les-Monts, France) pour les

questions d’intérêt général.

La Société tire son origine de la “Nigerian Ornithologists’ Society”, fondée en

1964. Son but est de promouvoir l’intérêt scientifique pour les oiseaux de l’Ouest

africain et de faire avancer l’ornithologie de ces régions principalement au moyen

de sa revue Malimbus (anciennement Bulletin of the Nigerian Ornithologists’

Society).

Les demandes d’adhésion sont les bienvenues. Les cotisations annuelles sont de £10

pour les Membres Ordinaires et de £25 pour les Sociétés (les cotisations peuvent

être payées en sterling au Trésorier ou en francs français au Président). Les

Membres Ordinaires reçoivent Malimbus par courrier ordinaire et les Sociétés par

courrier aérien, gratuitement. Un supplément est exigé des Membres Ordinaires

pour le courrier aérien (demander au Trésorier le tarif).

Anciens Numéros: Les Vols 11-14 (1975-78) du Bulletin of the Nigerian Ornitholo-

gists’ Society (du même format que Malimbus) sont disponibles à £2 par numéro

(£4 par volume) ou £15 l’ensemble. Les Volumes 1 à 9 de Malimbus sont

disponibles à £3 par numéro (£6 par volume) et, à partir du Vol. 10, à £5 par

numéro (£10 par volume). On peut acheter la série complète des Vols 1 à 18 de

Malimbus au prix spécial de £125. Frais de port et emballage sont gratuits. Veuillez

joindre le paiement à votre commande et î’adresser au Trésorier.

Bourses de Recherches de la S.O.O.A.: Les conditions à remplir pour les candida-

tures se trouvent dans Malimbus 15: 103-106 et peuvent être obtenues auprès du

Secrétaire Générale (voir adresse ci-dessus).

t

‘Â

I

1996

73

Change of Editorial Address

As of 20 July 1996, the Editor has been resident in Ecuador. The new address for

all editorial correspondence, including manuscript submissions, is:

Dr Alan Tye, CDRS, Casilla 17 01-3891, Quito, Ecuador,

If you have posted any correspondence to the old address and have not received a

reply within two months, then please contact the Editor at the above address.

Changement d9 Adresse de la Rédaction

Despuis le 20 juillet 1996, le Rédacteur réside en Equateur. La nouvelle adresse

pour tout courrier destiné à la Rédaction, y compris les soumissions de manuscrits,

est:

Dr Alan Tye, CDR S, Casîïla 17-01-3891, Quito, Equateur.

Si vous avez envoyé du courrier à Fancienne adresse, et que vous n’ayez reçu

aucune réponse dans un délai de deux mois, veuillez écrire au Rédacteur à l’adresse

ci-dessus.

Black-headed. Plover Vanneau à coiffe noire™ Vanellus tectus

Photo: M, E, J. Gore

74

Malimbus 18

An annotated check-list of birds occurring at the

Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj in Senegal, 1984-1994

by S.P. Rodwell1, A. Sauvage2, S.J.R. Rumsey1 & A. Braunlich3

'Wetland Trust, Elms Farm, Pett Lane, Icklesham, Winchelsea,

E Sussex TN36 4AH, U.K.

223 rue J. Moulin, 08090 Aiglemont, France

3Briisseler Str. 46, 13353 Berlin, Germany

Summary

During 25 expeditions from 1984 to 1994, 316 species were recorded at the

Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj in Senegal. Eight species are thought

to have been recorded for the first time in Senegal and 5 1 species are new for

the park and the immediate area. We present an annotated list with

information on status, abundance, population trends, seasonal occurrence

of intra-African and Palaearctic migrants, maximum counts, breeding data

of 60 species, and where relevant, comments referring to previously pub-

lished material. This list highlights the importance of Djoudj for wintering

Palaearctic migrants.

Résumé

De 1984 à 1994, au cours de 25 séjours effectués au Sénégal, 316 espèces ont

été observées dans le Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj; huit d’entre elles

ont été notées vraisemblablement pour la première fois dans le pays tandis

que 51 autres sont nouvelles pour le parc et ses environs immédiats. Les

auteurs présentent une liste rassemblant les informations suivantes sur ces

espèces: statut, abondance, évolution des populations, phénologie de la

migration des migrateurs inter-africains et paléarctiques, comptages et

commentaires pertinents relatifs aux publications antérieures. Cette liste

met l’accent sur l’importance du Djoudj en tant que zone d’hivernage des

migrateurs paléarctiques.

Introduction

Since February 1984, small teams from France, Britain, Germany and the

Netherlands have made regular visits of one to three months to the Parc National

des Oiseaux du Djoudj (Djoudj) in northern Senegal (Fig. 1). From 1990 to 1993

over 500 people from 25 different countries participated in an International

national

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

75

Figure 1. Location of Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj

16°00'n [ Gueumbeul

76

S. P. Rodwell et al

Malimbus 18

Ornithological Expedition (IOE) based at Djoudj for periods of up to eight

months (Appendix 1 lists the dates of expeditions).

This paper presents a systematic list of birds recorded by the expeditions. The

objectives were to carry out ringing studies and surveys of wintering Palaearctic

migrants. For this reason the most detailed species accounts are for Palaearctic

migrants. Observations are also included from the immediate area surrounding the

park (Fig. 1 shows the limits of the observation area). All records, and particularly

those of rare or unusual species, have been carefully reviewed by experienced

observers. Doubtful records are omitted. Some of the International Waterfowl

Counts (IWC), co-ordinated by the International Waterfowl and Wetlands

Research Bureau (IWRB) are included. In 1988 the national parks service (Service

des Parcs Nationaux du Sénégal) was assisted with the annual counts by Dutch

and French ringers. Since 1989 they have been carried out by staff from Djoudj

National Park and the French Office National de la Chasse (ONC), aided by

French ringers in 1990 and IOE participants from 1991-93.

Observations fell within the period 25 August to 1 May, although the precise

dates varied from year to year (relatively few observations were made prior to mid-

October). The expedition periods usually spanned more than one calendar year, so

e.g. November 1987 to February 1988 is referred to as 1987-88. Counts were made

daily (all counts given in the text are for a one-day period unless specified) and

notes on breeding, foraging behaviour and plumage details were also taken. These

data are summarized for each species.

Previous information on abundance and seasonal occurrence for the majority of

species at Djoudj is limited to that available in Dupuy & Suiro (1983) and Morel &

Morel (1990). This paper provides further information on these subjects.

Djoudj: location, status, and habitats

Djoudj (16°10'N, 16°18'W) is located in the southern Sahel zone, c. 30 km from the

coast in the Senegal delta (Fig. 1). The Senegal river forms the northern border and

semi-arid, sandy plains surround the park south of the river. Djoudj National

Park is protected under the Ramsar convention and is a UNESCO world heritage

site.

Most of its 160 km2 is flooded from September to November, after which the

water-level quickly drops, and by February most of the pools are dry. The largest

water-body, the Grand Lac, is dry by April. From 1991 to 1993 many water-

courses were choked with Water Lettuce Pis lia stratiotes, which invaded after new

dams in the lower section of the Senegal river reduced the salinity of the water.

There are large areas of open water, reed-beds of Phragmites and Typha spp., low

sedge-beds of Car ex spp., and Tamarisk Tamar ix senegalensis scrub, and smaller

areas of stands of Acacia spp. trees, Salvadora persica scrub and sandy plains

interspersed with Salicornia Salsola bariosma.

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Birds of Bjoudj N.P.

77

Results and discussion

During the study period, 316 species were seen, as listed below. This compares

with 250 noted for Djoudj by Dupuy & Suiro (1983). Fifty-three species were

recorded for the first time at Djoudj and the immediate area. Sixty species were

recorded breeding by the expeditions and a further 21 by Dupuy & Suiro (1983).

We probably missed breeding species in the wet season as there was little or

no coverage during this period. Several additional species are reported for the

Djoudj tetrad by Morel & Morel (1990), although it is impossible to know

how many of these refer to records within the park. Additional species which

were not recorded during the study period but which are known from records

prior to 1984 are given in Appendix 2, along with two species listed by Dupuy &

Suiro (1983) for Djoudj but for which the records were actually outside the

national park.

Eight species were recorded for the first time in Senegal (scientific names of birds

are given in the systematic list); Bonelli’s Eagle, Pectoral Sandpiper, Long-billed

Pipit, Black Redstart, Marsh Warbler, Barred Warbler, Lesser Whitethroat and

Red-breasted Flycatcher. Marsh Warbler, Barred Warbler and Lesser White-

throat usually winter further east in Central or East Africa and Red-breasted

Flycatcher usually in Asia and less frequently in northern Africa (Glutz von

Blotzheim & Bauer 1991, 1993).

There were considerable year to year fluctuations in the numbers of some

Palaearctic migrants. For example in 1992-93, Blackcap, Sardinian Warbler and

Spectacled Warbler were far more numerous than in all other winters. Sardinian

and Spectacled Warblers usually winter further north, in the southern saharan

zone (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1991). This area experienced severe drought in

1992-93 which probably resulted in the two species shifting south into northern

Senegal.

A locust Locusta migratoria invasion in January and February 1994 resulted in

severe defoliation of most of the trees and shrubs in the study area. By late March

most of the trees had recovered, although fruiting of Salvadora persica was

delayed. Relatively few Palaearctic passerines were present during this period.

However, several species of raptors, including Swallow-tailed Kite, Black Kite and

Lesser Kestrel, benefitted from the abundance locust prey.

Since the 1950s, rice has been cultivated along the Senegal river valley (Morel &

Morel 1990) and from 1991 has expanded into the buffer zone around the park

near Poste de Commandement and Poste de Crocodile (Fig. 1). Many water-birds,

wagtails and seed-eating passerines feed in the paddy-fields during the day and

return to roost inside the park. Mullié et al (1991) commented on the large

amounts of pesticides that are applied to the paddy-fields and documented many

cases of birds being poisoned. If the area of cultivation continues to increase close

to the park, many more birds will be at risk from poisoning.

78

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

Abbreviations used in the systematic list

Status and abundance codes

A = Afrotropical species/ subspecies.

A-B — Afrotropical species recorded breeding during 1984-94.

PM — Palaearctic migrant.

AM - North American species.

PA = Passage migrant.

WV = Winter visitor.

? = Unsure e.g. “PM?” means probably a Palaearctic migrant.

R = Rare: five or less birds during the 1984-94 study period.

S = Scarce: six to 20 records.

U = Uncommon, seen infrequently.

F = Frequent, one to ten birds seen most days.

C = Common, up to 100 birds seen most days.

V = Very abundant, more than 100 birds seen most days.

* = New species for the park.

** = New species for Senegal.

Locations (see Figs. 2 and 3.)

CES, Croc, Dinko, EMI, Hog and Khar = ringing sites.

OD = Ouvrage du Djoudj.

PC = Poste de Commandement.

PG = Poste de Gainthe.

PGT = road turning for Poste de Gainthe

TA = Mirador Tantale.

References , including 1WC counts (Some published elsewhere.)

12-13 Jan 1989 (IWC) = Schricke et al 1990.

mid-Jan 1990 (IWC) = Schricke et al. 1991.

15 Jan 1991 (IWC) = Girard et al. 1991, Fouquet 1991, Perennou 1991.

12 Jan 1992 (IWC) = Girard et al. 1992.

19 Jan 1993 (IWC) = Trolliet et al. 1993, Fouquet 1993.

mid-Jan 1994 (IWC) = Triplet & Yésou 1994.

M&M = Morel & Morel 1990.

Podicipedidae

Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe. A-B, C. Most numerous Jan-Feb. Max. 270

(110 at Lac du Lamantin, 60 at Grand Lac and 90 at Tieguel) on 15 Jan 1991

(IWC). Several pairs with 1-4 chicks, 9 Nov to 24 Feb.

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant. A-B, V. Max. 3840 on 18-19 Jan 1988

(IWC). Three breeding colonies, all in Tamarisk bushes: Marigot du Djoudj ( c .

600 nests, Jan 1994, IWC); Grand Mirador (60 nests, Jan 1994); Poste de

Crocodile (908 individuals, 35 nests, Dec 1985). Breeding staggered Sep-Mar, with

1-3 (mostly three) chicks of various stages of growth most months. An adult with a

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

79

slight crest and only chin and throat white was seen near PC, 1 5 Dec 1 992. It might

have been of race P. c. sinensis , which occurs along Moroccan coast (Brown et al

1982), or P. c. maroccanus (resident Morocco to Mauritania). However, dark

individuals of P. c. lucidus have been recorded in E Africa (Urban & Jefford 1974).

P. africanus Long-tailed Cormorant. A-B, C. Max. 2944 at Poste de Crocodile,

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S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

Figure 3. Study sites around Poste de Gainthe.

Dec 1985. Few counts > 100 since 1990. Breeding at Poste de Crocodile, 85 chicks

in Oct 1985.

Anhingidae

Anhinga melanogaster Darter. A-B, C. Max. 1868 at Poste de Crocodile, Dec 1985.

Few counts > 100 since 1990. Small groups throughout the park, occasionally

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

81

larger concentrations. Breeding (number of pairs unknown) at Poste de Crocodile,

chicks hatched 22-25 Oct 1986.

Pelecanidae

Pelecanus onocrotalus Great White Pelican. A-B, V. Max. counts ranged from

13524 in Jan 1994 (IWC) to 2000 in 1992-93. Breeding Nov-Apr on islands in the

Djoudj river: 85 healthy chicks and 106 dying, 24 Dec 1985; 18 nests deserted

(water-level too high), 1987; c. 1500 chicks, mid-Mar 1991 (I. Bindia pers. comm.);

c. 700 on 18 Jan 1993 (some had moved outside of the park to form a new colony);

3300, Jan 1994 (IWC). None bred 1986 and 1988.

P. rufescens Pink-backed Pelican. A-B, F. Max. c. 10 pairs breeding at Poste de

Crocodile, Dec 1985.

Ardeidae

Botaurus stellaris Eurasian Bittern. PM, R. One seen, 18 and 22 Mar 1990. Four

other Senegal records: three in M&M, including two separate observations at

Djoudj; one by Sauvage & Rodwell (unpubl.).

Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern. PM, F. 20 Oct to 15 Apr. Max. ten at Dinko on

23 Feb 1993 and five at EMI in Feb 1993. Total 92 ringed 1985-1993, max. 43 in

1991-92. Occurs in reed-beds throughout study area. All examined in the hand

were Palaearctic I. m. minutus. Only one record of resident in W African I. m.

payesii exists from Senegal River valley (Morel 1972).

I. sturmii Dwarf Bittern. A, R, *. Two records (B. Tréca pers. comm.): one at PG,

19 Jan 1988; one at Gorom river, 18 Jan 1993. Scarce wet season breeder in N

Senegal (Morel 1972); two other records from Senegal delta during the dry season

(Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron. A-B + PM, V. Max. 5000 at

Marigot de Khar in Jan 1994 (IWC) and 4000 at Marigot de Tieguel on 18-22 Jan

1993 (IWC). Roosts of several hundred (occasionally over 1000) in Tamarisk

bushes at PC, PG, Grand Lac, Lac de Khar and along the Djoudj river. Breeding

at Poste de Crocodile and Lac de Khar (several hundred nests with eggs, 1985 and

28 Aug 1987).

Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron. A-B + PM, F. Max. 45 in the park on 30 Dec

1991 and 60 at Ndigue on 3 Mar 1993. A wing-tagged bird from Camargue, Jan

1990.

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret. A-B, F. Max. 1290 at Débi, 12 Jan 1994 (Triplet &

Yésou 1995). Counts >100 rare except Jan-Feb 1994 when large numbers fed on

locusts in study area.

Butorides striatus Green Heron. A-B, F. Max. ten, 20 Sep 1992. Less numerous

Oct-Nov, uncommon Dec-Apr. Recently fledged young, Oct.

Egretta ardesiaca Black Heron. A-B, F. Max. 120 at Ndigue, 27 Feb 1993.

E. gularis Western Reef Heron. A + PM, F. Max. 200 at Ndigue, 22 Nov 1987,

but rarely > 10 present. Two observations of white morphs: one at Gorom, 27 Feb

1990 (Fouquet 1990); one at Ndigue, late Jan 1993.

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S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

E. garzetta Little Egret. A-B + PM, C. Max. 1228 at Poste de Crocodile, Dec

1985. Breeding at Poste de Crocodile and Lac de Khar (many nests occupied, 27

Aug 1987). A wing-tagged bird from Camargue, Jan-Feb 1991.

E. intermedia Yellow-billed Egret. A-B, F. Max. 20 on 3 Mar 1992 but rarely > 5

present. Many nests occupied at Lac de Khar, 27 Aug 1987.

E. alba Great Egret. A-B, V. Max. 3413, 15 Jan 1991 (IWC). Large numbers at

EMI/2 during Feb and around water-holes drying out. Breeding at Poste de

Crocodile; many nests occupied at Lac de Khar, 27 Aug 1987.

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron. A-B + PM, C. Max. 576 on 18-19 Jan 1988 (IWC).

Often large numbers feeding at EMI/2. Breeding in 1985 up to late Dec (no

information on location or numbers). Dupuy (1975) found a colony of 80 occupied

nests in reeds, Dec 1974. On separate occasions a Little Stint and a Wood

Sandpiper were killed and partly eaten.

A. cinerea Grey Heron. A-B + PM, C. Max. 740 on 18-19 Jan 1988 (IWC).

Occasionally large numbers fed around pelicans fishing at EM 1/2. No infor-

mation on current breeding status, although many bred at Poste de Crocodile in

1974 (Dupuy 1976).

A. melanocephala Black-headed Heron. A, S. Four records totalling eight birds,

Dec-Jan.

A. goliath Goliath Heron. A, R. Two records of singles: 1 Dec 1987; 6 Mar 1992.

Scopidae

Scopus umbretta Hamerkop. A, U. 27 Nov to 26 Feb. Only records: one at Dinko,

20 Feb 1990; max. eight at Ndigue, 1991-92.

Ciconiidae

Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork. A-B, C. Max. ranged from 306 (Poste de

Crocodile) in Dec 1985 to 83 in 1991-92 (IWC). Breeding at Poste de Crocodile

(chicks fledged late Dec 1985) and Marigot de Tantale (20 pairs with recently

fledged young, Jan-Feb 1987; 50-100 individuals, Nov-Dec 1987).

Ciconia nigra Black Stork. PM, F. 9 Oct to 16 Apr. Max. 30 on 15 Jan 1991 (IWC);

usually > 15 wintering. Between 1923 and 1972 unrecorded in W Africa, returning

to winter in Senegal delta, 1972 (Roux & Dupuy 1972).

C. ciconia White Stork. PM, U. 1 1 Nov to 27 Mar. Thirty records: two 1989-90;

ten 1990-91; six 1991-92; 11 1992-93; one 1993-94. Max. each winter: 25 birds on

12-13 Jan 1989 (IWC); 24 on 13 Dec 1990 and 15 Jan 1991 (IWC); 45 on 21 Nov

1991; 65 on 17 Nov 1992; 30 on 19 Jan 1994. Declined considerably since 1960s,

e.g. 4000 in Senegal delta, 15 Nov 1958 (Morel & Roux 1962).

Eph ipp iorhynchus senegalensis Saddle-billed Stork. A, R. Two records: one feeding

in paddy-fields close to the park, Nov 1993; two north of Débi, 17 Jan 1994 (IWC).

Four other records from Senegal delta (M&M).

Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou Stork. A-B, F. Max. 54 on 3 Feb 1992

but rarely > 10. Frequently found at the Great White Pelican colony after

chicks hatched (Dec-Feb). A small colony bred at Djoudj once, Dec 1981 (Dupuy

1982).

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Birds of Djoudj N.P.

83

Threskiornithidae

Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis. PM, V. 15 Oct to 21 Apr, most abundant Nov-

Feb. Max. ranged from 186 in 1988-89 (IWC) to c. 1000 in 1991-92.

Threskiornis aethiopica Sacred Ibis. A-B, C. Max. from 40 in 1990-91 to 898 at

Poste de Crocodile, Dec 1985. Breeding (number of pairs unknown) at Poste de

Crocodile and Lac de Khar, Jan 1989.

Platalea leucorodia Eurasian Spoonbill. PM, V. 6 Oct to 21 Apr, most abundant

Jan. Max. from 254 in 1987-88 (IWC) to 1965 in 1991-92 (IWC). Several colour

ringed birds from Netherlands and Spain.

P. alba African Spoonbill. A-B, C. Max. from 24 in 1989-90 (IWC) to 362 at Poste

de Crocodile, Dec 1985. Bred (number of pairs unknown) at Poste de Crocodile,

Dec 1985, and Lac de Khar, Dec 1985, Oct 1986. Dupuy (1976) recorded several

pairs, Jan 1975.

Phoenicopteridae

Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo. A + PM, V. Max. from 4581 in 1992-93

(IWC) to 24755 in 1988-89 (IWC). Colour ringed birds from Camargue and Spain

seen regularly.

Phoeniconaias minor Lesser Flamingo. A, V. Max. 5300 in 1987-88, 6000 in 1988-

89, 46500 on 26 Feb 1990 (Fouquet 1990), 15000 on 23 Mar 1990, 6156 in 1990-91

(IWC), 9000 in 1991-92, 2800 in 1992-93 (IWC), 4700 in 1993-94 (IWC). Origin of

birds visiting Djoudj unknown. Prior to 1983 there were large numbers in

Mauritania (Naurois 1965), but since 1983 max. 1700 at Aftout es Sahéli, Jan 1987

(Lamarche 1988), and several thousand on Mauritanian side of Senegal delta (B.

Lamarche pers. comm.).

Anatidae

Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck. A-B, V. Max. from 205 in 1989-90

to 32620 in 1986-87 (Dupuy 1987). An albino, 5 Mar 1992. Four pairs with up to

ten chicks each, late Dec to Jan.

D. viduata White-faced Whistling Duck. A-B, Y. Max. from 2704 in 1992-93

(IWC) to 66050 in 1985-86 (Diouf 1986). An albino, Feb 1988. One pair with

chicks, 14 Nov 1987.

Thalassornis leuconotus White-backed Duck. A, R. Five, 15 Jan 1991 (IWC).

Regular at Djoudj, 1975-76 (Roux et al. 1976-77).

Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose. A-B, C (V 1990-91). Max. from 32 in

1987-88 (Meininger 1988) to 2662 in 1991-92 (IWC). Broods of up to nine chicks,

Oct-1 1 May (B. Tréca pers. comm.), and egg laying until c. 24 Mar in 1994. Laying

in Senegal delta until early Feb in 1993 (Triplet et al 1993). Several nests were in or

on top of hides.

Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck. PM, R. Two at Lac de Khar, 12-28 Feb 1990

(Fouquet 1990). Two other Senegal records, including two immatures at Djoudj

(Roux et al 1976-77).

Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose. A-B, C (V 1991-92). Max. from 140

in 1990-91 (IWC) to 2469 in 1987-88 (IWC). A bird sitting, probably incubating

84

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

eggs, 31 Mar 1993 and several days thereafter. Nesting previously recorded

Senegal delta, Aug-Nov (Morel 1972); chicks seen until Feb (Dupuy 1976).

Sarkidiornis melanotos Knob-billed Duck. A, C. 24 Oct to 9 Apr, scarce until late

Nov. Max. from 38 in 1988-89 (IWC) to 1074 in 1991-92. Usually in small groups.

Nettapus auritus Pygmy Goose. A, R. Three records: two birds, 16 Oct 1991; one

at Boundoum, 2 Feb 1992; a pair at PG, 8 Sep 1992. Large numbers at Djoudj in

1975 e.g. 40 in Feb 1975, 300 moulting in Dec 1975 (Roux et al 1976-77).

A. penelope Wigeon. PM, C. 26 Nov to 30 Mar but common only Jan to early Feb.

Max. from ten in 1988-89 (IWC) to 420 in 1991-92 (IWC).

A. strepera Gadwall. PM, R. Two records: two birds, 12-13 Jan 1989; two, 6 Nov

1991. Previously recorded at Djoudj in Jan 1974 and max. 39, Jan-Mar 1975

(Roux et al. (1976-77).

A. crecca Green-winged Teal. PM, C. 20 Nov to 6 Apr, scarce in Nov and Apr.

Previously recorded Senegal delta until 17 Mar (Roux et al. 1976-77). Max. from

166 in 1991-92 (IWC) to 1500 in 1988-89 (IWC).

A. platyrhynchos Mallard. PM, R. Two flying past PG, 13 Feb 1992. Two other

Senegal records: one in Bouet (1955); two shot near Djoudj (Dupuy 1971). M&M

sepculated that both records involved feral birds.

A. acuta Northern Pintail. PM, V. 17 Oct to 22 Apr, extremely abundant late Oct

to early Mar. Previously recorded Senegal delta until 7 Apr (Roux et al. 1976-77).

Max. from 39125 in 1987-88 (IWC) to 240984 in 1985-86 (Diouf 1986).

A. querquedula Garganey. PM, V. 30 Aug to 18 Apr, extremely abundant Oct to

early Mar. Earliest arrival at Richard-Toll, 13 Jul (Morel & Roux 1966). Max.

from 51691 in 1989-90 (IWC) to 180202 in 1986-87 (Dupuy 1987).

A. clypeata Northern Shoveler. PM, V. 28 Oct to 19 Apr. Max. from 437 in 1987-

88 (IWC) to 33700 in 1985-86 (Diouf 1986).

A. discors Blue-winged Teal. AM, R. A pair at Lac de Khar, 25 Mar 1989; both

sexes clearly seen out of water, including head and body patterns and (of male)

blue forewing; full description lodged with Editor. Two other Senegal records,

including a male at Djoudj (Roux et al. 1976-77).

Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal. A-B, R. Two records: a pair at Lac de

Khar, 25 Mar 1986; one bird, 18 Jan 1993 (IWC). Small numbers in the Senegal

delta, 1968-76 (Roux et al. 1976-77); a pair bred at Djoudj, 1979 (Dupuy & Sylla

1981).

Aythya ferina Pochard. PM, C-R. 25 Oct to 28 Feb, common late Nov to mid-Feb,

scarce otherwise. Some years rare, e.g. only one observation 1988-89 (IWC) and

1992-93. Max. from one, to 1500 in 1983-84.

A. nyroca Ferruginous Duck. PM, U. 15 Nov to 21 Feb. Max. from one bird in

1992-93 to 50 in 1991-92.

A.fuligula Tufted Duck. PM, U. 1 1 Nov to 28 Feb. Max. from one observation of

four birds in 1989-90 (IWC) to 50 in 1991-92.

Pandionidae

Pandion haliaetus Osprey. PM, F. 16 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 14 on 17 Feb 1992 but

rarely > 5 present.

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Birds of Djoudj N.P.

85

Acdpitridae

Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard. PM, S, *. Three records: one near Grand Lac, 15

Jan 1991 (Fouquet 1991); up to two present, 1 Feb to 25 Mar 1992 (eight

observations); an immature near Khar, 26 Dec 1992. Five other Senegal records:

four in M&M, one by Sauvage & Rodwell (unpubh).

Elanus caemieus Black-shouldered Kite. A • B, F. Max. 12 on 6 Dec 1988. Five

breeding records: collecting nest material, 28 Aug 1987; newly fledged chicks at

PG, early Jan 1989; two chicks reared near Grand Lac, Dec 1992; newly occupied

nest at Boundoum, 5 Feb 1993; two eggs in a nest 2m up a small bush south of

Grand Lac, 3 Mar 1993. Nesting at Richard -Toll, Feb-Apr, Get (M&M).

Chetictinia riocourii Swallow-tailed Kite. A, S. Nine records, 21 Dec to 22 Feb.

Max. 158 feeding on locusts near Poste de Crocodile, 12 Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yésou

1995).

Milvus migrans Black Kite. A + PM, F. Max. 500, including a flock of 200 feeding

on locusts, 4-6 Feb 1 994 (Triplet & Yésou 1995). Four other flocks of > 100 prior to

1994. Fifteen M. m. migrans on 8 Feb 1990 and more abundant than M. m.

parasitas in late Feb.

Haliaetus vocifer River Eagle. A - B F. Three pairs breeding: at Croc; near PC; near

PGT (same nest used 1990-91 and 1992-93). Chicks nearly full grown, early Apr

1991, late Jan 1993.

Neophron perenopterus Egyptian Vulture. A? + PM, R. Two records: an immature

at PG, 18-21 Jan 1991; an immature flying, 30 Jan 1992. Four other records from

NW Senegal, including two singletons at Djoudj (M&M).

Necrosyrtes monaehus Hooded Vulture. A, R. Three records: several near Ndigue,

14 Nov 1987; one, 16 Dec 1990; one, 2 Mar 1991.

Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture. A, R. Five records of singles, all in Mar.

G. rueppellii RüppelFs Griffon Vulture. A, R. Two records: one, 5 Jan 1993; two,

25-26 Mar 1993.

G. fulvus European Griffon Vulture. PM, R. One, 22-25 Nov 1991. One other

record from Djoudj (Dupuy 1976); several from elsewhere in Senegal delta

(M&M).

Gircaetus galiicus European Snake Eagle. PM, U. 30 Nov to 15 Apr, regular late

Jan to Mar, scarce otherwise. Up to three wintering. Northward migration noted,

19 and 21 Feb 1993.

C. cinereus Brown Snake Eagle. A, R. Two records of singles: 23 Mar 1990; 12-18

Jan 1991.

Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier. PM, U. 1 Nov to 22 Mar. Max. 15 NE Grand

Lac, 7 Jan 1991 (Fouquet 1991), but rarely > 4 present. Only two records 1992-93.

C. pygargus Montagu’s Harrier. PM, C. 15 Oct to 14 Apr, few before Nov.

Roosted with Marsh Harriers from early Nov, most departing late Mar. Max. for

each roost: east of Poste de Crocodile, c. 100 on 13 Nov 1991; east of Débi, 160 on

15 Feb 1992. Melanistic birds regular. Several had been wing-tagged in Spain.

C. aeruginosus Marsh Harrier. PM, C. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Large roosts from early

Nov in dry paddy-fields close to park perimeter, most departing late Mar. Max.

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S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

for each roost: east of Poste de Crocodile, c. 200 on 3 Nov 1991; near OD, 69 on 25

Nov 1991; east of Débi, 389 on 16 Feb 1992 and 390 on 28 Jan 1993; Boundoum,

110 in Jan 1987.

Melierax metabates Dark Chanting Goshawk. A, U. 25 Dec to 23 Mar. Ail

observations of singles. Immatures seen Dec, Feb, Mar 1992-93.

Buteo buteo Common Buzzard. PM, R, *. Three records of singles: 14 Nov 1992

and 30 Dec 1992 (subspecies unrecorded); one Palaearctic B. b. vulpinus resting on

ground at Boundoum, 2 Feb 1993. Five other Senegal records: four in M&M; one

by Sauvage & Rodwell (unpubl.).

B. rufinus Long-legged Buzzard. PM, S, *. Six records: one, 9 Feb 1987; one on

three occasions, 6-17 Dec 1991; at least two on six occasions, 30 Jan 1992; one

flying northwest with Black Kites over PG, 27 Feb 1993; one, 15 Jan 1994 (B.

Tréca pers. comm.). Uncommon winter visitor to Senegal, mainly recorded

Richard-Toll (M&M).

Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle. A, S. Ten records of singles, 26 Oct to 16 Mar.

A. wahlbergi Wahlberg’s Eagle. A, R, *. Three records of singles: four obser-

vations, 1-17 Mar 1992; one near Grand Lac, 31 Jan 1993; one, 9 Mar 1993. Four

other records from N Senegal (M&M).

Hieraaetus fasciatus Bonelli’s Eagle. PM, U, **. 15 Nov to 4 Apr. At least two

present, 1990-91, 1991-92 and 1992-93. Seven observations, 30 Dec to 15 Feb

1990-91; frequent 1991-92, 21 Dec to 26 Feb; 1992-93, 15 Nov to 4 Apr. Included

sub-adults: one, larger than nearby Marsh Harrier, with underwing and breast

cinnamon, dark bar fringing underwing coverts, pale patch at base of primaries,

dark terminal tail-band (full details lodged with Editor); another, possibly third-

year. In S Mauritania small numbers wintering and on passage (Lamarche 1988).

H. spilogaster African Hawk Eagle. A, R, *. A pair, 29 Mar to 9 Apr 1993. Quite

rare at Richard-Toll (Morel 1972).

H. pennatus Booted Eagle. PM, S. Nine records of singles, 29 Oct to 18 Apr (none

Nov-Jan): one, 1990-91; four, 1991-92; three, 1992-93.

Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle. A, R. Two records: a juvenile, 12 Jan 1992

(Girard 1992); one, 5 and 18 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993).

Falconidae

Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel. PM, U. 31 Oct to 24 Mar, mainly Jan-Feb, every

winter from 1990-91. Max. nine in 1990-91, 100 in 1991-92, several hundred N

Djoudj in 1992-93 and up to 3200 feeding on locusts near Poste de Crocodile in Jan

1994 (Triplet & Yésou 1995).

F. tinnunculus Kestrel. PM, F. 25 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. mixed flock of 840 Kestrels

and Lesser Kestrels feeding on locusts on 1 6 Jan 1 989 and < 1 00 feeding with Lesser

Kestrels, 12 Jan 1994 (Triplet et al. 1993).

F. ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel. A, R. Three records: one, 19 Jan 1988; one at PG, 13

Jan 1991; two at Rheune, 12 Jan 1992 (Girard 1992). Three other records from

NW Senegal: two (including one at Djoudj) in M&M; one by Sauvage & Rodwell

(unpubl.).

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Birds of Djoudj N.P.

87

F. chicquera Red-necked Falcon. A, F. Up to three present.

F. subbuteo Hobby. PM, S. Two records of singles wintering: 22 Dec 1991 to 9 Mar

1992; 26 Jan to 26 Mar 1993. Four other Senegal records (M&M) although scarce

but regular in The Gambia (Gore 1990).

F. biarmicus Lanner. A + PM, U. 20 Nov to 30 Jan. Up to two present. A single N

African F. b. erlangeri seen, 10 Feb 1984. Four other records of F. b. erlangeri from

Richard-Toll (Morel & Roux 1966) and one at Ndiaël on 19 Jan 1993 (Fouquet

1993).

F. peregrinus Peregrine. PM, F. 7 Nov to 4 Apr. Three records prior to 1989-90,

thereafter two (probably Palaearctic F. p. peregrinus ) each winter. Smaller birds,

less boldly streaked on underside and sometimes with a pinkish wash, noted 1990-

91 and 1991-92, subsp. unknown. Two at Djoudj in 1972 perhaps N Russian F. p.

calidus (Jarry & Larigauderie 1974), which occasionally reaches Mauritania

(Lamarche 1988), although usually winters in S and E Africa (Brown et al. 1982).

F. p. pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon. PM, S, *. Four records: one at PG, 24 Jan

1991; at least two, 16 Dec 1991 to 13 Mar 1992 (seven observations); two at

Ndigue, 14-15 Jan 1992 (Girard 1992); two, 22 Jan 1993. Nine other Senegal

records: one in M&M, two in Yésou & Triplet (1994, 1995); six by Sauvage &

Rodwell (unpubl.). Breeds NW Africa south to Mauritania (Brown et al. 1982).

Phasianidae

Coturnix coturnix Common Quail. PM, F. 15 Oct to 3 Apr. Up to 20 attracted to a

tape lure.

C. delegorguei Harlequin Quail. A, R, *. One at Boundoum, 15 Feb 1984. Rare in

Senegal: recorded in Senegal delta at Dakar Bango and Gandiol (Rochebrune

1884); one recent record (1987) from Gueumbeul (Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

Francolinus bicalcar atus Double-spurred Francolin. A-B, U (F 1991-92). Up to

four present. A pair displaying on 23 Oct 1991 were probably nesting late Oct to

Nov.

Turnicidae

Turnix sylvatica Little Button-Quail. A, R, *. Two records: one, Jan 1990; one, 16

Mar 1990. Scarce in Senegal: recorded Richard-Toll (Morel 1972) and in Senegal

delta at Gueumbeul (Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl).

Rallidae

Crex egregia African Crake. A, R, *. An adult caught in a reed-bed at Croc, 31 Jan

1992. Two other Senegal records: one at an oasis 75 km northeast of Dakar (Morel

1972); one in Casamance (Sala 1983). Considered a scarce resident in The Gambia

(Gore 1990).

Porzana parva Little Crake. PM, U. Twenty five records, 1 1 Dec to 12 Apr, most

(17) in 1991-92. Max. three, 20 Jan 1992. One other Djoudj record (M&M),

although at Richard-Toll not considered rare (Morel & Roux 1966, 1973).

P. porzana Spotted Crake. PM, U (V-1987). 3 Jan to 29 Mar. Exceptionally

common Jan-Feb 1987, e.g. several hundred calling at PG, one every c. 10 m in

flooded areas.

88

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

Amaurornis flavirostris Black Crake. A-B, F (R 1990-91), *. Up to four adults

present. Five chicks at PG, 20 Dec 1991; a juvenile at EMI, 28 Feb to 1 Mar 1993.

Also occurs Richard-Toll and considered common in suitable areas throughout

Senegal (Morel 1972).

Porphyria alleni Allen’s Gallinule. A-B, R, *. Two records: one, 17 Jan 1988; an

adult with a juvenile at CES, 1-15 Mar 1993. Regular at Lac de Guier, May-Jun,

and north of Dakar (Morel 1972).

P. porphyria Purple Swamphen. A-B, C. Scarce until Jan. Occasionally flocks

> 100, max. 550 at Grand Lac, 15 Jan 1991 (Fouquet 1991). Chicks at Ndigue, late

Jan to early Feb 1993, Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yésou 1994) and Mar-Apr 1994.

Gallinula chloropus Moorhen. A?-B + PM, C. 16 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 250 on 15

Feb 1992. Mostly immatures. All adults examined in the hand were Palaearctic G.

c. chloropus. G. c. meridionalis previously recorded breeding (Dupuy & Suiro

1983).

Fulica atra Eurasian Coot. PM, U. 20 Nov to 5 Apr. Status variable: max. from

one in 1992-93 to 450 in 1987-88 (IWC).

Gruidae

Balearica pavonina Black Crowned Crane. A-B, C. Small flocks and family groups

(adults with fledged chicks) regular. Jan- Apr up to 350 (Max. 350, Jan 1994, B.

Tréca pers. comm.) west of Grand Lac.

Otididae

Ardeotis arabs Arabian Bustard. A-B, F. Max. ten on 25 Oct 1991 but rarely >5

present.

Eupodotis senegalensis White-bellied Bustard. A-B, F. Unrecorded before 7 Dec.

Up to five present west of Grand Lac.

Jacanidae

Actophilornis africanus Lilytrotter. A-B, C. Max. c. 200 on 30 Jan 1992, most

abundant along the Djoudj river. Two half-grown chicks, 23 Oct 1991; four nearly

full-grown, 24 Oct 1991.

Rostratulidae

Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe. A-B, F. Many captured in open reed-beds

with exposed mud. Max. 17 at Croc, 10 Feb 1991. Juveniles frequently caught.

Recurvirostridae

Himantopus himantopus Common Stilt. A + PM, C. Max. 200 on 2 Feb 1993.

Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet. PM, V. 17 Nov to 21 Apr, scarce until late Dec.

Most abundant when pools at Gueumbeul were dry. Max. 3050 (2950 at Grand

Lac, 100 at Lac de Khar), 27 Feb 1990.

Burhinidae

Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew. PM, R. One with Senegal Thick-knees at OD,

12 Dec 1991.

B. senegalensis Senegal Thick-knee. A-B, C. Up to 70 at daytime roosts at OD and

PC.

B. capensis Spotted Thick-knee. A, R, *. One west of Grand Lac, 14 Dec 1991 to

11 Jan 1992.

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Birds of Djoudj N.P.

89

Glareolidae

Pluvianus aegypîius Egyptian Plover. A, S, *. Three records: two, 26 Aug 1987;

one, 22 Nov 1987; one near Débi, 2 Nov 1991. More frequent during wet season

both at Djoudj (I. Bindia pen, comm.) and further inland along Senegal River

(Morel 1972).

Cursorius cursor Cream-coloured Courser. A + PM, U. 13 Nov to 10 Apr.

Usually in pairs or small groups. Max. 17 at PG-Boundoum, 3 Feb 1988.

C. temminckii Te mm nick’s Courser. A, R. Four south-west of Djoudj, 20 Dec

1987 (Meininger 1988).

Glareoia praiincola Pratincole. A B + PM, V. Very abundant late Aug and from

mid-Nov to Apr. Max. 600 near Débi, 1 Jan 1991 (Fouquet 1991), and 1650

feeding on locusts near PG, 19 Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yêsou 1995). Recorded

breeding at Djoudj, Jun (Dupuy 1977), and at Lac de Guier, May-Jul (Morel &

Roux 1966).

Oiaradriidae

Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover. PM, F, 15 Oct to 21 Apr. Small numbers

throughout study area. Max. 20 at Lac de Khar, 2 Apr 1993. One singing and

displaying, 6 Feb 1990.

C. hiaticula Ringed Plover. PM, F. 16 Oct to 21 Apr. Small numbers throughout

study area. Max. 40 on 25 Dec 1987 (Meininger 1988).

C. pecuarius Kittlitz’s Plover. A B, F. Max c. 50 near PC, 26 Feb 1993. Chicks: 26

Aug 1987; two, c. 1 days old, 24 Oct 1991.

C. olexandrinus Kentish Plover. A + PM, F. Most numerous Feb -Mar. Max. 30

at PC, 26 Feb 1993.

Pluvialis opricaria Golden Plover. PM, R. Two records: three, 24 Nov 1991; two,

15-16 Jan 1994 (B. Tréca and personnel of Djoudj pers. comm.). Three other

Senegal records, all at Djoudj: two in M&M; one in Yésou & Triplet (1995),

P. squatarola Grey Plover. PM, U. 1 1 Nov to 2 Mar. Absent or scarce some years,

max. six in 1991-92.

Vanellus senegallus Wattled Lapwing. A-B, U. Up to five present.

V tecius Black-headed Lapwing. A, R. One, 29 Jan 1992. Common in the

surrounding area.

V, spinosus Spur-winged Lapwing. A-B, C. Small numbers throughout study area

(21 pairs, 12 Nov 1987). Max. 69, mid-Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yêsou 1994). Young

chicks, 14 Oct to 1 Nov.

V. vanellus Northern Lapwing. PM, U. One, 17-19 Jan 1987; 23 observations, 27

Nov 1992 to 27 Mar 1993 (including one reported in Girard et al 1992). All singles

except: two, 17 Dec 1992; five, 28 Feb 1993. Four other Senegal records: two from

Senegal delta (M&M); one in Smet & Compel (1980); one seen by P. Bailleul (pers.

comm.). Rare in Mauritania, although large invasions occasional along coast

(Lamarche 1988).

Scolopacidae

Calidris canutus Red Knot. PM, R. Four singletons: 25 Nov 1991; 24 Nov 1992; 19

Mar 1992; at Boundoum, 9 Jan 1991.

90

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

C. minuta Little Stint. PM, C. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Large concentrations at Grand

Lac and Lac de Khar, late Mar to early Apr. Max. 3000 + , 30 Mar 1 989 and early

Apr 1991.

C. temminckii Temminck’s Stint. PM, U. 29 Oct to 15 Apr, scarce until late Dec

and in 1990-91. Max. five, 1 Feb 1992.

C. melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper. AM, R, **. One at EM2 with other small

waders, 3-4 Apr 1993: slightly larger than Curlew Sandpiper, short bill and long

neck recalling Ruff; upright stance; face, neck and brest buff with fine dark

streaking, sharply cut off from white belly; upperparts brown with dark feather

centres; wing and tail pattern in flight as Ruff; call at take-off “ wrrrt”, lower-

pitched than Curlew Sandpiper; fuller details lodged with Editor. Six other W

African records: one on Principe (Frade 1959); one, Mauritania (Lamarche 1988);

one, Ghana (Hedenstrôm et al. 1990); two, Côte D’Ivoire (Fishpool & Demey

1991); one, Gabon (Alexander-Marrack 1992).

C. ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper. PM, F. 15 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 150 on 25 Dec

1987 (Meininger 1988).

C. alpina Dunlin. PM, F. 16 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 89 at Grand Lac, 16 Mar 1992.

Philomachus pugnax Ruff. PM, V. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Enormous roost near Grand

Mirador, max. c. 200,000 in Jan 1991 and 1992 (Trolliet & Girard 1991, Trolliet

et al. 1992). Most birds fed in paddy-fields outside the park during the day. In

early Mar 1972, 700,000-1,000,000 roosting at Djoudj (Jarry & Larigauderie

1974).

Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe. PM, U. Caught from 10 Nov to 20 Mar, small

numbers until late Jan, more frequent on passage, Feb to mid-Mar. Max. 12 on 1

Feb 1987. Scarce some years, e.g. one record 1990-91.

Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe. PM, F. 15 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 20 on 15 Jan

1991.

Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit. PM, V. 30 Aug to 21 Apr; small numbers late

Aug, becoming very abundant Nov-Feb, few remaining Apr. Several thousand

most years, max. 6000 roosting at Ndigue, 10 Nov 1987.

L. lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit. PM, U. 23 Oct to 14 Apr. Up to five present,

although scarce most years.

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel. PM, S. Eight records, 30 Aug to 3 Apr, 1-2 birds.

N. arquata Curlew. PM, S. Sixteen records, 30 Aug to 12 Mar, up to three birds.

Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank. PM, C. 15 Oct to 21 Apr, scarce Oct-Nov,

very abundant Jan to mid-Apr. Max. 750 at Lac de Khar, 2 Apr 1993.

T. totanus Redshank. PM, F. 30 Aug to 30 Apr. Small numbers throughout study

area. Max. 200 at Grand Lac, 30 Apr 1988.

T. stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper. PM, F. 31 Aug to 30 Apr. Small numbers

throughout study area. Max. 50 at Grand Lac, 30 Apr 1988.

T. nebularia Greenshank. PM, F. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Max. 50 on 25 Dec 1987

(Meininger 1988).

T. ochropus Green Sandpiper. PM, F. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Max. c. 20 at Lac de

Khar, 2-3 Apr 1993.

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

91

T. glareola Wood Sandpiper. PM, C. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Small flocks throughout

study area. Max. 50 on 25 Dec 1987 (Meininger 1988) and 30 Aug 1992.

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper. PM, F. 30 Aug to 21 Apr. Small numbers

throughout study area. Max. 12 on 3 Feb 1992.

Arenaria irtterpres Ruddy Turnstone. PM, R. Three records of singles: 20 Jan

1987, 11 Jan 1988, 26 Oct 1992.

Laridae

Larus cirrhocephalus Grey-headed Gull. A, F. Max. 30 in the park, 30 Aug 1992

and at Ndigue, 8 Feb 1993.

L. ridibundus Black-headed Gull. PM, F. 2 Nov to 18 Apr. Most abundant Feb-

Apr 1992. Max. 120, mid-Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yésou 1994).

L. genei Slender-billed Gull. A, F. Occasionally large numbers at Grand Lac. Max.

200 on 16 Mar 1993.

L. fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull. PM, U. 30 Aug to 18 Apr. Most abundant

1991-92, scarce other years. Max. 15 on 25 Dec 1987 (Meininger 1988).

Sternidae

Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern. A + PM, C. Max. 392 heading towards a

roost, 26 Jan 1990. Large numbers migrating north, late Feb to early Mar 1991.

Sterna caspia Caspian Tern. A-B + PM, C. Max. 270 on 22 Feb 1992.

S. maxima Royal Tern. A, S. Eight records of singletons.

S. sandvicensis Sandwich Tern. PM, U. 28 Oct to 4 Apr. Max. 20 in the park, mid-

Jan 1994 (Triplet & Yésou 1994); several hundred on passage at Ndigue, Nov

1987.

S. hirundo Common Tern. PM, S. Three records: one, late Oct 1986; hundreds on

passage at Ndigue, 13 Nov 1987; one, 17 Feb 1992.

S. albifrons Little Tern. A-B + PM, U. Mostly Palaearctics on passage, Oct-Nov

and Mar- Apr; rare Dec-Feb. Thousands at Ndigue, Nov 1987, is our only record

of > 10 birds. C. 20 pairs bred, Jul 1979 (M&M).

Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern. PM, C. 30 Aug to 21 Apr, scarce until mid-

Nov. Occasional large influxes on passage, max. 392 on 16 Feb 1992. Breeding

plumage first seen, 3 Mar.

C. niger Black Tern. PM, F. 30 Aug to 18 Apr, most abundant on passage until

mid-Nov. Max. 250 on 30 Aug 1992 and 254 at Grand Lac on 1 1 Nov 1987. Rarely

> 5 wintering.

C. leucoptera White-winged Black Tern. PM, C. 30 Aug to 21 Apr, scarce until

Dec, most numerous Jan-Feb. Occasional large influxes on passage. Max. 1200 at

Marigot de Khar, 1 Feb 1993, and several thousand at Ndigue, 13 Nov 1987.

Pteroclididae

P ter odes exustus Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse. A-B, C. Flocks of up to 100. Two

small chicks south of the park, 28 Apr 1988, and two near PC, 9 May 1990 (V.

Mansaly pers. comm.).

Columbidae

Turtur abyssiniens Black-billed Wood Dove. A, R. Five, 25 Dec 1987 (Meininger

1988). Occurs in Acacia scrub west of Ndigue.

92

S. P. Rodwell et al

Malimbus 18

Oena capensis Namaqua Dove. A-B, C Max. 18 on 18 Dec 1992. Three nests with

1-2 eggs, Jan-Feb 1990 and 1991 (Fouquet 1990, 1991).

Co lumba guinea Speckled Pigeon. A-B, F. Max. 33 near PC, 13 Dec 1992. A pair

nesting at PG raised two broods in 1992; Jan to 26 Feb (two chicks fledged),

second still being raised mid-Apr.

Streptopelia decipiens Mourning Dove. A-B, C. Max. c. 100 at PC, 8-18 Feb 1993.

Nesting Oct-Apr.

S vinacea Yinaceous Dove. A, U. 23 Nov to 5 Mar. Most observations 1990-91;

up to four present.

S. roseogrisea African Collared Dove. A-B, F. Recorded from 4 Nov, scarce until

mid-Dec, Pairs at many locations, max. 15 on 13 Jan 1992. Nest with eggs, Feb

1993.

S. turîur Turtle Dove. PM, S. Sixteen records, 10 Nov to 18 Apr, all but two of

singles; max. 18 on 18 Mar 1992.

S. senegalensis Laughing Dove. A-B, C. Max. c. 20 at PC, 8-18 Feb 1993. Nest

with one egg at Dinko, 21 Jan 1991.

Psittacidae

Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet. A, S. Eight, 22 Nov 1987.

Cuculidae

Clamator glandarius Great Spotted Cuckoo. A + PM, U. 30 Aug to 24 Jan. All

immatures (mainly Palaearctics?). Up to four present.

Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo. PM, R. Two records: one, 11-13 Nov 1987;

one, 12 Nov 1992. Most leave Mauritania and N Senegal by Oct (Morel & Roux

1966, Lamarche 1988). Yellow-billed Cuckoo C. gularis usually occurs south of

15°N (M&M) but twice collected in wet season at Richard-Toll (Morel & Roux

1962).

Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas’s Cuckoo. A, R, *. One record: one bird captured, 10-13

Nov 1992. Wet season visitor to Richard-Toll (Morel 1972).

C. caprius Didric Cuckoo. A, S. Twelve records, 27 Nov to 7 Feb, all singles.

Cent r opus senegalensis Senegal Coucal. A, U. Up to two present; absent some

years.

Tytonidae

Tyto alba Barn Owl. A-B, F. Up to five roosting at PC. Three chicks in hide at

Dinko, 18 Jan 1988.

Strigidae

Otus scops Common Scops Owl. PM, F. 22 Oct to 26 Mar. Up to seven roosting at

PC; several caught at Gorom All identified from examination in the hand (all of

which were O. s. scops) or occasionally by voice. Dupuy & Suiro (1983) consider

O s. scops rare and O. s. senegalensis common.

O. leucotis White-faced Owl. A-B, U. Max. five at Python Ponds, 23 Mar 1990.

Immatures on three occasions, Feb 1993.

Bubo lacteus Verreaux’s Eagle Owl. A, R, *. One east of PC, 25 Feb 1990 (Fouquet

1990).

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

93

Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl. PM, U. Twenty records, 23 Oct to 29 Mar: three

singles, 1990-91; 12 records in 1991-92 (max. six on 10 Dec 1991); live, 1992-93

(max. three, Jan 1993). One previous Djoudj record (Dupuy 1971); small numbers

observed near Richard-Toll (M&M).

A. capensis African Marsh Owl. A, R. Two records: four observations of 1-2

(including two roosting together at EM2, 20 Nov), 20 Nov to 24 Dec 1991; one, 1 5

Jan 1993. Only one Casamance record (Sala 1983, listed in M&M), although

Dupuy & Suiro (1983) record this species for Djoudj. Small numbers regular in

The Gambia (Smalley 1983) and Mar-Oct in S Mauritania (Lamarche 1988).

Caprimulgidae

Caprimulgus climacurus Long-tailed Nightjar. A-B, C. Up to 25 roosting at PC;

smaller numbers elsewhere. Singing throughout observation period. One nest (two

eggs) incubated near CES, 18 Apr 1992.

C. eximius Golden Nightjar. A, R. Two records: one in semi-desert west of Grand

Lac, 23 Jan 1991; one, 11 Nov 1992. Rare in the park (Dupuy & Suiro 1983);

mainly recorded near Richard-Toll (Morel 1972, 1980).

C. aegyptius Egyptian Nightjar. PM, R, *. One seen west of Grand Lac, 21 Feb

1991. Quite common around Richard-Toll, Dec-Feb (Morel & Roux 1966).

C. ruficollis Red-necked Nightjar. PM, R, *. One caught at PG, 19 Jan 1993,

identified from photographs as C. r. ruficollis by G.J. Morel. Two other Senegal

records, both near Richard-Toll (Morel & Roux 1962, 1966).

Macrodipteryx longipennis Standard-winged Nightjar. A, S. Nineteen records

since 1990-91, 28 Oct to 4 Mar, all singles. Mainly occurs N Senegal Jul-Oct

(Morel 1972).

Apodidae

Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift. A, S. Thirteen records, 13 Dec to 20 Mar, all singles.

Apus pallidus Pallid Swift. PM, R. Three records: two, 27 Feb 1992; one south of

Ndigue, 28 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993); two heading north over Gorom, 3 Apr 1994.

Two other Djoudj records (M&M); small numbers elsewhere in Senegal (Dupuy

1970, Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

A. apus European Swift. PM, U. Eighteen records (26 birds), 5 Dec to 18 Apr,

majority passing through mid-Apr. Probably common on autumn passage, e.g. 50

on 30 Aug 1992.

A. ajfinis Little Swift. A, U. Most in Apr, max. eight, 18 Apr 1992.

Coliidae

Urocolius macrourus Blue-naped Mousebird. A-B, C. Max. 50 at PC, 27 Mar 1989.

A pair nested in a Balanites aegyptiaca tree c. 4 m from ground, Mar 1992; a pair

copulating and nest building, 14 Feb 1993.

Alcedinidae

Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed Kingfisher. A, U. Up to five at PG, 1991-92.

//. senegalensis Senegal Kingfisher. A, U, *. Recorded until 7 Dec. Up to six

present. Quite common in N Senegal during wet season (Morel 1972).

H. chelicuti Striped Kingfisher. A, R. Three records: one south-west of Djoudj, 10

94

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

Feb 1990 (Fouquet 1990); one near PG, 17 Mar 1991 (W. Màdlow pers. comm.);

one at Ndigue, 6 Feb 1993.

Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher. A-B, F. A pair bred inside a hut at PG,

chicks fledged c. 18 Oct 1991.

A. quadribrachys Shining Blue Kingfisher. A, R, *. One, 24 Oct 1992 (B. Tréca

pers. comm.). All other Senegal records are south of 14°N (M&M).

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher. A-B, C. Max. 72 on 6 Dec 1988.

Meropidae

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater. A, F. Max. 11 on 15-19 Jan 1991.

M. albicollis White-throated Bee-eater. A-B, C. 30 Aug to 6 Dec (most depart by

early Nov), observed once in Jan and four times, Mar-Apr. Max. 30 on 17 Oct

1991. Juveniles mid-Oct.

M. orientalis Little Green Bee-eater. A, S, *. Six records. Max. 22 on 11 Jan 1994

(Yésou & Triplet 1994). Not considered rare at Richard-Toll (Morel 1972).

M. persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. A-B, C. Most departed by late Nov although

some remained until early Jan; thereafter rarely seen until mid-Mar. Max. 1000

roosting near PG, 19 Nov 1987. In NE Djoudj, 21 nesting holes, Oct 1986; recently

fledged young in the park from mid-Oct.

M. apiaster European Bee-eater. PM, U. 27 Aug to 3 Apr; mainly on passage Oct,

mid-Mar to early Apr; scarce Nov-Feb (four records). Max. 40 on 22 Oct 1991,

but rarely > 10. In N Mauritania, groups of up to 50 head south Jul to late Aug

(Lamarche 1988). However, in Senegal, autumn passage previously recorded only

at Thiès on 29 Sep, but common on spring passage (Morel & Roux 1966). Found

south of 14°N, Dec-Feb (M&M).

M. nubiens Carmine Bee-eater. A, R. One at PG, 23 Jan 1993.

Coraciidae

Coracias abyssinica Abyssinian Roller. A, F. Up to six present.

C. garrulus European Roller. PM, S, *. Passage migrant only. Two autumn

records at PG: five, 30-31 Aug 1992; one, 28 Oct 1992. Six records of singles on

spring passage, 17 Feb to c. 5 Apr (three in 1990-91, two in 1991-92, one in 1992-

93). Small numbers (tens) recorded on autumn passage near Richard-Toll, 20 Aug

to 9 Sep (Morel 1972); many in late Aug between Dakar and St. -Louis (Sauvage &

Rodwell unpubl.).

Phoeniculidae

Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood-Hoopoe. A, R, *. One, 24 Nov 1991. Occurs

further inland in suitable habitat.

Upupidae

Upupa epops Hoopoe. A + PM, F. U. e. epops : up to six, 2 Nov to 19 Apr. U. e.

senegalensis (distinguished by darker mantle and no white in crest), up to three

seen.

Bucerotidae

Tockus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Hornbill. A, F. Up to six in the park; more

numerous at Ndigue.

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

95

T. nasutus Grey Horn bill. A, U. Up to two present.

Lybiidae

Lybius vieilloti Vieillot’s Barbet. A, R. Two records: one near Ndigue, 17 Jan 1993

(bouquet 1993); one near Mirador Tantale, 30 Jan 1993.

Indicatoridae

Indicator indicator Greater Honeyguide. A, R, *. One, 7 Nov 1991 (B. Tréca pers.

comm.). Rare in N Senegal (M&M).

Picidae

Jynx torquilla Wryneck. PM, F. 13 Oct to 6 Apr. Up to five present.

Dendropicos goertae Grey Woodpecker. A-B, F. At least five pairs in the park.

Max. 11 birds at PC, 19 Apr 1992. Recently fledged young caught, Feb 1991.

Alaudidae

Mirafra javanica Singing Bush Lark. A, R. Two records: three, 1 1 Jan 1992; one

north-east of Grand Lac, 25 Jan 1993.

Alaemon alaudipes Hoopoe Lark. PM, S, *. Four records: one east of PC, 3 Mar

1990 (Fouquet 1990); one at EM2, 1 Nov 1992; five observations of up to three

birds in semi-desert near Poste Flamant, 18 Jan to 4 Feb 1993; one, 15 Mar 1994

(B. Tréca pers. comm.). Five other Senegal records since 1974 (Morel & Ndao

1978). Uncommon Mauritania south of 17°30'N (Lamarche 1988).

Calandrella brachydactyla Short-toed Lark. PM, C. 31 Oct to 17 Mar. Max.

several hundred roosting in the park, Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993). Rarely > 10

before Jan. One NW African C. b. rubiginosa ringed near Khar, 4 Dec 1992.

One other Senegal record of C. b. rubiginosa, Richard -Toll, Mar (Morel &

Roux 1966).

Eremopterix nigriceps White-fronted Finch-Lark. A, F. Max. 20 in the park, 1990-

91; several hundred from Djoudj to St.-Louis, 22 Nov 1987. Invaded N Senegal in

1972; now common throughout the country (Morel & Ndao 1978).

E. leucotis Chestnut-backed Finch-Lark. A-B, C. Max. c. 50 on 16 Feb 1992, but

flocks > 20 rare. Single chicks, 18 Dec 1991, 20 Apr 1992.

Galerida cristata Crested Lark. A-B, C. Max. 65 on 6 Dec 1988. Recently fledged

chicks, 26 Mar 1993 and 2 Apr 1994; a female with brood patch, 3 Apr 1994.

Nesting at Djoudj, Jan-Feb (Dupuy 1976).

Hirundinidae

Riparia riparia European Sand Martin. PM, V. 30 Aug to 21 Apr, small numbers

until mid-Oct, very abundant late Oct to Apr, migration north from mid-Feb. Up

to 2,000,000 estimated wintering. Roosts in reed-beds and often rests on ground

during day.

R. paludicola African Sand Martin. A, R, *. One, 30 Jan 1992. Recorded further

inland along Senegal River at Matam 15°30'N, 13°15'W (Morel & Roux 1962).

Hirundo rustica European Swallow. PM, C. 27 Aug to 19 Apr. Common on

passage up to late Nov (max. 40 in one day); migrating north from 26 Jan, most

Mar - Apr (max. 300). Scarce Dec Jan. Roosts with Sand Martins in reed-beds and

occasionally inside buildings during sandstorms.

96

S. P. Rodweil et al.

Malimbus 18

H. senegalensis Mosque Swallow. A, R. One found dead at PC, 17 Jan 1991

(Fouquet 1991). At Richard-Toll from Mar (Morel 1972).

If. daurica Red-rumped Swallow. PM, S. Fourteen records, 10 Feb to 17 Apr,

mainly Mar. Max. ten in hirundine roost along the Djoudj river, 2! 23 Mar 1991.

Delichon urbica House Martin. PM, U. 6 Nov to 19 Apr; mainly on passage, 6-24

Nov and Feb - A pi ; rare Dec-Jan. Max. 20 during strong NE winds, 27 Mar 1989.

Six roosted under eaves of buildings at PG during strong sandstorms, 3-5 Feb

1991; one caught roosting with Sand Martins in a reed-bed, 6 Mar 1992.

Previously unrecorded on autumn passage and few winter records Dec-Feb

(M&M), except in 1991-92 (Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

Motacillidae

Moiacilla flava Yellow Wagtail. PM, V. 15 Oct to 25 Apr. Roosts of up to c.

100,000 on 12 Nov 1991 and c. 250,000, Dec 1992. Smaller numbers feeding inside

the park. Five subspp.: M. f iberiae and M. f flava. most numerous; M. f

fi avis sima and M f cinereocapilla wintering in small numbers ( M. f flavissima

more numerous on passage); three records of M. f thunbergi (males caught 4 Dec

1992, 19 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993), 25 Feb 1993. One other Senegal record of M.f

thunbergi , Apr (Morel & Roux 1966); none of M.f. cinereocapilla , although 1-2%

caught in large roosts in Mauritania were M.f cinereocapilla (Lamarche 1988).

M. cinerea Grey Wagtail. PM, R, *. A female seen along Gorom river, 3 Mar 1990

(Fouquet 1990). Four other Senegal records (M&M).

M. alba White Wagtail. PM, C. 15 Oct to 20 Apr. Max. 50, roosting with Yellow

Wagtails.

Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit. PM, C. 30 Oct to 21 Apr, most abundant Jan Feb,

max. 100 on 5 Feb 1993, rarely > 10 other months.

A. leucophrys Plain-backed Pipit. A, R. Three records: one, Feb 1990; one north-

east of Débi, 27 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993); one caught, 3 Apr 1993.

A. similis Long-billed Pipit. A, U, **. One caught at PG, 12 Mar 1989; six birds

ringed (one retrapped after one year) and up to four seen, 3 Nov 1991 to 1 Feb

1992 and 13 Nov 1992 to 29 Mar 1993. These were closest to A. s. asbenaicus but

measured slightly larger than museum specimens. Identification based on colo-

ration, size and bill length (larger than Tawny Pipit) and wing formula (numbering

ascendantly, emarginated to P6; P6 1-3 mm < P5), which differs from Plain-backed

Pipit; full details lodged with Editor; see Fig. 4. A. s. asbenaicus rare Mali, mostly

in Niger inundation zone (Lamarche 1981). Found in short vegetation close to

scrub but elusive.

A. trivialis Tree Pipit. PM, F. 26 Oct to 12 Apr, most abundant Jan-Mar. Max. 50

on 8 Mar 1993 but rarely > 5 present.

A. cervinus Red-throated Pipit. PM, U, *. 19 Dec 1991 to 19 Apr 1992: up to five

present but rare Feb- Apt Eight north-east of Débi, 27 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993).

Quite common on spring passage north of Lac de Guier (Morel & Roux 1966) and

wintering in S Senegal (Morel 1972, Sala 1983).

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P

97

Figure 4. Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis , captured at Djoudj.

98

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

Laniidae

Nilaus afer Brubru Shrike. A, S, *. Nine records of singles; up to 8 Feb.

Lanius isabellinus Isabelline Shrike. PM, U, *. 12 Dec to 3 Apr. Frequent 1991-92:

three first-years caught and an adult seen. Two first-year females caught, 1992-93.

One other Senegal record, Dec 1982 (Schifter 1986); four from The Gambia (Gore

1990). Rare Mauritania: small numbers on passage at Nouakchott and at five

locations in southern Sahel (Lamarche 1988).

L. excubitor Great Grey Shrike. A, F. Up to seven present, of resident race elegans.

L. senator Woodchat Shrike. PM, C. 30 Aug to 17 Apr. Max. 30 around PG, Dec

1992. All examined in the hand were L. s. senator.

Oriolidae

Oriolus oriolus European Golden Oriole. PM, U, *. One autumn record (pre-

viously unrecorded autumn in Senegal): a male over EMI, 19 Oct 1991. More

frequent on spring passage: two, 29 Apr 1988; 19 from 15 to 19 Apr 1992, max. ten

(nine males, one female), 19 Apr; a male, 10 Apr 1993.

Sturnidae

Lamprotornis chalybaeus Blue-eared Glossy Starling. A, C. Flocks of up to 100.

L. caudatus Long-tailed Glossy Starling. A, F. Max. 30 on 16 Jan 1993.

Spreo pulcher Chestnut-bellied Starling. A, U. Max. 14 in the park, 26 Nov 1991,

but more abundant in surrounding villages.

Buphagus africanus Yellow-billed Oxpecker. A-B, F. Max. 19 on 19 Apr 1992. One

nesting, Sep 1992 (B. Tréca & M. Sakho pers. comm.).

Corvidae

Corvus albus Pied Crow. A-B, U. Up to four seen.

C. ruficollis Brown-necked Raven. A, R. One near Débi, 2-3 Jan 1993.

Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotus barbatus Garden Bulbul. A-B, U. Up to two present; absent some

years.

Turdidae

Saxicola rubetra Whinchat. PM, S. Sixteen records (17 birds), 30 Oct to 19 Apr.

S. torquata Stonechat. A-B (+ PM?), S. 8 Nov to 20 Mar. Total 16 birds recorded,

including four pairs that stayed briefly, 1987-90. S. t. mop tana has once bred

Djoudj and held territories at several locations in Senegal delta (Jarry &

Larigauderie 1974, M&M). Some perhaps Palaearctic S. t. rubicola , of which

vagrants known S Mauritania (Keith et al. 1992) and Mali (Lamarche 1981).

Oenanthe oenanthe Wheatear. PM, C. 18 Oct to 21 Apr. Max. 21 on 6 Dec 1988.

Three subspp.: O. o. oenanthe most frequent among birds identified in the hand; O.

o. leucorrhoa, several caught (not always possible to separate from O. o. oenanthe)',

O. o. seebohmi, three singles, 12 Jan 1988, 11 and 21 Mar 1992. O. o. seebohmi

unrecorded at Djoudj before, although known from Senegal delta and across N

Senegal (M&M, Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

O. hispanica Spanish Wheatear. PM, U. 29 Oct to 26 Mar. Up to five present;

absent some years.

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

99

0. deserti Desert Wheatear. PM, S. Six records: singles on 21 Dec 1987, 14 Jan

1991 (Fouquet 1991), 25-30 Nov 1991, 21 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993) and 25 Mar

1993; two (male, female), 5 Jan to 20 Feb 1993. Small numbers winter in Senegal

delta (Morel 1980). Common Mauritania north of 17°N (Lamarche 1988).

O. isahellina Isabelline Wheatear. PM, S. Six records: singles on 8 Feb 1987, 27 Jan

1988, 26 Oct 1991, 27 Nov 1991 and 25-26 Jan 1993 (Fouquet 1993); two, 26 Oct to

27 Nov 1991. Jarry & Larigauderie (1974) recorded up to nine around the park, 26

Feb to 17 Mar 1972; common N Senegal, with one other Djoudj record (M&M).

Myrmecocichla aethiops Ant-Chat. A, U. Up to two present.

Monticola solitaria Blue Rock-Thrush. PM, R, *. A first-winter male at PC, 3-17

Mar 1993. Recorded on passage at Richard-Toll and wintering at several coastal

locations (M&M).

Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart. PM, S, **. Three records: a female caught

and seen several times at PG, 10-17 Apr 1992 (body plumage grey-brown to

charcoal-grey; rump, undertail coverts, outer rectrices orange; full description

lodged with editor); a male seen at PG, 14 Apr 1992; a female at PC, 5 Dec 1992 to

6 Mar 1993. Rare winter visitor Mauritania, mainly along coast from Nouadhibou

to Nouakchott (Lamarche 1988); one record S Mali (Lamarche 1981).

P. phoenicurus Redstart. PM, F. 15 Oct to 23 Apr, most (max. 18) on passage, Oct-

Nov and Mar-Apr. Up to four wintering, Dec-Feb.

Cercotrichas podobe Black Scrub-Robin. A-B, C. Max. 15 on 18 Dec 1992. Singing

throughout observation period. Nest with young, 29 Apr 1988; one incubating

eggs at PC, 16 Feb 1990 (Fouquet 1990).

C. galactotes Rufous Scrub-Robin. A + PM, F. Up to nine seen. Singing

throughout observation period.

Luscinia megarhynchos Nightingale. PM, U, *. Mainly on passage, 17 Oct to 20

Nov and 26 Mar to 19 Apr. One, 18 Dec 1992; one singing at PC, 9 Jan 1992

(Girard 1992). Small numbers winter along Senegal River valley (Morel & Roux

1966).

L. suecica Bluethroat. PM, C. 15 Oct to 16 Apr. Many captured (up to ten per

day). Three males (6 and 9 Jan 1988, 27 Feb 1992) were L. s. suecica , all others

examined in the hand were L. s. cyanecula.

Sylviidae

Locustella luscinioides Savi’s Warbler. PM, F. 9 Nov to 19 Apr; scarce until mid-

Dec and in Apr. Max. ten caught per day. Song heard Dec-Feb. Previously

recorded Senegal River, 1 1 Dec to 2 Apr (Morel & Roux 1966, 1973).

L. naevia Grasshopper Warbler. PM, F. 22 Oct to 20 Apr; scarce until Dec and in

Apr. Max. 13 caught, 20 Dec 1992. Song heard Dec-Feb. Previously recorded

Senegal River twice, in autumn (Sep-Oct) and winter, and in small numbers, 6 Mar

to 13 May (M&M).

Acrocephalus paludicola Aquatic Warbler. PM, R. Two records: one at PG, Jan-

Feb 1987; one caught at EM2, 8 Feb 1993 (head pattern of blackish stripes

separating rich golden-buff central and superciliary stripes; full description lodged

100

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

with Editor). Previous Djoudj records include: three caught, 2-17 Mar 1972

(Morel & Roux 1973); c. 50 records, 12 Dec 1973 to 17 Mar 1974 (including 26

ringed Mar, K. Shulze-Hagen pers. comm.); one additional record (undated)

(Jarry & Roux 1982).

A. schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler. PM, V. 15 Oct to 25 Apr; most abundant late

Nov to late Feb; few remaining Apr. Max. 109 caught on 25 Jan 1992; much less

abundant 1992-93. Song heard mostly Dec-Feb. Common winter visitor at

Richard-Toll, 19 Aug to early May (Morel & Roux 1966).

A. palustris Marsh Warbler. PM, R, **. One seen well and heard in prolonged

song by observer (P. Triplet) familiar with the species, 16 Jan 1994 (Yésou &

Triplet 1994, P. Yésou in litt.). Two possible records from The Gambia (Gore

1990); mainly winters E and S Africa (Cramp 1983).

A. scirpaceus Reed Warbler. PM, C. 15 Oct to 1 May. Common in winter, e.g. up

to 39 caught per day, Nov- Jan; very abundant spring passage from Feb and

especially Mar- Apr, e.g. max. 378 caught, 17 Mar 1993. Autumn passage at

Richard-Toll, mid-Sep to mid-Nov; only one winter record; spring passage 14 Feb

to 30 Jun (Morel & Roux 1966).

A. arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler. PM, U, *. 16 Oct to 21 Apr. Small numbers

caught most months (most in 1991-92). Max. seven singing at PG, 1 Dec 1987.

Previous Senegal records, Richard-Toll: twice during winter (Dec, Feb); five

occasions during spring passage, 17 May to 20 Jun (Morel & Roux 1966).

A. baeticatus African Reed Warbler. A, F. Up to seven caught per day. Fess

abundant 1992-93. Only one previous record (a bird ringed) at Djoudj (Jarry &

Roux 1982), although quite common in Typha beds at Richard-Toll (Morel &

Roux 1962).

Hippolais polyglot ta Melodious Warbler. PM, F, *. Autumn passage, 26-27 Aug

1987, and small numbers (max. eight on 15 Apr 1992) on spring passage, 21 Mar to

20 Apr. One winter record: one, Dec 1991. At Richard-Toll, autumn passage mid-

Aug to early Nov; less frequent on spring passage, Feb-Jun (Morel & Roux 1966).

Usually winters S Senegal (Sala 1983, Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.).

H. pallida Olivaceous Warbler. PM, C. 30 Aug to 23 Apr. Max. 60 at PC, 14 Mar

1992. Most trapped were H. p. opaca. Eight S Algerian H. p. reiseri caught: six, 20

Oct to 24 Nov 1991; two (plus one retrap from Oct), Feb to 21 Mar 1992. Song

heard throughout observation period. Two other Senegal records (Jun, Sep) of H.

p. reiseri , at Richard-Toll (M&M).

Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler. PM, R, **. Two first-winter birds captured: 7 Feb

1990; a female, 10 Apr 1993. Targe size, heavy bill, blue-grey upperparts, traces of

wing-bars and white in outer rectrices, and yellowish eyes, distinguished them

from congeners (Fig. 5); full details lodged with the Editor. Usually migrates to E

Africa (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1991); few records west of main range,

closest at Fake Chad, NE Nigeria, Oct (Dowsett 1969).

S. hortensis Orphean Warbler. PM, F. 24 Oct to 21 Apr, small numbers until mid-

Feb. Max. 16 caught, 10 Mar 1993. At Richard-Toll: autumn passage, 15 Sep to

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Birds of Djoudj N.P.

101

Figure 5, Immature Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria , captured at Djoudj.

102

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

late Oct; in small numbers during winter; spring passage, Feb to 28 May (Morel &

Roux 1966).

S. borin Garden Warbler. PM, F. 31 Aug to 1 May. Small numbers on passage to

27 Nov and 5-17 Apr (max. 21 caught, 10 Apr 1993). Scarce (six records) Dec-

Mar. On passage at Richard-Toll, mid-Sep to late Nov and 15 Apr to 15 June;

once in winter (Morel & Roux 1966).

S. atricapilla Blackcap. PM, U (C 1992-93). 18 Oct to 1 May, slightly more

abundant on passage, Nov-Dec and Mar-Apr. Most years only small numbers.

Exceptionally abundant 1992-93 (690 ringed), max. 33 on 14 Nov 1992. At

Richard-Toll, 15 Oct to 30 Jun (Morel & Roux 1966).

S. communis Whitethroat. PM, F. 15 Oct to 29 Apr, uncommon until Dec, most

abundant Feb- Apr. From 1987-90 only 11 caught. Frequent since 1990, max. 42

caught, 24 Mar 1993. Common winter visitor at Richard-Toll from late Aug

(Morel & Roux 1966).

S. curruca Lesser Whitethroat. PM, U, **. Thirty records, 30 Oct to 22 Mar: two

caught, Jan 1987; seven records (c. 10 birds), 1991-92; 22 birds (15 caught), 1992-

93. Identified by plumage and wing formula. Mainly in Salvador a persica scrub.

Main winter range Ethiopia to Chad (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1991); small

numbers winter Mali (Lamarche 1981); rare Mauritania, mostly on autumn

passage (Lamarche 1988).

S. melanocephala Sardinian Warbler. PM, U (F 1992-93), *. 5 Nov to 29 Mar.

Scarce most years, except 1992-93 when 117 ringed, max. 14 at Gorom, 4 Feb

1993. Regular around Lac de Guier, Feb 1978; six other Senegal records in M&M.

Usually winters further north in Saharan zone (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer

1991), although considered uncommon in Mauritania (Lamarche 1988). Drought

conditions further north probably resulted in greater abundance in Senegal, 1992-

93.

S. cantillans Subalpine Warbler. PM, V. 14 Sep to 21 Apr, most abundant Dec to

mid-Feb, few remaining Apr. Max. 104 at five sites in the park, 17 Dec 1992. Song

(mainly sub-song) throughout observation period. At Richard-Toll 15 Aug to

early May (Morel & Roux 1966).

S. conspicillata Spectacled Warbler. PM, U (F 1992-93), *. 3 Nov to 20 Mar. Three

singles, 1990-91; eight, 1991-92. Frequent 1992-93 with counts > 5, Dec-Feb; max.

18 (Hog, Khar), 19 Feb 1993, and ten at Ndigue, 6 Feb 1993. Five other Senegal

records: Gueumbeul, Trois-Marigots, Lac de Guier (M&M, Meininger 1988,

Fouquet 1993, Sauvage & Rodwell unpubl.). Locally common winter visitor

Mauritania, south to Senegal delta (Lamarche 1988). Drought conditions further

north probably resulted in greater abundance in Senegal, 1992-93.

Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler. PM, F. 16 Sep to 23 Apr. Small numbers

on passage, 14 Oct to 30 Nov and 3 Mar to 23 Apr; max. nine caught, 9 Apr 1993.

Scarce Dec-Feb (nine birds). Previously recorded N Senegal only on passage, 8 Sep

to mid-Oct, 10 Mar to early Jun (Morel & Roux 1966). Small numbers winter

Mauritania (Lamarche 1988).

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

103

P. collybita Chiffchaff. PM, V. 13 Oct to 19 Apr, most abundant Nov to mid-Feb,

scarce Apr. Max. 445 from Python Pools to CES, 18 Jan 1992. Northward

migration first recorded 17 Jan. Song throughout observation period, including

three records of Spanish P. c. brehmii calling, Jan 1990 and 1991, Feb 1992. At

Richard-Toll, 20 Sep to 15 May (Morel & Roux 1966).

P. bonelli Bonelli’s Warbler. PM, U. 2 Nov to 21 Apr. Up to three wintering and

five on spring passage, 15 Mar to 21 Apr. Song, Mar. Previously recorded N

Senegal, early Sep to 12 Jun (Morel & Roux 1966).

Cisticola galactotes Winding Cisticola. A-B, F. Max. nine, OD to PGT, 14-21 Feb

1993. Song throughout observation period. Recently fledged chicks seen up to Jan.

C. natalensis Striped Cisticola. A, R, *. One in low sedge near PG, 24-26 Feb 1992.

Two other Senegal records, closest at Cap Vert (M&M).

C. juncidis Zitting Cisticola. A-B, C. Max. 36 at two locations, 6 Feb 1993.

Recently fledged chicks seen Oct to 8 Mar.

C. aridula Desert Cisticola. A, R, *. One, Feb 1993. Usually in dry grassland,

further inland.

Spiloptila damans Scaly-fronted Warbler. A, U (F 1992-93), *. 10 Dec 1992

to 5 Mar 1993, max. 15 on 19 Jan 1993. Common at Richard-Toll

(Morel 1972).

Prinia fluviatilis River Prinia. A-B, C. Max. 23 at three locations, 20 Feb 1993. In

reed-beds, flooded scrub and adjacent areas. Recently-fledged chicks seen up to

Jan. After discussions with G.J. Morel, analysis of biometric data by D. Kelly and

of recordings by R.J. Dowsett and F. Dowsett-Lemaire, all prinias in the park

were identified as River Prinias. Some Tawny-flanked Prinias P. subflava may

occur in drier habitats.

Camaroptera brevicaudata Grey-backed Camaroptera. A, F. Two pairs at PG, six

individuals at PC and one near Khar.

Eremomela icteropygialis Grey-backed Eremomela. A, R. One, 6 Mar 1993.

E. pusilla Green-backed Eremomela. A, R, *. One, 21 Jan 1993. Rare in lower

Senegal River valley (Morel 1972).

Sylvietta brachyura Nuthatch Warbler. A-B, F. Up to five present. Two juveniles

caught with an adult at PC, 3 Apr 1991.

Muscicapidae

Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher. PM, U. Up to three on autumn passage, 17

Oct to 21 Dec; less frequent on spring passage, 12-19 Apr. Two winter records,

singles, Feb 1990 and 1992. Only on passage at Richard-Toll, early Sep to late Oct,

27 Apr to 16 May (Morel & Roux 1966); rare winter visitor south of Dakar

(M&M), although several hundred winter Mauritania along Senegal River valley

(Lamarche 1988).

Ficedula hypoleuca Pied Flycatcher. PM, F. Passage migrant: abundant autumn

passage, 31 Aug to late Oct, max. 100+ at PG and Khar, 18 Oct 1991; 1-2 from

late Oct; two spring records, singles, 19 Apr 1992, 10 Apr 1993. Previously

recorded on passage N Senegal, early Sep to mid-Nov, Apr-May (Morel & Roux

104

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

1966). Not known to winter N Senegal although considered a rather numerous

winter visitor to Mauritania, in dry woodland near water (Lamarche 1988).

F. parva Red-breasted Flycatcher. PM, R, **. Two first-years captured: 10-13 Nov

1991 and 19-20 Nov 1992 (distinctive tail-pattern obvious; full description lodged

with Editor). Usually winters Arabia to Vietnam, although small numbers

regularly reach N Africa, west to Morocco (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1993).

One other sub-Saharan record, S Sudan between 1909 and 1915 (Sclater &

Mackworth-Praed 1918).

Batis senegalensis Senegal Puff-back Flycatcher. A-B, F. Two pairs at PC; a pair at

PG; singles at several other locations. A female incubating eggs, 1 Apr 1992

(chicks 7-10 days old, 16 Apr). One Mar breeding record in M&M.

Nectariniidae

Anthreptes platura Pygmy Long-tailed Sunbird. A, R. Several at PC, late Jan 1990.

Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-breasted Sunbird. A, R. A male at PC, 5 Apr 1993.

N. pulchella Beautiful Sunbird. A-B, F, *. 31 Aug to 21 Apr. Up to six present, 5

Apr to late Nov; scarce Dec-Feb. Male displaying, 19 Apr 1992; juveniles caught

up to Nov. Nesting at Richard-Toll, Jun-Oct (Morel 1972).

Emberizidae

Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting. PM, R, *. A female caught, 1 1 Apr 1993. Six

other Senegal records, including three at Richard-Toll (M&M).

Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary. A, R. Two records: c. 50 at Débi, 28

Jan 1987; seen on 25 Feb 1993. Rare N Senegal (Morel 1972).

S. leucopygius Grey Canary. A-B, U. Up to six present, Nov to mid-Jan; scarce

Feb-Mar. One record prior to 1991. One incubating at PC, 14 Feb 1992.

Ploceidae

Ploceus luteolus Little Weaver. A, S. Thirteen records; up to three present.

P. vitellinus Vitelline Masked Weaver. A-B, U. Large breeding colony near PC, 30

Aug 1992 (empty in Oct). Four in breeding plumage at Ndigue, 30 Jan 1993.

P. cucullatus Village Weaver. A-B, R. Five records: Oct 1986: 26 Aug 1987; several

caught, 14 Nov 1987; one at Poste Flamant, 10 and 24 Jul 1989 (V. Mansaly pers.

comm.).

P. melanoeephalus Black-headed Weaver. A-B, V. Many colonies. Breeding

completed by mid-Oct.

Quelea quelea Black-faced Dioch. A-B, V.

Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned Bishop. A-B, C. Max. c. 5000 near PC, 30 Mar

1993 (exceptional). Males displaying and defending territories up to Nov, recently

fledged young seen Oct. Nesting at Richard-Toll until Sep (Morel (1972).

Bubalornis albirostris White-billed Buffalo-Weaver. A, U. Up to 15 at nests (not

breeding) near PC.

Passer domesticus House Sparrow. A, F. First recorded in the park, 3 Feb 1987.

Rare before 1990. Max. 20 at PC, Apr 1994.

P. griseus Grey-headed Sparrow. A-B, U. Up to six present.

P. luteus Golden Sparrow. A-B, V. Max. c. 5000 near PC, 18 Feb 1993.

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

105

Vidua chalybeata Senegal Indigo-Finch. A-B, F. Max. 15 at Khar, 17 Feb 1990

(Fouquet 1990). Males displaying until early Jan.

V. orientalis Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah. A, R. Four records of 1-5 birds, Feb-

Apr.

Estrildidae

Estrilda troglodytes Black-rumped Waxbill. A, R. Two records: six at PC, 14 Mar

1992; seen, 9 Feb 1993.

E. bengala Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu. A, U. Up to five present.

Lagonosticta senegala Senegal Fire-finch. A-B, F. Max. 21 at PC, 14 Mar 1992.

Juveniles caught most months.

Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill. A-B, F. Up to 30 present. Juveniles caught

most months.

Ortygospiza atricollis Quail-Finch. A-B, F (S 1990-91). Max. 20 on 7 Dec 1991 and

4 Apr 1993. A female with brood patch caught, Mar 1993. Nesting at Richard-Toll

until Feb (Morel & Morel 1962).

Lonchura cantans Warbling Silverbill. A-B, F. Max. 49 at PC, 1 Mar 1992. Young

chicks, Nov; eggs and newly fledged young, Feb.

Acknowledgments

We are especially grateful to the staff of the Service des Parcs Nationaux du

Sénégal: Director Dr Seydina Issa Sylla; Deputy-director Souleye N’Diaye;

Conservators Sara Diouf, Ibrahima Diop, Jacques Rigoulot and Abdoulaye

Ndiaye; Guards Indega Bindia, Karfa Boa Sane, Valentin Mansaly, Ousmann

Seek and Ousmane Ndiaye. We thank François Bâillon for his hospitality. The

following people generously provided data or were instrumental in collecting

information: Jim Askins, Gary Barnes, Roger Beecroft, Albert Beintema, John

Cooper, Richard Dévissé, René Dugauquier, Mark Dugdale, Michel Fouquet,

Olivier Girard, Luc Gizart, Alain Hardy, Hermann Hotker, Jean-Paul Jacob,

David Kelly, Jean-Laurent Lucchesi, Paul Mann, Johannes Melter, John Middle-

ton, Gérard Morel, Eduard Osieck, Philippe Pilard, Christopher Schmitt, Trevor

Squire, Bernard Tréca, Bertrand Trolliet, John Willsher and Joke Winkelman.

References

Alexander-Marrack, P. (1992) Nearctic vagrants in the Cap Lopez area,

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Appendix 1

Dates and participants of the expeditions who supplied records.

Year

1983- 84

1984- 85

1985- 86

1986- 87

1987- 88

1988- 89

1989- 90

1990- 91

1991- 92

1992- 93

1993- 94

Month

ASONDJ FM

A M

x

X X

1983- 84: 8-28 Feb. P. Mann, J. Melter, E. Reinke.

1984- 85: 7 Feb to 4 Mar. H. Hôtker, T. Kepp, P. Mann, J. Melter.

1986- 87: 18 Jan to 14 Feb. B. Beyer, L. Gizart, H. Htker, J. Melter, A. Sauvage, C.

Schmitt, M. Scholten.

1987- 88: 25-28 Aug, 6 Nov to 11 Feb, 28 Apr to 1 May. B. Beckers, A. Beintema,

L. van den Bergh, G. Boerma, P. Dubois, G. Gerritsen, P. Ghijsel, L. Gizart, T.

van der Have, H. Hôtker, T. Kôlsch, J.-L. Lucchesi, P. Meininger, J. Melter, E.

Osieck, E. Reincke, A. Sauvage, H. Visser, J. Winkelman, Rijksinstituut voor

Natuurbeher.

no

S. P. Rodwell et al.

Malimbus 18

1988- 89: 8-22 Jan, 4 Mar to 10 Apr. L. Gizart, N. Hecker, J.-L. Lucchesi, A.

Sauvage, V. Schricke, P. Triplet.

1989- 90: 17 Jan to 1 1 Apr. P. Bayle, B. Bayou, R. Beecroft, F. Boléat, J. Brochet,

D. Butterfield, J. Chesneau, P. Delaporte, F. Dupuy, I. Edrich, M. Fouquet, O.

Girard, L. Gizart, F. Jeudy, J.-L. Lucchesi, P. Pilard, A. Sauvage, Y. Schricke,

R.E. Sharland, P. Triplet, B. Trolliet, J. Trouvilliez, P. Zeddan.

1990- 91: 9 Dec to 9 Apr. T. Bara, P. Chable, J.-L. Clavier, A. Collet, M. Fouquet,

C. Fridlender, O. Girard, L. Gizart, A. Hardy, F. Ibanez, F. Léger, P. Sagot, A.

Sauvage, B. Trolliet. International Ornithological Expedition, 54 participants.

1991- 92: 15 Oct to 25 Apr. M. Fouquet, O. Girard, B. Trolliet. International

Ornithological Expedition, 200 + participants.

1992- 93: 30 Aug to 1 May. M. Fouquet, P. Triplet, B. Trolliet, P. Yésou.

International Ornithological Expedition, 200 + participants.

1993- 94: 8-20 Jan, 27 Mar to 6 Apr. A. Beintema, D. Kelly, S. Rodwell, C. Stoates,

J. Sutcliffe, P. Triplet, P. Yésou.

B. Tréca and R. Devisse visited Djoudj on many occasions throughout the study

period.

Appendix 2

Additional species recorded at Djoudj and in surrounding area, prior to 1984,

and species rejected from the Djoudj list.

Species recorded prior to 1984

Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe (Morel 1972).

Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork (Dupuy 1971, Morel 1980).

Anas americana American Wigeon (Roux et al 1976-77).

Aegypius tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Falco columbarius Merlin (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Gallinula angulata Lesser Moorhen' (Morel 1972).

Eupodotis ruficrista Crested Bustard (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Calidris alba Sanderling (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Rhynchops flavirostris African Skimmer (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Oxyloplius jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Caprimulgus inornatus Plain Nightjar (Morel 1972, 1980).

Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar1 (Morel 1980).

Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

Emberiza calandra Corn Bunting1 (Morel 1980).

Amadina fasciata Cut-throat Weaver (Dupuy & Suiro 1983).

'Location given as Senegal delta in original reference, although listed as occurring

at Djoudj and the surrounding area by Dupuy & Suiro (1983).

1996

Birds of Djoudj N.P.

Ill

Species rejected from the Djoudj list

Turdoides fulvus Fulvous Babbler. Listed by Dupuy & Suiro (1983), but record

actually from close to St. -Louis (Morel & Ndao 1978).

A cant his cannabina Linnet. Listed by Dupuy & Suiro (1983) although there is only

one published Senegal record, from Richard-Toll (Jarry & Larigauderie 1971).

Fiscal Shrike - Pie-grièche fiscale - Lanius collaris

Photo: M. E. J. Gore

112

Maîimbus 18

More bird records from Rio del Rey estuary, Cameroon

by Arthur A. Green

78 Reynolds Road, Shelburne Falls, MA 01370, USA

Received 14 April 1995

Revised 17 January 1996

Summary

Twenty-three new bird species are reported from the Rio del Rey estuary,

Cameroon, and new information is given for several other previously

reported species. The mangrove area and tidal mudflats are described.

Résumé

L’auteur fait état de 23 nouvelles espèces d’oiseaux pour l’estuaire du Rio

del Rey au Cameroun, et ajoute des données pour plusieurs autres déjà

connues. Il décrit la mangrove et les vasières intertidales.

Introduction

The Rio del Rey estuary is an area of mangrove swamps on the Cameroon coast

west of Mount Cameroon, contiguous with the Cross River estuary of Nigeria.

The estuary in Cameroon is part of Ndian Division, Southwest Province,

administered from Mundemba (Fig. 1). Until 1986, access to Mundemba was by

boat from Ekondo Titi, through the mangrove creeks and up the Ndian River to

the head of navigation at Bulu Beach near Mundemba. Thomas (1995) has

reported on birds seen along this route during several boat trips in 1978-79 and

1983. While working at Korup National Park during 1991-94, 1 visited the estuary

13 times at all seasons between mid-September and mid-May. Nine trips were to

the smaller creeks in central and western Rio del Rey. From 1993 I made four boat

trips to the broad channels in the southeastern area of the estuary, to assess bird-

watching potential for tourists. These trips were on 1 and 26 Mar 1993, 28 Nov

1993, and 30 Jan 1994. The tidal mudflats of the Andokat Channel proved to be

exceptional birding areas during the Palaearctic winter. Unrest amongst the

inhabitants of the estuary (resident Cameroonian and migratory Nigerian fisher-

men) precluded trips there in mid-rainy season 1993. On Christmas Day 1993,

Nigerian soldiers invaded the Bakassi Peninsula, and I made only one further trip

to the estuary.

8*30*E

1996

Birds of Rio del Rey

113

Figure 1. Sketch map of the Rio del Rey estuary (1100 km2), Cameroon

114

A. A. Green

Mai. tin bus 18

More rainy season observations are needed for the Apr-Oct period to establish

whether some birds are resident.

Study area

The Rio del Rey estuary (1100 km2) is centred at 4°40'N , 8°40'E. It comprises

mangroves, brackish water creeks and channels, small islands of higher land, and

tidal mudflats. The Bight of Bonny is to the south, and evergreen Atlantic coastal

forest (including swamp forest and lowland rainforest) lies to the north and east.

The fresh water swamp forest to the north is not treated here as part of the estuary.

From east to west the principal rivers entering the estuary are Meme, Moko,

Ndian/Mana and Akwayafe / Korup. Ninety percent of the woody vegetation of

the estuary is made up of red mangrove trees Rhizophora racemosa growing to 25

m high along the creeks, but somewhat shorter farther back. White mangrove

Avicennia nitida also occurs, and Pandanus candalabrum trees are common along

the creeks (Sayer et al 1992).

The estuary harbours a diverse fish fauna of some 40 species (predominantly

marine). Nile Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus and Slender-snouted Crocodiles C.

cataphractus are not uncommon. Broad-snouted Crocodiles Osteolaemus tetraspis

are frequently found in freshwater streams north of the estuary. Mammals of the

estuary include Otter Shrew Potamogale velox, Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludino-

sus. Manatee Triche eus senegalensis (still present), and Mona Monkey Cercopithe-

cus mona (frequently seen in trees along creeks). Presence of Sitatunga Tragelaphus

spekei is yet to be proven, although it is found in swamp forest to the north

(Anonymus 1988).

There are vast shoals south of Fiari Island and Pelican Point. Aquatic birds

gather in large numbers on the tidal mud-flats along the lower estuary channels

and the seaward sides of islands, with the greatest aggregations in the lower

Andokat Channel. Thomas (1995) refers to “Big Belly”, the area of Andokat

Channel with its mud-flats near the mouth of Massaka River. Topographical maps

made in the 1 960 s show a large shoal in the channel 6 km south of Big Belly.

Today there is a 2 km long mud-flat at this site, with a small tree-covered island at

the north end (which we call “Bird Island”). The largest gatherings of birds seen in

the estuary in 1993 and 1994 were at Bird Island. Pelican Point is 10 km south of

Bird Island at the mouth of the Meme River. In March 1993 I found great

numbers of birds on the bar extending south from Pelican Point, but a 2 km -wide

shoal blocked my approach from the west. It is about 65 km and 2 hours travel

time between Bulu Beach and Bird Island. Ekondo Titi to the east is much closer.

Climate in the estuary is similar to that found to the north in Korup National

Park (Rodewald et al 1994). Although rain often falls in December and February

and may also occur in January, the main rainy season is March-November, with

heaviest rainfall occurring late July to October.

1996

Birds of Rio del Rey

115

Methods

I travelled in the estuary by small boat with 40 hp outboard motor. Observations

in the creeks were generally made on the move while on Korup National Park

business. Occasional outboard motor failure permitted observations which would

otherwise have been missed. On the four trips to Andokat Channel, I was able to

stop and move in closer to the mud-flats for observations. I used 8 x 36 binoculars;

spotting scopes were used only on 28 Nov 1993.

Results

The annotated list below contains 23 new species for the area (indicated by

asterisks) and new information on a number of birds reported by Thomas (1995).

Thomas’s list also includes a few species found north of the estuary along the

upper Ndian/Mana River, an area whose avifauna is also covered by Thomas

(1991), Rodewald et al. (1994), and Green & Rodewald (1996).

Time limitations did not permit any census of birds. A sample count of Ardeidae

made on a portion of beach at Bird Island (what could easily be seen at one stop

from the boat 100 m off the beach) on 28 Nov 1993 gave: 17 Egretta alba , 17 E.

garzetta, 1 E. intermedia , 7 Ardea cinerea, and 4 Ardeola ralloides (for English

names see annotated list, below). Some species, when found in the channels,

showed a clear preference for shoreline mudflats and were never seen at Bird

Island ( Butorides striatus, Ardea goliath, Ciconia episcopus, Haliaetus vocifer).

Some birds may travel between estuary mud-flats and areas beyond the estuary,

such as the Mana River and streams of Pamol oil palm plantation near

Mundemba.

Taxonomy and sequence of species follow Elgood et al. (1994). Status is

indicated when known: PM Palaearctic migrant; AM intra-African migrant; EM

subject to local movements; R resident. Scale of abundance: rare (few records over

many years), uncommon (few records per year), frequent (not recorded every day),

common (1-10 seen/heard daily), abundant (11-100 daily), and very abundant

(more than 100 daily). Examples of abundance are often given for Big Belly (BB)

and/or Bird Island (BI), and one should keep in mind that this is only a fraction of

the number to be seen on the mud-flats along Andokat and Ngosso channels and

at Pelican Point. C. Bowden and W. Quantrill assisted me on my trip of 28 Nov

1993. Some additional records have been provided (pers. comm.) by J. Culverwell

(JC) of Korup National Park, who visited the estuary several times during Aug-

Apr 1994-95.

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant. R, common in creeks, abundant

in channels; 50+ at BI, 30 Jan 1994.

\

116

A. A. Green

Malimbus 18

Anhingidae

Anhinga melanogaster Anhinga. R, frequent, widespread. Average sighting one per

day, but three seen 26 Mar 1993.

Peiecanidae

Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican. LM, erratic in channels. Two dozen seen

in Andokat Channel, Mar and Nov 1993; four at BI, 30 Jan 1994. JC recorded 35

at BI, Mar 1995. He noted that soldiers stationed in the estuary for the Bakassi

campaign were shooting pelicans during 1994-95.

Ardeidae

*Tigriornis leucolophus White-crested Tiger Bittern. Two records, near creeks in

northwestern part of the estuary, Apr 1991, Apr 1993.

Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron. PM, very abundant in channels; several hundred

at BB and BI, Nov-Mar. Recorded to 25 May 1978 (Thomas 1995). Unrecorded

SE Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994), but it must surely occur in Cross River estuary.

Butorides striatus Green Heron. R, common to abundant (singly) in creeks, seen

on all trips. Less common on channel shoreline mud-flats; absent BI.

Egreita gularis Western Reef Heron. Common to abundant in channels. Few at

BB; 15-20 at BI, Nov-Mar. According to Louette (1981), only present coastal

Cameroon Mar-Sep.

E. garzetta Little Egret. R, common (singly) in creeks; seen on all trips. Very

abundant in channels, Nov-Mar; up to 25 at BB and hundreds at BI.

*E. intermedia Yellow-billed Egret. Abundant in channels, Nov-Mar; ten at BB

and several tens at BI, 30 Jan 1994. Not mentioned by Louette (1981) for coastal

Cameroon but reported there by Martinez et al. (1996), and well known in coastal

Nigeria (Elgood et al 1994).

E. alba Great Egret. R and LM, uncommon in creeks, very abundant in channels

Nov-Mar; at BI, 1000 ! on 28 Nov 1993, many hundreds 30 Jan 1994, 1 and 26

Mar 1993. Erratic near Mundemba, where occurs off and on in all months except

Sep Oct (Rodewald et al 1994).

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron. R and PM, uncommon in creeks, very abundant (many

hundreds) in channels, Nov-Mar (maximum 28 Nov 1993). Erratic throughout the

year near Mundemba but more common in rainy season.

A. melanocephala Black-headed Heron. AM, two records: one on a mud-flat

2 km north of BI, Nov 1994 (JC); previous record, one on 5 Jul 1983 (Thomas

1995).

A. goliath Goliath Heron. LM, uncommon to frequent, in channels, Nov-Mar

(absent BI). Seen on one-half of boat trips, rarely more than one per day.

Ciconiidae

Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork. AM, common to abundant in channels,

Nov-Mar; absent BI; at BB, 12 on 28 Nov 1993, 20+ on 30 Jan 1994.

Threskiornithidae

Threskiornis aethiopica Sacred Ibis. AM, common to abundant in channels, with

12-30 at BI and others at BB, Nov-Mar.

1996

Birds of Rio del Rey

117

Phoenicopteridae

Phoeniconaias minor Lesser Flamingo. AM, erratic, channel mud- flats. At BI, 20 +

on 1 Mar 1993. Next sighting 60 in Andokat Channel, 13 Aug 1994, where they

remained until late Sep 1994 (JC). Thomas (1995) recorded them on several

occasions, with 500+ at BB on 13 Feb 1979.

Pandionidae

Pandion haliaetus Osprey. PM, uncommon in channels, Nov-Mar; seen on half of

the trips to Andokat Channel.

Accipitridae

Milvus migrans Black Kite. AM, abundant, widespread, Oct-May.

Haliaetus vocifer River Eagle. R, uncommon in creeks, common in channels (up to

four seen per day); absent BI.

Heliornithidae

Podica senegalensis Finfoot. R, common in creeks (average sighting four per day).

Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet. PM, abundant in channels, Nov-Mar; usually 20-

30 at BB and BI, but 200 at BI on 28 Nov 1993. Also recorded Oct 1994 and Apr

1995 (JC).

Charadriidae

*Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover. PM, abundant in channels, 1 and 26 Mar

1993 (several tens at BB/BI), but unrecorded Nov 1993 and Jan 1994. Flock size

and abundance are greatest in coastal Nigeria at passage Sep-Oct and Mar-Apr

(Elgood et al. 1994).

C. marginatus White-fronted Plover. PM, very abundant in channels, 1 and 26

Mar 1993 (many at BB and hundreds at BI), but unrecorded Nov 1993 and Jan

1994. Thomas (1995) found them at BB also Feb and Apr in 1970s.

*Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover. PM, abundant in channels. At BI, many

hundreds on 1 and 26 Mar 1993, 100+ on 28 Nov 1993, 50+ on 30 Jan 1994.

Vanellus alhiceps White-headed Lapwing. LM, frequent in channels, Nov-Feb, but

common at BI, 1 and 26 Mar 1993. Seen on sandbars in upper Ndian River near

Bulu Beach in dry season and early wet season, but these sandbars are under water

for much of the rainy season.

Scolopacidae

*Calidris minuta Little Stint. PM, very abundant in channels, 1 and 26 Mar 1993

(hundreds BB/BI); absent 28 Nov 1993; abundant (a few tens) at BI, 30 Jan 1994.

*C. ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper. PM, uncommon in channels, Nov-Mar 1993-94.

At BI, 200 on 9 Apr 1995, but none before or after (JC).

*Limosa limosa Black-tailed God wit. PM, one record: up to 20 scattered on BI, 11

Dec 1994 (JC). Singles frequently reported in Nigerian coastal mud-flats at Bonny

and Lagos (Elgood et al 1994).

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel. PM, uncommon in creeks (seven in a tree at Moko-

Andokat confluence 30 Jan 1994); common to abundant in channels; at BI, few on

1 and 26 Mar and 28 Nov 1993, but 50 + on 30 Jan 1994.

118

A. A. Green

Malimbus 18

*N. at qua (a Eurasian Curlew. PM, common in channels. JC found 10 to 20

(singly) each visit to And ok at Channel, mid- Aug to mid-Dec 1994, but none

thereafter. Singles occur on Nigerian coastal mud-flats (Elgood et al 1994).

*Tringa tot anus Common Redshank. PM, common to abundant in channels; at

BB, up to 20 on 1 and 26 Mar 1993, ten on 28 Nov 1993, few on 30 Jan 1994);

absent BE

*T. stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper. PM, abundant in channels, 30 Jan 1994 (several

tens at BI), absent 1 and 26 Mar and 28 Nov 1993, A single bird at BI, 1 1 Dec 1994

(JC).

T. nebularia Common Greenshank. PM, abundant in channels; at BI, nearly 100

on 28 Nov 1993, fewer on 30 Jan 1994, a few tens on 1 and 26 Mar 1993.

T. glareola Wood Sandpiper. PM, very abundant in channels, Jan- Mar; at BI, up

to 100 on 30 Jan 1994, 1000+ on 1 and 26 Mar 1993; absent 28 Nov 1993.

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper. PM, common in creeks, Oct-May and

probably longer (present north of the estuary, late July to May); abundant (singly)

in channels.

Sternidae

Sterna maxima Royal Tern. AM, abundant to very abundant in channels. Several

flocks in Dongere, Ngosso and Andokat in channels, 1 and 26 Mar 1993; about

300 in lower Andokat Channel, 28 Nov 1993. Only about 60 in northern Andokat

Channel, 30 Jan 1994. JC recorded it on most visits to the estuary, mid-Aug 1994

to mid-Apr 1995.

*Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern. PM, common to abundant in channels, 1 and

26 Mar 1993 (small flocks in Dongere, upper Ngosso and upper Andokat in

channels; not observed farther south in broader parts of the in channels towards

the sea). Not seen 28 Nov 1993 or 30 Jan 1994.

*Sterna albifrons Little Tern. LM, common to abundant in channels, 1 and 26 Mar

1993 (small flocks in Dongere and mid-Andokat in channels; not observed farther

south in broader parts of the in channels towards the sea). Not seen 28 Nov 1993

or 30 Jan 1994.

Rynchopidae

*Rynchops flavirostris African Skimmer. LM, one record: about 24 skimming over

the water around BI, 28 Nov 1993.

Columbidae

Treron calva Green Pigeon. R, frequent in mangroves in creeks, recorded most

trips.

*Tur fur tympanistria Tambourine Dove. R, frequent in mangroves in creeks (often

heard when stopping for outboard motor repairs).

*Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove. R, common in mangroves in creeks;

heard calling at Isangele in Sep 1992 and at Kombo Itindi in Mar 1993.

Psittaddae

Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot. R, common in mangroves in creeks, flocks often

seen flying overhead.

1996

Birds of Rio del Rey

119

Musophagidae

Corythaeola cristata Great Blue Turaco. R, frequent in creeks (encountered on

about one-third of trips).

Cuculidae

*Oxylophus levaillantii Levaillant’s Cuckoo. AM, one record: one crossing the

lower Ndian River, 26 Mar 1993.

*Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo. Uncommon in creeks; heard calling at

Isangele, Sep 1992.

*C. clamosus Black Cuckoo. R, one record: one encountered while repairing

outboard motor in lower Ndian River, 1 Mar 1993.

Apodidae

Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift. R, frequent in creeks, more common at villages

(Isangele, Sep 1992; Kombo Itindi, Mar 1993).

Apus apus Eurasian Swift. PM, uncommon. Flocks seen 1 and 26 Mar and 28 Nov

1993, but not 30 Jan 1994.

Alcedinidae

*Halcyon malimbica Blue-breasted Kingfisher. R, widespread, common to abun-

dant in mangroves.

H. senegalensis Woodland Kingfisher. R, widespread, abundant in mangroves,

creeks and villages.

Ceyx picta Pygmy Kingfisher. R, frequent in mangroves in creeks.

Corythornis cristata Malachite Kingfisher. R, rare in creeks and villages. One at

Isangele, Sep 1992. Previous record by Thomas (1995).

Alcedo quadribrachys Shining Blue Kingfisher. R, widespread, common (up to

eight seen per day).

Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher. R, widespread, common (daily sightings;

three on 24 Apr 1993, west of the old Rio del Rey steamship jetty).

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher. R, widespread, uncommon; seen on about a quarter

of boat trips.

Bucerotidae

Tockus fasciatus Pied Hornbill. R, frequent in creeks; seen on one-half of boat

trips.

Ceratogymna fistulator Piping Hornbill. R, frequent in creeks; encountered on

about two-thirds of boat trips.

C. atrata Black-casqued Wattled Hornbill. R, widespread, uncommon; seen on

about one-quarter of boat trips.

C. data Yellow-casqued Wattled Hornbill. R, widespread, frequent; seen on half

of boat trips.

Picldae

*Dendropicos goertae Grey Woodpecker. One record: an excellent view of one in

the outer mangroves, Apr 1995 (JC). Also occurs in mature mangroves at Lagos,

Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994).

120

A. A. Green

Malimbus 18

Hirundînidae

Hirundo nigrita White-throated Blue Swallow. R, widespread, common; most

common along lower Ndian River. Even more common on large rivers north of

the mangrove zone than in the estuary itself.

H rustica Bara Swallow. PM, widespread, abundant Oct- Apr, with many seen

daily and large flocks gathering in March prior to migration.

Pyenonotidae

*Thescelocichla leucopleura White-tailed Greenbul R, uncommon in creeks (sight-

ings 26 Mar, 24 Apr, and 2 Oct 1993). Common in swamp forest along the upper

Ndian River north of the estuary.

Sylviidae

*Apalis /la vi da Yellow-chested Apalis. R, uncommon in mangroves in creeks. Also

in mangroves in Nigeria (Elgood et al 1994).

Muscicapidae

Muscicapa cassini Cassin’s Grey Flycatcher. R, abundant in creeks; on low

branches over water in small in creeks as well as along the Ndian and Akwayafe

rivers.

Mectarimiidae

Anthreptes gabonicus Brown S unbird. R , uncommon in mangroves in creeks.

Ploceidae

*Ploceus aurantius Orange Weaver. R, uncommon in creeks, seen occasionally

along the lower Ndian River and at Isangele. Also found north of the estuary

where swamp forest borders the upper Ndian River.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to WWF-U.K. and the Korup Project for the opportunity to have

visited Rio del Rey estuary while working at Korup National Park. I thank W.

Quantrill and C. Bowden for their expertise and use of spotting scopes on the 28

Nov 1993 trip to Andokat Channel. I thank C.A. Spinage, J. Thomas, H Tye and

J.F. Walsh for their criticisms of earlier drafts of this paper.

References

Anonymus (1988) The Conservation and Development of the Mangroves of the Rio

del Rey and their Fisheries. Internal rep., WWF Cameroun, Douala. Mimeo-

graph, 6 pp.

Elgood, J.H., Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharlamd, R.E. &

Skinner, N.J. (1994) The Birds of Nigeria. Check-list 4, 2nd ed., British

Ornithologists’ Union, Tring.

1996

Birds of Rio del Rey

121

Green, A. A. & Rodewald, P.G. 1996. New bird records from Korup National

Park and environs, Cameroon. Malimbus 18: 122-133.

Louette, M. (1981) The birds of Cameroon. An annotated check-list. Verhandel.

Kon. Acad. Wetensch. Lett. Schone Kunst. Belg., Kl. Wetensch. 43(163): 1-295.

Martinez, L, Elliott, V.A. and Field, G.D. (1966). Yellow-billed Egret

Egretta intermedia on the coast of Cameroon. Malimbus 18: 58.

Rodewald, P.G., Dejaifve, P.-A., & Green, A. A. (1994) The birds of Korup

National Park and Korup Project Area, Southwest Province, Cameroon. Bird

Conserv. Int. 4: 1-68.

Saver, J.A., Harcourt, C.S., & Collins, N.M. (eds) (1992) The Conservation

Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa. Macmillan, London.

Thomas, J. (1991) Birds of the Korup National Park, Cameroon. Malimbus 13:

11-23.

Thomas, J. (1995) Birds of the Rio del Rey Estuary, Cameroon. Malimbus 17:

7-18.

122

Malim.bus 18

New bird records from Korup National Park and environs,

Cameroon

by A. A. Green1 & P.G. Rodewald2

*78 Reynolds Road, Shelburne Falls, MA 01370, U.S.A.

2 NYZS/The Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, U.S.A. and

Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.

Present address: 4 Merrit Lane, Rocky Hill, NJ 08553, U.S.A.

Received 14 June 1995

Revised 5 February 1996

Summary

Twenty-one new species are reported from Korup National Park and one

new bird for the neighbouring region outside the park. New information is

given for 43 other species. Four hundred and seven bird species are now

known from the park and its environs in the rainforest of southwestern

Cameroon.

Résumé

Les auteurs citent 21 espèces nouvelles pour le Parc National de Korup, et

une pour la région avoisinante. Ils fournissent aussi des données sur 43

espèces déjà connues. Jusqu’ici, 407 espèces d’oiseaux sont connues dans le

parc et ses environs, situés en forêt dense humide au sud-ouest du Camer-

oun.

Introduction

Korup National Park (KNP) occupies 1259 km2 of varied terrain in the rainforest

of southwestern Cameroon (Fig. 1). The park was gazetted in 1986, and since 1988

has been the focus of a large conservation and development project directed by

WWF-U.K. (World Wide Fund for Nature) with assistance from GTZ (German

aid), ODA (British aid), and WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society). A park adviser

and a research coordinator provide assistance to the park, but most project effort

is directed toward the people living in the Korup Project Area (KPA) outside the

park. The KPA covers roughly 5,000 km2 and includes the park, three forest

reserves, and the region of farmlands and secondary forests lying between.

KNP is covered by Atlantic Coastal Rainforest interrupted by six village /farm

123

1® Map of Korup National Park and the Korup Project Area in SW

Cameroon, showing localities mentioned in the text.

enclaves, which are destined for eventual relocation. Rainfall averages 5500 mm in

the south, decreasing northward. Elevation ranges from sea level along the Ndian

River to 1079 m on Mount Yuhan in the centre. One third of the park is hilly and

above 360 m. KNP is drained by the Korup /Akwayafe and the Mana/ Ndian

rivers in the south and by the Munaya River and its tributaries in the north.

KPA has few natural boundaries, thus is not a choice entity for biological

124

A. A. Green and P. G. Rodewald

Malimbus 18

studies. However, since the mid-1980s, many reports have been written about the

flora, fauna and people of this particular area, and more are expected. Thomas

(1991) reported on KNP birds, while Rodewald et al. (1994) described the

avifauna of KNP/KPA, so it is reasonable to update the information for this area.

Rodewald et al. (1994) described KNP and KPA in more detail.

Some bird observations were made at Lake Ejagham in the far north of

Ejagham Forest Reserve (north of the park), near the administrative town of

Eyumojok. The lake is the largest open body of water in KPA. It lies in a circular

depression about 1 km in diametre and is surrounded by forest. Ejagham Reserve

is forested hilly terrain interrupted by village/farm enclaves. No new observations

were made in KPA in Nta’ali Forest Reserve, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve, or on

the settled plateau north of the Rumpi Hills. A number of observations were made

near the small village of Baro at the northeast KNP entrance. The area outside the

park here was selectively logged in the late 1980s. A few observations were made at

Nguti, the park sub-headquarters town 35 km east of Baro (eastern edge of KPA).

Many overlooked records are presented in this paper along with new infor-

mation from southern KNP, the vicinity of Mundemba, the Baro and Nguti areas,

and Lake Ejagham. Mundemba is a divisional headquarters town 5 km from the

park boundary. The 5000 ha Pamol oil palm plantation lies between the town and

the park. The rocky Mana River separates park from plantation. The Mana

becomes tidal 10 km southwest of Mundemba at Bulu Beach. The river changes

name to become the Ndian and changes character, becoming deep and flat with

sandbars at low tide. The Ndian leaves the KPA 20 km south of Bulu Beach,

entering the mangrove area of the Rio del Rey estuary (see Green 1996). Southern

KNP is low and flat with much swamp forest. To the north the terrain becomes

rugged with peaks reaching 552 m near Chimpanzee Camp. This is a region of

huge gneiss boulders and steep cliffs, where Bare-headed Rock-fowl Picathartes

oreas nests in the wet season (Green 1995).

Methods

In Rodewald et al. (1994) the KNP bird species list included observations from a

5 km wide band outside the park boundary, an arbitrary decision, made because

some species fly back and forth across the park boundary. This band includes oil

palm plantation, farmland, and forest, so there are open country birds included in

the park list as well as true forest species. Many (but not all) of these open country

species also occur in the six village /farm enclaves inside the park. Because the

KPA includes the park, any birds reported for KNP automatically occur in the

KPA.

A number of tape recordings of bird vocalizations made by PGR in 1991-92

(northern KNP, Baro, Nguti) were analysed by Claude Chappius (pers. comm.),

and helped to confirm sight records. Competent contributors to this list besides the

1996

Birds of Korup

125

authors were: J. Culverwell (JC) and E. Nolle (EN) of the Korup Project; C.

Bowden (CB) who visited frequently over the years; S. Keen (SK) Nov-Dec 1992;

E. Williams (EW) Mar-Apr 1993; U.G. Sorensen, J.Bech & E. Krabbe (SBK)

Nov-Dec 1993; S. Jones (SJ) Nov 1994; and R. Webb (RW) Jan 1995.

Nomenclature and sequence of species follow The Birds of Africa for the

published volumes (Brown et al. 1982, Urban et al. 1986, Fry et al. 1988, Keith et

al. 1992) and the planned taxonomy and sequence for later volumes as published

by Elgood et al. (1994). Abbreviations used are: PM (Palaearctic migrant), AM

(intra-African migrant), LM (local migrant), RS (resident). Scale of abundance:

rare (few records over many years), uncommon (few records per year), frequent

(not recorded every day), common (1-10 seen /heard daily), abundant (more than

ten per day).

Arrival and departure dates are given for 1991-94 for several migratory species.

Arrival dates are probably more accurate than departures as one is actively

watching for returning migrants, whereas birds may be gone for several days

before they are missed.

Results

There are 21 new bird species from KNP (five of which were already known from

KPA) in the list below and one new bird from KPA not yet on the park list. These

22 are indicated by an asterisk. There are now 407 species known from KPA

(including the park) and 347 from KNP alone. Most non-park species earlier

reported (Rodewald et al. 1994) are montane forest species from the Rumpi Hills.

Species which make local movements often seem to have irregular presence/

absence patterns, not yet understood. The tidal mudflats in the Rio del Rey

estuary may serve as a reservoir for some waders and herons which appear

irregularly in Pamol Plantation or along the Mana/Ndian River (Green 1996). In

the list below, new information is given first; previous knowledge is summarized in

brackets at the end of each species account when appropriate, unreferenced

comments being from Rodewald et al. (1994).

Podicipedidae

Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe. Frequent on Lake Ejagham. Up to a dozen

seen at a time Jan 1994 (EN); two present, 22-25 May 1994 (AAG). [RS,

uncommon elsewhere in KPA, where appropriate habitat generally lacking.]

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant. Frequent on Lake Ejagham

(EN, AAG). [RS, frequent southern KNP, previously unrecorded in the north.]

Ardeidae

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron. Uncommon southern KNP near Mana River

(AAG). [PM, rare elsewhere in KPA.]

126

A. A. Green and P. G. Rodewald

Malimbus 18

*A. goliath Goliath Heron. LM, rare KNP, one on a sandbar in the Ndian River

near Last Banana, 1 Mar 1993 (A AG). [Frequent in Rio del Rey estuary (AAG).]

Threskiornithidae

*Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis. PM, rare KNP, one captured 30 Mar 1994 near

Mana River in Pamol Plantation (AAG).

Accipitridae

Milvus migr ans Black Kite. First arrivals Mundemba: 21 Sep 1991, 21 Sep 1992, 29

Sep 1993. Last birds seen Mundemba: 20 Jun 1991, and late May 1992, 1993, 1994

(AAG). [AM, abundant; PM not proven.]

Circus aeruginosas Marsh Harrier. Sightings of single males in Pamol Plantation

20 & 30 Dec 1993, 15-16 Feb 1994, 20 Mar 1994 were perhaps of one over-

wintering bird (AAG). One there again Feb 1995 (JC). [PM, rare southern KNP.]

Accipiter castanilius Chestnut-flanked Goshawk. One sighting near Nguti 28 Nov

1993 (SBK). [RS, rare, once netted in southern KNP.]

Spizaetus africanus Cassin’s Hawk-Eagle. One along Baro-Nguti road, 3 Apr 1993

(EW); two at park boundary near Baro, 2 Dec 1993 (SBK): first records for the

north. Two, southern KNP, 4 Dec 1993 (SBK); one near Chimpanzee Camp, 5 Jan

1994 (AAG). [RS, uncommon southern KNP.]

Phasianidae

Francolinus lathami Latham’s Forest Francolin. A hen with small chicks near

Chimpanzee Camp 8 Mar 1994 (AAG). [RS, frequent.]

Rallidae

Canir alius oculeus Grey-throated Rail. One, southern KNP, 9 Jan 1995, seen in

good light for 30 seconds at 20 m (RW). [One previous record by Serle (1959), nest

with eggs at Ndian Town near Bulu Beach. Mainly coastal in Cameroon (Urban et

al. 1986).]

*Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted Flufftail. A female observed for several minutes

(plain brown, with many obvious buff spots) foraging at a fallen tree in an

overgrown clearing near KNP entrance at Baro, 27 Nov 1992 (SK).

Amaurornis flavirostris Black Crake. Single birds at a stream in Pamol Plantation

near KNP entrance, 25 Oct 1993, 12 May 1994 (AAG). [RS, rare, only in Pamol

Plantation. Widespread in southern Cameroon (Urban et al. 1986).]

*Gallinula angulata Lesser Moorhen. AM, rare. One along the Ndian River

downstream from Bulu Beach, 27 Dec 1994 (JC). [According to Louette (1981),

numerous in forest zone of Cameroon, but this does not apply to Southwest

Province. Present southern Nigeria Mar-Sep, but with several dry season records

(Elgood et al. 1994).]

Glareolidae

Glareola nuchalis Rock Pratincole. Nineteen birds on the Bake River near Baro

Nov 1993 (SBK). A small juvenile with two adults on Mana River near KNP

entrance, 9 Jan 1995 (RW). [LM, frequent Mana and Korup rivers but rarely

recorded in the north.]

1996

Birds of Korup

127

Scolopacidae

*Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper. PM, rare. Two in Pamol Plantation, 4 Dec

1993 (SBK).

Columbidae

Columba larvata Lemon Dove. Two in secondary forest near KNP entrance at

Baro (240 m), 21 Nov 1992 (SK). [RS, rare in Rumpi Hills and on Mt Yuhan.

Considered montane in Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994), but other records down to sea

level in West and Central Africa (Urban et al. 1986).]

Cuculidae

*Oxylophus jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo. AM, rare. One in Pamol Plantation, 26 Jan

1994 (AAG). [Present in forest zone Feb-Jul (Louette 1981).]

O. levaillantii Levaillant’s Cuckoo. Singles, Pamol Plantation, 2 Dec 1993 (AAG),

28 Dec 1994 (JC): first records for southern KNP. [AM, rare, a few previous

sightings in north at Baro and Nguti. According to Louette (1981), dry season

visitor to southern Cameroon.]

*Cuculus canorus/ gularis Eurasian /African Cuckoo. PM/LM, rare. One seen well

(including bill), believed to be C. canorus , in farmland near KNP entrance at Baro,

12 Mar 1993 (CB, EW).

Tytonidae

*Tyto alba Barn Owl. RS, rare, breeding. A noisy family nested in the attic of

Makeke Hilltop House in Pamol Plantation, Dec 1994-Apr 1995; the pair there

again, making a lot of noise, mid-Aug 1995 (JC), leading up to dry season breed-

ing. One captured Feb 1994 at Ekondo Titi outside KPA (AAG). [RS, uncommon,

recorded only at Dikome Balue in Rumpi Hills on eastern edge of KPA.]

Strigidae

Bubo leucostictus Akun Eagle-owl. A pair in a Mundemba garden, early morning 7

Oct 1994 (JC). [Rare, one previous record from southern KNP.]

Caprimulgidae

Caprimulgus climacurus Long-tailed Nightjar. Eighteen counted on road before

dawn during 50 km drive south from Mundemba, 22 Nov 1991 (AAG). Probable

passage migrants in Pamol Plantation, 26 Dec (five), 28 Dec 1993 (three), 1 Jan

1994 (three) (AAG), four, 9 Jan 1995 (RW). [AM, frequent, more often Nov-Dec

than Jan-Feb.]

Macrodipteryx longipennis Standard-winged Nightjar. Single males flushed near

Mundemba, 1 and 5 Feb 1994 (AAG); one seen in Pamol Plantation, 9 Jan 1995

(RW). [AM, recorded only once, southern KNP 199L]

Apodidae

Telacanthura melanopygia Black Spinetail. Along Baro-Nguti road: two on 23

Nov, four on 24 Nov 1992 (SK), two on 12 Mar 1993, four on 13 Mar 1993 (CB,

EW). [RS, uncommon.]

Coliidae

*Colius striatus Speckled Mousebird. RS, frequent in farmland at Baro (KNP) 21-

28 Nov 1992 (SK).

128

A. A. Green and P. G. Rodewald

Malimbus 18

Meropidae

*Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater. Rare, a few birds hawking for insects in open

area below Park Headquarters, Mundemba, Jan 1995 (JC).

M. albicollis White-throated Bee-eater. First arrivals Mundemba: 27 Oct 1991, 19

Oct 1992, 20 Oct 1993. Last birds seen Mundemba: 14 Apr 1991, mid-Apr 1992, 21

Apr 1993, regular sightings to 25 Apr, then nothing until flock of 12 near Park

Headquarters, 29 May 1994. [AM, frequent.]

M. apiaster Eurasian Bee-eater. Flock of 40 soaring over Mana River, 24 Mar

1993 (EW). [PM, rare southern KNP and Rumpi Hills.]

Coraciidae

Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller. KNP boundary on Ndian River below

Last Banana, 30 Jan 1994 (AAG). Frequent Oct 1994-Apr 1995 on Ndian River

between Bulu Beach and Last Banana (JC). [AM, one record, below Last Banana,

Nov 1993. Perhaps overlooked through confusion with Blue-throated Roller E.

gularis, which is RS in forest.]

Phoeniculidae

*Phoeniculus castaneiceps Forest Wood-Hoopoe. One in mixed party at ant

column in KNP near Baro, 23 Nov 1992 (SK). Uniformly blue-black, reminiscent

of Black Wood-Hoopoe P. aterrimus of savanna, but without white wing patches.

[Elgood et al (1994) and Fry et al. (1988) both state that there is a gap in

distribution for P. castaneiceps between the Niger and Sanaga rivers.]

Bucerotidae

Ceratogymna subcylindricus Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill. Two in secondary

forest near the KNP entrance at Baro, 22 Nov 1992 (SK): first record for the

north. Black central and white outer tail feathers separate this species in flight

from Brown-cheeked Hornbill C. cylindricus. [Rare southern KNP, two records

from 1980s. Rare SE Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994).]

Capitonidae

*Gymnobucco bonapartei Grey-throated Barbet. One in secondary forest near

Baro, 24 Nov 1992 (SK), first KNP record. [Ten excavating nest holes at Nguti,

Sep 1992. Serle (1950, 1954) collected one at Massaka on the eastern side of KPA

and 16 at Kumba, just outside KPA. Not recorded in Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994).]

Indicatoridae

* Indicator willcocksi Willcocks’s Honeyguide. Rare KNP. One in farmland along

trail to KNP entrance at Baro, 21 Nov 1992 (SK); recorded again along Baro-

Nguti road, 13 Mar 1993 (CB, EW). Least Honeyguide I. exilis (RS, rare KNP) is

greyer below (lacks greenish breast wash) and flank streaks are darker and more

conspicuous. Distinguished from Cassin’s Honeybird Prodotiscus insignis by

stubby, not pointed, bill; from Yellow-footed Honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti

(RS, Rumpi Hills and Nta’ali) by bill shape and colour and leg colour. [Generally

in forest edge or gallery forest in savanna (Elgood et al. 1994) but known from

Limbe near Mount Cameroon and other places in lowland forest zone (Fry et al.

1986).]

1996

Birds of Korup

129

Picidae

*Campethera cailliautii Green-backed Woodpecker. One or two near Baro (KNP)

on each of four days during 21-28 Nov 1992 (SK); two more sightings there, 1 Dec

(female) and 2 Dec 1993 (male) (SBK). Small, green-backed woodpeckers with

coarse horizontally black-barred undersides (not pale spotted as in Buff-spotted

Woodpecker C. nivosa or vertically streaked as in Gabon Woodpecker Dendropi-

cos gabonensis ). C. Chappius (pers. comm.) identified the call of C. cailliautii on

tape recordings made at Baro in July 1992 (PGR). [RS in Rumpi Hills near

Dikome Balue at 1150 m.]

C. caroli Brown-eared Woodpecker. First record in southern KNP: one, 9 Jan

1995 (RW). New sighting in northern KNP, 29 Nov 1993 (SBK). [RS, rare

northern KNP and Rumpi Hills.]

*Dendropicos pyrrhogaster Fire-bellied Woodpecker. At the park guardhouse at

Baro: a male, 28 Nov; a male and a second bird, 2 Dec; a single male, 3 Dec 1993

(SBK); first KNP records. The male’s a bright red rump and centre of underside,

separated it from Yellow-crested Woodpecker D. xantholophus, which was also

present at Baro. [Common resident in forest zone of Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994),

and one of us (AAG) saw it in Nigeria’s Cross River National Park in 1987, across

the border from KNP.]

Hirundinidae

Hirundo semirufa Red-breasted Swallow. Local movements unclear, perhaps

related to rainfall in southern KPA, where dry season is Jan-Feb, and wettest part

of the year Aug-Sep. Abundant Feb-Aug, usually disappearing mid-Aug, return-

ing mid-Feb (sometimes a few Nov to early Dec). There was much less rain than

usual Aug-Sep 1993 and flocks remained until mid-Sep. There were frequent rains

the last two weeks of Jan 1994, and flocks returned mid-January, a month earlier

than usual (AAG). [LM, frequent N KPA; around Mundemba abundant Mar-Jul,

uncommon or absent Aug-Oct, irregular Nov-Feb.]

H. smithii Wire-tailed Swallow. Small flock present at Mundemba, Jan-Jun 1994

(AAG). [LM, frequent southern KNP near Mundemba, but absent Feb-May.

Also occurs at Nguti.]

*H. aethiopica Ethiopian Swallow. Pair at Mundemba, Dec 1994-Feb 1995 (JC),

first KNP record. [RS, common at Nguti, unrecorded elsewhere in KPA.]

H. rustica Barn Swallow. Arrival dates Mundemba: 25 Sep 1991, 21 Sep 1992, 4

Oct 1993. Last seen Mundemba: 20 Apr 1991, 30 Apr 1992, 20 Apr 1993, 1 May

1994 (AAG). [PM, flocks of 50-100 gather in KPA in Mar prior to migration, and

most leave by mid-Apr.]

Motacillidae

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail. Arrival Pamol Plantation: 17 Oct 1991, 13 Oct

1992, 7 Oct 1993. Last seen Pamol Plantation: 24 Apr 1991, 30 Apr 1992, 24 Apr

1993, 30 Apr 1994 (AAG). [PM, abundant.]

M. aguimp African Pied Wagtail. Correcting earlier information, frequent only

130

A. A, Green and P. G. Rodewald

Malimbus 18

Jul-Aug along the Mana River in southern KNP, uncommon November and Mar-

Jun, generally absent other months (AAG).

*Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit. Recorded several times around Baro during 21-28 Nov

1992 (SK), first KNP record. PM, uncommon to frequent at Nguti and in Rumpi

Hills near Dikome Balue. [Not uncommon PM in Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994).]

[A. pa/lidiventris Long-legged Pipit. Reported by several observers near Baro and

south of Mundemba. Otherwise unknown in Southwest Province. Range Equator-

ial Guinea to S Congo; one record at Avele in S Cameroon (Fry et al. 1988), and

fairly common around Yaounde (M. Louette, pers.comm.). Comfirmation of the

presence of this species in the Korup area is required.]

Campephagidae

*Campephaga phoenicea Red-shouldered Cuckoo-shrike. LM, rare. A male (red-

shoulder blazes on black plumage) by the Old Baro Road, 24 Nov 1992; a female

(barred black on white below) near KNP entrance near Baro, 25 Nov 1992 (SK).

Both in secondary forest near farmland. [Generally considered a savanna species

(Louette 1981). In Nigeria, known to move south to coast in dry season (Elgood et

al. 1994).]

Pycnonotidae

Phyllastrephus albigularis White-throated Greenbul. Two in KNP near Baro, 22

Nov 1992 (SK): first record northern KNP. [RS, rare southern KNP. Considered

rare in Cameroon (Louette 1981).]

Turdidae

Cossypha cyanocampter Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat. Male singing in KNP

near Baro, 27 Nov 1992 (SK); one in secondary forest near Baro, mid-Mar 1993

(CB). [Considered common in Cameroon by Louette (1981), but rare RS in

northern KNP (only two previous records). Serle (1954, 1965) collected three at

Kumba.]

Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear. One in replanted area of Pamol Plan-

tation, 27 Feb 1994 (AAG). [PM, one other record, 28 Nov 1993, in same area.]

Sylviidae

Macrosphenus kempi Kemp’s Longbill. An adult with a juvenile in KNP near

Baro, 25 Nov 1992 (SK). More sightings near Baro, 12 Mar 1993 (CB), 4 Apr 1993

(EW). [RS, rare northern KNP (Rodewald & Bowden 1995) ]

Muscicapidae

Myioparus griseigularis Grey-throated Tit-flycatcher. C. Chappius (pers. comm.)

identified the call of this species from tape recordings made by PGR in northern

KNP in Sep 1991. [RS, rare, only two earlier records in southern KNP and at

Nguti. Known only from a few localities in Cameroon forests (Louette 1981).]

M. plumbeus Grey Tit-flycatcher. Three in farmland near Baro, 28 Nov 1992 (SK);

more sightings there, 2 Dec 1993 (SBK). [RS, rare KNP and at Ekondo Titi. Serle

(1950) collected one at Kumba.]

Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher. Two sightings at Baro, 2 Dec 1993 (SBK);

one in southern KNP in dense forest, 14 Jan 1993 (AAG). All records to date have

1996

Birds of Korup

131

been of white-tailed birds. [RS, uncommon in open areas in southern KPA and

rare in the north.]

Picathartidae

Picathartes oreas Red-headed Rockfowl. New nest building noted on Cave Hill

near Chimpanzee Camp, 8 Jun 1994 (A AG & JC). [RS, frequent, nesting Aug-Nov

in appropriate habitat in KNP.]

Zosteropidae

Zoster ops senegalensis Yellow White-eye. Common in farmland at Baro, Nov 1992

(SK). [RS, common Rumpi Hills, uncommon Mundemba, rare elsewhere in KPA.]

Nectariniidae

Nectar inia verticalis Green-headed Sunbird. Sightings in farmland at Baro in Nov

1992 (SK): first record for northern KNP. [RS, frequent at Mundemba, Nguti and

in Rumpi Hills.]

N. rubescens Green-throated Sunbird. One in farmland at Baro, 23 Nov 1992: first

record for northern KNP. [RS, rare in KPA, only at Mundemba. Serle (1965) and

AAG found it abundant at Kumba and Limbe. Not recorded in Nigeria (Elgood

etal. 1994).]

Laniidae

*Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike. PM. One in replanted area of Pamol Plan-

tation, 28 Dec 1994 (JC).

*Laniarius leucorhynchus Sooty Boubou. Rare, two in thicket in farmland near

KNP entrance at Baro, 4 Apr 1993 (EW). [Few records for Nigeria (Elgood et al.

1994), but recently recorded in Cross River National Park, across the border from

KNP (Ash 1990).]

*Nicator vireo Yellow-throated Nicator. Rare, one in primary forest of KNP near

Baro, Nov 1994 (SJ). C. Chappius (pers. comm.) heard the call twice on a

recording made by PGR in northern KNP, 17 Feb 1991. [Widespread in

Cameroon (Louette 1981), unrecorded Nigeria (Elgood et al. 1994).]

Oriolidae

Oriolus nigripennis Black-winged Oriole. Sightings at Baro, 29 Nov & 2 Dec 1993

(SBK), first records for north. [RS, rare in lowlands of southern KPA, common

above 1000 m in Rumpi Hills.]

Ploceidae

Ploceus albinucha White-naped Weaver. Small flock in KNP near Baro, 23 Nov

1992 (SK). [RS, rare KNP, probably overlooked as tends to remain in forest

canopy. Uncommon at Ikom, Nigeria, across the border from KNP (Elgood et al.

1994). Our race has no nuchal patch and resembles Vieillot’s Black Weaver P.

nigerrimus , which is RS common in KPA at villages and farms, not in dense

forest.]

*Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned Bishop. Rare KPA (absent KNP). Males in

breeding plumage in tall marsh grass at Moko River Bridge 18 km south of

Mundemba, 7 and 22 May 1994 (AAG). [Frequent outside KPA near Ekondo Titi

and Kumba (AAG).]

132

A. A. Green and P. G. Rodewald

Malimbus 18

Estrildidae

Mandingoa nitidula Green-backed Twinspot. Small flocks common in farmland at

Baro, Nov 1992 (SK). [RS, rare KNP in village enclaves. More common in Rumpi

Hills and at Nguti and Baro.]

Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Waxbill. Flocks common in farmland at Baro,

Nov 1992 (SK). [RS, abundant in KPA but previously unrecorded from Baro, and

absent from small villages surrounded by forest.]

E. nonnula Black-crowned Waxbill. Flocks common in farmland at Baro, Nov

1992 (SK). [RS, same comments as for E. melpoda.]

Recommendations for further studies

Areas near Mundemba and Baro have received considerable attention by ornitho-

logists and bird watchers, but there are other interesting little studied areas. Lake

Ejagham, the largest body of water in the KPA, may attract species rare or absent

elsewhere. Further bird studies in the Rumpi Hills are recommended due to the

conservation importance of this area to several montane forest bird species

endemic to the highlands of southwest Cameroon, southeastern Nigeria, and

Bioko (Rodewald et al. 1994). The western escarpment of the Rumpi Hills range

plunges steeply for several hundred metres. Travelling west from the peaks, one

can leave montane forest at over 1700 m and within 10 km reach lowland forest

below 400 m elevation. This area is ideal for study of bird species composition with

changing elevation and vegetative cover.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to WWF-U.K. and Wildlife Conservation Society for the

opportunity to work in the Korup Project and for the chance to make these

observations. We are equally grateful to Claude Chappius for his identifications of

bird calls and songs recorded in northern KNP and at Baro and Nguti. We thank

J.F. Walsh, M. Louette, A. Tye and H. Tye for their criticisms of this paper. We

thank the following observers for permission to use their records: J. Culverwell

and E. Nolte of the Korup Project; C. Bowden of the Mt Kupe Forest Project;

U.G. Sorensen, J. Bech and E. Krabbe from Denmark; and S. Jones, S. Keen and

R. Webb from United Kingdom.

References

Ash, J.S. (1990) Additions to the avifauna of Nigeria, with notes on distributional

changes and breeding. Malimbus 11: 104-116.

1996

Birds of Korup

133

Brown, L.H., Urban, E.K. & Newman, K. (1982) The Birds of Africa , vol. 1.

Academic Press, London.

Elgood, J.H., Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharland, R.E. &

Skinner, N.J. (1994) The Birds of Nigeria , Check-list 4, 2nd ed. British

Ornithologists’ Union, Tring.

Green, A. A. (1995) Finding Red-headed Rockfowl in Korup National Park,

Cameroon. Bull Afr. Bird Club 2: 101-102.

Green, A. A. (1996) More bird records from Rio del Rey estuary, Cameroon.

Malimbus 18: 112-121.

Fry, C.H., Keith, S. & Urban, E.K. (1988) The Birds of Africa, vol. 3. Academic

Press, London.

Keith, S., Urban, E.K., & Fry, C.H. (1992) The Birds of Africa, vol. 4. Academic

Press, London.

Louette, M. (1981) The birds of Cameroon. An annotated check-list. Verhandel.

Kon. Acad. Wetensch. Lett. Schone Kunst. Belg., Kl. Wetensch. 43(163): 1-295.

Rodewald, P.G. & Bowden, C.G.R. (1995) First record of Kemp’s Longbill

Macrosphenus kempi in Cameroon. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 115: 66-68.

Rodewald, P.G., Dejaifve, P.-A., & Green, A. A. (1994) The birds of Korup

National Park and Korup Project Area, Southwest Province, Cameroon. Bird

Conserv. Int. 4: 1-68.

Serle, W. (1950) A contribution to the ornithology of the British Cameroons. Ibis

92: 343-376, 602-638.

Serle, W. (1954) A second contribution to the ornithology of the British

Cameroons. Ibis 96: 47-80.

Serle, W. (1959) Some breeding bird records of birds at Ndian, British Southern

Cameroons. Niger. Field 24: 76-79.

Serle, W. (1965) A third contribution to the ornithology of the British Camer-

oons. Ibis 107: 60-246.

Thomas, J. (1991) Birds of the Korup National Park, Cameroon. Malimbus 13:

11-23.

Urban, E.K., Fry, C.FL & Keith, S. (1986) The Birds of Africa, vol. 2. Academic

Press, London.

134

Malimbus 18

Cooperative breeding

in captive Emerald Starlings Coccycolius iris

by Roger Wilkinson

North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo,

Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, England

Received 7 October 1995

Revised 19 March 1996

Summary

Cooperative breeding, indicated by helpers at the nest, was observed at two

out of three nests of Emerald Starlings Coccycolius iris at Chester Zoo. At

one nest, three adult birds provisioned the chicks. At a second nest, two one-

year-old birds acted as helpers.

Résumé

L’aide au nourrissage, révélée par la présence d'aides auprès du nid, a été

constatée pour deux nids sur trois du Choucador iris Coccycolius iris au Zoo

de Chester. A l’un des nids, trois sujets adultes approvisionnaient les

poussins. Au second nid, deux oiseaux d’un an servaient d’assistants.

Introduction

Cooperative breeding occurs when individuals other than the parents help care for

youngsters. In birds, this normally involves helpers provisioning the nestlings.

Helpers can also take other roles, including nest-building, incubation, sentinel

duties and nest defence. Cooperative breeders typically live in the tropics or sub-

tropics, are sedentary and long-lived, with low reproductive rates and deferred

maturity. Helpers are usually related to the breeding pair and most often are their

progeny (Skutch 1987).

Cooperative breeding is known to occur in 200-300 bird species worldwide

(Emlen 1984, Brown 1987) and has been recorded in some 60 African species

(Grimes 1976, Wilkinson 1994).

Helpers at the nest have been recorded in the wild in a number of African

starlings (Sturnidae) including the Cape Glossy Starling Lamprotornis ni tens. Pied

Starling Spreo bicolor (Craig 1983), Superb Starling S. superbus (Ezra 1924, T.R.

Huels in Grimes 1976), Chestnut-bellied Starling S. pulcher (Wilkinson 1978, 1982,

Wilkinson & Brown 1984), Fischer’s Starling S. fischeri (Miskell 1977) and

1996

Cooperative breeding by Emerald Starlings

135

Golden-breasted Starling Cosmopsarus regius (Someren 1956, Huels 1981). Co-

operative breeding is also suspected in the Lesser Blue-eared Glossy Starling L.

swainsonii where up to four adults were seen close to an active nest (Wilkinson

1994). Long-tailed Glossy Starlings L. caudatus, in common with many co-

operative breeders, defend group territories (Wilkinson 1988), and Walsh (1987)

noted “probably three different individuals made repeated visits to a hole —

doubtless feeding young’5. Captive young Long-tailed Glossy Starlings will help in

feeding chicks at their parents’ subsequent nests (Wilkinson 1988).

Emerald Starlings are endemic to West Africa, where they inhabit orchard bush,

and wooded and open savanna from Guinea to Sierra Leone (Bannerman 1953,

Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1973, Hall & Moreau 1970), and a narrow belt in the

central guinea savanna of Ivory Coast (Thiollay 1985). Their nest and eggs are

undescribed in the wild (Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1973, Walters 1980).

Although behaviour in captivity may differ from that in the wild, the following

observations may serve to stimulate field studies of these attractive starlings.

Methods

Emerald Starlings were received from several other collections between 1989 and

1991 and released into the large, planted, walk-through Tropical House at Chester

Zoo, England. The origin of these birds was unknown but given the rarity of

reports of succesful captive breedings (Pyper 1994) they were almost certainly

wild-caught. The Tropical House incorporates an area of c. 50 x 40 m, and is

c. 13 m high. It contains water features, tall palms and tropical planting, and is

home to a variety of tropical birds from Africa, Asia, Australia and South

America. The number of Emerald Starlings ranged from three to five during the

period of study. Casual observations were made over the period 1989-1995 with

concentrated studies during nesting activity in 1992, 1993 and 1994. Two of the

adults were colour-ringed. Immatures bred in 1993 were individually identifiable

in 1994 by the distinctive patterning of their transitional adult plumage.

Observations

Nesting activity was signalled in 1990, 1992, 1993 and 1994 by Emerald Starlings

carrying nest material. Unusually for starlings, this involved carrying small leaves

or pieces of green leaves which appeared to have been cut out from living plants.

The birds were seen carrying these pieces into nest boxes located c. 10 m high on

the inside walls of the Tropical House. Because of the inaccessibility of these nest

sites and the shyness of the starlings during the early stages of the nesting cycle no

observations relating to nest-building or incubation by individual birds were

recorded at Chester.

136

R. Wilkinson

Malimbus 18

The bird-keepers reported a first breeding attempt in May 1990 when Emerald

Starlings were noted carrying insects to one of the nest boxes. However no chicks

fledged and the behaviour of the adults was not monitored.

1992 nest watches

In April 1992 four adult Emerald Starlings were held in the Tropical House, two

unbanded (Unb) one carrying an orange ring (O) and another (later identified as a

female) a dark green ring (DG). Observations on 2 May, of adults carrying live

insects to a wooden nest-box mounted diagonally on an end wall of the Tropical

House, indicated that a chick (or chicks) had hatched. Feeding visits were recorded

over five 30-min observation periods between 1 3 and 1 7 May. Only two birds were

then seen to carry food to the nest, DG and a Unb (Table 1). The possibilty of a

third bird feeding the chicks could not be eliminated. One of the bird-keepers

reported once seeing three individuals waiting by the nest with food in their bills.

However, during the observation periods the two pairs (the nesting DG and Unb,

and O with a second Unb) most frequently remained apart and approaches near

the nest by the second pair resulted in aggressive chasing by the nesting pair. Three

chicks were hatched on this nesting attempt but on 15 May one was found dead on

the ground below the nest-site. Concern that the chicks may have not been

receiving sufficient live food, because of competition from other birds in the

Tropical House, led to the remaining two nestlings, which were then well-feathered

but not ready to fledge, being removed from the nest by the keeper and caged in a

small aviary together with DG. The keeper reported that the nest-box was found

full of dry leaves with no obvious nest structure.

Neither chick survived and post-mortem reports indicated their death was

associated with a nematode infestation. DG was released back into the main area

of the Tropical House. One of the two Unb disappeared, being last seen on 2 June,

either having escaped or died without it’s body being discovered.

Table 1. Emerald Starlings 1992. Number of feeding visits in 30-min nest watches.

*Time nest watch commenced. **1 or 2 birds?

1996

Cooperative breeding by Emerald Starlings

137

Table 2. Emerald Starlings 1993. Number of feeding visits in 20-min nest watches.

*Time nest watch commenced.

1993 nest watches

The 1993 breeding attempt began with only three birds in the Tropical House: O,

DG female and Unb.

Chicks hatched by 2 June, as indicated by the keepers’ first observations of

starlings entering the nest with live food. Feeding visits were monitored over ten

20-min periods between 9 and 21 June. All three birds fed the chicks in the nest

(Table 2). The greatest number of feeding visits were by O (33 feeds) and Unb (35

feeds) with 19 by DG. This suggests, but does not prove, that O and Unb were the

parents. The reduction in feeding rates to the nest by O on and after 1 6 June (Table

2) was directly related to an eye-injury received by this bird as a result of

aggression from a Giant Cowbird Scaphidura oryzivora. The chicks fledged when I

was away from the zoo during the week following 22 June with a chick being seen

with an adult away from the nest on 29 June. All three adults continued to

provision the two fledglings until at least 9 July. Observations were then hindered

by the fledglings occupying dense vegetation. Both fledglings survived and retained

their dull immature plumage through the winter. Even at twelve months old, the

youngsters retained patches of their dull immature plumage but this was gradually

lost over the following few months.

1994 nest watches

The 1994 breeding attempt began with five birds — the adults DG, O and Unb and

the two immatures hatched in 1993. The immatures were individually identifiable

138

R. Wilkinson

Malimbus 18

Table 3. Emerald Starlings 1994. Number of feeding visits in 30-min nest watches.

*Time nest watch commenced. **DG was found dead on afternoon of 30 May.

as one had patches of glossy adult plumage on its underparts (A) whilst the other

retained the dull plain underparts of its immature plumage (B).

Chicks hatched by 23 May, when the keepers first reported birds carrying food

to the nest, and feeding visits were monitored over twelve 30-min periods between

27 May and 6 June (Table 3). Feeding visits were recorded for DG, Unb and both

immatures but not from O. Until its death on 30 May DG was the most frequent

feeder, suggesting it was one of the parents. On post-mortem, DG was found to

have died of renal, hepatic and pulmonary congestion, and to be a female. She was

presumed to have been mated with Unb male, as the only other adult provisioner.

The immatures, which were then one year old, were believed, on the basis of the

relative frequencies of provisioning at the 1993 nest (Table 2), to be offspring of

this Unb male and O. This interpretation would suggest that O were a female.

Although the immatures were siblings there was a pronounced difference in their

provisioning rates, with A being the most active helper.

Discussion

Carrying of green leaves as nest material by Emerald Starlings was previously

reported by Ellis (1980) who observed unsuccesful nesting attempts at London

1996

Cooperative breeding by Emerald Starlings

139

Zoo. The inaccessibility of the nest sites at Chester Zoo and the shyness of the

starlings during the incubation period resulted in incomplete observations of this

stage of their nesting cycle. Bruch (1983), reporting his observations of the captive

breeding of Emerald Starlings in Germany, also commented on their shyness.

Although not having observed any evidence of incubation, following hearing calls

from the nest-box he inspected it to discover one live chick, a dead chick and a pale

blue egg, indicating a clutch of three. The base of the nest box was covered by a

layer of pine needles. Bruch kept three adults together at this time. All three were

observed carrying live food and were presumed to have fed the chick. However, 14

days after the chick was first discovered, one of the adults was fatally injured,

evidently having been attacked by the breeding pair.

Robiller & Geistner (1985) reported a further successful captive breeding at

Vogelpark Walsrode, Germany, where a pair of Emerald Starlings nested in a

hollow log, the floor of which was lined with green leaves and pine needles. Three

newly hatched chicks and a light blue unhatched egg were observed 1 3 days after a

previous inspection of the nest had revealed three eggs. The fourth chick hatched

two days later but this and one of the older nestlings failed to survive. The

remaining two chicks were well feathered at 15 days old and fledged after 21 days.

Pyper (1994) described two breeding attempts by a captive pair of Emerald

Starlings and noted that, although timid and shy at the nest, both the male and

female of his pair carried grass, fibre, and green shoots into the nest-box he

provided. A clutch of three eggs laid by Pyper’s birds, in 1992, were described as

light blue with red/brown blotching; and a second clutch, laid in 1993, also

contained three eggs. Pyper (1994) estimated the incubation period to be 13-15

days and his report indicates a nestling period of around 21 days. Adult plumage

was attained at 12-14 months, as for the birds bred at Chester.

Nest defence against conspecifics was noted at Chester in 1992. Pyper (1994)

reported aggression between Emerald Starlings around breeding time, leading to

the death of one of his birds. The observation of consistent and frequent helping at

the nest by an adult, apparently unrelated to the breeding pair, at Chester in 1993

poses an interesting question which cannot be answered with the incomplete

knowledge of parentage at these nests. Helping by the two immatures in 1994

follows the pattern typical of many cooperative breeders in that these birds were

probably offspring of the male parent if not also of the female at this nest.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Wayne McLeod and Darren Langford, bird-keepers at Chester

Zoo, for their assistance throughout this study and to Isolde McGeorge for help

with translation. Adrian Craig, Llew Grimes and Alan Tye are thanked for their

constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

140

R. Wilkinson

Malimbus 18

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& Boyd, Edinburgh.

Brown, J.L. (1987) Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds. Princeton Univer-

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Bruch, K. (1983) Gelungene Zucht des Smaragdglanzstares ( Coccycolius iris).

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Craig, A. (1983) Co-operative breeding in two African Starlings, Sturnidae. Ibis

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Dowsett, R.J. & Forbes-Watson, A.D. (1993) Check-list of Birds of the

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Ezra, A. (1924) The gregarious nesting of the Superb Glossy Starling Spreo

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Grimes, L.G. (1976) The occurrence of co-operative breeding behaviour in

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Hall, B.P. & Moreau, R.E. (1970) An Atlas of Spéciation in African Passerine

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Huels, T.R. (1981) Co-operative breeding in the Golden-breasted Starling

Cosmopsarus regius. Ibis 123: 539-542.

Mackworth-Praed, C.W. & Grant, C.H.B. (1973) Birds of West Central and

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Spreo fischeri. Scopus 1: 87-88.

Pyper, S. (1994) Breeding the Emerald Starling. Avicult. Mag. 100: 35-39.

Robiller, F. & Gerstner, R. (1985) Zucht des Smaragdglanzstars ( Coccycolius

iris). Gefied. Welt 109: 158-159.

Skutch, A.F. (1987) Helpers at Birds Nests. University of Iowa Press, Iowa.

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species. Fieldiana Zool. 38.

Thiollay, J.-M. (1985) The birds of Ivory Coast. Malimbus 7: 1-159.

Walsh, J.F. (1987) Records of birds seen in North-Eastern Guinea in 1984-1985.

Malimbus 9: 105-122.

Walters, M. (1980) The Complete Birds of The World. David and Charles,

Newton Abbot.

Wilkinson, R. (1978) Co-operative breeding in the Chestnut-bellied Starling

Spreo pulcher. Bull. Nigerian Orn. Soc. 14: 17-21.

1996

Cooperative breeding by Emerald Starlings

141

Wilkinson, R. (1982) Social organisation and commnunai breeding in the

Chestnut-bellied Starling Spreo pulcher. Anim. Behav. 30: 11 18-1 128.

Wilkinson, R. (1988) Long-tailed Glossy Starlings in field and aviary with

observations on co-operative breeding in captivity. Avicult. Mag. 94: 143-154.

Wilkinson, R. (1994) Co-operative breeding. Pp. 51-53 in Elgood, J.H.,

Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharland, R.E. & Skinner,

N.J. The Birds of Nigeria. Check-list 4, 2nd ed., British Ornithologists’ Union,

Tring.

Wilkinson, R. & Brown, A.E. (1984) Effects of helpers on the feeding rates of

nestlings in the Chestnut-bellied Starling Spreo pulcher. J. Anim.. Ecoi. 53:

301-310.

Lesser Blue-eared Glossy Starling - Merle métallique de

Swainson - Lamprotornis chloropterus

Photo: M.E.J, Gore

142

Malimbus 18

Quelques observations ornithologiques

dans la région de Garoua, Cameroun

par O. Girard1 & J. Thaï2

‘CNERA Avifaune migratrice, Chanteloup, 85340 Ile d’Olonne, France

2ONC, 1 place Exelmans, 55000 Bar le Duc, France

Reçu 13 novembre 1995

Revu 7 juin 1996

Résumé

Nous faisons état de quelques nouvelles informations sur la répartition

ou la reproduction de 20 espèces d’oiseaux dans la région de Garoua

(N Cameroun).

Summary

We report new distributional or breeding information on 20 species of bird

in the Garoua region, N Cameroon.

Introduction

Lors de deux séjours effectués au Cameroun, du 24 au 30 octobre 1992 et du 24

octobre au 4 Novembre 1994, des observations ornithologiques ont été faites

quasiment tous les jours par OG, principalement dans la région de Garoua

(9°20'N, 13°23'E). Parmi les quelque 190 espèces observées, 14 d’entre elles

apportent de sensibles compléments d’information avifaunistique aux données

publiées par Louette (1981) pour cette région. Nous les présentons ci-dessous, avec

quelques autres données originales obtenues par JT dans la vallée de la Bénoué

depuis 1977.

Lieux d’observation

La région de Garoua (Fig. 1), ville située à une altitude de 249 m, est caractérisée

par une savane boisée indifférenciée de type relativement sec. La température

moyenne annuelle est de 28°C (max. entre février et avril 39°C; min. entre

novembre et janvier 17°C). La saison des pluies s’étale de juin à septembre, la

pluviométrie moyenne annuelle étant de 1000 mm.

1996

Oiseaux de Garoua

143

I „ Gue baké

2_Mare de Bounga

3- Mare de Bokle

4- Mare de Ki smatar

Figure 1. La région de Garoua, indiquant les principaux secteurs d’observations

mentionnés dans le texte.

Les huit principaux secteurs sur lesquels ont été faites ces observations sont les

suivants.

La vallée de la Bénoué (VB)

Cette plaine d’inondation s’étend sur 1-2 km de large. En oct-nov, elle est en cours

144

O. Girard and J. Thaï

Malimbus 18

d’assèchement. Ne subsistent alors que des flaques temporaires très peu profondes

de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de m2. Seule la partie située en amont de

Garoua a été prospectée, sur une trentaine de kilomètres entre Garoua (9°20'N,

13°23'E) et Lagdo (9°20'N, 13°42'E).

Guébaké (Gu)

Cette plaine d’inondation artificielle de plusieurs centaines d’hectares est située

dans la basse vallée du Mayo Kébi, à c. 20 km en amont de Garoua (9°20'N,

13°33'E). A cette époque de l’année, ce secteur est encore partiellement inondé

dans les parties les plus basses, le mouskouary (mil de décrue) étant planté au fur et

à mesure du retrait des eaux. De part et d’autre du lit mineur, des mares et des bas-

fonds humides subsistent toute l’année, constituant en saison sèche des zones

d’accueil particulièrement bien fréquentées par l’avifaune aquatique. Le paysage

est relativement ouvert, exception faite des massifs impénétrables de Mimosa

pigra, présents autour de chaque mare permanente, ainsi que des quelques rares

Mitragyna inermis et Ziziphus abyssinica ayant échappé au défrichage.

Mayo Sina (MS) et Mayo Godi (MG)

Ces mayos (rivières se tarissant en période sèche) confluent pour se jeter dans la

Bénoué à c. 60 km en amont de Garoua (8°53'N, 13°58'E). Leur lit n’est pas encore

asséché en octobre et se présente comme un enchevêtrement de plages de sable, de

flaques d’eau, de rus et de bras d’eau pouvant atteindre plusieurs dizaines de

mètres de large. Leurs galeries d’accompagnement se composent de grands arbres

(Anogeissus leiocarpus) et de nombreux arbustes et lianes épineuses (Acacia

ataxacantha et Mimosa pigra).

Mares de Bounga (Bo), de Boklé (Bk) et de Kismatari (Ki)

La mare de Bounga (9°16'N, 13°40'E) est située dans la vallée du Mayo Kébi, rive

gauche, à 20 km en amont de son confluent avec la Bénoué. C’est une mare

temporaire de plusieurs dizaines d’hectares, partiellement cultivée, qui découvre

jusqu’en décembre de vastes vasières assidûment fréquentées par l’avifaune locale

et migratrice. Les mares de Boklé (9°17'N, 13°26'E) et de Kismatari (9°20'N,

13°30'E) sont situées respectivement à 5 et 8 km de Garoua, en amont, sur la rive

gauche de la vallée de la Bénoué. Leur surface varie de 10 à 15 ha en fonction de

la hauteur de l’eau. Ces deux mares ne s’asséchent jamais totalement. Elles sont

plus ou moins encombrées de végétation aquatique ( Pistia stratioîes, Nymphaea

alba, N. micrantha, Vossia cuspidaia, Cyperus papyrus et Phragmites australis) et

fermées par Vetiveria nigritana et Mimosa pigra ainsi que par quelques ligneux

isolés ou en petits nombres (Mitragyna inermis, Balanites aegyptiaca ou Acacia

sieberana).

Barrage de Lagdo (BL)

Créé en 1982, ce barrage de 700 km2 se situe à c. 50 km au sud-est de Garoua

(9°3'N, 13°42'E). Sa richesse halieutique remarquable (pêche annuelle jusqu’à

1 3000 t) attire nombre d’oiseaux piscivores. Le barrage de 3 10 m de long et c. 40 m

de haut entouré de micro-falaises, ainsi que la pullulation de petits insectes

volants, semblent particulièrement attractifs pour les hirondelles.

1996

Oiseaux de Garoua

145

Méthodes

La majorité des données ont été obtenues par OG lors de prospections durant

lesquelles ont systématiquement été relevées toutes les observations ornithologi-

ques. La plupart a été réalisée en compagnie d’E. Battokok et/ ou de JT. Quelques-

unes des données les plus originales obtenues par JT depuis 1977, soit lors de

captures aux filets, soit au cours de prospections, sont aussi incluses.

Les espèces sont présentées selon l’ordre taxonomique suivi par Louette (1981),

mentionné ci-dessous comme “Louette”. Les secteurs décrits précédemment sont

abrégés dans la liste spécifique. Le statut de résident, migrateur africain ou

migrateur paléarctique est respectivement noté par RS, MA et MP. Le statut

actuel de chaque espèce est indiqué entre crochets.

Liste spécifique

Ixobrychus sturmii Blongios de Sturm. Un individu, Gu, 3 1 oct 1994 (OG). Observé

tous les ans, principalement en mai-juin et oct dans VB (JT, OG). Deux collectés

près de Pitoa (c. 20 km NE de Garoua), 30 sep 1981 et 27 juin 1984 (JT). [MA;

observations pas nombreuses, seulement jan-juin (Louette). Toutes saisons, S

Tchad (Salvan 1967).]

Egretta ardesiaca Aigrette ardoisée. Assez commune dans la zone considérée, en

petits groupes de 10 à 15 ind; effectifs estimés à plusieurs centaines d’oiseaux.

Quatre, Gu, 31 oct 1994. Observées en vol puis en pêche. De juin à déc dans VB et

Mayo Kébi, toute l’année à Maga (10°50'N, 14°57'E; JT). [RS & MA; observations

peu nombreuses; petits nombres à Waza, jan 1976 (Louette).]

E. intermedia Aigrette intermédiaire. VB: deux, 27 oct 1992; un, 29 oct 1992; trois,

4 nov 1994. Toutes observées avec des Grandes Aigrettes E. alba. [MA; Signalée

dans la zone d’inondation (Louette) et sur la côte (Martinez et al. 1996, Green

1996); en expansion en Afrique de l’Ouest depuis les années 1950 (Macdonald

1978). Peut-être aussi des mouvements vers le sud en saison sèche.]

Plegadis falcinellus Ibis falcinelle. Quelques dizaines, Bo, 29 oct 1992; deux, MG,

26 oct 1994. Régulier (bandes de 10-20 individus) dans VB après les premières

pluies (fin mai-juin). Plus discret ensuite, puis, parfois, bandes de 50 et plus lors de

la décrue en sep-oct (JT, OG). [MP; zone d’inondation et Parc de Waza jan-avr;

plus au sud, réserve de la Bénoué, déc; rivière Logone et Gagadjé, oct (Louette).]

Dendrocygna viduata Dendrocygne veuf. Parades commençant en mai-juin; pontes

(10-12 oeufs) surtout déposées en fin de saison des pluies, en août-sep (parfois dès

juin). Nids au sol, en savane herbeuse (un nid aussi dans champ d’arachide), loin

de l’eau, cachés dans l’herbe; petite dépression tapissée d’herbes sèches. Incubation

de 24 jours. Observation de canetons âgés de quelques jours est la plus fréquente

fin oct. Envols jusqu’au 15 déc (JT). [RS & MA; nicheur durant la saison des

pluies; aucune donnée précise sur sa reproduction (Louette; Brown et al. 1982).]

146

O. Girard and J. Thaï

Malimbus 18

Anas crecca Sarcelle d’hiver. VB: 2-10 individus chaque année, notamment Bo en

nov, Ki en déc-jan. [MP non commune; N Cameroun (Louette) et Waza (Dragesco

1961).]

A. querquedula Sarcelle d’été. Régulière d’oct à fin mars; effectifs très variables au

cours d’une année et entre années. De quelques centaines à c. 30000 individus (fév

1984, 1985 et 1986). [MP; commune Lac Tchad sep-mar; quelques obs jusqu’à

Kribi (2°57'N, 9°56'E) (Louette). VB en limite sud de l’aire normale de distribution

(Brown et al. 1982).]

A. clypeata Canard souchet. Visiteur régulier, mais en petit nombre ou isolé;

surtout Bo, parfois BK et Ki. Trois collectés auprès de chasseurs en déc 1981 et jan

1985. [MP; commun en hiver près du Lac Tchad; inconnu au Cameroun

(Louette).]

Circaetus cinereus Circaète brun. Un, savane près Bo, 29 oct 1992. A Waza,

régulier en avr-mai (plusieurs fois photographié par JT). [MA; obs peu nom-

breuses (Thiollay 1978; Louette; Brown et al 1982).]

Charadrius alexandrinus Gravelot à collier interrompu. Un, Gu, 27 oct 1992 avec

trois Grands Gravelots C. hiaticula , plus pâle dessus et plus svelte que ceux-ci, avec

tâches noires sur les cotés de la poitrine, pattes noirâtres, bec noir et moins fort que

celui des Grands Gravelots. [MP; rare (Louette); pour l’intérieur des terres, limite

sud de l’aire d’hivernage (Urban et al. 1986).]

Numenius arquata Courlis cendré. VB: un, 18 sep 1981; deux, 24 avr 1985; un, 5 mai

1993. Le gésier de l’oiseau tué en sep 1981 contenait des criquets et de nom-

breux insectes non identifiés (JT). [MP; sur la côte et Lac Tchad (Louette; Green

1996).]

Tringa stagnatilis Chevalier stagnatile. Deux, VB, 25 oct 1994. Observé chaque

année, nov-mars, surtout VB et Mayo Kébi (JT). [MP; une seule sur la côte

(Louette).]

Arenaria interpres Tournepierre à collier. Un photographié, mare de Boukma

(8°32'N, 14°57'E), 18 nov 1986 (JT). [MP; Tchad, inconnu N Cameroun

(Louette).]

Calidris alpina Bécasseau variable. Six, VB, 25 oct 1994, en compagnie de

Bécasseaux minutes C. minuta , plus grands que ceux-ci, le bec plus long et incurvé,

et avec le dessin des ailes et de la queue typique de cette espèce. Espèce

particulièrement bien connue d’OG. L’observation de Robertson (1993) et la nôtre

tendent à mettre en évidence un déploiement hivernal plus large qu’il n’est

habituellement admis. [MP; assez fréquente à Waza (Dragesco 1961), mais

observations mises en doute par Louette.]

Recurvirostra avosetta Avocette. Trois, Waza, déc 1992. Peu abondante (2-10

individus), mais vue chaque année en oct-nov, Bo et/ou Gu (JT, OG). [MP; rare

(Louette); 200, sud de Korup, 5 déc 1993 (Robertson 1994); Rio del Rey, 26 le 4

jan 1979; 21 le 13 fév 1979, cinq, fév 1984 (Thomas 1995).]

Riparia viparia Hirondelle de rivage. Quelques-unes, BK et Ki, 27 et 30 oct 1994.

[MP; rares mentions (Louette).]

1996

Oiseaux de Garoua

147

Hirundo smithii Hirondelle à longs brins. Une, Pont du Grand Capitaine, N Parc

Bénoué, 29 oct 1994. [MA; limite septentrionale (Louette; Keith et al. 1992).]

H. fuligula Hirondelle isabelline. Deux, BL, 29 oct 1992. Le long des parois

rocheuses (biotope susceptible de convenir à la nidification). [R & MA; région

montagneuse du sud-ouest ( H . f. bansoensis) et zone forestière; probable dans le

nord du pays ( H . f. rufigula, connue des régions adjacentes du N Nigéria)

(Louette).]

Delichon urbica Hirondelle de fenêtre. Plusieurs ind, BL, 29 oct 1992 et 4 nov 1994.

MP; très sporadique (Louette).]

Nectarinia verticalis Soui-manga olive à tête bleue. Un mâle, Parc Bénoué, 30 oct

1994. Observation en limite septentrionale pour le pays. [S Cameroun jusqu’au

plateau de l’Adamaoua, et région de Poli (Louette).]

Remerciements

Les missions effectuées par OG font suite aux accords passés entre le Ministère de

la Coopération et du Développement (France), l’Ecole de Faune de Garoua

(Cameroun) et l’Office National de la Chasse (France). Que les personnes ayant

permis la réalisation de ces deux missions soient remerciées. OG tient à remercier

particulièrement le directeur de l’Ecole de Faune, J. Ngog Nje, ainsi que les

différents professeurs de l’école, pour leur accueil et leur disponibilité, qui ont

permis deux séjours des plus agréables. Nous tenons aussi à remercier très

chaleureusement M. Germain, ainsi que G. Morel, qui nous ont grandement aidés

par leurs critiques et leurs remarques.

Bibliographie

Brown, L.H., Urban, E.K. & Newman, K. (eds) (1982) The Birds of Africa , vol.

1. Academie Press, London.

Dragesco, J. (1961) Oiseaux des savanes d’Afrique équatoriale. Oiseau Rev. fr.

Orn. 31: 179-192, 261-271.

Green, A. A. (1996) More bird records from the Rio del Rey estuary, Cameroon.

Malimbus 18: 112-121.

Keith, S., Urban, E.K. & Fry, C.H. (eds) (1992) The Birds of Africa , vol. 4.

Academie Press, London.

Louette, M. (1981) The birds of Cameroon. An annotated check-list. Verhandel.

Kon. Acad. Wetensch. Lett. Schone Kunst. Belg., Kl. Wetensch. 43(163): 1-295.

Macdonald, M.A. (1978) The Yellow-billed Egret in West Africa (Aves:

Ardeidae). Rev. zool. Afr. 92: 191-200.

Martinez, L, Elliott, V.A. & Field, G.D. 1996. Yellow-billed Egret Egretta

intermedia on the coast of Cameroon. Malimbus 18: 58.

148

O. Girard and J. Thaï

Malimbus 18

Robertson, I. (1993) Unusual records from Cameroon. Malimbus 14: 62-63.

Robertson, I. (1994) Recent reports. Bull. Afr. Bird Club 1: 105-107.

Salvan, J. (1967) Contribution à l’étude des oiseaux du Tchad. Oiseau Rev. fr.

Orn. 37: 255-284.

Thiollay, J.M. (1978) Les plaines du Nord Cameroun, centre d’hivernage de

rapaces paléarctiques. Alauda 46: 314-326.

Thomas, J. (1995) Birds of the Rio Del Rey estuary, Cameroon. Malimbus 17:

7-18.

Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. & Keith, S. (Eds) (1986) The Birds of Africa , vol. 2.

Academie Press, London.

1996

149

Short Notes — Notes Courtes

Concentration saisonnière d’oiseaux aquatiques au lac Kivoro, sud-ouest du

Gabon.

Le lac Kivoro est situé au sud-ouest du Gabon (2°16'S, 10°9'E), à environ 50 km de

la côte, au sein du complexe d’aires protégées de Gamba, actuellement en cours de

création. Ce lac fait partie de l’ancien domaine de chasse de Ngové-Ndogo, et est

inclus dans le site dénommé “Petit Loango”, comme zone humide d’importance

internationale pour le Gabon dans le cadre de la convention de Ramsar. Le lac

Kivoro est difficile d’accès et, pour cette raison, méconnu des biologistes. La

région concernée est à la limite est du bassin sédimentaire côtier. Avec un climat

tropical humide, la pluviométrie se caractérise par une saison des pluies d’octobre

à mai et une saison sèche de juin à septembre (EDICEF 1993). Le lac Kivoro est

alimenté par le rembo (nom local pour une petite rivière) Ndogo qui se jette ensuite

dans la lagune Ndogo. Le lac est peu profond et sa surface en eau varie selon la

saison. Le mois de septembre est caractérisé par une hauteur d’eau inférieure à 1 m

et une surface en eau minimum. De grandes étendues vaseuses apparaissent alors,

et sont rapidement colonisées par des graminées. Dans le peu d’eau libre restant, se

concentre alors toute l’ichtyofaune du lac (espèces de Tilapia, Clarias , Hepseîus,

entre autres).

Nous avons effectué deux missions au lac Kivoro, l’une en saison des pluies (14

mars 1994), l’autre en fin de saison sèche (10-12 septembre 1994). La mission de

mars n’a révélé aucune concentration d’oiseaux aquatiques. Par contre, la mission

de septembre a permis le dénombrement de plusieurs espèces d’oiseaux aquati-

ques, dont de nombreuses espèces piscivores. Il n’a pas été possible de faire un

comptage précis, par manque d’un nombre suffisant d’observateurs formés. Les

chiffres suivants ne sont donc que des estimations: Anhinga Anhinga rufa, c. 70;

Pélican blanc Pelecanus onocrotalus, deux groupes (branche sud du lac) de 200-300

individus, chacun dont un grand nombre d’immatures; Pélican roussâtre P.

rufescens, deux vols de plus de 100 individus chacun; Aigrette garzette Egreîia

garzetta, >100 individus; Grande aigrette E. alba, c. 200 — observation de parades;

Spatule d’Afrique Platalea alba , c. 40; Tantale ibis Mycteria ibis, deux groupes, de

18 et de 15; Ibis hagedash Bostrychia hagedash, c. 50; Dendrocygne veuf

Dendrocygna viduata, 38; Canard de Hartlaub Pteronetta hartlaubii , c. 50; Jacana à

poitrine dorée Actophilornis africanus, c. 30. D’autres espèces aquatiques, telles le

Héron goliath Ardea goliath et le Bec-en-ciseaux Rynchops flavirostris (5 individus)

ont été observées en petit nombre.

De telles concentrations d’oiseaux aquatiques, pour la plupart piscivores,

semblent n’avoir jamais été décrites à l’intérieur du Gabon auparavant, notam-

ment dans la région des lacs (ouest de Lambaréné), seule grande zone humide

intérieure du Gabon (P. Christy pers. comm.). Le lac Kivoro a été peu visité sur le

150

Short Notes

Malimbus 18

plan ornithologique, particulièrement en fin de saison sèche. Un comptage lors

d’une mission du WIWO (Groupe Internationale de Recherches sur les Limicoles

et les Oiseaux Aquatiques) avait eu lieu le 25-26 janvier 1992, sans révéler de

concentrations significatives (Schepers & Marteijn 1993). Sargeant (1993) fait une

mention du lac Kivoro, le 1 septembre 1991, mais ne signale que trois Pélicans

blancs. Cela souligne le caractère très saisonnière de ces rassemblements, dépen-

dant du niveau d’eau du lac et de l’accessibilité des ressources piscicoles.

Les concentrations de pélicans soulèvent le problème de leur origine. Les

Pélicans roussâtres sont régulièrement observés dans la région de Gamba, par

petits groupes (maximum de quelques dizaines). Au Gabon, le Pélican roussâtre

est une espèce nicheuse dont la population côtière est estimée entre 1115 et 1435

oiseaux (Schepers & Marteijn 1993). Les Pélicans blancs sont observés de façon

épisodique à Gamba et sont considérés comme migrateurs occasioned d’octobre à

mars au Gabon (Schepers & Marteijn 1993). Cependant, quelques sites hébergent

peut-être des visiteurs réguliers.

Sur le plan comportemental, les Pélicans roussâtres quittaient le lac vers la

tombée de la nuit pour rejoindre leur dortoir dans les arbres. Les Pélicans blancs se

rassemblaient en groupes sur les vasières dégagées pour la nuit.

A cette période de l’année, les Grandes Aigrettes et Aigrettes garzettes sont

normalement nicheuses dans le Sahel (Brown et al. 1982). La présence de ces

oiseaux et leur comportement (parades) pourraient supposer l’existence de col-

onies au Gabon.

Les lacs de Mafoumi et de Goré, situés au sud du lac Kivoro, accueillent aussi,

d’après les pêcheurs locaux, des groupes de pélicans et d’oiseaux aquatiques, mais

dans des proportions plus faibles. Ces lacs semblent être couverts de grandes

roselières, avec peu d’eau libre en saison sèche. Il serait intéressant d’effectuer un

comptage simultané de l’avifaune aquatique sur les trois lacs, en fin de saison

sèche.

Joseph Ngowou (Chef de la brigade de faune de Setté Cama), Louis-Marie

Ndembi-Mihindou (agent des Eaux et Forêts), Patrice M’Bouity, Jean-Marie

Nkombé et Cathy et Jean-Louis Orengo ont participé avec bonne humeur à ces

missions. Robert Kasisi (Représentant, WWF-Programme pour le Gabon) a

contribué par son soutien à la mise en place de ce programme. Alain Crivelli m’a

communiqué des informations sur les pélicans. Enfin, Patrice Christy m’a fait

bénéficier de son savoir ornithologique et de son amitié, et a corrigé le manuscrit.

Bibliographie

Brown, L.H., Urban, E.K. & Newman, K. (1982) The Birds of Africa, vol. 1.

Academie Press, London.

EDICEF (1993) Le Gabon. EDICEF, Vanves.

Sargeant, D.E. (1993) A Birder’s Guide to Gabon, West Africa. Privately

published.

1996

Notes Courtes

151

Schepers, F.J. & Marteijn, E.C.L, (eds) (1993) Coastal Waterbirds in Gabon,

Winter 1992. Rep. 41, Stichting WIWO, Zeist.

Reçu 10 mai 1995 Arnaud Greth

Revu 5 mars 1996 W W F. BP 148, Gamba, Gabon

Notes sur la nidification de quatre espèces d’oiseaux en Mauritanie

Lors d’un séjour du 9 nov au 21 déc 1994 à 70 km à l’est d’Akjoujt, Mauritanie, la

reproduction de plusieurs espèces d’oiseaux a pu être observée. La zone d’observa-

tion (19°47'N, 13°43'W), inondée en septembre 1994, constitue un bassin d’épan-

dage d’un oued descendant des collines rocheuses de l’Adrar. Pour quatre espèces,

la date de ponte ne correspond pas aux données publiées pour cette région

(Lamarche 1988).

Courvite isabelle Cursorius cursor. Deux poussins, âgés apparemment de quelques

jours, sont observés les 29 et 30 nov 1994, nourris par leurs parents. Bien que la

durée de l’incubation soit inconnue chez cette espèce (Urban et al. 1986), par

analogie avec les espèces du même genre, la ponte a très probablement eu lieu à la

fin d’octobre.

En Mauritanie, des poussins de Courvite isabelle ont déjà été observés dans le

Parc National du Banc d’Arguin en avril (soit à une latitude voisine de celle de nos

observations), et près de Nouakchott en avril, mai, juillet et août (Browne 1981,

Lamarche 1988).

Alouette-moineau à front blanc Eremopterix nigriceps. Deux nids, chacun conte-

nant trois oeufs, ont été trouvés: l’un le 1 1 nov au pied d’une touffe de Psoralea

plicata, l’autre le 14 déc au pied d’un plant de sorgho.

En Mauritanie, selon Lamarche (1988), cette alouette niche en mars-avril au

Sahara (au nord du 18°N) et août-oct au Sahel, à partir du 18°N, vers le sud. Dans

le Sahel malien, la nidification a été observée en juil-août, mais surtout en sep-oct

(Lamarche 1981). Dans le nord du Sénégal, Morel & Morel (1980) l’ont vue nicher

d’oct à mars (avec peut-être un maximum en mars), tous les nids jusqu’ici observés

(24) ne contenant que deux oeufs.

Pie-grièche grise Lanius excubitor. Adultes de la sous-espèce elegans. Trois nids

occupés ont été observés: un contenant quatre oeufs, 5 déc; un contenant des

jeunes, 12 déc; un avec un oiseau couveur, 13 déc. L’observation d’un jeune volant

peu farouche, issu d’un quatrième nid, 12 déc, correspond à une ponte déposée fin

oct ou début nov.

Cette espèce est connue pour nicher dans le massif de l’Adrar en fév-mars et

dans le Zemmour (nord-ouest du pays) jan-mars (Lamarche 1988). Elle niche de

juin à oct dans le Sahel mauritanien et malien (Lamarche 1981, 1988).

152

Short Notes

Malimbus 18

Moineau doré Passer luteus. Le 1 1 nov, des parades très actives sont observées à

proximité de très nombreux nids construits dans des Capparis decidua. Les

premières bandes de jeunes volants sont vues vers le 20 nov, mais des jeunes au nid

sont encore entendus les 4 et 8 déc. Les premières pontes peuvent être situées au

milieu d’oct.

En Mauritanie, le Moineau doré se reproduit de mars à mai sur la bordure du

Sahara (zones d’épandage de l’Adrar et zones humides sahéliennes) et de juin à

sep-oct au Sahel, selon Lamarche (1988). Morel & Morel (1973) ont aussi trouvé

plusieurs colonies en mars entre Boghé et Kaédi (16°30'N), dans la moyenne vallée

du fleuve Sénégal, près de champs de sorgho encore verts.

La période connue de reproduction des quatre espèces citées ci-dessus s’étale de

février à mai dans la partie sud-saharienne de la Mauritanie, dont fait partie la

zone d’observation, et d’avril à octobre dans la partie sahélienne (Lamarche 1988).

Dans le premier cas, il s’agit d’une reproduction “printanière”, faisant suite à une

période froide et humide, comparable à ce qu’on observe dans la région paléarcti-

que occidentale. Au Sahel, la nidification est déterminée par les pluies de mousson,

ces espèces nichant surtout de juillet à octobre.

Les reproductions observées à la fin de l’année 1994 sont donc décalées de 3-5

mois par rapport au schéma habituel pour cette région. Elles semblent bien avoir

été déterminées par les pluies de septembre 1994. Ces pluies de mousson,

particulièrement septentrionales cette année-là, ont permis un développement

important de la végétation et une reproduction des insectes, notamment du

Criquet pèlerin Schistocerca gregaria dont se nourrissent au moins les Courvites,

les Pies-grièches et les Moineaux dorés.

Ces données indiquent que ces oiseaux sont capables d’effectuer une reproduc-

tion sous l’effet de pluies de mousson dans une région où elles sont rares. Il n’est

pas possible de savoir s’il s’agit d’une adaptation des populations locales ou d’un

déplacement de populations plus méridionales qui ont colonisé temporairement la

région. Ce comportement opportuniste n’est probablement pas exceptionnel et

peut concerner d’autres espèces d’oiseaux qui vivent dans la frange méridionale du

Sahara, lorsque des pluies tropicales atteignent des latitudes anormalement

élevées.

Bibliographie

Browne, P.W.P. (1981) Breeding of six Palearctic birds in southwest Mauritania.

Bull. Brit. Oui. Club 101: 306-310.

Lamarche, B. (1981) Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali. 2ème partie.

Passereaux. Malimbus 3: 73-102.

Lamarche, B. (1988) Liste commentée des oiseaux de Mauritanie. Etud. sahar.

ouest-afr. 1(4).

Morel, G. J. & Morel, M.-Y. (1973) Premières observations sur la reproduction

du Moineau doré, Passer luteus (Licht.) en zone semi aride de l’Ouest africain.

Oiseau Rev. fr. Orn. 43: 97-118.

1996

Notes Courtes

153

Morel, G. J. & Morel, M.-Y. (1980) Eremopteryx nigriceps albifrons et Eremop-

teryx leucoîis melanocephala (Alaudidés) au Sénégal. Proc. 5 Pan-Àfr. Orn.

Congr. 309-322.

Urban E.K., Fry C.H., & Keith S. (1986) The Birds of Africa, vol. 2. Academie

Press, London.

Reçu 1 août 1995

Revu 19 mars 1996 Gilles Balança

CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS, 2477 avenue du Val de Montferrand,

BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France

Observations of two Cuculus species fed by forest hosts in the Congo

On 6 Feb 1995 I found a fledgling Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius low

down in swamp forest in the Parc National d’Odzala, northern Congo (0°36'N,

14°54'E). It was being attended by a Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata. The

young bird was uniform dark but for the underparts, which were cream-coloured

and heavily barred with black from breast to vent. Its tail was about three quarters

grown. It called continuously, uttering a loud, raucous “ sschreep ”, repeated at a

faster tempo when the alethe appeared with food. During the first few minutes of

observation, the alethe stayed a few metres apart from the cuckoo and repeatedly

uttered alarm calls (loud rattles), then it left. It came back shortly afterwards, still

carrying food, and as I remained motionless about 10 m from the cuckoo, which

was perched on a horizontal branch a few metres high, the alethe went to feed it. I

waited in the same spot and a second feeding took place.

On 12 Nov 1995, my attention was attracted by a persistent calling, a “weef-

weef-weef’ or ‘ ‘kwif-kwif-kwif ’ , in the canopy of swamp forest at a height of 20-

25 m. A fledgling Black Cuckoo C. clamosus was with a group of three or more

Cassin’s Malimbes Malimbus cassini , of which at least one was a male. The young

cuckoo was all black, with a few faint bars just visible across the breast. It was

fairly active, hopping about in the foliage with half-open and quivering wings. The

malimbes actively searched for food in the vicinity and one male fed the cuckoo

twice in 20 min. Then the little party moved out of my field of view.

Both of these host records appear to be new, not only for these cuckoos, but

neither A. diademata nor M. cassini has been recorded as a host to any cuckoo

(Rowan 1983, Brosset & Erard 1986, Irwin 1988). However, C. solitarius is known

to parasitize a wide range of Turdidae species, and the use of A. diademata as a

host, in an area where it is one of the commoner Turdidae, is not surprising.

On the other hand, C. clamosus has never been claimed to have an interest in

nests of weavers Ploceidae, which (genus Ploceus) are the preferred hosts of the

much smaller Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius, with one record of the latter

154

Short Notes

Malimbus 18

parasitizing a Crested Malimbe M. malimbicus (Irwin 1988). Cuculus clamosus

normally parasitizes species of Laniarius and Oriolus, two genera represented by

three common species in Odzala, the Sooty Boubou L. leucorhynchus (known as a

host in Cameroon: Bates 1930), Western Black-headed Oriole O. brachyrhynchus

and Black-winged Oriole O. nigripennis. The possibility of a female C. clamosus

laying in a Mal imbus nest seems unlikely, especially in one of M. cassini, whose

nest has a funnel 0.5-1 m long (Brosset 1978). It seems more possible that the

Malimbus had instead adopted the young cuckoo after it left the nest of another

host. Females and juveniles of M. cassini are wholly black, and a young C.

clamosus would appear like an enormous baby malimbe, thus perhaps acting as a

supra-normal stimulus to M. cassini parents (cf. Tinbergen 1953). Such adoptive

behaviour must make one extra cautious about identifying host species based only

on the feeding of fledged cuckoos.

I thank Mr M.P.S. Irwin for having read a draft of this note.

References

Bates, G.L. (1930) Handbook of the Birds of West Africa. J. Bale, Sons &

Danielsson, London.

Brosset, A. (1978) Social organisation and nest-building in the forest weaver

birds of the genus Malimbus (Ploceinae). Ibis 120:27-37.

Brosset, A. & Erard, C. (1986) Les Oiseaux des Régions Forestières du Nord-est

du Gabon. Vol. 1. Ecologie et comportement des espèces. Société Nationale de

Protection de la Nature, Paris.

Irwin, M.P.S. (1988) Cuculidae. Pp. 58-104 in Fry, C.H., Keith, S. & Urban,

E.K. (eds) The Birds of Africa , vol. 3. Academie Press, London.

Rowan, M.K. (1983) The Doves, Parrots, Louries & Cuckoos of Southern Africa.

J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.

Tinbergen, N. (1953) L’Etude de l’Instinct. Payot, Paris.

Received 29 September 1995 Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire

194, Rue de Bois de Breux, B-4020 Liège, Belgium

Corrigendum

In the paper by R. Demey, “Notes on the birds of the coastal and Kindia areas,

Guinea” Malimbus 17: 85-99, an error occurred in the table on p. 91. The line

“ Sarothrura pulchra.....” should read as follows:

C K Localities

Sarothrura pulchra White-spotted Flufftail

xx

XX

1,2,5

1996

155

Book Reviews — Revues de Livres

Forest Protection in Ghana. By W.D. Hawthorne & M. Abu-Juam, 1995.

Pp. xvii + 202, maps and photos. IUCN, Gland. ISBN 2-8317-0261-5, paperback,

£14.

This latest in the IUCN Forest Conservation Programme series presents the

results of ODA/NRI studies in association with the Ghana Forest Dept. It is a

printed companion to a database and map display program (FROGGIE) that

includes all of the botanical and protected area information presented in the

appendices which take up about two-thirds of the book. Unlike the book, the

intention is to keep FROGGIE continually up-dated; FROGGIE is obtainable

from the first author at OFI, Oxford 0X1 3RB, UK.

In Ghana, as in so many African states, the colonial forest reserve network has

been subject to encroachment and to forestry mismanagement, to the extent of

major logging concessions having been granted in a national park. The authors

concentrate on cataloguing what’s left and recommending how better to manage

the trees. Other organisms are not directly addressed, although the management

proposals outlined would benefit the other forest denizens: many would reduce

physical destruction of forest and would maintain tree species diversity, especially

by the designation of strictly protected key areas and cores, and buffer zones for

the exploitation of non-timber products only. Zoological research is required to

supplement the present surveys, although the authors do not seem to be aware of

such work which has already been done in some of their study sites, including that

of Dutson & Branscombe (1990, Rainforest Birds in SJV Ghana , ICBP, Cam-

bridge).

The authors are refreshingly outspoken in their criticisms of both bad forestry

and bad conservation philosophy. They point the finger of blame for the poor state

of many forests at badly-managed logging and at subsistence farming (which is no

longer shifting and low-density). They are rightly critical of the starry-eyed notion

that all forests can be handed back to local communities, for management as the

latter see fit. Local values may result in the destruction of national or global

resources, and “it is vital that protective regulations and needs are decided at least

at the national level and enforced downwards . . . Local needs for conservation

should be superimposed on the national requirements, not replace them” (p. 8).

And: “The destruction of the 80% of the forest area outside the reserves is

sometimes put forward as a manifestation of the failure of [“traditional”] forest

conservation . . . yet . . . the survival of the 20% [in reserves] is rather a manifes-

tation of its success” (p. 11). It is welcome to read such statements in an IUCN

publication, since they contradict the misguided ideas of some ecologically and

sociologically naïve members of IUCN’s own staff, who believe that reserves

should be abolished and all management decisions made at a local level. Although

156

Book Reviews

Malimbus 18

there is a role for local involvement in decision-making, the unquestioning

ideology that everything can be localized has resulted in the failure of IUCN-

managed forest conservation projects. The authors also recognize that funding for

protected areas in Ghana should come from the international community (we

should all pay for conserving a global resource: biological diversity) and that much

of the money should go to compensate local communities for their loss of freedom

to use the forest.

Anybody interested in nature conservation in Ghana or in forest conservation

and management anywhere, will find this book of value. 1 hope that it signifies a

new realism within its sponsoring organisation.

Alan Tye

Gestion des Ressources Côtières et Littorales du Sénégal. Ed. sous la direction de

A.T. Diaw, 1993. 487 pp, plusieurs graphiques, cartes et photos. UICN, Gland.

ISBN 2-8317-0145-7.

Les thèmes de batelier publié dans cet ouvrage sont essentiellement tournés vers

les préoccupations du Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-

Thiaroye, dont la mission majeure est la gestion rationelle des ressources halieuti-

ques du Sénégal. Dans les recommandations, on a “souligné l’importance vitale du

littoral pour l’économie . . ., regretté la multiplicité des agressions . . . subies par cet

espace, déploré le manque de coordination entre les actions et les programmes de

nombreux intervenants” et on a souhaité la création d’un Observatoire du Littoral

qui définirait les solutions possibles d’une politique générale de la gestion de ces

eaux littorales.

Le principal intérêt de l’ouvrage pour les ornithologues est de donner une vue

d’ensemble des facteurs biologiques, environnementaux, sociologiques, histori-

ques et économiques interagissant dans le système de production aquatique le long

du littoral sénégalais (y compris la Guinée-Bissau). C’est là une mine de renseigne-

ments, jusqu’ici dispersés dans de multiples revues, qui sont rassemblés sous sept

chapitres: problématique (4 articles dont un sur les peuplements anciens et un sur

l’historique de la colonisation); recherches géomatiques (7 articles); études et

aménagements (7); pollution, urbanisation et santé (8); exploitation et gestion des

ressources (8); espace touristique (3); conservation et gestion (6). Tous les articles

sont en français avec un résumé anglais, tous sont inévitablement courts et certains

sont dépourvus de toute bibliographie. Celle-ci, qui paraît dans l’ensemble bien

faite, s’arrête à 1992: ainsi, la remise en eau de la cuvette du Ndiaël, souhaitée par

la Direction des Parcs Nationaux, est maintenant chose faite. On eût souhaité un

glossaire pour les nombreux sigles ou noms locaux.

Les naturalistes seront en droit de s’étonner qu’un colloque consacré aux

ressources côtières et littorales, financé (au moins en partie) et publié par l’UICN,

1996

Revues de Livres

157

ne concède que sept petites pages sur 487 à la protection de la nature proprement

dite. Décidément, les Parcs Nationaux, auteurs des sept pages, sont bien les

parents pauvres de cet atelier.

Marie- Yvonne & Gérard Morel

Forest Birds in Côte d’Ivoire. By M.E. Gartshore, P.D. Taylor & I.S. Francis, 1995.

Pp.v T 81. Study Report 58, Birdhfe International, Cambridge.

The bulk of this report deals with Ta’i National Park, where the survey teams spent

most of their time, although there are small sections on some other forests. Field

work took place 1989-91; the first phase has already been reported by Gartshore

(ICBP Study Report 39). Taï is one of the most important remnants of the Upper

Guinea forests and is critical for the conservation of most of its endemic birds.

This report is a useful addition to our knowledge of the birds of the area, especially

of the threatened species.

Besides the usual distributional and status information, this report contains

extensive analyses of daily and seasonal species detectability, of biases in detecta-

bility and of species’ associations with bird parties, the forest canopy, and with

forest types subject to differing degrees of disturbance, including some interesting

data on forest birds using forestry plantations. The long discussion of seasonal

cycles in relation to environmental factors is interesting, but it ignores the

substantial body of neotropical work on this subject, which is highly relevant to

the authors’ conclusions and speculations. Appendices include some useful

breeding data, other faunal observations (mainly of mammals and tabanid flies),

and instructions on how to set up and operate tree platforms.

Alan Tye

Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 1995-1999 Partridges, Quails,

Francolins, Snowcocks and Guineafowl. Compiled by P.J.K. McGowan, S.D.

Dowell, J.P. Carroll & N.J. Aebischer, 1995. Pp. vi + 101. IUCN, Gland. ISBN

2-8317-0269-0, paperback, £13.50.

This working document for conservation planning was produced by the Species

Survival Commission’s Partridge, Quail and Francolin Specialist Group, based on

questionnaires to local experts and a workshop held in 1993. The main threat was

predictably found to be habitat loss, with over-exploitation by man, hybridisation,

and pesticides destroying the food supply contributing to some declines. Also,

Hartlaub’s Francolin Francolinus hartlaubi is threatened by granite mining and

158

Book Reviews

Malimbus 18

Cameroon Mountain Francolin F. camerunensis by volcanic eruptions! Very few

of the worldwide total of about 142 species (and no African ones) were considered

“insufficiently known”.

Of the 26 W African species, most are assessed as not requiring immediate

conservation action (partly because they are fairly well-known, so surveys are not

needed), but survey and management are recommended for three francolins and

three guineafowl, surveys for two more francolins, and taxonomic clarification for

two quail “species” in order to determine whether any taxa are threatened. How-

ever, the species texts (given for threatened species only) do not always agree with

the same species’ entries in the Conservation Assessment Table on action required!

The conservation action plan deals only with threatened species, and not with

all of those: the only detailed projects recommended for W Africa are research on

the status of Cameroon Mountain Francolin and White-breasted Guineafowl

Agelastes meleagrides, although from the Conservation Assessment Table, one can

discover other work that would be valuable.

This booklet is a useful summary of conservation status and a sound guide to

what to do next. It is a bit pricey for its size, but serious field workers might get one

free, judging from a statement on p. vi.

Alan Tye

Sahel — Sahel. A controversial vision. By R. Denève, 1995. Pp. viii + 63. IUCN,

Gland. ISBN 2-8317-0271-2, paperback, £6.95.

This publication consists of two equal parts. In the first, the author analyses land

use in the Sahel, and the main causes of land use problems there. In essence, he

concludes that current food supply and land degradation problems have been

caused by population increases beyond the land’s natural carrying capacity and by

unfavourable economic circumstances, and not (or hardly) by recent droughts.

More nutrients are being removed in crops and animal products than are being

deposited in dust and rainfall. In addition, large scale application of external

inputs (in particular fertilizer) is prevented by a lack of funded demand, and thus

of a good price, for farmers’ products. This makes investing in maintaining land

quality unattractive, and yields have fallen.

Farmers’ principal responses have been: clearance of increasingly marginal land

and a decrease in fallow land; clearance of low-lying land for out-of-season

farming; extension of irrigation along rivers and around pools; development of

sedentary livestock raising; and emigration. As a result, herders who graze their

cattle in the northern Sahel during the wet season, have less dry season grazing

available further south. This has led to serious conflicts between herders and

farmers over access to land and to watering points at wetlands now used for post-

rainy season cropping.

1996

Revues de Livres

159

In the second part, Dcnève uses this analysis to explain why many development

projects in the Sahel have met with little or no success. In an annex, suggestions are

made for rural development aid.

Although the document is presented as a “controversial vision”, I cannot but

say that I largely agree about the causes of the agricultural crisis in the Sahel

Others have come to similar conclusions (e.g. Breman, H 1991, The Renewable

Resources Base for Sahelian Developments: its Limits and Potentials. CABO-DLO,

Wageningen), although there is some difference of opinion as to the possible

solutions. I do think that efficiency of use of resources could be increased to a

limited extent, in spite of local farmers and herders having developed, over

centuries, an intricately balanced system of exploitation: some processes escape the

observation of the non-scientist and that is where agricultural research can make

its contribution. On the other hand, given current economic developments, large

scale use of fertilizer seems unlikely in the foreseeable future, however desirable

such external inputs might be.

The effects on bird life of the land use changes concern three main habitats:

fallow land, bush land, and wetlands. Fallow and bush land are widespread in the

Sahel Neither contains any restricted-range bird species. Conversion to cultivated

fields can, however, affect residents and migrants, including species which may

also be facing problems in their breeding ranges, e.g. Montagu’s and Pallid

Harriers Circus pygargus and C. macrourus.

The increased pressure on wetlands is perhaps of greater concern. As areas

of high production potential, wetlands in the Sahel are already in demand

by farmers, herders and fishermen. Coordinated management is often

lacking, degradation is spreading, and wildlife is generally well down the local

list of priorities, a long way behind food security. While the significance of

areas like the inundation zone of the R. Niger is well known, small wetlands

are, by their sheer weight of numbers, very important to waterbirds (e.g. Mullié

& Brouwer 1994, pp. 57-74 in P. Kristensen (ed.), Atelier sur les Zones Humides

du Niger . IUCN, Niger). Unfortunately, projected climate changes and demo-

graphic developments all point to further increases in pressure on Sahelian

wetlands of all sizes (Brouwer & Mullié 1996, pp. 215-239 in Watson, R.T.,

Zinyowera, M.C. & Moss, R.H. (eds), Climate Change 1995. Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, Cambridge).

One hopes that international conservation organisations can assist govern-

ments, local populations and local NGOs, in devising ways to manage Sahelian

wetlands sustainably for production, as well as for native vegetation and wildlife.

A publication like Denève’s can certainly help achieve that goal It is well written

and generally well argued, even if the addition of a few more references would have

been useful I recommend it to anyone with an interest in the Sahel, its people, land

use and environmental problems.

Joost Brouwer

160

Malimbus 18

News and Letters

BP Conservation Programme Awards

The BP Conservation Programme supports undergraduate projects with a long-

term impact on biodiversity conservation, investigating threatened animals, plants

and habitats. All projects must address a conservation issue of global importance

and have a high degree of participation by nationals of the host country.

Each year, four prizes of £3000 are given to the best projects in four categories:

globally threatened species, oceanic islands and marine habitats, tropical forest,

and wetlands, grasslands, savanna and deserts. Eight other projects receive

runner-up prizes of £1500. In 1997, the programme will support the International

Year of the Reef, with an additional award in a coral reef category. Finally, the

Follow-up Award of £10,000 is given to the best proposal for follow-up work

submitted by one of the previous year’s winners.

For further information and an application form, please contact:

Katharine Gotto, Expeditions Officer

Birdlife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road,

Cambridge CB3 0NA, U.K.

Tel: + 44 (0)1223 277318

Fax: +44 (0)1223 277200

Emaikkatharine. gotto@rdlife.org.uk

Malimbus publie des Articles, des Notes Courtes, des Analyses d’Ouvrages, des Informations, des

Lettres et des illustrations traitant de l’ornithologie ouest-africaine. Les textes sont acceptés en

anglais et en français; la Rédaction pourra aider les auteurs dont la langue maternelle n’est pas

l’une de celles-ci. Les textes des Informations et des Lettres ne devraient pas dépasser 1000 mots.

Les Articles et les Notes Courtes doivent être des apports originaux; ceux déjà publiés ailleurs, en

partie ou en totalité, seront normalement refusés. Les Notes Courtes sont des articles de moins de

1000 mots (références comprises) ou de deux pages imprimées. Autant que possible, les

manuscrits auront été auparavant soumis au moins à un ornithologue ou biologiste pour un

examen minutieux. Les manuscrits seront envoyés pour critique à au moins un lecteur compétent.

Les textes soumis seront tapés en deux exemplaires, d’un seul côté de la page, double interligne

et avec larges marges. Les tirages sur imprimante matricielle ne seront acceptés que s’ils ont la

“qualité-courrier”. Les auteurs ne doivent pas envoyer un double de leur disquette en même

temps que l’article qu’ils soumettent, mais sont priés d’indiquer s’ils peuvent le faire dans le cas où

leur article serait accepté. Les disquettes seront retournées aux auteurs. Consultez l’Editeur pour

des détails supplémentaires, c’est-à-dire les programmes de texte compatibles.

Les conventions concernant les tableaux, les chiffres, le système métrique, les références, etc.

peuvent être trouvées dans ce numéro et doivent être soigneusement suivies. Notez en particulier

que les dates s’abrègeront comme 2 fév 1990 mais dans un texte pourront s’écrire en entier; que les

heures s’écriront comme 6.45 h, 17.00 h; que les coordonnées s’écriront comme 7°46'N, 16°4'W;

que les nombres jusqu’à dix s’écriront en entier, excepté devant une unité de mesure (p. ex. 6 m),

que les nombres à partir de 11 s’écriront en chiffres sauf au début d’une phrase. Toute référence

citée dans l’article, et aucune autre, doit figurer dans la bibliographie.

' Les articles d’avifaune doivent comprendre une carte ou une liste des localités citées. Ils

devraient donner quelques détails sur le climat, la topographie, la végétation et l’environnement

(y compris les événements inhabituels) avant ou durant l’étude (p. ex. pluies tardives, etc.). Les

listes d’espèces ne devraient contenir que des données importantes: les listes complètes ne sont

justifiées que pour les régions encore non étudiées ou délaissées pendant longtemps. Autrement,

ne citer que les espèces sur lesquelles l’étude fournit de nouveaux faits sur la répartition, la période

de séjour, la reproduction, etc. Pour chaque espèce, indiquer le statut migratoire, la période de

séjour (telle qu’elle ressort de l’étude), l’extension de l’aire, une estimation d’abondance

{Malimbus 17: 38) et les données datées sur la reproduction. Eventuellement, replacez les faits

dans le contexte en les comparant brièvement avec une liste régionale de référence. Les longues

listes d’espèces devraient être sous forme de tableaux (p. ex. Malimbus 12: 39-51, 1: 22-28, ou 1:

49-54) ou sous forme de texte des derniers numéros (p. ex. Malimbus 12: 19-24, 12: 61-86, 13: 49-

66, 16: 10-29). La séquence taxonomique et les noms scientifiques (et de préférence aussi les noms

vernaculaires) devraient suivre Dowsett & Forbes-Watson (1993, Checklist of Birds of the

Afrotropical and Malagasy Regions , Tauraco Press, Liège) ou The Birds of Africa (Brown et al.

1982, Urban et al. 1986, Fry et al. 1988, Keith et al. 1992, Academie Press, London), à moins de

donner les raisons de s’écarter de ces auteurs. Un guide plus complet aux auteurs d’articles sur

l’avifaune, comprenant une notation d’abondance des espèces la plus conseillée, est publié dans

Malimbus 17: 35-39. On peut en obtenir une copie de la Rédaction, qui se fera aussi un plaisir

d’offrir ses conseils sur la présentation de ce genre d’études.

Les figures doivent être préparées pour une reproduction directe, permettant une réduction de

20 à 50%; on se servira d’encre de chine sur papier blanc de bonne qualité ou calque épais et de

caractères Letraset (ou équivalent) selon le cas. Les diagrammes obtenus par programmes

informatisés autres que logiciels graphiques et sur imprimantes autres que laser sont rarement de

qualité acceptable. Pour le dessin des Figures, tenir compte du format de Malimbus.

Tous les Articles (mais non les Notes Courtes) comporteront un Résumé, n’excédant pas 5% de

la longeur totale. Le Résumé mentionnera brièvement les principaux résultats et conclusions de

l’Article et ne sera pas un simple compte rendu du travail. Les résumés seront publiés à la fois en

anglais et en français et seront traduits au mieux par la Rédaction.

Dix tirés-à-part des Articles (mais non des Notes courtes) seront envoyés gratis à l’auteur ou à

l’auteur principal. Les tirés-à-part ne seront ni agrafés, ni reliés ou recouverts; ce sont de simples

extraits de la revue.

Malimbus 18 (2) September 1996

Contents

Change of Editorial Address

An annotated check-list of birds occurring at the Parc National des

Oiseaux du Djoudj in Senegal, 1984-1994.

S.P. Rodwell, A. Sauvage, S.J.R. Rumsey & A. Braunlich

More bird records from Rio del Rey estuary, Cameroon.

A.A. Green

New bird records from Korup National Park and environs, Cameroon.

A.A. Green & P.G. Rodewald

Cooperative breeding in captive Emerald Starlings Coccycolius iris.

R. Wilkinson

Quelques observations ornithologiques dans la région de Garoua,

Cameroun.

O. Girard & J. Thaï

Short Notes

Concentration saisonnière d’oiseaux aquatiques au lac Kivoro,

sud-ouest du Gabon.

A. Greth

Notes sur la nidification de quatre espèces d’oiseaux en Mauritanie.

G. Balança

Observations of two Cuculus species fed by forest hosts in the

Congo.

F. Dowsett-Lemaire

Corrigendum

Book Reviews

73

74-111

112-121

122-133

134-141

142-148

149-151

151-153

153-154

154

155-159

News & Letters

160

QL

£n\

msi

ôaeos

MALIMBUS

Journal of the West African Ornithological Society

Revue de la Société d’Ornithologie de l’Ouest Africain

March 1997

VOLUME 19 Number 1

ISSN 0331-3689

UBRARlfcS

West African Ornithological Society

Société d’Ornithologie de l’Ouest Africain

Council:

President: Dr Gérard J. Morel

Vice-president: Prof. C. Hilary Fry

Treasurer and Membership Secretary: Robert E. Sharland

Member of Council: Dr Max Germain

Secretary to Council: Dr Roger Wilkinson

Managing Editor: Dr Alan Tye

Editorial Board: Dr R.A. Cheke, Dr Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Prof J.H. Elgood,

G.D. Field, Dr L.D.C. Fishpool, Prof C.H. Fry, M.E.J. Gore, A.A. Green, Dr C.J.

Hazevoet, Dr P.J. Jones, Dr G.J. Morel, Dr T. Wacher, Dr L. Zwarts

Malimbus distribution: G.D. Field

Correspondence should be addressed as follows:

— to the Managing Editor (Dr A. Tye, CDRS, Casilla 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador)

regarding contributions to Malimbus , including incidental photographs or drawings;

— to the Treasurer (1 Fisher’s Heron, East Mills, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6

2JR, U.K.) regarding subscriptions, financial matters and back numbers;

— to the Secretary (Zoological Gardens, Chester CH2 1LH, U.K.) regarding

applications for W.A.O.S. Research Grants;

— to the President (1 Route de Sallenelles, 14860 Bréville-les-Monts, France; e-mail

gmorel@caen.pacwan.net) regarding policy matters.

The Society grew out of the Nigerian Ornithologists’ Society, which was founded in

1964. Its object is to promote scientific interest in the birds of West Africa and to

further the region’s ornithology, mainly by means of its journal Malimbus (formerly

the Bulletin of the Nigerian Ornithologists ' Society ).

Applications for membership are welcomed. Annual membership subscriptions are

£10 for Ordinary Members (individuals) and £25 for Corporate Members (libraries

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and Corporate Members by air mail, free of charge. Extra charges are required for

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Back Numbers: Vols 1 1-14 (1975-78) of the Bulletin of the Nigerian Ornitholo-

gists ' Society (the same format as Malimbus) are available at £2 per issue (£4 per vol-

ume) or £15 a set. Malimbus Vols 1-9 are available at £3 per issue (£6 per volume)

and Vol. 10 onwards at £5 per issue (£10 per volume). A full set of Malimbus Vols 1-

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Please enclose payment with your order, which should be addressed to the Treasurer.

W.A.O.S. Research Grants: guidelines for applications may be found in Vol. 15(2)

of Malimbus and can be obtained from the Secretary to Council (address above).

1997

1

Partage d’une cavité pour la reproduction

du Petit Calao à bec noir Tockus nasutus et

du Petit Calao à bec rouge T. erythrorhynch us

par Moussa Séga Diop & Bernard Tréca

Laboratoire d’ornithologie, ORSTOM, B. P. 1386, Dakar, Sénégal

Reçu 5 mars 1996

Revu 13 août 1996

Résumé

Au Sénégal, les cavités naturelles se font de plus en plus rares du fait de la

déforestation. Grâce à une bonne protection depuis 40 ans, la Réserve

y

Ecologique Expérimentale de Mbour possède de grands arbres dont certains

présentent des cavités adéquates pour la reproduction des calaos. En juillet

1995, un nid de Petit Calao à bec noir Tockus nasutus a été découvert pour la

première fois sur cette réserve. En septembre de la même année, après la

sortie du nid de la femelle de T. nasutus et avant celle de ses jeunes, une

femelle adulte du Petit Calao à bec rouge T. erythrorhynchus s’est installée

dans la même cavité pour sa reproduction. Durant la période de cohabitation,

les mâles de T. nasutus et de T. erythrorhynchus , malgré les batailles

fréquentes au voisinage du nid, ont nourri sans discrimination les occupants

de la cavité.

Summary

In Senegal, natural cavities in trees have become rarer because of

deforestation. But thanks to forty years’ protection, the experimental

ecological reserve at Mbour still retains some big trees with cavities

appropriate for hornbills to breed. In July 1995, a nest of Tockus nasutus was

discovered there for the first time. In September of that year, after the female

of T. nasutus departed the nest, leaving its young inside, as usual, an adult

female T. erythrorhynchus settled in the same cavity for its reproduction, so

sharing the nest with the young of another hornbill species. At that time, the

male T. nasutus and T. erythrorhynchus fed the cavity’s occupants without

discrimination, in spite of frequent battles around the nest.

2

M.S. Diop & B. Tréca

Malimbus 19

Introduction

Le Petit Calao à bec noir Tockus nasutus est commun et répandu de la savane

arbustîve (saison humide) aux forêts guinéennes (saison sèche). Il est soumis à des

migrations locales (Morel & Serle 1988). Le Petit Calao à bec rouge Tockus

e rytkr orhynch us est une espèce inféodée à la savane arbustîve et absente des savanes

humides. Il est présent dans toute l’Afrique dans les zones de savane arbustive (Fry et

al. 1988). Ces deux espèces se reproduisent dans les cavités naturelles qui deviennent

de plus en plus rares du fait de la disparition des vieux arbres (abattage pour le bois

de feu et sécheresse). Un couple qui découvre une cavité la défend énergiquement

contre ses congénères, les autres espèces d’oiseaux ou les Rats palmistes Xerus

erythropus qui peuvent l’occuper. Ces cavités sont aussi recherchées par les abeilles.

T. nasutus se reproduit au Sénégal en juillet-août (et de novembre à mars en

Gambie) et T. erythrorhynchus entre août et octobre (Morel & Morel 1990).

Ces deux espèces présentent une analogie de leur mode de reproduction, entre

autres claustration de la femelle et fermeture de l’entrée de la cavité, et peuvent

posséder un même domaine vital. Mais, si la compétition interspécifique pour les sites

de nids est bien connue chez les oiseaux cavernicoles, en particulier les calaos (Kemp

1995), le partage d’une cavité par deux espèces qui y nichent en même temps, et le

nourrissage des occupants du nid par les mâles des deux espèces, n’ont, à notre

connaissance, jamais été décrits en Afrique.

Milieu d’étude

La Réserve Écologique Expérimentale de Mbour (REEM: Sénégal, 14°23’N,

16°58’W) couvre une superficie de 70 ha de savane arbustive, de jardins et de

marigot lagune. Elle bénéficie d’une protection particulière qui a permis la

régénération de certaines essences végétales et la conservation des grands arbres dont

certains présentent des cavités de taille suffisante pour les calaos. Elle représente pour

de nombreux oiseaux un lieu de repos, de gagnage ou de reproduction. De plus, 18

nichoirs y ont été installés et dix d’entre eux sont régulièrement utilisés par les

T erythrorhynchus (Diop & Tréca 1993).

Résultats

A la REEM, nous avons observé à la fin du mois de juin 1995 un mâle de T. nasutus

transportant un morceau de bois. Cette observation a abouti à la découverte d’un nid

en activité, le premier découvert sur cette Réserve, alors que de nombreux cas de

nidification de T. erythrorhynchus y ont été observés et étudiés dans des cavités

naturelles et dans des nichoirs. La cavité utilisée par T nasutus est à 6 m de hauteur

1997

Partage d’une cavité par deux espèces de calao

3

dans le tronc d’un Prosopis chilensis, arbre très fréquenté par d’autres espèces

d’oiseaux dont T erythrorhynchus .

Fin août, la nourriture apportée au nid par le mâle T. nasutus était variée:

beaucoup d’insectes (dont une libellule), d’autres invertébrés (iule), mais aussi un nid

de guêpes, un oisillon, un petit lézard. A plusieurs reprises nous avons observé le

mâle de T. nasutus prélevant un oeuf dans un nid de Tisserin à tête rousse Ploceus

velatus ou de Tourterelle maillée Streptopelia senegalensis et l’apportant entier. Il

devait alors l’écraser dans son bec au moment de l’introduire dans son nid par la fente

étroite de l’entrée. Des fruits de Neems Azadirachta indica furent également apportés.

Pendant que nous suivons les activités du mâle de T. nasutus aux alentours du

nid, nous remarquons qu’un couple de T. erythrorhynchus fréquente régulièrement le

site et se pose de temps en temps à côté du même nid. Il est aussitôt chassé par le

mâle de T. nasutus. Ces scènes de défense se poursuivent aussi après la sortie de la

femelle de T. nasutus (seconde quinzaine du mois d’août) qui défend elle aussi le nid.

Les oisillons laissés dans la cavité referment aussitôt l’entrée, comme c’est l’habitude

chez les calaos. Nous ne pouvons connaître le nombre de jeunes dans le nid, mais au

moins deux sont présents à ce moment.

Entre le 4 et le 6 septembre, la femelle de T. erythrorhynchus brise la boue sèche

de l’entrée et s’introduit dans la cavité. Les jeunes de T. nasutus (encore au moins

deux) et la femelle de T. erythrorhynchus , de l’intérieur du nid, rebouchent ensemble

l’entrée du nid.

Durant ce partage du nid par des oiseaux de deux espèces différentes, les mâles

nourrissent les occupants de la cavité sans discrimination. A l’arrivée d’un des mâles,

le plus prompt des occupants de la cavité (jeune T. nasutus ou femelle T.

eiythrorhynchus ) prend la nourriture. Cependant on observe des batailles entre le

couple de T. nasutus et le mâle de T. erythrorhynchus aux environs de la cavité. Nous

n’avons pas observé la femelle de T. nasutus nourrir ses jeunes encore dans le nid.

Elle finit toujours par avaler ce qu’elle a apporté après l’avoir gardé longtemps dans

le bec.

Entre le 10 et le 11 septembre un jeune T. nasutus , devenu assez grand, brise la

boue séchée et sort rejoindre les parents. La femelle de T. erythrorhynchus referme

seule l’entrée du nid afin de poursuivre sa reproduction. Nous n’avons pas observé

d’autres sorties de jeune de T. nasutus, mais nous n’étions pas présents tous les jours

à Mbour. Par la suite un seul jeune de T. nasutus accompagnait ses parents. La

cohabitation des deux espèces à l’intérieur du même nid a duré au moins une semaine.

Après 34 h d’observation, nous remarquons que le mâle de T. erythrorhynchus

nourrit davantage la nichée. Il assure plus de la moitié du nourrissage en fin de

matinée et pendant presque tout l’après-midi. Par contre le mâle de T. nasutus nourrit

davantage les occupants de la cavité entre 8-10 heures et 12-13 heures (Fig. 1).

La compétition pour le site de nidification et l’appropriation du nid par les T. ery-

throrhynchus a abouti non à la destruction de la nichée de l’autre espèce, mais plutôt

à une cohabitation réelle puisqu’au moins un jeune T. nasutus a rejoint ses parents à

4

M.S. Diop & B. Tréca

Malimbus 19

sa sortie, la femelle T. erythrorhynchus a poursuivi sa reproduction dans la même

cavité. Sept semaines après sa claustration, cette dernière a retrouvé le mâle hors du

nid et a nourri ses jeunes qui, par la suite, ont quitté la cavité et pris leur envol.

Mâle de Tockus nasutus

Mâle de Tockus erythrorhynchus

Figure 1. Nombre d’apports de nourriture au nid pendant la période de

cohabitation des deux espèces du 6 au 13 septembre 1995.

Discussion

Depuis trois ans, des nichoirs (10-18 selon les années) sont fixés dans des arbres sur

la REEM. La majorité de ces nichoirs est occupée chaque année par les T.

erythrorhynchus pour leur reproduction: 7/10, 10/18, 13/18 (Diop & Tréca 1993).

Selon Fry et al. (1988) T. nasutus peut utiliser les nichoirs. Cependant depuis le début

de nos observations aucun nichoir n’a jamais été occupé par les T. nasutus. Nos

observations ont montré que les T. erythrorhynchus préfèrent les cavités aux nichoirs

car un couple a occupé trois ans de suite une cavité dans un arbre où est placé un

nichoir. Le nombre insuffisant de cavités adéquates à la reproduction (4 sur 70 ha)

explique la compétition active pour leur possession.

En cas de partage réel du nid (et non simple succession sur le site de nidification à

des dates différentes), la présence de grands jeunes T. nasutus dans la cavité au

moment de la ponte de T. erythrorhynchus pourrait avoir une innuence sur le succès

de sa reproduction. En effet, les oeufs que la femelle va pondre pourraient être

consommés par les oisillons de l’autre espèce car le mâle de T. nasutus a parfois

nourri ses jeunes d’oeufs d’oiseaux. Cette éventualité peut ne pas se présenter car

selon Fry et al. (1988) chez T. erythrorhynchus , il y a une moyenne de six jours entre

la claustration de la femelle et le début de la ponte et de l’incubation. Les

observations de Diop (1993) dans trois nichoirs ont montré que le délai entre la

1997

Partage d’une cavité par deux espèces de calao

5

claustration de la femelle de T. erythrorhynchus et sa première ponte fut

respectivement de cinq, sept et neuf jours. Le danger pour la ponte de la deuxième

espèce dépend donc de la date de claustration de la femelle T. erythrorhynchus et de

l’âge des jeunes T. nasutus à cette date.

Pour le cas de la cohabitation observée, le nid étant établi dans une cavité

naturelle dont l’entrée fut fermée, nous n’avons pu déterminer ni le nombre d’oeufs

pondus, ni le nombre de jeunes éclos après incubation, ni le nombre de jeunes à

l’envol. Il est donc difficile de nous prononcer sur le succès de la reproduction de

chacune des espèces partageant le même nid. T. nasutus pond 2-5 oeufs, moyenne 4,

en captivité (Kemp 1995). Au moins deux jeunes étaient présents dans le nid au

moment de l’entrée volontaire de la femelle T. erythrorhynchus et au moins un a pris

son envol. T. erythrorhnych us pond une moyenne de 4 oeufs. Plusieurs jeunes ont

pris leur envol.

Si deux femelles de la même espèce peuvent pondre dans le même nid (par

exemple Canard armé Plectropterus gambensis, Tréca 1980) ou si l’échange des nids

entre les espèces de calao est commun (Kemp 1995), nous ne connaissons pas en

Afrique de cas de partage du même nid pendant la même période par deux espèces

d’oiseaux différentes, sauf chez les espèces parasites. En Europe, chez les Paridés, des

oeufs ou des jeunes de Mésange bleue Parus caeruleus ont été signalés plusieurs fois

mêlés à ceux de Mésange charbonnière Parus major , cette dernière ayant peut-être

évincé en cours de ponte les premiers occupants, et ces nichées hétérogènes sont

venues à bien (Géroudet 1963). De même, Hollom (1962) et Cramp (1993) signalent

des nids de mésanges dans des nids d’autres oiseaux (vieux nids?) ou dans les

fondations du nid d’un gros oiseau, éventuellement en activité. Il ne s’agit cependant

pas d’un partage du nid comme dans le cas de nos calaos.

En captivité un mâle de T. erythrorhynchus a relayé pour le nourrissage un autre

mâle de la même espèce après le décès de ce dernier (Kemp 1995). Dans le cas de nos

observations de partage du nid par deux espèces différentes, chacun des mâles a

essayé de nourrir sa propre progéniture car après la sortie du (des) jeune(s) T. nasutus

ses parents ne sont pas revenus au nid.

Les sites adéquats à la reproduction sont difficiles à trouver et constituent

probablement un facteur limitant pour la reproduction des espèces cavernicoles. La

compétition devient alors très rude pour leur conquête et leur conservation. A Dakar

en octobre-novembre, un couple de Youyous Poicephalus senega lus a beaucoup

gêné et attaqué un mâle de T. erythrorhynchus dans le nourrissage de sa femelle et ses

jeunes. Cependant à la sortie des calaos, les P. senegalus n’ont pas occupé la cavité.

Remerciements

Nous remercions sincèrement la Société d’Ornithologie de l’Ouest Africain qui nous

a offert une aide financière et a encouragé nos recherches sur les calaos. Nous

6

M.S. Diop & B. Tréca

Malimbus 19

remercions également les Drs R.A. Cheke, A. Tye, RJ. Dowsett et F. Dowsett-

Lemaire pour leurs commentaires sur une version précédente du manuscrit.

Bibliographie

Cramp, S. (ed.) (1993). The Birds of the Western Palearctic , vol. 7. Oxford

University Press, Oxford.

Diop, M.S. (1993) Eco éthologie du Petit Calao à bec rouge, Tockus (Lophoceros)

erythrorhynchus (Temminck, 1883) en zone de savane. Mém. Diplôme d’ Etudes

Approfondies de biologie animale. Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar.

Diop, M.S. & Treca, B. (1993). Nichoirs artificiels utilisés par le Petit Calao à bec

rouge Tockus erythrorhynchus . Malimbus 15: 81-88.

Fry, C.H., Keith, S. & Urban, E. K. (1988). The Birds of Africa, vol. 3. Academie

Press, London.

Geroudet, P. (1963). Les Passereaux. IL Des mésanges aux fauvettes. Delachaux &

Niestlé, Paris.

Hqllom, P.A.D. (1962) The Popular Handbook of British Birds. Witherby, Grande

Bretagne.

Kemp, A. (1995) The Horn bills. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

MOREL, G.J. & SERLE, W. (1988) Les Oiseaux de l’Ouest Africain. Delachaux &

Niestlé, Paris.

Morel, G J. & Morel, M.-Y. ( 1990). Les Oiseaux de Sénégambie. ORSTOM, Paris.

Treca, B. (1980). Nouvelles données sur la reproduction du Canard armé

Plectropterus gambensis au Sénégal. Malimbus 1: 25—28.

1997

7

Abundance of Whitethroats Sylvia communis

and potential invertebrate prey,

in two Sahelian sylvi-agricultural habitats

by C. Stoate

The Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, Hampshire SP6 1EF, U.K.

Received 5 March 1996

Revised 9 July 1996

Summary

Sylviids present in farmland with indigenous tree and shrub species were

absent from farmland planted with the alien species, Neem Azadirachta

indica. Potential invertebrate prey was significantly less abundant in Neem

than in native tree and shrub species. Insectivorous passerines are likely to

benefit from attempts to restore the diversity of indigenous tree species on W

African dry farmland.

Résumé

Les Sylviidés présents sur des terres cultivées avec arbres et arbustes

indigènes étaient absents de celles plantées d’une espèce exotique, le Nim

Azadirachta indica. Les invertébrés, proies potentielles, étaient de façon

significative moins abondants sur les Nims que sur les arbres et arbustes du

pays. Les passereaux insectivores devraient bénéficier vraisemblablement des

efforts tendant à rétablir la diversité des espèces ligneuses indigènes sur les

terres arables sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest.

Introduction

In W Africa, Whitethroats Sylvia communis occur in shrubs and trees in savanna and

farmland, where they feed on invertebrates (Morel & Morel 1992, Jones et al. 1996).

Drought in the Sahel since 1969 is thought to have contributed to the decline in

numbers of Whitethroats breeding in Britain (Marchant et ai 1990), and of crop yields

in W African farmland (Agnew 1995).

Sorghum and bulrush millet are the main cereal crops grown in the dry farmland

known in Hausa as tudu. Trees and shrubs are an integral part of this farming system,

contributing nutrients to, and consolidating the soil and providing products such as

8

C. Stoate

Malimbus 19

fuel, timber, fodder, fruit and medicines. Increasing pressure on farmland and tree

resources from the 1920s prompted the introduction of fast-growing, drought-tolerant

species such as Eucalyptus spp. and Neem Azadirachta indica.

Neem is an Asian species which provides timber for building and fuel (Maydell

1990), and is a source of a broad spectrum insecticide used on crops and stored grain

(Nigam et al. 1994). It has been widely planted in the Sahel as windbreaks, amenity

and shade trees, and as plantations which are coppiced at 8-10 year intervals.

Plantations continue to be interplanted with cereals in the early stages of the coppice

rotation.

Methods

In January 1996, at Nguru, northern Nigeria (12°53’N, 10°27’E) I assessed the

abundance of Whitethroats and their potential invertebrate food in an area of tudu

with indigenous tree and shrub species, and in recently coppiced Neem plantation.

Details of the woody flora are given by Jones et al. (1996).

Bird abundance was assessed using point counts in tudu (55 points) and in

recently coppiced Neem plantation (25 points). Point counts were conducted in the

early morning at 100 m intervals along random bearings through each habitat. After

walking to the count point, three minutes were allowed for birds to settle down before

the count was started. Birds of all species were then counted over a two minute

period, and the distance from the observer to each bird was estimated.

Tree species, position, height and canopy width were recorded within a 25-metre

radius of each count point. Tree numbers at each point were used to calculate tree

density, and overall cover for each point was calculated from canopy diameter of

individual trees and shrubs. For Whitethroats, observer to bird distances up to 80 m

were used to calculate density using the program DISTANCE (Buckland et al. 1993).

Whitethroat density was also calculated using data from within a 25 m radius as an

actual count (Jones et al. 1996).

Invertebrates were collected from Piliostigma reticulatum , the dominant shrub

species in tudu, and from Neem coppice regrowth at 20 m intervals using a 35 x 53

cm beating tray. Thirty beating tray samples were collected from each species, in the

early morning and at a height of 1 m. Because of the vertical structure of shrubs,

foliage immediately above the tray was bent over and shaken for approximately 5 s

per sample. The contents of the tray were then quickly transferred to a polythene bag.

Thirty beating tray samples of invertebrates were also collected from mature

Neem trees and twenty were taken from each of two indigenous tree species. Acacia

Senegal and A. nilotica , at a height of 3-4 m. In trees, the tray was suspended 0.5 m

from the end of a sectional pole by two cords, attached near the centre of the tray, and

beaten against the foliage for approximately 5 s per sample.

1997

Whitethroats in wooded farmland

9

Invertebrate samples were stored in alcohol and subsequently identified using a

low power binocular microscope. The invertebrate groups recognised were ants

(Formicidae), plant hoppers (Cicadelidae), plant bugs (Miridae), caterpillars

(Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), spiders (Araneae), flies (Diptera) and

miscellaneous (other taxa). Because of the slight difference in sampling method in

trees and shrubs, the two datasets were analysed separately.

Results

The presence of mature trees in tudu increased the mean height of vegetation in this

habitat, but median tree/shrub height was 1.5 m in both habitats. Tree density per

count point was lower in tudu than in the closely planted Neem plantation (means ±

1SE: tudu 62 ± 21 ha-1, Neem 505 ± 19 ha*1, t78 = 13.07, P < 0.001), but the overall

cover of woody vegetation did not differ significantly between the two habitats (tudu

749 ± 145 irBha-f Neem 894 ± 173 m2ha-', t78 = 0.59, ns).

Whitethroat density in tudu was 1.28 birds ha-1 (birds within 25 m of the count

point) or 1.10 ha-1 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.73) using all distance data.

Whitethroat, Subalpine Warbler S. cantillans and Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia

subflava were present in a ratio 3:1:1, but insufficient data were available to calculate

density for the latter two species. No sylviids were recorded in Neem plantation.

Invertebrates per beating tray sample were significantly more abundant in Piliostigma

than in coppiced Neem (ts8 = 6.06, P < 0.001), as were ants (t58 = 3.78, P < 0.001), plant

hoppers (ts8 = 5.03, P < 0.001 ) and beetles (ts8 = 2. 1 1 , P < 0.05) (Fig. 1 ).

Piliostigma Neem a. nilotica A Senegal Neem

coppice

Figure 1. Abundance of invertebrates in trees and shrubs.

10

C. Stoate

Malimbus 19

Within the three tree species, invertebrate abundance per beating tray sample was

also lower in Neern for most individual groups: plant hoppers (ANOVA, F2,67 = 3.47,

P < 0.05), plant bugs (ANOVA, 18 914, P< 0.001), caterpillars (ANOVA,

F2,67 = 23.25, P < 0.001) and spiders (ANOVA, F2,67 = 7.93, P < 0.001) as well as for

all groups considered together (MANOVA, F24j 74= 10.99, P < 0.001). However ants

were more abundant in Neem trees than in the acacias (ANOVA, F2 67 = 3.03,

P = 0.055) (Fig. 1).

Discussion

Both Whitethroat density estimates for tudu are similar to a previous estimate of 1.3

ha-1 for the same site (Jones et al. 1996). This was the highest density of any recorded

at ten different sites (including native Acacia-Balanites woodland) by Jones et al.

whose study did not include farmland planted with Neem. Farmland with native trees

and shrubs therefore appears to be an important winter habitat for Whitethroats.

The absence of pest invertebrates associated with Neem is one reason for its

widespread adoption in the Sahel. The lack of invertebrates, apart from ants,

associated with Neem may be attributable to the presence in leaves and fruit of the

insecticide azadirachtin (Nigam et al. 1994).

Stoate & Moreby (1995) found that ants comprised 55% of the invertebrate

component of Whitethroat diet in northern Senegal in March. However, at that site

fruit was the major component, associated with pre»migratory fattening, and

abundance of fruit rather than invertebrates appeared to determine the abundance of

migratory sylviids (Stoate 1995). Earlier in the season invertebrates are thought to be

taken because of their higher protein content (Morel & Morel 1992, Jones et al. 1996)

and Whitethroat abundance is likely to be determined by their availability.

Miridae, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera larvae and Diptera together comprised 42% of

the invertebrates eaten by Whitethroats at the Senegal site (Stoate & Moreby, 1995)

and all of these groups were scarce or absent from Neem at Nguru.

Although the data presented here suggest that Neem has no direct conservation

benefit to invertebrates or insectivorous birds, its introduction to dryland farming has

diverted pressure for timber and fuel from indigenous trees in adjacent tudu.

Introduction of Neem has also led to awareness of a need for sustainable management

of native species, including encouragment of their natural regeneration on farmland

(Kerkhof 1993; Cl me Cole 1995). However, as a highly successful introduced

species, an improved understanding of Neem’s ecology is required. It produces

berries which are consumed by birds, and its seeds are spread to other areas, including

tudu, where they germinate and grow successfully. Neem comprised 8% of the woody

flora in the tudu site, including both young and mature trees. It grows faster than most

indigenous species (Maydell 1990; Kerkhof 1993) and, if unmanaged, its invasive

habit could lead to domination of indigenous woody flora.

1997

Whitethroats in wooded farmland

11

As well as their greater conservation value, many of the native species have

important human uses which are not met by Neem, including provision of fruit, browse

for livestock, and a wider range of timber and medicinal uses. Wider recognition of the

advantage of indigenous tree species diversity in farmland over single species plant-

ations (Kerkhof 1993; Cline-Cole 1995) is likely to benefit both avian and human users.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Gert Polet and other staff of the IUCN Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands

Conservation Project, and to the Wetland Trust for support for this work. Will

Cresswell and Juliet Vickery provided invaluable information on their work at Nguru,

Steve Moreby provided entomological assistance and Ronald Keay provided

information on Neem. Nicholas Aebischer, Peter Jones, Alan Tye and C.H. Fry made

helpful criticisms of earlier drafts.

References

Agnew, C.T. (1995) Desertification, drought and development in the Sahel. Pp. 1 37—

149 in BlNNS, T. (ed.) People and Environment in Africa. Wiley, Chichester.

Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. & Laake, J.L. (1993) Distance

Sampling. Chapman & Hall, London.

Cline-Cole, R.A. (1995) Livelihood, sustainable development and indigenous

forestry in dryland Nigeria. Pp. 171-185 in BlNNS, T. (ed.) People and

Environment in Africa. Wiley, Chichester.

Jones, P., Vickery, .1., Holt, S. & Cresswell, W. (1996) A preliminary assessment

of some factors influencing the density and distribution of Palearctic passerine

migrants wintering in the Sahel zone of west Africa. Bird Study 43: 73-84.

Kerkhof, P. (1993) Agroforestry in Africa: a survey of project experience. Panos, London.

Marchant, J.H., Hudson, R., Cater, S.P. & Whittington, P. (1990) Population

Trends in British Breeding Birds. British Trust for Ornithology, Tring.

Maydell, H.-J. von (1990) Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel: their characteristics and

uses. Josef Margraf, Weikersheim.

Morel, G.J. & Morel, M.-Y., (1992) Habitat use by Palaearctic migrant passerines

in West Africa. Ibis 134 suppl. 1: 83-88.

Nigam, S.K., Misra, G. & Sharma, A. (1994) Neem: a promising natural insecticide.

Appl. Bot. Abstr. 14 (1): 35-46.

Stoate, C. (1995) The impact of Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria swarms on

pre-migratory fattening of Whitethroats Sylvia communis in the western Sahel.

Ibis 137: 120-122.

Stoate, C. & Moreby, S.J. (1995) Premigratory diet of trans-Saharan migrant

passerines in the western Sahel. Bird Study 42: 101-106.

12

Malimbus 19

Measurements and moult of Ruffs Philomachus pugnax

wintering in West Africa

by Johannes Melteri & Alain Sauvage2

1 OAG Münster, Biological Station, Coermühle 181, 48157 Münster, Germany

2 23 me J Moulin, 08090 Aiglernont, France

Received 27 November 1995

Revised 2 September 1996

Summary

During three ringing expeditions, a total of 1989 Ruffs were caught in

Senegal from 1985 to 1988; a fourth expedition caught 105 Ruffs in northern

Cameroon (Lake Chad basin) in 1991. Measurements of wing, bill and tarsus

and other factors such as colour of legs are given. In Senegal about 25% of

first year females and about 33% of first-year males were moulting primary

no. 10 (numbering descendantly); one female even moulted primary 6 in its

first winter.

Résumé

De 1985 à 1988, au cours de trois séjours consacrés au baguage, 1989

Combattants variés Philomachus pugnax ont été capturés au Sénégal; en 1991

une autre expédition a permis la capture de 105 dans le nord du Cameroun

(basin du Lac Tchad). Les mesures d’aile pliée, de bec et de tarse (ainsi que la

couleur des pattes) sont indiquées. Au Sénégal, environ 25% des femelles et

33% des mâles de première année étaient en mue de la lOème rémige primaire

(mue descendante); une femelle présentait même une mue de la berne rémige

primaire au cours de son premier hiver.

Introduction

The wetlands of West Africa, especially along the River Senegal, the inundation zone

of the River Niger in Mali, the Sokoto river in Nigeria and the Lake Chad basin are

the most important wintering areas for Ruffs Philomachus pugnax (Scheufler &

Stiefel 1985). Although Ruffs were investigated by several studies in West Africa

(Morel & Roux 1966, Jarry & Roux 1982) few data on measurements and moult have

been published (Trolliet 1992). In contrast there are some comprehensive papers

1997

Ruff measurements and moult

13

about these topics concerning birds wintering in eastern and southern Africa (Schmitt

& Whitehouse 1976, Summers & Waltner 1978, Pearson 1981).

Ruffs have been studied by members of the OAG (ornithological working group)

of Münster, Germany at a central European stop-over site since 1 969 (OAG Münster

1989a, 1990). To study the spring migration of this species, OAG Münster organized

several ringing expeditions to the Senegal delta and the Lake Chad region during the

last decade (OAG Münster 1989b, 1991). In this paper we present measurements and

analyse moult of the birds captured during the expeditions.

Methods

Three ringing expeditions were carried out in the Senegal delta (partly in cooperation

with colleagues from the Dutch Rijksintituut voor Naturbeheer and the French Centre

de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux) from 7 Feb to 8 Mar 1985,

15 Jan to 14 Feb 1987 and 4 Nov 1987 to 25 Jan 1988. Another expedition team

visited the Lake Chad basin in Cameroon from 21 Jan to 12 Feb 1991. In the Lake

Chad basin, birds were caught in swamps and rice fields along the river Logone near

Pouss (c. 10°50'N, 15°0'E). Ringing sites in Senegal are shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Study area and location of ringing sites (I-VIÏ) in Senegal.

Ruffs were caught at their roosts using mist nets (length 20-40 m, 4 shelves,

mesh-width 30 mm), with up to 160 m of net erected in one night. Nets were

Malimbus 19

controlled almost hourly during the night. Birds were kept in cages and were released

shortly after ringing.

Methods of measuring were standardized among members of expedition. We

measured wing length (maximum chord to nearest ram), bill length and, in a small

sample, tarsus (with vernier calipers to nearest 0.1 mm). Condition of primaries was

determined using a scoring system from 0 (old feather) to 1 0 (new feather); growing

feathers were scored according to length.

The expedition members were Birgit Beckers, Albert Beintema, Leo van den

Bergh, Burkhard Beyer, Indega B india, Thiamnine Bindia, Gerrit Gerritsen, Luc

Gizart, Hamidou 1 1 amadou, Hermann ! 1 other , Thomas Kepp, Thomas Kôlsch, Paul

Mann, Peter Meininger, Johannes Melter, Gerhard Miiskens, Eduard Osieck, Ekhard

Reinke, Karfa Boa Sane, Alain Sauvage, Christopher Schmidt, Matthias Scholten,

Henk Visser and Joke Winkelman.

Results and discussion

We caught 1989 Ruffs in Senegal (710 in 1985, 1090 in 1986-7, 189 in 1987-8) and

105 in northern Cameroon.

Male Ruffs are much bigger than females, so sex can normally be determined.

Age can be determined by plumage colour, leg colour (Fig. 2) and moult characters

(Pearson 1972, Tree 1974, Schmitt & Whitehouse 1976, Tréca 1979). Using these

features we were able to age all birds except one male and two females. Sex and age

of birds ringed in both sites has already been analysed in detail (OAG Münster 1996).

Wing length

Wing length is one of the best measurements to sex birds in winter (Fig. 3).

Measurements from Senegal fit well with results presented by fro 11 ici (1992). Ruffs

in Cameroon and especially in South Africa (Schmitt & Whitehouse 1976) seem to

have shorter wings than in Senegal, but at least for South Africa the difference might

also result from methodological and seasonal effects.

There was a small difference in wing length of adults and first year birds both for

males and females (Table 1) in Senegal. Probably because of more abrasion of

primaries, juveniles have shorter wings than adults (but see moult, below). Adults

moult their primaries during autumn migration (at stop-over sites) or after arriving in

Africa (Koopman 1986, Pearson 1981, this study) so that their flight feathers are

1997

Ruff measurements and moult

15

14

12

10

m 2

•O 0

® 20

15

10

green/grey green/flesh flesh flesh/orange orange

green/grey green/flesh flesh flesh/orange orange

first-year

adult

Figure 2. Leg colour of Ruffs caught in northern Cameroon, aged by plumage

and moult features.

wing length (mm)

Figure 3. Frequency distribution of wing lengths of adult Ruffs caught in

Senegal. White: females, black: males.

number of birds

16

J. Melter & A. Sauvage

Malimbus 19

Table 1. Measurements of Ruffs from Senegal and northern Cameroon. Figures

are: mean ± standard deviation (n).

Adult males Adult females First-year males First-year females

bill length (mm)

Figure 4. Frequency distribution of bill length of adult Ruffs caught in Senegal.

White: females, black: males.

use of this measurement for sexing. Bill lengths are within the range reported in other

studies (e.g. Schmitt & Whitehouse 1976, Scheufler & Stiefel 1985).

1997

Ruff measurements and moult

17

Tarsus length

Tarsus (tarso-metatarsus) was measured only on a small sample in Senegal (Table 1).

There is almost no overlap between the sexes: males > 46 mm, females < 46 mm.

Moult

Patterns of adult moult found in our study were very similar to the scheme described

from East and South Africa (Schmitt & Whitehouse 1976, Pearson 1981) so we do

not report them again.

40

30

20

10

o

Figure 5. Proportion of first-year birds moulting outer primaries in Senegal.

We also found first-year birds moulting their outermost primaries between

January and March. Most birds seem to moult only primaries 9 and 10 (numbering

descendantly, Fig. 5). About 25% of females and about 33% of males were moulting

P10, rather more than the c. 15% reported from East and South Africa (Tree 1974,

Schmitt & Whitehouse 1976, Pearson 1981). Females moulted P8 significantly more

frequently than males (x2] = 10.87, P < 0.001). There was also one first-year female

moulting P6 during winter. So far as we know, this has not been found before.

We speculate that perhaps more birds with new flight feathers migrate to their

breeding ground in their first year whereas birds with old primaries mainly stay in

Africa in their first summer.

6 7 8 9 10

primary number

18

J. Melter & A. Sauvage

Malimbus 19

Acknowledgments

Many people supported our expeditions. We would like to thank them all, especially

R. Beecroft, A. Beintema, J.-U. Heins, G. Jarry, F. Roux (CRBPO), R.I. Sylla, I.

Diop, S. Diouf (Djoudj National Park), Mr. Rother, Mr. Schirmer (German Embassy

in N’Djamena), C. Perennou (IWRB). The Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft and

the German WWF kindly provided financial help.

References

Jarry, G. & Roux, F. (1982) Recherches scientifiques dans les Parcs Nationaux du

Sénégal. Mém. Inst. fond. Afr. noire 92: 185-205.

Koopman, K. (1986) Primary moult and weight changes of Ruffs in the Netherlands

in relation to migration. Ardea 74: 69-77.

Morel, G. & Roux, F. (1966) Les migrateurs paléarctiques au Sénégal. I. Non

Passereaux. Terre Vie 113: 19-72.

OAG Münster (1989a) Zugphànologie und Rastbestandsentwicklung des

Kampflâufers (Philomachus pugnax) in den Rieselfeldern Münster anhand von

Fangergebnissen und Sichtbeobachtungen. Vogelwarte 35: 132-155.

OAG Münster (1989b) Beobachtungen zur Heimzugstrategie des Kampflâufers

Philomachus pugnax. J. Orn. 130: 175-182.

OAG Münster (1990) Zur Biometrie des Kampflâufers Philomachus pugnax

wâhrend beider Zugphasen. Voge/welt 1 1 1 : 2-18.

OAG Münster (1991) Report of the ornithological expedition to northern Cameroon.

January/February 1991. Biologische Station, Münster.

OAG Münster (1996) Gibt es tatsâchlich einen WeibchenüberschuB bei über-

winternden Kampflâufern Philomachus pugnax in Afrika? J. Orn. 137: 91-100.

Pearson, D.J. (1972) The use of leg colour as an ageing criterion of the Ruff. Wader

Study Group Bull. 7: 14-15.

Pearson, D.J. (1981) The wintering and moult of Ruffs Philomachus pugnax in the

Kenyan Rift Valley. Ibis 123: 158-182.

SCEtEUFLER, H. & Stiefel, A. (1985) Der Kampflaufer. Ziemsen, Wittenberg.

Schmitt, M.B. & Whitehouse, P.J. (1976) Moult and mensural data of Ruff on the

Witwatersrand. Ostrich 47: 179-190.

Summers, R.W. & Waltner, M. (1978) Seasonal variations in the mass of waders in

southern Africa, with special reference to migration. Ostrich 50: 21-37.

TrÉCA, B. (1979) Détermination de l’âge du Chevalier combattant Philomachus

pugnax au Sénégal. Malimbus 1: 1 18-126.

Tree, A. J. (1974) The use of primary moult in ageing the 6-15 month age class of

some palaearctic waders. Safring News 3: 21-24.

Trolliet, B (1992) Quelques données sur le Combattant hivernant au Sénégal. Bull.

mens. Off. Nat. Chasse 174: 2-5.

1997

19

Species rejected from and added to the avifauna of

Bioko island (Equatorial Guinea)

by J. Pérez del Val1, J. Castroviejo2 & F.J. Purroy3

1 C/ Estébanez Calderon 7, 5°D, 28020 Madrid, Spain

2Estaciôn Biolôgica de Donana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas,

Avda Ma Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain

3Universidad de Leon, Facultad de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal,

Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain

Received 15 July 1995

Revised 3 October 1996

Summary

Changes to the checklist of Bioko birds were made as result of field work and

a bibliographic review. The status of 15 species is reviewed and clarified, 1 1

species new to Bioko are presented and 1 1 rejected.

Resumen

Se realizaron cambios en la lista de las aves de Bioko como resultado de un

estudio de campo y una revision bibliogrâfica. Se presentan los registros de

1 1 nuevas especies para Bioko, se argumenta la exclusion de otras 1 1

especies y el estatus de otras 15 es revisado y clarificado.

Introduction

Bioko island (formerly Fernando Po) belongs to a chain of four volcanic islands in

the Gulf of Guinea: from north to south they are Bioko, Principe, Sâo Tomé and

Annobôn. Bioko, with 2017 km2 surface area and maximum elevation 3011 m, is the

biggest and highest of the four. Biogeographically, Bioko is closely related to the

Cameroon mountains, which it faces at only 32 km offshore. Together, Bioko and the

Cameroon mountains are considered the third most important focus of biodiversity in

Africa and the 27th in the world (Bibby et al. 1992) due to high numbers of endemic

and restricted range species.

In spite of its importance, there have been only four field trips to study the birds

of Bioko (Antor-Castellarnau & Camacho-Fumanal 1989, Butynski & Koster 1989,

Pérez del Val et al. 1994, J. Pérez del Val & J. Barreiro unpubl.) since that of Wells

20

J. Pérez del Val, J. C astro viejo & FJ. Purroy

Malimbus 19

(1968) in 1967, which was the last ornithological expedition to be undertaken before

the country gained its independence from Spain.

The validity of Bioko’s endemic taxa has been often revised. Since the

comprehensive works of Basilio (1963) and Eisentraut (1973), the checklist of Bioko

has undergone some changes (Dowsett 1993, Pérez del Val et al. 1994). Further, the

two endemic species and 43 endemic subspecies summarized in Pérez del Val et al.

(1994) become one endemic species and 46 endemic subspecies if we follow Dowsett

& Forbes- Watson (1993) and Dickerman (1994). However, the status of many species

differs in Dowsett (1993) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994), and clarification is required.

Besides, in the checklist of Pérez del Val et al. (1994) the new records and rejected

species were not fully discussed and require further justification. In this paper, we

present further data on these records, include two previously overlooked migrant

records from the bird collection of Madrid, and present new results obtained during a

brief visit to Bioko in 1994 concerning another new migrant species.

Methods

Field work was carried out by JPV from January 1989 to June 1992 and from 20

November to 18 December 1994. A bibliographic review, and the examination of

unpublished bird collections from the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturaies of

Madrid (Spain), Estaciôn Biolôgica de Don an a of Sevilla (Spain) and Natural History

Museum of Tring (U.K.), were also undertaken. Nomenclature follows Dowsett &

Forbes-Watson (1993). Localities of observations are shown on Fig. 1.

Results

Reassessments of status with respect to Dowsett (1993) and Pérez del Val et ai (1994)

The checklist of Dowsett (1993) was based on a bibliographical review. Correctly,

Dowsett (1993) rejected more than 100 bird species listed by Fa (1989), who

apparently confuses many species references between Bioko and Rio Muni (both

parts of Equatorial Guinea); therefore Fa’s list will not be discussed here.

With respect to non-breeding species, differences between the Dowsett (1993)

and Pérez del Val et al. (1994) checklists are many. Discussion of them would be

very extensive and we restrict ourselves here to noting our disagreement with many

of Dowsetfs assessments. Differences regarding breeding species are discussed

below in detail. A complete treatment of non-breeding species will be published

shortly (Pérez de! Val 1996)2

Finally, some species, described as residents by Pérez del Val et ai (1994) are

better described as non-residents.

1997

Birds of Bioko

21

Figure 1. Map of Bioko showing localities mentioned in the text.

Sula leucogaster Masked Booby. Dispersive species, noted as resident by Dowsett

(1993), but only one 1894-5 observation exists (Bocage 1895), with no proof of

breeding. Considered non-resident by Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et al.

(1994).

Phalacrocorax africanus Reed Cormorant. Dispersive species noted as resident by

Dowsett (1993) but only three specimens, collected by P. Curats in 1941 and 1944,

are known (Pérez del Val & Barreiro in prep.). Considered non-resident by Eisentraut

(1973) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994).

Anhinga rufa Darter. Dispersive species noted as resident by Dowsett (1993) but

only one example has been collected, in 1960 (Basilio 1963). Considered non-

resident by Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994).

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret. Dispersive species noted as resident by Dowsett (1993)

but no definitive proof of breeding in Bioko exists, in spite of its increasing

abundance. Only observed Nov-Apr, and Bioko’s people call it the “Christmas bird”.

Milvus migrans Yellow-billed Kite. Observed by Bocage (1895), Alexander (1903)

and Eisentraut (1973) in the dry season. Basilio (1963), living in Bioko since 1944,

22

J. Pérez del Val, J. Castroviejo & F.J. Purroy

Malimbus 19

did not see it until 1960 and noted it as rare. We also saw it only in the dry season but

we had thought this kite was a breeding bird in Bioko (Pérez del Val et al. 1994)

because we saw one in 1988 leaving what we thought (in hindsight probably

mistakenly) was a nest, and in 1992 we saw a group of three individuals (family

group?) flying together. However, the first of these observations was made by JPV

when newly arrived on the island and no particular notice was paid nor verification

was undertaken. In the 1994 visit no definite proof of breeding was found and local

people stated that the kite is only observed in the dry season. In 1996, individuals

observed around Malabo were still pre-sent in April. We think now that it might be

better to consider it as intra-African migrant.

Apus sladeniae Fernando Po Swift. Ten records only from Bioko, Cameroon,

Nigeria and Angola (Collar & Stuart 1985, Fry et al. 1988). In Bioko it was

considered a resident species (Amadon 1953, Eisentraut 1973, Dowsett 1993, Pérez

del Val et al. 1994) from six specimens collected in Basupü Fishtown by Seimund

(Ogilvie-Grant 1904) in Dec 1903 and early Jan 1904 (Bannerman 1933). No later

records exist, even though we made particular effort to track down this swift in our

1994 visit, including visiting the original locality of capture. It is now better

considered as vagrant. This swift is something of a mystery: it may be a full species

(Collar & Stuart 1985, Dowsett 1993) or a subspecies (Fry et al. 1988) and its status

in Cameroon, Nigeria and Angola is unclear (Fry et al. 1988, Dowsett 1993).

Neafrapus cassini Cassin’s Spinetail. This scarce species was quoted as a resident

by Amadon (1953), from a specimen collected by Correia (Chapin 1939, Amadon

1953) on 30 Jul 1929 in Basupu del Oeste. Fry et al. (1988) noted in Bioko “gonads

enlarged” in Jul, probably from that specimen. The only subsequent observation were

by Wells (1968), in the cocoa plantations on Dec or Jan 1966-7, and R.A Cheke

(pers. comm.) in Apr or May 1996. Dowsett (1993) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994)

termed it resident and Eisentraut (1973) non-resident, but these scarce records suggest

it may be a resident.

Agapornis pul/aria Red-headed Lovebird. Noted as resident by Dowsett (1993),

non-resident by Eisentraut (1973) and status unknown by Pérez del Val et al. (1994).

A specimen collected in the last century (Jardine 1851), doubtfully from Bioko, is not

preserved. Two skins in the Museum of Madrid were stuffed in Bioko by P. Curats in

1943 but labelled as coming from Sào Tomé, probably because they were cage birds

(Pérez del Val & Barreiro in prep.). Amadon & Basilio (1957) and Basilio (1963)

stated that it was commonly brought as a cage bird to Bioko from Sao Tomé. Basilio

(1963) refers to it as feral since the 1950s, from single second-hand observations in

Riaba and Sâcriba, and he found it common in the surroundings of Malabo. Since

then, no further records exist and it is probably extinct in Bioko.

Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo. Noted as migrant to Bioko by Dowsett

(1993) but resident by Amadon (1953), Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et al.

(1994). Captures or observations in Bioko were made on Feb 1944 (Pérez del Val &

Barreiro in prep.), Feb 1990 and 1992 (Pérez del Val 1996), Apr 1956 (Basilio 1963),

1997

Birds of Bioko

23

May 1929 (J. Correia unpubl.), Jul 1929, 21 Aug 1929, Oct 1929 (Amadon 1953),

Oct 1962 (Eisentraut 1973), Dec-Jan 1966-7 (Wells 1968). We heard its song in Feb

and Jun, Fry (1961) in Aug-Sep and Eisentraut (1973) in Sep-Oct. Basilio (1963)

reported that one of his pupils saw a fledgling being fed by a Rufous Ant Thrush

Siizorhina fraseri and two birds in breeding condition were examined in Aug

(Amadon 1953) and Oct (Eisentraut 1973). These data suggest that this cuckoo is

resident in Bioko. The presence in Cameroon of individuals with characteristics of the

race magnirostris , endemic to Bioko, suggests that part of the Bioko population could

migrate to the mainland (Fry et al. 1988). However, magnirostris is rather poorly

differentiated (Eisentraut 1973, Fry ei al. 1988) and no definitive conclusions can be

derived from these findings.

Chrysococcyx caprius Didric Cuckoo. Noted as a migrant by Dowsett (1993) but

resident by Amadon (1953), Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et ai (1994).

Courtship was observed (Eisentraut 1973) and breeding proved as a parasite of

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus (Basilio 1963) and Olive-bellied Sunbird

Nectarinia chloropygia (Fry 1961). Most of the records are in the Sep-Mar dry

season (Alexander 1903, Wolff-Metternich & Stresemann 1956, Fry 1961, Basilio

1963, Wells 1968, Eisentraut 1973), when most naturalists have visited the island or

when resident naturalists tend to watch birds more often. However specimens

collected by Curats in 1941 and 1942 (Pérez del Val & Barreiro in prep.) include Jun,

Jul and Aug.

C. klaas Klaas’s Cuckoo. Noted as a migrant by Dowsett (1993) but resident by

Amadon (1953), Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et ai (1994). Most records are

from 24 Oct to Mar, when Eisentraut (1973) found it in breeding condition and when

most naturalists visited the island: Seimund collected it Jan-Feb, Drinkwater Nov

1929 (the same date and place where Correia collected it; specimens at Tring), Wells

(1968) saw it Dec-Jan and we in Nov-Dec. The dates of Correia’s captures are

unknown (Amadon 1953). However, Basilio (1963) collected one in Jun 1956 and

Fry et al. (1988) point out that it is resident in the west-equatorial African rainforest

zone. In the light of this information it seems better considered as a resident.

Halcyon senegalensis Senegal Kingfisher. Noted as a migrant by Dowsett (1993)

but resident by Amadon (1953), Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994). No

proof of breeding exists. Four dated records (Bocage 1895, Basilio 1963, Eisentraut

1973), two collected by Curats in 1941, one by Seimund in 1903, and eight mist-net

captures (pers. obs.) all fell between 19 Nov and 5 Feb, the dry season in Bioko. Fry

et al. (1988) noted the Bioko race fuscopilea as “mainly or entirely resident”, and that

the species is sedentary at low latitudes and a visitor to higher latitudes to breed in the

wet season. In light of this and bearing in mind the shortage of Bioko records, it is

better considered as an intra-African migrant for the time being.

Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher. Noted as resident by Dowsett (1993) but

non-resident by Eisentraut (1973) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994). Four were said to

have been collected (Basilio 1963) but only a pair of stuffed birds is preserved in the

24

J. Pérez del Val, J. Castroviejo & F J. Purroy

Malimbus 19

Universidad Autônoma of Madrid. They were collected between 1940 and 1944 by

Curats, probably in the Henriquez islets, off Malabo (P. Curats pers. comm.). Koster

& Bulyn ski (1989) also saw it along a southern river. These are the only references in

Bioko, and therefore it is better considered as vagrant; it is well known to be a

dispersive species (Fry et al. 1988).

Corvus aihus Pied Crow. Included as resident in all recent lists, but omitted in error

by Pérez del Val (1994).

Poeoptera lugubris Narrow-tailed Starling. Only known from a specimen collected

by Seimund on 16 Mar 1904 in Bantabaré, but included as resident in all the lists of

Bioko (Amadon 1953, Eisentraut 1973, Dowsett 1993, Pérez del Val et ai 1994). It is

better considered as vagrant.

Species added

Here we discuss the new records for Bioko included in Pérez del Val et ai (1994)

plus the first records of the Royal Tern Sterna maxima recorded subsequently. Striped

Cuckoo Clarnator levaillantii is also added, based on an overlooked specimen in the

bird collection of Madrid.

Calonectris diomedea Cory’s Shearwater. A male was caught on a baited hook near

Malabo on 9 Apr 1991, by a fisherman who stated that he had not previously seen

this species during several years fishing in that area. The specimen was photographed

and measured (mm): bill 54, wing 330, tarsus 59, tail 122. This is a dispersive species

in the entire Atlantic, and has been reported well offshore in the Gulf of Guinea

between Sierra Leone and Gabon (of Brown et ai 1982). This is the first record for

Bioko and it may be the first near the coast in the Gulf of Guinea.

Puffmus griseus Sooty Shearwater. One specimen (still at the Natural History

Museum in Tring) was collected by Alexander (8 Jan 1909) in Malabo. The date

suggests that it was collected in a brief stop when Alexander visited Sâo Tomé and

Principe. Although it was quoted for Bioko by Bannerman (1930) it was omitted from

later lists (Amadon 1953, Basilio 1963, Wells 1968, Eisentraut 1973) except that of

Dowsett (1993).

Hydrobates pelagians British Storm Petrel. Reichenow (1900-1905) cited this

species in Bioko, Sâo Tomé and Elobi (Elobey) Islands, although it was omitted from

Bioko by subsequent authors. Louette (1981) doubted Reichenow’s record but later

reports around Sâo Tomé and Principe (P.J. Jones & A. Tye in prep.) suggest it may

be reliable.

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron. We examined an immature specimen on 10 Feb 1990

captured by local people on the north coast (Venus Bay) and we observed three more

individuals in the same place on 7 Dec 1994. Other observations were made on the

west and south coasts: an individual in the mouth of the River Tiburones (29 Nov

1994) and two more between Ureka village and Punta Sagre (23 Jan 1992 and 30 Nov

1994). These are the first records for Bioko.

1997

Birds of Bioko

25

Glareola nuchalis Collared Pratincole. On 14 Nov 1988 we mist-netted the only

specimen known from Bioko, 2 km from the mouth of the Mopobil River. It was a

female with a chestnut collar on the hindneck, characteristic of the subspecies

liheriae.

Charadrius marginatus White-fronted Plover. A specimen, sexed as a female and

conserved in the Madrid Museum (no. 2307), had been identified by Basilio (1963) as

a Little Ringed Plover C. dubius. It was collected by P. Curats on the Rio Timbabe on

28 Dec 1943. However, the plumage (especially lack of white hind-collar, separate

rufous patches on sides of breast) and measurements (wing 99 mm, tail 47.5, tarsus

24.5) correspond with those of White-fronted Plover and eliminate Kentish Plover C.

alexandrinus and non-breeding or juvenile Ringed Plover C. hiaticula or Little

Ringed Plover (Urban et al. 1986). This is the first record of White-fronted Plover in

Bioko.

Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern. Two juveniles, on 29 Oct and 3 Nov 1991, were

examined in Malabo. One was caught by a boy and the second crashed into a house

during a storm. These are the first specimens from Bioko. Confusion with Common

Tern S. hirundo might be possible but the specimens had the rump white, and the

tarsus (16 mm in both birds) and bill (29 and 30 mm) meaurements belong to Arctic

Tern. Their incomplete caps, upperpart patterns and tail length (107 and 1 17 mm) fit

immature birds.

S. maxima Royal Tern. Up to 50 individuals were seen from 20 Nov to 18 Dec

1994, resting on two buoys off Malabo. This is the first record for Bioko.

Clamator levaillantii Striped Cuckoo. A specimen from Bioko exists in the Museo

Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. It was overlooked previously by Basilio

(1963) and Pérez del Val et al. (1994). It was collected on 12 Dec 1943, 2 km from

Malabo (“Finca Santa Maria”), during the P. Curats expedition (Pérez del Val &

Barreiro in prep.). It is an immature moulting to adult plumage. This is the only

record for Bioko.

Hirundo abyssinien Lesser Striped Swallow. On 29 Mar 1989 we netted five

individuals on the lower Ruma River, 1 km from its mouth. We thought that it was a

non-breeding intra-African migrant (Pérez del Val et al. 1994). However, during our

1994 visit, several occupied nests were found in Bahô and Malabo. Besides, it was

locally common in Malabo, in small groups, where it had been absent in previous

years. M. Boco {in litt.) informs us that in 1996 this swallow, which is often seen in

Malabo during the dry season, was not observed from May onward. These are the

first records for Bioko, which has probably been recently colonized by this species.

Migratory movements are poorly known (Elgood 1981, Turner & Rose 1989) and it

is unknown if it would be resident or a dry season breeding visitor, but Boco’s

observations suggest the latter. Two skins from Bioko were compared with specimens

in the Natural History Museum in Tring. The absence of streaks on the under tail-

coverts and broader stripes on the underparts identify the specimens as of race

maxima (cf. Turner & Rose 1989, Keith et al. 1992).

26

J. Pérez del Val, J. Castroviejo & F. J. Purroy

Malimbus 19

Serinus sp. A reference to the Thick-billed Seed-eater S. burtoni in Bioko was quoted

firstly by Hall and Moreau (1970). Louette (1981), based on that reference, included

Bioko in the range of the typical subspecies. We have not found any basis for this

reference and Dowsett (1993) agrees that it is an error. Amazingly, on 3 Mar 1992,

we observed a couple of Serinus on Hypericum lanceolatum at 2800 m on Basilé

Peak. One was observed for some minutes. The tail was forked, the upperparts sooty

brown with a darker crown and a darker, weakly-marked eye stripe; the underparts

were paler, streaked on the flanks, with the throat and breast buff and a black chin;

the thick bill was yellow-orange and the legs brownish pink. The size was as that of a

Red-headed Malimbe Mal imbus rubricollis.

Species wrongly attributed to Bioko

In a number of publications on the birds of Bioko, several species were wrongly

included. The errors were more frequent last century, when many species were being

described and comparison between specimens was quite difficult. Other errors result

from mistakes in localities, principally among the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. Most

of these errors were noted but not corrected by Salvadori (1903).

Amadon (1953) made the first attempt to update the checklist of Bioko,

discarding five species. White-crowned Plover Vanellus al biceps. Blue-breasted

Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica. White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis.

Orange-breasted Bush Shrike Malaconotus sulfure opectus and Purple Glossy Starling

Lamprotornis purpureus; we discuss the first two of these further below. Other

erroneous attributions include Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris (unsuccess-

fully introduced in the last century) Sao Tomé Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone

atrochalybeia , Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys. Red-crested Turaco Tauraco

erythrolophus and Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens , which have been simply

omitted from modern checklists (Basilio 1963, Wells 1968, Eisentraut 1973).

However, a few errors remain uncorrected and a few more have been added recently.

Finally, two species not known from Bioko (Forest Scrub Robin Eiythropygia

leucosticta and Black-capped Speirops Speirops lugubris) were listed by Antor-

Castellarnau & Camacho-Fumanal (1989) as not observed there, as these authors had

(erroneously) assumed that these species had previously been reported from Bioko.

Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture. Only reported by Alexander (1903), as

locally distributed along the coast of Bioko and appreciated as food by the Bubi

people. Basilio (1963) reinforced this error by wrongly stating that Alexander

collected a specimen in Sipopo: no specimen of this species from Bioko is to be

found at Tring, where Alexander’s collections were lodged (P. Colston in lift.). The

Bioko reference remains in more recent works (cf. Brown et al. 1982, Dowsett &

Forbes-Watson 1993) where it is conspicuous by its distance from the main sahelian

area of distribution. We think that this is a mistaken identification of the Palm Vulture

Gypohierax angolensis, for three reasons: Alexander’s remarks on its local abundance

and its esteem as food seem to refer to a common resident species (this was Amadon’s

1997

Birds of Bioko

27

(1953) interpretation when he included White-backed Vulture as resident); his notes

completely agree with what is known of the Palm Vulture (it is locally common along

the coast and appreciated as bushmeat by the Bubi); Alexander does not list the Palm

Vulture in Bioko, whereas it was found by the majority of other naturalists (Allen &

Thomson 1848, Amadon 1953, Wolff-Metternich & Stresemann 1956, Basilio 1963,

Wells 1968, Eisentraut 1973; it was also collected by Seimund and Curats).

Vanellus albiceps White-crowned Plover. Previously rejected, without giving

reasons, by Amadon (1953). Later authors omitted it (Basilio 1963, Wells 1968,

Eisentraut 1973) but Urban et al. (1986) still quoted both Bioko and the Niger river

as within its range and Dowsett (1993) noted it as “existence requires proof’. Gould

(1834) described this plover without assigning a locality, from material collected by

R.N. Allen in the Quorra (Niger) River and Bioko. Allen himself summarized all

species collected in their expedition and quoted the Quorra River as the site of capture

(Allen & Thomson 1848, vol. 2) which we assume to be the right one. Moreover, it is

a breeding and seasonally common bird in Nigeria (Elgood 1981) and no later records

exist in Bioko.

Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove. Wells (1968) included this as a personal

observation in his Bioko list and stated that it was previously quoted for Bioko by

other authors. Only Dowsett (1993) accepted this record, assuming that it is resident.

However, we have found no reference prior to Wells’s record and, like Eisentraut

(1973), we doubt it. Wells (1968) gave no detail and confusion with immatures of

Cinnamon Dove Aplopelia larvata could be possible.

Tauraco perm Guinea Turaco. The first reference in Bioko was by Hartlaub (1850),

without any apparent basis in capture or observation. F. Newton saw feathers used by

the Bubi for adorning their hats, which Bocage (1895) thought were of this species.

Bannerman (1933) noted it, with doubt, as reported from Bioko. However, Amadon

(1953) included it as a resident although his collector did not find it. Wells (1968)

and Dowsett (1993) noted it as requiring proof; Eisentraut (1973) omitted it. There is

no proof of its presence in Bioko.

Caprimulgus nigriscapularis Black-shouldered Nightjar. Wolff-Metternich collected

a nightjar on 31 Jan 1940 at 1900 m on Basilé Peak, of which only some feathers could

be preserved, and which was reported only as Caprimulgus sp. (Wolff-Metternich &

Stresemann 1956). Basilio (1963) recounted that the Europeans living in Moka (1300 m)

stated that they had seen a bird like a nightjar. In accordance with Eisentraut’ s (1956)

records of C. nigriscapularis on Mount Cameroon at a similar height, Basilio supposed

that the bird referred to was this species. On this scanty information, Fry et al. (1988)

included Bioko within its range. However, the bird captured by Wolff-Metternich and

the reports of Basilio could equally refer to Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx

vexillarius, the only nightjar certainly reported in Bioko. Moreover, four species of

nightjar are found in the montane district of Cameroon, any one of which might occur

on Bioko, as might European Nightjar C. europaeus, a Palaeartic migrant to all types of

habitat in Africa (Moreau 1 966).