MEMOIRES DU MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

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3 3001 00125981 0

Source: MNHN. Paris

Ce volume des Rcsultats des Campagnes

MUSORSTOM est didii an Capitaine de Peche

Pierre FUR/C qui a commande le N.O. "Vauban" de

1969 d 1987, puis le N.O. "Alis" de 1987 d 1990,

date de son depart en retraite. Durant toutes ces

armies, d Madagascar puis en Nouvelle-Calidonie,

le Cdt FUR/C a <?ttf Fun des principaux artisans du

succ is des dragages et chal lit ages effe etuis dans la

zone bathyale avec ces navires. Sa competence, son

autorite, sa remarquable ardeur an travail et sa

courtoisie constante ont fait unanimement regretter

son depart.

Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM

Volumes deja parus:

Volume 1 : Mim. ORSTOM, 91: 1-558,225 fig., 39 pi. (1981). ISBN : 2-7099-0578-7.

Volume 2 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat ., (A), 133 : 1-525,126 fig., 37 pi. (1986). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 3 : Mint. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 137 : 1-254, 82 fig., 9 pi. (1987). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 4 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 143 : 1-260, 103 fig., 23 pi. (1989). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 5 : Mim. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 144 : 1-385, 128 fig., 35 pi. (1989). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 6 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 145 : 1-388, 190 fig., 4 pi. couleur (1990). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 7 : Mim. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 150 : 1-264, 587 fig. (1991). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 8 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 151 : 1-468, 198 fig. (1991). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 9 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., (A), 152 : 1-520, 283 fig., 6 pi. couleur (1992). ISBN : 2-85653-136-9.

Volume 10 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., 156 : 1-491, 163 fig., 2 pi. couleur (1993). ISBN : 2-85653-206-3.

Volume 11 : Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., 158 : 1-426, 159 fig., (1993). ISBN : 2-85653-208-X.

Source: MNHN : Paris

resultats cles campagnes

Volume 11

Source

ISBN : 2-85653-208-X

ISSN : 1243-4442

Source: MNHN, Paris

MEMOIRES DU MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

TOME 158

ZOOLOGIE

Result at s des Campagnes MUSORSTOM

Volume 11

Coordonnc par

Alain CROSNIER

Museum national d'Histoire naturelle

Laboratoire de Zoologie (Arthropodes)

61 rue Buffon

75005 Paris

Publie avec le concours du CNRS, de I'ORSTOM et de VIFREMER, par les soins de IVRSTOM

EDITIONS

DU MUSEUM

PARIS

1993

Source:

SOMMAIRE

CONTENTS

Pages

1. Porifera Demospongiae : Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes

par le "Jean Charcot". Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. 9

Claude Lfivi

2. Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroida : Hydroids from the Western Pacific (Philippines, Indonesia

and New Caledonia). — I : Sertulariidae (Part 1) . 89

Willem Vervoort

3. Bryozoa : The ascophorine infraorders Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha

and Umbonulomorpha mainly from New Caledonian waters. 299

Dennis P. GORDON

4. Pycnogonida : Description d 'Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov., recolte sur le banc

de la Bayonnaise (nord-ouest des iles Wallis et Futuna).349

Jan H. Stock

5. Tunicata : Sur trois especes d'ascidies bathyales recoltees au cours

de la campagne franco-indonesienne KARUBAR.355

Claude Monniot

6. Pisces Teleostei: Callionymidae of New Caledonia with descriptions of new species.361

Ronald M. FRICKE

7. Pisces, Pleuronectiformes : Flatfishes from the waters around New Caledonia. - A revision of

the genus Engyprosopon .377

Kunio AMAOKA.Eiji MIHARA& Jacques Rivaton

Source: MNHN, Paris

yiSULTATS DES CAMPAGNES MUSORSTOM. VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES

Porifera Demospongiae : Spongiaires bathyaux

de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le "Jean Charcot”

Campagne BlOCAL, 1985

Claude LEVI

Laboratoire de Biologie dcs Invertebres marins et Malacologie

ct UA 699 C.N.R.S.

Museum national d’Histoire naturelle

57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris

RESUME

La campagne BlOCAL du "Jean Charcot ", effect u^e en 1985 pres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et surtout sur la partie la plus

seplentrionale de la ride de Norfolk, a permis l’etude des Spongiaires vivant entre 240 et 2110 m de profondeur. Nous

decrivons 49 especes nouvelles de Demosponges et signalons, ou confirmons, la presence de 20 autrcs especes.

En examinant la distribution bathymctrique des especes, nous constatons que 46 d’entre elles vivent au-dessus de

700 m, dans l’eau subtropicale sud, dont la temperature s’etage entre 20° et 7°; elles vivent sur des fonds varies tels que

sediments bioclastiques, dalles ou falaises calcaires. 23 especes habitent les fonds rocheux au-dessous de 700 m, dans

l’eau intermediate antarctique; ces eponges sont gdneralement dressces, pedonculdes ou foliacees; quelques-unes vivent

sur les pierres ponces profondes.

ABSTRACT

Porifera Demospongiae : Bathyal sponges off New Caledonia collected by the R.V. "Jean

Charcot BlOCAL cruise, 1985.

Sixty-nine species of deep-water sponges were collected during the BlOCAL cruise, on the northern part of Norfolk

Rise (S. of New Caledonia), between a depth range of 240-2110 m.

49 species are new to science, of which 14 belong to 5 poecilosclerid genera : Hamacantha, Esperiopsis,

Ussodendoryx, Stelodoryx, Coelosphaera.

46 species live in south-subtropical water (between 20 and 7°C) and above 700 m on bioclastic sediments, indurated

crusts or rocky cliffs. 23 species were collected below a depth of 700 m in antarctic intermediary water (below 7°C). They

are mostly erect, pedicellate or foliaceous sponges; a few cushion like species live on pumice stones.

INTRODUCTION

La faune bathyale du sud-ouest dc Pocean Pacifiquc ctait presque complement inconnue jusqu’en 1977 et

1’observation fortuitc de quelques Spongiaires accroches a une ligne a requins pres dc Pile de Lifou (Archipel des

Loyalty) m'avait suggere l'existence, dans celtc region, d'une faune originate rclativement ancienne. Des dragages

Lfivi. C., 1993. — Porifera Demospongiae : Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par lc "Jean

Charcot". Campagne BlOCAL. In : A. Crosnier (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom, Volume 11. Mem. Mus. natn.

Hist, nat.. (A). 158 : 9-87. Paris ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

BIEL. DU

CLAUDE LfiVI

organises grace aux navires de FORSTOM, a partir de Noumea, au sud et au S.S.E. de la Nouvelle-Cal6donie,de

1977 a 1979, confirmerent cctle impression et les nombreuses campagnes & la mer qui ont suivi (Richer de

Forges, 1990 ) nous ont permis de mieux connaitre la faune bathyale de cette region, notamment celle de letage

6pibathyal (250-700 m) ou la temperature de l’eau se situe dans rintervalle approximatif 20°-7°C.

La campagne BlOCAL realis£c en 1985, lors du tour du monde du N. O. “ Jean Charcot" de FIFREMER avait,

parmi ses objcctifs, une prospection du talus autour de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, des ties Loyautd et de plusieurs

guyots repents au sud de File des Pins, sur la partic nord dc la ride de Norfolk (RICHER DE FORGES et al ., 1987). Au

cours dc cette campagne, des prclevements de faune par dragage et chalutage ont 6t6 effectues jusqu'a 3.500 m de

profondeur. Bicn que Fanalyse complete de la faune des Spongiaires ne soit pas compl&tement achevee, elle a

permis de reconnattrc trois groupes bathymetriques d'esp£ces : le premier occupe les eaux subtropicales sud de

subsurface et les fonds detritiques de la zone dpibathyale, jusqu'a 700 m de profondeur; le second correspond aux

especes sou vent fix6es sur de la roche mesobathyale peu envas6e, g<$n6ralcment soumises a des courants de pente. II

domine aux alentours de 800 h 1200 m. mais s'6tagc entre 700 et 1500 m environ. Enfin un troisiemc petit groupe

correspond aux especes habitant h la surface des sediments meubles profonds, sediments qu'on trouve d'ailleurs en

poches isol£es dbs 600 m de profondeur. On peut inclure, dans ce groupe, des petites eponges en coussin, fixees

sur des pierres ponces et sur divers debris solides coulds au pied ou le long des pentes.

On connait encore rclativement mal Fetagement bathymetrique des Spongiaires dans les divers oceans, car la

majorite des recoltes ont ete tr&s espac6es horizontalement ou verticalement. Seul FAtlantique nord a fait Fobjet

d'une prospection suffisante, suivie d'une etude minutieuse de la faune et peut servir dc zone de comparaison. En

particular les travaux de Topsent aux Azores, de Carter. Arnesen, Stephens et surtout Lundbeck au nord des

ties Britanniques ct en mer dc Norvege, sont suffisamment detailles et leur quality est indiscutable.

Dims Focean Indien, seule la faune des eaux peu profondes est partiellement connue; Dendy (1916, 1921),

DENDY et Burton (1926), Burton (1928) ont neanmoins decrit quelques especes de profondeur, grace aux

collections de F “Investigator” et du “Sealark”. En Indonesie, aux Philippines et au Japon, nous disposons d'une

quantite limitec d'informations, exception faite des travaux de Wilson (1925, spongiaires de \'“Albatross”) et de

Fctudc, non publiee, faite par BURTON des especes recoltees par le “ Siboga” (manuscrit conserve au Natural History

Museum de Londres).

Nous avons dej& decrit diverses especes de Nouvelle-Caledonie appartenant au premier groupe epibathyal,

recoltees par le “Vauban' (L£vi & Lfivi, 1983, 1988) et j'ai d'autre part attire Fattention sur les Lithistides (L£vi,

1991), compte tenu des comparisons int^ressantes que permettait Fetude de ces Spongiaires avec la faune bien

connue du Cretace d'Europe occidentale. La description des especes mesobathyales recoltees lors de la campagne

BlOCAL montre la similitude de cette faune avec celle, correspondante, de FAtlantique nord, surtout avec celle des

Agores (TOPSENT, 1904, 1928). Elle r6v£le 6galement une grande parente de la faune actuelle du nord de la ride de

Norfolk avec la faune d'Oamaru (Nouvelle-Zelande), reconstituee avec une remarquable precision par Hinde et

Holmes (1892), a partir des spicules recoils dans des terrains dates du debut du Tertiaire.

Tous les specimens de cette collection sont deposes au Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, a Paris et

enregistres au laboratoire de Biologie des Invert6br6s marins et Malacologie sous Fetiquette MNHN DCL.

LISTE DES ESPECES

Ordre SPIROPHORIDA

Famille : TET1LLIDAE Sollas, 1886

Tetillafalcipara sp. nov.

Penares palmatoclada sp. nov.

Psammastra oxygigas sp. nov.

Chelotropella neocaledonica Levi & Levi

Ordre ASTROPHORIDA

Famille ANCOR1NIDAE Schmidt, 1862

Stelletta phialimorpha sp. nov.

Stelletta toxiastra sp. nov.

Monosyringa patriciae sp. nov.

Penares micraster sp. nov.

Famille PACHASTRELLIDAE Carter, 1875

Characella flexibilis sp. nov.

Sphinctrella orthotriaena Levi & Levi

Poecillastra stipitata sp. nov.

Famille ISORHAPHINIIDAE Schrammcn, 1924

Costifer wilsoni sp. nov.

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Ordrc HADROMER1DA

Famille SUBERITIDAE Schmidt, 1870

Suberites pisiformis sp. nov.

Rhizaxinella dichotoma sp. nov.

Famille POLYMASTIIDAE Gray, 1867

Tylexocladus hispidus sp. nov.

Sphaerotylus exospinosus sp. nov.

Spinularia australis sp. nov.

Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy

Atergia acanthoxa Koltun

Famille TETHYIDAE Gray 1867

Halicometes hooperi sp. nov.

Ordre AXINELLIDA

Famille AXINELLIDAE Ridley & Dendy, 1887

Axinella lifouensis Levi & Ldvi

Famille TRACHYCLADIDAE Hallmann, 1917

Trachycladus stylifer Dendy

Famille RASPAILIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Plocamione pachysclera (Levi & Levi)

Famille LATRUNCULIIDAE Topsent 1922

Latrunculia brevis Ridley & Dendy

Latrunculia crenulata sp. nov.

Podospongia similis sp. nov.

Incertae sedis

Trachostylea lamellata sp. nov.

Ordre AG EL AS IDA

Famille AGELASIDAE Vcrrill. 1907

Agelas dendromorpha sp. nov.

Ordre POECILOS CLER IDA

Famille DESMACELLIDAE Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Desmacella toxophora sp. nov.

Biemna granulosigmata sp. nov.

Famille MYCALIDAE Lundbcck, 1905

Mycale incurvata sp. nov.

Famille HAMACANTHIDAE Gray, 1872

Hamacantha acerata sp. nov.

Hamacantha atoxa sp. nov.

Hamacantha forcipulata sp. nov.

Famille CLADORHTZIDAE Laubenfels, 1936

Asbestopluma bilamellata sp. nov.

Asbestopluma biserialis Ridley & Dendy

Cladorhiza schistochela sp. nov.

Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy

Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt)

Chondrocladia scolionema sp. nov.

Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.

Famille ESPERIOPSIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Esperiopsis challenged Ridley & Dendy

Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov.

Esperiopsis flava sp. nov.

Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov.

Esperiopsis magnifolia sp. nov.

Hoplikathara exoclavata sp. nov.

Famille MYXILLIDAE Topsent, 1928

Lissodendoryx bifacialis Ldvi & Levi

Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov.

Lissodendoryx tubiformis sp. nov.

Ec. hi no sly linos gorgonopsis sp. nov.

Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov.

Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov.

Famille COELOSPHAERIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Coelosphaera bullata sp. nov.

Coelosphaera chondroida sp. nov.

Coelosphaera pedicel lata sp. nov.

Coelodischela massa Vacelet,Vasseur & Levi

Famille ANCHINOIDAE Topsent, 1928

Phorbas erect us sp. nov.

Famille HYMEDESMIIDAE Topsent, 1928

Hymedesmia brachyrhabda Levi & Levi

Famille TEDANTIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Tedaniopsis turbinata Dendy

Famille MICROCIONIDAE Carter, 1875

Artemisina elegantula Dendy

Clathria anthoides sp. nov.

Clathria macroisochela sp. nov.

Incertae sedis

Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi & L6vi

Ordre HALICHONDRI DA

Famille HAL1CHONDRIIDAE Vosmaer, 1887

Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & Ldvi

Ordre PETROSIDA Hartmann, 1982

Famille OCEANAPIIDAE van Soest, 1980

Foliolina vera sp. nov.

Ordre HAPLOSCLERIDA

Famille CHALINIDAE Gray, 1867

Halidona nodosa sp. nov.

Gellius flagellifer Ridley & Dendy

Gellius pedunculatus sp. nov.

CLAUDE LPVI

ETUDE SYSTEMATIQUE

DEMOSPONGIAE

Ordre SP1ROPHORIDA

Famille TETILLIDAE Sollas, 1886

Genre TETILLA Schmidt. 1868

Tetilla falcipara sp. nov.

Fig. 1 A; PI. I, fig. 1-2

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 61, 24°11,67'S-167°31,37-E, 1070 m. Six

specimens ou fragments.

TYPES. — Hololype : MNHN DCL 3566. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3567.

Fig. 1. — Spicules : A, Tetilla falcipara sp. nov. — B, Stelletta phialimorpha sp. nov. — C, Stelletta toxiastra sp. nov.

Echelles = 100 pm.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEIXE-CALfiDOME

Description. — Eponge semi globulaire ou pyramidale; le plus grand specimen mesure 25 mm de haut et 15 a

18 mm de large. Les faisceaux radiaires d'oxes sont apparcnts et spirals. La surface est ldgbrcmcnt convexe et

irrdguliere; on y observe plusicurs orifices entoures de collcrcttes de spicules saillanls. Les canaux qui y

aboutisscnt sont tubulaires ou aplatis, collapses, et il est difficile de distinguer les exhalants des inhalants. La

plupart des cavites periphdriques sont occupies par de jeuncs eponges entibrcment constitutes, globulaires et trbs

molles, a squelette radiaire parfait. II est possible de les extraire de leurs cavites k l’aidc d'une pince. Les faisceaux

spiculaires principaux de grands oxes ltgbrcment anisoactines se terminent par un groupe axial de promonaenes cn

crochets, entourts d’un paquet d'oxes anisoactines courts et d'une foret de protriaenes et promonaenes greles.

L’ectosome est trbs mince, non cortical. Les spinispires abondent, notamment dans la paroi des canaux. Dans les

jeuncs eponges incubees, chaque faisceau spiculaire radiaire contient 4 a 5 crochets et une dizaine d'oxes

anisoactines.

Spicules : Oxes principaux legerement anisoactines : 2200-3400 pm/38-40 pm.

Oxes peripheriques anisoactines : 550-1300 pm/10-18 pm.

Protriaenes a long rhabdc : 1500-3200 pm/15-20 pm, avec clades paires : 20-600 pm et cladc impair : 90-

100 pm.

Protriaenes a rhabde grelc : 900-1000 pm/5 pm, avec clades paires: 20 pm et clade impair : 70-90 pm.

Anamonaenes en crochets : 3500-4500 pm/30 pm; hauteur du clade : 150 pm.

Spinispires : 20-28 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin falx, faux et par, semblable, en liaison avec la forme des anamonaenes.

Remarques. — Quatre Tetillidac avec anamonaenes ont cte decrites : Tetilla coronida Sollas, 1887 (lies

Kerguelen, lies Heard; 70-585 m), Tetilla pedifera Sollas, 1886 (Indontsie, 0°48’S, 126°58’E; 1500 m), Cinachyra

hamata Lendenfeld. 1907 (banc des Agulhas, Afrique du Sud; 80 m) et Tetilla pilula Dcndy, 1916 (cote ouest de

l'Inde; moins de 30 m). Ce sont cn general de petites eponges globulaires, a squelette principal radiaire. Seule, T.

coronida a des anatriaenes en plus des anamonaenes. Des trois autres, C. hamata et T. pedifera ont plusicurs

oscules; LENDENFELD (1907) interprbte les cavitts tubulaires de C. hamata comme des porocalices, mais il n y a

pas observe de pores.

T.falcipara sp. nov. partage ses caracteres spiculaires avec ce groupe d'cspeces, mais s'en distingue par la

grande longueur des spinispires. La morphologie est comparable a celle de T. coronida cl la forme dcs protriaenes

rcssemble a celle de T. pedifera, ou les microsclcres n'ont pas cte trouves.

Ordre ASTROPHORIDA

Famille ANCORINIDAE Schmidt. 1862

Genre ST ELI.ETTA Schmidt, 1862

Stelletta phialimorpha sp. nov.

Fig. 1 B; PI. I, fig. 3

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE.— Nouvelle-Caledonie. BiOCAL : st. CP 67, 24°55,44'S-168°21,55 E, 500-510 m. Deux

specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3568. Paratype : MNHN DCL 3641.

Description. — Eponge vasiforme, dc couleur gris-ocre, mesurant 100/65/45 mm et 90/45/55 mm. La cavitc

a dc 10 a 30 mm de profondeur et l’epaisseur de la paroi, pres dc Touverture, est de 10 a 15 mm. La surface est

egale, finement velout£e, un peu hispide par endroits. Aucun orifice n’est visible. Il existe un cortex h

dichotriaenes et oxyasters polyactines, traverse par des oxes greles, saillanls. Le squelette du choanosome est

compose d’oxes entrecroises. Les oxyasters y sont abondants.

Spicules : Oxes principaux courbes : jusqu’a 4 mm/40-45 pm.

Oxes greles souvent saillants : 1,34,7 mm/8-10 pm.

CLAUDE IJgVI

Dichotriaenes : rhabde de 1-1,8 mm/50-80 urn; protocladcs : 200 pm/50 pm; deuterocladcs : 150-200 pm/

50 pm.

Oxyasters choanosomiques : diamfctre 50-100 pm (80 pm).

Oxyasters ectosomiques polyaclines : 10 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grcc phialt, vase a boire, pour rappclcr la forme de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Cette espcce ressemble a Stelletta cyathoides Burton, 1926, de la cote de Natal, mais elle s'en

distingue par divers caracteres de la spiculation, notamment par l'absence de tylasters et la presence de deux

categories d'oxyasters : choanosomiques et ectosomiques.

Stelletta toxiastra sp. nov

Fig. 1 C; PI. I, fig. 4-5

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie, SMIB 2, st. DW 22, au sud de Hie dcs Pins, 22°39,2’S-167 o 40,0'E,

360 m. Un specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3569.

Description. — Eponge ovoi’de subsphdrique de couleur grise, mesurant 25/30/35 mm. La surface est

rugueuse et couverte par les cxtrcmites saillantes de nombreux anatriaenes. Le cortex de 1,5 mm d'dpaisseur

contient une palissade dense de petits oxes et de nombreux tr£s petits asters. La charpcnte est centroradiaire, avec

des faisceaux d'oxes; le choanosomc contient aussi de nombreux petits oxes. On observe egalement des asters

toxoides interstiticls et d’autres petits asters disperses. II existe quelques canaux exhalants vers la surface distale et

4 cavites osculaires en fentes de 1,5-2 mm/0,8 mm d'ouverture.

Spicules : Oxes principaux : 3700 pm/50 pm.

Oxes : 380-480 pm/15-20 pm.

Plagiotriaenes rares; rhabde de 250 pm/15 pm a 1500 pm/50 pm; clades de 90 a 110 pm/25-30 pm.

Anatriaene a rhabde 3500-3700 pm/50 pm; clades bien recurves : 110-150 pm; cladome : 200 pm.

Oxyasters avec en general deux actines courbes de 90 pm de long et des rudiments plus ou moins longs d’autres

actines. Ces oxyasters modifies on un aspect toxoi’de.

Spheroxyasters polyactines du choanosomc : 10-12 pm.

Chiasters de 1'ectosome : 3-5 pm.

Etymologie. — Rappelle la presence d’asters en forme de toxe.

Remarques. — Cette espece est bien caracterisee par ses spicules oxyasters pseudotoxes, dont on trouve

fcquivalent chcz d'autres eponges telles que Isops apiarium (Schmidt, 1870), Erylus expletus Topsent, 1927, et

mcme Thoosa armata Topsent, 1888.

Genre MONOSYRINGA Brondsted, 1924

Monosyringa patriciae sp. nov.

Fig. 2 A; PI. I, fig. 8

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 51, 23°05,27 , S-167°44,95 , E, 700-680 m. Un

specimen et un fragment.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3570.

Description. — Eponge de couleur gris jaune clair, globulaire, de 25 mm de diametre, prolongs par un

appendice obtus de 28 mm de long et 4-5 mm de diametre. L'autre specimen fragmentaire mesure 25 mm de

diametre et son appendice sectionnc mesure 6 mm de diametre. Le squelctte est centroradiaire et se compose d'oxes

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAI .fiDONIE

pres du centre et de dichotriaenes vers la p6riph6rie; les asters, d'une seule categorie, sont abondants partout, mais

surtout pres de la surface. On voit sur Hemisphere sup^rieur de la boule quelques prolongements sinueux,

souples, de 2 mm de long et 1 mm d'epaisseur charges d'asters. L'appendice principal est charpente par un axe

spiculaire ou deux ou trois faisceaux spiculaires axiaux, separ6s, sont relies a la peripherie par des traces

perpendiculaires. II semble exister 8 cavites periaxiales.

Fig. 2. — Spicules : A, Monosyringa patriciae sp. nov. — B, Penares micraster sp. nov. — C, Penares palmatoclada sp.

nov. Echellcs = 100 pm.

Spicules : Oxes : 5 mm/100 (un; d'aulres peu nombreux : 600-1100 pm.

Dichotriaenes : jusqu'a 5.5 mm/160-170 pm; protoclades : 150-250 pm et deuterocladcs : 250-400 pm (un

clade unique de 800 pm).

Orthodiacnes asymetriques : rhabde : 5 mm/100 pm; clade court ; 200-350 pm; clade long : 1,5 a 1.9 mm

generalement biiurque avee protoclade de 1500 pm environ et deux deuteroclades inegaux de 200-500 pm.

CLAUDE I.Evi

ETYMOLOGIE. — Dediee a Falricia BERGQUIST.

Remarques. — Le genre Monosyringa cree par Brondsted (1924 : 441) groupe dcs Ancorinidae (Stellettidae).

dont le tube cloacal special a un squelette d'orthodiaenes. II se distingue de Tribrachion Weltncr, 1882, et de

Disyringa Sollas, 1888, en ayant des oxyasters et chiasters au lieu de sanidasters. En fait on connait actuellement

tres peu de specimens attributes au genre Monosyringa et certains sont fragmentaires et rdduits au tube aquifere. M.

mortenseni Brondsted, 1924. de Nouvelle-Zelande, est caract£ris£ par deux types d'asters. M. calcifera Bergquist,

1968, du plateau Campbell, Nouvelle-Zelande, est un tres petit specimen dont le tube contient des dichodiaenes h

deux clades symetriques. Chez Monosyringa patriciae , on observe des orthodiaenes asym^triques ou

hemidichodiaencs ayant un clade dichotome et un clade court et simple. Les asters y sont d’un seul type et leur

diametre est superieur h ceux des asters des deux autres esp£ccs.

Genre PENA RES Gray, 1867

Penares micros ter sp. nov.

Fig. 2 B; PI. I, fig. 6-7

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 33, 23°09,71 , S-167°10,27 , E, 675-680 m. Quatrc

specimens. — St. DW 51, 23 o 05,27’S-167 o 44,95’E, 700 m. Un specimen holotype.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3571. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3572.

Description. — Le specimen holotype est une eponge massive, fix<5e sur un debris corallien; il est en forme

de massue de 20 mm de haut et 18 mm de grand diametre un peu au dessous du plateau distal qui mesure 10 mm

de diametre. Un oscule de 1 mm est pcrce au milieu de ce plateau. La couleur est blanc-cass£. L'ectosome est rendu

rigide par les cladomes des dichotriaenes et de nombreux microxes de longueurs varices. II contient aussi de petits

spherasters ou sphcrochiasters.

Le choanosome est souple avec des chambres choanosomiques sph6riques; il contient des oxes et des microxes.

Les autres specimens sont massifs, claviformes ou tronconiques, a partie apicale tabulaire avec oscules centraux

(un ou deux assoc ids) ou oscules en rangee. La couleur est jaune ocre, voire orangee. La surface est 6gale, lisse,

porifere entre les cladomes des dichotriaenes. Il existe une couche pdriph^rique dpaisse de microxes et de triaenes.

La choanosome est charnu. avec microxes disperses.

Spicules : Oxes : 1200-1500 pm/10-20 pm.

Dichotriaenes a rhabde tres court : 250 pm/50-75 pm; protoclades : 50 pm; deutdroclades de 150 a 525 pm.

Les clades sont plus ou moins lanc6ol6s et leur 6paisseur varic suivant leur taille de 50 a 120 pm.

Microxes de deux tailles, generalement centrotylotes et courbes : 160-200 pm/8-10 pm et 60-70 pm/5-6 pm.

Oxyspherasters ; 6-8 pm (spherochiasters).

Etymologie. — Du Grec, micros, petit, ceci pour rappeler la dimension des oxyspherasters.

Remarques. — La majorite des especes de Penares ont des micrasters du type oxyaster a actines lisses ou

epineuses, a 1'exception de P. chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973, P. obtusus Lendenfeld, 1906, P. orthotriaena

Burton, 1931, et P. tylotaster Dendy, 1924, a microscleres tylasters ou strongylasters, de diametre inferieur h celui

des oxyasters.

P. micraster se caracterise par ses irbs petits asters (oxyspherasters ou spherochiasters). Cette espece se

distingue egalement de toutes les autres par sa morphologic generate et par les mesures des spicules.

Penares palmatoclada sp. nov.

Fig. 2 C

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 46, 22°53,05'S-167°17,08 , E, 570-610 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3573.

Source:

SPONGLMRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAIJ^DONIE

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge globulaire de 7 mm de diam£tre et 6 mm de hauteur, sans orifices visibles. Elle est

formde d'un cortex h dichotriaenes, dont on apergoit l'extremite des clades en surface et d'un choanosome pulpeux

avec de grands canaux et une structure cerebroide. Les petits microxes abondent dans la couche corticale avec les

clades foliaces des dichotriaenes. Dans le choanosome, les microxes sont trbs nombreux. Aucun aster n'est visible.

Spicules : Oxes : 3-4 mm/100 pm.

Dichotriaenes foliacds, palmds; cladome de 500 & 950 pm; rhabde : 750 pm/50 pm; deutdroclades jusqu'a

400 pm. Les spicules sont d'autant moins palmes qu'ils sont plus grands.

Microxes centrotylotes plus ou moins rectilignes : 120-270 pm/6 pm.

Microxes courbes, centrotylotes : 50-80 pm/3-4 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin palma, main, en liaison avec la forme des dichotriaenes.

Remarques. — Trois especes ont une couverture de dichotriaenes a clades elargis, souvent fusionnds : Stelletta

pygmaeorum Schmidt, 1880, P. sclerobesa Topsent, 1904, et P . foliaformis Wilson, 1904. On sait peu de choses

de la premiere; la seconde est une croute jaunatre de moins de 1 mm d’dpaisseur, riche en oxyasters. P. foliaformis

a des dichotriaenes a cladome palme, un choanosome dense, pauvre en microxes et avec oxyasters. L’dpongc de

Nouvelle-Caledonie a des dichotriaenes analogues a ceux de P. foliaformis, mais l'abscnce d’asters et la densite des

microxes dans le choanosome mou en font une espece plutot comparable aux Papyrula.

Genre PSAMMASTRA Sollas, 1886

Psammastra oxygigas sp. nov.

Fig. 3

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 44, 22°47,30'S-167°14,30 , E, 440-450 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — Hololype : MNHN DCL 3574.

Description. — Eponge globulaire de 7 mm de diametre, enti^rement couverte de debris coralliens; la

spiculation est radiaire, sans faisceaux spiculaires; le cortex est tr^s riche en collag&ne et contient des plagiotriaenes

saillants et de nombreux acanthoxes en lieu et place de sanidasters. Dans le choanosome, les oxyasters de grande

taille sont nombreux.

Fig. 3. — Spicules de Psammastra oxygigas sp. nov. Echelle = 100 pm.

CLAUDE U-VI

Spicules : Oxes : 2300-3500 pm/3 pm.

Plagiotriaenes donl le rhabde mesurc 2100-260 pm/28-30 pm avec clades de 60-100 pm.

Oxyasters geants : diametre 210-300 pm.

Acanthoxes (ou microrhabdes 6pineux de grande taille): 50-60 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Grec gigas, geant, ceci pour rappelcr la dimension des oxyasters.

Remarques. — En se referant a la classification de Sollas (1888), cettc cponge appartient aux Stellettidae

Rhabdasterina. Compte tenu de la presence d'un cortex fibreux et de microrhabdes, il convient de la placer dans le

genre Psammastra Sollas, qui differe d 'Ecionerma Bowerbank, 1862, d^pourvu de cortex.

Genre CHELOTROPELLA Lendenfeld, 1906

Chelotropella neocaledonica Levi & L6vi, 1983

Chelotropella neocaledonica Levi & Levi : 148, fig. 27.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 105, 21°30,71 , S-166°21,72 , E, 335-330 m. —

St. CP 110, 22°12,38 , S-167°06,43 , E, 275-320 m. Plusieurs specimens (MNHN DCL 3575).

Remarques. — Ces specimens sont plus globulaires et moins aplatis que le type. Ils incorporcnt des debris

divers sur une partie de leur surface. Le squelette est de type centroradiaire; des calthropses abondent entre les piliers

de dichotriaenes. Les microstrongyles enigmatiques, observes dans le type, n’existent pas dans ces nouveaux

specimens.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Famille PACHASTRELL1DAE Carter, 1875

Genre CHAR AC ELLA Sollas, 1886

Characella flexibilis sp. nov.

Fig. 4 A; Pl. I, fig. 9-10

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 66, 24°55,43’S-168°21,67 , E; 515-505 m,

nombreux specimens. — St. CP 45, 22 o 47,34'S-167 o 14,80'E, 430-465 m. Plusieurs specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3576. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3577.

Description. — Cette eponge est de couleur jaune paille; sa consistance est souple mais friable; elle se

presente sous forme de coupes ou lames enroulees, fixees par une sole basale, souvent arrachee, mesurant 10-15

mm de diametre. Les coupes mesurent de 30 a 50 mm de haut et leur diametre d'ouverture varie de 30 k 75 mm.

Leur paroi mesure de 2 a 5 mm. La face externe est egale, sans orifices visibles; elle est chargee de microxes

rugueux de 2 tailles et contient les cladomes de dichotriaenes. La face interne est assez hispide avec des oxes

saillants et la meme couverture de dichotriaenes. Le choanosome est souple mais compact, avec une charpente

d'oxes entremets. Les dichotriaenes k rhabdome court sont uniquement p6riph6riques. Par place, des canaux

inhalants debutent perpendiculairement a la surface externe, puis se perdent dans le choanosome.

Spicules : Oxes principaux : 2200-3700 pm/50-100 pm.

Dichotriaenes avec rhabde de 500-800 pm/45-50 pm, protoclades + deuteroclades : 400-550 pm.

Microxes : 150-250 pm.

Microxes plus ou moins losangiques, asymetriques : 40-50 pm.

M6tasters : 20 pm. peu abondants.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin flexibilis, souple, en liaison avec la consistance de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Par sa forme et sa consistance, cette Characella se distingue aisement des autres especes

decrites.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUWTIE-CALEDONIE

Fig. 4. — Spicules : A, Characella flexibilis sp. nov. — B, Sphinctrella orthoiriaena Levi & Levi. Echelles - 100 pm.

Genre SPHINCTRELLA Schmidt, 1870

Sphinctrella orthotriaena L6vi & Levi, 1983

Fig. 4 B; PI. I, fig. 11-12

Sphinctrella orthotriaena Levi & Levi, 1983 : 138, fig. 21, pi. XI-7.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BiOCAL : st. DW 66, 24°55,43 S-168°21,67 E, 515-505 m.

St. DW 66, 24°55,43’S-168°21,55’E, 500-510 m. Quatorze specimens (MNHN DCL 3578).

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

CIAUDE LEVI

Genre POECILLASTRA Sollas, 1888

Poecillastra stipitata sp. nov.

Fig. 5 A; PL II, fig. 1

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-CalSdonie. Biocal : st. DW 33, 23°09,71’S-167°10,27’E, 675-680 m. —

St. DW 51, 23 o 05,27'S-167 o 44,95'E, 700-680 m. Nombreux specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3579. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3642.

Description. — Eponge dressde, pedonculee, fixee sur le substrat par une petite sole d'adhdsion. Le pedoncule

mesure de 3 a 6 mm de diametre et atteint 30 mm de long et 7 h 15 mm d'dpaisseur. Puis Teponge s'elargit en une

sorte de lame 6paisse avec deux faces planes poriferes opposees, s6parees par deux petites faces non aquiferes. Au

sommet, legerement en depression, une autre face aquifbre, sans doute osculaire et porifere. Le pedoncule est

surtout composd d'un tronc spiculaire axial enveloppe d'une fine couche de tissu pdriph£rique hispide. Ce tronc

axial se subdivise plusieurs fois en rameaux spiculaires longitudinaux, jusqu'a la face apicale. Pres de la surface

distale existent des cavitds de 1 a 3 mm de diametre.

Le squelette apical se compose surtout de calthropses et de petits metasters. Sur les faces principales, le

squelette de surface est composd de calthropses, d'oxes et de metasters. On trouve en profondeur, outre les oxes, de

tres nombreux microxes epineux et des metasters de deux sortes.

Spicules : Oxes principaux : 2400-3000 pm/22-28 pm.

Oxes d'hispidation effites a une extremit6 comme de petits anatriaenes, courbes et sinueux : 800-1300 pm/8-

2 pm.

Ortho et plagiocalthropses, certains recourbes en cloche de croquet; rhabde et clades : 250-500 pm/20-40 pm.

Microxes rugueux : 150-270 pm/4-5 pm.

Mdtasters spirasters : 15-20 pm.

Metasters plesiasters : actines de 18 a 35 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin stipes , tronc, pour rappeler la forme de l'6ponge.

Remarques. — Aucune Poecillastra actuellement d^crite n'a cette morphologie particuliere.

Famille ISORAPHINIIDAE Schrammen, 1924

Genre COSTIFER Wilson, 1925

Costifer wilsoni sp. nov.

Fig. 5 B; PI. II, fig. 2; PI. IX, fig. 1-2

Materiel EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 105, 21 o 30,71 , S-166°21,72 , E, 335-330 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3525.

Descripi’ION. — Eponge de couleur jaune paille, en forme de lame dressee incurvee, mesurant 70/45/5 mm; il

s’agit peut-etre d’un fragment d'une eponge en forme de large coupe evas6e. Les deux faces sont semblables, un

peu rugueuses, percees de petits orifices, mieux distincts sur la face convexe. Elies contiennent, toutes les deux,

une couche de spirasters assez longs & epines obtuses et une couche de dichotriaenes perpendiculaires a la surface.

En profondeur, le squelette se compose de nombreux oxes plus ou moins d6form£s, serpentiformes, a bouts obtus,

mucrones et de paquets de microxes rugueux.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATIIYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Spicules : Dichotriaenes a rhabde mesurant 800-1000 pm/30-45 pm; protoclades : 150-200 pm et deutero-

clades: 150-300 pm.

Oxes serpentiformes d’epaisseur variable, souvent avec les extremitds enflees ou obtuses : 1500-4000 pm/40-

120 pm.

Microxes rugueux : 130-220 pm/2 pm.

Spirasters a epines obtuses : 30 pm.

Streptasters, presque euasters : 10-12 pm.

Etymologie. — Dediee a H. V. Wilson.

Remarques. — Cette eponge, extremement proche de Costifer vasiformis Wilson, 1925, s’en distingue cepen-

dant par plusieurs caracteres. L'epaisseur de la lame est quatre fois moindre alors que le specimen de WILSON est

beaucoup plus grand (vase de 280 mm de diam&tre). Chez C. wilsoni , les triaenes sont surtout des dichotriaenes,

alors que les plagiotriaenes dominent chez C. vasiformis. Les grands m6gascleres du choanosomc de C. wilsoni

sont plus minces, moins tordus et moins deform6s que ceux de C.vasiformis. On n'observe jamais de surfaces

articulaires, typiques des h£loclones. Les spicules sont parfaitement s^pards, ce qui est bien visible & la loupe

microscopiquc. En revanche, les microscleres sont assez semblables, meme si les spirasters (microrhabdes micro-

strongyles de C. vasiformis) sont ici plus longs. II est difficile de dire si ces diverses diffdrenccs biomdtriques

autorisent une discrimination specifique. Nous avons recemment discute la position systematique du genre Costifer

(LEVI, 1991).

Fig. 5. — Spicules : A, Poecillastra stipitaia sp. nov. — B, Costifer wilsoni sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE Lf-VI

Ordre HADROMERIDA

Famille SUBERITIDAE Schmidt, 1870

Genre SUBERITES Nardo, 1833

Suberites pisiformis sp. nov.

Fig. 6 A; PI. II, fig. 3-6

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 36, 23°08,64 , S-167°10,99 , E, 650-680 m. —

St. DW 51, 23°05,27'S-167°44,95'E, 700-680 m. — St. DW 77, 22°15,32 , S-167°15,40 , E, 440 m. Tres nombreux

specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3580. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3581.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge ovoide ou sph($riquc de 5 a 8 mm de diametre, fixee sur des debris coralliens et debris

de Stylasterides, de couleur brim jaune en surface. La couche brunatre mesure environ 1 mm d'epaisseur; en

profondeur l'eponge est jaune paille clair. II existe un oscule apical, de 0,5 mm de diametre. La charpente est

centroradiaire; elle se compose de faisceaux et lignes ascendantes de longs tylostyles; il existe des petits tylostyles

transverses isol£s et. en surface, unc tres dense palissade de tylostyles de 275 pm environ d’epaisseur.

Spicules : Tylostyles principaux, a renflement terminal ou subterminal: 500-700 pm/8-10 pm.

Tylostyles a base globulaire : 300-450 pm/5-8 pm.

Tylostyles peripheriques : 150-275 pm (surtout 200-250 pm)/6-10 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin pisunu pois, pour rappeler la forme de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Cette petite esp£ce globulaire n'a pas, semble-t-il, d'equivalcnt connu. Seule, S. durissimus

Ridley & Dcndy, 1886, de la cote sud-est d'Australie, offre quelque ressemblance.

Genre RHIZAXINELLA Keller, 1881

Rhizaxinella dichotoma sp. nov.

Fig. 7 B; PI. II, fig. 7

MATfiRIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 31, 23°07,26’S-166°50,45 , E, 850 m. — St. DW 36,

23°08,64’S-167° 10,99'E, 650-680 m. — St. DW 51, 23°05,27 , S-167 o 44.95’E, 700-680 m. Cinq specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3634. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3635.

Description. — Les cinq specimens de cette Sponge dress6e, de couleur jaune, mesurent 30 a 150 mm de haut.

Ils sont fix<5s par une sole basale. Le plus grand specimen, holotype, qui mesure 150 mm de haut, est arbusculaire.

II a un pedoncule de 30 mm de long et 3 mm de diametre, presqu'entierement compose d'un axe spiculaire de

tylostyles ascendants. Ce pedoncule se subdivise en rameaux, eux-memes une a trois fois ramifies, dans lequel

Faxe spiculaire est visible par transparence jusque dans les ramifications distales ou il est moins apparent. Les

rameaux mesurent 5/2 mm de diametre et de 20 a 30 mm de longueur entre les dichotomies successives.

Les autres specimens sont moins hauts : 30 a 50 mm environ et sont ou non ramifies. Le squelette axial est

identique. L‘axc de tylostyles est entoure, du haut du pedoncule au sommet de l’eponge, par une enveloppe

tissulaire molle, soutenue par des faisceaux de tylostyles perpendiculaires a Faxe. Des tylostyles minces forment

des eventails ou faisceaux terminaux et donnent a Feponge une faible hispidation. Les cavites sont nombreuses,

radiaires, entre les faisceaux de tylostyles periaxiaux. Il n’y a pas d’oscule unique terminal, comme chez les

Rhizaxinella typiques, claviformes ou piriformes. Les orifices aquiferes sont alignes le long des rameaux.

Spicules : Tylostyles principaux : 725- 1200 pm/15-30 pm.

Tylostyles peripheriques : 400-800 pm/4-10 pm.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Rhmarques. — Cette espece, qui a certaines analogies avec R. elongata (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), se distingue

de la plupiirt des Rhizaxinella decrites, gendralement subdivis^es en un pedoncule et une masse piriforme distale.

L'organisation du squelette ct la presence de tylostyles typiques repartis dans l’axc, les colonnes radiaires et les

faisceaux periph£riques, ne laissent cependant aucun doute sur Tappartenance de R. dichotoma au genre

Rhizaxinella.

Fig. 6. — Spicules : A, Suberites pisiformis sp. nov. — B, Tylexocladus hispidus sp. nov. — C , Sphaerolylus

exospinosus sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

Famille POLYMASTIIDAE Gray, 1867

Genre TYLEXOCLADUS Topsent, 1898

Tylexocladus hispidus sp. nov.

Fig. 6 B

MATfiRIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 08, 20°34,35'S-166°53,90 , E, 435 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — llolotype : MNHN DCL 3582.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Description. — Eponge rcvetantc de 1 mm d'epaisseur, blanche, fixde sur grain de sable; elle mesure 10 sur

10 mm. Elle est caract6ris£e par une hispidation trbs haute (spicules isol6s, espacds, attcignant 3 & 5 mm de long).

Le squelette se compose de grands tylostyles saillants rcposant presque sur le substrat, d'une tr£s puissante couche

palissadique d'exotyles radiaires, de petits tylostyles en position parallele a la surface, a peu pres au milieu de la

hauteur des exotylcs, enfin de quelques tylostyles moyens situes it la base de l'eponge.

Spicules : Tylostyles exotyles (cladotylostyles) a filament axial subdivis£ en nombreux filaments terminaux :

310-500 pm/25-30 pm.

Tylostyles principaux saillants a pointe souvent anormale, feuilletde : 3-5 mm/35 pm.

Tylostyles de la base, peu nombreux, courbes : 220-540 pm/10-15 pm.

Tylostyles de la p6riph6rie, courb6s : 100-150 pm/10 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin hispidus, h6riss6 pour rappeler l'aspect de la surface de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Topsent (1904) a cre£ le genre Tylexocladus pour les Suberitidae a exotyles cladotylostyles,

dont le choanosome contient des microxes centrotylotes; 1'(Sponge de Biocal ne produit pas de microxes

centrotylotcs. Ses exotyles ont, en revanche, la meme structure que ceux de T. joubini Topsent, 1898. Le filament

(ou canal) axial du spicule se subdivise en une sorte de plumeau et l'extr^mite distale polyclade du spicule a,

comme le dit TOPSENT, l'aspect d'un jeune artichaut. Ce type d'exotylie est bien distinct de l'exotylie par

epaississement distal plus ou moins om6, comme c'est le cas chez Sphaerotylus Topsent, 1898. Topsent souligne

la variability de l'exotylie chez T. joubini , qui, a la limite, n'a pas d'exotyles, mais des tylostyles saillants

normaux.

Fig. 7. — Spicules : A, Spinularia australis sp. nov. — B. Rhizaxinella dicholoma sp. nov. — C, Atergia acanthoxa

Koltun. Echelles = 100 pm.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DF. NOUVELLE-CAI JtDONIE

T. hispidus se distingue des Sponges des Agores par la presence de longs tylostyles d'hispidation et la longueur

beaucoup plus r6duite des exotyles.

Genre SPHAEROTYLUS Topsent, 1898

Sphaerotylus exospinosus sp. nov.

Fig. 6 C

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 46, 22°53,05 , S-167°17,08'E; 570-610 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holo type : MNHN DCL 3583.

Description. — Eponge fragmentaire en forme de coussin de 1 mm d'6paisseur, mesurant 5/3 mm de diametre.

Sa couleur est gris jaune clair. La surface est rendue tr£s hispide par les extr6mites des gros exotyles, qui

constituent la grande masse du squelette. Une couche de petits tylostyles palissadiques, a mi hauteur des exotyles et

des paquets de tylostyles transverses plus profonds, complete le squelette. On ne voit pas, sur ce fragment, de

grands m6gascleres principaux non exotyles, mais il cxiste cependant des tylostyles plus ou moins rectilignes .

Spicules : Tylostyles exotyles a base ovoide, un peu mucronee; la tige s'elargit jusqu'a l'extremite distale en

"chou-fleur", c'est a dire garnie d'^pines simples ou complexes. Cette partie distale en hemisphere epineuse mesure

40-50 pm de long et 70-80 pirn de large. La tige mesure 50 pm de diametre sous cette partie distale. La base

ovoide du spicule mesure 15-20 pm/12-18 pm. Longueur: 750-1100 pm/30-50 pm.

Tylostyles en petits paquets transverses, courbes, a base ovoide : 280-290 pm / 8-10 |im.

Tylostyles palissadiques peripheriques : 100-110 pm/5 pm.

Tylostyles rectilignes choanosomiques : 350-500 pm/8-10 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin spinosus, epineux, pour rappeler la surface de Textremite distale des exotyles.

Remarques. — Cette espece se distingue de S. antarcticus Kirkpatrick et de la forme australe de S. capitatus

(Vosmaer) par la morphologie de rextremite distale des exotyles, couverte d'epines simples ou composees.

Genre SPINULARIA Gray, 1868

Spinularia australis sp. nov.

Fig. 7 A; PI. n, fig. 8

MATERIEL EXAMINE — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 27, 23°05,52'S-166°26,4rE, 1850-1900 m. Dix

specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3584. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3643.

Description. — Eponge en galette ou coussin bas, de 3 a 8 mm de diametre et de 1 a 3 mm d'6paisseur, de

couleur grise, fixee sur des morceaux de pierre ponce. La plupart des specimens n'ont pas de papille; un seul

excmplaire montre une papille cylindrique apicale. II existe toujours une frange inferieure de longs spicules h

proximite du substrat. Le squelette est radiaire et les tylostyles principaux peripheriques sont saillants.

Spicules : Tylostyles principaux a base spherique : 1100-1600 |im/15-20 |im.

Tylostyles de frange : 1800-2500 pm / 20 pm.

Tylostyles assez peu nombreux, de deux categories de longueur: 300-500 pm/8-10 pm et 600-800 pm/12 pm.

Rhaphides : 170-180 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin australis, austral, pour rappeler la distribution geographique de l'espece.

Remarques. — La distinction de deux categories de tylostyles, choanosomique et ectosomique, est beaucoup

plus nette chez Spinularia spinularia (Bowerbank, 1886). C’est sans doute le caract£re de discrimination le plus

important entre les deux formes boreale et australe de Spinularia.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Genre TRICHOSTEMMA Sars, 1869

Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy, 1886 : 488.

MATERIEL EXAMINf*. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 26, 22°39,66'S-166 0 27,4rE, 1618-1740 m. —

St. CP 27, 22°05,52'S-166°26,4rE, 1850-1900 m. — St. DW 56, 23°34,95'S-167°11,88’E, 705-695 m. — St. CP 57,

23°43,26'S-166°58,06'E, 1490-1620 m. — St. DW 70, 23°24,70 , S-167°53,65 , E, 965 m. Tres nombreux specimens

(MNHN DCL 3585).

REMARQUES. — Cette espece, commune sur les fonds meubles profonds, a ete bien decrite par RIDLEY et

Dendy (1886).

DISTRIBUTION. — S. E. Cape York, Saya de Malha, large de Zanzibar, Agores.

Genre A T ERG IA Stephens, 1915

Atergia acanthoxa Koltun, 1964

Fig. 7 C; PI. II, fig. 9-12

Aiergia acanthoxa Koltun, 1964 : 27, fig. 3.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 72, 22°09,02 , S-167°33.18 , E, 2100-2110 m.

Plusieurs specimens (MNHN DCL 3586).

Description. — Eponges en coussin convexe, parfois en galette, dont la plus grande mesure 12 sur 13 mm et

4 mm d'epaisseur et la plus petite 6 sur 4 mm et 2 mm d'epaisseur. A la variete de forme, s'ajoute une diversity de

structure, qui depend des proportions relatives de la zone supericure periosculaire. qui parait glabre <i vue d'oeil mais

qui est tres finement hispide, et de la region inferieure qui cst tres hispide. La plage periosculaire microtuberculce

est soit largement convexe et peut occuper la moitie de la surface, soit au contraire incluse dans une depression

apicalc.

Le squelette de surface se compose de longs tylostyles frangcants et dune palissade de tylostyles tr&s courts. On

ne voit pas de papille inhalante. II existe une papillc ou cheminee osculaire apicale chargee de microxes, avec des

tylostyles minces de longueur moyenne, peripheriques. Dans le choanosome, le squelette se compose de faisccaux

de tylostyles principaux et de faisceaux de petits tylostyles dans la zone glabre. Le pddicelle ou rhizoide est soutenu

par de longs tylostyles. Toute 1’cponge est remplie de petits oxes epineux presque losangiques.

Spicules : Tylostyles fusiformes a base spherique : 1000-2800 pm/28-22 pm.

Tylostyles plus courts : 350-825 pm/10-15 pm.

Microxes losangiques a fines epines : 80-90 ou 90-150 pm/5-10 pm.

REMARQUES. — Pour STEPHENS (1915), le genre Atergia groupe des "Polymastiidae" massives, sessilcs, sans

papilles, avec deux sortes de spicules : tylostyles et oxes; ceux-ci sont disperses dans le choanosome. L’espece

type, A. corticata Stephens, 1915, de l’ouest de l’lrlandc a 700 m de profondcur, a des faisceaux de tylostyles

principaux, une palissade de tylostyles plus courts et une masse d'oxes courts plus ou moins centrotylotes. A.

acanthoxa Koltun. 1964, a les memes caracteres, les petits oxes centrotylotes 6tant nettement 6pineux. A. purpurea

Laubcnfels, 1954, n'appartient pas h ce genre. A. corona Dickinson, 1945, semblc etre une bonne espece du genre.

Les specimens de Biocal d'A. acanthoxa Koltun se distinguent du type par leurs dimensions plus reduites, par

la forme plus rectiligne des acanthoxes et par la presence de tylostyles au lieu de styles frangeants. II n'est pas

impossible que ces caracteres, s'ils s'averent lies, puissent justifier ulterieurement la reconnaissance dune espece

nouvelle.

Distribution. — Antarctique, 3200-3400 m.

Source MNHN , Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEIXE-CALfiDONIE

Famillc TETHYIDAE Gray, 1867

Genre HALICOMETES Topsent, 1898

Halicometes hooperi sp. nov.

Fig. 8; PI. II, fig. 13

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 72, 22°09,02 , S-167°33,18 , E, 2100 m. Quatre

specimens (MNHN DCL 3587).

TYPES. — Ilolotype : MNHN DCL 3587. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3658.

Description. — Eponges ovoi'des, de couleur sable, mesurant 6 & 10 mm de haut et 5/4.4/4, 6/3, 6/5 mm de

diam&tre. Chacun se prolongc par un pedoncule de 10 mm de long. En coupe, on voit un axe spiculaire dense, plus

epais sous l’oscule apical; l'oscule est borde par une membrane chamue. En Peripherie, des tubercules de 1,5-2 mm

de diametre, plus ou moins saillants suivant les specimens, sont assez fortement hispides. Une zone translucide

marque la sortie de l’axe spiculaire; on y trouve une masse d'asters de 2 sortes, comme dans la zone periosculaire.

Des styles semblables h ceux des faisceaux peripheriques dcs tubercules forment une collerctte periosculaire.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 2000-2700 pm/20-38 pm.

Styles accessoires : 675-1300 pm/12-20 pm; d'autres assez rares : 300-350 pm.

Oxyasters h actines fusiformes avec, souvent, deux renflements; diametre : 80-150 pm; actines de 12 pm

d'epaisscur.

Chiasters : 10-15 pm de diametre; les actines ont dcs extremites obtuses et finement epineuses.

REMARQUES. — Les Halicometes Topsent, 1898, sont des Tethyidae pedoncul6es; il s'agit en fait de Tethya

etirdes dans le sens apico-basal. Le genre Halicometes pourrait etre consider comme un sous-genre de Tethya.

Halicometes hooperi est presque identique a //. stellata ((Schmidt. 1870), recoltee au large de Cuba. L'espece

type du genre est egalement tubercuiee, spherique. Schmidt (1870) signale seulcment la presence d’asters et de

styles fusiformes, comme il en existe chez les Tethyidae. Mais TOPSENT (1920) redecrit en detail deux specimens

de Schmidt, conserves au Musee de Strasbourg. Ils sont tous les deux ovoi'des, l'un glabrc et l'autrc hispide. Les

megasclbres y sont surtout des anisostrongyles atteignant 2850 pm; le p&licelle est revetu dune mince couche

d’exotyles obliques de 325 a 450 pm; les spherasters mesurent (d’apr^s la figure donnee par TOPSENT) 140-150 pm

de diametre et les chiasters a epines tcrminales ont 10 a 20 pm de diametre.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Apits avoir observe lcs preparations de TOPSENT, conserves au MNHN, j'observe que les grands m£gascfcrcs

sont de vrais styles et je n'ai pas trouv6 d’anisostrongyles. En ce qui conceme les microscteres, je note une trbs

grande ressemblance entre ceux d77. hooperi sp. nov. et ceux de la forme verruqueuse glabre d'H. stellata (Schmidt)

dessinds par Topsent. Les chiasters ont un large centrum, contrairement a ceux de la forme a verrucosit^s hispides

d77. stellata. Les spherasters de la forme & verrucositds glabres mesurent 40 & 150 pm de diamktrc et ceux de 40-

50 pm sont tr£s nombreux. La repartition des microscl&res dans les deux formes d'//. stellata et chez H. hooperi

est identique; les chiasters sont periph£riques et les spherasters sont plus en profondeur. Je n’ai pas observe

d'exotyles sur le pedicelle d 'H. hooperi.

Ordre AXINELLIDA

Famille AXINELLIDAE Ridley & Dendy, 1887

Genre AXINELLA Schmidt, 1862

Axinella lifouensis L6vi & Levi, 1983

Axinella lifouensis Levi & Levi, 1983 : 943, fig. 9, pi. II. 6.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — lies Loyaute (Lifou). BlOCAL : St. DW 8, 20 o 34,35’S-166°53,90’E, 435 m. Un specimen

(MNHN DCL 3535).

Remarques. — Ce specimen est conforme au type.

Distribution. — Lifou.

Famille TRACHYCLADIDAE Hallman, 1917

Genre TRACHYCLADUS Carter, 1879

Trachycladus stylifer Dendy, 1924

Fig. 9 A; PI. Ill, fig. 1; PI. IX, fig. 3

Trachycladus stylifer Dendy, 1924 : 377, pi. XII, fig. 7; pi. XV, fig. 39-42.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 38, 22 0 59,74’S-167°15,3rE, 360 m. Un specimen

(MNHN DCL 3588).

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge de couleur jaune trbs clair, dress6e, haute de 95 mm, composee d'un axe de 3-4 mm

de diam^tre et de rameaux latdraux atteignant 15 mm de long, parfois anastomoses, les plus longs se situant vers le

tiers de la hauteur. Ils sont eux-memes irregulierement ramifies et leur aspect est localcment epineux. L'axe est

surtout spiculaire tres dense; il en part de minces colonnes spiculaires perpcndiculaires, qui forment l'axe des

rameaux, eux-memes dendritiques. Des spicules isoles, ou disposes par rangees de quatre, forment l'axe des

nombreuses cpines, qui donnent a l'eponge son aspect d 'Acanthella.

Une fine couche charnue entoure l'axe spiculaire et constitue l'essentiel des rameaux. Sa surface est ponctuee

d’orifices inhalants. Le squelette se compose de styles et la couche supcrficiclle est chargee de spirasters.

Spicules : Styles : 650-800 pm/20-25 pm.

Spirasters enroutes : 10 pm.

Microrhabdes centrotylotes : 20-25 pm.

Remarques. — Les styles permettent de distinguer T. stylifer Dendy des Trachycladus du sud-sud-est de

l'Australie regroupes sans doute sous le nom de T. laeviispirulifer Carter, 1879, comme le suggere DENDY (1924).

T. cervicornis Burton, 1959, du golfe d'Aden, n'a pas de microrhabdes centrotylotes.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Zelande, Three Kings Island, 180 m.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAIJ^DONIE

Famillc RASPAILIIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Genre PLOCAMIONE Topsent, 1928

Plocamione pachysclera (L6vi & L6vi, 1983)

Fig. 9 B; PI. Ill, fig. 2

Raspailia pachysclera Levi & Levi, 1983 : 947, fig. 12; pi. I. 5.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 33, 23°09,71 , S-167°10,27 , E, 675-680 m. Ties

nombreux specimens (MNHN DCL 3589).

Description. — Eponges de couleur gris vert jaunatre, en forme de feuilles de 2 a 5 mm d'epaisseur, fixdes sur

un support solide, en general des debris de Stylastdrides. Ces feuilles mesurent le plus souvent 20 a 40 mm de haut

et 15 *1 30 mm de plus grande largeur. Les deux faces sont inhalantes et percees de nombreux ostioles, ouvertures

de petits canaux, qui traversent un cortex continu de 400 pm d'epaisseur, bourrd de petits styles palissadiques. Des

oscules de 1 mm environ sont repartis sur la marge distale de l'dponge.

Vue en coupe latdrale, l'dponge est assez lacunaire. II existe des cavitds sous-ectosomiques traversees par des

piliers spiculaires, puis des canaux aquifbres plus larges (1,5 mm) entourant une masse centrale dense.

Fig. 9. — Spicules : A, Trachycladus stylifer Dendy. — B, Plocamione pachysclera (Levi & Levi). — C, Trachoslylea

lamellata sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Le squclctte principal se compose de grands styles et d'acanthostyles. Ces spicules forment une couche

encroutante continue a la surface de tous lcs debris solides formant substrat a l’eponge. Puis les mcmes spicules

s'clevent verticalemcnt cn colonnes de 1 mm d'epaisseur, tres riches en spongine. Les acanthostyles sont tr£s

nombreux et les grands styles divergent en tous sens. Ces colonnes spiculaires sont tassees les unes contre les

autres et se reduisent dans la partie superieure, qui est plus souple. Entre cette masse spiculaire centrale et le

cortex, le squelette est sutout compose de faisceaux radiaires de styles de type ectosomique, mais plus longs que

ceux de la palissade.

Spicules : ils ont 6\6 bien decrits dans la note pr£ccdente; on constate surtout l'dpaisseur variable des

acanthostyles, suivant les specimens.

Styles principaux avec (Spines basales et proximales : 1100-1350 pm/45-60 jam.

Styles auxiliaires a epines basales, de deux tailles : 610-750 pm/13-18 pm et 230-350 pm/8-10 pm.

Acanthostyles : 150-520 pm/25-50 pm.

Remarques. — Nous avions donnc, en 1983, une description et une figure de Raspailia pachysclera sp. nov.

d’apres un specimen unique, aberrant. La collection de Biocal contient un tres grand nombre de specimens de cette

meme espece, dont il est possible de donner maintenant une description valable et sensiblement differente de la

pnScedcnte, 1'echantillon decrit (Stant rdduit a l'ctat squelettique. Cette esp&ce est certainement en population tres

abondante dans cette station, sur fonds de debris de stylasters.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Calcdonie.

Famillc LATRUNCULIIDAE Topsent, 1922

Genre LATRUNCULIA Bocage, 1869

Latrunculia brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Fig. 10 A; PI. Ill, fig. 3

Latrunculia brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 : 492.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie, BIOCAL : st. DW 33, 23 o 09,71 , S-167°10,27 , E, 675-680 m. Un

specimen (MNHN DCL 3549).

Description. — Eponge massive, revetant et englobant divers debris calcaires coralliens, mesurant

40/15/10 mm, de couleur brun rougeatre. La surface est plissee longitudinalement, avec quelques grands plis. Des

languettes aquiferes de 2-3 mm de long sur 0.5 mm de large sont disperses sur toute la surface. Une pellicule

supcrficiellc contient une couche dense de discasters. Le choanosomc est assez caverneux, soutenu par des paquets

ou des alignements de spicules, de 100 pm environ.

Spicules : Styles : 400-460 pm/100 pm.

Discasters : 50/32 pm; ils sont composes d'un grand diabolo central h 3 sections, dun petit diabolo basal et

d'une couronne apicale.

Remarques. — Bergquist (1968 : 17) a signald cette Latrunculia brun rougeatre au nord de la Nouvelle-

Zelande. Elle commente la synonymic vraisemblablc et la distribution de l'espece dans I'hemisphcrc austral.

Distribution. — Rio de la Plata, Namibie, Antarctique, Nouvelle-Zelande.

Latrunculia crenulata sp. nov.

Fig. 10 B

MAT1-RIEL EXAMINE.—Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 36, 23°08,64 , S-167°10,99 , E, 650-680 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — ILolotype : MNHN DCL 3550.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

DESCRIPTION. — Tres petite eponge, sur un ddbris corallicn, dc couleur grise; au fort grossissement de la loupe,

sa surface a un aspect strie, du a 1'alignemenl des discaslers, qui cependant, vus au microscope, formeni unc couche

reguliere sur toute la surface. Dans lc choanosomc, des megasclcrcs sont dresses ou obliques.

Spicules : Slrongyles plus ou moins centrotylotes et polytylotes : 210-260 pm/6 pm.

Discaslers normaux avec 2 diabolos subterminaux, un verticille court central et quelques cpines intermediaires :

60-65 pm/25 pm. Les 4 vcrticilles des deux diabolos sont formds de nombreuses et tr6s courtes epines, a base

commune en collerette.

Discastcrs allonges et h tige couvertc d’epines, vcrticill6es ou non : 70-160 pm/20 pm.

Etymologik. — Du Latin crenulatus, crencle, pour rappcler la forme dcs discasters.

Rkmarques. — L'espece la plus proche est Latrunculia cralera Bocage, 1869. dont la spiculation evaluee

d'apres les figures de la publication de 1869. pi. XI. est la suivante : styles, 155-190 pm; discasters a 4 disques

creneles, 40 pm. L. cralera, dgalement revetante. fixee sur des squeleltes de Gorgones. provient des cotes du

Portugal. L. purpurea Carter, du detroit de Bass, semble avoir aussi des discasters a disques creneles, qui mesurent

29 pm; mais Carter (1881 : 381) precise qu'ils sont differents de ceux de L. cralera Bocage.

La presence simultance de discasters normaux et d'autres a long rhabde a dej^t 6te notee chcz plusieurs

Latrunculia Idles que L. insignis Topsent.1890. L. mullirotalis Topsent,1927, L. apicalis Ridley & Dcndy. 1886,

et L. oamaruensis Hinde & Holmes, 1892.

Fig. 10. — Spicules : A, Latrunculia brevis Ridley & Dendy. — B, Latrunculia crenulata sp. nov. — C, Podospongia

similis sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE IJ-VI

Genre PODOSPONGIA Bocage, 1864

Podospongia similis sp. nov.

Fig. 10 C; PI. Ill, fig. 4; PI. X, fig. 4

MATERIEL EXAMIN1*. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 52, 23°05,79 , S-167 o 46,54'E, 600-540 m. —

St. CP 108, 22°02,55'S-167°05,68’E, 335 m. Plusieurs specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3633. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3651.

Description. — Eponge pedonculee, de couleur ocre jaune, grisatre. Le pedoncule fix£ sur substrat solide

mesure 50 h 60 mm de long et 3 mm de diametre. II est forme d’un axe spiculaire solide, enrobe de tissu mou,

legbrement hispide. La partie distale mesure 7 & 20 mm de long et 7 a 12 mm de large; elle a des formes variees :

le plus grand specimen est parallel6pip6dique avec une face convexe et tiois faces planes. Deux larges faces sont

inhalantes. Tout le sommet de Leponge est perce d'oscules ouverts au centre de courtes chemin^es, avec collerette

spiculaire. La partie distale du deuxi&me specimen est semblable a celle de certaines Thenea a cone superieur

osculaire avec collerette et cheminees courtes et larges (plus de 1,7 mm de diametre). La region inferieure est

probablement inhalante. Le squelette distal se compose de fortes fibres ascendantes et radiaires. Le troisieme

specimen, intermediate, est subglobulaire avec deux depressions inhalantes et une calotte distale osculaire.

Le squelette principal axoradiaire est fait de grands oxes longitudinaux, qui percent une fine strate de collagene

sous-ectosomique. La charpente est parfois spirals. Sur la zone sans orifices, la couverture de discasters est fits

dense, corticale. Dans les depressions inhalantes, les orifices inhalants sont separes par des trab£cules assez pauvres

en discasters, implants par la pointe basale. Sur le pedoncule, des styles 6pais sont perpendiculaires a l'axe et

forment l'hispidation avec des bouquets raspailioides de petits oxes divergents.

Spicules : Oxes-styloxes : 950-1600 pm/30 pm.

Oxes : 900-1150 pm/17-20 pm.

Discasters : 30-50 pm/20-40 pm; avec en general deux verticilles de 8 epines environ, un verticille apical et

une epine basale, parfois bi- ou trifurqu£e.

Etymologie. — Du Latin similis, semblable, pour rappeler la ressemblance avec l’autre espece du genre,

P. loveni Bocage 1869, a distribution boreale.

Remarques. — Le genre Podospongia a ete cree par Barboza du Bocage en 1869, en remplacement du genre

Lovenia. P. similis sp. nov. se distingue de 1’espece atlantique boreale P. loveni Bocage, 1868, par la longueur

nettement superieure de ses m6gascl£res. Bocage (1869) figure un oxe de l’axe qui mesure environ 500 pm et

Topsent (1928) a observe des megascleres de 385455 pm. II est plus difficile de comparer les details de structure

des discorhabdes, dont on trouve peu de stades de croissance.

IN CER TAE SEDIS

Genre TRACHOSTYLEA Topsent, 1928

Trachostylea lamellata sp. nov.

Fig. 9 C; PI. HI, fig. 5

Materiel EXAMINfc. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 70, 23°24,70’S-167°53,65 , E, 965 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3590.

Description. — Assez curicuse eponge, arrach^e au substrat ou elle semble fixee par la base d’une corolle &

fine paroi (1-2 mm). Cette lame inferieure, a surface herisscc de petits spicules, est prolong<$e par une sorte de

cheminde plate a septes longitudinaux internes irr£guliers et surface lisse. Paroi et septes ont 1 mm d’epaisseur.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATMYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALJiDONIE

Le squclcilc y csl constitute par des spicules enchevetres. A la face interne de la corolle, on voit des lamelles

irregulieres avec des faisceaux de longs styles rugucux, groupes par paquets de 2 ou 3. En surface, dcs faisceaux

atteignent 130 pm de diamfctre, d'autres sont plus 6troits ct des spicules isoles forment un reseau periostiolaire.

Dans les membranes de la chcmincc, le squelette cst semblable.

Spicules : Styles entierement couverts de petites epines se repartissant en deux groupes de taille : 725-950 pm/

8-10 pm et 1300-1800 pm; trcis rarcs spicules : 2900 pm/10-20 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin lamella, lame, pour rappeler la forme de l'eponge.

REMARQUES. — Le genre Trachoslylea Topsent, 1928, est i ncertae sedis. TOPSENT considerc, avec doute, qu'il

apparticnt aux Axinellida. Le squelette du type, T. semota Topsent, 1928, a une structure vaguement reticule et

les spicules sont des styles ou subtylostyles couverts d'epines basses. T. semota a 6\6 preleve sur des fragments de

polypes noircis, a 2460 m de profondeur, au nord dcs Azores (42°53 , N-28 o 30 , W). C'est une eponge en plaque molle

h reseau unispicule, peu regulier, sans spongine, dont les spicules mesurent 160-280 pm/4-5 pm et 385-455 pm/

9 pm.

Ordre AGELASIDA

Famille AGELAS1DAE Verrill, 1907

Genre AGELAS Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864

Agelas dendromorpha sp. nov.

Fig. 11 A; PI. Ill, fig. 6

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 65, 24°47,90'S-168°09,09’E, 275-245 m.

Plusieurs specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3591 .Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3644.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge buissonnante, dont la lige principal mesure 9-10 mm de long et 3 mm de diam^tre.

Elle se divise en ramcaux et bourgeons terminaux, espaces tous les 3 mm environ. Ceux-ci mesurent 2-3 mm de

diametre. Les eponges entieres mesurent 30 a 35 mm de haut et leur envergure est environ 30 sur 15 a 40 sur

20 mm. Le squelette est tres riche en spongine; les spicules sont surtout situes a la peripheric des colonnettes ou

des rameaux. A la peripheric de l'eponge, il existe dcs petits acanthostyles libres.

Spicules : Acanthostyles principaux, verticilles, legerement courbes, a 12-18 verticilles irr6gulicrs : 130-

260 pm/10-12 pm.

Acanthostyles superficiels a verticilles peu organises : on en compte cependant 8 ou 9 : 60-100 pm/3-4 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Grec dendron , arbre, pour rappeler la forme de l’eponge.

Remarques. — Cette Agelas se distingue nettement des autres especes du genre par sa morphologie

arbusculaire et surtout par ses petits acanthostyles superficiels libres, nettement distincts des acanthostyles

principaux.

Ordre POECILOSCLERIDA

Famille DESMACELLIDAE Ridley & Dendy. 1886

Genre DESMACELLA Schmidt, 1870

Desmacella toxophora sp. nov.

Fig. 11 B

MATERIEL EXAMINE.—Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 52, 23 o 05,79’S-167 o 46,54’E, 600-540 m. Un

specimen.

CLAUDE LgVI

Types. — Holoiype : MNHN DCL 3640.

Description. — Fragments amorphcs d'epongc massive, dc couleur jaune paille h gris jaune; ils enrobcni

divers debris biogenes, donl des squclcltes de Stylasterides el mesurent 45/25/7 mm. 35/20/8 mm. etc.. L’dpais-

seur varie de 3 a 10 mm. L'epongc esl friable ci 16gere. La surface est irnSgulierc cl finement hispide. On observe

quelqucs oscules de 1 & 1,5 mm dc diamelre. Quelques canaux de meme diametre Iraversenl Fdponge. Lc squeletlc sc

compose de tylostyles de longueurs varices; dans lc choanosome ils soni disposes en dcsordre; les spicules les plus

longs sonl les plus frequents, mais on Irouvc aussi des spicules courts. A la pcriphdrie, les tylostyles forment un

feutrage de spicules de toules longueurs, cnchevetres, constituant une sorte dc cortex rigide: par places, des touffes

superposees dc tylostyles courts entourcnt un tylostyle long. Les toxes sont nombreux dans le choanosome.

Spicules : Tylostyles legerement courbcs : 1000-1250 pm/25 pm et 750-950 pm/20 pm; base : 20-25 pm/18-

20 pm.

Tylostyles combes : .300-600 pm/10-12 pm.

Toxes h forte courbure : 90-140 pm; hauteur: 25 it 40 pm.

Fig. 11. — Spicules : \, Agetas dendromorpha sp. nov. — B, Desmacella loxophora sp. nov. — C, Biemna

granulosigmaia sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

Source; MNHN, Paris

SP0NGIA1RES BATHYAUX DR NOUVRIJJ*-CAIJ*DONIE

Rrmarques. — Chez les Spongiaires, la presence simultanee de tyloslylcs et de toxes est exceptionnelle.

Aucune Hadromerida n'a de toxes et chez les Poecilosclerida, scul le genre Desmacella Schmidt (= Tylodesma

Thiele) produit ces deux types de spicules. Encore faut-il prdciser que la majorite des espcces de Desmacella ont

surtout des tylostylcs et des sigmates et que les toxes sont additionncls et greles. Lambe (1894) a ddcrit une

Desmacella pennata avec toxes epais. mais il est tres probable que cette espece septentrionale, riche en spongine,

appartient plutot a la famille des Microcionidae et peut-etre au genre Ophlitaspongia. II n’est pas utile de reprendre

ici une discussion sur la position systematique du genre Desmacella sans arguments nouveaux. mais comme cn

1956, je crois qu’il convicnt de separcr complctement les Desmacella (= Tylodesma) des Biemna Gray, 1867.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Grec phorein, porter, pour rappeler la presence de toxes.

Genre BIEMNA Gray, 1867

Biemna granulosigmata sp. nov.

Fig. 11 C

Materiel EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 46, 22°53,05’S-167°17,08’E, 570-610 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3592.

Description. — Eponge de couleur gris clair, en forme de coussin plat a peine sureleve au centre, mesurant

12/10/1 mm; il existe un ectosome bien distinct du choanosomc et un petit oscule central et apical. Le squclette

se compose de styles courbes, sdpares, formant un reseau tres irregulier. Les microscleres sont tres nombreux; les

sigmates en C sont epais et cntourent chacun un paquct de pet its granules organiques, de nature inconnue.

Spicules : Styles courbes et flexueux : 460-520 pm/18-20 pm.

Sigmates : 20 pm et 2 pm d'epaisseur.

Rhaphides-microxes en trichodragmates : 150- 180 pm. Abondants.

Rhaphides-microxes : 45-70 pm. Rares.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin granum, grain, en liaison avec l'association de granules aux sigmates.

Rrmarques. — Cette Biemna est caracterisee par des sigmates d'une seule categoric de taille, comme chez

B. micro sir ongyla Hentschel, 1912, B. microxa Hentschel 1911, B. ciocalyptoides Burton, 1959, B fragilis

Kieschnick, 1898, et B. humilis Thiele. 1903. Seules, B. microstrongyla et B. microxa ont deux categories de

rhaphides, mais B. microstrongyla a des sigmates de 9-10 pm et B. microxa a des rhaphides de 65-77 pm et de

25 pm seulement.

Famille MYCALIDAE Lundbeck, 1905

Genre MYCALE Gray, 1867

Mycale incurvata sp. nov.

Fig. 12; PI. ID, fig. 7

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 36, 23 o 08,64’S-167°10.99'E, 650-680 m. —

St. DW 51, 23°05,27'S-167°44,95’E, 700-680 m. — St. CP 52, 23 o 05,79'S-167°46,54’E, 600-540 m. Trois specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3593. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3593.

Description. — Eponge de coulcur gris jaune verdatre en forme de fcuillc epaisse recourbee, avec une face

concave et une face convexe separccs, lateralcmcnt, par un large bourrelet de 20 a 25 mm d'epaisseur. Les deux

specimens complets mesurent respcctivement 70/40/25 mm et 65/40/20 mm. Les deux faces sont divis6es par de

CLAUDE l£VI

nombreux sillons reticules et sonl finement hispides; dies sont percees d'orifices aquiferes de 1 mm environ dc

diametre. Les bourrclcts lateraux ont lc meme aspect et sont dgalement pereds d’orifices. La charpente est

plumoreticulee, avec des fibres de styles qui deviennent radiaires pr6s de la surface et s’y ach6vent cn paquets de

spicules divergents. Sur les fibres, les grands anisochdes sonl fixes en pseudorosettes, car chaque anisochele est

fix£ independamment sur la fibre.

Spicules : Styles : 400-500 pm/12-15 pm ou 460-590 pm/12-15 pm.

Anisochdes 1 : 100 pm/30-35 pm.

Anisochcles 2 : 38-48 pm/12-20 pm.

Anisochdes 3 : 20-22 pm/8 pm.

Fig. 12. — Spicules de Mycale incurvata sp. nov. Echelle = 100 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin incurvus, courbe, pour rappeler la morphologie de 1'eponge.

REMARQUES. — Cette dponge, dont la spiculation comprend trois categories d’anisocheles, s'apparente a cet

egard a d'autres esp6ces d'eau froide, telles que Mycale trichela L6vi, 1963, d'Afrique du Sud, M. dellojuradoi

Burton, 1940, d’Argentine. M. gaussiana Hentschel. 1914, M. ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906), M. bellabellensis

(Lambe, 1905) et M. strelnicovi Rezvoy. 1924.

Elle se distingue dc loutes ces especes par sa morphologie generate et par les details dc sa spiculation.

Genre HAMACANTHA Gray, 1867

Hamacantha acerata sp. nov.

Fig. 13 A

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 33, 23°09,7rS-167°10,27 , E, 675-680 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3594.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge fixee sur divers petits debris calcaires, de coulcur blanc gris clair, mesurant

20/15/2 mm. La surface est reticulee. La pellicule superficielle, tr&s fine, conlient des sigmancistres et quelques

diancistres. Le squelette principal se compose de paquets de styles en groupes de trois, associes en faisceaux epais

ou entrecroises. Certains paquets se disposent radiairement autour de grains de sable.

Spicules : Styles courbes : 330-390 pm/7-8 pm.

Diancistres : 190-200 pm; rapport longueur des pointes sur longueur totale = 0,46; rapport largeur sur

longueur totale = 0,25.

Sigmancistres avec epines subterm inales et lamelle centrale; parfois quelques epines internes aux tiers dc la

longueur : 42-45 pm.

Sigmates en C : 18 pm.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAL&DONIE

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin acer, aigu, en relation avec la forme des extremites des diancistres.

Remarques. — Cette Hamacantha a deux categories de diancistres et avec sigmates sc rapproche du groupe

d'especes : H. esperioicles Ridley & Dendy, 1886, //. carteri Topsent, 1904, II. lundbecki Topsent, 1904. Elle s’en

distingue par la grande longueur des megascleres et surtout par la morphologie des petits diancistres.

Fig. 13. — Spicules : A, Hamacantha acerata sp. nov. — B, Hamacantha atoxa sp. nov. — C, Hamacantha forcipulata sp.

nov. — D, Hoplakithara exoclavata sp. nov. Echclles = 100 pm.

Hamacantha atoxa sp. nov.

Fig. 13 B; PI. Ill, fig. 8

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : 20°30,65’S-166°50,30'E, 440 m. Un specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3595.

Description. — Eponge d'un millimetre d'epaisseur. de couleur jaunatre, fixee sur une coquille bivalve. Elle

cst couvcrtc par une fine pellicule ectosomique contenant dcs styles entrecrois£s et des diancistres de petite taille.

Lc choanosome contient des paqucts de styles entrecroises, rarement alignes, et des grands diancistres. Cette eponge

se distingue seulement d' Hamacantha bowerbanki Lundbeck, 1902 [= ? H.falcula (Bowerbank, 1874)] par l'absence

de toxes. Ce sont dcs Hamacantha h 3 categories de diancistres.

Spicules : Styles : 400-430 pm/8 pm.

Diancistres 1 : 175-160 pm.

Diancistres 2 : 40-43 pm.

Diancistres 3 : 20 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — a privatif pour rappeler l'absence de toxes.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Remarques. — Celte eponge se distingue sculement d 'll. bowerbanki Lundbeck (= H.falcula Bowerbank ?)

par 1'abscnce de toxes. Ce sont des Hamaeaniha <\ trois categories dc diancistres.

Hamacantha forcipulata sp. nov.

Fig. 13 C

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : 20°30,60'S-166 o 50,30’E, 440-460 m. Un specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3596.

Description. — Eponge blanchatre, reduite pour 1'essenticl a unc pclliculc dc surface translucide ou les

nombreux styles sont en couchc unique tangentielle et orientes dans un sens preferentiel. Cette pellicule contient

les trois types de microscleres, dont de nombreux sigmates greles. Par place, quclques faisceaux de styles

choanosomiques restent fixes a la pellicule.

Spicules : Styles : 370-460 |i /12 pm.

Diancistres : 120-170 pm/35 pm; les deux extremites se situant dans des plans differents.

Sigmancistres a forte courbure, les deux extremites elargies se rejoignant, ce qui donne aux spicules l'aspect de

mcnottes d'arrestation : 35-45 pm.

Sigmates greles : 25 pm/1 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin forceps, pinces, en liaison avec la forme des diancistres.

Remarques. — Cette eponge a des diancistres sigmoides tout a fait caracteristiques, inconnus chez les autres

Hamacantha.

Famille CLADORHIZIDAE Laubenfels, 1936

Genre ASBESTOPLUMA Norman, 1882

Asbestopluma bilamellata sp. nov.

Fig. 14 A; PI. IV, fig. 1

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE -Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 33, 23°09,71’S- 167°10,27E, 675-680 m. Un

specimen

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3597.

Description. — Eponge dont l’aspect rappelle divers Pennatulaires; elle se compose d'un pedoncule axial

courb£, formant Techine dorsale" convexe de la partie distale plus 6paisse, mais creuse. Le pedoncule qui mesure

20 mm de long est couvert d'une couchc de tissu soutenu par un fin squelette radiaire. qui le rend hispide. La partie

distale mesure 27 mm de haul et 3-4 mm de diametre; elle est composee de deux lames recourses sur elles-memes

en cornet et separees sur la face concave opposee a la nervure longitudinale. Le squelette de ces lames fragiles, qui

se d£coupent aisement en languettes juxtaposees, est compose de grands styles tangentiels, qui leur donnent un

aspect lisse et meme brillant. Mais vers l'extremite enroulec, on voit un revetement hispide, semblable a celui du

pedoncule.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 410-650 jim/10-20 pm.

Styles courbes : 250-400 pm/10-12 pm.

Anisocheles : 25-28 pm/11-12 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin, bis, deux, et lamella, lame, pour rappelcr la morphologie de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Aucune espccc semblable, ni par sa morphologie, ni par la spiculation, n'a ete decrite.

Source:

SPONGIAIRKS BATHYAUX DR NOUVRUi-CAIJ-DONIE

Asbestopluma biserialis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)

Fig. 14 B

Esperella biserialis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 : 340.

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 26, 22°39,66’S-166°27,4rE, 1618-1740 m. Un

specimen (MNHN DCL 3598).

DESCRIPTION. — Tigcllc d'un millimetre de diametre et 95 mm de long, rdduite au squelette axial, sauf sur une

partie encore couverte d'une fine couche de tissu mou. Vers la region apicale. des faisceaux squelettiques lateraux

sont disposes en deux rangccs opposdes; ils mesurent 1 mm de long environ.

Spicules : Styles principaux rectilignes : 1600-1800 pm/20-21 pm.

Styles secondaires, rectilignes, subtylostylcs, polytylotes : 375-800 pm/10-14 pm.

Anisochkles : 8-10 pm.

Sigmancistres : 26-28 pm.

Distribution. — Ocean Pacifiquc : fosse des Kermadec, N.W. Pacifique.

Fig. 14. — Spicules : A , Asbestopluma bilamellata sp. nov. — H, Asbestopluma biserialis Ridley & Dendy. —

C, Cladorhiza schistochela sp. nov. — D, Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE LEVI

Genre CLADORH/ZA Sars, 1872

Cladorhiza schistochela sp. nov.

Fig. 14 C; PI. IV, fig. 2; PI. IX, fig. 5

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nou velle-Caledonie. Biocal : si. DW 70, 23°24,70’S-167°53,65 , E, 965 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3603.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge fixCe par un fin pedoncule spiculaire de I mm de diamStre, dc coulcur jaune, s'Slevant

sur une sole basale de 7 sur 3 mm de diametre. Toutc Feponge mesure 140 mm de haut (dont le pedoncule qui

mesurc 40 mm). L'axc spiculaire traverse la panic distale de Feponge, qui esl en forme de manchon subcylindrique

courbe. La face concave, de 8 mm de large, est marquee par la presence d'un sillon longitudinal. L'Sponge se

prolonge lateralement par deux franges recourbees qui limitent le sillon. Le squelette periaxial est fait dc faisceaux

de styles et de spicules entrecroises pres de la surface.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 2,8-3 mm/30 pm.

Styles d’accompagnement: 1,1-1,5 mm/18 pm.

Styles courts : 550-700 pm/8-12 pm.

Anisochcles : 60-100 pm; les dents du petit cote sont bifides.

Sigmates de deux failles : 100-125 pm ct 50 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Grec schistos, fendu, pour rappeler la morphologic des anisochcles.

Remarques. — La spiculation de cettc eponge est presqu'identique a cclle d'une eponge dCcrite par Ridley et

Dendy (1886) sous le nom de Cladorhiza (?) tridentata, rCcoltee par le " Challenger ", entre les ties Prince Edwards

et Crozet (46°16 , S-48°27 , E), a 2900 m de profondeur. Mais la morphologie est completement differente.

C. tridentata est en forme de dome; RIDLEY ct Dendy ont hesite a placer cettc eponge dans le genre Cladorhiza.

Nous avons egalemcnt hesite a classer Feponge de Biocal dans ce genre, car sa morphologie est semblable a celle

d 'Asbestopluma. II est vrai que plusieurs types morphologiques identiques ont ete observes dans les trois genres

Asbestopluma . Chondrocladia et Cladorhiza.

Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Fig. 14 D; PI. IV, fig. 4-6

Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 : 343.

Materiel EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 27, 23°05,52 , S-166°26,41 , E, 1850-1900 m. Cinq

specimens (MNHN DCL 3604).

Description. — Eponge en forme de parapluie ou de parapluie inverse, dont le pedicelle tres mince,

partiellement rccouvert de tissu mou, attcint 70 mm de long sur 1 a 2 mm de large. Au sommet, Fombrelle ou la

coupe est formee de 15a 20 filaments qui attcignent 30 mm de long, s'ils ne sont pas brises. Au sommet de

Feponge on observe un petit prolongement claviforme ressemblant a un pistil de fleur. 11 porte dc tres courtes

epines qui sont des faisceaux spiculaires perpendiculaires h l'axe. La surface de ce cone contient de nombreux

anisancres; le “pistil” contient des masses cellulaires d'aspect reproducteur.

Spicules : Styles principaux: jusqu'a 3600 pm/50 pm.

Styles sccondaires : 650-700 pm/30 pm et 250-300 pm/8-10 pm.

Anisancres : 30 pm.

Remarques. — Ces Sponges sont tres proches des C. similis, C. longipinna et C. inversa decrites par Ridley

et Dendy (1886, 1887). Elies appartiennent tres certainement a C. similis , recoltee dans le Pacifique sud, plus a

l’est, mais h latitude equivalcntc : 22°2rS-150°17'W, C4360 m de profondeur.

Dis tribution. — Pacifique sud.

Source:

SPONGIAIRES BATITYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAU-DONIE

Genre CHONDROCLADIA Wyville Thomson, 1873

Chondrocladia cortcrescens (Schmidt), 1880

Fig. 15 A; PI. IV, fig. 8

Cladorhiza cortcrescens Schmidt, 1880 : 83, pi. X, fig. 8-9.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 26, 22°39,66'S-166 0 27,41’E, 1618-1740 m. —

St. CP 60, 24°01,45’S-167°08,43'E, 1530-1480 m. — St. CP 62, 24°19,06’S-167°48,65 , E, 1395-1410 m. Plusicurs

specimens (MNHN DCL 3600).

Description. — Le plus grand specimen est une Sponge dressee, haute de 120 mm avec pedonculc epais,

mesurant 55 mm/5 mm. La partie distale comporte un axe qui mesure 65 mm de long et 10 mm de diam&tre et des

prolongements pcrpendiculaires h Taxe, mesurant 40 mm de long et 2 mm de diametre, enflds ^ Textremite en

masses molles de 15,5 mm. Ccs prolongements sont groupes plus ou moins en vcrticillcs autour de Taxe. Ceux

du verticille sup6ricur sont les plus minces (3 mm de diam&tre). II existe une couverture de styles rugueux, des

isancres & 7 dents et des grands sigmates.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 2500-3200 pm/25-45 pm.

Styles ou oxes fusiformes : 500-900 pm/10-28 pm.

Styles rugueux : 220-240 ou 375-450 pm.

Isancres a 7 dents : 90-100 pm.

Isancres: peu arques dans deux specimens : 35-45 pm, assez arques dans le troisieme : 25-28 pm/15 pm.

Sigmates legerement aplatis et disymetriques : 70-80 pm.

Sigmancistres : 45-50 pm.

Fig. 15. — Spicules : A .Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt). — B, Chondrocladia scolionema sp. nov. —

C, Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE LEVI

Remarques. — Ce specimen appartient au groupe “ concrescens ”, bien revu et detaille par Topsent (1930); ce

groupe est caractrise par des eponges de meme morphologie et par la presence de styles rugueux superficiels. Le

specimen de Nouvelle-Caledonie n'est pas tres different de C. yatsui Topsent, 1930 (baie de Sagami, 637 m).

C. challengeri Topsent, 1920 (Pacifique nord, 5275 m), C. concrescens Schmidt, 1880 (golfe du Mexiquc) et

C. verticil lata Topsent, 1920 (golfe du Mexiquc) par la presence de styles rugueux superficiels.

Distribution. — Grenade (Antilles).

Chondrocladia scolionema sp. nov.

Fig. 15 B; PI. IV, fig. 3

MATERIEL EXAMINE. ^Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 72, 22°09.02 , S-167 o 33,I8 , E. 2100-2110 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — Holotype ; MNHN DCL 3601.

Description. — Eponge fixee par un long pcdicelle grele de I mm de diametre et 80 mm de long, s'elargissant

un peu sous la masse distale. Celle-ci est conique et mesure 13 mm de diametre et environ 10 mm de haut; a la

base de la masse distale partent environ 45 filaments lateraux. dont certains atteignent 30 mm de long; d‘autres

filaments, plus courts, sont visibles plus haut sur lc cone, pres du court cylindre distal. Le squelette est typique,

avec une couche de styles peripheriques et de nombreux isancres sur toute la surface.

Spicules : Styles principaux, rectilignes, subtylostyles : 1400-2500 pm/20-30 pm.

Styles secondaires : 700-850 pm/12-20 p.

Isancres tridentes : 50-58 pm (55 pm), largeur 10 pm; largeur de la tige : 8 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grec scolia, courbe, allusion aux filaments lateraux.

Remarques. — Par sa forme conique, son pcdicelle et ses filaments, ccttc eponge appartient au groupe des

Crinorhiza . Elle se distingue de Chondrocladia crinita Ridley & Dendy, 1886, C. guiteli Topsent, 1904,

C. antarctica Hcntschel. 1914, C. amphiactis Schmidt, 1880, et C. clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886, par la presence

de petits filaments apicaux et par la spiculation sans sigmates.

Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.

Fig. 15 C; PI. II, fig. 9-12

Materiel EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 29, 23°07,5rS-166°40,15'E, 1100 m. —

St. CP 30, 23°08,44'S-166°40,83'E, 1140 m. — St. CP 55, 23°19,76 , S-167°30,46 , E, 1175-1160 m. Plusieurs

specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3602. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3606.

Description. — Eponges pcdicellees, dont le pcdicelle, brise tres pres de la masse distale se compose d'un cor¬

don dense de 2-4 mm de diametre, compost de styles longitudinaux, sans microscleres associes et sans enveloppe

de styles rugueux. La partie distale tronconique, aplatie ou piriforme, est assez molle et de couleur grise. Le

faisceau axial de styles la traverse et se termine cn un court bouton saillant. Ces eponges mesurent 17/15/4 mm,

20/15/8 mm, 20/18/4 mm, cn general de 15 a 25 mm de diametre. Le squelette hors pcdicelle axial est assez

confus; il se compose de styles plus courts et de nombreux isancres tridents auxquels s'ajoutent de rares sigmates.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 1400-1550 pm/28-30 pm.

Styles secondaires, courbes : 700-900 pm / 20-22 pm.

Isancres tridentes : 88-90 pm.

Sigmates : 120-140 pm, legerement aplatis et denticules avant les courbures terminales; ils peuvent etre

interprets comme des sigmancistres.

Etymologie. — Du Latin pulvinatus, bombe, en rapport avec la forme de 1'eponge.

Remarques. — Aucune Chondrocladia decrite n'a la morphologie de cctte espece.

Source MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Famille ESPERIOPSIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Genre ESPERIOPSIS Carter, 1882

Esperiopsis challengeri Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Fig. 16 A; PI. IV, fig. 7; PI. IX, fig. 8

Esperiopsis challengeri Ridley & Dendy, 1886 : 341.

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 31, 23 o 07,26’S-166°50,45 , E, 850 m. Trois

specimens (MNHN DCL 3531).

Description. — Eponge pddonculee mesurant de 140 a 195 mm de haut; lc pddoncule, fixe sur un substrat

solide, mesure 2-3 mm de diametre et se subdivise ou non en pedoncules secondaires de 1-1,5 mm de diametre;

ceux-ci mesurent environ 30 mm de long. Le premier apparait h 95-100 mm de la base. Aux extremites du

pddoncule principal et des pedoncules secondaires, l'eponge est en forme d'ombrelles de 10 h 20 mm de diametre.

Chaque ombrelle est soutenue par des rayons divergents issus du pcdoncule et conslitues, comme lui, de paquets de

styles longitudinaux, herissds de spicules perpendiculaires ou obliques. La face convexe est irreguliere, osculaire.

L’epaisseur de l'ombrelle atteint 2 a 3 mm a l'oppose du pedoncule. Le squelette peripherique des deux faces est

forme de cordons de styles.

Spicules : Styles courbes : 390-600 pm/12-18 pm.

Isocheles palm6s : 40-42 pm.

Remarques. — Cette tres remarquable espece n'a 6te recoltee auparavant que par le " Challenger Ridley et

DENDY (1886) l'ont decrite de la station 196, dans Test des Celebes. & 1300 m de profondeur. Les isocheles de leurs

specimens sont nettement plus longs, en moyenne 50 pm, et les styles sont plus courts : 350 pm. Un autre

specimen recolte par le " Challenger ", au sud des Ties Philippines, pres de Tile Meangis, par 900 m de profondeur, a

des styles de 600 pm de long, plus comparables a ceux de Nouvelle-Caledonie. E. challengeri a ete rdeemment

prelevee par moins de 200 m de profondeur entre les Ties Abrolhos et Roti (J. HOOPER, comm. pers.).

Distribution. — 0°48'S-126°58 , E et 4°33'N-127 o 06 , E.

Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov.

Fig. 16 B; PI. V, fig. 1; pi. IX, fig. 6

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 54. 23°10,30'S-167°42,98'E, 1000-950 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3630.

Description. — Eponge lamellaire. fragmenlaire, dc 3 mm d'epaisseur el mesurant 60 mm de long el 20-

27 mm de large. La couleur esl blanc creme clair. La consistance est assez fermc. Les deux faces sont semblables,

ponctuces de perforations de 0.4-0.5 mm de diametre. La surface parait dgalc et presque lisse. En fait il existe une

tres fine hispidation superficiellc. L'anatomie est un dcs caractdres importants de cette espdee. L'eponge est

traversee par dcs canaux perpendiculaires au grand axe de la lame et ces canaux. accoles, paraissent gendralcment

s'ouvrir sur les deux faces. II est difficile de voir si cette structure est semblable. par excmple, k cellc des

Craticulariidac. avec alternance de canaux ouverts ou fermds sur chacune des faces de l'eponge. Certains orifices

sont beams; d'autres contiennent quelques paquets de spicules superficiels radiaires; le canal mesure environ

300 pm. La fermetd de l'eponge est due a l'existence de bandes polyspiculces longitudinals de styles, qui

prennent sou vent I'aspect de lamelles. Ces bandes ont 500 pm a 1 mm d’epaisseur et sont espacees tous les

millimetres. Les canaux passent entre les fibres. Ces fibres sont entourees d'alignements radiaires a 2-3 spicules

divergents. dont les peripheriques creent la trds legere hispidation. Ces alignements sont places environ tous les

100 pm.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Spicules : Styles courbes : 250-300 pm/9-10 pm.

Isocheles palmes : 40-60 pm et 30 |im.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Grec dia, a travers et solen, tube, pour rappeler le systcme aquiferc de l'dponge.

Remarques. — Les isochfcles d 'E. diasolenia sp. nov. sont semblables & ceux d villosa (Carter, 1874), de

1’Atlantique nord.

FlG. 16. — Spicules : A, Esperiopsis challengeri Ridley & Dendy. — B, Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov. —

C, Esperiopsis flava sp. nov. — D, Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov. — E, Esperiopsis magnifolia sp. nov. Echelles =

100 pm.

Esperiopsis flava sp. nov.

Fig. 16 C; PI. IX, fig. 12-13

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 36, 23°08,64’S-167°10,99’E; 650-680 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3605.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge de couleur jaune vif, revetant des debris coralliens, mesurant 1 a 2 mm d'epaisseur, a

surface egale, sans orifices visibles, mais avec 2 ou 3 depressions qui pourraient etre inhalantes. Le squelette, sans

fibres ni faisceaux, se compose de styles Uts nombreux, tous orientds, ascendants (sans hispidation). La couche

superficielle de l'eponge contient les isocheles arques.

Spicules : Styles polytylotes rectilignes : 525-600 pm/10-12 pm.

Isocheles en forme de pinces de crabe : 32-33 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin flava, jaune, allusion a la couleur de l'eponge.

Source: MNHN , Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE

Remarques. — La spiculation de cette eponge est analogue a celle d'Esperiopsis pulchella Ridley & Dendy.

1886. el de Phelloderma radiatum Ridley & Dendy. 1886. Ellc ressemble plus a celle de P. radiaiunt, mais ces

eponges sont assez nettement differenles.

E. pulchella. de Nouvellc-Guinee, est une eponge cncroutante, vcn noiratre, avec des aires poriferes

minuscules. Un autre specimen du SSW de Kerguelen (BOURY-ESNAULT & Van Beveren. 1982) est Sgalemenl

encroutante avec des cribles. P. radiatum est subglobulaire avec un ectosome cortical brun clair dans l'alcool.

E.flava ressemble a E. pulchella dont ellc se distingue par la couleur jaunc vif et par la longueur bicn moindre

des isocheles. Sa spiculation est tres proche de celle du specimen de Kerguelen.

Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov.

Fig. 16 D; PI. V. fig. 8; PI. IX. fig. 7

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 61, 24°11,67'S-167°31,37'E, 1070 in. Un

specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3631.

Description. — Eponge pddiccllee, dont le pddicclle mesure 90 mm sur 1 mm de diametre. La surface est

hispide. La partic terminale forme une sorte de lame enroulee sur elle-meme; ellc mesure 2 mm d'epaisseur environ

au sommet. Sa largeur est de l’ordre de 10 mm et sa longueur de 25 mm. Le squelette de l'axe du pedicelle se

ramifie plusieurs fois dans la partic distale ou le squelette est dendritique et compose de styles. Les spicules sont

groupes en fibres de 300 pm environ, associds dans le pedicelle; ils se separent progressivement dans la partie

apicale; dans la zone plus epaisse, on observe un squelette soit dendritique, soil dendroreticute, avec spicules isoles

ou groupes par paquets de 2 ou 3. A la surface, de nombreux isocheles sont rcpartis, notamment dans la partie

convexe de la region distale.

Spicules : Styles courbes en deux classes de longueur: 250-400 pm et 450-600 pm/ 12 pm.

Isoch&les palmes : 40-45 pm; les deux extremites ne sont pas toujours disposees dims le meme plan.

Etymologie. — Du Grec inodes, fibreux, allusion au squelette de l'dpongc.

Remarques. — Cette espece d 'Esperiopsis est stipitee et son squelette principal est compose de fibres

polyspiculaires se ramifiant, ce qui est aussi le cas chcz d'autres Esperiopsis dressces.

Esperiopsis magnifolia sp. nov.

Fig. 16 E; PI. V, fig. 2

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : numero de station inconnu. Deux specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3607. Paratype : MNHN DCL 3645.

Description. — Eponges foliacees mesurant respectivement 45/6/135 mm et 55/7/180 mm. La base de la

feuillle, pedonculee, est soutenue par un tres dpais faisceau de styles, qui se ramifie en nombreuses fibres

spiculaires de 300 pm d’epaisseur, cspacees tous les 800 pm environ. Entre ces fibres principales, le squelette est

dendrordticule avec spicules en bouquets ou en reseau 1-3 spicule. En surface, les styles terminaux sont dresses et

saillants. Les deux faces de l’eponge sont semblables en apparence, peredes d'orifices nombreux de 800 pm a 1 mm

de diametre. II existe des orifices semblables sur la petite face laterale, couverte d'une fine membrane ectosomique

detachable ou sont les isocheles. Une des faces principales est sillonnee de cretes sinueuscs, hispides, divergentes,

orientees longitudinalement.

Spicules : Styles courbes : 350-450 pm/10-11 pm.

Isocheles caracteristiques du genre : 28-40 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin magnus, grand, et folium, feuille, pour rappeler la forme de l’cponge.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Remarques. — Cette espbee de grande taille est actuellement unique cn son genre, mcmc si la spiculation a

certaines convergences avec ccllcs d'£. stipula Koltun, 1958, E. rugosa Thiele, 1905, et E. uncigera Topsent,

1928.

Genre HOPLAKITHARA Kirkpatrick, 1907

Hoplakithara exoclavata sp. nov.

Fig. 13 D; PI. V, fig. 5-6; PI. IX, fig. 9-11

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 67, 24 0 55,44’S-168°21,55'E, 500-510 m. Plusieurs

specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3639. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3646.

DESCRIPTION. — Comme H. dendyi Kirkpatrick, 1907, type du genre, cette espece se presente sous la forme de

coussins planconvexes hemisphdriques, assez rdgulicrs, de 4 a 12 mm de diametre et 2 a 5 mm d’epaisseur. La

couleur est gris clair. La consistance est souple, mais Tectosome est plus ferme que le choanosome. La surface

convexe est entierement hispide. Les orifices sont invisibles. Plusieurs specimens ont un paquet de spicules plus

longs pres du sommet. Le choanosome contient des chambres flagellees de 30 pm de diametre, ires serrdes; lc

mesohyle semble rdduit. Le squelette est formd de paquets de 3 & 10 oxes rectilignes, entrecroises dans tout le

choanosome aulour de cavites. Sur toute la surface libre, dcs exotyles sont rdgulierement implants, Fextremite

claviforme vers Fcxtericur; ils sont responsablcs de Fhispidation de Feponge. La surface de fixation n'a pas

d’exotyles; les oxes y forment un squelette tangentiel irregulier.

Spicules : Oxes rectilignes : 420-525 pm/8-10 pm et 280-300 pm/8-10 pm.

Exotyles dont Fextremite proximale est pointue et Fextremite distale est claviforme : 810-880 pm/7-10 pm.

Le spicule s'elargit progressivement sur 50 a 80 pm jusqu'a atteindre 12-13 pm de diametre. Cette partie du

spicule est d'apparence rugueuse et done couverte de petites epines basses.

Placocheles : 55-65 pm/20-23 pm.

Placocheles : 32-36 pm/10-11 pm.

Bipocilles : 8 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin clava, massue, pour rappeler la forme des exotyles.

Remarques. — Cette espece se distingue du type, H. dendyi Kirkpatrick, 1907, espece antarctique, dont les

exotyles sont a extremite spheroide, les placocheles plus grands et les oxes remplaces par des strongyles; mais leur

morphologic et leur anatomie sont semblables.

Famillc MYXILLIDAE Topsent, 1928

Genre LISSODENDORYX Topsent, 1894

Eissodendoryx bifacialis Levi & Levi, 1983

Fig. 17 A

Eissodendoryx bifacialis Levi & Levi, 1983 : 959, fig. 23, pi. VI, Fig. 1.

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 109, 22°10,03’S-167°15,22’E, 495-515 m. Un

specimen et des debris (MNHN DCL 3608).

Description. — Grosse lame de 10 mm d'epaisseur, legerement incurvcc, de couleur brun rougeatre et

mesurant 80 sur 55 mm d'envergure. La face concave est couverte par une fine membrane criblce, bien visible

au-dessus des canaux inhalants, qui mesurent 1 a 2.5 mm de diametre. Cette face est lisse et un peu luisante. La

Source ; MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DR NOUVEII-E-CALfcDONIE

face convexc, bcaucoup plus irreguliere, h membrane non criblee, est percee d'orifices de 2 mm environ, sans doute

osculaires. Le squelette est reticuld, myxilloi'de.

Spicules : Tylotes : 290-330 pm/ 6 pm.

Acanthostylcs enticement 6pineux ou non : 350-500 pm/15-16 pm.

Isocheles arques : 30-45 pm.

Isocheles arques : 18-20 pm.

Sigmates : 28-30 pm.

Distribution. — Nouvcllc-Cal&lonie.

Fig. 17. — Spicules : A , Lissodendoryx bifacialis Levi & Levi. — B, Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov. —

C , Lissodendoryx tubiformis sp. nov. — D, Echinostylinos gorgonopsis sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov.

Fig. 17 B; PI. V, fig. 7

MATfiRIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 52, 23°05,79 , S-167°46,54 , E, 600-540 in. Trois

fragments.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3609.

Description. — La morphologic de l'cponge est celle dune chainette dressee, dont la tige axiale mesure 0,7-

1 mm de diametre et 100 mm de long. Chaque element de la chaine mesure 7/7/2 mm environ; il est un peu

caverneux et les canaux aquifercs y sont disposes obliquement. Ces elements sont regulierement espac£s le long de

la tige.

CLAUDE iiiVI

Le squelette principal est forme de gros paquets de styles mesurant environ 60 pm d'cpaisseur. En surface sont

concentres les subtylotes tangentiels, les sigmas et les isochfeles arques.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 550-600 pm/18-20 pm.

Tylotes ou subtylotes rectilignes : 340-400 pm/8-10 pm.

Isocheles arques : 30 pm.

Sigmates : 80 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin catena, chaine, pour rappeler la morphologie de l'eponge.

Remarques. — La morphologic de cette esp£ce est tout a fait originate.

Lissodendoryx stylophora L6vi & Levi, 1983

Lissodendoryx stylophora Levi & Levi. 1983 : 960, fig. 22, pi. VI, fig. 2 et pi. VIII, fig. 6.

MATI-RIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 36, 23°08,64'S-167°10,99'E, 650-680 m. Un

specimen. — St. CP 54, 23°10,30 , S-167°42,98 , E, 1000-950 m. Deux specimens (MNHN DCL 3610).

Description. — La description de fespece reste difficile en raison du polymorphisme dcs specimens tecoltes.

Celui de la station CP 54 est massif, de coulcur gris jaune, avec une face osculaire en cuvette et deux faces

extemes inhalantes mesurant 60 et 120 mm de cote. Les oscules mesurent de 1 a 3 mm de diantetre. II cxiste de

nombreux canaux de 1 mm de diametre. Le squelette est assez irregulier; les styles sont entrccroises, groupes par

deux ou solitaires. II est done moins structure que celui du type. Pres de la surface, les styles sont radiaires et sont

entoutes de faisceaux de styles courts, dresses, formant une sorte de palissadc. Les isodteles arques et surtout les

sigmates sont abondants dans l’ectosome.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Lissodendoryx tubiformis sp. nov.

Fig. 17 C; PI. V, fig. 3-4; PI. X, fig. 14

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 45, 22°47,34’S-167 o 14,80'E, 430-465 m. Deux

specimens. — St. DW 70, 23°24,70'S-167 o 53,65 , E, 965 m. Deux specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3611. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3657.

Description. — Le specimen holotype est dresse et mesure 200 mm de haut et 12 sur 5 mm de diametre au

sommet; il s'evase progressivement depuis la base de fixation. II existe une cavite axiale sur une grande partie de la

hauteur; elle s’ouvre au sommet de l'eponge, au milieu d'une membrane en un oscule de 1-2 mm. legerement en

retrait par rapport & fextremite de la paroi. Le squelette se compose de fibres asccndantes de styles, qui se ramifient

et forment fcnveloppe de la cavite axiale. De cette enveloppe, partent des styles radiaires transversaux, parfois

legerement reticules et des bouquets palissadiques de petits styles. Les microscleres sont abondants. Le paratype de

couleur ocrc grisatre mesure 130 mm de haut, 7-8 mm de diametre h la base et 2-3 mm au sommet, mais

l'exttemite supcricure manque. L'eponge est p&lonculee et s’elargit tres progressivement dans la moitte apicalc,

creusee d'une cavite axiale de 10 mm de diametre avec une paroi de 6 mm dtepaisseur environ. Le fond de la cavite

se situe au niveau d'une courbure du specimen a 70 mm de la base. La surface est egale, sans orifices visibles. La

face interne de la cavite axiale est lisse et perforce. Partout le squelette est puissant; les spicules sont tasses dans le

pcdoncule; plus haut ils sont soit associes en faisceaux ascendants, soit reticules en reseau myxilloide, formant

aussi des faisceaux radiaires p^ripheriques; de petits styles greles sont dresses & la surface, autour des faisceaux

radiaires. Les isocheles sont nombreux a la face interne et les sigmates sont partout abondants.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 1300-1400 pm/30 pm.

Styles ectosomiques : 300-370 pm/5 pm.

Isocheles arques : 35-48 pm/30 pm avec une tige de 10 pm de large.

Sigmates de deux tailles : 30 pm/2 pm et 15-19 pm/1 pm.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE

Etymologie. — Du Latin tuba, trompette, pour rappclcr la fonnc de l'eponge.

Remarques. — Cette espece a unc spiculation tres semblable & celle de L, stylophora Levi & Ldvi, 1983,

mais les morphologies de ces deux espdees different totalcment. A cet egard, elle est plus proche de Myxilla

elongata Topsent, 1916.

Genre ECHINOSTYLINOS Topsent, 1927

Echinostylinos gorgonopsis sp. nov.

Fig. 17 D; PI. VI, fig. 3; PI. X, fig. 11-13

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 54, 23°10,30 , S-167°42,98 , E, 1000-950 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3612.

Description. — Cette eponge arbusculaire mesure 160 mm de haut et 160 mm de large. Les ramcaux sont,

pour ressentiel, places diins un mcme plan. La lige courte mesure 20 mm de long et 7 sur 3 mm de diametre. Les

rameaux, de couleur jaune, ont 2 mm d'epaisseur et s'elargissent vers Textremite. On observe 3 a 7 dichotomies

successives. Trds compacts a leur base, les rameaux sont trds souples dans leur partie distale; la surface est

irregulidre avec de petites digitations ou des lamellcs perpendiculaires a Faxe, ce qui donne F impression d'une

annelure superficielle; les ouvertures sont nombreuses et beaucoup de canaux circulates ou obliques traversent les

parties molles. Ils sont souvent ouverts a une extrdmite par un trou beant et a Fautre par un crible; Taxe du tronc

et des rameaux est soutenu par des cordons longitudinaux de megascleres principaux avec spongine; ils mesurent

300 a 500 pm de diametre. Autour des cordons axiaux, l'eponge est molle. II existe quclques tornostyles identiques

a ceux des cordons, qui foment des ebauches de colonnettes radiaires et surtout des paquets de styles ectosomiques

plus ou moins hcrissants; tres pres de la surface, les isocheles sont frequents.

Spicules : Tornostyles, mucrones a la base, formant la charpentc principale : 525-650 pm/16-17 pm.

Styles modifies en tornotes, ectosomiques, ldgercmenl plus epais (5 pm) & une extremite qu'a l'autre (4 pm):

270-350 pm/5-4 pm.

Isocheles arques, tordus : 30-50 pm (maximum : 40 pm).

Etymoixxjie. — Aspect de gorgone (Octocoralliaire).

Remarques. — Cette eponge est assez difficile a classer. Si on considere rapidement les spicules de l'ectosome

comme des diactines, le genre approprid serait Lissodendoryx , Topsent, 1894. Mais il est certain que les deux

categories de megascleres sont des styles dont la base est modifiee et mucronde. C'est done au genre

Echinostylinos Topsent. 1927, qu'il faut altribuer la nouvelle cspece, dont les microscleres rappellent beaucoup

ceux de Camptisocale glomeris (Topsent, 1904), espdee tres voisine des Echinostylinos. Le genre est connu de

L Atlantique et du Pacifique nord-ouest.

Genre STELODORYX Topsent, 1904

Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov.

Fig. 18 A; PI. VI, fig. 2; PI. X, fig. 6-9

MATERIEL EXAMINE. —Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 52, 23°05,79‘S-167°46,54 , E, 600-540 m. Plusieurs

specimens.

TYPF.S. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3632. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3647.

DESCRIPTION. — Tres grandes lames de couleur vert bleu tendre. de 10 a 30 mm d'6paisscur, s’clargissant

progressivement a parlir d'une base de fixation etroite el rigidc. La forme esl il peu pres triangulaire. Le plus grand

CLAUDE LfiVI

specimen mesure 55 cm de haut, 30 cm de large pres du sommet et 3 cm d'epaisseur. La surface des deux faces de

la lame est ires irrcguliere avec des conules de 2 mm de haut, ecartes tous les 2 a 3 mm. Chaque conule est h($riss£

de petits styles radiaires; son squclcttc est pcriphcrique, sans axe spiculaire. Entre les conules, la membrane

ectosomique est en retrait avec alternance de zones criblees inhalantes et de tres petits oscules de 0,5 mm de

diamctre. Les canaux sont perpendiculaires au plan de la lame. Ils sont juxtaposes et forment dcs diarhizes.

Le squelette se compose de styles group<5s en paquets orients, suivant les contraintes de croissance, en lignes

sinueuses ascendantes, en lignes radiaires ou en desordre.

Spicules : Styles principaux a base mucron<5e : 650-780 pm/25-35 pm.

Styles (tylostyles) ectosomiques a base legerement enflee, irreguliere, avec tres petites cpines ou plateau

mucrone : 450 pm/8-9 pm; base : 7 pm.

Isancres arqu<5s unguiferes : 55-60 pm avec dents courtes : 10 pm; largeur: 17 pm.

Isancres : 30-35 pm, peu abondants; dents : 10 pm; largeur >5 pm.

Isancres & tige anguleuse : 13-14 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grec chloros , vert, et phyllon , feuille, pour rappeler la forme et la couleur de l'eponge.

Fig. 18. Spicules : A, Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov. — B. Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov. — C, Coelosphaera

bullata sp. nov. — I). Coelosphaera chondroida sp. nov. Echelles = 100 pm.

Remarques. — Je place provisoirement cette espece dans le genre Stelodoryx en tenant compte de la presence

d isancres et de la morphologie foliacee, drcss£e; mais il est clair que la definition du genre s’applique mal a cette

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEIIT-CAlJiDONIE

eponge qui a des faisceaux de styles ectosomiques. Myxilla diver siancoraia Lundbeck, 1905, placee dans le genre

Stelodoryx a des faisceaux de spicules ectosomiques 6galement monactines bien que Lundbeck (1905) les considere

comme des tornotes.

Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov.

Fig. 18 B; PI. VI, fig. 1; PI. X, fig. 1-4

MATERIEL EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 55, 23°19,76 , S-167°30,46'E, 1175-1160 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holoiype : MNHN DCL 3613.

DESCRIPTION. — Cette eponge foliacee mesure 300 mm de haut, 80 mm de large, 30 mm seulement de largeur

a la base et 8 mm d’epaisseur. La couleur est ocre beige. Les deux faces paraissent semblables, r£gulieres, avec les

orifices de cavites aquiferes transverses de 600 a 800 pm de diametre. Sur une des faces, on voit une membrane fine

continue. Le squelette se compose, depuis la base, de nombreuses fibres de styles avec une spongine abondante qui

leur donne rigiditc ct flexibilitc. Ces fibres tr£s epaisses h la base ont failure de nervures ramifiees. II existe un

squelette peripherique reticule autour de nombreux canaux juxtaposes pcrpendiculaires au plan de feponge. Des

petits styles ectosomiques sont groupes en paquets dresses.

Spicules : Styles ectosomiques avec quelques petites Opines au centre de la base : 450-530 pm/4 pm.

Styles principaux : 700-750 pm/25-30 pm.

Isancres a 5 dents : 45-55 pm.

Isancres h 5 dents : 30 pm.

Isancres avec plateaux terminaux a 7 dents : 18-25 pm.

Sigmates en C : 20 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grcc phyllon, fcuille, pour rappeler 1'aspect de feponge.

Remarques. — Cette eponge a un squelette typique du genre Stelodoryx , tel qu'il a ete defini par Topsent

( 1904) avant modification de la diagnose par Burton (1932), qui supprime le caractcre morphologique pedicelle et

retient exclusivcmcnt la presence de cheles pluridentes.

Famille COELOSPHAERIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Genre COELOSPHAERA Wyville Thomson, 1873

Coelosphaera bullata sp. nov.

Fig. 18 C; PI. VII, fig. 2

MATERIEL EXAMINlL — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 70, 23°24,70'S-167 o 53.65'E, 965 m. Cinq

specimens sans leur base.

TYPES. — Holoiype : MNHN DCL 3614. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3648.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge en forme de bulle allongee, creuse, mesurant 30 a 45 mm de haut et 18 a 25 mm de

plus grand diametre, prolongee dans sa partie apicale par une cheminee centrale osculaire, ouverte, et par 3 ou

4 digitations laterales, dirig^es vers le haut et ferm6es en doigt de gant; chacune de ces digitations, legerement

recourbee, porte un crible inhalant orient^ vers le bas. L'ensemble de feponge rcsscmble a une sorte de gant a paroi

fine et translucide.

La paroi est composee de styles strongylotes rectilignes, cntrecroises en trois couches tangentielles; on y voit

des isancres. Le choanosome pulpeux est tres reduit et contient de nombreux sigmates et des isancres; on n'y

trouve pas de megascleres particuliers.

CLAUDE l£VI

Spicules : Styles strongylotes fusiformes rectilignes : 750-1100 |im/20-30 pm.

Isancrcs tridentes : 32-38 jam.

Sigmates : 40-50 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin bullatus, enfle, pour rappelcr 1'aspcct de I'gponge.

Remarques. — Cette esp&ce, k longs megascleres d'une seule categoric, est proche de C. physa (O. Schmidt,

1875) et de C. globosa Bergquist. 1961. Elle se distingue de la premiere qui n'a pas de sigmates et qui possede des

rhaphides et de l'autre par la presence d'isancres au lieu d'isoch&les arquds.

Coelosphaera chondroida sp. nov.

Fig. 18 D; PL VII, fig. 10

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 36, 23°08,64'S-167°10,99'E; 650-680 m. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3615.

Description. — Cette eponge ressemble a un sac visceral de Cephalopode et en a presque la texture

chondroi'de. II s'agit d'ailleurs d'une large poche dont la cavite contient une masse molle, tassee, representant 1c

choanosome. L'eponge mesure 160 mm de haut et 100/35 mm environ de large. On ne peut pas reconnaitre

nettement 1'orientation de 1'animal. Lc sac a une structure feuilletee, stratifiee. Chaque strate est soutenue par un

dense squclctte de styles, parfois subtyles ou a pointe lanceolee.

La pulpe choanosomique contient des strongyles plus courts et un nombre 6norme de microsclcres : sigmates et

isocheles arques. Des areoles circulaires ou ovales de 5 a 10 mm, sur les deux faces de la poche, sont obturees par

une epaisse membrane opaque perforce prir une sorte de petit siphon chamu cxccntrc.

Sur une des faces, plusieurs de ces areoles sont entources par une collerette fistulaire de 15-20 mm de long. Ces

collcrcttes s'evasent et ccrtaines, qui sont intactes, sont fermees. Ces fistules, closes en forme de massue 61argie,

sont clairement inhalantes; on voit. en effet, une plage cribl£e ostiolaire, molle, k l'extrdmitd pendante de la

fistule, qui mesure 15 mm de diametre. II cxiste a rextremite de la poche ou se trouve accumule le choanosome

pulpeux, 3 orifices un peu plus larges de 20-25 mm de diametre. Par comparaison avec la structure bipolaire de

l'autre Coelosphaera de la collection, C. pedicellata sp. nov., on peut penser que les fistules closes sont orient£es

vers le bas.

Spicules : Subtylotes ou strongyles cctosomiqucs : 1000-1400 pm/20-28 pm; les plus nombreux mesurent

1300/25 pm.

Strongyles ou stylostrongyles choanosomiques : 500-750 pm/18-25 pm.

Isocheles arques : 35-45 pm.

Sigmates : 50-60 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grec, chondros , cartilage, pour rappeler la consistance de l'eponge.

Rem arques. — Cette 6tonnante Sponge sacciforme a une morphologic si particuliere qu'elle ne peut pas etre

confondue avec les autres Coelosphaera decrites. II existe au sein du genre Coelosphaera un groupe d'especes d'eau

froide k longs megascleres, tres distinct d'un groupe d'espdees peu profondes des eaux tropicales. Les trois

nouvelles esp£ces decrites dans ce memoire appartiennent a ce premier groupe, qui comprcnd les especes atlan-

tiques : C. physa (Schmidt, 1870) et C. tubifex Wyville Thomson, 1873 [= C. appendiculatum (Carter, 1874)].

Coelosphaera pedicellata sp. nov.

Fig. 19 A; PI. VII, fig. 3

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 53, 23°09,80'S-167°42,55 , E; 1005-975 m,

11 specimens. — St. DW 70, 23°24,70 , S-167°53,65'E, 965 m. Plusieurs specimens.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DC NOUVEUT-CAIJ-DONIE

TYPES. — Uolotype : MNHN DCL 3547. Paratypes : MNHN CDL 3649.

Description. — Eponge pedoncuiee h region distale vesiculaire et pulpeuse. Le pedoncule, solide, mcsure 130

a 170 mm/2-3 mm. La partie distale globulaire, vesiculaire, mesure 10 a 30 mm de diametre et 7 a 25 mm de

haut. La moitie superieure portc de courtes digitations osculaires et la moitie interieure se prolonge en papilles

inhalantes, cribiees, dirigees vers le pedoncule. Les papilles mesurent 4 mm de long et 4 mm de diametre. La

pulpe choanosomique est tres reduite et l'eponge tormc une sorte de flotteur sur le pedoncule.

L'inhalation de 1'eau se fait, chcz toutes ces esp^ces, par la face inferieure de l’eponge, grace h des cribles portes

et proteges par des langucttes ou des expansions lamellaires recourbees.

Spicules : Tylotcs ectosomiques : 550-840 pm/20 pm; extremes : 60 sur 20 mm.

Tylotes choanosomiques : 340-400 pm/10-12 pm.

Isocheies arques : 25-30 pm.

Sigmates : 32-40 pm.

Fig. 19. — Spicules : A, Coelosphaera pedicellata sp. nov. — B, Coelodischela massa Vacelet,Vasseur & Levi. —

C, Phorbas erectus sp. nov. — D, Hymedesmia brachyrhabda Levi & Levi. Echelles = 100 pm.

CLAUDE LEVI

ETYMOLOGIE. — Du Latin pedicellus, petit pied, en liaison avec la forme pedonculee de l'espece.

Remarques. — Cette tres belle eponge pedonculee se difterencie ais6ment des autres especes du genre. La

repartition des orifices inhalants et exhalants sur les hemispheres inferieur et superieur offre une magnifique

convergence fonctionnelle avec d'autres dponges dc la region comme Ircinia aUgera (Burton, 1928) et Foliolina vera

sp. nov. L’inhalation de feau se fait par la face inferieure de l^ponge, grace a des cribles portes et proteges par des

languettes ou des expansions lamellaires recourbees.

Genre COELODISCHELA Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi, 1976

Coelodischela massa Levi & Levi, 1983

Fig. 19 B; PI. VII, fig. 4

Coelodischela massa Levi & Levi, 1983 : 957, fig. 20, pi. Ill, fig. 6-7 et pi. VIII, fig. 1-5.

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 77, 22°15,32'S-167° 15,40’E, 440 m. —

St. CP 108, 22°02,55'S-167°05,68'E, 335 m. Plusieurs specimens (MNHN DCL 3636).

Remarques. — Ces nouveaux specimens de Coelodischela sont beaucoup plus petits que ceux rapportes par le

“ Vauban " en 1978. Ils sont egalement moins rigides. La spiculation est semblable; les megascleres sont 16g6re-

ment plus longs; les tylotcs ectosomiqucs mesurent 300-450 pm/8 pm et les strongyles courbes, aux exlrcmitcs

un peu cnflees. mesurent 250-300 pm/17-20 pm.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Famille ANCHINOIDAE Topsent. 1928

Genre PHORBAS Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864

Phorbas erectus sp. nov.

Fig. 19 C; PI. VII, fig. 5

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 36, 23°08,64'S-167°10,99 , E, 650-680 m,

2 fragments. — St. CP 52, 23 o 05,79'S-167 o 46,54'E, 600-540 m. Quatre specimens.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3617. Paratype : MNHN DCL 3618.

Description. — Ces eponges ont des formes irregulieres et se presentent comme des lames chamues fixees sur

ou autour de petits corps soli des, cailloux ou debris corallicns; elles mesurent 100/50/1-4 mm, 45/30/4 mm,

50/30/5 mm, 35/15/2-4 mm, 30/18/4 mm. Un dernier specimen est subdivis6 en trois digitations. La couleur est

ocre gris clair. La surface pelliculaire parfois plissee est perforee d'areoles criblees de 2-3 mm de diametre,

entour<$cs de faisceaux d'oxes tangentiels. Les deux faces sont semblables.

Le squclette principal est forme d’alignements ou de faisceaux superposes d’acanthostyles, souvent courbds h

leur base. Ces faisceaux atteignent 100 pm d’epaisseur. Suivant les regions, on voit les faisceaux resserres ou bien

des alignements herisses de spicules semblables aux spicules ascendants. Par endroits, on voit quelques oxes

peripheriques aux alignements d’acanthostyles, sans que la charpcnte soit organisee sur le moocle Anchinoe. Sous

la pellicule de surface, les oxes tornotoidcs sont nombreux et fascicules ou groupes en paquets.

Spicules : Acanthostyles principaux : 250-350 pm/10-13 pm, avec epines peu nombreuses, mais bien reparties

sur tout le spicule.

Oxes tornotoidcs rectilignes, parfois legerement sinueux : 300-350 pm/7-10 pm.

Isoch&les arques, a tige 6paisse : 40-50 pm.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DH NOUVELLE-CAU-DONIE

Etymologih. — Du Latin erectus, dresse, allusion a la forme de l'espfcce.

Remarques. — Cette espece dressee a unc spiculation proche de celle de P. dendyi (Topsent, 1892), mais la

morphologic de P. dendyi est plus latinise et TOPSENT (1892. 1904) n'a pas signale la presence d'arcolcs criblees.

Famille HYMEDESMIIDAE Topsent, 1928

Genre HYMEDESMIA Bowerbank, 1864

Hymedesmia brachyrhabda Levi & L<5vi. 1983

Fig. 19 D

Hymedesmia brachyrhabda Levi & L6vi, 1983 : 963. fig. 25.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 78, 22° 16,25'S-167° 15,53’H: 445-450 m. Un

specimen (MNHN DCL 3616).

Description. — Eponge en plaque molle d'un millimetre d'epaisseur, avec ectosome dpais charge d'isocheles

en croute, soutenu aussi par des paquets d'oxes tangentiels; acanthostyles peu nombreux. espaces, dresses.

Spicules : Tornotoxes : 260-310 pm/7-8 pm.

Acanthostyles : 200-260 pm/25 pm a la base.

Isocheles h carcnc epineuse et avec deux voiles lateraux epineux : 30-32 pm.

Remarques. — Les spicules de cette espece sont semblables a ceux d7/. crux (Schmidt, 1875) et a ceux de

Pseudohalichondria deforms Hinde & Holmes, 1892.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Famille TEDANIIDAE Hentschel, 1923

Genre TEDANIOPSIS Dendy, 1924

Tedaniopsis turbinata Dendy, 1924

Fig. 20 A; PI. VIII, fig. 3

Tedaniopsis turbinata Dendy, 1924 : 367, pi. XI, fig. 2-3 et pi. XIV, fig. 31-35.

MATERIEL EXAMINE.— Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 44, 22°47,30 , S-167°14,30 , E, 440-450 m. Un

specimen (MNHN DCL 3526).

Description. — Eponge en forme de trompette de 20 mm de haul et 7 sur 5 mm de diametre au sommet; de

couleur jaunc paille clair. La base pedonculee, de 1 mm de diametre, est fixee au substrat. La paroi est assez rigide;

du cote externe le squelette est compose de spicules entrecroisgs; du cote interne il est forme de fibres

multispiculees longitudinales.

Le choanosome, a l'interieur du cornet, est pulpeux, peu 6pais et entoure une cavitd de 3 mm de diamfetre

environ.

Spicules : Tylotes courbes : 480-510 p /25-30 pm.

Tornostyles : 290-330 pm/8 pm.

Onychetes avec renflcment subterminal: 630-690 pm/3-4 pm.

Onychetes courts : 80-130 pm (90-100 pm).

Remarques. — Ce specimen correspond parfaitement a la description de l'espece. Bergquist et Fromont

( 1988) ont retrouve un nouveau specimen prfes de Three Kings Island, en Nouvelle-Zdlandc, el rediscute la valeur

taxonomique du genre Tedaniopsis Dendy, 1924.

CLAUDE LfiVI

Distribution. — Nouvcllc-Zelande (152,183,260-270 m).

Famille MICROCIONIDAE Carter, 1875

Genre ARTEMISIN A Vosmacr, 1885

Artemisina elegantula Dendy, 1924

Fig. 20 B; PI. VII, fig. 1

Artemisina elegantula Dendy, 1924 : 344.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 70, 23 o 24,70'S-167 o 53,55’E, 965 m. Un specimen

(MNHN DCL 3548).

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge jaune paille, fixee par un long pedoncule rigide dc 90 mm dc long cl 2 mm de

diam&tre, s'61argissant en unc parlie dislale incomplete en forme de lame incurvee de 30 mm de long, 9 mm de

large et 2-3 mm d'epaisseur. Celle lame esl lravers6e par plusieurs cavites iransverses de 1-2 mm de diamctre,

ouvertes sur la face concave.

Le squeletle se compose de fibres de styles mesurant environ 200 pm de diamctrc, lassies dans le pedoncule,

puis divergenlcs dans la partie dislale, ou elles sont complelees par des spicules isoles, vaguement rdticules. En

surface, nombreux styles greles, souvent en paquets dress 6s.

Spicules : Slyles auxiliaires rectilignes ou sinueux a base couverte dc tres courles dpines : 500-550 pm/3 pm.

Styles principaux courbes : 300/15 pm a 800/20 pm.

Toxes a forte flexion centrale et avec extremitcs dpineuses. Epines presentes sur les bras du toxc; longueur:

250 a 400 pm; hauteur : 150 a 200 pm.

Remarques. — Ce specimen, a port dresse et squeletle fibrcux, a divers points communs avec A. foliaia

(Bowcrbank, 1874), A. erecta Topsent, 1904, A jovis Dendy, 1924, A. plumosa Hentschel, 1914, A. slipitata

Koltun, 1958 et A. elegantula Dendy, 1924.

II a des grands toxes epineux comme A. arcigera (Schmidt, 1870), A. plumosa Hentschel. 1914. A. sirongyla

Hentschel. 1914, A. erecta Topsent, 1904, A. apollinis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), A. dianae Topsent, 1907 et

A. elegantula Dendy..

II est clair que les trois cspeccs les plus voisines sont A. erecta Topsent, des Agores, A. plumosa Hentschel,

antarctique, ct surtout A. elegantula Dendy. du nord dc la Nouvelle Zelande.

Le specimen type, dc 12 mm de haut, considere comme juvenile par Bergquist et Fromont (1988) a des styles

de longueur beaucoup plus uniforme et ses toxes sont plus courts que ceux de notre specimen; son squclctte en

apparence reticula, subisodictyal d'apres Dendy (1924) est plutot dendritique, les lignes de styles terminales etant

herissees regulierement de styles isoles.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Zelande.

Genre CLATHRIA Schmidt, 1862

Clathria anthoides sp. nov.

Fig. 21 A; PI. VII, fig. 5

Materiel EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 46, 22°53,05'S-167°17,08 , E, 570-610 in. Un

specimen.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3637.

Description. — Eponge de couleur ocre pale, d’abord a Letat leploclathria sur des debris corallicns, puis

devenue flabellee, dressce, avec trois cretcs longitudinales. Elle mesure 100 mm de haut et 25 mm d'epaisseur. La

structure est clathrioide, e'est a dire qu'ellc consiste en cordons ou colonnettes de 0,8 mm d'epaisseur formant un

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGI AIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVRUJi-CAL^DONIB

reseau h mailles de 1 mm. Pres de la surface, ces colonnettes sont plus ou moins paralteles et les spicules

principaux distaux forment Lhispidation. Le squelette se compose d’acanthostyles principaux et de bouquets

d'acanthostyles herissants qui paraisscnt s'organiser par places en un reseau rdnieroide secondaire, comme chez

Antho. La spongine cst peu abondante et cimente surtout les noeuds d'acanthostyles secondaires.

Spicules : Acanthostyles principaux, presque lisses, h base couverte de petites Opines : 600-910 pm/25 pm.

Acanthostyles secondaires herissants : 250-300 pm/18-20 pm.

Styles ectosomiqucs : 350-450 pm/4 pm.

Isocheles palmes : 20-23 pm.

Toxes de trois categories : 100 h 400 pm/2-5 pm; 45-60 pm/1 pm; 8-10 pm.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Ressemblant au genre Antho.

Remarques. — Aucune des especes de Clathria connues dans les caux indopacifiqucs australes, a des pro-

fondeurs ou a des temperatures comparables, n’a la morphologie et la spiculation de C. anthoides , notamment les

toxes longs et epais et les isocheles palmes relativcment longs.

FlG. 20. — Spicules : A, Tedaniopsis turbinaia Dendy. — B, Artemisina elegantula Dcndy. Echelles = 100 pm.

Clathria macroisochela sp. nov.

Fig. 21 B; PI. VII, fig. 7-9

MATERIEL EX A MIN fi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. DW 46, 23°09,71'S-167°10,27’S, 675-680 m. —

St. DW 51, 23°05,27 , S-167°44,95'E, 700-680 m. Plusieurs specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3638. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3656.

CLAUDE Ll-VI

Description. — Eponge dressee, de couleur gris jaunc clair, fixee par un court pedoncule, sfelargissant au

dessus ct se divisant en 3 ou 2 digitations courtes, plus ou moins concrescentes, dc 10 mm dc haut ct 6 mm dc

diametre. L'dponge mesure 20 a 22 mm de haut et environ 20 a 25 mm de large. La surface est hispide; on y voit

des oscules de 0,5 mm dc diametre regulierement espacSs. Le squclette de cettc Clathria , qui ressemble a une petite

Axinella, est de type plumeux. II se compose de styles en bouquets superposes, constituant des lignes divergentes

devenant pcrpcndiculaires a la surface; ces lignes sont herissccs d'acanthostyles groupes ou isoles. Les microscl&res

sont abondants. Les styles ectosomiques sont en paquets dresses; mais l'hispidation est surtout due aux styles

principaux terminaux saillants.

Spicules : Styles principaux : 700-1200 pm/45-50 pm. Acanthostyles herissants : 400-500 pm/30-35 pm.

Styles ectosomiques : 320-850 pm/8 pm.

Isocheles palnfes : 35-45 pm.

Toxes d'epaisseur et dc courbure variees : 100-220 pm et 70-80 pm.

Toxes-microxes anguleux avec renflement central: 4042 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Grcc macros, grand, allusion a la dimension des isocheles palmes.

Remarques. — Cette espcce est parfaitement caracterisee par ses isoch&les de grande longueur et par son port

digite et ramifie.

INCERTAE SEDIS

Genre PHLYCTAENOPORA Topsent, 1904

Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi & L6vi, 1983

Fig. 22 A-B; PL VIII, fig. 1-2; PI. X, fig. 5, 10

Phlyctaenopora bocagei L6vi & L6vi, 1983 : 955, fig. 19, pi. VII, fig. 7 et pi. VIII, fig. 9.

Materiel EXAMINfi. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 46, 23 o 06,50'S-167°53,74 , E, 240-260 m. —

St. DW 51, 23°05,27'S-167°44,95’E, 700-680 m. Plusieurs specimens (MNHN DCL 3621, 3619, 3620).

Description. — Les specimens 3621 sont dcs eponges massives de 60 et 70 mm de haut et 30 et 70 mm de

diametre, dresses sur une base de 30/25 mm el 35/30 mm. Un specimen se divise, dans le tiers apical, en gros

lobes digitds, eux-memes subdivises en courts prolongements aquiferes a paroi mince. La surface est rugueuse ct

assez rigide. II existe une sortc dc couche spiculaire dense, tangentielle, avec oxes de toutes tailles et avec

anisocheles. Toute l'eponge est dense, mais friable, avec un squclette d6sordonne d'oxes en melange. On observe

quelques oscules de 1,5 mm, disperses, et quelqucs papilles egalement disperses, de 2-3 mm de diametre et de

hauteur.

Spicules : Oxes : 1000-1250 pm/30-50 pm, dans le choanosome. Oxes : 375-550 pm/10-15 pm, surtout dans

fectosome et dans les prolongements en papilles, mais aussi dans le choanosome.

Styles-strongyles : 330-400 pm/10-12 pm.

Anisocheles, subisocheles : 20 pm. La difference de longueur des dents opposees est de Lordrc dc 1 pm.

Microxes portant deux verticilles subterminaux de petites 6pines : 40-45 pm.

Le specimen 3619 est une eponge coniquc dont la base mesure 15/11 mm et la hauteur 13 mm. La surface est

egale et lisse, sans protuberances et sans orifices visibles. Une petite expansion charnue, apicale, entoure

probablement un oscule. La consistance est pierreuse et la couleur est gris clair. Le squclette principal se compose

d'oxes strongyloYdes, serpentiformes, entrcmeles. II existe un squelette superficiel d'oxes tangentiels, egalement

strongyloidcs, courts, et quelques anisocheles. Dans le choanosome de couleur brunalre, entre les grands

megascleres, on trouve de nombreux microxes a verticilles d'epines du type "Barbozia".

Spicules : Strongyloxes serpentiformes tres epais : 1000-1500 pm/80-100 pm.

Oxes irreguliers flexueux ou courbes, avec extremifes souvent obtuses : 250-600 pm/10-18 pm.

Anisocheles : 20-22 pm, peu abondants, surtout presents en surface.

Microxes a deux verticilles de fortes cpines, souvent irreguliers : 60-80 pm/30 pm, 6pines comprises.

Source MNHN , Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATIIYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALCDONIE

Fig. 22. — Spicules : Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi & Levi. Echelles = 100 pm.

Source: MNHN, Paris

CLAUDE Lf-VI

Remarques. — Les specimens 3621, massifs. rdcoltds & 240 m dc profondcur, sont analogues a ceux de

Barbozia primitiva Dendy, 1921, el ne ressemblent pas aux P. bocagei precedemment decrils (Lfivi & Lfivi, 1983).

Toulefois la spiculalion est celle de P. bocagei .

Les specimens 3619 el 3620 sonl remarquables par leurs mdgascteres serpcnliformcs epais, analogues h ceux

des Jaspis serpentina Wilson, 1925, el par la longueur des microxes verticilles, deux fois superieure a celle des

memes spicules du type .

Toutes ces Phlyctaenopora bocagei vivcnl entrc 240 cl 680 m de profondcur.

Van Soest (1988) a decrit une Phlyctaenopora halichondrioides , recoltee a 153 et 306-319 m de profondcur, au

large de Paynes Bay (Barbados). II place le genre, avec doute, dans la famille des Mycalidae, en notant la

resscmblancc des anisochcles de Phlyctaenopora avec les subisochelcs d 'Esperiopsis lobata (Montagu, 1818). II

suggere egalement de conserver le genre Barbozia Dendy pour les esp£ces avec “oxydiscorhabdes 44 , c'est a dire avec

microxes a deux verticilles d’epines, seul caractere qui differencie Phlyctaenopora Topsent de Barbozia Dendy.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Fig. 23. — Spicules : A, Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & Levi. — B, Foliolina vera sp. nov. — C, Haliclona nodosa

sp. nov. — D, Gellius flagellfer Ridley & Dendy. — E, Gellius pedunculatus sp. nov. Echelles = 100 Jim.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE

Ordrc H ALIC HON DR I DA

Famille HALICHONDRIIDAE Vosmaer, 1887

Genre SPONGOSORITES Topsent, 1896

Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & Levi, 1983

Fig. 23 A; PL VIII, fig. 4-5

Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & Levi, 1983 : 969, fig. 30, pi. V, fig. 6-7.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. -Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. DW 08, 20 o 34,35'S-166°53,90’E, 435 m (MNHN DCL

3622). — St. DW 51, 23 o 05,27'S-167 o 44,95'E, 700-680 m (MNHN DCL 3623) — St. DW 66, 24°55,43 , S-168°21,67’E,

515-505 m (MNHN DCL 3624). Nombreux specimens.

DESCRIPTION. — Eponge dress6e, cylindroi'de, mesurant 10 a 30 mm de diametre et 20 a 75 mm de haut. Elle

se prolonge au sommet par un petit nombre de digitations aquiferes hispides, dont la longueur varie de 10 h 20 mm

et l’epaisseur de 7 a 5 mm. Toute la surface est hispide, les oxes saillants dtant perpendiculaires ou obliques vers le

haut. II existe quelques sillons longitudinaux sinueux, tres peu creusds.

Le squelette se compose de grands oxes formant un squelette axoradiaire. Entre les grands oxes formant l'axe,

on voit quelques petits oxes bianguleux intercalates. Cet axe a quelques ramifications. Entre l'axe et la peripherie,

les oxes sont moins denscs et diriges pour la plupart vers le haut et la peripherie. Pres de la surface, ils foment des

paquets radiaires noyes dims une masse de petits oxes, dont la couche peut atteindre 1,5 mm. Ces oxes foment une

petite croute superficielle et tapissent egalement les parois des canaux. Chaquc digitation distale est traversde par

un groupe de petits canaux cxhalants longitudinaux. En peripherie de l'eponge, des canaux inhalants traversent la

couche de petits oxes.

Spicules : Oxes principaux : 900-1700 pm/20-50 pm; un des specimens a des oxes atteignant 2800 pm.

Oxes bianguleux : 400-800 pm/10 pm.

Oxes periphdriques : 160-350 pm / 6-10 pm.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Caledonie.

Ordrc PETROSIDA

Famille OCEANAPI1DAE Van Soest, 1980

Genre FOLIOLINA Schmidt, 1870

Foliolina vera sp. nov.

Fig. 23 B; PI. VIII, fig. 6-7

Foliolina (?) peltata Levi & Levi, 1983 : 963, fig. 34, pi. VI, fig. 5-6. Non Schmidt, 1870.

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. BlOCAL : st. CP 45, 22°47,34 , S-167°14,80 , E, 430-465 m (MNHN

DCL 3625). — St. DW 51, 23 o 05,27’S-167°44,85’E, 700-685 m (MNHN DCL 3626). Plusieurs specimens.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 2935. Paratypes : MHNH DCL 3625-3626.

Remarques. — Bergquist et Fromont (1988) ont suggdre que les Foliolina de Nouvelle-Caledonie, que nous

avions decrites en 1983, contiendraicnt des isochfeles palmes et seraient attribuables au genre Coelocarteria Burton,

1934, ce qui n’est pas le cas. II s’agit bien de Foliolina ; mais il est tres vraisemblable que Fespece est bien

dislincte de Fespece type, F. peltata Schmidt, 1870, dont la morphologie et la disposition des appendices foliaces

sont differentes. Je propose done de Fappeler Foliolina vera sp. nov. La convergence de forme des structures

CLAUDE LfiVI

inhalantes est evidemment remarquable chez Coelocarteria spatulosa Bergquist & Fromont. 1988, et Foliolina

vera, mais il ne s’agil quc d'une convergence.

Le squelette des folioles se compose, du cote superieur. de deux sortes d'oxes tangentiels, denses, assez entre¬

mets; du cote infdricur, il existc un rdseau d'oxes principaux et un reseau secondaire de petits oxes. Dans le tube,

le squelette externe est une masse d'oxes principaux avec des petits oxes s'y ajoutant en peripherie; du cote interne

se trouvent de grosses colonnes multispiculaires longitudinales et d'abondantes grosses cellules spheruleuses.

Spicules : Oxes de deux categories : 350-375 pm/15-20 pm et 90-100 pm/10 pm.

ETYMOLOGIC. — Du Latin verus, reel, veritable, ceci en liaison avec les hesitations que nous avions cues, en

1983, quant a 1'appartenance generique de cette espece.

Ordrc HAPLOSCLERI DA

Famille HALICLONIDAE Laubenfels, 1932

Genre HALICLONA Grant, 1835

Ha lie Iona nodosa sp. nov.

Fig. 23 C; PI. VIII, fig. 8

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 60, 24°01,45 , S-167°08,43'E, 1530-1480 m. Un

specimen.

Types. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3627.

Description. — Eponge en lame de 2-3 mm d'epaisseur, de coulcur jaune paille, tres molle, mesurant 60 a

105 mm de long et 9 a 25 mm de diametre, fixde par une base relativement rigidc ou se trouvent de nombreuses

fibres spiculocornces, strides transversalement par de la spongine jaune de liaison a 1'extremite des spicules

juxtaposes. Ces fibres principals se ramifient peu a peu et le squelette devient mixtc, avec fibres minces et reseau

unispiculd; dans toute la partie terminale le squelette est entierement unispicule isodictyal. Cette modification de

structure est tres progressive. Dans le tiers basal, l'eponge semble creusee en spatule, puis devient massive,

reguliere dans la moitie distale. Il existe de nombreux canaux dans la partie basale et un ectosome en dentelle de

part et d'autre de la lame. Il existe des joints de spongine epais, qui unissent toutes les pointes des oxes, groupds

comme des allumettes dans une boite. Des paquets de rhaphides sont disperses en surface.

Spicules : Oxes courbds h pointes courtes : 270-290 pm/10 -15 pm.

Rhaphides : 200 pm.

Etymologic. — Du Latin nodosus, noueux, pour rappclcr l'aspect du squelette.

Remarques. — Cette espece rappelle //. striata Vacelet et al. (1976 ) par I'alignement des oxes fascicules et les

noeuds de spongine.

Genre GELLIUS Gray, 1867

Gellius flagellifer Ridley & Dcndy, 1886

Fig. 23 D

Gellius flagellifer Ridley & Dcndy, 1886 : 333.

Materiel examine. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 109, 22 o 10,03’S-167°15,22'E, 495-515 m. Un

specimen (MNHN DCL 3628).

Source MNHN. Paris

SPONGIA1RES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALIiDONIE

Description. — Eponge friable, gris jaune clair, enveloppant des tiges d’Hydraires, d’Antipathaires et des

fragments de squelette d'Isididae. Ce sont des petites masses de 10 mm d'epaisseur, parfois aplaties, a structure

r&iculee, composee de cordons de 1 mm d'epaisseur autour d’espaces de 0,8-1 mm de diamctre. Le squelette est

subisodictyal, irregulier (1-2 spicules), plus ou moins dense, semblable en surface, avec de nombreux sigmates.

Spicules : Oxes courbes : 300-350 pm/10 pm.

Sigmates : 25-35, 40-55 pm.

Sigmates flagelliformes a large courbure : 70-105 pm.

Remarques. — II existe un grand nombre de Gellius , & sigmates dits flagelliformes, decrits sous le meme nom

d'especc ct leur identification a l'espece de RIDLEY et DENDY est parfois douteuse; la synonymie de G.flagellifer

Ridley & Dendy et de G. vagabundus (Schmidt, 1870) reste encore, & mon avis, incertainc.

Distribution. — Nouvelle-Z61ande, Kerguelen, Marion, Namibie, Atlantique Sud, Azores, golfe de Gascogne,

Irlande, Mediterranee, mer de Barentz, Canada, mer d'Andaman, banc Saya de Malha.

Gellius pedunculatus sp. nov.

Fig. 23 E; PI. VEI, fig. 9

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Nouvelle-Caledonie. Biocal : st. CP 54, 23°10,30 , S-167°42,98'E, 1000-950 m.

Plusieurs specimens, souvent incomplets.

TYPES. — Holotype : MNHN DCL 3629. Paratypes : MNHN DCL 3650.

Description. — Eponge foliacee, p£doncul6e, atteignant 200 a 250 mm de haut et 25 sur 8 mm d'epaisseur. II

existe une tige rigide, solidement fixee par une sole basale. Sa section est ovale et mesure 3-4 mm sur 2 mm. Elle

a 15 a 18 mm de long et se subdivise en faisceaux spiculaires, de moins en moins larges, qui s'estompent dans la

partie distale. Autour de l'axe compose d'oxes fascicules en paquets align£s, la charpente de la partie molle de

l'eponge est reticulee, irr6gulicre, a mailles presque unispiculees; les spicules supcrficiels dresses forment une

hispidation basse. De nombreux canaux sont perpendiculaires b l'axe. On observe beaucoup de cellules & fines

inclusions et quelques paquets d’ceufs en nids (analogues a ccux d'/ialiclona simulans).

Spicules : Oxes courbes : 440-575 pm/15-20 pm.

Sigmates : 40-50 pm.

Toxes : 50-130 pm.

Etymologie. — Du Latin pedunculatus, muni d'un pied, pour rappeler la forme de l'eponge.

Remarques. — II n’existe apparemment aucune eponge semblable a cette Gellius . Seule, Gellius bifacialis

Topsent. 1928, a quelque ressemblancc.

DISTRIBUTION BATHYMETRIQUE

La liste des stations Biocal est indiqude par ordre de profondeur croissante, de 240 h 2110 m. Une station du

navire "Alis", de l'ORSTOM, faite durant la sortie Smib 2, sur la meme zone que celle prospectee lors de Biocal,

a et6 ajoutde a cette liste.

St. 50 : 240-260 nr, 23°06‘S-167°53'E : Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi & Levi (specimen DCL 3621).

St. 65 : 245-275 m; 22°47'S-168°09'E : Agelas dendronwrpha sp. nov.

St. 110 : 275-320 m; 22 o 12'S-167°06'E : Chelotropella neocaledonica L6vi & Levi.

St. 105 : 310-330 nr, 21°30'S-166°2rE : Costifer wilsoni sp. nov., Chelotropella neocaledonica Levi & L6vi.

St. 108 : 335 m; 22°02'S-167°05'E : Podospongia similis sp. nov., Coelodischela massa Vacelet.Vasseur & Levi.

St. 38 : 360 nr, 22°59'S-167°15'E : Trachycladus stylifer Dendy.

CLAUDE LfiVI

St. Smib 2 : 360 m; sud tic dcs Pins : Stelletta toxiastra sp. nov.

St. 45 : 430-465 m; 22°47'S-167°14'E : Characella flexibilis sp. nov., Lissodendoryx tubiformis sp. nov.,

Foliolina vera sp. nov.

St. 44 : 440-450 m; 22°47'S-167°14'E : Psammastra oxygigas sp. nov., Coelodischela massa Vacelet et al .,

Tedaniopsis turbinata Dendy.

Si. 77 : 440 m; 22 0 15'S-167°15'E : Suberites pisiformis sp. nov., Coelodischela massa Vacelet et al.

St. 78 : 445-450 m; 22°16'S-167°15'E : Hymedesmia brachyrhabda Levi & Levi.

Si. 82 : 440-460 m; 20°30'S-166°50'E : Hamacantha atoxa sp. nov., Hamacantha forcipulata sp. nov.

St. 08 : 475 m; 20°34'S-166°53'E : Tylexocladus hispidus sp. nov., Axinella lifouensis Levi & Levi,

Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & L£vi.

St. 60 : 480-490 m; 24°0rS-167°08'E : Haliclona nodosa sp. nov.

St. 109 : 495-515 m; 22°10'S-167°06'E : Lissodendoryx bifacialis Levi & L6vi, Gellius flagellifer Ridley &

Dendy.

St. 66 : 505-520 m; 24°53'S-168°2rE : Characella flexibilis sp. nov., Sphinctrella orthotriaena L6vi & Levi,

Topsentia bubaroides (Levi & Levi).

St. 67 : 520 m; 24°55\S-168°2rE : Stelletta phialimorpha sp. nov.. Sphinctrella orthotriaena Levi & Levi,

Hoplakithara exoclavata sp. nov.

St. 52 : 540-600 m; 23°05'S-167°46 , E : Podospongia similis sp. nov., Desmacella toxophora sp. nov., Mycale

incurvata sp. nov., Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov., Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov., Phorbas erectus sp. nov.

St. 46 : 570 m; 22°53'S-167°17 , E : Penares palmatoclada sp. nov., Sphaerotylus exospinosus sp. nov., Biemna

granulosigmata sp. nov., Clathria anthoides sp. nov., Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Ldvi & Levi.

St. 36 : 600 m; 23°08'S-167°10'E : Suberites pisiformis sp. nov.. Rhizaxinella dichotoma sp. nov., Latrunculia

crenulata sp. nov., Plocamione pachysclera (L6vi & L6vi), Mycale incurvata sp. nov., Esperiopsis flava sp.

nov., Lissodendoryx stylophora L6vi & Levi, Coelosphaera chondroida sp. nov., Phorbas erectus sp. nov.,

Clathria anthoides sp. nov.

St. 33 : 675-680 m; 23°08'S-167°10'E : Penares micraster sp. nov., Poecillastra stipitata sp. nov., Latrunculia

brevis Ridley & Dendy, Latrunculia crenulata sp. nov., Plocamione pachysclera (Levi & Levi), Hamacantha

acerata sp. nov., Asbestopluma bilamellata sp. nov., Lissodendoryx stylophora Levi & Levi, Coelosphaera

chondroida sp. nov., Clathria anthoides sp. nov., Clathria macroisochela sp. nov.

St. 51 : 680-700 m; 23°05 , S-167°04 , E : Monosyringa patriciae sp. nov., Penares micraster sp. nov., Poecillastra

stipitata sp. nov., Suberites pisiformis sp. nov., Rhizaxinella dichotoma sp. nov., Plocamione pachysclera

(Levi & Levi), Mycale incurvata sp. nov., Clathria macroisoc.hela sp. nov., Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei

Levi & Levi, Topsentia bubaroides (Levi & Levi), Foliolina vera sp. nov.

St. 56 : 700 m; 23°34'S-169°1 l'E : Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy.

St. 75 : 825-860 m; 22°18'S-167°23'E : Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov.

St. 31 : 850 m; 23 o 07'S-166 o 50'E : Rhizaxinella dichotoma sp. nov., Esperiopsis challenged Ridley & Dendy.

St. 70 : 965 m; 24°1 rS-167°3rE : Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy, Trachostylea lamellata sp. nov.,

Cladorhiza schistochela sp. nov., Lissodendoryx tubiformis sp. nov., Coelosphaera bullata sp. nov.,

Coelosphaera pedicellata sp. nov.. Arte mi si ha elegantula Dendy.

St. 54 : 950-1000 m; 23°10'S-167°42'E : Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov., Lissodendoryx stylophora L6vi & L£vi,

Echinostylinos gorgonopsis sp. nov., Gellius pedunculatus sp. nov.

St. 53 : 975-1005 m; 23°09'S-167°42'E : Coelosphaera pedicellata sp. nov.

St. 61 : 1070 m; 23°24'S-167°53 , E : Tetilla falcipara sp. nov., Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov.

St. 29 : 1100 m; 23°07'S-166 o 40'E : Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.

St. 30 : 1140 m; 23°08'S-I64°40E : Trichostemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy, Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.

Source MNHN, Paris

SPONGIA1RES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE

St. 55 : 1160-1175 m; 23°20'S-167°30'E : Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.. Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov.

St. 62 : 1395-1410 m; 24°19’S-167°48’E : Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt).

St. 60 : 1480-1530 m; 24 o 0rS-166 o 41'E : Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt).

St. 57 : 1490-1620 m, 23°43'S-166 0 58'E : Trichoslemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy.

St. 26 : 1618-1740 m; 22°39'S-166°27’E : Trichoslemma sarsi Ridley & Dendy, Asbestopluma biserialis Ridley

& Dendy, Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt).

St. 27 : 1850-1900 m; 23°05'S-166°26'E : Spinularia australis sp. nov., Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy.

St. 71 : 2099 m; 22°09'S-167°32'E : Atergia acanthoxa Koltun.

St. 72 : 2100-2110 m; 22°09’S-167°33'E : Halicometes hooperi sp. nov., Atergia acanthoxa Koltun,

Chondrocladia scolionema sp. nov.

Rkmarques. — La lecture dc cette liste de stations et des especes identifies montre clairement une rupture de

composition faunistique a environ 700 m de profondeur, ce qui correspond a la separation des grandes masses d'eau

subtropicale sud el internidiairc antarctiquc, un minimum de salinii se situant, dans la region, k environ 750 m

(Roux. 1991).

Les especes repertories au-dessous dc 700 m vivent soit fix6es sur la roche dure, soit sur de la pierre ponce ou

d’autres petits substrats solides, isois sur la boue profonde k globigerines. Au premier groupe. appartiennent

cssenticllement les Poecilosclerida des families Cladorhizidae, Esperiopsidae et Myxillidae; la plupart de ces

eponges ont une morphologic dressee. pcdonculee ou foliacee. Des Hadromerida forment le deuxieme groupe,

represeni, entre 2500 et 3500 m dans la region, par une Suberites ou une Polymastia non identifiee, semblable a

S. caminatus Ridley & Dendy, 1886.

Les Spongiaires qui vivent dans la masse d’eau subtropicale sont surtout repisentes par des Lithistides et

Tetractinellides, dont beaucoup ont ei signales pieddemment (Lfivi & Lfivi, 1983, 1988).

Des autres genres dc Demospongiae presents, quatre sont signales dans l'ocean Pacifique pour la premiere fois

et etaient connus en ocean Atlantique. Ce sont:

Halicometes Topsent, 1898 : Cuba.

Podospongia Bocage, 1864 : Azores, Portugal, Mediterranee.

Plocamione Topsent, 1928 : Azores, N.W. Espagne, Cuba.

Tylexocladus Topsent, 1898 : Agorcs.

Le genre Latrunculia Bocage. 1869, est representc dans la collection par deux espdccs, dont une, L. crenulata

sp. nov., s'apparente & L. cratera Bocage. 1869, des Agores et I'autre, L. brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886, est a large

repartition subantarctiquc.

Plusieurs genres presents ont leurs especes repandues dans les eaux arctiques et antarctiques et parfois dans l'eau

profonde dc l'occan Atlantique : Stelodoryx Topsent. 1904, Sphaerotylus Topsent. 1898, Artemisina Vosmaer,

1885.

Trois genres sont representes par des especes communes au sud de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et au nord de la

Nouvelle-Zelande : Tedaniopsis Dendy, 1924, genre monospecifique, Trachycladus Carter, 1879. dont les espdees

connucs proviennent surtout du S.S.E. de 1’ Australie. dc la Nouvelle-Zelande et de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, les deux

especes du golfe d’Aden ddcrites par BURTON (1954) etant d'appartenance douteusc, enfin Artemisina Vosmaer. deja

ciie.

Les autres genres ont une distribution geographique et bathymetrique trop large pour donner une information

biogeographique utile, sans analyse fine de la repartition des especes.

REMERC1EMENTS

Je suis tres reconnaissant a Madame Marie-Jose D’Hondt, a qui je dois la realisation des dessins illustrant cet

article, ainsi qu’a Messieurs A. Foubert et P. Lozouet pour les prises de vuc des specimens et le montage des

planches photographiques.

Sans le travail de base de Pierrette Lfivi, cette etude n’aurait pas ei faite.

CLAUDE L6VI

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Southern Hemisphere. N.Z. oceanol. Inst. : 307-315.

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(Eds), Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Verlag Berlin : 72-82.

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Hist. nat.. Paris, (4), 5, section A, (1) : 101-168.

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LUNDBECK, W.,1902. — Porifera (Part 1). Homorrhaphididae and Heterorrhaphididae. Dan. Ingolf Exped., 6 : 1-108.

Lundbeck, W., 1905. — Porifera (Part 2). Desmacidonidae (Pars). Dan. Ingolf Exped., 6 (2) : 219 p.

Source MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAI^DONIE

LUNDBECK, W., 1910. — Porifera (Part 3). Desmacidonidae (Pars). Dan. Ingolf Exped., 6 (3): 124 p.

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Biologic marine, ORSTOM Noumea, (42), 41 p.

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Nouvelle-Caledonie. In : A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 6. Mem. Mas. Natn. Hist, rial.,

(A), 145 : 9-54.

RIDLEY, S. O. & DENDY, A., 1886. — Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. “Challenger". Part 1.

Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5), 18 : 325-351.

Ridley, S.O. & DENDY, A., 1887. — Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S."Challenger" during the years 1873-

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Roux, M., 1991. — La Nouvelle-Caledonie et ses alentours. Cadre geologique et oceanographique du programme

ENVIMARGES et de la campagne CALSUB. Doc. Trav. IGAL, (15): 22-36.

Schmidt, E. O., 1870. — Grundziige einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig. 88 p., 6 pis.

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32, pis 1-4; Heft 2 : 33-90, pi. 5-10. Leipzig.

Sollas, W. J., 1888. — Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. "Challenger, during the years 1873-1876.

Rep. scient. Results Voy. Challenger, Zoology, 25 : 1-458, pi. 1-44.

Stephens, J., 1915. — Sponges of the coasts of Ireland.I. The Triaxonida and part of Tetraxonida. Fisheries Ireland sci.

Invest., 1914 (1915), iv : 1-43.

STEPHENS, J., 1921. — Sponges of the coasts of Ireland. II. The Tetraxonida (concluded). Fisheries Ireland sci. Invest.,

1920 (1921), ii : 1-75.

TOPSENT, E., 1892. — Contribution a l’etude des Spongiaires de l’Atlantique nord. Res. Camp, scient. Monaco, 2, 165 p.

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TOPSENT, E., 1920. —Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monaco,

(381) : 1-36.

TOPSENT, E., 1928. — Spongiaires de TAtlantiquc et de la Mediterranee. Res. camp, scient. Monaco, 74 : 1-376;

pi. 1-11.

TOPSENT, E., 1930. — Chondrocladia yatsui sp. nov. de la Baie de Sagami. Ann. Zool. Jap., 12 (2) : 421-432.

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Steamer Albatross, during 1891, 30, 164 p.

Wilson, H. V., 1925. — Silicious and Horny Sponges collected by the U.S. Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" during the

Philippine Expedition, 1907-10. U. S. natn. Mus. Bull., 100, 2 (4) : 273-532.

CIAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE I

1-2, Tetilla falcipara sp. nov. — 3 , Stelletta phialimorpha sp. nov. — 4-5 , Stelletta toxiastra sp. nov. —

6-7, Penares micraster sp. nov. — 8, Monosyringa patriciae sp. nov. — 9-10, Characella flexibilis sp. nov. —

11-12, Sphinctrella ortholriaena Levi & Levi.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRKS BATHYAUX DE NOUVEUJ--CALfilX)NlE

Source MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE n

1, Poecillastra stipitata sp. nov. — 2, Coslifer wilsoni sp. nov. — 3-6, Suberites pisiformis. — 7, Rliizaxinella

dicholoma sp. nov. — 8, Spinularia auslralis sp. nov. — 9-12, Atergia acanthoxa Koltun. — 13, Halicomeles hooperi

sp. nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CAL^DONIE

Source MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE ID

1, Trachycladus setifer Dendy. — 2, Plocamione pachysclera (Levi & Levi). — 3, Lalrunculia brevis Ridley & Dendy.

— 4, Podospongia similis sp. nov. — 5, Trachostylea lamellata sp. nov. — 6, Agelas dendromorpha sp. nov. —

7, Mycale incurvata sp. nov. — 8. Hamacantha atoxa sp. nov. — 9-13, Chondrocladia pulvinata sp. nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEUJi-CALfiDONlE

Source MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE IV

1, Asbestopluma bilamellata sp. nov. — 2, Cladorhiza schislochela sp. nov. — 3, Chondrocladia scolionema sp.

nov. — 4-6, Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy. — 7, Esperiopsis challengeri Ridley & Dendy. — 8. Chondrocladia

concrescens (Schmidt).

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Source: MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHEV

1, Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov. — 2, Esperiopsis magnifolia sp. nov. — 3-4 , Lissodendoryx tubiforniis sp. nov.

— 5-6, Hoplakithara exoclavata sp. nov. — 7, Lissodendoryx catenata sp. nov. — 8, Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONE

Source. MNHN. Paris

CIAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE VI

1, Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov. — 2, Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov. — 3, Echinostylinos gorgonopsis

nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEIXE-CALfiDONIE 79

Source MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE VU

1, Artemisina elegantula sp. nov. — 2, Coelosphaera bullata sp. nov. — 3, Coelosphaera pedicellata. —

4, Coelodischela massa Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi. — 5, Clathria anthoides sp. nov. — 6, Phorbas erectus sp. nov. —

7-9, Clathria macroisochela sp. nov. — 10. Coelosphaera chondroida sp. nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRHS BATHYAUX DB NOUVF-LLE-CALfiDONE

Source MNHN. Paris

CIAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE VOI

1, Phlyclaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi & Levi, specimen 3619. — 2, Idem, specimen 3621. — 3, Tedaniopsis

turbinata Dendy — 4-5, Spongosorites bubaroides Levi & Levi. — 6-7, Foliolina vera sp. nov. — 8, Haliclona nodosa

sp. nov.— 9, Gellius pedunculatus sp. nov.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATHYAUX DE NOUVEI J J±-CAL&X>NIE

Source MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfiVI

PLANCHE IX

1-2, spicules de Costifer wilsoni sp. nov. — 3, microrhabde et spiraster de Trachycladus setifer Dendy. —

4, discaster de Podospongia similis sp. nov. — 5, anisochMe de Cladorhiza schistochela sp. nov. — 6, isochele de

Esperiopsis diasolenia sp. nov. — 7, isochele de Esperiopsis inodes sp. nov. — 8, isochele de Esperiopsis challengeri

Ridley & Dendy. — 9-11, placocheles de Hoplakithara exoclavata sp. nov. — 12-13, isochfcles de Esperiopsis flava

sp. nov.

Source: MNHN. Paris

SPONGIAIRES BATIIYAUX DE NOUVELLE-CALfiDONIE

Source: MNHN. Paris

CLAUDE LfsVI

PLANCHE X

1-4, isancres de Stelodoryx phyllomorpha sp. nov. — 5, anisoch&le de Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi &

Levi. — 6-9, isancres de Stelodoryx chlorophylla sp. nov. — 10, oxyrhabde de Phlyctaenopora (Barbozia) bocagei Levi

& Levi . — 11-13, isocheles d’ Echinostylinos gorgonopsis sp. nov. — 14, isochele de Lissodendoryx lubiformis sp.

nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

SPONGIAIRFS BATHYAUX DE N0UVELLE-CAL£D0NIE

Source MNHN, Paris

TATS des campagnes MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — rEsultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULTATS DES CAN

Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroida : Hydroids

from the Western Pacific

(Philippines, Indonesia and New Caledonia)

I : Sertulariidae (Part 1)

Willem VERVOORT

Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum

P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden

The Netherlands

SUMMARY

This paper presents the first part of a study of large collections of Hydroida (Cnidaria : Hydrozoa) in the Museum

national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, originating from various expeditions in the Philippines, the eastern part of the Malay

Archipelago, the Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. In this first part, genera of the family

Sertulariidae Lamouroux, 1812, are reviewed, including new species of the genera Abietinaria Kirchenpauer, 1884 (1 new

species), Dictyocladium Allman, 1888 (1 new species), Gonaxia nov. gen. (20 new species and a new variety), Sertularella

Gray, 1848 (8 new species and a new subspecies), Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890 (6 new species and

a new subspecies), and Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877 (1 new species). In addition to other, already known species from

those genera, species of Caminothujaria Von Campenhausen, 1896, Cnidoscyphus Splettstosser, 1929, Dynamena

Lamouroux, 1812, Geminella Billard, 1925, Hydrallmania Hincks, 1868, and Idiellana Cotton & Godfrey, 1942, are

recorded. Many of the records are considerable range extensions or constitute new records for the Chesterfield Islands,

New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands regions. Additional species and genera will be treated in a second part. Noteworthy is

the occurrence of the curious new genus Gonaxia with many new species from the New Caledonia area, producing its

gonothecae in intimate contact with the axis and its secondary tubules. Remarkable also is the occurrence of two northern

Atlantic shallow water hydroids, Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Diphasia attenuata (Hincks, 1861), the latter

to be fully described in the sequel to this report, from deep water of the New Caledonia region. In zoogeographic context,

the present study reveals a considerable degree of endemism in the deeper water hydroid fauna of the seas bordering

New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, a phenomenon also observed amongst other groups of marine animals. Further

zoogeographic comments will be postponed until a larger part of this highly interesting collection has been fully studied.

VERVOORT, W., 1993. — Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroida : Hydroids from the Western Pacific (Philippines, Indonesia,

and New Caledonia). 1 : Sertulariidae (Part 1). In : A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Volume 11.

Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nal. y 158 : 89-298. Paris ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

W. VERVOORT

RESUME

Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroida : Hydroides du Pacifique ouesl (Philippines, Indonesie et

Nouvelle-Caledonie). I : Serlulariidae (lire partie).

Cet article est la premiere partie d'une etude des grandes collections d'Hydroides (Cnidaria : Hydrozoa) deposies au

Museum national d'Histoire naturelle a Paris et provenant de diverses campagnes faites aux Philippines, en Indonesie, aux

lies Chesterfield, au voisinage de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et aux lies Loyaute. Dans cette premiere partie, les genres de la

famille Sertulariidae Lamouroux, 1812, sont passes en revue et un genre nouveau, Gonaxia, est decrit. Trente-sept especes

et deux sous-especes sont decrites comme nouvelles : une espece dans le genre Abietinaria Kirchenpauer, 1844, une autre

dans le genre Dictyocladium Allman, 1888, 20 especes et une variete dans le genre Gonaxia gen. nov., 8 especes et une

sous-espice dans le genre Sertularella Gray, 1848, 6 especes et une sous-espece dans le genre Symplectoscyphus

Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890, enfin une espece dans le genre Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses

especes des genres Caminolhujaria Von Campenhausen, 1896, Cnidoscyphus Splettstosser, 1929, Dynamena Lamouroux,

1812, Geminella Billard, 1925, Hydrallmania Hinck, 1868, and ldiellana Cotton & Godfrey, 1942, qui n'avaieni jamais

encore ete signalees dans la region etudiee, y sont trouvees pour la premiere fois. Ces recoltes etendent considerablement

les distributions geographiques de beaucoup d'espices et nombreuses sont celles signalees pour la premiere fois des Ties

Chesterfield, de la Nouvelle-Calidonie et des Ties Loyaute. D'autres genres et especes seront traites dans une secondc

partie, & venir. de ce travail. II est interessant de souligner la presence, dans la zone de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, du curieux

nouveau genre Gonaxia dont les gonotheques sont en contact itroit avec l'axis et ses tubules secondaires. Remarquable

ausst est la presence de deux especes nord-atlantiques d’eau cohere, Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758) et Diphasia

attenuata (Hincks, 1861); des specimens de cette demiere, recoltes dans les eaux profondes de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, vont

etre decrits en detail dans un autre article. Au plan de la biogeographie, la presente etude montre un endemisme

considerable parmi les Hydroides des mers baignant la Nouvelle-Caledonie et les Ties Loyaute, phenomene deja signale

pour d'autres groupes marins. Des remarques biogeographiques approfondies seront faites plus tard, lorsque la majeure

partie des recoltes actuellemcnt en cours d'examen sera etudiee.

CONTENTS

Introduction.

List of abbreviations.

List of stations and species colutcted.

Systematic account.

Family SERTULARIIDAE. .....""".Z

Genus ABIETINARIA Kirchenpauer, 1884.

Abietinaria immersa sp. nov.

Genus CAMINOTHUJARIA Von Campenhausen, 1896

Caminolhujaria molukkana Von Campenhausen, 1896 .

Genus CNIDOSCYPHUS Splettstosser, 1929 .

Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852) .

Genus DICTYOCLADIUM Allman, 1888 .

Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov.

Genus DYNAMENA Lamouroux, 1812 .

Dynamena cornicina Me Crady, 1859 .

Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander, 1786).

Genus GEMINELLA Billard, 1925 .

Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925 .

Genus GONAXIA gen. nov.

Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov.

Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov.

Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa nov. var.

Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov.

Gonaxia bulbifera sp. nov.

. 92

. 93

..98

. 98

. 99

102

103

104

105

108

109

112

117

121

129

128

131

Source: MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

Gonaxia compacta sp. nov.135

Gonaxia complexa sp. nov.137

Gonaxia constricta sp. nov.140

Gonaxia crassa sp. nov.143

Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov. 145

Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov. 149

Gonaxia elegans sp. nov.153

Gonaxia errans sp. nov.154

Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov.157

Gonaxia pachyclados sp. nov.161

Gonaxia perplexa sp. nov.165

Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov.167

Gonaxia robusta sp. nov.168

Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.173

Gonaxia similis sp. nov.174

Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov.179

Gonaxia stricta sp. nov. 183

Genus HYDRALLMANIA Hincks, 1868 . 185

Hydrallmania distans Nutting, 1899 . 186

Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758). 186

Hydrallmania fakata var. bidens Mereshkovskii, 1878 . 187

Hydrallmania franciscana (Trask, 1857) . 187

Hydrallmania plumulifera (Allman, 1877). 187

Hydrallmania sp.188

Genus IDIELLANA Cotton & Godfrey, 1942 . 188

Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816) .188

Genus SERTULARELLA Gray, 1848 .189

Sertularella acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919 . 193

Sertularella acutidentata profunda ssp. nov. 197

Sertularella anguina sp. nov. 198

Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904 . 201

Sertularella billardi sp. nov.203

Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov.207

Sertularella catena (Allman, 1888). 210

Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905.213

Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885) . 214

Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930 . 216

Sertularella helenae sp. nov.218

Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888) . 220

Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov.223

Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.225

Sertularella paucicostata sp. nov.227

Sertularella pseudocostata sp. nov.230

Sertularella quadhdens cornuta Ritchie, 1909 . 232

Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896.235

Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856) . 236

Genus SYMPLECTOSCYPHUS Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890 . 239

Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972 . 242

Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus sp. nov.245

Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914).247

Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov.247

W. VERVOORT

Symplectoscyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov.251

Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov.253

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961 . 255

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.259

Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923 . 263

Symplectoscyphus pedunculatus (Billard, 1919) .264

Symplectoscyphus pseudocolumnarius sp. nov.265

Symplectoscyphus cf. pseudodivaricatus Ralph. 1961 .266

Symplectoscyphus ralphae sp. nov.270

Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930 . 272

Symplectoscyphus watsonae sp. nov. 274

Genus THYROSCYPHUS Allman, 1877 .276

Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov.276

ACKNOWIi-DGEMENTS.277

References. ..27S

Index . om

INTRODUCTION

The study of the rich collections of exotic, chiefly Indo-west Pacific, hydroids in the Museum national

d Histoire naturelle was started in 1988, when a first lot of unidentified Pacific hydroids was sent to the author by

Dr Michel SEGONZAC, Director of the Centre national de Tri d'Oceanographic biologiquc (CENTOB), Brest. This

collection, though small, proved to be extraordinarily interesting because of the presence of a number of

undescribed species. Further information made it clear that a much larger collection, chiefly from the seas around

New Caledonia, was present in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, the study of which was

enthusiastically welcomed by Dr Alain Crosnier of ORSTOM (Institut fran ? ais de Recherche pour le

Developpemcnt en Coopdration), situated at the Musdum. As the collections proved to be very large and rich,

sorting took quite some time; furthermore it became necessary to study additional material, both in the Paris

Museum and in The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)], London. At the

invitation of ORSTOM, the author (and his wife) spent two months in Paris for sorting purposes, for a detailed

study of A. BlLLARD's slide collection, and for the use of the large library of the Museum. Various trips to The

Natural History Museum, London, have been made in the course of this investigation, both for the study of

specimens and for the use of the marvellous libraries there.

The author hopes to continue his study of the extremely rich collections and to publish further contributions as

the result of such studies. It has become clear from investigations of other animal groups that the fauna of the New

Caledonia area presents very special biogeographical problems, as for instance the high degree of endemism. This is

also borne out by the hydroid fauna, presenting a large number of unique and undescribed species. Nevertheless

biogeographical conclusions based on this hydroid material will be postponed until a large portion of the available

collections has been studied.

The material has been deposited in the collections of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Paris (all the

holotypes and a representative collection). The Natural History Museum, London (a representative collection) and

the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (National Museum of Natural History, incorporating the Rijksmuscum

van Natuurlijkc Historic). Leiden, The Netherlands (schizoholotypes, paratypes and a representative collection).

Deposition of the material is indicated in the paragraph "Material examined" of the discussion of each species.

BMNH

CENTOB

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

British Museum (Natural History), now The Natural History Museum, London, U. K.

Centre national de Tri d'Oceanographie biologiquc. Brest, France.

Source MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

CC Otter trawl (shrimps).

CP Beam trawl.

DC Charcot dredge.

DR Rocky bottom dredge.

DW Waren dredge

KG Usnel box-corer.

MNHN Museum national d'Histoire naturclle, Paris. France.

RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, now Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (National

Museum of Natural History), Leiden, The Netherlands.

SAM South African Museum, Cape Town. Republic of South Africa.

ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung Miinchen, Munich, Republic of Germany.

LIST OF STATIONS AND SPECIES COLLECTED

This list contains all stations that yielded hydroid samples used for the present report.

Valdivia Expedition. Saint Paul Island.

Station 165, south of St Paul. 38 o 40'S-77 o 39'E. 680 m, 03.01.1899 : Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow.

1923.

TERRA Nova Expedition. New Zealand.

Station 91, off Three Kings Islands, 300 fms (= 549 m), 26.07.1911 : Gonaxia constricta (Totton. 1930).

R.V. "Africana II". South-west Indian Ocean.

Station AFR 1248 IIN, 36°48'S-52°08'E, 400 m, 09.07.1961 : Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow. 1923.

R.V. "Monarch" North Eastern Atlantic.

48 o 04 , N-09°23'W, 1000 fms (= 1828 m), 1950 : Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort. 1972.

R.V. "Africana II". Mozambique.

Station ABD 8C, 24°40'S-35°28'E, 347 m, 18.08.1964 : Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923.

R.V. "Vauban". New Caledonia.

Station 3, drague 3, 22°17'S-167 0 12'E, 390 m, 23.05.1978 : Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov.

CORINDON 2. Indonesia (Makassar Strait).

Station 207. 00°14.9'S-117°51.7'E. 150 m, 31.10.1980 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 258, 01°56.8'S-119°17.3'E, 30 m, 06.11.1980 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 263. 01°56.8'S-119°16.7'E. 80 m, 06.11.1980 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 266,01°56.6'S-119°15.8'E, 95 m. 07.11.1980 : Sertularella aculidenlata acutidentata Billard. 1919.

Station 293, 02°37.7'S-117°49.4'E, 45 m. 10.11.1980 : Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852).

Chalcal 1. Chesterfield Islands.

Station DC 30, 19 o 31.10'S-158°30.60'E. 150-180 m, 19.07.1984 : Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov.

Station DC 34, 19°52.10'S-158°20.10'E. 37 m, 21.07.1984 : Sertularella cf. tenella (Alder, 1856).

W. VERVOORT

Lagon. New Caledonia.

Station 114, 22°23.6 , S-166°49.6 , E, 37 m, 22.08.1984 : Idiellarta pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 120, 22°28.rS-166 0 43.7'E, 46 m, 23.08.1984 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 129, 22°30.5 , S-166°47.2'E, 45 m, 23.08.1984 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station 382, 22 o 30.4'S-167 o 14.rE, 57 m, 22.01.1985 : Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander, 1786).

Station 394, 22°44.rS-167°05.8'E, 309 m, 23.01.1985 : Sertularella helenae sp. nov.

Station 397, 22°38.5'S-167 o 10.6'E, 125 m, 23.01.1985 : Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

Station 444, 18°15.3 , S-162°58.8’E, 300-350 m, 28.02.1985 : Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov., Sertularella areyi

Nutting, 1904.

Station 475, 18°35.7'S-163°11.2'E, 415-460 m, 02.03.1985 : Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov.

Station 491, 18°56.0 , S-163°20.0 , E, 450-460 m, 03.03.1985 : Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905,

Symplectoscyphus cf. pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961.

Station 500, 19°04.3 , S-163°30.5 , E, 225 m, 04.03.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus

johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station DW 1065, 19°58.1'S-163°51.2’E, 28 m, 23.10.1989 : Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov.

Station DW 1146, 19°08.3'S-163 o 30.9'E, 176-185 m, 28.10.1989 : Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896.

Station DW 1148, 19°06.5'S-163°30.rE, 220 m, 28.10.1989 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov.

Station DW 1149, 19°04.5'S- 163°29.5'E, 230-235 m, 28.10.1989 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., Sertularella

areyi Nutting, 1904.

Musorsiom 3. Philippines.

Station DR 117, 12°31.2T4-120 o 39.3'E, 92-97 m, 03.06.1985 : Caminothujaria molukkana Von Campenhausen,

1896, Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1859, Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, Sertularella areyi Nutting,

1904, S. quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909.

Station CP 121, 12 o 08.3'N-121 o 17.3'E, 84-73 m, 03.06.1985 : Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station CP 124, P^.O'N-Pl^J'E, 123-120 m, 04.06.1985 : Caminothujaria molukkana Von Campenhausen,

1896.

Station CP 131, 11°36.6'N-121°43.0 , E, 120-122 m, 05.06.1985 : Caminothujaria molukkana Von Campenhausen,

1896, Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852), Sertularella quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909.

Station CP 134, 12 o 01.rN-121°57.3 r E, 92-95 m, 05.06.1985 : Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852), Idiellana

pristis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Station CP 142, 1 l°47.0 r N-123°01.5 , E, 27-26 m, 06.06.1985 : Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852).

Biocal. New Caledonia.

Station DW 08, 20°34.35'S-166 o 53.90'E, 435 m, 12.08.1985 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., G. scalariformis

sp. nov., Sertularella anguina sp. nov., S. paucicostata sp. nov.

Station CP 31,23°07.26’S-166°50.45'E, 850 m, 29.08.1985 : Gonaxia errans sp. nov.

Station DW 33, 23 o 09.7rS-167 o 10.27'E, 675-680 m, 29.08.1985 : Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov., S. catena

(Allman, 1888), S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus sp. nov.

Station DW 36, 23°08.64 S-167°10.99 E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov., S. catena

(Allman, 1888), S. diaphana (Allman, 1885), S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., S. paucicostata sp. nov.,

Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972, S. bathypacificus sp. nov., S. commensalis sp. nov.,

S. johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov., S. tuba Totton, 1930, S. watsonae sp. nov.

Station DW 37, 22°59.99 , S-167°15.65 , E, 350 m, 30.08.1985 : Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904, S. helenae

sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov.

Station DW 44,22 o 47.30’S-167 o 14.30'E, 440-450 m, 30.08.1985 : Sertularella paucicostata sp. nov.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM 11 IK WESTERN PACIFIC

Station CP 45, 22°47.34'S-167°14.80'E, 430-465 m, 30.08.1985 : Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov.

Station DW 46,22°53.05'S-167°17.08 , E, 570-610 m, 30.08.1985 : Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888).

Station DW 51, 23 o 05.27'S-167°44.95'E, 700-680 m. 31.08.1985 : Gonaxia errans sp. nov., Sertularella

novaecaledoniae sp. nov., Symplectoscyphuspedunculatus (Billard, 1919), S. pseudocolumnarius sp. nov.

Station CP 52, 23°05.79'S-167 o 46.54’E. 600-540 m, 31.08.1985 : Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov.,

S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., S. paucicostata sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov.

Station DW 66, 24°55.43 , S-168°21.67'E, 515-505 m, 03.09.1985 : Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

Station CP 75, 22°18.65'S-167 o 23.30'E. 825-860 m. 04-05.09.1985 : Sertularella pseudocostata sp. nov.

Station CP 78, 22°16.25’S-167°15.53'E, 445-450 m, 05.09.1985 : Sertularella pseudocostata sp. nov.

Station CP 84. 20°43.49'S-167°00.27'E, 210-150 m. 06.09.1985 : Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station CP 110, 22°12.38'S-167°06.43'E. 275-320 m. 09.09.1985 : Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov.

Musorstom 4. New Caledonia.

Station CP 153, 19°04.20'S-163°21.20'E, 235 m, 14.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., Sertularella billardi

sp. nov., S. diaphana (Allman, 1885), Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station CP 155, 18 o 52.80’S-163°19.50'E, 570 m, 15.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., G. compacta sp.

nov., Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961, S. johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station DW 156, 18°54.00 , S-163°18.80'E. 530 m, 15.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., G. ampullacea sp.

nov., G. bulbifera sp. nov., G. robusta sp. nov.

Station CP 158. 18 o 49.30’S-163°15.00'E, 620 m. 15.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., G. ampullacea sp.

nov., G. anonyma sp. nov., G. intermedia sp. nov.

Station DW 162. 18°35.00'S-163°10.30’E. 535 m, 16.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., G. ampullacea var.

densa var. nov., Sertularella billardi sp. nov.

Station DW 163, 18°33.80'S-163°11.50'E, 350 m, 16.09.1985 : Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov., G. elegans sp.

nov., G. intermedia sp. nov., Sertularella billardi sp. nov.

Station DW 164, 18°33.20'S-163°13.00 , E, 250 m, 16.09.1985 : Abietinaria immersa sp. nov.

Station CP 171, 18 o 57.80'S-163 o 14.00'E, 435 m, 17.09.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., Sertularella

acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919.

Station CP 172. 19°01,20'S-163° 16.00’E, 330 m. 17.09.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., Sertularella areyi

Nutting, 1904.

Station CC 174, 19°00.30'S-163°18.50'E, 385 m. 17.09.1985 : Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station CP 179, 18°56.60'S-163°13.70'E, 480 m, 18.09.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov.

Station CP 180. 18°56.80'S-163°17.70'E, 450 m. 18.09.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov.

Station CP 190, 19°06.30'S-163°29.50'E. 215 m. 19.09.1985 : Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925. Gonaxia

amphorifera sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station CP 193, 18°56.30'S-163°23.20’E, 415 m, 19.09.1985 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., Sertularella billardi

sp. nov., S. crenulata Nutting, 1905.

Station CP 194, 18 o 52.80'S-163°21.70'E, 550 m, 19.09.1985 : Gonaxia compacta sp. nov., G. elegans sp. nov.,

G. intermedia sp. nov.

Station CP 195, 18 o 54.80'S-163°22.20'E, 470 m, 19.09.1985 : Sertularella billardi sp. nov.

Station DW 197, 18 o 51.30'S-163 o 21.00'E, 560 m, 20.09.1985 : Gonaxia compacta sp. nov.. G. crassa sp. nov.

Station CC 201, 18°55.80'S-163°13.80'E. 500 m, 20.09.1985 : Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov.

Station DW 205, 22 o 38.50’S-167°06.80'E, 140-160 m, 27.09.1985 : Gonaxia pachyclados sp. nov.

Station DW 207, 22 o 39.00'S-167°07.40'E, 235 m, 28.09.1985 : Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, Gonaxia

sinuosa sp. nov.

W. VERVOORT

Slalion DW 212, 22°47.40 , S-167°10.50 , E, 380 m, 28.09.1985 : Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov., Symplecto-

scyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov.

Slalion CP 215, 22°55.70'S-167°17.00'E, 520 m, 28.09.1985 : Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov., S. novae -

caledoniae sp. nov.

Slalion CP 216, 22 o 59.50'S-167 o 22.00'E, 515 m, 29.09.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., G. similis sp. nov.

Slalion CP 217, 23°03.60 , S-167°27.00 , E, 850 m, 29.09.1985 : Gonaxia elegans sp. nov.

Slalion DW 220, 22°58.50'S-167°38.30 , E, 550 m, 29.09.1985 : Sertularella acutidentata profunda ssp. nov.,

S. bipectinata sp. nov., S. diaphana (Allman, 1885), S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., S. paucicostata sp. nov.,

Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov.

Station DW 222, 22°57.60 , S-167°33.00 , E, 440 m, 30.09.1985 : Gonaxia compacta sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus

cf. commensalis sp. nov.

Station DW 223, 22°57.00 , S-167°30.00 , E, 560 m, 30.09.1985 : Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

Slalion DW 234, 22 o 15.40'S-167°08.30 , E, 365 m, 02.10.1985 : Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov.

Station CP 237, 22°12.00 , S-167°16.50 , E, 630 m, 02.10.1985 : Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., Sertularella billardi

sp. nov.

Station CP 238, 22°13.00'S-167 o 14.00'E, 510 m, 02.10.1985 : Sertularella paucicostata sp. nov.

Smib 2. New Caledonia.

Station DW 15, 22 0 53’S-167°1 l'E, 375-402 m, 18.09.1986 : Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

MUSORSTOM 5. Chesterfield Islands.

Station DC 375, 19°52.20 , S-158°29.70 , E, 300 m, 20.10.1986 : Gonaxia perplexa sp. nov.

CHALCAL 2. New Caledonia.

Station DW 76, 23 o 40.50'S-167 o 45.20'E, 470 m, 30.10.1986 : Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov., G. stricta sp. nov.

Station DW 80, 23°26.70'S-168°01.80 r E, 160 m, 31.10.1986 : Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov., Sertularella sinensis

Jaderholm, 1896.

Station DW 83, 23°20.30'S-168°05.50 , E, 200 m, 31.10.1986 : Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov., S. johnstoni

tropicus ssp. nov.

Biogeocal. New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands.

Station KG 201,22°40.42'S-166°32.72 , E, 595 m, 07.04.1987 : Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888).

Station CP 214, 22 o 43.09'S-166 o 27.19'E, 1665-1590 m, 09.04.1987 : Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758).

Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930.

Station KG 219, 22°38.8rS-166°33.63'E, 570 m. 10.04.1987 : Sertularella anguina sp. nov.

Station DW 291, 20 o 34.47'S-166°54.33'E, 510-520 m, 27.04.1987 : Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov.

Station DW 307, 20°35.38 , S-166°55.25'E, 470-480 m, 01.05.1987 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., Sertularella areyi

Nutting, 1904.

Musorstom 6. Loyalty Islands.

Station DW 391, 20°47.35'S-167°05.70 , E, 390 m, 13.02.1989 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., G. scalariformis sp.

nov., G. similis sp. nov.

Station DW 392, 20 o 47.32 , S-167°04.60'E, 340 m, 13.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 397, 20°47.35 , S-167°05.17'E, 380 m, 13.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 398, 20°47.19 , S-167°05.65'E, 370 m, 13.02.1989 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., G. persimilis sp.

nov., G. similis sp. nov.

Station DW 399, 20°41.80 , S-167°00.20 , E, 282 m, 14.02.1989 : Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov., G. similis sp. nov.

Station CP 400, 20°42.18 , S-167°00.40 , E, 270 m, 14.02.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

Source MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIHC

Station DW 406, 20 o 40.65'S-167 o 06.80'E, 373 m. 15.02.1989 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., Sertularella helenae

sp. nov.

Station DW 407, 20°40.70'S-167°06.60'E. 360 m. 15.02.1989 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov.

Station DW 420, 20°29.27'S-166°43.35'E, 600 m. 16.02.1989 : Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856).

Station DW 421, 20°26.27'S-166°40.17'E, 245 m, 16.02.1989 : Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

Station DW 422. 20 o 26.20'S-166°40.3rE, 257 m, 16.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 423, 20 o 25.85'S-166 o 40.50'E, 280 m, 16.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 428. 20°23.54'S-166 o 12.57’E, 420 m, 17.02.1989 : Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

Station DW 446, 20 o 54.33'S-167°18.59'E. 360 m. 19.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 447. 20 o 54.90'S-167°19.87'E, 460 m, 19.02.1989 : Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

Station DW 448, 20 o 55.66’S-167°22.34'E, 410 m. 19.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 451, 20°59.00'S-167°24.50 , E, 330 m, 20.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Station DW 457,21 o 00.42’S-167 o 28.71'E, 353 m, 20.02.1989 : Sertularella helenae sp. nov.

Station DW 458, 21°00.93’S-167 o 29.96'E, 400 m. 20.02.1989 : Sertularella anguina sp. nov., S. helenae sp. nov.

Station DW 461, 21 o 06.00'S-167°26.20'E, 240 m. 21.02.1989 : Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., G. persimilis sp.

nov.

Station CP 464, 21°02.30'S-167°31.60'E, 430 m. 21.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov., Sertularella anguina sp.

nov., S. helenae sp. nov.

Station DW 471, 21 o 08.00'S-167 o 54.10'E, 460 m. 22.02.1989 : Sertularella helenae sp. nov.

Station DW 473, 21°08.80'S-167°55.30'E, 236 m, 22.02.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting. 1904, S. quadridens

comma Ritchie, 1909.

Station DW 474, 21°08.80’S-167°55.50’E. 260 m. 22.02.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

Station DW 475,21°08.95 , S-167°55.40'E, 236 m. 22.02.1989 : Sertularella quadridens comma Ritchie. 1909.

Station DW 477,2r07.98'S-167°54.69'E, 550 m, 22.02.1989 : Sertularella quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909.

Station DW 478. 21°08.96'S-167°54.28'E, 400 m, 22.02.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904, S. helenae sp.

nov.

Station DW 485, 21°23.48’S-167°59.33'E, 350 m. 23.02.1989 : Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Calsub. New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands.

Plongee 15, 20°37.1’S-166°58 , E, 545-327 m, 06.03.1989 : Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

SMIB 4. New Caledonia.

Station DW 40, 24°46.2 , S-168°08.7 , E. 260 m. 07.03.1989 : Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov.

Station DW 50,23°42.2'S-168°(X).8 , E. 295 m, 09.03.1989 : Sertularella quadridens comma Ritchie, 1909.

Station DW 52, 23°40.6'S-168°00.5'E. 250 m. 09.03.1989 : Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station DW 53, 23 o 40.1 , S-167°59.9'E. 270 m. 09.03.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting. 1904, S. helenae sp. nov.

Station DW 55, 23°21.4'S-168°04.5'E. 260 m. 09.03.1989 : Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, Gonaxia

crassicaulis sp. nov., G. sinuosa sp. nov., Sertularella areyi Nutting. 1904. S. helenae sp. nov., Symplecto¬

scyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov., S. ralphae sp. nov.

Station DW 57, 23 o 21.5'S-168 o 04.6'E. 260 m. 09.03.1989 : Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov., Sertularella areyi Nutting,

1904, Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov., S. ralphae sp. nov.

Station DW 59, 22 o 58.0'S-167°22.5'E, 650 m. 10.03.1989 : Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov., G. sinuosa sp. nov.

New Caledonia.

Passe de la Dumbca, small overhang, crevices. H. ZiBROWtus. 16.03.1989 (no exact depth record) : Geminella

ceramensis Billard, 1925.

W. VERVOORT

SMIB 5. New Caledonia.

Station DW 71, 23 o 41.3'S-168°00.7'E, 265 m, 07.09.1989 : Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov.

Station DW 72, 23°42.0 , S-168°00.8'E, 400 m, 07.09.1989 : Symplectoscyphas cf. commensalis sp. nov.,

S. effusus sp. nov., S. ralphae sp. nov.

Station DW 85, 22°20.0 S-169°42.9'E, 260 m, 13.09.1989 : Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov.

Station DW 93, 22 o 20.0S-168 o 42.3'E, 255 m, 13.09.1989 : Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov., G. simi/is sp. nov.,

Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

Station DW 95, 22°59.7'S-168°19.8 , E, 200 m. 14.09.1989 : Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, Gonaxia similis

sp. nov., G. sinuosa sp. nov., Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904, Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station DW 101, 23°21.2’S-168°04.9 I E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov., Geminella

ceramensis Billard, 1925, Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov., G. sinuosa sp. nov., Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904,

S • helena e sp. nov., Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov., S. johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov., S. ralphae sp. nov.

Station DW 102, 23°19.6S-168°04.7'E, 305 m, 14.09.1989 : Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

SMIB 6. New Caledonia.

Station DW 111, 19°03.9'S-163°29.7'E, 240-245 m, 02.03.1990 : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov.

Station DW 114, 19°01.2 S-I63 D 28.8'E, 255-265 m, 02.03.1990 : Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Station DW 135, 19°02.8’S-163°18.7’E, 250-260 m, 04.03.1990 : Sertularella sinensis Jadcrholm, 1896.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

Family SERTULARIIDAE Lamouroux. 1812

Parti

In this lirst part, all genera of Sertulariidae in the New Caledonia collection arc included, with the exception of

the genera Diphasia L. Agassiz, 1862, and Salacia Lamouroux, 1816. For purely practical reasons the species of

these genera, along with additions to the present report, are discussed in a future paper also dealing with the

Syntheciidae Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890.

Genus ABIETINARIA Kirchenpauer, 1884

The genus Abietinaria Kirchenpauer [1884 : 29-31; type, by original designation (Kirchknpauer. 1884 ; 31),

Sertularia abietina Linnaeus. 1758] is here considered to consist of the following species :

Abietinaria abieiina (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Sertularia abietina Linnaeus, 1758 : 808; including the varieties

A, abietina var. abietiformis Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 32; A. abietina var. minor Kirchenpauer. 1884 : 32, and

A. abietina var. purpurea Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 32).

Abietinaria alexanderi Nutting, 1904 : 120-121, pi. 35 figs 5-8.

Abietinaria ahernitheca (Kudelin, 1914) (= Diphasia alternitheca Kudelin. 1914 ; 441-443, figs 154-156)

Abietinaria anguina Trask. 1857 (= Sertularia anguina Trask, 1857 : 112, pi. 5 fig. 1; Sertularia labrata Murray.

1860a : 250-251, pi. 11 fig. 2; Abietinaria Tilesii Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 34-35, pi. 14 fig. 3- Thuiaria coei

Nutting, 1901a : 185, pi. 26 figs 1-3).

Abietinaria annulata (Kirchenpauer, 1884) (= Thuiaria annulata Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 26. pi. 13 fig. 5 ).

Abietinaria compressa (Merezhkovskii, 1878) (= Sertularia compressa Merezhkovskii 1878b • 446 nl 17

figs 17-19). ‘ ' y '

Abietinaria crassiparia Naumov. 1960 ; 390, fig. 280.

Source MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

Abietinaria cruciformis Antsulcvich, 1987 : 91-93, fig. 26.

Abietinaria derbeki (Kudelin, 1914) (= Diphasia derbeki Kudelin, 1914 : 449-452, figs 160-165).

Abietinaria elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1923c : 115-116.

Abietinaria expansa Fraser, 1938b : 112, pi. 16 fig. 1.

Abietinaria filicula (Ellis & Solander, 1786) [= Sertularia filicula Ellis & Solander, 1786 : 57 (no. 32), pi. 6

figs c, C].

Abietinaria fusca (Johnston, 1847) (= Sertularia fusca Johnston, 1847 : 70-71, figs 6, 10c, 11).

Abietinaria gagarae Naumov, 1960 : 391-392, figs 281-282.

Abietinaria gigantea (Clark, 1876) (= Thuiaria gigantea Clark, 1876a : 230, pi. 10 figs 63-64; Abietinaria

urceolus Naumov, 1960 : 377-379, figs 266-267).

Abietinaria gracilis Nutting, 1904 : 120, pi. 35 figs 1-2.

Abietinaria greenei (Murray, 1860) (= Sertularia greenei Murray, 1860b : 504).

Abietinaria inconstans (Clark, 1876) (= Sertularia inconstans Clark, 1876a : 222-223, pi. 9 tigs 51-52; Thuiaria

costata Nutting, 1901a : 187, pi. 26 figs 4-9; Abietinaria amphora Nutting, 1904 : 119, pi. 34 figs 2-4 ).

Abietinaria interversa (Pictet & Bedot, 1900) (= Monopoma interversa Pictet & Bedot, 1900 : 26-27, pi. 6

fig. 1).

Abietinaria juniperus Kirchenpauer, 1884 (= Abietinaria Juniper us Kirchenpaucr, 1884 : 33, pi. 14 tig. 2).

Abietinaria kincaidi (Nutting, 1901) (= Thuiaria elegans Nutting, 1901a : 187, pi. 25 figs 1-3; Thuiaria kincaidi

Nutting, 1901b : 789).

Abietinaria laevimarginata (Ritchie, 1907) (= Sertularia laevimarginata Ritchie, 1907b : 507-508, pi. 26

figs 5-6).

Abietinaria macrotheca Naumov, 1960 : 379-380, figs 269-270.

Abietinaria melo Kirchenpauer, 1884 (= Abietinaria Melo Kirchenpauer : 33-34, pi. 14 fig. 4).

Abietinaria merkii Kirchenpaucr, 1884 (= Abietinaria Merkii Kirchenpauer: 35, pi. 14 fig. 1).

Abietinaria pacifica Stechow, 1923d : 197-198, fig. F 1 .

Abietinaria pulchra (Nutting, 1904) (= ? Diphasia pulchra Nutting, 1904 : 111, pi. 31 figs 1-3).

Abietinaria raritheca Naumov, 1960 : 392-393, figs 283-284.

Abietinaria rigida Fraser, 1911: 61-62, pi. 5 figs 1-3.

Abietinaria smirnovi (Kudelin, 1914) (= Diphasia smirnovi Kudelin, 1914 : 414-415, fig. 143, pi. 4 fig. 4).

Abietinaria spasskii (Fenyuk, 1947) (= Diphasia spasskii Fenyuk, 1947 : 9, fig. 9).

Abietinaria spiralis Naumov, 1960 : 398-399, fig. 290.

Abietinaria thuiarioides (Ckirk, 1876) (= Sertularia thuiarioides Clark, 1876a : 223-224, pi. 7 figs 38-39;

Abietinaria koltuni Naumov, 1960 : 394-395, fig. 286).

Abietinaria traski (Torrey, 1902) (= Sertularia traski Torrey, 1902 : 69-70, pi. 9 tig. 83).

Abietinaria trigona Antsulevich, 1987 : 90-91, fig. 25.

Abietinaria turgida (Clark, 1876) (= Thuiaria turgida Clark, 1876a : 229-230, pi. 10 figs 58-61).

Abietinaria variabilis (Clark, 1876) (= Sertularia variabilis Clark, 1876a : 221-222, pi. 8 figs 40-48, pi. 9

figs 49-50; Abietinaria cartilaginea Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 36, pi. 14 fig. 6).

An undescribed species occurs in the New Caledonia collection.

Abietinaria immersa sp. nov.

Fig. la-d

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 164, 18°33.20’S-163°13.00 , E, 250 m,

16.09.1985 (type locality) : four colonies 60-65 mm high, 1 without hydrocladia, with thick main stem and many

detached hydrocladia and some gonothecae. Five schizoholotype slides no. 384. Holotypc a 60 mm high colony with

detached gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 998, also 1 schizoholotype slide); 2 schizoholotype slides and 1 slide of 2 gonothecae

(RMNH-Coel. 25753); 1 paratype colony (RMNH-Coel. 25754) and 1 paratype colony and 1 slide (BMNH 1989.

11.24.1).

100

W. VERVOORT

DESCRIPTION. — Colony pinnate, with erect, strongly developed axis, bearing alternately arranged c. 25 mm

long hydrocladia in one plane, pointing laterally and slightly upwards. Axis monosiphonic in upper part only, rest

of axis polysiphonic by development, probably from stolons that are missing, of thick secondary tubules running

parallel to axis; axial hydrothecae projecting from mass of secondary tubules. No division of axis into internodes

visible; conspicuous apophyses supporting hydrocladia present; these alternately arranged in two opposite rows,

two consecutive apophyses being separated by three hydrothecae : one axillary, one on opposite side and one on

same side nearly opposite consecutive apophysis. Hydrotheca on opposite side, being subaxillary to following

apophysis, with strongly thickened perisarc on adcauline side (fig. la).

Hydrocladia flattened in plane of branching, with nearly completely immersed hydrothecae arranged alternately

on both sides; basal portion of hydrocladium with distinct hinge attached to apophysis; hinge allowing slight

rotating movement of hydrocladium. Hydrocladial hydrothecae of same shape as axial hydrothecae opposite

apophyses; there are consequently three types of hydrothecae: axillary, subaxillary and hydrocladial (fig. la).

Hydrocladial hydrothecae almost completely immersed, only fraction of distal part (one-third to one-fourth) free,

elongated, nearly tubular, free part slightly tapering. Adnate part of adcauline wall smoothly rounded basally; floor

of hydrotheca with conspicuous, rounded peg and hole permitting passage of cocnosarc (fig. lb). Thin strip of

perisarc runs from tip of peg towards abcauline wall of hydrotheca; in proximal part of hydrocladium and in axis

distal part of strip thickened to form inwardly projecting lamella; adcauline part of hydrotheca in these regions with

proximally widening sheath of perisarc (fig. lc). Subaxillary hydrolhecae differ from hydrocladial hydrothecae by

thickening of adnate part of adcauline wall; thickening also includes basal portion. Axillary hydrothecae slender,

slightly curved, free for about one-half to one-third of its depth. Fused part of adcauline wall running into

conspicuous, downward projecting peg bordering oval fenestra (fig. la). All hydrolhecae with circular rim almost

parallel to length axis of stem or hydrocladium; circular closing lid visible in some hydrothccae only and there

attached to adcauline portion of rim. There are no renovations and few hydrothecae appear to be damaged.

Perisarc fairly strong along walls of hydrothecae and hydrocladia, slightly thicker on axis, particularly at

apophysis; yellowish.

Cocnosarc visible in primary axis and hydrocladia, forming single strand (fig. lb). Remnants only of hydranths

observed; counts of tentacles could not be made. Hydranths attached inside hydrotheca at hollow part of bottom

Table 1. — Measurements of Abietinaria immersa sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn DW 164

(slide no. 384)

Axis, diameter at base

1.625 - 1,875

Subaxillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

355 - 410

length free part adcauline wall

295 - 320

length adnate part adcauline wall

740 - 800

total depth

845 - 850

maximal diameter

295 - 320

diameter at rim

205 - 215

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

355 - 370

length free part adcauline wall

520 - 560

length adnate part adcauline wall

925 - 995

total depth

960 - 1,075

maximal diameter

245 - 250

diameter at rim

85 - 205

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

355 - 370

length free part adcauline wall

150 - 295

length adnate part adcauline wall

960 - 995

total depth

910 - 960

maximal diameter

310 - 320

diameter at rim

230 - 235

Gonotheca, approximate length

4,125 - 4,230

maximal diameter

1,885 - 2,125

diameter at aperture

630 - 670

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

101

Fig. 1. — Abietinaria immersa sp. nov., hololype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 164 : a, monosiphonic part of axis with two

apophyses and basal part of a hydrocladium; b. distal part of hydrocladium with strand of coenosarc; c, two

hydrothecae from proximal part of hydrocladium with sheath of perisarc at adnate part adcauline wall; d, detached

gonotheca with longitudinal ribs, a-d, slide no. 384.

102

W. VERVOORT

plate; two strands of tissue are seen to run upwards inside hydrotheca and are attached to inside of upper portions of

ad- and abcauline walls.

Gonothecac found detached from colonies but apparently they insert in two rows on axis at apophyses.

Gonotheca large, ovoid, c. 1.5 times as long as broad, attached by means of short, broad pedicel; distally with

circular, smooth aperture, no lid has been observed. Surface of gonotheca with 10 longitudinal, raised ribs with

sharp edges (fig. Id); all gonothecac empty. Perisarc of gonotheca strong.

Distribution. — Abietinaria immersa has been observed at a single locality (Musorstom 4. Stn DW 164) at

the reefs northwest of New Caledonia (Grand Passage, type locality), depth 250 m.

Remarks. — The present new species resembles Abietinaria gigantea (Clark, 1876) in the immersed condition

of the hydrothecae but it has a quite different build of colony and the gonothccae are distinctly different, those of

A. immersa being longitudinally ribbed and those of A. gigantea being quite smooth. Ribbed gonothecac also

occur in Abietinaria turgida (Clark, 1876), but here the number of ribs is 4 or 5 while there arc considerable

differences in structure of axis and hydrothecae.

Etymology. — The specific name immersa, from the latin verb immergo, immersum to dip under, refers to the

immersed condition of the hydrothecae.

Genus CAMINOTHUJARIA Von Campenhauscn, 1896

This genus has been retained for such species of Scrtulariidae that have hydrothecae of the Sertuiarella- type (i.e.

with four marginal cusps at the hydrothecal rim) and that have those hydrolhecac arranged in pairs and in verticils

composed of three or four hydrothecae. The type of the genus is Caminothujaria moiukkana (= moluccana) Von

Campenhauscn, 1896; a second species has been described by Stechow (1923 ; 203) as Caminothujaria sagamina ,

the descriptions being based exclusively on previous descriptions by Inaba (1890. as Sertularia sp. no. 22) and by

Jaderholm (1919. as Sertularia distans). Though this species has the arrangement of hydrothecae characteristic of

species of the genus Sertularia Linnaeus, 1758 (in its present, restricted form) both authors explicitly mention four

marginal cusps at the hydrothecal rim; the exact nature of the opercular apparatus, as well as the gonothecae,

remaining unknown. The inclusion of this second species in Caminothujaria Von Campenhausen. 1896, seems

questionable but must temporarily be maintained pending the discovery of additional material.

Caminothujaria tnolukkana Von Campenhausen, 1896

Caminothujaria moiukkana Von Campenhausen, 1896a : 104, 106.

Caminothujaria moluccana - Von Campenhausen, 1896b : 306, 314, pi. 15 fig. 8. — Hartlaub 1901b • 35 — Billard

1904 : 36.

Thuiaria divergens Whitelegge, 1899 : 371-372, pi. 23 figs 1-3.

Sertularia indonialayica Stechow, 1919 : 158.

Sertuiarella singulars Billard, 1920a : 14-16, fig. 1; 1924 : 59. — Stechow, 1923c : 109. — VANSOEST. 1976 : 84.

/ ri dent at a indonialayica - STECHOW, 1922 : 149.

Dictyocladium singulare - STECHOW, 1923d : 170.

Caminolhuiaria moluccana - BILLARD, 1924 : 59.

Sertuiarella moluccana - Bili.ard, 1924 ; 59; 1925b : 167, 222, figs 28-29. pi. 7 fig. 19. — Vannucci Mendes, 1946 ;

569, pi. 4 fig. 39. — Vannucci, 1951: 111, 115, 116.

Sertularia sigmagonangia Hargitt, 1924 : 495, pi. 5 fig. 20.

Dictyocladium aberrans Nutling, 1927 : 214-215, pi. 41 figs 4-5.

Material EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 12°31.2 , N-120°39.3 , E. 92-97 m, 03.06.1985 :

Iragment of stem, c. 18 mm long, hydrothecae triseriate, no gonothecae, made up in slide no. 474 (RMNH-Coel. 25755).

~ CP 124, 12 ° 02, f 6 N-121°35.3 E, 123-120 m, 04.06.1985 : single colony c. 120 mm high in 2 parts; 1 young

gonotheca. Basal part oi hydrocaulus with branch. Some hydrothecae of basal parts of hydrocladia triseriate, rest strictly

Source: MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

103

opposite IMNHN-Hy. 999, also slide (no. 317) of some hydrocladia]. Two slides no. 317 of parts of axis with hydrocladia

(BMNH 1989.11.24.2 and RMNH-Coel. 25756). — Stn CP 131, 1 l o 36.6'N-121 o 43.0'E, 120-122 m, 05.06.1985 : single

colony 60 mm high with 50 mm long branch and some fragments; no gonothccae. Fragment in 2 parts on 2 slides no.

1670 (all RMNH-Coel. 26651).

Short Description (based on material from Musorstom 3, Stn CP 124). — Axis erect (in 2 parts), 120 mm

high, basally polysiphonic and with a clump of stolonal fibres, distally monosiphonic and slightly geniculate.

Axial hydrothecae arranged in groups of three at base of alternate apophyses supporting hydrocladia : one axillary,

one subaxillary or a small distance under apophysis and one opposite apophysis. Axial hydrothecae and hydrocladia

on one plane with exception of axillary hydrothccae that are slightly turned towards front of colony. Arrangement

of groups of hydrothecae consistent along whole length of axis. Hydrocladial hydrothecae arranged in pairs, and in

verticils of three and four; pairs of hydrothecae in general plane of colony; verticils in intermediate position.

Usually verticils occur in older hydrocladia and at base of such hydrocladia, but this is no fixed rule : hydrocladia

may start with a pair of alternate hydrothccae that may be followed by a verticil of three or four. No such verticils

observed along axis in present material. Upper part of axis forked; branch distinctly produced by several secondary

tubules running parallel to axis proximally. Hydrothccae uniform; adcauline wall free for slightly more than half

total length; contiguous portion of hydrotheca slightly swollen, distal portion curving away at almost right angle,

gradually narrowing, rim with four low but acute cusps (two laterals, one ad-, one abcaulinc); closing apparatus

frequently complete, when closed forming fairly low roof; plates rounded at apex, slightly furrowed. Renovations of

hydrothecal border usually frequent and quite regular. Adnate portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall of axial

hydrothecac with considerable pcrisarcal extension growing in direction of adcauline wall of opposite hydrolheca,

often forked, one of forks reaching opposite wall (apparently not forming complete septum but a ring inside axis

through which pass the strands of coenosarc).

Hydrocladia set off from internodc by circular constriction, no distinct node has been observed. Length of

hydrocladia up to 15 mm, number of pairs (and verticils) of hydrothecae maximally 12.

Soft tissue and hydranths in poor condition.

One gonotheca present on one of upper hydrocladia, springing from internode close to pair of hydrothecac,

length c. 700 pm, elongated ovoid, narrowing towards both ends. No distinct pedicel observed; apex of hydrotheca

with three cusps surrounding a small, circular aperture. Surface of gonotheca, with exception of apical and basal

portions, transversally furrowed.

Distribution. — Caminothujaria nwlukkana is chiefly known from the seas of the eastern part of the Malay

Archipelago and the Philippines (Von Campeniiausen, 1896a, b; Billard, 1925b; Hargitt, 1924, as Sertularia

sigmagonangia ; NUTTING, 1927, as Dictyocladium aberrans ), usually from intermediate depths, but occasionally at

great depth (1105 fms = 2021 m, NUTTING, 1927). Additional specimens originate from Funafuti Atoll, Ellice

Islands, Pacific (WHITELEGGE, 1899, as Thuiaria divergens ; no distinct depth record). The present specimens

originate from Mindoro Strait, Philippines, depth 92-123 m. So far the species has not been recorded from the New

Caledonia area.

Remarks. — The present material agrees closely with Billard’s (1925b) excellent description of colonies from

the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago and therefore it has not been described in detail. There can be no

reasonable doubt that the species described by Hargitt, 1924, as Sertularia sigmagonangia , by Nutting. 1927, as

Dictyocladium aberrans and by WHITELEGGE, 1899, as Thuiaria divergens all belong to Caminothujaria molukkana ,

to which species had already been brought Sertularella singulars ol BlLLARD (1920a).

Genus CNIDOSCYPHVS Splettstosser, 1929

This genus has been retained to include the following three species :

Cnidoscyphus aequalis (Warren, 1908) (= Thyroscyphus aequalis Warren, 1908 : 344-346, fig. 23, pi. 48

figs 38-40).

104

W. VERVOORT

Cnidoscyphus marginatus (Allman, 1877) (= Obelia marginal a Allman, 1877 : 9-10, pi. 6 figs 1-2;

Campanularia insignia Allman. 1888 : 19-20, pi. 9 figs 1-2).

Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852) (= Laomedea Torresii Busk. 1852 : 402; Thyroscyphus simplex Allman.

1888 : 25. pi. 13 figs 1-2; Thyroscyphus regularis Jaderholm. 1896 : 9, pi. 1 fig. 8).

SplettstOsser's descriplion of the genus, ihough including the three species listed above, contains no reference

to a type; as 1 have been unable to locate any previous type designation in the literature, Laomedea Torresii Busk.

1852 |= Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk. 1852)] is here designated as the type of the genus.

Cnidoscyphus macrotheca Kramp. 1947, is identical with Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman, 1888) and should

be excluded from Cnidoscyphus.

The genus is well differentiated from Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877 (type, by monotypy, Thyroscyphus ramosus

Allman, 1877) by a number of morphological details, principally concerning the localization of the (large)

nematocysts. Though it has been incorporated in Thyroscyphus by Bouillon (1985 : 176) I believe the differences

indicated by Splettstosser (1929) to be of sufficient importance to keep both genera separate.

Only one species occurs in the present collection.

Cnidoscyphus torresii (Busk, 1852) 1

Laomedea Torresii Busk, 1852 : 402.

Campanularia Torresii - Bale, 1884 : 52, pi. 11 fig. 3.

Thyroscyphus simplex Allman, 1888 : 25, pi. 13 figs 1-2.

Thyroscyphus regularis Jaderholm, 1896 : 9, pi. 1 fig. 8. — Stechow, 1913b : 12.

Thyroscyphus Torresii - JADERHOLM, 1903 : 273, pi. 12 fig. 6; 1916 : 5. — Redier, 1963 : 22, fig. 5.

Thyroscyphus torresi - Stechow & MCLLER. 1923 : 466.

Cnidoscyphus torresii - SplettstOsser, 1929 : 70-82, 125-126, figs 68-77, map 2. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 156.

Cnidoscyphus torresi - Vervoort, 1941 : 204-205, fig. 1. — Edwards, 1973 : 587.

Not Thyroscyphus torresii - Mayal, 1973 : 61-62, figs 47-48 (= Thyroscyphus longicaulis Splettstosser, 1929).

Material EXAMINED. — Makassar Strait. Corindon 2 : stn 293, 02°37.7'S-117°49.4'E, 45 m, 10.11.1980 :

fragments of several colonies, c. 70 mm high, no gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1000; BMNH 1989.11.24.3). Slide no 437

(RMNH-Coel. 25757).

Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn CP 131, 11°36.6'N-121°43.0'E, 120-122 m, 05.06.1985 : five colonies up to

60 mm high and several fragments; gonothecae present. With Modeeria rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) and Lafoea

dumosa (Fleming, 1820). Three slides no. 1684 (all RMNH-Coel. 26655). — Stn CP 134, 12°01.1'N-121°57.3’E, 92-

95 m, 05.06.1985 : single 10 mm high stem with 4-5 hydrothecae, all in slide no. 464 (RMNH-Coel. 25758). — Stn CP

142, 11°47.0 N-123°01.5'E, 27-26 m, 06.06.1985 : single 80 mm high fragment and 1 hydrocladium with a single

hydrotheca. No gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1001). Slide no. 842, top part with single hydrotheca (RMNH-Coel. 25759).

Distribution. — Cnidoscyphus torresii is chiefly known from the Indian Ocean coasts of Western Australia,

from the Timor and Arafura Seas (including Aru Islands), from Torres Strait, from the seas of the Malay

Archipelago and from the South China Sea (cf. SPLETTSTOSSER, 1929; Vervoort, 1941). The present records are

from Makassar Strait (Corindon 2, Stn 293), from Mindoro Strait (Musorstom 3, Stns CP 131 and CP 134) and

from Sibuyan Sea, Philippines (Musorstom 3, Stn CP 142), depths varying between 26 and 122 m.

Remarks. — This species was fully described by Splettstosser (1929) and later on commented upon by

Vervoor t (1941); the present material, in agreement with those descriptions and generally fragmented, has not

been described in detail here. Hydranths are present in the Corindon 2 material and that from Musorstom 3, Stn

CP 134, indicating that these specimens were obtained alive; gonothecae are present in the colonies from

Musorstom 3, Stn CP 142. Slides nos 437, 464 and 842 were compared in the BMNH slide collection with slides

labelled Thyroscyphus regularis Jaderholm, and found to be identical: BMNH 1964.8.7.104. Mergui Archipelago,

Stn 25/26, Stimpson and Brown 1907 and 1964.8.7.103, Mergui Archipelago, Stn 23, J.R. (= James Ritchie)

1909. (Cf. note on page 125 of Splettstosser, 1929).

1 See note on page 276.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

105

Genus DICTYOCLADIUM Allman, 1888

Diagnosis. — Colonies flabellate, monosiphonic Ihroughout. axis irregularly pscudo-dichotomously branched,

forming irregular, scorpioid sympodium; gonothecae springing from branch a short distance above bifurcation,

clasped between the two branches and as a result with furrow on both sides of basal portion. Hydrothecae rather

cylindrical, with major part of adcauline wall adnate, distal portion slightly curved, rim with three acute cusps: one

adcauline and two laterals near abcauline side of hydrotheca. Closing apparatus composed of three flaps.

Hydrothecac either alternate or sub-opposite; in species with sub-opposite hydrothecae alternate "pairs" staggered to

front and back of colony, creating the impression of the presence of four rows of hydrothecae, in colonies with

alternate hydrothecae this arrangement is indistinct and only visible in the older parts of the colony. Gonothecae

placed at base of inner surface of branch, globular, with extremely short pedicel and apical tube with slightly flaring

aperture. A helical fold furrows exterior of gonotheca, starting at the funnel and curving downwards, gradually

petering out on basal part of gonotheca; fold with distinct hyaline flap. There is probably sexually dimorphism of

the gonothecae.

The type of Dictyocladium Allman (1888 : 76-77), by monotypy, is Dictyocladium dicholomum Allman

(1888 : 77, pi. 36 figs 2. 2a) (= Sertularia monilifera Hutton, 1873 : 257 = Thuiaria cerastium Allman, 1876 :

271. pi. 18 figs 3-4. and probably also identical with Serlularella reticulata Kirchenpauer, 1884 ; 40. pi. 15 figs 4,

4a-b). A second species is described below as Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov.

The generic diagnosis given above excludes Dictyocladium flabellum Nutting, 1904, and Dictyocladium

coactum Stechow, 1923, from the genus.

Dictyocladium flabellum Nutting (1904 : 105-106, pi. 28 figs 1-3) has a colony structure comparable to that of

D. monilifer (Hutton, 1873) and D. biseriale sp. nov.. but the hydrotheca has a four-flapped operculum and the

hydrothecal rim four (low) cusps. The gonotheca. though placed basally at inner surface of branch, lacks the helical

fold.

Dictyocladium coactum Stechow (1923c : 106-107) also has a four flapped operculum and four cusps at the

hydrothecal rim. Though the arrangement of the hydrothecae along the axis resembles the condition observed in

D. monilifer, the colony structure is quite different, the gonothecae are differently placed and also differ in shape

and structure.

I doubt whether or not D. flabellum and D. coactum should be considered conspecific; anyhow their generic

position at the moment is uncertain. Most likely new genera of Sertulariidae should be instituted tor their reception

but I refrain from doing so without having actually studied material of both species.

Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov.

Fig. 2a-d

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —New Caledonia. Smib 5 : stn DW 101, 23°21.2’S-168°04.9’E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 (type

locality) : c. 10 large, pseudo-dichotomously branched, monosiphonic colonies up to 50 mm high with many gonothecae

and some fragments; 2 slides no. 1056. One colony c. 30 mm high with gonothecae is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1003). rest

of material paratypes [MNHN-Hy. 1003; BMNH 1989.11.24.5 and RMNH-Coel. 25761 (including 2 slides)].

Lagon : stn DW 1065, 19°58.1'S-163°51.2'E, 28 m. 23.10.1989 : fragmented colony c. 30 mm high with some

gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1002), mixed with other hydroids; 2 slides no. 1057, 1 BMNH 1989.11.24.4. the other RMNH-

Coel. 25760.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony loose, flabellate, c. 50 x 50 mm, axis and branches monosiphonic throughout,

repeatedly pseudo-dichotomously branched (fig. 2a), forming irregular, scorpioid sympodium, irregularity being

brought about by secondary ramifications of branches. Branches may end in tendrils that may anastomose with

other branches, usually by entering aperture of hydrothcca and establishing continuity of coenosarc. Distance

between branches 8-10 mm.

Hydrothecae at first sight alternate and biserially arranged in single plane; on closer examination axis between

hydrothccae slightly twisted so that successive 'pairs' of hydrothecae face front and back of colony, components of a

106

W. VERVOORT

pair’ widely spaced. This arrangement, however, is mainly demonstrated by perisarc of axis passing in front of or at

back of 'pairs'. Hydrolhcca fairly elongated tubiform, slightly widening basally; distal portion gently curving

outwards. Adnate portion of adcauline wall c. 3 to 4 times as long as free portion (without renovations), smoothly

curved, at hydrothecal floor with curved, thickened portion and small hole to permit passage of coenosarc.

Abcauline hydrothecal wall concave in upper third, internally with perisarcal knob some distance above end of

adcauline hydrothecal wall; hydrothecal floor oblique. Distal free portion of hydrotheca slightly narrowing;

hydrothecal rim apparently fragile, damaged in majority of hydrothecae, with three fairly acute cusps separated by

semicircular embayments (fig. 2c). Renovations of hydrothecal margin frequent, in some cases doubling length of

hydrotheca, either of same diameter throughout or narrowing slightly towards rim (fig. 2d). Opercular apparatus not

observed but believed to be composed of three triangular plates: fragments of opercular apparatus occasionally

adhere to rim of renovated hydrothecac. Distance between hydrothecac such that curved end of adnate part adcauline

hydrothecal wall is at level of axil formed by free part of adcauline wall and wall of branch (axis) of preceding

hydrotheca (on opposite side of branch).

Gonotheca globular, slightly longer than wide, placed in axil of bifurcation of axis, with extremely short

pedicel attached at base of branch' (fig. 2b). apically with short funnel with slightly flaring, circular aperture.

Surface of gonotheca deeply furrowed by spiral fold, starting at small platform on which funnel is placed and

descending in c. 15-17 turns. After passing middle of gonotheca fold becomes less deep and gradually peters out

(fig. 2b). Fold with hyaline frill, distinctly visible apically. gradually narrowing and in middle region of gonotheca

gradually disappearing. Gonotheca strongly pressed in axil and as a result with two longitudinal furrows in basal

portion interrupting the weak undulations of gonothecal wall. Places where gonothccae have been shed or will

eventually develop are clearly marked and visible because of interruption of perisarc and occasional knob-shaped

coenosarcal growth (fig. 2b).

Perisarc strong, yellowish, scarcely taking any haematoxyline stain, particularly thick at axil of bifurcation and

along walls of branches; adnate part of adcauline wall also fairly thick. Periderm along abcauline wall and apical

free portion of hydrotheca thin and brittle.

All specimens inspected are without any living tissue; colonies apparently dead when collected.

Table 2. —Measurements of Dictyocladium biserialc sp. nov. in pm

Smjb 5

Stn DW 101

(slide no. 1057)

paratype

Axis, diameter at bifurcation

260 - 280

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall, cxcl. renovations

370 - 405

length abcauline wall including renovations

590 - 705

length free part adcauline wall, excl. renovations

110 - 170

length adnate part adcauline wall

435 - 450

total depth, excluding renovations

405 - 505

maximal diameter

125 - 150

diameter at rim

85 - 105

Gonotheca, length, including funnel

1,410 - 1.475

maximal diameter

1,150 - 1,195

funnel, length

170

diameter at aperture

135

Distribution. The type locality (Smib 5, Stn DW 101) is at the extreme northwestern end of the Norfolk

Ridge, depth 270 m; the second locality (Lagon. Stn DW 1065) inside the northern lagoon of New Caledonia,

depth 28 m.

Remarks. There can be no reasonable doubt that the material from the two widely separated localities is

conspecific; there is complete conformity in colony structure, shape of the hydrothecae and place and shape of the

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

107

Fig. 2 a-d. —Dictyocladium biseriale sp. nov., paratype, SMIB 5, Stn DW 101 : a, part of axis to show bifurcation;

b, gonotheca at bifurcation; c, hydrotheca; d. repeatedly renovated hydrotheca.

Fig. 2 e. — Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758), Biogeocal, Stn CP 214. part of primary hydrocladium.

a-d, slide no. 1056; e, slide no. 584.

108

W. VERVOORT

gonothccae. The fact that the hydrothecae are not placed in pairs distinguishes this new species from the type of the

genus that has the hydrothecae arranged in sub-opposite pairs.

ETYMOLOGY. — From the latin words bi (two, twice) and series (row): having the hydrothecae arranged in two

rows.

Genus DYNAMENA Lamouroux, 1812

Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1859

Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1859 : 204-205. — BlLLARD, 1925b : 188, fig. 40, pi. 7 fig. 23; 1926 : 97; 1933 • 14

fig. 5. — Leloup, 1932 : 159; 1935 : 39, figs 22-23; 1937a : 106, 116, 117, fig. 9; 1937b : 5, 36; 1938b : 15 1

fig. 10; 1940b : 17; 1960 : 228. — Blackburn, 1938 : 319; 1942 : 113. — VANNUCCI-MENDES, 1946 : 562, pi. 4

figs 33-34; 1949 : 242. — VanNUCCI, 1951 : 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117. — Vervoort. 1946a : 307; 1967 :

40, fig. 11; 1968 : 103. — Buchanan, 1957 : 365. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 192. — Yamada, 1959 : 58. — Millard,

1964 : 29, fig. 9; 1975 : 261, fig. 86A-E; 1978 : 191 et seq. — REES & THURSHELD, 1965 : 125. — Van Gemerden-

Hoogeveen, 1965 : 25. — Hirohito, 1969 : 18. — Gravier, 1970 : 116. — Redier, 1971a : 144. — SCHMIDT, 1972 :

36, 41, 42, 43, 45. — Millard & Bouillon, 1974 : 7. — Cooke. 1975 : 194, pi. 3 figs 3-4; 1977 : 95, fig. 21.

— Wedler, 1975 ; 332 et seq. — Mergner & Wedler, 1977 : 16, pi. 4 fig. 27a-b, pi. 7 fig. 49. — GarcIa

Corrales, Aguirre Inchaurbe & GonzAlez Mora, 1980 : 12, fig. 3. — Fl6rez GonzAlez, 1983 : 120, photo 27.

Seriularia complexa Clarke, 1879 : 245-246, pi. 4 figs 26-28.

Sertularia moluccana Pictet, 1893 : 50, pi. 2 figs 42-43.

Desmoscyphus palkensis Thornely, 1904 : 119. pi. 2 fig. 7A-B.

Sertularia densa Stcchow, 1919 : 93, fig. J.

Sertularia cornicina - BENNITT, 1922 : 250. — Jarvis, 1922 : 338. — FRASER. 1938a : 9, 54; 1938b : 110: 1938c : 135

1943 : 92; 1947 : 10; 1948 : 247. — Deevey, 1954 : 270.

Tridentata cornicina - STECHOW, 1922 : 149; 1923d : 204.

Sertularia dubia Hargitt, 1924 : 494495, pi. 5 fig. 19.

Dynamena disticha - CALDER, 1991 : 93-96, fig. 50.

Material EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 12°31.2 , N-120°39.3'E, 92-97 m, 03.06.1985 :

twelve mm high colony without gonothecae, together with Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925 (slide no. 502; MNHN-

Hy. 1004).

Distribution. — Species with a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. Many localities in

waters of the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago are given by Billard, 1925b; from the Philippine region, the

species is mentioned by Hargitt (1924, as Sertularia dubia). The species lives in the littoral zone down to a depth

of c. 60 m.

Remarks. — The only specimen in the collection is a 12 mm high, apparently young colony from the

Philippines. The lack of additional records is certainly due to the fact that the majority of (he material inspected is

from deep water sites.

Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander, 1786).

Sertularia quadridentata Ellis & Solander, 1786 : 57 (no. 33), pi. 5 figs g, G. — LAMARCK, 1816 : 121.

Pasythea (Sertularia) quadridentata - Lamouroux, 1812 : 183.

Pasythea quadridentata - Lamouroux. 1816 : 156, pi. 3 fig. 8a, B. — Thornely. 1900 : 456. — Billard, 1924 : 55. —

Gravely. 1927 : 14, pi. 2 fig. 6. — Hargitt. 1927 : 509, pi. 1 fig. 2. — Nutting, 1927 : 226. — Gravier, 1970 :

116.

Pasythea nodosa Hargiit, 1908 : 117, figs 13-15. —Stechow, 1913a : 144; 1913b : 14, 150, figs 129-130 — Billard

1924a : 55. — Rho & Chang, 1974 : 141. — Rno, 1977 ; 261, 418, pi. 67 no. 73, pi. 78 no. 73

Pasya quadridentata - Stechow, 1922 : 148; 1923d : 166. — Fraser, 1938a : 9, 50; 1938b : 110- 1938c • 134- 1939 ■

176; 1943 : 92; 1944 : 252-253, pi. 53 fig. 237; 1948 : 239.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THF: WESTERN PACIFIC

109

Pasya nodosa - STECHOW, 1922 : 148; 1923b : 12; 1923d : 166.

Pasya elongata Stechow & Muller, 1923 ; 469, pi. 27 fig. 8.

Dynamena gibbosa Billard, 1925a : 650, fig. 2G.

Dynamena quadridentata - Billard. 1925b : 194, 222, fig. 42. — Trebilcock, 1928 : 23. — Leloup, 1932 : 160; 1934 :

13. — Blackburn, 1938 : 320; 1942 : 113. — Vervoort, 1946a : 308; 1968 : 41, 103, fig. 19. — Buchanan, 1957 :

365, fig. 14. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 193. — Yamada, 1959 : 57. — Ralph. 1961a : 790, fig. 13e; 1966 : 159. —

REDIER, 1964b : 137; 1966 : 7, pi. 1 figs 1, 3. — Mammen. 1965 : 49, fig. 83. — HlROHlTO. 1969 : 20, fig. 14. —

Shepherd & Watson, 1970 : 140. — Millard & Bouillon, 1973 : 70; 1974 : 8. — Wedler. 1975 : 333 ct seq. —

Millard. 1975 : 266, fig. 87G-J; 1978 ; 191 et :;eq. — Mergner & Wedler, 1977 : 18, pi. 4 fig. 26. — Fl6rez

GonzAlez, 1983 : 120, photo 28. — Bandel & Wedler, 1987 : 38. — Gibbons & Ryland. 1989 : 411-414, figs 29-

30. — Calder. 1991 : 96-98, fig. 51.

Dynamena quadridentata var. elongata Billard, 1925b : 195, fig. 43. — LELOUP, 1938b : 16, fig. 11. — Redier. 1966 : 87,

pi. 1 figs 2,4. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 193. — Yamada. 1959 : 57.

Dynamena quadridentata var. nodosa - Billard, 1925b : 195, fig. 43E. — LELOUP, 1935 : 43, fig. 25. — Millard, 1958 :

186, fig. 6b; 1964 : 31. — Yamada, 1959 : 57.

Dynamena (Pasya) quadridentata - Stechow, 1925a : 223.

Pasylhea dubia Hargitt, 1927 : 511, pi. 1 fig. 5.

Dynamena quadridentata var. nodosa i.peculiaris Leloup, 1935 : 43, fig. 25.

Dynamena quadridentata f. typica - VaNNUCCI-Mendes, 1946 : 559, pi. 3 figs 27, 28, 31; 1949 ; 241. — VaNNUCCI. 1951 :

107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 117.

Dynamena quadridentata f. flabellata Vannucci-Mendes, 1946 : 561, pi. 3 fig. 32; 1949 : 242, pi. 2 fig. 34. — VaNNUCCI.

1950 : 108, 110, 115, 117.

Dynamena dubia - Yamada, 1959 : 58.

Dynamena thankasseriensis Mammen, 1965 : 48, fig. 82.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 382, 22°30.4'S-167°14.rE, 57 m, 22.01.1985 : some

5 mm high colonies on coral fragments; no gonothecae, no slide (RMNH-Coel. 25762).

DISTRIBUTION. — This species has a worldwide distribution in tropical, subtropical and temperate parts of

Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It has been reported from the Loyalty Islands by Thornely (1900, as Pasythea

quadridentata) and REDIER (1966, as Dynamena quadridentata var. elongata ); it has also been observed at various

shallow water localities around New Caledonia (REDIER, 1966, as Dynamena quadridentata var. elongata).

Remarks. — The long list of synonyms illustrates the great variability of the present species, a phenomenon

commented upon by Billard (1925b) and more recently by Calder (1991). The material recorded here is in full

agreement with Billard’s (1925b) account of Indonesian specimens of the typical form of this species; it is sterile

and has not been redescribed in detail.

Genus GEM IN ELLA Billard, 1925

This genus was originally instituted by Billard (1925b : 54) at the subgeneric level for Sertularella ceramensis

Billard, 1925. It has been retained here as a separate genus for such species of the Sertulariidae that have a three-

cusped hydrothecal rim and opposite hydrothecae (i.e. becoming opposite in the course of development). The

opercular apparatus is composed of three triangular flaps that close to form a roof-shaped structure comparable to

that found in Symplectoscyphus. Geminella is a monotypic genus; Geminella subtilis Vannucci-Mendes, 1946,

does not belong here (see Remarks under Geminella ceramensis).

Geminella ceramensis Billard. 1925

Fig. 3a-e

Sertularella ceramensis Billard, 1925a : 649.

Sertularella (Geminella) ceramensis - BILLARD. 1925b : 170-171, lig. 30, pi. 7 fig. 20.

Geminella ceramensis - Van Soest, 1976 : 82.

Not Geminella ceramensis - VaNNUCCI MENDES, 1946 : 570, pi. 4 ligs 40-41; 1951 : 110, 116.

110

W. VERVOORT

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 12°31.2 , N-120°39.3 , E, 92-97 m, 03.06.1985 :

colonies 3-10 mm high with 2 gonothecae on Bryozoa and other hydroids. Slides no. 475 (BMNH 1989.11.24.6) and

2 slides no. 502 (MNHN-Hy. 1004; RMNH-Coel. 25763, with rest of sample). With Monostaechas quadridens McCrady,

1859, Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1859, and Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn CP 190, 19°06.30 , S-163°29.50 , E, 215 m, 19.09.1985 : branched and anasto¬

mosing colonies on worm tubes, 8-10 mm high, as well as some detached colonies. No gonothecae. Two slides no. 542 of

detached colonies (BMNH 1989.11.24.7; RMNH-Coel. 25764, rest sample MNHN-Hy. 1005). With Symplectoscyphus

johnsloni tropicus ssp. nov. — Stn DW 207, 22°39.00 , S-167°07.40 , E, 220-235 m, 28.09.1985 : c. 10 mm high

fragment; no gonothecae. All in slide no. 853 (RMNH-Coel. 25765).

Smib 4 : stn DW 55, 23°21.4'S-168°04.5'E, 260 m, 09.03.1989 : small, c. 20 mm high colonies on sponges, corals

and Bryozoa; no gonothecae observed. Five slides no. 757 (MNHN-Hy. 1006, 2 slides + rest sample; BMNH

1989.11.24.8, 2 slides; RMNH-Coel. 25766, 1 slide). With Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904.

Smib 5 : stn DW 95, 22°59.7'S-168 0 19.8'E, 200 m, 14.09.1989 : several tangled colonies c. 10x10 mm and some

fragments. No gonothecae; slide no. 968 (MNHN-Hy. 1007, rest sample RMNH-Coel. 25767), with Sertularella areyi

Nutting, 1904, and Monostaechas quadridens McCrady, 1859. — Stn DW 101, 23°21.2'S-168°04.9'E, 270 m,

14.09.1989 : fragmentary colonics c. 8x8 mm; no gonothecae, no slide (MNHN-Hy. 1008).

Passe de la Dumbea (S.W. New Caledonia), small overhang, crevices. H. Zibrowius coll., 16.03.1989 (no exact depth

record) : small fragment, c. 2 mm high, on Bryozoa, with hydrotheca of Clytia sp. Slide no. 992 (RMNH-Coel. 25768).

Description (based on all maicrial). — Irregularly branched, slender stems c. 10 mm high rising from creeping

stolon, with many primary and secondary branches, occasionally anastomosing and forming loose, bushy masses or

an irregular reticulum. Individual stems rising from creeping stolon, monosiphonic, divided into long internodes

carrying individual hydrothecae or pairs of hydrothecae; nodes marked by perisarcal constriction (fig. 3a). Primary

branches develop from stem directly under axial hydrothcca or pair of hydrothecae (fig. 3d), giving rise in same

fashion to secondary branches. Axis, primary or secondary branches may end in tendril and (or) fuse with other

branches. Usually one hydrotheca or one (sub)oppositc pair of hydrothccae per internode; the axis may begin

directly with a pair of hydrothecae on first intemode or first and occasionally also second intemode have a single

hydrotheca (fig. 3a, b). When two isolated hydrothecae are present in basal part of stem these are on opposite sides

of axis. Pairs of hydrothccae not strictly opposite, but rather more subopposite (fig. 3c), becoming more closely

opposite along axis.

Hydrotheca with enlarged, but not swollen, basal portion, gradually narrowing towards rim. Abcauline

hydrothecai wall straight or slightly concave. Free part of adcauline wall as long as adnate portion to c. 1.5 times

that length; straight or smoothly convex. Adnate part slightly curved; hydrothecai floor straight, not touching

inside abcauline wall, but with large circular opening to permit passage of coenosarc. End of adnate part with

slender peg. Hydrothecai rim with three acute cusps, one adcauline and two laterals near abcauline side. Opercular

apparatus composed of three triangular plates, when closed forming graceful roof, present in many hydrothccae

(fig. 3c). Cusps at hydrothecai rim slightly everted: renovations of hydrothecai border common, as many as five

having been counted (fig. 3d-e).

Hydranths present in material from Smib 4, Stn DW 55, and well preserved in slide no. 757. There are 14-16

tentacles; contracted polyps show distinct abcauline caecum attached to inside hydrothecai wall by means of fine

ligament.

Two damaged gonothecae occur at Musorstom 3, Sin DR 117. Gonothecae barrel-shaped, basally fairly

suddenly narrowing into distinct pedicel attaching gonotheca to intemode immediately below hydrotheca. Wall of

gonotheca undulated (not furrowed, fig. le), apical portion damaged, contents lost.

Distribution. — Geminella ceramensis was originally described from two localities in the Malay Archipelago,

viz. Ceram Sea. 02°28.5'S-131 °03.3’E (type locality), depth 118 m. and Bay of Bima, Sumbawa, c. 250 m depth.

The occurrence of this species in Philippine waters (MUSORSTOM 3, Stn DR 117, Mindoro Strait, 92-97 m) is not

surprising. However, it was also found around New Caledonia, being obtained at the reefs northwest of New

Caledonia, near Grand Passage (Musorstom 4. Stn CP 190), at the reefs fringing the southwestern part of New

Caledonia (Musorstom 4, Stn DW 207; Passe de ia Dumbea) and at the extreme northwestern part of the Norfolk

Ridge (Smib 4. Stn DW 55; Smib 5. Stns DW 95 and DW 101). The depths at New Caledonian localities varied

between 200 and 270 m. These are the first New Caledonian records.

Source ; MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

111

Fig. 3 a-e. — Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, MlJSORSTOM 3, Sin DR 117 : a, basal part of axis with dispersed

hydrothecae; b, part of axis with (sub)opposite hydrothecae; c, pair of subopposite hydrothecae; d, sidebranch

springing from axis under one pair of hydrothecae on axis; e, (damaged) gonotheca and its insertion on axis.

Fig. 3 f. — Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., paratype, MlJSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 153, part of hydrocladium.

a-c, slide no. 475; d-e. slide no. 502; f, slide no. 1017.

112

W. VERVOORT

Remarks. — The available specimens correspond with Billard's account of this species. The gonotheca is

previously undescribed, and the two present in the collection are both damaged. However, they are certainly barrel¬

shaped with a short pedicel and undulated walls, probably truncate at the apex and there with a (circular ?) lid.

The specimens described by Vannucci-Mendes (1946, 1951) as Geminella ceramensis from off the Brazilian

coasts do not belong here. Vannucci-Mendes' observation of a three-valved opercular apparatus probably is

incorrect, the author perhaps being misled by the sharp fold in the adcauline opercular flap. Moreover, there are

considerable differences in the shape of the hydrothecae, that are said to have an internal, abcauline septum. This

species, as well as Geminella subtilis Vannucci Mendes, 1946 : 572, pi. 4 figs 42-43, probably belong in

Sertularia.

Table 3. —Measurements of Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925, in pm.

Musorstom 3

Stn DR 117

(slide no 502)

Smib 4

Stn DW 55

(slide no. 757)

Malay Archipelago

Billard, 1925

Internodes, length

1,105 - 1,325

910 - 1,105

1,055 -1,400

diameter at node

80 - 90

65 - 75

80-115

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

235 - 280

250 - 265

300 - 330

length free part adcauline wall

55 - 260

215 - 230

230 - 280

length adnate part adcauline wall

160 - 190

215 - 220

205 - 245

total depth

310 - 335

340 - 360

maximal diameter

170 - 200

175 - 190

diameter at rim

Distance between pairs of hydrothecae.

125 - 140

110 - 125

115 - 125

base to base

Gonotheca, approximate length

maximal diameter

1,130 - 1,280

630

310

865 - 975

Genus GONAXIA gen. nov.

Description. — Sertulariids with erect, usually thick and polysiphonic, occasionally forked axis, attached to

fixed object (other hydroids, shells, rocks) by means of strong stolons, usually forming a small, flat disk. Colony

regularly pinnate; axis with biserially arranged, alternate hydrothecae and distinct apophyses supporting straight

hydrocladia with a varied number of alternate, biseriate hydrothccae; all hydrothecae, both of hydrocladia and axis,

strictly in one plane. Hydrocladia set off from apophysis by perisarcal constriction and (usually) a twist, alternately

directed left or right and to a varied degree also upwards, with usually 3 hydrothccae between two successive

hydrocladia of which one is axillary, one on opposite side and the third on same side as axillary hydrotheca, the

almost opposite apophysis supporting next hydrocladium. Irregularities in this arrangement occur : a larger number

of axial hydrothecae being present between two successive hydrocladia or two successive apophyses only have their

axillary hydrothecae.

Thickness of axis increasing by increase in diameter and/or by development of secondary tubules running

upwards parallel to primary axis.

Hydrothccae tubiform, usually with swollen basal portion, pointing away from hydrocladium or axis, either

perpendicularly or directed obliquely upwards; basal part to varied degree sunken into hydrocladium or axis. Fused

portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall usually thickened, running into a distinct knob before turning abcaudally to

form hydrothecal floor. This floor with distinct circular hole to permit passage of coenosarc. Hydrothecal aperture

perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis, rim with three cusps of varied development, of which one is abcauline.

and two laterals near adcauline part of hydrolheca. Marginal cusps separated by shallow, rounded embayments.

Opercular apparatus composed of three triangular flaps, attached in marginal embayments and closing to form a low

roof. Opercular plates deciduous, only visible in young hydrothecae and at protected places of the colony. Axillary

hydrothecae usually of slightly different shape and with conspicuous peg at end of fused part adcauline wall.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDR01DS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

113

Hydranth where observed small, attached to hydrothecal base and when contracted with small abcauline caecum.

Occasionally a filament is seen to run from body of hydranth to inside of abcauline hydrothecal wall.

Gonothecae develop on the axis, either at the base of the hydrotheca or directly from secondary tubules and of

greatly varied shape. They may be elongated spindle-shaped, narrowing apically as well as proximally and attached

to axis by means of a disc-shaped 'foot', or are present as elongated tubiform structures integrated into the net of

secondary tubes covering the axis and apparently formed by these secondary tubules. Some species have gonothecae

intermediate between these extremes, being partly invested, partly free, while in others there appears to be sexual

dimorphism; those of one sex being free, those of the opposite sex being (partly) invested by secondary tubes. The

nature of the gonophore could be observed in some species where it proved to be sessile and styloid.

TYPE (by original designation). — Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov.

ETYMOLOGY. — The generic name Gonaxia has been chosen to indicate the intimate relation between the

gonothecae and the axis. Gonotheca comes from the greek words gonos (seed, offspring) and theka (container,

sheath); axis from the latin noun axis (axle, pole). Gender feminine.

Remarks. — The shape of the colony is not unlike that observed in many species of Abielinaria ; there are.

however, three usually distinct hydrothecal cusps as is also observed in Symplectoscyphus. In contradistinction to

the latter the position of the cusps is different : two laterals at the adcauline part of the rim. one at its abcauline

end. In Symplectoscyphus there arc a distinct adcauline cusp and two laterals in the abcauline part. A three-flapped

closing apparatus is usually present in both genera. In Gonaxia the closing apparatus is highly deciduous but such

an apparatus is initially present and is shed during further development of the hydrotheca; the place of the marginal

cusps is slightly irregular in certain species. In Symplectoscyphus the gonothecae is usually ovoid with spirally

arranged frills or grooves and is invariably free. In such species of Gonaxia that have free gonothecae these are

smooth. The mode of development of coalesced gonothecae directly from and in intimate contact with the secondary

tubules is unique in the Sertulariidae.

Besides the type, the following species are allotted to this new genus : Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov.;

G. ampullacea var. densa nov. var.; G. anonyma sp. nov.; G. bulhifera sp. nov.; G. compacta sp. nov.;

G. complexa sp. nov.; G. constricta (Totton, 1930); G. crassa sp. nov.: G. crassicaulis sp. nov.; G. crusgalli sp.

nov.; G. elegans sp. nov.; G. errans sp. nov.; G. intermedia sp. nov.; G. pachyclados sp. nov.; G. perplexa sp.

nov.; G. persimilis sp. nov.; G. robusta sp. nov.; G. scalariformis sp. nov.; G. si mi l is sp. nov.; G. sinuosa sp.

nov., and G. stricta sp. nov.

Key to the species of Gonaxia

1. All hydrothecae (axial, axillary and hydrocladial) with frontally and backwardly directed

hollow spine on proximal portion (figs 18e, 20a-b). [Gonothecae of both sexes

completely free from secondary tubules, elongated ovoid, usually inserting on frontal

aspect of hydrocladial apophyses] . Gonaxia crusgalli

— Proximal portion of hydrotheca externally smooth, without frontally directed spine.2

2. Perisarc strongly developed, yellowish, forming curved shield behind fused, proximal

portion of each hydrotheca (adnate part adcauline hydrothecal wall); these curved shields

internally connected by longitudinal perisarcal trabecula, leaving free a central channel.

Hydrothecal floor on front and back with triangular perisarcal plate. Perisarcal structure best

visible in peripheral (younger) parts of colony. [Presumed male gonothecae completely free

from secondary tubules, elongated ovoid, on frontal part of colony, inserting at hydrothecal

base or in between on axis] . Gonaxia crassicaulis

— No internal perisarcal trabecula present, though development of perisarc may be

conspicuous.

114

W. VKRVOORT

3. Hydrotheca completely or almost completely immersed in axis or internode; in

incompletely immersed hydrotheca length of free portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall

inferior to that of adnate part. Large colonies with thick axis and considerably flattened

hydrocladia . 4

— Proximal portion of hydrothecae only immersed in axis or intemode or immersion

indistinct: free portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall considerably longer than adnate part.

Development of axis and hydrocladia varied. 5

4. Hydrocladial hydrothecae, with exception of a few basal hydrothecae, completely

immersed. Development of perisarc conspicuous, particularly at the back of axial and

hydrocladial hydrothecae, investing that part of hydrotheca as curved, yellowish shield.

(Female gonothccac arranged in longitudinal row along frontal aspect of colony, large,

sack-shaped, coalesced with secondary tubules for considerable length] .. Gonaxia crassa

— Hydrothecae, with exception of axillary hydrothecae, immersed for one half to two-thirds

of total length; adnate part of adcauline hydrothecal wall curved, with thickened perisarc,

not expanding on both sides of hydrotheca. [Presumed female gonothecae free from

secondary tubules, on frontal aspect of colony, elongated ovoid, inserting on axis by means

of broad, circular foot] . Gonaxia pachyclados

5. Hydrothccae with considerably swollen, more or less quadrangular proximal portion,

distal part of hydrotheca narrowed, tubiform, pointing away from axis or hydrocladium

perpendicularly or slightly downwards. Perisarc of adnate part adcauline hydrothecal wall

and at hydrothecal floor thick .6

— Hydrothecae differently shaped; though proximal portion may be strongly swollen it is

never quadrangular, distal portion of hydrotheca never resulting from narrowing or

contraction . 7

6. Hydrothecae well spaced, floor of hydrotheca above (occasionally at level of) axil formed

by hydrocladial or axial wall and free part adcauline wall of preceding hydrotheca (on

opposite side). Proximal part hydrotheca swollen but not inflated; development of perisarc

moderate. (Presumed female gonothecae inseparable from secondary tubules from which

they originate; apertures at end of slight conical elevations arranged in one row on frontal

aspect of axis] . Gonaxia anonyma

— Hydrothecae closely packed, floor of hydrotheca below axil formed by wall of axis or

hydrocladium and free part adcauline hydrothecal wall; proximal portion of hydrotheca

inflated, protruding frontally and dorsally and also resulting in broadly rounded proximal

part of abcauline hydrothecal wall and ensuing part of hydrocladial or axial wall.

[Gonothecae on frontal part of axis as blister-like, sack-shaped bodies, arranged in

longitudinal row, partly overlapping each other, covered by some accessory tubules and

apparently resulting from primary axis. Abortive female gonothecae observed to develop

from apex of hydrothecae of certain (male) colonies] . Gonaxia compacta

7. Proximal portion of axial and hydrocladial hydrolhecae following general direction of axis

or hydrocladium, scarcely swollen; distal portion of hydrothecae suddenly curving outwards,

resulting in (rounded) flexure of abcauline hydrothecal wall and 'hunch' in proximal part of

free portion adcauline wall; behind 'hunch' there is a deep axillary pocket with rounded

bottom. Hydrothecae closely packed. [Gonothecae of both sexes elongated ovoid, free from

secondary tubules, on frontal aspect of colony, inserting on hydrocladial apophyses and

standing away from axis]. Gonaxia sinuosa

— Hydrothecae occasionally slightly curved but never with sharply curved distal portion,

from insertion onwards pointing away from axis or hydrocladium. Packing of hydrothecae

varied ..... «

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

115

8. Proximal portion of all hydrothecae swollen or inflated, resulting in convexities on

proximal part of abcauline and free part adcauline hydrothecal walls . ... 9

— Proximal portion of hydrotheca not swollen or inflated, either slightly widened

(hydrothecal walls more or less straight and narrowing towards apex) or hydrotheca from

insertion onwards cylindrical with nearly parallel walls, straight or slightly curved

downwards. 1 1

9. Mode of swelling of proximal part hydrothecae varied; however, there is always a ’pocket’

with rounded bottom at the axil between wall of axis or hydrocladium and free part

adcauline hydrothecal wall . 1 0

— Proximal portion of hydrotheca swollen and inflated; pocket behind free part adcauline

hydrothecal wall closed, V-shaped; hydrothecae closely packed, no free part of wall of

hydrocladium visible. [Gonothecae as in G. ampullacea ].

. Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa

10. Proximal part hydrothecae swollen though not inflated : enlargement of this part results

in bulging (convexity) of the proximal parts of abcauline and of (free part) adcauline wall.

Packing of hydrothccac along hydrocladia much varied. [Female gonothecae in close contact

with and covered by secondary tubules, large, sack-shaped, on frontal part of axis; apical

portion turned away from axis, apertures in two rows. Male gonothecae composed of row

of elongated 'blisters' apically strongly narrowed. Abortive gonotheca seen to develop from

certain hydrothecae] . Gonaxia amphorifera

— Proximal part hydrothecae inflated, resulting in bulging (convexity) of proximal parts ab-

and adcauline hydrothecal walls and in bulging frontal and dorsal walls of this proximal

part. [Female gonothecae on frontal part of axis, gradually emerging from secondary

tubules, distal portion of each gonotheca only slightly elevated, apertures roughly in

double rows. Male gonothecae blister-like bodies, scarcely elevated from secondary tubules,

apertures in one row. Both types covered by fine accessory tubules].

. Gonaxia ampullacea

11. Hydrothecae large, c. 0.80-0.85 mm deep, cylindrical. [Presumed female gonothecae on

both sides of axis, composed of adnate, elongated bodies springing from secondary tubules;

apical portions free and pointing away from axis] . Gonaxia robusta

— Hydrothecae smaller, either of uniform diameter or narrowing from widened base onwards

. 12

12. Hydrothecae without widened base, cylindrical or slightly curved and of equal diameter

throughout . 1 3

— Hydrothecae with widened base and narrowing towards aperture . 14

13. Hydrothecae widely spaced, directed away from slightly geniculate axis or hydrocladium

almost rectangularly; free portion adcauline hydrothecal wall with characteristic elevation

('shoulder') at axil with wall of hydrocladium and with constriction distally of that point.

[Gonothecae unknown] . Gonaxia constricta

— Hydrothccac less widely spaced, cylindrical to slightly downward curved. Upper parts

hydrocladia with distinct internodal septa. [Gonothecae imperfectly known, those observed

cylindrical, standing away from axis and attached by means of broad base to hydrocladial

apophysis, leaving large cicatrise when shed] . Gonaxia complexa

14. Hydrothecae long and thin, total depth 4 to 5 times maximal diameter. 15

— Hydrothecae less slender, total depth 2 to 3 times maximal diameter. 19

15. Total depth of (hydrocladial) hydrothecae 600-750 pm. 16

— Total depth of (hydrocladial) hydrothecae 400-500 pm. Proximal portion of hydrotheca

narrowing, apical portion cylindrical. [Presumed male gonothecae elongated sack-shaped.

Source: MNHN. Paris

116

W. VERVOORT

fused wiih axis or secondary tubule over greater part of length, apically with tapering

funnel with small aperture. Presumed female gonothecae standing away from axis but

attached by means of broad base, elongated ovoid with wide aperture].

. Gonaxia bulbifera

16. Gracefully built colony with widely spaced, slender hydrothecae, either completely

cylindrical or widening from slightly enlarged basal portion onwards; axis and (or)

hydrocladium occasionally geniculate. 1 7

— Colony fairly robust; hydrothecae, though of same depth, wider, proximal portion

enlarged, distal two-thirds of hydrotheca fairly suddenly narrowed, strictly cylindrical.

[Presumed male gonothecae produced by secondary tubules on both sides of axis, sack¬

shaped; distal portion narrowing into small aperture, turned away from axis; borders

between individual gonothecae indistinct] . Gonaxia perplexa

17. [Gonothecae on frontal aspect of colony, large, elongated ovoid, attached by means of

disk to hydrocladial apophysis, completely free from accessory tubules; males with large,

females with small circular apical aperture] . Gonaxia scalariformis

— [Gonothecae on frontal aspect of colony, the female gonothecae elongated ovoid and

separate, the male gonothecae with a tendency for fusion at their basal portion and thus

forming a complex from which a number of elongate, ovoid bodies with a small apical

aperture, emerge]. Hydrothecae generally slightly smaller than those of G. scalariformis ;

hydrocladia with a number of internodal septa. 18

18. Hydrothecal diameter at rim 150-210 pm; hydrothecae inserting on distinct apophysis of

axis or hydrocladium, rather more tapering towards apex than being contracted and

cylindrical; hydrocladial internodes with regular, oblique septa . Gonaxia persimilis

— Hydrothecal diameter at rim 130-160 pm; hydrothecae narrowed beyond slightly widened

base and cylindrical onward, axis or hydrocladium not forming a distinct apophysis.

Hydrocladial septa only occasionally present. Gonaxia similis

19. Proximal portion of hydrotheca enlarged, distal portion consequently narrowing towards

rim .2 0

— Proximal portion of hydrotheca scarcely widened, distal part of hydrotheca contracted,

cylindrical .2 1

20. Proximal portion of hydrotheca with distinct widening : proximal free part adcauline

hydrothecal wall convex, abcauline wall initially slightly bulging, then smoothly curving

outwards. [Female gonothecae almost completely coalesced, on frontal part of axis, only

small part of apical zone free, alternately turned left and right. Male gonothecae as in

G. ampullacea. Gonothecae of both sexes heavily invested by a fine matting of accessory

tubules] . Gonaxia intermedia

— Proximal portion of hydrotheca scarcely widened though of greater diameter than distal

part; free part adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or with minor proximal swelling,

abcauline wall with fairly abrupt curve halfway its length. [Female gonothecae springing

from single large accessory tube on front of axis, tube-shaped, basally coalesced with tube

and neighbouring gonothecae; apical part narrowing, with wide circular aperture, curved

away from axis] . Gonaxia elegans

21. Hydrothecae small, 350-500 pm deep, usually (at least axial and axillary hydrothecae)

curved; basal portion more or less parallel to axial and hydrocladial length axis and distal

part curving away at angle of c. 45 degrees. Hydrocladia set off from apophyses by means

of constriction and twist, thin, not geniculate, only occasionally with nodes. [Gonothecae

unknown] . Gonaxia errans

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

117

— Hydrothccac fairly large, 635-715 pm deep, straight and tubular, pointing away from axis

or internode at angle of c. 60 degrees. Hydrocladia set off from axial apophyses by minor

perisarcal constriction, thick, with well developed perisarc, slightly geniculate between

insertion of fairly closely packed hydrocladial hydrothecae, that are separated by a ring of

differently stained hydrocladial perisarc (particularly visible in stained slides). [Gonothecae

unknown] . Gonaxia stricta

Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov.

Figs 3f, 4a-c, 5a-d, 6a-b, 8a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 500, 19 o 04.3'S-163 o 30.5’E, 225 m, 04.03.1985 : c. 60 mm

high stem; no gonothecae, mixed with Diphasia spp., partly attached to stem (MNHN-Hy. 1009). Slide no. 868 (RMNH-

Coel. 25769). — Stn DW 1148, 19°06.5’S-163°30.rE, 220 m, 28.10.1989 : three colonies 80-110 mm high, with male

gonothecae along stems; 2 slides no. 1031 (all MNHN-Hy. 1013). — Stn DW 1149, 19°04.5 S-163°29.5 E, 235 m,

28.10.1989 : forked colony c. 50x50 mm and 2 incomplete stems; male gonothecae present along stem; slide no. 1032

(all BMNH 1989.11.24.12).

MUSORSTOM 4 : stn CP 153, 19°04.20’S-163°21.20 , E (type locality), 235 m, 14.09.1985 : c. 25 colonies, 60-80 mm

high, some forked, some with gonothecae. Many loose hydrocladia. One 45 mm high stem with gonothecae is the

holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1010), the remaining specimens, including those on slides, are paratypes (3 MNHN-Hy. 1010;

3 BMNH 1989.11.24.9, rest RMNH-Coel. 25770). Slides nos 856 (3; 1 MNHN-Hy. 1010; 2 RMNH-Coel. 25770), 1016

(4; 1 BMNH 1989.11.24.9; 3 RMNH-Coel. 25770) and 1017 (MNHN-Hy. 1010). — Stn CP 155, 18°52.80'S-

163°19.50'E, 500-570 m, 15.09.1985 : stem 35 mm high and some detached hydrocladia; no gonothecae (MNHN Hy

1011). Slide no. 885 (RMNH-Coel. 25771). — Stn DW 156, 18°54.00'S-163°18.80’E, 530 m. 15.09.1985: two stem

fragments, 15 and 25 mm high, the larger with gonothecae on stem (BMNH 1989.11.24.10). Slide no. 873 of smaller

fragment (RMNH-Coel. 25772). — Stn CP 158, 18°49.30 , S-163°15.00 , E, 630 m, 15.09.1985: c. 50 mm high stem

without gonothecae; slide no. 880 of hydrocladium (all RMNH-Coel. 25773). — Stn DW 162, 18°35.00'S-163° 10.30E,

525 m, 16.09.1985 : four stem fragments, smallest (10 mm high) with male gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1012). Slide no.

1020 (RMNH-Coel. 25774). — Stn CP 190, 19°06.30 , S-163°29.50'E, 215 m, 19.09.1985 : five fragments 15-40 mm

high and some hydrocladia; may well all be part of same colony, 3 slides no. 859 (colonies and 1 slide RMNH-Coel.

25775; 2 slides BMNH 1989.11.24.11). — Stn CP 193, 18°56.30 , S-163°23.20 , E, 415 m, 19.09.1985 : one colony

40 mm high, gonothecae on front of stem, coalesced; slide no. 886 (all RMNH-Coel. 25776).

Smib 6 : stn DW 111, 19°03.9'S-163°29.7 , E, 240-245 m, 02.03.1990 : two colonies 60-80 mm high and 2 smaller

colonies, no gonothecae; 2 slides no. 1631 (all RMNH-Coel. 25777).

Description (largely based on specimens from Musorstom 4, Stn CP 153). — Species resembling Gonaxia

ampullacea in colony structure : axis strong, upright, monosiphonic in upper region (fig. 4a), basally strongly

polysiphonic by development of many secondary tubules running parallel to main axis; axis occasionally forked,

flattened basally and probably attached to solid substrate (rock, corals, etc.). Hydrocladia initially alternately

arranged along axis, leaving axis at almost right angle, slightly curved, with 15-20 pairs of hydrothecac, placed on

distinct apophyses; between two successive apophyses with 3 hydrothecae, one of which is axillary (lig. 4a).

Particularly in lower regions of axis hydrocladia are shed, so that regular arrangement is interrupted and hydrocladia

are separated by greater number of hydrothecae. No internodes visible on axis or hydrocladia, though perisarcal

constrictions do occur from time to time. There is invariably one at base of hydrocladium, where it is slightly

twisted (fig. 5c).

All hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane with axis and hydrocladia, diverging from axis or

hydrocladium; apical portion making angle of 60 to 90 degrees with length axis of stem or hydrocladium.

Hydrothecae of three types ; axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae of similar shape,

distinctly swollen proximally (though never so strongly as in G. ampullacea) and with tubular distal portion

(fig. 30, those of axis slightly smaller, ’axil' between free part adcauline wall and wall of hydrocladium (in

hydrocladial hydrothecae) generally much deeper than that between corresponding part hydrothecal wall and wall of

axis in axial hydrothecae (fig. 5b). Free part adcauline wall 1.5 to 2 times as long as adnate part, this part with

118

W. VERVOORT

0.5 min

Fig. 4. — Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov. : a. paratype, Musorstom 4, Sin CP 153, distal pari of colony. — b. Musorstom

4. Sin CP 158, pari of hydrocladium. — c, Musorstom 4. Sin CP 156, abortive gonotheca developing from

hydrotheca.

a, slide no. 1016; b, slide no. 880; c, slide no. 873.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIHC

119

thickened knob and rectangular flexure at hydrothecal floor (fig. 6a). Free part adcauline wall convex proximally.

straight distally, parallel (or almost so) with distal part abcauline wall. Abcauline wall halfway its length either

with slight flexure (fig. 6a) or shallow curve (fig. 5b). leading to convex proximal part of abcauline hydrothecal

wall. Axillary hydrothccac with almost tubular free portion (occasionally proximal part adcauline wall slightly

convex), in axil of large apophysis with weakly indicated foramen; at flexure of adnate part adcauline wall with

considerably lengthened perisarcal peg (figs 5d, 6b). Hydrothecal rim initially with three fairly sharp cusps, one

abcauline and two laterals near adcauline side of hydrotheca, closing apparatus composed of three triangular plates

attached in shallow embayments between marginal cusps and when closed forming low roof. This arrangement only

visible in youngest (highest) parts of complete colonies and in some axillary hydrothecae (fig. 5d); closing

apparatus apparently largely deciduous, not visible in majority of hydrothecae, where marginal cusps are weathered

down to broadly rounded, shallow prominences, many hydrothecae having almost circular aperture.

Hydranths present in majority of hydrothecae, small, attached to flexed portion of hydrothecal bottom, with

rounded proboscis and 12 tentacles.

Gonothecae borne on one side (front) of axis, originating from secondary tubules. There are two types, probably

representing female and male sexes, found on separate colonies. Female gonothecae closely packed, large, sack¬

shaped, narrowing towards apex and there with circular opening apparently without lid; apical portions turned away

from axis, apertures in two rows; body of gonothecae covered by some secondary tubules (fig. 5a). Gonothecal

aperture at end of short, broad tube, circular, fairly wide. These gonothecae contain two or three developing eggs or

embryos. 'Male' gonothecae in one row composed of small number (5 to 8) of lengthened, sack-shaped bodies,

apically strongly narrowed and there with small opening (fig. 5b). Body of gonothecae covered by many accessory

tubules. These presumed male gonothecae are all empty.

The specimen from MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158. differs from the remaining specimens in the following details :

1. — Hydrocladium thin, slightly geniculate, hydrothccac more widely separated, occasionally traces of

internodal separations (incomplete septa and constrictions of perisarc) visible (fig. 8a).

2. — Hydrothccac long and slender (figs 4b, 8a), proximally with distinct though moderate swelling, distally

tubiform, directed upwards and laterally, length axis making angle of c. 45 degrees with axis of hydrocladium.

There is a rounded embayment between wall of hydrocladium and free part adcauline hydrothecal wall; this part of

adcauline wall 2.5 to 3 times the length of fused portion, proximally convex, distally almost straight. Abcauline

wall with indistinct flexure at about one-third its length from orifice; distal portion straight, proximal portion

straight to slightly convex. Hydrothecal orifice usually with three distinct, obtuse cusps, one adcauline and two

laterals near abcauline border. Many hydrothecae show signs of repair.

Distribution. — The present records arc all from a restricted area in the Pacific (northern lagoon of New

Caledonia, near Grand Passage). The depth records are between 215 and 570 m.

Remarks. — The 25 mm high stem from Musorstom 4, Stn CP 156. is remarkable because of the presence

of female gonothecae on both sides of the stem. On the front of the colony there are 12 gonothecae arranged in one

row with the apertures alternately turned left and right; the basal gonothcca is smaller and has two openings at the

end of diverging funnels. On the backside there lire two gonothecae. All gonothecae arc considerably elevated from

the accessory tubules from which they originate. The 15 mm long stem fragment on slide 873 has one (small)

gonotheca with two apertures developing from one of the hydrothecae (fig. 4c).

The shape of the hydrothecae varies in development of the swollen proximal portion, the length ol the tubiform

distal portion and the direction of that portion. Moreover, there is variability in the distance over which the

hydrothecae are separated. In the specimens from Musorstom 4. Stn CP 158. discussed above the hydrothccac are

fairly slender, the swelling of the proximal part is moderate, the length of the distal portion is considerable in

comparison with the remaining material and the axis of the hydrotheca makes an angle of c. 45 degrees with the

hydrocladial length axis, consequently the hydrothecae point obliquely upwards and laterally. The hydrothecae are

fairly widely spaced so that a large portion of the axis remains visible. In the specimen from MUSORSTOM 4,

Stn CP 193, the shape and direction of the hydrothccac is almost identical but the hydrothccac are more densely

packed, leaving a much smaller portion of the axis visible.

120

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 5. — Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., paratypes, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 153 : a, female gonothecae, lateral view, semi-

diagrammatic; b, male gonothecae, frontal view; c, origin of hydrocladium on axis; d, axillary hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 1016; b, slide no. 856; c, d, slide no. 1017.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

121

ETYMOLOGY. — From the latin noun amphora (pitcher, flask, bottle) and the greek verb phero (to bear),

referring to the shape of the hydrothecae.

Table 4. — Measurements of Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov. in pm.

Stem, diameter at base

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Female gonotheca, approximate length

approximate diameter

diameter aperture

'Male' gonotheca, approximate length

approximate diameter

diameter aperture

Musorstom 4 Musorstom 4

Stn SP 153

Stn CP

158

(slides no. 856,

(slide no.

880

1016 and 1017)

1,500

- 3,000

260

- 290

280

- 290

190

- 205

385

- 405

200

- 215

95 -

110

200

- 215

295

- 320

250

- 260

435

- 450

150

- 175

- 110

160

- 185

160 -

165

310

- 350

340 -

405

360

- 375

405 -

435

150

- 185

150 -

175

430

- 445

520 -

540

190

-230

185 -

220

110

- 125

135 -

140

2,175

- 2,385

865

- 975

260

- 370

1,625

- 1,955

590

- 665

- 75

Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov.

Figs 6c, 7a-c, 9a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 444, 18 0 15.3'S-162 0 58.8'E, 300-350 m, 28.02.1985 : c. 20

colonies up to 50 mm high, with Diphasia sp. and Synthecium sp. growing on axis. Some colonies strongly forked, some

with male or female gonothecae; 2 slides no. 857 (5 colonies MNHN-Hy. 1014; 5 colonies BMNH 1989.11.24.17;

remaining colonies and slides RMNH-Coel. 25778). — Stn 475, 18°35.7 , S-163°11.2 , E, 415-460 m, 02.03.1985 : single

60 mm high colony; no gonothecae. Slide no. 865 of hydrocladium; no. 1014 of top part (all MNHN-Hy. 1015).

Musorstom 4 : stn DW 156, 18°54.00’S-163°18.80’E. 530 m, 15.09.1985 : ten mm long stem with male gonothecae

and 3 stem fragments, 35-55 mm; without gonothecae; slide no. 1038 of hydrocladium (all RMNH-Coel. 25779).

Stn CP 158, lS^JO'S-^^-OO’E, 630 m, 15.09.1985 : c. 40 mm high stem with female gonothecae, in two parts on

slide no. 353A; slide no. 879 of hydrocladium (all RMNH-Coel. 25780). Also 35 mm high stem fragment with some

hydrocladia; slide no. 1015 of hydrocladium (all BMNH 1989.11.29.13). — Stn DW 163, 18°33.80 S-163° 11.50 E,

350 m, 16.09.1985 (type locality) : five colonies 40-75 mm high, 1 forked, and many fragments; male and female

gonothecae present. A 70 mm high colony is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1016; slide no. 1040, schizoholotype, RMNH-Coel.

25781), rest of material paratypes, including slide no. 1039 (RMNH-Coel. no. 25781). One paratype MNHN-Hy. 1016;

1 BMNH 1989 11 24 14; remaining paratypes and fragments RMNH Coel. 25781). In addition schizoparatype slide no.

400 of hydrocladium (MNHN-Hy. 1016). - Stn CC 201, 18°55.80'S-163°13.80’E, 500 m, 20.09.1985 : single 8 mm

long hydrocladium made up in slide no. 374 (RMNH-Coel. 25782).

122

W. VERVOORT

Description (mainly based on material from Musorstom 4, Stn DW 163). — Colony composed of main axis

and pinnately arranged hydrocladia. alternately pointing left and right and leaving axis almost perpendicularly.

Distal part of axis monosiphonic. proximal portion polysiphonic by presence of fairly thick accessory tubules,

running upwards parallel to axis. Axis and hydrocladia with two rows of alternately arranged hydrothecae, all in one

plane with main axis and hydrocladia. Hydrocladia placed on conspicuous apophyses, between two consecutive

apophyses (one right, one left) there arc three axial hydrothecae, one axillary, one on opposite side and one on same

side as apophysis and almost opposite next apophysis (fig. 7a). This arrangement is occasionally interrupted by

presence of larger number of hydrothecae between consecutive apophyses. No division into internodes visible on

axis or hydrocladium, though hydrocladium is set off from apophysis by distinct perisarcal constriction and

occasionally a slight twist (fig. 7c). Number of hydrothecal pairs along hydrocladium varies between 9 and 13.

Hydrothccae of axis, axil of apophysis and hydrocladium slightly different in shape and size. Hydrocladial

hydrotheca more or less flask-shaped, with inflated proximal portion and narrowed, almost tubular distal part,

pointing away from hydrocladium at angle of c. 43 degrees. Mode of inflation varied, both in same colonies as well

as between colonies from various stations, but inflation always apparent, particularly by presence of fairly deep

depression or cleft between wall of hydrocladium and proximal part of free adcauline hydrothecal wall (figs 6c. 7b.

9a, c). Mode of inflation also influences shape of free portion adcauline hydrothecal wall, which may show slight

to very pronounced bulge. Adnate portion adcauline wall straight, with distinct peg at hydrothecal base; bottom

plate with large circular hole to permit passage of coenosarc; edges of hole thickened and visible on proximal part

hydrothecal wall (fig. 9a). Abcauline hydrothecal wall with broadly rounded proximal swelling to nearly flat

(figs. 6c. 9a). Hydrothecal orifice circular, with three rounded, indistinct cusps : one abcauline and two laterals on

adcauline side. None of hydrothecac inspected with opercular apparatus, which appears to be deciduous. Axial

hydrothccae almost as those on hydrocladia. but cleft between axial wall and proximal part adcauline hydrothecal

wall less deep, usually present as rounded embayment. Axillary hydrotheca tubular, free part adcauline wall almost

straight, as is also abcauline wall; peg at hydrothecal floor considerable, pointing downwards (fig. 7c). Apophysis

near peg at hydrothecal floor with oval thin spot (fenestra) (fig. 7a). There are no renovations of the hydrothecal

border as observed in Seriularella or Symplectoscyphus, but many hydrothecae show evidence of having been

repaired after being damaged.

Hydranths have been observed in the type material, being attached to solid part of hydrothecal bottom; hydranths

rather small compared to internal volume of hydrotheca.

Gonothccae occur on frontal part of colony and are produced by secondary tubules that obscure almost

completely underlying axis and hydrothccae. Female gonothccae shaped as elongated bodies emerging from

secondary tubules, apical portion well defined, gradually narrowing, with circular opening, elevated some distance

from tubules, apertures placed more or less distinctly in two rows. Proximal portion of gonotheca gradually

merging with tubule (fig. 9b). In specimens inspected there usually are several gonothccae in longitudinal sequence

showing distinct tendency to merge. Male gonothccae also on frontal aspect of axis, shaped as shallow, oval

blister-like bodies with a small aperture in distal portion, occasionally placed on small elevation and arranged in

one irregular row, comparable to those of Gonaxia amphorifera. Gonothccae of both sexes but particularly the male

gonothccae covered by fine accessory tubules. All gonothecac appear to be empty.

Perisarc strong, fairly thick along walls of axis and hydrocladia, but thickness rather varied in various lots.

Distribution. — All specimens originate from a restricted area of the Pacific around the extreme northern reefs

of New Caledonia, near Grand Passage, occurring at depths between 300 and 625 m.

Remarks. — This species is principally characterized by the shape of the hydrothccae, that arc distinctly

inflated. Though the degree of inflation is varied, it is always there. There is a deep cleft between the proximal

portion of the adcauline hydrothecal wall and the wall of the hydrocladium, the length of the fused part of the

adcauline hydrothecal wall being reduced. Furthermore the shape of the female gonothecac is distinctive.

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name ampullacea is a reference to the shape of the hydrotheca and has been derived

from the latin ampullaceus, flask-like.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC 123

Fig. 6 a-b. — Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., paratype. MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 153 : a, part of hydrocladium; b, axillary

hydrotheca.

Fig. 6 c. — Gonaxia ampnllacea sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 6 d. — Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa var. nov., MUSORSTOM 4. Stn DW 162, part of hydrocladium with axillary

hydrotheca.

a, b, slide no. 1016; c, slide no. 353; d, slide no. 877.

124

W. VERVOORT

Table 5. — Measurements of Gonaxia ampullacea sp.

nov. in pm.

Lagon Stn 475

(slide no. 1014)

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 163

(slide no. 1039)

paratype

Stem, diameter at base

1,000

- 1,500

900

- 1,400

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

305

- 390

310

- 320

length free part adcauline wall

340

- 420

325

- 400

length adnate part adcauline wall

230

- 245

235

- 280

total depth

475

- 530

450

- 465

maximal diameter

265

- 275

200

- 210

diameter at rim

105

- 120

105 ■

110

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

200

- 295

295 •

- 340

length free part adcauline wall

335

- 450

310 •

- 355

length fused part adcauline wall

270

- 280

260 -

- 275

total depth

445

- 555

525 -

545

maximal diameter

170

- 230

155 -

170

diameter at rim

105

- 140

105 -

110

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

185

- 220

250 -

280

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

375

- 385

370 -

405

length free part adcauline wall

475

- 505

445 -

520

length adnate part adcauline wall

105

- 110

110 -

125

total depth

505

- 520

525 -

545

maximal diameter

325

- 340

250 -

275

diameter at rim

120

- 150

135 -

140

Pairs of hydrothecae per hydrocladium

- 11

14 -

Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa nov. var.

Figs 6d, 8b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : sin DW 162. 18°35.00'S-163°10.30'E, 525 m.

16.09.1985 (type locality) : six stem fragments 8-25 mm high, all with gonothecae. Slide no. 1021 of 25 mm high stem

with male gonothecae is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1017, also 1 paratype). Slide no. 877 of stem fragment without

gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 25783, also 2 paratypes). One paratype in BMNH 1989.11.24.15.

Description. — Though packing and swelling of Ihe hydrothecae in Gonaxia ampullacea is varied, it is so

extreme in the above mentioned material that it has been considered advisable to record it as a separate variety,

differing from the typical form by the following characters :

1. Hydrothecae strongly inflated basally, particularly noticeable along the basal part of the adcauline hydrothecal

wall (fig. 6d).

2. Hydrothecae closely packed; the axil between proximal adcauline hydrothecal wall and wall of hydrocladium

being completely closed, both walls touching for some distance; no hydrocladial wall visible along nearly the

whole of its length (with exception of the extreme base and top) (figs 6d, 8b).

3. Perisarc strongly developed along axis and hydrocladia. particularly visible in adnatc portions of adcauline

hydrothecal wall.

4. Hydrocladia thicker in var. densa than observed in colonies recorded as Gonaxia ampullacea.

There is no difference in shape or development of the gonothecae.

DISTRIBUTION. — This variety has been observed at one locality in the Pacific off the northernmost reefs of

New Caledonia, near Grand Passage, at a depth of 525 m.

ETYMOLOGY. — The name densa meaning closely packed, has been coined because of the close arrangement of

the hydrothecae and is taken from the latin word densus meaning dense or close.

Source MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

125

Fig. 7 a-c. — Gonaxia ampullacea sp. nov. : a-b, Lagon, Stn 475 : a, distal part of colony; b, part of hydrocladium.

c, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, basal part of hydrocladium with axillary hydrotheca.

Fig. 7 d. — Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, part of hydrocladium.

a, slide no. 1014; b, slide no. 865; c, slide no. 353A; d, slide no. 353B.

W. VERVOORT

a. — Gonaxia amphorifera sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, part of hydrocladium.

b. — Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa nov. var., Musorstom 4, Stn DW 162, distal part of colony.

c. — Gonaxia compacla sp. nov., Musorstom 4, Stn CP 194, abortive gonothecae developing from hydrothecae,

a, slide no. 880; b, slide no. 877; c, slide no. 1027.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC 127

a, slide no. 1040; b, slide no. 353A; c, slide no. 865.

128

W. VKRVOORT

Table 6. — Measurements of Gonaxia ampullacea var. densa nov. var., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 162

(slide no. 877)

Stem, diameter at base

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

275 - 305

length free part adcauline wall

370 - 385

length adnate part adcauline wall

290 - 295

total depth

480 - 495

maximal diameter

250 - 265

diameter at rim

105 - 125

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

275 - 295

length free part adcauline wall

490 - 495

length adnate part adcauline wall

310 - 325

total depth

570 - 580

maximal diameter

265 - 275

diameter at rim

110 - 125

Hydrocladium. diameter at base

230 - 240

Hydrocladial hydrothcca, length abcauline wall

370 - 380

length free part adcauline wall

445 - 530

length adnate part adcauline wall

35 - 150

total depth

540 - 575

maximal diameter

280 - 335

diameter at rim

135 - 150

Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov.

Figs 7d, lOa-c, lla-b, 12a

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn CP 158, 18°49.30’S-163°15.00 , E, 630 m,

15.09.1985 : c. 15 mm high colony, in 2 parts in slide no. 353B; no gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 25784).

Chesterfield Islands. Chalcal 1 : stn DC 30, 19°31.10 , S-158°30.60 , E, 150-180 m, 19.07.1984 (type locality) :

fragments of at least 3 specimens, the largest c. 90 mm, with female gonothecae on stem; slides nos 854 (3) and 1030.

Holotype is a 75 mm long specimen with female gonothecae (in 2 parts; MNHN-Hy. 1018); the remaining specimens,

including the slides, are paratypes (MNHN-Hy. 1018, slide no. 854 of paralype; BMNH 1989.11.24.16, slide no. 854 of

paratype; RMNH-Coel. 25785, 1 colony and slides nos 854 & 1030).

Description. — Species greatly resembling Gonaxia ampullacea . so much so that it suffices to indicate the

differences:

1. General structure of colonies identical, but diameter of axis and hydrocladia larger in G. anonyma (fig. 1 la).

2. Hydrothecae proximally enlarged, though not inflated as in G. ampullacea ; proximal portion more or less

quadrangular (figs 10a, 1 lb), distal portion cylindrical, pointing away from axis or hydrocladium at almost right

angle. Free part of adcauline wall of hydrotheca slightly concave to almost straight; abcauline wall with

characteristic flexure at about half its length. As in G. ampullacea there are no complete renovations of the

hydrothecal margin (as in Sertularella and Symplecioscyphus) but many hydrothecae show signs of repair after

sustaining damage. Hydrothecae regularly and evenly spaced, base of hydrocladial hydrotheca at level of axil

between adcauline hydrothecal wall and wall hydrocladium of preceding hydrotheca (on opposite side; figs 7d, 10c).

3. Female gonothecae in one series along axis, with strong tendency to fuse and not sharply separated from

accessory tubules from which they originate; gonothecal mass shaped like a tube with irregularly undulated walls,

from which arise at regular intervals conical projections with a circular apical aperture without lid (fig. 12a).

Conical projections arranged in one row. All gonothecae inspected appear to be empty; they are considered female

because of their similarity to undubitable female gonothecae of G. ampullacea or G. amphorifera.

No hydranths have been observed in this material.

Distribution. — The type locality is on the Chesterfield-Bellona platform (Coral Sea) close to the Chesterfield

Islands; additional material originates from the northwest of New Caledonia (Grand Passage).

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

129

Fig. 10. - Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov., paratype, Chalcal 1, Sin DC 3 : a. monosiphonic part of axis and base of

hydrocladium; b, part of hydrocladium; c. two hydrothecae from hydrocladium.

a, slide no. 854; b, c, slide no. 1030.

Source: MNHN. Paris

130

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 11. — Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158 :

wilh axillary hydrotheca,

a. b, slide no. 353B.

a, top part of colony; b, basal

part of hydrocladium

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

131

Table 7. — Measurements of Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4 Chalcal 1

Stn CP 158 Stn DC 30

(slide no. 353B) (slide no. 1030)

Stem, diameter at base

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Pairs of hydrothecae per hydrocladium

Female gonotheca, approximate length

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

750

- 950

275 -

295

370

- 385

290 -

320

345

- 370

290 -

295

335

- 355

420 -

475

555

- 575

220 -

250

235

- 250

120 -

150

170

- 185

220 -

230

275

- 290

280 ■

■ 295

- 345

390 -

- 435

460

- 480

495 ■

- 505

540

- 560

215

- 225

215

- 230

110

- 135

160

- 165

280

■ 295

220

- 230

340

- 375

375

- 400

400

- 415

310

- 355

265

- 310

345

- 360

520

- 555

575

- 585

310

- 320

245

- 265

150

- 165

175

- 185

- 14

- 20

170

825

- 870

175

- 215

Remarks. — In spile of slight differences in the dimensions of the material from the two stations listed above

ihcrc is so much conformity in structure and shape of the hydrothecae that specific identity can not be denied. In the

MUSORSTOM 4. Stn CP 158. specimen (fig. 7d) the hydrocladial hydrothecae are slightly more closely packed than

in the Chalcal 1. Stn DC 30. specimen (fig. 10b). This species is not only characterized by the shape of the

hydrolhecae but also by the almost total fusion of the female gonothecae, forming an elongated tube with a number

of separate funnels.

Etymology. — From the greek anonymos, meaning nameless or unknown.

Gonaxia bulbifera sp. nov.

Figs 12b, 13a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 156, t8°54.00'S-163°18.80'E. 530 in,

15.09 1985 (type locality) : c. 10 mono- and polysiphonic colonies 15-40 mm high and some fragments, many

gonothecae. With Zygophylax sp. Slides nos 531 (3) and 1010 (2). One 35 mm high colony with gonothecae is holotype

(MNHN-Hy. 1019); rest of material, including slides, are paratypes (3 paratypes MNHN-Hy. 1019; 2 paratypes BMNH

1989.11.24.18; slides and rest paratypes RMNH-Coel. 25786, one of slides no. 531 is schizoholotype).

Description (based on holotype and schizoholotype). — Axis strong, upright, with pinnately arranged,

alternate hydrocladia in one plane, monosiphonic in small colonies (fig. 13a), basally polysiphonic and distally

monosiphonic in larger colonies. Axis originally divided into internodes, marked by constrictions of perisarc and

occasionally by septa, in polysiphonic parts of stem indistinct by development of secondary tubules, running

parallel to main axis and obscuring internodes and axial hydrothccae. Intemodes, where present, with three

hydrothecae, one axillary and two 'free' hydrolhecae; hydrocladium inserting on distinct, bulbous apophysis under

axillary hydrotheca.

132

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 12 a. — Gonaxia anonyma sp. nov., paratype, Chalcal 1, Stn DC 30. frontal view of stem with female gonothecae

Fig. 12 b. — Gonaxia bulbifera sp. nov., Musorstom 4, Stn DW 156. lateral view of stem with female gonothecae.

a, slide no. 1030; b, slide no. 1010.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM T11E WESTERN PACIFIC

133

Axillary hydrolhecac slightly deformed, cylindrical, with large perisarcal peg at basal part of adnate portion

adcauline wall (fig. 13b); remaining axial hydrothccae with renovations to compensate for the presence of secondary

tubules.

Hydrocladia 8-10 mm long, with up to 20 alternately arranged hydrothecae, placed on indistinctly defined

internodes, usually only marked by perisarcal constrictions; first internode of hydrocladium slightly longer than

those following.

Hydrothecae in principal cylindrical, with tubular distal portion. Adcauline wall straight or slightly convex in

proximal part; adnate part of adcauline wall slightly curved, at hydrothecal floor with distinct peg; hydropore wide.

Abcauline hydrothecal wall with more or less distinctly marked flexure at lower third, where hydrotheca becomes

wider and slightly swollen (fig. 13b). Hydrothecal rim damaged in majority of hydrothecae, when in perfect state

with three indistinct cusps (one abcauline. two lateral adcaulines); closing apparatus apparently deciduous, not

observed on any of hydrothecae.

Periderm fairly strong, particularly on intemodes and hydrocladial apophysis, thinning out along hydrothecal

wall.

Hydranths present in some hydrothecae, though badly preserved, small, with c. 16 tentacles. A ligamentum runs

from a small ’caecum' to a point in lower third of inside abcauline hydrothecal wall; hydranth attached to curved

portion of adnate part adcauline hydrothecal wall.

Two types of gonothecae have been observed : a type (1) with a distinct funnel with a small opening (presumed

male) and a type (2) where such funnel is absent and the sack-shaped gonotheca presents a larger aperture (presumed

female). Both types are empty so that sex could not be ascertained. Both types of gonothecae usually are associated

with secondary tubules and are present on front of colony; presumed male gonothecae occasionally also observed on

backside of colony (fig. 13a).

Gonotheca of type 1 elongated sack-shaped, fused with axis or secondary tubule over greater pail of its length,

apically produced into tapering funnel with small aperture at its end (fig. 13a).

Table 8. — Measurements of Gonaxia bulbifera sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn DW 156

paratype

(slide no. 531)

Musorstom 4

Stn DW 156

paratype

(slide no. 1010)

Stem internode, length

1,035 - 1,185

diameter at node

120 - 140

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

310 - 320

length free part adcauline wall

330 - 340

length adnate part adcauline wall

220 - 260

total depth

450 - 460

maximal diameter

125 - 160

diameter at rim

95 - 105

Hydrocladial internode, length

405 - 445

diameter at node

75 - 80

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

360 - 385

length free part adcauline wall

370 - 390

length adnate part adcauline wall

160 - 190

total depth

465 - 480

maximal diameter

170 - 185

diameter at rim

100 - 110

Gonotheca (type 1), length

1,410 - 1,520

height, including funnel

925 - 1,085

diameter aperture

80 - 95

Gonotheca (type 2), length

1,845 - 1,930

maximal diameter

695 - 715

diameter aperture

240 - 280

134

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 13. — Gonaxia bulbifera sp. nov., schizoholotype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 156 : a, frontal view of colony with male

gonothccae on backside; b, insertion of hydrocladium on axis, with axillary hydrotheca,

a, b, slide no. 531.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

135

Gonotheca of type 2 stands away from axis or secondary tubule, though attached to it by means of broad base,

in shape elongated ovoid to sack-shaped, apically with fairly wide opening (fig. 12b).

Both types of gonothecae occur on separate, otherwise identical colonies and probably represent both sexes.

Distribution. — Recorded from a single locality in Grand Passage at the northwestern tip of New Caledonia,

depth 530 m.

REMARKS. — Species with distinct affinities with Gonaxia scalariformis but with more slender hydrothecae and

different gonothecae.

Etymology. — The specific name bulbifera refers to the bulbous character of the gonothecae (latin noun

bulbus meaning swelling) found on the front of the axis (greek verb phero meaning to bear).

Gonaxia compacta sp. nov.

Figs 8c, 14a-b, 15a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn CP 155, 18°52.80 , S-163°19.50 , E, 500-570 m,

15.09.1985 (type locality) : thirty mm high stem with several hydrocladia (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1020); no gonothecae

(slide no. 1041, schizoholotype, RMNH-Coel. 25787). — Stn CP 194, 18°52.80 , S-163°21.70 , E, 550 m, 19.09.1985 :

one 75 mm high colony with male gonothecae, a stem fragment and many loose hydrocladia (paratypes). Young

gonothecae develop from hydrothecae. Two slides no. 1027 (1 paratype and one of slides no. 1027, RMNH- Coel. 25788;

remaining paratypes on second slide no. 1027, BMNH 1989.11.24.19. — Stn DW 197, 18°51.30’S-163°21.00E, 560 m,

^.0.09.1985 : four stems 30-70 mm high with basal disk attached to rock fragments and some detached hydrocladia. Male

:onothecae along some of stems and young gonothecae developing from hydrothecae; slides nos 875 and 884 (all RMNH-

’oel. 25789). — Stn DW 222, 22°57.60’S-167°33.00 , E, 410-440 m, 30.09.1985 : single hydrocladium 12 mm long in

lide no. 874A (RMNH-Coel. 25790).

Descrip tion (based on all material available). — Robust. 7-8 cm high, erect species with strong axis, basally

. 2.5 mm in diameter, thinning out fairly rapidly distally, with pinnately arranged, alternate hydrocladia of 10-

2 mm length, leaving axis almost perpendicularly. Structure of colony almost as in Gonaxia amphorifera and

7. ampullacea ; axis strongly polysiphonic by presence of many accessory tubules running upwards parallel to axis

ind obscuring exact structure of primary tube. Basal part of axis attached to rock fragments by means of strongly

clerotized attachment disk; higher parts of axis, though still polysiphonic. more or less transparent and here

.rrangement of hydrocladia can be seen. Axial hydrothecae not greatly different from those of hydrocladia described

iclow. Hydrocladia placed on distinct and large apophyses, three hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia

one left, one right, one axillary and tubiform). Hydrocladium basally with distinct twist, marked by oblique

lerisarcal constriction, probably permitting some movement of hydrocladium (lig. 14a). Hydrothecae alternately

irranged along fairly thick hydrocladium, thick walled, distinctly swollen proximally and narrowed fairly suddenly;

listal portion more or less tubiform; angle of exit variable, 90-60 degrees (fig. 14a, b). Succeeding hydrothccae of

ame side separated by rounded gap; there is no deepened axil between adcauline hydrothecal wall and wall of

lydrocladium (as in G. ampullacea), but this part of hydrocladium usually broadly rounded (fig. 14b). Free portion

ideauline wall usually slightly concave to almost straight; abcauline wall with point of flexure at about half its

length, proximal part strongly convex, rounded. Adnatc part adcauline wall and hydrothecal floor strongly

sclerotized, thick, with large rounded peg at end of adnate wall: hydrothecal floor at right angle to this, usually

straight part of hydrotheca. Large hole present in hydrothecal bottom, walls of hole visible on lateral parts of

hydrotheca. Aperture of hydrotheca with three rounded, fairly indistinct hydrothecal cusps, one abcauline and two

laterals on adcauline side (fig. 14b). None of hydrothecae in all material present has a closing apparatus. Many

hydrothccae show signs of repair after sustaining damage, usually involving the complete tubiform distal part of

hydrothecae, in which case hydrothcca shows ring-shaped cicatrise.

Hydranths present in majority of hydrothecac, strongly contracted, attached to hydrothecal base only; no

ligament running upwards towards inside abcauline hydrothecal wall has been observed.

136

W. VERVOORT

Fic. 14 a-b. — Gonaxia compacta sp. nov. : a, schizoholotype, Musorstom 4, Stn CP 155. insertion of hydrocladium on

axis; b, paratypc, pari of hydrocladium.

Fig. 14 c . — Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., BlOCAL. Stn DW 08, axillary hydrotheca and insertion of hydrocladium on axis

a, slide no. 1041; b, slide no. 1027; c, slide no. 333B.

Source : MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

137

Perisarc particularly strongly developed in this species when compared to other members of the genus,

yellowish; it is thick along walls of hydrocladium and hydrothecac (especially adnate part of adcauline hydrothecal

wall) and thins out along distal portion of hydrotheca.

Only mature male gonothecae have been observed, occurring on frontal aspect of (polysiphonic) axis of part of

material as blister-like, sack-shaped bodies, arranged in a longitudinal row, partly overlapping each other and

covered by some accessory tubules (fig. 15a). Aperture at end of slight elevation, small, rounded. Each gonotheca

contains an elongated mass of developing spermatocytes; gonotheca appears to originate from primary axis.

No female gonothecae were seen, but small, (abortive?) and apparently female gonothecae develop from some of

hydrothecae (fig. 8c); these more or less elongate gonothecae are all empty and have a single, circular terminal

aperture. They occur on colonies with otherwise normal male gonothecae along axis.

Table 9. — Measurements of Gonaxia compact a sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 155

(slide no. 1041)

schizoholotype

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 194

(slide no. 1027)

paratype

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length

220 - 235

abcauline wall

355 - 415

length free part adcauline wall

355 - 420

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 340

total depth

510 - 520

maximal diameter

280 - 310

diameter at rim

135 - 155

Number of pairs of hydrothecae

13 - 14

1,625

Male gonotheca, approximate length

approximate diameter

600

diameter aperture

75 - 95

Female (?) gonotheca, length

760 - 1,130

diameter

370 - 410

diameter aperture

250 - 300

Distribution. — Nearly all material originates from a restricted area in the Pacific near Grand Passage at the

extreme northwestern reefs of New Caledonia. A single hydrocladium was obtained from a station south of lie des

Pins, off southeastern New Caledonia (MUSORSTOM4, Stn DW 222).

Remarks. — This species is remarkable because of the strong development of the perisarc, the plump

hydrothecae with swollen proximal portion and the broadly rounded end of the space separating two succeeding

hydrothecae on the same side of a hydrocladium.

Etymology. — From the latin word compactus meaning thick, firm.

Gonaxia complexa sp. nov.

Figs 14c, 15b-e, 16a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 08, 20°34.35'S-166°53.90 , E, 435 m, 12.08.1985 (type

locality) : c. 10 colonies, 50-80 mm high and many fragments. One of colonies with forked axis, some with spent

gonothecae. One 50 mm high colony holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1021), rest are paratypes (3 paralypes MNHN-Hy. 1021;

3 paratypes BMNH 1989.11.24.20, rest of paratypes and fragments RMNH-Coel. 25791). Slides nos 333B. 377C (both

RMNH-Coel. 25791), 526 (MNHN-Hy. 1021) and 528 (BMNH 1989.11.24.20)

BlOGEOCAL : stn DW 307, 20°35.38 , S-166°55.25’E, 470-480 m, 01.05.1987 : single 35 mm high stem and some

fragments; no gonotheca, all in 2 slides no. 908 (RMNH-Coel. 25792).

138

W. VERVOORT

5°' 15 ^—Gonaxia compacta sp. nov., paralypc, MUSORSTOM 4, Sin CP 194, lateral view of stem with male gonothecae

RIG. 15 b-e. —- Gonaxia comp/exa sp. nov. : b-d, BlOCAL. Sm DW 08 : b. two hydrothecae from top part of colony

c, axillary hydrotheca; d, damaged female (?) gonotheca. — e, MUSORSTOM 6, Stn DW 461, two hydrothecae from

top part of colony.

a, slide no. 1027; b-d, slide no. 528; e, slide no. 935.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

139

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 391, 20°47.35'S-167°05.70'E, 390 m, 13.02.1989 : single 40 mm high

stem in 2 parts (MNHN-Hy. 1022); 3 slides no. 909 (RMNH-Coel. 25793), no gonothecae. A few hydrothecae of Modeeria

rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) on stem. — Stn DW 398, 20°47.19’S-167°05.65 , E, 370 m, 13.02.1989 ; two colonies

35 and 60 mm high, with gonothecae, and some fragments (BMNH 1989.11.24.21). Slide no. 1003 (RMNH-Coel.

25794 ). — Stn DW 406, 20 o 40.65 , S-167 o 06.80’E, 373 m, 15.02.1989 : c. 50 up to 80 mm high colonies and some

fragments; spent gonothecae observed (10 colonies MNHN Hy. 1023; 10 colonies BMNH 1989.11.24.22, rest RMNH-

Coel. 25795, also 4 slides no. 714 under that number). — Stn DW 407, 20°40.70'S-167‘ , 06.60'E, 360 m, 15.02.1989 :

six colonies up to 50 mm high and some fragments (1 colony MNHN-Hy. 1024; 1 colony BMNH 1989.11.24.23, rest

RMNH-Coel. 25796), no gonothecae. Two slides no. 728 (RMNH-Coel. 25796). — Stn DW 461, 21°06.00'S-

167°26.20'E, 240 m, 21.02.1989 : single 10 mm long hydrocladium. slide no. 935 (RMNH-Coel. 25797).

DESCRIPTION (based on specimens from BIOCAL, Sin DW 08). — Axis basally polysiphonic. lop pari of

colonies monosiphonic, indistinctly divided into internodes by slightly oblique pcrisarcal constrictions, visible

only in monosiphonic pari. Hydrocladia pinnately arranged, springing from distinct stem apophyses alternately

pointing left and right (fig. 16a). Usually three hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia (one axillary, fig.

15c. one on opposite side and one above axillary hydrotheca); occasionally two hydrocladia. one left, one right

placed above each other (fig. 16a). Secondary tubes running parallel to axis soon obscure arrangement of

apophyses; axillary hydrothecae may become lengthened when partly covered by secondary tubes, those tubes

communicating with primary axis by means of circular holes, particularly visible at stem apophyses. Basal part of

axis flattened, apparently serving attachment to fixed objects (stones, coral fragments), diameter of polysiphonic

base c. 0.8 mm. Internodes on hydrocladia distinct, separated by pcrisarcal constrictions and occasionally by thin,

oblique septa, each with one hydrotheca, alternately pointing left or right and strictly in one plane (fig. 15b).

Proximal portion of each hydrocladium with distinct perisarcal twist (fig. 14c). Occasionally secondary hydrocladia

spring from apophysis bearing primary hydrocladium, pointing towards front of colony (same general direction as

remnants of gonothecae, see below).

Hydrotheca tubular, occasionally slightly curving downwards, pointing away from the intemode at an angle of

c. 50 degrees; diameter constant over whole length of hydrotheca, but basally, near insertion of hydrotheca, with

slight constriction on adcauline side (figs 15b. 16b-c, not present in all hydrothecae). Adnate portion of adcaulinc

vail c. one third length of free adcauline wall, with sharp flexure at hydrothecal bottom, point of flexure marked by

slight perisarcal thickening. Hydrothecal floor open, leaving large hydropore permitting passage of coenosarc; no

lerisarcal ring being present. Hydrothecal rim slightly thickened, particularly in renovated hydrothecae, number of

renovations 2 or 3. Hydrothecal rim with three blunt cusps (one abcaulinc, two laterals), separated by shallow,

ounded embayments. Closing apparatus composed of three small, triangular flaps attached to embayments of rim.

when closed forming shallow roof, present in only few hydrothecae (fig. 15b). Periderm firm, particularly on

internodcs, thinning out along hydrothecal walls, though hydrothecae still quite firm.

Hydranths small, completely retracted; hypostomc rounded, number of tentacles 12-14 (fig. 15b).

Only remnants of spend gonothecae present, occurring on frontal aspect of colony and pointing forward under

angle of c. 90 degrees, attached by means of broad base to axial intemode at base of axillary hydrotheca,

leaving large, oval cicatrise when absent. Gonothcca shaped as elongated body with irregularly wrinkled walls.

Table 10. — Measurements of Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., in pm.

BlOCAL

Stn DW 08

(slide no. 333B)

Musorstom 6

Stn DW 461

(slide no. 935)

Internode, length

590 - 775

630 - 650

diameter at node

95 - 135

130 - 150

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

575 - 590

540 - 565

length free part adcauline wall

480 - 555

520 - 585

length adnate part adcauline wall

175 - 235

215 - 240

total depth

650 - 740

715 - 760

diameter at rim

215 - 230

195 - 215

maximal diameter

230 - 235

175 - 195

140

W. VERVOORT

pcrisarc basally fairly thick, but rapidly thinning along gonothecal walls, apex ruptured in gonothccae present in

BIOCAL. Stn DW 08. material (fig. 15d).

Distribution. — Fairly deep Pacific waters east of New Caledonia and off the Loyalty Islands, depth ran»e

240-435 m.

Remarks. — The Biocal, Stn DW 08, specimens agree to a certain extent with Gonaxia constricta (Totton,

1930) (= Symplectoscyphus consirictus Totton. 1930). as described by that author and by Ralph (1961a), but there

are distinct differences. TOTTON's Terra Nova specimens of S. consirictus so far have been the only specimens

available, consequently Ralph's description and measurements of that species must also be based on TOTTON's

holotype. In the Terra Nova specimens (that are incomplete) the stems are fairly strongly geniculate; in the Biocal

specimens axis and hydrocladia are straight and the hydrothccae do not diverge as strongly from the internodc

(fig. 15e) as they do in the Terra Nova material of S. consirictus (fig. 17a). The hydrothccae in the Terra Nova

material also are slightly larger. They agree, however, in the place of the cusps at the hydrothecal rim (one

abcauline, two laterals) and the presence of a slight though distinct constriction at the hydrothecal bottom.

Hydrothecal renovations may obscure the structure of the hydrothecal rim, particularly in axillary hydrothecae.

There is variability in the curvature of the hydrothecae. In the same colony almost straight hydrothecae occur

along with slightly curved hydrothccae. The fragment from Musorstom 6. Stn DW 461, has smoothly curved

hydrothecae along the whole of the (single) hydrocladium (fig. 15c).

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name complexa refers to the difficulties encountered in determining the generic

position of this species. From the latin word complexus, meaning tangled, involved.

Gonaxia constricta (Totton, 1930)

Figs 16d, 17a

Symplectoscyphus consirictus Totton, 1930 : 181, fig. 31, pi. 1 fig. 3. — Ralph, 1961a : 800 fig 14f —

Stepantants, 1979 : 69, 70.

Material EXAMINED. — New Zealand. Terra Nova Expedition : stn 91, off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand,

300 fms (= 549 m), 26.07.1911, four colonies, the highest c. 75 mm (BMNH 1929.10.28.100, TOTTON’s slide also

bearing that number) and additional slide made from 2 loose hydrocladia (slide no. 946, schizoholotype, RMNH-Coel.

25460).

Description (that of colony taken from Totton, 1930. and Ralph, 1961). — Erect stems c. 75 mm high,

basally polystphonic by presence of accessory tubes, apically largely monosiphonic; division into internodes

obscured by secondary tubules. Hydrocladia alternately and pinnately arranged; between two successive hydrocladia

there are two free hydrothecac, in addition there is an axillary hydrothcca at base of each hydrocladium. Hydrocladia

weakly to distinctly geniculate, internodes only occasionally marked by septum, usually only by (weak) perisarcal

constriction, slightly longer than overall length of hydrotheca (fig. 17a).

Hydrothccae tubular, with slightly swollen basal portion, not quite perpendicular to hydrocladial length axis,

but leaving internode under angle of c. 80 degrees. Abcauline hydrothecal wall almost straight, with minor

convexity at about half its length, running smoothly into wall of internodc. Adnate part adcauline wall slightly less

than half length of free part of that wall, with perpendicular curve at thecal base and there with distinct notch.

Hydrothecal floor not closed : a perisarcal ledge runs from end of abcauline hydrothecal wall into thecal cavity

leaving a narrow passage. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight, with well marked constriction almost at

its base (cf. fig. 16d) and a distinctly flattened portion in the angle between free part adcauline wall and wall of axis

or hydrocladium. Rim of hydrotheca with three blunt and low cusps, in majority of hydrothecae formed as one

median abcauline and two lateral adcauline cusps, between which remnants of opercular plates may be observed.

Some hydrothccae. nevertheless, appear to have a distinct median adcauline cusp and two abcauline laterals.

Hydranths well preserved in the schizoholotype, large, with 12-14 tentacles and a large, globular hypostomc

(lig. 16d). Hydranth attached inside hydrotheca by means of circular tissue strand (visible in optical section as

Source: MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

141

Fig. 16 a-c. — Gonaxia complexa sp. nov., BlOCAL. Stn DW 08 : a, top part of colony; b. part of hydrocladium; c. three

hydrothecae from hydrocladium.

Fig. 16 d. — Gonaxia constricta (Totton, 1930), Terra Nova, Stn 91, hydrotheca with its hydranth.

a, slide no. 333B; b-c, slide no. 526; d, slide no. 946.

Source: MNHN, Paris

142

W. VERVOORT

Fig. lla.—Gonaxia constricta (Tolion, 1930), Terra Nova, Sin 91, pari of hydrocladium.

FIG. 17 b-d. — Gonaxia crassa sp. nov., schizohololypc, Musorstom 4, Sin DW 197 : b, lop pari of colony with

insertion of two hydrocladia; c, top pari of hydrocladium; d, female gonolhecae, lateral view (semi-diagrammatic)

a, slide no. 946; b, slide no. 1042; c-d, slide no. 858.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

143

ad- and abcauline strands) attaching base of hydranth to base of theca. There is no oblique tissue strand running up¬

wards as is seen in Symplectoscyphus. Perisarcal plate forming floor of hydrothecal cavity appears to be horseshoe-

shaped, with sides attached to internal lateral surfaces of part of intemode supporting hydrotheca; peridennal strand

of tissue is seen to descend through cavity formed by both arms of horseshoe into cavity of intemode.

No gonothecae were observed in the holotype but a circular hole or cicatrise occurs on some of the intemodes

where gonothecae may have been attached.

Table 11. — Measurements of Gonaxia constricta (Totton, 1930), in pm.

Terra Nova

Stn 91

(Ralph, 1961)

Terra Nova, Stn 91

(slide no. 946)

schizoholotype

Intemode, length

865 - 975

diameter at node

185 - 200

Hydrotheca, length adcauline wall

630

650 - 695

length free part adcauline wall

620 - 650

605 - 690

length adnate part adcauline wall

250

295 - 320

total depth

750

815 - 850

diameter at rim

230 - 250

250 - 260

maximal diameter

270

355 - 355

Distribution. — Previously recorded only from off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, depth 300 fms (548 m)

(Totton, 1930; Ralph, 1961).

Remarks. — Though this species is not represented in the New Caledonia collection it is included here because

of its distinct affinities with the many species of the genus Gonaxia found in the New Caledonia material; it

evidently belongs in that genus.

Gonaxia crassa sp. nov.

Figs 17b-d, 18a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 197, 18 o 51.30'S-163°21.00'E, 560 m,

20.09.1985 (type locality) : large, at least 140 mm high colony composed of axis (in 5 parts) and loose hydrocladia;

gonothecae along stem (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1025; schizoholotype BMNH 1989.11.24.24; schizoholotype RMNH-

Coel. 25799). Three slides nos 858 (2) and 1042 (schizoholotypes, RMNH-Cocl. 25798).

DESCRIPTION (based on holotype). — Colony robust, with erect, thick, polysiphonic axis c. 140 mm high,

basal part missing but probably attached to firm substratum (rocks, etc.). Hydrocladia 20-25 mm long, straight,

arranged pinnately and alternately along axis, of which only extreme distal part is monosiphonic and demonstrates

structure of axial and axillary hydrothecac. Hydrocladia flattened, placed on apophyses along primary axis, separated

from apophyses by oblique perisarcal constriction, probably allowing movement of hydrocladia (fig. 17b). In

proximal parts of axis arrangement of hydrothecae and apophyses obscured by presence of many accessory tubules,

running upwards parallel to axis and covering axial structures.

Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae of almost identical shape, large, those of axis slightly smaller and not

completely sunken into axis (fig. 17b); hydrocladial hydrothecae along length of hydrocladium gradually become

completely immersed into hydrocladium (fig. 18a). In both types of hydrothecae free adcauline wall small to

gradually disappearing; adnate adcauline wall strongly curved, shield-shaped, fairly thick, with basal circular hole

permitting passage of periderm. A fine strand of perisarc is seen to run from end adnate part adcauline wall to end ol

short abcauline wall; structure of basal plate complicated by fusion of parts of extreme tip adnate adcauline wall

with interior of axis or hydrocladium (fig. 18b). Axillary hydrotheca more or less tubiform, length of free part

adcauline wall considerable, longer than adnate portion of that wall; adnate part basally with large perisarcal peg

(fig. 17b). Hydrothecal margin with three rounded cusps, one median abcauline and two laterals near adcauline side.

144

W. VKRVOORT

Fig. 18 a-b. — Gonaxia crassa sp. nov., schizoholotype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 197 : a, part of hydrocladium; b, bottom

part of hydrocladial hydrotheca.

Fig. 18 c-d. — Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov., schizoholotype, SMIB 4, Stn DW 55 : c, top part of axis with insertion of

hydrocladium; d, male gonotheca.

Fig. 18 e. — Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov., schizoholotype, Smib 5, Stn DW 101, hydrotheca,

a-b, slide no. 858; c-d, slide no. 1052; e, slide no. 1047.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

145

No opercular apparatus has been observed, though it seems likely that it has been present initially and has been

shed. All hydrothecae only contain remnants of hydranths, attached to curved portion of adnate adcauline wall.

Female gonothecae arranged in longitudinal row along frontal aspect of axis, large, sack-shaped, coalesced for

considerable part of length; apical portion free, curving away from body of gonothecae, with circular opening;

apertures of respective gonothecae more or less alternate, arranged in two longitudinal rows. Some of gonothecae

still with circular lid (fig. 17d), occasionally a single gonotheca occurs on backside of colony. All gonothecae

contain strand of tissue in which two or three developing eggs or planulae can be observed.

Perisarc of colony thick and strong, yellowish, particularly along axis and wall of gonothecae.

Table 12. — Measurements of Gonaxia crassa sp. nov., in pm.

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 197

(slide no. 1042)

Hydrocaulus, diameter at base (not from slide)

2,100

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

150 - 240

length free part adcauline wall

325 - 410

length adnate part adcauline wall

370 - 585

total depth

605 - 780

maximal diameter

390 - 415

diameter at rim

240 - 305

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

85 - 195

length free part adcauline wall

435 - 540

length adnate part adcauline wall

475 - 565

total depth

760 - 890

maximal diameter

410 - 435

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrothcca, length abcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

260 - 345

Musorstom 4

Stn DW 197

(slide no. 858)

650 - 715

65-110

780 - 870

435 - 475

280 - 305

Distribution. — The present material originates from a single locality in Grand Passage in the Pacific

northwest of the northernmost reefs of New Caledonia.

Remarks. — A very well characterized species of this genus which is distinguished by the completely

immersed hydrocladial hydrothecae.

ETYMOLOGY. — From the latin word crassus (thick, robust), referring to the condition of axis and hydrocladia.

Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov.

Figs 18c-d, 19a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. SMIB 4 : stn DW 55, 23°21.4'S-168°04.5 , E, 260 m, 09.03.1989 (type

locality) : two fine colonies 80 and 85 mm high and a number of detached hydrocladia. Many gonothecae along stem;

85 mm high colony is hololype (MNHN-Hy. 1026), the other paratype (RMNH-Coel. 25799). Slide n °- 713 ° f

3 hydrocladia and 2 slides no. 1052 of top part and isolated male gonothecae of holotype (sclnzoholotypes, RMNH-

Coel 25799) — Stn DW 59, 22°58.0'S-167°22.5’E, 650 m, 10.03.1989 : sixty mm high colony and 2 hydrocladia

20 mm long, 1 with Synthecium sp. (BMNH 1989.11.24.25). Slide no. 867 of loose hydrocladia and 867A of

3 hydrocladia of colony (RMNH-Coel. 25800).

Description (mainly from hololype). — Axis c. 80 mm high, unbranched, with pinnately and alternately

arranged, c. 25 mm long, straight hydrocladia, pointing obliquely upwards. General structure of colony as in

Gonaxia crassa and G. pachyclados. but with differences in shape of hydrothecae and development of perisarc. Axis

146

W. VERVOORT

monosiphonic only in highest part (fig. 19a); greater part of axis strongly polysiphonic, at base c. 4 mm thick. In

monosiphonic part of colony hydrocladia are seen to insert on conspicuous apophyses from which they are

separated by means of distinct pcrisarcal constriction (figs 18c. 19a); number of pairs of hydrothccae along

hydrocladium c. 25. Colony appears to be broken basally but was probably attached to solid object (rock or coral)

by means of stolonal fibres.

Three types of hydrothecae present: axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae only

differing in size, large, with conspicuously swollen basal portion sunken in axis or hydrocladium and tubular apical

portion fairly abruptly curving away from basal portion, leaving axis or hydrocladium under axis of c. 80 degrees

(fig. 18c). Basal part of hydrotheca rather suddenly narrowing into tubular distal part, this part of hydrotheca not

tapering. Abcauline hydrothecal wall with broadly rounded concavity in basal third; distal part straight. Free portion

adcauline wall straight, slightly concave or straight with basal concavity, c. 1.25-1.50 times as long as adnate part

adcauline wall. This adnate part usually broadly curved, thick, with rounded peg at hydrothecal bottom. Peg

connected with internal side abcauline wall by means of fine, slightly curved bottom plate, at meeting point with

abcauline wall with distinct elevation. Axillary hydrothecae long, straight, with slightly swollen basal part

(fig. 18c). Both ad- and abcauline walls straight. Adnate part hydrothecal wall considerably lengthened basally;

basal part swollen, fenestra large, oval. Hydrothecal rim of all hydrothecae with three broadly rounded cusps, one

abcauline and 2 laterals near adcauline border. Closing apparatus usually missing or represented by single triangular

plate at protected spots (e.g., axillary hydrothecae).

Table 13. — Measurements of Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov., in pm.

Smib4 Smib 4

Stn DW 55 Stn DW 59

___ (slide no. 1052) (slide no. 867A)

Axis, diameter at base 3.500

Axial hydrotheca. length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at node

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Male gonotheca, length

maximal diameter

diameter aperture

505 - 560

480 - 540

420 - 445

680 - 775

340 - 400

190 - 205

520 - 555

575 - 590

555 - 620

760 - 815

260 - 290

175 - 185

340 - 350

560 - 575

505 - 530

540 - 555

405 - 445

345 - 385

370 - 405

775 - 800

665 - 725

385 - 390

340 - 355

175 - 190

185 - 190

3,040

1,085

195

Development of perisarc characteristic in this species, thick along walls of axis and hydrocladia, gradually

thinning out along tubular part of hydrothecae. Monosiphonic part of axis and hydrocladia with longitudinal

internal perisarcal ribs connecting basal portions of adnate part adcauline hydrothecal walls, leaving free central

canal for passage of coenosarc. Moreover triangular, thin, perisarcal plates occur on both sides (front and back) of

hydrothccae; base of these plates at hydrothecal bottom; apex broadly rounded (fig. 19b). Perisarc yellowish; horny

brown on polysiphonic parts of axis.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC 147

Fig. 19 a-b. —Gonaxia crassicaulis sp. nov., schizoholotypc. Smib 4, Stn DW 55 : a, top part of colony; 1), part ot

hydrocladium.

Fig. 19 c. — Gonaxia elegans sp. nov., schizoparatype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 217, hydrocladial hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 1052; b, slide no. 713; c, slide no. 1050.

148

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 20. —Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov. : a-b, schizoholotype, Smib 5, Stn DW 101 : a, top part of colony; b, part of

hydrocladium. — c-d, Smib 5, Stn DW 93 : c, female gonotheca; d, male gonotheca.

a-b, slide no. 1047; c-d, slide no. 1049.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

149

Gonothecae, as in Gonaxia pachyclados , occur in profusion on frontal aspect of colony, inserted at bases of

hydrothecae or between those bases; they point forward. Holotype with (presumed) male gonothecae, elongated

ovoid, gradually tapering apically towards a small funnel with narrow aperture, probably originally closed by lid

(fig. 18d). Base of gonothecae fairly wide, circular. All gonothecae empty.

DISTRIBUTION. — The type locality is at the extreme northwestern end of the Norfolk Ridge, the second locality

is also at the tip of the Norfolk Ridge; depth between 260 and 650 m.

REMARKS. —Though in appearance much like Gonaxia crassa and G. pachyclados , it is distinguished directly

by the curious development of the periderm inside axis and hydrocladia. The specimen from Smib 4, Stn DW 59,

has a forked axis.

Etymology. — From the latins words crassus (thick, fat, stout) and caulis (stalk, stem).

Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov.

Figs I8e, 20a-d, 21a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Smib 5 : stn DW 93, 22°20.0 , S-168°42.3’E, 255 m, 13.09.1989 : four

colonies c. 50 mm high with male and female gonothecae on stems (paratypes). Colonies heavily overgrown, e.g. by

File11um serratum (Clarke, 1879), Zygophylax sp. (with coppinia), and Bryozoa [MNHN-Hy. 1027, 1 paratype; BMNH

1989.11.24.26, 1 paratype; RMNH-Coel. 25801, 2 paratypes, 2 slides no. 956 (schizoparatypes) and slide no. 1049

(gonothecae)]. — Stn DW 101, 23°21.2 , S-168°04.9 , E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 (type locality) : single stem c. 30 mm high

with female gonothecae (holotype) and some smaller fragments (all MNHN-Hy. 1028). Slide no. 1047, schizoholotype

(RMNH-Coel. 25802).

DESCRIPTION (based on all available material). — Species in structure of colony and shape of hydrothecae much

resembling Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov. Axis upright, straight, not forked, not particularly strong, polysiphonic in

proximal region by presence of many parallel accessory tubules, monosiphonic in distal region, bearing alternate

hydrocladia, leaving axis at almost right angle and inserting on conspicuous apophyses (fig. 20a). No division into

internodes visible on axis or hydrocladia, though hydrocladium may be separated from apophysis by oblique

perisarcal constriction. Hydrocladia 10-18 mm long, with 10-15 pairs of alternate hydrothecae; all hydrothecae, with

axis and hydrocladia. in one plane; hydrocladial apophysis with circular foramen surrounded by circular halo.

Hydrothecae of three types : axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae nearly similar,

resembling those of G. sinuosa , but with longer tubiform distal portion and less sharp flexure (figs 18e, 21a). Fiee

part adcauline wall 1.5 to twice as long as adnate part, with distinct though shallow proximal bulge, axil between

that wall and wall of axis or internode wide, c. 60 degrees, rounded. Adnate part adcauline wall straight and thick,

with rounded peg at hydrothecal base, continued for some distance on lateral walls of axis or hydrocladium.

Hydrothecal base, as in G. sinuosa, strongly convex, thin. Abcauline hydrothecal wall with rounded concavity in

proximal third, occasionally slightly bulging below that cavity. Hydrothecal margin with three obtuse, rounded

cusps, in majority of hydrothecae observed to be composed of one median abcauline cusp and two lateral, adcauline

cusps. Position of marginal cusps slightly displaced in some hydrothecae. Axillary hydrothecae almost tubular; free

part adcauline wall with slight convexity proximally, adnate part strongly thickened, lengthened, with club-shaped

end; hydrothecal floor straight. Abcauline hydrothecal margin straight (fig. 21a). Many hydrothecae with complete

or partially present opercula. when complete composed of three triangular flaps attached in shallow embayments

between hydrothecal cusps (fig. 18e). Proximal portion of all hydrothecae externally with a conspicuous spur on

each side, pointing away from hydrotheca and directed slightly upwards (figs 18e, 20a-b, 21a). These spurs form a

most striking characteristic of this species, being also distinctly present on axial and axillary hydrothecae, pointing

outwards between accessory tubules. Spurs hollow, communicating with hydrothecal cavity through circular

foramen, originally probably closed apically, but in material inspected also with open end, apparently because ol

damage. As hydranths in all material available arc in bad condition it could not be ascertained whether or not spurs

are filled with tissue.

150

W. VERVOORT

Female and male gonothecae occur on different colonies and are arranged along front of stems, inserting on

apophyses at fenestra, pointing away from colony and slightly upwards. Both types of gonothecae elongated ovoid,

narrowing near base and apex; female gonotheca slightly narrowed apically with comparatively large circular

opening terminally (fig. 20c); male gonothecae tapering apically into fairly narrow neck with small, circular

aperture (fig. 20d). All gonothecae are spent.

Perisarc conspicuous, particularly along walls of axis and hydrocladia, thinning out gradually along hydrothecal

walls. Gonothecae also with thick perisarc. Colour of perisarc yellowish, as G. sinuosa reluctant to stain in

haematoxyline solution. Colonies dirty, covered by many epizoites, particularly Bryozoa, though sedentary

hydroids also occur in profusion.

Table 14. — Measurements of Gonaxia crusgalli ip. nov., in pm.

Smib 5

Stn DW 101

(slide no.

1047, schizo-

holotype)

Smib 5

Stn DW 93

(slide no.

1049)

Axis, diameter at base

960

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

450 - 475

length free part adcauline wall

375 - 400

length adnatc part adcauline wall

280 - 290

total depth

545 - 590

maximal diameter

235 - 245

diameter at rim

150 - 160

length of spur

155 - 185

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

405 - 420

length free part adcauline wall

435 - 445

length adnate part adcauline wall

345 - 360

total depth

575 - 620

maximal diameter

170 - 185

diameter at rim

140 - 150

length of spur

175 - 205

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

245 - 280

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

490 - 520

length free part adcauline wall

445 - 480

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 280

total depth

590 - 605

maximal diameter

250 - 275

diameter at rim

150 - 155

length of spur

155 - 175

Female gonotheca, length

2,390

diameter

715

diameter of aperture

195

Male gonotheca, length

2,150

diameter

780 - 800

diameter of aperture

150

Distribution. — This species has been found at two isolated, fairly shallow localities surrounded by deeper

water, one at the extreme northwestern end of the Norfolk Ridge (Smib 5, Stn DW 101, type locality, 270 m

depth), the other (SMIB 5. Stn DW 93) on the southeastern continuation of the Loyalty Ridge, south of Durand

Reef, at 255 m depth.

E i ymology. From the latin crus (leg) and gallus (cock), ’with the legs of a cock', referring to the spur at the

hydrothecal base.

Source MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM TOE WESTERN PACIHC

151

Fig. 21 a. — Gonaxia crusgalli sp. nov., schizoholotype. Smib 5. Stn DW 101, part of axis with insertion of hydrocladium

and axillary hydrotheca.

Fig. 21 b-c. — Gonaxia elegans sp. nov. : b, schizoparatype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 217, top part of colony.

— c, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 194, part of hydrocladium.

a, slide no. 1047; b, slide no. 1050; c, slide no. 1025.

152

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 22. — Gonaxia elegans sp. nov. : a, schizoparatype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 217, insertion of hydrocladium on axis

and axillary hydrotheca; b, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 194, part of hydrocladium; c, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 217, part of

axis with female gonothecae, frontal view.

a, slide no. 1050; b, slide no. 1029; c, slide no. 855.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

153

Gonaxia elegans sp. nov.

Figs 19c, 21b-c, 22a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 163, 18°33.80'S-163°11.50'E, 350 m,

16.09.1985 : single 40 mm high colony, no gonothecae; slide no. 1025 of hydrocladium (all RMNH-Coel. 25803). —

Stn CP 194, 18 o 52.80'S-163°21.70'E, 550 m, 19.09.1985 : single hydrocladium 12 mm long, as slide no. 1029 (RMNH-

Coel. 25804). — Stn CP 217, 23°03.60’S-167°27.00 , E, 850 m, 29.09.1985 (type locality) : seven colonies and colony

fragments, in addition some loose hydrocladia. Many stems with female gonothecae. Two slides no. 855 (part of stem

with gonothecae and 3 hydrocladia) and slide no. 1050 of top part (schizoparatype). Holotype is a 70 mm high stem (base

and top part missing) with female gonothecae; rest of material, including slides, are paratypes [MNHN-Hy. 1029.

holotype, 2 paratypes, 1 slide no. 885; BMNH 1989.11.24.27, 2 paratypes; RMNH-Coel. 25805, rest paratypes, slides

nos 855 (1) and 1050],

DESCRIPTION (based on holo- and paratypes). — Colony structure as in Gonaxia amphorifera and G. intermedia'.

colonies with upright and rigid axis, polysiphonic in basal parts, monosiphonic distally (fig. 21b), with small

flattened portion basally by means of which colony was attached to solid substrate (rocks, corals, etc.). Hydrocladia

pinnately and alternately arranged along axis, placed on distinct apophyses (fig. 22a), usually with three hydrothecae

between two successive hydrocladia, one of which is axillary. Hydrocladia diverging from axis almost

perpendicularly, slightly directed upwards and slightly curved downwards, with c. 16 pairs of alternately arranged

hydrothecae, in one plane with hydrocladia and axis. Apophysis distinct though not particularly large, hydrocladium

separated from apophysis by slightly oblique, indistinct pcrisarcal constriction. Internodcs slender, hydrothccae

separated by considerable interval; knob at hydrothecal base slightly above axil formed by adcauline hydrothccal

wall and wall of hydrocladium. angle between both walls c. 60 degrees.

Three types of hydrothecae present: axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothccae only

differing in size, slender, free part adcauline hydrothccal wall c. twice length of adnate part, straight or with scarcely

visible convexity proximally. Adnate part of adcauline wall curved, thickened, running into distinct knob at

hydrothecal floor (fig. 19c), continuation of perisarc of knob on lateral wall hydrocladium usually distinct.

Hydrothecal floor present as slightly convex plate; hydranth attached at extreme internal corner. Abcauline

hydrothccal wall with point of flexure at c. halfway length, parts proximal and distal lo this point straight.

Hydrothcca slender, graceful, basal portion slightly swollen, distal portion slightly tapering, forming direct

.ontinuaiion of basal part without evidence of curvature (fig. 21c), in many colonies almost tubular (fig. 22b).

Axillary hydrothecac tubular, occasionally slightly curved, peg at hydrothecal floor greatly lengthened, flanked by

ellipsoid fenestra (fig. 22a). Hydrothccal margin with three obtuse, rounded cusps, one median abcauline and two

aterals near adcauline hydrothecal wall. Hydrothccae at protected spots may bear some triangular opercular flaps;

many other hydrothecae show signs of repair after sustaining damage.

Hydranths present in majority of colonies, small, contracted, tentacle number indeterminable.

Perisarc well developed, though not particularly thick, with exception of walls of axis or hydrocladium. where

thickness may occasionally be considerable, hyaline, yellowish on axis.

Only female gonothecae observed, occurring on frontal part of colony and arising from wide secondary tube

running length of axis. Gonothecae elongated sack-shaped bodies, fused with secondary tube or neighbouring

gonothecae over part of their length, apical part free, gradually narrowing and terminally with circular opening

(fig. 22c). No contents visible; perisarc of gonothcca yellowish-brown.

Distribution. — The type locality is at the extreme northwestern end of the Norfolk Ridge, southeast ol the

southern extremity of New Caledonia. Isolated specimens were also recorded from the Grand Passage area,

northwest of New Caledonia. The depth records arc between 350 and 850 m.

Remarks. — This species resembles both Gonaxia amphorifera and G. intermedia but differs in the shape of

hydro- and gonothecae.

Etymology. — From the latin word elegans. meaning tasteful, fine, referring to the elegant shape ol the

colonies in this species.

154

W. VKRVOORT

Table 15. — Measurements of Gonaxia elegans sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 217

Stn DW 163

Stn CP 194

(slide no. 1050)

(slide no. 1025)

(slide no. 1029)

Stem, diameter at base

1,000 - 1.500

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

345 - 375

length free part adcauline wall

345 - 370

length adnate part adcauline wall

215 - 235

total depth

495 - 525

maximal diameter

190 - 200

diameter at rim

105 - 125

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

290 - 320

length free part adcauline wall

340 - 385

length adnate part adcauline wall

320 - 345

total depth

465 - 480

maximal diameter

135 - 140

diameter at rim

110 - 120

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

200 - 210

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

400 - 405

355 - 370

400 - 405

length free part adcauline wall

310 - 370

295 - 365

385 - 395

length adnate part adcauline wall

235 - 265

275 - 290

215 - 230

total depth

520 - 555

495 - 505

505 - 510

maximal diameter

190 - 205

215 - 220

diameter at rim

125 - 135

120 - 135

125 - 135

Female gonotheca, approximate length

1,735

approximate diameter

435

diameter of aperture

150

Gonaxia errans sp. nov.

Figs 23a-d, 24a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : sin CP 31, 23°07.26'S-166°50.55'E. 850 m. 29.08.1985 :

single colony 35 mm high, no gonothecae (paralype); all in slide no. 787 (RMNH-Coel. 25806). — Sin DW 51.

23°05.27S-167°44.95E, 700-680 m, 31.08.1985 (type locality) : single 20 mm long stem fragment with 8 hydrocladia,

no gonothecae. All in 2 slides no. 535, 1 holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1030), 1 schizoholotypc (RMNH-Coel. 25807).

Description (mainly based on Biocal, Sin DW 51. fragment). — Stem polysiphonic, upper part devoid of

secondary tubes and monosiphonic; this part of stem does not show division into intemodes. Stem hydrothecae

alternately arranged, pointing left or right and all in one plane, tubular, with apical portion slightly narrowing,

turned away from stem and diverging at angle of c. 45 degrees (figs 23a, 24a); fused part of adcauline hydrothccal

wall generally longer than free part (up to twice as long); abcauline wall slightly concave. Apophyses supporting

hydrocladia also alternately arranged at base of stem hydrothecae; axillary hydrotheca slightly deformed, with

elongated basal portion (fig. 23b), zero to three hydrothecae between two successive apophyses (fig. 23a). Circular

hole present in each apophysis near base of axillary hydrotheca, probably serving attachment of gonothecae.

Hydrocladia indistinctly divided into intemodes by means of weak perisarcal constrictions in axil of hydrocladial

hydrothecae, nodes only occasionally developed. Distinct perisarcal twist in proximal part of first internode of

hydrocladia (fig. 23a).

Shape of hydrocladial hydrothecae more or less tubular, free portion straight (fig. 23d) or slightly curved

(fig. 24b). pointing away from intemode at angle of c. 45 degrees, with distinct, flattened portion in axil between

adcauline wall and intemode. Free and adnate portions of adcauline wall of about same length; abcauline wall

concave, in some hydrothecac more or less flexed. Rim of stem- and hydrocladia] hydrothecae with three blunt

cusps, one abcauline and two laterals, usually without renovations (fig. 24c). Some of hydrothecac with remnants

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

155

Fig. 23 a-d. — Gonaxia errans sp. nov., paratype, BlOCAL, Stn CP 31 : a, monosiphonic distal part of colony;

hydrotheca; c, stem hydrotheca; d, hydrocladial hydrotheca.

Fig. 23 e. —Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., paratype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 172, axillary hydrotheca,

a-d, slide no. 787; e, slide no. 862.

, axillary

156

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 24 a-c. — Gonaxia errans sp. nov., holotype, BlOCAL, Stn DW 51 : a, monosiphonic distal part of colony; b, two

hydrocladial hydrothecae; c, hydrocladial hydrotheca with its hydranth.

Fig. 24 d. — Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., paratype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 172, insertion of hydrocladium on axis,

a-c, slide no. 535; d, slide no. 862.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

157

of opercular apparatus, which is apparently deciduous and composed of three hyaline flaps closing over hydrothecal

aperture to form a low roof. No internal tlrickening in hydrothccae; many hydrothecae damaged.

Hydranths present in majority of hydrothecae, small compared to size of hydrothecal cavity (fig. 24c).

completely attached to basal fold of adcauline hydrothecal wall (consequently no ligament attaching it to inside of

abcauline wall), with c. 14 tentacles armed with small nematocysts. Perisarc of colony thick on stem and

hydrocladia, thinning out along hydrothecal wall.

No gonothecae have been observed, though cicatrices are present on apophyses of stem.

Table 16. — Measurements of Gonaxia errans sp. nov., in pin.

Biocal

Stn DW 51

(slide no. 535)

Biocal

Stn CP 31

(slide no. 787)

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

270 - 275

285 - 320

length adnate part adcauline wall

280 - 295

260 - 280

length free part adcauline wall

110 - 140

160 - 175

total depth

360 - 435

370 - 415

diameter at rim

95-110

80 - 90

maximal diameter

135 - 155

110 - 125

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

190 - 205

210 - 215

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 280

275 - 295

length free part adcauline wall

170 - 205

190 - 220

total depth

430 - 445

445 - 450

diameter at rim

90-110

85 - 90

maximal diameter

135 - 140

140 - 160

Hydrocladial internode, length (constriction to

constriction)

320 - 525

355 - 405

diameter at node

90 - 135

125 - 130

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

385 - 405

390 - 405

length adnate part adcauline wall

260 - 275

250 - 275

length free part adcauline wall

260 - 275

275 - 325

total depth

465 - 490

475 - 505

diameter at rim

160 - 175

150 - 155

maximal diameter

200- 215

160 - 185

Distance between bases of hydrocladial hydrothecae

415 - 435

370 - 405

DISTRIBUTION. — Observed at two stations on the northern part of the Norfolk ridge, off the southeastern tip of

New Caledonia, depth 680-850 m.

Remarks. — The two specimens mentioned above only differ slightly in the length of the free portion of the

adcauline hydrothecal wall (figs 23d, 24b-c), but are evidently conspecific. This species resembles Gonaxia

complexa sp. nov. but differs by the shorter hydrotheca; the free portion of axial and stem hydrothecae, moreover,

is distinctly curved in G. errans. The material from Biocal, Stn DW 51, has 'septa' separating apophyses from

hydrocladia (fig. 24a).

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name errans is a reference to the uncertain generic position of the species, which

was first considered to belong to Symplectoscyphus . From the latin verb erro , to wander, to stray.

Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov.

Figs 23c, 24d, 25a-c, 26a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4 : stn CP 158, 18°49.30'S-163°15.00 , E, 630 m,

15.09.1985 : two hydrocladia, 6 and 13 mm length, made up in slide no. 353C (RMNH-Coel. 25808). — Stn DW 163,

18°33.80’S-163°11.50'E, 350 m, 16.09.1985 : two hydrocladia; slides nos 401 (RMNH-Coel. 25809) and 1024 (MNHN-

Hy. 1031). — Stn CP 171, 18 o 57.80’S-163 o 14.00'E, 435 m, 17.09.1985: c. 50 colonies and colony fragments, up to

158

w. VERVOORT

80 mm high and many loose hydrocladia. Male and female gonothecae present on stems; 5 slides no. 861 (MNHN-Hy.

1032. 10 colonies, fragments and 1 slide no. 861; BMNH 1989.11.24.28, 10 colonies, fragments and 1 slide no. 861;

RMNH-Coel. 25810, rest colonies, fragments and 3 slides no. 861). — Stn CP 172, 19°01.20'S-163°16.00 , E, 275-

330 m, 17.09.1985 (type locality) : c. 50 colonies 10-80 mm high and many detached hydrocladia. Some colonies with

Diphasia sp. Many predominantly female gonothecae on stems; 2 slides no. 862 and 2 slides no. 1026. One 65 mm high

specimen with forked axis is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1033); remaining colonies from this station, including slides, are

paratypes (MNHN Hy 1033, 10 paratypes and 1 slide no. 862; BMNH 1989.24.29, 10 paratypes and 1 slide no. 1026;

RMNH-Coel. 25811, rest paratypes, 1 slide no. 648, 1 slide no. 862 and 1 slide no. 1026). — Stn CP 179, 18°56.60'S-

163°13.70’E, 480 m, 18.09.1985 : seventy mm high stem and 3 fragments, one with male gonothecae; 3 slides no. 878

(MNHN-Hy. 1034, 1 slide no. 878; BMNH 1989.11.24.30, 1 slide no. 878; RMNH-Coel. 25812, colony, fragments and

1 slide no. 878). — Stn CP 180, 18°56.80 , S-163°17.70 , E, 450 m, 18.09.1985 : c. 25 colonies, mainly broken, up to

80 mm high, many with female and male gonothecae. Also many fragments and detached hydrocladia. Two slides no. 860

(MNHN-Hy. 1035, 5 colonies and some fragments; BMNH 1989.11.24.31, 5 colonies and some fragments; RMNH-Coel.

25813, rest colonies and fragments, 2 slides no. 860). — Stn CP 194, 18°52.80 , S-163°21.70 , E, 550 in, 19.09.1985 :

single hydrocladium, as slide no. 1028 (RMNH-Coel. 25814). — Stn CP 216, 22°59.50’S-167°22.00'E, 490-515 m,

29.09. 1985 : ninety mm high stem with female gonothecae and some hydrocladia (MNHN-Hy. 1036); slide no. 453 of

3 hydrocladia (RMNH-Coel. 25815). — Stn CP 237, 22°12.00’S-167°16.50 , E, 630 m, 02.10.1985 : two hydrocladia 10

and 15 mm long, all in slide no. 457 (RMNH-Coel. 25816).

Description. — Resembling Gonaxia amphorifera and Gonaxia ampullacea in general appearance. Colony

regularly pinnate, with strong, upright, occasionally forked stem along which hydrocladia are alternately arranged,

each on distinct apophysis, leaving axis under almost right angle (fig. 25a). Hydrocladia long and slightly

downward curved, with 26-30 pairs of hydrothccae, basal part of hydrocladium with oblique perisarcal constriction.

Hydrothecae only moderately enlarged proximally (figs 25b-c, 26a); free portion adcauline hydrothecal wall straight

or with minor proximal convexity, axil between this part of hydrothecal wall and wall hydrocladium not deepened,

rectangular to slightly less (c. 75 degrees maximally), free portion adcauline wall as long as to c. 1.5 times longer

than adnate part. Hydrothecae along hydrocladia separated by wider gap than in two previously named species;

deepest part of adnate adcauline wall of succeeding (opposite) hydrotheca (the notch at hydrothecal floor) at level

with axil of preceding (opposite) hydrotheca (fig. 26a) or slightly above (fig. 25b-c) (i.e. almost same condition as

observed in G. ampullacea).

Table 17. —Measurements of Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 172

(slide no. 862)

Stem, diameter at base

1,500 - 2,000

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

320 - 335

length free part adcauline wall

275 - 290

length adnate part adcauline wall

250 - 335

total depth

415 - 450

maximal diameter

190 - 215

diameter at rim

120 - 135

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

245 - 260

length free part adcauline wall

260 - 275

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 280

total depth

480 - 520

maximal diameter

160 - 175

diameter at rim

120 - 135

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

165 - 235

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

320 - 370

length free part adcauline wall

340 - 375

length adnate part adcauline wall

230 - 250

total depth

475 - 505

maximal diameter

220 - 235

diameter at apex

135 - 150

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

159

Fig. 25 a-c. — Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov. : a-b, paratype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 172 : a, monosiphonic distal part of

colony; b, hydrocladial hydrothecae. — c, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 25 d. — Gonaxia pachyclados sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 205, female gonotheca.

a-b, slide no. 862; c, slide no. 353; d, slide no. 1051.

Source: MNHN, Paris

160

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 26 a. — Gonaxia intermedia sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 158, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 26 b-c. — Gonaxia pachyclados sp. nov., paratype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stii DW 205 : b, monosiphonic distal part of

colony; c, hydrocladial hydrotheca with its hydranth.

a, slide no. 353C; b-c, slide no. 358.

Source : MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

161

Gonothecae as in G. amphorifera and G. ampullacea , but here at least female gonothecac occurring in great

profusion, forming a compact zone along greater part of length of axis; gonothecae more or less in one row, almost

completely adnatc; apertures alternately pointing left and right, body of gonothecae covered by a prolusion of tine,

accessory tubules.

Perisarc moderately developed, thickest along walls of axis and hydrocladia; hydrothecae fairly thick-walled,

perisarc gradually thinning out along hydrothecal walls. Perisarc of gonothecae yellowish-brown.

Distribution. — The majority of the recorded localities, including the type locality, are off the extreme

northwestern tip of New Caledonia, in the area of Grand Passage. There are two records from localities further

south, viz. south of Kunie (lie dcs Pins) and the Pacific east of the southeastern part of New Caledonia. The depth

records vary between 275 and 630 m.

REMARKS. — There arc two points of major difference with Gonaxia ampullacea which it generally resembles,

viz. the shape of the hydrothecae and the structure of the gonothecae.

1. Hydrothccae without a trace of a proximal swelling, consequently the proximal portion of the hydrotheca is

differently shaped. There is no deepened ridge behind the free abcauline hydrothecal wall; the axil is broadly

rounded. Free part abcauline hydrothecal wall either straight or with slight proximal convexity (fig. 25b-c).

2. Female gonothecae almost completely coalesced, only small part of apical portion lree, covering nearly

whole of frontal aspect of axis, heavily covered by fine accessory tubules. Male gonothecae almost as in Gonaxia

ampullacea. with a fine matting of accessory tubules.

ETYMOLOGY. —The specific name intermedia refers to the intermediate position of this species when compared

with Gonaxia amphorifera and G. ampullacea. From the latin words inter (between, among) and medius (middle).

Gonaxia pachyclados sp. nov.

Figs 25d, 26b-c, 27a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. -New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4 : stn DW 205, 22°38.50'S-167°06.80'E, 140460 m,

■>7 09 1985 (type locality) : two broken, large, polysiphomc colonies with gonothecae on stem, c. 100 mm high co ony

'in 3 parts) holotyne (2 parts MNHN-Hy. 1037; sch.zohololype BMNH 1989.11.24.32), smaller colony and some loose

lydrocladia (paratypes) as well as slides nos 358, 379 and 1051 of fragment, hydrocladia (paratypes) and gonothecae (all

IMNH-Coel. 2817).

DESCRIFI ION (based on holotypc). — Colony pinnate, axis upright, strong and thick, basally c. 6 mm diameter

forked. Hydrocladia alternately arranged, up to 40 mm long with c. 40 pairs of hydrothccae. pointing laterally and

slightly upwards, laterally compressed (fig. 27a). thick, with hydrothecae all in plane of ramification. Basal part ot

axis and ramifications strongly polysiphonic, only upper parts monosiphomc. In monosiphomc parts hydrocladia

appear to insert on conspicuous apophyses (fig. 26b); between two consecutive apophyses there are three

nydrothecae, one axillary, one left, one right; hydrotheca opposite apophysis with hydrothecal floor at level with

axil formed by free adcauline wall and wall of axis of axillary hydrotheca (fig. 27b). No division ot axis into

internodes visible, nor are such internodes apparent on hydrocladia, that are separated from apophysis by slight

perisarcal constriction (fig. 26b). . ,

Three types of hydrothecac present: axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothccae nearly

similar, only differing in measurements, large, with slightly swollen basal portion and tubular, at times slight y

narrowing apical portion (figs 26c. 27a). Abcauline hydrothecal wall with distinct flexure at about halt its length;

both proximal and distal parts nearly straight. Free part adcauline wall slightly concave to almost straight, slightly

shorter than fused portion which is curved and thickened, ending proximally in rounded peg. Hydrothecal floor thin,

convex and running from peg at adcauline wall towards end of abcauline wall, meeting point without thickening.

Hydrothecal rim with three broadly rounded cusps, one abcauline and two laterals near adcauline border. Remnan s

of a closing apparatus are occasionally present; many hydrothccae also shows signs ot repair after damage. Axillary

162

W. VERVOORT

MUSORSTOM 4 * Sl DW 205 ; -hizoho.otype, par, of hydroc.adium;

^' G |]ydrodieca $P ‘ ''° V " h °' 0,ypC - Musorstom 5 - Sln DC 375 : c. par, of hydrocladium; d. hydroclad.al

a, slide no. 379; b, slide no. 358; c-d, slide no. 530.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

163

hydrolhcca tubular (fig. 27b); abcauline and free parts adcaulinc wall almost straight; adnate part of adcauline wall

considerably thickened, extending deeply into apophysis, basal part next to large, oval fenestra. Hydrothecal floor

straight, running upwards. Hydrothecal rim as in remaining hydrothecae; closing apparatus complete in some

axillary hydrothecae and there seen to be composed of three more or less triangular valves, closing to form a low

roof.

Gonothecae occur in profusion on frontal aspect of axis, very closely packed, inserting not only at bases of

hydrothecae but also springing from stem between hydrothecae. Gonothecae large, elongated ovoid, narrowing both

basally and apically. Basally they insert with broad circular foot on axis; apically they narrow into broad funnel

with circular aperture, probably originally closed by circular lid (fig. 25d). All gonothecae empty and judging from

their broad aperture, female.

Perisarc thick and yellowish, fairly thick on all parts of colony; thinning out gradually along walls of

hydrotheca.

Hydranths present in holo- and paratype; those in paratype are best preserved (fig. 26c). Hydranths small,

attached to inside of curved end of adnate part adcauline hydrothecal wall, small, with a small number of fairly thick

tentacles (8-10) and with distinct abcauline caecum, attached to inside of hydrotheca by means of fine filament. All

hydranths strongly contracted so that shape of proboscis could not be observed. Curved part adcauline wall

apparently perforated as coenosarc is seen to continue under curved lip and to connect hydranths with strand ot

coenosarc inside hydrocladial intemode.

Table 18. — Measurements of Gonaxia pachydados sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4 Musorstom 4

Stn DW 205 Stn DW 205

(slide no. 358) (slide no. 1051)

Stem, diameter at base (taken from holotype)

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at node

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline

wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

(Female) gonothecae, length

maximal diameter

diameter aperture

paratype

6,000

405 - 445

335 - 340

505 - 520

680 - 695

295 - 320

205 - 215

355 - 370

515 - 520

660 - 705

760 - 815

220 - 245

190 - 200

465 - 470

405 - 420

205 - 305

590 - 605

680 - 710

320 - 345

205 - 220

2,650 - 2,820

780 - 870

195 - 240

DISTRIBUTION. — Gonaxia pachyclados was found at one locality (type locality) oil the southeastern tip of New

Caledonia [west of lie des Pins (= Kunie)] at a depth of 140-160 m.

164

W. VERVOORT

FlG u 28 ; Gona * ia P*rpi*xa sp. nov., holotype, Musorstom 5, Stn DC 375 : a, monosiphonic distal

backside, with male gonothecae; b, axial hydrothcca; c, axillary hydrotheca,

a-c, slide no. 530.

part of colony.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

165

REMARKS. — This species shows affinities with Gonaxia crassa sp. nov. and G. crassicaulis sp. nov. In

G. crassa the hydrothecae arc completely immersed while in G. crassicaulis the shape of the hydrothccae is

different; moreover, the latter is characterized by internal perisarcal structures absent from G. pachyclados.

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name pachyclados refers to the thick, flattened hydrocladia. From the greek words

pachys (thick) and klados (branch, twig).

Gonaxia perplexa sp. nov.

Figs 27c-d. 28a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Chesterfield Islands. Musorstom 5 : stn DC 375, 19°52.20’S-158 o 29.70'E, 300 m,

20 . 10.1986 (type locality) : thirty-five mm high stem with pinnately arranged hydrocladia; gonothecae on stem

(holotypc). All in slide no. 530 (MNHN-Hy. 1038). Removed from coral fragment.

Description (based on holotype). — Axis erect, probably forked, polysiphonic by presence of fertile secondary

tubules over greater part of length, only extreme distal portion monosiphonic. Division of axis into internodes not

apparent; axis of holotypc bearing 13 pinnately arranged hydrocladia, alternately pointing right and left; axis,

hydrocladia and hydrothecae all in one plane. Axis bearing alternate hydrothecae; every third axial hydrotheca

becomes axillary by presence of distinct though not particularly strong apophysis supporting hydrocladium; there

are consequently three hydrothecae between two successive apophyses : one axillary, one right, one left (fig. 28a).

Hydrocladia with alternately arranged hydrothecae (fig. 27c). scarcely geniculate, occasionally only so at base, set

off from apophysis by indistinct node; basal portion of hydrocladium lengthened.

Three types of hydrothecae present: axial, axillary and hydrocladial. Axillary hydrothecac almost tubular, with

slightly widened, globular proximal portion completely sunk into apophysis (fig. 28c). Abcauline and free part of

adcauline wall parallel, free part hydrolhcca consequently more or less tubular, slightly widening towards base.

Adnate part adcauline wall and hydrothecal floor form rounded plate with conspicuous perisarcal peg at end adcauline

wall, not fully closed at meeting point with abcauline hydrothecal wall. Large, oval fenestra present near peg at

adcauline wall, bordered on one side by internal perisarcal ridge. Axial (fig. 28b) and hydrocladial (fig. 27d)

hydrothecae similar, tubular in distal part, gradually widening towards globular basal portion almost completely

sunk into hydrocladium. Abcauline hydrothecal wall slightly concave in lower third or with slight tlexurc; free

portion adcauline wall straight. Adnate part adcauline wall strongly curved, moderately thickened; hydrothecal floor

with distinct hole for passage of coenosarc; meeting point with internal surlace abcauline wall set off by means ol

perisarcal peg. Hydrothecal rim in all three types of hydrothccae with three rounded cusps : one abcauline and two

laterals near adcauline border. Many hydrothecae show remnants of closing apparatus which originally must have

been composed of three triangular plates closing to form a low roof.

Perisarc of colony moderately developed, thickest along walls of axis and internodes of hydrocladia. gradually

thinning out along hydrothecal walls, yellowish.

Gonothecae (presumed to be male) present in fair numbers along length of axis along both sides of colony and

appear to be produced by fertile secondary tubules. Each gonotheca more or less sack-shaped, elongated, apically

narrowing into small opening at end of distal portion of gonotheca and turned away from gonothecal body

(fig. 28a). Gonothecae strongly adnate, borders between individual gonothecae indistinct. Periderm on walls o!

gonothecae fairly strong. All gonothecae empty.

No soft tissue observed.

Distribution. — The holotype, the sole specimen obtained, originates from off Barrierc de l'Est, Chesterfield

Islands, near Ilots du Mouillage, depth 300 m.

REMARKS. — The species can easily be recognized by the shape of the hydrothccae and the development of the

gonothecae.

166

W. VERVOORT

F,G gonot"heca! SP ‘ n ° V ' B,0GE0CA1 - Sln DW 291 : a, monosiphonic distal part of colony; b, female

Fig. 29 c. — Gonaxia robusta sp. nov.. schi/.oholotype. Musorstom 4. Stn DW 156. hydrocladial hydrothecae

a-b, slide no. 997; c, slide no. 537. J

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

167

Etymology. — From the latin word perplexus meaning intricate, puzzling, referring to the curiously shaped

gonothecae.

Table 19. — Measurement of Gonaxia perplexa sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 5

Stn DC 375

(slide no. 530)

holotype

Axis, diameter at base

605

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

510 - 540

length free part adcauline wall

415 -430

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 305

total depth

620 - 680

maximal diameter

245 - 260

diameter at rim

155 - 160

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

435 - 445

length free part adcauline wall

405 - 430

length adnate part adcauline wall

370 - 385

total depth

645 - 660

maximal diameter

245 - 265

diameter at rim

155 - 160

Hydrocladium, diameter at node

205 - 210

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

590 - 605

length free part adcauline wall

480 - 505

length adnate part adcauline wall

305 - 355

total depth

680 - 710

maximal diameter

250 - 275

diameter at rim

160 - 170

Male gonotheca, approximate length

1,300

approximate diameter

750

diameter of aperture

65 - 85

Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov.

Figs 29a-b, 30d, 31a, 33a-b

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. ChaLCAL 2 : stn DW 76, 23 o 40.50'S-167 o 45.20’E, 470 m, 30.10.1986 :

ingle 30 mm high colony and a fragment; 3 gonothecae present (RMNH-Coel. 25818). Slide no. 532 of hydrocladium

MNHN-Hy. 1039).

Biogeocal : stn DW 291, 20 o 34.47 , S-166°54.33'E, 510-520 m, 27.04.1987 : three colonies 35-60 mm high with

nany gonothecae on stem. Stems straight, strongly polysiphonic; hydrocladia pinnately arranged. Smaller colony as

slides no. 997. (MNHN-Hy. 1040, 1 colony and loose hydrocladia; BMNH 1989.11.23.33. 1 colony; RMNH-Coel.

L5819, 3 slides no. 997).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 398, 20°47.19'S-167°05.65 , E, 370 m, 13.02.1989 : single hydrocladium

•n slide no. 934 (RMNH-Coel. 25820). — Stn DW 399, 20°41.80’S-167°00.20’E, 282 m, 14.02.1989 (type locality) :

ingle colony c. 30 mm high (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1041); slide no. 1001 of hydrocladium (schizoholotypc, RMNH-

3oel. 25821). — Stn DW 461, 21°06.00'S-167°26.20 , E, 240 m, 21.02.1989 : single 45 mm high colony (paratype,

^MNH-Coel. 25822) with many (presumed female) gonothecae; slide no. 1002 of hydrocladium (schizoparatype, BMNH

'989.1 1.24.34).

Description. — Shape and structure of colony (fig. 29a) as in Gonaxia similis , from which it differs in the

following details:

1. Hydrothecae generally larger, particularly at orifice, and less cylindrical, with strongly swollen basal portion,

inserting on swollen portion of intemodc (figs 30d, 31a. 33a-b). Wall of hydrotheca rather more tapering towards

rim than being contracted proximally and being cylindrical onwards.

168

W. VERVOORT

2. Hydrocladia, and to lesser degree also axis, more regularly broken up into internodes, separated by oblique

There arc no differences in the shape of the gonothecae (fig. 29b).

In the material assigned to this species some of the hydrothecae, in contradistinction to Gonaxia similis , have

well preserved, small hydranths with 14 tentacles and small, rounded proboscis. The strongly contracted hydranths

have a distinct abcauline 'caecum', from the top of which runs a fine filament attached to the inside of the abcaulinc

hydrothecal wall at about half its length.

Table 20. — Measurements of Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov., in pm.

Chalcal 2

Stn DW 76

(slide no. 532)

Biogeocal

Stn DW 291

(slide no. 997)

Musorstom 6

Stn DW 399

(slide no. 1001)

Musorstom 6

Stn DW 461

(slide no. 1002)

Hydrocladial internode, length

520 - 740

520 - 815

520 - 665

480 - 555

diameter

95 - 175

125 - 150

155 - 185

160 - 200

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

445 - 490

510 - 525

590 - 615

555 - 595

length free part adcauline wall

445 - 510

510 - 545

510 - 525

480 - 505

length adnate part adcauline wall

295 - 305

265 - 290

290 - 325

260 - 290

total depth

590 - 620

675 - 690

705 - 725

695 - 710

maximal diameter

265 - 310

275 - 325

280 - 290

305 - 320

diameter at rim

Female gonotheca, length

maximal diameter

diameter at aperture

150 - 175

150 - 160

3,320 - 3,690

575 - 620

220 - 260

200 - 210

160 - 185

DISTRIBUTION. — One locality from the northern tip of the Norfolk Ridge, southeast of the southern extremity

01 New Caledonia and four localities in the Pacific around the Loyalty Islands; depth 240-520 m.

Remarks. — After considerable hesitation I have put aside the above mentioned material from Gonaxia similis

and described it as Gonaxia persimilis. the points of difference, that are not impressive, being mentioned above

Though the material of Gonaxia similis available to me is large I have so far found no intermediate forms between

those described as G. similis and G. persimilis. The differences mentioned above are best developed in the colonv

from MUSORSTOM 6, Stn DW 399 (fig. 31a). which consequently has been indicated as the holotype.

Etymology.— From the latin per (very) and similis (resembling), pointing to the great similarity of this

species to Gonaxia similis. J

uonaxia robusta sp. nov.

Figs 29c, 30a-c

EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : sin DW 156, 18°54.00'S-163°18.80'E, 530 m

15 0;.I985 (type locahty) : twenty-five mm long stem with gonothecae attached to stem (holotype; MNHN-Hy 104'’)-

Coel 25823 3 2 7 shdes) aChed ‘° P ' Parl a ” d deIached hydrocladia (schizoholotypes; BMNH 1989.11.24.35. 1 slide; RMNH-

Description (of holotype). - Axis erect, basally attached to firm substratum by means of some fibres, c.

25 mm high, bearing alternately arranged hydrocladia pointing laterally and obliquely upwards, 10-15 mm long

with 8-13 pairs of hydrothecac. Axis largely polysiphonic by presence of fertile secondary tubules, only extreme

distal portion monosiphonic, not divided into internodcs. Axis and hydrocladia with alternately airangcd hydrothecae

all m same plane with axis and hydrocladia. Hydrocladia inserting on small apophyses at base of axillary

S?' r ° ,hdcae on S ‘ em ' “ff " y ,hree h y drothccae between two succeeding apophyses : one axillary, one right, one

. ydrocladia set off from apophysis by means of pcrisarcal constriction that may occasionally be oblique and

slightly contorted (fig. 30a).

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

169

Fig. 30 a-c. — Gonaxia robusta sp. nov., schizoholotype, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 156 : a, monosiphonic distal part of

colony, frontal view; gonolhecae on backside; b, hydrocladial hydrothecae; c, axillary hydrotheca.

Fig. 30 d. — Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov., CHALCAL 2, Stn DW 76, part of hydrocladium.

a-c, slide no. 537; d, slide no. 532.

170

W. VERVOORT

Three types of hydrothecae present: axial, axillary and hydrocladial, of which axial and hydrocladial differ only

in size. All hydrothccac tubular, with parallel ad- and abcauline walls and slightly enlarged, small proximal portion

sunk into axis or internode (fig. 29c). Axillary hydrolhecae with lengthened fused portion of adcauline wall and

conspicuous pcrisarcal peg beside distinct fenestra (fig. 30c). Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae leaving axis or

internode at angle of c. 60 degrees: free part adcauline wall usually straight, abcauline wall basaliy with slight

concavity. Adnatc part of adcauline wall thickened, strongly curved at proximal end, with pcrisarcal peg.

Hydrothecal floor with small hole to permit passage of coenosarc; meeting point at inside abcauline wall with

distinct peg (fig. 29c). Hydrothecal rim, when in good condition, with three indistinct marginal cusps with rounded

tips : 1 median abcauline and two laterals near adcauline wall. Many hydrothccac show signs of renovations or of

repair after damage, many have irregular walls or are slightly curved. Renovated hydrothecae have very obscure or

even absent marginal cusps; the hydrothecal rim may be slightly thickened.

Remnants only of tissue have been observed in some hydrocladia; no well preserved hydranths present, so that

structure of polyp remains unknown.

Gonothecae on basal and middle part of axis on frontal as well as back of colony, presumably formed by fertile

secondary tubules or directly by axis. They form a mass of adnate, elongated bodies, with only distal portion free

and pointing away from axis or pointing upwards in oblique direction. In adnate portion of gonothecae walls of

individual gonothecae become lost: foramina at bases of apophyses apparently communicate with gonothecal

cavity, free distal portion narrowing apically and there with circular aperture at end of short, conical funnel. All

gonothecae empty but judging from diameter of aperture they were female (fig. 30a).

Perisarc thick, particularly in axis and hydrocladia. yellowish-brown, thinning out gradually along hydrothecal

walls; perisarc of gonothecae brown.

Table 21. — Measurements of Conaxia robusta sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4, Stn DW 156

(slide no. 537)

schizoholotype

Axis, diameter at base

1,250

Axial hydrothcca, length abcauline wall

615 - 705

length free part adcauline wall

555 - 590

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 295

total depth

725 - 775

maximal diameter

260 - 275

diameter at rim

200 - 215

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

650 - 680

length free part adcauline wall

630 - 650

length adnate part adcauline wall

355 - 370

total depth

815 - 850

maximal diameter

235 - 245

diameter at rim

230 - 245

Hydrocladium, diameter at node

265 - 355

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

725 - 760

length free part adcauline wall

560 - 590

length adnate part adcauline wall

345 - 370

total depth

800 - 815

maximal diameter

260 - 280

diameter at rim

235 - 260

Female gonotheca, approximate length

1,520

approximate diameter

540

diameter of aperture

195 - 215

Distribution. — The type locality is off Grand Passage at the extreme north-western end of the New

Caledonian reefs, depth 530 m.

Source; MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIHC

171

Fig. 31 a. — Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov.. Musorstom 6, Stn 399. part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 31b. — Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.. MUSORSTOM 6. Stn 421, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 31 c-e. — Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov. : c-d. Smib 4, Stn DW 59. male gonothecae. — e. Chalcal 2. Stn DW 80

female gonotheca.

a, slide no. 1001; b, slide no. 933; c-d, slide no. 1043; e, slide no. 882.

Source: MNHN, Paris

172

W. VERVOORT

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS PROM HIE WESTERN PACIFIC

173

Remarks. — The species is recognized by the large, tubular hydrothecae, the largest amongst the species of

Gonaxia so far observed.

ETYMOLOGY. — From the latin robustus , meaning hard and strong like oak, referring to the large and robust

hydrothecae.

Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov.

Figs 31b, 32a-d, 33c-d, 35a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL: stn DW 08, 20°34.35’S-166 o 53.90'E, 435 m, 12.08.1985 (type

locality) : c. 7 mono- and polysiphonic colonies 30-60 mm high and many fragments. One c. 60 mm high colony is

holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1043), remaining colonies and slides are paratypes; slides nos 296, 333A, 377A & B, 519, 521,

522, 523, slide no. 522 is a 9 mm long, young colony (MNHN-Hy. 1043, 2 paratypes, slide no. 296; BMNH

1989.11.24.36, 2 paratypes and slides nos 521 and 523; RMNH-Coel. 25824, rest paratypes and fragments, slides nos

333A, 377A & B, 519, 522 and 645 (gonotheca)]. — Stn DW 66, 24°55.43 , S-168°21.67 , E, 515-505 m, 03.09.1985 :

three colonies up to 40 mm high with gonothecae; also some fragments (MNHN-Hy. 1044); slide no. 930 (RMNH-Coel.

25825).

CALSUB: Plongee 15, 20 o 37.1’S-166°58’E, 545-327 m, 06.03.1989 : fifty mm high colony with gonothecae on stem

RMNH-Coel. 25826); slide no. 998 (MNHN-Hy. 1045).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 391, 20°47.35 , S-167°05.70 , E, 390 m, 13.02.1989 : single 25 mm high

olony with some gonothecae and some loose hydrocladia (MNHN Hy 1046); slide no. 940 (partly, one of 3 hydrocladia;

^MNH-Coel 25827). — Stn DW 421, 20°26.27'S-166°40.17’E, 245 m, 16.02.1989 : 15 mm high basal part of colony.

All in slide no. 933 (RMNH-Coel. 25828). — Stn DW 428, 20°23.54’S-166°12.57’E, 420 m, 17.02.1989 : two colonies

<5 and 40 mm high, both with gonothecae (BMNH 1989.11.24.37, 1 colony; RMNH-Coel. 25829); slide no. 907 of

lydrocladium (MNHN-Hy. 1047). — Stn DW 447, 20°54.90'S-167°19.87’E, 460 m, 19.02.1989 : single 30 mm high

olony; no gonothecae. All as slide no. 1006 (RMNH-Coel. 25830).

Description (based on present material). — Adult colony composed of straight, polysiphonic stem (axis),

>asally attached to substratum and 1.5-2 mm thick, upper part of axis monosiphonic (fig. 35a). Hydrocladia

innately and alternately arranged along axis, all strictly in one plane. Hydrocladia placed on short apophyses under

xillary hydrotheca, usually three hydrothecae between two successive apophyses (one axillary, one right, one left;

ig. 32a), but this arrangement is not strict or may become obscured by development of secondary tubules in basal

>art of stem. Internodes only visible in young colonies, in older colonies occasionally marked by perisarcal

onstrictions in monosiphonic parts of colony; in young colonies straight septa may occasionally be observed.

Hydrothecae arranged alternately along both sides of stem and hydrocladia, all in same plane with axis and

lydrocladia, tubular, strongly diverging from stem or hydrocladium, angle between free part adcauline wall and axis

nightly less than 90 degrees (fig. 32b). Basal portion of hydrotheca, including portion fused to axis, slightly

wollen, rest of hydrotheca tubular, ab- and adcauline walls nearly parallel (fig. 33c). Adnate part of adcauline wall

ess than half length of free part in young hydrothecae, about half that length in older hydrothecae; straight to

lightly convex, with sharp flexure near hydrothecal floor, which is completely closed by basal plate; large circular

lydropore permits passage of coenosarc. Apical portion of hydrotheca slightly constricted around rim; aperture with

hree obtuse, indistinct cusps (one abcauline, two laterals), closing apparatus, if present, deciduous, not observed on

iny of hydrothecae. Number of renovations restricted to one or two; hydrothecal aperture may become almost

circular and slightly thickened after renovation. Axillary hydrotheca slightly displaced by exit of apophysis, with

)ig perisarcal notch at flexure of adnate portion of adcauline wall (fig. 33d).

Only some colonies with remnants of small hydranths, apparently all completely attached to the basal plate; no

filament attaching it to the abcauline wall being observed. Number of tentacles could not be ascertained.

Gonothecae mainly on frontal aspect of colony, placed on main axis, originating from base of axillary

hydrotheca (figs 32a, 35a). Fenestrae, indicating presence of gonothecae, exclusively occur at base of axillary

hydrothecae of stem. Gonotheca large, elongated ovoid, more or less club-shaped, pointing perpendicularly away

from axis, basally with perisarcal disc firmly attaching gonotheca to stem. Apically gonotheca with small, circular

opening. There are two types; those presumed to be female with a wide circular opening (fig. 32a); those thought

174

W. VERVOORT

to be male with a narrow apical hole (fig. 35a). All gonothecae empty. Perisarc firm, particularly on stem and

hydrocladia. thinning out rapidly along hydrothecal walls, though reduced number of damaged hydrothecae suggests

that these are quite firm.

Table 22. — Measurements of Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov., in pm.

Biocal

Stn DW 08

young colony

(slide no. 522)

Biocal

Stn DW 08

old colony

(slide no. 333)

Internode, length

665 - 890

diameter

90 - 135

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

630 - 650

650 - 660

length free part adcauline wall *

590 - 600

605 - 610

length adnatc part adcauline wall

175 - 215

245 - 250

total depth *

700 - 710

760 - 700

diameter at apex

120 - 220

220 - 225

Gonotheca, total length

2,550 - 2,570**

maximal diameter

580 - 600**

diameter of aperture

130 - 280**

(* = including renovations; ** = slide no. 519)

Distribution. — Recorded from several localities in deeper waters of the Pacific Ocean around the Loyalty

Islands and from one locality (Biocal, Stn DW 66) on the northwestern extremity of the Norfolk Ridge.

Remarks. — The original division into internodes is best visible in young colonies, particularly the 9 mm

high juvenile colony from BIOCAL, Stn DW 08, which consists of four or five such internodes each with a single

hydrotheca and an apophysis for the next internode (fig. 32d). The basal part consists of a single long internode

bearing basally a small disk attaching the colony to a rock fragment and apically two alternate hydrothecac.

There is a fair amount of variability in the shape of the hydrothecae; in young colonies they tend to be long

with scarcely swollen basal portion (fig. 33c); in older colonies they are swollen basally and have lost their slender

appearance (fig. 32b). All transitional stages are observed on the various colonies. One of the colonies from

Biocal, Stn DW 08, is remarkable because of the development of a gonotheca apparently as a result of hydrothecal

renovation (fig. 32c).

On slide no. 519 (Biocal, Stn DW08) is the top part of a colony differing from the type series by the fact that

the hydrothecae leave the internodes under an angle of c. 60 degrees and not more or less perpendicular as in the

remaining specimens. The top part bears a single gonotheca not different from the type found in this species

(fig. 35a). The specimen from Musorstom 6, Stn DW 421 (slide no. 933), is remarkable because of the slightly

upturned hydrothecae (cf. fig. 31b).

Etymology. — The specific name scalariformis has been chosen because of the transversely directed

hydrothecae; the latin substantivum scalaris meaning ladder, flight of stairs and for mis meaning resembling :

shaped like a ladder, shaped like a flight of stairs, referring to the regular arrangement of the strongly diverging

hydrothecae.

Gonaxia similis sp. nov.

Figs 33e-f, 34a-e, 36a, 39a

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn CP 216, 22°59.50 , S-167°22.00’E, 515 m.

29.09.1985 : fifteen mm high colony with many gonothecae, and a fragment. All in slide no. 452 (RMNH-Coel. 25831).

S.MIB 5 : stn DW 93, 22°20.0'S-168°42.3 , E, 255 m, 13.09.1989 : twelve mm high colony with single gonotheca, all

in slide no. 1046 (RMNH-Coel. 25832). — Stn DW 95, 22°59.7 , S-168°19.8 , E. 200 m, 14.09.1989 : basal part of c.

10 mm high colony with I gonotheca, all in slide no. 1013 (MNHN-Hy. 1048).

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

175

Fig. 33 a-b. — Gonaxia persimilis sp. nov. : a. Biogeocal, Stn DW 291, part of hydrocladium. — b, MUSORSTOM 6,

Stn DW 461, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 33 c-d. — Gonaxia scalariformis sp. nov., paratype, Biocal, Stn DW 08 : c, hydrocladial hydrotheca; d, axillary

hydrotheca.

Fig. 33 e-f. — Gonaxia similis sp. nov.. MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 216 : e, repaired male gonotheca; f, normal male

gonotheca.

a, slide no. 997; b, slide no. 1002; c-d, slide no. 519; e-f, slide no. 452.

176

W. VERVOORT

Loyalty Islands. MUSORSTOM 6 : stn DW 391, 20°47.35 , S-167°05.70 , E, 390 m, 13.02.1989 (type locality) : c. 10

colonies 20-80 mm high, many with gonothecae, also many loose hydrocladia. Slides nos 940 (partly, 2 of

3 hydrocladia) and 1008 (2). One 80 mm high specimen with gonothecae is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1049), remaining

colonies, including specimen on slides no. 1008, paratypes (MNHN-Hy. 1049, 2 paratypes; BMNH 1989.11.24.38,

2 paratypes; RMNH-Coel. 25833, rest paratypes and 2 slides no. 1008; slide no. 940 is RMNH-Coel. 25827). — Stn

DW 392, 20°47.32'S-167°04.60 , E, 340 m, 13.02.1989 : single 75 mm high colony with gonothecae on stem (MNHN-

Hy. 1050). Slide no. 932 of hydrocladium (RMNH-Coel. 25834). — Stn DW 397, 20°47.35 , S-167°05.17 , E, 380 m,

13.02.1989 : two colonies 50 and 25 mm high, the larger with gonothecae; also some fragments (larger colony BMNH

1989.11.24.39; smaller colony as slide no. 939, RMNH-Coel. 25835). — Stn DW 398, 20°47.19 , S-167°05.65’E, 370 m,

13.02.1989 : c. 10 colonies up to 60 mm high, with gonothecae, and several fragments; slides nos 934 (one of

2 hydrocladia) and 1004 (MNHN-Hy. 1051, 3 colonies; BMNH 1989.11.24.40, 3 colonies; RMNH-Coel. 25836, rest

colonies, fragments and slide no. 1004; slide no. 934 is RMNH-Coel. 25820). — Stn DW 399, 20 o 41.80’S-167°00.20'E,

282 m, 14.02.1989 : eight colonies 25-60 mm high and many fragments. Many gonothecae; 2 slides no. 1000 and slide

no. 1009, gonotheca (RMNH-Coel. 25837). — Stn DW 422, 20°26.20 , S-166°40.31 , E, 257 m, 16.02.1989 : four

colonies 35-70 mm high with gonothecae and a number of fragments (MNHN-Hy. 1052). Slide no. 785 (RMNH-Coel.

25838). — Stn DW 423, 20°25.85 , S-166°40.50 , E, 280 m, 16.02.1989 : three fragmentary colonies up to c. 30 mm high,

the largest with gonothecae; several detached hydrocladia. Two slides no. 905 with parts of colonies with gonothecae (all

RMNH-Coel. 25839). — Stn DW 446, 20°54.33'S-167°18.59 , E, 360 m, 19.02.1989 : five colonies 30-50 mm with

gonothecae (BMNH 1989.11.24.41); slide no. 1005 (RMNH-Coel. 25840). — Stn DW 448, 20°55.66'S-167°22.34'E,

410 m, 19.02.1989 : single 90 mm high stem with many gonothecae, also developing from hydrothecae. Slide no. 936 of

hydrocladium (all RMNH-Coel. 25841). — Stn DW 451, 20°59.00 , S-167°24.50’E, 330 m, 20.02.1989 : two fragments,

one a 5 mm long stem fragment with gonotheca and a 3 mm long fragment. All as slide no. 1007 (RMNH-Coel. 25842).

— Stn CP 464, 21°02.30'S-167°31.60’E, 430 m, 21.02.1989 : six colonies up to 60 mm high, with many gonothecae;

one as slide no. 899 (MNHN-Hy. 1053, 2 colonies; BMNH 1989.11.24.42, 2 colonies; RMNH-Coel. 25843, slide no.

899). — DW 485, 21°23.48 , S-167°59.33 , E, 350 m, 23.02.1989 : two mutilated colonies 20 and 15 mm high, no

gonothecae, all in slide no. 938 (RMNH-Coel. 25844).

DESCRIPTION. — Species with great general resemblance to Gonaxia scalariformis. Colony with erect axis

bearing alternately arranged hydrocladia, all strictly in one plane. Axis monosiphonic in distal part (fig. 34b);

basally axis covered by secondary tubules obscuring axial hydrothecae; hydrocladia remaining monosiphonic; axis

occasionally forked. Usually three hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia: one axillary, one left, one right

(fig. 34b). Division into internodes obscure on axis and hydrocladia, only occasionally internodes marked by

perisarcal constrictions, no septa have been observed. First internode of each hydrocladium lengthened.

Monosiphonic part of axis indistinctly geniculate; hydrocladia weakly to distinctly geniculate.

Hydrothecae, with exception of axillary hydrothecae, identical on axis and hydrocladia, tubiform with distinctly

swollen proximal portion, leaving axis or hydrocladium almost perpendicularly, but usually slightly directed

upwards (angle c. 80 degrees; fig. 36a). Abcauline hydrothecal wall with slight convexity proximally, running

smoothly into wall of intemode; distal part straight. Free part abcauline wall straight or with minor concavity

proximally; at insertion of hydrotheca usually with flattened portion, continuing for some distance along wall of

intemode. Adnate part of adcauline wall straight to distinctly curved, with sudden flexure at hydrothecal floor; point

of flexure marked by perisarcal notch (figs 36a. 39a). Hydrothecal floor may appear completely closed, but at

inspection in oblique position that floor also appears to be horseshoe-shaped, with both arms of horseshoe forming

thickened ledge on inside of internode and almost completely closed; a strand of coenosarcal tissue passing through

opening formed by both arms. Distal portion of hydrotheca cylindrical, sometimes slightly widening towards rim.

Hydrothecal margin with three low, obtuse cusps (one abcauline, two laterals), separated by quite shallow

embayments. Remnants of opercular plates rare, closing apparatus apparently largely deciduous. Renovations of

hydrothecae do occur, not resulting in telescopic arrangement of hydrothecal apertures as in Symplectoscyphus or

Sertularella , but in malformed hydrotheca, e.g., lengthened hydrothecae with a circular, transverse constriction.

Axillary hydrotheca smaller and narrower, making angle of c. 60 degrees with length axis of stem; notch at

hydrothecal floor of greatly increased size (fig. 34a).

Preservation of hydranths such that no distinct countings of tentacles could be made; hydranths much smaller

than in Gonaxia constricta , hypostome globular.

Gonothecae abundant, male as well as female gonothecae having been observed on different colonies. General

shape of gonothecae elongated bomb-shaped (as a depository), inserted on front of colony at base of axillary

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIHC

177

Fig. 34 .—Gonaxia similis sp. nov. : a. MUSORSTOM 4, Sin CP 216. axillary hydrotheca. — b, paratype. MUSORSTOM 6.

Stn DW 391, monosiphonic distal part of colony. — c, MUSORSTOM 6. Stn DW 423, distal part ol colony, backsi c,

with partly coalesced male gonothccae. — d, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 216, male gonotheca. — e. MUSORSTOM 6,

Stn DW 399, female gonotheca.

a, slide no. 452; b, slide no. 1008; c, slide no. 905; d, slide no. 452; e, slide no. 1000.

178

W. VERVOORT

hydrotheca; base of gonothcca widened from a circular collar firmly attaching gonotheca to base of intemode,

communicating with intemode through small, circular hole in centre of collar. Male gonothecac (figs 33f, 34d)

longer than female (fig. 34c), apical portion gradually narrowing into a small, rounded aperture. Female gonotheca

truncated at apex, with larger circular aperture, closed by circular lid. Some of female gonothecae contain

developing embryos or planulae; male gonothecae all empty. Besides the above described gonothecac others have

been observed to develop from secondary tubules: such gonothecac may also develop on backside of colony.

Occasionally such gonothecae have a tendency to fuse with the tube from which they develop, as with two

gonothecae from the colony at MUSORSTOM 6. Stn DW 423 (slide no. 905) (fig. 34c).

Table 23. — Measurements of Gonaxia similis sp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 216

(slide no. 452)

Musorstom 6

Stn DW 391

(slide no. 940)

Intemode, length

520 - 725

diameter

140 - 175

135 - 205

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

480 - 520

560 - 615

length free part adcauline wall *

405 - 430

460 - 505

length adnate part adcauline wall

220 - 255

215 - 235

total depth *

590 - 600

615 - 665

maximal diameter

250 - 265

230 - 290

diameter at apex

130 - 140

140 - 160

Gonotheca, total length

3.255 - 3,470

maximal diameter

540 - 650

diameter of aperture

20 - 25

(* = including renovations)

Distribution. — This species has chiefly been found in Pacific waters around the Loyalty Islands at depths

varying between 257 and 515 m. Three records are from the northwestern end of the Norfolk Ridge from depths

between 200 and 515 m.

Remarks. — A fully developed gonotheca on a colony from Musorstom 4, Stn CP 216 (in slide no. 452),

has regenerated a second, slightly laterally placed aperture apparently as the result of regeneration after damage to

the apical portion (fig. 33e). Besides normally developed gonothecae. inserting on the basal part of the internode

close to axillary hydrothecae, gonothecae may also be observed to develop from otherwise normal hydrothecac (as is

usually observed in Synthecium).

One of the gonothecae of a colony from Musorstom 6. Stn DW 399 (in slide no. 1000). has a circular lid: also

many female gonothecae from that station have developing embryos.

This species generally resembles Gonaxia scalariformis, so much so that at first I was inclined to consider the

two forms identical. Inspection of the large material available has convinced me that two distinct species are present

that although closely alike in general appearance, are nevertheless separable by the following differences :

Gonaxia scalariformis

Gonaxia similis

Hydrocladia distinctly geniculate

Hydrotheca small, tubular over almost

entire length, proximal portion slightly

widened inside intemode, leaving

intemode perpendicularly

Hydrocladia weakly geniculate

Hydrothecae large, distal part of

hydrotheca tubular, with proximal

portion distinctly swollen outside

internode, pointing slightly upwards

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name similis refers to the great general resemblance of this new species with

Gonaxia scalariformis-, the latin adverb similis meaning having a great resemblance to. or resembling.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

179

Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov.

Figs 31c-e, 35b, 37a-b, 38a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BiocaL : stn CP 110, 22 o 12.38 , S-167°06.43'E 275-320|m,^09.09.

1985 : single 30 mm high stem and some fragments, no gonothecae; 2 slides no. 518, with Ilebella sp. (RMNH-Cocl.

258 Musorstom 4 : stn DW 207, 22°39.00'S-167°07.40'E, 220-235 m. 28.09.1985 : five colonies 15-35 mm high some

forked, no gonothecae. Slides no. 543 (2) of colony fragments and no. 894 of top part [MNHN- H y. 1054, 2 colonies,

BMNH 1989 11 24.43, 2 colonies; RMNH-Coel. 25846, colony and fragments, slides nos 543 (2) and 8941.

ChalcaI. 2 : stn DW 80. 23°26.70'S-168°01.80 , E. 80-160 m, 31.10.1986 : single 60 mm high pinnate colony with a

few gonothecae on stem, slides nos 882 and 1033 of hydrocladia and gonotheca (RMNH-Coel. 25847).

Snub 4 ■ stn DW 40 24°46.2'S-168 o 08.7'E, 260 m, 07.03.1989 : single stem with separate gonothecae, 40 mm high;

slide „o 866(MNHN-Hy. 1055. sample; RMNH-Coel. 25848, slide no. 866). - Stn DW 55 23-2..4'S-168»04.5 ; e,

160 m 09 03 1989 : two young colonies c. 20 mm high on sponge; no gonothecae, slide no. 864 of one of colonies

(BMNH 1989 11.24.44. sample" RMNH-Coel. 25849. slide no. 864). - Stn DW 57. 23°21.5'S-168°04.6'E. 260 m

09.03.1989 : two 50 mm high colonics with gonothecae; Diphasic sp. growing on top of colonies Also some detached

hydrocladia (MNHN-Hy. 1056). Slides nos 871 (2) and 872 (with Diphasia sp.; RMNH-Coel. 25850). —_Stn IDW 59.

92°58 0'S-167°22 5'E, 650 m, 10.03.1989 : single 60 mm high colony with gonothecae, slides nos 1034 and 1043 U; oi

lop parts (MNHN-Hy. 1057, slide no. 1034; RMNH-Coel. 25851, sample and 2 slides no. 1043)

Smib 5 : stn DW 71, 23 o 41.3'S-168°00.7'E, 265 m, 07.09.1989 (type locality) : one forked colony 90 mm high

(holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1058) and one 60 mm high stem (paratype. RMNH-Coel. 25852). both with gonothecae. Slide: no.

1035 of top part is schizoholotype (RMNH-Coel. 25853); slide no. 1044 of top part is schizopara.ype (BMNH

1989 11 ">4 451 — Stn DW 95, 22°59.7'S-168°19.8'E, 200 m, 14.09.1989 : three fragmentary colonies 15-25 mm high,

of which 2 with gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1059); slide no. 1036 (RMNH-Coel. 25854). — Stn DW 10 *’

168°04.9'E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : thirty mm high stem and some smaller fragments, gonothecae present on stem (RMNH

Coel. 25855). Slide no. 1037, basal part of stem (BMNH 1989.11.24.46) and slide no. 1045 of top part (MNHN-Hy.

1060).

DESCRIPTION (mainly based in material from type locality. SMIB 5. Stn DW 71). — Resembling Gonaxia

ampullaeea in many details, but differing in shape of hydrothccae and gonothecae. Axis strong, upright, basally

c 2 mm diameter, polysiphonic because of secondary tubules running parallel to primary axis and covering axia

hydrothecae and apophyses, leaving only distal part of stem monosiphonic (fig. 37a). Axis basally with small

expanded portion to attach colony to fixed objects (small stones, corals, etc.). Hydrocladia alternately and pinnately

arranged, leaving axis at almost right angle, inserted on distinct apophyses; three hydrothecae between two

successive apophyses, one axillary, one on opposite side and one on same side almost opposite next apophysis

(fig 37a). Hydrocladium separated from apophysis by perisarcal constriction, no septum visible; each apophysis,

directly under axillary hydrotheca, with large circular hole or thin spot (fenestra; fig. 35b). Hydrocladia 10-20 mm

long with 14-22 pairs of hydrothecae; hydrothecac alternately arranged in same plane as axis and hydrocladia,

packing of hydrothecae varied, in colonies from type locality with small but distinct portion of hydrocladium

exposed between succeeding hydrothecae (fig. 38a), in many other colonies more closely packed and normally no

hydrocladium exposed between hydrolhecae (fig. 37b). . .

Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae similar, those of axis slightly smaller; proximal portion slightly o

distinctly swollen, distal portion tubular, turning away from axis or hydrocladium almost perpendicularly, scarce y

or slightly narrowing towards aperture (fig. 35b). Free part of adcaulinc hydrothecal wall c. twice as long as adnate

part, with rounded but very prominent curve and a distinct, basally rounded slit between proximal part tree adcaulme

wall and wall of hydrocladium (fig. 38a). This slit almost closed in hydrocladial hydrothecac of colonies wi h

closely packed hydrothecae, but proximal rounded part still distinctly visible (fig. 37b). Adnate adcaulme wall with

strong perisarcal peg basally; hydrothecal floor strongly convex, with scarcely visible hole tor passage of pensarc

Abcauline hydrothecal wall with distinct flexure. Hydrothecal margin with three, usually acute and well developed

marginal cusps, one median abcauline and two laterals on adcauline side. Closing apparatus preserved in some

hydrothecac and observed to be composed of three more or less triangular flaps, when closed forming low roof. In

many hydrothecac, nevertheless, opercular apparatus deciduous; some hydrothecac show signs of repair alter damage

sustained to aperture. Axillary hydrothecae more or less tubular, slightly curved proximally. ad- and abcauline walls

with basal flexure (fig. 35b).

180 W. VERVOORT

c IG 'u ~ G onaxia scalari formis sp. nov., paratype, Biocal, Stn DW 08, monosiphonic distal part of colony.

HC. 35 b. — Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov., schizoholotype, Smib 5, Stn SW 71, part of axis with axillary hydrothcca.

HG. 35 c-d . — Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930, Biogeocal. Stn CP 214, hydrocladial hydrothecae,

a, slide no. 519; b, slide no. 1035; c-d, slide no. 581.

Source:

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

181

Hydranths preserved in some colonies but invariably in mediocre condition, so that number of tentacles could

not be counted; attached in concavity of inside of adnate part adcauline wall, appearing fairly large.

Gonothecae of two types observed on frontal part of stem inserting at fenestra of apophyses. They are separate,

elongated ovoid bodies of c. 2 mm length with very short pedicel and widened basal disk with circular perforation.

Those considered female having one fairly wide circular opening at apex, in some still closed by circular lid

(fig. 31e). Those considered male gradually narrowing apically with a small circular opening, apparently without

lid (fig. 31c); one male gonotheca with two apertures (fig. 3 Id). Contents of all gonothecae spent.

Perisarc strong, particularly along axis, hydrocladia and proximal, swollen part of hydrothecae, thinning out

along distal, tube-shaped portion, yellowish, badly staining in haematoxyline. Colonies usually covered by many

epizoites (smaller hydroids, Bryozoa, Foraminifera).

Table 24. — Measurements of Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov., in pm.

Stem, diameter at base

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Male gonotheca, length

diameter

diameter of aperture

Female gonotheca, length

diameter

diameter at aperture _

Smib 5 Chalcal2

Stn DW 71 Stn DW 80

(slide no. 1035) (slide no. 882;

schizoholotype_

1,875

405 - 435

415 - 435

275 - 310

435 - 475

205 - 235

125 - 150

325 - 335

475 - 495

355 - 400

635 - 660

215 - 230

135 - 140

275

405 - 430

465 - 475

215 - 225

530 - 540

205 - 235

155 - 165

Smib 4 Smib 4

Stn DW 59 Stn DW 59

(slide no. 1034) (slide no.

1043)

345 - 400

390 - 445

205 - 280

445 - 465

200 - 205

140 - 165

355 - 365

465 - 490

355 - 370

585 - 595

185 - 205

125 - 140

370

370 - 445

355 - 480

200 - 225

510 - 530

185 - 220

160 - 175

2,600

860

195

2,820

1,040

370

Distribution. - The material all originates from the Pacific off the south-eastern extremity of New Caledonia;

the type locality is on the northwestern extremity of the Norfolk Ridge. The depth records are between c. 80 and

600 m depth.

Remarks. — The great

can readily be distinguished

hydrothecae. The reluctance

resemblance of this species to Gonaxia ampullacea has already been indicated above; it

in fertile state by the ovoid, separate gonothecae and in sterile condition by the dittenng

of the present species to stain with haematoxyline also affords an additional character.

ETYMOLOGY. - From the latin sinuosus (full of bendings), referring to the condition of the hydrothecae.

182 W. VHRVOORT

Fig. 36 a. — Gonaxia similis sp. nov.. Musorstom 4, Sin CP 216, pari of hydrocladium.

Fig. 36 b-c. — Gonaxia stricta sp. nov., schizoholotype, Ciialcal 2, Sin DW76 : b, monosiphonic distal pari of colony

c, pari of axis with axillary hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 452; b-c, slide no. 1054.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

183

Gonaxia stricta sp. nov.

Figs 36b-c, 37c, 38b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. Chalcal 2, Stn DW 76, 23“40.50;S-.67=45.20'E, 470 m. 30 101986

(type locality) : thirty mm high stem fragment with 2 hydrocladia (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1061). a top part and 10

detached hydrocladia; no gonothecae. Two slides no. 881 of hydrocladia and slide no. 1054 of top part (schizoholotypes,

BMNH 1989 11.24.47, 1 slide no. 881; RMNH-Coel. 25856, 1 slide no. 881 and slide no. 1054).

DESCRIPTION (based on holotype). — Stem c. 30 mm high, basally and apically broken, top part separate. Axis

basally polysiphonic by presence of parallel secondary tubes fused with primary axis; apical portion monosiphontc

and there structure of colony visible (fig. 36b). No division of axis into intemodes apparent, the few hydrocladia

present insert alternately on apophyses at both sides of axis and in same plane with axial and hydrocladial

hydrothecae. Apophyses not particularly large but well visible, with axillary hydrotheca (fig. 36b). Normally thiec

hydrothccae between two successive apophyses : one axillary, one right, one left, but presence ol two apophyses

directly following each other (without intermediary axillary hydrothecac) has also been observed.

Hydrocladia set off from apophysis by perisarcal constriction; no torsion of hydrocladtum has been observed

Hydrocladia. especially in stained slides, divided into intemodes each bearing a single hydrotheca alternately turned

left or right; hydrothecae fairly closely packed. Division between intemodes marked by slight perisarcal constriction

and in stained slides by less intensely staining zone indicating ring of thinner perisarc (tig. 38b); hydrocladia stiff

and straight, pointing obliquely upwards.

Table 25. — Measurements of Gonaxia stricta sp. nov., in pm.

Stem, diameter at base

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Chalcal 2, Stn DW 76

(slide no. 1054)

schizoholotypc

1.000

520 - 530

385 - 405

325 - 400

665 - 675

220 - 245

200 - 210

460 - 480

405 - 445

420 - 445

705 - 715

235 - 265

175 - 190

260 - 275

510-575

390 - 465

320 - 360

635 - 715

280 - 295

245 - 250

Three lypes of hydrolhecae present: ax.al, axilla^ and hydrocladial. Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae differing

only in size, more or less tubular, slightly widening basally; widening best visible in axial hydrothecac. Free part

adcauline wall straight, slightly longer than adnate part; adnate portion thickened basally wit. swoller, parion

hole in hydrothecal floor to permit passage of coenosarc distinct. Abcauline wall d.stally straight, with slight but

distinct flexure at about two-thirds length from rim (fig. 37c). Axillary hydrothecac tubular, slightly curved, tree

par, adcauline wall usually concave, abcauline wall convex. Adnate par, of adcauline wall running m o a

conspicuous peg a, its end; fenestrae small bu, distinct, oval (fig. 36c). All hydrothecac a. nm with three shallow

184

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 37 a-b. — Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov. : a, schizoholoype, Smib 5, Sin DW 71, monosiphonic distal part of colony

b, Smib 4, Stn DW 59, part of hydrocladium. '

Fig. 37 c. — Gonaxia siricta sp. nov., schizoholotype, Chalcal 2, Stn DW 76. hydrocladial hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 1035; b, slide no. 1034; c, slide no. 881.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THF; WESTERN PACIFIC

185

rounded cusps; arrangement in many hydrothccae irregular but in some with one abcauline cusp and two laterals

near adcauline border. Remnants of closing apparatus frequently observed; some hydrothecac with apparatus

complete, being composed of three more or less triangular flaps closing to form a low roof, edges ot plates recurved

(fig 37c). No renovations observed, number of repaired hydrothecae small.

Perisarc not particularly thick, yellowish, thickest on axis, thinning out gradually along hydrothecal walls.

Soft tissue present in hydrocladia and remnants of hydranths visible in hydrothecae, but in too poor condition to

permit counts of tentacles; hydranths of medium size.

No gonothecae present.

Distribution. — The type locality is at the northwestern extremity of the Norfolk Ridge; depth 470 m.

REMARKS. — The species may be recognized by the shape and arrangement of the hydrothecae.

Etymology. — From the latin strictus (drawn together, tight), relerring to the placement of the hydrothecac.

Genus HYDRALLMANIA Hinks, 1868

In this genus five species have been described, one of which (Hydrallmania graptolithiformis Voigt. 1973.

Palaontol. Z., 47 (12) : 28. pi. 4 figs 1-4) is fossil and can remain out of consideration here. A sixth species.

Hydrallmania (?) bicalycula Coughtrey, 1876 (Ann. Mag. nal. Hist., (4) 17 : 29. pi. 3 figs 8-9) is presently

referred to the genus Salacia Lamouroux, 1816. The four species to be considered here are : Hydrallmania distans

Nutting, 1899; H.falcata (Linnaeus, 1758): H. franciscana (Trask. 1857). and H. plumulifera (Allman. 1877 ;

references to descriptions, distribution records and synonymies are given below. Hydrallmania plumulifera stands

out from the remaining three species by the fact that the hydrothecae, on the secondary hydrocladia, are arranged in

!wo distinct though not quite opposite rows with alternate hydrothecae scarcely touching or completely lrec. It is

known from a fairly large number of localities in the northwestern Atlantic and may well turn out to be a species

of Sertularia. The remaining three species have in common that on the secondary hydrocladia (of well developed

colonies) the flask-shaped to elongated flask-shaped hydrothecae are basally placed in a single row, though

following hydrothecae alternately curve left and right; the shape of the colony is characteristic by the presence ol a

helicoidal axis (composed of basal parts of succeeding primary hydrocladia); each primary hydrocladium being

pinnate and supporting alternate secondary hydrocladia (cf. description of //. falcata). Ol those three species

H. falcata is considered to be exclusively Atlantic, the remaining two (II. distans and II. franciscana) arc

exclusively Pacific. The three species are differentiated by characters of the hydrothecae : flask-shaped with swo len

proximal portion versus elongated; circular rim versus weakly bicuspid rim, the cusps being lateral, characters that

are known to be variable and dependent upon age and wear of the colony. Hydrallmania franciscana since its

original record from San Francisco Bay. has never been completely redesenbed : it is said to have the hydrothecae

"distinctly flask shaped, (the) distal ends much constricted, (and the) aperture round" (Nutting. 1904 : 124, key).

H distans and H.falcata differ in the disposition of the hydrothecac, being spaced in the first, with the top of the

hydrotheca not reaching the middle of the next one above, and closely approximated in the second, the top ot the

hydrothcca reaching beyond the middle of the next hydrotheca above. This is a notoriously variable character very

much dependent upon the age of the colony, as is shown by a large material ol the commonly distributed Atlantic

Hydrallmania falcata. The characters separating H.falcata and H. distans consequently need further study. Naumov

(I 960 : 402) refers to two species in the genus Hydrallmania. one of which is H. falcata-, the second is no

indicated

There seems to be some controversy in literature concerning the exact nature of the oprculum th« structure

being variously described as being composed of a single adcauline, circular flap (Naumov I960, < Zorneuus 1)7 ))

or of both a large adcauline flap and a much smaller adcauline plate (Levinsen, 1913, Bouillon. 198.).

Observations of the New Caledonia material and the Atlantic material used lor comparison confirm the correctness

of the second view.

186

W. VERVOORT

The development of the lateral cusps at the hydrothccal rim is much varied, but usually two little to moderately

elevated, rounded cusps are present, though occasionally hydrothecae with a more or less circular rim, possibly due

to some wear and tear, can be observed.

Hydrallmania distorts Nutting, 1899

Hydrallmania distans Nutting, 1899 : 744, 746, pi. 63 figs 3-3d; 1904 : 46, 124, 126, pi. 38 figs 5-9. — Hartlaub,

1901a : 355. — Shidlovskii, 1902 : 224. — Torrey, 1902 : 13, 22, 70. — Fraser, 1911 : 65; 1913 : 154; 1914 :

185, pi. 28 fig. 103; 1933 : 259; 1935 : 145; 1936 : 125; 1937b : 140-141, pi. 31 fig. 163; 1948 : 239. —

McCormick, 1965 : 143.

Diphasia clarae Fraser, 1911 : 64, pi. 6 fig. 1; 1913 : 154.

Nigellaslrum clarae - STECHOW, 1922 : 147; 1923d : 160.

Distribution. —Puget Sound region (Nutting. 1899, 1904); Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands

region (FRASER, 1937b); middle and lower regions of San Francisco Bay (Fraser, 1937b); Monterey Bay, Gulf of

Santa Catalina and San Diego area, California, U.S.A. (Fraser, 1948). Depth distribution : 10-150 fms (= 18-

274 m).

Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 2e

Sertularia falcata Linnaeus, 1758 : 810. — Pallas, 1766 : 144-146.

Plumularia falcata - Lamarck, 1816 : 174.

Hydrallmania falcata - Hincks, 1868 : 273-275. pi. 58. — BEDOT, 1911 : 222. — STECHOW, 1912 : 357; 1927 : 312. —

Levinsen, 1913 : 308, pi. 5 fig. 7. — Broch, 1918 : 135-138, fig. 73. — Fraser, 1921 : 171, fig. 83; 1927 : 326;

1932 : 51; 1944 : 250-252, pi. 53 fig. 236. — Leloup, 1940b : 18; 1952 : 171-172, fig. 99. — Vervoort, 1942 :

295; 1946b : 255, figs 111-113; 1949 : 155. — Naumov, 1960 : 402-403, fig. 294. — REDIER, 1964b : 146. —

Richards & Riley, 1967 : 130. — Cornelius, 1979 : 273, figs 15-16.

Sertularia stipulata Linnaeus, 1758 : 813.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biogeocal : stn CP 214 2 , 22°43.09 , S-166°27.19 , E, 1665-1590 m,

09.04.1987 : c. 8 mm high stem fragment with 4 spirally arranged primary hydrocladia, one of these with attached colony

of Diphasia attenuata (Hincks, 1866). Slides nos 584 and 852 (all RMNH-Coel. 25873).

Description. — Stem helicoidal, composed of basal parts of primary hydrocladia, each primary hydrocladium

inserting on apophysis with axillary hydrotheca. Distal part of primary hydrocladium, beyond apophysis supporting

next primary hydrocladium, divided into short internodes, each with basal apophysis and three hydrothecae, of

which the first is axillary to basal apophysis. Apophyses of consecutive internodes of primary hydrocladium

alternately turned left and right and each supporting a short basal intemode and a secondary hydrocladium; secondary

hydrocladia consequently pinnately arranged and alternately directed to left or right side of primary hydrocladium;

internodes of primary hydrocladium separated by strongly oblique nodes. Node separating basal internode from

apophysis straight; remaining nodes oblique. Number of hydrothecae on internodes of secondary hydrocladia varied

between 3 and 6. All hydrothecae on primary and secondary hydrocladia monoserially arranged but alternately turned

left or right, more or less bottle-shaped with slightly swollen proximal portion and curved, narrowing distal part.

Hydrothecal rim with two rounded lateral cusps, separated by shallow adcauline and slightly deeper abcauline sinus.

Opercular apparatus two-flapped, with larger and medially folded adcauline flap, attached to adcauline sinus, and

smaller, usually missing, abcauline flap attached to abcauline sinus (fig. 2e). Development of perisarc moderate,

thickest on internodes, thinning out along hydrothecal walls.

The Biogeocal specimen has no tissue rests and gonothecae are absent.

- Species found at this station are : Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848), Diphasia attenuata (Hincks. 1866), Diphasia

mutulata (Busk, 1852), Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930.

Source MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

187

Distribution. — It is interesting to find this, mainly northern Atlantic shallow-water species, in deep water ol

the Pacific off southeastern New Caledonia (off Noumda), as is the abundant occurrence of fertile specimens of a

second Atlantic species, Diphasia attenuata (Hincks, 1866), at the same station. The known distribution ot

//. falcata includes littoral and moderately deep waters of both (he American and European sides of the northern

Atlantic, penetrating into Arctic regions (Nutting, 1904; Naumov, 1960; CORNELIUS, 1979), occasionally

extending towards very deep waters [Bonnevie, 1899 : 1100 fms (= 2011 m)].

Table 26. — Measurements of Hydrallmania falcata (Linnaeus, 1758), in pm.

Biogeocal

Balgim

Stn CP 214

Atlantic

(slide no. 584)

off Strait of Gibraltar

Length intemode primary hydrocladium

815 - 850

diameter

185 - 170

Length intemode secondary hydrocladium

1.110 - 1.330

diameter

110 - 150

300 - 400

130 - 190

Hydrotheca, maximal length

maximal diameter

335 - 370

135 - 150

diameter at rim

95 - 110

80 - 140

Remarks. — Though no positive Pacific records of H. falcata are available, attention is here drawn towards the

unsatisfactory delimitation of this Atlantic species from its Pacific congeners. The occurrence of this species in a

Jeep water sample is not greatly surprising, with regard to its bathymetric distribution in the Atlantic.

Hydrallmania falcata v ar. bide ns Mereshkovskii, 1878

Hydrallmania falcata var. bidens Mereshkovskii, 1878 : 324. - ChworostaNSKY, 1892 : 215. - KMPOVrrcH. 1893 : 63

65, 66, 73. — SHIDLOVSKJI, 1902 : 224.

REMARKS. — Badly known variety that needs further study.

Hydrallmania franciscana (Trask, 1857)

’’lumularia franciscana Trask, 1857 : 113, pi. 4 fig. 3. w I8QQ-747-

lydrallmania franciscana - Clark, 1876a : 249. 250, 260, 263. - THOMPSON, 1887 : 395. - Nutting 1899 747,

' 1904 : 46, 124, 126-127. pi. 38 fig. 10. — HaRTLAUB, 1901a : 355. — SlIlDLOVSKII, 1902 : 2_4. — ToRREY, 1902 .

13, 23. — Fraser, 1911 : 65; 1937b : 141, pi. 31 fig. 164.

oiumularia gracilis Murray, 1860a : 251, pi. 12 fig. 1. - Shidlovsku. 1902 : 224. - Nutting, 1904 : 1-6.

Plumularia (Hydrallmania ) gracilis - KlRCHENPAUER. 1876 : 43.

Sertularia gracilis - AGASSIZ, 1865 : 145, 223.

DISTRIBUTION. — Exclusively known from San Francisco Bay and not recorded since its original description

from that area (Trask, 1857; Murray. 1860. as Plumularia gracilis).

Hydrallmania plumulifera (Allman, 1877)

Thuiaria plumulifera Allman, 1877 : 27, pi. 17 figs 3-6. - JADERHOLM, 1896 : 12. pi. 2 fig. 4.

pi. 9 figs 9-13. — Fraser, 1944 : 305-306, pi. 65 fig. 291.

Hydrallmania plumulifera - Levinsen, 1913 : 305, pi. 5 figs 1-6.

Nutting, 1904 : 67-68.

Distribution. — Originally recorded off Cape Fear, N. Carolina, U.S.A., 9 fms (- 16.5 m H^LLMAN

and off the mouth of the Savannah River. Georgia, U.S.A., 4 fms (= 7 m) (JADERHOLM. 1896). Additiona

northwestern Atlantic localities are given by NUTTING (1904) and Fraser (1944).

188

W. VERVOORT

Hydrallmania sp.

Hydrallmania sp. McCauley, 1972 : 412.

Genus IDIELLANA Cotton & Godfrey, 1942

Only one species has so far been described in the genus Idiellana, viz. Idiellana prislis (Lamouroux, 1816).

Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816)

Idya prislis Lamouroux, 1816 : 200, pi. 5 figs A, B, C, D, E. — Allman, 1888 : 85-87, pi. 39 figs 1-10. — Billard,

1907 : 351; 1925b : 219. fig. 58, pi. 8 fig. 33; 1931 : 249. — Levinsen, 1913 : pi. 5 figs 18-22. — Stechow,

1913b: 13, 141. — Jaderholm, 1916 : 7; 1919 : 16; 1920 : 4. — Jarvis, 1922 : 344. — Bale, 1924 : 249. —

Hargitt, 1924 : 490. pi. 4 fig. 14. — Gravely, 1927 : 15, pi. 3 fig. 21; 1941 : 94. — Nutting, 1927 : 217. —

Leloup, 1932 : 1. — Yamada, 1959 : 55.

Idiella prislis - Stechow, 1919 : 106; 1923b : 12; 1923d : 162; 1925a : 221. — Stechow & MOi.ler, 1923 : 469. —

Briggs & Gardner, 1931 : 191. — Leloup, 1935 ; 37, figs 19-21; 1937a : 107, 116; 1937b : 5, 35; 1960 : 229. —

Vervoort. 1941 : 205; 1946a : 306; 1959 : 252; 1968 : 36. 103. — BLACKBURN. 1942 : 116. — Fraser, 1944 : 311-

312, pi. 66 fig. 298. — Buchanan, 1957 : 365. — Mammen, 1965 : 52, fig. 86. — Wedler, 1975 : 334 et seq.

Idiellana prislis - Cotton & Godfrey, 1942 : 234. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 193. — Ralph, 1961 : 766, fig. 5c-e. — Redier,

1965 : 371, figs 1-2. — Rees & Thursfield, 1965 : 124. — Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, 1965 : 16. — Vervoort,

1968 : 36, 103. — Hirohito, 1969 : 21. — Millard, 1968 : 266; 1975 : 269, fig. 88A-E; 1978 : 194 et seq. —

Miij-ard & Bouillon, 1974 : 8. — FlOrez GonzAlez, 1983 : 120. — Bandel & Wedler, 1987 : 41.

Pasylhea philippina Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890 : 234, 239, pi. 4 figs 8, 8a.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Makassar Strait. Corindon 2 : stn 207, 00°14.9’S-117°51.7'E, 150 m, 31.10.1980 :

twenty five mm long fragment withoul gonothecae, made up in slide no. 1621 (RMNH-Coel. 25960). — Stn 258,

01°56.8'S-119°17.3'E, 30 m, 06.11.1980 : many large, mutilated colonies 80-100 mm high on wormtubes. Stems with

many gonothecae. Three slides no. 1622 (RMNH-Coel. 25956). — Stn 263, 01°56.8'S-119°16.7'E, 80 m, 06.11.1980 :

several 60 mm high stems with some hydrocladia and many gonothecae; some additional fragments. Slide no. 1623 (all

MNHN-Hy. 1125).

Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn CP 121, 12°08.3'N-121°17.3'E, 84-73 m, 03.06.1985 : thirty mm high stem with

hydrocladia all in one plane. No gonothecae. On stem and branches stolons of IClylia sp. Slides nos 291A and 1624 (all

RMNH-Coel. 25957). — Stn CP 134, 12°01.1'N-121°57.3'E, 92-95 m, 05.06.1985 : top part of 25 mm length, made up

in slide no. 383. In addition 3 large colonies 60 mm high and a few smaller colonies. No gonothecae (all BMNH

1989.11.24.90).

New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 114, 22°23.6'S-166°49.6'E, 37 m, 22.08.1984 : three colonies with fused basal

portion and many gonothecae, c. 150 mm high and several smaller colonies; slide no. 1625 (all RMNH-Coel. 25958). —

Stn 120, 22°28.1 S-166°43.7 E, 46 m, 23.08.1984 : three colonies up to 50 mm high and some fragments. No

gonothecae. Slide no. 672 of top-part (all MNHN-Hy. 1126). — Stn 129, 22°30.5'S-166°47.2 , E, 45 m, 23.08.1984 :

c. 5 colonies 80 mm high on wormtubes and many fragments. No gonothecae; slide no. 1626 (all RMNH-Coel. 25959).

Dis tribution. — Well distributed over and fairly common in ihc tropical and subtropical Pacific, Indian and

Pacific Oceans, usually at moderate depths. The present records are from the central part of Makassar Strait.

Indonesia (Corindon 2, Sins 207 and 263), from South Mindoro Strait (Musorstom 3, Stn CP 121) and entrance

to Tablas Strait (Musorstom 3, Stn CP 134) in the Philippines, and from three localities in the lagoon at the

southeastern extremity of New Caledonia (Lagon, Stns 114, 120 and 129), the depth distribution being between 30

and 95 m depth. Many Indonesian records are given by Billard (1925b), while Philippine records can be found in

Hargitt (1924) and Nutting (1927). Though I have been unable to discover New Caledonian records in the

literature the occurrence of this species at moderate depths around the island could only be expected. The limited

occurrence of this species in the New Caledonia collection can be explained from the considerable depth at which

the majority of the hydroid material was collected.

Remarks. — The present material agrees with existing descriptions and need not be redescribed here.

Source: MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TUF. WESTERN PACIFIC

189

Genus SERTULARELLA Gray, 1847

Of the genus Sertularella Gray, 1848, type, by subsequent designation (Hincks, 1868 : 235), Sertularia

polyzonias Linnaeus, 1758, the following species, subspecies, varieties and forms have been considered :

Sertularella acutidentata Billard, 1919 : 20, figs IE, II [= Sertularella philippinensis Hargitt. 1924 : 496, pi. 6

Senularella africana Stechow, 1919 : 83 [= Sertularella fusiformis Warren. 1908 : 295-297, fig. 5C. D; not

Sertularella fusiformis Hincks, 1861]. , nr „

Sertularella albida Kirchenpaucr, 1884 : 42 1= Sertularella robusta Clark, 1876a : 225-226, pi. 13 tigs : 2-3.,

not Sertularella robusta Coughtrcy, 1876b : 300].

Sertularella ampullacea Fraser, 1938a : 9, 51, pi. 12 fig. 58. _ ..

Sertularella annulata (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia annulata Allman, 1888 : 52, pi. 24 figs 2, 2a: Sertularella

gayi var. allmani Billard, 1910 : 10-11, fig. 3]. 1Q -,, .

Sertularella antarctica Hartlaub, 1901b : 82-83. pi. 6 figs 27-28 [= Sertularella un,laterals Allman 1876b .

114; Sertularia unilateralis Allman, 1888 : 53-54; Sertularia secunda Allman, 1888 : 90. pi. .5 tigs 2, 2a.

2b; Sertularella Allmani Hartlaub, 1901b : 81-82. pi. 5 figs 12-13, pi. 6 figs 1, 8].

Sertularella arbuscula (Lamouroux, 1816) [= Sertularia arbuscula Lamouroux. 1816 : 191 pi. 5 tig 4,

Sertularella arborea Kirchenpaucr. 1884 : 41-42. pi. figs 1, la, lb: Sertularella crass,pes Allman 885 :

133-134, pi. 8 figs 4-5; Sertularella cuneata Allman, 1885 : 134. pi. 9 figs 1-2; Sertularella turmda Warren.

1908 : 297-300, fig. 6]. „ , 88 ,.

Sertularella arbuscula var. pinna,a Kirchenpaucr, 1884 [= Sertularella arborea var. ptnnaia Kirchenpauer. 1884 .

42].

Sertularella arbuscula var. quinquelaminata Leloup, 1934 : 1-4, figs 1-3. ,.

Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904 : 83, pi. 17 fig. 16 [= Sertularella annulaventncosa MulderJrebilcock

1915 : 54. pi. 7 fig- 1, pi. 8 fig. 4; Sertularella undulata Bale, 1915 : 284, pi. 46 fig. 1, Seitularella

tricincta Billard, 1939 : 248-250, fig. 1; Sertularella capensis delicata Millard, 1964 : 38. fig. 12B-D].

Sertularella argentinica El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 151-156, fig. 37.

Sertularella atlantica Stechow, 1920 : 29 [= Sertularella tenella Jaderholm, 1903 : 281; not Sertularella tenella

(Alder, 1856)].

Sertularella avrilia Watson, 1973 : 172-174, figs 24-25.

Sertularella blanconae El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 156-160, fig. 38.

Sertularella brandti Linko, 1912 : 119-121, fig. 17.

Sertularella capensis Millard, 1957 : 210-211, fig. 10H. 0 ,

Sertularella catena (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia catena Allman, 1888 : 58, pi. 28 tigs 2. zaj.

Sertularella clarki Mereschkowsky, 1878b : 447, pi. 17 figs 20-22. m^tcrhpr

Sertularella clarkii (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) [= Calyptothuiaria dark,, Marktanner-Turneretscher.

1890 : 243-244, pi. 5 figs 6, 6a]. [Doubtful species deserving, besides another specific name, a critical re

Sertularella clausa (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia clausa Allman, 1888 : 54, pi. 25 figs 3, 3a],

Sertularella complexa Nutting, 1904 : 94, pi. 21 figs 5-9.

Sertularella conella Stechow, 1920 : 37 [= Sertularella conica Fraser. 1911 : 68-69, pi. 6 figs 2-4, not

Sertularella conica Allman, 1877],

Sertularella congregata Millard, 1964 : 39-41, fig. 13A-D. . ,,, , , f ,,

Sertularella conica Allman, 1877 : 21. pi. 15 figs 6-7 [= Sertularella turg.da Trask, 1857 . 113, pi. 4 fig. 1].

Sertularella costata Leloup, 1940a : 11-12, fig. 5.

Sertularella crassa Billard, 1919: 18, lig. IB.

Sertularella crassicaulis (Heller, 1868) [= Sertularia crassicaults Heller, 1868 : 34, pi. 1 figs 3-4].

Sertularella crassiuscula Bale, 1924 : 240-242, tig. 8.

Sertularella craticula Naumov, 1960 : 345, fig. 236.

Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905 : 949, pi. 4 fig. 3, pi. 11 figs 4-7.

190

W. VERVOORT

Sertularella cruzensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 160-163. fig. 39.

Seriularella cubica Garcia Corrales, Aguirre Inchaurbe & Gonzalez Mora. 1980 : 24-26. fig. 7.

Sertularella cumberlandica Jadcrholm. 1905 : 27-28. pi. 10 figs 8-11.

Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman. 1888) [= Sertularia cylindritheca Allman, 1888 : 59-60. pi. 29 figs 1. la],

Sertularella decipiens Billard, 1919 : 21, fig. 3B.

Sertularella diaphana (Allman. 1885) [= Thuiaria distans Allman, 1877 : 27, pi. 17 figs 1-2; Thuiaria pinnata

Allman. 1877 : 28, pi. 15 figs 1-2; Thuiaria diaphana Allman. 1885 : 145. pi. 18 figs 1-3; Thuiaria hyalina

Allman. 1888 ; 69-70. pi. 33 figs 2, 2a; Sertularella pinnigera Harllaub, 1901b : 113, footnote 1;

Sertularella torreyi Nutting, 1905 : 934, 949, pi. 4 fig. 4, pi. 11 figs 2-3; Sertularella speciosa Congdon,

1907 : 463, 476, figs 24-28; Sertularella sargassi Stechow, 1920 ; 37; Thuiaria quadrilateralis Hargitt.

1924 : 493-494, pi. 5 fig. 17],

Sertularella diaphana var. delicata Billard, 1919 [= Sertularella delicata Billard, 1919 : 21, fig. 3A],

Sertularella diaphana var. orthogona Billard. 1925b ; 161, fig. 23.

Sertularella diaphana var. gigantea Billard, 1925b : 161, pi. 9 fig. 35.

Sertularella diaphana var. madagascariensis Billard. 1921 : 184-185, fig. 1.

Sertularella dubia Billard, 1907b : 344-346, fig. 3.

Sertularella dubia var. magna Millard, 1958 : 189-190, fig. 7A.

Sertularella edentula Bale, 1924 ; 237-239, fig. 6.

Sertularella ellisi (Deshayes & Milne Edwards, 1836) [= Sertularia ellisi Deshayes & Milne Edwards, 1836 :

142-143],

Sertularella ellisi var. lagenoides Stechow, 1919 [= Sertularella lagenoides Stechow, 1919 : 86-87, fig. C 1 ].

Sertularella ellisi var. spelea Picard, 1956 ; 264, fig. 3c.

Sertularella exigua Thompson, 1879 : 101, pi. 16 fig. 3.

Sertularella exilis Fraser, 1938a : 51. pi. 12 fig. 59.

Sertularella falsa Millard, 1957 : 211-212, figs 10F, 1 ID.

Sertularella flabellum (Allman, 1885) [= Thecocladium flabellum Allman, 1885 : 149-150, pi. 19 figs 4-5].

Sertularella fuegonensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 163-167. fig. 41.

Sertularella fusiformis Hincks, 1861 : 253, pi. 6 figs 7-8 [= Sertularella lineata Stechow. 1923c ; 109],

Sertularella fusiformis var. glabra Broch. 1933 : 69-73, fig. 29.

Sertularella fusiformis var. ornata Broch, 1933 : 74-76, fig. 30.

Sertularella fusoides Stechow, 1926 : 103-104 [= Sertularella fusiformis Torrey, 1902 : 61, pi. 6 figs 53-54;

not Sertularella fusiformis Hincks, 1861],

Sertularella gaudichaudi (Lamouroux. 1824) [= Sertularia Gaudichaudi Lamouroux, 1824 : 615. pi. 10 figs 4-5].

Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) [= Sertularia Gayi Lamouroux. 1821 : 12-13, pi. 66 figs 8-9],

Sertularella gayi var. elongata Billard, 1906 : 185-186, fig. 9c.

Sertularella gayi var. gracilescens Jadcrholm, 1919 : 17-18. pi. 4 fig. 5.

Sertularella gayi war. pan’a Billard. 1925b : 140-141, fig. 10. pi. 7 fig. 4.

Sertularella gayi var. robusta Allman, 1877 : 22-23, pi. 15 figs 3-5.

Sertularella gayi unituba Calder, 1991 : 103-104, fig. 54.

Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930 : 196-197, fig. 43, pi. 3 figs 7-8.

Sertularella gigantea Mereschkowsky, 1878a : 330, pi. 14 figs 6-7 [= Sertularella polyzonias var. gigantea

Mereschkowsky, 1878a; Sertularella quadricornuta Hincks. 1880 : 277. pi. 15 figs 1. la].

Sertularella gilchristi Millard, 1964 : 44-45, fig. 12E, G, H.

Sertularella goliathus Stechow. 1923c : 112-113.

Sertularella hanlaubi Nutting, 1904 : 104-105, pi. 27 fig. 5.

Sertularella hermanosensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 ; 167-171, fig. 42.

Sertularella humilis Fraser, 1943 : 81. pi. 19 fig. 12.

Sertularella implexa (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia implexa Allman, 1888 : 54-55, pi. 26 figs 1, la],

Sertularella inabai Stechow, 1913a : 141-142.

Sertularella inconstans Billard, 1919 ; 19, fig. 1C.

Source MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

191

Sertularella Integra Allman, 1876a : 262, pi. 13 figs 3-4 [= SertulareUa robusta vai.flucticulata Trebilcock.

1928 : 18, pi. 6 figs 5, 5a].

Sertularella intricata Billard, 1919 : 20, fig. ID.

Sertularella japonica Stechow, 1926 : 104-105.

Sertularella jorgensis El Beshbecshy, 1991 : 171-174, fig. 43.

Sertularella keiensis Billard, 1925b : 147, fig. 16.

Sertularella laevis Bale, 1882 : 12, pi. 12 fig. 6 [= Sertularella Novarae Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 : 226,

pi. 4 figs 3, 3a, 3b].

Sertularella lagena (Allman, 1876b : 114) [= Sertularella contorta Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 39, pi. 15 figs 2, 2a].

Sertularella lata Bale, 1882 : 26,45, pi. 13 fig. 2.

Sertularella laxa Allman, 1888 (= Sertularia exigua Allman, 1888 : 55; Sertularia laxa Allman, 1888 : 70,

pi. 26 figs 2, 2a].

Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia leiocarpa Allman, 1888 : 52-53, pi. 25 figs 1, la].

Sertularella levigata Stechow, 1931, in Stechow & Uchida, 1931 : 559-561, fig. 9.

Sertularella magna Nutting, 1904 : 103-104, pi. 27 fig. 1 (may represent a new genus!).

Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub, 1901b : 86-87, pi. 5 figs 10-11, 15-16.

Sertularella mediterranea var. asymmetrica Millard, 1958 : 191, fig. 7B.

Sertularella megastoma Nutting, 1904 : 90, pi. 20 figs 8-9.

Sertularella megista Stechow, 1923c : 111-112.

Sertularella microtheca Leloup, 1974 : 30-31, fig. 24.

Sertularella minuscula Billard, 1925a : 648, fig. 2F.

Sertularella mirabilis Jaderholm, 1896 : 9-10, pi. 2 fig. 1.

Sertularella miurensis Stechow, 1921 : 258 [= Sertularella indivisa Stechow. 1913b : 134-135, figs 106-107;

not Sertularella indivisa Bale, 1882 = Sertularella solidula Bale, 1882].

Sertularella miurensis var. obtusa Stechow, 1931 [= Sertularella obtusa Stechow, 1931 . 182-183].

Sertularella miurensis var. pungens Stechow, 1931 : 182.

Sertularella mutsuensis Stechow, 1931 : 181-182.

Sertularella nana Hartlaub, 1901a : 350, 352, 354, 358, 361, pi. 21 figs 4, 10-11.

Sertularella natalensis Millard, 1968 : 271, lig. 4A-E.

Sertularella nuttingi Billard, 1914 : 26-28, fig. 16 [= Sertularella amphorifera Nutting, 1904; not Sertularella

amphorifera (Allman, 1877)].

Sertularella ornata Fraser, 1937a : 2, pi. 1 fig. 2.

Sertularella paessleri Hartlaub, 1901b : 80, pi. 6 figs 3, 19.

Sertularella parvula Mammen, 1965 : 37-38, fig. 69 (preoccupied name!).

Sertularella patagonica (d’Orbigny, 1846) [= Sertularia patagonica d’Orbigny, 1846 : 25, pi. 11 figs 3-5;

1 Sertularella rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758)].

Sertularella peculiaris Leloup, 1974 : 34, footnote 1 [= Thyroscyphus intermedins f. pecuhans Leloup, 1735 :

33-36, figs 15-17].

Sertularella pedrensis Torrey, 1904 : 27, figs 19-21.

Sertularella pellucida Jaderholm, 1907 : 374.

Sertularella peregrina Bale, 1926 : 19-21, fig. 4.

Sertularella picta (Meyen, 1834) [= Sertularia picta Meyen, 1834 : 201, pi. 34 figs 1-3].

Sertularella polyzonias (Linnaeus, 1758) [= Sertularia polyzonias Linnaeus, 1758 : 813; Sertularella

kerguelensis Allman, 1876b: 113].

Sertularella polyzonias var. robusta Vcrrill, 1873 : 10.

Sertularella producta Allman. 1888 [= Sertularia geniculata Allman. 1888 : 59: Sertularia producta Allman.

1888:90. pi. 28 figs 3, 3a. 3b].

Sertularella protecta Hartlaub. 1901b : 79-80, 120, pi. 6 figs 21-26.

Sertularella pulchra Stechow, 1923c : 113-115.

Sertularella punctagonangia Hargitt, 1924 : 496-497. pi. 6 fig. 23 (probably a species of Sertularia).

192

W. VERVOORT

Sertularella quadrata Nutting, 1895 : 88.

Sertularella quadridens (Bale, 1884) [= Thuiaria quadridens Bale, 1884 : 119, pi. 7 figs 5-6].

Sertularella quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909 [= Sertularella polyzonias var. cornuta Ritchie, 1909 : 525; =

Sertularella cornuta Ritchie, 1909].

Sertularella quadridens var. timorensis Billard. 1919 [= Sertularella timorensis Billard, 1919 : 21, fig. 1F-G].

Sertularella quadrifida Hartlaub, 1901b : 120, footnote 1 [= Thuiaria quadridens Allman, 1888 : 66, pi. 31

Figs 2, 2a; not Thuiaria quadridens Bale, 1884 : 119, pi. 7 figs 5-6].

Sertularella quinquelaminata Stechow, 1931 : 180-181.

Sertularella ramosa Thompson, 1879 : 102, pi. 6 figs 5, 5a.

Sertularella richardsoni Ralph, 1961a : 825-827, fig. 22e-h.

Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876a : 27, pi. 3 fig. 6a-b [= Sertularella microgona Von Lendenfeld, 1884 :

416, pi. 7 figs 1-3; Sertularella angulosa Bale, 1894 : 102, pi. 4 fig. 6; Sertularella robusta var. quasiplana

Trebilcock, 1928 : 18, pi. 6 figs 4, 4a].

Sertularella robustoides Mulder & Trebilcock, 1915 : 56, pi. 9 fig. 1.

Sertularella rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758) [= Sertularia rugosa Linnaeus, 1758 : 290; Sertularella saccata Nutting,

1901a: 183-184, pi. 24 figs 1-3].

Sertularella saganiina Stechow, 1921 : 257.

Sertularella sanmatiasensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 188-192, fig. 47.

Sertularella sirnilis Fraser, 1948 : 187, 244-245, pi. 28 fig. 19.

Sertularella simplex Hutton, 1873 : 257.

Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896 : 11, pi. 2 figs 2-3.

Sertularella solidula Bale, 1882 : 12, pi. 12 fig. 8 [= Sertularella indivisa Bale, 1882 : 12, pi. 12 fig. 7].

Sertularella spinosa Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 43-44, pi. 15 figs 5, 5a.

Sertularella spirifera Stechow, 1931 : 184-185.

Sertularella striata Stechow, 1923a : 10.

Sertularella tanneri Nutting, 1904 : 81, pi. 16 fig. 1.

Sertularella tasmanica Bale, 1915 : 283, pi. 46 fig. 2.

Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856) [= Sertularia tenella Alder, 1856 : 357-358, pi. 13 figs 3-6; Sertularella

geniculata Hincks, 1874 : 152-153, pi. 7 figs 13-14; Sertularella rigosa Armstrong, 1879 : 101-102,

pi. 10].

Sertularella thecocarpa Jarvis, 1922 : 341-342, pi. 24 fig. 10.

Sertularella tilesii Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 39, pi. 15 figs 3, 3a, 3b.

Sertularella tongensis Stechow, 1919 : 89-91, fig. F'-G 1 .

Sertularella tridentata (Lamouroux, 1816) [= Sertularia tridentata Lamouroux, 1816 : 187].

Sertularella undulitheca Vervoort, 1959 : 269-271, fig. 32.

Sertularella unilateralis (Lamouroux, 1824) [= Sertularia unilateralis Lamouroux, 1824 : 615, pi. 90 figs 1-3].

Sertularella uruguayensis Mafi6-Garzon & Milstein, 1973 : 21-22, figs 1-4.

Sertularella valdiviae Stechow, 1923a : 11.

Sertularella vervoorti El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 192-196, fig. 48.

Sertularella wallacei Stechow, 1926 : 101-102 [= Sertularella conica Fraser, 1911: 68-69, pi. 5 figs 2-4].

Sertularella whitei Rees & Vervoort, 1987 : 108-111, fig. 21d-e.

Sertularella xantha Stechow, 1923c : 109-110 [= Sertularella longa Stechow, 1923c : 110-111].

Sertularella zenkevitchi Naumov, 1960 : 343, fig. 233.

This list does not pretend to be complete, nor does it give full synonymy; it indicates such species as have been

compared with the new species described below. The principal differences to differentiate between Sertularella and

Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890, have been the (generally) four-cusped condition of the

hydrothecal rim and the presence of a four-flapped opercular apparatus in Sertularella.

The following species have been described in Sertularella but have been removed to other genera besides

Symplectoscyphus (the list does not claim completeness; * = present name):

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

193

271. 300-302, 347, 349, pi. 47 figs 21, 22 [= *Calamphora

Sertularella campanulata Warren. 1908

campanulala (Warren. 1908)].

Sertularella ceramensis Billard, 1925a : 649 [= *Geminella cerumens,s Billard, 1925],

Sertularella cylindrica Bale. 1888 : 765. pi. 16 fig. 7 [= *Syn,hec,um cyftndnam^,^-

Sertularella diffusa Allman. 1885 : 136, pi. 11 figs 1-2 [= *Ser,ularta ^ Allman 1885)].

Sertularella distans (Lamouroux, 1816) [= Sertularia distans Lamouroux, 1816 : 1)1]. =

Sertularella echinocarpa (Allman, 1888) [ Sertularia echtnocarpa Allman, 1888 . 57-58. pi. 28 figs 1,

*Hincksella echinocarpa (Allman, 1888)].

semlareU ep,Scopus Allman. 1876a : 263. pi. 13 figs. 5-7 t= SLnm

Sertularella evansi (Ellis & Solander, 1786) [Sertularia evansi Ellis & Solander, 1786.58 - Syntheau

evansi (Ellis & Solander, 1786)]. , , 1QfUV .

Sertularella fallax Hartlaub, 1904 : 5. 14. pi. 2 fig. 5 [= *HmcksellafaIlaxQ Haitlaub 19(M)].

Sertularella formosa Fewkes, 1881 : 129, 130 [= *Syntheciumformosum (Fewkes, 1881 J.

fertlrellahalecina Torrey. 1902 : 4, 13, 23,48, 61, pi. 6 fig. 55. pi. 7 fig. 56 [= *Hmckse„a cyltndnca Bale,

Serndarella intermedia (Congdon. 1907) [Thyroscyphus intermedius Congdon. 1907 : 482-483, figs 33-36 =

*Symmetroscyphus intermedins (Congdon, 1907)]. 1Qfmi

Serndarella maccallumi Bartlett, 1907 : 62, fig. [= *Amphisbe„a maccallum (Bartlett 1907)].

s'ZTa'cUa molukkana Von Campenhausen. 1896a : 104. 106 [= CammOHmana molukkana (Von

SermZ-dhpa^iaWlLn. 1888) [= *Calamphoraparvula Allman, 1888: 29,pi. 10 ngs 3,3a].

~ R.lch.e, 1907a : 5»g7 ; *»*.

Sertularella reticulata Kirchenpauer, 1884 . 40, pi. ^ ngs 4, i y

(Kirchenpauer, 1884)]. . .

Serndarella serrata Billard. 1919 : 22, fig. 3C 1= *Dynamena cnstotdes Un™™. 1824]. =

Sertularella sigmagonangia (Hartgitt, 1924) [Sertularia stgmagonangta Harg.tt, 1924.495. pi. l.g-

*Caminothuiaria molukkana (Von Campenhausem, 1896)]. .. (Vnn Pamnenhausen

Serndarella singularis Billard. 1920a : 14-16, fig. 1 [= *Cam,no,hmana molukkana (Von Campenhausen,

ScmZla SOU,ana Nulling. 1904 : 89-90. pi. 20 ligs 10 11 [-

Sertularella spasskii (Fenyuk, 1947) [Diphasia spasskn Fenyuk. 1947 . 9, fig. 9 - Abietinana p

(Fenyuk, 1947)]. , T . m

Sertularella sauamata Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 44, pi. 15 figs 6,6a, 6b (an Isid.). n

Stella lochocarpa Allman. 1886 : 135-136, pi. 10 figs 3. 4 1= •AmpMsbena irockocarpa (Allman.

1886)].

Sertularella acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919

Figs 38c-e, 39b

Sc.utarella acuMcnm.a Billard. .919 : 20 fig, ffi 1‘Cf ^^mo'lOT-n ’ %

Sertularella philippensis Hargitt. 1924 : 496. pi. 6 fig. 22. - NUTTING, 19-7 . -1 /.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. -Indonesia (Makassar 95

07.11.1980 : ten mm high fragment with 3 435 m, 17.09.1985 : single c. 70 mm high

New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 . stn CP ill* /duwu iqrq 11 ^4 48)

colony without gono.hecae (RMNH-Coel. 25857). Hydrocladmm as slide no. 517 (BMNH 1989.11.-4.48).

DESCRIPTION (mainly based on specimen from COR1NDON 2. Stn 266). - Fragment composed of 8 mm long

194

W. VERVOORT

FIG. 38 a. — Gonaxia sinuosa sp. nov., schizoholotype, Smib 5, Sin DW 71. pari of hydrocladium.

Fig. 38 b. — Gonaxia slricta sp. nov., schizohololype, Chalcal 2, Sin DW 76, part of hydrocladium.

Fig- 38 c-e. — Sertularella acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919, CORINDON 2, Sin 266 : c, part of colony;

d, hydrocladial hydrotheca; e, axillary hydrotheca.

a, slide no. 1035; b, slide no. 881; c-e, slide no. 539.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

195

apophyses (one axial, one left, one right); upper hydrotheca almost opposite next apophysis. No division into

internodes of hydrocladia (fig. 38c). .

Hydrothecae large and wide, slightly curving outward, free part of adcauhne wall slightly exceeding halt lengt

of adnate part, straight, angle with length axis of hydrocladium between 60 and 45 degrees (tig. 38d-e). Adnatc part

of hydrothecal wall thick, slightly curved, basally with curved, thickened notch, leaving large hole for passage o

coenosarc (fig 38d). Abcauline wall slightly concave, running smoothly into wall of hydrocladium. plane ot

aperture of hydrotheca pointing obliquely upwards. Hydrothecal margin with four distinct and acute marginal cusps,

separated by deep, semicircular embayments, into which fit fairly large triangular, hyaline plates of opeicular

apparatus, when closed forming high, triangular roof. Renovations of hydrothecal margin not observed, but

hydrothecal margin slightly thickened as appears from stained micro-preparations.

Remnants only of hydranths present; no gonothecae.

The specimen from MUSORSTOM 4, Sin CP 171, is composed of a monos.phon.c, stiff axis c. 70 mm high,

bearing 13 alternate hydrocladia of 10-15 mm length in its upper portion. The hydrothecae (fig. 39b) are larger than

those of CORINDON 2. Stn 266. but are still within the size range given by BlLLARD (1925).

Table 27._Measurements of Sertularella acuiidcntala acutideniata Billard, 1919, in pm.

Siboga Corindon 2 Musorstom 4

Expedition Stn 266 Stn CP 171

(BlLLARD, 1925) (slide no. 266) _ (slide no. 517)

Stern, diameter at base

Hydrocladia, diameter at apophysis

Axillary hydrotheca, length

abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length

abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, length

diameter

445

190 - 205

375 - 445

85 - 220

390 - 445

540 - 555

230 - 260

245 - 265

505 - 520

585 - 615

260 - 335

185 - 250

440 - 445

575 - 605

590 - 630

630 - 675

295 - 300

345 - 375

310 - 325

385 - 400

165 - 345

150 - 165

165 -410

350 - 410

235 - 395

2,000 - 2,400

690 - 875

Distribution. - Two localities in the eastern par. of the Malay Archipelago arc given ^ (1925);

several localities in the seas of the Philippines are mentioned (but not specified) by Harg.tt(19M). Nutting

(1927) records this species from the South China Sea in the vicinity of Hong Kong. The CoR,N DOJ 2 local ty

(Makassar Strait) fits in the general picture of the distribution of this species. The second localdy, ^ors^A

Stn CP 171. records the species for the first time from the waters northwest of New Caledonia (Grand Passa c e

area). The depth distribution extends from 69 m down to at least 435 m.

REMARKS - Though represented by a single colony and a fragment the identification is not in doubt as the

species is well characterized by the sharply pointed hydrothecal cusps that warrant its identification even m aby

of the gonothecae. Moreover, the present material has been compared with BlLLARD s type ^ d cna 566 m NH T

originating from "Siboga", Stn 49a. Sapeh Strait. Indonesia. 08°23.5S-119 04.6E. 69 m, 14.04.1889, there

complete conformity.

196

W. VERVOORT

FIG. 39 a. — Gonaxia similis sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 6, Stn DW 391, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 39 b. — Sertularella acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 171, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 39 c-d. — Sertularella acutidentata profunda ssp. nov., schizoholotype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 220 : c, part of

hydrocladium; d, axillary hydrotheca.

a, slide no. 940; b, slide no. 517; c-d, slide no. 371.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

197

Sertularella acutidentata profunda ssp. nov.

Figs 39c-d, 40a

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : Stn DW 220. 22 o 58.50'S-167°38.30'E 550 m.

29 09.1985 (type locality) : single, 55 mm high, slightly polysiphonic stem with c. 20 hydroclad.a; no gonothecae. In

2 parts in 2 slides no. 371 (1 holotype. MNHN-Hy. 1063; 1 schizoholotype. RMNH-Coel. 25858).

DESCRIPTION — Stem stiff, erect, unforked, weakly polysiphonic over greater part of its length; secondary

tubules not forming apophyses and hydrocladia. Axis with two rows of alternate apophyses supporting

c. 20 hydrocladia with 10-20 hydrothecae each; all in one plane. Arrangement of apophyses and hydrocladia such

that two alternate apophyses occur together without intermediate axial hydrothcca. but each with axillary

hydrotheca, while each group of two apophyses is separated by three hydrothecae (one axillary, one left, one right,

see fig. 40a). There is no division into intemodes, though nodes occasionally occur in hydrocladia. probably as

result of regeneration or repair; hydrocladia separated from apophyses by oblique, contorted node.

Hydrothecae alternately arranged along axis and hydrocladia. with exception of axial hydrothecae of identical

shape and size, greatly resembling those of S. acutidentata , but with slightly longer free portion and margin

without sharp cusps (fig. 39c. this may result from damage as colony has no well preserved hydranths). Abcauline

hydrothecal wall smoolhly concave and running into hydrocladial wall; slight bulge at hydrothecal base present in

majority of hydrothecae. At this point inside of abcauline wall with pensarcal peg, resulting from strongly oblique

position of hydrothecal foramen (fig. 39c). Free portion of adcauline wall about half length ot adnate portion: this

part fairly thick, curved, with flexure at floor and there of increased thickness. Margin damaged m majority of

hydrothecae, but apparently with four marginal cusps with rounded (or pointed and later on abraded) up: .opercular

apparatus incomplete in all hydrothecac. probably composed of four flaps (only abcauline flaps observed). Axi ary

hydrothecae differing from other hydrothecae by strongly thickened adnate part of adcauline wall, near flooi o

hydrotheca with large, rounded swelling; hydropore ot reduced size (fig. 39d). , ,

' Perisarc fairly thick along axis and hydrocladia, thinning out along hydrothecal wall. Some of axial hydrothecae

with hole (or circular foramen) near base, showing place of attachment of (lost) gonothecae; these holes surrounded

by halo of thickened perisarc.

Table 28. — Measurements of Sertularella acutidentata profunda ssp. nov., in pm.

Musorstom

Stn DW 220

(slide no. 371)

Stem, diameter

Hydrocladium, diameter near apophysis

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate pari adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximum diameter

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length adcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximum diameter

615

205 - 235

220 - 235

160 - 205

420 - 505

545 - 615

125 - 150

185 - 205

370 - 420

200 - 260

430 - 475

185 - 205

265 - 275

DISTRIBUTION. - This new subspecies was taken from the Pacific southeast of New Caledonia at a depth of

c. 500 m.

REMARKS. - In the general shape of the hydrothecac this subspecies is almost like the aominotyp.cal

subspecies, particularly in (he development of the adnate part of the adcauline wall and the oblique nodsaI he

hydrocladial base. It differs by the development of a (slightly) polysiphonic hydrocaulus. the absence of pointed

198

W. VERVOORT

cusps at the hydrothecal margin, which may largely be the result of abrasion, and the presence of a perisarcal peg at

the floor of the inside of the adcauline hydrothecal wall.

Etymology. — The subspecific name, profunda (latin adjective profundus meaning deep), refers to the depth at

which the specimen was taken.

Sertularella anguina sp. nov.

Figs 40b-d, 41a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 08, 20°34.35'S-166 o 53.90'E, 435 m, 12.08.1985 :

ten mm high fragment, no gonothecae. All in slide no. 493 (RMNH-Coel. 25859).

Biogeocal : stn KG 219, 22°38.8rS-166°33.63'E, 570 m, 10.04.1987 : c. 10 mm long fragment, made up in slide

no. 822 (paratype, BMNH 1989.11.24.49).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 458, 21 o 00.93’S-167 o 29.96'E, 400 m, 20.02.1989 (type locality) :

twenty-five mm high colony or branch with 2 gonothecae; all in slide no. 911 (holotypc, MNHN-Hy. 1064). — Stn

CP 464, 21°02.30'S-167°31.60 , E, 430 m, 21.02.1989 : twenty-five mm high stem with 3 sidebranches (paratype,

RMNH-Coel. 25860), one as slide no. 724 (schizoparatype, MNHN-Hy. 1065) and single 25 mm long hydrocladium or

part of colony in slide no. 900 (paratype, BMNH 1989.11.24.50).

Description (based mainly on holotypc). — Fine, unbranched or scarcely branched species with strongly

geniculate axis and widely diverging, slender hydrothecae (fig. 40b). Axis in holotype rising from fragment of

stolon, with basally two secondary tubules running along axis for some distance, axis fairly stiff, upright.

Internodes long and slender, indicated by shallow constrictions of perisarc, no distinct septa present.

Hydrothecae one per internode, strictly alternating, strongly diverging from axis, slender, three to four times as

long as maximal diameter, occasionally slightly inflated basally. Abcauline hydrothecal wall smooth, adcauline

wall smooth or occasionally with two or three indistinct undulations basally, indicating weakly ribbed structure of

some hydrothecae. Adnate part adcauline wall c. one-third length of free portion; basal plate thickened, with large

circular hole for passage of coenosarc. Apical portion of hydrotheca slightly widening, with four low marginal

cusps and a closing apparatus composed of four triangular, hyaline flaps. Inside of hydrothecal aperture with a

number of lamellar internal cusps. The original number of internal cusps is believed to be four, placed between

marginal cusps, but the number may be increased by renovation of hydrothecal aperture (fig. 41a-b). Renovations

occur frequently, both as the result of hydrothecal damage or as repair of otherwise normal hydrothecac. As a result

strongly damaged hydrothecae with completely renovated apical portion and undamaged hydrothecae bearing a

number (up to c. 8) of renovated apertures occur together; both types of renovation leading towards increase of the

number of internal cusps (fig. 40c). Some hydrothecae have the (renovated) apical portion slightly turned upwards.

Perisarc fairly thick on internodes, thinning out along hydrothecal walls.

Remnants only of hydranths are present in some of the hydrothecae so that the number of tentacles could not be

counted.

Two gonothecae occur on the holotype. inserting on internode some distance under hydrotheca. Each gonothcca

elongated oval, with slightly constricted apical portion bearing three weak elevations surrounding a slightly

deepened circular opening (fig. 40d). Both gonothecae are empty.

DISTRIBUTION. — All specimens originate from the Pacific east of New Caledonia, depth 400-570 m.

Remarks. — This species is remarkable because of the strongly geniculate axis and the long, slender

hydrolhecae. The length of the internodcs and the degree in gcniculation is different in the various specimens. The

colonies from Musorstom 6. Stn CP 464, have one and three sidebranches (hydrocladia) respectively, the branches

originating from the internodes closely under a hydrotheca. The development of the adcauline hydrothecal border is

different in the various specimens, being almost smooth in the specimens from BlOGEOCAi., Stn KG 219, and

Musorstom 6, Stn DW 458 (fig. 4lb): in the hydrothecae from Musorstom 6, Stn CP 464, the adcauline

hydrothecal border is distinctly furrowed, the furrows being present only on the adcauline surface of the hvdrotheca

(fig. 41a).

Source MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS PROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

199

Fig. 40 a. — Serlularella aculidentaia profunda ssp. nov., schizoholotype, Musorstom 4. Stn DW 220. monosiphomc

FlG. d 4otd a - n L^l°/'!r,//« anguina sp. nov. : b, para.ype. MUSORSTOM 6, Stn CP 464. part of axis with gonothecae. -

c, holotype, MUSORSTOM 6, Stn DW 458, strongly renovated apical portion of hydrotheca. — d, paratype.

Musorstom 6, Stn DW 464, gonotheca.

a, slide no. 371; b, d, slide no. 900; c, slide no. 911.

200

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 41 a-b. — Serlularella anguina sp. nov. : a, paratype, MUSORSTOM 6, Sin CP 464, hydrocladial hydrotheca —

b, holotype, MUSORSTOM 6, Sin DW 458, hydrocladial hydrotheca.

Fig. 41 c-g .—Serlularella areyi Nutting. 1904, BlOCAL. Stn DW 37 : c, small colony; d, solitary hydrotheca; e, apical

port.on of hydrotheca with opercular apparatus, oblique view; f. gonotheca; g. apical portion of gonotheca, lateral

view.

Fig. 41 h. — Serlularella billardi sp. nov., schizoholotype. MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 63, hydrocladial hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 900; b, slide no. 911; c-g, slide no. 647; h, slide no. 397.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

201

Table 29. — Measurements of Sertularella anguina sp. nov., in pm.

MUSORSTOM 6

Stn DW 458

(slide no. 911)

MUSORSTOM 6

Sm CP 464

(slide no. 900)

BlOGEOCAL

Stn KG 219

(slide no. 822)

Stem, diameter at base

Stem 'internode’, length

diameter at 'node'

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

length free part adcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, total length

maximal diameter

320

755 - 850

175 - 205

890 - 935

760 - 845

235 - 245

955 - 1,000

150 - 170

235 - 245

1,750 - 1,845

520 - 540

1,365 - 1,585

160 - 170

780 - 870

650 - 780

270 - 280

890 - 935

170 - 185

280 - 290

1,195 - 1,300

150 - 160

650 - 700

730 - 740

270 - 280

780 - 825

190 - 195

270 - 275

(♦including renovations)

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name anguina has been chosen because of the slender shape of the hydrothecae and

is derived from the lalin anguinus (snaky).

Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904

Fig. 41c-g

& THURSFIELD. 1965 : 133. - Vervoort, 1968 : 104. - Hirohito, 1969 : 21; 1983 . 44. - Rho & Chang,

142, pi. 4 figs 4-5. — Rho, 1977 : 266, 420. pi. 83 fig. 79.

Sertularella tenella p.p. - Hartlaub, 1901b : 64, pi. 5ifig. 24- „ _ . Watson 1973- 172 fig 23 —

Sertularella annulaventricosa Mulder & Trebilcock. 1915 : 54, pi. 7 fig. 1. pi. 8 fig. 4. - Waison, 1773 . t g. - .

Millard, 1975 ; 279-281, fig. 91F-H; 1978 : 197

Sertularella undulata Bale. 1915 : 284, pi. 46 fig. 1. - Hodgson, 1950 : 34, fig. 59.

Sertularella tricincta Billard, 1939 : 248-250, fig. 1. v IQSI • 109 113 114

?Ser,ularella areyi - Vannucci-Mendes. 1949 : 244, pi. 12 fig. 37 - Vannucci. 1951 . 109. 11., 1 ■

Sertularella capensis delicata Millard, 1964 : 38. fig. 12B-D; 1979 : 143.

MATERIAL EXAMINED - Philippines. MUSORSTOM 3 : s.n DR 117. 12°31.2'N-120°393'E. 92-97 m 03.06.1985 :

colonies composed of stolon with single hydrothecae and gonotheca (on stolon) creeping on Bryozoa and Antennc a sp.

~ -

Sl,de B. n o 0 GE 5 OCAL : stn DW 307, 20°35.38'S-166°55.25'E. 470-480 m, 01.05.1987 : several small colon,es on Acryptolana

sp. no 8°” 0 ,h e ^ae°^erved,no^slide. (Retamed^with^lcryp/o/arta^L).^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Qn sty , aslerid ; no

oT^t no. ,22 (MNHN-Hy. 106, .nd RMNH-Coe,. 25667,

202

W. VERVOORT

Smib 5 : sin DW 93, 22°20.0'S-168°42.3'E, 255 m, 13.09.1989 : Iwo separate hydrothecae rising from stolon

creeping on hydroid, no gonothecae; slide no. 970 (BMNH 1989.11.24.52). — Stn DW 95, 22°59.7'S-168°19.8'E,

200 m, 14.09.1989 : separate hydrothecae and small colonies composed of several internodes with hydrothecae on

Monostaechas quadridens (McCrady, 1859) and Geminella ceramensis Billard, 1925; no gonothecae; slides nos 965 (2),

966 and 967 (all RMNH-Coel. 25868). — Stn DW 101, 23°21.2'S-168°04.9'E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : separate hydrolhecae

rising from stolon on various hydroids and some small colonies composed of 3 internodes; no gonothecae, no slides

(MNHN-Hy. 1070, sample; BMNH 1989.11.24.53, sample). — Stn DW 102, 23°19.6'S-168°04.7’E, 305 m, 14.09.

1989 : two separate hydrothecae rising from stolon on hydroid, no gonothecae; slide no. 962 (RMNH-Coel. 25869).

Lagon . stn DW 1149, 19°04.5'S-163°29.5'E, 230-235 m, 28.10.1989 : six separate hydrothecae rising from stolon

on gorgonid; no gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1071).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn CP 400, 20°42.18'S-167°00.40'E, 270 m, 14.02.1989 : a few c. 8 mm high

stems on wormtubes; no gonothecae (BMNH 1989.11.24.54). Slide no. 917 (RMNH-Coel. 25870). — Stn DW 473,

21°08.80'S-167°55.30’E, 236 m, 22.02.1989 : up to 10 mm high colonies on other hydroids; no gonothecae, no slide

(MNHN-Hy. 1072). — Stn DW 474, 21°08.80'S-167°55.50'E, 260 m, 22.02.1989 : some separate hydrothecae rising

from stolon and part of larger colony composed of three internodes with hydrothecae; no gonothecae. Associated with

small species of Zygophylax. Slide no. 969 (RMNH-Coel. 25871). — Stn DW 478, 2r08.96'S-167°54.28'E, 400 m.

22.02.1989 : bunch of c. 10 mm high colonies on Bryozoa and coral fragments; no gonothecae (BMNH 1989.11.24.55).

Slide no. 928 (RMNH no. 25872).

DESCRIPTION. — Small, few mm high species wiih stems composed of c. 5 internodes rising from stolon on

sponges, other hydroids, etc., stolon also supporting single hydrotheeae on short pedicels (fig. 41c, d). Pedicels of

isolated hydrothecae of varied lengths, usually short in colonies. Internodes, where present, separated by oblique

nodes, geniculate. In isolated hydrotheeae pedicel is seen to continue for some distance behind hydrothcca; in

colonics following intemode springing from this part of pedicel. Internodes slender, about twice as long as

hydrotheeae. Adnate part adcauline wall of hydrothcca about as long as free part. Hydrotheca barrel-shaped, greatest

diameter at lower third, wiih two circular, frilled ribs; body of hydrothcca lightly longitudinally striated between

ribs. Adnate part of hydrothcca not thickened near hydropore (fig. 41c). Isolated hydrotheca with asymmetrically

placed hydropore (fig. 4Id). Hydrothecal rim distinctly reinforced, with four low cusps, separated by shallow

embayments; no intrathecal teeth. Opercular apparatus composed of four large, squarish (laps, each with thickened

triangular part, the base of which fits into rounded embayments of hydrothecal rim. When closing reinforced

triangles fold over the thecal aperture, non-reinforccd parts of neighbouring plates are pressed together and remain in

standing position, thus forming four more or less triangular, raised ribs on the thecal apex (fig. 41c-e). Hydrothecal

rim usually perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis, occasionally slightly tilted in adcauline direction.

Table 30. — Measurements of Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904. in |im.

BlOCAL

Stn DW 37

(slide no. 647)

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 172

(slide no.503)

Primary intemode, length

295 - 1,110

diameter

110 - 115

Secondary and following internodes,

length

775 - 815

775 - 850

diameter

125 - 135

125 - 160

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

570 - 575

520 - 570

length free part adcauline wall

295 - 370

320 - 335

length adnate part adcauline wall

295 - 355

290 - 310

total depth

555 - 575

600 - 630

diameter at rim

280 - 290

275 - 290

maximal diameter

390 - 415

355 - 360

Male gonotheca, total length

1,260 - 1,410

maximal diameter

650 - 695

distance between apices of prongs

300 - 410

Hydranths present in nearly all hydrotheeae inspected, attached basally to curved part of adnate portion of

adcauline wall; a ligament runs from 'caecum' formed by body of hydranth to adcauline wall at level of superior

Source MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

203

transverse rib. Number of tentacles 10-12. Ligaments also connect opercular plates with body of hydranlh :

contraction and closing goes with such force that occasionally tentacles are found clasped between opercular plates,

tom off from ring of tentacles around proboscis.

Gonothecae occur in material from Biocal, Stn DW 37. only male sex represented. Gonotheca elongated ovoid,

with short pedicel attached to stolon, body with 7 or 8 transverse, frilled ribs, longitudinally striated between ribs

(fig. 410- Apex narrowed, with four strong, laterally directed prongs, forming four-pointed star when seen trom

above (fig. 41g). No opening could be observed, but gonotheca probably opens by means of slit or hole to permit

exit of spermatozoa. Gonothecae completely filled with mass of developing spermatocytes.

Distribution. — Originally described from the Caribbean [off Havana. Cuba, 100-200 1ms (= 182-364 m).

NUTTING, 19041. later on also doubtfully recorded from the Brazilian coast (Vannucci. 1949, 1951). The species

appears to be well distributed in Japanese and Korean waters (HiROIllTO, 1969, 1983; RHO & Chang. 1974; Rho,

1977). The present specimens arc from Pacific waters N.E. and N.W. of New Caledonia.

REMARKS. — I would not be surprised if this species turned out to be identical with Serlularella

annulaventricosa Mulder & Trebilcock, 1915. of which the synonymy has been given above. From the descriptions

by MUI-DER & Trebilcock and that by Watson (1973), who inspected the holotypc slide. 1 gather that

,5. annulaventricosa is occasionally branched and the hydrothecae have an oblique aperture. The hydrothecae of the

holotypc are described by Watson as having "a ledge passing around the hydrotheca a little below the margin . T he

Pearson Island specimens inspected by Watson have "1-2 annular ridges, giving the hydrotheca a crumpled

appearance" This seems to be different from the condition observed here, where two distinctly frilled ridges encircle

a nearly completely symmetrical hydrotheca. Some of the material described as S. annulaventricosa. as e.g. South

African material described by Millard (1975) is almost as the New Caledonian colonies, with the exception of the

hydrothecal rim, which appears to be thin in the South African material. The area of distribution of

S. annulaventricosa , viz. Tasmania. Victoria. Australia and Pearson Island (probably also South Africa, see above)

does not exclude the suggestion of identity of the two species.

Serlularella billardi sp. nov.

Figs 41h, 42a-d, 43a-b

Serlularella catena - BlLLARD. 1925b : 147-148, fig. 17. (Not Serlularia catena Allman. 1888. vide infra).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.-New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4 : stn CP 153'.q^Scoef ^Sm

14.09.1985 : c. 30 mm long fragment wilh quadrangular hydrothecac. All in slide no. 4.9 (RMNH-Coel -58 ).

DW 16^ 18°35 00’S-163°10.30'E, 535 m, 16.09.1985 : nine mm high fragment with 7 hydrothecae slide no. 9

(RMNH-Coel ^6650) — Stn DW 163, 18°33.80'S-163°11.50'E, 350 m, 16.09.1985 (type locality) :c. 50 colonies up

to 80 mm high and many fragments; gonothecae present. Slides nos 397 and 1022 (2). Holotypc an 80 mm high colony

with gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1073), rest, including slides, are paralyses (MNHN-Hy. 1073, “ a do s' no s ^9 7° and

BMNH 1989 11 24 56, 2 paratypes and fragments; RMNH-Coel. 25875, rest paratypes, fragments . ‘ ‘

H322)^Found^growing on'coraTOragments and wormtubes. together with SyntHeclum sp.; on

rp icn ir°s!ws 163°23 20'E 415 m 19.09.1985 : c. 10 up to 45 mm high colonies and fragments. Hydrothecae

almost quadrangular. No gonothecae. Slides nos 344 (2) and 492 (2). (MNHN-Hy. 1074 slides nos 344 (1) and 49 (1);

BMNH 1989 11 24.57, slides nos 344 (1) and 492 (1); RMNH-Coel. 25876, sample], - Stn CP ’95. 18

!63°22 20'E 465 m 19 09 1985 : single c. 15 mm high colony with quadrangular hydrothecae; no gonothecae. A1

ISe » 5H (RMNH Coel. 25877). 1 Stn CP 237 , 22 ",2.WS-.67*,6.50'E 630 ni 02.TO.1985 : single, .2 mm long

hydrocladium with quadrangular hydrothecae. All in slide no. 456 (RMNH-Coel. -587.).

DESCRIPTION (based mainly on material from MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 163). — Colonies with stiff, erect stems

up to 80 mm high, attached to substratum by means of a few thick hydrorhiza fibres. Axis monosiphomc stiff

because of strong development of perisarc. broken up into intemodes by means of oblique constrictions of per isarc

complete nodes occasionally present. Intemodes each with three hydrothecac and one apophysis one hydrotheca

almost axillary, one left, one right (fig. 42a). All apophyses, hydroclad.a and hydrothecac in one plane, apophyses.

204

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 4 Sertularella billardi sp. nov. : a, schizoholotype, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 163, monosiphonic top part of

colony. — b, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 237, part of hydrocladium. — c-d, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 153 : c, part of

hydrocladium; d. hydrocladial hydrotheca. — e, Siboga Exped., Stn 302, Billard's slide no. 248 in MNHN of

Sertularella catena" with Campanularia longitheca Stechow, 1924.

a, slide no. 397; b, slide no. 456; c-d, slide no. 492; e, slide no. 248 in Billard’s slide collection in MNHN.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

205

and consequently also hydrocladia, alternately arranged. Hydrocladia up to 25 mm long, composed of maximally

20 internodes, separated by perisarcal constrictions, usually strongly geniculate, each supporting one large

hydrotheca (fig. 42b-c). .... , .

Stem and hydrocladial hydrothecae slightly different, those of stem being slightly narrower, leaving axis under

almost perpendicular angle (fig. 41h). Overall shape of hydrothecae cylindrical basally. gradually becoming

quadrangular in cross section apically. Adnate portion of adcauline wall about halt length of free part, wit

thickened portion or knob at hydrothecal floor; bottom plate straight, hydropore difficult to observe (fig. 42d)

Abcauline hydrothecal wall in axial hydrothecae with sharp curve continuing into wall of intemode; in hydrocladial

hydrothecae this wall continues smoothly into intemodal wall. Distinct flexure in abcauline wall usually present at

c. one-third its length from bottom; internally flexure has thickened wall serving attachment of filament running

from body of hydranth. All hydrothecae with four marginal cusps (two lateral, one ad-, one abcauline) separated by

shallow embayments, supporting four hyaline, triangular flaps, when closed forming fairly high, triangular root

(fig. 42d). Renovations normally reduced to one or two; hyaline hydrothecal rim not notably reinforced. No

intrathecal teeth observed.

Nearly all hydrothecae with hydranths, preservation inadequate. Number of tentacles c. 18. hypostome rounded.

Hydranth attached to bottom plate and by means of ligament also to inside abcauline hydrothecal wall.

Female gonothccae occurring on a number of colonies, protruding from axial hydrothecae and directed towards

front of colony. Each gonotheca balloon-shaped, narrowing at base and carrying a number of longitudinal furrows

or ribs; cross section in middle with undulated walls (fig. 43a). Opening at end of short, pyramidal tunnel, placed

asymmetrically and provided with 6-8 internal, longitudinal, corrugated ribs. Each gonotheca containing 2 or. eggs

or developing larvae. _, . . .. _ ,

Material from MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 237, differs from above description in strong zig-zag of hydrocladium and

by the fact that hydrothecal border carries many (in some cases at least 15) renovations, leading towards increase in

thickness of hydrothecal rim (fig. 42b). Occasionally opercular apparatus also renovated, number of plates also

increased in such hydrothecae.

Table 31. —Measurements of Sertularella billardi sp. nov., in pm.

Stem intemode, length

diameter

Stem hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at margin

diameter in middle

Hydrocladial intemode, length

diameter at node

Hydrocladial hydrotheca

length adcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at margin

diameter in middle

Female gonotheca, total length

maximal diameter

length of funnel

diameter of funnel at apex

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 153

(slide no. 429)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 163

(slide no. 397)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 193

(slide no. 344)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 195

(slide no. 511)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 237

(slide no. 456)

2,275 - 2,385

2.400 - 3,035

500 - 825

435 - 540

670 - 675

760 - 825

650 - 715

760 - 780

435 - 455

435 - 475

825 - 870

930 - 975

370 - 390

475 - 500

300 - 325

435 - 455

1.000 - 1.260

975 - 1.195

1,200 - 1,300

1,085 - 1.845

865 - 975

175 - 325

175-215

210 - 200

210-240

175 - 210

780 - 870

760 - 765

845 - 870

755 - 760

735 - 760

605 - 650

695 - 735

755 - 760

670 - 675

370 - 410

390 - 435

345 - 390

390 - 410

365 - 435

935 - 1.000

910-935

955 - 975

1,000 - 1,020

930 - 945

520 - 585

390 - 410

475 - 490

475 - 520

410-415

435 - 500

365 - 390

435 - 455

365 - 390

2,280 - 2,290

1,195 - 1.260

260 - 265

190 - 195

206

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 43 a-b. — Sertularella billardi sp. nov. : a. schizoholotype. Musorstom 4, Stn DW 163, pari of axis with

gonothecae (pressed aside by cover glass). — b. Musorstom 4, Sin CP 193, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 43 c-e. — Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov. : c-d, Biocal, Stn DW 36 : c, schizoholotype, part of axis; d. axial

hydrotheca. — e, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 220, part of axis with gonotheca.

a, slide no. 397; b. slide no. 492; c, slide no. 485; d, slide no. 497; e. slide no. 515.

Source : MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

207

Distribution. — Pacific waters northwest and south of New Caledonia, depth 235-630 m. Billard's Siboga

specimen, a fragmentary colony 15 mm high, originated from Stn 302, 10°27.9'S-123°28.7'E, between Roti and

ihe southwest point of Timor. 216 m depth. 02.02.1900.

Remarks. — I have identified this material with Billard's Seriularella catena (Billard, 1925b : 147-148).

having convinced myself after studying the type of this species in the British Museum (Natural History) (vide infra)

that Billard's "Siboga" specimen, which I have been unable to trace, is quite different from Allman's type of

Sertularia catena. The overall shape of the hydrothccae and particularly their quadrangular cross-section near the apex

are very characteristic and are not observed in Allman’s "Challenger" material.

Seriularella billardi is well represented in the New Caledonia material, the variability of this material is quite

evident and concerns principally the size of the hydrothecae and the gcniculation ot the hydrocladia. Variation in

size can easily be lifted from the measurements given above; variability in other characters may also appear Irom

the drawings.

1 have been unable to trace the "Siboga" specimens referred to by Billard (1925b : 147-148, tig. 17); they

neither occur in the collections of the Institute for Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum) of the University of

Amsterdam, nor in MNHN. However. Billard’s slide no. 248 of Campanularia longitheca Stcchow. 1924. in

MNHN (fig. 42e) contains a single hydrotheca of a species of Seriularella identified by Billard as Seriularella

catena (Allman, 1888). This is undoubtedly the species described here as Seriularella billardi sp. nov. This single

hydrothcca originates from "Siboga". Stn 302, Roti Strait. 10°27.9'S-123°28.7 E, 216 m, 02.02.1900.

Seriularella bipectinata sp. nov.

Figs 43c-e, 44a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 33, 23°09.7rS-167°10.27'E, 675-680 m, 29.08.1985 :

one stem 38 mm long on Seriularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov. Slide no. 512 (RMNH-Coel. 25879). Specimen as well as

host completely covered by stolon of Zygophylax sp. — Stn DW 36. 23°08.64 S-167 10.99 E, 650-680 m. -9.08.19

(type locality) : c. 10 branched colonies, up to c. 60 mm high, some w.ih gonothecae A 60 mm highpolony' with

gonothecae is the holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1075). resl are paratypes. Slides no. 485 (schizoholotype. RMNH-Coel. 5880).

Also fragments as slides nos 496 (young colony) and 497; no gonothecae. With Zygophylax sp.. Seriularella

paucicoslala sp. nov. and Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov. (MNHN-Hy. 1075. holotype. 3 paratypes and slide

no 497- BMNH 1989 11 24.58, 3 paratypes; RMNH-Coel. 25880, schizoholotype. rest paratypes and slide no. 496). —

Stn CP 52, 23°05,79'S-167°46.54'E, 600-540 m, 31.08.1985 : fragment of c. 25 mm length, unbranched; no gonothecae.

As slide no. 516 (RMNH-Coel. 25881). Hydrothecal wall weakly ribbed.

Musorstom 4 : stn CP 215, 22°55.70'S-167°17.00'E, 520 m, 28.09.1985 : single colony 40x40 mm and 2 fragments.

No gonothecae. Slide no. 477 (MNHN-Hy. 1076). - Stn DW 220. 22°58.50'S-167°38.30'E. 550 m 29.09.1985 : five

forked colonies c. 50x50 mm and a few fragments, one with 2 gonothecae. Two slides no. 515 of fragment with -

gonothecae and of separate branch; also slide no. 472. With Scandia sp., Symplectoscyphus commensal,s sp. nov

Seriularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and Synthecium sp. (MNHN-Hy. 1077. 2 colonies, fragments and slide no. 472;

BMNH 1989.11.24.59. 1 slide no. 515; RMNH-Coel. 25882. rest colonies and fragments, 1 slide no. 515).

DESCRIPTION (mainly based on material from type locality). — Upright, irregularly branched colonics with

slightly polysiphonic main axis, branches usually directed upwards, long, polysiphonic only occasionally and then

only in proximal parts. Colonies attached to substratum by means of flattened part of axis; secondary tubes

springing from basal disk or from stem internodes and running upwards. Initially axis and branches divided into

intemodes by means of oblique perisarcal constrictions; septa have occasionally been observed in younger parts of

colonies. Each internode with single distal hydrothcca. hydrothecae alternately arranged m one plane: hydrocladia.

where present springing from intemode directly under hydrotheca; first hydrocladial intemode lengthened. Internodes

moderately to strongly geniculate (figs 43c-c.44c); hydrothecae strongly diverging from main axial length axis, m

extreme cases diverging perpendicularly and such colonies distinctly pectinate.

Hydrothecae elongated, twice or thrice as long as maximum diameter, basally slightly swollen, leaving inter-

node abruptly: angle with wall of following internode 80 to 90 degrees (figs 43d. 44a-b. d-e). Both ab- and

adcauline walls may be almost straight, slightly diverging near hydrothecal aperture. Exact nature ot both walls

varied : adcauline wall in certain hydrothecae slightly undulated to weakly ribbed (fig. 44a-b), slightly concave to

208

W. VERVOORT

basally slightly convex; abcauline wall straight to basally slightly convex. Adnatc part of abcaulinc wall one-third

to one-half the length of free part, basally curved and forming thickened lip near hydropore (fig. 43d). Hydropore

large, visible as thickened perisarcal ring on inside of thecal floor. Hydrothecal aperture perpendicular to hydrothecal

length axis, with four low marginal cusps (one ad-, one abcauline, two laterals), separated by shallow embayments.

Inside of distal part hydrotheca with three lamellar cusps (one abcauline, one on each side of adcauline marginal

cusp), running downwards for c. one-third of hydrothecal depth (fig. 44a-b). Hydrothecal margin frequently

renovated; repaired hydrothecae, resulting from repair of strongly damaged hydrothecae, of common occurrence.

Some hydrothecae have (badly preserved) hydranths that are fairly large and have a large adcauline caecum;

ligamentum running from apex of caecum towards upper part of internal abcauline hydrothecal wall.

Gonothecae large, elongated sack-shaped, narrowing basally and there attached to middle of internode by means

of short pedicel (fig. 43e). Apical portion of gonotheca shaped as short cylinder with more or less flattened top

bearing four shallow, rounded tubercles. Contents of gonothecae too badly preserved to discern their sex.

Periderm thick, yellowish-brown, gradually thinning out along length of colony and along hydrothecae.

Table 32. — Measurements of Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov., in pm.

Biocal

Stn DW 33

Stn DW 36

(slide no. 512)

(slide no. 485)

(slide no. 496)

schizoholotype

young colony

Internode, length

975 - 1,150

1,150 - 1,260

750 - 760

diameter at node

345 - 390

435 - 455

280 - 305

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall*

1,260 - 1,300

1,195 - 1,300

975 - 1,065

length free part adcauline wall*

1,130 - 1,150

1,000 - 1,065

890 - 910

length adnate part adcauline wall

410 -455

450 - 520

370 - 390

total depth*

1,300 - 1,475

1,390 - 1,430

1,150 - 1,170

diameter at apex

240 - 260

260 - 265

240 - 260

maximal diameter

410 - 455

410 - 435

390 - 435

Gonotheca, length

3,255

maximal diameter

955

Biocal

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 52

Stn CP 215

Stn DW 220

(slide no. 516)

(slide no. 477)

(slide no. 515)

Internode, length

1,000 - 1,040

825 - 890

1,080 - 1,195

diameter at node

370 - 390

370 - 410

Hydrotheca, length abcaulinc wall*

1,130 - 1,150

890 - 935

1,150 - 1,170

length free part adcauline wall*

935 - 975

540 - 650

890 - 955

length adnate part adcauline wall

390 - 410

500 - 585

475 - 500

total depth*

1,215 - 1,280

1,020 - 1,040

1,325 - 1,345

diameter at apex

255 - 265

260 - 305

280 - 305

maximal diameter

370 - 410

370 - 390

435 - 455

Gonotheca, length

2,800 - 3,040

maximal diameter

1,020 - 1,065

(“"including renovations)

Distribution. — Recorded from a restricted area of the Norfolk Ridge south of New Caledonia, depth 520-

680 m.

Remarks. — Though the fully grown colony is quite characteristic because of its pectinate appearance, younger

colonies, as occur amongst the abundant material from Biocal, Stn DW 36, can easily be confused with

Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888) or S. leiocarpoides sp. nov. In the shape of the hydrothccae Sertularella

bipectinata approaches S. anguina , but in the latter the hydrothccae are even more slender and the geniculate

condition of the axis is less extreme.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIHC

209

Source : MNHN , Paris

210

W. VERVOORT

There is a good deal of variability amongst the colonies of this species from the various localities as well as in

a larger material from a single locality. This variability covers the degree of geniculation of axis and branches, the

mode of divergence of hydrotheca from internode, the length of the hydrotheca and the shape of the proximal part of

the hydrothcca.

Sertularella catena (Allman, 1888)

Fig. 45a-c

Sertularia catena Allman, 1888 : 58, pi. 28 figs 2, 2a.

Sertularella catena - NUTTING, 1904 : 80, pi. 15 fig. 3. — Fraser, 1944 : 257-258, pi. 54 fig. 242.

Not Sertularella catena - BlLLARD, 1925b : 147-148, fig. 17 (= Sertularella billardi sp. nov.).

Not Sertularella catena - MayaL, 1973 : 39, figs 24-25 [= Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman, 1888)].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 33, 23°09.7LS-167°10.27’E, 675-680 m, 29.08.1985 :

eighteen mm long stem with one sidebranch. All in slide no. 514 (MNHN-Hy. 1078). No gonothecae. — Stn DW 36,

23°08.64’S-167°10.99 , E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : fragment 8x10 mm with 3 sidebranches, hydranths present; all in

slide no. 814 (RMNH-Cocl. 28883).

Description (based on the Biocal, Stn DW 33, specimen). — Stem fairly stiff, erect, divided into internodes

by oblique peridermal constrictions and occasionally by an oblique node, distinctly geniculate in higher part, largely

monosiphonic, with a few secondary tubules in lowest part. One sidebranch (hydrocladium) present, springing from

intemode directly under hydrothcca; there is no distinct apophysis (fig. 45a).

Axial hydrotheca not different from remaining hydrothecae. Internode slender at base, widening distally,

supporting large, diverging hydrotheca, of which c. one-third of adcauline wall is adnate. Shape of hydrotheca

slightly varied, usually cylindrical, with parallel ad- and abcauline walls, but occasionally with slightly convex

adcauline wall and as a result slightly bulging in lower half. Abcauline wall nearly straight, smoothly running into

wall of internode, towards rim with a few undulations. Free part adcauline wall straight or slightly convex, in basal

half with 5 or 6 oblique corrugations, replaced on distal half by undulations of hydrothecal wall, transition between

both parts gradual (fig. 45b-c). Hydrothecal rim with four shallow cusps, separated by weak embayments, slightly

thickened (as appears from stained microslide preparations). Renovations of hydrothecal border present, but reduced

to one or two. Opercular apparatus composed of four triangular flaps, forming low roof (fig. 45c). Plane of

hydrothecal aperture perpendicular to longitudinal axis of hydrotheca or slightly tilted in adcauline direction. Only

one axial hydrothcca observed, this particular hydrotheca slightly more slender than remaining hydrothecae, strictly

cylindrical.

Hydranths present but fully retracted, with 12-14 tentacles, small; hypostome rounded.

Perisarc firm, particularly on lower stem intemodes; colony consequently erect.

No gonothecae present and no places of attachment observed.

Table 32. — Measurements of Sertularella catena (Allman, 1888), in pm.

Biocal

Stn DW 33

(slide no. 514)

Biocal

Stn DW 36

(slide no. 814)

Stem intemode, length

705 - 775

740 - 815

diameter

175 - 195

160 - 190

Hydrocladium (sidebranch), diameter at base

170

150 - 155

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

705 - 740

length free part adcauline wall

645 - 665

575 - 590

length adnate part adcauline wall

230 - 250

260 - 285

total depth

775 - 815

740 - 765

diameter at apex

295 - 310

250 - 275

maximal diameter

310 - 320

275 - 290

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIHC

211

Fig. 45 a-c . - Sertularella catena (Allman. 1888), MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 193 : a, stem and sidebranch; b. axillary

FlG. h 45d1885): d. Biocal, Stn DW 36, monosiphonic part of axis; e, MUSORSTOM 4.

Stn CP 153, male gonotheca.

a-c, slide no. 514; d, slide no. 488; e, slide no. 483.

212

W. VERVOORT

F 'V« a j C ‘ T Ser,ularella crenulata Nulling, 1905, Musorstom 4, Sin CP 193 : a, monosiphonic distal part of colony;

b, hydrocladial hydrotheca; c, axillary hydrotheca.

Fig. 46 d. Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885), Biocai.. Stn DW 36, part of hydrocladium.

Fig. 46 e.—Sertularella geodiae Totton. 1930, Biogeocal, Stn CP 214. axillary hydrotheca,

a-c, slide no. 345; d, slide no. 488; e, slide no. 581.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

213

DISTRIBUTION. — Originally described from " Challenger ", Stn 24, Culebra Island, off Pucrlo Rico, Caribbean,

18°38'30"N-65°05'30"W, 390 fms (= 713 m). 25.03.1873. The present material is from the Pacific, east of New

Caledonia, depth 650-680 m.

REMARKS. — I have tentatively identified these fragmentary colonies with Allman's Caribbean species, basing

myself mainly on NUTTING'S (1904) account and on his drawing of the holotype. The agreement in structure and

shape of the hydrothecae is very striking. Nutting's drawing, also reproduced by Fraser (1944. pi. 54 fig- 242) is

apparently based on a fragment of the holotype in Nutting's collection, showing a distinctly undulated adcauline

hydrothecal wall. I have inspected Allman's type of Sertularia catena (BMNH 88.11.13.46. alcohol specimen and

At LMAN's slide). All that is left of the holotype colony is a 18 mm long colony composed ot a slightly

nolysiphonic hydrocaulus with 4 sidebranches. There is no gonotheca. The slide is a (restored) 11 mm long branch

with 10 hydrothecae, top part detached bearing one gonotheca and 2 hydrothecae. Obviously the drawing in

Allman's Challenger Report (pi. 28 fig. 2a) has been made from the slide. The hydrothecac m the slide have a

weakly undulated adcaulinc wall; the gonotheca is broader than that figured by Allman, at the apical third with two

indistinct furrows; there is no funnel and no distinct opening could be observed. This is primarily a Caribbean

s“; .heType locality being Culebra Island, off Puerto Rico. Caribbean, 18°38'30"N-65°05'30''W, depth

390 FOT S the "sl^a" specimen referred by Billard (1925 : 147-148) to this species and here considered a new

species, Sertularella billarcli sp. nov., see above.

top

Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905

Fig. 46a-c

Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905 : 949, pi. 4 fig. 3, pi. 11 tigs 4-7.

MATERIAI EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 491. 18°56.0'S-163°20.0'E. ^50-460 m 03 02 1985

oart .f coiolv c 30 mm high; no gono.hecae (RMNH-Coel. 25884). Par, as slide no. 927 (BMNH 1989.11.24 60).

MUSORSTOM 4 ; stn CP 193. ll°56.30'S-163°23.20'E. 415 m. 19.09.1985 ; one colony c. 30x50 mm with forked axis,

no gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1079). Par, as slide no. 345 (RMNH-Coel. 25885). With Ftlellum serratum (Clarke. 1879).

DESCRIPTION. — Strongly built colony c. 50 mm high with thick, forked, polysiphon,c axis, monosiphomc at

the top. Sidebranches and hydrocladia all in one plane with hydrothecae; colony riabellate. Hydrocladia, that by

development of secondary hydrocladia and accessory tubules coming from axis may become

alternately arranged hydrothecae, as have also axis and its ramifications. Hydrocladia alternate (fig.46a ,.number ot

hydrothecae between successive hydrocladia varied (Hoc. 10). Internodes on axis and hydrocladia only indicated by

pcrisarcal constrictions; no septa developed. First 'internode' of hydroclad.um longer than following (fig. 46a).

axillary hydrotheca not greatly different from remaining hydrothecae (fig. 46c). .

Hydrotheca vase-shaped, diverging from 'intemodcs'. axis between hydrothecae gen,cuiate. Free ^n adcaulme

wall less than twice length of adna.e part, usually slightly convex though hydrothecaewtth

concave adcauline wall also occur. Adnate pan of adcauline wall thickened basally where ■* fonns hydroihecal 1 loo .

large hole (hydropore) present between apex of bottom plate and raised par. of opposite wall. Abcaulmc wall

smoothly curved and continuous into wall of 'internode'. Rim of hydrotheca perpend,cular to

but distinctly thickened, with four marginal cusps (two lateral, one ad-, one abcaulmc) with rounded apices, ou

triangular plates fit into shallow embayments between marginal cusps, forming low almost flat opercular apparatus

when closed. Body of hydrotheca with c. 30 transverse, circular ribs with sharp edges Between ribs body of

hydrotheca furrowed, ribs almost equidistant, distance between ribs slightly widening from base towards rim. There

" C Pcn'snrc thrnk along walls of^iniernode 1 , gradually thinning along hydrothecal wall, but thickening again near

hyd Hydranths m present though badly preserved, with c. 14 tentacles. Body attached to hydrothecal floor. Distinct

'caecum' present, connected to inside of abcauline wall by means ol filament.

No gonothecae observed.

214

W. VERVOORT

Table 33. — Measurements of Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905, in pm.

Musorstom 4

Stn CP 193

(slide no. 345)

Lagon

Stn 491

(slide no. 927)

Stem, diameter at base

1,300

1,200

Sidebranch, diameter at base

160 - 175

150 - 185

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

585 - 630

535 - 550

length fused part adcauline wall

315 - 370

250 - 280

length free part adcauline wall

520 - 530

475 - 500

total depth

630 - 670

600 - 650

diameter at rim

225 - 240

160 - 180

maximal diameter

300 - 325

265 - 290

Distance between successive hydrothecae,

measured from axil to base of next hydrotheca

390 - 415

290 - 405

Distribution. — Previously only recorded from two localities off the south coast of the island of Molokai in

the Hawaiian Islands, depth 44-134 fms (= 80-245 m). The present records are from a restricted area of the Pacific

(c. lS^O’S-^^O'E) southeast of New Caledonia.

Remarks. — This is a very characteristic species with finely ribbed hydrothecae; though Nutting's description

(1905 : 949) is not very detailed, the closely ribbed structure of the hydrothecae leaves no doubt about the identity

of the present material.

Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885)

Figs 45d-e, 46d

Thuiaria distans Allman, 1877 : 27, pi. 17 figs 1-2. [= Sertularella distans (Allman, 1877), non Sertularella distans

(Lamouroux, 1816)].

7 huiaria pinnata Allman, 1877 : 28, pi. 15 figs 1-2. [= Sertularella pinnala (Allman, 1877), non Sertularella pinnata

Clark, 1876a : 211, 226, pi. 12 figs 28, 29].

Thuiaria diaphana Allman, 1885 : 145, pi. 18 figs 1-3.

Thuiaria hyalina Allman, 1888 : 69-70, pi. 33 figs 2, 2a.

Sertularella distans - Hartlaub, 1901b : 100. — NUTTING, 1904 : 88, pi. 19 figs 5-6. — Vervoort, 1968 : 104.

Sertularella pinnigera Hartlaub, 1901b : 113, footnote 1. — NiriTlNG, 1904 : 86-87, pi. 19 fig. 3. — DEEVEY, 1954 : 270.

— Vervoort, 1968 : 105.

Sertularella lata - NUTTING, 1904 : 85-86, pi. 18 fig. 10. [Non Sertularella lata (Bale, 1882)].

Sertularella torreyi Nutting, 1905 : 934, 949, pi. 4 fig. 4, pi. 11 figs 2-3.

Sertularella speciosa Congdon, 1907 : 463, 476, figs 24-28. — Bennitt. 1922 : 250. — Fraser, 1943 : 92. — Deevey,

1954 : 270. — Vervoort, 1968 : 44, 105, fig. 21. — Wedler, 1975 : 333 et seq. — Cooke, 1977 : 96, fig. 22. —

CoLrN, 1978 : 139. — FlOrez GonzAlez. 1983 : 120, photo 30. — Bandel & Wedler, 1987 : 38.

Sertularella diaphana - BALE, 1919 : 337, pi. 16 fig. 5. — JADERHOLM, 1920 : 6, pi. 2 fig. 2. — BlLLARD, 1925b : 157-

160, fig. 22, pi. 7 figs 12-13; 1931 : 248; 1933 : 12, pi. 1 fig. 2. — Stechow, 1925a : 226, fig. H. — DoLLFUS,

1933 : 127. — Millard, 1958 : 188, fig. 7C-D; 1970 : 268; 1975 : 285, fig. 93A-D; 1978 : 197. — Yamada, 1958 :

51, 58, fig. 3; 1959 : 63. — Pennycuik, 1959 : 195. — Hirohito, 1969 : 21. — Schmidt, 1972 : 42. — Millard &

Bouillon, 1975 : 2, 14.

Sertularella diaphana var. delicata Billard, 1919 : 21, fig. IIIA; 1925b : 161. fig. 24, pi. 7 fig. 14.

Sertularella sargassi Stechow, 1920 : 37; 1923d : 179.

Thuiaria quadrilateralis Hargitt, 1924 : 493-494, pi. 5 fig. 17.

Sertularella diaphana var. orthogona Billard, 1925a : 161, fig. 23. — Van Soest, 1976 : 83.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 36, 23°08.64’S-167 o 10.99'E, 650-680 m, 29.08.

1985 : four colonies 20-45 mm high, base strongly polysiphonic, and some detached hydrocladia. Some young

gonothecae present. Two slides no. 488 of fragments (MNHN-Hy. 1080, 2 colonies; BMNH 1989.11.24.61, 1 colony and

1 slide no. 488; RMNH-Coel. 25886, 1 colony and 1 slide no. 488).

Musorstom 4 : stn CP 153, 19°04.20'S-163°21.20 , E, 235 m, 14.09.1985 : two 80 mm high stems and some

fragments; all with gonothecae. Two slides no. 483 (all RMNH-Coel. 25887). — Stn DW 220, 22°58.50’S-167 o 38.30'E,

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

215

487).

DESCRIPTION (mainly based on specimen from MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 220). - Fully developed colony

c 80 mm Lh with strongly polysiphonic. basally c. 1.5 mm thick, branched and rigidaxis. Ultimate branches

monosiphonic, bearing alternately arranged, 15-20 mm long hydrocladia. Polysiphony of axis and older branches

brought about by development of secondary, non-hydrothecate tubules, the majority of which originate fro

Son Some secondary fubu.es, however, end on axis a. base of ax,a. hydiothecae Both axis, branches

hydrocladia hydrotheca.e, though in polysiphonic parts hydrothecae covered by secondary tubulesjHytoflieca*

with exception of axillary hydrothecae, all of same shape and size. Axis, branches and hydrocladia divided into

internodes^ usually indicated by slightly oblique septa and distinct pcnsarcal constrictions, usually with three

KSitae though .ha, number may be reduced to two or increased to five. Hydrocladium inserting on small

aoophvsis directly under axillary hydrotheca of reduced length (fig. 45d), usually one apophysis for each internode,

Zgh^castonally two subalternate apophyses may be present. Firs, internode of hydrocladium of increased

‘“Sydrothecae almost completely sunken into axis or hydrocladium. with only a fraction of adcauline wail free;

adcauhne wall smoothly curved, basal portion thickened, forming circular wall around hydroporc, opposite wal o

adcauline 'sidenot thickened, abcauline hydro,hecal wall slightly swollen basally. slightly everted apically.

Hydrothecal aperture wide, circular, sloping downwards, plane of opening making angle of c30 degrees wUh

longitudinal aids of internode, with four low. rounded cusps separated by shallow embayments (figs 45d.• 46d).

Opercular apparatus only preserved on protected hydrothecae, composed of four thin, triangular plates. when c osed

formin'- shallow roof. Majority of hydrothecac without or with imperfect number of opercular plates. Ax ay

hydrothecae with shorter, straight abcauline wall and less deep. Hydrothecae alternately arranged, though not always

Sy in one P a, e. Large portion of stem and branches and basal parts of internodes w„h hydro,hecae arranged in

^ planes that meet at an oblique angle, bu, along hydrocladia this arrangement ,s gradually replaced by

nmneement in a single plane, as is the case with hydrothccae along ultimate parts of hydrocladia.

Perisarc fairly thick along walls of internodes and hydrothecae, thickest at basal plate of hydrotheca, thinning

out some distance under hydrothecal aperture; hydrothecal margin not thickened. d

Hydranths present in material from B.ocal, Stn DW 36. indicating ,ha, this material a, least was capture^alt c.

large filling whole of hydrothecal cavity, with distinct 'caecum'. 10-12 tentacles and large globular hypos ome.

Gono,hecae in mature condition (MUSORSTOM 4. Stn CP 153) large and cylindrical narrowed basally and

attached to internode directly under hydrocladial hydrothecae (only occasionally also attached to axis) Only r .

gonothecae observed these have four longitudinal ribs, starting a, flattened apex and running downwards for almost

SEZ2Z2S (fig- 45e). Interior of gonotheca only partly filled by oblong, yellow mass of developing

spermatocytes. Gonotheca apparently opening by means of apical lid. though this condition could no, be observed

unambiguously.

REMARKS. _ There can be no reasonable doubl rha, .he New Caledonia material is ■£"!“' "I*S'SS

. • 1 ar-onrihE-rt hv Rii i ard (1925b) from the SlBOGA EXPEDITION as Sertularella diaphana, though i nave noi

inferior in its dimensions to any of the New Caledonia colonies it is in my opinion based on characters tnai oy

^^“^ed to be highly variable and I have therefore included i, in the synonymy of the species.

216

W. VERVOQRT

None of my material shows a sign of a thickened hydrothecal aperture or the presence of an adcauline perisarcal peg

just under the hydrothecal margin, characters apparently present in all of BlLLARD's "Siboga" specimens of this

species and its varieties.

Table 34. — Measurements of Scrtularella diaphana (Allman. 1885), in pm

Siboga Exped. Biocal Musorstom 4

(Billard, 1925) Stn DW 36 Stn CP 153

Stem internode, length

diameter

Axillary hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

(Male) gonotheca, length

diameter at apex

(slide no. 488)

(slide no. 483)

1,325 - 1,475

1.430 - 1,625

370 - 410

350 - 430

260 - 275

190 - 200

30 - 40

65-75

385 - 400

440 - 445

400 - 415

440 - 445

220 - 230

215 - 225

235 - 260

240 - 250

295 - 320

290 - 300

30 - 35

45 - 65

385 - 435

360 - 370

350 - 570

430 - 445

370 - 385

230 - 270

205 - 250

250 - 260

265 - 280

265 - 270

1,730 - 2,400

3,535 - 3,755

530 - 880

715 - 880

Distribution. — Senularella diaphana is a species well distributed in tropical and subtropical waters, being

almost circumglobal in its distribution. It has been recorded from several Indo-Malayan localities (Billard, 1925b)

as well as from Australia : the type locality of Allman's Thuiaria diaphana being Moreton Bay. Australia. Its has

now also been recorded from the Pacific around the southeastern part of New Caledonia.

Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930

Figs 35c-d, 46e, 47a

Sertularella geodiae Totton. 1930 : 196-197, fig. 43, pi. 3 figs 7-8. — Briggs, 1939 : 37. — Ralph. 1961a : 831-833,

fig. 24c, g. — Naumov & Stepantants, 1962 : 86-87, fig. 10. — Vervoort, 1972 : 120-123, fig. 37. — Blanco.

1976 : 39-42, pi. 3 figs 7-8. — Millard, 1977a : 23-25, figs 6E-F. — Stepantants, 1979 : 89-90, pi. 14 figs 4A-B.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOGEOCAL : sin CP 214 3 , 22°43.09’S-166°27.19'E. 1665-1590 m

= branched and unbranched fragments 15-20 mm high. No sign of polysiphony; no gonothecae. Slide no. 581

(MNHN-Hy. 1082, fragments; BMNH 1989.11.24.63, fragments; RMNH-Coel. 25889, slide no. 581)

Description. — Colony fragments with stiff, largely monosiphonic axis with pinnately arranged hydrocladia

all in one plane. Axis divided into intcrnodcs by oblique perisarcal constrictions; no distinct septa being present.

Axial and hydrocladial hydrothecae all in one plane, alternately arranged. Hydrocladia springing from axis closely

under axillary hydrotheca, normally one hydrocladium to each internode (fig. 47a), though two alternate hydrocladia

for one internode also observed. Division of hydrocladia into mtemodes also by means of oblique perisarcal

constrictions; no septa present. First internodc of each hydrocladium lengthened, 1.5 times as long as remaining

hydrocladial inlemodes.

3 Species found at this station are : Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848), Diphasia attenuata (Hincks, 1866), Diphasia

mutulata (Busk, 1852), Hydrallmama falcata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sertularella geodiae Totton. 1930.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

217

Hvdrothecae large; abcauline wall smooth or slightly undulated, continuing smoothly into wall of internode

(fie 35c-d). Free part of adcauline wall usually distinctly but irregularly undulated, slightly shorter than fused

portion which is almost straight and fairly sharply curved near hydrothecal floor. Hydropore large, scarcely indicated

on inside abcauline wall. Hydrothecal margin large, perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis, with lour sharp bu

low cusps, separated by shallow embayments. slightly but distinctly everted, not thickened. Number of renovations

much reduced : only a few hydrothecae with a single renovation observed. Closing apparatus complete in some ol

more protected axillary hydrothecae and there composed of four hyaline flaps forming a low rooflike structuie

Usually a distinct pocket formed by free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall and constriction at bottom of next

inlcrnode. Axial hydrothecae only slightly deformed, of almost same shape generally as remaining hydrothecae

(ll8 pertsic firm, particularly along walls of axial internodes, thinning out along distal parts of ab- and adcauline

hy Tn?a^ hydrfnths present but as hydrothecac are filled with mud their structure could not be observed. Material

evidently collected alive.

No gonothecae found.

Table 35. — Measurements of Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930. in pm.

Stem internode, length

diameter

Axillary hydrotheca, length ab¬

cauline wall

free part adcauline wall

adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at apex

Hydrocladial inlemodc, length

diameter

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length

abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at apex

Gonotheca, total length

diameter

New Zealand

area

(Totton, 1930)

1,280 - 1,390

330 - 390

1,220

310

600 - 740

470 - 550

680 - 760

380 - 400

2,000 - 2,040

840 - 1,030

Patagonian

area

(Vervoort, 1972)

1,010 - 1,350

280 - 285

650 - 715

405 - 480

515 - 540

810 - 850

445 - 470

350 - 400

New Caledonia

BlOGEOCAL

Stn CP 214

1,300 - 1,520

280 - 390

630 - 705

385 - 505

555 - 590

775 - 850

430 - 480

340 - 385

975 - 1,085

280 - 325

665 - 705

405 - 445

555 - 605

775 - 800

325 - 325

DISTRIBUTION — Originally described from two localities in the New Zealand area, viz. oil Three Kings

IslaXi® fins (= 183 m), and off North Cape. 70 fms <= 128 m) (TOTTON, 1930, no tsunc.

indicated. The species was subsequently recorded from off Mana Island. Tasman.. 1300I fa<- “77m>

1939)- from Pacific and Atlantic waters around the southern extremity of South America (i.e. south oK > *>

(NAUMOV & Stepantants, 1962; Stepan'yants, 1979; Vervoort, 1972; Blanco, 1976). and from the

southern Indian Ocean between Possession and Cochons Islands, 45°57.2'S-50°32.8E, 100 m( ^Ll^RD, ^

The species is now recorded from deep water (1590-1665 m) of the Pacific

apparently restricted to a belt of water in the southern oceans between approximately 40 and 55 S. penetratu g

north in deeper Pacific waters.

Remarks - There can be no reasonable doubt that the New Caledonia material is conspecific with that

record previously fl Pacific and Atlantic off southern America (Vervoort. 1972). with which I have compared

218

W. VERVOORT

the present specimens. The large, bulging hydrothecae with slightly everted margin, irregularly undulated free

adcauline hydrothecal wall and distinct 'pocket' in axil of that wall and the next intemode afford good characters to

distinguish this species from Sertularella polyzonias (Linnaeus, 1758), 5. gayi gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) and

S. conica Allman, 1877.

Sertularella helenae sp. nov.

Fig. 47b-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 394, 22 o 44.rS-167 o 05.8’E, 309 m, 23.01.1985 : two

slightly polysiphonic colonies 40-20 mm high and many fragments, no gonotheca; covered with Filellum sp. (RMNH-

Coel. 25890). Two slides no. 924 [MNHN-Hy. 1083 (1) and BMNH 1989.11.24.64 (1)].

Biocal : stn DW 37, 22°59.99’S-167°15.65'E, 350 m, 30.08.1985 (type locality) : four colonies, 15x18 - 20x15 mm

and a number of fragments. No gonothecae. With Filellum serratum (Clarke, 1879), Modeeria rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard,

1827), and Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904. Three slides no. 500 and 2 slides no. 647. Colony 18x16 mm on one of slides

no. 500 is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1084), rest of material are paratypes (BMNH 1989.11.24.65, 1 slide no. 500; RMNH-

Coel. 25891, sample and 1 slide no. 500, also one of slides no. 647 = RMNH-Coel. 25863, with Sertularella areyi

Nutting, 1904).

Smib 4 : stn DW 53, 23°40.rS-167°59.9'E, 270 m, 09.03.1989 : slightly polysiphonic fragment 10x15 mm on slide

no. 802; no gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 25892). — Stn DW 55, 23°21.4 , S-168°04.5 , E, 260 m, 09.03.1989 : small 15 mm

high fragment; no gonothecae. Also large, flabellate, strongly polysiphonic colony 45x60 mm with Halecium fragile

(Hodgson, 1950); no gonothecae. Slide no. 896 of part of large colony (MNHN Hy 1085, part of sample; RMNH-Coel.

25893, rest of sample and slide no. 896).

Smib 5 : stn DW 101, 23 o 21.2'S-168°04.9'E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : one colony 30x25 mm and some smaller

fragments, no gonothecae (BMNH 1989.11.24.66); slide no. 973 (RMNH-Coel. 25894).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 406, 20°40.65 , S-167°06.80 , E, 373 m, 15.02.1989 : three fragments of

c. 5 mm length, all on slide no. 972 (RMNH-Coel. 25895). — Stn DW 457, 21 o 00.42'S-167 o 28.7rE, 353 m,

20.02.1989 : thirty mm high, monosiphonic plume without gonothecae on slide no. 920 (MNHN-Hy. 1086). — Stn

DW 458, 21°00.93 , S-167°29.96 , E, 400 m, 20.02.1989 : thirty-five mm long, branched, largely monosiphonic colony

with polysiphonic base (RMNH-Coel. 25896), part as slide no. 913 (BMNH 1989.11.24.67). — Stn CP 464, 21°02.30'S-

167°31.60'E, 430 m, 21.02.1989 : several small mono- and polysiphonic colonics and fragments, maximally 40 mm

high; no gonothecae, no slide. Also smaller, slightly polysiphonic colonies, 15 mm high attached to sea urchin and to

coral fragments; no gonothecae (all RMNH-Coel. 25897). — Stn DW 471, 21 o 08.00’S-167°54.10'E, 460 m,

22.02.1989: small colony 10x10 mm, with Stephanoscyphus sp. on coral fragment, no gonothecae; no slide (MNHN-

Hy. 1087). — Stn DW 478, 21°08.96'S-167 o 54.28'E, 400 m, 22.02.1989 : single fragment 15x15 mm; no gonothecae.

Also 20 mm high, slightly polysiphonic, forked colony on sponge or wormtube. With well preserved hydranths; no

gonothecae. Two slides no. 919 (BMNH 1989.11.24.68, one of slides 919; RMNH Coel. 25898, sample and one of slides

919).

DESCRIPTION (based on specimens from Biocal, Stn DW 37). — Flabellate colonies with forked stem, 15-

20 mm high, irregularly branched in one plane, with polysiphonic axis, basally c. 1 mm wide, top parts

monosiphonic. Secondary tubes partly covering hydrothecae of primary axis, also bearing hydrothecae and

producing ramifications. Stem and sidebranches divided into internodcs by means of oblique perisarcal constrictions,

nodes usually present, thin. Sidebranches springing from small apophyses under axillary hydrothecae (fig. 47b-c),

re-branching several times. Internodes short, widening distally and supporting large, strongly ribbed hydrotheca,

curving away from internode at angle of c. 45 degrees, basal part of internode usually with some indistinct

undulations of perisarc forming incomplete, oblique rings.

Hydrothecae more or less cylindrical, usually slightly curved outwards, abcauline wall slightly concave,

adcauline wall slightly convex, with 8 complete, sharp carinae and one incomplete carina on basal portion

(fig. 47c-d). Carinae completely encircle hydrotheca, visible in optical section by scalloped structure of ab- and

adcauline walls. Length of adnate portion adcauline hydrothecal wall slightly less than half length of free part of

that wall. Adnate part slightly thickened at hydrothecal floor, hydropore fairly large. Hydrothecal rim distinctly

reinforced, with four low cusps (fig. 47e); opercular apparatus composed of four fairly thick plates, when closed

forming an almost flat roof. Renovation of hydrothecal rim observed, but reduced to a single renovation : in those

hydrothecae opercular plates also doubled.

Perisarc of colony strong and thick, yellowish-brown, also fairly thick along hydrothecal walls.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

219

ui'iauiai/ iijuiwmvvu.

a, slide no. 581; b-e, slide no. 500.

220

W. VERVOORT

Hydranths slender, with 8-10 tentacles and distinct adcauline caecum. From top of caecum a ligament runs

upwards and attaches to inside abcauline wall at level of third ring from above.

No gonolhccae observed.

Table 36. — Measurements of Serlularella helenae sp. nov., in pm

Biocal

Stn DW 37

(slide no. 500)

Smib 4

Stn DW 55

(slide no. 896)

Stem, diameter at base

1,000

1,900

Internode, length

445 - 520

590 - 630

diameter

260 - 280

280 - 335

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

650 - 690

785 - 815

length free part adcauline wall

520 - 540

590 - 635

length adnate part adcauline wall

280 - 320

305 - 320

total depth

770 - 780

845 - 860

diameter at apex

220 - 245

250 - 265

maximal diameter

290 - 295

370 - 385

Stem or branch hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

590 - 660

755 - 775

length free part adcauline wall

480 - 525

620 - 630

length adnate part adcauline wall

260 - 275

295 - 310

total depth

705 - 740

850 - 875

diameter at apex

230 - 245

265 - 310

maximal diameter

295 - 305

340 - 355

Distribution. — Moderately deep water of the Pacific east of New Caledonia and around the Loyalty Islands.

Remarks. — Serlularella helenae is a very characteristic species with strongly ribbed hydrothecae that I have

been unable to identity with any of the described species of this large genus. Unfortunately no gonothecac have

been found; the gonothecae of Serlularella areyi, occurring in profusion on this species, may easily be mistaken for

those of Serlularella helenae, as they occur on the stolon of 5. areyi. There is some variability in the size of the

hydrothecae, as can also be seen from the table of measurements, as well as in the shape ; some colonies have

slightly bulkier hydrothccae with slightly convex abcauline hydrothecal wall. The number of rings has been found

to be constant: 8 complete and one (basal) incomplete.

ETYMOLOGY. — I have named this species after my wife, Mrs Len (short for Lcny or Helena) Mol. and our

daughters Mariette Heleen and Helene Catharina, who in many ways have enabled me to carry on my hydroid

studies.

Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888)

Fig. 48a-f

Sertularia leiocarpa Allman, 1888 : 52-53, pi. 25 figs 1-la.

Serlularella leiocarpa - Stechow, 1925b : 477. fig. 35. - VERVOORT, 1966 : 128, figs 31-32. - Miu.ard 1968 ■ ^69

f.g. 4A-C; 1975 : 292-294. fig. 95D-F; 1977b : 107; 1978 : 197 et seq.; 1980 ; 132. — Gravier-Bonnet, 1979 : 44.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.— New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 46, 22°53.05'S-167°17.08'E, 570-610 m 30 08 1985 ■

c. 1 U mm long branch with 2 gonothecae. All as slide no. 817 (RMNH-Coel. 25899)

BlOGEOCAL : stn KG 201, 22°40.42'S-166°32.72’E, 595 m, 07.04.1987 : small. 12 mm high colony with only

3 complete hydrolhecae; no gonothecae. Made up in slide no. 792 (MNHN-Hy. 1088).

Description (based on Biocal. Stn DW 46, specimen). — Axis of fragment broken up into slender internodes

by means of oblique perisarcal constrictions, axis slightly geniculate. Hydrothecae alternately arranged, one for each

internode, all in one plane (fig. 48c).

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

221

Hydrothecae leaving end of in.emodc at an angle of c. 60 degrees, slightly but distinctly curved m abcauline

direction free par. adcauline wall about twice length of adna.e part, slightly convex to almost straight, smooth

(fig 48d) Adnate part with rounded curve near hydrothecal floor, produced into upturned hp; hydropore fairly large

visible as pcridermal ring. Abcauline hydrothecal wall smoothly concave, running imperceptibly into m.ernodal

wall. Hydrothecal margin with four low, more or less rounded cusps (one ad-, one abcauline and two laterals),

separated by shallow embayments. Hydrothecal margin in majority of hydrothecae repeatedly renovated and as a

result thickened; renovations close together. Closing apparatus composed ot four Triangular flaps, when closed

forming low roof. No intrathecal cusps or ridges have been observed.

Contracted hydranths present, showing that specimen was taken from a living colony; hydranths large, wit

prominent 'caecum', filament running from top of caecum towards inside abcauline hydrothecal wall, attaching

hvdranth some distance below hydrothecal margin.

' Two gonothecac present on same (frontal) side of fragment, attached to internode at hydrothecal Boor; proximal

portion of gonothecae narrowing, but no distinct pedicel present (fig. 48d). General shape of gonotheca elongated

dub-shaped, apex flattened and with single, rounded elevation. Both gonothecae with a mass ot dcvelopin D

spermatocytes.

Table 37. -

— Measurements of Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman,

1888), in pm.

BIOCAL

Stn DW 46

(slide no. 817)

CHALLENGER

EXPED.

Stn 135C

schizoholotypc

Valdivia

EXPED.

Stn 165

(STECHOW, 1925)

GALATHEA

EXPED.

Stn 196

(VERVOORT, 1966)

BIOGEOCAL

Stn KG 201

(slide no. 792)

Internode, length

diameter

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall*

length free part adcauline wall*

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth*

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, length

maximal diameter

910 - 1,040

120- 135

775 - 815

630 - 680

320 - 370

870 - 890

220 - 235

295 - 325

1,670 - 1,715

540 - 565

1.280 - 1.410

240 - 280

890 -910

695 - 735

520 - 585

1.085 - 1.105

280 - 325

475 - 500

2.280 - 2.345

910-935

300

880 - 1,040

560 - 620

960 - 1.200

260 - 270

480 - 500

1,215 - 1.350

150 - 300

745 - 850

675 - 900

410 - 450

810 - 1,050

220 - 250

310 - 500

1,020 - 1,365

90 - 95

725 - 835

605 - 730

280 - 290

775 - 850

205 - 230

250 - 310

(* = including renovations)

DISTRIBUTION. - So far Sertularella leiocarpa has been recorded from the southern Atlantic off Nighlmgalc

Island, Tristan da Cunha, 37°25'30"S-12°28'30"W. 100-150 fms (= 183-275 m)(Wlocality; Allman^ 1888 ),

from various localities in the Indian Ocean off southern Africa (Vervoort, 1966; Millard ^915 GRAV.eR-

Bonnet, 1979; depths between 200 and 595 m). These are the firs, records from deep watersi of the

the localities being southeast of New Caledonia on the northern extremity of the Norfolk Ridge, depth 570-610 m.

REMARKS. - One of the hydrothecae of the Biogeocal specimen has a distinctly undulated adcauline

hydrothecal wall, the undulations being faintly reflected on the adcauline side (fig 48e-f). (

This is a rare but well characterized deep water species that has been discussed prev.ou ly by 66).

MILLARD (1975) and GRAVIER-BONNET (1979). The New Caledonian specimens are smaller than the holotype and

thematerial described previously (Vervoort. 1966). bu, Millard (.975) gives measurements frona a, much tag*

material and records the abcauline hydrothecal wall lengths as being between 700 an'

comprises all measurements of that part of the hydrothcca given here. The variability in hydrothecal length (as well

as the nature of the abcauline hydrothecal wall: smooth to slightly undulated) thusi seemss tobe; consider,

I have compared the New Caledonia specimens with a schizohoJot^e of ALLMAN s SertM/anfl ^eioco p

IChaiiENGER EXPED., Stn 135c, Nightingale Island. Tnstan da Cunha, 37 2530 S-12 2830 W ill fms ( 2U

m). 17.10.1873, cf. fig. 48a (monosiphonic part of stem with gonotheca) and 48b (hydrotheca with its hydrantl)).

There is fair general agreement.

222

W. VHRVOORT

IG 'i.t 8 ' ~^ er,ularella 'eiocarpa (Allman, 1888) : a-b. schizoholotype, CHALLENGER Exped., Sm 135 c , Nightingale

s and Tristan da Cunha, 37 o 25'30"S-12 o 28 , 30"W : a, monosiphonic part of stem with gonothecae; b, hydrocladial

, ^ , ro f|' eca w ‘ th lts hydranth. — c-d, BlOCAL, Stn DW 46 : c, monosiphonic part of stem and gonotheca; d, axial

hydrotheca and male gonotheca. — e-f, Biogeocal, Stn KG 201, axial hydrothecae,

a-b, .slide no. 947; c-d, slide no. 817; e-f, slide no. 792.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

223

Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov.

Fig. 49a-d

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4 : stn DW 212. 22 o 47.40'S-167°10.50'E, 380 m

28.09.1985 (type locality) : six large colon.es with polysiphonic stems, up to 60x45 mm and a large° f

fragments, some gonothecae present. One 65 mm high colony has been chosen as holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1089) shdes

no 347 (schi/.oholotypes, RMNH-Coel. 25900) are from that specimen. All rema.nmg specimens arc paratypes (MNHN-

Hy. 1089. sample; BMNH 1989.11.24.69. sample; RMNH-Coel. 25902, sample). Oa^ms Lafoea

!820) Zygophylax sp. and Symplectoscyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov. — Stn DW .34, — 15.408-16/ U8.aut,

365 m. 02400985 : five up to 50 mm high colonies with gonothecae. On stem Synthecium sp. and Zygophylax sp.

(RMNH-Coel. 25901). Slide no. 480 (MNHN-Hy. 1090).

DESCRIPTION. — Irregularly branched colonies with thick, polysiphonic main axis; ramifications and branches

roughly in one plane, bearing hydrocladia more or less pinnately arranged; finer ramifications and branches

monosiphonic, fairly stiff, just able to support themselves out of fluid. Axis, branches and hydrocladia initially

broken up into internodes, separated by indistinct, oblique constrictions of perisarc; hydrothecae alternately arranged

in one plane, one to each internodc, arrangement of intemodes and hydrothecae obscured on polysiphonic branches

by presence of many secondary tubes. Monosiphonic branches geniculate, particularly in proximal region,

geniculation less distinct in ultimate parts of branches and hydrocladia. Hydrocladia springing from intemodes just

under hydrotheca (fig. 49a). .

Hydrothecae cylindrical, leaving intemode under an angle of c. 60 degrees, widening towards insertion on

internode and slightly so towards margin. Free part adcauline wall c. 1.5 times as long as fused part, straight or

slightly concave. Adnate part adcauline hydrothecal wall with sharp, thickened flexure, hydropore large visible m

slightly oblique view as circular peridermal ridge; no uplurned lip of bottom plate visible. Some hydrothecae with

slightly undulated free abcauline hydrothecal wall (fig. 49c-d). Abcauline wall slightly concave, running smoothly

into wall of intemode. Hydrothecal aperture slightly everted and slightly thickened, with four low marginal cusps

(one ad-, one abcauline and two laterals), separated by shallow embayments. Only few hydrothecae with complete

opercular apparatus, when present and closed forming low roof. Inside of hydrotheca usually with one or two low.

longitudinal cusps flanking the abcauline marginal cusp, but this condition much varied (fig. 49c-d). Renovations

of hydrotheca do occur but rare and restricted to a single renovation.

Hydranths present in many hydrothecae, indicating that species was collected alive, small (much smaller than

those of Sertularella leiocarpa), with 10-12 thin tentacles and small caecum. Ligamentum, running from top ol

caecum towards inside abcauline wall, thin. ... a

Gonothecae large, elongated sack-shaped, with slightly undulated walls, narrowing basally and attached to

internodc on frontal part of colony. Apex flattened, with three or four rounded elevations; contents missing, no holt

3t 'perisarc filin’ though not particularly thick, thickest along internodal walls in basal parts of colony, gradually

thinning out apically and along hydrothecal walls.

DISTRIBUTION. — The type locality is in the Pacific southeast of New Caledonia (22°47.40'S-167°10.50'E,

380 m depth), the second locality is in the same area.

Remarks — This species has a great resemblance to Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888), represented in the

present collection by fragments only (see above). I have thought it advisable to keep the present specimens separate

from Allman'S species for the following reasons : - ht mil

1 Consistent and distinct difference in shape of hydrothecae. those in present species bung straight and

widening slightly towards aperture; S. leiocarpa has hydrothecae slightly but distinctly curvedL^ZewaU no

sign of apical widening. Hydrothecal floor in S. leiocarpa with upturned lip at end of adnate part abcauline wall, no

such lip occurs in S. leiocarpoides. where large, well marked hydropore is visible. ,,

2. Hydranths in S. leiocarpoides small and thus in sharp contrast to those of S. leiocarpa where they arc notably

large.

224

W. VERVOORT

FlG ‘ 1 9 ' ~ Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov., schizoholotype, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 212 : a, monosiphonic distal part

ot axis; b, monosiphonic part of axis with gonotheca; c, axillary hydrotheca; d, hydrocladial hydrotheca,

a-d, slide no. 347.

Source: MNHN. Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

225

3. Intercedes in S. leiocarpoicles are short and geniculate; in S. leiocarpa they are longer and almost straight.

4 Gonothecae of S. leiocarpoicles are larger than those of S. leiocarpa.

To show the conformity in measurements those of the schizoholotype of S. lewcarpa have also been

(tabic 38).

S. leiocarpoides

S. leiocarpa

Musorstom 4

Challenger

Stn DW 212

Stn DW 234

Exped.

(slide no. 347)

(slide no. 480)

Stn 135 c

schizoholotype

o-j C 1 A4A

schizoholotype

i osn . 1 410

Internode, length

diameter

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free pari adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, length

maximal diameter

280 -

870 -

695 -

410 -

1.000 -

280 -

390 -

3,100

1,000

305

910

735

435

1,040

305

- 410

- 3,255

- 1,020

300 - 390

870 - 935

695 - 740

390 - 435

955 - 1,040

260 - 280

390 - 410

3,900

1,600*

240 -

890 -

695 -

520 -

1,085 -

280 -

475 ■

2,280

910

280

910

- 735

- 585

- 1,105

- 325

- 500

- 2,345

-935

(* = flattened by pressure of cover glass)

ETYMOLOGY. - The specific name leiocarpoicles refers to the great resemblance with S. leiocarpa ( leiocarpoicles :

resembling leiocarpa).

Serlularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

Figs 50a-e, 51a, 52a

Coel. 25905). 167 °ior7’E 675-680 m, 29.08.1985 : c. 10 large, flabellate colonies, largest

BlOCAL : stn DW 33, 23 U^./l 5 to/ iu.z/ c, <- 1? c,o a on with Filellum serratum

80x70 mm and many fragments. Single male gonotheca. Shdes Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov. and

(Clarke. 1879), Zygophylax sp Serlularella b 'P ec, ‘ n “ la gMNH 1989 \ \ ^4 70 sample and slide no. 912; RMNH-

Synthecium sp. (MNHN-Hy 1091, ^9 s^de ho 512).' — Stn DW 36. 23°08.64'S-167°10.99'E.

Coel. 25906. sample and slide no. 489. RMhlH-Coel. -58 9 d^ d ' f ^ forming bulk of sample. No

650-680 m. 294)8.1985 . c 5 eolomes up ^ 50 5 ^ Filellum \ erratum (Clarke. 1879). Zygophylax sp.,

gonothecae. Slides nos 360, 387, 47 °* 4/y ; ,• (MNHN-Hy. 1092, sample and slide no.

Sertularella paucicoslata sp. nov. and Symp ectoscyp kMNH Coel 25907, sample and slides nos 360 [with

387; BMNH 1989.11.24.71. and sM‘rf 1 *, 31 »7-4i95’E. 700-680 m, 31.08.1985 .

Symplectoscyphus commensalis), 419 and 49) (-)!• (all RMN H-Coel. 25908). — Stn CP 52,

ztf&zssTvZSit - 307 •*

no. 902 (all RMNH-Coel. 25909). - Stn 1^’^8 47 and 490. One large colony,

c. 25 flabellate colonies and many.S shdes from ,1ns station are paratypes (MNHN

90x100 mm selected as holotype (MNHN Hy. ), , rmnH Coel 25910 rest paratypes and slides nos

Hy 1094 paratype sample; BMNH 1989.11.24.72, paratype sample, RMNH^oel■ rest p ^yi ^ 22 o S7mWS .

-——

Coel. 25912).

226

W. VERVOORT

Fl<i siV"n Wfl novaeca ledon iae sp. nov. : a-b, Biocal. Stn DW 33, parts of hydrocladia. - c, Musorstom 4

gonothecae 0 ’ m ° n ° SlphoniC part of stem Wllh Mrocladia. - d-e, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 223, presumed male

a-b, slide no. 489; c, slide no. 490; d-e, slide no. 439.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS PROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

227

DESCRIPTION — Large, slrongly built flabcllate colonies with thick, repeatedly forked main axis basally

several mm in diameter (5 mm in some colonies) and strongly polysiphonic except highest parts. Ramification

takes place by development of sidcbranches directly under hydrotheca, as can be seen in youngest parts of colonies

(fig. 50c). Hydrothecae alternately arranged along axis and branches, all in one plane, being also p ant o

ramification of colony. No division into internodes visible, though nodes occasionally present, separating younger

from older parts of colony. Basal portion of each branch without hydrothecae. Hydrothccae of stem and older

branches soon becoming covered by secondary tubes, obscuring structure of colony.

Hydrothccae tubular, sunken into stem or branch for about half their length, slightly outwardly curved free and

adnate portions of adcaulinc wall of about same length or free portion slightly longer, smooth or slightly^“Ued

(fig 50a-c); adnate part fairly straight and thick, floor curved, thickened, with large hydroporc for passage of

coenosarc. Abcauline hydrothecal wall distinctly concave, smoothly curved, notably thicker than adcaulinc wa .

Hydrothecal margin with four blunt cusps, no intrathecal teeth visible. Cusps separated by shallow rounded

embayments; plates of opercular apparatus visible in many (young) hydrothecac. forming low roof (fig. . >•

Renovation of hydrotheca frequent, in older parts of colony considerably narrowing hydrothecal aperture. Plant ol

hydrothecal aperture tilted upwards, not parallel to axis. m , fio ^ , Mvins

‘ Gonothccae ovoid, twice as long as wide, inserting on axis some distance under hydrotheca (f.g. SOcX lea g

circular foramen when shed. Surface with 4-5 circular constrictions, deepening towards apex. Apex flattened with

2-3 shallow, rounded elevations, no opening observed. As far as could be made out without sectioning, all observed

gonothecae male containing a large ball of developing spermatocytes (fig. 50d-e).

Distribution. — All records of this new species are from a restricted area of the Norfolk Ridge southeast ol

New Caledonia, depth 125-700 m.

REMARKS. - Very characteristic species with large, flabcllate colonies. There is a fair amount of v ^ iabl ' 1 ‘Y ‘”

the shape of the free part of the hydrothccae. the length of which is distinctly varied and is also influenced by the

repeated renovations In some colonies the majority of hydrothecae may have a fairly regularly undulated

adcauline wall (figs 50b, 52a), in such colonies hydrothccae with smooth free adcaul.ne walls are also present.

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name, novaecaledoniae , is a latinization of the locality. New Caledonia.

Sertularella paucicostata sp. nov.

Fig. 51b-f, j

Material bxam,ned._n„ CaleConi,. b.ocal

Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and Bryozoa. No BonoAecK. atypes"(BM N H 19 V’ll .2474.’ paratype sample;

sponge, no gonothccae Made up .09.1985 : small, 5-8 mm high colonies partly on

MUSORSTOM 4 : stn DW 220. 22 58.50 S-16/ A Sinr«IIRMNH-Coel 25917) - Stn CP 238. 22°13.00'S-

calcified wormtubes. with empty gonothecae. Part as slide no. 510 ( L \ , nm N o gonothecae. All in 2

167°14.00'E 510 m. 02.10.1985 : small colony on stem of Hemicarpus sp., lengtn c. -u g

slides no. 501 [MNHN Hy. no. 1098 (1) and BMNH 1989.11.24.75 (1)].

hydrocladia (sidebranches) from part of internode supporting hydrotheca. Occasionally two of such hydroclad.a arise.

228

W. VERVOORT

5°- V, \ — Serlul “ rella novaecaledoniae sp. nov., paralype, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 220, hydrocladial hydrothcca.

t ‘ IG ' j b '‘' J- — Senularella paucicostata sp. nov. : b-d, hololypc, Biocal, Sin DW 36 : b, part of axis- c-d, axial

hydr° thecae . — e-f, Musorstom 4, Stn DW 220 : e, gonotheca, lateral view; f, gonothecae, view from above. —

J, Musorstom 4, Stn CP 238, renovated top part of hydrotheca.

FlG ; 8 u‘ Serlularella pseudocosiata sp. nov., schizohololype. Biocal, Stn CP 75 : g, part of axis; h axial

nydrotheca; l, distal part part of hydrotheca, oblique lateral view.

a, slide no. 490; b-d, slide no. 494; e-f, slide no. 510; g-i, slide no. 498; j, slide no. 501.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

229

_ n p on each side of hydrotheca, resulting in pseudodichotomous branching. Unbranched colonies with strongly

oeniculate axis (fig 51b)' branches, if present, not necessarily in same plane with axis from which they originate.

8 ‘Slenders ightly swollen ap.cally, supporting hydrotheca that is completely free from mternode and

„ alCrbSng next inlemode (fig. 51c). Ltemodes occasionally will, some rings and wuh wnnkled perrsam.

Hydrothecaeelongated band-shaped, occasionally slightly curved when adcanlme wall is more convex than

abcauline wall (fig. 51cd). Surface of hydrotheca with 8 or 9 frilled, iransverse nbs, between which body of

eonotheca is slightly furrowed. Rim of hydrotheca quadrangular, with four marginal cusps (two lateral, one ,

SmZS xpZZTshallow embaymems. Plates of opercular apparatus fairly thick String together to form

* SuSSovarions of hydrolheca, marg,n reduced, usually one two (wuh exceprion of material

from Musorstom 4 Stn CP 238). No intrathecal teeth observed. ... m

Hvdranths present in majority of colonies, number of tentacles 14-16. Hydranths basally attached to botto

nlate ofhydrotheca and by means of filament to inside of adcauline hydrothecal wall at level of second nb from rim

P Empty gonothecae occur in colonies from Musorstom 4. Stn DW 220. being attached to

hvdrotheca Shape of gonotheca almost as hydrotheca, but basal portion narrowed and rounded, laterally a ‘ ,ac ' lcd '<’

internode (fig Me) Bcxly of gonotheca with 6 ribs with broad, upturned frill, reduced on first and last nbs. Apic.

Xn foim'ng a short, broad indistinctly three-pointed funnel. Cosed by means of tripartite membrane f^ 510-

P Material from Musorstom 4. Stn CP 238. has hydrothecae of which apical part forms short, bread tube,

resuTt^om frequent renovations of hydrotheca. rim. Closing plates, which may be also renovated, found

attached to rim of this tubiform structure (fig. 51j).

Table 40. — Measurements of Seriularella paucicostata sp. nov- in pm.

Internode, length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, total depth

diameter at apex

maximal diameter

number of ribs

Gonotheca, total length

maximal diameter

diameter of apical funnel

length of funnel

number of ribs

BlOCAL

Stn DW 08

(slide no. 495)

1,085 - 1,195

150 - 195

735 - 800

305 - 325

365 - 370

865 - 975

150 - 170

730 - 735

275 - 280

325 - 330

BlOCAL

Stn DW 36

(sl ide no. 494 )

865 - 870

170 - 175

800 - 825

280 - 305

365 - 390

BlOCAL

Stn DW 44

(slide no. 305)

930 - 935

150 - 165

715 -735

260 - 280

325 - 330

860 - 870

150 - 155

715 -760

280 - 305

345 - 350

8-9

760 - 845

410 - 455

195 - 235

110 - 130

1,085 - 1,195

150 - 155

715 - 735

260 - 265

305 - 320

Ridge.

Remarks. — Ibis species resembles Semlarella cos,am Urioup, 1940. in colon, sriuchne and general shape of

7X^^a~,cos.am more cyhndnca,. scarcely swollen medially, will, a reduced number

(8-9) of costae and without intrathecal teeth.

230

W. VERVOORT

2. Axis distinctly geniculate in S. paucicoslaia , scarcely so in 5. costata.

Sertularella paucicoslaia sp. nov., as described above, also resembles Sertularella exilis Fraser (1938a : 51,

pi. 12 fig. 59). a Pacific species briefly characterized and insufficiently figured. The hydrothecae in S. exilis appear

to be slenderer but there is agreement in colony structure. As Fraser's species has never been redescribed a re-

inspection of the holotype is desirable.

Etymology. — The specific name paucicoslaia has been chosen because the number of ribs (latin costae) is

reduced (latin adjective paucus meaning few).

Sertularella pseudocostata sp. nov.

Fig. 5lg-i

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn CP 75, 22°18.65'S-167°23.30'E, 825-860 m.

04/05.09.1985 (type locality) : straggling and tangled, monosiphonic colonies 20-30 mm high, stems strongly zig-zag,

hydrothecae at each internode, strongly ribbed, c. 10 ribs. No gonothecae. One of colonies is holotype (MNHN-Hy'

1099), rest of colonies are paratypes and slides nos 295 and 498 (2) are schizoholotypes [MNHN-Hy. 1099, slide no. 498

(1); BMNH 1989.11.24.76, slide no. 498 (1); RMNH-Coel. 25918, paratype sample and slide no. 295]. — Stn CP 78,

22°16.25 S-167°15.53 E, 445-450 m, 05.09.1985 : irregularly branched, prostrate colony c. 20x30 mm, no gonothecae

(BMNH no. 1989.11.24.77). Detached fragment in slide no. 318 (RMNH-Coel. 25919).

DESCRIPTION (based mainly on material from type locality). — Colonies straggling, rising from creeping

stolon, up to 30 mm high, unable to support themselves outside fluid, composed of several long internodes, each

bearing a single hydrotheca and formed by sympodial branching (next intemode springing from previous internode

directly behind hydrotheca), by pseudodichotomy (two internodes springing from previous one directly behind

hydrotheca), or by combination of both ways of branching. Sympodially branched parts geniculate. Intemodes long

and slender, of nearly same diameter along overall length, slightly swollen apically where region of attachment of

hydrothecae is found (fig. 51 g).

Hydrotheca almost completely free, large, barrel-shaped, scarcely widened in middle, basally narrowing, fully

symmetrical, bearing 9 to 11 circular, transverse, frilled ribs (fig. 51h). On first from apex and on basal two ribs

frill almost completely reduced. Because of reduction of apical circular rib hydrothcca with distinct apical portion,

gradually becoming quadrangular in cross section (fig. 5li). Rim of hydrotheca slightly thickened, with four

marginal, rounded cusps separated by shallow embayments, into which fit triangular opercular plates, when closed

forming low roof. Renovations of hydrothecal border occasionally observed, number of renovations 1 or (rarely) 2.

No intrathecal cusps.

Hydranths present but condition mediocre; a filament attaching body of hydranth to inside of hydrothecal wall at

level of second rib from apex.

Pensarc thin on internodcs and along hydrothecal walls; hydrothecae consequently fragile and easily collapsible.

No complete gonothecae observed. Remnants in material from Biocal. Stn CP 75, attached to intemode at

about halfway its length, forming shallow cups with transverse, circular, frilled ribs.

Table 41. —Measurements of Sertularella pseudocostata sp. nov., in pm

Biocal

Stn CP 75

(slide no. 498)

Biocal

Stn CP 78

(slide no. 318)

Intemode, length

1,965 - 2,170

1,955 - 3,390

diameter

280 - 325

240 - 280

Hydrotheca, total depth

1,215 - 1,300

1,105 - 1,260

diameter at apex

455 - 520

20 - 540

diameter in middle

565 - 585

540 - 585

number of ribs

9-11

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

231

Fir S? a Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4, Sin DW 223, hydrocladial hydrolheca.

Fig'. 52 b c,L,a RRchie. 1909, Muso Rs t„„ 3 . Sm DR —

hydrocladia; c. insertion of hydrocladium on ax.s; d. axdlary hydrotheca; e, hydrocladial hydrotheca,

a, slide no. 439; b-e. slide no. 473.

with

Source: MNHN. Paris

232

W. VERVOORT

Distribution. — The two stations are from a restricted area east of New Caledonia (between New Caledonia and

the Loyalty Islands); depth 445-860 m.

Remarks. — This species differs from Seriularella cosiaia Leloup. 1940. in the following details :

1. Hydrotheca in S. pseudocostata c. twice as large. LELOUP (1940) and Hiroiiito (1983) give no concrete

measurements of their material but judging from ihcir drawings and the scale with which these are presented the

length of the hydrotheca in S. cosiaia must be between 0.4 and 0.5 mm.

2. Number of hydrothecal costae reduced in S. pseudocostata, where it varies between 9 and 11. Both Leloup

and HlROHlTO give that number in S. costata as being c. 20.

3. In S. pseudocostata there arc no intrathecal teeth, while the hydrotheca is almost cylindrical with quadrangular

aperture. LELOUP and HIROIIITO describe and figure three intrathecal teeth in S. costata, where the hydrothcca is

decidedly swollen medially. Quadrangular condition of the aperture is neither mentioned by Leloup nor HlROHlTO

and does not appear unambiguously from their drawings.

Etymology. — From the grcck pseudes (false), the specific name pseudocostata pointing towards the great

resemblance of this species to Seriularella costata.

Seriularella quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909

Figs 52b-e, 53a-b

Seriularella polyzonias var. cornuta Ritchie, 1909 : 525; 1910a : 10-11, pi. 4 fig. 2; 1910b : 818.

Seriularella cornuta Stechow. 1923a : 12; 1923d : 195. — NUTTING, 1927 : 215-216, pi. 42 figs 1-2.

Seriularella quadridens var. cornuta Billard, 1925b : 151-152, fig. 19C-E. pi. 7 fig. 9. — Vervoort, 1941 : 216-217. —

Mammen, 1965 : 36. — Rees & Thursfield, 1965 : 136, 200. — Redier. 1971a : 142. — Smaldon. Heppell &

Wait, 1976 : 19.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 12°31.2'N-120°39.3'E. 92-97 m, 03.06.1985 :

four colonies 30 mm high, monosiphonic, without gonothecae (RMNH Coel. n. 25920). Slide no. 473 of one of colonies

(MNHN-Hy. 1100). — Stn CP 131, 11°36.6'N-121°43.0'E, 120-122 m, 05.06.1985 : two colonies c. 20x40 mm of which

1 attached to antipatharian axis and 1 fragment. Slide no. 1680 (all RMNH-Coel. 26653).

New Caledonia. Smib 4 : stn DW 50, 23°42.2'S-168°00'E, 295 m, 09.03.1989 : small, 5-10 mm high colonies on

wormtubes, no gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1101). Slide no. 895 (RMNH-Coel. 25921).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 473, 21°08.80'S-167°55.30'E, 236 in, 22.02.1989 : five fragments all

in slide no. 751 (BMNH 1989.121.24.78). — Stn DW 475. 21°08.95'S-167°55.40'E, 236 m, 22.02.1989 : c. 10 mm

high colonies on wormtube with Dipltasia sp. No gonothecae; slide no. 925 (all RMNH-Coel. 25922). — Stn DW 477,

21°07.98 S-167°54.69 E, 550 m, 22.02.1989 : c. 10-15 mm high, branched colonies from a stolon creeping on

wormtube. No gonothecae. Slide no. 711 (all MNHN-Hy. 1102).

Description (based on Musorstom 3 specimens). — Colonies 30-35 mm high with erect stem bearing up to

15 mm long hydrocladia perpendicular to axis and carrying up to 24 hydrothecae. Division of axis and hydrocladia

into intemodes indistinct; constrictions of perisarc occur on axis just above axillary hydrothecae; hydrocladia

basally separated from apophyses by weak constrictions of perisarc (fig. 52b-c). Hydrocladia placed on short

apophyses under axillary stem hydrothecae; three hydrolhecae between two successive apophyses, one axillary, one

left, and one right; the upper almost opposite next apophysis.

Hydrothecae of axis and hydrocladia of identical shape, fairly deeply sunken into internodc, so that about half

adcauline wall is free, apical portion of hydrotheca strongly curving away from internode, angle between axis and

free adcauline wall being 90 degrees or slightly less (fig. 52d-c). Abcauline hydrothecal wall usually with fairly

sharp flexure; perisarc thickened in region of flexure. Free part adcauline wall straight or slightly convex, in some

hydrothecac weakly undulated (fig. 52e), perisarc of that portion thin. Fused adcauline wall smoothly curved, at

floor with distinct notch, particularly in axial hydrothecae. Bottom plate with large hydropore, serving passage of

coenosarc. Hydrothecal aperture slightly tilted in upward direction, rim with four blunt cusps (adcauline, abcauline

and two lateral), slightly thickened. Opercular apparatus present in many hydrothecae, composed of four fairly firm

triangular flaps, when closed forming fairly high roof-shaped structure (fig. 52e). Renovations of hydrothcca

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDRO!DS FROM 'HIE WESTERN PACIFIC

233

common, as many as five having been observed; hydrotheeal rim increasing in thickness with each renovation.

Renovations also concern opercular apparatus; some hydrothecae w.th a bundle of triangular plates attached in

semicircular embayments between cusps. First hydrothccae of hydrocladium fairly close together: ax>l between .ree

part adcauline wall and hydrocladium and notch at base of following hydrotheca at about same level (fig, 52c), bu

this distance increasing along hydrocladium. , .

Pcrisarc thick on axis and internodes, thinning out along hydrotheeal walls (with exception of thickened portioi

of abcaulinc wall). Fenestrae visible under some hydrothecae of axis and hydrocladia, but by no means ot common

occurrence.

No gonothecae found.

TABLE 42._Measurements of Sertularella quadridens cornula Ritchie, 1909, in pm.

MUSORSTOM 3

Stn DR 117

(slide no. 473)

Siboga Exped.

(BILLARD,

1925)

Sneluus Exped.

(Vervoort.

1941)

Smib4

Stn DW 50

(slide no. 895)

Axis, diameter at base

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall*

length free part adcauline wall *

length fused part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, length

greatest diameter

295

205 - 220

335 - 390

185 - 200

435 - 460

520 - 530

190 - 205

265 - 275

165 - 315

330 - 365

165 - 200

1,230 - 1,540

510- 575

165 - 300

315 - 380

280

120 - 140

380 - 385

90-95

310 - 375

400 - 435

160 - 175

205 - 215

MUSORSTOM 6

Stn DW 473

(slide no. 751)

MUSORSTOM 6

Stn DW 475

(slide no. 925)

MUSORSTOM 6

Stn DW 477

(slide no. 711)

Axis, diameter at base

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

Hydrocladial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall*

length free part adcauline wall *

length fused part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

260

95 - 120

360 - 390

155 - 295

220 - 370

420 - 475

170 - 185

200 - 215

260

140 - 170

370 - 455

150 - 220

295 - 405

445 - 505

175 - 205

205 - 250

245

100 - 105

355 - 405

150 - 220

310 - 370

405 - 480

185 - 215

190 - 215

(*= including renovations)

DISTRIBUTION - Recorded from the Andaman Islands (RITCHIE, 1910a); various localities in the waters of the

eastern^ ofTe Malay Archipelago (B.llard, 1925b; Vervoort. .941) and the Philippines (Nujting. .927 .

The depth distribution extends to a. leas. 122 m. The subspecies is now also recorded from New' C^mn waters

northern part of the Norfolk Ridge southeast of New Caledonia and from the Pacific off the Loyalty Islands, depths

235-550 m.

REMARKS. - The material from the Philippines agrees with descriptions by BILLARD (1925b) and Vervoort

( 1941) and can easily be recognized in spite of absence of gonothecae. The New Cal.Jdoma “e fcenerally

smaller and are characterized by repeated renovations of the hydrotheeal aperture and opercular apparatus (fig. 53a b)

Hydrothecae with a considerable portion of the adcauline hydrotheeal wall free from the intemode occur in

higher parts of stems and hydrocladia; proximally the length of the free adcauline hydrea.hecal wtj

the adnate portion slightly increasing. The hydrothecae, as a result, appear to be more deeply embedded into

liychproximaf parts of the colony, where the thickness of the pensarc also increases

considerably.

234

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 53 a-b. — Sertularella quadridens cornuta Ritchie, 1909, Musorstom 6 , Stn DW 477 : a, monosiphonic colony

b, pair of hydrocladial hydrothecae.

FIG. 53 c-f. — Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896 : c, e-f, Chalcal 2, Stn DW 80 : c, monosiphonic part of colony;

e, hydrocladial hydrotheca; f, axillary hydrotheca. — d, Lagon, Stn DW 1146, pair of hydrocladial hydrothecae

a-b, slide no. 711; c, e-f, slide no. 421; d, slide no. 971.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

235

Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896

Figs 53c-f, 54a

:n!pl. 2 figs 2-3; 1903 : 2*0 1919

56 69, 70, 72, 125, pi. 4 fig. 12. — Stechow, 1913b : 13, 129, figs 99-100; 1923b _ 13. — Hiro, 1939 -1 ..

fig. 8. - Rees & Thursfif.ld, 1965 : 138. - Yamada, 1959 : 65. — Naumov. 1960 ^ 34-343, f ‘S- 23--

Hirohtto 1969 • 23; 1983 : 47. — Rho & Chang, 1974 : 144, pi. 5 figs 1-2. — Belousov. 1975a . -06, 197 Mj . 655,

fig. 1 no. 46. — Rho, 1977 : 266, pi. 82 fig. 78. — Yamada & Kubota, 1987 : 40.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. ChaLCAL 2 : stn DW 80 23”26J0'S-168”01.80'E >60-n. 31 iai986 :

large tuft, 60x60 mm composed of several partly anastomosing smaller colonies. No gonothecae; sl.de no. 4-1 (MN

Hv 1103 sample- BMNH 1989.11.24.79, sample; RMNH-Coel. 25923, sample and slide no. 4_1).

y LACON : stn P DW 1146. 19°08.3'S-163°30.9'E. 176-185 m. 28.10.1989 ; fifteen mm high colony and some fragments,

no eonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1104). Slide no. 971 (RMNH-Coel. 25924).

Smib 6 : stn DW 135, y i9°02.8 S-163° 18.7'E. 250-260 m, 04.03.1990 : two fragments, one c. 10 mm high with branch

and a 3 mm long fragment; no gonothecae. All in slide no. 1387 (RMNH-Coel. 25925).

DESCRIPTION. — Flabellate colonies forming bushy complex of several c. 50 mm high colonics with forked

axis, anastomoses between various parts present. Axis polysiphonic. only basally with some strength

consequently colonies unable to support themselves outside fluid. Apical parts of colonies monosiphomc, in the. c

parts axis with alternate hydrothecae and hydrocladia, all placed in one plane; axis- or hydrocladium scarcely

oeniculate. Hydrocladia springing from axis under axillary hydrothecae; number of hydrothecae between two

successive hydrocladia varied but usually three (one axial, one ad-, one abcauline, fig. 53c). No proper apophysis

present, basal portion of first hydrocladium, which is longer than those following, with constrictions at beginning

of abcauline wall of axial hydrotheca. No distinct division in internodes visible, though pensarcal constrictions do

occur. In older parts of colony monosiphomc structure overlaid by secondary tubules and obscured by presence ol

‘"^Hydrothecae vase-shaped, usually slightly curved so that adcauline wall is slightly convex; abcauline wall

basally bulged but just under hydrothecal rim with distinct concavity. Axis of hydrotheca making angle of

c 60 degrees with length axis of intemode or stem. Axial and remaining hydrothecae a most similar Ieng £ ° f

adnate par. adcauline wall slightly exceeding that of free part. Adnate pan adcauline wall curved basaUy to form

hydrothecal floor; this portion slightly swollen. Hydropore scarcely visible because o developmen o strong

ligament a. hydrothecal floor. Body of hydro.heca with 10-12 sharp ridges corresponding w,lh *

hydrothecal wall; 7-8 of those ribs are complete, encircling whole hydrothcca (fig. 53d-f). Hydrothecal

distinctly flaring and reinforced, with 4 low marginal cusps (2 laterals, 1 ad-. 1 abcauline), separated by shallow

embayments, accommodating 4 triangular, hyaline flaps of closing apparatus. Moreover, 3 intrathecal cusps present

in many hydrothecae (one abcauline, one on each side of adcauline marginal cusp). , . , . ,

Well preserved hydranths present, number of tentacles 10-12. Hydranth attached to curved part of hydrothecal

floor. Distinct 'caecum' present; top of 'caecum' connected by strong ligament to inside abcauline wall under sect

C0S peHs^c n fdirly thin on stem and hydrocladia. though rather thick and strong along hydrothecal walls; few

collapsed hydrothecae have been observed.

No gonothecae present.

DISTRIBUTION. - Originally described from the South China Sea. c 90 km S of Hsfe-M°>™

depth. The species occurs rather plentifully in the waters south and southeast of J *P a "

Yamada 1959) including Sagami Bay (Stechow. 1913; Jaderholm. 1919; Hirohito, 1969, 1983) andthe

Bonin Islands (H.ROH1TO, 1969). Also reported from Korean waters (RHO & Chang. 1974; RHa 1977) from

Taiwan Strait (Naumov, 1960) and from the Sea of Okhotsk, near Cape Soya. La Pcrouse Strait (Na^ov I960).

The depth distribution extends from c. 35 m down to at leas. 730 m. The present specimens are from the Pacific

north and east of New Caledonia, depth 160-185 m.

236

W. VERVOORT

Table 43. — Measurements of Sertularella sinensis Jiiderholm, 1896, in pm.

Chalcal 2

Stn DW 80

(slide no. 421)

Lagon

Stn DW 1146

(slide no. 971)

Stem, diameter at base

1,110 - 1,200

Hydrocladium, diameter at base

175 - 190

160 - 165

Axial hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

340 - 360

length free part adcauline wall

280 - 295

length adnate part adcauline wall

290 - 295

total depth

450 - 465

diameter at rim

170 - 175

maximal diameter

260 - 270

Normal hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

295 - 355

*345 - 390

length free part adcauline wall

250 - 310

*200 - 340

length adnate part adcauline wall

265 - 310

245 - 275

total depth

400 - 465

*445 - 480

diameter at rim

170 - 185

150 - 205

maximal diameter

250 - 275

245 - 260

Distance between two successive hydrothecae,

measured from axil to base next hydrotheca

260 - 295

280 - 295

(*= including renovations)

Remarks. — Slide no. 421 has been compared in BMNH with slide no. 19.7.26.2. off Cape Padaran, Cochin

China, 70 fms, C.S. " Recorder ", which ii generally resembles, but the number of ribs on Ihe hydrothccae in (he

Musorstom specimen is slightly higher. The number of these ribs in this species is rather varied, though 12 is

apparently the maximum. HlROHlTO (1983) gives the number of these ribs for Sagami Bay specimens as 'about

6 - 8 '.

The ribbed structure of the hydrothecae corresponds with that observed in Sertularella crenulata Nutting, 1905,

though in that species the ribs are finer and their number on each hydrotheca c. 30. Moreover, there is a

considerable difference in the shape of the hydrothecae. The colony in 5. crenulata is strong and self-supporting.

The fragments from Lagon, Stn DW 1146. are remarkable because of the repeated renovations of hydrothcca and

opercular apparatus (fig. 54a). In these specimens the perisarc is thick and the internal hydrothccal cusps are strong.

Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856)

Fig. 54b-e

Sertularia rugosa Johnston, 1847 : 63.

Sertularia tenella Alder, 1856 : 357-358. pi. 13 figs 3-6.

Sertularella tenella - HiNCKS, 1868 : 242-243, pi. 47 figs 3, 3a-c.

Sertularella geniculata Hincks, 1874 : 152-153, pi. 7 figs 13-14.

Sertularella tenella - HartlaUB. 1901b : 63-64, pi. 5 figs 21-23, pi. 6 figs 2, 4, 7, 9, 10. — FRASER 1911 • 71- 1914 •

193, pi. 31 fig. 116; 1938a : 9, 53; 1938c : 134; 1943 : 92; 1948 : 246 . — JADERHOI.M, 1916-1917 : 7, pi. 4 fig. 5-

1919 : 17, pi. 4 fig. 4; 1923 : 6. — Bennitt, 1922 : 250. — STECHOW, 1923a : 13; 1923d ; 185-186, fig. A'b; 1926 :

102. — Kramp, 1935 : 178, fig. 73C. — Leloup. 1935 : 45, figs 26-27; 1940b : 18. — Vervoort, 1942 : 293;

1946b: 228, fig. 97b; 1968 : 105. — Yamada, 1950 : 12, pi. 1 fig. 11. — Vannucci, 1951 : 116. — Deevey’

1954 : 270. — Hamond, 1957 : 320. — Naumov. 1960 : 341-342, fig. 231. — Blanco, 1963 : 173, 178, figs 7-8.

— Redier, 1964b : 138. — Mammen, 1965 : 36, fig. 68. — Rees & Thursfield, 1965 : 138. — Van Gemerden-

Hoogeveen, 1965 : 31. — Calder, 1970 : 1529, pi. 6 fig. 6. — Hirohito, 1974 : 20, fig. 8. — Cornelius. 1979 :

292, fig. 24. — Stepantants, 1979 : 88. — GarcIa Corrales, Aguirre Inchaurbe & GonzAlez Mora, 1980 • 46

fig. 16. — Ljubenkov, 1980 : 49. — Antsulevich, 1987 : 70.

Sertularella allantica Stechow, 1920 : 29. fig. 2A; 1923d : 183-184. fig. A'a.

Sertularella tenella f. peculiaris Leloup, 1935 : 45, figs 26-27; 1938a : 6.

Source: MNHN, Paris

IIYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

237

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Loyalty Islands. MUSORSTOM 6 : stn DW 420, 2 ^ 9 f 1SA6 f°^ 35 '\

16.02.1989 : four colonies 3-5 mm high on coral fragment. No gonothecae; slide no. 964 of one of stems (all R

C °CheSle.d Islands. CHALCAL 1 : stn DC 34. 19°52.10'S-158°20.10'E. 37 m, 21.07 1984 : several small 3-5 mm

high stems rising from stolon creeping on Lytocarpia sp„ single empty gonotheca present; 2 slides no. 1672 (RMNH-

Coel. 26652).

Description (based on Musorstom 6. Stn DW 420. material). — Material composed of four 3-5 mm high

stems rising individually from stolon attached to coral fragment. Stolon tubiform, of same diameter as basal part ol

stems; these divided into slender intemodes separated by oblique constrictions running in opposite directions or

occasionally a complete septum, slightly geniculate (fig. 54b). .

Hydrothecae inserted at distal end of intemode, forming an angle of c. 60 degrees with following internode,

cylindrical to slightly bulging; adcauline as well as abcauline walls may be either nearly straight or slightly

convex, adnate part of adcauline wall c. half length of free part. Surface of hydrotheca with 5-6 transverse spirally

running undulations, visible on external surface of hydrotheca as transverse lines (fig. 54c-e), in lateral aspect

undulations visible on optical section of hydrothecal wall as rounded elevations. Hydrothccal aperture with four

marginal cusps (one ad-, one abcauline. two laterals), separated by fairly deep, rounded embayments. Hydrothecal

opercular apparatus composed of four triangular flaps attached in embayments of hydrothecal margin and when

closed forming low roof. Plane of hydrothecal aperture usually perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis, but

occasionally slightly shifted in ad-or abcauline direction.

Hydranths present in majority of hydrothecae, with small adcauline caecum of which top attached to inside

adcauline wall by means of fine filament (fig. 54e); point of attachment at level of distal hydrothecal undulation.

Number of tentacles 10.

Periderm firm and not particularly thin; hydrothecal margin distinctly thickened but no internal cusps present.

No renovations of hydrothecae observed. ...

Gonothecae absent; one colonies with circular hole just under hydrothecal base where gonotheca possibly

attached.

Table 44. — Measurements of Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856), in pm.

Musorstom 6

Stn DW 420

(slide no. 964)

Stem internode, length

1,020 - 1,780

diameter

175

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

500 - 540

length free part adcauline wall

435 - 455

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

220 - 240

540 - 565

diameter at rim

260 - 280

maximal diameter

280 - 315

number of undulations

5-6

DISTRIBUTION. - Cosmopolitan species found in all oceans of the world under widely varying conditions and

consequently with a considerable range of variability. The present records are from deep water of the Pacific: off the

Loyalty Islands and from off lie Longue, Chesterfield Islands. The species has been recorded from

1950) and the Bonin Islands (HlROHITO. 1974) but so far has nol been obtained from the Malay Archipelago.

Australia or New Zealand. Hartlaub (1901b ; 127 and footnote no.l) records the species from the Loyalty Islands.

Remarks. - In the synonymy of this variable species 1 have largely followed Cornelius's view but I have, at

least for the time being, no, included Sertularella rugose (Linnaeus 1758) into its syticnymy The

CHALCAL 1. Stn DC 34, is doubtfully referred to the present species being in fairly poor condition. The hydrothcca

is contracted distaUy. the four marginal cusps pointing obliquely outwards and the opercular flaps ;are missing. The

gonotheca is ovoid, compressed on the back and ribbed over its whole length, ten ribs being present. T

gonothecal aperture has four marginal cusps.

238

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 54 a. Sertularella sinensis Jaderholm, 1896, Lagon. Sin DW 1146, hydrocladial hydrolheca with much renovated

distal portion.

Fig. 54 b-e. — Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1856), MUSORSTOM 6, Stn DW 420 : b, colony; c, d, axial hydrothecae;

e. terminal hydrotheca.

Fig. 54 f-h. — Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972 : f. Bay of Biscay, " Monarch ", 48°04 , N-09°23 , W,

monosiphonic distal part of colony. — g-h, Biocal, Stn DW 36 : g, hydrocladial hydrotheca with its hydranth;

h, gonotheca.

a, slide no. 971; b-c, slide no. 964; f, slide no. 1392; g, slide no. 525; h, slide no. 361.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

239

Genus SYMPLECTOSCYPHUS Marktanner-Tumerctschcr, 1890

Of ihc genus Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 : 235, type, by monotypy, Symplectoscyphus

australis Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 = Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray, 1843), the following species,

subspecies, varieties and forms have been considered :

Symplectoscyphus adpressus (Ritchie, 1911) [= Sertularella adpressa Ritchie, 1911 : 837-839, pi. 85 fig. 5,

pi. 88 figs 1, 2, 9].

Symplectoscyphus affinis (Hartlaub, 1901b) [= Sertularella affinis Hartlaub, 1901b : 43-44, pi. 1 fig. 5, pi. 2

figs 23-24].

Symplectoscyphus aggregatus (Jaderholm, 1916-1917) [= Sertularella aggregata Jaderholm, 1916-1917 : 13,

pi. 2 fig. 1].

Symplectoscyphus amphorifera (Allman, 1877) [= Sertularella amphorifera Allman, 1877 : 22, pi. 15 figs 8-

' 10 ].

Symplectoscyphus arhoriformis (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) [= Sertularella arboriformis Marktanner-

Turneretscher, 1890 : 228, pi. 4 fig. 5].

Symplectoscyphus articulatus (Allman, 1888) [Sertularia articulata Allman, 1888 : 61, pi. 29 figs 3, 3a;

ISymplectoscyphus elongatus (Jaderholm, 1904)].

Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972 : 174-180, figs 58-60.

Symplectoscyphus biformis (Jaderholm, 1905) [= Sertularella biformis Jaderholm, 1905 : 28-29, pi. 11 ligs 1-

3].

Symplectoscyphus chubuticus El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 202-206, fig. 51.

Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914) [= Sertularella columnaria Briggs, 1914 : 286, 293-294, fig. 1].

Symplectoscyphus confusus Totton, 1930 : 184-185, fig. 35, pi. 1 ligs 4, 6).

Symplectoscyphus cumberlandicus (Jaderholm, 1905) [= Sertularella cumberlandica Jaderholm, 1905 : 27-28.

pi. 10 figs 8-11].

Symplectoscyphus curvatus (Jaderholm, 1916-1917) [= Sertularella curvata Jaderholm, 1916-1917 : 11-12, pi. 1

figs 10-11]

Symplectoscyphus delicatulus (Hutton, 1873) [= Sertularella delicatula Hutton, 1873 : 256; Sertularella

capillaris Allman, 1885 : 133, pi. 8 figs 1-3].

Symplectoscyphus dentiferus (Torrey, 1902) [= Sertularella deniifera Torrey, 1902 : 61, pi. 6 ligs 51-52].

Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk, 1852) [= Sertularia divaricata Busk, 1852 : 388].

Symplectoscyphus divaricatus var. dubius (Bale, 1888) [= Sertularella divaricata var. dubia Bale, 1888 : 761-

762, pi. 16 figs 1-2].

Symplectoscyphus divaricatus var. subdichotomus (Bale, 1888) [= Sertularella divaricata var. subdichotoma

Bale, 1888: 761, pi. 16 figs 3-4].

Symplectoscyphus elegans (Nutting, 1904) [= Sertularella elegans Nutting, 1904 : 98, pi. 24 fig. 1]

Symplectoscyphus elongatus (Jaderholm, 1904) [= Sertularella elongata Jaderholm, 1904 : x;

?Symplectoscyphus articulatus (Allman, 1888)].

Symplectoscyphus epizoicus Watson, 1973 : 177, figs 31-33.

Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton, 1930 : 185-186, fig. 36a-b, pi. 1 tigs 5-6.

Symplectoscyphus erectus (Fraser, 1938c) [= Sertularella erecta Fraser, 1938c : 134, 141-142, pi. 21 tig. 11].

Symplectoscyphus erectus (Naumov & Stepan'yants, 1962) 1= Sertularella erecta Naumov & Stepan yants,

1962 : 84-85, fig. 7]. (preoccupied name!).

Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1984 : 39-41, figs 1-7.

Symplectoscyphus exsertus (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia exserta Allman, 1888 : 56-57, pi. 27 figs 1, la-c].

Symplectoscyphus filiformis (Allman, 1888) [= Sertularia gracilis Allman, 1888 : 51-52; Sertularia filiformis

Allman, 1888 : 90, pi. 24 figs 1, la].

Symplectoscyphus filiformis var. reticulatus Ritchie, 1907a [= Sertularella filiformis var. reticulata Ritchie,

1907a : 535].

Symplectoscyphus flexilis (Hartlaub, 1901b) [= Sertularella flexilis Hartlaub, 1901b : 44-45, pi. 3 fig. 2, pi. 4

fig. 28].

Symplectoscyphus fuscus (Trebilcock. 1928) [= Sertularella fusca Trebilcock, 1928; 13-14. pi. 5 tigs 2, 2a-b].

Symplectoscyphus glacialis (Jaderholm, 1904) {= Sertularella glacialis Jaderholm, 1904 : ix].

240

W. VERVOORT

Symplectoscyphus gotoi (Stechow, 1913a) [= Sertularella Gotoi Stechow, 1913a : 142].

Symplectoscyphus grandis Blanco, 1977 : 6-7, figs 14-18.

Symplectoscyphus gruzovi Stcpan’yants, 1979 [= Sertularella gruzovi Stepan'yants, 1979 : 67-68, pi. 12 fig. 1,

pi. 25 fig. 5].

Symplectoscyphus hero Blanco, 1977 : 4-6, figs 1-13, 19-30.

Symplectoscyphus hozawai Stechow, 1931 : 179.

Symplectoscyphus huanghaiensis Tang & Huang, 1986 : 317-318, fig. 1.

Symplectoscyphus hydrallmaniaeformis (Kudelin, 1914) [= Sertularella hydrallmaniaeformis Kudelin, 1914 :

' 503-505, fig. 172].

Symplectoscyphus incisus (Fraser, 1938a) (= Sertularella incisa Fraser, 1938a : 9, 52, pi. 12 fig. 60].

Symplectoscyphus indivisus (Bale, 1882) [= Sertularella indivisa Bale, 1882 : 24, pi. 12 fig. 7; Sertularella

solidula Bale, 1882 : 24-25, pi. 12 fig. 8; Sertularella sieboldi Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 49, pi. 16 figs 5, 5a;

Sertularella muelleri Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 49-50, pi. 16 figs 7, 7a-b; Sertularella variabi/is Bale, 1888 :

764-765, pi. 15 figs 5-9].

Symplectoscyphus indivisus var. bidentatus (Ling, 1938) [= Sertularella indivisa var. bidentata Ling, 1938 :

357, figs 15-16].

Symplectoscyphus infract us (Kirchenpauer, 1884) [= Sertularella infracta Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 46].

Symplectoscyphus interrupt us (Pfeffer, 1889) [= Sertularia interrupta Pfeffer, 1889 : 55].

Symplectoscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock. 1928) [= Sertularella irregularis Trebilcock, 1928 : 13, pi. 5 figs 1,

la-bj.

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni johnstoni (Gray, 1843) [= Sertularella johnstoni (Gray, 1843 : 294); Sertularella

purpurea Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 49, pi. 16 figs 3, 3a-b; Sertularella pygmaea Bale, 1882 : 25, pi. 12 fig. 9;

Symplectoscyphus australis Marklanner-Turneretscher, 1890 : 235, pi. 4 figs 9, 9a].

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961a 1= Symplectoscyphus johnstoni f. subtropicus Ralph.

1961a: 811, fig. 181-n].

Symplectoscyphus laevis (Bale, 1882) [= Sertularella laevis Bale, 1882 : 24, pi. 12 fig. 6; Sertularella novarae

Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890 : 226-227, pi. 4 figs 3, 3a-b].

Symplectoscyphus leloupi El Beshbeeshi, 1991 : 206-211, fig. 52.

Symplectoscyphus levinseni Nutting, 1904 [= Sertularella levinseni Nutting, 1904 : 100, pi. 26 figs 1-2].

Symplectoscyphus liouvillei (Billard, 1914) [= Sertularella Liouvillei Billard, 1914 : 24-26, figs 14-15].

Symplectoscyphus longitheca (Bale, 1888) [= Sertularella longitheca Bale, 1888 : 762-763, pi. 16 figs 5-6].

Symplectoscyphus macrocarpa (Billard, 1918) [= Sertularella macrocarpa Billard, 1918 : 23-24, fig. 3A-B].

Symplectoscyphus macrogona (Trebilcock, 1928) [= Sertularella macrogona Trebilcock, 1928 : 11, pi. 1 figs 4,

4a-d].

Symplectoscyphus macrotheca (Bale, 1882) [= Sertularella macrotheca Bale, 1882 : 13, pi. 13 fig. 1].

Symplectoscyphus magellanicus (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) [= Calyptothuiaria magellanica Marktanner-

Tumeretscher, 1890 : 244, pi. 5 fig. 7].

Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885) [= Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 : 133, pi. 7 figs 3-

4].

Symplectoscyphus marionensis Millard, 1971 : 405-406. fig. 7.

Symplectoscyphus mawsoni Briggs, 1939 : 35-37, fig. 2, pi. 16 figs 1-2.

Symplectoscyphus millardi (Stepan'yants, 1979) [= Sertularella millardi Stepan'yants, 1979 : 81-82, pi. 15

fig 1A-D, pi. 25 fig. 6].

Symplectoscyphus milneanus (d'Orbigny, 1846) [= Sertularia Milneana d'Orbigny, 1846 : 26, pi. 11 figs 6-8;

Sertularella plana Jaderholm, 1903 : 279, pi. 12 fig. 9, pi. 13 figs 1-2; Sertularella meridionalis Nutting,

1904:98, pi. 23 figs 8-9].

Symplectoscyphus minutus (Nutting, 1904) [= Sertularella minuta Nutting, 1904 : 99-100, pi. 24 figs 9-10].

Symplectoscyphus modestus (Hartlaub, 1901b) [= Sertularella modesta Hartlaub, 1901b : 42-43, 111, pi. 1

fig. 1, pi. 2 fig. 28].

Symplectoscyphus monopleura (Hartlaub, 1901b) [= Sertularella monopleura Hartlaub, 1901b : 73, 111,

figs 44-46; Sertularella annulata Marktanner-Tumeretscher, 1890 : 227, pi. 4 figs 4, 4a-b, not Sertularella

annulata (Allman, 1888)].

Symplectoscyphus multinoda Fraser, 1948 (= Sertularella multinoda Fraser, 1948 : 187, 242, pi. 28 fig. 18].

Symplectoscyphus naumovi Blanco, 1969 : 14-16, figs 1-9.

Source: MNHN , Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

241

Symplectoscyphus neglectus (Thompson. 1879) [= Sertularia neglecla Thompson. 1879 : 100. pi. 16 fig. 1;

Sertularella Sonderi Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 50, 54, pi. 16 figs 4,4a-b]. , l( - f . ,

Symplectoscyphus pallidus (Kirchenpauer. 1884] [= Sertularella pallida Kirchenpauer, 1884.48, pi. 16 figs 6,

6a; ?Symplectoscyphus tricuspidatus (Alder, 1856)1.

Symplectoscyphus paraglacialis El Beshbeeshy. 1991 : 220-224, fig. 55.

Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923a : 8-10. ,. , Q 011

Symplectoscyphus pedrensis (Torrcy. 1904) [= Sertularella pedrensis Toney. 1904 12.4 27 figs 19-21],

Symplectoscyphus pedunculatus (Billard, 1919) [= Sertularella peduncu ata B.llard, 1919 .18 fig. A]

Symplectoscyphus pinnatus (Clark, 1876a) [= Sertularella pinnata Clark. 1876a . 211, 226, pi. 12 figs 28-29,

Sertularella fruticulosa Kirchenpauer, 1884 ; 50. pi. 16 figs 8, 8a 8b] ]Qn7 . ?n

Symplectoscyphus plectilis (Hickson & Gravely, 1907) [= Sertularella pled,Its Hickson & Gravely, 1907 . 20-

Sympledoscyphuslluma (Hartlaub, 1901b) [= Sertularella pluma Hartlaub, 1901b ; 26-27, 113, pi. 4 figs 1,

Symplectoscyphus procera (Trebilcock, 1928) [= Sertularella procera Trebilcock. 1928 ; 11-12. pi. 1 figs 5,

Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961a : 807-808, fig. 16i-n.

Symplectoscyphus pulchellus (Jaderholm, 1904) [= Sertularella pulchella Jdderholm, 1904.8].

Symplectoscyphus pushi (Stcpan'yants, 1979) [= Sertularella push, Stepan yants, 1979.69-70, pi. 11 fig. 4].

Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett, 1907) [= Sertularella rentom Bartlett, 1907 : 43, P jI-

Symplectoscyphus ritchiei (Briggs, 1915) [= Sertularella ntchte, Briggs. 1915 . 196, fig. 1, Sertularella

longitheca var. robusta Ritchie, 1911 : 841-842, pi. 88 fig. 8].

Symplectoscyphus rostratus Watson, 1973 : 176-177, figs 28-30. ^lesa-ARni lbfios?

Symplectoscyphus rubellus (Kirchenpauer, 1884) [= Sertularella rubella Kirchenpauer, 1884.48. pi. 16 figs 2,

Symplectoscyphus salvadorensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 227-229, fig. 57. . isaa • sn nl 15

Symplectoscyphus secundus (Kirchenpauer, 1884) [= Sertularella secunda Kirchenpauer, 1884 . 50, pi. 15

figs 7, 7a; Sertularella limbata Allman, 1886 ; 134-135. pi. 9 figs 3-4]

Symplectoscyphus sibogae (Billard, 1924) [= Sertularella sibogae Billard. 1924 : 69-70. tig. 3j.

Symplectoscyphus singulars El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 229-232, fig. 58.

Symplectoscyphus sinuosus (Fraser, 1948) [= Sertularella smuosa Fraser. 1948 ^ 187. ■245. P 1 - fig- 2C J.

Symplectoscyphus spiralis (Hickson & Gravely, 1907) [= Sertularella spiralis Hickson & Gravely. 1907 . 19

20, pi. 3 figs 19-20; Sertularella bifurca Billard. 1914 : 22-23, fig. 13].

Symplectoscyphus spiritualis Totton, 1930 : 184, fig. 34. . 9S7 . 9f)

Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus Coughtrey, 1875 [= Thuiana subarticulata Coughtrey, 1875 . 287. pi. .0

Sy^pfectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer. 1884) [= Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer, 1884 : 46,

Sympllctollwhrn tricuspidatus (Alder, 1856) [= Sertularia tricuspidata Alder, 1856 ; 356-357. pi. 13 figs 1-2;

1884 [= Sertularella tricuspidata var.

Sy^ledo^ul^mucLatus (Allman, 1885) [= Sertularella trimucronata Allman, 1885 : 135, pi. 10

Bale, 1888].

Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930: 186, fig. 37a-b. 18<;7 . , n n , i i. Sertularella

Symplectoscyphus turgidus (Trask, 1857) [= Sertularella turgida Trask, 1857 . 113, pi. 1 Hg- 1* Sertulaielta

nodulosa Calkins, 1899 : 360, pi. 5 figs 29, 29a-b). \qoa .a k fipc i 31

Symplectoscyphus unilateral (Lamouroux. 1824) [= S*ti%™ unitoteral!S Lamouroux, 1824.615, figs U ].

Svmnlectoscvohus valdesicus El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 237-239, fig. oU.

Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton, 1930 : 187-188 fig^38a-d Vanh °‘ fen ’

1910 : 326-327, fig. 41a-e, not Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, lo» )!•

242

W. VERVOORT

Symplecioscyphus variabilis (Bale, 1888) [= Sertularella variabilis Bale, 1888 : 764-765, pi. 15 figs 5-9],

Symplecloscyphus vervoorti El Beshbeeshy, 1991 : 239-245, fig. 6.

Symplecioscyphus sp. 1 [= Sertularella sp. no. 1 Naumov & Stepan'yanis, 1962 : 85, fig. 8],

Symplecloscyphus sp. 2 [= Sertularella sp. no. 2 Naumov & Stepan’yants, 1962 : 85-86. fig. 9],

This Iisi does nol pretend to be complete; it lists such species as have been used to check descriptions and

figures against the species of Symplecloscyphus in the present collection. As indicated above (he principal

difference with Sertularella is the three-cusped condition of the hydrothecal rim and the presence of a three-(lapped

opercular apparatus. The hydrothecal cusps are 2 laterals and one adcaulinc cusp, distinguishing this genus from

Gonaxia gen. nov.

Symplecloscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972

Figs 54f-h, 55a-b, d

Symplecioscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972 : 174-180, figs 58, 59, 60a.

Sertularella bathyalis - STEPAN YANTS, 1979 : 70, pi. 12 fig. 4.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Bay of Biscay. " Monarch " : 48°04’N-09°23 , W, 1000 fms (= 1828 m), 1950 : many up to

45 mm high colonies, originally attached to submarine cable. Alcohol preserved material and 2 slides in BMNH

(1950.2.10.1), 3 slides in RMNH (Coel. no. 25.280).

New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 36, 23°08.64'S-167°10.99'E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : several up to 25 mm high

colonies, some with gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1105). Slides nos 361 and 525 (RMNH-Coel. 25.281).

Description (based on Biocal, Stn DW 36, material). — Stem fairly stiff, up to 25 mm high, basally with

weakly polysiphontc, indistinctly geniculate; division into internodes indistinct, these being marked by

constrictions of perisarc, no distinct septa. Stem internodcs each with single hydrotheca, alternately pointing left

and right, placed in one plane. Hydrocladia few, springing from small apophyses directly under stem hydrothecae,

divided into internodes separated by constrictions of perisarc, no distinct septa; first hydrocladial internode longer

than following. Arrangement of hydrothecae as on stem.

Hydrothecae of stem and hydrocladia similar, more or less tubiform, with weakly curved, concave abcaulinc and

slightly more strongly curved, convex adcauline wall (fig. 55a-b, d). Fused part of hydrotheca of varied length, onc-

Ihiid to one-fourth the length of free portion. Hydrothecae slightly but distinctly curved; some hydrothecae slightly

increasing in diameter from base towards rim, but in others with greatest diameter at about half total length.

Hydrothecal rim usually slightly thickened, renovated up to seven times, with three marginal cusps (one adcauline

and two laterals) separated by deep embayments. Closing apparatus composed of three triangular flaps, perfect in

none of hydrothccae inspected. Fused part of adcauline wall steep and straight, with sudden flexure at hydrothecal

base, floor with distinct hydropore to permit passage of coenosarc.

Perisarc fairly strong and thick, particularly along walls of internodes, giving colonies a certain degree of

rigidity, thinning along hydrothecal walls, that appear to be rather strong. Distinct circular spot (probably thin

patch of perisarc) present under majority of hydrothccae, marking places of attachment of gonothecae.

Hydranths poorly preserved, present in some hydrothccae, indicating material having been collected alive.

Hydranths attached by means of slight muscular strand to fused part of adcauline wall and by means of strong

muscle strand to inside of abcauline wall (fig. 54g).

Empty gonothecae present along terminal parts of some hydrocladia, in outline more or less pear-shaped, with

narrowing basal portion and there inserting at circular spot under each hydrotheca. Surface with four or five

elevated, apparently circular ribs with thickened margin; apex truncate, with short funnel and slightly everted

aperture (fig. 54h).

o Dls iribution. — Symplecioscyphus bathyalis is now known to occur in deep water of the southeastern Pacific,

46 59.5 S-75°54 W, 2657-2470 m (Vervoort, 1972), in deep water of the Bay of Biscay, 48°04'N-09 o 23'W,

1000 1ms (= 1828 m) (Vervoort, 1972 and present record) and at the northwestern tip of Ihe Norfolk ridge

(Biocal, Sin DW 36, 650-680 m). b

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

243

Fig. 55 a-b, d. - Symplectoscyphus bathyalis Vervoort. 1972 : a-b, Biocal. Sin DW 36 : a. hydrocladium;

b hvdrocladial hydrotheca. — d. Bay of Biscay, "Monarch", 48°04 N-09°23 W, axial hydrotheca.

FIG 55 ceg - Symplectoscyphus batlypacificus sp. nov., holo.ype, B.OCAL. Sin DW 36 : c. .op par. of hydro.heca m

oblique view; e, f, hydrocladial hydrothecae; g, female gonothcca.

a-b, slide no. 361; c, e-g, slide no. 540; d, slide no. 1392.

244

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 56 a-b. — Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus sp. nov., holotype, Biocal, Stn DW 36 : a, part of colony with female

gonotheca; b, axillary hydrotheca.

Fig. 56 c-f. — Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov., holotype, Biocal, Stn DW 36 : c, basal part of colony with

female gonotheca; d, part of hydrocladium; e, axillary hydrotheca; f, top part of hydrotheca, oblique view from above,

a-b, slide no. 540; c-e, slide no. 389; f, slide no. 360.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

245

Table 45. — Measurements of Symplecloscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972, in pm.

Bay of Biscay

(Vervoort, 1972)

S.E. Pacific

(Vervoort, 1972)

Biocal, Stn DW 36

(slide no.361)

Intemode, length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

length free part adcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth *

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Gonotheca, maximal diameter

total length (inch funnel)

1,215-2,025

205 - 270

610-675

595 - 675

285 -310

745 - 760

390 - 430

350 - 375

1,010-1,150

1,350- 1,480

1,150- 1,285

135-175

725 - 745

850 - 865

330 - 340

875 - 945

430 - 475

440 - 450

1,195 - 1,520

195 - 260

900 - 930

975 - 1,080

255 - 260

1,040- 1,080

455 - 500

500 - 540

870 - 935

1,195 - 1,305

(* including renovations)

REMARKS — This material comes nearest to Symplecloscyphus bathyalis Vervoort, 1972, a species closely

resembling Symplecloscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923, and mainly differing from that species in the shape of the

gonothecae. The description of S. bathyalis was based partly on material from the S.E. Pacific partly on some

microslidc preparations of Bay of Biscay material discovered in the slide collection of the British Museum (Nature

History) Since then alcohol preserved material from which the slides were made has been found in the BMNH

collections (bearing the same number, 1950.2.10.1), which has been studied by the author and from which some

additional slides for the RMNH collections have been made. This additional material demonstrates the degree of

variability in the shape of the hydrothecae, finding expression in total length, degree of curvature, renovation and

widening of the hydrothccae (figs 54f, 55b, d). ......

The Biocal Stn DW 36, material differs from the Bay of Biscay and S.E. Pacific material m having generally

larger hydrothecae. They nevertheless agree in shape. The gonothecae in the Biocal specimens are slightly smaller

and have fewer ribs (4-5 in the Biocal material; 7 in the Bay of Biscay specimens). These few differences in

variable characters are hardly sufficient to consider the BioCALmaterial specifically different.

The available material of Symplecloscyphus bathyalis has been compared with the only available description ol

Symplecloscyphus tropicus (Hartlaub, 1901) (= Sertularia variabilis Clarke, 1894 ), viz that by Clarke, 181 . -

76 figs 17-22 on pis 4 and 5. Though an exact comparison is much hampered by the fact that measurements o

S. 'tropicus are lacking, there are great differences in the shape of the gonothecae those of S. t J' c “^eing 2_5-

3 times as long as wide, with 5-6 ’rings' restricted to the distal half. Since Clarke s description of the species after

material from deep Pacific waters off Panama it has never been recorded nor redescribed.

Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus sp. nov.

Figs 55c, e-g, 56a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. BIOCAL : stn DW 33, 23°09.71’S-167°10.27’E, 675-680 m 29.084985 :

several colonies 15-30 mm high, no gonothecae (paratypes. MNHN-Hy. 1106). Slides nos 327' (3) and - [par^s, MW 1

Hv 1106 slide no 538" BMNH 1989.11.24.80, slide no. 327 (1); RMNH-Coel. 25927, slides no. 3-7 (2)).

23ri)8 64'S-167° 10.99'E,'650-680 m, 29.08.1985 (type locality): several small^ramified colonies on coral fragments, w,

gonothecae. Slide no. 540 (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1107). Paratype sample RMNH-Coel. 25928.

Description (based mainly on holotype). - Twenty to forty mm high colonies^wifh in^stinct main stem

unable to support themselves outside fluid, in mode of colony structure and branching v ery nrech hke

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov. Stems indistinctly divided into intemodes, these marked mainly by

slight constrictions of pcrisarc just above axillary hydrothccae. Basal par. of stem wtlhout mtern^ or a^physes,

after a few mm apophyses appear on left and right side of stem, supporting hydrocladia of 5-8 mm length.

Apophyses of stem separated by three hydrothccae, one axillary, one right and one left. All hydrothccae, ot stem

246

W. VERVOORT

and hydrocladia, alternately arranged and in one plane, internodes of stem between apophyses weakly geniculate;

hydrocladia straight (fig. 56a).

Hydrothecae varied in form, generally tubular, greatest diameter where adcauline wall becomes free; free

portion of adcauline wall usually slightly longer than fused portion, smoothly curved or with slight concavity near

rim, causing adcauline cusp to be slightly upturned (fig. 55f, 56b). Abcauline wall smoothly concave (fig. 55e) or

with slight flexure at about half its length (fig. 550- Adnate part of adcauline wall fairly straight, with sharp curve

near hydrothecal floor; bottom with large, circular hydropore to permit passage of coenosarc. Hydrothecal aperture

not strictly parallel to hydrocladial axis, but slightly turned upwards, rim with three fairly acute cusps, one

adcauline, two laterals, separated by semicircular embayments, fitting three triangular, hyaline plates forming

closing apparatus (fig. 55c). Number of renovated hydrothecae restricted, though as many as eight renovations may

occur. Hydrothecal rim may be slightly thickened, particularly on adcauline side and in renovated hydrothecae.

Remnants of large hydranths present in some of hydrothecae, number of tentacles could not be ascertained.

Pcrisarc thick on internodes of stem and hydrocladia, thinning out rapidly along adcauline hydrothecal wall but

less quickly so along abcauline wall, where proximal half still with thick perisarc. Fenestrae on internodes of stem

and hydrocladia directly under hydrothecae.

Gonothecae on stems and hydrocladia, of characteristic appearance, being elongated oval with eight circular,

frilled ribs. Distal rib forming a frilled basin from middle of which a fairly long, slender funnel projects upwards;

gonothecal aperture at end of this funnel with slightly flaring rim (figs 55g, 56a). Circular ribs with thickened ring,

bearing distinct, hyaline frill. Gonothecae stand off from intemode, backside not compressed but with circular ribs

continuing on that side. All observed gonothecae female, with two large developing eggs or planulae.

Table 46. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus bathypacific us sp. nov., in pm.

S. vanhoeffeni

New Zealand

(Ralph, 1961a)

S. bathypacificus

Biocal

Stn DW 36

(slide no. 540)

Distance between axial hydrothecae on stem

1,750

1,845 -2,100

Stem intemode, diameter

200

175-215

Hydrocladial intemode, length

400

diameter

100-150

160-170

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

325 - 370

length free part adcauline wall

170-300

260 - 320

length adnate part adcauline wall

200

260 - 280

total depth

435 - 476

diameter at rim

110-130

160- 165

maximal diameter

200

235

Male and female gonotheca, length

1,600

1,300

diameter

700

435

Female gonotheca, length terminal tube

300 - 370

215

diameter at rim terminal tube

250 - 280

110

width of frill

180-230

Male gonotheca, length terminal tube

150-200

diameter at rim terminal tube

130-160

width of frill

130

DISTRIBUTION. — Recorded from a restricted area of the northern part of the Norfolk Ridge south of the

southeastern extremity of New Caledonia, depth 650-680 m.

Remarks. — This new species resembles both Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton, 1930, and

S. tricuspidatus (Norman, 1853). The hydrothecae in 5. bathypacificus generally are slightly larger than those of

S. vanhoeffeni , with a longer free part of the adcauline wall. There are also differences in the shape of the

gonothecae: those of S. vanhoeffeni being larger and thicker, with a longer and wider terminal tube and a spirally

curving, ribbed structure with broader frill. In S. tricuspidatus there are distinct internodes, marked by conspicuous

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

247

constrictions, while the gonotheca is larger and thicker, with a larger number of rings without frill. The structure of

the colonics agrees with that of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov. Secondary and tertiary hydrocladia

may develop, so that some colonies appear to be pseudodichotomously branched (fig. 56a). Moreover, there is a

tendency to develop tendrils at the end of certain hydrocladia that may act as stolons and give rise to new colonies.

Anastomoses also occur fairly frequently. The material described here as Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus is

almost identical with that recorded as Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930, but for the different shape ol the

female gonothecae.

ETYMOLOGY. — From the greek bathys (deep) and the latin pacific us (peacemaking, peaceful, but here used to

refer to the Pacific Ocean), indicating the occurrence of this species in deep water of the Pacific.

Symplectoscyphus colutnnarius (Briggs, 1914)

Sertularella columnaria Briggs. 1914 : 286, 294, fig. 1. - Bale, 1924 : 239. - Stepantants J979.72 pl. 13 fig. 2 _

Symplectoscyphus columnarius - STECHOW, 1922 : 148; 1923a : 10; 1923d .171. -Ton'ON 1930 ; 180-181, figs 30, pi. 1 fig.

10.— Briggs, 1939 : 29. — Ralph, 1961a : 802, fig. 15d-h; 1961b: 108. — Leloup, 1974.35, fig. 29.

Table 47. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914), in pm

(according to Ralph, 1961)

New Zealand area

Stem intemode, length

diameter at node

Hydrocladial internodc, length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

width at margin

Distance between hydrothecae measured from base to base

Gonotheca, total length

maximal diameter

length of funnel

diameter of opening

1,040- 1,160

400 - 430

730 - 900

350 - 430

800 - 1,000

600 - 1,000

400 - 700

400 - 600

700- 1,000

3,200

1,300- 1,680

550

450

This species does not occur in the New Caledonia collection but is listed here because of its close agreement

with Symplectoscyphus pseudocolumnarius sp. nov., to be described later on.

Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov.

Figs 56c-f, 57a-g, 58a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. B.OCAL ; s.n DW 36, 23°08.64’S-167°10.99'E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 (type

locality! small erect or slightly ramified, up to 10 mm high colonies on Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp nov. Some

Bono thecae present Slides nos 360, 389, 478, 524 and 641. Slide no. 389 of 8 mm high colony with 1 female gonotheca

holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1108); slide no. 524 with 2 female gonothecae paratype (RMNH-Coel. 25929); all remaining colonies

fiom^his station also paratypes (BMNH 1989.11.24.81. slide no. 478; RMNH-CoeL 25907. shde no. 360,^with Sertularella

novaecaledoniae sp. nov, RMNH-Cocl. 26648, slide no. 641). Also from this s, , a ‘‘ 0 . n . S1 g t ' y , 37 22°59 99°S

with gonotheca on Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov., slide no. 974 (BMNH no. 1989.11.-4 81). _ Stn DW 37. --^59.9J S

167°15 65'E 350 m 30 08.1985 : several 8-15 mm high colonies on other hydroids; gonothecae present. All m slide no. 5 0

(RMNH Cod 25930) - Stn CP 52, 23°05.79'S-167°46.54'E, 600-540 m. 31.08.1985 : c. 5 mm high colonies on base of

Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov., no gonothecae (MNHN-Hy. 1110). Two slides no. 471 (RMNH-Cocl. -5910, with

Sertularella novaecaledoniae sp. nov.).

248

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 57. — Symplectoscyphus conwiensalis sp. nov. : a, holotype, BlOCAL, Sin DW 36, part of stem. — b-g, BlOCAL,

Sin DW 37 : b, part of slem; c, part of hydrocladium; d, hydrocladial hydrotheca, lateral view; f, axillary hydrotheca;

g, hydrocladial hydrotheca, oblique view,

a, slide no. 360; b-g, slide no. 520.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

249

DESCRIPTION (mainly based on material from Biocal, S.n DW 36). - Erect stems or stems bearing several

hydrocladia rising from stolon creeping on Sertularella novaecaledomae and occasionally on other hydroids,

maximal height c. 15 mm. Stems monosiphonic, unforked, straight or slightly geniculate when bearing hydrocladia

(fie 56c) Division of stem and hydrocladia into intemodes indistinct, only marked by constrictions of pensarc,

best visible above axial hydrothecae. Hydrocladia originate from apophyses under axial (stem) hydrothecae,

occasionally hydrocladia with secondary and tertiary hydrocladia (fig. 57a). Usually three hydrothecae between

two successive hydrocladia (one axial, one left, one right); basal portion of hydrocladium fairly >ong.

Hydrothecae tubular, distinctly curved away from intemode; free part adcauline wall usually slightly o g

than adnate part, in renovated hydrothecae up to 1.5 times length of adnate part (fig 56d). Abcauline hydrotheca

wall distinctly concave, rounded, basally running into distinct swelling at base of hydrotheca; “snally. bu' no,

consistently, with more or less triangular fenestra. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall usually convex and

smoothly rounded (fig. 56e), in some hydrothccae almost straight (fig. 56d). Adnate pail adcauline wall straight,

base of hydrotheca with sharp flexure; hydrothecal floor not fully closed but with large opening (hydroport)

between end of bottom plate and inside abcauline wall (fig. 56e). Hydrothecal aperture with thr ®®

cusps, one adcauline and two laterals, separated by rounded, shallow embayments into which 11 thr f

flaps of opercular apparatus, when closed forming shallow, acutely pointed roof over hydrothecal aperture^

HyLtheca. rim slightly thickened (fig. 560; thickening may increase by process of renovation, which is of

common occurrence in this species. Repeatedly renovated hydrothecac may even give impression of carrying

intrathecal teeth under each marginal cusp (fig. 57e). Plane of aperture slightly tilted in upward direction.

Perisarc of colony strong, particularly on intemodes. thinning out along hydrothecal walls, only few collapsed

^Tyd^amhfsrnd? fully contracted in specimens available, attached to hydrothecal floor and with filament

running to a point halfway internal surface abcauline wall; number of tentacles could not be ascertained^

Gonothecae of both sexes present, occurring on separate colonies. Female gonotheca donga

short pedicel attached to fenestra under hydrotheca of stem or hydrocladium (fig. 56c). Surface with 7-8 elevated

circular ribs, margin of each rib with broad, hyaline flap (fig. 58a). Terminal r,b forming elevated platform

surrounded by hyaline border in middle of which rises a considerably widening funnel w ‘ th ® ve £ c ‘j m * rgin - d

of funnel margin varied in specimens observed, in some almost sucker-shaped (fig. 58a-b) Body of gonotheca

between ribs contracted, longitudinally striated. Gonolhecal contents consist of two eggs or^vel^ing P anulae.

Male gonotheca slightly more swollen; funnel at apex slender, cylindrical. w ‘ ,h sl ‘ ghd ^ V ^f ^' /'f ri ^;

e). Shed gonothecae leave circular hole under hydrotheca, hole surrounded by halo of thickened perisarc,

overlaying fenestra.

Table 48. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus co mmensalis sp. nov., in Jim.

Biocal, Stn DW 36

female colony

(slides nos 389 & 524)

male colony

(slide no. 360)

Internode, length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall *

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, length, inch funnel

diameter, inch frill

length funnel

diameter at rim

internal diameter

615-815

75-95

250 - 265

190 - 205

215-235

295 - 340

135- 140

155-170

1,185

520

110

150

690 - 705

65-90

225 - 260

210-215

185 -225

320 - 335

135-140

155 - 160

740- 1,000

480 - 505

180- 185

75-110

60-90

(* = including renovations)

250

W. VF.RVOORT

Fig. 58 a-e. — Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov., BlOCAL. Sin DW 36 : a, female gonotheca; b, top pari of female

gonothcca; c, male gonotheca; d, e, top part of male gonothecae.

Fig 58 f-i. — Symplectoscyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov., MUSORSTOM 4. Stn DW 222 : f. pari of colony; g, pari of

hydrocladium; h, hydrocladial hydrotheca; i, axillary hydrotheca.

a-b, slide no. 524; c, slide no. 520; d-e, slide no. 360; f-i, slide no. 536.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDR01DS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

251

DISTRIBUTION. — Symplectoscyphus commensalis has been observed on Sertularella bipectinata sp. nov. and

S novaecaledoniae sp. nov.; one specimen was found on Synthecium hians Millard, 1957. AH records are from a

restricted area of the northern part of the Norfolk Ridge south of the southeastern tip of New Caledonia.

Remarks. — This is a small species resembling Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus. but smaller in all

dimensions with different height and structure of the colony and with different gonothecae; so far it has only been

observed epizootically. The specimens from Biocal, Stn DW 37, differ from previously described colon.es m the

following details: ........

1. Epizoic on stem of unrecognizable hydroid; small, 8-15 mm high colonies rising from creeping stolon,

unbranched or with a few hydrocladia that give impression of pseudodichotomy (fig. 57b).

2. Hydrothecae with repeated renovations. Hydrothecal rim in such specimens thickened; intrathecal cusps also

observed to occur some distance under rim of primary (original) hydrotheca, at times being of considerable size

^3. Perisarc thicker, particularly on internodes, but also along hydrothecal walls, especially of adcauline wall,

forming a distinct knob at end of that wall (fig. 57a, c, f).

4. Male gonothecae occur on both stem and hydrocladia. inserting under a hydrotheca, tightly pressed against

stem, flattening backside of gonotheca. There are 7-8 circular, elevated ribs with thickened rim; apical ribs in

addition with a fine frill, diminishing in width on the more proximal ribs and gradually disappearing. Topmost ring

forming small platform in middle of which inserts a tube with flaring mouth. Gonothecae all contain single oval

mass of developing spermatocytes (fig. 58c).

For the purpose of comparison the measurements (in pm) of Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov. and those

of Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton, 1930. from the New Zealand area have been listed below. Both species

differ considerably in the shape of the gonothecae. but the gonotheca described by Totton (1930 : 185, tig. 5ba)

may not have been fully mature.

S. epizooticus S. commensalis

New Zealand BlOCAL

(Ralph, 1961a)_ Sin DW 37

Intemodes, length

diameter

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

length free part adcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

(Male) gonotheca, length, inch funnel

maximal diameter, inch frill

length funnel

diameter at aperture

(* = including renovations)

ETYMOLOGY. — From the latin commensalis, sharing the same table, referring to the occurrence of this species

on larger sertulariids.

700

740 - 665

120

65 - 105

200

200 - 245

230

190 - 205

200

175-190

280 - 295

130

120- 135

150

140-150

660

815

340

400

Symplectoscyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov.

Fig. 58f-i

MATERIAI EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4 : sin DW 212. 22°47.40 S-167 10.50 E, 380 m_8.09.198

branched 10-15 mm high colonies from stolon creeping on Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov. No gonothecae; slide no. )1. (all

RMNH-Coel. 25931). — Stn DW 222, 22°57.6'S-167°33.0'E, 410-440 m, 30.09.1985 : ten mm long fragment with 3 branches,

no gonothecae. All in slide no. 536 (MNHN-Hy. 1111).

252

W. VERVOORT

SMIB 5 : stn DW 72, 23 o 42.0'S-168 o 00.8’E, 400 m, 07.09.1989 : branched 5 mm high fragment of a larger colony, no

gonothecae; all in slide no. 978C (BMNH 1989.11.24.82).

DESCRIPTION (based on MUSORSTOM 4, Stn DW 222, specimen). — Stem c. 10 mm long, bearing three

hydrocladia, basally with a few secondary tubules. Both stem and hydrocladia divided into intemodes, but nodes

quite variously developed, being at times no more than perisarcal constrictions, while at other points of stem or

hydrocladia being distinct, slightly twisted and usually oblique (fig. 580- Hydrocladia springing from apophyses

on stems; three hydrothecae between two successive apophyses, one of which is axillary, axis between apophyses

geniculate. Length of intemodes varied, longest at base of hydrocladium, weakly geniculate, shortening along

length of hydrocladium.

Hydrothecae tubular, abcauline wall forming an almost straight line with continuation of hydrocladial wall

(fig. 58g), occasionally weakly concave. Adnate part of adcauline wall slightly convex or straight, floor of

hydrotheca formed by flexed part of adcauline wall, with large hydropore for passage of coenosarc (fig. 58h, hole

so large that hydrothecal floor might be considered open). Free part of adcauline wall leaving internode at angle of

c. 45 degrees, distinctly upturned at the adcauline hydrothecal cusp. Hydrothecal rim firm but not thickened, with

three acute cusps (one adcauline, two laterals), of which adcauline is upturned (fig. 58h-i). No intrathecal cusps.

Closing apparatus composed of three hyaline plates fitting the deep semicircular embayments between the cusps

and when closed forming low roof (fig. 58h).

Hydranths fairly large, completely retracted in my specimens, so that number of tentacles could not be counted,

but in contracted condition filling nearly whole of interior of hydrotheca. A distinct (muscular?) strand running

from internal flexure in hydrothecal floor to a point slightly under middle of internal abcauline wall in an almost

straight line.

Perisarc of colony firm, especially on intemodes, thinning out along hydrothecal walls, of which only a few

damaged.

No gonothecae observed, no fenestrae occurring under hydrothecae.

Distribution. — The colonies discussed above were all found on Sertularella leiocarpoides sp. nov. at three

localities in a restricted area northwest of the northern tip of the Norfolk Ridge, depth 380-440 m.

Remarks. — This material has been kept separate from Symplectoscyphus commensalis sp. nov. because of the

following reasons :

1. It is sterile.

2. Though agreeing in general shape of the hydrothecae it is slightly larger in all dimensions.

3. The intemodes are well marked by oblique peridermal constrictions and are markedly long and slender.

Table 49. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus cf. commensalis sp. nov., in pm.

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 212

(slide no.975)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 222

(slide no. 536)

Smib 5

Stn DW 72

(slide no.978)

Hydrocladial internode, length

520 - 740

435 - 740

465 - 480

diameter at node

75-90

60-75

60 - 65

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

255 - 260

235 - 250

235 - 260

length free part adcauline wall *

185 - 205

160-170

200-215

length adnate part adcauline wall

185 - 200

170-185

175-185

total depth *

305 - 310

310-325

320 - 340

diameter at rim

125 - 140

125-130

125-135

maximal diameter

145 - 155

140- 150

145 - 155

(* = including renovation)

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

253

Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov.

Figs 59a-h, 60a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. - New Caledonia. Chalcal 2 : stn DW 83. 23°20.30'S-168°05.50'E, 200 m 31.10.1986 (type

locality) : c. 15 mm high colony with tendril producing additional small colonies. No g^oJecae. Wuh Halecium lenellum

Hincks, 1861 and Filellum serratum (Clarke, 1879). All in one slide no. 294 holotype, MNHN-Hy- H12).

Smib 4 : stn DW 57, 23 0 21.5'S-168°04.6'E, 260 m, 09.03.1989 : two sterile colonies 8-10 mm high, no slide (RMNH-Coel.

259 S m s • stn DW 72 23=4'’ 0'S-168°00.8'E, 400 m. 07.09.1989 : three fragments, 8-10 mm high, branched, one with single

15 mm high colonies without gonothecae, attached by fonning anastomoses, made up in slide no 94_ (RMNH-Cotl - 9 5)

Stn DW foi 23°21,2'S-168°04.9'E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : two colonies c. 10 mm high attached by stolon; gonotheca sl.de

no. 979 (paratype, BMNH 1989.11.24.83). In addition 2 fragments 12 mm high without gonothecae, all in slide no. 996

(MNHN-Hy. 1113).

Description (based on Chalcal 2, Stn DW 83, material). - Small, straggling species with fine, pseudo-

dichotomously branched stem unable to support itself outside fluid. Axis with mdisbnct mtemodes occastona ly

indicated by perisarcal constrictions, no transverse or oblique septa have been observed. Axis and hydrocladia will

alternately ItSnged hydrothecae, all in same plane (fig. 60a). Hydrocladia with 5-10 hydrothecae rising from short

apophyses on stem under an axillary hydrotheca; three hydrothecae between two successive a P°P h y ses ' onc

axillary, one right and one left. Internodes of hydrocladia as indistinctly visible as along stem, first internode

longer than those along rest of hydrocladium. -n.amrvjp ..i onnip

Hydrothecae fairly variable in shape, more or less tubular, apical portion standing away from internode at angc

of c 50 degrees. Adnale part of adcaulinc wall c. 3/4 length of free part or shorter. Free part adcaulincwall straight

or slightly convex, with slight concavity near end, adcauline marginal cusp slightly upturned. Abcau. ne

hydrofhecal wall smoothly running into intemodal wall or with slight concavity or angle. Adnate part of adcauline

wall straight, sharply flexed at hydrothecal floor; a minor notch may be present (fig. 60b-c . Hydrothecal margi

2 threefalrlylJply pointed cusps (one adcauline, two laterals), separated by

fitting triangular plates of closing apparatus, this when closed forming shallow roof (fig. 60d-e). Number o

;lvatTons 8 reduced, 1-3 being occasionally present (fig. 60c). Renovated hydrothecae ^ ^ ^

thickened rim. Hydranths occasionally present, attached to basal plate of hydrotheca, no oblique attachment to

inside abcauline wall has been observed. Number of tentacles could not be ascertained.

' Perisarc of internodes fairly thick, rapidly thinning out along hydrothecal walls but still quite strong as no

COl N P oTon^e 0 cte eC o a n Slype and no foraminac under hydrothecae found; colony probably ^^.^"^towfng

gonotheca on each paratype. being found attached to stem. Gonotheca ovoid, broadest region in middle, narrow ng

basally and there running into short pedicel by means of which it is attached. A spiral y coving 1 strong nb fo™ 8

5-6 transverse coils runs length of gonotheca. forming circular basin at apex in middle of wh chiistartfli 1

with everted rim (fig. 59h). Spirally coiled rib provided with distinct hyaline border, broadest at apex and gradually

downwards; hyaline" flap curved downwards. Body of gonotheca strongly constricted between

transverse ribs and furrowed. Both gonothecae empty.

Distribution. - Recorded from a restricted area of the extreme northern part of the Norfolk Ridge south of

the southeastern tip of New Caledonia, depth 200-400 m.

REMARKS. - One of the hydrocladia of the holotype forms an elongated tendril, from which several small

colonies arise. The number of hydrothecal renovations in die holotype is reduced, but

the hydrothecae of the paratypes (fig. 59b-c). In the colonies from Sm.b 5. Stn DW 85 there are se ^

anastomoses while the hydrothecae are comparatively slender and have many renovations (fig. - . §) '

species has affinities with the Symplectoscyphus johnstoni group of species, but the colony structure is much ,

254

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 59. Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov. : a-d, Smib 5, Stii DW 85 : a, part of colony; b, c, hydrocladial hydrothecae;

d, axillary hydrotheca. — e-g, Smib 5, Stn DW 101 : e, part of colony; f, hydrocladial hydrotheca; g, axillary hydrothcca. —

h, paratype, Smib 5, Stn DW 72, gonotheca.

a-d, slide no. 942; e-g, slide no. 979; h, slide no. 977.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

255

the intemodes more slender, the hydrothecae are smaller and the free portion of these hydrothccae is proportionally

longer.

Table 51. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov., in pm.

CHALCAL 2

DW 08

(slide no.294)

Smib5

DW 72

(slide no.977)

Smib 5

DW 101

(slide no.979)

Smib 5

DW 85

(slide no. 942)

Internodc, length

405 - 690

585 - 705

480 - 605

520 - 705

diameter at node

65-90

140-150

120- 160

75 - 80

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

295 - 320

335 - 405

295 - 360

320 - 370

length free part adcauline wall *

215-235

330 - 420

260 - 265

325 - 575

length adnate part adcauline wall

155 - 170

155-185

155 - 170

135 - 150

total depth *

300 - 345

430 - 490

370 - 395

385 - 430

diameter at rim

105 - 120

110-125

95-110

90-95

maximal diameter

135-140

150-160

110-135

110-125

Gonotheca, total length

1,110

1,128

maximal diameter

645

665

length of funnel

120

125

diameter of funnel at apex

110

160

(* = including renovations)

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name effusus is a reference to the line, open structure ol the colonies, the latin

word 'effusus' meaning extended, dispersed.

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961

Fig. 60f-i

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni - TOTTON, 1930 : 181, fig. 32a-c.

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus Ralph, 1961a : 811, fig. 181-n.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : Stn CP 155, 18°52.80'S-163° 19.50’H, 570 m, 151)9.1985 :

several small up to c. 10 mm high colonies and many fragments. Many appressed gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 25937). Two slides

no. 533; one of slides composite, also bearing Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov. (MNHN-Hy. 1114, one ot slides

533; RMNH-Coel. 25936, composite slide no. 533).

Description (based on specimens from Musorstom 4, Stn CP 155). Colonies composed ol erect,

monosiphonic stems, usually interwoven and with many anastomoses. Stems usually with pinnately arranged

sidebranches that rebranch again several times, occasionally more or less dichotomously, creating a fairly regular

pattern. Stems may aggregate together forming a bushy complex. Stems and branches composed of internodes

separated by perisarcal constrictions; nodes only occasionally developed, straight, one or two hydrothecae per

internode. Arrangement of intemodes such that zig-zag arrangement of stem and branches is obvious, much more

so than in Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus , ramifications and hydrothecae not always strictly in one plane.

Hydrolhecae found nearly at end of internode, tubular, with straight adcauline wall, leaving internode at an

angle of c. 45 degrees and slightly concave abcauline wall, apical portion not everted (as in S. johnstoni tropicus

ssp. nov.); fused part of adcauline wall as long as or slightly shorter than free portion, sharply bent at base of

hydrotheca and with circular hydropore for passage of coenosarc (fig. 60g-h). Hydrothecal rim distinctly thickened

with three cusps separated by rounded embayments, only slightly recurved (best seen in adcauline tooth), with 2-3

renovations. Internal hydrothecal cusps occasionally present, placed some distance from rim on internal

hydrothecal wall (fig. 60i). Usually one or two teeth present, rarely three teeth having been observed. Place ol

internal teeth not strictly intermediate between marginal cusps; a single internal tooth, when present, usually

coinciding with abcauline cusp, occasionally internal cusp renovated (fig. 60h). Closing apparatus composed ol

three hyaline, triangular flaps, when closed forming a low roof.

256

W. VRRVOORT

Fig. 60 a-e. —Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov., holotype, CHALCAL 2, Stn DW 83 : a, part of colony; b, c, hydrocladial

hydrothecae; d, e, axillary hydrothecae.

Fig. 60 f-i. — Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961, MUSORSTOM 4, Stn CP 155 : f, part of colony with

gonotheca; g, part of axis with axial hydrothecae and gonotheca; h. hydrocladial hydrotheca, slightly oblique view; i, top

part of hydrocladial hydrotheca, oblique side view,

a-e, slide no. 274; f-i, slide no. 533.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TIIF. WESTERN PACIFIC

257

Sidebranches (or occasionally hydrocladia) springing from apophysis under axillary hydrotheca this

hydrotheca slightly turned toward front of colony (fig. 600- Circular hyaline spot visible under majority ol

hydrothccae. absent under axillary hydrothecac; gonothecae springing from such foramina.

' Hydranths present in nearly all hydrothecae, indicating material having been captured alive, fairly large for

such small hydrothccae; base of hydranth attached to inside of abcaulinc hydrolhecal wall by means ol ob q

muscular strand that may create the impression of an oblique septum. , . . . .

Gonothecae plentiful, springing from circular foramina under hydrothccae (fig. 600, elongated ^-shaped

three times as long as wide, pressed against internode, resulting in flattened backside of gonotheca, all occur on

frontal aspect of colony. Apical portion flattened, with eccentrically placed shortl funnell with‘

(fig. 60g). A spirally coiled ribbon starts on the apical platform, curving down gonotheca .n?

may easily give the impression of circular ribs), each twist with thickened outer edge without frill. Only female

gonothecae observed, these carrying two large eggs.

Table 50. — Measurements of Symplecloscyplms jolmstoni (Gray. 1843) and 5./ subtropicns Ra lph. 1961

S.j. johnstoni S.j. sublropicus

New Zealand MUSORSTOM 4

(Ralph, 1961a) CP 155

Internode, length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

length free part adcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

Female gonotheca, length (inch funnel)

maximal diameter

400 - 800

665 - 890

100-130

110- 160

250 - 350

260 - 280

100-160

220 - 295

150-220

200-215

335 - 370

100

150 - 175

150-220

185-210

850 - 1,500

850 - 890

400 - 700

425 - 450

(* = including renovations)

Distribution - Originally described from Cape Maria van Diemen. New Zealand, depth 35-40 fms (- 64-

73 mHTorroN, 1930); later recorded from the same locality by Ralph (1961). The present material originates

from the Pacific north of New Caledonia.

Remarks - 1 have identified the present specimens with those described by Ralph (1961 : 811) as

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus. raising it to subspecific rank; the

s johnstoni johnstoni (Gray. 1843) does not occur in the New Caledonia collection. The Musorstom specimens

agree closely will. Ralph's description of the nominotypical subspecies. particulM * ffc,® ^

hvdrothecae have thickened rims and usually internal marginal cusps. Points of difference from RALPH s

S johnstoni forma subtropicus concern the development of the intrathecal cusps ; ui Ralph's ^^ the re are

three while one or two cusps is the usual condition in the New Caledonia specimens, and their positiori is^not

always strictly intermedia.e between the marginal cusps. Furthermore some of the

described by Ralph for S. johnstoni johnstoni in the proportion of length and width but 1 find this character to be

dependent upon the side from which the gonotheca is observed, as it is oval in cross section. 1 do no. think

differences in such variable characters as the development in intrathecal cusps or lengl ^' d ^ ^details is

eonothecae warrant the erection of another new subspecies, the more so since the agreement in other details is

striking. The present locality, waters north of New Caledonia, forms a considerable extension of the geograph ,

range of this subspecies.

258

W. VERVOORT

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

259

Sytnplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov.

Figs 61a-f, 62a-d

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 500, 19 o 04.3’S-163 o 30.5’E, 225 m, 04.03.1985 : tangled colonies

with geniculate axis and some anastomoses, 10-15 mm high, many gonothecae. Slides nos 906 and 921A (MNHN-Hy. 1115,

slide no. 906; RMNH-Coel. 25938, slide no. 921 A, with Hicksella sp.).

BlOCAL : stn DW 36, 23°08.64’S-167°10.99’E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : small, 20 mm high monosiphomc colony with a lew

gonothecae. Branches pinnately arranged, dividing dichotomously. All in slide no. 362 (BMNH 1989.11.24.84). — Stn CP 84,

*0°43 49'S-167 o 00.27'E, 210-150 m, 06.09.1985 : several colonies up to 20 mm high composed of monosiphomc stems,

bearing pinnately arranged branches all in one plane. Nodes indistinct. Colonies with occasional anastomoses. One gonotheca

(MNHN-Hy. 1116 ). Two slides no. 287 (one BMNH 1989.11.24.85; one RMNH-Coel. 25939).

MUSORSTOM4 : stn CP 153. 19°04.20'S-163°21.20'E. 235 m, 14.09.1985 (type locality): several well developed, flabellate

colonies 30x50 mm. stems basally polysiphonic; many appressed gonothecae. Attached to coral fragments and occasionally

larger hydroids. Many fragments. Slides nos 484. 541 and 1019. One large colony 30x40 mm is hololype (MNHN-Hy.11 IV).

rest of material paratypes; slides partly schizoholotypes (MNHN-Hy. 1117. schizoholotype slide no. 484, BMN

1989 11 ~>4 86 paratype sample and schizoholotype slide no. 484; RMNH-Coel. 25940, paratype sample and 2 slides no. 1017,

RMNH-Coel. 25941 schizoholotype slide no. 541). - Stn CP 155, 18°52.80'S-163H9.50'E, 570 m, 15.094985 : two small up

to 10 mm high colonies and some fragments. Base of stem polysiphonic; no gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. _594_). One of slides

no. 533 (composite, also Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961; RMNH-Coel. 25936). Stn CC 1/4,

19‘ > 00.30'S-163°18.50'E, 385 m, 17.09.1985 : large tangled tuft of c. 30 mm high colonies on wormtubes with many appressed

gonothecae. Also many fragments with gonothecae, slides nos 529 (MNHN-Hy. 1118) and 644 (RMNH-Coel. 26649). —

Stn CP 190, 19 o 06.30’S-163°29.50’E, 215 m, 19.09.1985 : large number of c. 30 mm high colonies basally polysiphonic, as well

as many fragments. A few appressed gonothecae present; slide no. 554 (all RMNH-Coel. 25943).

Chalcal 2 : stn DW 83, 23°20.30 , S-168°05.50 , E, 200 m, 31.10.1986 : three colonies up to 15 mm high and some

fragments; several gonothecae present. With Hebella sp. All in 2 slides no. 1678 (RMNH-Coel. 26654).

SMIB 4 • stn DW 52 23°40.6’S-168°00.5 , E, 250 m, 09.03.1989 : c. 40 mm high, tangled colony; no gonothecae, slide

n 0 770 ( ,\\ rmNH 1989.11.24.87). — Stn DW 55, 23°21.4’S-168°04.5'E, 260 m, 09.03.1989 : ramified and anastomosing

colonies from stolon on sponge, largest c. 25 mm high, with gonothecae; slides nos 898, 931 and 937 (all RMNH-Coel. 25944).

SMIB 5 • stn DW 95 22°59 7'S-168°19.8’E, 200 m, 14.09.1989 : small fragments, partly on coral fragments; no gonothecae.

Slide'no. 945. In addition several tangled colonies 15x15 mm with gonothecae and many fragments,.all in shde nalOl

(MNHN-Hy. 1119. sample and slide no. 945; RMNH-Coel. 23945. slide no. 1012). — Stn DW 101, -3 21.2 S-168 04.9 .

270 m, 14.09.1989 : a fairly large number of tangled colonies, 15x15 mm, some with gonothecae, no slide (RMNH-Coel.

~ 59 SMIB 6 : stn DW 114, 19°01.2'S-163°28.8'E. 255-265 m, 02.03.1990 : several colonies 10-15 mm high with gonothecae;

slide no. 1389 (all RMNH-Coel. 25947).

Description (based mainly on material from Musorstom 4. Stn CP 153). — Flabellaic colonics formed of a

complex of basally polysiphonic, flexuous stems, diameter c. 800 pm. usually fairly regularly and pinnately

branched (fig. 62a), with a tendency of branches to rebranch dichotomously and by numerous anastomoses ot

ultimate branches forming occasional bushy complexes. Both monosiphonic stems and hydrocladia have indistinct

internodes, marked occasionally by shallow constrictions of pcrisarc, but more often without indication of

internodes whatsoever. Real nodes rare; hydrocladia almost in straight line, no distinct zig-zag structure, leaving

branches from apophyses under hydrothecac; axillary hydrotheca normal (figs 61a, 62b, d). Hydrocladia pinnately

arranged, branch between various hydrocladia bent in zig-zag fashion; several internodes between two successive

curves (fig. 62a). Colonies of regular structure in spite of bushy character of whole complex, usually attached to

fixed objects (coral fragments, Bryozoa, hydroid stems, etc.).

Hydrotheca as in Symplectoscyphus johnstoni johnstoni and S. johnstoni subtropicus, i.e. more or less tubular

curving away from intemode, aperture nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of internode, free part of adcauline wall

making almost square angle with intemode (fig. 61c). Free part adcauline wall as long as (fig. 61c). slightly longer

(fig. 62c), or, by repeated hydrothecal renovation, much longer (fig. 61b, c) than adnate part adcauline wall, ac nate

portion perfectly straight, with sharp flexure at hydrothecal floor; bottom plate with circular hydropore permitting

passage of cocnosarc. Free part adcauline wall almost straight or slightly convex; abcauline wall distinctly

concave, concavity may have a distinct flexure (fig. 61b). Hydrothecal rim with three sharply pointed cusps

separated by deep, semi-circular embayments, cusps slightly but distinctly everted so that apical part oi hydrotheca

shows shallow constriction prior to rim (fig. 61c). Renovations frequent, but number varied m the various colonies

260

W. VERVOORT

(five is maximum in specimens from MUSORSTOM 4, Sin CP 153, fig. 61b, up to 15 in those from MUSORSTOM 4,

Stn CC 174. fig. 61e). Intrathecal teeth and marginal thickening occasionally present; teeth restricted to single

abcauline cusp (fig. 61c). Closing apparatus composed of three triangular flaps, when closed forming shallow roof

over hydrothecal aperture, complete in many hydrothecae. Distinct foramina (or thin spots) present under each

hydrotheca (with exception of many axillary hydrothecae), serving attachment of gonothecae (fig. 62a).

Hydranths present in majority of hydrothecae, showing material to be alive when captured, large for so small a

hydrotheca, attached to base of hydrothcca and to abcauline hydrothecal wall by means of muscular strand that

may easily give impression of hydrothecal septum. Nematocysts small, no large nematocysts observed.

Perisarc of internodes and hydrothecae firm, thickest at constriction of internodes.

Male and female gonothecae observed on separate colonies, not greatly different in shape and size. Both female

and male gonothecae sack-shaped and fairly elongated, backside tightly pressed against internode and as a result

flattened or with furrow. Top part of gonotheca flattened, aperture at top of short funnel with slightly everted

margin, usually placed slightly eccentrically. Top part of gonotheca with two or three elevated ribs (apparently no

spiral twists) with thickened edges, no frill being present. Rest of gonotheca furrowed, gradually petering out near

basal portion of structure; base narrowed. Gonotheca attached by means of short, eccentrically placed stalk. Female

gonotheca (fig. 61d) with two large eggs each; male gonotheca (fig. 610 with large, elongated mass of

spermatocytes.

Table 51. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus ssp. nov., in pm.

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 153

(slide no. 484)

MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CC 174

(slide no. 529)

Stem intemode, length

665 - 700

diameter

110-115

Hydrocladial internode, length

405 -450

500 - 505

diameter

80-90

90-95

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

260 - 290

260 - 355

length free part adcauline wall *

215-280

215-390

length adnate part adcauline wall

205 - 220

185 - 220

total depth *

315-390

diameter at rim

135-140

110-140

maximal diameter

150-160

Female gonotheca, length

1,035 - 1,110

maximal diameter

400 - 545

length of funnel

70-75

diameter at rim

160-170

Male gonotheca, length

1,160

diameter

380

length of funnel

diameter at rim

150

(* = including renovations)

Distribution. — Recorded from fairly deep water of the seas around New Caledonia.

Remarks. — The present subspecies is so near Symplectoscyphus johnstoni johnstoni as described by Ralph

(1961a : 810-811, figs 17a-n, 18a-c), particularly in the structure of the colony, that I have refrained from

describing it as a new species but have, at least for the time being, given it the status of a subspecies. It does differ

from the nominotypical subspecies by the fact that the colonics are slightly polysiphonic (in the basal part of the

stems) and by slight differences in the general appearance of the hydrothecae, that in S . johnstoni tropicus usually

have a fair number of renovations and have slightly everted hydrothecal cusps. The internodes, in both subspecies,

are just as short and imperfectly indicated and they do not demonstrate zig-zag arrangements (as do portions of the

stem between stem internodcs in both forms). There is an occasional intrathecal cusp in S. johnstoni tropicus. The

gonothecae of the present subspecies are different from those observed in the nominotypical subspecies though

they have the same general outline.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

261

Rmru Stn CP 84 • a-b, parts of colony with gonotheca;

Fig 62 a-d. — Symplectoscyphus johnstom tropicus ssp. nov., Bioca ,

FIG 62 f. - Symplectoscyphus pseudocolumnanus sp. nov holotype, Biocal. MnUWJi, ary y

a-d. slide no. 287; e. slide no. 527; f, slide no. 337.

Source:

262

W. VRRVOORT

Fig. 63. — Symplectoscyphuspaulensis Stechow, 1923 : a-b, lectotypc, Valdivia, Sin 165, 38°40'S-77°39'E : a, monosiphonic

upper part of axis; b, hydrocladial hydrotheca with its hydranth. — c-d. SAM, ABD 8C, 24°40’S-35 ,> 28'E : c top part of

colony; d, part of axis with (flattened) gonotheca.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

263

ETYMOLOGY. — The subspecific name tropicus refers to the occurrence of this subspecies in the tropics,

tropicus being a latinization of that word.

Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923

Figs 63a-d, 65a

Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stcchow, 1923a : 8-10; 1923d : 172; 1925b : 467-468, r.g. 28 . - MlLLA R D, 1967 .183-184,

' fig. 4G-H; 1975 ; 317-319, fig. 102A-C; 1977b : 107; 1978 : 199 et seq. — Vervoort. 1972 : 180-183, figs 60b, 61.

Sertularella paulensis - STEPAN'YANTS, 1979 : 71, pi. 17 fig. 2.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —Southern Indian Ocean (Saint Paul Island). Valdivia Exped. : stn. 165, south of St Paul.

38°40'S-77°39'E 680 m 03.01.1899 : alcohol preserved material and 3 stained Canadabalsam slides to be described later on.

' South-west Indian Ocean. ” African*, II" : stn AFR 1248 IIN. 36°48'S-52°08'E, 400 m, 09.07.1961 : stained slide

“"mo^ ABD 8C, 24°40'S-35°28'E, 347 m, 18.08.1964 : stained slide of 2 fragments; one

gonotheca.

DESCRIFHON. — Through the kindness of Dr H. FECHTER, Zoologische Staatssammlung. Munchcn, B.R.D..

I have been able to inspect some of the " Valdivia " material described by Stechow (1923a, 1925b). This syntype

material consists of five alcohol preserved fragments and a portion of a strongly polystphomc stem with one

hydrocladium, and three slides. The alcohol preserved fragments arc hydrocladia bearing a number of hydrothecae

but two are short stem fragments with a single hydrocladium, one of the stem fragments being slightly

polysiphonic. The strongly polysiphonic stem fragment is referred to by Stechow (1923a, 1925b) in descriptions

of the species ("Ausserdem fand sich an demselben Fundort ein 25 mm langes unteres Stammstuck mil

anhangendem Wurzelplexus, sowie mit einem Cladium", etc.).

The slides consist of borax-carmine stained, embedded fragments, the largest fragment is a stem c. 30 mm long

with three hydrocladia; it has evidently been used for the figure in STECHOWs 1925b paper (fig. 28) as it bears the

single hydrotheca of an epizootic specimen of Halecium tenellum Hincks. 1861, in the position figured oy

Stechow. This specimen of Symplectoscyphus paulensis is here indicated as the lectotype. The remaining two

slides have hydrocladia or fragments of cladia; these also contain fragments of Antennella secundana (Gmelin,

1791) and Sertularella valdiviae Stechow. 1923. The Valdivia material is in perfect agreement with specimens

described by Vervoort (1972 : 180-183, figs 60b, 61). including the variability in length of the hydrothecae, the

occasional slight basal undulation of the abcauline hydrothecal wall and the repeated hydrothecal renovations,

some of the renovated hydrothecae being fairly short (fig. 63a-b; cf. Vervoort, 1972, fig. 60b). In the Valdma

material the internodes are indicated by constrictions of the perisarc, septa are quite rare, though occasionally

present in the youngest part of the hydrocladia. Well preserved hydranths (fig. 63b) indicate that the material was

collected alive; the completely retracted hydranths have 9-10 tentacles. They are attached to the inside of tie

abcauline hydrothecal wall by means of a strong strand of muscles. The measurements of this material appear from

the table of measurements given below. . ~ 1Q

All of Stechow’s material is sterile; the gonotheca was subsequently described by Millard (1 ) / 5.51 /-5 1 v,

^ The Authorities of the South African Museum, Cape Town, kindly permitted me to study two slides of

Symplectoscyphus paulensts described by Millard (1967. 1975) from southwest Indian Ocean waters (localities

specified above). 1 had at my disposal two Canadabalsam slides of stained colony fragments that are in gene

agreement with StechoWs material, though much finer, as may also appear trom the drawings This character,

however, is principally expressed in the size and shape of the in.emodes; the hydrothecae being of a'most the same

size This results in a much more geniculate appearance of stem and hydrocladia (fig. 63c). Many the

hydrothecae are repeatedly renovated, the renovations causing parallel stnation of the hydrothecal terminal portion

(fig. 65a). Though three opercular flaps are present in many hydrothecae the opercular apparatus has not been

observed in well-closed position and consequently has not been figured- The material labelled Stn ABD 8C

evidently has been used to make the drawing of the gonotheca (Millard, 1967, fig. 4G; 1975, fig- 102C), the only

figure of a gonotheca of this species so far published. One of the hydrocladia in the ABD 8C specimen carries the

264

W. VERVOORT

empty gonotheca, inserting in the hole just under the hydrothecal floor. The gonotheca in the slide is considerably

flattened (fig. 63d) by the cover glass; it is probably elongated ovoid, with five slight, circular depressions in the

apical half, and a short funnel with slightly everted margin at its end. The depressions are not marked by raised

walls or frills with thickened margins as occurs in Symplectoscyphus balhyalis.

Table 52. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923, in pm.

St Paul

(lectotype)

South Atlantic

(Vervoort, 1972)

South African waters

Stem intemode, length

1.625 - 1,845

1,285 - 1,430

865 - 1,085

diameter at node

280 - 370

340 - 405

175-215

Hydrocladial intemode, length

1,410-1,840

1,200- 1,300

diameter at node

195 - 240

130- 195

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

670 - 870

675 - 755

760 - 825

length free part adcauline wall *

865 - 935

595 - 835

910-935

length adnate part adcauline wall

540 - 585

500 - 580

370 - 390

total depth

1,105 - 1.260

920- 1,055

1,100- 1,130

maximal diameter

455 - 500

460 - 485

410-435

diameter at rim

410-435

365 - 475

390-415

Gonotheca, maximal diameter

1,065

total length (inch funnel)

1,520

(* = including renovations)

Symplectoscyphus pedunculatus (Billard. 1919)

Figs 62e, 65b

Sertularellapedunculata Billard. 1919 : 18, fig. 1A; 1925b : 165, fig. 27, pi. 7 fig. 18. — VanSoest, 1976 : 83.

Symplectoscyphus pedunculatus - Stechow, 1922 : 148; 1923d : 172.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 51, 23°05.27'S-167°44.95'E, 700-680 in. 31.08.1985 :

eleven mm long fragment, no gonothecae. All in slide no. 527 (RMNH-Coel. 25948). With small colony of Opercutarella sp.

Description. — Fragment consists of monosiphonic, 11 mm long stem with three hydrocladia (one left, two

right); number of hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia seven and four. Division of stem and

hydrocladia into intcmodes indistinct, only occasionally indicated by constrictions of perisarc. Hydrocladia placed

on short apophyses directly under hydrotheca, which becomes axillary but which has the same shape as remaining

hydrothecae (fig. 62e). Structure of colony, before being made up into slide, flexuous, unable to support itself.

Hydrothecae of characteristic appearance, slightly varied, but usually strictly tubular and gracefully curved,

with basal portion standing away from intemode almost perpendicularly and apical portion slightly curved upwards

(fig. 65b). Abcauline wall with distinct concavity basally; free part of adcauline wall smoothly convex over greater

part of its length but with distinct concavity just before margin so that adcauline marginal cusp is slightly upturned.

A minority of hydrothecae more or less strictly lubular. Adnatc portion adcauline wall slightly less than half length

free part adcauline wall, straight, curved sharply at hydrothecal floor; bottom plate not touching opposite

(abcauline) hydrothecal wall. Hydrothecal rim with three cusps (one adcauline, two laterals), of which adcauline

appears rather sharply pointed because of upturned condition: laterals obtuse. Cusps separated by shallow, rounded

embayments. Number of renovations 2-4; margin, especially in renovated hydrothecac. slightly everted. There arc

only remnants of hydranths and not a single hydrotheca has the closing apparatus perfect but apparently it is

composed of three triangular flaps attached in embayments of hydrothecal margin.

Perisarc firm along intcmodes, thinning out rapidly along hydrothecal walls. Hydrocladia and axis slightly

geniculate between hydrothecal insertions.

No gonothecae present, though circular foramina are present under several of axial and hydrocladial

hydrothecae.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

265

Table 53. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphuspedunculatus (Billard, 1919), in pm.

Siboga Exped.

BIOCAL

Stn 295

Stn DW 51

Intemodes, total length

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

120-130

850 - 960

75 - 95

480 - 520

445 - 480

185 -205

590 - 605

150-160

150 -160

length free part adcauline wall *

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth *

diameter at rim

maximal diameter

665 - 730

175-210

(* = including renovations)

Distribution. - Described by Billard (1919. 1925) after a single 30 mm high colony from the Timor Sea

off the southern point of Timor. 10°36.6'S-124°11.7'E, 2050 m depth. The present spectmen originates from

Pacific waters north of New Caledonia, depth 680-700 m.

REMARKS. - I have identified the BIOCAL. Stn DW 51. specimen with BlLLARD's species in spite of small

differences in size, the "Siboga" colony having generally larger dimensions. There is nevertheiess f^ l a gre c ment

in shape and placement of the very characteristic hydrothecac. that also differentiate this species o

Symplectoscyphus macrocarpa (Billard. 1918). with which the present species has been compared by Billard

(1925b: 166).

Symplectoscyphus pseudocolumnarius sp. nov.

Figs 62f, 64a-c

MATER.AL EXAM,NED. - New Caledonia. B.OCAL: » DW S"

locality): c. 20 mm high fragment with 2 gonothecae. All in slide no. 337 (holotype, MNHN-Hy. - )■

DESCRIPTION. — Specimen, apparently a top part, composed of monosiphonic stem Iragment and three

hydnxdadia. basal portion covered by wormtube. Stem monosiphonic. division into m.ernodes ind.st.nc, these

bciim marked by slightly oblique constrictions of perisarc. very weakly geniculate. Three hycbocladia present,

springing from small apophyses of stem under an axillary hydrotheca; hydroclad.a separated by four hydrothecac

axillary hydrothcca (fig. 620 included; all hydrothccae of stem and hydroclad.a, as well as those hydroclad.a,

^Sothecae alternately arranged along stem and hydrocladia (fig. 64a-b), tubular, slightly curved, abcauline

wall slightly but distinctly concave, free adcauline wall convex with slight bulge in lower porlion. FusedI pa

adcauline hydrothecal wall about half length of free par,, forming smooth cont ‘™“

Hydro,hecal floor straight, with circular hydropore for passage of coenosarc. Hydn.thcc^l apcrtu c p ;

length axis of internode, with three strong cusps separated by deep, semicircular embayments. Adcaul. e cusp

distinctly upturned (fig. 64b); closing apparatus composed of three triangular flaps folding over aperture form.n c

fair pe?is § M stem and" hydrocladia firm, gradually thinning out along hydrothecal walls, forming slightly raised

internal wall around hydrothecal aperture, visible as slightly raised 'tooth' just under hydrothecal nm. Renovations

of hydrothecal aperture common, though generally no more than lour are present.

No well preserved hydranths observed, only remnants being present. hvHmrtiwil floor

Two gonothecae occurring at end of stem, inserting on circular spot at internode just under t0

(fio 64a c) General outline of gonotheca elongated oval, slightly compressed on side adjacent to stem, attached to

mfern^de by means of short staL Surface of gonotheca ornamented by strongly

bearing distinct, hyaline frill and encircling gonotheca. starting just under funnel, in 10-11 spiral twists. Apex

266

W. VERVOORT

gonotheca with short funnel with slightly everted aperture. Contents of both gonothecae composed of two

developing eggs or planulae (fig. 64c). Presence of circular spots under many hydrothecae indicates that more

gonothecae have originally been present.

Table 54. — Measurements of Symplecloscyphuspseudocolumnarius sp. nov., in pm.

Biocal

Stn DW 51

(slide no. 337)

Hydrocladial intemode, length

656 - 695

diameter at node

110- 175

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

520 - 564

length free part adcauline wall *

475 - 540

length adnate part adcauline wall

215-280

total depth *

585 - 605

diameter at aperture

215-240

maximal diameter

240 - 250

Gonotheca, total length

1,715 - 1,735

maximal diameter

800 - 825

length funnel

215-240

diameter at aperture

240 - 250

(* including renovations)

Distribution . — Recorded from a single locality at the northwestern extremity of the Norfolk Ridge, south of

the southeastern tip of New Caledonia, depth 700-680 m.

Remarks. — This material resembles Symplecloscyphus columnarius (Briggs. 1914) in many respects; it is,

however, smaller in all dimensions and differs considerably in the structure of the gonotheca. Ralph (1961a : 802)

described S. columnarius as one of the taller species of Symplecloscyphus around the New Zealand coast with an

erect stem up to 65 mm in length, regularly branched in one plane and with conspicuous tubular hydrothecae held

well out from the stem and branches. Though LELOUP (1974) drew attention to the variability in hydrothecal shape

in S. columnarius as exemplified by the figures of hydrothecae in papers by Briggs (1914), TOTTON (1930) and

RALPH (1961a). the general outline of the curved hydrothecae and the upturned adcauline hydrothecal cusp agrees

with that found in the present new species, though a comparison of the measurements given here with those listed

under S. columnarius shows that the discrepancy in size is considerable. The gonotheca in 5. columnarius is

described by Ralph (1961a) as having three widely spaced, deep distal corrugations (and not the spirally coiled

frill present here); its size is considerable ('very large, approximately 3.20 mm in length'). As I have been unable to

identify the material with any other described symplectoscyphid it is here described as a new species.

Etymology. The specific name pseudocolumnarius points to the general resemblance of this species to

Symplecloscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914), the greek word pseudes meaning false.

Symplecloscyphus cf. pseudodivaricatus Ralph. 1961

Fig. 65c-d

Seriularella johnstoni - Bale, 1884 : 109, pi. 3 fig. 7, pi. 19 fig. 21.

Sertularella divaricata p.p. - Bale, 1914a : 20, pi. 2 fig. 7.

Symplecloscyphus pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961a : 807-808, fig. 16i-n.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 491, 18°56.0'S-163°20.0’E, 450460 m, 03.02.1985 : forty mm

high colony with single hydrocladium. All in slide no. 910 (RMNH-Coel. 25949).

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

267

Fig. 64. — Symplecloscyphus pseudocolumnarius sp. nov., holotype, Biocal, Stn DW 51 : a, c, pari of axis with gonothecae;

b, part of hydrocladiuin with hydrothecae,

a-c, slide no. 337.

268

W. VERVOORT

Fig. 65 a. — Symplectoscyphuspaulensis Stechow, 1923, SAM, ABD 8C, 24°40 , S-35°28 , E, hydrocladial hydrotheca.

Fig. 65 b. — Symplectoscyphus pedunculatus (Billard, 1919), BlOCAL, Stn DW 51, part of hydrocladium with pair of

hydrothecae.

FIG. 65 c-d. — Symplectoscyphus cf. pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961, LAGON, Stn 451 : c, part of hydrocladium; d, hydrocladial

hydrotheca.

Fig. 65 e-f. — Symplectoscyphus ralphae sp. nov., holotype, SMIB 4, Stn DW 55 : e, hydrocladial hydrotheca; f, axillary

hydrotheca.

b, slide no. 527; c-d, slide no. 910; e-f, slide no. 805.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

269

Description. — Colony c. 45 mm high, with erect, monosiphonic stem, not divided into internodes, set with

alternate hydrothecac that are slightly turned towards front of colony (fig. 65c). Ramification brought about by

irregular pseudodichotomous branching, first visible 34 mm above base of stem. Anastomoses absent Nodes

apparent on ramifications and visible as rather steeply oblique constrictions in alternate directions usuaHy with

fairly distinct septum; parts under and above septum distinctly twisted (fig. 65c). Each lntemode with hydrotheca

at its end hydrothecae alternately arranged and slightly turned towards front of colony. Ramifications springing

from apophysis under internodal hydrotheca; this axial hydrotheca of normal appearance. Number ot hydrothecae

between two successive ramifications variable. Some internodes with fenestra directly under hydrothecal floor.

^ydrothccae cylindrical, leaving inlemodc at an angle of c. 60 degrees, free part adcaulinc wall c. 1.5 times

longer than adnate part, almost straight, but turned upwards at margin; adcauline marginal cusp consequently

turned upwards (fig. 65d). Adnate part adcaulinc hydrothecal wall straight, with perpendicular curve at hydrothecal

floor, usually with slight notch or thickening; hydropore wide, leaving abcauline part of floor nearly open.

Abcauline hydrothecal wall smoothly curved and imperceptibly running into wall of internodc Hydrothecal rim

with usual three cusps (one adcaulinc, two laterals) with rounded tips; hydrothecal margin slightly but distinctly

thickened; embayments between marginal cusps moderately deep, rounded, fitting three triangular closing p ates,

present in many of hydrothccae and forming, when closed, a low. triangular roof.

Perisarc thin, particularly on hydrothecae, many of them collapsed. Pcnsarc well developed on mtemodes

ramifications, thickened at nodes. On stem perisarc conspicuous, yellowish.

Three completely collapsed gonothecae present; shape more or less pyriform, narrowed basally. apically

rounded and with a small platform at the top bearing a short, narrow funnel with everted rim. Plalfoim formed by

last of c. 5 circular ribs without frill, visible on distal part gonotheca.

Specimen without hydranths, coenosarc or gonothecal contents.

Table 55. — Measurements, of Symplectoscyphus cf. pseudodivaricatus and 5. pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961. in pm.

S. cf. pseudodivaricatus

Lagon, Stn 491

(slide no. 910)

S. pseudodivaricatus

(from Ralph. 1961a)

Hydrocladial internodc, length

diameter

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline wall

total depth

maximal diameter

diameter at rim

Gonotheca, length

maximal diameter

length funnel

diameter at funnel apex

615-1,185

120-135

370 - 385

360 - 385

205 - 220

470 - 480

230 - 250

200-210

c. 1,410

c. 650

185

260 - 350

200 - 300

350 - 390

200 - 250

200 - 270

200 - 220

200 - 250

1,000- 1,500

500 - 800

Distribution. - Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus is known from Australia (Quccnscliff, Victoria; B ale

, 888)Td from New Zealand (Little Papanui. Otaga Peninsula. New Zealand; Ralph. 1961). The present specimen

provisionally referred to this species originates from the Pacific, northwest of New Caledonia, depth 450-460 m.

Rfmarks — The specimen has been provisionally broughl to 5. pseudodivaricatus Ralph 1961 after close

comparison w„b RALPH^ desenpfion of mis specie, Tbe,e am a number of differences,Jhe ^o.hecaeme

nresent specimen are generally longer, with a larger free portion, noticeable in the lengths of abcauline wall and

adnate pL adcauline wall. The mtemodes in the New Caledonian colony are long slcntter The^xact shape

Rai PH'S material; however, a considerable amount of variability may be expected in this respect. The exact. P

of the completely collapsed gonothecae is hard to reconstruct, but apparently they have fewer rings than were

270

W. VERVOORT

present in Ralph's specimens and the terminal funnel is distinctly longer. The generally poor condition of the

present specimen makes it impossible to make a certain decision and the differences that I have noted are too few

to justify the description of a new species based on such imperfect material.

Symplectoscyphus ralphae sp. nov.

Figs 65e-f, 66a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Smib 4 : sin DW 55. 23°21.4'S-168°04.5'E, 215-260 m, 09.03.1989 (type

locality) : up to 10 mm high colonies on sponge (overgrown by Diphasia sp.; RMNH-Coel. 25950); a 20 mm high colony

(holotype) and a 8 mm high top part, both with gonothecae, made up in slide no. 805 (MNHN-Hy. 1121). — Stn DW 57,

23°21.5'S-168°04.6'E, 260 m. 09.03.1989 : three colonies, the largest c. 15 mm high; with gonothecae. all in 2 slides no 929

(paratypes; BMNH 1989.11.23.88 and RMNH-Coel. 25951).

Smib 5 : stn DW 72. 23°42.0'S-168 0 00.8'E, 400 m, 07.09.1989 : three fragments of a larger colony, basally slightly

polysiphonic, 5-15 mm high and 2 detached, completely ringed gonothecae; all in 2 slides no. 978A (MNHN-Hy. 1122).

fragment in slide no. 978B (with Symplectoscyphus effusus sp. nov. and Acryptolaria sp.; RMNH-Coel. 25934). _

StnDW 101, 23°21.2'S-168°04.9'E, 270 m, 14.09.1989 : two branched colonies c. 12x12 mm with many gonothecae All in

1 slide no. 977A and 2 slides no. 995 (RMNH-Coel. 25952).

Description (mainly based on holotype). — Small symplectoscyphid with c. 20 mm high colonies composed

of axis with alternately arranged hydrocladia that may rebranch again in pseudodichotomous fashion. On axis

division into intemodes indislinct, though constrictions of perisarc do occur, particularly above insertion of

hydrocladia (fig. 66a).

Hydrocladia alternately arranged along main axis, inserting on distinct apophyses; three hydrothecac between

two successive apophyses, one axillary, one left, one right; axillary hydrotheca (fig. 651) not much different from

rest of hydrothecae (figs 65e, 66b). Axis between apophyses slightly geniculate. Intemodes of hydrocladia slightly

better defined than on axis, first internodc invariably longer than those following; hydrocladia occasionally with

apophyses bearing secondary hydrocladia, etc., thus forming pseudodicholomous structure.

Hydrothecae of axis and hydrocladia identical, tubiform, slightly curved; free portion of adcauline wall slightly

to distinctly longer than adnate part, almost straight or slightly convex, distinctly upturned at end, leaving internode

or axis at angle of c. 60 degrees or slightly less (figs 65e. 66b). Adnate part adcauline wall straight, suddenly flexed

at base and there with small notch; hydropore scarcely visible. Abcauline hydrothecal wall smoothly curved,

concave, running evenly into wall of intemode or axis, in many axial hydrothecae with slight budge at hydrothecal

floor. Many hydrothecae of axis and hydrocladia with distinct, triangular fenestra (fig. 66b). Rim of hydrolheca

with three obtuse cusps, margin slightly everted and as a result adcauline tooth appearing acute. Marginal cusps

separated by rounded embayments; many hydrothccae with closing apparatus composed of three triangular flaps

when closed forming low roof (fig. 65e). Renovations occur though apparently not of regular occurrence. 1-3 being

usually present. Hydrothccae with remnants of hydranths: number of tentacles could not be ascertained.

Perisarc firm and thick on axis, yellowish, thinner on hydrocladia and rapidly thinning out along hydrothecal

walls, though apparently quite firm as no collapsed hydrolhecae have been observed.

Female gonolhecac (present on holotype) elongated, about three times as long as wide, inserting with short

thick pedicel directly below hydrolhecae of axis and intemodes (fig. 66a). Surface of gonothecae with tightly

coiled spiral ridge, running trom top of hydrotheca, where it forms basin around short funnel, to base of

gonothecae in 16-17 coils; each coil provided with downward directed hyaline frill, gradually diminishing in width

and disappearing in middle of gonotheca. Gonothecal aperture at end of short, fairly wide funnel wilh flaring edge.

Contents composed ol two large eggs or developing planulae. Some of remaining colonies with gonothecae of

slightly dilfcrent appearance, being distinctly swollen and slightly shorter, with reduced number (12-13) of spirally

arranged coils and with narrow funnel placed in center of fairly wide basin. These gonothecae, apparently male,

tightly pressed against stem or internode, having a dorsal depression (fig. 66c); containing a single mass of

developing cells (spermatocytes?).

Distribution. — This species has been obtained from a restricted area at the northwestern extremily of the

Norfolk Ridge, depths varying between 215 and 400 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TOE WESTERN PACIFIC

271

gonotheca.

a-b, slide no. 805; c, slide no. 929; d-e, slide no. 363; f, slide no. 841.

272

W. VERVOORT

TABLE 55. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus ralphae sp. nov., in pm.

Smib 4

Smib 5

Stn DW 55

Stn DW 57

Stn DW 72

Stn DW 101

(Slide no. 805)

(Slide no. 929)

(Slide no. 978A)

(Slide no. 977A)

Diameter of stem

165-185

—H

Hydrocladial internode, length

(constriction to constriction)

405 - 740

445 - 705

555 - 850

400 - 740

diameter at node

110- 135

95 - 135

65 - 80

75-95

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall

235 - 290

245 - 260

265 - 280

length free part adcauline wall

length adnate part adcauline

215-245

215 - 230

250 - 265

235 - 245

wall

175 - 200

200-215

200-210

205 - 215

total depth

295 - 355

360 - 370

355 - 370

diameter at rim

120- 125

120-135

110-120

120-125

maximal diameter

150-155

140- 150

155 - 160

Female gonotheca, length

1,345 - 1,365

1,330- 1,400

maximal diameter

385 - 475

465 - 520

length of funnel

135 - 150

160-175

diameter at end

Male gonotheca, length

190-215

1,000- 1,035

200-210

maximal diameter

430 - 445

length of funnel

110-135

diameter at end

110- 120

Remarks. — The material from Smib 5, Stns DW 72 and DW 101, is characterized by a larger number of

hydrothecal renovations than have been observed in the type material. Part of the colonies from Smib 5, Stn DW

101 (those on slides no. 995) are heavily overgrown. This species resembles Symplectoscyphus effusus in structure

of the colony, but the hydrothecae are distinctly wider and less gracefully curved, the intemodes are comparatively

shorter and the gonotheca is quite different. Though there is some variation in the shape of the hydrothecae the

variability in this respect is not so great as in S. effusus , mainly because renovations arc restricted in the present

species.

EtYMOLOGY. — The specific name ralphae is a tribute to Dr Patricia Ralph. Wellington, New Zealand, in

recognition of her outstanding researches in the New Zealand hydroid fauna.

Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930

Fig 67a-d

Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930 : 186, fig. 37a-b. — Rai.ph, 1961a : 816, fig. 18f-g. — LELOUP, 1974 : 42 fig. 41.

Sertularella tuba - STEPANYANTS, 1979 : 76, pi. 17 fig. 4.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 36, 23°08.64 , S-167°10.99 , E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : single

15 mm high, irregularly branched colony with 3 (female) gonothecae; all in slide no. 646 (RMNH-Coel. 25953).

Description. — Colony with unforked stem bearing three branches (hydrocladia) that rebranch

pseudodichotomously, branching resulting from the development of hydrocladia on apophyses at the base of

axillary hydrothecae. Intemodes occasionally indicated by constrictions of perisarc (fig. 67a), usually at base of

each hydrocladium and sometimes along length of hydrocladia; no complete septa or nodes observed. Hydrocladia

straight, no geniculation visible.

Hydrothecae as in Symplectoscyphus bathypacificus . more or less tubular, with slightly swollen basal portion,

rather varied in exact shape (cf. fig. 67a-c), free part adcauline wall slightly convex, adcauline marginal cusp

slightly upturned. Adnate part adcauline wall about as long as or slightly shorter than free portion, at base of

Source: MNHN, Paris

IIYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

273

Fig. 67 a -d. — Symplectoscyphus ,uba Tolton. 1930. B.ocal, S.n DW 36 : a. par. of colony; b. hydroclad.al hydro.heca;

c, axillary hydrotheca; d. female gonotheca (slightly f ef °™ ed) u - C P 45 • e part of pseudoaxis; f, part of

FIG. 67 e-f. — Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov., schizoholotype, BlOCAL, Sin Cl 43 . e, pari u i

hydrocladium with hydrotheca and its hydranth.

a-d. slide no. 646; e-f, slide no. 375.

274

W. VERVOORT

hydrotheca with sharp flexure; hydrothecal floor fully closed, with circular hydropore to permit passage of

coenosarc. Abcauline hydrothecal wall concave or with distinct bent at half its length. Opening of hydrotheca

almost parallel with hydrocladial length axis; rim with three fairly acute cusps, one adcauline (slightly upturned),

two laterals, separated by semi-circular embayments, fitting triangular plates of closing apparatus. Renovations of

hydrotheca common, usually 3-4, though occasionally more; margin slightly thickened in renovated hydrothecae.

Many hydrothecae with retracted hydranths, attached to hydrothecal basal plate (adcauline corner) and with

attachment filament running obliquely upwards, fastening hydranth halfway along internal abcauline wall. There

are c. 12 tentacles; hypostome rounded.

Pcrisarc generally not as thick as in S. bathypacificus, best developed along walls of hydrocladia, thinning out

along hydrothecal walls. Foramina occur under majority of hydrocladial hydrothecac.

Three female gonothecac present, attached at foramen under hydrotheca, elongated ovoid, though not as

elongated as in S. balhypelagicus , with spirally descending rib making 8-9 turns, starting at an apical platform in

the middle of which is placed a characteristic mouth lube, widening strongly at the apex (like the mouthpiece of an

old-fashioned telephone, fig. 67d). Spiral rib with distinct, upward turned frill, gradually disappearing along

downward curves. Each gonotheca with two large eggs or larvae. Figured gonotheca (fig. 67d) slightly deformed

by pressure of cover glass.

Table 56. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930, in pm

New Zealand

(Ralph, 1961a)

(slide no. 646)

Biocal

Stn DW 36

Intemodes, diameter

250

130-195

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

220

410

length free part adcauline wall *

200

345 - 435

length adnate part adcauline wall

200

260 - 280

total depth *

340

415-520

diameter at rim

140

150-170

maximal diameter

170

215-235

Female gonotheca, length (inch funnel)

1,100

1,430

diameter (inch rib and frill)

590

900

diameter external opening funnel

250

260

diameter internal opening funnel

110

108

(* = including renovations)

Distribution. — Recorded from a single locality on the northern part of the Norfolk Ridge, due south of the

southeastern extremity of New Caledonia.

Remarks . — I have reluctantly identified the Biocai. specimens with Totton's Symplectoscyphus tuba,

basing it mainly on the shape of the very characteristic gonothecae and on the consideration that the species is

probably more variable than appears from Totton's fairly cryptic account of this species, a description based

exclusively on a bunch of colonies collected off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand; this material was more fully

described by Ralph (1961a). The present material has larger hydrothecae, partly because of frequent renovations

in the Biocal material. I have compared this material with the type slide of S. tuba in BMNH (1929.10.28.108);

I found the hydrothecae to be in good agreement, exhibiting a larger degree of variability than appears from the

accounts given by Totton and Ralph.

Symplectoscyphus watsonae sp. nov.

Fig. 66d-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. New Caledonia. Biocal : sin DW 36, 23°08.64'S-167°10.99’E, 650-680 m, 29.08.1985 : single

13 mm long fragment with 23 hydrothecae, 1 complete and 1 damaged gonotheca (holotype). All in slide no. 363 (MNHN-Hy.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

275

Description (based on material from Biocal. Stn DW 36). — Axis indistinctly divided into intemodes by

means of shallow constrictions of perisarc; usually each intemode with single hydrothcca. Hydrothecac arranged in

two opposite rows along axis, alternately pointing left and right.

Hydrothecae long, only small portion fused to intemode, rest of hydrotheca free from internode and pointing

away from axis a. an angle of c. 45 degrees (fig. 66d). Lengthened part of hydrotheca usually composed of

repeatedly renovated apical part of hydrotheca, but in some instances complete hydrotheca consists of primary,

non-renovated hydrotheca of which apical portion is thin but has been observed to have three cusps (one adcauline,

two laterals) and three hyaline flaps attached in embayments between the marginal cusps. Walls ot hydrotheca

occasionally with perisarcal notches or ribs.

Perisarc fairly thick along walls of intemodes. thinning out considerably along hydrothecal walls, apical portion

of hydrotheca collapsible.

One complete but spent gonothcca present, developed from otherwise normal hydrotheca; one damaged

gonotheca also present. Gonotheca elongated, general outline oval, greatest diameter about hallway its length

narrowing towards both ends. No pedicel visible between base of gonotheca and orifice ot hydrotheca. Apex of

gonotheca with fairly wide, cylindrical funnel. Spirally downward curving, hyaline lamella begins at base ol funnel

and continues downwards spirally in 9 curves. Hyaline lamella fairly broad, margin scalloped, standing

perpendicularly away from body of gonotheca bearing furrows between twists of lamella (fig. 66e).

Table 57. — Measurements of Symplectoscyphus watsonae sp. nov., in pm.

Biocal

Sin DW 36

(slide no. 363)

Intemode, length

460 - 500

diameter at node

80-90

Hydrotheca, length abcauline wall *

665 - 815

length free part adcauline wall *

630 - 750

length adnate part adcauline wall

190 - 200

total depth *

815-850

diameter at rim

80-95

maximal diameter

95 -125

Gonotheca, total length

2,060

maximal diameter

275

length funnel

120

diameter funnel at rim

(* = including renovations)

REMARKS. — This is a very distinctive species with a most characteristic gonotheca. In spite of the scarcity of

material I have described it here as a new species for a variety of reasons. The hydrothecae in the fragment are

quite characteristic; the (complete) gonotheca is highly diagnostic. Furthermore, on showing this specimen to

Dr J.E. Watson in my laboratory, in the summer of 1991, she mentioned having seen identical specimens in her

material of the Russian Dmitry Mendeleev 1976 cruise to the Great Australian Bight.

In the British Museum (Natural History) I have found a similar condition of the hydrothecae in a slide of

Dicyocladium monilifer (Hutton. 1873) (slide no. 90.5.27.47). Here too the hydrothecae are considerably

lengthened, partly by repeated renovations, resembling the condition lound here.

ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name, watsonae, has been chosen as a dedication to Dr Jeanette E. Watson,

Essendon. Victoria, Australia, in recognition of her outstanding studies of the Australian marine fauna, e

Hydrozoa in particular.

276

W. VKRVOORT

Genus THYROSCYPHUS Allman, 1877

The genus Thyroscyphus Allman (1877 : 10; type, by monotypy, Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman, 1877) [=

Lytoscyphus Pictet, 1893 : 35-36; type, by monotypy, Lytoscyphus junceus Pictet, 1893 = Thyroscyphus bedoti

Splettstosser, 1929], is here considered to be composed of the following taxa :

Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper, 1793) (= Laomedeafruticosa Esper, 1793 : 188).

Thyroscyphus junceus (Allman, 1876) (= Campanularia juncea Allman, 1876 : 260-261, pi. 11 figs 3-4).

Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman, 1877 : 11, pi. 6 figs 5-6.

Thyroscyphus marginatus (Bale, 1884) (= Campanularia marginata Bale, 1884 : 54, pi. 1 fig. 2).

Thyroscyphus vitiensis Marktanner-Tumcrctschcr, 1890 : 210, pi. 3 fig. 10 (= Thyroscyphus gracilis Kuhn,

1911 : 25-38, pi. 2).

Thyroscyphus bedoti Splettstosser, 1929 : 39, 122, figs 36-38.

Thyroscyphus longicaulis Splettstosser, 1929 : 49-54, 123, figs 43-45.

Thyroscyphus sibogae Billard, 1930 : 230, fig. 1.

Thyroscyphus ramosus f. ricardi Redier, 1971b : 507-508, fig. IB.

A new species is described below.

Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov. 4

Figs 66f, 67e-f

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. " Vauban" : stn 3, drague 3 : 22 0 17'S-167°12'E, 390 m, 23.05.1978 : thirty mm

high scorpioid colony with partly collapsed hydrothccae. (Paratype, made up in slide no. 416; RMNH-Coel. 25954).

Biocal : stn CP 45, 22 o 47.34'S-167 o 14.80'E, 430-465 m, 30.08.1985 (type locality) : c. 40 mm long part of scorpioid

colony with a few gonothecae (holotype, MNHN-Hy. 1124). Parts as slides no. 375 (2) and 841 (schizoholotypes; BMNH

1989.11.24.89, 1 slide no. 375; RMNH-Coel. 25955, 1 slide no. 375 and slide no. 841).

Description (based on available material). — Basal part of stem erect, without hydrocladia. Rest of stem

forming scorpioid sympodium, pseudoaxis formed by basal parts of respective hydrocladia that turn away from

colony in more or less same direction, being nearly parallel and only slightly diverging, arranged, in larger

fragment (holotype) as branches radiating from a circularly curved basal portion (pseudoaxis, fig. 67e). Basal

portion without distinct segmentation, distance between basal parts of hydrocladia c. 1.5-2 mm; at insertion of

hydrocladium with rounded perisarcal protuberance. Hydrocladia in holotype c. 10-15 mm long, with 8-12

hydrothecae, in paratype shorter but probably broken. Hydrocladia divided into distinct internodes separated by

perisarcal constrictions; each internode with apical apophysis supporting large hydrotheca. Apophyses, and

consequently hydrothecae, arranged in two rows but rows closely approximated, hydrothecae of the two rows

consequently pointing towards one side of colony. Hydrothecac large, slightly rounded basally and narrowing

towards short, almost imperceptible pedicel; distally slightly widening, slightly asymmetrical as adcauline wall

bulges in basal third. Hydrothecal margin with three acute cusps, one abcauline and two laterals near adcauline

side; hydrothecal rim, as appears from stained slides, reinforced by perisarcal thickening. Closing apparatus

composed of three hyaline, triangular flaps, closing to form a fairly high roof; flaps adhering to hydrothecal margin

in damaged hydrothecae (figs 66f, 670-

Dr Dale CALDER, when reviewing the manuscript of this paper, has kindly drawn my attention to the fact that the genera

Cnidoscyphus Splettstosser, 1929, and Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877, along with the genera Parascyphus Ritchie, 1911,

7 hyroscyphoides Naumov, 1955, Uniscyphus Millard, 1977b, and Symmetroscyphus Calder, 1986, should be brought to the

family Thyroscyphidae Stechow, 1920 (cf. Calder, 1991 : 76). The genus Sertularelloides Leloup, 1937a, is here considered to

be synonymous with Sertularella Gray, 1848, the type species, Sertularelloides mercatoris Leloup, 1937a, being synonymous

with Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman, 1888). Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov. probably deserves generic distinction from

the remaining species of Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877, because of its three-cusped hydrothecal rim, the other species in that

genus being four-cusped.

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDRO!DS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

277

Many large hydranths present in holotype, undoubtedly collected alive. Hydranths attached at inside of lower

third of hydrotheca by means of circular widening of body; above ring ol attachment ot hydranth insi t o

hydrotheca covered by sheath of coenosarc. Hyposlome globular, surrounded by c. 20 large tentacles (fig. 670-

Soft tissue (coenosarc) filled with large, in preserved specimen, violet-brown cells with lighter nucleus; these cells

particularly visible in holotype. but also occurring in paratype, which is less well preserved.

Only a few gonothecae have been found. Each gonotheca springs lrom base of apophysis just under insertion ot

hydrotheca, club-shaped, without visible aperture, usually empty, but occasionally basal part tilled with tissue in

which stained cells dominate (fig. 660- , t .*•

Perisarc fairly thin, best developed on axis and hydrocladial internodes, slightly thickening at each node, thin

along walls of hydrothecae and gonothecae, that as a result are easily collapsible.

Table 58. — Measurements of Thyroscyphus scorpioides sp. nov., in pm.

BlOCAL

Stn CP 45

(slide no. 841)

Axis, diameter between hydrocladia

Hydrocladia, length intemodcs

diameter at node

Hydrotheca, length (including pedicel)

maximal diameter

Gonotheca, approximate length

approximate diameter

- jy\j

1,410-1,955

280 - 305

1,690- 1,950

520 - 585

1,520

540

Distribution. — The holotype was obtained from deep water off the southeastern point ot New

Caledonia. S.W. of Kunie (= lies des Pins), depth 430-465 m. The locality of the paratype is slightly north of the

type locality.

REMARKS. - In spite of the fact that the hydro.hecal rim has three cusps and no. tour as ° ccu ^

species of Thyroscyphus Allman. 1877. the present species has been placed in this genus because of * e characters

o( the hydranth. that is attached inside the hydrotheca by means of a circular fold the prcscncc of a sheath o ^

inside the hydrotheca and the absence of an accumulation of ncmatocysts in the perisarc above the hydranth a."

occurs in Cnidoscyphus Splettstdsscr, 1929.1. does not belong in Parascyphus Splettstosser. 1929. neither

of the shape of the colony nor by the attachment of the hydranths.

ETYMOLOGY. - The specific name scorpioides is an allusion to the scorp.oid structure of the colony ;

scorpioid comes from the latin noun scorpio and means curled like the tail of a scorpion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the authorities of the Na.ionaa. ^^ri^Museum

(National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands, now also comprising the Rijksmuseum

Natuurlijke Histone, Leiden) for the opportunity to carry out research in their institute

He is grateful to a number of scientists who supplied opportunities information or ma.enal' f ™

in the composition of this paper, amongst which are ; Ph. BOUCHET A. CROSN.ER. J-CDAUVIN, D- DOUMENC.

Cl LEVI M Van Praet (MNHN); M. Segonzac (CENTOB), P.F.S. Cornelius (BMNH), J.C de *

C Cornet and M Slierings (RMNH), the Director (SAM) and H. FECHTER (ZSM). Financial sustenance y

ORSTOM (Institut Fran ? ais dc Recherche scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation. Pans), twice

enabled me to spend a month in Paris to work on hydroid material in MNHN; 1 am most grateful for their generous

support. Th^rnanuscript was refereed by Dr Dale CALDER, Toronto. Canada. Dr Fran Ramo.. Vigo. Spain, and

278

W. VERVOORT

Dr Jeanette Watson, Essendon, Australia; I have gratefully used many of their very useful suggestions. I have

been forced to put aside some quite appropriate remarks as their execution would have involved considerable

changes and inherent technical problems. Some of those remarks have been acknowledged in footnotes.

The drawings were made in pencil by the author and redrawn in ink by Mrs Inge M. van Noortwijk and

Mr Eric J. BOSCH; the plates were photographically reduced by Mrs Ingrid HENNEKE. The publication of this paper

would not have been possible without their constant support: I owe them a burden of gratitude!

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in den Molukken und in Borneo, Theil 2. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges., 23 (2): 297-320, pi. 15.

VON Lendenfeld, R., 1884. — The Australian hydromedusae. Proc. Linn. Soc. NS.W., 9 : 206-211. 345-353, 401-420,

467-492, 581-634, pis 6 - 8 , 12-17, 20-29.

Warren, E., 1908. — On a collection of Hydroida, mostly from the Natal coast. Ann. Natal Mus., 1 : 269-355. pis 45-48.

Watson, J. E„ 1973 . — Hydroids. In : Pearson Island Expedition, 1969-9. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 97 (3): 153-200, figs 1-76.

Watson. J. E„ 1975. — Hydroids from Bruny Island, southern Tasmania. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 99 (4): 157-176, figs 1-34.

WEDLER, E„ 1975. — Okologische Untersuchungen an Hydroiden des Felslitorals von Santa Marta (Kolumbien). Helgoland,

wiss. Meeresuntersuch ., 27 (3): 324-363, figs 1-34, tabs 1-6.

WHITELEGGE Th 1899. — The Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes of Funafuti. In : The atoll of Funafuti, Elliot

Sip it; zoology, botany, ethnology, and general structure based on collections made by Mr. Charles Hed.ey of the

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YAMADA, M„ 1950. — Hydroids. In : The fauna of Akkeshi Bay. XVII. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ.. ( 6 ) 10 (1): 1-20, pi. 1.

YAMADA. M„ 1958. — Hydroids from the Japanese Inland Sea, mostly from Matsuyama and its vicinity. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido

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Yamada, M.. 1959. — Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Pubis Akkeshi mar. btol. Stn. 9:1-101.

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INDEX

Genus names are given in capital letters, new genera and species in italics, genera and species treated in detail

are shown in bold type. .

Bold numbers indicate the pages where the subject is treated in detail.

9K 113

abietina var. purpurea.

.98

IKTINARIA .

.98

abietina var. abietiformis.

abietina var. minor .

.98

.99

292

anguina .

annulata.

cartilaginea ..

cocci.

compressa ....

crassiparia ....

cruciformis ....

derbeki .

elsaeoswaldac

cxpansa .

filicula.

fusca .

gagarae.

gigantca.

gracilis.

greenei.

immersa .

inconstans .

interversa.

juniperus .

kincaidi .

koltuni.

laevimarginata

macrotheca.

melo.

merkii.

pacifica .

pulchra.

raritheca .

rigida.

smimovi.

spasskii .

spiralis.

thuiarioides ....

traski .

trigona.

turgida.

urceolus.

variabilis .

Acryptolaria

sp.

Amphisbetia

episcopus.

maccallumi .

rectitheca.

trochocarpa .

Antennella

secundaria .

sp.

Calamphora

campanulata ....

parvula.

solitaria .

Calyptothuiaria

clarkii.

W. VERVOORT

.98 magellanica.240

.98 Caminothuiaria

.99 moluccana.102

.98 molukkana .193

.98 Caminothujaria.102

.98 moluccana.102

.98 molukkana. 102, 103

.99 sagamina.102

.99 Campanularia

.99 insignis.104

.99 juncea.276

.99 longitheca .204, 207

.99 marginata.276

.99, 102 Torresii .104

.99 CLYTIA

.99 sp .110

...99, 101, 102 Cnidoscyphus.103, 104

.99 aequalis.103

.99 macrotheca.104

.99 marginatus 104

.99 torresi.104

.99 torresii.104

.99 Torresii 104

.99 DESMOSCYPHUS

.99 palkensis.108

.99 Dictyocladium.105

.99 aberrans .102, 103

.99 biseriale .105, 107

.99 coactum 105

.99 dichotomum.105

.99 flabellum.105

.99, 193 monilifer. 105, 275

.99 reticulatum. 193

.99 singulare 102

.99 Diphasia.98

.99 alternitheca 98

.99 attenuata.187,216

.99 clarae .186

.99 derbeki . 99

mutulata.186,216

201,253,270 pulchra. 99

smimovi. 99

.193 spasskii .99, 193

.193 sp. 17, 121, 158, 179, 201, 232, 270

.193 Dynamena . 108

.193 cornicina .108, 110

crisioides. 193

.263 disticha.108

.201 dubia.109

gibbosa.109

.193 quadridentata.108, 109

.193 quadridentata f. flabellata.109

.193 quadridentata f. typica .109

quadridentata var. elongata .109

189 quadridentata var. nodosa.109

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

293

quadridentata var. nodosa f. peculiaris .109

thankasseriensis.!09

FlLELLUM

serpens.186,216

serratum .149,201,218,225,253

..218

Geminella. 109

ceramensis ....108,109,110, 111, 112, 193,202

subtilis.109* U2

GONAXIA .112,113,242

amphorifera . Ill, 113, 115,117, 118, 120,

122, 123, 126,135,153,158,161

ampullacea . 113, 115, 117,121, 123, 124,

125,127,128,135,158,161,179,181

ampullacea var. densa . 113, 115,124, 126,

128

anonyma . 113, 114, 125,128,129, 130, 131,

132

bulbifera . 113,116,131,132,133, 134

compacta .113, 114, 126,135, 136, 137, 138

complexa .113, 136,137, 138, 139, 141, 157

constricta . 113, 115,140, 141, 142, 143

crassa . 113, 114, 142,143, 144. 145, 149

crassicaulis .113. 144,145, 146, 147

crusgalli . 113, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151

elegans . 113, 116, 147, 151, 152,153, 154

errans .113, 116,154, 155, 156, 157

intermedia .... 113, 116, 153, 155, 156,157, 158,

159,160, 162

pachyclados .113, 114, 145, 149, 159, 160,

161, 162, 163

perplexa 113, 116, 162, 164,165, 167

persimilis .113, 116, 166,167, 168, 169, 171,

175

robusta 113, 115, 166,168, 169, 170

scalariformis . 113, 116, 135, 171, 172,173,

175, 178, 180

similis .113, 116, 167, 174, 175, 177, 178,

182,196

sinuosa .113, 114, 149, 171,179, 180, 181,

184,194

stricta . 113,117, 182, 183,184, 194

Halecium

fragile. 21 °

tenellum .253,263

..203

Hebella

..179, 259

Hemicarpus

.. 227

HINCKSELLA

cylindrica .193

echinocarpa.193

fallax .259

HYDRALLMANIA.

alcata.

bicalycula.

distans.

falcata.

falcata var. bidens

franciscana .

graptolithiformis ...

plumulifera .

sp.

IDIELLA

pristis .

IDIELLANA.

pristis .

IDYA

pristis .

Lafoea

dumosa.

Laomedea

fruticosa.

Torresii .

Lytocarpia

sp.

Lytoscyphus

. 185

.185

.185, 186

85, 186 , 187

. 187

.185, 187

.185

.185, 187

.188

. 188

.188

.223

.276

.104

.237

junccus .

MODEERIA

rotunda .

.139.201,218

MONOPOMA

.99

MONOSTAECI IAS

.110,202

NlGELLASTRUM

.186

Obklia

.104

Opercularella

.264

Pasya

.109

pasythea

.109

Plumularia

.186

.187

Sertularella .

. 122,189

.189,193

.193,194.

acuiiueiiutut dtuiiutmaiu ....

195, 196

acutidentata profunda .

.196. 197, 199

Source:

294

W. VERVOORT

adpressa.239

affinis.239

africana .189

aggregata.239

albida.189

Allmani .189

amphorifera.191,239

ampullacea.189

anguina .198, 199, 200, 201, 208

angulosa.192

annulata.189, 240

annulaventricosa .189, 201

antarctica.189

arborea.189

arborea var. pinnata .189

arboriformis .239

arbuscula.189

arbuscula var pinnata.189

arbuscula var. quinquelaminata.189

areyi .110, 189, 200, 201, 202, 220

argcntinica.189

atlantica.189, 236

avrilia.189

bathyalis.242

bi form is. 239

bifurca.241

billardi . 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207,

210,213

bipectinata .206, 207, 208, 209, 247

blanconae.189

brandti.189

campanulata.193

capensis.189

capensis delicata .189,201

capillaris .239

catena .189, 203, 204, 207, 210, 211

ceramensis.109, 193

clarki .189

clarkii.189

clausa.189

columnaria.239,247

complexa.189

conella.189

congregata.189

conica.189, 218

contorta.191

comuta.192, 232

costata.189, 229,232

crassa.189

crassicaulis.189

crassiuscula.189

crassipes.189

craticula.189

crenulata .189, 212, 213, 214, 236

cruzensis .190

cubica.190

cumberlandica . 190, 239

cuneata.189

curvata .239

cylindrica.193

cylindritheca.104, 190, 210

decipiens.190

delicata.190

delicatula .239

dentifera.239

diaphana .190, 211, 212, 214,215, 216

diaphana var. delicata.190,214, 215

diaphana var. gigantea.190, 215

diaphana var. madagascariensis.190

diaphana var. orthogona.190, 214, 215

diffusa.193

distans.193,214

divaricata .239, 266

divaricata var. dubia .239

divaricata var. sub-dichotoma .239

dubia.190

dubia var. magna .190

echinocarpa.193

edentula .190

elegans.239

ellisi .190

ellisi var. lagenoides.190

ellisi var. spelea.190

elongata .239

episcopus .193

erecta .239

evansi.193

exigua.190

exilis. 190, 230

fallax.193

falsa .190

filiformis var. reticulata.239

flabellum.190

flexilis.239

formosa.193

fruticulosa.241

fuegonensis.190

fusca.239

fusiformis.190

fusiformis var. glabra.190

fusiformis var omata .190

fusoides.190

gaudichaudi .190

gayi.190

gayi gayi.218

gayi unituba .190

gayi var. allmani.189

gayi var. elongata.190

gayi var. gracilescens.190

gayi var. parva.190

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC

295

gayi var. robusta . 190

geniculata . 191> 192

eeodiae . 180, 186, 190, 212,216,217,219

__ 1Q0

megastoma .

megista .

meridionals .

microgona .

. 191

.191

. 240

.192

gigauita .

190

microtheca .

.191

gilchristi.

239

.240

giaciaiis.

goliathus .

.190

....240

minuscula.

minuta.

.191

.240

240

.191

...193

miurensis .

. 191

hartlaubi .

helenae .

. 190

.218,219,220

190

miurensis var. obtusa .

miurensis var. pungens .

. 191

. 240

241

moluccana .

. 102

190

molukkana .

. 193

hydrallmaniaeformis .

. 240

190

monopleura .

muelleri .

. 240

. 190

multinoda .

. 240

240

mutsuensis .

. 191

190

. 191

indivisa .

ioi loo oan

. 191

240

. 241

indivisa var. bidcntata ...

. 240

novaecaledoniae . 207,225, 226, 228,231 ,

. 191

247.249

.191,240

...193

Novarae .

191

. 191

240

. 191

191

. 191

johnstoni .

o/tn ofxfx

. 191

191

. 241

.191

parvula.

.191, 193

kerguelensis .

1Q1

.191

191

paucicostata .

.227,228,229

191

.263

190

.191

191 214

pedrensis.

.191,241

. 191

pedunculata .

. 241.264

OO 1 OOO OOQ

leiocarpa . ivi, zuo, xxu, zz.i,

_ 908 m ??4 9.9.5 752

peregrina .

. 191

IVUSCUI f/UUtKJ .

. 191

philippensis .

. 189. 193

240

241

pinnata .

. 214.241

190

. 190.214

240

. 240

.192

. 241

240

. 241

polyzonias .

. 191,218.232

lUIlglUlCL’a vai. luuuoia -

. 193

polyzonias var. comuta .

. 192

. 240

polyzonias var. gigantea .

polyzonias var. robusta .

.190

240

.191

macrotheca.

.240

.241

1Q1

.191

240

.191

pseudocostata .

pulchella.

.228, 230,232

mediterranea var asymn

netrica.191

.241

Source:

296

W. VERVOORT

pulchra.

punctagonangia.

purpurea.

pushi .

pygmaea.

quadrata.

quadricornuta.

quadridens.

quadridens cornuta.

234

quadridens var. cornula ....

quadridens var. limorensis

quadrifida.

quinquelaminata .

ramosa.

reclilheca.

rentoni.

reticulala .

richardsoni .

rigosa.

ritchiei.

robusta.

robusta var. flucticulata ...

robusta var. quasiplana ....

robustoides.

rubella .

rugosa .

saccata.

sagamina .

sanmatiasensis.

sargassi .

secunda .

serrata .

sibogae.

sieboldi .

sigmogonangia.

similis .

simplex .

sinensis .

singularis.

sinuosa .

solidula .

solitaria .

Sonderi.

sp.

sp. 1 .

sp. .2.

spasskii .

speciosa.

spinosa.

spiralis.

spirifera.

squamata .

stipulata.

striata.

.191 subdichotoma.241

.191 tanneri.192

.240 tasmanica.192

.241 tenella. 189, 192, 201,236. 238

.240 tenella f. peculiaris.236

.192 thecocarpa.192

.190 tilesii.192

.192 timorensis .192

192,231, 232, 233, tongensis.192

Torreyi.190, 214

.232 tricincta. 189, 201

.192 tricuspidata var. acuminata.241

.192 tridentata.192

..192 trimucronata.241

..192 trochocarpa.193

.193 tropica.241

.241 tuba.272

.105, 193 tumida.189

.192 turgida. 189,241

.192 undulata .189,201

.241 undulitheca .192

.192 unilateral^ .189, 192

.191 uruguayensis.192

.192 valdiviae . 192, 263

.192 variabilis.240,241,242

.241 vcrvoorti .192

.191,192,237 wallacei.192

.192 whitei .192

.192 xantha .192

.192 zenkevitchi.192

.190, 214 Sertularella (Geminella)

.241 ceramensis .109

.193 Sertularia

.241 abietina .98

.240 anguina .98

.193 annulata.189

.192 arbuscula.189

.192 articulata.239

192, 235, 236, 238 catena.210, 213

.102, 103, 193 clausa.189

.241 complexa 108

.191, 192, 240 compressa.98

.193 comicina.108

.241 crassicaulis.189

.235 cylindritheca.190

.241 densa.108

.241 diffusa.193

.193 distans.102

.190,214 divaricata .239

.192 dubia.108

.241 echinocarpa.193

.192 ellisi .190

.193 evansi.193

.186 exigua .191

.192 exserta.239

Source: MNHN, Paris

HYDROIDS FROM TIIF. WESTERN PACIFIC

297

.186

chubuticus.

.239

.99

columnarius.

.239,247.266

.239

comrnensalis .244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251.

Gaudichaudi.

.190

190

252

confusus .

.239

.191

constrictus.

.140

.187,239

cumberlandicus.

.239

.99

curvatus .

.239

.190

delicatulus.

.239

dentiferus .

.239

102

divaricatus .

.239

240

divaricatus var. dubius ....

.239

interrupta.

.98

divaricatus var. subdichotomus .239

.99

effusus .

253. 254, 255, 256,272

191

elegans .

.239

191

elongatus.

.239

.240

.239

oaQ ?S1

.108

105

epizooticus.

.239

neglecta.

.241

exochus .

.239

patagonica.

.191

191

exsertus.

filiformis.

.239

.191

filiformis var. reticulatus

.239

191

.239

108

.239

192,236

glacialis.

.239

189

.240

102 103

.240

sigmagonangia.

193

.240

186

.240

192 236

.240

thuiarioides .

traski.

.99

hydrallmaniaeformis.

.240

240

tricuspidata .

.241

192

.240

unilateralis.

.189. 192,241

99 245

indivisus var. bidentatus

.240

variabilis .

Symmetroscyphus

.240

193

.240

Symplectoscyphus

. 109. 113, 122, 128.239,

johnstoni .

.239.253,257

.240

242

.239

johnstoni johnstoni .

johnstoni subtropicus

.240, 257. 259,260

.239

.240. 255.256,

.239

257,259

.245,247,255,258,259,

.239

johnstoni tropicus

.239

260.261

.240

239

articulatus .

australis.

hathvalis ..

07Q 9/in

.240

..238. 239,242,243, 245.264

levinseni.

.240

bathypacificus .

.243,244.245.246,247,251.

liouvillei.

.240

272,274

.274

macrocarpa .

.240,265

.239

.240

940

cf cotnmensalis ...

.250. 251.252

OAA 9A8

macrothcca.

.240

CI. pseuaoaivarK-aius .°

Source:

298

W. VERVOORT

margaritaceus.240

vervoorti .242

manonensis.

mawsoni.

.240

waisuruie .

Synthecium

millardi .

.240

cylindricum.

.193

milneanus ...

.240

evansi.

.193

minnhis

.240

formosum.

.193

modestus .

.240

hians .

.247,251

monopleura.240

multinoda.240

naumovi .240

neglectus .241

novaecaledoniae .251

pallidus .241

paraglacialis.241

paulensis.241, 245, 262, 263, 264, 268

pedrensis .241

pedunculatus .241, 261, 264, 265, 268

pinnatus.241

plectilis .241

pluma.241

procera.241

pseudocolumnarius .247, 261, 265, 266, 267

pseudodivaricatus .241, 266,269

pulchellus.241

pushi .241

ralphae .268, 270, 271,272

rentoni.241

ritchiei.241

rostratus.241

rubellus .241

salvadorensis.241

secundus .241

sibogae.241

singularis.241

sinuosus .241

sp. 1 .242

sp. 2.242

spiralis.241

spirituals.241

subarticulatus.241

subdichotomus.241

tricuspidatus.241, 246

tricuspidatus acuminatus.241

trimucronatus.241

tropicus .241,245

tuba.241,247,272, 273,274

turgidus.241

unilateral^.241

valdesicus .241

vanhoeffeni .241,246

variabilis .242

sp.121, 145,201,203,223,225

Thecocladium

flabellum.190

Thuiaria

annulata .98

cerastium .105

coei .98

costata.99

diaphana.190, 214

distans.190, 214

divergens .102, 103

elegans.99

gigantea .99

hyalina .190,214

kincaidi .99

pinnata .190,214

plumulifera .187

quadridens .192

quadrilaterals.190,214

subarticulata.241

turgida.99

Thyroscyphus. 104,276

aequalis.103

bedoti.276

fruticosus .276

gracilis .276

intermedius.193

intermedius f. peculiaris.191

junceus.276

longicaulis .104, 276

marginatus .276

ramosus. 104, 276

ramosus f. ricardi.276

regularis. 104

scorpioides . 271, 273, 276, 277

sibogae.276

simplex. 104

torresi. 104

Torresii. 104

vitiensis.276

Tridentata

comicina. 108

indomalayica. 102

Zygophylax sp. 131

Source: MNHN, Paris

JATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RfiSULTATS DES CAMPAGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES C

Bryozoa : The ascophorine infraorders

Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha

and Umbonulomorpha mainly

from New Caledonian waters

Dennis P. GORDON

New Zealand Oceanographic Institute

National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research

P.O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie

Wellington, New Zealand

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with bryozoans in three of the four infraorders of the large suborder Ascophorina (order

Cheilostomatida) from MUSORSTOM cruises along the northern Norfolk Ridge and around New Caledonia (including live

species from the MUSORSTOM 3 cruise to the Philippines included with the other material). A total of 44 species is

recorded (Cribriomorpha : 35 species; Hippothoomorpha : 1 species; Umbonulomorpha : 8 species) of which 22 species

are new. A noteworthy feature in New Caledonian waters is the remarkable diversity of two families — the Petalostegidae

and Bifaxariidae. Proportionally more species of these families are found here than anywhere else in the world.

RESUME

Bryozoa : Les infra-ordres des Ascophorina : Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha et Umbonulo¬

morpha.

Ce travail traite des Bryozoaires appartenant & trois des quatre infra-ordres du grand sous-ordre des Ascophorina (ordre

des Cheilostomatida) recoils, lors des campagnes MUSORSTOM et assimitees, sur la ride de Norfolk et autour de la

Nouvelle-Cal6donie. Cinq autres especes, recolt£es lors de la campagne MUSORSTOM 3 aux Philippines, sont egalement

prises en consideration. rT . , u \

Au total 44 especes ont ete identifies (35 Cribriomorpha; 1 Hippothoomorpha; 8 Umbonulomorpha) parmi

lesquelles 22 sont nouvelles.

II est iniressant de noter la remarquable diversite des deux families des Petalostegidae et des Bifaxariidae dans les eaux

neo-caledoniennes. Proportionnellement, plus d'especes appartenant a ces deux families y sont trouvees que partout

ailleurs dans le monde.

Gordon, D. P., 1993. — Bryozoa : The ascophorine infraorders Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha, and

Umbonulomorpha. In: A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Volume 11. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, not.,

158 : 299-347. Paris ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

300

D. P. GORDON

INTRODUCTION

The marine benthic fauna of the New Caledonian Exclusive Economic Zone, historically little known, has

recently become the focus of a number of systematic studies. The results of these studies, summarised in part by

Richer de Forges (1990) have highlighted some remarkable features of this fauna, especially the high diversity,

the large numbers of new species, and, in certain locations such as along the northern Norfolk Ridge, the relatively

high proportion of archaic taxa.

Studies of the Bryozoa of this region, still ongoing, show these kinds of features also. D'HONDT (1986) recorded

226 species from the Chesterfield Plateau and around New Caledonia. Seventeen were described as new, but

judging from the large number of taxa unidentified to species level (67 species), the number of new species is

likely to be higher than indicated. Gordon and d'Hondt (1991), as part of an ongoing study of the Bryozoa from

several MUSORSTOM cruises, noted the remarkably high diversity of the previously little-known family

Petalostegidae in New Caledonian waters, including several species of the genus Chelidozoum , hitherto known

only from the Australian Miocene.

The present paper deals with three of the four infraorders of the large suborder Ascophorina (including five

species from the Musorstom 3 cruise to the Philippines which happened to be among the material dealt with by

the author).

LIST OF STATIONS

Philippines

Musorstom 3

Station DR 117. — 3.6.85, 12°31.3* N, 120°39.5' E, 97-92 m : Adeonellopsis pentapora, Adeonellopsis sp.,

Celleporaria sibogae, Talivittaticella nuda.

Station CP 139. — 6.6.85, 11°52.9’ N, 121° 14.7’ E, 240-267 m : Celleporaria aperta.

New Caledonia

BlOCAL

Station DW 08. — 12.8.85, 20°34.35' S, 166°53.90' E, 435 m : Chelidozoum quinarium , Costaticella peltata.

Station CP 13. — 13.8.85, 20° 18.53' S, 167°17.65’ E, 3690 m : Bifaxaria gracilis , Bifaxaria submucronala.

Station DS 14. — 13.8.85, 20°18.09' S, 167°17.70' E, 3680 m : Bifaxaria gracilis.

Station CP 17. — 14.8.85, 20°34.54' S, 167°24.68' E, 3680 m : Bifaxaria gracilis.

Station CP 30. — 29.8.85, 23°07.26' S, 166°50.45' E, 850 m : Bifaxaria modesta.

Station DW 33. — 29.8.85, 23°09.7T S, 167°10.27' E, 675 m : Bifaxaria bicuspis , Celleporaria mamillata ,

Diplonotos obesus.

Station DW 36. — 29.8.85, 23°08.64' S, 167°10.99' E, 650 m : Chelidozoum ternarium, Diplonotos confragus y

Diplonotos serratus y Petalostegus harmeriy Terminocella perlucens.

Station DW 38. — 30.8.85, 22°59.74' S, 167°15.3T E, 360 m : Bifaxaria bicuspis.

Station DW 44. — 30.8.85, 22°47.30' S, 167° 14.30’ E, 440 m : Chelidozoum ternarium.

Station DW 46. — 30.8.85, 23°00.43' S, 167°28.76' E, 775 m : Chelidozoum quinariuniy Chelidozoum

ternariumyGemellipora eburneay Petalostegus bicorniSy Petalostegus harmeriy Petalostegus vexillum ,

Terminocella perlucens.

Station DW 51. — 31.8.85, 23°05.27’ S, 167°44.95’ E, 700 m : Diplonotos similis.

Station CP 55. — 1.9.85, 23°19.76' S, 167°30.46’ E, 1175 m : Diplonotos serratus.

Station CP 58. — 1.9.85, 23°56.52' S, 166°40.55' E, 2660 m : Bifaxaria submucronala.

Station CP 61. — 2.9.85, 24°11.67' S, 167°31.37* E, 1070 m : Petalostegus bicornis.

Station CP 62. — 2.9.85, 24°19.06’ S, 167°48.65' E, 1395 m : Bifaxaria multicostatay Bifaxaria submucronala ,

Terminocella perlucens.

Station DW 64. — 3.9.85, 24°47.93' S, 168°09.12' E, 250 m : Gemellipora eburnea.

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

301

Station DW 65. — 3.9.85. 24°47.90’ S, 168°09.09' E. 275 m : Celleporaria macrodon, Gemellipora eburnea.

Puellina harmeri.

Station DW 66. — 3.9.85, 24°55.43' S, 168°21.67' E, 515 m : Chelidozoum quinarium, Klugerella musica,

Petalostegus harmeri, Petalostegus pseudospinosus, Petalosiegus scopulus, Raxifabia vafra, Strongylopora

gracilis, Terminocella perlucens.

Station CP 67. — 3.9.85. 24°55.44' S, 168°21.55’ E. 500 m : Strongylopora gracilis.

Station DW 70. — 4.9.85, 23°24.70' S. 167°53.65' E, 965 m : Bifaxaria modesta, Diplonotos serratus,

Petalostegus scopulus.

Station KG 71. — 4.9.85, 22°04.85’ S, 167°32.70' E, 2099 m : Diplonotos serratus.

Station CP 72. — 4.9.85, 22°09.02' S, 167°33.18' E, 2100 m : Bifaxaria submucronata.

Station CP 75. — 4.9.85. 22°18.65. 167°23.30' E, 825 m : Diplonotos serratus, Domosclerus edulis, Raxifabia

rara.

Station CP 109. — 9.9.85, 22°10.03’ S, 167°15.22’ E, 495 m : Diplonotos minus, Gemellipora eburnea.

MUSORSTOM 4

Station DW 151. — 14.9.85. 19°07.00' S, 163°22.00' E. 200 m : Bifaxaria compacta, Celleporaria macrodon,

Gemellipora eburnea.

Station CP 153. — 14.9.85, 19°04.20’ S, 163°21.20' E. 235 m : Gemellipora eburnea.

Station CP 194. — 19.9.85, 18°52.80’ S, 163°21.70' E. 550 m : Diplonotos confragus.

Station DW 222. — 30.9.85. 22°57.60’ S, 167°33.00' E, 410-440 m : Chelidozoum ternarium.

Station DW 231. — 1.10.85. 22°33.70' S, 167°10.50’ E, 75 m : Celleporaria columnans. Celleporaria fusca.

Chalcal 2

Station DW 73. — 29.10.86, 29°39.90’ S. 168°38'10' E, 573 m : Diplonotos obesus.

Station DW 76. — 30.10.86, 23°40.50' S, 167°45.20' E. 470 m : Diplonotos confragus, Diplonotos obesus,

Diplonotos serratus. .

Station DW 77 — 30.10.86, 23°38.35' S, 167°42.68' E, 435 m : Diplonotos confragus, Diplonotos serratus.

Station DW 78. — 30.10.86. 23°41.30' S, 167°59.60' E, 233-360 m : Diplonotos confragus.

BlOGEOCAL , ,

Station CP 205. — 8.4.87, 22°40.61' S, 166°28.01' E. 1350-1380 m : Bifaxaria menorah, Diplonotos sp.,

Petalostegus bicornis. r r% . .

Station CP 214. — 9.4.87, 22°43.09' S, 166°27.19' E, 1665-1590 m : Diplonotos confragus. Diplonotos sp.,

Petalostegus bicornis, Raxifabia porosa.

Station CP 232 — 12 4 87, 21°33.81' S, 166°27.07' E, 760-790 m : Diplonotos confragus. Domosclerus edulis.

Station DW 253. — 16.4.87, 21°31.75' S, 166°28.73' E, 310-315 m : Membraniporella skeletos.

Station CP 260. — 17.4.87, 21°00.00' S, 167°58.34' E, 1820-1980 m : Domosclerus sp.

Station CP 265 — 18.4.87, 21°04.09' S, 167°00.40' E. 1760-1870 m : Bifaxaria menorah.

Station CP 273. — 20.4.87, 21°01'53' S. 166 0 57'41' E, 1920-2040 m : Domosclerus cf. abysstcolus.

Station CP 290. — 27.4.87. 20°36.91' S. 167°03.34' E. 920-760 m : Diplonotos confragus, Diplonotos serratus,

Petalostegus bicornis.

Station DW 296. — 28.4.87, 20°38.35' S. 167° 10.32’ E. 1230-1270 m : Diplonotos sulcatus.

Station CP 297. — 28.4.87, 20°38.64' S, 167°10.77’ E. 1230-1240 m : Diplonotos confragus.

Station DW 308. — 1.5.87, 20°40.07' S, 166°58.05'E, 510-590 m : Gemellipora eburnea, Membraniporella

musica. _ _

Station DW 313. — 2.5.87, 20°58.95' S, 166°59.04' E, 1640-1600 m : Bifaxaria menorah.

MUSORSTOM 6

Station CP 465. — 21.2.89, 21°03.55’ S, 167°32.25' E, 480 m : Gemellipora eburnea.

Smib 4

Station DW 37. — 7.3.89, 24°54.50’ S, 168°22.30' E. 540 m : Petalostegus harmeri.

Station DW 39. — 7.3.89, 24°56.20' S. 168°21.50' E, 560 m : Petalostegus harmeri, Petalostegus

pseudospinosus.

D. P. GORDON

302

Station DW 50. — 9.3.89, 23°42.20' S, 168°00.80' E, 295 m : Chelidozoum binarium.

Station DW 55. — 9.3.89, 23°21.40' S, 168°04.50' E, 260 m : Gemellipora eburnea.

Station DW 58. — 9.3.89, 22°59.80' S, 167°24.20' E, 560 m : Petalostegus vexillum.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

Suborder ASCOPHORINA Levinsen, 1909

Infraorder CRIBRIOMORPHA Harmer, 1926

Superfamily CRIBRILINOIDEA Hincks, 1879

Family CRIBRILINIDAE Hincks, 1879

Genus KLUGERELLA Moyano, 1991

TYPE SPECIES. — Membraniporella antarctica Kluge, 1914.

Klugerella musica sp. nov.

Fig. 1 a

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 66, 515 m.

Biogeocal : stn DW 308, 510-590 m.

Description. — Colony encrusting, uniserial and branching. Zooids 0.64-1.00 mm long and 0.25-0.42 mm

wide, elongate-oval with a tapering proximal portion (cauda) which is proportionally longer in zooids budded

distally than in those budded laterally. Opesia extensive, overarched by 12-14 pairs of costal spines which fuse in

the midline, forming a narrow carina; each lateral spine roughly the shape of a tuning fork, with 2 prongs, the

'stem' of each fork narrower than the base, leaving a lacuna between each pair of spines; proximal costae not

bifurcated. Lumen pores absent. Orifice simple, bordered by the most distal pair of costal spines proximally and

rimmed by 6-7 oral spines distally and laterally; the oral spines alcicom, the proximal pair largest, with 3 tines,

the other spines with 2 tines. No avicularia. Ovicell not known.

Types. — Holotype : a small colony on a piece of sponge from Biocal Stn DW 66, 24°55.43' S,

168°21.67* E, 515 m, northern Norfolk Ridge, MNHN-Bry 19872.

Paratype : MNHN-Bry 19872, two zooids from Biogeocal stn DW 308, 20°40.07'S, 166°58.05' E, 510-

590 m.

Distribution. — New Caledonia and northern Norfolk Ridge, 510-590 m.

Remarks. — This species bears a superficial resemblance to Cribrilina alcicornis Jullien in the appearance of

the oral spines, but that species has unbranched costae with several lateral fusions between them. The oral spines

of C. alcicornis are fewer (4) and more branched.

The species name musica refers to the tuning-fork shape of the costae.

Genus MEMBRANIPORELLA Smitt, 1873

Type SPECIES. — Lepralia nitida Johnston, 1838.

Membraniporella skeletos sp. nov.

Fig. 1 b-c

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biogeocal : stn DW 253, 310-315 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTIIOOMORPI1A. UMBONULOMORPHA

303

Description. — Colony encrusting, multiserial. Zooids 0.59-0.86 long and 0.42-0.47 mm wide. Opesia

overarched by a shield of 13-15 costal spines which fuse in the midline; tiny raised lumen pores mark the position

of each costal tip in the fusion area; the costae simple, unbranched, with a lacuna almost the full length between

each pair. Oral spines 6, slender. Avicularia interzooidal, relatively conspicuous, usually 1 per zooid

proximolaterally on the gymnocyst, somewhat irregular in shape, the rostrum orientated obliquely proximally, no

cross-bar. Kenozooids present at the colony periphery, the opesia longitudinally oval, with extensive gymnocyst.

Oviccll not known.

TYPE. — Unique holotype ; a small colony from BlOGEOCAL stn DW 253, 21°31.75' S, 166°28.73’ E, 310-

315 m. Loyalty Islands Basin, MNHN-Bry 19873.

Distribution. — New Caledonia, 310-315 m.

Remarks. — The irregular shape of the avicularia is distinctive. The name of the species alludes to the

resemblance of the costal shield to a rib cage.

Genus PUELLINA Jullien, 1886

TYPE species. — Lepralia gaityae Landsborough, 1852.

Puellina harmeri (Ristedt. 1985)

Cribrilaria harmeri Ristedt, 1985 : 26, pi. 6a-e, 7a-k, 8a-j, 9a-d.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 65, 275 m.

Distribution. — Zamboanga, Mindanao (Philippines), 3 m; northern Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 275 m.

Remarks. — The characters of the present specimen accord perfectly with those described by Ristedt (1985),

viz. seven oral spines (four in ovicelled zooids), subpedunculate avicularia, and similar ovicell, suboral bar,

ascopore, and numbers of costae. By the criteria given in BISHOP & Househam (1987) and HARMELIN & Aristegui

( 1988), this species may be included in subgenus Glabrilaria, although, as the latter authors have pointed out, all

the characters discriminating the subgenera are more or less intergradational. HARMELIN & ARISTEGUI (1988)

consider P. harmeri to be part of a clade of species derivable from a Tethyan ancestor.

Superfamily CATENICELLOIDEA Busk, 1852

Family CATENICELLIDAE Busk. 1852

Subfamily SCUTICELLINAE Stach, 1934

Genus COSTATICELLA Maplestone, 1899

Type SPECIES. — Catenicella lineata MacGillivray, 1895.

Costaticella peltata sp. nov.

Fig. 1 d-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 08, 435 m.

304

D. P. GORDON

DESCRIPTION. — Colony erect, branching, the main colony axis of bizooidal segments only, from which arise

branches of unizooidal and bizooidal segments. The proximal zooid of a bizooidal pair 0.70-0.90 mm long (joint

to joint); unizooidal segments 0.83-0.94 mm long and 0.44-0.51 mm wide; the distal zooid of a bizooidal segment

arises from the side of the parent zooid at an angle of 70-90°. Zooids with an extensive costal shield of 24-33

spines, each with an infracostal window at its proximal end; no median carina at the fusion point. Orifice as wide

(0.12-0.21 mm) as high, with the larger dimensions pertaining to the proximal zooids of bizooidal segments;

condyles tiny, acicular. Any zooid may have one or both distolateral comers prolonged into a spine-like process

with an associated interior chamber. Proximal to this process, usually on both sides, is a tiny avicularium with

complete cross-bar. Immediately proximal to the avicularium is a tiny pore-chamber. On each side of a singlet

zooid and the proximal zooid of a bizooidal segment is another tiny pore-chamber. Fertile segment not known.

TYPES. — Holotype : colony from Biocal Stn DW 08, 20°34.35’ S, 166°53.90’ E, 435 m. Loyalty Islands

Basin, MNHN-Bry 19842.

Paratype : MNHN-Bry 19876, a small attached colony and a colony fragment from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — New Caledonia, 435 m.

REMARKS. — Costaticella peltata is very similar to the type species, C. lineata (MacGillivray), from the

Lower Miocene of Victoria. According to Stach (1934), C. lineata is a senior synonym of C. eschar tides

Maplestone, and the species is characterised by overall similar dimensions and the same number of costal spines as

C. peltata. Stach s (1934) description shows that C. lineata may be distinguished, however, by the size and

disposition of the pore-chambers and coelomic compartments. He does not mention avicularia.

The species name peltata (Latin) means armed with a shield.

Genus TERMINOCELLA Harmer, 1957

Type species. — Terminocella vittata Harmer, 1957.

Terminocella perlucens Harmer, 1957

Fig. 1 f-h

Vittaticella perlucens Harmer, 1957 : 779, pi. 50, fig. 12.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 36, 650 m. — Stn DW 46, 570 m. — Stn CP 62,

1395 m . _ Stn DW 66, 505-515 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony erect, branching, the main axes of bizooidal segments only, from which arise

branches of mostly singlet segments. Singlet zooids 0.59-0.77 mm long and 0.25-0.36 mm wide (not including

the distolateral processes). Frontal shield smooth. Lateral pore-chambers (vittae) very long and narrow, not visible

frontally, with internal pore canals that are fairly conspicuous when seen in transparency. Orifice with concave

proximal rim, the condyles small, pointing into the interior; in the middle of the proximal rim is a minute suture

and pore indicative of vestigial costae. Distolateral comers of the zooid variable - 1 or both sides may be expanded

into processes pointing more or less distolaterally, some almost laterally, or these lacking. A small chamber

opening occurs at the distal end of each zooid either side of the joint. A small avicularium occurs on 1 or both

sides of the zooid adjacent to the distal orificial rim; a small chamber opening occurs between the avicularium and

the lateral pore-chamber. Daughter zooids of a bizooidal segment arise from a distolateral comer of the parent zooid

at an angle of about 12°. Fertile segment not known.

Distribution. — Ceram, Banda Sea (Indonesia), 567-1595 m; New Caledonia, 505-1395 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA: CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

305

Fig 1 a. — Klueerella musica sp. nov. : frontal view of autozooid (BlOCAL Stn DW 66).

FIG. 1 b-c . — Membraniporetla skeletos sp. nov. : b, frontal view of autozooids and interzooidal avicularia, c. close-up

of part of b (BlOGEOCAL Stn DW 253). _, nw

Fig. 1 d-e. — Costalicella peltata sp. nov. : d, bizooidal segment; e, umzooidal segment (BlOCAL Stn DW Uo).

FIG. 1 f-h. — Terminocella perlucens (Hanner) : f. anterior part of unizooidal segment sliowmg distolateral processes and

avicularium; g, close-up of middle part of proximal rim; h, bizooidal segment (Biocal Stn DW 46).

Source:

306

D. P. GORDON

Remarks. — This species probably should be included in Terminocella as Harmer (1957) suggested.

Although the longitudinal pore-chambers (vittae) resemble those in some species of Catenicella , and especially

Cornuticella , they also very closely resemble those in the type species of Terminocella. The absence of any frontal

foramina would be unusual in Catenicella and Cornuticella , whereas both Terminocella vittata and T. perlucens

lack them. Furthermore, the arrangement of avicularia and chambers is the same in these two species and both

occur at bathyal depths. Only fertile zooids will prove the point but Terminocella appears to be the most

appropriate genus for perlucens.

Apart from species of Talivittaticella , Terminocella perlucens is the only other catenicellid known to occur in

waters deeper than 1000 m.

Genus TALIVITTATICELLA Gordon & d'Hondt, 1985

TYPE species. — lOrthoscuticella problematicum d'Hondt, 1981.

Talivittaticella nuda sp. nov.

Fig. 2 a-c

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. MUSORSTOM 3 : stn DR 117, 97-92 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony erect, branching, comprising small jointed segments of 1-2 zooids. Single zooids

claviform, 0.49-0.58 mm long and 0.19-22 mm wide, tapering narrowly proximally. Basal wall convex, frontal

shield markedly so, entirely smooth, with no foramina or costae per se. Orifice with shallowly concave proximal

rim interrupted by a short thin median suture. Pore areas extremely shallow, a long broad distolateral pair adjacent

to, and extending proximally beyond, the orifice; a smaller lateral pair on (he sides of the cauda of the zooid. Joints

dark brown. Avicularia and ovicells not known.

TYPE. — Holotype : slide of colony fragments from MUSORSTOM 3 Stn DR 117, 12°31.3' N, 120°39.5' E, 97-

92 m, Mindoro Strait, MNHN-Bry 19874.

Distribution. — Mindoro Strait, Philippines, 92-97 m.

Remarks. — Although this species lacks the small costal shield typical of Talivittaticella , the large shallow

pores and their arrangement are very characteristic of the genus. Furthermore, the presence of a median suture in

the proximal rim of the orifice indicates a relationship with costate species. Only the finding of an ovicell can

settle the matter but Talivittacella is the only available genus for this species at the present lime.

The species name alludes to the nearly featureless appearance of the zooids.

Vittaticella longicaudata Harmer appears to be similar in form but Harmer's (1957) illustration indicates a

slightly larger zooidal size. He also described avicularia, the exterior pores of coelomic chambers, and lateral vittae,

all of which are lacking in T. nuda. The angle of branching differs too (40° in T. nuda , 69° in V. longicaudata).

Genus STRONGYLOPORA Maplestone, 1899

Type species. — Catenicella pulchella Maplestone, 1880.

Strongylopora gracilis sp. nov.

Fig. 2 d-g

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 66, 505 m. — Stn CP 67, 510 m.

Source MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

307

Fig. 2 a-c._ Talivittaticella nuda sp. nov. : a, anterior view of distal zooid in c, showing the orifice with median slit and

the extremely shallow pore-chambers (vittae); b, lateral view of unizooidal segment showing pore-chambers;

c, bizooidal segment (MUSORSTOM 3 Stn DR 117).

FIG. 2 d-g. — Slrongylopora gracilis sp. nov. : d, bizooidal segment; e, lateral view of unizooidal segment; f, trontal

view of unizooidal segment; g, close-up of proximal part of orifice (BlOCAL Stn DW 66).

Source:

308

D. P. GORTON

Description. — Colony erect, branching, delicate, the branches mainly of alternating unizooidal and bizooidal

segments, but short series of 2-3 singlet zooids may occur. Single zooids 0.59-0.75 mm long and 0.22-0.26 mm

wide, somewhat claviform, slender overall, the proximal third tapering narrowly. Frontal shield smooth, with 2

frontolateral rows of windows, usually 5 on each side, with 2 more proximally on the cauda. Orifice with a gently

concave proximal rim formed from a pair of reduced costal spines separated by a median suture and tiny foramen.

Distolateral corners of zooids not prolonged; typically a pair of small distolateral avicularia adjacent to the orifice,

and the tiny opening of a small chamber just below each avicularium. Ovicell not known.

Types. — Holotype : colony from Biocal Stn DW 66, 24°54.84' S, 168°21.99' E, 505 m. MNHN-Bry 19841,

from same locality as holotype.

Paratype : MNHN-Bry 19875, from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — Northern Norfolk Ridge, 505-510 m.

Remarks. — The type species of Strongylopora has an orificial sinus which is framed by vestigial costal

spines (Banta & Wass, 1979). Harmer (1957) included a non-sinusoid species, S. benepennata , in this genus -

as in other genera (e.g., Orthoscuticella, Cribricellina ), the occurrence of an ascopore or sinus or neither depends

on the degree of expression of the vestigial costal field and is not as important a generic character as the

organisation of the rest of the frontal shield.

The species name is a Latin adjective meaning slender.

Subfamily DITAXIPORINAE Stach, 1935

Several colonies, some fertile, were taken from a station in the Loyalty Islands Basin (Biogeocal Stn DW

313, 1640-1600 m) and two stations on the northern Norfolk Ridge (Biocal Stn DW 70, 965 m; MUSORSTOM 4

Stn CP 214, 425-440 m). They represent a new genus and species of the catenicellid subfamily Ditaxiporinae.

This subfamily was, until recently, known only from the Miocene of Australia; however, GORDON (1989a)

recognised that a species from a N.Z. Oceanographic Institute station on the western slope of the Norfolk Ridge

north of Norfolk Island represented a new species of Plagiopora. The finding of another ditaxiporine species on the

northern Norfolk Ridge is of great interest. A preliminary study indicates that the subfamily may also include

European and North American Eocene species presently included in the related family Ditaxiporinidae.

Accordingly, the description of the new genus and species in the MUSORSTOM Collection will be given in a

revision of the Ditaxiporinae and Ditaxiporinidae to be published in a later volume of R6sultats des Campagnes

MUSORSTOM.

Family PETALOSTEG1DAE Gordon, 1984

Genus PETALOSTEGUS Levinsen, 1909

Five species of Peialostegus were recorded in the present collections by GORDON & D'Hondt (1991). These

included P. bicornis (Busk, 1884), P. harmeri Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991, P. scopulus Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991, and

P. vexillum Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991. A fifth species was erroneously recorded as P. spinosus Powell, 1967.

Since the paper of Gordon and d'Hondt (1991) it became possible to examine the holotype of P. spinosus and,

surprisingly, if differs from the New Caledonian material which is now named below as a new species.

Peialostegus pseudospinosus sp. nov.

Peialostegus spinosus - GORDON & D'HONDT, 1991 : 99, pi. 4, B-G. Non Powell, 1967.

Source: MNHN. Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

309

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL: stn DW 66, 515 m.

Smib 4 : stn DW 39, 560 m.

Description. — See description of P. 'spinosus 1 in Gordon and d'Hondt (1991)

TYPES. — Holotype : colony from BlOCAL Stn DW 66. 24°55.43' S, 168°21.6T E, 515 m, MNHN-Bry

18950.

Paratype : NZOI P-948, from Smib 4 Sin DW 39, 24°56.2' S, 168°21.5' E, 560 m.

Distribution. — Northern Norfolk Ridge, 515-560 m.

Remarks. — Two slides of holotype material of Petalostegus spinosus were made available from the Natural

History Museum, London - 1964.8.12.1A comprises two branch fragments; 1964.8.12.1E comprises a separately

mounted fertile segment with a broken ovicell. A critical feature of this species not mentioned in Powell's (1967)

description is that the female zooid has six costae, whereas there are only five in P. pseudospinosus. Thus three

species are now known to have six costae in the female zooid, the other two being P. bicornis and P. scopulus.

There are some differences in the autozooids as well - those in P. spinosus have more variably orientated aviculana

and. while the geniculate process in both species can be somewhat spur-like, there is an additional spur, shaped

somewhat like a rose thorn, on the dorsal side in P. spinosus at the point where the cauda expands into the

dilatation. The depth distribution of the two species differs as well - P. spinosus is known only trom 64-73 m oil

northern New Zealand.

The recognition of another new species of Petalostegus in the Musorstom collection underscores the

remarkable diversity of this family in New Caledonian waters.

Genus CHEUDOZOUM Stach, 1935

Three species of Chelidozoum were recorded in the present collections by GORDON and D'HONDT (1991) - these

were C. binarium Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991, C. quinarium Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991, and C. ternanum Gordon &

d'Hondt, 1991.

Superfamily BIFAXARIOIDEA Busk, 1884

Family BIFAXARIIDAE Busk, 1884

Genus BIFAXAKIA Busk, 1884

TYPE SPECIES. — Bifaxaria submucronata Busk, 1884.

Bifaxaria submucronata Busk, 1884

Fig. 3 a-d, 18 a-e

Bifaxaria submucronata Busk, 1884 : 80, pi. 13. figs 1, la. - WATERS, 1889 : 14. pi 1, bg^ 6 pl 3 fig.■ [8- -

Harmer. 1957 : 861, pi. 57, figs 1-3, 19. 22. - Hayward & Cook, 1979 : 86, fig. lie. - Hayward, 1981 . 46,

fie 24A

Non Bifaxaria submucronata - GORDON, 1988 : 259, figs 28-31 ( = Bifaxaria modesta sp. nov.).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn CP 13, 3690-3740 m. Stn CP 58, 2750 m

Stn CP 62. 1395 m. — Stn CP 72, 2110 m.

BiOGEOCAl. : Stn CP 260, 1820-1980 m. — Stn CP 273, 1920-2040 m.

310

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 3 a-d. — Bifaxaria submucronata (Busk) : a, lateral view of zooidal branch showing two oviccllcd zooids; b, several

zooids, with part of the outer umbonuloid shield removed from one zooid, exposing the spinocyst (BlOCAL

Sin CP 62); c, frontal view of a female zooid with ovicell; d, female zooid with umbonuloid shield removed, and

distal ovicell (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 273).

Fig. 3 c-g. — Bifaxaria compacta sp. nov. : e, lateral view of zooidal branch showing an ovicelled zooid; f, frontal view

of e; g, close-up of ovicell and female orifice (MUSORSTOM 4 Stn DW 151).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPHA. UMBONULOMORPHA

311

Musorstom 6 : stn DW 396, 1400 m. .. ...

Brazil. The Natural History Museum (BMNH), London : Holotype slide 87.12.9.373, "Challenger Stn 1-2, 640 m.

— Slide 1963.8.18.3, from same locality as holotype.

Indonesia. The Natural History Museum (BMNH), London : Slide 1964.2.2.12, "Siboga" Stn 211, 1158 m.

Distribution. — Brazil, 640 m; South Africa 2690-3620 m; Indonesia 567-1158 m; New Caledonia and

northern Norfolk Ridge, 960-2040 m.

Remarks. — In the Musorstom collection are three species that, apart from some differences in overall

colony dimensions and robustness, are very similar in zooidal appearance. The overall dimensions of the three

submucronata-VSan species are given in the table below.

Bifaxaria

submucronata

Bifaxaria compacta

Bifaxaria modesta

Colony height (max.)

59 mm

15 mm

Colony spread (max.)

37 mm

18 mm

Branch length (max.)

26 mm

> 7 mm

6 mm

Branch width (infertile part)

0.55-1.09 mm

0.77-0.94 mm

0.51-0.79 mm

Length of stem to first branch (max.)

17 mm

7 mm

No. of branches on 1 side of axis (max.)

Zooid length

0.66-0.98 mm

0.50-0.58 mm

0.54-0.91 mm

Zooid width (max.)

0.32-0.53 mm

0.35-0.53 mm

0.28-0.42 mm

No. of costae

1 1

9-10

9 zooid length (+ peristome)

0.86-0.92 mm

0.73-0.75 mm

9 zooid width (max.)

0.52-0.68 mm

0.50-0.60 mm

Ovicelled zooid length

1.01-1.17 mm

0.75-0.81 mm

Ovicelled zooid width

0.85-0.81 mm

0.60-0.79 mm

A re-examination of the specimens described by Busk (1884) and Harmer (1957) confirms that they arc

conspecific, but that the putative Bifaxaria submucronata of GORDON (1988) is a different species (described below

as B. modesta sp. nov.). Without having whole colonies to compare, the three tabulated species can be confused it

one has only isolated branches or branch fragments. Apart from zooidal dimensions (which can overlap) a useful

character is the nature of the spinocyst. The cryptic costae in both B. submucronata and B. compacta are sinuous

and adjacent to each other such that adjacent costae touch, whereas, in B. modesta. the costae are simple and

separated from each other. For any future worker it is imperative that the nature of the spinocyst is ascertained in

the species being studied.

Bifaxaria compacta sp. nov.

Fig. 3 e-g

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 151, 200 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony presumably candelabriform, like other species in the genus. Branches ot back-to-back

zooids. bilaterally compressed. Zooids rather compact, often almost as wide as long, the peristome generally not or

little projecting; median carina prominent, with lines of pores radiating from it. Spinocyst of 1 midproximal costa

and 4 pairs of tapering laterally sinuous (almost pinnate) costae, with 3 intercostal lacunae between each pair.

Longitudinal lateral suture between zooids more or less zigzag-like, with long shallow Vs. Lateral-oral aviculana

not concealed; small, round, directed obliquely distally, the mandibular pivots leaving a small gap between or

312

D. P. GORDON

touching and even fusing. Female zooid with well-developed anteriorly projecting peristome that has somewhat

squared-off comers when viewed frontally. Ovicell not excessively bulging, more or less smooth with small

scattered pores and larger pores around the periphery.

Types. —Holotype : Branch fragment from Musorstom 4 Stn DW 151, 19 o 07.00' S, 166°22.00' E, 200 m,

northwest of New Caledonia (MNHN-Bry 19882).

Paratypes : two fragments on the same slide (MNHN-Bry 19882), from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — Northern New Caledonia, 200 m.

Remarks. — Although only a few branch fragments occurred in the collection they seem adequate enough for

the recognition of a new species. The chief distinguishing characteristics are the compact shape of the zooids, the

more squarely protruding peristome of the female zooid and the nature of the spinocyst.

Bifaxaria modesta sp. nov.

Bifaxaria submucronala - Gordon, 1988 : 259, figs 28-31. Non Busk, 1884.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn CP 30, 1140 m. — Stn DW 70, 965 m.

Description. — Colony candelabriform, the branches proximally curved, each branch arising from the 2nd,

3rd, or 4th zooid of the outer side of the preceding branch. Zooids proportionally longer than wide, the peristome

typically projecting slightly; median carina prominent, with lines of pores from it. Spinocyst comprising 10

costae, including a proximal pair; simple, the lateral costae widely separated, only the large anterior pair arching as

far as the midline. Longitudinal lateral suture not as zigzag-like as in B. compacta , curving somewhat towards each

lateral-oral avicularium. These avicularia as in B. compacta but the mandibular pivots not touching each other.

Fertile zooids not known.

TYPES. — Holotype : colony from Biocal Stn DW 70, 23°24.70' S, 167°53.65' E, 965 m, MNHN-Bry

19911.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19850 and MNHN-Bry 19911 from same locality as holotype; MHHN-Bry 19912,

from BIOCAL Stn CP 30, 23°09.65’ S, 166°40.85’ E, 1140 m.

Distribution. — South of New Caledonia, 965-1140 m; Lord Howe Rise, 1573 m.

Remarks. — The New Caledonian material accords exactly with the very limited material of putative Bifaxaria

submucronala from the Lord Howe Rise described by Gordon (1988). The species is distinguished from other

submucronata-\ikc species in the smaller size of the colony and, in particular, the simple separated costae of the

cryptic spinocyst.

Bifaxaria gracilis sp. nov.

Fig. 4 a-h

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn CP 13, 3690-3740 m. — Stn DS 14, 3680 m. —

Stn CP 17, 3680 m.

Description. — Colony candelabriform, the branches proximally curved, each branch arising from the 3rd,

4th, or 5th zooid of the outer side of the preceding branch; in the limited material available only 3 successive

branches occur on any side of colony axes; the largest colony 16 mm high, with branching on one side of the axis

to 13 mm, i.e., a 26-mm spread if branches were present on both sides; height of stem to first branch 8-10 mm;

maximum branch length in present specimens almost 7 mm, the width (in infertile part) 0.49-0.58 mm. Zooids

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

313

Fig 4 a-h. — Bifaxaria gracilis sp. nov. : a, frontal view of zooids (BlOCAL Stn CP 13); b, close-up of orifice and

lateral-oral avicularia (BlOCAL Stn DS 14); c, close-up of the orifice of the proximal zooid of a branch, tilted lorward

slightly to show the shape of the orifice better; d, zooid with umbonuloid shield removed (some costae missing)

(BlOCAL Stn CP 17); e, fertile part of a branch, with female zooid and ovicell (partly broken); f-g, same, lateral views

(BlOCAL Stn DS 14); h, view looking into the zooidal chamber, showing the disposition of spinocystal costae

(BlOCAL Stn CP 17).

Source: MNHN, Paris

314

D. P. GORDON

alternating, 0.92-1.30 x 0.32-0.40 mm, of slender form, with relatively less bilateral flattening than in

B. submucronata and its allies; frontal pores associated with area of spinocyst in anterior part of shield, costae 9,

more or less straight along the anterior edge, sinuous along the posterior edge, with tip of opposite costae

touching in the midline. Peristome not projecting beyond the median carina when seen in profile, the orifice quite

rounded, about as wide as long. Lateral suture forming a series of long shallow zigzags from avicularium to

avicularium. Avicularia placed conspicuously above the orifice, facing more or less frontally, the mandibular

pivots widely separated. Female zooid considerably inflated, 1.24 mm x 0.56 mm, with a markedly projecting

peristome; ovicelled zooid even more inflated, 1.24 x 0.68 mm, smooth, imperforate or nearly so.

Types. —Holotype : parts of a colony from Biocal Stn CP 13, 20°18.53' S, 167°17.65' E, 3690 m /

20° 19.67' S, 167°18.58' E, 3740 m, MNHN-Bry 19897.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19833, attached to a pumice pebble, from same locality as holotype; MNHN-Bry

19898, from BIOCAL Stn CP 17, 20°34.54' S, 167°24.68' E, 3680 m.

Distribution. — New Caledonia: Loyalty Islands Basin, 3680-3740 m.

Remarks. — This species is distinguished by the slender form of the zooids, the weak bilateral flattening, and

rounded peristomial orifice with conspicuous frontally facing avicularia.

Bifaxaria bicuspis sp. nov.

Fig. 5 a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BIOCAL : stn DW 33, 675 m. — Stn DW 38, 360 m.

Description. — Colony somewhat repent, not >5mm high and not supported by a central stem of rhizoids;

the axial 'branch' and all succeeding branches (up to 11 on 1 side of the axis) with a single dorsal rhizoid.

originating, in the lateral branches, near the proximal joint; the branches proximally curved, each branch arising

from the 2nd or 3rd zooid of the outer side of the preceding branch, up to 3.5 mm long and 0.33-0.40 mm wide.

Zooids alternating in the distal parts of branches, tending to opposite towards the proximal ends, 0.37-0.49 x 0.24-

0.26 mm, of compact form, with moderate bilateral flattening; frontal shield with 4-5 radial rows of pores on each

side of the carina; spinocyst of 7 simple costae, the anterior ones largest and only these ones touching at the tips,

with the tips turned forwards and slightly protruding beyond the unbonuloid shield segments, exposing a pair of

lumen pores. Lateral suture zigzagging where zooids alternate, tending to straight at the proximal ends of branches.

Avicularia distolateral or lateral to orifice, nearly circular, the mandibular pivots merely touching or completely

fused to form a cross-bar. Ovicelled zooids not seen.

Types. — Holotype : colony from Biocal Stn DW 33, 23°09.71' S, 167°10.27’ E, 675 m, MNHN-Bry

19893.

Paratype : MNHN-Bry 19894, from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — Northern Norfolk Ridge, 360-675 m.

Remarks. — This species is unusual in its sprawling colony form, with each branch evidently rooted to the

substratum in life. It is also distinguished by the small number of simple costae. The species name alludes to the

distal tips of the anterior costae which project slightly into the orifice.

Bifaxaria me no rah sp. nov.

Fig. 5 f-h

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biogeocal : stn CP 205, 1350 m. — Stn CP 265, 1760-1870. —

Stn DW 313, 1600-1640 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

315

Fir “S a-e — Bifaxaria bicuspis sp. nov. : a. lateral view of the proximal end of a branch; b a zooid with half the

umbonuloid Shield removed, showing the simple spinocystal costae; c, lateral vrew of zoo.ds; d, ron a view o

of zooids; 8 . ■*>,,« ,«w (B.ogoc^ S» DW 313*

h, zooid with part of umbonuloid shield removed (some costae missing) (BlOGEOCAL Stn Cl .6.).

Source: MNHN, Paris

316

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 6 a-d. — Bifaxaria multicostata sp. nov. : a, frontal view of female zooid and ovicell; b, same, lateral; c, zooid with

half of the umbonuloid shield removed, exposing the pinnate costae; d, close-up of orifice (BlOCAL Stn CP 62).

FIG. 6 e. — Raxifabia vafra Gordon : frontal view of two autozooids and an ovicelled female zooid — note the dimorphic

orifices (Biocal Stn DW 66).

Fig. 6 f-i. — Raxifabia porosa sp. nov. : f-g, frontal views of zooids; h, lateral view of zooids; i, close-up of left-hand

oral costa, as seen after removal of umbonuloid shield (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 214).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

317

DESCRipriON. — Colony candelabriform or the bilateral branching symmetry disturbed by additional branching

from the main axis or branches close to the axis; up to 12 mm high, with a spread of 26 mm; up to 8 branches

occurring along 1 arm of the colony, each arising from the 2nd or 3rd zooid of generally the outer side of the

preceding branch; height of stem to first branch up to 5.5 mm; maximum branch length at least 5 mm, width

0.35-0.45 mm. Zooids alternating 0.52-0.74 x 0.30 mm, with relatively little bilateral flattening although the

branches are still lensoid in cross section; frontal shield densely granular, with short radial lines of pores from the

median carina; spinocyst of 9-10 closely adjacent subpinnatc costae which meet in the midline. Peristome not

produced, the orifice 'schizoporelloid', with a distinct U-shaped pseudosinus and conspicuous condyles. Lateral

suture forming a series of roundly shallow zigzags from avicularium to avicularium. Avicularia at the dislolateral

comers of the zooid at some distance from the orifice, facing laterally or distolaterally, the mandibular pivots not

touching. Ovicelled zooids not seen.

TYPE. — Holotype : colony from BIOGEOCAL Stn CP 265. 21°04.09' S, 167°00.40' E, 1760-1870 m. MNHN-

5 Paratypes ; MNHN-Bry 19907 and MNHN-Bry 19915, both from Biogeocai. Stn CP 205, 22°40.61' S,

166°28.oii' E, 1350-1380 m.

Distribution. — Southern New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands Basin, 1350-1870 m.

REMARKS. — The species is distinctive among the Bifaxaria species for its relative lack of bilateral flattening

and the absence of a peristome. In fact, the external zooidal morphology is more typical of Raxifabia than

Bifaxaria , but there are many more spines than in Raxifabia. which raises the question of which morphological

characters should be accorded more weight. I believe the number of costae in the concealed spinocyst is more

significant morphogenetically than the shape of the orifice. The unfortunate consequence of according more weight

to the characters of the spinocyst than of the peristome, however, is that one will always have to remove the outer

umbonuloid shield in order to determine the genus. But it must be said that description of the spinocyst in

bifaxariids should be carried out routinely anyway.

External characters of B. menorah helpful in distinguishing this species from species of Raxifabia include the

shape of the orifice and the granularity of the frontal shield. The species name refers to the appearance of some

young colonies.

Bifaxaria multicostata sp. nov.

Fig. 6 a-d

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal stn CP 62. 1395 m.

Description. — Colony presumed candelabriform; the longest (non-ovicellcd) of 2 branches in the collection

slender, curving, 8 mm in length and up to 0.42 mm wide. Zooids alternating, 0.68-0.84 x 0.24-0.30 mm. of

slender form, with moderate bilateral flattening; median suture not carinate, the frontal shield smooth with lines ot

small pores; cryptic spinocyst with 12 contiguous similar-sized costae, all but the anterior pair pinnate, with 2-.

intercostal foramina between. Lateral suture thin, forming a series of relatively deep-V'd zigzags from avicularium

to avicularium. Avicularium circular, relatively small, at the dislolateral comers of the zooid, without mandibular

pivots, facing distolaterally away from the orifice. Orifice rounded, without a peristome. Female zooid 0.79 x 0.30

mm, the median suture divided in the only example available; ovicelled zooid relatively slender. 0.73 x 0.36 mm.

smooth with scattered pores around an imperforate area either side of the median suture.

TYPE._ Holotype : slide of fragments from Biocal Stn CP 62, 24°19.06' S, 167°48.65 E, 1395 m, MNHN-

Bry 19909. No separate paratypes.

Distribution. — Northern Norfolk Ridge, 1395 m.

Remarks. — This species has the largest number of spinocystal costae of any species ot Bifaxaria so tar

encountered.

318

D. P. GORDON

Genus RAXIFAB1A Gordon, 1988

Type species. — Raxifabia vafra Gordon, 1988.

Raxifabia vafra Gordon, 1988

Fig. 6 e

Raxifabia vafra Gordon, 1988 : 262, figs 36-39.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —- New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 66, 505-520 m.

Distribution. — New Caledonia : northern Norfolk Ridge, 505-520 m; New Zealand: northeast of Three

Kings Islands, 1024 m.

Remarks. — Several specimens in the present collection, including two good-sized colonies, permit further

characterisation of this species, since the holotype specimen was small and infertile. The colony branching

pattern, while in one plane as in all bifaxariids, is somewhat irregular compared to the symmetrical candelabriform

pattern common among Bifaxaria species - all branches, including the axial one, can produce two, or even three,

subsequent branches. Orifices in this species are dimorphic - the fertile orifice is larger than that of autozooids;

female and ovicelled zooids, however, are not much longer and scarcely wider than autozooids; female zooids

0.57 x 0.28-0.30 mm; ovicelled zooids 0.62 x 0.32-0.34 mm.

Raxifabia porosa sp. nov.

Fig. 6 f-i

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOGEOCAL stn CP 214, 1665-1590 m.

Description. — Colony form not known; only a single branch in the collection, 4.4 mm long and up to 0.36

mm wide. Zooids alternating, 0.66-0.75 x 0.19 mm, slender, with moderate bilateral flattening; median suture

raised but not markedly carinate, with the immediate areas on either side densely perforated; only a small pair of

costae, concealed beneath the proximal rim of the orifice. Orifice nearly round, with the proximal rim gently

concave or almost straight. Lateral suture forming long shallow zigzags from avicularium to avicularium.

Avicularia relatively conspicuous, at the distolateral comers of the orifice, the mandibular pivots scarcely evident,

the rostrum directed obliquely proximally and frontally. Ovicelled zooids not seen.

Type. — Holotype : slide of branch fragments from BiogeocalSUi CP 214, 22°43.09' S, 166°27.19' E, 1665-

1590 m, MNHN-Bry 19913. No separate paratypes.

Distribution. — South of New Caledonia, 1590-1655 m.

Remarks. — Distinctive external characters of this species include the densely perforated areas either side of

the median carina of the zooid and the proximally directed avicularia.

Raxifabia rara sp. nov.

Fig. 7 a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal stn CP 75, 825 m.

Description. — Colony form not known; only a single tiny branch in the collection, 1.6 mm long and up to

0.27 mm wide. Zooids small, 0.41-0.55 x 0.13-0.14 mm; median suture raised, the frontal shield appearing

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA:CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

319

Fig. 7 a-b. — Raxifabia rara sp. nov. : a, oblique view of zooids; b, same, lateral view (BlOCAL Stn CP 75).

FlG. 7 c-g. _ Diplonotos serratus sp. nov. : c, frontal view of zooids, with large lateral avicularia (BlOGEOCAL

Stn CP 290); d, lateral view of zooids and large lateral avicularia (BlOCAL Stn KG 71); e, lateral view of older,

thickened, part of a colony, showing mamillatc projections (BlOCAL Stn CP 75); f, lateral view of younger part of

colony than in e, showing one large and numerous smaller avicularia (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 290); g, close-up of a large

lateral avicularium (BlOCAL Stn KG 71).

Source: MNHN, Paris

320

D. P. GORDON

somewhal carinate because of bilateral flattening; a single row of pores either side of the suture; oral costae absent.

Orifice longer than wide, with a rounded-V-shaped proximal rim. Lateral suture forming a series of parallel bands

around the branch owing to the lateral segments of the frontal shield wrapping around the branch as far as the

median carina of the distal zooid on the opposite side - approximately the anterior third of the frontal shield of each

zooid belongs to the zooid opposite. Avicularia set close to each other immediately above the distal rim of the

orifice; with a slight medial constriction but no mandibular pivots as such; facing almost frontally. Ovicelled

zooids not seen.

Type. — Holoiype : slide of branch fragments from Biocal Stn CP 75. 22°18.65' S. 167°23.30' E, 825 m

MNHN-Bry 19914. No separate paratypes.

Distribution. — Southern New Caledonia, 825 m.

Remarks. — Although this species is represented by a tiny fragment, I have no hesitation in naming it as it

is so distinct. Like R. tunicata Gordon, 1988, it has umbonuloid segments that wrap around the branch diameter,

but even more so. The absence of oral costae is also a notable feature.

Genus DIR 1.0 NOT OS Canu & Bassler, 1930

TYPE species. — Diplonolos costulatus Canu & Bassler, 1930.

Diplonotos serratus sp. nov.

Fig. 7 c-g, 8 a

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 36. 650 m. — Stn CP 55, 1160-1175 m. —

Stn DW 70, 965 m. — Stn KG 71, 2099 m. — Stn CP 75, 825 m.

CHALCAL 2 : stn DW 76, 470 m. — Stn DW 77, 435 m.

Biogeocal : stn CP 290, 920-760 m. — Stn CP 297, 1230-1240 m.

Description. — Colony dendroid (see table below for dimensions), anchored by a tuft of basal rhizoids;

generally with 1 main axis and at least 1 main secondary branch, both pinnate or even bipinnate; branch fusions

not frequent, encountered in a few of the outermost branch tips. Youngest parts of branches generally distinctive in

frontal view, appearing markedly serrated in outline owing to a series of large lateral avicularia; in side view these

appear as a longitudinal series of narrow-mandibled structures with the rostra directed obliquely proximally; the

degree of development of these avicularia is variable, however, and in some parts of colonies they may be lacking,

with much smaller, variably orientated, avicularia in their place. Because of the development of secondary

calcification, older, thicker, parts of colonies have a confused surface of near-occluded orifices, interzooidal sutures,

pores and small avicularia; at or near branching points, however, there may be distinctive lateral prominences -

some of these may be the loci of large avicularia which have become immersed in calcification. Zooidal

characteristics clearly seen only in the youngest branches -frontal shield with 2-3 transverse slits, soon obliterated,

either side of the median suture in newly formed zooids, and often a pair of small prominences at the 2 corners of

the peristome; 1-2 moderate-sized avicularia with narrow rostra on the shield proximal to the peristome in some

branches or these replaced by tiny short-mandibled avicularia or lacking altogether. Cryptic spinocyst comprising 5

pairs of broad, petaloid, costae with triangular foramina between the bases of adjacent costae. The paired lateral-oral

avicularia typical of bifaxariids somewhat concealed at the sides of the orifice, circular, with long, slender,

mandibular pivots; the large lateral avicularia with stout pivots that are continuous with the calcareous ledges of

the palate. Female zooid generally with a pair of longitudinal slits in the middle of the frontal shield when newly

formed and sometimes with the pair of moderate-sized avicularia seen on many autozooids; ovicell a prominent

bulge in young zooids, more or less smooth, also sometimes with a pair of avicularia, and with a narrow median

lip at the proximal edge.

Source MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPHA. UMBONULOMORPHA

321

Fig. 8 a. — Diplonolos serratus sp. nov. : female zooid and ovicell before secondary calcification (BlOGEOCAL

Stn CP 290). . f , . . ...

FlG. 8 b-f. —Diplonotos sulcatus sp. nov. : b-c. e, oblique views of zooids with appreciable secondary calcilication

notice the large lateral avicularia in c and e; d, zooid with part of spinocyst exposed; f, older, fertile, part ot branch

with an ovicelled zooid (the distal of the two orifices) (BlOGEOCAL Stn DW 296).

322

D. P. GORDON

19830^ tIol°type : Large colony from BIOCAL Sin CP 75, 22°18.65' S, 167°23.30' E, 825 m, MNHN-Bry

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19831, from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — New Caledonia : Loyalty Basin, northern Norfolk Ridge, 435-2099 m.

Remarks. — It is apparent from the present collection that species of Diplonotos may be very hard to

determine if colonies lack branch tips with young zooids. Axes or older basal parts of colonies are much modified

by secondary calcification, pores and sulci, and the chambers and bounding suture lines of adventitious avicularia.

such that interpretation is extremely difficult. As with Bifaxaria. examination of the spinocyst in Diplonotos can

be helpful, although, with considerable lateral expansion and fusion of adjacent costae typical among the species of

Diplonotos. there is less variation than in Bifaxaria. To help in comparison, the parameters of the larger species in

the collection are tabulated below - maximum sizes are given unless otherwise stated. If colonies are incomplete or

infertile a dash is substituted for the measurement.

Diplonotos

serratus

sulcatus

similis

confragus

obesus

Colony height

31 mm

> 22 mm

76 mm

28 mm

Colony spread

19 mm

63 mm

19 mm

Length of secondary branch

19 mm

41 mm

13 mm

Stem thickness

1.0 mm

1.8 mm

1.9 mm

Min. branch width (lateral)

0.24 mm

0.35 mm

0.38 mm

0.43 mm

0.49 mm

No. of branches on 1 side of axis

Spacing between branch origins

1.28-2.04 mm

1.52-2.28 mm

1.69-3.49 mm

1.69-2.96 mm

1.88-6.13 mm

(centre to centre)

1.49 mm*

1.77 mm*

2.39 mm*

3.72 mm*

Zooid length

0.54-0.70 mm

0.67-0.77 mm

0.52-0.72 mm

0.52-0.80 mm

0.62-0.79 mm

Zooid chamber internal width

0.33-0.38 mm

0.20-0.28 mm

0.33 mm

0.36-0.40 mm

0.28-0.30 mm

No. of costae

8-9

9 zooid length

0.58 mm

0.66 mm

0.57 mm

0.74 mm

Ovicelled zooid length

0.62 mm

0.72 mm

0.64-0.68 mm

0.81-0.98 mm

* average spacing

The most distinctive identifying feature of D.

branches a serrated outline when viewed frontally.

serratus is the series of large lateral avicularia that give the

Diplonotos sulcatus sp. nov.

Fig. 8 b-f

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biogeocal : stn DW 296, 1230-1270 m.

Descript,ON. - Colony erect with pinnate branching. Zooidal outlines (sec table above for dimensions)

m, f 1 fn e !rt"h y0Un8 T" 5 “* CSS suturc lines in y° un g *>oids, the boundaries soon becoming

lused because of the development of small adventitious avicularia with suture lines around them- frontal shield

in young zooids bearing 1-2 pairs of small adventitious avicularia. 1 of each pair on either side of the median

suture, which may then occur m a shallow longitudinal depression; later zooidal surface with a number of scattered

,n ,!t ,f n r y 0CCUr " ng m depressi0ns and lon S IIud, nal sulci, especially laterally; costae broad, closely appressed

~ h T ° n< f- rapid Y lapenng at Ihe base 10 leavc "-‘angular intercostal lacunae. Peristomial orifice becoming

somewhat oval in outline with increasing secondary calcification and development of adventitious avicularia

Source: MNHN. Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPIiA, UMBONULOMORPHA

323

Lateral-oral avicularia small, oval, with distinct mandibular pivots; directed distolaterally, becoming concealed as

the peristomial orifice is modified with age, or even lacking in many zooids. Lateral avicularia tiny and/or

relatively large, the former oval with stout pivots constricting the opesial area, the latter elongate, more or less

longitudinally aligned and orientated distally with long, acute, triangular rostra that project from the branch surface

such that they face somewhat downward and outwards; mandibular pivots long and narrow with the tips touching

or even fusing, giving the impression of a complete, thin, cross-bar. Ovicelled zooids not seen.

Type. —Holotype : slide of branch fragments from Biogeocal Stn DW 296, 20°38.35' S, 167°10.32' E,

1230-1270 m, MNHN-Bry 19905. No separate paratypes.

DISTRIBUTION. — New Caledonia : north of Lifou, Loyalty Islands, 1230-1270 m.

REMARKS. — The most distinctive features of this species include the longitudinally aligned porous sulci and

the relatively large lateral avicularia - although reminiscent of those in D. serratus , they have an opposite

orientation and are neither as large or as regularly occurring, so that the branches are not comparably serrated in

profile.

Diplonotos similis sp. nov.

Fig. 9 a-f

Sclerodomus corrugatus - Harmer, 1957 : 868, pi. 57, figs 10, 16, 23, pi. 58, figs 4, 11. Non Busk, 1884.

Sclerodomus pap Hiatus (part) - HASTINGS, 1966 : fig. 1, B-C.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 51, 700 m.

Indonesia. The Natural History Museum (BMNH), London : Lectotype slide of Diplonotos papillatus (Busk),

1887.12.9.379, "Challenger" Stn 196, 1509 m. — Slide 1964.2.2.4 (labelled Sclerodomus papillatus ), "Siboga"

Stn 241, 1570 m.

Description. — Colony erect, anchored by a basal tuft of rhizoids; 1 main and several secondary axes, with

pinnate branching. Young zooids with several foramina in the frontal shield either side of the median suture, some

small and some relatively large, the general appearance of older zooids similar, with occasional small avicularia,

proximally directed, the rostrum roundly acute, the mandibular pivots well developed, not quite touching.

Peristomial orifice more or less well defined in younger zooids. D-shaped, the proximal rim slightly produced

frontally but not anteriorly. Lateral-oral avicularia at the outer corners of the orifice, directed obliquely distally,

similar in size and appearance to the small lateral and laterofrontal avicularia. Larger lateral avicularia present, the

palate roundly triangular, facing distally.

TYPES. — Holotype : the largest specimen on slide 1964.2.2.4, BMNH, " Siboga " Stn 241, Indonesia.

1570 m.

Paratypes : the other specimens on the holotype slide.

DISTRIBUTION. — New Caledonia : northern Northern Norfolk Ridge, 700 m.

REMARKS. — Hastings (1966) partly clarified the confusion surrounding the identity of D. papillatus. BUSK

(1884) had confused this species with "Bifaxaria" (= Domosclerus) corrugatus, illustrating each species under both

names. Harmer (1957) realised this, giving correct synonymies, but, as Hastings (1966) pointed out.

nevertheless proceeded to describe and illustrate [putative] papillatus from "Siboga" material under the name

corrugatus. Hayward (1981) cited Harmer's (1957) plate and figure references (i.e. papillatus) in the synonymy

of putative "Sclerodomus" (= Domosclerus) corrugatus from Durban, South Africa, and the Kermadec Trench but

his figures do indeed appear to be of D. corrugatus. Harmer's (1957) material, however, is not conspecific with

papillatus Busk. Busk's (1884) species (Fig. 19 a-e) also belongs to Diplonotos , but differs from Harmer's

324

D. P. GORDON

FlG - 9 a-f. — Diplonotos similis sp. nov. : a, lateral view of older, heavily calcified, part of branch; b, female zooid and

ovicell - note the large lateral avicularium (partly broken); c, frontal view of secondarily calcified zooid; d-e, oblique

views of bifurcations, showing the associated large lateral avicularium (cross-bar broken in d); f, lateral view of

branch bearing the aviculiferous ovicell shown in b. (a, c, e, BlOCAL Stn DW 51; b, d, f, "Siboea" Stn 241, Banda Sea,

1570 m - BMNH 1964.2.2.4 part).

Source: MNHN , Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONUI.OMORPIIA

325

material in some important features including its less robust colony form, the absence of large avicularia at branch

bifurcations, and the fact that the large avicularium associated with the ovicell has the palate facing proximally,

not distally.

The New Caledonian material (a single large, infertile, colony) accords with a number of the characters of the

"Siboga" specimens, especially in the morphology and orientation of both the small lateral avicularia and the large

avicularia, and in the size of the zooids; however, the branch-to-branch spacing is less (1.26-1.60 mm, average

1.45 mm).

Diplonotos confragus sp. nov.

Fig. 10 a-f

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 36, 650 m.

Musorstom 4 : stn CP 194, 550 m.

Chalcal 2 : stn DW 76, 470 m. — Stn DW 77, 435 m. — Stn DW 78, 233-360 m.

BiOGEOCAL : stn CP 214, 1665-1590 m. — Stn CP 232, 760-790 m. — Stn CP 290, 920-760 m. — Stn CP 297,

1230-1240 m.

Description. — Colony dendroid, robust (see table above for dimensions), anchored by a tuft of basal rhizoids;

with 1 main axis and at least 1 main secondary branch, both pinnate or even bipinnate; branch fusions infrequent,

involving secondary, tertiary, and quaternary branches. Young zooids with the area of shield either side of the

median suture initially relatively smooth with some peripheral granularity and small perforations, later developing

a reticulate texture and becoming encroached upon by the chambers of tiny avicularia. Proximal rim of peristome

variable, generally with small protuberances in the centre and at the lateral comers when young, becoming

straighter with increasing calcification. Costae broad, closely appressed to adjacent ones, tapering at the base to

leave triangular intercostal lacunae. Lateral suture tracing a zigzag course from orifice to orifice, with small

avicularia between the Vs; these with mandibular pivots that do not touch, the palate facing nearly distally.

Lateral-oral avicularia somewhat concealed, with small pivots, facing more or less frontally and orientated

obliquely distally. Occasional large avicularia present, occupying the entire lateral wall of a parent zooid. generally

single, sometimes paired on opposite sides of a branch; the main body of the avicularium under the rostrum

pouch-like, the palate facing distally or obliquely so and the opcsia laterally such that the elongated-D-shaped

mandible swings through an arc of only about 25-35°; cross-bar with a small downward-pointing ligula. Female

zooid with a pair of relatively large proximal fenestrae either side of the concealed mid-proximal costa when newly

formed; these becoming closed over; the lateral-oral avicularia (concealed behind the peristomial rim) facing

frontally and directed more or less toward each other, a little larger and more widely separated than in autozooids,

and with stouter mandibular pivots that almost touch. Ovicell generally somewhat bulging, though not

conspicuously so, or with the frontal surface a little concave, initially nearly smooth, or lightly textured,

becoming encroached upon by adventitious avicularia and secondary calcification. Older parts of colonies with

confused surface of more or less transverse or transversely sinuous suture lines and intervening longitudinal

striations and porous sulci.

TYPES. — Holotype : Large, much-branching colony from CHALCAL2 Stn DW 77, 23°08.35 S. 167°42.68 E,

435 m, MNHN-Bry 19866.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19868, from same station as holotype; MNHN-Bry 19867, from Chalcal 2

Stn DW 76. 23°40.50' S. 167°45.20’ E. 470 m.

Distribution. — New Caledonia : Loyalty Basin, northern Norfolk Ridge. 233-1665 m.

REMARKS. — The most distinctive feature of this species is the large pouch-like lateral avicularia with ligulate

cross-bar and very narrow angle through which the mandible arcs. Although not abundant, these avicularia may be

found in both the youngest and oldest parts of colonies.

326

D. P. GORDON

FlG - 10 *: f - — Diplonoios confragus sp. nov. : a, frontal view of ovicelled female zooid with encroaching secondary

calcification; b. frontal view of autozooids, with a pair of the pouch-like large lateral avicularia; c, oblique lateral

view of autozooids and an ovicelled female zooid; d, lateral view of older, more calcified, part of colony; e. lateral

view of autozooids and large lateral avicularium distally; f, oblique view of branch bifurcation and part of the

spinocyst of an autozooid. (a-b, d, BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 290; c, e, BiOGEOCAL Stn CP 232).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTIIOOMORPIIA. UMBONULOMORPHA

327

FIG. 11 a-e._ Diplonotos obesus sp. nov. : a, frontal view of swollen part of branch with female zoo id and ovicell (x);

b, lateral view of an older branch with considerable secondary calcification; c, lateral view of distal tip of a branch

with ovicell at x (BlOCAL Stn DW 33); d, female orifice and ovicell with relatively light secondary calcification;

e, frontal view of autozooidal orifices showing lateral-oral avicularia (Chalcal 2 Stn DW 73).

Source: MNHN, Paris

328

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 12 a-b. — Diplonotos minus sp. nov. : a, unique holotype colony; b, frontal view of zooids from holotype colony

(Biocal Stn CP 109).

Fig. 12 c-e. — Diplonotos sp. : c, lateral view near base of small colony; d, spinocyst of autozooid (BlOGEOCAL

Stn CP 214); e, autozooidal orifices of small colony (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 205).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPHA. UMBONULOMORPHA

329

Diplonotos obesus sp. nov.

Fig. 11 a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —New Caledonia. Biocal: Stn DW 33, 675-680 m.

Ciialcai. 2 : sin DW 73, 573 in. — Stn DW 76, 470 m.

Description. — Colony with a clearly defined main axis, anchored by a tuft of basal rhizoids; secondary

branches arising al somewhat irregular intervals up the axis, not necessarily pinnately; these branches not

especially long, with little further branching, and increasing in thickness distally (where fertile zooids occur) such

that they, and the colony overall, appear somewhat stubby. Young zooids with the area of shield either side of the

median suture with a light reticulation, becoming encroached upon by the chambers of small avicularia.

Peristomial rim initially protuberant at the proximolateral comers, becoming straighter and more transversely

elongate in older zooids. Exact numbers of costae in the concealed spinocyst difficult to ascertain owing to a

considerable degree of lateral fusion and the concomitant poor definition of suture lines, the triangular intercostal

lacunae between spine bases scarcely apparent except for a large pair either side of the midproximal costa. Lateral-

oral avicularia relatively closely set, more or less facing frontally and orientated distally, the mandibular pivots not

touching. Lateral suture generally weakly defined in all but the youngest parts of branches owing to the rugose

surface of branches and zooids, the lateral surface with scattered pores and tiny adventitious avicularia. Female

zooid with the same appearance as autozooids bui the orifice and proximal peristomial rim are wider and. in

younger zooids, project outward further, the lateral-oral avicularia further apart than in autozooids and orientated

obliquely toward each other. Ovicell with light reticulation in young zooids, with peripheral pores, completely

concealed in thickened parts of branches.

Types. — Holotype : Colony from Chalcal 2 Stn DW 73, 29°39.90' S, 168°38.10 E, 573 m. MNHN-Bry

19844.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19881 and MNHN-Bry 19838. both from ihc same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — Northern Norfolk Ridge, 470-680 m.

REMARKS. — Whole colonies of Diplonotos obesus arc readily distinguished by the irregular spacing between

branch origins and the rotund appearance of most branch tips. Where only fragments of colonies are encountered,

these can be confused with D. confragus which has a similar rugose texture; D. obesus has, however, no large

avicularia and the lateral intercostal lacunae are all but obliterated.

Diplonotos minus sp. nov.

Fig. 12 a-b

MATERIAL. EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn CP 109, 495 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony dendroid, anchored by a basal tuft of rhizoids, diminutive (5.5 mm high), slender, the

maximum stem thickness 0.55 mm; secondary branches of similar dimensions to the "main" axis, arising at

irregular intervals along it. Zooids 0.47-0.62 x 0.26-0.53 mm, with the internal zooidal chamber 0.17 mm wide;

the area of shield either side of the median suture dimpled and porous; proximal peristomial rim not protruding

laterally but produced anteriorly somewhat. Spinocyst comprising 4 pairs ol closely contiguous pinnate costae.

Lateral-oral avicularia facing more or less frontally, directed laterally or obliquely so, the mandibular pivots not

touching. Lateral suture zigzagging from orifice to orifice, Ihe lateral walls dimpled, wilh a few scattered pores. No

lateral or adventitious avicularia. Ovicelled zooids nol seen.

Types._ Holotype : Slide of fragments of a unique colony from Biocal Stn CP 109, 22°10.03' S.

167°15.22' E, 495 m, MNHN-Bry 19884. No separate paratypes.

Distribution. — Off southeast New Caledonia, 495 m.

330

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 13 a-f. — Domosclerus edulis sp. nov. : a, frontal view of ovicelled female zooid; b, close-up of the proximal two

ovicells in c with boreholes; c, distal end of a branch showing a series of boreholes in zooids and ovicells; d, frontal

view of autozooids; e-f, frontal and oblique views of the borehole in the distalmost ovicell in c (BlOGEOCAL

Stn CP 232).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPIIA, UMBONULOMORPIIA

331

Remarks. — This is an unusual species. The branches are not articulated so it cannot be included in Bifaxaria

and the narrow orifice and spinocyst preclude a relationship with Aberrodomus Gordon, 1988. On the other hand,

the pinnate costae, the frontally porous shield, and the complete absence of lateral/adventitious avicularia are not

otherwise known in Diplonotos. It probably should be placed in a new genus but, in the absence of information

on female zooids and ovicells, I prefer to leave it in Diplonotos for now.

Diplonotos sp.

Fig. 12 c-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOGEOCAL : stn CP 205, 1350-1380 m. — Stn CP 214, 1665-1590 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony erect, anchored by a tuft of basal rhizoids, 11.5 mm high, maximum stem thickness

1.09 mm, branching sparse. Zooids 0.73-0.84 x 0.30-0.34 mm, the internal chamber width 0.18-0.25 mm, the

frontal shield either side of the weak median suture in new zooids with a faint longitudinal texture and peripheral

pores; concealed spinocyst comprising 5 pairs of contiguous petaloid costae, the anterior pair largest, with

laterofrontal prominences; triangular lacunae present between the bases of the costae. Peristomial orifice

transversely oval in youngest zooids, becoming soon D-shaped or rounded as frontal calcification increases.

Lateral-oral avicularia absent. Lateral suture somewhat sinuous, soon tracing an obliquely lateral course down the

sides of thickened branches, with tiny, irregularly orientated avicularia between the loops, as well as porous sulci

and longitudinal striae. No large avicularia. Ovicelled zooids not seen.

Distribution. — New Caledonia south of Noumea, 1350-1665 m.

Remarks. — Only two small colonies of this species were found, both infertile. Nevertheless, the species has

distinctive features that should allow it to be recognised if and when larger colonies are found. These include the

absence of lateral-oral peristomial avicularia and the characters of the spinocyst. Sclerodomus inornatus Hayward,

1981 from eastern South Africa, actually a species of Diplonotos , also lacks lateral-oral avicularia, but the zooids

and lateral avicularia of that species are rather larger than those of D. sp. and there is apparently not the same kind

of rapid secondary calcification with rounding and deepening of the peristome.

David and PoUYET(1986) reported putative D. inornatus east of Madagascar but the zooidal size range of their

material is too small to be this species. Without examining their material it is not possible to comment on it

further.

The tendency of the peristomial orifice to become rapidly deepened and rounded owing to the development of

secondary calcification and adventitious avicularia is very reminiscent of the situation in Xenicobrium novum

Gordon, 1988. It is clear, however, from the unusual diversity of Diplonotos species in the MUSORSTOM

collections, that Xenicobrium must be regarded as a junior synonym of Diplonotos. The unique holotypc

specimen of Xenicobrium novum (see Gordon, 1988, fig. 1J) appears to be not more than the proximal part of an

exceptionally robust colony that must have been much larger and more branching. At the time of its description

its relative difference from the three known species of Diplonotos seemed to justify recognition of a separate

genus. I now believe that Xenicobrium may be merged in Diplonotos and the type species should be referred to as

Diplonotos novus (Gordon, 1988).

Genus DOMOSCLERUS Gordon, 1988

TYPE species. — Domosclerus piscis Gordon, 1988.

Domosclerus edulis sp. nov.

Fig. 13 a-f

Domosclerus sp. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1991 : 106.

332

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 14 a-b. —Domosclerus cf. abyssicolus (Busk) : frontal and lateral views of autozooids (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 273).

Fig. 14 c-d. — Domosclerus sp. : frontal and lateral views of a branch (BlOGEOCAL Stn CP 260).

Fig. 14 e-f. — Celleporaria cf. aperla (Hincks) : two views of autozooidal orifices and avicularia - note the vicarious

avicularium at upper left in f (MUSORSTOM 3 Stn CP 139).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPI LA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

333

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn CP 75, 825-860 m.

Biogeocal : stn CP 232, 760-790 m.

Description. — Colony creel, with pinnate branching from the main axis; secondary branches arising at

angles of 25-44° with branch intervals of 2.8-3.5 mm; lateral width of young branches 0.67-0.75 mm. Zooids

0.79-1.01 x 0.50-0.57 mm (internal chamber width 0.32-0.34 mm), the frontal shield either side of the median

suture evenly perforated with small pores, the lateral surface with fine longitudinal striations and small areolar

pores near the zigzag lateral suture; a single pair of oral costae beneath the granular proximal rim of the peristome;

frontal shield straight in profile but at an angle to the branch axis such that the peristomial rim is projecting and

the profile of young branches is somewhat serrated. Lateral-oral avicularia tiny, set at the corners of the orifice,

directed obliquely distally, tending to become concealed in thicker-walled older zooids. Lateral avicularia somewhat

pouch-like, of variable size (small to relatively large) and irregular occurrence, the opesia facing nearly laterally and

the palate distolaterally, the proportionately small triangular rostrum directed proximolaterally or obliquely so; all

avicularia with mandibular pivots that do not touch. Older, thickened, parts of branches with the lateral suture

more sinuous, like a longitudinal string of Ss, with avicularia generally between the loops, the surface with

longitudinal striations and short sulci with small pores within. Female zooids similar to autozooids. 0.75-0.94 x

0.58-0.77 mm; ovicells large, conspicuously bulging, the zooids bearing them on their frontals 0.88-0.98 x 0.60-

0.75 mm, the ovicellular surface more or less imperforate (small marginal pores only), lightly textured.

Types. — Holotype : Part of colony from Biogeocal Stn CP 232, 21 °33.81 ’ S, 166°27.07' E, 760-790 m,

MNHN-Bry 19917.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19918, from BIOCAL Stn CP 75, 22°18.65' S, 167°23.30' E, 825-860 m; MNHN-Bry

19919, from same locality as holotype.

Distribution. — South of New Caledonia, 760-790 m.

REMARKS. — The type species of Domosclerus, D. piscis Gordon, completely lacks costae, including oral

ones. The three species in the present collection, however, have been discovered to have suboral costae, which

means the generic diagnosis given by Gordon (1988) must be amended to allow for this character in some of the

species.

The species name alludes to the fact that this species is preyed upon by an unknown carnivore. Gordon and

d’Hondt (1991) have documented the occurrence of boreholes 0.17-0.22 mm diameter in autozooids and ovicells of

this species, with slightly more of the former bored than the latter.

Domosclerus cf. abyssicolus (Busk, 1884)

Fig. 14 a-b

cf. Bifaxaria abyssicola Busk. 1884 : 82, pi. 24, tigs 5A-E.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biogeocal : stn CP 273, 1920-2040 m.

Description. — Colony erect, pinnately branching; lateral branch width in young zooids 0.58-0.83 mm.

Zooids 0.84-0.98 x 0.60-0.87 mm, the frontal shield somewhat granular in texture with associated fine striations;

the immediate area either side of the median suture with small pores in a roughly linear series, with some other

small pores further around on the lateral wall; a pair of suboral costae present under the proximal rim of the

peristome. Branches parallel-sided, the peristomial orifice flush with the branch profile, the proximal rim not at all

protruding. Lateral-oral avicularia absent. Lateral suture forming wide even zigzags longitudinally, the suture

becoming more sinuous in older thickened branches. Small oval avicularia between the Vs or sinuosities of the

lateral suture, the rounded rostrum proximally directed, the mandibular pivots not touching. Female zooids not

seen.

Distribution. — West of Lifou, Loyalty Islands, 1920-2040 m.

334

D. P. GORDON

Remarks. — Without more material it is difficult to make a definite comment on the relationships of this

species to others in the genus, most of which need re-examining to ascertain the presence or absence of costae, and

which should be re-illustrated by scanning electron micrographs. A distinctive feature of the present species which

should be helpful in discrimination is the parallel-sided branch profile with flush, non-protruding, peristomial

orifices. In this character it resembles D. abyssicolus Busk from the North Pacific Ocean, which evidently has

similar, though larger, avicularia. Busk's (1884) species comprises an incomplete and infertile specimen. As a

unique holotype it is not able to be borrowed. Sclerodomus inornatus Hayward, 1981 is similar in appearance but,

as I have been able to ascertain from an examination of the holotype, belongs instead to Diplonotos — it has a

cryptic spinocyst of nine broad costae, closely appresscd with no intercostal lacunae.

Domosclerus sp.

Fig. 14 c-d

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOGEOCAL : stn CP 260, 1820-1980 m.

DESCRIPTION. — Colony erect, with a relatively long tuft of basal rhizoids anchored to foram grains. Lateral

width of young branch 0.58-0.67 mm. Zooids 0.86-1.07 x 0.39-0.42 mm, the frontal shield granular, with small

irregularly distributed perforations; a single pair of suboral costae present, supporting the densely granular

proximal rim of the peristome; Branch profile similar to that of D. edulis , with the frontal shield at an angle to the

branch axis and the peristome protruding as a consequence. Lateral suture forming regular wide-V zigzags

longitudinally. Lateral-oral avicularia tiny, set at the corners of the orifice, directed obliquely distally; no other

avicularia seen. Female zooids not seen.

Distribution. — East of Lifou. Loyalty Islands, 1820-1980 m.

REMARKS. — This species is represented by a limited amount of infertile material. It resembles D. edulis in

general appearance and in the possession of a pair of suboral costae but the zooids are proportionately longer and

narrower and the branch width narrower than in that species.

Infraorder HIPPOTHOOMORPHA Gordon 1989b

Superfamily HIPPOTHOOIDEA Busk, 1859

Family PASYTHEIDAE Davis, 1934

Genus GEMELLIPORA Smilt, 1873

Type SPECIES. — Gemellipora eburnea Smitt, 1873.

Gemellipora eburnea Smitt, 1873

Gemellipora eburnea Smitt, 1873 : 35, 75, pi. 7, figs 152-156, pi. 9, figs 177, a, 178. — Harmer, 1957 : 994-995,

pi. 69, figs 28-29 (cum syn.). — Cook, 1968: 187. — Harmelin, 1978: 1071. — Hayward, 1981 : 58. — Gordon,

1984 : 112-113, pi. 44A-B.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BlOCAL : stn DW 46, 570 m. — Stn DW 64, 250 m. — Stn DW 65,

275 m. — Stn CP 109, 495 m.

Musorstom 4 : stn DW 151, 200 in. — Stn CP 153, 235 m.

BlOGEOCAL : stn DW 308, 510-590 in.

Musorstom 6 : stn CP 465, 480 in.

Smib 4 : stn DW 55, 260 in.

Source: MNHN , Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRJOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

335

Distribution. — New Caledonia : Loyalty Islands Basin and northern Norfolk Ridge, 200-590 m; also

Kermadec Ridge, Indonesia, Hawaii, Gulf of Mexico, West Indies, Georgia, Brazil, West Africa, Azores, Canary

Islands, Madeira, Portugal, Spain.

Remarks. — This wide-ranging species ranges in depth distribution from 46 m off Cuba (Canu & Bassler,

1928) to 3307 m in the northeastern Atlantic (JULLIEN, 1883).

Infraorder UMBONULOMORPHA Gordon, 1989b

Superfamily LEPRALIELLOIDEA Vigneaux, 1949

Family LEPRALIELLIDAE Vigneaux, 1949

Genus CELLEPORARIA Lamouroux, 1821

Type SPECIES. — Cellepora cristata Lamarck, 1816.

Celleporaria cf. aperta (Hincks, 1882)

Fig. 14 e-f

cf. Schizoporella aperta Hincks, 1882 : 126, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Celleporaria aperta - Harmer, 1957 : 673 (part), text-fig. 56.

Material EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn CP 139, 250 m.

Distribution. — South of Mindoro, Philippines, 250 m; Aru Islands, Indonesia, 13 m.

Remarks. — As Winston and Heimberg (1986) pointed out, Harmer (1957) may have included more than

one species in Celleporaria aperta. The present material accords perfectly with the orificial characters shown in his

text-figure 56. If this form does represent a different species then it may be new. There are close similarities in the

orificial denticles to those of Celleporaria endivia (Lamarck, 1816) but, according to Pouyet (1978), that species

lacks a suboral avicularium, which is very unusual in Celleporaria. Harmer (1957) included Mucronella

serratimargo Ortmann, 1899 in the synonymy of C. aperta but ORTMANN's species has not been recognised since

its original description so the characters remain uncertain.

Celleporaria columnaris (Busk, 1881)

Fig. 15 a-d

Cellepora columnaris Busk, 1881 : 343-344, 348, pi. 26. fig. 4. — Busk, 1884 : 194, pi. 29, fig. 11, pi. 35, fig. 16.

Celleporaria columnaris - Harmer, 1957 : 677, pi. 42, figs 18-21, 23 (cum syn.). — POUYET, 1973 : 23, 28. — D'HONDT,

1986 : 721.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 231, 75 m.

DISTRIBUTION. — Tanzania, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Japan. Victoria, New South Wales. New Caledonia,

Chesterfield Plateau, 5-350 m.

Remarks. — The present material accords well with HARMER's (1957) description and illustrations of

C. columnaris. As with some of his material, the tall granular columns are not common but, where they occur,

are very distinctive. Celleporaria labelligera Harmer, 1957 is undoubtedly closely related to this species and,

judging from the present material, may even be conspecific. Both species have orifices with a more or less straight

336

D. P. GORDON

Fig. 15 a-d. —Celleporaria columnaris (Busk) : frontal views of autozooids and avicularia - note the vicarious

avicularium, subjacent suboral avicularium, and worm tube in b and the suboral avicularia in d (a-c, MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 231; d, Musorstom 3 Stn CP 102).

FIG. 15 e-f. — Celleporaria fusca (Busk) : frontal views of zooids - note the vicarious avicularium with ligulate cross-bar

in e (Musorstom 4 Stn DW 321).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORP1IA

337

proximal orificial rim, similar suboral avicularia and ovicells, and a granular-tubercular texture. According to the

key to species provided by HARMER (1957, p. 666), C. labelligera may have 2-3 oral spines, an orifice as wide as

long, a short peristomial lip proximally, and rare suboral avicularia; there are also rare spatulatc, toothed, vicarious

avicularia, and evidently the tall columnar structures are lacking. Celleporaria columnaris, on the other hand, is

said to lack oral spines and a low peristomial rim and to have semicircular orifices and nearly smooth ovicells; it

also has spatulate vicarious avicularia that may not always be present. These differences seem relatively trivial

inasmuch as they are the kinds of characters that are known to vary greatly in expression among Celleporaria

species. In the present material such is the case, combining, for example, a peristomial lip in the same colony as

the tall columns; suboral avicularia may be present or lacking in the same colony, and, significantly, the ovicells

are tuberculate and tubes of a commensal organism like those described by Harmer in C. labelligera are also

present. D'HONDT (1986) reported Celleporaria aff. labelligera as well as C. columnaris from the Chesterfield

Plateau and New Caledonia.

Celleporaria fusca (Busk, 1854)

Fig. 15 e-f

Cellepora fusca Busk, 1854 : 88, pi. 19, fig. 2, pi. 20, tig. 6.

Holoporella fusca - Hastings, 1932 : 447. — Soule & Soule, 1987 : 150.

Celleporaria fusca - Harmer, 1957 : 680, pi. 43, figs 1-7. — Pouyet. 1973 : 24, 28. — Bock. 1982 : 365, fig. 9.17d,

?pl. 25.4. — Ryland & Hayward, 1992 : 253, fig. 15a-d.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Musorstom 4 : stn DW 321, 75 m.

Distribution. — Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Sri Lanka. Singapore, Torres Strait, Queensland, New South

Wales, Victoria, South Australia, New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, 0-75 m.

Remarks. — The present material accords well with the description and illustrations of Harmer (1957)

although the rostra of the vicarious avicularia in both the "Siboga" and the present material are not toothed as

shown by BOCK (1982) in South Australian specimens; the characteristic ligula on the cross-bar is present,

however. WINSTON and Heimberg (1986) examined a range of specimens at The Natural History Museum,

London, concluding that more than one species was represented in the "Siboga" samples, none of which

constituted C. fusca (Busk, 1854), and attributing at least part of the material to their new species C. sibogae.

Notwithstanding that Harmer (1957) may have included more than one species in the concept of C. fusca, it

cannot be ruled out that part of his material may indeed have been fusca (see also the comments of RYLAND and

Hayward (1992) in this regard). Although Busk (1854) illustrated material from Bass Strait he did not show the

vicarious avicularium as hav ; -o a toothed rostrum, which means that this character may not be that significant.

Busk (1854) and BOCK (19 , described the species as "deep fuscous purple" and "usually purple when live",

respectively (although Bock's plate 25.4, labelled "Celleporaria cf. fusca", is of an orange-coloured species),

whereas C. sibogae. which lacks the ligula on the cross-bar of the vicarious avicularium, was described by the

authors as "a dull greenish or grayish color when dried". The Musorstom material, dried from alcohol, is dark

brown in colour.

Celleporaria macrodon sp. nov.

Fig. 16 a-b

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BiOCAL : stn DW 65, 245-275 m.

Musorstom 4 : stn DW 151, 200 m.

Description. — Colony encrusting. Zooids at growing edge 0.50-0.67 x 0.32-0.47 mm, the frontal shield

smooth to faintly tubercular, with up to 5 tiny marginal areolar pores. Orifice about as high (0.15 mm) as long,

with 4-7 basally articulated oral spines. Three very stout denticles present, the median one typically tapering to a

338

D. P. GORDON

straight edge, the lateral ones slightly alatc. Symmetrically arranged median suboral avicularium present, the

semicircular rostrum directed more or less frontally, facing distally, with 3-4 small tubercles around the rim;

frontal shield rising somewhat to the small mucro in which the avicularium is set. As seen at the growing margin,

most zooids have another small avicularium, like the suboral one, placed distally to the orifice, the rostrum

directed distally, while at the proximal end of the zooid there is typically a medium-sized Ungulate (parallel-sided)

avicularium directed distally or, more usually, obliquely so, with complete, aligulate, cross-bar and well-developed

palatal shelf distally. Less frequent vicarious avicularia may occur; these are Ungulate to subspatulate and the

cross-bar may sometimes have a ligula. Ovicells somewhat cucullate, with the same texture as the zooids.

TYPES. —Holotype : Colony from Biocal Stn DW 65, 24°47.93’ S, 168°09.12' E, 250 m, MNHN-Bry

19925.

Paratypes : MNHN-Bry 19926, from same locality as holotype; MNHN-Bry 19929, from MUSORSTOM 4

Stn DW 151, 19°07.00' S, 163°22.00’ E, 200 m.

DISTRIBUTION. — Northern New Caledonia and northern Norfolk Ridge, 200-250 m.

Remarks. — There are several species of Celleporaria with orificial denticles. Pou yet (1973) listed those

described to date, of which Harmer (1957) illustrated some from Indonesia. None has the unusually stout denticles

or as many oral spines as C. macrodon. As in C. tridenticulata there is a generally symmetrical suboral

avicularium and mucro but the large avicularia of C. macrodon are proportionately narrower and far less spatulate.

Celleporaria mamillata (Busk, 1854)

Fig. 16 c

Cellepora mamillata Busk, 1854 : 87, pi. 120, figs 3-5. — HlNCKS, 1881 : 267. — ?Waters, 1887 : 197.

Holoporella mamillata - ?Marcus, 1922 : 18. — Hastings, 1932 : 444-446, fig. 19, A-D.

lloloporella pigment aria - Livingstone, 1926 : 97 (fide Hastings, 1932).

Celleporaria mamillata - Harmer, 1957 : 683. — POUYET, 1973 : 24, 29.

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Biocal : stn DW 33, 675 in.

Distribution. — ?Mindanao, Northern Norfolk Ridge, Great Barrier Reef, ? New South Wales, Victoria,

Patagonia, 22-675 m.

Remarks. — This species has been accorded an unusual distribution. The type locality is in magellanic South

America, but Hastings (1932) described specimens from the Great Barrier Reef which were said to "agree very

exactly" with the type material. Several other authors have attributed warm-water specimens to this species,

though some of these records, like that of Philipps (1900) from Lifou, Loyalty Islands, were placed in the

synonymy of C.fusca by Harmer (1957).

The present material has relatively large suboral avicularia like the one depicted by Busk (1854, pi. 120, fig. 4)

but there are also tiny suboral avicularia, in which case the mucro is narrower and spine-like. There may also be

accessory non-articulated spines associated with the orifice, a feature that Busk also mentioned, but the "mamillary

projections" are lacking in the present, limited, material.

Celleporaria sibogae Winston & Heimberg, 1986

Fig. 16 d

Celleporaria sibogae Winston & Heimberg, 1986 : 30-32, figs 73-78. — WINSTON, 1986 : 13-14.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 97-92 m.

Distribution. — ?Madagascar, Philippines, Indonesia, ?Queensland, 0-92 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA 339

Fig. 16 a-b. —Celleporaria macrodon sp. nov. : zooids and avicularia near growing edge of colony (BlOCAL Stn DW 65).

Fig. 16 c. — Celleporaria mamillata (Busk) : frontal view of zooids - note the ovicelled zooid with large suboral

avicularium (BlOCAL Stn DW 33).

FiG. 16 d. —Celleporaria sibogae Winston & Heimberg : zooidal orifices and avicularia (MUSORSTOM 3 Stn DR 117).

Source:

340

D. P. GORDON

Remarks. — The present material accords with C. sibogae in the characters of the suboral and vicarious

avicularia. in contrast to C.fusca (see above).

Superfamily ADEONOIDEA Busk, 1884

Family ADEONIDAE Busk, 1884

Genus ADEONELLOPSIS MacGillivray, 1886

Type species. — Adeonellopsis foliacea , MacGillivray, 1886.

Adeonellopsis pentapora Canu & Bassler, 1929

Fig. 17 a-d

[?] Adeonella tuberculata Busk, 1884 : 180. — Ortmann, 1889 : 53, pi. 4, figs 9a-b.

Adeonellopsis pentapora Canu & Bassler, 1929 : 382, pi. 53, figs 1-5.

Adeonellopsis yarraensis - Harmer, 1957 : 799-800, pi. 53, figs 18-19. — Cook, 1973 : 252. — Wass & Yoo, 1975 :

810, pi. 8, fig. 7. — GORDON, 1984 : 73, pi. 24G. — D'HONDT, 1986 : 736. Non Waters, 1881.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 97-92 m.

Distribution. — Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Chesterfield Bank, Kermadec Ridge, 37-969 m; Pleistocene of

Tasmania.

Remarks. — Having examined syntypes of Adeonellopsis yarraensis (Waters, 1881), it is apparent that the

Recent forms attributed to yarraensis do not belong to this species. The fossil syntypes comprise very slender,

subcircular, colony fragments of smaller dimensions than the modem species, with a smaller spiramen of fewer

pores.

Adeonellopsis sp.

Fig. 17 e-f

Material EXAMINED. — Philippines. Musorstom 3 : stn DR 117, 97-92 m.

Description. — Colony erect, bilamellar, the flattened branches 0.92-1.30 mm wide, with 5-6 longitudinal

series of zooids showing on each side. Zooids 0.56-0.85 x 0.22-0.26 mm, relatively elongate, with a large

compound spiramen of 5-6 denticulate pores in a depressed area of the frontal shield. Shield texture finely

granulated, the lateral margins with numerous small areolar pores; the furrows between adjacent zooids with a thin

line of calcification marking the interzooidal boundaries. Secondary orifice somewhat wider than high, roundly D-

shaped, associated with the raised peristome. Immediately subjacent is a relatively large suboral avicularium, with

very small mandibular pivots and a long acute rostrum directed distolaterally or almost laterally towards the nearest

branch margin or towards either margin in the case of the central series of zooids; a smaller, shorter, avicularium

placed proximally on each zooid, the rostrum also acute, directed mostly distally, sometimes laterally. Along each

branch margin is a series of vicarious avicularia, with very long (~ 0.28 mm) and narrow acute rostra directed

distally. Gonozooids not seen.

Remarks. — This species has affinities with Adeonellopsis distoma (Busk, 1858), recently redescribed by

ARISTEGUI (1985). Adeonellopsis distoma , presently known only from west of Brittanny, Madeira, Azores,

Canaries, the west Mediterranean, and the Pliocene of Holland (Bishop & Hayward, 1989), has a similar form.

Source: MNHN. Paris

BRYOZOArCRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPHA

341

Fig. 17 a-d. —Adeonellopsis pentapora Canu & Bassler : a, part of branch near bifurcation; b, autozooid with little

secondary calcification; c, zooid with marked secondary calcification; d, autozooid and avicularia at colony margin -

note the relatively short vicarious avicularium distal to the autozooid (MUSORSTOM 3 Stn DR 117).

Fig. 17 e-f. —Adeonellopsis sp. : e, part of branch with autozooids; f, autozooids and vicarious avicularium at colony

margin (Musorstom 3 Stn DR 117).

Source: MNHN, Paris

342

D. P. GORDON

Type material from the Natural History Museum, London

Fig. 18 a-e. —Bifaxaria submucronata Busk : a, frontal view of ovicelled zooid; b, same, lateral view; c-d, frontal and

lateral views, respectively, of autozooids; e, lateral view of exposed spinocyst (some costae missing) (" Challenger"

Stn 122, off Brazil, 640 m, BMNH 1887.12.9.373, lcctotype, part).

Source: MNHN, Paris

BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA. HIPPOTHOOMORPIIA, UMBONULOMORPHA

343

Type material from the Natural History Museum, London

FIG. 19 a-e. — Diplonolos papillatus (Busk) : a-c, three views of the same branch fragment showing an aviculiferous

ovicell; d, zooid with spinocyst exposed (midproximal costa missing); e, close-up ol autozooidal orifice showing

lateral-oral avicularia (" Challenger " Stn 196, Indonesia, 1509 m, BMNH 1887.12.9.379. lectotype, part).

Source: MNHN, Paris

344

D. P. GORDON

with 8-12 longitudinal series of zooids. The zooids overlap in size range with those of 4. sp., but are overall

shorter and wider, and the spiramen has more pores (6-10). The avicularia are similar though differing in important

details - the suboral avicularium in A. distoma has a frontally curved rostrum and the marginal avicularia are

proportionately shorter. Gonozooids have not yet been discovered in A. distoma. Notwithstanding the differences

between the two species, they arc undoubtedly closely related.

Adeonellopsis sp. is probably new, but, since the present material comprises only a single infertile unbranched

fragment 5.5 mm long, I prefer not to describe it now.

DISCUSSION

A total of 44 species of bryozoans from the the three smaller infraorders of Ascophorina is herein recorded - 39

species from six cruises in New Caledonian waters and a further 5 species from a cruise in Philippine waters. A

noteworthy feature in New Caledonian waters is the remarkable diversity of two families, the Petalostegidae and

the Bifaxariidae.

Gordon and d'Hondt (1991) have already noted the unusual diversity of the family Petalostegidae from New

Caledonian waters - only two Recent species of Petalostegidae had been previously known. With the additional

new species of Petalostegus recognised in this paper, the number of described species of Recent Petalostegidae is

now ten, of which eight occur in New Caledonian waters. The family is known chiefly from the western Pacific

Ocean but ranges east to the Society Islands and is also known from eastern South Africa. Petalostegids are not yet

known from the Atlantic Ocean.

From the present study, it is apparent that the largely deep-sea family Bifaxariidae is also well represented in

the New Caledonian region. Gordon (1988) listed the known Bifaxariidae worldwide, giving a total of 28 described

and one undescribed species. With the addition of 15 new species described in the present paper, that total is

increased by 52% to 44. Altogether, 20 bifaxariids were found in the Musorstom samples (some not identified to

species level), which means that, at present, about 46% of the world bifaxariid species occur within the New

Caledonian Exclusive Economic Zone. Probably this percentage will decrease as more species are recognised from

other parts of the world - since many species appear superficially very similar, it is likely that, in the past,

potential new species may have been attributed to existing species. So far, the majority of bifaxariids (33 species)

are known from the western Pacific (The Philippines to Macquarie Island). From the other oceans, the distribution

is as follows - north Pacific, 1 species; eastern Pacific, 2 species; Indian Ocean, 4 species; South Atlantic, 2

species; North Atlantic, 2 species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincere thanks are due to Dr Jean-Loup D'HONDT, Mme Maric-Josd D'HONDT, and Dr Claude L£vi for their help

and encouragement while I was in Paris at the very beginning of this study. I also wish to extend thanks to Mary

Spenckr-Jones (The Natural History Museum, London) and Dr Claus Nielsen (Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen)

for loans of important type material.

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(miscellaneous). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., ser. 5, 9 : 116-127, pi. 5.

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BRYOZOA : CRIBRIOMORPHA, HIPPOTHOOMORPHA, UMBONULOMORPIIA

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*• J>

Source: MNHN, Pahs

TATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM. VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES C

Pycnogonida : Description d 'Ascorhynchus miniscapus

sp. nov., recolte sur le banc de la Bayonnaise

(nord-ouest des ties Wallis et Futuna)

Jan H. STOCK

Institut de Zoologie taxonomique

Universite d'Amsterdam

B.P. 4766

1009 AT Amsterdam (Pays-Bas)

RESUME

Description d'une espece nouvelle d'Ascorhynchus, A. miniscapus, provenant du banc de la Bayonnaise (Pacifique sud-

ouest), a 400-420 m de profondeur. Le taxon nouveau appartient a un petit groupe d'especes qui se caracterise, a l'interieur

de ce grand genre, par un tarse raccourci et un scape des cht$lic£res biarticule.

ABSTRACT

Pycnogonida : Description of Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov. from the Bayonnaise Bank

(NW of the Wallis and Futuna Islands).

A new species of Ascorhynchus , A. miniscapus , is described from the Bayonnaise Bank (SW Pacific) at depths of 400-

420 m. The new taxon belongs to a small group of species within this large genus, characterized by a short tarsus and a

two-segmented chelifore scape.

INTRODUCTION

Pendant la campagne MUSORSTOM 7 aux lies Wallis et Futuna (Pacifique sud-ouest), un seul exemplaire de

Pycnogonides a 6l6 rdcoltd, qui fait l'objet de la presente note. 11 s’agit d’une espece nouvelle A'Ascorhynchus, genre

comptant actuellement au moins 66 especes; a l'interieur de cc grand genre, elle appartient a un groupe de 5 ou

6 espbces, caract6ris6 par la combinaison d'un tarse raccourci et d'un scape des cheliceres biarticule. L'esp6ce

nouvelle semble etre plus particuli6rement proche d'une forme jcune, inedite, du Japon, que des autrcs espbces du

groupe.

Stock, J. H„ 1993. — Pycnogonida : Description $ Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov., recolte sur le banc de la

Bayonnaise (nord-ouest des Ties Wallis et Futuna). In : A. Crosnier (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM,

Volume 11. Mdm. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., 158 : 349-353. Paris ISBN : 2-85653-208-X.

350

J. H. STOCK

Fig. 1-4. —Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov., 9 holotype : 1, corps, vue du cote gauche; 2, corps, vue dorsale;

3, chdlicere gauche; 4, troisitime patte.

Figures 1, 2 et 4 dessinees & la meme echclle.

Source: MNHN, Paris

PYCNOGONIDA : ASCORHYNCHUS MINISCAPUS

351

PARTIE SYSTEMATIQUE

Famille AMMOTHEIDAE

Genre ASCORHYNCHUS Sars, 1877

Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov.

Figs 1-9

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — lies Wallis et Futuna. Musorstom 7 : stn. CP 629, 1 l 0 54'S-179 0 32’W, banc de la

Bayonnaise (au nord-ouest des lies Wallis et Futuna), 400-420 m, 29. 05. 1992 : 1 9 holotype (Musdum national

d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, Py 852).

DESCRIPTION (Holotype). — Tronc complement segmentd; bord postdrieur des segments 1,2 et 3 renfle, avec

une pointe mddiodorsale accusec; segment 4 sans renflement ni pointe. Bord antdrieur du cdphalon avec un petit

tubercule aigu de chaque cote. Prolongements latdraux de tous les segments avec un tubercule distal aigu, moins

prononed que le mddiodorsal, accompagnd de quelques spinules; distance entre les prolongements latdraux de deux

segments successifs bien supdrieure au diametre de chaque prolongement. Tubercule oculaire trds prononed, effild

en pointe mince, plus haut que les pointes mediodorsales, porteur de 4 yeux bien pigmentes, dont ceux de la paire

anterieure sont plus grands que ceux de la paire postdrieure. Position du tubercule oculaire assez reculee, e'est-d-dire

que le M cou", en avant des yeux, est remarquablement long. Base des ovigeres separee nettement des premiers

prolongements latdraux. Abdomen avec une ligne articulaire & sa base, droit, presque horizontal, inerme, atteignant

la parlie proximale de la 2eme coxa de la 4eme patte.

Trompe distalement tronquee, divisde par une constriction h un tiers de sa longueur; la partie distale n'est gudre

indiquee par une deuxieme constriction.

Chdlicdres trds petits mais pourvus d'un scape biarticuld, dont les articles subdgaux ne sont que legerement plus

longs que larges. Pince globuleuse, pourvue de deux dpines.

Palpc it dix articles; article 3 le plus long, article 5 legerement plus court. Les 5 articles distaux, dont 1'article 7

est le plus long, sont sveltes et setigeres.

Ovigdre h 10 articles. Articles 4 et 5 les plus longs, subdgaux. Article 6, droit, allonge. Articles 7 a 10

pourvus de deux rangdes d'epines foliaedes; les dpines de la rangee principale portent de 3 h 5 paires de grosses

dents, celles de la rangee auxiliaire sont plus finement denticuldes; les nombres d'epines foliaedes sur chaque article

(rangee auxiliaire entre parenthdses) sont respeclivement de 6 (1), 4 (1), 3 (3) et 4 (3). Griffe terminale courbe,

obtuse, courte et inerme.

Pattes 1 & 4 semblables, ddpourvues d’dperons, mais avec des soies assez longues au bout du fdmur, et sur toute

la longueur des deux tibias, du tarse et du propode. L'article le plus long est le 2dme tibia. Tarse representant 27 %

de la longueur du propode (done du type "brachy tarsal"), 2 fois plus long que large, arme sur le bord ventral dune

rangde de soies rigides. Propode legerement courbe; pas de talon propodial; sole avec rangee de nombreuses soies

rigides de dimensions uniformes. Griffe dune longueur un peu supdrieure au tiers de celle du propode, inerme.

Orifices genitaux bien visibles sur la face ventrale des 2dmes coxae des pattes 3 et 4, mais pas observds sur les

pattes 1 et 2, ce qui pourrait indiquer que 1'holotype n'est pas encore complement adulte.

Dimensions de Vholotype (mm).- Longueur dorsale de la trompe 2,45; diametre maximum de la trompe 0,84;

longueur des segments 1 h 4 du corps (celui du segment 4 jusqu'au bout des prolongements latdraux) 1,55 - 0.64 -

0,65 - 0,51; diametre du corps au niveau des 2dmes prolongements latdraux 1,36; longueur de l'abdomen 0,64;

longueur du scape 0,33; pince 0,12.

Troisidme patte: ldre coxa 0,40; 2eme coxa 1,14; 3eme coxa 0,44; fdmur 1,90; ler tibia 2,26; 2dme tibia

2,47; tarse 0,25, propode 0,94; griffe 0,32.

ETYMOLOGIE. — Le nom spdcifique, miniscapus , se compose evidemment des mots latins minus et scapus , et

fait allusion aux dimensions reellement petites du scape des cheliceres.

352

J. H. STOCK

Fig. 5-9. — Ascorhynchus miniscapus sp. nov., 9 holotype : 5, palpe; 6, ovigere; 7, partie distale de l'ovigere;

8, deuxi£me 6pine foliacee de 1'article 7 de l'ovigere; 9, partie distale de la troisieme patte.

Remarques. — Le genre Ascorhynchus compte actuellement 66 especes, dont seulement 5 (ou 6 si on prend

en compte une forme jeune ddcrite, mais pas nommde, par Nakamura et Child, 1991 : 12, fig. 5, sous

Indication provisoire "Ascorhynchus spec. B") se caracterisent par la presence d'un scape des chelickres biarticule

et un tarse court, n'atteignant pas le tiers de la longueur du propode (type "brachytarsal"). Chez toutes les autres

brachytarsales, le scape est monomere. Abstraction faite de "spec. B", les cinq autres taxa sont A. serratus

Hedgpeth, 1948 (dont l'holotype a 6i6 rdillustre par Child, 1992, fig. 9), A. corderoi Marcus, 1952, A. pcnnai (de

Mello-Leitfto, 1946), A. losinalosinskii Turpaeva, 1971 etA. turritus Stock, 1978*.

A. serratus differe par son tarse plus long (> 30% du propode), un scape nettement plus long (plus long que le

cou en avant du tubercule oculaire) et par les longueurs relatives des articles du scape (article 1 > 2).

A. corderoi a les prolongcments lateraux du tronc sdpards par des espaces trfes etroits, et 1’article 1 du scape

beaucoup plus court que 1’article 2.

A. pennai , imparfaitement ddcrit, possede un tubercule m^diodorsal sur le 4eme segment du corps et un

abdomen plus long (atteignant la partie proximale de la coxa 3).

A. losinalosinskii pr£sente un scape nettement plus long, avec des articles dont les proportions sont

semblables & celles observees chez A. serratus. En plus, le tubercule oculaire est plus prks du bord anterieur du

cephalon.

A. turritus presente un tubercule oculaire plus eleve el 1’article 1 du scape est plus court que 1'article 2; son

abdomen est legerement plus court.

* II faut que je note ici que la plupart des dictionnaires traitent -rhynchus comme neutre mais que le Code international de

Nomenclature Zoologique, edition 3 (1986), article 30 (a) (iii) declare la desinence comme masculine. J’ai done utilise des

terminaisons masculines pour les especes.

Source: MNHN, Paris

PYCNOGONIDA : ASCORHYNCHUS MINISCAPUS

353

L'esp^cc nouvelle resscmble bcaucoup, el pourrail meme etre identiquc, a la forme japonaise ddsignee comme

"Ascorhynchus spec. B" par Nakamura & Child (1991), basee sur un individu non-adulte. De toute maniere,

1'animal polyn6sicn que nous vcnons dc decrirc, doit recevoir un nom specifiquc definitif.

REMERCIEMENTS

Je tiens k remercier B. RICHER DE FORGES et A. CROSNIER, oceanographes de l'ORSTOM, pour m'avoir confie

ce specimen.

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES

Chtld, C. A., 1992. — Shallow-water Pycnogonida of the Gulf of Mexico. Mem. Hourglass Cruises, 9(1): 1-86.

Hedgpeth, J. W., 1948. — The Pycnogonida of the western North Atlantic and the Caribbean. Proc. U. S. natn. Mus ., 97

(3216)’: 157-342.

MARCUS, E. Dubois-Reymond, 1952. — A hermaphrodite pantopod. Anais Acad. bras. Cienc., 24 (1) : 23-30.

Mello-LeitaO, A. DE, 1946. — Novo genero de Pantopodes da Baia de Guanabara. Anais Acad. bras. Cienc., 18 (4): 291-

296.

Nakamura, K. & CHILD, C. A., 1991. — Pycnogonida from waters adjacent to Japan. Smithson. Contr. Zool. , 512 : i-v,

1-74.

STOCK, J. H., 1978. — Abyssal Pycnogonida from the north-eastern Atlantic basin, 1. Cah. Biol, mar., 19 : 189-219.

TURPAEVA, E. P., 1971. — [ The deep-water Pantopoda collected in the Kurile-Kamchatka trench]. Irudy Inst, okeanol.

P.P. Shirshov, 92: 274-291. [En Russe, resume en Anglais.]

.TATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM. VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES CAMPAGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES (

Tunicata : Sur trois especes d'ascidies bathyales

recoltees au cours de la campagne franco-indonesienne

Karubar

Claude MONNIOT

Museum national d'Histoire naturelle

Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres marins et Malacologie

CNRS D 0699, 55 rue Buffon

75005 Paris, France

RESUME

Deux espfcces d'ascidies bathyales sont signages pour la premiere fois dans les eaux indonesiennes : Fimbrora

calsubia Monniot & Monniot, 1991, connue uniquement de Nouvelle-Caledonie et Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881,

especc de la pente circum-antarctique el ouest-americaine. Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904, decrit d Indondsie, y a ete

retrouve a une profondeur de 230 m.

SUMMARY

Tunicata : On three species of bathyal ascidians collected during the Franco-Indonesian

Karlbar cruise.

Two species of bathyal ascidians were found for the first time in Indonesian waters : Fimbrora calsubia , Monniot &

Monniot, 1991, previously known from New Caledonia and Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881, distributed on the

continental slopes of the american pacific and circumantarctic areas. Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904, originally

described from Indonesian waters, was found again, at a depth of 230 m.

INTRODUCTION

Du 21 octobre au 5 novcmbre 1991, une campagne oceanographique franco-indonesienne, nommde Karubar. a

eu lieu dans Test de Hndonesie, au large des ties Kai et Tanimbar, sur le navire de recherches indondsien "Baruna

Jaya Durant cette campagne, 91 dragages et chalutages entre 200 et 1200 m ont ete effectues et quelques ascidics

recoltdes. Ce sont celles-ci qui sont etudides ici. Elies sont toutes ddposees au Puslitbang Oseanologi LIPI a

Jakarta.

MONNIOT, C., 1993. —Tunicata : Sur trois especes d'ascidies bathyales recoltees au cours de la campagne franco-

indonesienne Karubar. In : A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagncs MUSORSTOM. Volume 11. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist,

nat ., 158 : 355-359. Paris ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

356

CLAUDE MONNIOT

ETUDE SYSTEMATIQUE

Fimbrora calsubia Monniot & MonnioL 1991

Fimbrora calsubia Monniot, C. & Monniot, F., 1991a : 383, fig. 1-6.

MATfiRIEL EXAMINE. — Indon^sie. Karubar : st. CP 87, pres de file Tanimbar, 08 o 47’S-130 o 49’E, 1017-

1024 m : 2 spec.

Cette dnorme ascidie, qui atteint une trentaine de cm de long, n'avait jusqu'& present ete recoltde que par le

submersible " Cyana ", sur la pente orientale de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, h 1865 m de profondeur, devant le village de

Thio. Les deux nouveaux spdcimens permettent de completer la description de cette espece.

Fimbrora calsubia est une Ascidiidae aberrante, h regime alimentaire macrophage, qui capture ses proies a 1'aidc

d'une vaste corbeille antdrieure, bordee de lobes tentaculaires. L'aspect extemeest celui dune Actinie.

Les specimens neo-caledoniens vivaient couches dans une fissure de rocher et, de ce fait, prdsentaient des

deformations lides h cette disposition. Les specimens indonesiens vivaient libres sur un fond sedimentaire ; leur

forme est done plus caractdristique de l’espece. Cette espece vit couchec sur la face gauche du corps, sur un coussin

de filaments tunicaux qui agglomerent le sediment. La corbeille. qui forme le siphon buccal, se dresse aux trois

quarts antdrieurs du corps. Le siphon cloacal, petit, est dissimuld sous la corbeille dont Touverture paralt

horizontale. Comme chez les specimens neo-calddoniens, la face dorsale de la corbeille est plus dcveloppde que la

face ventrale. La dissymdtrie du systdme nerveux, observde sur les exemplaires ndo-calddoniens, ne se retrouve pas

ici et doit etre considerde, plutot, comme une deformation lice a la disposition sur le substrat.

Tous les caractdres anatomiques internes : musculature des lobes tentaculaires, presence d'un systeme

hydraulique dans la corbeille formd par des vaisseaux clos dont la paroi est gamie de muscles hdlicoi’daux,

disposition de la musculature de la face droite, structure de la branchie, presence d’un organe lobe annexe au tube

digestif, sont confirmds par les nouveaux exemplaires.

Le contenu digestif est forme dun melange de particules sedimentaires fines et de carapaces de crustacds, ce qui

indique un regime au moins partiellement macrophage. Cette ascidie a une branchie bien developpee, a grands

stigmates depourvus de cils. La musculature du cote droit de la cavitd cloacale est trds developpee. Son aspect

suggere que Fimbrora devrait pouvoir agir sur la filtration de l’eau h travers la branchie, en contractant cette

musculature. La capture des proies pourrait etre due h des mouvements des lobes tentaculaires ; en effet ceux ci

possddent, chacun. un systeme hydraulique permettant une turgescence et un nerf. La musculature de la corbeille

elle-meme est trop faible pour que Ton puisse envisager sa contraction complete.

Nous avions estime (MONNIOT & Monniot, 1991a) sur des criteres morphologiques que Fimbrora se

rapprochait plus de la famille des Ascidiidae que de celle des Octacnemidae dont tous les genres presentent des

adaptations du siphon buccal a la capture de proies. Cette interpretation est confortee par I’dtude des inclusions de

silice dans les cellules thecales qui sont prdsentes chez les Octacnemidae et absentes chez Fimbrora et 1'ensemble

des Ascidiidae (MONNIOT, F. et al., 1992).

La decouverte de cette espece en Indon6sie laisse a penser que sa repartition est vaste. Qu’elle n'ait jamais ete

signalee, bien que pouvant vivre sur des fonds sedimentaires, peut paraitre surprenant. II est possible que des

specimens de Fimbrora aient ete recoltes et confondus avec des actinies.

S lye la squamosa Herdman, 1881

Fig. 1

Synonymie et repartition voir :

Stye la squamosa - MONNIOT & MONNIOT, 1987 : 77, fig. 15a-b.

Synonymie additionnelle probable :

Styela milleri Ritter, 1907 : 21. — Van Name, 1945 : 308, fig. 204. — MILLAR, 1964 : 62, fig. 3.

? Styela milleri - MlLLAR, 1959 : 197, fig.7.

Styela gracilocarpa Millar, 1982 : 80, fig. 45.

Source: MNHN, Paris

ASCIDIES BATH YALES

357

MATERIEL EXAMINE. — Indonesie. Karubar : st. CC 57, prds de l*ile Tanimbar, 08°19 , S-131°53'E. 603-620 m :

2 sp6c.

Le specimen figurd vivait fixd sur une coquille rnorte de bivalve. II a une forme hdmispherique de 20 x 17 x

15 mm. La tunique est ldgdrement couverte de sddiment, sans omementation. Les siphons, non saillants, sont

proches (6 mm). La tunique, qui porte quelques hydraires epibiotes, est mince. Le manteau transparent laisse voir

les organes. La musculature est formde de bandes radiaires et circulaires fines, entrecroisdes sur tout le corps.

L'autre specimen possede une tunique plus dure, recouverte de foraminifbres et de debris divers.

FIG. 1. —Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881 : A, B et C, faces gauche, droite et ventrale ; D, exemplaire ouvert ;

E, detail de 1'extremite de la gonade droite.

Une trentaine de tentacules, longs, falciformes, disposes en trois ou quatrc ordres, sont implantes sur une Crete

nede. Le velum buccal est court, h marge ondulee. Le bourrelet pericoronal est forme d’une seule lame lisse et

elevde. II forme un V net qui contient un tuberculc vibratile saillant a ouverture en C, dirigte vers l'avant. Le

raphe est peu (Sieve ; sa marge, dans la partie moyenne, apparait ondulee. II contoume l'ocsophage mais ne se

raccorde k aucun pli.

La branchie est formte, de chaque cott, de quatre plis bas, ronds. individualists sculement dans la partie

moyenne de la branchie. Anterieurcment et posttrieurement, les sinus des plis s'ttalent et se confondent avec les

sinus situts entre les plis. On compte dans la partie moyenne :

G.D. 6 8 14 12 11 13 7 17 7 R. 2 15 8 13 5 13 10 9 5 E.D.

358

CLAUDE MONNIOT

II n'y a pas de difference nette entre les sinus sur el entre les plis. Un peu partout dans la branchie, on rencontre

des anomalies et I'apparition de sinus supplcmentaires. Alors que le premier pli a gauche est parallble au raphe,

celui de droite s'en dcarte beaucoup. Des sept sinus presents entre le raphe et le premier pli & droite, certains se

raccordent h leur extremite anterieure au raphe, d'autres apparaissent directement entre deux sinus.

Le tube digestif (fig. 1) forme une large boucle h courbure secondaire bien marquee. L'estomac en olive possede

une vingtaine de plis reguliers internes. II y a un petit caecum en crosse, termine par une ampoule dilatee. Le canal

de la glandc pyloriquc debouche dans l'estomac, independamment du caecum. L'intestin isodiametrique se termine

par un anus a deux lobes finement dent6s.

II y a une gonade de chaque cot£ (fig. 1). La partie posterieure de 1'ovairc est entouree d'une masse de lobes

testiculaires qui peuvent deborder sur l'ovaire. Les canaux g£nitaux sont trbs courts. Le spermiducte d6bouche par

une petite papille saillante.

Le manteau est tapiss6 de nombreux petits endocarpes. Autour du siphon cloacal, on trouve un anneau

incomplet de courts tentacules cloacaux.

Remarques. — Les exemplaires indonesiens de Styela squamosa sont identiques h ceux trouv6s entre 400 et

2500 m sur les pentes du continent Antarctique et en mer du Scottia que nous avons examin6s. La station type de

l’espece est situee au sud de 1'Australie, par 4800 m. L'espece synonyme, S. oblonga, a ete recoltee dans

l'Atlantiquc Sud (devant Buenos-Aires, & 1060 m). L'espece est aussi connue du sud de l'ocean Indien (archipel

Crozet). Beaucoup d'anomalies ont ete signalees pour les exemplaires antarctiques les moins profonds (MONNIOT &

MONNIOT, 1983).

D'autres Styela profondes paraissent tres proches, sinon identiques a S. squamosa . Ce sont:

— Styela gracilocarpa Millar, 1982, provenant de Nouvelle-Z^lande, au sud-est de South Island entre 1100 et

1280 m ;

— Styela milleri Ritter, 1907, d&rite de la cote de Californie (33 o 01 r N-121°32'W,4075 m). Van Name, 1945,

la signale sur toute la pente contincntale pacifique des Amcriques, depuis la Californie jusqu'au sud du Chili. Van

Name rapproche cette espece de S. oblonga Herdman. 1881. Monniot et MONNIOT (1981) ont revu les types de

S. oblonga et de S. squamosa et conclu a leur synonymie.

Millar, 1959, decrit une S. milleri , a 450 m au large de Durban, sur un cxemplaire de petite taille (7 mm).

La description n'est pas assez complete pour commenter cette determination.

La decouvcrte de Styela squamosa en Indonesie permet de penser que la repartition de cette espece doit couvrir

tout le pourtour de l'ocean Pacifique, les pentes du continent Antarctique et qu'elle est pr£sente aussi dans

1'Atlantique Sud-Ouest, dans des eaux d'origine antarctique. Une aussi large repartition pour des especes abyssales

ou bathyales n'est pas exceptionnelle.

Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904

Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904 : 105, pi. 12, fig. 4-9.

Materiel EXAMINE. — Indonesie. Karubar : St. CP 20, pres des lies Kai, 05°15 , S-132°59'E, 769-809 m :

10 spec. — St. CC 21, 05°14’S-133°00'E, 688-694 m : 3 spec. — St. DW 24, 05 o 32'S-132 o 51'E, 243-230 m : 1 spec.

Cette espece est connue du Japon, des Philippines, d'Indonesie (station type) et de Nouvelle-Catedonie. C'est

l'espece la moins profonde du genre abyssal Culeolus , sa repartition bathymetrique s'etendant de 204 m (Sluiter,

1904) a 1700 m (MONNIOT & MONNIOT, 1991b).

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES

Millar, R. H., 1959. — Ascidiacea. Galathea Rep., 1 : 189-209.

Millar, R. H., 1982. — The marine fauna of New Zealand : Ascidiacea. N. Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem., 85 : 1-117.

Source: MNHN. Paris

ASCIDIES BATHYALES

359

MONNIOT, C. & MONNIOT, F., 1982. — Some Antarctic deep-sea tunicates in the Smithsonian collections. Antarcl. Res.

Ser.,32: 95-130.

MONNIOT, C. & MONNIOT, F., 1983. — Ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques : Morphologie et biogeographie. Mem.

Mus. nail Hist, nat., Paris , (A), 125 : 1-168.

MONNIOT, C. & MONNIOT, F., 1991a. — Decouverte d'une nouvelle lignee evolutive chez les ascidies de grande

profondeur : une Ascidiidae carnivore. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris , (3), 312 : 383-388.

MONNIOT, C., & MONNIOT, F., 1991b. — Tunicata : Peuplements d'ascidies profondes en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Diversite

des strategies adaptatives. In : A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MURSORSTOM, Volume 8. Mem. Mus.

naln. Hist, nat., Paris , (A), 151 : 357-448.

MONNIOT, F., Martoja, R. & MONNIOT, C., 1992. — Silica distribution in ascidian ovaries, a tool for systematics.

Biochem. Syst. Ecol ., 20 (6) : 541-552.

Ritter, W. E., 1907. — The ascidians collected by the United States Fisheries Bureau Steamer "Albatross" on the coast of

California during the summer of 1904. Univ. Calif. Pubis. Zool.,4 (1): 1-52.

SLUITER, C. P., 1904. — Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga-

Exped., 56A : 1-139.

Van Name, W. G., 1945. — The North and South American ascidians. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 84 : 1-476.

LTATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULTATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES

Pisces Teleostei : Callionymidae of New Caledonia

with descriptions of new species

Ronald FRICKE

Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde

Schloss Rosenstein, Rosenstein 1

D-70191 Stuttgart 1, Federal Republic of Germany.

ABSTRACT

The Callionymidae of New Caledonia is revised. A total of 13 species are recorded from the archipelago : Callionymus

brevianalis Fricke, 1983, C. corallinus Gilbert, 1905, C. enneactis Bleeker, 1879, C. gardineri rivatoni new subspecies,

C. keeleyi Fowler, 1941, C. moretonensis Johnson, 1971, C. pleurostictus Fricke, 1982, C.tethys new species,

Synchiropus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845), S. novaecaledoniae new species, S. ocellatus (Pallas, 1770),

S. rameus (McCulloch, 1926), S. splendidus (Herre, 1927). The new species are described and illustrated; a key to all New

Caledonian species is given.

RESUME

Pisces Teleostei : Callionymidae de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Descriptions de deux especes et

d'une sous-esp£ce nouvelles.

Les Callionymidae de Nouvelle-Caledonie sont passes en revue. Treize especes ont ete recoltees : Callionymus

brevianalis Fricke, 1983, C. corallinus Gilbert, 1905, C. enneactis Bleeker, 1879, C. gardineri rivatoni subsp. nov.,

C. keeleyi Fowler, 1941, C. moretonensis Johnson, 1971, C. pleurostictus Fricke, 1982, C.tethys sp. nov.,

Synchiropus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845), S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., S. ocellatus (Pallas, 1770), S. rameus

(McCulloch, 1926), S. splendidus (Herre, 1927). Les especes nouvelles sont ddcrites et figurees. Une c\6 d'identification

pour les especes de Nouvelle-Caledonie est proposee.

The French overseas territory of New Caledonia comprises three major groups of islands, the Chesterfield

Islands in the west, the main island "Grande Terre" with a few small islands north and south, and the Loyalty

Islands in the east. The archipelago is zoogeographically relatively isolated from other island groups of Melanesia

and from Australia, and has not only an unique land fauna, but also a high degree of endemism in the marine

fauna. This suggests a former barrier, and also a long geographical isolation such that the fauna includes a number

of relict forms and a high percentage of subsequent spcciation.

Fricke, R., 1993. — Pisces Telesostei : Callionymidae of New Caledonia with descriptions of new species. In :

A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Volume 11. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., 158 : 361-376. Paris

ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

362

RONALD FRICKE

The dragonets of the family Callionymidae are a group of benthic marine fishes, found in warm and temperate

seas from very shallow waters to depths of at least 800 m. Most species live on soft, sandy or muddy substrates.

The two largest genera, Callionymus and Synchiropus , are nearly circumtropical in distribution. The Indo-Pacific

species of the family have been revised by FRICKE (1983), distinguishing a total of 82 species of Callionymus and

27 species of Synchiropus.

The family Callionymidae was not known from New Caledonia until Fourmanoir and Rivaton (1979 : 417-

418) gave a record of a single callionymid fish found at New Caledonia, Callionymus japonicus. This record was

apparently based on the new subspecies Callionymus gardineri rivatoni which is described in the present paper.

Five species of callionymid fishes have been recorded from New Caledonia by FRICKE : Callionymus

moretonensis (FRICKE, 1981a), Synchiropus ocellatus (FRICKE, 1981b), Callionymus enneactis and Synchiropus

rameus (FRICKE, 1983), and Callionymus corallinus based on a single specimen (FRICKE & Brownell, 1993).

Recent investigations of the New Caledonian ichthyofauna, mostly by ORSTOM Noumea (J. Rivaton,

M. KULBICKI) and by foreign collectors (J.E. Randall, BPBM, Honolulu; R. Winterbottom, ROM, Toronto)

revealed a large quantity of additional material. Records in the present paper based on that material, including two

new species and a new subspecies, bring the total number of New Caledonian Callionymidae to 13 (Tab. 1).

Table. 1. — Check-list of New Caledonian Callionymidae.

Species

Record

Callionymus brevianalis Fricke, 1983

Present paper

Callionymus corallinus Gilbert, 1905

Fricke & Brownell, 1993

Callionymus enneactis Bleeker, 1879

Fricke, 1983

Callionymus gardineri rivatoni new subspecies

Present paper

Callionymus keeleyi Fowler, 1941

Present paper

Callionymus moretonensis Johnson, 1971

Fricke, 1981a

Callionymus pleurostictus Fricke, 1982

Present paper

Callionymus tethys new species

Present paper

Synchiropus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)

Present paper

Synchiropus novaecaledoniae new species

Present paper

Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas. 1770)

FRICKE, 1981b

Synchiropus rameus (McCulloch, 1926)

Fricke, 1983

Synchiropus splendidus (Herre, 1927)

Present paper

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Methods follow Fricke (1983). In the present study, fish specimens deposited in the following institutions

were examined:

AMS The Australian Museum, Sydney;

MNHN Musdum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris;

ROM Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto;

SMNS Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart.

KEY TO NEW CALEDONIAN SPECIES OF CALLIONYMIDAE

1. Operculum with a free flap of skin; sides of body with a ventrolateral fold of skin below

the lateral line. Diplogrammus goramensis (Bleeker, 1858) 1

— Operculum without a free flap of skin; sides of body without a ventrolateral fold of skin

below the lateral line. 2

1. Although not yet recorded from New Caledonia, it is most likely to be recovered in future collecting.

Source: MNHN, Paris

CALU0NYM1DAE OF NEW CALEDONIA

363

(except Synchiropus rameus , which has the first dorsal fin very high but not filamentous,

first spine more than 2.5 times in first ray of second dorsal fin).

. genus Synchiropus , 3

— Soft dorsal fin rays unbranched except the last which is divided at its base; preopercular

spine base with an antrorse spine at its base; if first dorsal fin not filamentous, less than

2 times longer than first spine of second dorsal fin.genus Callionymus. 8

3. Preopercular spine base with an antrorse spine; main tip of preopercular spine straight,

dorsal margin with small antrorse serrae. Synchiropus rameus (McCulloch, 1926)

— Preopercular spine base without an antrorse spine; main tip upcurved, dorsal margin with

1 or more large, curved points. 4

4. Dorsal margin of preopercular spine with 2-5 curved points; pectoral fin with 28-35 rays.

. Synchiropus splendidus (Herre, 1927)

— Dorsal margin of preopercular spine with 1 curved point; pectoral fin with 18-23 rays.. 5

5. Main tip of preopercular spine upcurved; caudal fin distally rounded, not elongate; first

ray of second dorsal fin not longer than 5th ray. Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770)

— Main tip of preopercular spine straight; caudal fin distally elongate; first ray of second

dorsal fin longer than 5th ray . 6

6. First to third spines of Di filamentous; Di with wavy dark streaks; D2 with vertical

white streaks . Synchiropus novaecaledoniae sp. nov., male

— Only 1st Di spine may be filamentous; Di without wavy dark lines; D2 without vertical

white lines . 7

7. Preopercular spine with a slightly downcurved main tip; caudal fin base with two dark

blotches. Synchiropus novaecaledoniae sp. nov., female

— Preopercular spine with a straight main tip; caudal fin base without dark blotches.

. Synchiropus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)

8. Main tip of preopercular spine straight, dorsal margin with small antrorse serrae. 9

— Main tip of preopercular spine upcurved, dorsal margin with 1 or more large curved

points . 1 4

9. D 2 viii, 1; A vii, 1 . 1 0

— D 2 vi,l - vii, 1; A v,l - vi,l . 1 3

10. Di with 1 or 3 filaments, urogenital papilla visible. 11

— Di without filaments, urogenital papilla not visible. 12

11. Di with 1 filament (1st spine); first dorsal fin mottled with dark, no lines, with an

ocellus surrounding the distal part of the third spine; thorax with a faint brown spot, but

without surrounding lines ... Callionymus gardineri rivatoni new subspecies, male

— Di with 3 filaments (1st to 3rd spines); DI with narrow oblique dark lines, 2nd

membrane distally with a small dark spot close to 2nd spine, no ocellus; thorax with a

dark spot surrounded by lines extending on the membrane between pelvic and pectoral fins

. Callionymus tethys new species, male

12. Di with a black blotch distally on third spine; ventral margin of preopercular spine

straight, dorsal margin with antrorse 4-6 serrae.

. Callionymus gardineri rivatoni new subspecies, female

— Di with a black blotch distally on third membrane; ventral margin of preopercular spine

convex, dorsal margin with 5-9 antrorse serrae .

. Callionymus tethys new species, female

13. D2 vi,l; A v,l; 2-4 small antrorse serrae on the dorsal margin of the preopercular spine..

Source: MNHN, Paris

364

RONALD FRICKE

13. D2 vi,l; A v,l; 2-4 small antrorse serrae on the dorsal margin of the preopercular spine..

. Callionymus brevianalis Fricke, 1983

— D2 vii, 1; A vi,l; 7-14 small antrorse serrae on the dorsal margin of the preopercular

spine. Callionymus pleurostictus Fricke, 1982

14. Dorsal margin of preopercular spine with a small antrorse barb and 1-2 large curved

points; first dorsal fin with a large ocellus on second and third membranes.

. Callionymus moretonensis Johnson, 1971

— Dorsal margin of preopercular spine without an antrorse barb; dorsal fin without a large

ocellus . 15

15. D 2 vii, 1; A vi,l; cheeks with 2 vertical ocellate black streaks .

. Callionymus enneactis Bleeker, 1879

— D 2 viii, 1; A vii, 1; cheeks without vertical ocellate streaks. 16

16. First dorsal fin with two long filaments; caudal fin elongate; body depth : 7-10 in SL ...

. Callionymus Fowler, 1941

— First dorsal fin high in males; low in females, without filaments; caudal fin distally

rounded; body depth : 4.5-6 in SL. Callionymus corallinus Gilbert, 1905

SPECIES ACCOUNT

Genus CALLIONYMUS Linnaeus, 1758

Callionymus brevianalis Fricke, 1983

Callionymus brevianalis Fricke, 1983 : 323-328, fig. 98 (West Irian Jaya, Hawaii Island, 00°49’48 n S, 130°56'48"E,

0-6 m depth); 1990 : 9-13, fig. 5 (Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Motupore Island, 6-7 m depth).

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : st. 42, 22°17’12"S, 166°17 , 06"E, 20 km W Noumea, 25 m

depth, 24 May 1984 : 1 specimen (SMNS 12523). — St. 440b, 18°05'12"S, 162°55'E, 39 m depth, 27 Feb. 1985 :

1 specimen (SMNS 12522). — St. 441, 18 o 03'36"S, 162°55’36”E, 36-37 m depth, 27 Feb. 1985 : 1 specimen (SMNS

12524). — St. 454, 18°30T2 M S, 163°09’48"E, 35-36 m depth, 28 Feb. 1985 : 1 specimen (SMNS 12527). — St. 856,

20°36’54”S, 162°51T2 M E, 12 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (MNHN 1993-118); 1 specimen (SMNS 12521). — St. 900,

20°14T6"S, 164°23'06"E, 20 km NE Pam, 35-40 m depth, 14 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 12526).

Baie de St. Vincent, 55 km WNW Noumea, 21°57'24 M S, 165°59'54"E, 0-1 m depth, M. Kulbicki coll., 26 Mar. 1990 :

1 specimen (SMNS 12525).

Distribution. — This is the first record of the species from New Caledonia. The species was collected at

depths of 1-40 m. Otherwise, Callionymus brevianalis is known from around New Guinea.

Callionymus corallinus Gilbert, 1905

Callionymus corallinus Gilbert, 1905 : 649-650, fig. 251 (Avau Channel between Maui and Lanai Islands, Hawaiian

Islands; 58-68 m). — Jordan & Seale, 1906 : 415 (Hawaii). — Fowler, 1928 : 423; 1938 : 299.

Callionymus (Callionymus) corallinus - FRICKE, 1983 : 742-745, fig. A1 (Oahu, Makua, Hawaiian Islands, 27 m depth).

— FRICKE & Brownell, 1993 : 7-9, fig. 3 (Izu Islands, Japan; New Caledonia; 12-58 m depth).

Synchiropus (Synchiropus) kiyoae (part) - FRICKE & Zaiser, 1983 : 122 (Hachijo-jima, Japan).

Paradiplogranimus corallinus - Nakabo, 1991 : 249-253, figs 1-3 (Hachijo-jima, Japan; Hawaiian Islands).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : st. DW 83. 22 o 31’30"S, 166°29'42"E, 40 km SSE Noumea,

22 m depth, 21 Aug. 1984 : 1 female, 20.8 mm SL (SMNS 12270).

Source: MNHN , Paris

CALUONYMIDAE OF NEW CALEDONIA

365

Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the subgenus Callionymus with 4 spines in the first dorsal fin, 9 (-10)

second dorsal rays, 8 anal rays, a preopercular spine formula of 1 4^ 1, a small supraorbital cirrus present, first

dorsal fin high in males, not filamentous, with ocellate vertical dark olive lines, sides of head in males with blue

spots and lines.

Distribution. — West and Central Pacific; known from the Hawaiian Islands, the Izu Islands of Japan and

New Caledonia, at depths of 12-58 m.

Habitat. — Miyake-jima, Japan : On a substrate of mixed volcanic and coral sand, broken shells, and rubble,

with low relief and no algal cover (rarely on pure sand); 15-16 m depth (rarely at 12-18 m). Hawaii : On coral

rubble; 25-58 m depth. New Caledonia : On coral rubble; 22 m depth.

Relationships. — This species is unique within the subgenus Callionymus in having a small supraorbital

cirrus, and the 5th to 9th second dorsal fin rays branched in large specimens. In the latter character, it resembles the

genus Synchiropus. The species is classified in the genus Callionymus because of the usually unbranched second

dorsal fin rays and the basal antrorse spine at the base of the preopercular spine. The generic classification of this

species needs further examination.

Remarks. — The original description of Callionymus corailinus by Gilbert (1905) was based on a single

female specimen. It was the only specimen known when GOSLINE & BROCK (1960) synonymized the species with

Callionymus decoratus (Gilbert, 1905) without having seen the holotype. Fricke (1983) resurrected the species,

based on a second female from the Hawaiian Islands. Fricke & Brownell (1993) recorded the species from the Izu

Islands, Japan and New Caledonia, proving that the species is widespread in the West and Central Pacific.

Callionymus enneactis Bleeker, 1879

Callionymus enneactis Bleeker, 1879 : 95-97 (Singapura = Singapore).

Callionymus (Callionymus) enneactis - FRICKE, 1983 : 122-137, figs 33-34 (Singapore, Gulf of Thailand, Hong Kong,

Taiwan, Japan, Western Indonesia, Philippines, Palau Islands, Yap Islands, Eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,

Bismarck Archipelago, Trobriand Islands, Western Australia, Northern Australia, Eastern Australia, Solomon Islands,

New Caledonia; tide pools to 15 m depth).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Loyalty Islands. P. Fourmanoir coll., 1980 : 1 <5 21.2 mm SL (MNHN 1980-146).

Distribution. — This species was recorded by Fricke (1983) from the Loyalty Islands. Otherwise, it is

distributed between Japan, Singapore, Western Australia, Yap Islands and the Solomon Islands, from the intertidal

zone to 15 m depth.

Callionymus gardineri rivatoni new subspecies

Fig. 1

? Callionymus japonicus (non Houttuyn, 1782) - FOURMANOIR & RjvaTON, 1979 : 417-418 (S New Caledonia, 22°20S,

167°10'30"E, 180 m depth).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —New Caledonia. Lagon : st. DW 375, 22°3r48"S. 167°07'30"E, 80 km SE Noumea,

67-71 m depth, 21 Jan. 1985 : 1 9 33.5 mm SL (SMNS 12272). — St. CP 1116, 19°37T8"S, 163°52’24"E, NE ile Pott,

37-38 m depth, 26 Oct. 1989 : 1 6 35.0 mm SL (SMNS 12271).

Baie de Saint Vincent, 22°05’S, 166°10’E, 15 m depth. M. Kulbicki coll., 22 Aug. 1989 : 6 54.8 mm SL (MNHN

1993-120).

Smib 5 : st. DW 81, 22°38T2 M S, 167°34'48 ,, E, ile des Pins, 105-110 m depth, 9 Sep. 1989 : 1 9 37.4 mm SL (MNHN

1993-119).

366

RONALD FRICKE

TYPES. — Holotype : 6 54.8 mm (MNHN 1993-120, New Caledonia, baie de Saint Vincent). Paralypes : all

the other specimens.

Etymology. — This new subspecies is named in honor of Jacques Rivaton (ORSTOM, Noumea, New

Caledonia), who sent these and other specimens of callionymid and tripterygiid fishes for examination.

DIAGNOSIS. — A subspecies of Callionymus gardineri Regan, 1908 of the C. japonicus species-group of the

subgenus Calliurichthys with a preopercular spine formula of 1 4^ 1, the first dorsal fin in males with a large

distal black spot on the second membrane, the anal fin with a narrow distal black margin in females, the distal half

of the anal fin black in males, preorbital length 2.8-4.0 in head, and body depth 9.1-11.9 in SL.

DESCRIPTION. — Di IV (IV); D2 viii.l (viii.l); A vii.l (vii,l); Pi ii,15,i (ii-iii,15-17,i) (total 18-20);

P2 1,5 (1,5); C (i),i,7,ii,(i) ((i),i,7,ii,(i)).

Body elongate and depressed. Head depressed, 3.9 (3.3-3.9) in SL. Eye 2.4 (2.5-2.6) in head. Preorbital length

3.0 (2.8-4.0) in head. Interorbital distance 59 (40-41) in head. Maxillary length 3.3 (3.0-3.2) in head. Preopercular

spine length 3.3 (3.2-3.6) in head. Preopercular spine with a strong main tip, a strong antrorse spine at its base, a

smooth ventral margin, and 4-6 small antrorse serrae along its dorsal margin; preopercular spine formula

1 £ 1 (1 4z6 1). Body depth 11.0 (9.1-11.9) in SL. Body width 5.6 (4.8-5.8) in SL. Urogenital papilla in the male

16 (12) in head, in the female not visible. Caudal peduncle length 6.2 (6.4-7.2) in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 25.3

(22.6-25.8) in SL. Maximum observed SL 54.8 mm (male), 37.4 mm (female).

Fig- 1- — Callionymus gardineri rivatoni subsp. nov.

A-B : holotype, <$ 54.8 mm SL (MNHN 1993-120) : A, lateral view; B, left preopercular spine. — C : paratype,

9 37.4 mm SL (MNHN 1993-119), lateral view.

Source: MNHN , Paris

CALLIONYMIDAE OF NEW CALEDONIA

367

First dorsal fin about as high as first ray of second dorsal fin in the male, first spine filamentous, 3.6 (3.9) in

SL, 2nd to 4th spines not filamentous, 2nd spine 5.8 (6.0) in SL, 3rd spine 5.8 (7.8) in SL, 4th spine 10.0

(13.9) in SL; in the female similar, but the first spine not filamentous, 1st spine 4.9-5.1 in SL, 2nd spine 5.6-

6.0 in SL, 3rd spine 5.8-6.4 in SL, 4th spine 8.8-9.4 in SL. Predorsal(l) length 3.2 (3.0-3.2) in SL. Second

dorsal fin rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. First ray of second dorsal fin in the male 5.4 (5.2) in SL,

last ray 4.9 (5.7) in SL; 1st ray in the female 5.1-5.2 in SL, last ray 5.4 in SL. Predorsal(2) length 2.0 (2.0-2.1)

in SL. Anal fin beginning below 1st membrane of second dorsal fin. Anal fin rays unbranched, the last divided at

its base. First anal fin ray in the male 10.3 (10.4-10.6) in SL, last ray 5.8 (6.8-7.4) in SL; 1st ray in the female

10.8 in SL, last ray 6.0 in SL. Preanal fin length 2.0 (1.8-2.0) in SL. Pectoral fin reaching to 2nd anal fin

membrane when laid back. Pectoral fin length 4.7 (4.6-4.9) in SL. Prepectoral fin length 2.6 (2.5-2.6) in SL.

Pelvic fin reaching to 2nd anal fin ray when laid back. Pelvic fin spine 12.8 (11.8-13.0) in SL; pelvic fin length

3.0 (2.9-3.5) in SL. Prepelvic fin length 4.5 (3.9-4.2) in SL. Caudal fin distally elongate in both sexes, without

filaments, but 4 median branches elongate; caudal fin length in the male 1.6 (1.5) in SL, in the female 1.5-2.2 in

SL.

Color in alcohol : Head and body light brown above, whitish below. Eye dark blue, with dorsal dark gray

blotches. Throat in the male with a vague brown spot, but without surrounding lines; in the female plain white.

Suborbital area with a group of dark brown blotches. Back and upper sides of body speckled with white and dark

brown. Sides of body with a row of dark brown blotches below the lateral line. First dorsal fin in the male dark

gray, with irregular white spots and a black blotch distally on 2nd membrane; in the female whitish, with oblique

dark brown lines and a black blotch distally on third spine. Second dorsal fin translucent, each membrane with

1-4 horizontal brown streaks. Distal half of anal fin in the male black; anal fin in the female with a narrow distal

black margin. Caudal fin spotted with dark brown. Pectoral fin with vertical lines of small dark brown spots.

Lower margin of caudal fin black; fin rays spotted with dark brown, upper one-fourth of the fin with horizontal

dark lines.

Sexual dimorphism : Males have a slightly longer caudal fin than females, a much longer and filamentous first

spine of the first dorsal fin, a longer urogenital papilla (not visible in females), and a different color pattern of the

first dorsal fin, the anal fin and the throat.

Distribution. — This new subspecies is hitherto known only from around New Caledonia; it was trawled at

depths of 15-110 m.

RELATIONSHIPS. — Callionymus gardineri rivatoni is closely related to the nominal subspecies, Callionymus

gardineri gardineri Regan, 1908 [Regan. 1908 : 248, pi. 30, fig. 5 (Cargados Carajos, 36-55 m); Fricke, 1983 :

366-371, fig. 111 (Western Indian Ocean, 30-174 m)| from the Western Indian Ocean, in the general head and body

shape, number of fin rays, and general colouration. It differs from that subspecies in a shorter preopercular spine

(C. g. gardineri ; dorsally with 6-12 antrorse serrae), the color pattern of the first dorsal fin (C. g. gardineri males :

with a small black blotch each on distal 3rd and 4th spines; females : with a large black blotch distally on 3rd

membrane), the anal fin (C. g. gardineri males : with a narrow distal margin; females : piain whitish), a shorter

preorbital length (C. g. gardineri : 2.3-3.4 in head), and a smaller body depth (C. g. gardineri : 7.3-10.6 in SL).

The maximum body size of the New Caledonian subspecies is much smaller (C. g. gardineri : 144.7 mm in the

male, 113.0 mm in the female).

From other species of the Callionymus japonicus species-group, the new subspecies is distinguished by the

specific characters of C. gardineri , especially the structure of the caudal fin (4 median branches elongate, caudal fin

relatively long in males, shorter in females), the shape of the first dorsal fin (only first spine filamentous), and the

throat with a dark blotch in males (but without lines surrounding this blotch).

Remarks. — As few characters distinguish the New Caledonian specimens from Western Indian Ocean

Callionymus gardineri populations, the New Caledonian fishes are considered as a subspecies of that species. The

nominal subspecies, C. gardineri gardineri , is distributed from the Red Sea to South Africa, the Seychelles and the

Maldives. So far, no specimens of the species have been found in the area between the Maldives and New

Caledonia. The depth of collection is similar in the two subspecies, though slightly more shallow for the

368

RONALD FRJCKE

New Caledonian specimens (C. g. rivatoni : 15-110 m; C. g. gardineri : 30-174 m). However, the depth record of

the New Caledonian populations may be incomplete, and the subspecies might occur deeper.

Callionymus keeleyi Fowler, 1941

Callionymus keeleyi Fowler, 1941 : 14-16, fig. 9 (Cebu, Philippines).

Callionymus (Callionymus) keeleyi - FRICKE, 1983 : 174-177, fig. 51 (Philippines; Indonesia, Kai Islands; Papua New

Guinea; 16-59 in depth, sand bottoms).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Laoon : st. DW 750, 21°20'S, 165°47*36"E, 5 km E Houallou, 28 m

depth, 7 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11624). — St. DW 751, 21°18 , 30"S, 165°46T2"E, 5 km E Houallou, 30 m

depth, 7 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11623). — St. DW 752, 21°16 , S, 165°47T8 M E, 10 km E Houallou, 46 m depth,

7 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11620). — St. DW 753, , 21°14 , 54 ,, S, 165°48'24"E, 5 km E Houallou, 53 m depth,

7 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11621). — St. DW 815, 21°54'06"S, 165°26'54"E, 28-32 m, 10 Jan. 1987 :

1 specimen (SMNS 11905). — St. DW 847, 20°37’36"S, 165°13'24"E, 28 m depth, 11 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS

11626). — St. DW 860, 20°41'42”S, 165°0L42 M E, 22-27 m depth, 13 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11627). —

St. DW 873, 20°38 , 30"S, 164°26’E, 24-27 m depth, 13 Jan. 1987 : 3 specimens (SMNS 11622). — St. DW 876,

20°35'S, 164°50’E, 30-70 m depth, 13 Jan. 1987 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11904). — St. CP 1067, 19°55’48”S, 163°53'E,

10 km SE ile Art, 27-28 m depth, 24 Oct. 1989 : 2 specimens (SMNS 11902). — St. CP 1068, 19°57T8"S, 163°52’48 ,, E,

islands north of Grande Terre, ile Art, 25-26 m depth, 24 Oct. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11616). — St. CP 1069,

19°59'06"S, 163°52’30”E, reef 15 km WNW ile Yande, 24-30 m depth, 24 Oct. 1989 : 2 specimens (SMNS 11618).

Baie de Saint Vincent, M. Kulbicki coll. : 21°58'S, 166 o 01'E, 10 m depth, 2 Mar. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11625).

— 22°05'30"S, 166°05'E, 17 m depth, 30 Mar. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 12529). — 22°04’S, 166°04’E, 28 June 1989 :

3 specimens (SMNS 11619). — 21°58*30 M S, 166°0LE, 15 m depth, 22 Sep. 1989 : 2 specimens (MNHN 1993-121);

3 specimens (SMNS 9887). — 21°57’24 , 'S, 165°59’54"E, 2 m depth, 22 Mar. 1990 : 2 specimens (MNHN 1993-122);

2 specimens (SMNS 11903).

DISTRIBUTION. — This is a new record of the species from New Caledonia. The species was found here at

depths of 2-70 m. Otherwise, the species is known from the Philippines, eastern Indonesia and Papua New

Guinea.

Callionymus morelonensis Johnson, 1971

Callionymus kaianus morelonensis Johnson, 1971 : 108-113, figs 1-2 (South Queensland).

Callionymus morelonensis - FRICKE, 1981a : 359-360, fig. 7 (Queensland, northwestern Australia, New Ireland, New

Caledonia; 150 m depth); 1983 : 223-226, fig. 65 (Queensland, Western Australia; 84-150 m depth).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Canal de la Havannah, 22°22'S, 167°0rE, 150 m depth, P. Fourmanoir

coll., Nov. 1979 : 1 specimen (SMNS 12047).

Distribution. — This species was found only once in New Caledonian waters. Otherwise, it is distributed

around the northern half of Australia, at depths of 84-150 m.

Callionymus pleurostictus Fricke, 1982

Callionymus (Calliurichthys) pleurostictus Fricke, 1982 : 138-141, figs 7-8 (Bay of Nhatrang, Vietnam; Gulf of

Thailand); 1983 : 428-433, figs 126-127 (Ambon, Indonesia; Northern Australia; 1-22 m depth); 1989 : 53 (near

Rabaul, New Britain; Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands; 0-35 m depth).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Baie de la Dumbea, fringing reef on NW arm just E of beach,

22°12T5"S, 166°2r30”E, 2-6 m depth, R. Winterbottom el al. coll., 2 Sep. 1991 : 6 6 20.1-29.3 mm SL; 7 9 14.2-

20.0 mm SL (ROM 65536). — Passe de Dumbea, a little west of R6cif Laregnere, 22°19'50"S 166 o 16*50”E, 20-23 m

Source: MNHN, Paris

CA1LIONYMIDAK OF NEW CALEDONIA

369

depth, R. WiNTERBOTTOM el al. coll., 5 Sep. 1991 : 1 6 23.6 mm SL, 2 2 18.3-21.2 mm SL (ROM 65535). — 300 m

N of Seche Croissant, 22°19'30", 166°2r00"E, 7-11 m depth, R. WiNTERBOTTOM el al. coll., 9 Sep. 1991 : 1 9

17.1 mm SL (ROM 65537). — Baie de St. Vincent, 21°59'12"S, 165 0 58'18’’E, M. Kulbicki coll., 23 Mar. 1990 :

1 specimen (SMNS 12528).

Distribution. — This is the first record of the species from New Caledonia; it was collected at depths of 2-

23 m. Callionymus pleurostictus is apparently widespread in the eastern Indo-Australian Archipelago and the

islands of the central Southwest Pacific. It was found at depths of 0-35 m.

Callionymus tethys new species

Fig. 2

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : st. DW 7, 22°24'00"S, 166°19'42"E, 20 km S Noumea. 13-

14 m depth. 21 May 1984 : 1 $, 25.4 mm SL (MNHN 1993-124). — St. DW 42, 22°18'30"S, 166° 13'48"E, 20 km SW

Noumea, 10 m depth, 25 May 1984 : 1 2 43.2 mm SL (SMNS 12268). — St. DW 83, 22°31'30"S, 166°29'42"E, 40 km

SSE Noumea, 22 m depth, 21 Aug. 1984 : 1 2 43.0 mm SL (MNHN 1993-126). — St. DW 158, 22°36'06"S,

166°34'24"E, 35 km SSE Noumea, 22 m depth, 24 Aug. 1984 : 1 <3 42.8 mm SL (MNHN 1993-125). — St. DW 230,

22°37'54"S, 166°4r06"E, 38 km SSE Noumea, 35 m depth, 22 Oct. 1984 : <3 86.1 mm SL (MNHN 1993-136). —

St. DW 258, 22°20'42"S, 166° 20'48"E, 30 km S Noumea, 10 m depth, 7 Nov. 1984 : 1 9 29.7 mm SL (MNHN 1993-

127). — St. DW 446, Grand Passage NW of New Caledonia, 18°19'00"S, 163 o 04'00"E, 36 m depth, 28 Feb. 1985 : 1 9

15.9 mm SL (MNHN 1993-000). — St. DW 447, Grand Passage NW of New Caledonia, 18°20T8"S, 163°05’30"E, 35-

36 m depth, 28 Feb. 1985 : 1 2 25.2 mm SL (MNHN 1993-128). — St. DW 469, Grand Passage NW of New Caledonia,

18°28'30 , 'S, 163°10'24"E, 38-39 m depth, 1 Mar. 1987 : 1 2 22.4 mm SL (MNHN 1993-129). — St. DW 541, Grand

Passage NW of New Caledonia, 19°06'24"S, 163°13T8"E, 42-43 m depth, 6 Mar. 1985 : 1 2 21.4 mm SL (MNHN 1993-

130 ). — St. DW 570, 22°50T2"S, 167°01’00"E, 20 km W lie des Pins, 52-53 m depth, 17 July 1985 : 1 2 30.2 mm SL

(MNHN 1993-131). — St. DW 788, Cap Baye, 21°01’36"S, 165°34’42"E, 32-33 m depth. 9 Jan. 1987 : 1 9 36.0 mm SL

(SMNS 12266). — St. DW 865, 20°38T2"S, 165°44T2"E, 23-24 m depth, 13 Jan. 1987 : 2 6 44.2-60.2 mm SL (SMNS

12267). — St. DW 892, NW of New Caledonia, 20°18'18"S, 164°32'06"E, 22-26 m depth, 14 Jan. 1987 : 1 <3 51.8 mm

SL (MNHN 1993-132). — St. DW 902, 20°13’24"S, 164°19'35"E, 30-32 m depth, 14 Jan. 1987 : 1 <3 49.2 mm SL

(MNHN 1993-133). — St. DW 1126, Grand Passage, NW of New Caledonia, 19°33'00"S, 163°46’00"E, 40-41 m depth,

27 Oct. 1989 : 1 2 22.2 mm SL (MNHN 1993-134). — St. DW 1169, Grand Passage, NW of New Caledonia, 19°18'30"S,

163°10'42"E, 47 m depth, 30 Oct. 1989 : 1 2 36.0 mm SL (MNHN 1993-135). — St. DW 1182, Grand Passage, NW of

New Caledonia, 19°27T8"S, 163°16T8"E, 48 m depth, 31 Oct. 1989 : 4 <3 16.3-28.0 mm SL (SMNS 12269).

TYPES. — Holotype : male 86.1 mm (MNHN 1993-136, Lagon. si. 230). Paratypes : all the other specimens.

E tymology. — The species is named after Tethys. the goddess of the sea and the mother of all creatures in the

world ocean, in the ancient Greek mythology (since about 1300 BC).

Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the Callionymus japonicus group of the subgenus Callionymus with

18-20 pectoral fin rays, the ventral margin of the preopcrcular spine concave, the spine dorsally with 5-9 small

antrorse serrae. the median two branches of the male's caudal fin extremely elongate and tilamentous, the males

first dorsal fin high, with three filaments, the first spine shorter than the second and third, the male's throat with

an elongate heart-shaped black blotch surrounded by wavy ocellate lines, and the distal half of the anal fin black,

leaving the tips of the fin rays white.

DESCRIPTION. — Dl IV (IV); D2viii,l (viii.l); A vii.l (vii.l); Pi ii,14-15,ii (i-ii, 15-17,i-ii) (total 18-20);

P2 1.5 (1,5); C (ii),i,7,ii,(ii) [(i-ii),i,7,ii,(i-ii)].

Body elongate and slightly depressed. Head slightly depressed, 4.6 (3.6-4.4) in SL. Eye 2.9 (2.3-2.9) in head.

Preorbital length in the male 2.6 (2.8-2.9) in head, in the female 3.2-4.4 in head. Intcrorbital distance 40 (34-49)

in head. Maxillary length 3.3 (2.6-2.9) in head. Preopcrcular spine length 3.3 (2.2-3.4) in head. Preopercular spine

with a convex ventral margin, a straight main tip, a strong antrorse spine at the base, and 5-9 small antrorse serrae

along the dorsal margin; preopercular spine formula 1 £ 1 (1 1)- Body depth 9.9 (8.4-11.2) in SL. Body width

in the male 6.1 (5.8-6.5) in SL, in the female 4.9-5.3 in SL. Urogenital papilla elongate in the male. 14.3 (8.9-

370

RONALD FRICKE

17.3) in head; not visible in the female. Caudal peduncle length 6.0 (5.7-8.1) in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 22.6

(17.6-23.9) in SL. Maximum observed SL 86 mm (male), 43 mm (female).

First dorsal fin high in the male, first to third spines filamentous, first spine 3.1 (2.0-3.1), 2nd spine 2.4 (2.2-

3.8), 3rd spine 2.5 (2.3-4.4), 4th spine 6.9 (5.7-6.6); lower in the female, without filaments, 1st spine 4.5-5.4,

2nd spine 4.9-5.8, 3rd spine 5.4-6.6, 4th spine 6.6-8.5 in SL. Predorsal(l) length 4.0 (3.1-4.3) in SL. Second

dorsal fin distally straight. Second dorsal fin rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. First ray of second dorsal

fin in the male 5.4 (5.0-5.4), last ray 4.8 (4.8-5.1); in the female, 1st ray 4.5-5.9, last ray 5.2-5.9 in SL.

Predorsal(2) length 2.2 (1.9-2.1) in SL. Anal fin beginning on a vertical through first membrane of second dorsal

fin. Anal fin rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. First anal fin ray in the male 11.7 (9.8-11.3), last ray

5.1 (4.8-4.9); 1st ray in the female 8.7-11.4, last ray 5.9-6.6. Preanal fin length 2.2 (1.8-2.1) in SL. Pectoral fin

reaching to 2nd anal fin membrane when laid back. Pectoral fin length 4.2 (4.0-4.6). Prepectoral fin length 3.2

(2.5-3.0) in SL. Pelvic fin reaching to 1st or 2nd anal fin membrane when laid back. Pelvic fin spine 17.1 (10.5-

14.1); pelvic fin length 3.1 (2.6-3.0). Prepelvic fin length 4.9 (3.6-5.0) in SL. Caudal fin elongate in the male,

often longer than the rest of the body; one branch of each of the median two rays extremely elongate, filamentous;

caudal fin length in the male 1.0 (0.8-1.9) in SL. Caudal fin in the female much shorter, only slightly elongate;

its length 2.4-3.6 in SL.

Fig. 2. — Callionymus tethys sp. nov.

: holotype, 6 86.1 mm SL (MNHN 1993-136) : A, lateral view; B, left preopercular spine. — C

9 36.0 mm SL (MNHN 1993-135), lateral view.

paratype,

Color in alcoho1 '■ Head and body dorsally rose pink, vcntrally yellowish white. Cheeks in the male with

ocelli. Eye gray. Thorax in the male with an elongate, heart-shaped black blotch surrounded by ocellate lines

which extend to the membrane between the pelvic and pectoral fins. Sides of body with a row of dark brown spots

below the lateral line. Back covered with small white blotches.

First dorsal fin in the male whitish, with numerous thin oblique dark gray streaks; the distal anterior portion of

the second membrane with a small ocellate black blotch. First dorsal fin in the female dusky, with narrow

horizontal white lines and an ocellus distally on third membrane. Second dorsal fin translucent, each membrane

with three short horizontal dark streaks. Anal fin with a black band in the distal half; tips of fin rays white. Pelvic

fin with two bands of dark spots. Caudal fin in the male with about 14. in the female with about 6 vertical bands

of dark spots. Upper membranes in the male with short dark streaks. Lower margin black in both sexes.

Source: MNHN, Paris

CAIJ JONYMIDAE OF NEW CALEDONIA

371

Sexual dimorphism : Males have a higher first dorsal fin than females with the first to third spine filamentous,

longer last rays of the second dorsal and anal fins, a much longer caudal fin with median filaments, a longer

preorbital region, a longer urogenital papilla (females : not visible), and a different colouration of the first dorsal

fin and the head (see Fig. 2).

Distribution. — This new species is known only from around New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. It was

found at depths of 10-53 m.

Relationships. — This species is a member of the Callionymus japonicus species-group, characterized by a

prcopercular spine with a straight main tip, a strong antrorse spine at the base, and a high number of small dorsal

serrae, 9 second dorsal rays, 8 anal rays and an elongate caudal fin in males. In the structure of the male's caudal fin

(two median branches extremely elongate) and the preopercular spine, the new species is closely related to

Callionymus neptunius (Seale, 1910) and C. superbus Fricke, 1983.

Callionymus tethys is distinguished from C. neptunius Seale (1910 : 539-540. Balayan Bay, Philippines;

Fricke, 1983 : 411-416, fig. 121, Sri Lanka, Philippines, New Britain, Solomon Islands, 5-37 m depth) in the

shape of the first dorsal fin (C. neptunius : second spine of first dorsal fin much longer than third spine), the color

pattern of the first dorsal fin (C. neptunius : vertical stripes and spots instead of horizontal stripes), the colouration

of the head (C. neptunius with a vertical suborbital dark streak), the median caudal fin rays (C. neptunius : not

filamentous), and the preopercular spine shape (C. neptunius : ventral margin concave). The new species differs

from C. superbus Fricke (1983 : 442-448, fig. 131, Indonesia) in the proportions of first dorsal fin spines

(C. superbus males : first spine longer than second spine), the colouration of the male's first dorsal fin

(C. superbus: dusky, with vertical white streaks), the anal fin colouration (C. superbus : distal three-fourths of the

fin black, tips of fin rays also black), and the shape of the preopercular spine (C. superbus : ventral margin

straight or slightly concave).

Genus DIPI.OGRAMMUS Gill, 1865

Diplogrammus goramensis (Bleeker. 1858)

Callionymus goramensis Bleeker, 1858 : 214 (Goram Archipelago).

Diplogrammus (Diplogrammus) goramensis - FRICKE, 1983 : 493-504, fig. 148 (Vietnam, China, Philippines. Eastern

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia/Queensland, Palau Islands, Caroline Islands, Kapingainarangi Atoll, Mariana

Islands, Marshall Islands, Fiji Islands, American Samoa, Cook's Islands; 5-34 m depih).

Distribution. — From Vietnam, China and the Philippines to Australia in the south, Marshall Islands in the

east, and Cook's Islands in the southeast; the species was collected in lagoons and sand patches around coral reefs

at depths of 5-34 m.

Remarks. — This species has not yet been recorded from New Caledonia, but might occur there as it is

known from Queensland, Papua New Guinea, and Fiji.

Genus SYNCHIROPUS Gill. 1859

Synchiropus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)

Synchiropus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel. 1845 : 155-156, pi. 79, fig. 1 (Ohomura near Nagasaki, Japan).

Synchiropus (Synchiropus) altivelis - Fricke, 1981b (pari) : 55-60, figs 15-16 (Japan. South China Sea. Java/Indonesia,

Philippines); 1983 : 576-583, figs 173-174 (Japan, Taiwan, Philippines).

372

RONALD FR1CKE

MATERIAL EXAMINED.— New Caledonia. Smib 5 : st. DW 70, seamount "Aztfeque", 23°40 , 36"S, 168 o 01'06"E,

270 m depth, 7 Sep. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11613).

AZTfcQUE : st. 7, seamount "Stylaster", 23°37 , 30"S, 167°42 , 06"E, 460 m depth, 14 Feb. 1990 : 1 specimen (SMNS

11612,).

DISTRIBUTION. — This is the first record of the species from the New Caledonian area. It was collected there at

a depth of 270-460 m. Otherwise, S. altivelis is distributed from Japan east to the Emperor seamounts, southwest

to Indonesia and the Philippines, at depths of 71-593 m.

Remarks. — Synchiropus sp. from the Hawaiian Islands and Hancock Seamount (named S. altivelis in part

by FRICKE, 1981b, 1983) is a new species, different from S. altivelis in several fin proportions and color

markings. It will be described in the near future.

Synchiropus novaecaledoniae new species

Fig. 3

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Smib 3 : st. DW 14, 23°40.rS, 167°59.7’E, 246 m depth, 22 May

1987 : <5 68.9 mm SL (MNHN 1993-140); 1 9 45.2 mm SL (MNHN 1993-138).

Smib 5 : st. DW 73, 23°41.4'S, 168°00.6’E, 230-240 m depth, 7 Sep. 1989 : 19 27.8 mm SL (MNHN 1993-139). —

St. DW 76, 23°41.2'S, 168°00.5’E, 240-280 m depth, 7 Sep. 1989 : 2 9 33.7 - ca. 35 mm SL (second specimen head

only) (SMNS 12540). — St. DW 101, 23°21.2'S, 168°04.9'E, 225-270 m depth, 14 Sep. 1989 : 1 9 33.1 mm SL (SMNS

12539).

TYPES. — Holotype : male 68.9 mm (MHNH 1993-140, Smib 3, st. DW 14). Paratypes : all the other

specimens.

ETYMOLOGY. — The name novaecaledoniae refers to the type locality of the new species. New Caledonia.

Diagnosis. — A Synchiropus of the S . altivelis group of the subgenus Synchiropus with three spines of the

first dorsal fin filamentous in males, dark bands on the male's first dorsal fin, the female with an elongate ocellate

black blotch on the third membrane, the male's second dorsal fin with vertical white stripes, the back with dark

saddles, the caudal fin without filaments in both sexes, and the caudal fin base with a double dark blotch.

Description. — Di IV (IV); D2 8 (8); A vi,l (vi,l); Pi i,18-19,i (i,18-20,i) (totally 20-22); P 2 1,5;

C (ii),i,7,ii,(ii).

Body elongate and slightly depressed. Head slightly depressed, 3.6 (3.1-3.4) in SL. Eye 2.8 (2.1-2.5) in head.

Preorbital length 3.4 (3.6-4.5) in head. Interorbital distance 21 (26-40) in head. Maxillary length 3.1 (3.2-3.4) in

head. Preopercular spine with a straight main tip and a large recurved point on its dorsal margin; its length 3.7

(3.0-4.1) in head. Preopercular spine formula -11 (- i 1). Body depth 6.3 (5.4-5.8) in SL. Body width 6.0 (4.9-

5.6) in SL. Urogenital papilla elongate in the male, conical, 16 in head; in the female very small, 83-108 in head,

or not visible. Caudal peduncle length 4.5 (4.5-4.7) in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 19.0 (19.1-21.9) in SL.

First dorsal fin relatively high in the male holotype, first two spines higher than the first ray of the second

dorsal fin, first to third spines filamentous; first spine in the male holotype 3.0 in SL, 2nd spine 3.0 in SL, 3rd

spine 3.6 in SL, 4th spine 5.4 in SL; in the female similar, but only first spine with a short filament; 1st spine

3.4-4.7 in SL, 2nd spine 3.8-5.0 in SL, 3rd spine 5.6-5.9 in SL, 4th spine 8.2. Predorsal(l) length 3.2 (2.8-3.1).

Second dorsal fin rays branched, the last divided at its base. Second dorsal fin high in the male holotype, distally

concave, first ray 3.5, last ray 3.8 ; in the female lower, distally straight, 1st ray 4.9-5.9 in SL, last ray 6.0-7.4 in

SL. Predorsal(2) length 2.2 (2.0). Anal fin beginning on a vertical through 2nd to 3rd ray of second dorsal fin.

Anal fin rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. First anal fin ray in the male holotype 8.6 , last ray 5.7 ; 1st

ray in the female 9.8-13.4 in SL, last ray 6.1-7.6 in SL. Preanal fin length 2.0 (1.7-2.0). Pectoral fin reaching in

the male to 4th anal fin membrane when laid back, in the female to second membrane. Pectoral fin length in the

nude holotype 3.7, in the females 4.6-5.1 in SL. Prepectoral fin length 2.7 (2.3-2.6). Pelvic fin reaching to anal

Source: MNHN, Paris

CALLIONYMIDAE OF NEW CALEDONIA

373

fin membrane when laid back. Pelvic fin spine 10.0 (9.1-11.2) in SL; pelvic fin length 2.8 (2.8-3.3) in SL.

Prepelvic fin length 3.6 (3.4-3.S) in SL. Caudal fin elongate and pointed in the male, distally convex in the

female; its length in the male holotype 1.8 in SL, in the females 3.1-3.5 in SL.

Fig. 3. — Synchiropus novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

A-B : holotype, 6 68.9 mm SL (MNHN 1993-140) : A, lateral view; B, left preopercular spine. — C, paratype.

9 45.2 mm SL (MNHN 1993-138), lateral view.

Color in alcohol : Head and body pale; eye dark gray, back with dark brown saddles. Suborbital region in the

male holotype with a dusky blotch. First dorsal fin in the male whitish, with 4 curved horizontal dark bands on

the rays and membranes, surrounding a round dark blotch in the lower half of the third membrane. First dorsal fin

in the female whitish, the first membrane with dark brown blotches, the second and third membranes mostly dark

brown, the third membrane also with an ocellate vertical black blotch. Second dorsal fin translucent, the first ray

distally with two small dark blotches, the basal three-fourths with vertical white streaks. Anal, pectoral and pelvic

fins colorless in both sexes.

Caudal fin pale whitish, basally with a double dark blotch, in the male distally dusky.

Sexual dimorphism : Males have a slightly higher first dorsal fin than females, with the first to third spines

filamentous (females : only first spine with a short filament), longer pectoral and caudal fins, a longer urogenital

papilla, and a different colouration of the first and second dorsal fins.

DISTRIBUTION. — This new species is known only from New Caledonian waters; it was found at depths ol 225-

280 m on the submarine ridge southeast of the lie des Pins.

374

RONALD FRICKE

Relationships. — This new species is a member of the Synchiropus altivelis species-group of the genus

Synchiropus , characterized by a combination of 8 branched rays in the second dorsal fin and 7 unbranched rays in

the anal fin, the preopercular spine shape with a straight main tip and a recurved dorsal point at the dorsal margin.

Within this species group, it is distinguished from the other species, S. altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845),

S. sp. from the Hawaiian Islands (named S. altivelis by Fricke, 1981b, 1983), and S. delandi Fowler, 1943 by

the shape of the first dorsal fin (higher than 1st ray of second dorsal fin in both sexes; 3 filaments in the male,

1 filament in the female), the color pattern of the first dorsal fin (other species : no streaks in males; black blotch

not ocellate in females), the second dorsal fin (no vertical white streaks in males of other species) and the caudal

fin (no large basal dark blotches in other species). In the new species, the point on the dorsal side of the

preopercular spine is not as much recurved as in S. altivelis and S. sp.; the main tip is not as upcurved as that of

S. delandi. The caudal fin of S. delandi males differs in its asymmetrical shape. The new species differs from

S. delandi males and from S. sp. females also in the pale anal fin lacking a dark streak.

Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770)

Callionymus ocellatus Pallas, 1770 : 25-28, pi. 4, figs 1-3 (Amboina).

Synchiropus {Synchiropus) ocellatus - FRICKE, 1981b : 90-97, figs 28-29 (Okinawa, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines,

Palau, Yap, New Guinea, Australia/Queensland, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga); 1983 : 635-642, fig. 197 (Japan/Izu

Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Philippines, Caroline Islands/Ponape, Indonesia, New Guinea, New Britain, Queensland,

Fiji, Marquesas Islands, Pitcairn).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —New Caledonia. Grande Terre : R. Catala coll., 30 Dec. 1963 : 1 6 68.2 mm SL (AMS

IB7082).

Distribution. — This species was once recorded from New Caledonia, without a precise locality. It is

otherwise widespread in the western and central Pacific, between Vietnam, Indonesia, Japan, Queensland,

Marquesas Islands and Pitcairn; the species is found from the intertidal zone to at least 30 m depth.

Synchiropus rarneus (McCulloch, 1926)

Callionymus, Calliurichthys, rarneus McCulloch, 1926 : 201-203, pi. 53 (Cape Capricorn, Queensland, Australia).

Synchiropus (Orbonymus) rarneus- Fricke, 1981b : 144-148, fig. 45 (Western Australia, northern Australia); 1983 :

684-687, fig. 212 (New Caledonia, Western Australia, Gulf of Carpentaria/Queensland; 23-75 m).

Material EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. Lagon : st. DW 175, baie de Saint Vincent, 22°06T2"S, 166°05'48”E,

17 m depth, 18 Sep. 1984 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11908). — St. DW 310, recif du Sud, 22°45'S, 166°45'48"E, 46 m depth,

27 Nov. 1984 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11614). — St. CP 1068, Tie Art, 19°57’18"S, 163°52 , 48"E, 25-26 m depth, 24 Oct.

1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11615). — St. CP 1069, reef 15 km WNW Tie Yande, 19°59'06 M S, 163°52’30"E, 24-30 m

depth, 24 Oct. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11617). — St. DW 1073, 35 km ESE Tie Art, 19°50’48", 164°00"E, 28 m depth,

24 Oct. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11906). — St. DW 1192, 5 km W Tie Pott, 19°35T8"S, 163°24’36"E, 48 m depth,

1 Nov. 1989 : 1 specimen (SMNS 11907).

Grande Terre, M.L. BaUCHOT & L.A. MAUGfi coll., 1980 : 1 9 64.0 mm SL (MNHN 1980-947).

Baie de Saint Vincent : 22°05'05”S, 166°05'E, 15 m depth, M. Kulbicki coll., 20 Nov. 1989 : 2 specimens (MNHN

1993-141) and (SMNS 9888).

DISTRIBUTION. — Synchiropus rarneus is common around New Caledonia. It was found at depths of 15-48 m.

Otherwise, the species is found around the northern half of Australia at depths of 23-75 m.

Synchiropus splendid us (Herre, 1927)

Gallionymus splendidus Herre, 1927 : 416-417, pi. 2 (Bungau, Philippines, 4 m).

Synchiropus (Synchiropus) splendidus - Fricke, 1981b : 127-132, fig. 40 (Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands,

Palau Islands, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia); 1983 : 668-672, fig. 207 (Philippines, Papua New Guinea).

Source: MNHN, Paris

CALUONYMIDAE OF NEW CAITDONIA

375

Remarks. — This species has not been recorded from New Caledonia, but I know of a specimen photographed

in Noumea aquarium which was probably collected there. Otherwise, the species occurs between the Ryukyu

Islands, the northern half of Australia and Papua New Guinea; it was collected at depths of 0-18 m.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was enabled by the generous assistance of J. Rivaton & M. KULBICKI (ORSTOM, Noumea), who

sent all callionymid fish materials to the author of the present paper. J.E. Randall (BPBM, Honolulu) and

R. WiNTERBOTTOM (ROM, Toronto) sent their New Caledonian callionymid holdings on loan. M.L. BAUCHOT

(MNHN, Paris) gave permission to examine callionymid fish specimens in her care.

A part of this revisionary study was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (No. FR

775/2-1).

REFERENCES

BLEEKER, P., 1858. — Bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van den Goram-Archipel. Nat. Tijds. Ned.-Ind., 15 :

197-218.

BLEEKER, P., 1879. — Revision des esp&ces insulindiennes de la famille des Callionymoides. Versl. Meded. Konink.

Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, (2) 14 : 79-107.

FOURMANOIR, P. & Rivaton. J., 1979. — Poissons de la pente recifale externe de Nouvelle-Caledonie et des Nouvelles-

Hebrides. Cah. indo-pacif., 1 (4) : 405-443.

Fowler, H.W., 1928. — The fishes of Oceania. Mem. Bishop Mus ., 10 : 1-540, pis 1-49.

Fowler, H.W., 1938. — The fishes of the George Vanderbilt South Pacific Expedition, 1937. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phi lad., 2 : 1-349, pis 1-12.

Fowler, H.W., 1941. — New fishes of the family Callionymidae, mostly Philippine, obtained by the U.S. Bureau of

Fisheries steamer "Albatross". Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 90 (3106) : 1-31.

Fowler, H.W., 1943. — Descriptions and figures of new fishes obtained in Philippine seas and adjacent waters by the

U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer "Albatross". Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 100, 14 (2) : 53-91.

FRICKE, R., 1981a. — The kaianus- group of the genus Callionymus (Pisces: Callionymidae), with descriptions of six new

species. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 42 (14) : 349-377.

FRICKE, R., 1981b. — Revision of the genus Synchiropus (Teleostei: Callionymidae). J. Cramer, Braunschweig, 194 pp.

FRICKE, R., 1982. — New species of the genus Callionymus, with a revision of the variegatus- group of that genus

(Teleostei: Callionymidae). J. Nat. Hist., 16 : 127-146.

FRICKE, R., 1983. — Revision of the Indo-Pacific genera and species of the dragonet family Callionymidae (Teleostei).

J. Cramer, Braunschweig, x + 774 pp.

FRICKE, R., 1989. — New species and new records of Callionymus from the Pacific Ocean (Teleostei: Callionymidae).

Hydrobiologia, 183 : 47-57.

FRICKE, R., 1990. — A new and a rare species of dragonet (Teleostei: Callionymidae) from New Guinea and the Solomon

Islands. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk., (A) 446 : 1-13.

FRICKE, R. & BROWNELL, M. Z., 1993. — Two new dragonets of the genus Callionymus (Callionymidae) and a record of

Callionymus corallinus Gilbert, 1905 from Miyake-jima, Izu Islands, Japan. Jap. J. Ichthyol., 40 (1), 1993 : 1-10.

FRICKE, R. & Zaiser, M.J., 1983. — A new callionymid fish, Synchiropus kiyoae from the Izu Islands, Japan. Japan. J.

Ichthyol., 30 (2) : 122-128.

GILBERT, C.H., 1905. — The deep-sea fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. US. Fish Comm., 23 (2), (1903) : 575-713,

pis 66-109.

376

RONAID FRICKE

Gosune, W.A. & Brock, V.E., 1960. — Handbook of Hawaiian fishes. Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 372 pp.

HERRE, A.W.C.T., 1927. — A new genus and three new species of Philippine fishes. Philipp. J. Sci., 32 (3) : 413-419,

pis 1-3.

JOHNSON, C.R., 1971. — Revision of the callionymid fishes referable to the genus Callionymus from Australian waters.

Mem. Queensland Mus., 16 (1) : 103-140.

Jordan, D.S. & Seale, A., 1906. — The fishes of Samoa. Descriptions of the species found in the archipelago, with a

provisional check-list of the fishes of Oceania. Bull. US. Bur. Fish., 25 (1905) : 175-455, pis 33-53.

McCulloch, A.R., 1926. — Report on some fishes obtained by F.I.S. "Endeavour" on the coasts of Queensland, New

South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and south-western Australia; 5. Biol. Res. F./.S. "Endeavour" 1909-1914 15 (4) ■

157-216, pis 43-56.

Nakabo, T., 1991. — Redescription of a rare callionymid fish, Paracallionymus corallinus, from Hawaii and Japan.

Japan. J. Ichlhyol ., 38 (3) : 249-253.

Pallas, P.S., 1770. — Spicilegia zoologica; 1, fasc. 8. Pisces. Petropolis.

Regan, C.T., 1908. — The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr.

J. Stanley Gardiner. Report on the marine fishes collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean. Trans

Linn. Soc. London, (2), 12 (3) : 217-255, pis 23-32.

Seale, A., 1910. — New species of Philippine fishes. Philipp. J. Sci., (A), 4 (6) : 491-541, pis 1-13.

Temminck. C.J. & SCHLEGEL, H., 1845. — Pisces. Part VII-IX. Pp. 113-172, pis 1-98 + A .In: Siebold, P.F., von : Fauna

Japonica, sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu el auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India

Batava imperium tenent, suscepto annis 1823-1830 collegit, notis, observationibus a adumbrationibus illustravit.

Lugduni Batavorum.

Source: MNHN, Paris

LTATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES CAMP AGNES MUSORSTOM, VOLUME 11 — RESULT ATS DES

Pisces, Pleuronectiformes : Flatfishes from the waters

around New Caledonia. - A revision of the genus

Engyprosopon

Kunio AMAOKA, Eiji MIHARA

Laboratory of Marine Zoology

Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University

Hakodate, Hokkaido 041, Japan

Jacques RIVATON

ORSTOM

B. P. A5 Noumea Cedex

New Caledonia

ABSTRACT

Species of the bothid genus Engyprosopon collected from the waters around New Caledonia are reviewed. Nine species

are described and an identification key provided : E. septempes sp. nov., E. roslratum sp. nov., E. bellonaensis sp. nov.,

E. longipterum sp. nov., E. macrolepis, E. hureaui, E. xystrias, E.grandisquamum and E. maldivensis. Records of

E. macrolepis, E. hureaui , and E. xystrias are new for this region. Sexual dimorphism and relationships are discussed for

each species. Based on comparisons of type specimens, Engyprosopon maculipinnis , E. borneensis and E. macroptera

are shown to be junior synonyms of E. maldivensis.

RESUME

Pisces, Pleuronectiformes : Poissons plats des eaux de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. - Revision du

genre Engyprosopon .

Les neuf especes du genre Engyprosopon, recoltces dans les eaux entourant la Nouvelle-Caledonie, sont ici revisees.

Une cle de determination vient completer la description des especes : E. septempes sp. nov., E. roslratum sp. nov.,

E. bellonaensis sp. nov., E. longipterum sp. nov., E. macrolepis , E. hureaui, E. xystrias , E. grandisquamum et

E. maldivensis. E. macrolepis , E. hureaui et E. xystrias sont signales pour la premiere fois dans la region.

Le dimorphisme sexuel, les caracteres meristiques et les donnees biometriques sont etudies pour chaque cspece.

La synonymic de E. maculipinnis , E borneensis et E. macroptera avec E. maldivensis est etablie apres comparaison des

divers types.

Amaoka, K., Mihara, E. & Rivaton. J., 1993. —Pisces, Pleuronectiformes : Flatfishes from the waters around New

Caledonia. - A revision of the genus Engyprosopon. In : A. CROSNIER (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM,

Volume 11. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist, nat., 158 : 377-426. Paris ISBN 2-85653-208-X.

378

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

INTRODUCTION

Engyprosopon is a large Indo-Pacific genus (ca. 24 valid species) of small bolhid flounders usually occurring at

depths of less than 300 m. Some of the more obvious characters distinguishing the genus are ovate body form,

large scales (usually less than ca. 50 in lateral line) that are weakly ctenoid or cycloid, deeply clefted parhypural

and hypural plates (Amaoka, 1969, fig. 127 J), and secondary sexual dimorphism with males having a rostral

spine, a wide interorbital space and usually a dark color pattern on the blind side. Although the genus is well

defined, there are many taxonomic problems. A great deal of this is due to sexually dimorphic characters, since

these greatly change with growth and maturation.

From the waters around New Caledonia, three nominal species, E. grandisquamum (Temmtnck & Schlegei.,

1846), E. macroptera Amaoka, 1963, and E. longipelvis Amaoka, 1969, have been recorded in ichthyofaunal lists

for the area (Rivaton, 1989, Rivaton & Richer de Forges, 1990).

Recently, we had the opportunity to examine many specimens of Engyprosopon species collected from the

waters around New Caledonia. We found nine species, including four undescribcd species and three new records of

known species from these waters. In this paper we describe and present a key to and synonymies for all

Engyprosopon species known from this area. Special emphasis is placed on description of sexual dimorphism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens examined in the present study were collected from various localities in the Coral Sea, mainly New

Caledonia, the Chesterfield Plateau, the Bellona Plateau, the Fairway Ridge and Loyalty Islands (Fig. 1).

The specimens examined here are deposited in Museum national d'Histoire naturellc (MNHN), Paris, and

Laboratory of Marine Zoology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University (HUMZ). Specimens were fixed in

10 % formalin and preserved in 75 % ethanol. Institutional abbreviations are as listed in Leviton el al. (1985).

Counts and proportional measurements follow those of Hubbs and Lagler (1958) with the following

exceptions : because all rays of dorsal and anal fins arc unbranched, all ray elements were counted as individual

rays: lengths of pelvic-fin bases were measured from the base of the first ray to the base of the last ray.

The measurements given without indication, especially in the lists of material examined, are the standard

lengths (SL).

Counts and measurements were taken from ocular and blind sides of paired structures. The caudal skeleton and

number of vertebrae are examined on radiographs. Abbreviations of the mcristic and proportional characters are as

given in Table 1.

Table 1. — Abbreviations of the counts and proportional measurements used in tables.'

Number of dorsal fin rays

LED

Lower eye diameter

Number of anal fin rays

Interorbital width

Number of pectoral fin rays

UJL

Upper jaw length

Number of pelvic fin rays

LJL

Lower jaw length

Number of caudal fin rays

DCP

Depth of caudal peduncle

LLS

Number of scales in lateral line

P1L

Pectoral fin length

Number of gill rakers on first arch,

P2L

Pelvic fin length

(as upper limb + lower limb)

P2B

Pelvic fin-base length

Number of vertebrae,

LDFR

Length of longest dorsal Fin ray

(as abdominal vertebrae+caudal

LAFR

Length of longest anal fin ray

vertebrae)

MCFR

Length of mid-caudal fin ray

LLCW

Lateral line curve width

Total length

Standard length

Standard deviation

Head length

Ocular side

Body depth

Blind side

SNL

Snout length

Male(s)

UED

Upper eye diameter

Female(s)

Source: MNHN , Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

379

Genus ENGYPROSOPON Gunther, 1862

Engyprosopon Gunther, 1862 : 431 (type species by original designation. Rhombus mogkii Bleeker, 1854).

Scaeops Jordan & Starks, 1904 : 627 (type species by original designation. Rhombus grandisquama Temminck &

Schlegel, 1846).

Body ovate or deeply ovate. Tip of isthmus below middle part of lower eye. A strong rostral spine on snout in

males, feeble or absent in females. Anterior dorsal profile steeper in mature males than in females and juvenile

males. Interorbital space concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females and juvenile

males. Mouth moderate or rather large in size, upper-jaw length on ocular side 2.2-3.6 in head length. Dentition

about equally developed on both sides of jaws. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial or biserial; uniserial on lower jaw.

Scales large with short and feeble ctenii on ocular side; 36-61 in lateral line. Lateral line developed only on ocular

side, curved above pectoral fin. Dorsal-fin origin on blind side, anterior to upper margin of lower eye. Anal-fin

origin below posterior margin of head. Pelvic fin on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus. Vent on blind side,

immediately above first anal fin ray. Urogenital papilla on opposite side of vent. Three infraorbital bones on blind

side. Four caudal plates (i.e., parhypural, two hypurals, and hypural + epural) with deep clefts along distal margins

(Amaoka, 1969, fig. 127 J).

380

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Remarks. — This genus closely resembles Asterorhombus in having an ovate or deeply ovate body and

hypural and parhypural plates with clefts on distal margins. However, it differs from Asterorhombus in having a

wider interorbital region, sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width and in anterior dorsal profile and a rostral

spine in males.

Among ten new bothid species described by FOWLER (1934a), the holotypes of Amoglossus maculipinnis and

Bothus obliquioculatus were examined. They clearly belong to the genus Engyprosopon in having the splited

hypural and parhypural plates with deep clefts on the distal margins, wide interorbital region, three infraorbital

bones on the blind side and small numbers of scales in the lateral line.

Comparative material examined. —Engyprosopon macrolepis, BMNH 1903.3.23.145, holotype,

<3 49.0 mm, Cargados Carajos Shoals, 37-55 m.

E. filimanus, BMNH 1901.12.31.105-106, lectotype, 3 57.7 mm and paralectotypes.l 9 39.3 mm, (1 3

42.5 mm as E. macrolepis). Maldivc Islands, 49-81 m.

E. maldivensis, BMNH 1901.12.31.94-98, lectotype, 3 52.2 mm and paralectotypes, 1 3 47.5 mm and 1 9

49.4 mm, (1 3 31.8 mm and 3 9 28.0 mm, 28.0 mm and 30.1 mm as E. hureaui, and 1 9 30.3 mm as

E. macrolepis ), Maidive Islands.

E. latifrons , BMNH 1907.3.23.143, lectotype, 3 78.4 mm, Saya de Malha Bank, 86 m; BMNH 1908.

3.23.137-138, paralectotypc. 3 52.8 mm. Cargados Carajos Shoals, 37-55 m; BMNH 1908.3.23.139-142,

paralectotypes, 3 62.9 mm and 9 63.2 mm, Seychelles, 68 m; BMNH 1939.5.24.1736, paralectotype. 3 67.9

mm. Red Sea. 65-68 m.

E. sechellensis , BMNH 1908.3.23.146, holotype, 3 56.9 mm, Seychelles, 68 m.

E. xenandrus, USNM 51651, holotype, 3 71.9 mm, off south coast of Molokai, Hawaii, 79-134 m, Jul. 21,

1902: BMNH 1930.9.2.8-9, paratype, 3 52.5 mm, Hawaii.

E. natalensis , BMNH 1903.9.29.3-4, lectotype and paralectotype, 3 and 9 49.2-62.7 mm, Natal, 48-49 m.

E. maculipinnis , USNM 93098, holotype, 3 81.8 mm, vicinity of Jolo, Philippines, 37-139 m, Feb. 14,

1908.

E. obliquioculatum , USNM 93077, holotype, 3 63.3 mm, Philippines, depth unknown, Sep. 6, 1933;

USNM 93078, paratypes, 2 9 57.1 mm, 59.1 mm. Philippines, Sep. 6, 1933.

E. borneensis, MNHN 1947-20, holotype, 3 126.5 mm, north coast of Borneo, Sep. 26, 1926.

E. macroptera , FAKU 29064. holotype, 3 112.3 mm, Mimase, Kochi Pref.. Oct. 10. 1958; FAKU 26452.

29067-29071, paratypes, 6 3 104.3-120.8 mm, collected with the holotype; FAKU 29065, 29066, 29072.

paratypes, 3 3 99.1-107.3 mm, Susaki, Kochi Pref., Jul. 21, 1959; FAKU 26453, 29074, 29075, paratypes,

3 9 98.1-110.9 mm, Mimase, Jun. 21-Jul. 10, 1958.

E. longipelvis. FAKU 36624-36628, 36631-36633, 36636, 36637, 36642, 36644, 36645, holotype and

paratypes, 10 3 and 3 9 49.1-65.7 mm. Mimase, Kochi Pref., Jul. 8, 1960; FAKU 28960, paratype, 3

55.3 mm, Mimase, May 10, 1958; FAKU 36623, paratype. 9 65.1 mm, Miya, Aichi Pref., Apr. 10, 1960.

E. multisquama. FAKU 28982-28987, 28992-28996, 29046-29049, paratypes, 11 3 and 4 9 109.2-137 mm.

Mimase, Kochi Pref., June 20, 1958; FAKU 28988-28991. 29050-29055, holotype and paratypes. 4 3 and 6 9

113.2-117.1 mm. Susaki, Kochi Pref., Jul. 8, 1959; FAKU 28997-29045, 29056-29063, paratypes, 49 3 and

8 9 69-135.1 mm, Mimase and Susaki, Kochi Pref., Jul. 8-19, 1959.

E. xystrias. FAKU 26177, 3 87.1 mm, Tanegashima, Kagoshima Pref., Aug. 9, 1956; FAKU 26451, 3

73.0 mm, Tanegashima, Kagoshima Pref., Aug. 28, 1956; HUMZ 72390-72391, 3 and 9 97.4-104.8 mm,

11°16’S, 61°02'E, Saya de Malha Bank, 148 m. Sep. 5, 1977; HUMZ 73428, 3 102.1 mm, 11°06'S, 61°44’E,

Saya de Malha Bank, depth unknown, Sep. 12, 1977.

E. hensleyi. HUMZ 72319-72324. holotype and paratypes, 5 3 and 1 9 96.0-117.4 mm, 11°04'S, 62°10'E,

Saya de Malha Bank, 187 m, Aug. 31, 1977; HUMZ 74011, paratype, 3 104.0 mm, 1P03'S, 62°15'E, Saya de

Malha Bank, 254 m, Aug. 31, 1977.

Key to New Caledonian species of Engyprosopon

Al. A pair of large jet-black blotches located submarginally on distal half of caudal fin.

Source: MNHN ' Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

381

Bl. Gill rakers 5-8 on lower limb; head margin in front of orbital region plain colored;

scales on head margin similar to body scales in length of ctenii and adhesion; blotches on

caudal fin between 2nd and 5th rays from dorsal and ventral margins of fin.

. E. grandisquamum ( Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

B2. Gill rakers more than 16 on lower limb; a series of few light blotches along head

margin in front of orbital region; scales on head margin with stronger ctenii and less

deciduous than body scales; blotches on caudal fin between 3rd and 6th rays from dorsal

and ventral margins of fin . E . xystrias Hubbs, 1915

A2. Caudal fin with no blotches or a pair of obscure dark blotches on basal 1/3 between 4th

and 7th rays from dorsal and ventral margins of fin.

Cl. Gill rakers more than 16 on lower limb. E . bellonaensis sp. nov.

C2. Gill rakers less than 10 on lower limb.

Dl. Teeth on upper jaw biserial . E. maldivensis (Regan, 1908)

D2. Teeth on upper jaw uniserial.

El. Lower-limb gill rakers not serrate or two dorsalmost slightly serrate.

FI. Many dark spots and rings irregularly scattered on ocular side of body. Both jaws

and head margin in front of upper eye stained with dark markings. Interorbital

region generally with two dark cross bands. Each eye with a flap in larger males.

Lower jaw length on ocular side 13.1-15.7 percent of SL .

. E . macrolepis (Regan, 1908)

F2. Head and body plain colored, scarcely with spots and rings. Eyes without flaps.

Lower jaw length on ocular side 9.3-13.0 percent of SL.

. E. hureaui Quero & Golani, 1990

E2. All lower-limb gill rakers serrate.

Gl. Pelvic fin on ocular side elongate (1.2-2.2 in head length in males, 2.2-2.6 in

females) and scattered with many black spots in males; pectoral fin length on

ocular side less than 1.2 times as long as head in males, less than 0.7 in females;

interorbital region with one or two dark cross bands.

HI. Pelvic fin rays 7 at least on one side of body; interorbital region with two dark

cross bands . E. septempes sp. nov.

H2. Pelvic fin rays 6 on either sides of body; interorbital region with one dark cross

band . E. rostratum sp. nov.

G2. Pelvic fin on ocular side short (3.1-3.2 in head length in both sexes) and with

some black spots; pectoral fin length on ocular side about twice as long as head in

males, subequal to or more than head in females; interorbital region plain colored...

. E. longipterum sp. nov.

Engyprosopon grandisquamum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Fig. 2

Rhombus grandisquama Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 : 183, pi. 42, figs 3-4. — BOESEMAN, 1947 : 149.

Rhombus poecilurus Bleeker, 1852a : 293; 1852b : 29.

Rhomboidichthys grandisquama - GONTHER, 1862 : 437. — Ishikawa & MATSUURA, 1897 : 25. — Regan, 1905 : 332.

Pseudorhombus poecilurus - BLEEKER, 1865 : 274.

382

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Platophrys (Arnoglossus) poecilurus - BLEEKER, 1866-72 : 13, pi. 5, fig. 1.

Platophrys <Platophrys) grandisquama - BLEEKER, 1873 : 130.

Rhomboidichthys spilurus Gunther, 1880 : 47, pi. 21, fig. A.

Rhomboidichthys spiniceps Macleay, 1881 : 127.

Engyprosopon grandisquama - Jordan & SNYDER, 1901 : 122. — Franz, 1910 : 62. — Norman. 1926 : 250; 1927 : 25,

fig. 5; 1934 : 209, fig. 156; 1939 : 100. — McCulloch, 1929 : 276. — Chabanaud, 1929 : 382. — Tanaka, 1931 :

38. — Wu & Tang, 1935 : 392. — Kamohara, 1936 : 3; 1938 : 59; 1950 : 240; 1952 : 79; 1958 : 62; 1964 : 82. —

Okada, 1938 : 263; 1955 : 371, fig. 338. — Okada & Matsubara, 1938 : 422. — Kuronuma, 1939: 85; 1940 :

213; 1961: 32. — Blegvad. 1944 : 202, fig. 123. — Liang, 1948 : 19; 1951 : 35. — Smith, 1949 : 159. — Kuroda,

1951 : 389. — Herre, 1953 : 182. — Matsubara, 1955 : 1259. — Munro, 1955 : 261, pi. 50, fig. 756; 1958 : 128.

— Mori, 1956 : 31. — Chen, 1956 : 99. — Fowler, 1956 : 167. — Tomiyama & Abe, 1958 : 422. — Ochiai &

Amaoka, 1962 : 133. — Baoshan, 1962 : 975, fig. 759. — Zhang & Wang. 1963 : 519, fig. 387. — Amaoka, 1963 :

108; 1969 : 79, fig. 44; 1984 : 348, pi. 313, figs A-D. — Abraham, 1963: 68. — Punpoka, 1964 : 16, fig. 3. —

Perstseva-Ostroumova, 1965 : 192, fig. 4. — Chen & Weng, 1965 : 48, fig. 32. — Shen, 1966 : 181, fig. 51-54;

1983 : 19, fig. 25; 1984 : 135, pi. 135, fig. 438-16. — Besednov, 1970 : 60. — Kailola, 1971 : 116, pi. I, fig. C.

— Ci elvers & Chan, 1973 : 110, pi. 4. — Nielsen, 1974 : 7, fig. — Masuda, Araga & Yoshino, 1975 : 345, pi.

148-E. — Minamj & Nakamura, 1978 : 37. — Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola, 1983 : 275. — Sainsbury, Kailola &

Leyland, 1985 : 282, fig. — Hensley, 1986 : 858, fig. 259.8. — Kuronuma & Abe, 1986 : 246. — Li& Wang,

1987 : 498, fig. 2557. — Rivaton & Richer de Forges, 1990 : 26, 60.

Rhomboidichthys poecilurus - Regan, 1902 : 277; 1905 : 332.

Arnoglossus spilurus - JOHNSTON, 1904 : 211.

Scaeops grandisquama - JORDAN & STARKS, 1904 : 627, pi. 8, fig. 2; 1906 : 168, fig. 1. — SNYDER, 1912 : 438. —

Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, 1913 : 311. — Izuka & Matsuura, 1920 : 116. — Fowler & Bean, 1922 : 67. — Von

Bonde, 1922 : 6; 1922 : 295. — Barnard, 1925 : 387. — Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 : 294. — Ui, 1929 : 271. —

Kamohara, 1931 : 93. — Schmidt, 1931 : 123.— Kuroda, 1931 : 121.—Herre, 1932 : 433. — Yanai, 1950:21.

— Tanaka & Abe, 1955 : 218, fig.

Scaeops poecilura - Jordan & Seale, 1905 : 803.

Scaeops spilura - Jordan & Seale, 1906 : 412. — Fowler, 1928 : 92.

Scaeops orbicularis Jordan & Seale, 1907 : 45. — Jordan & Richardson, 1909 : 201. — Oshima, 1927 : 179 — Wu

1932 : 91.

Scaeops poecilurus - Regan, 1908 : 233. — Weber. 1913 : 429. — Bamber. 1915 : 485. — Fowler, 1928 : 92; 1931 :

320.

Rhomboidichthys valderostratus - JENKINS, 1910: 26 (not Rhomboidichthys valderostratus Alcock, 1890).

Platophrys grandisquama - GILCHRIST & THOMPSON, 1917 : 400.

Platophrys spiniceps - McCULLOCH, 1921 : 46; 1934 : 36.

Bothus (Arnoglossus) poecilurus - Weber & Beaufort, 1929 : 131, fig. 31. — Suvatti, 1936 : 94.

Engyprosopon (Scaeops) grandisquama - McCULLOCH & Whitley, 1925 : 343, fig. 1.

Arnoglossus poecilurus - Herre, 1933 : 11.

Arnoglossus grandisquama - Fowler, 1934b : 62.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 29 specimens.

New Caledonia. Baie de Sain! Vincent : 22°04.09'S, 166°05.20'E, 13 m, Aug. 20. 1985, shrimp trawl : 1 d and

1 9 66.8-77.7 mm (MNHN 1993-8. 9). — 22°05’S, 166°05.65'E, 12-16 m, Apr. 22. 1986, shrimp trawl : 1 <J and 1 9

71.2- 77.3 mm (MNHN 1993-10).

Lagon : stn 48, 22°16.06’S, 166°15.02’E, 28 m. May 25, 1984, dredge : 1 9 46.4 mm (HUMZ 124857). — Stn 533,

19° 17.08‘S, 163°26.06'E, 50 m. Mar. 6, 1985, dredge : 1 9 36.8 mm (MNHN 1993-142). — Stn 1067, 19°55.08'S,

163°53.00’E, 27-28 m, Oct. 24, 1989, beam trawl : 1 d and 2 9 50.9-88.4 mm (MNHN 1993-21, 22); 1 6 and 1 9’

87.3- 90.5 mm (HUMZ 124860, 124861). — Stn 1068, 19°57.03'S, 163°52.08’E, 25-26 m, Oct. 24, 1989, beam trawl •

1 <3 and 1 9 32.6-91.9 mm (MNHN 1993-17, 18); 1 d 85.4 mm (HUMZ 124858). — Stn 1069, 19°59.01'S,

163°52.05'E, 24-30 m, Oct. 24, 1989, beam trawl : 1 3 and 1 9 85.0-102.9 mm (MNHN 1993-19. 20); 1 9 32.0 mm

(HUMZ 124859). — Stn 1072, 19°56.00'S, 164°02.04'E, 20 m, Oct. 24, 1989, dredge : 1 d 75.8 mm (MNHN 1993-11).

— Stn 1115, 19°38.02'S, 163°50.09'E, 40-42 m, Oct. 26, 1989, beam trawl : 3 d and 3 9 29.0-86.1 mm (MNHN 1993-

14, 15, 16). — Stn 1116, 19°37.02'S, 163°52.06'E, 37-38 m, Oct. 26, 1989, beam trawl : 1 d 34.1 mm (MNHN 1993-

12); 1 d and 2 9 28.3-86.3 mm (MNHN 1993-13). — Stn 1191, 19°35.03'S, 163°27.05'E, 45 m, Nov. 1, 1989, dredge •

1 d 46.0 mm (HUMZ 124856).

DIAGNOSIS. — Caudal fin with a pair of jet-black blotches between third and fourth fin rays from dorsal and

ventral margins of fin; upper eye diameter longer than snout; no distinct bands in front of intcrorbital area and

upper eye; gill rakers 0-2+5-8.

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF TIIE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

383

Fig. 2. — Engyprosopon grandisquamum. A-B : <3 83.0 mm, from northwest of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124776). —

C : 9 89.9 mm, from northwest of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124777).

Source: MNHN. Paris

384

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Description. — Ranges for proportional data are given first, followed by averages. Counts and proportional

measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Head length 3.45-4.20, 3.82 in SL; body depth 1.75-2.11, 1.89. Snout length 3.66-5.00, 4.39 in head length;

upper eye diameter 2.86-3.77, 3.27; lower eye diameter 2.86-3.70, 3.27; interorbital width 2.84-16.80, 5.84 in

males, 3.87-17.80, 8.38 in females; upper jaw length 2.77-3.59, 3.18 on ocular side, 2.80-3.83, 3.37 on blind

side; lower jaw length 2.13-2.66, 2.33 on ocular side, 1.97-2.51, 2.21 on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle

1.74-2.57, 2.09; pectoral fin length 0.87-1.40, 1.15 on ocular side, 1.95-2.54, 2.22 on blind side; pelvic fin

length 2.20-2.78, 2.46 on ocular side, 2.15-2.54, 2.36 on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.19-2.97, 2.52 on

ocular side, 6.21-8.21, 7.12 on blind side; length of longest dorsal fin ray 1.79-2.15, 1.97; length of longest anal

fin ray 1.77-2.07, 1.95; length of middle caudal fin ray 1.03-1.20, 1.11; curved length of lateral line 1.56-2.11,

1.82.

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body. Caudal peduncle rather deep, its depth about 18-26 %

of body depth. Head small, with a slight concavity in front of interorbital region. Snout short, slightly prominent,

its length 63-93 % of upper eye diameter. A strong rostral spine near snout tip in males, absent or feeble in

females. Eyes rather large, 93-108 % of upper jaw length on ocular side. An orbital spine on rim of each orbit.

Interorbital region shallowly concave, becoming wider proportionally with growth, wider in males than in

females.

Mouth oblique and moderate in size; maxilla extending to below anterior part of lower eye; anterior tips of

both jaws nearly on same vertical line when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular

symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw biserial, sharp, those in outer series stouter and more widely spaced than those in

inner series, and becoming larger and more widely spaced anteriorly; lower jaw teeth uniserial, similar to anterior

teeth in inner row of upper jaw in size and space. Gill rakers on first arch short, not serrate, absent on upper limb.

Scales large, with short ctenii on ocular side, cycloid on blind side.

Pectoral fin on ocular side somewhat elongated in both sexes, its length subequal to or shorter than length of

head, 1.74-2.53 times as long as pectoral fin on blind side. Pelvic fins with six rays, that on ocular side starting at

tip of isthmus; approximately fourth or fifth ray on ocular side opposite to first on the blind side. Caudal fin rays

branched except two or three upper- and lowermost rays.

Table 2. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon grandisquamum.

58 59

0 0

81 82

83 84

87 88

(O, B)

1 1 12

0 0

1 2

0-2

0-10

3-11

14-0 1-0

1-0

3+11+3

3+12+2

2+13+2

LLS

43 44

3 4

1+6

2+6

0+5

0+6

0+7

0+8

9+25 10+23

10+24 10+25

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side light brown; many darker spots and rings irregularly

scattered on head and body; two or three obscure dark spots on straight portion of lateral line. Blind side light

brown except pale yellowish white head in males, uniformly pale yellowish white in females. Dorsal and anal fins

with a series of dark spots; caudal fin with a pair of large prominent jet-black blotches, extending between second

and fifth rays from dorsal and ventral margins of fin.

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of rostral and orbital

spines, interorbital width, degree of curve of anterior dorsal profile and pigmentation of the body on the blind side.

Distribution. — East Africa, through the Indian Ocean and Indo-Australian Archipelago to Australia, southern

Japan and New Caledonia, at depths of about 10-100 m.

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

385

Table 3. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon grandisquamum.

Character

Range (N=29)

14 6, 159

Average

SL (mm)

28.3-102.9

63.6

24.67

23.8-29.0

26.2

1.4

47.3-57.2

53.1

2.6

SNL

5.4-6.8

6.0

0.4

UED

6.9-9.7

8.1

0.8

LED

7.0-9.7

8.1

0.8

IW(d)

1.7-8.8

6.4

2.7

IW (9)

1.5-6.4

4.1

1.8

UJL(O)

6.9-9.9

8.3

0.7

UJL(B)

6.2-9.3

7.8

0.7

LJL (O)

9.7-13.1

11.3

0.9

LJL (B)

10.2-13.4

11.9

0.9

DCP

10.2-14.2

12.6

0.8

P1 L (O)

20.0-29.9

23.0

2.0

P1L(B)

10.7-13.1

11.8

0.7

P2L (O)

9.8-11.7

10.7

0.5

P2L (B)

10.3-12.7

11.1

0.6

P2B (O)

8.8-12.4

10.4

0.8

P2B (B)

3.2-4.3

3.7

0.3

LDFR

12.1-14.5

13.2

0.6

LAFR

12.4-14.5

13.3

0.6

MCFR

21.5-25.2

23.2

0.9

LLCW

12.5-16.6

13.9

1.1

Remarks. _This species closely resembles Engyprosopon multisquama Amaoka and E. xystrias Hubbs from

southern Japan in having a pair of jet-black blotches on the caudal fin.

It differs from E. multisquama in having the upper eye diameter longer than the snout (as long as or shorter

than the snout in E. multisquama) and the caudal fin markings between the third and fourth fin rays from the dorsal

and ventral margins of the fin (vs. between second and fourth rays).

From E. xystrias it differs in having no distinct blotches in front of the interorbital area and upper eye (some

light blotches in E. xystrias) and a lower number of gill rakers (0-2+5-8 vs. 0-3+13-18).

Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs, 1915

Figs 3-4

Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs, 1915 : 475, pi. 25, fig. 3. - Norman, 1934 : 211, fig. 157. - Okada& Matsubara,

1938 : 422. — Matsubara, 1955 : 1259. — Amaoka, 1969 : 87, fig. 50. — Chilvers & Chan, 1973 .11 , P • - •

Chan & Chilvers, 1973 : 113, pi. 1.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 6 specimens. _ 0 n . . , > mm milM7

New Caledonia. Smib 5 : stn 81, 22°38.2'S, 167°34.8'E, 105-110 m, Sep. 9, 1980 dredge : 1 c5 ^0 mm (HUMZ

124863). — Stn DW 82, 22°31.7’S, 167°32.4’E, 150-155 m, Sep. 9, 1989, dredge : 1 6 60.0 mm (MNHN 1993-25).

Loyally Islands. Musorstom 6 : sin 461, 21°06.00'S, 167°26.20'E, 200-240 m, Feb. 20, 1989, dredge . 6

52.1 mm (MNHN 1993-24); 19 51.5 mm (HUMZ 124862). T1 77 ,q<M

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chai.CAL 1 : stn CP 10, 20°00.20S, 158 46.60 E, 225 m, Jul. _7, 1984,

beam trawl : 2 6 47.1-66.8 mm (MNHN 1993-23).

Diagnosis. — A series of a few light blotches in front of orbital region; scales on head margin more strongly

ctenoid and less deciduous than those on body; caudal fin with a pair of large jet-black blotches; gill rakers on first

arch 0-61-13-18.

386

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

FlG r 3 ; 0 8yP roso P on x y stt ‘ ta c s ' : 67 -° mm from the Pins Island, south of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124863) —

^ . V ^2.1 mm, from the Lifou Island, east of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124862).

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

387

Description. — Ranges for proportional data are given first, followed averages. Counts and proportional

measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

Head length 3.60-4.02, 3.80 in SL; body depth 1.94-2.08, 2.01. Snout length 4.89-5.48, 5.14 in head length;

upper eye diameter 2.41-2.74, 2.56; lower eye diameter 2.49-2.86, 2.62; interorbital width 2.95-7.88, 4.60 in

males, 6.74, 6.74 in females; upper jaw length 2.51-3.00, 2.67 on ocular side, 2.56-3.00, 2.76 on blind side;

lower jaw length 2.03-2.33, 2.18 on ocular side, 2.03-2.30, 2.14 on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 2.29-

2.62, 2.45; pectoral fin length 1.05-1.14, 1.09 on ocular side, 2.12-2.58, 2.33 on blind side; pelvic fin length

2.61-2.95, 2.77 on ocular side, 2.75-3.32, 3.08 on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.61-3.00, 2.75 on ocular

side, 8.20-9.69, 8.80 on blind side; length of longest dorsal fin ray 1.71-2.04, 1.88; length of longest anal fin

ray -; length of middle caudal fin ray 1.09-1.20, 1.14.

Table 4. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon xystrias.

93 94 95 96 97 98

73 74 75 76 77

PI (O, B)

110 12 1

11112

0,5

0,0

3,1

3,0

3+11+3

LLS

3 + 16

3 + 17

4 + 17

4 + 18

5+16

6+16

10+25

10+26

10+27

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body, its depth 1.8-2.0 times as long as head length; dorsal

and ventral contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle moderate, its depth 21-23 % of body depth. Head small, its

length equal to or a little more than 1/4 of SL; upper profile with a very slight concavity in front of interorbital

region, steep in mature males, less so in females and juvenile males. Snout short, slightly prominent, 46-56 % of

upper eye diameter. A strong rostral spine in males, absent or poorly developed in female (Fig. 4 A,B). Eyes large;

upper eye diameter 1.8-2.2 limes as long as upper jaw length; lower eye in advance of the upper. Blunt orbital

spine on upper margin of lower eye in large males, absent in female and small males (Fig. 4 A,B). Interorbital

region shallowly concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females (Fig. 4 A,B).

Table 5. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon xystrias.

Character Range (N=6) Average SD

5 d, 19

SL (mm)

47.1-67.0

57.42

8.44

24.9-27.8

26.3

1.0

48.2-51.5

49.7

1.0

SNL

4.8-5.7

5.1

0.3

UED

9.5-11.3

10.3

0.6

LED

9.1-10.8

10.1

0.6

IW (<5)

3.4-9.4

6.6

2.2

1W (9)

3.7

UJL (O)

9.3-10.6

9.9

0.5

UJL(B)

9.0-10.0

9.6

0.3

LJL (O)

11.7-13.0

12.1

0.4

LJL (B)

12.0rl3.2

12.3

0.4

DCP

10.6-11.0

10.8

0.2

P1 L (O)

23.1-25.5

24.4

0.8

P1L(B)

10.7-12.3

11.4

0.6

P2 L (O)

9.4-9.6

9.5

0.1

P2L (B)

8.4-9.2

8.7

0.4

P2B (O)

9.3-10.3

9.6

0.3

P2B (B)

2.8-3.3

3.0

0.2

LDFR

13.6-14.8

14.2

0.6

LAFR

MCFR

23.1-24.4

23.8

0.5

388

K. AMAOKA, R MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Mouth rather large, oblique; maxilla extending to below anterior part of lower eye; anterior tip of upper jaw

slightly projecting beyond tip of lower jaw when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular

symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw sharp, biserial, those in outer series larger and more widely spaced than those in

inner series, and becoming larger and more widely spaced anteriorly with some anterior canine teeth; lower jaw

teeth uniserial, similar to anterior teeth in inner series of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch

slender, not serrated, those on upper limb small. Most scales on ocular side large, feebly ctenoid and deciduous;

scales along head portion in front of interorbital area and upper eye with stronger ctenii and less deciduous; tip of

snout and anterior parts of both jaws naked; scales cycloid on blind side.

Pectoral fin on ocular side rather short, somewhat less than length of head, 2.0-2.3 times as long as that on

blind side. Pelvic fins with six rays, that on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus; approximately fifth ray on

the ocular side opposite to first ray on the blind side. Tip of isthmus below posterior margin of lower eye. Caudal

fin rays branched except three upper- and lowermost rays.

Fig. 4. — Diagrammatic illustration of body parts showing sexual dimorphism in 6 (A, C) and 9 (B, D) in

Engyprosopon xyslrias. Scale bars indicate 10 mm.

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

389

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side light brown; a few light blotches along head portion in

front of interorbital area and upper eye; one spot on middle part of straight portion of lateral line. Blind side light

brown except pale yellowish-white head in males, uniformly pale yellowish white in female (Fig. 4 C-D). Dorsal

and anal fins with a series of dark spots; pectoral fin with some dark bands; pelvic fin with a dark spot; caudal fin

with a pair of large jet-black blotches at middle extending between third and fifth rays from dorsal and ventral

margins of fin.

Sexual dimorphism : Engyprosopon xystrias shows sexual dimorphism in interorbital width, degree of curve of

the anterior dorsal profile, presence or absence of rostral and orbital spines and pigmentation of body on the blind

side (Fig. 4).

Distribution. — Southern Japan (Hubbs, 1915), South China Sea (Chilvers & Chan, 1973), Coral Sea and

Saya de Malha Bank, at depths of 105-240 m.

Remarks. — This species is separable from all other known congeners in having rather strongly ctenoid,

nondeciduous scales and a few light blotches along the head margin in front of the interorbital area and upper eye, a

pair of jet-black blotches on the caudal fin and a large number of gill rakers.

Specimens from the Coral Sea have larger numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays, scales in the lateral line, and

gill rakers on the first arch than specimens from other area (Table 6). However, Coral Sea specimens are very

similar to specimens from other localities in all other characters. Thus, they are interpreted as representing

geographical variation of this species.

Table 6 . — Comparison of numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays, scales in lateral line and gill rakers

on first arch among five localities for Engyprosopon xystrias.

Localities

Number of

specimens

LLS

Sources

Coral Sea

93-98

73-77

46-50

3-6+16-18

this study

Saya de Malha Bank

89-91

70-71

45-47

2+13-15

this study

Southern Japan

2+14

Hubbs (1915)

Southern Japan

88-91

67-71

39-41

0-3+13-14

Amaoka (1969)

South China Sea

89-94

68-73

- +13-14

Chan & Chilvers (1973)

This species has been known from the southern Japan and the South China Sea. Specimens examined in the

present study are the first records of this species from the Coral Sea and also Saya de Malha Bank, western Indian

Ocean.

Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov.

Figs 5-7

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —4 specimens.

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcal. 1 : stn CP 3, 20°30.83'S, 161°05.21'E, 80 m. Jul. 15, 1984.

beam trawl : 1 9 50.7 mm (HUMZ 124864). - Stn CP 12. 20°35.30'S. 158°47.40'E, 67 m, Jul. 23, 1984, beam trawl : 1

2 72.4 mm (MNHN 1993-26); 1 2 54.6 mm (MNHN 1993-143). IQQ ,

Corail 2 : stn 23, 20°30.60 , S, 161°03.55’E, 80 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 1 9 26.4 mm (MNHN 1993-27).

Types. — The female (MNHN 1993-26, Chalcal 1, stn CP 12) is the holotype. The other specimens are

paratypes.

Diagnosis. — Gill rakers on first arch 1-5+14-15; some dark dots along head margin in front of interorbital

area and upper eye; head comparatively large, 3.52-3.59 in SL; body depth 1.89-2.02.

390

K. AMAOKA. E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

DESCRIPTION. — Dala for hololype are given first, followed in parentheses by ranges for the paratypes and

averages for proportional data. Counts and proportional measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 7

and 8.

Head length 3.62 in SL (3.52-3.59, 3.57); body depth 1.92 (1.89-2.02, 1.95). Snout length 4.35 in head

length (4.17-4.77, 4.41); upper eye diameter 2.86 (2.59-2.80, 2.75); lower eye diameter 2.86 (2.50-2.81, 2.74);

interorbital width 5.71 (6.22-15.0. 8.54) in females; upper jaw length 2.56 (2.41-2.78. 2.63) on ocular side. 2.53

(2.38-2.78, 2.57) on blind side; lower jaw length 2.00 (1.92-2.04, 2.00) on ocular side, 1.94 (1.90-1.99, 1.94) on

blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 2.41 (2.34-2.59, 2.43); pectoral fin length 1.05 (0.87-0.96, 0.95) on ocular

side, 2.27 (1.93-2.34. 2.14) on blind side; pelvic fin length - (2.38-2.53, 2.46) on ocular side, 2.44 (2.76-2.80,

2.67) on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.67 (2.58-2.65. 2.63) on ocular side, 8.33 (8.44-9.53, 8.92) on blind

side; length of longest dorsal fin ray - (- -1.63, 1.63), length of longest anal fin ray - (-); length of middle caudal

fin ray 1.16(1.09-1.15, 1.13); curved length of lateral line 1.98(1.77, 1.87).

Table 7. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov.

Counts for holotypc included in italicized numbers.

85 86 87 89 90

2 0 0 7 1

63 64 65 66 67

110 0 2

PI (O, B)

9 10 11 12

0,1 0,2 1,1 3,0

3+11+3

LLS

50 51 52

2 1 1

1 + 14 2+15 4+14

1 1 1

5+14

10+25

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body, its depth subequal to or somewhat less than half length

of body; dorsal and ventral contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle rather deep, its depth slightly less than 1/4 of

body depth. Head rather large, its length barely more than 25 % of SL; upper profile rather steep, with a slight

notch in front of upper margin of lower eye. Snout rather long, slightly protruding, its length about 60 % of eye

diameter. Rostral or orbital spines absent in females. Eyes large, diameters subequal to or a little less than upper

jaw length; lower eye in advance of upper. Interorbital region shallowly concave, becoming wider with growth.

Nostrils on ocular side anterior to upper margin of lower eye; anterior one tubular with a flap posteriorly; nostrils

on blind side small, below origin of dorsal fin, similar in shape to those on ocular side.

Fig. 5. — Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov., holotypc, 9

(MNHN 1993-26).

72.4 mm from Bellona Plateau, west of New Caledonia

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

391

PlG. 6 . — Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov., holotype, 9 72.4 mm, from Bellona Plateau, west of New Caledonia

(MNHN 1993-26).

Mouth rather large, oblique; maxilla extending to below anterior part of lower eye; anterior tip of upper jaw

projecting slightly beyond tip of lower jaw or anterior tips of both jaws nearly on same vertical line when mouth

closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw sharp, biserial, those in

outer series larger and more widely spaced than those in inner series, and becoming larger and more widely spaced

anteriorly with some anterior canine teeth; lower jaw teeth uniserial, nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in

size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch slender, not serrate, those on upper limb small (Fig. 7A). Scales on

ocular side large, with short ctenii (Fig. 7B); snout and both jaws on ocular side naked; cycloid scales on blind

side.

p IG . 7 . _ Fi rs t gill arch (A) and a scale (B) from ocular side of Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov., paratype, 9

54.6 mm (MNHN 1993-143). Scale bars indicate 1 mm.

392

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Pectoral fin on ocular side slightly prolonged, second ray longest, subequal to or a little more than head length,

longer than fin on blind side. Pelvic fins with six rays, that on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus,

approximately fifth ray on ocular side opposite to first ray on blind side. Tip of isthmus on a vertical line through

middle part of lower eye. Caudal fin rays branched except three upper- and lowermost rays.

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side uniformly light brown; some dark dots along head margin

in front of interorbital area and upper eye; an obscure dark spot at junction of straight and curved parts of lateral

line, a few spots on straight portion of lateral line. Blind side pale yellowish white. Dorsal and anal fins with a

few dark dots; pectoral fin with a few dark cross bands.

Sexual dimorphism : Sexual dimorphism of this species is unknown, because only females are available for

study.

Etymology. — Named after the Bellona Plateau where the holotype was collected.

Distribution. — Specimens were collected from the Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus and the Fairway Ridge,

west of New Caledonia, at depths of 67-80 m.

Remarks. — This species belongs to a group having a very high number of gill rakers (more than 14 on

lower limb).

It resembles Engyprosopon xystrias Hubbs, 1915, and E. hensleyi Amaoka & Imamura, 1990, in this

character. It, however, differs from them in having no large jet-black blotches on the caudal fin.

Further, it differs from E. xystrias in having weakly ctenoid, deciduous scales and dark spots along head margin

in front of interorbital area and upper eye (vs. rather strongly ctenoid, nondeciduous scales and a series of light

blotches).

From E. hensleyi it also differs in having a smaller number of gill rakers (1-5+14-15 vs. 6-9+16-19 in

E. hensleyi) and vertebrae (10+25 vs. 10+27-28), deeper body (1.89-2.02 vs. 2.35-2.71 in SL) and larger head

(3.52-3.59 vs. 3.98-4.16).

Table 8. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon bellonaensis sp. nov.

Averages include measurements from holotype.

Character

Holotype (19)

Paratypes (39)

Average

SL (mm)

72.4

26.4-54.6

51.0

18.96

27.6

27.8-28.4

28.0

0.3

52.2

49.6-52.9

51.3

1.3

SNL

6.4

5.9-6.8

6.4

0.3

UED

9.7

10.1-11.0

10.2

0.5

LED

9.7

9.9-11.4

10.2

0.7

IW (9)

4.8

1.9-4.5

3.8

1.1

UJL (O)

10.8

10.2-11.5

10.7

0.5

UJL(B)

10.9

10.2-11.7

10.9

0.5

LJL (O)

13.8

13.8-14.5

14.0

0.3

LJL (B)

14.2

14.2-14.8

14.5

0.3

DCP

11.5

11.0-11.9

11.5

0.4

P1L (O)

26.2

29.5-31.9

29.8

2.2

P1L (B)

12.2

12.1-14.6

13.2

1.1

P 2 L (O)

11.0-11.8

11.4

0.4

P2L (B)

11.3

10.1

10.5

0.6

P2B (0)

10.4

10.7-10.8

10.6

0.2

P2B (B)

3.3

3.0-3.3

3.2

0 2

LDFR

17.4

0.0

LAFR

MCFR

23.9

24.5-26.1

24.8

0.8

LLCW

14.0

16.0

15.0

1.0

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

393

Engyprosopon maldivensis (Regan, 1908)

Figs 8-10

Scaeops maldivensis Regan, 1908 : 234, pi. 25, fig. 1.

Engyprosopon maldivensis - Norman, 1934 : 216, fig. 165.

Arnoglossus maculipinnis Fowler, 1934a : 329, fig. 84.

Engyprosopon borneensis Chabanaud, 1948 : 64, fig. 1.

Engyprosopon macroptera Amaoka, 1963 : 115, fig. 5; 1969 : 90, fig. 52. — Kamohara, 1964 : 82. — SHEN, 1983 : 21,

fig. 27. — Sainsbury, Kailola & Leyland, 1985 : 284. — Rivaton, 1989 : 146, 163. — Rjvaton & Richer de

Forges, 1990 : 26, 60.

Material examined. —13 specimens.

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcal 1 : stn CP 10, 21°24.90'S, 159°24.30‘E, 60 m, Jul. 25, 1984,

beam trawl : 1 6 42.0 mm (MNHN 1993-28). — Stn CP 12, 20°35.30'S, 158°47.40’E, 67 m, Jul. 23, 1984, beam trawl :

1 6 76.9 mm (HUMZ 124868). — Stn CP 15, 21°24.90’S, 159°09.30'E, 60 m, Jul. 25, 1984, beam trawl : 2 6 and 3 9

52.1-82.5 mm (MNHN 1993-30, 31, 32,); 1 6 and 1 9 67.8-80.9 mm (HUMZ 124865, 124866).

Corail 2 : stn 23, 20°25.00'S, 161°05.00’E, 70 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 1 6 52.5 mm (MNHN 1993-29). —

Stn 24, 20°27.35'S, 161°04.70'E, 75 m, Jul. 22, 1988, trawl : 1 9 44.8 mm (MNHN 1993-34). — Stn 100, 19°05.99’S,

158°26.89’E, 40 m, Jul. 27, 1988, dredge : 1 9 57.0 mm (HUMZ 124867). — Stn 129, 19°27.74’S, 158°34.3rE, 215 m,

Jul. 29, 1988, dredge : 1 9 58.6 mm (MNHN 1993-33).

Diagnosis. — Pectoral fin on ocular side greatly elongated, longer than head length; teeth on upper jaw

biserial; gill rakers not serrate; maxilla rather large, 2.64-2.96 in head length; caudal fin without pair of large jet-

black blotches.

Description. — Ranges for proportional data are given first, followed averages. Counts and proportional

measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 9 and 10.

Head length 3.53-3.91, 3.72 in SL; body depth 1.85-2.02, 1.94. Snout length 3.84-4.79, 4.36 in head length;

upper eye diameter 3.00-3.53, 3.29; lower eye diameter 3.00-3.56, 3.30; interorbital width 2.63-8.85, 4.25 in

males, 4.97-11.55, 6.88 in females; upper jaw length 2.64-2.96, 2.82 on ocular side, 2.69-3.09, 2.89 on blind

side; lower jaw length 2.08-2.34, 2.19 on ocular side, 1.98-2.14, 2.07 on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle

1.98-2.31, 2.16; pectoral fin length 0.47-0.90, 0.64 on ocular side, 1.95-2.23, 2.11 on blind side; pelvic fin

length 2.12-2.38, 2.27 on ocular side, 2.15-2.60, 2.38 on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.22-2.68, 2.47 on

ocular side, 7.00-8.86, 7.92 on blind side; length of longest dorsal fin ray 1.78-2.18, 1.92; length of longest anal

fin ray 1.72-2.14, 1.91; length of middle caudal fin ray 0.96-1.18, 1.08; curved length of lateral line 1.52-1.99,

1.78.

Table 9. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon maldivensis.

PI (O, B)

3+11+3

3+12+3

0,2

0,10

6,1

6,0

1,0

LLS

0+7

0+8

0+9

10+23

10+24

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body, its depth subequal to or somewhat more than half

length of body; dorsal and ventral contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth subequal to or slightly

less than 1/4 of body depth. Head large, its length a little more than 25 % of SL; upper profile with a slight

concavity in front of interorbital region, very steep, almost vertical in mature males, less so in females and

juvenile males. Snout rather long, slightly protruding, slightly less than eye diameter. A strong rostral spine on

snout in males, absent or feeble in females. Eyes rather large, diameters shorter than upper jaw length; lower eye

in advance of upper. Orbital spine absent in both sexes. Interorbital region concave, becoming wider with growth,

wider in males than in females (Fig. 9).

394

K. AMAOKA, E MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Fig. 8 . — Engyprosopon maldivensis. A-B : <J 80.9 mm, from Bellona Plateau, west of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124865).

— C : 9 74.4 mm, from Bellona Plateau, west of New Caledonia (MNHN 1993-30).

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF TIIE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

395

Mouth rather large, oblique; maxilla extending to anterior part of lower eye; anterior lips of both jaws nearly

on same vertical line when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on

upper jaw sharp, biserial, those in outer series larger and more widely spaced than those in inner series, and

becoming larger and more wider spaced anteriorly with some anterior canine teeth; lower jaw teeth uniserial, nearly

equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch moderate in size, not serrate,

absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side large, with short ctcnii; snout and both jaws naked; cycloid scales on

blind side.

Pectoral fin on ocular side elongated in both sexes, longer than head length and fin on blind side, second ray

longest. Pelvic fins with six rays, that on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; fourth to fifth rays on ocular side

opposite to first ray on blind side. Tip of isthmus near vertical line through middle part of lower eye. Caudal fin

rays branched except three upper- and lowermost rays.

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side dark brown; obscure dark spot at junction of straight and

curved portions of lateral line, one spot on middle of straight section of lateral line, another spot on lateral line

near caudal-fin base; blind side in males dark brown except pale yellowish-white head, females uniformly light

brown or pale yellow. Dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark spots; pectoral fin with a few dark cross bands;

caudal fin with irregularly scattered dark spots and sometimes with a pair of obscure dark blotches on basal 1/3 of

caudal fin.

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in presence or absence of the rostral spine,

interorbital width (Fig. 9), degree of curve of anterior dorsal profile and pigmentation of the body on the blind side.

Table 10. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL for Engyprosopon maldivensis , including types.

Character

Range (N=13)

66,19

Average

Lectotype

Paralectotypes

Id 19

SL (mm)

42.0-82.5

63.6

13.4

52.2

47.5

49.4

25.6-28.3

26.9

0.8

27.8

27.4

26.1

48.5-54.1

51.3

1.6

48.1

50.1

48.8

SNL

5.3-6.7

0.4

7.9

7.8

6.5

UED

7.4-9.3

8.3

0.6

8.4

9.7

8.5

LED

7.3-9.3

8.2

0.6

8.2

9.7

9.1

IW(<J)

3.1-9.9

7.4

2.4

5.2

5.3

IW (9)

2.5-8 .6

4.8

1.7

2.8

UJL(O)

8.9-10.4

9.5

0.4

9.2

10.3

9.5

UJL (B)

8.5-10.4

9.3

0.5

8.6

9.5

9.3

LJ L (O)

11.2-13.5

12.3

0.6

11.9

13.1

12.1

LJL(B)

12.1-14.0

13.0

0.6

12.5

13.3

13.0

DCP

11.8-13.4

12.6

0.4

12.1

12.8

11.7

PIL(O)

25.4-57.1

42.4

8.9

35.1

26.7

PI L (B)

12.1-13.6

12.8

0.4

13.2

12.8

P2L (O)

10.9-12.6

11.8

0.4

10.9

11.6

9.3

P2L (B)

10.4-12.4

11.4

0.6

12.4

9.1

P2B (0)

9.8-11.6

10.9

0.5

10.0

10.9

9.3

P2B (B)

3.0-3 .8

3.4

0.3

3.4

3.2

LDFR

12.4-15.2

13.9

0.8

LAFR

12.6-15.0

14.1

0.6

14.4

MCFR

23.1-26.9

24.9

1.1

2.5

25.3

24.9

LLCW

12.2-17.1

14.6

1.5

15.5

Distribution. — Maidive Islands (Regan, 1908), Philippines (Fowler, 1934a), Borneo (Ciiabanaud, 1948),

northern and north-western Australia (Sainsbury, Kailola & Leyland, 1985), Taiwan (SHEN, 1983), Kochi

Pref., Japan (Amaoka, 1963), and the Coral Sea (Rivaton, 1989), at depths of 30-215 m (mainly 30-75 m).

Remarks. — FOWLER (1934a) originally described Arnoglossus maculipinnis based on four specimens taken

from the southern Philippines. Comparison of the holotype of A. maculipinnis and the types of E. maldivensis

396

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

indicates that the former has a larger number of dorsal fin rays, gill rakers on the lower limb, caudal vertebrae and

scales in the lateral line (Table 11). However, since the numbers of dorsal fin rays, gill rakers on the lower limb

and caudal vertebrae in A. maculipinnis fall within the ranges of variation of E. macroptera , which is considered to

be a junior synonym of E. maldivensis as discussed below, these counts are considered to be geographical

variations for E. maldivensis (Table 11). The slight difference in the number of scales in the lateral line does not

seem to be sufficient for delimiting species (Table 11). Thus, we consider A. maculipinnis to be a junior synonym

of E. maldivensis.

Chabanaud (1948) described E. borneensis from a large specimen taken on the north coast of Borneo, and the

species is still known only from the holotype (MNHN 1947-20, 8 126.5 mm). Comparison of the types of

E. borneensis and E. maldivensis shows that the former has a wider interorbital region and larger number of caudal

vertebrae (Table 11). The interorbital width of the holotype of E. borneensis appears to be close to that predicted

for E. maldivensis of a similar size (Fig. 9). The vertebral count of E. borneensis is within the range of

E. macroptera (Table 11), which we consider to be a junior synonym of E. maldivensis (see below). We interpret

E. borneensis as a junior synonym of E. maldivensis.

Amaoka (1963) described Engyprosopon macroptera based on specimens taken off Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

Comparison of this species with E. maldivensis indicates that it has a shorter head, wider interorbital region, and

larger numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays and caudal vertebrae (Table. 11). However, with growth, the head

becomes proportionally shorter and the interorbital region wider in E. maldivensis. Proportional measurements of

these two characters in E. macroptera appear to be within the ranges predicted for E. maldivensis of similar size

(Fig. 9, 10). Other species of the genus are known to show some geographic variation in meristic characters. We

therefore consider differences in dorsal and anal fin ray and vertebral counts between E. macroptera and

E. maldivensis to be geographic variation and E. macroptera to be a junior synonym of E. maldivensis.

Table 11. — Comparison of proportional measurements and counts for Engyprosopon maldivensis ,

E. macroptera, E. borneensis and E. maculipinnis.

maldivensis

macroptera

borneensis

maculipinnis

present

specimens

lectotype

paralectotypes

holotype

+ paratypes

holotype

Number of

6 d,7 2

10 <3,3 9

specimens

SL (mm)

42.0-82.5

52.2

47.5

49.4

98.1-120.8

126.5

91.8

Proportions :

SL/HL

3.53-3.91

3.60

3.65

3.8

4.04-4.44

3.94

3.84

SL/IW (<J)

10.11-32.31

19.33

19.0

6.91-8.57

7.35

SL/IW (9)

11.61-40.73

35.29

11.02-11.67

16.04

Counts :

77-84

85-91

55-63

65-68

0+7-9

1+8

0+7

0 +8-11

2+10

0+10

LLS

41-48

45-47

10+23-24

10+24

0+24

10+25-26

10+26

10+25

Localities

Coral Sea

Maidive Islands

Japan

Borneo

Philippines

This species resembles E. multisquama Amaoka, E. hensleyi Amaoka & Imamura, E. filipennis Wu & Tang

and a new species described in the present paper, E. longipterum (see below), in having a greatly prolonged

pectoral fin on the ocular side in both sexes. It differs from E. multisquama in having no dark blotches on the

caudal fin (a pair of large jet-black blotches in E. multisquama ), from E. hensleyi in having a smaller number of

gill rakers (0-2+7-11 vs. 6-9+16-19 in E. hensleyi) and deeper body (1.85-2.02 in SL vs. 2.35-2.71) (Amaoka &

Imamura, 1990). Separation of E. maldivensis and E. longipterum is discussed in the account of E. longipterum.

Source: MNHN. Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

397

Although no specimens of E.filipennis were available for study, E. maldivensis appears to differ from this species

in having a smaller upper jaw on the ocular side (2.6-3.0 vs. 2.2-2.4 in head length) (Wu & Tang, 1935).

Five paralectotypes of E. maldivensis (BMNH 1901.12.31.95-98, 1 male and 4 females, 28.0-31.8 mm SL)

differ from the lectotype in having uniserial teeth and a pectoral fin on the ocular side that is much shorter than

head. One of them agrees well with the lectotype and additional specimens examined of E. macrolepis\ the other

four specimens are E. hureaui. Thus, the five paralectotypes should be deleted from the type series of

E. maldivensis.

Fig. 9. — Relationships between SL and interorbital width in percent of SL in four nominal species of Engyprosopon :

E. maldivensis (closed triangles for <3 type specimens, open triangle for 9 type specimen; closed circles for <3 of

present specimens, open circles for 9 of present specimens); E. macroptera (closed squares for 6 type specimens,

open squares for 9 type specimens); E. borneensis (closed star for holotype); and E. maculipinnis (open star for

holotype).

</>

£ 26

-I

•O

5 24

40 60 80 100 120 140

Standard Length (mm)

Fig. 10. — Relationships between SL and head length in percent of SL in three nominal species of Engyprosopon :

E. maldivensis (closed triangles for type specimens; closed circles for present specimens), E. macroptera (open

circles for type specimens), and E. maculipinnis (open triangle for holotype).

398

K. AMAOKA, R MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Engyprosopon macrolepis ( Regan, 1908)

Figs 11-13

Scaeops macrolepis Regan, 1908 : 233,

Scaeops maldivensis Regan, 1908 : 234, pi. 25, fig. 1 (in part).

Scaeops filimanus Regan, 1908 : 234, pi. 25, fig. 2 (in part).

Engyprosopon macrolepis - Norman, 1934 : 214, fig. 165; 1939 : 100. — Fowler, 1956 : 168, fig. 87. — HENSLEY

1986 : 858. — Hensley & Randall, 1990 : 674, figs 1-4.

Engyprosopon filimanus - Norman, 1934 : 215, fig. 163 (in part).

Engyprosopon maldivensis - Norman, 1934 : 216, fig. 165 (in part).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 33 specimens.

New Caledonia. Lagon : stn 83, 22°31.5'S, 166°29.07'E, 22 m. Aug. 21, 1984, dredge : 1 9 56.8 mm (HUMZ

124873). — Stn 443, 18°00.00'S, 162 °55.01'E, 35-40 m, Feb. 27, 1985. dredge : 1 6 37.5 mm (MNHN 1993-48). —

Stn 549, 22°51'S, 166°55.09'E. 27 m, Jul. 15, 1985, dredge : 1 6 49.8 mm (MNHN 1993-49). — Stn 556, 22°48.00'S,

166°51.09'E, 30 m, Jul. 14, 1985, dredge : 1 6 37.4 mm (MNHN 1993-50). — Stn 709, 21°22.02'S, 166°03 00’E 39-

40 m. Aug. 10, 1986, dredge : 1 6 34.5 mm (MNHN 1993-51).

Loyalty Islands. Musorstom 6 : stn DW 432, 20°20.95'S, 166°10.75’E, 21 m, 18 Feb. 1989, dredge ■ 1 6

36.9 mm (MNHN 1993-46). — Stn DW 434, 20°21.21'S, 166°08.64'E, 23 m, Feb. 18, 1989, dredge ! 1 9 42 1 mm

(MNHN 1993-47). 6

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcal 1 : stn CP 10, 21°24.90'S, 159°24.30'E, 60 m, Jul 25 1984

beam trawl : 9 9 37.0-55.2 mm (MNHN 1993-35, 36, 37, 38); 1 6 and 1 9 45.7-48.7 mm (HUMZ 124869, 124870). —

Stn CP 15, 21°24.90'S, 159°09.30'E, 60 m, Jul. 25, 1984, beam trawl : 1 6 54.2 mm (MNHN 1993-44); 1 6 58.7 mm

(HUMZ 124872).

Corail 2 : stn 24, 20°27.35'S, 161°04.70E, 75 m. Jul. 22, 1988, trawl : 1 9 45.8 mm (MNHN 1993-144). —

Stn 25, 20°25.00'S, 161°05.00'E, 70 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 3 6 and 1 9 37.2-46.3 mm (MNHN 1993-40, 41,

42). — Stn 27, 20°21.29'S, 160°58.60'E, the Nereus Reef, 75 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 2 9 33.4-41.3 mm (MNHN

1993-43). — Stn 90, 19°02.83'S, 158°56.26'E. 48 m, Jul. 26, 1988, trawl : 3 9 35.5-37.1 mm (MNHN 1993-45). —

Stn 127, 19°27.73'S, 158°27.30'E, 45 m, Jul. 29, 1988, beam trawl : 2 9 38.7-41.0 mm (MNHN 1993-39)- 1 9

52.5 mm (HUMZ 124871).

diagnosis. — Interorbital region with two dark cross bands; an ocular flap without a fringed margin on each

eye in larger males; strong orbital spines in front of each eye in males; gill rakers 0+6-8; uniserial teeth on upper

jaw.

Description. Ranges for proportional data are given first, followed by averages. Counts and proportional

measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 12 and 13.

Head length 3.21-3.72, 3.49 in SL; body depth 1.87-2.14, 2.02. Snout length 3.88-4.64, 4.20 in head length;

upper eye diameter 3.00-3.75, 3.37; lower eye diameter 2.92-3.81. 3.35; interorbital width 3.33-7.77, 5.04 in

males, 6.00-16.33, 9.16 in females; upper jaw length 2.40-3.00, 2.66 on ocular side, 2.53-3.24, 2.79 on blind

side; lower jaw length 1.84-2.26, 2.01 on ocular side, 1.80-2.20. 1.92 on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle

1.94-2.54. 2.28; pectoral fin length 0.62-1.22, 0.84 on ocular side in males, 0.71-1.58, 0.95 on ocular side in

females. 2.03-2.64. 2.31 on blind side; pelvic fin length 2.16-2.64, 2.38 on ocular side, 2.31-2.70, 2.52 on blind

side; pelvic fin-basc length 2.57-3.24, 2.94 on ocular side, 7.35-9.71,8.56 on blind side; length of longest dorsal

fin ray 1.93-2.34. 2.08; length of longest anal fin ray 1.91-2.30, 2.02; length of middle caudal fin ray 1.05-1.31,

1.15; curved length of lateral line 1.88-2.43, 2.12.

Table 12. Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon macrolepis

74 75

78 79

80 81 82

56 57

58 59

60 61 62

63 64

1 1

6 5

6 4 3

2 1

2 7

10 6 3

1 1

(O, B)

10 11

2+11+3

3+11+3

3+12+2

0,1

0,19

1,12 26,0

6,0

LLS

40 41

44 45

46 47 48 49

1 0+6 0+7 0+8

1 10+23

10+24 10+25

11+23

6 9

6 4 2 1

13 17

, 5

25 2

Source: MNHN , Paris

. — Engyprosopon macrolepis. A-B : 6 58.7 mm, from Bcllona Plateau, west of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124872).

C : 9 56.8 mm, from southern New Caledonia (HUMZ 124873).

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

Source MNHN. Paris

400

K. AMAOKA. E MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body. Caudal peduncle rather deep, its depth about 1/4 of

body depth. Head rather large; a slight concavity in front of interorbital region. Snout rather short, its length less

than eye diameter. A strong rostral spine near snout tip in males, absent in females. Eyes large; upper eye diameter

about 70-90 % of upper jaw length on ocular side; adult males with an ocular flap on each eye. One or two orbital

spines before each orbit in adult males (Fig. 12 A), absent in smaller males and females. Interorbital region

shallowly concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females (Fig. 13).

FlG. 12. — Diagrammatic illustration of head parts in Engyprosopon macrolepis (A) and E. xenandrus (B). Scale bars

indicate 10 mm.

Mouth comparatively large; lower jaw slightly projecting beyond tip of upper jaw with mouth closed. A small

ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw sharp, uniserial; lower jaw teeth uniserial,

nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch moderate in size, not serrate

on each margin except dorsalmost two on lower limb, sometimes provided with small teeth on posterior margin,

gill rakers absent on upper limb. Scales on ocular side large, deciduous and with short ctenii, cycloid on blind side.

Pectoral fin on ocular side usually rather elongated, its length about 0.6-1.2 in head length in males, 0.7-1.6 in

females. Pelvic fin with six rays, that on ocular side originating at tip of isthmus; approximately fourth or fifth

ray on ocular side opposite to first ray on blind side. Tip of isthmus below middle part of lower eye. Caudal fin

rays branched except two or three upper- and lowermost rays.

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side dark brown; many darker spots and rings irregularly

scattered; dorsal margin of upper eye and both jaws on ocular side dark; interorbital region with two dark narrow

bands (Fig. 12 A); three spots on the straight portion of the lateral line. Blind side dark brown except pale

yellowish-white head in males, uniformly pale yellowish-white in smaller males and females. Dorsal and anal fins

with a series of dark spots; pectoral fin with some dark bands; caudal fin with a pair of obscure blotches.

Source MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

401

Sexual dimorphism. — The specimens we examined show sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of

rostral and orbital spines and ocular flaps, interorbital width (Fig. 13), degree of curve of anterior dorsal profile,

length of the pectoral fin on the ocular side and the presence or absence of pigmentation on the blind side.

Although Hensley and Randall (1990) indicated that this species may show sexual dimorphism in the length of

the pelvic fin on the ocular side, they were not able to test this using analysis of covariance because of inequality

of variances. Sexual dimorphism in this character was not obvious in the specimens examined in the present

study.

Table 13. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL for Engyprosopon macrolepis , including holotype.

Present specimens

Holotype (d)

BMNH 1908.3.23.145

Character

Range (N=33)

lid, 229

Average

SL (mm)

33.4-58.7

43.4

6.83

49.0

26.9-31.2

28.7

0.9

28.9

46.7-53.5

49.5

1.7

50.8

SNL

5.9-7.5

6.8

0.4

6.5

UED

7.6-10.0

8.6

0.6

8.4

LED

7.6-10.3

8.6

0.7

8.6

IW(<J)

3.5-8.3

6.0

1.6

9.6

IW (9)

1.8-4.9

3.3

0.7

UJL(O)

9.8-1 1.8

10.8

0.5

10.2

UJL (B)

9.2-12.2

10.3

0.6

9.6

LJL (O)

13.1-15.7

14.3

0.6

13.5

LJ L (B)

13.6-16.4

14.9

0.7

13.9

DCP

11.1-13.9

12.5

0.6

12.7

P1L (O, d)

22.5-46.7

35.7

8.3

33.5

P1L (O, 9)

19.8-40.7

31.4

5.4

P1L (B)

10.8-13.8

12.4

0.7

12.9

P2L (O)

11.1-16.3

12.2

0.9

12.2

P2L (B)

10.6-12.3

11.3

0.4

10.8

P2B (O)

8.7-11.0

9.8

0.6

9.2

P2B (B)

2.9-3.8

3.3

0.2

3.5

LDFR

12.3-14.9

13.8

0.7

14.3

lafr

12.8-16.0

14.2

0.7

13.5

mcfr

22.6-27.0

24.8

1.0

25.7

LLCW

12.0-14.8

13.6

0.8

Distribution. — Cargados Carajos Shoals, Maldives (Regan, 1908), Gulf of Aden (Norman, 1939),

possibly Natal (Hensley, 1986), Comoros Islands, Red Sea, the Philippines (Hensley & Randall, 1990), Coral

Sea (Chesterfield Plateau and New Caledonia), at depths of 3-91 m.

REMARKS. — This species is most similar to Engyprosopon xenandrus Gilbert, 1905, known only from the

Hawaiian Islands, in having two dark bands in the interorbital region, ocular flaps and orbital spines (Fig. 12).

It differs from E. xenandrus in having fewer gill rakers (0+6-8 vs. 0+11-12 in type specimens of E. xenandrus)

and ocular flaps without fringed margins (vs. flaps with fringed margins) (Fig. 12).

HENSLEY and Randall (1990) were doubtful about identifications of paralectotypes of E.filimanus by both

Regan (1908) and Norman (1934). Our examination of three type specimens of E.filimanus shows that one

paralectotype (BMNH 1901.12.31.106, 6 42.5 mm SL) differs from the male lectotype (BMNH 1901.12.31.

105), and that all its morphometric and meristic characters fall within the ranges of variation of male

E. macrolepis examined in the present study. Therefore, this specimen should be deleted from the type series of

E. fi liman us.

402

K. AMAOKA. H. MIHARA & J. RIVA70N

Fig. 13. Relationship between SL and interorbital width in percent of SL in Engyprosopon macrolepis (closed circles

for 6 , open circles for 9).

One paralectotypc of E. maldivensis (BMNH 1901.12.31.95-98, 1 9 30.3 mm SL) was identified as

E. macrolepis (see E. maldivensis).

This species has been known from the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Philippines. This is the first record of

this species from the Coral Sea.

Engyprosopon hureaui Qu6ro & Golani, 1990

Figs 14-15

Scaeops maldivensis Regan, 1908 : 234, pi. 25, fig. 1 (in part).

Engyprosopon maldivensis - Norman, 1934 : 216, fig. 165 (in part).

Engyprosopon hureaui Quero & Golani, 1990 : 38, fig. 1.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 8 specimens.

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chaixal 1 : stn CP 15, 21°24.90'S, 159°24.30'E, 60 m, Jul. 25, 1984,

beam trawl : 1 9 39.1 mm (MNHN 1993-52); 1 d 43.1 mm (HUMZ 124874).

Corail 2 : Stn 100, 19°05.99'S, 158°26.89'E, 40 m, Jul. 27, 1984, dredge : 1 9 43.9 mm (MNHN 1993-55). —

Stn 121, 19°25.08'S, 158°18.00'E, 34 m, Jul. 29, 1988, dredge : 3 6 47.0-49.8 mm (MNHN 1993-53 54)- 1 9

44,0 mm (HUMZ 124875). — Stn 122, 19°28.17’S, 158°17.06'E, 32 m, Jul. 22, 1988, dredge : 1 9 28 5 mm (MNHN

1993-145).

Diagnosis. — Teeth on upper jaw uniserial; gill rakers not serrate; orbital spine absent in both sexes;

interorbital width 3.1-3.6 in males, 5.2-8.2 in females; interorbital region without dark bands.

Description. — Ranges for proportional data are given first, followed averages. Counts and proportional

measurements as percent of SL arc shown in Tables 14 and 15.

Head length 3.50-3.80. 3.64 in SL; body depth 1.78-1.93. 1.83. Snout length 4.15-5.22, 4.64 in head length;

upper eye diameter 3.16-3.64. 3.35; lower eye diameter 3.16-3.69, 3.36; interorbital width 3.08-3-.56, 3.37 in

males. 5.22-8.15, 6.71 in females; upper jaw length 2.96-3.10. 3.02 on ocular side, 2.96-3.04, 3.12 on blind side;

lower jaw length 2.02-2.39, 2.29 on ocular side, 2.03-2.20, 2.13 on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 1.94-

2.27. 2.08; pectoral fin length 1.18-1.32, 1.27 on ocular side, 1.95-2.27, 2.11 on blind side; pelvic fin length

1.97-2.24, 2.06 on ocular side. 2.03-2.18, 2.10 on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.22-2.62. 2.48 on ocular

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF TOE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

403

l'fiS f'SI 74 . t 61 r f lin HH S , ide: le "g^. of lon § est dorsal fi " ray 1.64-1.90, 1.77; length of longest anal fin ray

1.68-1.83, 1.74, length of middle caudal fin ray 1.08-1.19, 1.14; curved length of lateral line 1.86-2.01. 1.92.

TABLE 14. _ Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon hureaui.

76 77 78

2 3 3

55 5 6 57 58

4 2 11

PI (O, B)

8 9 10 11 12

0-2 0,4 1,2 5,0 2,0

3+11+3 3+12+2

7 1

—

LLS

36 37 38 39 40

1 0 2 3 2

0+7 0+8

6 2

10+22 10+23 10+24

3 4 1

r , ^° dy ° V / dCe, f St S lghl y In fr ° n( ° f m ‘ ddle Par ‘ ° f body ’ its de P‘ h L9 ~ 2A limes as long as head length

Caudal peduncle moderate in length, its depth 23-26 % of body depth. Head rather large; a slight concavity in front'

reg !° n ' f 10U n ra ‘ her Sh0rl ' 48 ' 89 % ° f UppCr eyC diame,er - A strong astral spine near snout tip in

males absent m females. Eyes rather large; upper eye diameter 82-96 % of upper jaw length on ocular side

^zr^s^r*' In,erorbi,al region shallow,y concave - becomin8 wider wi,h growih - wito m

Mouth rather large; maxilla extending to below anterior part of lower eye; anterior tips of both jaws nearly on

same vertical line when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper

jaw sharp umsenal; lower jaw teeth umsenal, nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill

rakers on first arch moderate in size, not serrate, absent on upper limb. Scales large, feebly ctenoid and deciduous

on ocular side, cycloid on blind side.

heacHeneth ^McTnf ^ itS le " glb L6 T U ,imcs as lo "g as * at on blind side, a little less than

midrill n^n? f n a r3yS ' , ha ‘ ° n ocu,ar Slde ori S inalin g at tip of isthmus. Tip of isthmus below

middle part of lower eye. Caudal fin rays branched except two or three upper- and lowermost rays.

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side light brown; a few spots on straight portion of lateral line

Blind side uniformly pale yellowish white. Dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark spots on basal part- caudal

tin with a pair of obscure blotches near basal part.

TAB1.F. 15. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon hureaui.

Character

Range (N=8)

4d, 49

Average

SL (mm)

28.5-49.8

42.8

6.63

26.3-28.8

27.5

0.7

51.7-56.0

54.5

1.3

SNL

4.0-6.6

5.8

0.8

UED

7.2-9.5

8.3

0.6

LED

7.2-10.2

8.5

0.8

IW(<J)

7.6-8.6

8.1

0.4

IW (9)

3.5-5.2

4.3

0.7

UJL(O)

8.8-9.8

9.2

0.3

UJL (B)

8.1-12.5

9.2

1.3

LJ L (O)

9.3-13.0

11.6

1.0

LJL (B)

12.0-13.7

12.9

0.4

DCP

12.5-13.9

13.3

0.4

P1 L (O)

20.3-23.2

21.6

1.0

PI L (B)

12.2-14.1

13.1

0.7

P2L (O)

12.5-14.2

13.4

0.5

P2L (B)

12.0-13.7

13.1

0.5

P2B (O)

10.6-11.8

11.1

0.5

P2B (B)

4.0-4.9

4.3

0.3

LDFR

14.0-17.1

15.4

1.0

LAFR

15.0-18.6

16.1

1.1

MCFR

22.9-25.3

24.2

0.9

LLCW

13.6-14.4

14.1

0.3

Source:

404

K. AMAOKA. E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Fig. 14. —Engyprosopon hureaui. A : 6 47.3 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia (MNHN 1993-54).

— B : 9 44.0 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia (HUMZ 124875).

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in presence or absence of the rostral spine and the

interorbital width (Fig. 15).

Distribution. — The Maidive Islands (Regan, 1908), Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (QufiRO & Golani, 1990),

Coral Sea, at depths of 1-81 m.

Remarks. — This species most resembles Engyprosopon xenandrus Gilbert, 1905, E. macrolepis Regan,

1908, and E.filimanus Regan, 1908, in having uniserial upper jaw teeth, gill rakers without serrations and the

interorbital region subequal to or wider than eye diameter.

It differs from E. xenandrus and E. macrolepis in having no particular marking in the interorbital region (two

dark cross bands in interorbital region in E. xenandrus and E. macrolepis) and no ocular flaps (vs. an ocular flap on

each eye in males) and no orbital spine (vs. an orbital spine in front of each eye in males).

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

405

(fi

Standard Length (mm)

Fig. 15. — Relationship between SL and interorbital width in percent of SL in Engyprosopon hureaui (closed circles for

6 , open circles for 9).

Engyprosopon hureaui can be distinguished from E.filimanus due to a shorter pectoral fin on the ocular side

(pectoral fin on the ocular side longer than head length in E.filimanus) and lack of an orbital spine (vs. an orbital

spine in front of each eye in males).

Four paralectotypes of E. maldivensis (BMNH 1901.12.31.95-98. 1 male and 3 females. 28.0-31.8 mm SL)

were identified as E. hureaui (see remarks on E. maldivensis).

This species was previously known from the Maidive Islands and Red Sea. This is the first record of this

species from the Coral Sea.

Engyprosopon septempes sp. nov.

Figs 16-21. 25

MATERIAL EXAMINED. —28 specimens.

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcal I : stn CP 2, 20°31.50'S, 161°06.45'E, 88 m, Jul. 15, 1984,

beam trawl : 2 3 and 1 9 36.9-46.4 mm (MNHN 1993-60. 61). — Stn CP 3, 20°30.83'S, 161°05.21'E, 80 m, Jul. 15^

1984, beam trawl : 2 3 38.6-39.9 mm (MNHN 1993-62); 1 3 36.1 mm (HUMZ 124879). — Sin CP 12, 20°35.30'S,

158°47.40'E, 67 m, Jul. 23, 1984, beam trawl : 3 3 36.9-60.0 mm (MNHN 1993-64); 1 9 46.1 mm (HUMZ 124880). —

Stn DC 48, 20°46.25'S, 158°41.64'E. 70 m, Jul. 23. 1984, dredge : 1 3 and 3 9 28.3-46.1 mm (MNHN 1993-65, 66. 67,

68); 1 3 43.8 mm (HUMZ 124881).

Corail 1 : stn 5. 19°11.07'S, 158°27.0EE, 58 m, Aug. 20. 1988, fish trawl : 1 3 70.5 mm (MNHN 1993-56).

— Stn 7, 20°40.08'S, 158°51.05'E, 78 m, Aug. 21, 1988, beam trawl : 1 3 and 1 9 40.0-47.6 mm (MNHN 1993-59).

Corail 2 : stn 23, 20°30.60'S, 161°03.55'E, 80 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 1 9 32.9 mm (MNHN 1993-146). —

Stn 36, 19°18.49'S, 158°46.78'E, 66 m, Jul. 24, 1988. dredge : 1 9 35.8 mm (HUMZ 124878). — Stn 37. 19°21.51'S,

158°45.33'E, 70 m, Jul. 23, 1984, dredge : 1 3 38.9 mm (MNHN 1993-69). — Stn 45, 19°21.28'S, 158°19.14'E, 44 m,

Jul. 23, 1988. dredge ; I 9 43.1 mm (HUMZ 124877). — Stn 67, 19°14.92'S. 158°36.94'E, 66 m, Jul. 24, 1988, dredge :

1 3 57.2 mm (MNHN 1993-58). — Stn 68. 19°15.00’S, 158°34.00'E, 65 m, Jul. 24. 1988, dredge : 1 3 36.3 mm

(MNHN 1993-147). — Stn 75, 19°12.00'S, 158°29.50'E, 65 m. Jul. 25, 1984, dredge : 1 3 33.1 mm (MNHN 1993-70).

— Stn 112, 19°22.87’S. 158°44.15'E, 74 m. Jul. 28, 1988. beam trawl : 1 9 39.5 mm (MNHN 1993-57); 1 3 47.4 mm

(HUMZ 124876). — Stn 133, 19°12.12'S, 158°26.60'E, 62 m, Jul. 25, 1988. dredge : 1 9 36.2 mm (MNHN 1993-63).

Types. —The male (MNHN 1993-56, Corail 1, stn 5) is the holotype. All the other specimens are

paratypes.

Source:

406

K. AMAOKA. E. MIHARA & J. RIVA'ION

Diagnosis. — Pelvic fins usually with seven rays, that on ocular side pigmented and elongated in males, its

length 1.23-2.23 in head length in males, 2.15-2.59 in females; gill rakers with serrate margins; teeth on upper

jaw uniserial; body very deep, 1.81-2.22 in SL.

Fig. 16. — Engyprosopon septempes sp.

(MNHN 1993-56).

nov., holotype, 6 70.5 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia

Description. Data for holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by ranges for the paratypes and

averages for proportional data. Counts and proportional measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 16

and 17.

Head length 3.47 in SL (2.92-3.43, 3.24); body depth 1.81 (1.87-2.22, 2.05). Snout length in head length

4.14 (3.83-4.67, 4.32); upper eye diameter 3.76 (2.92-3.78, 3.32); lower eye diameter 3.76 (2.92-3.70, 3.30);

interorbital width 2.71 (2.92-10.50, 5.40) in males, (7.29-16.8, 11.08) in females; upper jaw length 2.64 (2.31-

2.74. 2.56) on ocular side. 2.51 (2.31-2.73, 2.55) on blind side; lower jaw length 1.99 (1.82-2.02, 1.93) on ocular

S‘de, 1 86, (1.71-1.99, 1.87) on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 2.21 (2.41-2.98, 2.63); pectoral fin length

1.46 (1.45-1.88, 1.64) on ocular side, 2.71 (2.48-3.29, 2.85) on blind side; pelvic fin length 1 35 (1 23-2 23

1.76) on ocular side in males, (2.15-2.59, 2.37) in females, 2.14 (2.26-3.16, 2.66) on blind side; pelvic fin-base

length .67 (2.64-3.50, 3.12) on ocular side, 8.46 (7.17-10.53, 8.44) on blind side; length of longest dorsal fin

210): lenglh 0f l0ngest 31131 fin ra y 2 ‘ 28 d-82-2.33, 2.03); length of middle caudal fin ray

1.34 (1.25-1.53, 1.33); curved length of lateral line - (1.85-2.19, 2.04).

Body deeply ovale, deepest at middle part of body, its depth subcqual to half length of body; dorsal and ventral

contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth subequal to 1/4 of body depth. Head large, its length 29-

% of SL; upper profile with a large notch in front of interorbital region, steep in mature males, less so in

temales and juvenile males. Snout rather long, strongly protruding, its length about 70-90 % of upper eye

diameter. A strong rostral spine in males, absent or feeble in smaller males and females (Fig. 18 A-B). Eyes rather

large; upper eye diameter about 70-90 % of upper jaw length on ocular side; lower eye in advance of upper. One or

two blunt spines on anterior edge of each orbit in males, absent in females and smaller males (Fig. 18 A-B).

Source:

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

407

Interorbital region concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females (Figs 18 A-B, 19).

Nostrils on ocular side anterior to upper margin of lower eye; anterior one tubular with a flap posteriorly; nostrils

on blind side small, below origin of dorsal fin, similar in shape to those on ocular side.

Mouth large, oblique; maxilla extending to middle part of lower eye; anterior tips of both jaws nearly on same

vertical line, or upper jaw projecting slightly beyond tip of lower jaw when mouth closed. A small ventrally

directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth on upper jaw sharp, uniserial, becoming larger and more widely

spaced anteriorly, some anterior canine teeth; lower jaw teeth uniserial, nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw

in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch slender, posterior margins serrated, none on upper limb (Fig. 18 C).

Scales large, feebly ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side; snout and anterior parts of both jaws on ocular

side naked.

Table 16. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon septempes sp. nov.

Counts from holotype included in italicized numbers.

I) 80 81

1 0

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

2 5 4 4 3 5 3 1

A 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

224635 122

PI (O, B)

7 8 9 10 1 1

0,2 0,4 0,16 0,4 3,0

12 13 P2 (O, B) 6 7

12.0 8,0 2,2 26,26

3+11+3 2+12+3 2+13+2 3+12+2 LLS 40 4

19 234 4

1 42 43 44 45

8 5 3 3

0+8 0+9 0+10 1+10

3/8 6 1

V 10+24 10+25

8 20

Pectoral fin on ocular side rather short, about 50-70 % of length of head, second ray longest, longer than that

on blind side. Pelvic fins usually with seven rays; that on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus; and elongated in

males, less so in females (Figs 18 A-B, 20); filth to sixth rays on ocular side opposite to first ray on blind side.

Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye. All fin rays simple except caudal fin rays. Caudal fin rays branched

except two or three upper- and lowermost rays.

Table 17. Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon septempes sp. nov.

Averages include measurements from holotype.

Character

Holotype

Paratypes

16<5, 119

Average

S L (mm)

70.5

28.3-60.0

41.9

9.06

28.8

29.2-34.3

30.9

1.1

55.2

45.0-53.5

49.0

2.5

SNL

7.0

6.5-8.1

7.2

0.4

UED

7.7

8.5-10.7

9.3

0.7

LED

7.7

8.3-10.7

9.4

0.7

IW (<J)

10.6

3.0-10.8

6.5

2.3

IW (9)

1.8-4.2

2.9

0.7

UJL(O)

10.9

10.6-13.6

12.1

0.7

UJL(B)

11.5

10.9-13.7

12.1

0.6

LJL(O)

14.5

14.7-17.8

16.0

0.7

LJL(B)

15.5

14.9-18.4

16.6

0.8

DCP

13.0

10.8-12.7

11.7

0.5

PIL(O)

19.7

16.3-21.9

18.8

1.2

P1L (B)

10.6

9.4-12.6

10.9

0.8

P2L (O, 6)

21.3

14.2-25.7

18.1

3.4

P2L (O, 9)

11.2-13.9

13.0

0.8

P2L (B)

13.5

10.0-14.0

11.7

0.9

P2B (O)

10.8

8.5-1 1.9

9.9

0.8

P2B (B)

3.4

3.0-4.2

3.7

0.4

LDFR

11.8

12.4-16.3

14.7

1.1

LAFR

12.6

13.2-16.6

15.2

1.1

MCFR

21.4

22.0-25.2

23.4

1.0

LLCW

13.7-17.1

15.3

1.4

Source:

408

K. AMAOKA. E MIHARA & J. RIVATON

F,G ^-— En 8yprosopon septempes sp. nov. A : holotype, 6 70.5 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of Nev

Caledonia (MNHN 1993-56). — B : paratype, 9 43.1 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia (HUM/

124877).

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side light brown; interorbital region sometimes with an obscure

dark cross band; an obscure dark spot at junction of straight and curved parts of lateral line, a few spots on straight

part of lateral line. Blind side uniformly pale yellow. Dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark spots; pectoral fin

rarely with a few dark cross bands; pelvic fin on ocular side in males with many small dark spots except for basal

portion, a few spots on pelvic fin of ocular side in females; caudal fin with irregularly scattered dark spots.

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of a rostral spine, the

interorbital width, curvature of the anterior dorsal profile and the length and coloration of the pelvic fin on the

ocular side (Figs 18 A-B, 19, 20).

Etymology. — Named after the seven pelvic fin rays.

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

409

Fig. 18. — Body parts showing sexual dimorphism in <J (A) and $ (B), and a first gill arch (C) from ocular side in

E. septempes sp. nov., paratype. 57.2 mm (MNHN 1993-58).

Distribution. — The present specimens were all collected from the Coral Sea (the Chesterfield and Bellona

Plateaus, the Nereus Reef), at depths of 44-88 m.

Remarks. — This species is easily separable from all known congeners by pelvic fins usually having seven

rays. Apart from the fin-ray counts of the pelvic fin, it superficially resembles Engyprosopon latifrons (Regan).

E. sechellensis (Regan), E. natalensis Regan, E. obliquioculalum (Fowler), E. longipelvis Amaoka and

E. rostralum sp. nov.

II differs from E. latifrons and E. obliquioculalum in having a deeper body (Fig. 21), longer pelvic fin on the

ocular side (Fig. 20), longer caudal fin (21.4-25.2 % of SL vs. 19.6-19.9 in £. latifrons, 19.4-21.0 in

E. obliquioculalum) and larger eyes (7.7-10.7 % of SL vs. 6.6-7.S, 7Z7-8.2); from E. sechellensis in having a

deeper body (Fig. 21), shorter pectoral fin on the ocular side (Fig. 25), and higher number of gill rakers on ihe

lower limb (Table 20); from E. natalensis in having a longer head (28.8-34.3 % of SL vs. 26.9-27.0 in

E. natalensis), longer snout (6.5-8.1 % of SL vs. 5.5-6.1), larger mouth (upper jaw length on the ocular side

10.6-13.6 % of SL vs. 9.6-10.0, lower jaw length on the ocular side 14.5-17.8 vs. 12.8-13.4), wider interorbital

region (Fig. 19) and higher number of gill rakers on lower limb (Table 20); from E. longipelvis in having

uniserial teeth on upper jaw (biserial in E. longipelvis), deeper body (Fig. 21), wider interorbital width (Fig. 19)

and longer pelvic fin (Fig. 20).

Differences between E. septempes and E. rostralum are discussed in the account of that species (see below).

410

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Fig. 19. — Relationships between SL and interorbital width in percent of SL in four species of Engyprosopon :

E. rostratum sp. nov. (closed circles for <5, open circles for 9); E. septempes sp. nov. (closed squares for 6 , open

squares for 9); E. longipelvis (closed triangles for 6 , open triangles for 9 ); and E. natalensis (closed star for 6

paralectotype, open star for 9 lectotype).

Fig. 20. — Relationships between SL and pelvic fin length on ocular side in percent of SL in five species of

Engyprosopon : E. rostratum sp. nov. (closed circles for 6, open circles for 9); E. septempes sp. nov. (closed

squares for 6, open squares for 9); E. longipelvis (closed triangles for <5, open triangles for 9); E. latifrons (closed

star for 6 type specimens, open star for 9 paralectotype); and E. obliquioculatum (closed double circle for 6

holotype, open double circles for 9 paratypes).

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF 'HIE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

411

Fig. 21. — Relationships between SL and body depth in percent of SL in five species of Engyprosopon : E. sepiempes sp.

nov. (closed circles), E. longipelvis (open circles), E. latifrons (closed triangles for type specimens), E. sechellensis

(closed square for holotype), and E. obUquioculalum (open triangles for type specimens).

Engyprosopon rostratum sp. nov.

Figs 19-20, 22-25

Material examined. — 33 specimens.

New Caledonia. LAGON : stn 352, 22°35.11'S, 166°59.05'E, 81 m. Nov. 29. 1984, dredge : 1 2 31.0 mm (MNHN

1993-86).

Smib 5 : stn DW 81, 22°38.02'S, 167°34.08'E, 105-110 m, Sep. 9, 1989, dredge : 2 d 45.5-46.2 mm (MNHN 1993-

84, 85).

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcai. 1 : stn CP 10, 20°00.20’S, I58°46.60'E, 225 m, Jul. 27, 1984,

beam trawl : 1 d 69.6 mm (MNHN 1993-71); 3 <5 and 4 2 58.0-75.7 mm (MNHN 1993-72, 73); 1 2 62.2 mm (MNHN

1993-148); 1 d and 1 2 54.5-67.0 mm (HUMZ 124882, 124883). — Stn CP 17, 22°34.70'S, 159°15.30'E, 300 m,

Jul. 28, 1984, beam trawl : 1 d 72.3 mm (MNHN 1993-87).

Cor All. 2 : stn 73, 19°21.1 IS, 158°22.57’E, 41 m, Jul. 25. 1988, dredge : 1 d 55.1 mm (MNHN 1993-83). —

Stn 130, 19°27.41'S, 158°34.00'E, 217 m, Jul. 29, 1988, beam trawl : 2 d and 1 2 52.4-58.4 mm (MNHN 1993-79.

80); 1 2 54.1 mm (HUMZ 124887). — Stn 131, 19°25.49'S. 158°37.96'E, 217 m. Jul. 29, 1988, beam trawl : 2 d and

2 2 50.0-55.0 mm (MNHN 1993-75. 76); 1 d 60.9 mm (HUMZ 124886). — Stn 133, 19°31.10'S, 158°25.35'E, 45 m,

Jul. 30. 1988, dredge ; 1 2 61.5 mm (MNHN 1993-81). — Stn 142, 19°36.16'S, 158°26.79'E, 193 m. Jul. 30, 1988,

beam trawl : 2 2 43.5-49.4 mm (MNHN 1993-74); 1 d and 1 2 56.6-57.3 mm (HUMZ 124884, 124885). — Stn 161,

19°46.00'S, 158°26.50'E, 217 m, Aug. 1, 1988, dredge ; 1 d 52.4 mm (MNHN 1993-82). — Stn 162, 19°46.24’S.

158°25.67'E, 203 m, Aug. 1, 1988, beam trawl : 1 d and 1 2 58.8-72.0 mm (MNHN 1993-77, 78).

Types. — The male (MNHN 1993-71, Chalcai. 1. sin CP 10) is the holotype. All the other specimens are

para types.

DIAGNOSIS. — Pelvic fins with six rays, that on ocular side pigmented and somewhat elongated in males, its

length 1.48-2.24 in HL in males, 2.15-2.53 in females; gill rakers with serrate margins; teeth on upper jaw

uniserial; pectoral fin on ocular side slightly prolonged in larger males, its length 0.85-1.45 in head length in

males, 1.43-1.65 in females.

Description. — Data for holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by ranges for the paratypes and

averages for proportional data. Counts and proportional measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 18

and 19.

412

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Fig. 22. — Engyprosopon rostratum sp. nov., holotype, <5 69.6 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia

(MNHN 1993-71).

Head length 3.61 in SL (3.23-3.60, 3.45); body depth 2.02 (1.93-2.25, 2.08). Snout length 4.39 in head

length (3.93-4.69, 4.33); upper eye diameter 3.78 (3.03-3.82, 3.46); lower eye diameter 3.51 (3.20-3.90, 3.49);

interorbital width 2.76 (2.59-5.08, 3.53) in males, (4.83-22.75, 7.40) in females; upper jaw length 2.35 (2.25-

2.84, 2.42) on ocular side, 2.27 (2.23-2.76, 2.38) on blind side; lower jaw length 1.86 (1.79-2.07, 1.91) on ocular

side, 1.75 (1.69-1.95, 1.81) on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 2.38 (2.16-2.68. 2.45); pectoral fin length

1.09 (0.85-1.45, 1.14) on ocular side in males, (1.43-1.65, 1.54) in females, 2.41 (2.42-3.25, 2.66) on blind side;

pelvic fin length 1.72 (1.48-2.24, 1.87) on ocular side in males, (2.15-2.53, 2.30) in females, 2.61 (2.38-3.06,

2.68) on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.97 (2.93-3.47, 3.18) on ocular side, 8.77 (8.00-10.11, 9.01) on blind

side; length of longest dorsal fin ray 1.86 (1.76-2.11,1.93); length of longest anal fin ray 1.80 (1.72-2.11,1.90);

length of middle caudal fin ray 1.16 (1.15-1.33, 1.23); curved length of lateral line 2.12 (1.86-2.36, 2.16).

Table 18. — Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon rostratum sp. nov.

Counts from holotype included in italicized numbers.

90 91

92 93

94 96

67 68

70 71

73 74

75 76

6 3

7 5

1 1

7 5

4 2

2 1

(O, B)

0,1

0,2

0,23

0,6

2,0

5,0

12,0

1,0

3+11+3

2+12+3

3+12+2

2+13+2

3+12+3

LLS

43 44

0+7

0+8

0+9

10+25

10+26

Source: MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

413

Fig. 23. — Engyprosopon rostratum sp. nov. A : holotype, 6 69.6 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New

Caledonia (MNHN 1993-71). — B : paratype, 9 68.5 mm, from Chesterfield Plateau, west of New Caledonia (MNHN

1993-72).

Body ovate, deepest slightly in front of middle of body, its depth subequal to half length of body; dorsal and

ventral contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth subequal to 1/4 of body depth. Head large, its

length subequal to 30 % of SL; upper profile with a large notch in front of interorbital region, steep in mature

males, less so in females and juvenile males. Snout rather long, strongly protruding, 70-90 % of eye diameter.

A strong rostral spine in males, absent or poorly developed in smaller males and females (Fig. 24 A-B). Eyes

rather large; upper eye diameter 60-90 % of upper jaw length on ocular side; lower eye in advance of the upper.

One or two blunt orbital spines before each orbit in males, absent in females and smaller males (Fig. 24 A-B).

Interorbital region concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females (Figs 19, 24 A-B).

Mouth large, oblique; maxilla extending to anterior or middle part of lower eye; anterior tips of both jaws

nearly on same vertical line when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth

on upper jaw sharp, uniserial, becoming larger and more widely spaced anteriorly, some anterior canine teeth;

414

K. AMAOKA, E MIHARA & J. RIVATON

lower jaw teeth uniserial, nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch

slender, posterior margins serrated, none on upper limb (Fig. 24 C). Scales large, feebly ctenoid on ocular side,

cycloid on blind side; snout and anterior parts of both jaws on ocular side naked.

Pectoral fin on ocular side slightly prolonged in males, less so in females (Figs 24 A-B, 25), its length in

males 0.85-1.45 in head length, 1.43-1.65 in females, second ray longest, longer than that on blind side. Pelvic

fins with six rays, starting at tip of isthmus; that on ocular side somewhat elongate in males, less so in females

(Figs 20, 24 A-B); approximately fifth ray on ocular side opposite to first ray on blind side. Tip of isthmus below

middle part of lower eye. Caudal fin rays branched except two or three upper- and lowermost rays.

FlG - 24 - ~ Bod y P arls showing sexual dimorphism in <J (A) and 9 (B), and a first gill arch (C) on ocular side in

E. rostral uni sp. nov., paratype, 6 67.0 mm (HUMZ 124882).

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side light brown; interorbital region with a dark cross band

(Fig. 24 A-B); an obscure dark spot at junction of straight and curved parts of lateral line, a few obscure spots on

the straight portion of lateral line. Blind side uniformly pale yellow. Dorsal and anal fins with a series of dark

spots; pectoral fin with a few dark cross bands; pelvic fin on ocular side in males with many small dark spots

except for basal portion, a few spots on pelvic fin of ocular side in females; caudal fin with irregularly scattered

dark spots.

Source:

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

415

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in the presence or absence of the rostral spine, the

interorbital width, the degree of curve of the anterior dorsal profile, the length of the pectoral and the pelvic fins on

the ocular side, and the degree of spotting on the pelvic fin on the ocular side (Figs 19,20, 24 A-B, 25).

Table 19. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon rostraium sp. nov.

Averages include measurements from holotype.

Characters

Holotype

Paratypes

16d, 169

Average

SL (mm)

69.6

31.0-75.7

58.2

9.75

27.7

27.8-30.9

29.0

0.7

49.4

44.5-51.9

48.1

1.9

SNL

6.3

6.0-7.5

6.7

0.4

UED

7.3

7.6-9.7

8.4

0.5

LED

7.9

7.6-9.0

8.3

0.4

IW(«J)

10.1

5.7-11.4

8.5

1.6

IW (9)

1.3-5.5

4.4

1.1

UJL(O)

11.8

10.3-13.1

12.0

0.6

UJL (B)

12.2

10.6-13.3

12.2

0.6

LJL(O)

14.9

14.1-16.4

15.2

0.6

LJL (B)

15.8

14.9-17.4

16.1

0.6

DCP

11.6

10.8-14.3

11.9

0.7

P1L (O, 6)

25.4

21.4-34.8

25.9

3.6

P1 L (O, 9)

17.0-20.6

18.7

0.9

P1 L (B)

11.5

9.0-12.8

11.0

0.8

P2L (O, 6)

16.1

13.0-19.9

15.6

1.5

P2L (O, 9)

11.6-13.8

12.6

0.5

P2L (B)

10.6

9.2-12.4

10.9

0.6

P2B (O)

9.3

8.3-9.9

9.1

0.4

P2B (B)

3.2

2.9-3.6

3.2

0.2

LDFR

14.9

13.8-16.1

15.0

0.6

LAFR

15.4

13.9-16.4

15.3

0.6

MCFR

24.0

21.5-25.3

23.5

1.0

LLCW

13.1

12.0-15.2

13.3

1.0

Etymology. — Named after the long snout.

Distribution. — All specimens were collected from the Chesterfield Plateau, the Bellona Plateau and southern

New Caledonia, at depths of 41-300 m (mainly about 200 m).

Remarks. — This species closely resembles Engyprosopon latifrons (Regan), E. sechellensis (Regan),

E. natalensis Regan, E. obliquioculatum (Fowler), E. longipelvis Amaoka and E. septempes sp. nov. in having a

distinctly protruded and notched snout, an elongated and pigmented pelvic fin on the ocular side in males, and gill

rakers with serrate margins.

However, except for E. sechellensis , it differs from these species in having a longer pectoral fin on the ocular

side in males (Fig. 25) and sexual dimorphism in this characters (Figs 24 A-B, 25). Moreover, it differs from

E. latifrons and E. obliquioculatum (which we consider to be a junior synonym of E. latifrons ), in having a

longer caudal fin (1.15-1.33 in HL vs. 1.38-1.47 in E. latifrons , 1.40-1.49 in E. obliquioculatum) and higher

numbers of anal fin rays and scales in lateral line (Table 20); from E. natalensis and E. longipelvis in having a

wider interorbital region (Fig. 19) and higher numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays (Table 20); and from

E. septempes in having six pelvic rays on both sides (usually 7 rays in E. septempes) and a shorter pelvic fin on

the ocular side (Fig. 20). In addition, E. rostratum differs from E. natalensis in having higher numbers of gill

rakers on lower limb (Table 20) and from E. longipelvis in having uniserial teeth on the upper jaw (biserial in

E. longipelvis). E. sechellensis has smaller numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays and gill rakers on the lower limb

than E. rostratum (Table 20).

Source:

416

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Table 20. — Comparison of counts for Engyprosopon rostratum, E. septempes, E. latifrons, E. sechellensis,

E. natalensis, E. longipelvis and E. obliquioculatum.

rostratum

present

specimens

septempes

present

specimens

latifrons

type

specimens

sechellensis

holotype

natalensis

type

specimens

longipelvis

Amaoka, 1969

obliquioculatum

type specimens

Number of

specimens

S L (mm)

31.0-75.7

28.3-70.5

52.8-78.4

56.9

44.2-62.7

49.5-65.8

57.1-63.3

87-96

80-89

77-88

86-87

79-83

82-88

67-76

60-68

59-65

63-65

60-64

59-66

7 (rarely 6)

6 or 7

LLS

42-46

40-45

38-40

40-41

0+7-9

0-1+8-10

0+7-8

0+6

0+8-9

10+25-26

10+24-25

10+24-26

10+25

10+24-25

Fig. 25. — Relationships between SL and pectoral fin length on ocular side in percent of SL in seven species of

Engyprosopon : E. rostratum sp. nov. (closed circles for 6, open circles for 9); E. septempes sp. nov. (closed

squares); E. longipelvis (open squares); E . latifrons (closed triangles for type specimens); E. obliquioculatum (open

triangles for type specimens); E. sechellensis (open star for holotype); and E. natalensis (closed stars for type

specimens).

Engyprosopon longipterum sp. nov.

Figs 26-28

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 7 specimens.

Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus. Chalcal 1 : stn CP 2, 20°31.50’S, 161°06.45'E, 88 m, Jul. 15, 1984 :

1 6 73.5 mm (MNHN 1993-88); 2 9 74.5 mm and 74.5 mm (MNHN 1993-90). — Stn CP 12, 20°35.30'S, 158°47.40’E,

67 m, Jul. 23, 1984, beam trawl : 1 9 82.3 mm (MNHN 1993-91); 1 9 85.5 mm (HUMZ 124889).

Corail 2 : stn 20, 20°38.97’S, 161°01.01'E, 88 m, Jul. 22, 1988, dredge : 1 9 62.5 mm (MNHN 1993-89). —

Stn 22, 20°32.89'S, 161°01.09'E, 85 m, Jul. 22, 1988, beam trawl : 1 6 66.6 mm (HUMZ 124888).

Source:

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

417

Fig. 26. — Engyprosopon longipterum sp. nov. A-B : paratype, 6 66.6 mm, from Fairway Ridge, west of New

Caledonia (HUMZ 124888). — C : paratype, 9 74.5 mm, from Fairway Ridge, west of New Caledonia (MNHN 1993-

90).

Source: MNHN , Paris

418

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

Fig. 27. —Engyprosopon longipterum sp. nov., holotype, 6 73.5 mm, from Fairway Ridge, west of New Caledonia

(MNHN 1993-88).

TYPES. — The male (MNHN 1993-88, Chalcal 1. stn CP 2) is the holotype. All the other specimens are

paratypes.

Diagnosis. — Pectoral fin on ocular side greatly prolonged, its length in males 0.55-0.56 in head length,

0.87-1.01 in females; orbital spines absent in both sexes; gill rakers serrated; teeth on upper jaw uniserial; caudal

fin with a pair of obscure dark blotches; head comparatively large, 3.38-3.55 in SL; body depth 2.04-2.16; upper

jaw length on ocular side 2.44-2.57 in head length; scales in lateral line 45-51; anal fin rays 64-69.

Description. — Data for holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by ranges for the paratypes and

averages for proportional data. Counts and proportional measurements as percent of SL are shown in Tables 21

and 22.

Head length 3.52 in SL (3.38-3.55, 3.47); body depth 2.04 (2.12-2.16, 2.12). Snout length 4.45 in head

length (4.19-4.78, 4.52); upper eye diameter 3.48 (3.17-3.43, 3.34); lower eye diameter 3.48 (3.11-3.51, 3.37);

interorbital width 3.07 (3.47, 3.27) in males, (3.75-6.22, 5.21) in females; upper jaw length 2.46 (2.44-2.57,

2.50) on ocular side, 2.46 (2.44-2.53, 2.48) on blind side; lower jaw length 1.97 (1.86-2.04, 1.97) on ocular side,

1.92 (1.82-1.96, 1.90) on blind side; depth of caudal peduncle 2.61 (2.60-2.86, 2.71); pectoral fin length 0.55

(0.56, 0.56) on ocular side in males, (0.87-1.01, 0.92) in females; 2.27 (2.27-2.61, 2.38) on blind side; pelvic fin

length - (3.10-3.17, 3.13) on ocular side, - (2.71-3.20, 2.92) on blind side; pelvic fin-base length 2.52 (2.60-2.79,

2.66) on ocular side, 9.50 (8.19-11.28, 9.47) on blind side; length of longest dorsal fin ray - (2.10-2.16, 2.13);

length of longest anal fin ray - (2.09-2.37, 2.19); length of middle caudal fin ray 1.28 (1.20-1.37, 1.27).

Body ovate, deepest at middle part of body, its depth subequal to or slightly less than half length of body;

dorsal and ventral contours gently arched. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth subequal to or slightly less than 1/4 of

body depth. Head large, its length slightly more than 25 % of SL; upper profile with a large notch in front of

interorbital region, very steep in males, less so in females (Fig. 28 A-B). Snout rather long, strongly protruding,

a little less than eye diameter. Strong rostral spine in males, absent in females (Fig. 28 A-B). Eyes rather large.

Source:

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

419

diameters less than upper jaw length; lower eye in advance of upper. Orbital spines absent in both sexes.

Interorbital region concave, becoming wider with growth, wider in males than in females (Fig. 28 A-B). Nostrils

on ocular side anterior to upper margin of lower eye; anterior one tubular with flap posteriorly; nostrils on blind

side small, below origin of dorsal fin, similar in shape to those on ocular side.

Table. — 21. Frequency distributions of eight meristic characters of Engyprosopon longiplerum sp. nov.

Counts from holotype included in italicized numbers.

84 85 86 87 88 89

64 65 66 67 68 69

PI (O, B)

9 10 11

10 2 10 5

1112/1

0,7 2,0 5,0

3+11+3 3+10+4

LLS

45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0+8 0+9 0+10

10+24 10+25

6 1

10 5 10 11

1 4 2

2 5

Mouth rather large, oblique; maxilla extending to below anterior part of lower eye; anterior tips of both jaws

nearly on same vertical line when mouth closed. A small ventrally directed knob at mandibular symphysis. Teeth

on upper jaw sharp, uniserial, becoming larger and more widely spaced anteriorly, some anterior canine teeth;

lower jaw teeth uniserial, nearly equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw in size and spacing. Gill rakers on first arch

slender, posterior margins serrate, none on upper limb (Fig. 28 D). Scales large, feebly ctenoid on ocular side

(Fig. 28 C), cycloid on blind side; snout and both jaws on ocular side naked.

Fig. 28. — Body parts showing sexual dimorphism in <3 (A) and 9 (B). and a scale (C) and first gill arch (D) from ocular

side in E. longiplerum sp. nov., paratype, 66.6 mm (MNHN 1993-90).

Pectoral fin on ocular side prolonged in both sexes, longer in males than in females (Fig. 28 A-B); second ray

much longer than others, more than length of head, longer than that on blind side. Pelvic fins with six rays, that

Source:

420

K. AMAOKA, E. MIHARA & J. RIVATON

on ocular side starting at tip of isthmus, approximately fifth ray on ocular side opposite to first ray on blind side.

Tip of isthmus below middle of lower eye. All fin rays except caudal fin rays, simple. Caudal fin rays branched

except three or four upper- and lowermost rays.

Table 22. — Proportional measurements as percent of SL in Engyprosopon longipterum sp. nov.

Averages include measurements from holotype.

Character

Holotype

Paratypes

lc5, 5$

Average

SL (mm)

73.5

62.5-85.5

74.2

8.04

28.4

28.2-29.7

28.9

0.5

49.0

46.3-47.3

47.2

0.8

SNL

6.4

6.0-6.9

6.4

0.3

UED

8.2

8.2-9.13

i 8.7

0.3

LED

8.2

8.2-9.31

8.6

0.3

IW(«J)

9.3

8.3

8.8

0.5

IW (9)

4.6-6.1

5.6

0.5

UJL (0)

11.6

11.1-11.8

1 1.5

0.2

UJL (B)

11.6

11.4-12.1

11.7

0.2

LJL(O)

14.4

13.8-15.5

14.6

0.5

LJL (B)

14.8

14.8-15.8

15.2

0.4

DCP

10.9

10.2-11.1

10.7

0.4

PIL (0,d)

51.8

51.1

51.4

0.4

PI L (0,9)

29.3-33.9

31.6

1.7

PIL (B)

12.5

11.4-12.8

12.2

0.5

P2L (0)

9.1-9.5

9.4

0.2

P2L (B)

9.1-10.7

10.0

0.7

P2B (O)

11.3

10.4-11.3

10.9

0.3

P2B (B)

3.0

2.6-3.6

3.1

0.3

LDFR

13.4-13.7

13.6

0.1

LAFR

12.5-13.8

13.3

0.6

MCFR

22.2

21.6-24.0

22.6

0.8

Coloration in alcohol : Ground color on ocular side uniformly light brown; an obscure dark spot at junction of

straight and curved parts of lateral line, a few spots on straight portion of lateral line. Blind side light brown

except pale yellowish-white head in males, pale yellowish white in females. Dorsal and anal fins with a series of

dark spots; pectoral fin with a few dark cross bands; caudal fin with a pair of obscure dark blotches.

Sexual dimorphism : This species shows sexual dimorphism in the rostral spine, interorbital width, length of

the pectoral fin on the ocular side, and coloration of the body on the blind side (Fig. 28 A-B).

Etymology. — Named after the long pectoral fin on the ocular side.

Distribution. — All specimens were collected from the Chesterfield and Bellona Plateaus and the Fairway

Ridge, at depths of 67-88 m.

Remarks. — This species closely resembles Engyprosopon maldivensis (Regan), E . multisquama Amaoka

and E. filipennis Wu & Tang in having a prolonged pectoral fin on the ocular side and no orbital spines in both

sexes. It differs from E. maldivensis and E. multisquama in having uniserial teeth on the upper jaw (biserial in

E. maldivensis and E. multisquama) and gill rakers with serrate margins (vs. gill rakers without serrate margins).

It can be distinguished from E. filipennis in having a higher number of scales in the lateral line, larger head and

shallower body (Table 23). Engyprosopon longipterum also differs from E. multisquama in having a pair of

obscure dark blotches submedially on the caudal fin (a pair of large jet-black blotches submarginally in

E. multi squama).

Source:

REVISION OF THE GENUS ENGYPROSOPON

421

TABLE 23. — Comparison of proportional measurements and counts

between Engyprosopon longipterum sp. nov. and E. filipennis.

longipterum

present specimens

filipennis

Wu& Tang (1935)

Number of specimens

S L (mm)

62.5-85.5

Proportions:

SL/HL

3.38-3.55

3.7-4

SL/BD

2.04-2.16

1.8-1.9

HL/SNL

4.19-4.78

4-4.2

HL/UED

3.17-3.48

3-3.2

HL/UJL(Q)

2.44-2.57

2.2-2.4

Counts:

84-89

88-93

64-69

66-68

LLS

45-51

39-43

0+8-10

?+ll

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr Dannie A. HENSLEY, University of Puerto Rico, for critical

reading of our manuscript, and Mr Bernard SfiRET, ORSTOM/Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, for loan

of specimens from the ORSTOM collection.

Special thanks are due to Prof. Tamotsu Iwai and Dr Izumi Nakamura, Kyoto University, Drs Nigel R.

MERRETf, Ethelwynn Trewavas and Jim Chambers, British Museum, Natural History, Dr DESOUTTER, Museum

national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Dr Susan L. Jewett, Smithsonian Institution, and Dr A. Ben-Tuvia. Hebrew

University, for loans of type specimens, and to Drs Bertrand Richer DE FORGES and Michael Kulbicki for helping

us in collection of specimens.

Finally, thanks go to Drs Kazuhiro Nakaya and Mamoru Yabe for their suggestions and assistance. Dr Gento

SHINOHARA and Mr Hisashi Imamura for their assistance in the study.

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Source: MNHN, Paris

Achevc cTimprimer en octobrc 1993 sur les presses de rimprimerie dc Montligeon

61400 La Chapelle Montligeon - Depot legal 4' trimestre 1993 - N° Imp. 16557 - Distribue lc 10 novembre 1993

Source: MNHN, Pahs

DERNIERS TITRES PARUS

RECENTLY PUBLISHED MEMOIRS

A partir de 1993 (Tome 155), les Memoires du Museum sont publies sans indication de serie.

From 1993 (Volume 155), the Memoires du Museum are published without serial titles.

Tome 157 : Loi'c MATILE, Judith Najt & Simon TlLLIER (eds), 1993 — Zoologia Neocaledonica. Volume 3, ca

218 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-205-5) 280 FF.

Tome 156 : Alain Crosnier (ed.), 1993 — R6sultats des Campagnes Musorstom. Volume 10. 491 pp. (ISBN

2-85653-206-3) 580 FF.

Tome 155 : Thierry Deuve, 1993 — L'abdomen et les genitalia des femelles de Col6opteres Adephaga. 184 pp.

(ISBN 2-85653-204) 290 FF.

S£rie A (Zoolog ie) :

Tome 154 : Roland Houart, 1992 — The genus Chicoreus and related genera (Gastropoda : Muricidae) in the

Indo-West Pacific. 188 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-194-6) 380 FF.

Tome 153 : Helmut Zibrowius & Stephen D. Cairns. 1992 —Revision of the northeast Atlantic and

Mediterranean Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). 136 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-192-X) 190 FF.

SfiRIE B (BOTAN1QUE):

Tome 32 : Claudine Friedberg, 1990 — Le savoir botanique des Bunaq. Percevoir et classer dans le Haul

Lamaknen (Timor, Indon6sie). 304 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-177-6) 350 FF.

Tome 31 : Odile PONCY, 1985 — Le genre Inga (L6gumineuses, Mimosoideae) en Guyane frangaise.

Syst6matique, Morphologie des formes juveniles, Ecologie. 124 pp. (ISBN 2-85863-135-0) 210 FF.

Tome 30 : Lucile Allorge, 1985 — Monographic des Apocynac6es — Tabernaemontanoiddes am£ricaines.

216 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-132-6) 280 FF.

Tome 29 : Monique Keddam-Malplanche, 1985 — Le pollen et les stomates des Gard6ni6es (Rubiac6es) du

Gabon. Morphologie et tendances 6volutives. 109 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-116-4) 130 FF.

Tome 28 : Marie-France Roquebert, 1981 — Analyse des phenomfcnes paridtaux au cours de la conidiog^nese

chez quelques champignons microscopiques. 79 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-116-4) 130 FF.

S£rie C (Sciences de la Terre) :

Tome 56 : Jean-Paul Saint Martin, 1990 — Les formations rdcifales coralliennes du Miocene supdrieur d'Alg^rie

et du Maroc. 373 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-170-9) 392 FF.

Tome 55 : Georges Busson (ed.), 1988 — Evaporites et hydrocarbures. 144 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-155-5) 180 FF.

Tome 54 : Monette Veran. 1988 — Les 61ements accessoires de l'arc hyoidien des poissons t616ostomes

(Acanthodiens et Osteichthyens) fossiles et actuels. 114 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-154-7) 150 FF.

Tome 53 : Donald E. Russell. Jean-Pierre Santoro and Denise Sigogneau-Russell, 1988 — Teeth Revisited :

Proceedings of the Vllth International Symposium on Dental Morphology. 462 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-148-2)

625 FF.

Tome 10 : Jacques Roger, 1962 (R6impression/Reprint 1988) — BUFFON. Les Epoques de la Nature. Edition

critique. 344 pp. (ISBN 2-85653-160-1) 100 FF.

Prix hors taxe, valides jusqu'en ddcembre 1994. Frais de port en sus. Vente en France : TVA 2,10%.

Prices in French Francs are valid until December 1994. Postage not included.

Volume 11 of Rtsultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM reports on the benthic deep-sea fauna from the tropical

Western Pacific, with emphasis on the New Caledonian region. The 7 contributed papers cover the taxonomy and

biogeography of selected groups of invertebrates (1 paper each on sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, pycnogonids and

ascidians) and fishes (2 papers).

Of the 209 species studied, as many as 116, plus 3 subspecies, are described as new, thus demonstrating once

again the richness and outstanding peculiarity of the fauna inhabiting the slopes of New Caledonia. This includes

a remarkable radiation of 20 new species in a new genus of Sertulariidae (Hydrozoa), and more species of

Petalostegidae and Bifaxariidae (Bryozoa) than anywhere else in the world. In addition there are numerous new

records and range extensions.

The MUSORSTOM series is a joint program of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle and the Institut

Frangais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Ddveloppement en Cooperation (ORSTOM).

EDITIONS

DU MUSEUM

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ISBN 2-85653-208-X

ISSN 1243-4442

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Source: MNHN. Paris