Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70:1-10 (2013) Published 02-08-2013

1447-2554 (On-line)

http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/

New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia

Michael E. ShACKLETON (urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B95DlABB-6728-4F97-B024-D994D8A9B8D2)

La Trobe University, Department of Environmental Management and Ecology, University Drive, Wodonga, Victoria 3690,

Australia (m.shackleton@latrobe.edu.au)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5D3224D6-4418-4476-AB76-AC0DDBD8AE84

Abstract Shackleton, M.E. 2013. New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia. Memoirs of

Museum Victoria 70: 1-10.

The Australian endemic genus Caloca Mosely was established 60 years ago to include five species. Since then only

a single species has been added to the genus. Adult males of seven new species are here named and described: C. ada sp.

nov., C. sica sp. nov., C. gippslanda sp. nov., C. lata sp. nov., C. kiandra sp. nov., C. disparala sp. nov. and C. ungula sp.

nov. Each species possesses a distinct triangular receptacle on the dorsum of the head capsule, which occurs only in Caloca

and Pliocaloca Neboiss. A transient discoidal cell in the hindwing of one species blurs the diagnostic lines between Caloca

and Pliocaloca. However, the two genera can be separated on the presence or absence of spine-like setae associated with

segment X (present in Caloca ), and the larvae of the two genera are distinctive. The descriptions here raise the total

number of species in the genus from 6 to 13, all from south-eastern Australia. A key to the identification of all 13 species

is provided.

Keywords Caddisfly, taxonomy, Caloca, ada, sica, gippslanda, lata, kiandra, disparala, ungula

Introduction

Among the caddisflies (Trichoptera), Calocidae exhibit some

of the most interesting morphological features and habitat

choices. The hind-wing venation of all Calocidae species is

modified, often lacking veins of the cubitus and media. Some

species have highly modified maxillary palpi, which may

include spines or large setose areas. Most species possess a

small finger-like process that extends from the anterior margin

of the antennal scape (fig. 11). Unique to the genera Caloca

Mosely and Pliocaloca Neboiss, is a receptacle on the dorsum

of the head, which is closed by a membranous cover that opens

along the midline (fig. 12). This large, triangular feature holds

a pair of filaments that, when the membrane is opened,

protrude from the head capsule (fig. 11).

Very little is known about the larvae of Caloca. The one

species for which a larva has been associated and described is the

only known Australian species of Trichoptera to be fully terrestrial.

Neboiss (1979) described the larva of C. saneva from specimens

he collected from pitfall traps placed about 20-50 m from a river.

He noted that the adults could be found crawling under leaf litter

on the forest floor. This specialised habitat may be the reason why

the larvae of other species of Caloca remain to be discovered, as

the usual technique for collecting larvae is to search river

substrates. However, I have personally observed Caloca larvae

inhabiting a somewhat aquatic environment in seeps along a road

cutting in the alpine regions of the Hartz Mountains National

Park, Tasmania, which suggests that while some species might

not be collected in river samples, they may still require some form

of flowing water. Adults of Caloca have been collected from 400

m to around 1300 m above sea level. They are found in densely

forested or alpine areas with undisturbed ground and shrub layers.

Neboiss (1977) recorded the Tasmanian species from alpine areas

such as Mt Wellington, the Hartz Mountains and Lake St Clair.

The most northerly species has been recorded from Ebor, New

South Wales (NSW), where the local Guy Fawkes River runs out

of the Guy Fawkes National Park. Two species occur in forested

areas of the Blue Mountains, NSW.

Caloca is the most species-rich genus of the family

Calocidae, and many of these species appear to be short-

range endemics. This apparent endemicity may be a product

of sampling effort. However, the present study follows a

three-year investigation into the taxonomy of Calocidae,

throughout which extensive light trapping and stream

sampling around many of the localities of these species were

undertaken. Over this period, very few specimens were

collected, suggesting that Caloca may be rare in the locations

in which they occur and have short geographic ranges, they

may have very specific emergence and rapid adult life stages,

or they may not readily come to light traps. Caloca are

distributed along the east coast of Australia from Tasmania

to northern NSW. The early work of Mosely and Kimmins

(1953) and Neboiss (1977) recorded the fauna of NSW,

specifically around the Sydney and northern NSW regions,

2

M.E. Shackleton

and the fauna of Tasmania. Many of the new species

described here fill the void between these two regions. Six of

the new species occur in Victoria, and one of these is also

recorded from Mt Gingera in the Australian Capital Territory

(ACT). One species occurs in southern NSW, close to the

Victorian border near Mt Kosciuszko. Of the previously

described species, three are endemic to Tasmania, one is

known from Ebor and south of Sydney at Stanwell Park,

NSW, one is recorded only from Wentworth Falls, NSW, and

one is known to occur across two states, Victoria and NSW.

Caloca was originally erected by Mosely and Kimmins

(1953) in the family Odontoceridae Wallengren. In the same

publication a description of Tismana saneva Mosely, sole

member of the monotypic genus Tismana, was also included

and placed in the family Sericostomatidae Stephens. Tismana

was later to be synonymised with the genus Caloca by

Neboiss (1977). It was not until Ross (1967) that the family

name Calocidae Ross was erected. Ross (1967) did not

provide a family diagnosis. Nor did he state which genera

were to be included in this family. His only comments were

that the leg spur count was 2, 2, 4, and that the family was

little changed from what he called, ‘ancestor 15’. It has since

been assumed that Caloca, likely to be the derivation of

Calocidae, belongs within this family (Neboiss, 1977;

Johanson and Malm, 2010).

Since Mosely and Kimmins (1953), only a single species

has been added to the genus. The current paper adds seven

new species to the genus Caloca, raising the number of

known species to a neat baker’s dozen. Here I present

descriptions and illustrations of the adult males of these new

species, and provide a key for the identification of all adult

male Caloca species. Given that many Caloca appear to have

relatively small geographic ranges, and that so many new

species are being described, it is likely that there are more

species of Caloca awaiting collection and description.

Materials and methods

Adult specimens, housed in Museum Victoria, Melbourne,

were examined under a Nikon SMZ1500 microscope.

Genitalia were cleared in KOH prior to illustrating.

Photographs were taken using a Nikon DS-Fil camera

mounted on a Nikon SMZ1500 microscope. Keys used to

identify specimens were those of Neboiss (1986, 1992).

Terminology follows Holzenthal et al. (2007). However,

in Calocidae the hind-wing venation is highly modified

from that of the generalised illustration provided by

Holzenthal et al. (2007). Here I have applied the terminology

of Holzenthal et al. (2007), but have interpreted the veins of

the hindwing to suit a modification from the generalised

pattern (figs 5 and 10). Characters of the genitalia and the

tenth abdominal segment (segment X) are indicated in figs 2

and 3.

Family Calocidae

Genus Caloca Mosely, 1953

Type species. Caloca straminea Mosely, by original designation,

from NSW.

Generic diagnosis

Caloca differ from most other Calocidae in that the males

possess a receptacle on the dorsum of the head which houses a

pair of membranous filaments; they also possess at least some

strong spine-like setae on the genitalia, and lack a distinct

discoidal cell in the hindwing, except in C. disparala sp. nov.,

where a small, indistinct discoidal cell is sometimes present in

one or both of the hindwings. Pliocaloca may be confused

with Caloca because it also possesses a receptacle on the head.

However, members of this genus lack the strong spines on the

genitalia, and possess a distinct discoidal cell in the hindwing.

Revised generic description

Adult. Ocelli absent. Male. Head: dorsum with triangular

receptacle containing dense, pale setae and a pair of membranous

filaments. Antennal scape: with or without projection arising

from anterior margin. Maxillary palpi: 5-segmented. Labial

palpi: 3-segmented. Forewing: discoidal cell present; forks 1, 2,

3 and 5 present, fork 3 petiolate; nygma between veins R 4 and R 5

and within thyridial cell. Hindwing: discoidal cell present or

absent; vein either fused or parallel to Sc until just beyond

midpoint of wing where they fuse for a short distance before

separating to approach the wing margin. Legs: spurs 2, 2,4.

Key to males of Caloca

1 Antennal scape without a finger-like process on the

anterior surface.2

- Antennal scape with a finger-like process on the anterior

surface (see figs 101-b and 105-b in Mosely and

Kimmins, 1953).3

2 (1) Segment X longer than wide, gently tapering towards

posterior, with anterolaterally directed spines on each

lateral margin (see fig. 41-b in Mosely and Kimmins,

1953). C. saneva

- Segment X about as wide as long, with two pairs of stout

spines (see fig. 463 in Neboiss, 1977). C. ascita

3 (1) Segment X lateral margins produced distally to form a

triangular process at about halfway along length of

lateral margin, a single pair of spines dorsally on each

process (see fig. 102-b in Mosely and Kimmins, 1953)

.C. straminea

- Segment X lateral margins not produced distally, with

more than one spine on either the dorsal or lateral

surfaces. 4

4 (3) Inferior appendages with large spine-like, pointed

projections arising from inner surface subapically (figs

19, 20, 23, 24).5

New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia

3

- Inferior appendages either without large, strong spines

or with spines not subapical on segment.6

5 ( 4 ) Segment X very narrow in apical two-thirds, with dark

spines restricted to basal portion (figs 23-25).

. C. gippslanda sp. nov.

- Segment X broad, blade-like, with dark spines dorsally

along lateral margins (figs 18, 19). C. sica sp. nov.

6 ( 4 ) Inferior appendages each with at least one large spine¬

like projection medially (figs 7, 14). 7

- Inferior appendages without any large spine-like

projections medially (figs 19, 24, 29).8

7 ( 6 ) Inferior appendages each with one large medial spine¬

like projection; segment X lateral margins slightly

divergent towards posterior until apical third, then

angled in, with about six long setae dorsolaterally along

length of segment, and a pair of strong setae on dorsal

face at about mid length (figs 13-15) C. lata sp. nov.

- Inferior appendages each with one ventral and three large

medial spine-like projections; segment X lateral margins

slightly converging towards posterior then rounded in

apical third, without spines dorsally but with a row of lateral

spines in distal half (figs 6-8).C. kiandra sp. nov.

8 (6) Segment X elongate and tapered, with medial incision

greater than half the length of the segment (figs 1, 33).

. 9

- Segment X broad, with medial incision less than half the

length of the segment (fig. 28). 12

9 ( 8 ) Segment X with spines restricted to apical one-third

(figs 33, 34). 0

- Segment X with at least some spines around half the

length of the segment (figs 1, 2, 28). 11

10 ( 9 ) Segment X with one large, stout ventral spine and two

slender lateral spines; inferior appendages broad in

ventral view (figs 33, 34).C. disparala sp. nov.

- Segment X with three dorsal spines and one ventral

spine; inferior appendages, in ventral view, much

narrower in apical half (see fig. 105-d and e in Mosely

and Kimmins, 1953).C. eba

11 ( 9 ) Segment X with one very long anterolaterally directed

spine on lateral margin at about halfway along length,

one very long laterally directed spine on lateral margin

at about two-thirds length, one long spine on ventral

margin, directed laterally from the segment but bent

halfway to face posteriorly, and a small spine on the

dorsal margin subapically; inferior appendages without

medial projections (see fig. 106-c and d in Mosely and

Kimmins, 1953. C.fallia

- Segment X with three or four spines laterally about halfway

along length of segment; apices of inferior appendages

broadly incised, inner process stout, pointed and shorter

than outer process (figs 1-3). C. ungula sp. nov.

12 ( 8 ) Segment X with row of dark spines on lateral margins, a

pair of dark spines on dorsal surface at about two-thirds

length of the segment, and no spines apically; inferior

appendages without medial processes (figs 28, 29) C.

ada sp. nov.

- Segment X with dark spines apically; inferior appendages

each with medial process (see fig. 104-c and e in Mosely

and Kimmins, 1953). C. tertia

Caloca ungula sp. nov.

urnTsid: zoobank.org: act: 9B04B374-EE5D-442D-BE1C-

7F57FDFC7CFE

Figures 1-5

Holotype male: Vic.: Mt Feathertop, 1300 m, 12 Feb 1984, G.

Theischinger. T-21490.

Paratypes: ACT: Mt Gingera, 11 Jan 1967, E.F. Riek. T-21491,

1 male. NSW: Perisher Creek, 1500 m, 5 Jan 1984, G. Theischinger.

T-21492, 2 males (1 illustrated).

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the 3-4 spines arranged laterally around the

midpoint of segment X, and the apices of the inferior

appendages being broadly incised.

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 5-5.7 mm

(n = 4). Head: postocular warts long, relatively wide; anterior

warts slightly raised, semicircular, abutting to form a circle;

a pair of large warts on frons anterior and medial to antennae.

Antennae: as long as anterior wing; scape approximately as

long as depth of head capsule, with a process arising from the

basal half and extending to the distal margin. Maxillary

palpi: covered in setae, dorsal surface of first three segments

with long setae; segments 4 and 5 about three-quarters length

of other segments. Forewing (fig. 4): thyridial cell present;

fork 3 petiolate; cross-vein m-cu between MP and Cu la distal

to where MA and MP separate and where Cu la separates

from Cu lb ; Cu 2 joins Cu lb via cross-vein; joins Cu 2 at

arculus. Hindwing (fig. 5): vein Rj parallel to Sc until just

beyond midpoint of wing where they fuse for a short distance

before separating to approach the wing margin; fork 1 on

short pedestal; fork 3 absent; veins M x and M 9 fused; basal

section of vein M absent; vein Mp absent; Cu la and Cu lb

fused; Cu 2 absent. Genitalia (figs 1-3): segment X narrow,

incised apically to about half length of segment, each apical

projection with two or three long spines dorsally and one

long spine ventrally at about the midpoint of segment;

preanal appendages almost as long as segment X; inferior

appendages, apices broadly incised with inner process stout,

pointed and shorter than outer process; phallus in ventral

view diamond-shaped apically.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. From the Latin ungula meaning ‘claw’ and

pertaining to the claw-like inferior appendage.

4

M.E. Shackleton

11

12

Figures 1-12. Caloca ungula, male (1-5): genitalia, dorsal (1), ventral (2), lateral (3); forewing (4); hindwing (5). C. kiandra, male (6-12):

genitalia, dorsal (6), ventral (7), lateral (8); forewing (9); hindwing (10); head, lateral (11), dorsal (12).

New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia

5

Caloca kiandra sp. nov.

urn:lsid: zoobank.org: act:2106A40A-B348-4760-BE7F-

388A03C1F345

Figures 6-10

Holotype male. NSW: Diggers Ck, Mt Kosciusko, 9 Dec 1974,

E.F. Riek. T-21493, 1 male.

Paratypes. Collected with holotype: T-21494, 1 male. T-21495,

1 male.

Other material examined. NSW: Alpine Ck, Kiandra, 9 Dec 1964,

E.F. Riek. TRI-26656, 27 males. TRI-26417, 6 males. TRI-26420,

1 male. NSW: Alpine Ck, Kiandra, 19 Dec 1962, TRI-26151, 5 males

(1 illustrated).

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the presence of three large medial spines and one

large ventral spine arising medially from each inferior

appendage at about mid length.

Description. Male. Length of anterior wing: 5.5-6.2 mm (n =

42). Head: anterior setal warts, small, separated; a pair of large

warts on frons anterior and medial to antennae; frons with

apical margin projected forward slightly; antennae about as

long as anterior wing length; scape about as long as depth of

head capsule, with setose projection arising from basal half

and extending to distal margin. Maxillary palpi with setae on

dorsal surface longer than ventral. Pronotum: with one large

pair of setose warts. Mesoscutellum: with darker pigmentation

in anterolateral corners. Forewing (fig. 9): covered in brown

setae; fork 3 petiolate; cross-vein m-cu between MP and Cu la ,

placed distally to where MA and MP separate and where Cu la

separates from Cu lb ; Cu 2 joins Cu lb via cross-vein; A 1 meets

Cu 2 at arculus. Hindwing (fig. 10): veins R, Rs and M very

faint; fork 1 and 2 sessile; fork 3 on pedestal; fork 5 present;

veins M 3+4 and Cu 2 absent; cross-vein between Cu t and near

base of wing; nygma between veins R 4 and R 5 . Genitalia (figs

6-8): segment X broad, narrowly and deeply incised apically,

with row of dark spines along lateral margins in distal half of

apices, ventral surface broad, concave with about three dark

spines projecting posteriorly at about mid length of segment in

medial quarter; preanal appendages long, slender, about three-

quarters length of segment X, gently curved inwards; inferior

appendages curved inwards, apices pointed, with three large

medial spines and one large ventral spine arising at about the

midpoint of segment.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Caloca lata sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank.org: act: FI 5ED68A-E49B-4559-A4E1-

FCC6D97A8DF9

Holotype male. Vic.: Ovens R at Porepunkah, 26 Jan 1960, A. Neboiss.

T-21496.

Paratypes. Collected with holotype: T-21497, 1 male. T-21498,

1 male.

Other material examined. Vic.: Ovens R at Porepunkah, 26 Jan

1960, A. Neboiss. TRI-26413, 1 male. TRI-26415, 1 male. TRI-

26414, 2 males. TRI-6470, 1 male (illustrated). Vic.: Buffalo R,

Abbeyards, 27 Jan 1960, A. Neboiss. TRI-26412, 2 males. Vic.: Lake

Mountain, 17 Jan 1961, A. Neboiss. TRI-26411, 1 male. TRI-26416,

3 males.

Figures 13-17

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the presence of a large medial spine on the inferior

appendage.

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 5.3-6.2 mm

{n = 14). Head: postocular setal warts long, narrow; row of

setae above eye; strong, pale and darker setae posterior to eye;

a pair of large warts on frons anterior and medial to antennae.

Maxillary palpi, setose, setae on dorsum relatively long.

Antennae: shorter than anterior wing length; antennal scape

relatively long, with slender projection arising anteriorly at

about mid length, extending almost to anterior margin of scape.

Forewing (fig. 16): discoidal and thyridial cells present; cross¬

vein between Sc and R t ; vein joins Cu 2 at arculus. Hindwing

(fig. 17): vein Rj parallel to Sc until just beyond midpoint of

wing where they fuse for a short distance before separating to

approach the wing margin; forks 1 and 2 sessile; fork 5 present;

veins Cu 2 and MP absent; basal half of vein MA weak, giving

the appearance of a large vein-free area in mid basal half of

wing. Genitalia (figs 13-15): segment X broad, lateral margins

slightly divergent until apical third where they converge at

approximately a 45° angle, apical third incised medially, pair

of lobes basally on lateral margin, dorsal sublateral margins

with a row of about seven spines projecting distally, extending

from lobe to apical quarter, and one spine situated more

medially at about the midpoint of segment, directed posteriorly;

preanal appendages slender, extending almost length of

segment X, basal third weakly curved outwards; inferior

appendages with two broad, spine-like projections, lateral

projection weakly curved inward, abruptly tapering to a point,

darkly sclerotised apically, and medial projection shorter,

blade-like, angled medially (one specimen possesses a third

projection between these two that is about half the length of the

medial projection).

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. From the Latin lata meaning ‘wide’ and pertaining

to the broad segment X.

Caloca sica sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zo obank.org: act: D89BC 576-6 0FF-4F4E-B72F-

8539A7735AC5

Figures 18-22

Holotype male. Vic.: Thomson R, 7 km NNW Walhalla (Narrows

Gauging Stn), 4 Mar 1980, NMV Survey Dept TRS Site T16. T-21499.

Paratypes. Vic.: Britannia Ck, 6 km S of Warburton, 27 Feb 1976,

Neboiss. T-21500, 1 male. T-21501, 1 male (illustrated).

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the transparent ventral half of the inferior appendages,

which gives them a concave appearance in ventral view.

6

M.E. Shackleton

Figures 13-27. Caloca lata, male (13-17): genitalia, dorsal (13), ventral (14), lateral (15); forewing (16); hindwing (17). C. sica, male (18-22):

genitalia, dorsal (18), ventral (19), lateral (20); forewing (21); hindwing (22). C. gippslanda, male (23-27): genitalia, dorsal (23), ventral (24),

lateral (25); forewing (26); hindwing (27).

New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia

7

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 5.5-5.6 mm

(,n = 3). Head: postocular setal warts long, narrow; a pair of

large warts on frons anterior and medial to antennae. Maxillary

palpi, with long setae dorsally. Antennae: shorter than anterior

wing length; antennal scape about as long as first three

antennal segments, with slender projection arising anteriorly

at about mid length, extending to one-seventh scape length

from anterior margin of scape. Pronotum: with one small pair

of medial setal warts and one larger pair of distal setal warts.

Forewing (fig. 21): discoidal and thyridial cells present; cross¬

vein between Sc and R^ fork 1 sessile; fork 3 petiolate; vein

Cu 2 weak; vein A l joins Cu 2 at arculus. Hindwing (fig. 22): vein

R 1 and Sc fused along length until separating just before wing

margin; fork 1 on small pedestal; fork 2 sessile. Abdomen:

segment 9 ventrally with distinct light patch, broadly along

midline for length of segment. Genitalia (figs 18-20): segment

X in dorsal view broad basally, posterior three-quarters

somewhat elongate and triangular, tapering distally;

dorsolateral margins with row of six strong setae directed

posterodistally; segment X ventrally with three pairs of strong

setae in line with phallus, directed posteriorly; preanal

appendages long, slender, extending almost length of segment

X; inferior appendages somewhat short; in ventral view widely

separated, medially with slightly projecting setose lobe,

posterior half, from setose lobe to distal margin, transparent,

giving medial margin of appendages a concave appearance;

inner surface concave, with large posteromedially directed

spine extending beyond posterior margin of each inferior

appendage.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. From the Latin sica meaning ‘dagger’ and

pertaining to the dagger-like segment X.

Caloca gippslanda sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank.org: act: 0C9AF3AC-E0 02-4CBF-B7A7-

A6E6298F720A

Figures 23-27

Holotype male. Vic.: Goonmark Rocks scenic reserve, E. Gippsland,

16 Jan 1991, G. Theischinger. T-21509.

Paratype. Collected with holotype: T-21510, 1 male (illustrated).

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the very narrow posterior half of segment X, which

bears no spine-like setae, and the broad anterior half, which

bears several dark spine-like setae on the dorsum.

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 6.5-7 mm

(,n = 2). Head: postocular warts long, narrow, slightly broader

dorsally; anterior setal warts rounded, raised, separated

anteriorly, abutting posteriorly; a small, distinct, white

puncture medially and anterior to anterior setal warts; a pair

of large warts on frons anterior and medial to antennae.

Antennae: slightly shorter than anterior wing length; scape

about as long as pedicel and first two antennal segments

combined, with relatively small projection on anterior surface

arising from mid length and terminating just before distal

margin of scape. Maxillary palpi: with long setae on dorsal

surface of first three segments, last two segments with short

setae. Pronotum: with one pair of large, distal setal warts and

one pair of small medial setal warts. Forewing (fig. 26): forks

1 and 2 sessile, fork 3 petiolate, fork 4 absent; cross-veins s

and r 4 -r 5 forming relatively straight line; cross-vein r-m angled

medially from r 4 to r 5 at about 45°; cross-vein m absent,

medial cell open; cross-vein m-cu distal from separation of

Cu la and Cu lb ; cross-vein present between Cu la and Cu lb ; Cu 2

terminates at cross-vein between Cu, u and A,; vein A,

terminates at wing margin slightly basad of Cu 2 termination

point; small cross-vein present between and wing margin

just distal to confluence of with A 2 ; nygma present in fork

2, absent in thyridial cell. Hindwing (fig. 27): Sc and R [ fused

almost along entire length until separating just before wing

margin; fork 1 present on very short pedestal; fork 2 sessile,

with nygma; M x and M 3 fused, basal section of M absent; Cu la

and Cu la fused; Cu 7 absent; A 2 joins Aj close to base of wing.

Abdomen: segment 9 ventrally with distinct light patch, broad

posteriorly and converging anteriorly before reaching anterior

margin. Genitalia (figs 23-26): segment X anterior half broad,

with several (8-10) strong, dark, posteriorly projecting spines

on posterior half of dorsal surface and 3-4 strong, dark,

posteriorly projecting spines on anterior half of ventral

surface; posterior half slender, with two ridges slightly

diverging posteriorly; preanal appendages slender, about as

long as segment X; inferior appendages in lateral view broad,

ventral surface rounded, dorsal surface somewhat straight; in

ventral view apices directed medially, inner surface concave

with large tapered spine subapically, ventral and dorsal

margins with strong medially directed setae. Phallus: simple,

slightly sclerotised on ventral and lateral surfaces,

phallotremal sclerite present laterally at about three-quarters

length.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. Named after the region of the type locality.

Caloca ada sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank, org: act: 2F7A0 07C-B7F3 -4831-BF24-

BFD686D23F4F

Figures 28-32

Holotype male. Vic.: Ada R on Ada R Rd, S4, La Trobe C Survey

37°50.8'S 145°52'E, 19 Jan 1979. T-21502.

Paratype. Vic.: Dandenong Mts, Sassafras Ck, 18 Nov 1972, P.

Zwick. T-21503, 1 male (illustrated).

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the shape of segment X, which in dorsal view is

broad at the anterior margin, expanding out laterally towards

the posterior until the midpoint, where the lateral margins are

rounded and gradually converge to a posterior point.

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 6.5-6.8

mm {n = 2). Head: postocular setal warts long, narrow; anterior

setal warts abutting; a pair of large warts on frons anterior and

medial to antennae. Maxillary palpi (broken in both

specimens), first three segments with dense, long setae

dorsally. Antennae: broken in both specimens; antennal scape

8

M.E. Shackleton

Figures 28-39. Caloca ada , male (28-32): genitalia, dorsal (28), ventral (29), lateral (30); forewing (31); hindwing (32). C. disparala, male (33-

39): genitalia, dorsal (33), ventral (34), lateral (35); forewing (36); variations of the hindwing (37-39).

New species of Caloca Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia

9

about as long as first three antennal segments, with slender

projection arising anteriorly at about mid length, extending to

anterior margin of scape. Pronotum: with one small pair of

medial setal warts and one larger pair of distal setal warts.

Forewing (fig. 31): discoidal and thyridial cells present; cross¬

vein between Sc and R^, fork 1 sessile; fork 3 petiolate; vein

joins Cu 2 at arculus; cross-vein between A and wing margin

present at confluence of and A 2+3 . Hindwing (fig. 32): vein

R t parallel to Sc until just beyond midpoint of wing where they

fuse for a short distance before separating to approach the

wing margin; fork 1 on small pedestal; fork 2 sessile; cross¬

vein present between M and Cu r Abdomen: segment 9

ventrally with distinct light patch, broadly along midline for

length of segment. Genitalia (figs 28-30): segment X in dorsal

view basally broad, rapidly expanding laterally towards

posterior until the midpoint, then gradually tapering to point,

with a distinct ridge along midline and lesser ridges to either

side, lateral margins rounded with row of strong posterolaterally

and laterally directed spines, with a pair of posteriorly directed

spines on dorsum at about the midpoint, posterior one-sixth

narrowly incised; preanal appendages long, slender, extending

just beyond length of segment X; inferior appendages about as

long as segment X; in lateral view apical quarter sharply

upturned, terminating in a dorsally directed point.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Caloca disparala sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank.org: act: 5C9EFF64-E527-433 8-957B-

B2841BCEEB61

Figures 33-39

Holotype male. Vic.: Cumberland Falls, Marysville, 1067 m, 37°30'S

145°50'E, 18 Jan 1952, A. Neboiss. T-21504.

Paratypes. Vic.: Cumberland Falls, Marysville, 1067 m, 37°30'S

145°50'E, 8 Jan 1952, A. Neboiss. T-21505, 1 male (illustrated). Vic.:

Mt Baw Baw, 1555 m, 13 Jan 1966, B. Cantrell. T-21506, 1 male.

T-21507, 1 male. T-21508, 1 male.

Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of

Caloca by the presence of a very broad, spine-like setule

subapically on the ventral surfaces of each process of segment X.

Description. Adult male. Length of anterior wing: 5.8-7.2 mm

(n = 5). Head: postocular setal warts long, narrow; anterior

setal warts, raised and abutting; a pair of large warts on frons,

anterior and medial to antennae. Maxillary palpi with medium

length setae on dorsal surface. Antennae: about as long as

forewing length; antennal scape about as long as first three

antennal segments, with slender projection arising anteriorly

in basal third, extending to anterior margin of scape, with

dense tuft of setae between scape and projection. Pronotum:

with one small pair of medial setal warts and one larger pair of

distal setal warts. Forewing (fig. 36): discoidal and thyridial

cells present; discoidal cell long; cross-vein between Sc and

Rp fork 1 sessile; fork 3 petiolate; vein Aj joins Cu 2 at arculus.

Hindwing (figs 37-39): discoidal cell, either small (fig. 37) or

long (fig. 38), present in one or both of the hindwings, or absent

(fig. 39); vein R x parallel to Sc until Rj-R 9 cross-vein where

they fuse for a short distance before separating to approach the

wing margin; fork 1 either on small pedestal or sessile; fork 2

sessile; cross-vein present between M and Cu x ; base of M

absent. Abdomen: segment 9 ventrally with distinct, triangular

light patch; in lateral view rounded posteriorly and extended

to reach around half length of segment X. Genitalia (figs 33-

35): segment X in dorsal view long and slender, deeply incised

almost to base of segment; a large, broad spine-like seta

subapically on lateral surface; a long, pale slender seta

subapically on dorsal surface; a darker long, slender seta

anterior to pale seta on dorsal surface; preanal appendages

long, slender, extending to just beyond mid length of segment

X; inferior appendages terminating just before length of

segment X; in lateral view ventral margin relatively straight,

dorsal margin with distinct, rounded rise above mid two-

thirds, apically pointed; in ventral view broad, slightly

converging towards posterior, apex rounded, inner apical

margin with two small pointed teeth.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. From the Latin dispar meaning ‘imperfectly

matched’ and ala meaning ‘wing’ and pertaining to the

variation of the hindwings between and sometimes within

specimens.

Remarks

In the original generic description, given by Mosely and

Kimmins (1953), the adult males are said to be lacking a

discoidal cell in the hindwing. However, a discoidal cell is,

variably, present in C. disparala. The presence of a discoidal

cell was the main diagnostic feature used to distinguish the

genus Pliocaloca Neboiss, from other genera of Calocidae.

This character can no longer be said to be a diagnostic feature

for Pliocaloca. However, many of the larval characters of

Pliocaloca, as described in Shackleton (2010), are diagnostic

for this genus.

Acknowledgements

The Museum of Victoria is gratefully acknowledged for

providing access to adult specimens. Arturs Neboiss is

thanked for curating the specimens of Caloca in Museum

Victoria in such a way that made gathering together each of

the species very easy. Susan Lawler and Phil Suter, La Trobe

University, and Jeff Webb, Rhithron Associates LLC,

Missoula, are thanked for their guidance and comments on

drafts of the manuscript. This work was conducted as part of

the Taxonomic Research and Information Network (TRIN)

and was funded by the Commonwealth Environment Research

Facilities (CERF) program.

References

Holzenthal, R.W., Blahnik, R.J., Prather, A.L., and Kjer, K.M. 2007.

Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies. Zootaxa

1668: 639-698.

10

M.E. Shackleton

Johanson, K.A., and Malm, T. 2010. Testing the monophyly of

Calocidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) based on multiple molecular

data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 535-541.

Mosely, M.E., and Kimmins, D.E. 1953. The Trichoptera (Caddis-

flies) of Australia and New Zealand. British Museum of Natural

History: London.

Neboiss, A. 1977. A taxonomic and zoogeographic study of Tasmanian

caddis-flies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Memoirs of the National

Museum of Victoria 38: 1-208.

Neboiss, A. 1979. A terrestrial caddis-fly larva from Tasmania (Calocidae:

Trichoptera). Australian Entomological Magazine 5: 90-93.

Neboiss, A. 1986. Atlas of Trichoptera of the SW Pacific-Australian

Region. (Series Entomologica Volume 37). Dr W. Junk: Dordrecht.

Neboiss, A. 1992. Illustrated keys to the families and genera of

Australian Trichoptera. I. Adults. Australian Society for

Limnology Special Publication No. 9. Melbourne.

Ross, H.H. 1967. The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera.

Annual Review of Entomology 12: 169-206.

Shackleton, M. 2010. Two new species of Pliocaloca Neboiss

(Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia, with descriptions

of the immature stages of one species. Zootaxa 2476: 30-38.

Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70:11-16 (2013)

1447-2554 (On-line)

http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/

Revision of Alloxysta from the Curtis collection (Hymenoptera: Figitidae:

Charipinae) deposited in Museum Victoria (Australia)

Mar Ferrer-Suay 1 -*, Jesus Selfa 2 , Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga 3 And Juli Pujade-Villar 1

1 Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Avda. Diagonal, 645,08028-Barcelona,

Spain (jpujade@ub.edu; mar.ferrer.suay@gmail.com)

2 Universitat de Valencia, Facultat de Ciencies Biologiques, Departament de Zoologia, Campus de Burjassot-Paterna,

Drive Moliner 50,46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain (jesus.selfa@uv.es)

3 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Jose Gutierrez Abascal, 2,

28006-Madrid, Spain (zarazaga@mncn.csic.es)

* To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: mar.ferrer.suay@gmail.com

Abstract Ferrer-Suay, M., Selfa, J., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. and Pujade-Villar, J. 2013. Revision of Alloxysta from the Curtis

collection (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) deposited in Museum Victoria (Australia). Memoirs of Museum Victoria

70: 11-16.

Alloxysta types from the Curtis collection have been examined. Three species of this genus are deposited in

Museum Victoria: Alloxysta fulviceps (Curtis, 1838), A. pallidicornis (Curtis, 1838) and A. pedestris (Curtis, 1838). A.

fulviceps was treated in a previous work. A. pallidicornis and A. pedestris are here considered valid species. Redescription

and complete plates are presented for each species.

Keywords Charipinae, Alloxysta, Curtis, Museum Victoria

Introduction

Subfamily Charipinae, with its many described species, has

always been characterised by problematic taxonomy. In some

cases the borders between species are not very clear. This

subfamily comprises very small wasps with smooth and shiny

bodies. Eight different genera are currently considered valid:

Alloxysta Forster, 1869 (cosmopolitan), Apocharips Fergusson,

1986 (Palaearctic and Neotropic), Dilapothor Paretas-

Martfnez and Pujade-Villar, 2006 (Australia), Dilyta Forster,

1869 (cosmopolitan except Australia), Lobopterocharips

Paretas-Martfnez and Pujade-Villar, 2007 (Nepal), Lytoxysta

Kieffer, 1909 (North America), Phaenoglyphis Forster, 1869

(cosmopolitan) and Thoreauana Girault, 1930 (Australia).

Alloxysta is the most speciose genus within this subfamily,

with more than 100 valid species (Ferrer-Suay et al., 2012a).

They are widely distributed throughout the world. Alloxysta is

a very complicated genus with a large number of species that

are very difficult to identify, their small size and few diagnostic

features making this task difficult. The most important

characters for distinguishing between Alloxysta species are:

(i) proportion of flagellomeres; (ii) presence or absence of

pronotal carinae; (iii) presence or absence of propodeal

carinae, and, if present, their shape; and (iv) size and shape of

the radial cell. Alloxysta species are hyperparasitoids of aphids

viz Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae)

and Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae).

The first step in revising each species is to examine the type

material on which the original descriptions are based to

determine whether the species can be considered valid.

Recently, other important collections of the genus Alloxysta

have been studied: the Belizin collection deposited at the

Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Saint Petersburg, Russia (Ferrer-Suay et al., 2012b); the

Ionescu collection deposited at the ‘Grigore Antipa’ National

Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania (Ferrer-Suay

et al., 2012c); the Thomson and Zetterstedt collections

deposited at the Lund Museum of Zoology, Sweden (Ferrer-

Suay et al., 2013); the Hartig collection deposited at the

Zoologische Staatssammlung Museum, Miinchen, Germany

(Ferrer-Suay et al., in prep.); the Hellen collection deposited at

the Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland

(Ferrer-Suay et al., in prep.); the Cameron and Fergusson

collections deposited at the British Museum (Natural History),

London, England (Ferrer-Suay et al., in prep.); and the

Andrews, Ashmead and Baker collections deposited at the

United States National Museum of Natural History

(Smithsonian Institution), Washington DC, USA, and at the

Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada

(Ferrer-Suay et al., in press).

Only three species of those deposited in Curtis’s collection

at Museum Victoria (MV) belong to Alloxysta: A. fulviceps

12

(Curtis, 1838), A. pallidicornis (Curtis, 1838) and A. pedestris

(Curtis, 1838). Alloxysta fulviceps was treated in a previous

work (Pujade-Villar et al., 2011). Here the other two Alloxysta

species are revised and considered to be valid. A redescription

and a complete plate of each species are presented.

Material and methods

To preserve type material specimens they were studied using

stereomicroscopy (NIKON SMZ-1), and photographed in a

Zeiss Discovery V8 compound microscope with an attached

INFINITYX-21C digital camera that fed image data to a

notebook or desktop computer; the program DeltaPix View-

Pro AZ was then used to merge an image series (typically

representing 20 focal planes) into a single in-focus image.

All photographs have been taken from type specimens.

The decision of whether to consider A. pallidicornis and A.

pedestris as valid species was taken after comparing them

with known Alloxysta species. In the A. pedestris plate, the

male antenna is covered by glue so the boundaries between

flagellomeres have been marked to allow easier differentiation.

The morphological terms used are drawn from Paretas-

Martmez et al. (2007). Abbreviations for the first and

subsequent flagellomeres are F1-F12. Measurements in

antennal formulae are given as length (width); these are listed

from pedicel to F4. The width of the forewing radial cell is

measured from the margin of the wing to the beginning of the

Rs vein. The transfacial line is the distance between the inner

margins of the compound eyes, measured across the face

through the antennal sockets, divided by the height of the eye.

The malar space is the measured distance from the lower part

of the gena from the mouthparts to the ventral margin of the

compound eye, divided by the height of the eye. Females and

males of the species described have the same characters except

where indicated in the redescriptions.

Results and discussion

Alloxysta pallidicornis (Curtis, 1838)

Figure 1

Combinations of Cynips pallidicornis Curtis, 1838 (Curtis, 1838, p.

688); Alloxysta pallidicornis (Curtis) Quinlan and Fergusson, 1981

(Quinlan and Fergusson, 1981, p. 254).

Type material of Cynips pallidicornis Curtis. Lectotype 9

(deposited in MV) with the following labels: ‘Holotype’ (round label

with red margins), ‘Holotype of Cynips pallidicornis Curt. det.

Fergusson and Quinlan 1980’, Alloxysta forticornis (Gir.) 9 det. J.

Quinlan, 1980’, ‘MUS. VIC. ENTO 2011-IIL’ (green label), ‘Lectotype

Cynips pallidicornis Curtis 9 design. M. Ferrer-Suay 2013’, Alloxysta

pallidicornis (Curtis, 1838) 9 M. Ferrer-Suay det. 201F.

Redescription

Colouration. Head yellowish brown; mesosoma and metasoma

dark brown; scape brown, pedicel and all flagellomeres

yellowish brown; legs and veins yellowish brown.

Head. Transversally ovate, smooth and shiny, slightly wider

than high in front view; with setae below, between and a few

M. Ferrer-Suay, J. Selfa, M.A. Alonso-Zarazaga & J. Pujade-Villarl

above toruli; with few setae on vertex and with many setae on

face; transfacial line 1.2 times height of eye; malar space 0.6

times height of eye (fig. lc).

Antenna. Female: 13-segmented, filiform; all antennomeres

covered with sparse setae; FI thinner and smoother than

remaining flagellomeres, F2-F11 with rhinaria and club

shaped; antennal formula: 2.3 (1.6); 6.5 (1.2); 4.5 (1.5); 4.0

(1.5); 4.0 (1.5) (fig. Id). Male unknown.

Mesosoma. Pronotum entirely covered by setae, with two long,

thick carinae clearly visible (fig. le); mesoscutum smooth and

shiny, round in dorsal view with scattered setae; scutellum also

smooth and shiny with scattered setae, which are more

abundant on apex of scutellum; height of mesopleural triangle

along anterior margin 1.6 times height of mesopleuron;

propodeum covered with abundant pubescence, with carinae

well defined and separated by setae in anterior half and forming

a plate in posterior half (fig. If).

Forewing. Longer than body, 1.4 times as long as mesosoma

and metasoma together (fig. la); covered with dense pubescence;

marginal setae present. Open radial cell, 2.6 times as long as

wide; R1 short and slightly curved; Rs long and also slightly

curved (fig. lb).

Metasoma. Anterior part with an incomplete ring of setae,

glabrous at centre, wider laterally; metasoma smooth and shiny,

T3 and T4 clearly visibly distinguished.

Distribution. Holarctic.

Comments. According to Quinlan and Fergusson (1981),

Alloxysta pallidicornis (Curtis) is represented in the Curtis

collection by four specimens, but only one fits the original

description; the other three are Synergus species. Quinlan and

Fergusson’s (1981) ‘holotype’ designation is to be considered a

lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999),

since the original description gives no information about the

number of specimens used by Curtis for his description. We

hereby consider this specimen to be a lectotype.

Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis, 1838)

Figure 2

Combinations of Cynips pedestris Curtis, 1838 (Curtis, 1838, p. 688);

Allotria pedestris (Curtis) (Cameron, 1886, p. 88); Nephycta pedestris

(Curtis) (Kieffer, 1900, p. 114); Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis) (Hellen,

1963, p. 19).

Type material of Cynips pedestris Curtis. Lectotype S designated

by Quinlan and Fergusson (1981, p. 255) (deposited in MV) with the

following labels: ‘Lectotype’ (round label with blue in the margin),

‘Holotype of Cynips pedestris Curt. det. Lergusson and Quinlan

1980’, ‘ENT-936’, Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis, 1838) c?M. Lerrer-Suay

det. 2011’. Paralectotype with the following labels: ‘Paralectotype’

(round label with blue in the margin), ‘Type’ (round label with red in

the margin), ‘Type of Cynips pedestris Curt., G.J. Kerrich det. 1948, =

Pezophyctap. 9 ’, ‘MUs! VIC. ENTO 2011-IIL’ (green label), Alloxysta

pedestris (Curtis, 1838) 9 M. Ferrer-Suay det. 2011’.

Revision of Alloxystaftom the Curtis collection (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) deposited in Museum Victoria (Australia)

13

Figure 1. Alloxysta pallidicornis (Curtis, 1838): (a) forewing; (b) radial cell; (c) head; (d) antenna; (e) pronotum; (f) propodeum; (g) body.

14

M. Ferrer-Suay, J. Selfa, M.A. Alonso-Zarazaga & J. Pujade-Villarl

Figure 2. Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis, 1838): (a) mesoscutum female; (b) antenna male; (c) pronotum; (d) propodeum; (e) body male; (f) antenna

female; (g) mesoscutum male.

Revision of Alloxysta \rom the Curtis collection (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) deposited in Museum Victoria (Australia)

15

Redescription

Colouration. Head and metasoma dark brown; mesosoma

brown; scape yellowish brown; pedicel-F3 dark yellow, and

F4-F12 brown; legs dark yellow.

Head. It cannot be seen.

Antenna. Female: 13-segmented, filiform; all antennomeres

covered with sparse setae; F1-F3 thinner and smooth than

remaining flagellomeres; F4-F11 with rhinaria and club

shaped; antennal formula: 2.7 (1.8); 4.0 (LI); 3.5 (1.1); 3.0 (1.1);

3.5 (1.6) (fig. 2f). Male: 14-segmented, filiform; all antennomeres

covered with sparse setae; F1-F3 thinner and smooth than

remaining flagellomeres; F4-F12 with rhinaria and club

shaped; antennal formula: 2.5 (2.0); 3.6 (1.1); 3.0 (1.2); 3.0 (1.2);

3.0 (1.5) (fig. 2b).

Mesosoma. Pronotum covered by few setae, almost absent on

distolateral corners and in central area; without carinae present

(fig. 2c); mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view

with few scattered setae; scutellum also smooth and shiny with

scattered setae, which are more abundant on apex of scutellum;

height of mesopleural triangle along anterior margin 1.4 times

height of mesopleuron; propodeum covered with setae, without

carinae (fig. 2d).

Forewing. Shorter than body length, 2.8 times as short as

mesosoma and metasoma together in both male and female (fig.

2a and g); covered with dense pubescence; marginal setae

present; without radial cell.

Metasoma. Anterior part with an incomplete ring of setae,

glabrous at centre, wider laterally; metasoma smooth and shiny,

T3 and T4 clearly visibly distinguished.

Distribution. Palaearctic.

Comments. According to Quinlan and Fergusson (1981),

Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis) is represented by three specimens

in the Curtis collection (two males and one female). One male

was designated by Quinlan and Fergusson (1981) as the

lectotype because it corresponds more precisely with the

original description; the female is considered to be a

paralectotype; the other male cannot be a syntype because of

the date. As a result of this, the type series of Alloxysta pedestris

consists of just two specimens, lectotype male and paralectotype

female, here studied.

Alloxysta victrix (Westwood, 1833)

(= Cynips fulviceps Curtis, 1838)

Combinations of Cynips fulviceps Curtis (Curtis, 1838, p. 688);

Allotria fulviceps (Curtis) (Kieffer, 1900, p. 114); Allotria ( Allotria)

fulviceps (Curtis) (Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902, p. 41); Charips

{Charips) fulviceps (Curtis) (Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 288);

Alloxysta fulviceps (Curtis) (Fitton, 1978, p. 65); Alloxysta victrix

(Westwood) (Pujade-Villar et al. , 2011, p. 68).

The study of Alloxysta fulviceps (Curtis) type material was

recently treated in a previous paper (Pujade-Villar et al., 2011).

The type series consists of three specimens; Kerrich designated

the holotype in 1948 without publishing it. Quinlan and

Fergusson (1981) published Kerrich’s conclusions. This

specimen cannot be the holotype but must be the lectotype,

according to Article 74.6 of the International Code of

Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), because Curtis did

not mention the number of specimens used for its description.

On the other hand, this specimen was considered lost according

to Catriona McPhee (pers. comm., 21 Feb 2011). For this

reason Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) designated a new lectotype

for this species after thoroughly studying the original

description by Curtis. In the same paper, A. fulviceps was

considered to be a new synonym of Alloxysta victrix

(Westwood, 1833).

However, after revising the Curtis collection the ‘holotype’

designated by Kerrich has been found. Due to several

characters differing from Curtis’s original description it

cannot be considered a syntype of Cynips fulviceps and it is

here rejected as such: (i) the mesosoma and metasoma are not

dark as Curtis mentioned in his description, they are brown;

(ii) the base of the antennae are not ochre, they are yellowish;

(iii) the club shape and brown colour of antennae begin on F4,

not at the base as Curtis mentioned in his description; (iv) FI

is much longer than F2, not merely ‘scarcely longer’ as Curtis

described; (v) in Curtis’s description, the shape of the radial

cell is not mentioned, so the decision of choosing a specimen

with closed or partially open radial cell is not decisive to

design the lectotype. For all these reasons, and according to

Article 74.2 of the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), this specimen loses its status as

lectotype, and the true lectotype of Cynips fulviceps Curtis is

the specimen designated by Pujade-Villar et al. (2011). So, this

species is a synonym of Alloxysta victrix, as Pujade-Villar et

al. (2011) proposed.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Catriona McPhee, Collection Manager,

Insects and Spiders, Museum Victoria (Melbourne, Australia)

for sending us the Curtis types. This research was supported

by Projects CGL2008-00180 and CGL2011-22889 of the

Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain, and Grant AP2009-

4833 of the Education Ministry of Spain.

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2012a. Taxonomic and synonymic world catalogue of the

Charipinae and notes about this subfamily (Hymenoptera:

Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Zootaxa 3376: 1-92.

Ferrer-Suay, M., Selfa, J., and Pujade-Villar, J. 2012b. Revision of

Belizin collection of Alloxysta (Hymenoptera: Figitidae:

Charipinae) deposited in Zoological Institute of the Russian

Academy of Sciences. Zoosystematica Rossica 21(2): 279-290.

Ferrer-Suay, M., Selfa, J., and Pujade-Villar, J. 2012c. Revision of

Ionescu type material related with Alloxysta genus (Hym.,

Figitidae: Charipinae) deposited in the Muzeul de Istoria Naturala

“Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest, Romania. Travaux du Museum

d’Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa» 55(2): 277-284.

Ferrer-Suay, M., Selfa, J., and Pujade-Villar, J. 2013. Revision of

Thomson and Zetterstedt collections of Alloxysta genus deposited

in Lund Museum of Zoology (Sweden). Entomologist Tidskrift

134: 77-102.

Fitton, M.G. 1978. A check list of British insects by George Sidney

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Hellen, W. 1963. Die Alloxystininen Finnlands (Hymenoptera:

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ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1999.

International code of zoological nomenclature, 4th edition. The

International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature: London.

Kieffer, J.J. 1900. Ueber Allotrinen. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung

(in German) 19: 112-115.

Paretas-Martmez, J., Arnedo, M.A., Melika, G., Selfa, J., Seco-

Fernandez, M.V., Fiilop, D., and Pujade-Villar, J. 2007. Phylogeny

of the parasitic wasp subfamily Charipinae (Hymenoptera,

Cynipoidea, Figitidae). Zoologica Scripta36: 153-172.

Pujade-Villar, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., Selfa, J., and Alonso-Zarazaga,

M.A. 2011. What is Alloxysta fulviceps (Curtis, 1838)

(Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Charipinae)? Memoirs of

Museum Victoria 68: 67-70.

Quinlan, J., and Fergusson, N.D.M. 1981. The status and identity of

the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) described by J. Curtis.

Entomological Gazette 32: 251-256.

Westwood, J.O. 1833. Notice of the habits of a Cynipidous insect

parasitic upon the Aphis rosae with descriptions of several other

parasitic Hymenoptera. Magazine of Natural History 6: 491-497.

Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70:17-36 (2013) Published 30-08-2013

1447-2554 (On-line)

http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian

genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

GARY C.B. Poore (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C004D784-E842-42B3-BFD3-317D359F8975)

Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (gpoore@museum.vic.gov.au)

Zoobank FSID. http://zoobank.Org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:84546808-FAA2-4838-BFBD-4D3582415F45

Abstract Poore, G.C.B. 2013. Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species

(Isopoda: Valvifera). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70: 17-36.

The family Rectarturidae is rediagnosed and three new genera and four new species from Australia added to the

single genus of two species known from Argentina. The new genera are differentiated from each other and from

Rectarcturus in overall sculptural patterns, the male pleopod 1 exopod, setation, shape and proportion of articles of

pereopods 2 and 3, and length and proportion of articles of the antenna. The new genera are Galathearcturus gen. nov.,

Nowrarcturus gen. nov. and Tasmarcturus gen. nov., and the new species are: Galathearcturus antoniae sp. nov.,

Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov., Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov. and T. lewisi sp. nov. Arcturus simplicissimus Whitelegge,

1904 is assigned to Tasmarcturus. The South American genus, Rectarcturus, is rediagnosed; its two species, R. kophameli

and R. tuberculatus , appear in a key to all species of the family.

Keywords Crustacea, Isopoda, Valvifera, Rectarcturidae, Galathearcturus, Nowrarcturus, Rectarcturus, Tasmarcturus, new genera,

new species

Introduction

In a major revision of the Isopoda Valvifera (Poore, 2001) a

clade of eight ‘arcturoid’ families was recognised, in which the

body is more or less cylindrical (‘idoteoid’ families are flat),

and pereopods 2-4 are usually differentiated from pereopods

5-7 and bear rows of long, paired setae. In the three largest

arcturoid families, Arcturidae Dana, 1849, Antarcturidae

Poore, 2001 and Austrarcturellidae Poore and Bardsley, 1992,

the body is more or less flexed between pereonites 4 and 5, the

anterior half held somewhat or quite erect facilitating filter

feeding by the long paired setae on pereopods 2-4 (Wagele,

1987). Four of the remaining families have fewer species than

these three and fall into one clade defined on the basis of having

a ‘straight’ body, without the capability of flexion. This clade

comprises the Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001, Xenarcturidae

Sheppard, 1957, Pseudidotheidae Ohlin, 1901 and Arcturididae

Poore, 2001, each with only one genus. In Rectarcturidae,

pereopods 2-4 carry elongate setae as in the larger families; in

Xenarcturidae, only pereopods 2 and 3 do; in Pseudidotheidae,

pereopods 2-4 bear long robust setae; and Arcturididae have

similar ambulatory pereopods 2-7 without long setae. The

eighth family, Holidoteidae Wagele, 1989, with three genera

(Poore, 2003), also appears to lack pereonal flexion but, at least

in the cladogram published by Poore (2001: fig. 4), is sister

family to Austrarcturellidae. This suggests that the straight

body-form has been derived twice. Closer examination of the

articulation between pereonites 4 and 5 suggests that not all of

these taxa are as ‘straight’ as assumed, and all except

Arcturididae can elevate anterior body segments off the

substrate, at least slightly, while attaching using pereopods 5-7.

No observations of these taxa alive have been reported.

This paper concentrates on one of these so-called straight

families, Rectarcturidae. Whereas in the other families pleopod

1 of the male has the groove on the posterior face of the exopod

ending on a tapering distolateral apical extension, in Rectarcturus

the groove ends distolaterally on an apex separated from a free

distal lamina by a notch. The autapomorphy of Rectarcturus in

Poore’s (2001) analysis is pereopods 2-4 each having a short

dactylus bearing a longer, setiform unguis. Park and Wagele

(1995) redescribed in detail the two species of Rectarcturus : R.

kophameli (Ohlin, 1901) and R. tuberculatus Schultz, 1981, both

from Argentina. Here, an enigmatically described species and

four new species from the southeastern Australian shelf are

described; these are significantly different from the South

American species and from each other and warrant three new

genera. Another species, ascribed to this genus, is discussed.

The material examined is lodged in Museum Victoria,

Melbourne (NMV), the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM),

the Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville (MTQ), the

National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM),

and the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen

(ZMUC, now the Natural History Museum of Denmark).

18

G.C.B. Poore

Photographs (fig. 1) were made using a Leica M205C

microscope with Leica Application Suite 3.8.0.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001: 227. - Poore, 2003: 1843.

Diagnosis. Body strongly vaulted; head and pereonite 1 fused;

pereonite 4 of similar length to pereonite 3; all pleonites fused

into pleotelson. Body variously tuberculate or spinose but never

with a posterior dorsolateral pair of strong spines on pleotelson;

pleotelson without dorsolateral ridges ending in mediodorsal

posterior spine. Dorsal coxal plates 2-7 obsolete, bases of

pereopods exposed. Mouthparts and pereopod 1 visible in

lateral view. Eyes well developed. Antenna flagellum of 2

articles plus distal claw. Pereopod 1 a gnathopod, pereopods

2-4 elongated, differentiated from ambulatory pereopods 5-7.

Pereopod 1 dactylus evenly curved along anterior margin,

evenly tapering. Pereopods 2-4 with long setae along flexor

margins of ischium-propodus (up to 9 pairs per article, well¬

spaced), with short dactylus, unguis longer and setiform.

Pereopod 4 similar to pereopod 3. Pereopods of males without

dense fur of fine setae. Oostegites 1-4 functional, supported by

coxal lobes, oostegites 5 present as articulating discs or absent.

Penes fused as a single penial plate, apically simple. Pleopod 1

peduncle more elongate than on other pleopods, with marginal

setae on rami longer than peduncle; exopod of male thickened

laterally, with groove on posterior face ending distolaterally on

an apex separated from a free distomesial lamina by a notch.

Pleopod 2 of male with appendix masculina as long as or longer

than endopod, basally less than half width of endopod.

Uropodal exopod tapering, with 2-3 stout distal setae.

Remarks. The family was erected for one genus, Rectarcturus

Schultz, 1981, on the basis of a cladistic analysis of the Valvifera

(Poore, 2001). The diagnosis given above differs from the

original in some important features. Pereopods 2-4 are

described as possessing up to nine pairs of well-spaced long

setae per article along the flexor margins of the merus-

propodus. These setae are more spaced and fewer than those on

Arcturidae and Antarcturidae. It is now realised that oostegites

1-4 are supported by coxal lobes, and that a vestigial oostegite

5 is present as a lobe in three of the four genera. The structure

of the male pleopod 1 exopod is better defined as above.

Species of the family are recognisable, and distinguished

from arcturids, antarcturids and austrarcturellids, by their

straight bodies and reduced setation of pereopods 2-4. The

structure of the male pleopod 1 exopod separates rectarcturids

from other ‘straight’ families—the groove ends in a distolateral

lobe separated from a distomesial lamina by a deep notch (see

Poore, 2001: fig. 3 for examples from other families).

Monotypic Xenarcturidae is also straight but has a flat body

and ambulatory pereopod 4. The only species of Arcturididae

is straight and cylindrical, and all pereopods except the first

are essentially ambulatory. Pseudidoteidae have almost

raptorial pereopods 2-4 (Poore and Bardsley, 2004), and

Holidoteidae have a uniquely structured male pleopod 1

exopod and uropodal rami (Poore, 2003). Schultz (1981)

diagnosed his new genus as a member of Arcturidae, but none

of the characters he chose is especially diagnostic except for

‘body much straighter than in most arcturids’. Schultz (1981)

included four species. One of these, Microarcturus laevis is

now Austroacturus laevis (Kensley, 1975), a member of

Holidoteidae. Park and Wagele (1995) noted that another,

Arcturus patagonicus Ohlin, 1901, is clearly geniculate

between pereonites 4 and 5, and has a pair of sharp submedian

spines on the head. They placed it in Neoarcturus, which they

thought of as similar to Rectarcturus-, Neoarcturus and some

of the species they listed are also in Holidoteidae, but not this

one. It and others from their list are now placed in the

antarcturid genus Fissarcturus Brandt, 1990 (Poore, 2003).

Another, Rectarcturus tatianae Kussakin and Vasina, 1995,

from 6000 m depth in the South Atlantic, is a geniculate

species, so is not in this genus as presently defined. Its setiform

unguis on pereopods 2-4, short antennal flagellum, male

pleopod 2 structure, and paired body tuberculation suggest

another species of Fissarcturus, but without the prominent

posterior pleotelsonic spines.

The two species of Rectarcturus are from Argentina.

Australian species that can be placed in the family are

sufficiently different from Rectarcturus and diverse to warrant

three new genera. They are diagnosed and four new species

described here. The poorly described Arcturus simplicissimus

Whitelegge, 1904 is allocated to one of the new genera on the

basis of the description of a neotype.

The four genera are separated on the basis of differences in

overall sculptural patterns, the male pleopod 1 exopod,

setation, shape and proportion of the antenna and pereopods 2

and 3. The key uses the most conveniently observed characters;

a key based on the structure of the male pleopod 1 exopod

would lead to different dichotomies. Whereas in Rectarcturus

and Tasmarcturus gen. nov. the groove on the posterior face of

the male pleopod 1 exopod ends obliquely on a truncate

distolateral lobe, not extending beyond the distomesial seta-

bearing lamina, in Nowrarcturus gen. nov. it ends on a conical

apical projection, extending beyond the lamina. The male of

Galathearcturus gen. nov. is unknown, but its only species

differs sculpturally from all others.

Key to genera and species of Rectarcturidae

1. Antenna less than twice dorsal length of (head + pereonite

1); article 4 subspherical, about as long as fused articles (1

+ 2); article 5 at least twice as long as article 4; pereopod

2 (dactylus body + unguis) 3 times as long as propodus.

.2

- Antenna at least 2.5 times dorsal length of (head +

pereonite 1); article 4 cylindrical, at least twice as long as

fused articles (1 + 2); article 5 shorter than or at most 1.5

times as long as article 4; pereopod 2 (dactylus body +

unguis) shorter or at most 2.5 times as long as propodus ...

.5

2. Head with paired, submedian tubercles, pereonites with

smooth, transverse ridges, anterior pleonites barely

elevated; antenna article 3 cuboid, as long as deep, without

ventrolateral flange (fig. 2). Galathearcturus antoniae

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

19

- Head, pereonites and anterior pereonites with paired

blade-like submedian and sublateral tubercles/carinae, all

secondarily tuberculate; antenna article 3 cuboid, as long

as or little longer than deep, with ventrolateral teeth (fig.

lb-d). Tasmarcturus .3

3. Head ornamentation of strong acute tubercles separated in

lateral view; submedian processes on pereonite 3 erect,

digitiform, spinulose, especially in female, with prominent

secondary process posteriorly (fig. Id).

. Tasmarcturus simplicissimus

- Head ornamentation of flat tubercles almost contiguous in

lateral view; submedian processes on pereonite 3

longitudinally flattened. 4

4. Head ornamentation rounded anteriorly in lateral view

(fig. lc). Tasmarcturus lewisi

- Head ornamentation prominently square anteriorly in

lateral view (fig. lb). Tasmarcturus erinae

5. Head with paired submedian tubercles, pereonites with

smooth transverse ridges (pereonite 3 with second ridge

anterior to major one), anterior pleonites barely elevated

(fig. la). Nowrarcturus jamesi

- Head, pereonites and anterior pleonites with paired blade¬

like submedian and sublateral tubercles or carinae,

smooth or barely secondarily ornamented.

. Rectarcturus .6

6. Sculpture dominated by rows of submedian, sublateral,

lateral and supracoxal longitudinal blades.

. Rectarcturus kophameli

- Sculpture dominated by rows of submedian, sublateral,

lateral and supracoxal longitudinal complex tubercles.

. Rectarcturus tuberculatus

Galathearcturus gen. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urnrlsid: zoobank.org: act:

E79071AD-6121-4517-A9AB-A325E25456BA

Type species. Galathearcturus antoniae sp. nov., by monotypy

and original designation.

Diagnosis. Head with paired submedian tubercles, pereonites

with smooth transverse ridges, anterior pleonites barely

elevated. Antenna 1.5 times dorsal length of (head + pereonite

1); article 3 cuboid, as long as deep, without ventrolateral

flange; article 4 subspherical, about as long as fused articles (1

+ 2); article 5 cylindrical, 2.4 times as long as article 4, 5 times

as long as wide. Pereopod 2 propodus palm convex, denticulate;

(dactylus body + unguis) 3 times as long as propodus; unguis

setiform, as long as dactylus body. Pereopod 3 similar to

pereopod 2, unguis shorter. Male pleopod 1 exopod unknown.

Oostegites 5 a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Etymology. From Galathea, the ship and expedition that

collected the type species, and Arcturus, generic stem.

Composition. Type species only.

Distribution. Southern Qld, Australia.

Remarks. The sole species of Galathearcturus shares a short

antenna and long pereopod 2 dactylus with the three species of

Tasmarcturus, but differs in dorsal sculpture; this species is the

least sculptured of all rectarcturid genera. Unfortunately, the

male is unknown.

Galathearcturus antoniae sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. /Tt/p://cooZ?awk.or^/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

C2E736F0-6E2D-4680-A446-C2DD94E8FA2D

Figures 2, 3

Material examined. Holotype. Australia, Qld, off Maroochydore

(26°33'S, 153°31'E), 86 m, 5 Nov 1951 (<Galathea stn 539), ZMUC

(ovigerous female, 6.3 mm).

Description. Ovigerous female. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller

and broader than more anterior and posterior segments, smooth

between major sculptures, 2.6 times as long as greatest width.

Pleotelson 0.3 times total body length.

Head with pair of submedian tubercles on anterior margin,

pair of submedian, erect, obliquely transverse blades, followed

by pair of submedian, sharp, erect ridges converging

posteriorly and divided along their lengths by a shallow, dorsal

notch; maxillipedal segment indistinguishable from cephalon;

ventrolateral margin smooth, with deep fissure between head

and pereonite 1. Pereonite 1 without sculpture; pereonite 2

with obsolete submedian and sublateral bosses; pereonites 3

and 4 with obsolete submedian bosses and prominent sublateral

conical tubercles; pereonites 5-7 with sublateral rounded

tubercles. Submedian and sublateral tubercles on pereonites 1

and 2 simple; submedian processes on pereonite 3 obsolete.

Pereonites 1-7 + maxillipedal segment with supracoxal,

rounded-triangular, slightly excavate plates on 2-4, weaker on

5-7. Pereonites without supplementary ridges. Pleonites 1-2

with pair of obsolete submedian ridges; pleonite 3 barely

distinguished from pleonite 2; posterior pleotelson with broad

sublateral domes, with rounded lateral wings; pleotelson

tapering evenly to sharply rounded apex, tapered section 0.5

times as long as wide.

Antennule flagellum with 1 pair plus 1 aesthetascs, article

2 without aesthetascs. Antenna, fused articles (1 + 2) short,

stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5 2.4 times length of

article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, 0.7 times length of peduncle

article 5.

Pereopod 1 propodus twice as long as wide. Pereopod 2

tuberculate only along flexor margins; dactylus unguis as long

as dactylus body. Pereopod 4 with triangular lobe on extensor

margin of basis; dactylus body 1.5 times as long as propodus,

dactylus unguis setiform, 0.3 times length of dactylus body.

Pereopods 5-7 with 2 small tubercles on extensor margins of

ischium-carpus. Pereopod 7 dactylus body 0.75 times as long

as propodus, unguis stout, 0.3 times length of dactylus body.

Oostegites 1-4 supported by oval coxal plates; oostegites 5

a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Uropodal exopod 0.8 times length of endopod.

Etymology. For my granddaughter, Antonia Salter.

20

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral views of four species of Rectarcturidae, males on top, females below, (a) Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov. (with ventral

view of oostegites 3-5), male, NMV J19187; female, NMV J23734. (b) Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov., male, NMV J16686; female, NMV J62082.

(c) Tasmarcturus lewisi sp. nov., male and female, NMV J23743. (d) Tasmarcturus simplicissimus (Whitelegge, 1904), male and female, NMV

J8758. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

21

Figure 2. Galathearcturus antoniae sp. nov. Female holotype, ZMUC: habitus; al, a2, antennule, antenna; ur, uropodal rami; P3-P5, oostegites

and coxal plates of pereonites 3-5.

Distribution. Southern Qld, Australia, 26°S, 86 m depth.

Remarks. For similarities see notes for the genus. The only

specimen is an ovigerous female; the male is unknown.

Nowrarcturus gen. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/urn:\sid:zooba.nk.org:SLCt:

6D11DFB5-917A-4D1C-8F2A-AAC9969DD029

Type species. Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov., by monotypy and

original designation.

Diagnosis. Head with paired submedian tubercles, pereonites

with smooth transverse ridges (third with second ridge anterior

to major one), anterior pleonites barely elevated. Antenna 2.5

times dorsal length of (head + pereonite 1); article 3 cylindrical,

twice as long as deep, without ventrolateral flange; article 4

cylindrical, more than twice as long as fused articles (1 + 2);

article 5 cylindrical, 1.5 times as long as article 4, 5 times as

long as wide. Pereopod 2 propodus palm convex, denticulate;

(dactylus body + unguis) 2.5 times as long as propodus; unguis

setiform, little longer than dactylus body. Pereopod 3 similar to

pereopod 2, unguis shorter. Male pleopod 1 exopod groove

ending obliquely on conical apical projection, extending

beyond distomesial seta-bearing lamina. Male pleopod 1

endopod about three-quarters exopod length. Oostegites 5 a

pair of adjacent oval discs.

Etymology. From Nowra, a town in NSW near to the type

locality of the type species, and Arcturus, generic stem.

Composition. Type species only.

Distribution. Southern NSW, Australia.

Remarks. The sole species of Nowrarcturus is distinguished by

22

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 3. Galathearcturus antoniae sp. nov. Female holotype, ZMUC: pi, p2, p4, p7, pereopods 1, 2, 4 and 7, with details of distal articles.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

23

smooth transverse ridges on pereonites 1-4 and the elongate

articles of the antennal peduncle. The relationship between the

two lobes of the major transverse ridge on pereonite 3 and the

pair of smaller lobes opposing it anteriorly, especially evident

in females, is unique. This genus is the only rectarcturid in

which the groove on the exopod of the male pleopod 1 ends

obliquely on a conical apical projection, extending beyond the

distomesial seta-bearing lamina.

Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

1C749725-DF07-48BB-8B5A-7364487E1812

Figures la, 4-6

Material examined. Holotype. Australia, NSW, 54 km ESE of Nowra

(34°52.7'S, 151°15.04'E), 990-996 m, 22 Oct 1988 (stn SLOPE 53),

NMV J23444 (male, 6.3 mm).

Paratypes. Collected with holotype. NMV J23734 (ovigerous

female, 6.5 mm); NMV J19188 (1 male, 2 females, 1 manca); J19747

(ovigerous female, 6.5 mm).

NSW, off Nowra (34°52.3'S, 151°15.0'E), 1096-1118 m, 15 Jul

1986 (stn SLOPE 7), NMV J19187 (male, 6.0 mm; female, 4.8 mm).

(All collected by WHOI epibenthic sled by G.C.B. Poore et al..

Museum Victoria.) E of Broken Bay (33°36’S, 152°09’E), 1097 m, 4

Dec 1979 (stn K79-20-07), AM P.32672 (male, 6.0 mm).

Description. Male. Of even dimensions throughout length,

sparsely and microscopically pustulose between transverse

ridges, 3.2 times as long as greatest width. Pleotelson 0.25

times total body length.

Head with 3 pairs of submedian dorsal blunt tubercles: first

conical, second broader, third ridge-like, all simple; maxillipedal

segment with simple transverse ridge; ventrolateral margin

smooth, with anterior triangular projection. Pereonites 1-7 each

with pair of submedian and pair of sublateral blunt tubercles on

transverse ridge. Submedian and sublateral tubercles on

pereonites 1 and 2 secondarily pustulose; submedian processes

on pereonite 3 flat transversely, anteriorly curved, meeting as

shallow notch. Pereonites 1-7 + maxillipedal segment with

supracoxal tubercles, weaker on 5-7. Pereonites 3 and 4 with

sharp, bilobed, middorsal, transverse, posteriorly sloped ridge

anterior to main ridge (less well defined on 4). Pleonites 1 and 2

with obsolete lateral bosses; pleonite 3 domed middorsally, with

rounded marginal lobes; posterior pleotelson evenly domed,

with rounded lateral wings; pleotelson tapering evenly to

sharply rounded apex, tapered section 0.7 times as long as wide.

Antennule flagellum article 1 with 3 pairs plus 1

aesthetascs, article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, fused

articles (1 + 2) short, stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5

1.5 times length of article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, almost as

long as peduncle article 5.

Pereopod 1 propodus 2.5 times as long as wide. Pereopod

2 tuberculate, especially basis and flexor margin of carpus;

dactylus unguis 1.2 times length of dactylus body. Pereopod 4

dactylus body 1.4 times as long as propodus, unguis setiform,

0.5 times length of dactylus body. Pereopods 5-7 with several

small tubercles on extensor margin of basis-carpus. Pereopod

7 dactylus body 0.6 times as long as propodus, unguis stout,

0.5 times length of dactylus body.

Male pleopod 1 exopod 4 times as long as basal width;

posterior face with 2 longitudinal erect lobes parallel to

groove; lateral margin bearing row of 8 long simple setae

proximally, 11 short simple setae distally; distomesial seta-

bearing lamina well separated from much longer apex by

triangular notch.

Uropodal exopod 0.7 times length of endopod.

Ovigerous female. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller and broader

than more anterior and posterior segments. Submedian processes

on pereonite 3 flat transversely, anteriorly curved, overhanging,

meeting as a deep notch, and opposing a pair of more anterior

erect submedian tubercles. Oostegites 1-4 supported by oval

coxal plates; oostegites 5 a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Distribution. Southern NSW, Australia, 34-42°S, 990-1118 m

depth.

Etymology. For my grandson, James Salter.

Remarks. Females of the new species are immediately

recognisable by the dorsal sculpture, particularly the

characteristic submedian ridges and lobes on pereonite 3. This

structure is less well developed in males.

Rectarcturus Schultz, 1981

Rectarcturus Schultz, 1981: 67-68. - Park and Wagele, 1995:

69-71.

Type species. Arcturus kophameli Ohlin, 1901, by original designation.

Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and anterior pereonites with

paired blade-like submedian and sublateral tubercles or

carinae, smooth or barely secondarily ornamented. Antenna

2.5-3 times dorsal length of (head + pereonite 1); article 3

cuboid, as long as deep, without ventrolateral flange; article 4

cylindrical, more than twice as long as fused articles (1 + 2);

article 5 cylindrical, 0.7 times length of article 4, 5 times as

long as wide. Pereopod 2 propodus palm straight, smooth;

(dactylus body + unguis) as long as or little shorter than

propodus; unguis setiform, little shorter than dactylus body.

Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2, unguis shorter. Male pleopod

1 exopod groove ending obliquely on truncate distolateral lobe,

not extending beyond distomesial seta-bearing lamina. Male

pleopod 1 endopod about as long as exopod length. Oostegites

5 absent.

Composition. Rectarcturus kophameli (Ohlin, 1901), R.

tuberculatus Schultz, 1981.

Distribution. Argentina.

Remarks. Rectarcturus comprises two Argentinian species

differentiated from those in the three Australian genera. The

genus is most similar to Tasmarcturus but lacks the strong

secondary ornamentation of the principal pereonal tubercles,

has a much longer article 4 on the antenna, has a straight palm

on pereopod 1 (all other genera are denticulate), the dactylus

and unguis of pereopod 2 are little if at all longer than the

propodus (much longer in all other genera), its unguis is shorter

than the dactylus body (as long as or longer in others), and

oostegites 5 are absent.

24

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 4. Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov. Female paratype, NMV J23734: habitus; P3-P5, oostegites and coxal plates of pereonites 3-5. Male

holotype, NMV J23444: al, antennule; a2, antenna.

Rectarcturus kophameli (Ohlin, 1901)

Arcturus kophameli Ohlin, 1901: 272-273, fig. 5.

Antarcturus kophameli. - Stebbing, 1908: 53.

Microarcturus kophameli. - Nordenstam, 1933: 128.

Rectarcturus kophameli. - Schultz, 1981: 68, fig. 3A-G. - Park

and Wagele, 1995: 71-75, figs 9-12. - Poore, 2003: 1843.

Types. Northern Argentina, 38°S, 56°W, 52 fm [95 m] depth,

holotype, female, 11 mm, lost.

Material examined. Argentina, Beagle Channel (55°S, 68°W, 63 m, Nov

1994, A. Brandt (Victor Hansen stn 1213), NMV J47040 (two specimens).

Description. Male. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller and broader

than more anterior and posterior segments, sparsely and

microscopically pustulose between transverse ridges, 3 times

as long as greatest width. Pleotelson 0.3 times total body

length. Head with 2 pairs of broad, blunt submedian tubercles,

followed by single medial tubercle.

Antennule flagellum article 1 with 3 pairs plus 1

aesthetascs, article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, fused

articles (1 + 2) short, stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5

0.5 times length of article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, 0.7 times

length of peduncle article 5.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

25

Figure 5. Nowrarcturus jamesi sp. nov. Male holotype, NMV J23444: pi, p2, p4, p7, pereopod 1 with details of distal articles, pereopods 2,4 and

7; ur, uropodal rami.

26

G.C.B. Poore

Pereopod 1 propodus 1.9 times as long as wide. Pereopod

2 with tubercle on extensor margin of basis only; dactylus

unguis 0.9 times length of dactylus body. Pereopod 4 dactylus

body 0.9 times as long as propodus, unguis setiform, 0.4

times length of dactylus body. Pereopods 5-7 without

tubercles on extensor margin. Pereopod 7 dactylus body 0.7

times as long as propodus, unguis stout, 0.4 times length of

dactylus body.

Male pleopod 1 exopod more than 4 times as long as basal

width; posterior face without erect lobes along groove;

distomesial seta-bearing lamina well separated from apex by

deep triangular notch and equalling it in length.

Uropodal exopod 0.5 times length of endopod.

Ovigerous female. See detailed description by Park and

Wagele (1995). Oostegites 5 absent.

Distribution. Northern Argentina, 38°S, 95 m (type locality);

Straits of Magellan, Argentina, 52°S, 10-12 m depth.

Remarks. Ohlin (1901) based his new species on an ovigerous

female from off northern Argentina at 95 m depth. Schultz

(1981) selected this as the type species of his new genus and

redescribed it on the basis of new material, ovigerous females

from off Isla de los Estados, southern Argentina, at 84-208 m

depth. The holotype appears lost; it could not be found in the

major museums in Stockholm, Hamburg or Berlin. Other

authors transferred the species to other genera, Antarcturus

and the nomen nudum , Microarcturus. The species is

characterised by sharp submedian, sublateral and lateral

longitudinal ridges on each pereonite, and sublateral ridges on

pleonites 1 and 2. The lateral mid-length pleotelson marginal

wings are weak. Ohlin commented on the ‘very small hairs’

over the whole body. Park and Wagele (1995) redescribed new

material, taken at shallower depths in the Straits of Magellan,

Argentina than the type locality. Their observations were

confirmed by additional material from the same region

(representatives of a larger collection at the Zoological

Museum, Hamburg). W. Wagele (pers. comm.) observed the

absence of oostegites 5 on the female described by Park and

Wagele (1995) and now at Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum

Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.

Rectarcturus tuberculatus Schultz, 1981

Rectarcturus tuberculatus Schultz, 1981: 68-70, fig. 4. - Park and

Wagele 1995: 75-83, figs 13-18.

Material examined. N of South Shetland Is., 57°09'S, 58°58'W -

58°00'S, 58°50'W, 3477-3590 m (Eltanin stn 6-363), USNM 181263

(ovigerous female, 9.5 mm).

Description. Antennule flagellum article 1 with 3 pairs plus 1

aesthetascs, article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, articles 1-2

short, stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5 0.7 times length

of article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, 0.7 times length of peduncle

article 5.

Pereopod 1 propodus twice as long as wide. Pereopod 2

with tubercle on extensor margin of basis only; dactylus

unguis 0.9 times length of dactylus body. Pereopod 4 dactylus

body 0.9 times as long as propodus, unguis setiform, 0.4

times length of dactylus body. Pereopods 5-7 with 2 stout

tubercles on extensor margin of basis, 1 each on carpus-

propodus.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

27

Distribution. South Atlantic. N of South Shetland Is., 57-59°S,

3477-3590 m depth (type locality); Straits of Magellan,

Argentina, 52°S, 25-41 m.

Remarks. Schultz’s (1981) illustration shows pairs of submedian

tubercles and several pairs of sublateral tubercles in transverse

rows across each pereonite. The pleotelson has midlength

lateral marginal wings. I have re-examined his type material at

the US National Museum and can add to his brief description:

pereopods 2-4 with well-spaced setae as in his figure,

oostegites 1-4 with coxal supports, oostegites 5 absent. The

species’ type locality is at a greater depth than any other in the

family, although Park and Wagele’s record was at typical

depths. Subtle differences between their extensive description

and detailed illustrations and those of Schultz may indicate that

they had material of another species: the propodi of pereopods

1 and 2 are less elongate than in the type, and the sculpture is

more complex.

Tasmarcturus gen. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

9F13AC3F-F744-45E2-8868-6E34EFB34072

Type species. Tasmarcturus lewisi sp. nov., by original designation.

Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and anterior pereonites with

paired blade-like submedian and sublateral tubercles or

carinae, all secondarily tuberculate. Antenna 1.7-2 times

dorsal length of (head + pereonite 1); article 3 cuboid, as long

as or little longer than deep, with ventrolateral teeth; article 4

subspherical, about as long as fused articles (1 + 2); article 5

cylindrical, 2-2.5 times as long as article 4, 5 times as long as

wide. Pereopod 2 propodus palm convex, denticulate; (dactylus

body + unguis) 3 times as long as propodus; unguis setiform, as

long as or little longer than dactylus body. Pereopod 3 similar

to pereopod 2, unguis shorter. Male pleopod 1 exopod groove

ending obliquely on truncate distolateral lobe, not extending

beyond distomesial seta-bearing lamina. Male pleopod 1

endopod about as long as exopod length. Oostegites 5 a pair of

adjacent oval discs.

Etymology. For Abel Tasman (1603-1659), the first European

to reach the Australian state, Tasmania, and Arcturus, generic

stem.

Composition. Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov., T. jamesi sp. nov.,

T. simplicissimus (Whitelegge, 1904).

Distribution. Southern Qld to Bass Strait, eastern Australia.

Remarks. Tasmarcturus comprises three Australian species,

two new and one described as a species of Arcturus in 1904.

All are common on the southeastern Australian shelf. The

genus shares with Galathearcturus a compact antenna and

elongate dactylus with setiform unguis on pereopods 2-4, but

differs in having far more elaborate dorsal sculpture. The

termination of the exopodal groove on the male pleopod 1 is

similar to that in Rectarcturus\ the structure is unknown in

Galathearcturus. Sculpture can be used to differentiate the

three species.

Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

2792F44A-A83F-42A3-AFFA-1D5E6DBABC8C

Figures lb, 7, 8

Material examined. Holotype. Australia, Tas., E of Maria I (42°36'S,

148°10'E), 75 m, 23 Apr 1985 (stn TAS-30), NMV J16686 (male, 6.3 mm).

Paratypes. Collected with holotype, NMV J62082 (ovigerous

female, 7.1 mm); NMV J8766 (2 mancas, 2.6 mm; ovigerous female,

7.0 mm).

Tasmania, 5 km NE of Mistaken Cape (42°37.0'S, 148°12.3'E),

100 m, 23 Apr 1985 (stn TAS-31), NMV J16685 (2 males). 15 km E of

Maria I (42°37'S, 148°20'E), 102 m, 9 Oct 1984 (stn BSS-221), NMV

J16681 (manca); NMV J23446 (2 mancas, 5 males, 1 ovigerous

female). Eastern Bass Strait, 100 km NE of North Point, Flinders I

(38°52.36'S, 148°25.12'E), 140 m, 15 Nov 1981 (stn BSS-170), NMV

J23447 (12 mancas, 7 males, 1 female).

Description. Ovigerous female. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller

and broader than more anterior and posterior segments, with

highly spinulose transverse ridges and numerous spinules

besides, 3.1 times as long as greatest width. Pleotelson 0.3

times total body length.

Head ornamentation prominently square anteriorly in

lateral view, comprising high suprantennal forehead, frontal

margin ornamented with pair of transverse ridge-like tubercles,

with pair of oblique-transverse ridges separated by medial

V-shaped notch, followed by pair of less prominent submedian

oblique-longitudinal blade-like ridges, all microtuberculate;

maxillipedal segment with double transverse ridge with 2 or 3

pairs of spinules front and back; ventrolateral margin with

anterior triangular lobe in front of eye, and deep fissure between

head and pereonite 1. Pereonite 1 with transverse ridge (doubled

laterally) bearing pairs of anterior and posterior spinules

ranging from submedian to sublateral; pereonite 2 with pair of

submedian blunt, hatchet-like projections, with transverse

ridge (doubled laterally) bearing pairs of anterior and posterior

spinules concentrated on sublateral swellings, plus submedian

posterior tubercles; pereonites 3 and 4 similar to pereonite 2,

pereonite 3 with the most prominent ornamentation, a ridge

ending laterally as a sharp projection; pereonites 5-7 each with

double transverse ridge bearing 4 pairs of anterior spines and 2

pairs of posterior spines. Submedian and sublateral tubercles

on pereonites 1 and 2 secondarily pustulose; submedian

processes on pereonite 3 longitudinally flattened. Pereonites

1- 7 + maxillipedal segment with supracoxal rounded plates,

larger on 3 and 4, weaker on 5-7, all spinulose especially on

dorsal surfaces, arranged such that a deep lateral groove exists

between end of lateral ridge and supracoxal plate. Pereonites

2- 4 each with transverse row of tubercles in front of main

ridge, most complex on 3. Pleonites 1 and 2 with 4 pairs of

tubercles, the submedian pair larger; pleonite 3 with submedian

pair of tubercles, more prominent than on pleonites 1 and 2,

and triangular lateral lobes; posterior pleotelson with anterior

pair of submedian ridges and a posterior medial ridge, plus

sublateral wing-like projections, with 2 pairs of lateral wings,

anterior blade-like, posterior triangular; pleotelson tapering

evenly to sharply rounded apex, tapered section 0.5 times as

long as wide.

28

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 7. Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov. Female paratype, NMV J62082: habitus; al, antennule; a2, antenna; ur, uropodal rami.

Antennule flagellum article 1 with 4 pairs of aesthetascs,

article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, fused articles (1 + 2)

short, stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5 2.3 times as

long as article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, 0.7 times length of

peduncle article 5.

Pereopod 1 propodus 2.2 times as long as wide. Pereopod

2 tuberculate, especially basis and flexor margin of carpus;

dactylus unguis as long as dactylus body. Pereopod 4 dactylus

body 1.5 times as long as propodus, unguis setiform, 0.4 times

length of dactylus body. Pereopods 5-7 with 2 to several

tubercles on extensor margin of basis and ischium, 1 each on

carpus and propodus. Pereopod 7 dactylus body 0.6 times as

long as propodus, unguis stout, 0.4 times length of dactylus

body.

Oostegites 1-4 supported by oval coxal plates; oostegites 5

a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Uropodal exopod 0.6 times length of endopod.

Male. Of even dimensions throughout length, with highly

spinulose transverse ridges and numerous spinules besides.

Head ornamentation prominently square anteriorly in lateral

view, comprising frontal pair of submedian tubercles, followed

by pair of prominent, erect, conical sublateral tubercles sitting

over eyes but not obscuring in dorsal view, then pair of

sublateral stellate tubercles; maxillipedal segment with 3 pairs

of tubercles, all microtuberculate and together forming

submedian ridges diverging and sloping upwards anteriorly;

ventrolateral margin with anterior triangular lobe in front of

eye, and deep fissure between head and pereonite 1. Pereonite

1 with transverse ridge (doubled laterally) bearing 1 medial

and 4 pairs of spinules anteriorly and posteriorly, ranging from

submedian to sublateral; pereonites 2-4 similar to pereonite 1

except medial spinules absent; pereonites 5-7 each with a

single transverse ridge bearing 4 pairs of anterior spines and 2

pairs of posterior spines. Submedian and sublateral tubercles

on pereonites 1 and 2 secondarily pustulose. Pereonites 1-7 +

maxillipedal segment with supracoxal rounded plates, larger

on 3 and 4, weaker on 5-7, all spinulose, especially on dorsal

surfaces, arranged such that a deep lateral groove exists

between end of lateral ridge and supracoxal plate. Pereonites 3

and 4 each with pair of submedian tubercles anterior to main

ridge (larger on 4). Pleonites 1 and 2 with pair of obsolete

submedian ridges; pleonite 3 similar to pleonite 2; posterior

pleotelson with oblique-conical sublateral projections at

midlength, with marginal boss posterior to this, with triangular

lateral wings; pleotelson tapering evenly to sharply rounded

apex, tapered section 0.6 times as long as wide.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

29

Figure 8. Tasmarcturus erinae sp. nov. Male holotype, NMV J16686: pi, p2, p4, p7, pereopods 1, 2, 4 and 7; pll, pleopod 1 with detail of lateral

margin; pl2, pleopod 2.

30

G.C.B. Poore

Male pleopod 1 exopod little more than 3 times basal

width; exopod posterior face without erect lobes along groove;

lateral margin bearing row of 6 multifid setae proximally, 9

stout setae distally; distomesial seta-bearing lamina well

separated from apex by deep triangular notch and equalling it

in length.

Etymology. For my granddaughter, Erin Poore.

Distribution. Southeastern Australia, 39-42.5°S, 75-102 m

depth.

Remarks. Tasmarcturus erinae and T. lewisi are similar but

differentiated most easily on the lateral profile of the head; the

head has a pair of prominent anterodorsal projections in T.

erinae. Neither species has the conical tubercles evident in T.

simplicissimus.

Tasmarcturus lewisi sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

F3C16B94-1D11-4CC3-8A87-2FF8BA2B2004

Figures lc, 9, 10

Rectarcturus sp. - Poore, 2001: fig le.

Material examined. Holotype. Australia, Tas., eastern Bass Strait, 25

km NE of Deal I (39°14.48'S, 147°31.30'E), 57 m, 18 Nov 1981 (stn

BSS 174), NMV J23745 (male, 6.1 mm).

Paratypes. Collected with holotype, NMV J8768 (9 specimens).

Vic., eastern Bass Strait, 50 km SE of Port Albert (38°54.18'S,

147°13.24'E), 58 m, 18 Nov 1981 (stn BSS 176), NMV J23445 (female,

7.0 mm); NMV J23448 (male, 6.1 mm); NMV J23742 (male, 5.1 mm);

NMV J23743 (ovigerous female, 6.6 mm); NMV J8781 (male, 4.3

mm); NMV J8780 (manca, 2.9 mm; 7 males, 4.5-6.0 mm; 4 females,

5.9-7.4 mm).

Other material. Tas., Vic. c. 58 specimens from eastern Tas.,

throughout Bass Strait, 38-42°S, 143-148°E, 26-140 m depth (see

Museum Victoria database http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/

for details). (All collected by WHOI epibenthic sled or SM grab by

G.C.B. Poore et al.. Museum Victoria.)

NSW, S of Worang Point, Twofold Bay (37°03.5'S, 149°56.5'E), 6

m, AM P.36070 (male).

Description. Ovigerous female. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller

and broader than more anterior and posterior segments, with

highly spinulose transverse ridges and numerous spinules

besides, 2.7 times as long as greatest width. Pleotelson 0.3

times total body length.

Head ornamentation rounded anteriorly in lateral view,

comprising pair of transverse submedian ridges on anterior

margin, followed by pair of larger transverse ridges, spinulose

anteriorly and posteriorly, reaching eyes laterally, then another

similar thicker pair flattened dorsally; maxillipedal segment

with 5 pairs of spinulose tubercles evenly spaced between

submedian and sublateral positions; ventrolateral margin

smooth, with deep fissure between head and pereonite 1.

Pereonite 1 with transverse ridge (doubled laterally) bearing 2

medial tubercles (anterior and posterior) plus 5 pairs of more

or less similarly arranged anterior and posterior spinules

ranging from submedian to sublateral; pereonite 2 with

transverse ridge (doubled laterally) bearing pair of submedian,

anteriorly directed, flat, triangular projections decorated with

spinules, anterior margin of ridge with 3 pairs of sublateral

spines, posterior margin with 5 pairs of spinules, 1 lateral

spine at end of ridge; pereonite 3 similar to pereonite 2,

submedian decoration larger; pereonite 4 similar to pereonite

3, submedian and sublateral pairs of complex spines more

developed; pereonites 5-7 each with transverse ridge bearing

median, anteriorly directed spinule plus 4 pairs of anterior and

2 pairs of posterior spinules forming prominent sublateral

complexes. Submedian and sublateral tubercles on pereonites

1 and 2 secondarily pustulose; submedian processes on

pereonite 3 longitudinally flattened. Pereonites 1-7 +

maxillipedal segment with supracoxal rounded plates, larger

on 3 and 4, weaker on 5-7, all spinulose (especially on dorsal

surfaces), arranged such that a deep lateral groove exists

between end of lateral ridge and supracoxal plate. Pereonites

2-4 each with transverse row of tubercles in front of main

ridge, most complex on 3. Pleonites 1 and 2 spinulose,

developed into submedian plates on pleonite 2; pleonite 3 with

submedian plates similar to pleonite 2, without sublateral

spinules; posterior pleotelson with spinules arranged into a

pair of flat submedian ridges and sublateral clusters, with

rounded lateral wings; pleotelson tapering evenly to sharply

rounded apex, tapered section 0.7 times as long as wide.

Antennule flagellum article 1 with 3 pairs plus 1

aesthetascs, article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, fused

articles (1 + 2) short, stout, with ventrolateral flange.

Pereopod 1 propodus twice as long as wide. Pereopod 2

tuberculate, especially basis and flexor margin of carpus;

dactylus unguis as long as dactylus body. Pereopod 4 and

extensor margin of basis; dactylus body 1.2 times as long as

propodus, unguis setiform, 0.4 times length of dactylus body.

Pereopods 5-7 with 2 to several tubercles on extensor margin

of basis and ischium, 1 each on carpus and propodus. Pereopod

7 dactylus body 0.6 times as long as propodus, unguis stout,

0.5 times length of dactylus body.

Oostegites 1-4 supported by oval coxal plates; oostegites 5

a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Uropodal exopod 0.7 times length of endopod.

Male. Of even dimensions throughout length, with highly

spinulose, transverse ridges and numerous spinules besides.

Head ornamentation rounded anteriorly in lateral view,

comprising high suprantennal forehead, frontal margin

ornamented with 3 pairs of ridge-like tubercles, with pair of

anterior transverse ridges separated by medial notch, almost

occluded dorsally, followed by pair of submedian flattened

ridges, all microtuberculate; maxillipedal segment with 5

pairs of spinulose tubercles evenly spaced between submedian

and sublateral positions; ventrolateral margin smooth, with

deep fissure between head and pereonite 1. Pereonite 1 with

transverse ridge (doubled laterally) bearing 2 medial tubercles

(anterior and posterior) plus 4 pairs of more or less similarly

arranged anterior and posterior spinules ranging from

submedian to sublateral; pereonite 2 with transverse ridge

(doubled laterally) bearing 4 pairs of anterior and 4 pairs of

posterior tubercles, irregularly spaced; pereonites 3 and 4

similar to pereonite 2; pereonites 5-7 each with a transverse

ridge bearing a median, anteriorly directed spinule plus 5

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

31

Figure 9. Tasmarcturus lewisi sp. nov. Female paratype, NMV J23743: habitus; P3-P5, oostegites and coxal plates of pereonites 3-5. Male

holotype, NMV J23745: al, antennule with detail of flagellum; a2, antenna; ur, uropodal rami.

pairs of anterior and 2 pairs of posterior spinules; submedian

and sublateral tubercles on pereonites 1 and 2 secondarily

pustulose; pereonites 1-7 + maxillipedal segment with

supracoxal rounded plates, larger on 3 and 4, weaker on 5-7,

all spinulose especially on dorsal surfaces, arranged such that

a deep lateral groove exists between end of lateral ridge and

supracoxal plate; pereonites 2-4 each with a transverse row of

tubercles in front of main ridge, most complex on 3. Pleonites

1 and 2 with paired flat ridges divided into 1 medial and 2

sublateral plates on pleonite 1, and a pair each of flat submedian

tubercles and sublateral tubercles; pleonite 3 with submedian

plates similar to pleonite 2, without sublateral spinules;

posterior pleotelson with spinules arranged into a pair of flat

submedian ridges and sublateral clusters, with rounded lateral

wings; pleotelson tapering evenly to a sharply rounded apex,

tapered section 0.7 times as long as wide.

Antenna, article 5 twice as long as article 4; flagellum of 3

articles, 0.7 times length of peduncle article 5.

Male pleopod 1 exopod little more than 3 times basal

width; posterior face without erect lobes along groove; lateral

margin bearing row of 6 multifid setae proximally, 9 stout setae

distally; distomesial seta-bearing lamina well separated from

apex by deep triangular notch and well exceeding it in length.

Etymology. For my grandson, Lewis Poore.

32

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 10. Tasmarcturus lewisi sp. nov. Male holotype, NMV J23745: pi, p2, p4, p7, pereopods 1, 2, 4 and 7 with details of distal articles; pll,

pleopod 1.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

33

Distribution. Southeastern Australia, 37-40°S, 26-140 m depth.

Remarks. The head of Tasmarcturus lewisi has a rounded

lateral profile, distinguishing it from the squarish profile of T.

erinae and the conical tubercles of T. simplicissimus. This

species is distributed within the latitudinal range of T. erinae

but occurs over a wider depth range.

Tasmarcturus simplicissimus (Whitelegge, 1904)

Zoobank LSID. http://z 00 bank. 0 rg/urn:lsid:z 00 bank. 0 rg:act:

DE7CA413-50A1-4F4F-9E95-2264DA513FF7

Figures Id, 11, 12

Arcturus simplicissimus Whitelegge, 1904: 406-408, fig. 114a-c.

- Springthorpe and Fowry, 1994: 132. - Poore et al., 2002: 256.

Types. Australia, NSW, off ‘Wata Mooli’ (now Wattamolla,

34°08'S, 151°07'E), 99-106 m (3 syntypes now lost).

Material examined. Neotype of Arcturus simplicissimus Whitelegge,

1904. Australia, NSW, E of Fong Reef (33° 43'S, 151°46'E), 19 Dec

1985, 174 m (stn K85-21-08), AM P.90298 (male, 4.8 mm).

Figured material. Tas., eastern Bass Strait, 100 km NE of North

Point, Flinders I, (38°52.36'S, 148°25.12'E), 140 m, 15 Nov 1981, (stn

BSS 170), NMV J23735 (male, 6.1 mm); NMV J23741 (ovigerous

female, 4.9 mm); NMV J23736 (ovigerous female, 8.8 mm); NMV

J8758 (28 individuals, all stages, 3.0-7.3 mm).

Other material. Tas., Vic., NSW, c. 180 specimens from eastern

Tas., eastern Bass Strait, eastern NSW; 35-42°S, 60-1096 m depth

(see Museum Victoria database http://collections.museumvictoria.

com.au/ for details). (All collected by WHOI epibenthic sled or SM

grab by G.C.B. Poore et al.. Museum Victoria.)

NSW, NE of Wollongong (34°20’S, 151°18'E), 13 Dec 1978,161 m

(stn K78-27-11), AM P.32669 (manca, 3.8 mm).

Qld. NE of Lady Elliot I. (24°02.7’S, 152°49.4'E), 150 m, 4 Jul

1984 (. Kimbla stn 3), AM P.35630 (26 specimens), MTQ W34193 (15

specimens).

Description. Ovigerous female. Pereonites 2-4 swollen, taller

and broader than more anterior and posterior segments, visibly

pustulose between ridges and major sculpture, 2.9 times as

long as greatest width. Pleotelson 0.3 times total body length.

Head ornamentation of strong tubercles in lateral view,

comprising 3 pairs of submedian dorsal tubercles, first conical,

second longer and thinner, third broadly conical, plus pair of

small sublateral cones, all secondarily tuberculate;

maxillipedal segment with microtuberculate transverse ridge

with submedian and sublateral tubercles; ventrolateral margin

tuberculate, with anterior short spine. Pereonites 1-4 each

with pair of submedian and pair of sublateral blunt tubercles

on transverse ridge; pereonites 5-7 with 5 pairs of blunt

spinulose tubercles on transverse ridge. Submedian and

sublateral tubercles on pereonites 1 and 2 simple; submedian

processes on pereonite 3 erect, digitiform, spinulose, with

prominent secondary process posteriorly. Pereonites 1-7 +

maxillipedal segment with supracoxal semicircular plates on

2-4, weaker on 5-7. Pereonites 3 and 4 with pair of short,

conical submedian tubercles anterior to major ridge and

smaller pair posterior to ridge on 3 only, all secondarily

spinulose. Pleonites 1 and 2 elevated, with pairs of submedian

and sublateral tubercles; pleonite 3 with pair of submedian

tubercles, with rounded marginal lobes; posterior pleotelson

with pair of submedian and 1 medial tubercle, with triangular

lateral wings; pleotelson tapering evenly to sharply rounded

apex, tapered section 0.7 times as long as wide.

Antennule flagellum article 1 with 3 pairs plus 1

aesthetascs, article 2 with 2 aesthetascs. Antenna, fused

articles (1 + 2) short, stout, with ventrolateral flange; article 5

2.7 times as long as article 4; flagellum of 3 articles, 0.7 times

length of peduncle article 5.

Pereopod 1 propodus 2.3 times as long as wide. Pereopod

2 tuberculate, especially basis and flexor margin of carpus;

dactylus unguis 1.2 times length of dactylus body. Pereopod 4

dactylus body 1.3 times as long as propodus, unguis setiform,

0.3 times length of dactylus body. Pereopods 5-7 with 2 to

several tubercles on extensor margin of basis and ischium, 1

each on carpus and propodus. Pereopod 7 dactylus body 0.6

times as long as propodus, unguis stout, 0.5 times length of

dactylus body.

Oostegites 1-4 supported by oval coxal plates; oostegites 5

a pair of adjacent oval discs.

Uropodal exopod 0.9 times length of endopod.

Male. Of even dimensions throughout length. Male

pleopod 1 exopod little more than 3 times basal width;

posterior face without erect lobes along groove; lateral margin

bearing row of 13 pectinate setae; distomesial seta-bearing

lamina well separated from apex by deep triangular notch and

well exceeding it in length.

Distribution. Southeastern Australia, 24-42°S, 60-1096 m

depth.

Remarks. Whitelegge (1904) described the species in detail but

provided figures of only the antenna, maxilliped and pereopod

2. His remark that the body is not flexed between pereonites 4

and 5 is consistent with a species of Rectarcturidae. Key

features noted by him suggest that this new abundant material

can be referred to his species: the surface is covered with

tubercles and ridges, is granulose and the granules are

‘subspiniform’, the head has four pairs of conical spines, the

pereonites have a transverse ridge with submedian and lateral

tubercles that tend to form a longitudinal ridge, and the

pleotelson has tubercles on each side of the mesial line.

Whitelegge’s illustrations are consistent with the new material,

notably the apparently setiform unguis of pereopod 2. His

three syntypes are now lost (Springthorpe and Lowry, 1994).

His description cannot be reconciled with that of any of the

other non-flexed arcturid-like taxa, and a neotype is herein

selected from a locality close by. The neotype is a small male,

not as heavily sculptured as larger specimens. Whitelegge’s

species was included in incertae sedis by Poore et al. (2002).

This widespread species occurs over a considerable depth

range. The pairs of conical tubercles on the head and the

dominant one on pereonite 3 of the male are distinctive.

Acknowledgements

Most of the new species were collected during exploratory

cruises in Bass Strait and the southeastern Australian slope

supported by the former Marine Sciences and Technologies

34

G.C.B. Poore

Figure 11. Tasmarcturus simplicissimus (Whitelegge, 1904). Female, NMV J23736: habitus; P3-P5, oostegites and coxal plates of pereonites

3-5. Male, NMV J23735: al, antennule; a2, antenna; ur, uropodal rami.

Scheme and the Australian Research Council. Initial sorting

of these specimens and preliminary separation of species were

done by Tania Bardsley, who also made some of the pencil

drawings. For the loan of other material I thank the Australian

Museum, Sydney, the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, and Torben Wolff at the Zoological Museum,

University of Copenhagen (now the Natural History Museum

of Denmark). I appreciate the donation of specimens from

Argentina by Angelika Brandt at the Zoological Museum and

Institute, Hamburg. I thank Marilyn Schotte at the US Museum

of Natural History, Washington, for observations on Schultz’s

material, and Wolfgang Wagele at the Zoologisches

Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, for looking at

specimens of Rectarcturus.

Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 rediagnosed with descriptions of new Australian genera and species (Isopoda: Valvifera)

35

Figure 12. Tasmarcturus simplicissimus (Whitelegge, 1904). Male, NMV J23735: pi, p2, p4, p7, pereopod 1 with details of distal articles,

pereopods 2, 4 and 7; pll, pleopod 1 with detail of exopod; pl2, pleopod 2.

36

G.C.B. Poore

References

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new genera, new species and redescriptions. EJ. Brill: Leiden.

176 pp.

Dana, J.D. 1849. Conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum

circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e classe Reipublicae, Foederate

Duce, lexit et descripsit (continued). American Journal of Sciences

and Arts 8: 424-428.

Kensley, B. 1975. Marine Isopoda from the continental shelf of South

Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 67: 35-89.

Kussakin, O.G., and Vasina, G.S. 1995. Antarctic hadal arcturids, with

descriptions of anew genus and five new species (Isopoda: Valvifera:

Arcturidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 3: 207-228.

Nordenstam, A. 1933. Marine Isopoda of the families Serolidae,

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Stenetriidae mainly from the South Atlantic. Further Zoological

Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1903 3: 1-284,

282 pis, errata.

Ohlin, A. 1901. Isopoda from Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. I.

Valvifera. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen

Expedition in die Magellanregion oder nach den Magellanslandern

1895-1897 2: 261-306, pis 220-225.

Park, J.-Y., and Wagele, J.W. 1995. On a small collection of Valvifera

(Cmstacea Isopoda) from the Magellan Strait, with a description of

Platidotea magellanica n. gen. n. sp. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum,

Universiteit van Amsterdam 14: 57-99.

Poore, G.C.B. 2001. Isopoda Valvifera: diagnoses and relationships of

the families. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21: 205-230.

Poore, G.C.B. 2003. Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern

African family of Cmstacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously

included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural

History 37: 1805-1846.

Poore, G.C.B., and Bardsley, T.M. 1992. Austrarcturellidae (Cmstacea:

Isopoda: Valvifera), a new family from Australasia. Invertebrate

Taxonomy 6: 843-908.

Poore, G.C.B., and Bardsley, T.M. 2004. Pseudidotheidae (Cmstacea:

Isopoda: Valvifera) reviewed with description of a new species, first

from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61: 75-83.

Poore, G.C.B., Lew Ton, H.M., and Bardsley, T.M. 2002. Suborder

Valvifera Sars, 1882. Pp. 253-278 in: Houston, W.W.K., and Beesley,

PL. (eds), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2a. Cmstacea:

Malacostraca: Syncarida, Peracarida: Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Mictacea,

Thermosbaenacea, Spelaeogriphacea. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Schultz, G.A. 1981. Arcturidae from the Antarctic and Southern Seas

(Isopoda, Valvifera) Part I. In: Komicker, L.S. (ed.). Biology of the

Antarctic Seas 10. Antarctic Research Series 32: 63-94.

Sheppard, E.M. 1957. Isopod Cmstacea Part II. The sub-order Valvifera.

Families: Idoteidae, Pseudidotheidae and Xenarcturidae fam. n.

With a supplement to isopod Cmstacea, Part 1. The family Serolidae.

Discovery Reports 29: 141-197, pis 148,149.

Springthorpe, R.T., and Lowry, J.K. 1994. Catalogue of crustacean type

specimens in the Australian Museum: Malacostraca. Technical

Reports of the Australian Museum 11: 1-134.

Stebbing, T.R.R. 1908. South African Cmstacea, Part IV. Annals of the

South African Museum 6: 1-96, pis 27^-0.

Wagele, J.W. 1987. The feeding mechanism of Antarcturus and a

redescription of A. spinacoromtus Schultz, 1978 (Cmstacea:

Isopoda: Valvifera). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 316: 429—458.

Wagele, J.W. 1989. Evolution und phylogenetisches System der Isopoda.

Stand der Forschung und neue Erkenntnisse. Zoologica (Stuttgart)

140: 1-262.

Whitelegge, T. 1904. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of

H.M.C.S. “Thetis” off the coast of New South Wales, in February

and March, 1898. Cmstacea. Part IV. Isopoda. Part III. Australian

Museum Memoir 4: 405—416.

Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70:37-50 (2013) Published 10-12-2013

1447-2554 (On-line)

http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean

Ridge (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida, Elasipodida,

Dendrochirotida)

P. MARK O’LoUGHLIN 1 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:authors:97B95F20-36CE-4A76-9DlB-26A59FBCCE88),

MELANIE Mackenzie 1 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:authors:5E3E21B9-E3DC-4836-8731-D5FD10D00CBF) and

DlDIER VanDEnSpIEGEL 2 (http://zoobank.Org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:authors:CE8C3D01-28AD-43F7-9D4F-04802E68CBlA)

1 Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (pmoloughlin@

edmundrice.org; mmackenzie@museum.vic.gov.au)

2 Musee royal de EAfrique centrale. Section invertebres non-insectes, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium (dvdspiegel@

africamuseum.be)

http://zoobank.Org/um:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DECF956F-C474-4C8D-82AF-48FD0EC0BB4A

Abstract O’Loughlin, P.M., Macken z ie M. and VandenSpiegel D. 2013. New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the

Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida, Elasipodida, Dendrochirotida).

Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70: 37-50.

Marine research program JC066 (JC067) in the southwest Indian Ocean on the RRS James Cook in November and

December 2011 collected sea cucumbers with an ROV from the Atlantis Bank and Coral Seamount. Three new species are

described: Amphigymnas staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov.; Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov.; Psolus atlantis

O’Loughlin sp. nov. Genera Amphigymnas Walsh and Pannychia Theel are reviewed. A lectotype for Pannychia moseleyi

Theel is designated.

Keywords JC066, Atlantis Bank, Coral Seamount, Amphigymnas, Pannychia, Psolus, lectotype

Introduction

The Natural Environment Research Council marine program

JC066 (JC067) in the southwest Indian Ocean, embracing

oceanography, biology and fisheries, and geology and

geophysics, was conducted from the RRS James Cook in

November and December 2011. Sampling was undertaken on

the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge: Coral

Seamount, Melville Bank, Middle of What Seamount, Sapmer

Bank and Atlantis Bank (fig. 1). Three specimens of sea

cucumbers were collected by a submersible remotely operated

underwater vehicle (ROV, ‘Kiel 6000’) and were sent to

Museum Victoria for identification. The specimens represent

new species of the synallactid genus Amphigymnas Walsh,

1891, the elasipodid genus Pannychia Theel, 1882, and

the psolid genus Psolus Oken, 1815. We use Oken, 1815 as

author of Psolus provisionally as we await the outcome of

an application by Paulay and O’Loughlin to the ICZN

(case 3598) for validation of Oken, 1815 as author of this

genus. The three new species are described in this work, and

the type specimens are lodged in the British Museum of

Natural History.

Methods

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken by

Didier VandenSpiegel after clearing the ossicles of associated

soft tissue in commercial bleach, air-drying, mounting on

aluminium stubs, and coating with gold. Observations were

made using a JEOL JSM-6480LV SEM. Measurements were

made with Smile view software.

Photos of specimens were taken in Museum Victoria by

Melanie Mackenzie, in collaboration with Mark O’Loughlin,

using an SLR Nikon D300S digital camera with a 60 mm

Nikkor lens for large specimens, and a Leica DFC500 camera

and microscope M205 high-resolution digital camera system

with Auto Montage software for small specimens. Photos of

live specimens were taken by photographer David Shale and

used with permission.

Abbreviations

ICZN The International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature, or the International Code of

Zoological Nomenclature, as appropriate.

NERC Natural Environment Research Council

38

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

NHMUK British Museum of Natural History (registration

number prefix NHMUK).

NIWA New Zealand National Institute of Water and

Atmospheric Research Ltd (est. 1992).

NMV Museum Victoria (registration number prefix F).

Order Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840

Family Synallactidae Ludwig, 1894

Amphigymnas Walsh, 1891

Amphigymnas Walsh, 1891: 199.—Deichmann, 1930: 106-107.

Diagnosis (this work). Genus of large synallactid species, up to

at least 140 mm long; body wall calcareous, brittle, similar to

that of the elasipodid family Deimatidae; mouth ventral, about

20 peltate tentacles; dorsal and lateral body with long conical

calcareous papillae, including a ventrolateral series; body flat

ventrally, tube feet in ambulacral series or scattered; anus

subdorsal posterior; ossicles in body wall large table discs with

many perforations, discs variably with or lacking spires

comprising 3 or 4 pillars, sometimes cross-bars, pillars lacking

distal spines or teeth, spires sometimes reduced to short

unconnected pillars.

Type species. Amphigymnas multipes Walsh, 1891, by

monotypy (= Pannychia woodmasoni Walsh, 1891, by priority

according to the synonymy by Koehler and Vaney 1905)

(Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea, 344-896 m). Synallactes

reticulatus Sluiter, 1901 is a junior synonym (according to the

synonymy by Koehler and Vaney, 1905).

Other included species. Amphigymnas bahamensis

Deichmann, 1930 (Atlantic Ocean, Bahamas, 480 m); A.

staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge,

Atlantis Bank, 740 m).

Remarks. Koehler and Vaney (1905) examined numerous

relevant specimens and judged that A. multipes Walsh, 1891

and S. reticulatus Sluiter, 1901 were junior synonyms of P.

woodmasoni Walsh, 1891, the senior synonym based on the

name sequence priority in Walsh (1891). They referred P.

woodmasoni to Synallactes Ludwig, 1894. Deichmann (1930)

examined the holotype of A. multipes and considered

Amphigymnas Walsh, 1891 to be a good monotypic genus with

A. multipes Walsh, 1891 the type species based on the single

type specimen. She did not examine any P. woodmasoni

specimens and acknowledged that she was not able to judge

whether A. multipes and P. woodmasoni were conspecific. She

rejected the referral of the species to Synallactes by Koehler

and Vaney (1905) and wrote: Amphigymnas is as good a genus

as Synallactes and Bathyplotes with neither the solid rod-like

spire of the typical Synallactes nor the long spire with the

numerous cross beams of Bathyplotes. The deposits remind

one so much of those found in certain Deimatidae that at first

one would be inclined to place it in that group. It is only when

one notes the presence of respiratory trees as well as smaller

tables with more or less complete spire and the long synallactid-

like supporting rods that one realizes that the genus belongs in

the Synallactidae’. She added the species A. bahamensis

Deichmann, 1930. Solfs-Marm and Laguarda-Figueras (2004)

listed Pannychia woodmasoni Walsh, 1891 (incorrectly as

Synallactes woodmasoni Koehler and Vaney, 1905) and

Synallactes reticulatus as junior synonyms of A. multipes. We

uphold the work of Deichmann (1930) by recognizing the genus

Amphigymnas Walsh, 1891, and the work of Koehler and Vaney

(1905) by confirming Pannychia woodmasoni Walsh, 1891 as

the type species.

Walsh (1891) diagnosed his genus Amphigymnas as: ‘Body

ovoid with narrow tail-like extremities; soft and appears to

have been surrounded by a jelly-like material when fresh. Feet

very numerous over the whole of the trivium and placed more

or less irregularly. Lateral margins with two or three rows of

long processes. Back covered with processes except near the

mouth and anus where the body tapers and where the dorsal

surface is naked; mouth terminal, small; tentacles 15, very

small and retracted; anus terminal, small. Calcareous bodies

moderate sized, irregularly rounded, many-holed plates

somewhat like those of Pannychia. Calcareous ring of 5 small

pieces loosely connected.’ The type specimen of A. multipes

was 80 mm long, 22 mm wide midbody, the lateral processes

about 15 mm long, shorter processes on the back. Koehler and

Vaney (1905) examined the type specimen and judged that it

was damaged and incomplete. This may explain why Walsh

(1891) could describe the type specimen as being ‘soft’ and the

calcareous ring as comprising ‘five small pieces loosely

connected’, neither of which is true for a synallactid.

Deichmann (1930) diagnosed Amphigymnas as: ‘Closely

related to Synallactes, but in its texture resembling a Deimatid.

Skin thin, glass-like, filled with large deposits, derived from

tables; spires 3-4 pillared with 1-2 cross beams and no teeth

on top, often reduced or entirely absent, so the large plates

resemble the plates found in the Deimatiids; dorsally large,

conical papillae, ventrally a lateral row of large and conical

pedicels, and a midventral row of smaller ones, filled with

numerous supporting rods and a rudimentary endplate’.

The distinctive diagnostic characters of Amphigymnas are:

long, conical, dorsal calcareous papillae, including a

ventrolateral series; flat ventrally with small tube feet in

ambulacral series or scattered over ventrum; brittle calcareous

outer body wall texture resulting from the presence of many

large table discs with variably complete spires. We suspect

that the three species assigned to Amphigymnas are not

congeneric. The dorsal table discs with their central cross,

four large central perforations, and four-pillared spires, are

similar for A. multipes Walsh and A. staplesi O’Loughlin sp.

nov., but quite different from the table discs with numerous

small perforations and predominantly three-pillared spires

illustrated for A. bahamensis Deichmann. And we judge that

species with a distinctly ambulacral series of tube feet would

not be congeneric with species that have tube feet scattered

over the ventrum.

We note that the first description of S. reticulatus was in

Sluiter (1902). This paper was published after Sluiter (1901)

provided an illustrated description of S. reticulatus in the

Siboga report. Sluiter, 1901 is given here as the date of

authorship of the species.

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

39

Amphigymnas staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://z00bank.0rg/mn:lsid:z00bank.0rg:sLCt:

5CA0C7C6-BF6F-45E5-BE74-C36222E14F92

Figures 1, 2, 3, 4

Material examined. Holotype. Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge,

Atlantis Bank, 32.71°S 57.28°E, 707 m, JC066, event 8-3, parent no.

2605, specimen no. JC066-3666, ROV, 9 Dec 2011, NHMUK 2013.4.

Description. Body flat ventrally, domed to subrectangular

elevation dorsally, 140 mm long, 30 mm wide midbody; mouth

ventral, anus subdorsal posterior; body wall firm, thick, outer

wall thin, calcareous, brittle; two paired, spaced single series

of dorsolateral, conical papillae (four series across dorsally),

each papilla up to about 7 mm long; pair of long dorsal posterior

papillae up to about 12 mm long; two single series of larger

ventrolateral conical papillae each up to about 15 mm long,

about 18 papillae in each series; oral disc with ventral marginal

continuous series of conical papillae, tapering in size from

largest anteriorly to smallest posteriorly, total of about 30

papillae around oral disc; posterior to the oral disc a ventral

transverse series of small conical papillae, irregular lengths;

body with median ventral groove with single zigzag series of

small tube feet on each side of groove, tube foot diameters

about 0.6 mm, about 70 tube feet per series; irregular paired

lateroventral series of larger tube feet, diameters about 0.8 mm,

about 45 tube feet per lateral paired series; solid synallactid

calcareous ring, lacking free-hanging tentacle ampullae;

longitudinal muscles undivided; tuft of long thin gonad tubules

with some basal branching, male; single polian vesicle;

respiratory tree branches about a half body length.

Dorsal body wall ossicles tables, discs with slightly lobed

rounded margin, 160-240 pm across, disc with central cross,

4 large central perforations, up to 17 outer perforations, spires

with 4 pillars, 2 cross-bars, pillars tapered to a point, lacking

distal spines or teeth, spires up to 80 pm long. Dorsal and

lateral papillae with irregular thick tables, discs up to 400 pm

2CTE

3Q*£

40‘E

50*E

Legend

A Seamount

Seamount with whale bone mooring

^ Hydrothermal vent

- JC66/07 Proposed cruise track

- 3000 m depth contour

Exclusive Economic Zones

Figure 1. RRS James Cook cruise map showing the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge and the locations of the five seamounts that were visited during

NERC JC066. The hydrothermal vent system studied during JC067 is indicated by the filled circle near Middle of What seamount. The sea

cucumbers described in this study were collected from the Atlantis Bank, northeast on the Ridge, and the Coral Seamount, southwest on the Ridge.

40

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

Figure 2. Photos of live holotype specimen of Amphigymnas staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (in situ on Atlantis Bank; extracted from ROV video

footage during cruise JC066; copyright AD Rogers University of Oxford/NERC; specimen NHMUK 2013.4). a, left ventrolateral view of rolling

specimen with oral end right and left series of long, conical ventrolateral papillae prominent (up to 15 mm long); b, ventral view of rolling

specimen with mouth right, ambulacral series of small tube feet evident, and left ventrolateral series of conical papillae again prominent.

across, many outer perforations, high multiperforate spires,

predominantly 4-pillared spires. Ventral body wall with

mostly smaller thick 4-pillared tables, spires truncate, pillars

lacking cross-bars, discs irregular, typically 160 pm across.

Midventral tube feet endplates with very irregular branches

creating perforations, diameters up to 520 pm\ tube foot

support rods straight to curved, widened midrod, irregular

blunt marginal projections, rare perforations midrod and

distally, rods up to 480 pm long; tube feet with very irregular

tables. Tentacles with slightly curved rods, spinous on outer

margin, about 480 pm long.

Colour. Live: body reddish-brown. Preserved: body brown,

papillae off-white.

Distribution. Southwest Indian Ocean, Atlantis Bank, 740 m.

Etymology. Named for David Staples of the Marine Biology

Section of Museum Victoria, in appreciation of his contribution

during the JC066 voyage and his facilitation of the loan of these

specimens to Museum Victoria that has made this work possible.

Remarks. We refer our new species to Amphigymnas Walsh,

1891 on the bases of: brittle, calcareous outer body wall texture

resulting from the presence of many large tables; long, conical,

dorsal calcareous papillae, including a ventrolateral series; flat

ventrum with small tube feet in ambulacral series. The three

species currently assigned to Amphigymnas are distinguished

by: dorsal tables have rare 3-pillared truncate spires, and

ventral tube feet are in median series only (A. bahamensis

Deichmann, 1930); dorsal tables have rare truncate 4-pillared

spires, and ventral tube feet are inconspicuous and scattered (A.

multipes Walsh, 1891); dorsal tables have predominantly

complete 4-pillared spires, and ventral tube feet are in three

discrete ambulacral series (A. staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov.).

Order Elasipodida Theel, 1882

Family Laetmogonidae Ekman, 1926

Pannychia Theel, 1882

Pannychia Theel, 1882: 88.—Fisher, 1907: 709,-Mitsukuri, 1912:

207.—Pawson, 1965: 22.—Pawson, 1970: 53.—Hansen, 1975: 72.

Laetmophasma Ludwig, 1893: 109.—Ludwig, 1894: 85.

Diagnosis (emended from Theel, 1882, and Hansen, 1975).

Mouth subventral, lacking circumoral papillae, tentacles about

20, non-retractile; anus dorsoposterior; numerous slender

papillae of variable length over the dorsal and lateral body;

lateral ventral ambulacra with tube feet in single series,

midventral ambulacrum with smaller tube feet; body wall and

papillae with numerous wheel ossicles and significantly smaller,

slightly concave round to oval plate ossicles; wheels with teeth

between larger outer spokes and with fewer small hub spokes,

hub covered by a membrane; small plates with about 15

perforations, including 2 large and 2 smaller central ones.

Type species. Pannychia moseleyi Theel, 1882 (monotypy)

(Tasman Sea).

Synonyms (by Hansen, 1975): Laetmophasma fecundum

Ludwig, 1893; P. moseleyi mollis Savel’eva, 1933; P. moseleyi

var. henrici Ludwig, 1894; P. moseleyi vigulifera Ohshima,

1915; P. multiradiata Sluiter, 1901; P. pallida Fisher, 1907.

Other included species. Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp.

nov. (below).

Remarks. Hansen (1975) judged that specimens of P. moseleyi

Theel, 1882 showed a wide range of variations and as a

consequence synonymized six species and varieties with P.

moseleyi. In collaboration with Niki Davey (NIWA) we

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

41

Figure 3. Photos of holotype of Amphigymnas staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (preserved, 140 mm long, NHMUK 2013.4). a, dorsal view of

holotype with oral end left; b, ventrolateral view of holotype with oral end left; c, ventral view of oral region showing marginal and post-oral

transverse papillae; d, midbody ventral view showing discrete ambulacral series of tube feet.

42

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

Figure 4. SEM images of ossicles from holotype of Amphigymnas staplesi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NHMUK 2013.4). a, tables from lateral papilla

(scale bars 50 pm)', b, tables with truncate spires from ventral body wall (scale bars 20 pm)', c, tentacle rods with outer surface spines (scale bar

50 pm)\ d, ventrolateral tube foot endplate (top left, scale bar 100 pm), tube foot support rods, very irregular and under-developed tables (scale

bars 50 pm)\ e, tables from dorsal body wall with distal spires lacking teeth (scale bars 50 pm).

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

43

examined numerous specimens from the eastern Australian,

New Zealand and Antarctic Admiralty Seamount regions and

found some consistent morphological differences that are

congruent with molecular phylogenetic data. Some consistent

morphological characters for species that we observed are

colour, numbers of tube feet, maximum wheel size, and numbers

of large outer and small inner spokes in the wheels. Based on

morphological and phylogenetic data we distinguish P. moseleyi

and two additional species of Fannychia from these regions

(Davey et al., in preparation). We anticipate that molecular data

will invite a review of the numerous current synonymies.

Table 1. Morphological characters for the lectotype of Pannychia

moseleyi Theel, 1882 and holotype of P. taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov.

Morphological

characters

P. moseleyi

Theel, 1882

lectotype

P. taylorae

O’Loughlin sp. nov.

holotype

Preserved length

200 mm

180 mm

Residual preserved

colour

dark violet dorsally

off-white

Ventrolateral tube

feet per lateral series

29-30

19

Midventral tube feet

total number

55

23

Maximum wheel

diameter

240 pm

328 pm

Outer spoke number

11-13

9-15

Hub spoke number

4, none 6

5-7, none 4

Pannychia moseleyi Theel, 1882

Synonymy (excluding Hansen, 1975, synonyms). Pannychia

moseleyi Theel, 1882: 88-90, pi. 17 figs 1-2, pi. 32 figs 1-13.—

Mitsukuri, 1912: 207-212, fig. 38,-Ohshima, 1915: 235-236, pi. 8

figs a, b.—Djakonov, Baranova and Savel'eva, 1958: 360.—Pawson,

1965: 22.—Pawson, 1970: 53,-Hansen, 1975: 72-75, fig. 26.-

Cherbonnier and Feral, 1981: 365-366, fig. 5A-I.

Lectotype (designated in this work). Syntype, Australian

continental slope off Sydney, 34°8’S 152°0'E, 1739 m, at Challenger

stn 164, NHMUK (18)83.6.18.52.

Paralectotype (designated in this work). Syntype, New Zealand,

off East Cape on the North Island of New Zealand, 37°34'S 179°22'E,

1281 m. Challenger stn 169, NHMUK (18)83.6.18.53.

Material examined. Tasman Sea, off New South Wales, Wanganella

Bank, 521-1008 m, NMV F94007, NMV F94008, NMV F98046,

NMV F98059, NMV F98695, NMV F98469; S. Norfolk Ridge, 469

m, NMV F98477; off Tasmania. Cascade Seamounts, 600-1000 m,

NMV F136931, NMV F136933, NMV F136934, NMV F136935,

NMV F136937. New Zealand, Challenger plateau, 526-575 m, NIWA

30721, NIWA 30722, NIWA 30685; Chatham Rise, 532 m, NIWA

30636.

Description of lectotype (from Theel, 1882; see table 1). Up to

about 200 mm long, 40 mm wide, subcylindrical dorsally and

laterally, flat ventrally; mouth anterior, ventral, anus posterior,

terminal; 20 tentacles; single series of 29-30 tube feet on each

lateroventral ambulacrum, irregular double series of 55

smaller tube feet midventrally; irregular series of up to 100

long to very short dorsolateral and lateral papillae, biggest up

to 20 mm long, bare middorsally; calcareous ring rudimentary,

fragile, spongy; ossicles large and small wheels; large wheels

up to 240 pm diameter, 11-13 outer spokes, 4 inner spokes,

lobes/teeth between bases of spokes wide; small wheels 52 pm

long.

Colour. Preserved: white grey; dark violet dorsally; ends

of papillae whitish; ends of tentacles and tube feet yellowish.

Remarks. Theel (1882) described his new genus and species P.

moseleyi for two specimens. Based on the inner spoke numbers

noted by Theel (1882), in our experience diagnostically

reliable, we judge that the larger syntype from off Sydney that

is in fairly good condition ( Challenger stn 164) is probably not

conspecific with the smaller very damaged syntype from off

New Zealand ( Challenger stn 169). We designate the

Challenger stn 164 syntype as the lectotype (NHMUK

(18)83.6.18.52).

Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/mn:\sid:zoobank.org:act:

77705FFB-3331-44AC-9266-BDD53F760E49

Figures 1, 5, 6, 7, table 1

Material examined. Holotype. Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, Coral

Seamount, 41.38°S 42.85°E, 1286 m, JC066, specimen no. JC066-

204, ROV, 13 Nov 2011, NHMUK 2013.5.

Description. Body wall thick, soft; body with low elevation,

rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, slight brim marginally,

body 180 mm long, up to 45 mm wide; numerous dorsal and

lateral thin papillae evident in photo of live animal, few

remaining on preserved holotype, up to about 15 mm long;

mouth subventral, anus dorsoposterior; damaged orally, 16 of

20 tentacles remaining; single series of 19 tube feet on each

lateroventral ambulacrum, median ventral ambulacrum with

23 smaller tube feet in paired series posteriorly, more scattered

anteriorly.

Ossicles in dorsal and ventral body wall and dorsal papillae

abundant wheels and small concave oval to round plates;

wheels up to 328 pm diameter, 9-15 outer spokes, rounded

triangular teeth between the bases of the spokes, central wheel

hub with 5-7 spokes, predominantly 6 never 4, hub covered by

a membrane; small plates about 56 pm long, up to about 70 pm

long, irregularly oval to round, slightly lobed margin, slightly

concave, about 15 perforations, typically 11 marginally with 4

centrally, sometimes 2 larger centrally. Tentacle ossicles rarely

branched, curved rods with thick spines on outer surface, rods

up to 350 pm long.

Colour. Live: body pale blue, tentacle and tube foot ends

pale brown. Preserved: body off-white, tentacle and tube feet

ends pale brown.

Distribution. Southwest Indian Ocean, Coral Seamount, 1286 m.

Etymology. Named for Michelle Taylor (Department of

Zoology, University of Oxford) in appreciation of Michelle’s

tireless and efficient work in organizing the biological science

team and processing the collections for voyage JC066.

44

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

Figure 5. Photos of live holotype specimen of Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NHMUK 2013.5). a, photo of live holotype specimen (in

situ on Coral Seamount; taken by ROV during cruise JC066; copyright AD Rogers University of Oxford/NERC); b, ventral view of live holotype

(with two commensal polynoid specimens) (photo taken by David Shale and used with permission).

Figure 6. Photos of holotype of Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov. (preserved, 180 mm long, NHMUK 2013.5). Ventral view of holotype

with oral end below and midventral tube feet more numerous posteriorly. Insert with ventral view of damaged oral region showing non-retractile

tentacles.

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

45

Figure 7. SEM images of ossicles from holotype of Pannychia taylorae O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NHMUK 2013.5). a, tentacle rods with outer surface

spines (scale bar 50 pim; small plate ossicle probable contaminant from body wall); b, wheels from dorsal body wall (scale bars 100 /<m); c,

wheels and small plates from dorsal papilla (scale bars 50 \i m); d, small concave plates from ventral body wall (scale bars 10 }im).

Remarks. The single type specimen of P. taylorae O’Loughlin

sp. nov. is closest in its morphological characters to the

Antarctic Admiralty Seamount specimens that we have

examined, but we judge that they are not conspecific. These

specimens represent a species of Pannychia that is quite

distinct morphologically and genetically from P. moseleyi

(Davey et al., in preparation). In table 1 we detail the significant

morphological diagnostic differences between P. taylorae

O’Loughlin sp. nov. and P. moseleyi.

Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840

Family Psolidae Burmeister, 1837

Psolus Oken, 1815

Diagnosis (from Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011). Species of

Psolidae with large imbricating or contiguous dorsal and lateral

scales; ventrolateral scales at margin clearly demarcated from

46

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

thin sole that lacks conspicuous scales; tube feet absent dorsally

and laterally, except sometimes present orally and anally; 10

dendritic tentacles, eight large and two small ventrally.

Remarks. Oken, 1815 was rejected for systematic validity by

ICZN (1956, opinion 417). Paulay and O’Loughlin have submitted

an application to ICZN for Oken, 1815 validity as author of

Psolus (case 3598). We use the authorship here provisionally.

Psolus atlantis O’Loughlin sp. nov.

Zoobank LSID. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:

DE8353F7-D506-4264-8638-9FF3EA29254A

Figures 1, 8, 9, 10

Material examined. Holotype. Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge,

Atlantis Bank, 32.72°S 57.25°E, 1117 m, JC066, event 8-5, parent no.

2547, specimen no. JC066-3686, ROV, 10 Dec 2011, NHMUK 2013.6.

Description. Body oval with slight posterior rounded taper,

body 28 mm long, up to 17 mm wide, up to 7 mm high at oral

cone; dorsal and lateral body covered by imbricating large

multilayered scale ossicles of variable sizes, up to 7 mm wide,

not perforated for tube feet, lateral marginal scales very small;

dorsal and lateral scales sparsely but distinctly granular,

granular appearance caused by pyramidal projections on the

multilayered scale ossicles, not caused by small surface

ossicles; oral cone dorsal with slight pyramidal elevation, 5

triangular interradial oral valves separated by 5 narrow radial

oral scales, oral cone not discrete with dorsal scales encroaching

basally on oral scales; anus dorsal posterior, surrounded by an

irregular cluster of small scales.

Distinct thin-walled sole, overhung marginally by small

lateral scales; inner marginal, irregular, single to zigzag to

double series of tube feet with diameters about 0.6 mm; outer

marginal, single series of smaller inconspicuous tube feet with

diameters about 0.3 mm; a few tube feet on midventral

ambulacrum anteriorly and posteriorly, but lacking midventral

series of tube feet.

Ossicles in central sole small, thick, smooth crosses and

plates with up to 7 perforations, ossicles up to 200 pm long;

inner tube feet endplates with irregular small perforations

centrally and irregular larger perforations marginally, margin

smooth and not denticulate, endplate diameters up to about

400 pm\ tube foot support ossicles irregular curved plates with

more perforations than the ossicles in the sole, up to about 20,

lengths up to about 200 pm long.

Colour. Live: red dorsally. Preserved: white.

Distribution. Southwest Indian Ocean, Atlantis Bank, 1117 m.

Etymology. Named, in apposition, for the Atlantis Bank on the

Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge from which this specimen was

collected.

Remarks. The morphological characters that distinguish, in

combination, P. atlantis O’Loughlin sp. nov. from all other

Psolus Oken, 1815 species are: five discrete triangular oral

Figure 8. Photo of dorsal view of live holotype specimen of Psolus atlantis O’Loughlin sp. nov., attached to a rock fragment from Atlantis Bank

collected during cruise JC066 (oral end left; specimen NHMUK 2013.6; photo taken by David Shale and used with permission).

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

47

Figure 9. Photos of holotype of Psolus atlantis O’Loughlin sp. nov. (preserved, 28 mm long, NHMUK 2013.6). a, dorsal view of holotype with

oral valves left; b, dorsolateral view of holotype showing elevated oral valves; c, view of five triangular interradial oral valves and five narrow

radial oral valves; d, ventral view of sole; e, ventral view of margin of sole showing inner series of large tube feet and outer series of small

inconspicuous tube feet; f, view of sole showing scattered, small perforated plate and cross ossicles.

48

P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

Figure 10. SEM images of ossicles from holotype of Psolus atlantis O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NHMUK 2013.6). a, tube foot endplate (top left; scale

bar 100 pim) and tube foot support ossicles (scale bars 20 pi m); b, small plates and crosses from central sole (scale bars 20 pim).

New sea cucumber species from the seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

49

valves separated by single, thin rectangular oral plates;

conspicuously granuliform oral, dorsal and lateral scales;

absence of a midventral ambulacral series of tube feet; absence

of any dorsal ossicles in addition to the large scales; small thick

smooth perforated plate ossicles with fewer than eight

perforations in the midsole; absence of cups or concave plate

ossicles in the sole. We note the significant depth of occurrence

(1117 m) of P. atlantis, relative to the occurrence of most Psolus

species. We have compared P. atlantis with other southern

Psolus species directly or in the works of Carriol and Feral

(1985), Cherbonnier (1974), Deichmann (1930), Ekman (1925),

Ludwig and Heding (1935), Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011),

O’Loughlin and Whitfield (2010), Thandar (2009), Theel

(1886a, 1886b) and Vaney (1906, 1914).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the crew and scientists of

NERC cruise James Cook JC066 on the Southwest Indian

Ocean Ridge. The collection of these three specimens was

funded through NERC Grant NE/F005504/1 Lead PI AD

Rogers. This project was part of the Southwest Indian Ocean

Seamounts Project ( www.iucn.or g /marine/seamounts )

supported by the EAF Nansen Project, the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations, the Global Environment

Facility, and the International Union for the Conservation of

Nature. We are most grateful for the valued contribution to our

work by the following: Ben Boonen for the preparation of the

figures; Andrew Cabrinovic (NHMUK) for facilitating the

registration of specimens; Alex Rogers and Michelle Taylor

(Department of Zoology, University of Oxford) for their

facilitation of this loan and communications on collection data,

videos and photos; Frank Rowe (Australian Museum),

Francisco Solfs-Marm (The National Autonomous University

of Mexico) and Ahmed Thandar (University of KwaZulu-

Natal) for their helpful communications on systematic issues;

David Shale for his gracious permission to use his live specimen

photos; David Staples (Honorary Associate, NMV) for initial

facilitation of the loan of this material to NMV. We are

especially grateful for the review advice offered by Dr F. W. E.

Rowe (Research Associate, Australian Museum).

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Holothurioidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship

Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum 3: vi+123+ii,

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Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer

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Zoology at Harvard College 24(4): 105-114.

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Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish

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Mackenzie, M., and Whitfield, E. 2011. An overview of the Australian

psolid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

with the description of 5 new species. Zootaxa 3037: 21-36.

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the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University 29(2): 1-284,8 pis.

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States Fisheries steamer Albatross in the northwestern Pacific

during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States

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Oken, L. 1815. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Part 3: Zoologie

xxviii, 850, xviii. Jena.

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Pawson, D.L. 1965. The bathyal holothurians of the New Zealand

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Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 201: 7-65, 10

figs, 2 pis.

Savel’eva, T.S. 1933. On the holothurian fauna of the Japan and

Okhotsk Seas. Explorations Mers Russes 19: 37-58.

Sluiter, C.P. 1901. Die Holothurien der 57/wgu-Expedition. Siboga-

Expeditie 44: 1-142, 10 pis.

Sluiter, C.P. 1902. Neue Holothurien aus der Tief-See des Indischen

Archipels gesammelt durch die 57Zwga-Expedition. Tijdschrift

der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging 2(7): 1-28.

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P.M. O’Loughlin, M. Mackenzie & D. VandenSpiegel

Solfs-Marm, F.A., and Laguarda-Figueras, A. 2004. Revision of the

genus Synallactes (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Synallactidae).

Pp. 547-549 in: Heinzeller, T. and Nebelsick, J.H. (eds),

Echinoderms: Munchen. Taylor & Francis: London.

Thandar, A.S. 2009. New species and a new record of sea cucumbers

from deep waters of the South African temperate region

(Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 2013: 30-42.

Theel, H. 1882. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H.M.S.

Challenger during the years 1873-1876, Part I. Report of the

Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the

Years 1873-76. Zoology 4: 1-176, 46 pis.

Theel, H. 1886a. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H.M.S.

Challenger during the years 1873-76. Part II. Report of the

Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the

Years 1873-76. Zoology 14(39): 1-290, 16 pis.

Theel, H. 1886b. Report on the Holothurioidea. Reports on the results

of dredging, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-1878), in the Caribbean

Sea (1879-1880), and along the eastern coast of the United States,

by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer Blake. Bulletin of the Museum

of Comparative Zoology at Harvard 13(1)30: 1-21, 1 pi.

Vaney, C. 1906. Holothuries. Expedition Antarctique Fran§aise (1903-

1905). Sciences Naturelles: Documents Scientifiques. 30 pp., 2 pis,

I map.

Vaney, C. 1914. Holothuries. Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique

Fran§aise (1908-10). Sciences Naturelles: Documents

Scientifiques. 54 pp., 5 pis.

Walsh, J.H.T. 1891. List of deep-sea holothurians collected during

seasons 1887 to 1891, with descriptions of new species. Natural

History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer

‘Investigator’. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 60, Part 2,

II (6): 197-204.

Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70:51-67 (2013) Published 18-12-2013

1447-2554 (On-line)

http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna

(Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

NlCOLA DavEY 1 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EEBE7A67-A2AB-4504-89D5-D70748AF7570) and

EMILY Whitfield 2 (http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C665620D-DD0D-4F56-9557-32DF50CB80CC)

1 National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research Ltd (NIWA), PO Box 893, Nelson 7040, New Zealand

(niki.davey@niwa.co.nz)

2 Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne 3001, Australia (whitfield.emily@gmail.com)

http://zoobank.Org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:131EFBFB-3A77-4C35-9FC0-4451DDAC4A0A

Abstract Davey, N. and Whitfield, E. 2013. The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna

(Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 70: 51-67.

One new species of Psolus and four new species of Psolidium are described from New Zealand and Macquarie

Ridge: Psolus macquariensis sp. nov., Psolidium aequm sp. nov., Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov., Psolidium marriotti sp.

nov. and Psolidium ramum sp. nov. Psolus neozelanicus is a subjective junior synonym of Psolus antarcticus. New

material is assigned to Psolus squamatus (Muller) var. segregatus Perrier and the diagnostic characters noted. Psolidium

whittakeri O’Loughlin and Aheam, formerly known only from Antarctic waters, also occurs off New Zealand. Ten species

of the family Psolidae are now known from New Zealand: five in the genus Psolus Oken, and five in the genus Psolidium

Ludwig. A key to the New Zealand and included Macquarie material is provided.

Keywords Psolus, Psolidium, New Zealand, Macquarie Ridge, sea cucumber, Psolidae, new species, keys

Introduction

The most recent inventory of New Zealand Holothuroidea

(Mah et al., 2009) listed only three species in the family

Psolidae Burmeister, 1837, and all were assigned to the genus

Psolus Oken, 1815. One (Psolus neozelanicus Mortensen,

1925) was based on a single occurrence of a small specimen;

another (Psolus squamatus (O.F. Muller, 1776)) was a known

northern hemisphere species complex, and the third (Psolus ?n.

sp.) remained unidentified. Examination of the considerable

holdings of New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and

Atmosphere Ltd (NIWA) Invertebrate Collection (NIC)

provided the opportunity to review the New Zealand psolid

fauna. An overview of the Australian psolid holothuroids was

recently published (Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011); five new

species were described and a comprehensive key to all 19

species now known in Australian and Macquarie waters was

provided. This key was used as a basis for evaluation of the

New Zealand psolid material and to assess the extent of overlap

with the Australian fauna. Ten species in the genera Psolus and

Psolidium were identified; five of them are described here, and

for the remaining five species we provide new distribution

records, comments on bathymetric and/or geographic range

extensions, and diagnostic characters where required.

Of the six genera of the family Psolidae— Ceto Gistel,

1848, Echinopsolus Gutt, 1990, Ekkentropelma Pawson, 1971,

Lissothuria Verrill, 1867, Psolidium Ludwig, 1886 and Psolus

Oken, 1815—only two genera currently occur in New Zealand

waters.

We are aware of the current invalid status of Psolus Oken,

1815 and use the genus name provisionally as we await the

outcome of a request for validation by the International

Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (Paulay and

O’Loughlin, pers. comm.).

Methods

In order to extract the ossicles, the body wall tissue was

dissolved in liquid household bleach. The extracted ossicles

were studied by light microscopy (Nikon YS2-H) and by

scanning electron microscopy (Philips XL30S FEG SEM).

Clean ossicles for SEM examination were spread on a glass

disk, air-dried and coated with platinum for 10 min.

Photographs and measurements of the ossicles were taken.

Specimen pictures were taken with a Nikon DX camera with a

60 mm macro lens. All specimens, including holotypes and

paratypes, are registered in the NIC in Wellington. The

internal anatomy is not systematically diagnostic and is not

included in the new species descriptions.

In the following species descriptions, the station details are

in the following format: the catalogue number NIWA XXXXX

(number of specimens), voyage abbreviation and station

number, latitude and longitude, depth, date of collection.

52

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

Abbreviations

CSIRO

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organisation.

FRST

New Zealand Foundation for Research,

Science and Technology.

KARMA

Kermadec Arc Minerals.

LINZ

Land Information New Zealand.

MBIE

New Zealand Ministry of Business,

Innovation and Employment.

MPI

Ministry for Primary Industries (previously

the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries).

MV

Museum Victoria.

NIWA

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric

Research Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.

RV Sonne

Vessel used by IFM-GEOMAR Leibniz-

Institut fur Meereswissenschaften an der

Universitat Kiel and partners, and the

interdisciplinary New Zealand-Australian

‘MacRidge 2’ research voyage.

RV Tangaroa

NIWA’s research vessel.

SEM

Scanning electron microscopy.

TANXXXX/xx RV Tangaroa research voyages (undertaken

by NIWA) followed by year of the voyage,

trip number and station number.

USNM Smithsonian Institution National Museum

of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.

Key to New Zealand and Macquarie Ridge species of

Psolidae Burmeister, 1837

1 Tube feet project through dorsal and lateral scales:

Psolidium Ludwig, 1886. 6

- Tube feet absent dorsally: Psolus Oken, 1815.2

2 Five symmetrical oral valves.3

- Not with 5 symmetrical oral valves. 4

3 No encroachment of scales onto oral valves, no bowl

ossicles ventrally. Psolus antarcticus (Philippi, 1857)

- Some encroaching of scales onto oral valves, bowl ossicles

present ventrally.

. Psolus parantarcticus Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011

4 More than 5 irregular oral valves. Conspicuous

demarcation between dorsal scales and oral and anal

valves. Macroscopic dome-like lumps on dorsal and

lateral surface. Oral and anal opening conspicuous. Body

wall does not contain cups. 5

- No distinct oral valves. No demarcation between dorsal

scales and oral and anal valves. No macroscopic dome¬

like lumps on dorsal surface. Oral and anal opening

inconspicuous. Body wall contains cups.

. Psolus macquariensis sp. nov

5 Profile low, smooth, domed. Anterior and anal openings

not raised. Half-cylinders present in dorsal ossicles.

. Psolus salottii Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011

- Profile not low, smooth, domed. Anterior and anal

openings raised. No half-cylinders present in dorsal

ossicles. Psolus squamatus (Muller, 1776) var.

segregatus Perrier, 1905

6 Dorsal and lateral tube feet conspicuous macroscopically.

Ventral ossicles thin-walled plates with 3-4 perforations,

up to 125 pm long, 40 pm wide.

. Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov.

- Dorsal and lateral tube feet inconspicuous macroscopically.

Ventral ossicles thick-walled plates. 7

7 Midventral row of tube feet. Dorsal and ventral ossicles

contain branching rods (thorns).

. Psolidium ramum sp. nov.

- No midventral row of tube feet. Dorsal and ventral ossicles

do not contain branching rods (thorns).8

8 Less than 8 dorsal scales between oral and anal openings.

Dorsal body wall appears rough. Largest specimen 16

mm total length. Tentacle trunk ossicles long, thick rods,

sometimes perforated at ends or middle. 9

- More than 8 dorsal scales between oral and anal openings.

Smooth appearance dorsally. Specimens often greater

than 16 mm total length. Largest tentacle trunk ossicles

predominantly plates with large irregular perforations.

. Psolidium whittakeri O’Loughlin and Ahearn, 2008

9 Ventral ossicles flat to slightly curved, single-layered,

knobbed perforated plates with predominantly 4

(sometimes more) uniform perforations.

. Psolidium aequm sp. nov.

- Ventral ossicles flat to slightly curved, single-layered,

knobbed perforated plates with 2 large central perforations

and numerous smaller marginal perforations.

. Psolidium marriotti sp. nov.

Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840 (restricted Pawson and

Fell, 1965)

Family Psolidae Burmeister, 1837

Diagnosis. (See O’Loughlin and Marie, 2008). Body flattened,

with well-defined ventral sole. Dorsal surface invested by

imbricating scales. Ventral sole soft, surrounded by tube feet.

Mouth and anus dorsally upturned.

Remarks. For synonymies, discussion, and a key to genera of

Psolidae see O’Loughlin and Marie (2008) together with the

amendments listed in O’Loughlin and Whitfield (2010) and

Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011). There is a key to the Australian

species of Psolidae in Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011), reflected

in the key provided here.

Type genus. Psolus Oken, 1815 (original description;

Lepidopsolus Bronn, 1860, and Lophothuria Verrill, 1867;

synonymy by Theel, 1886).

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

53

Genus Psolus Oken, 1815

Diagnosis. (O’Loughlin and Whitfield 2010). Psolidae with

large imbricating or contiguous dorsal and lateral scales;

ventrolateral scales at margin clearly demarcated from thin

sole that lacks conspicuous scales. Tube feet absent dorsally

and laterally, sometimes present orally and anally.

Psolus antarcticus (Philippi, 1857)

Table 1, Figures 1, 3A-C

Holothuria antarctica Philippi, 1857: 133.

Psolus antarcticus Ludwig, 1898: 53, pi. 3-figs 34-36 (complete

synonymy).—Ekman, 1923: 42, figs 31-33; 1925: 139, text-fig. 34.—

Deichmann, 1947: 339.—Pawson, 1968a: 19, fig. 2 (1-4).—Mackenzie

and Whitfield, 2011: 26-28.

Psolus neozelanicus Mortensen, 1925: 362, figs 44-45.—Dawbin,

1950: 35, pi. 1-fig. 2.-Pawson, 1970: 28,-Mah et al. , 2009: 398.-

Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011: 28.

Material examined. Macquarie Ridge: NIWA 40954 (2) Stn

TAN0803/93, 56.25°S 158.51°E, 676-750 m, 16/04/2008; NIWA

40887 (16) Stn TAN0803/94, 55.37°S 158.38°E, 501-577 m,

15/04/2008; NIWA 40758 (9) Stn TAN0803/91, 55.36°S 158.42°E,

501-630 m, 15/04/2008; NIWA 40824 (1) Stn TAN0803/93, 55.35°S

158.43°E, 605-709 m, 15/04/2008; NIWA 40853 (1) Stn TAN0803/94,

55.37° S 158.38°E, 501-577 m, 15/04/2008; NIWA 68127 (1) StnE227,

54.68°S 158.91°E, 148 m, 24/02/1965; NIWA 76248 (1) Stn C734,

53.91°S 158.91°E, 360 m, 25/11/1961. New Zealand, Hikurangi

Margin: NIWA 65685 (8) Stn F767, 41.51°S 176.11°E, 1205 m,

21/08/1966; NIWA 63356 (1) Stn TAN1004/36, 41.59°S 175.85°E,

1150-1177 m, 18/04/2010; NIWA 63906 (9) Stn TAN1004/100,

42.13°S 174.54°E, 1375-1480 m, 24/04/2010; NIWA 71936 (19) Stn

G954,42.61°S 175.97°E, 1190 m, 02/06/1973. New Zealand, Chatham

Rise: NIWA 30627 (2) Stn TAN0705/94,44.56°S 178.4°E, 1110-1119

m, 10/04/2007; NIWA 30629 (1) Stn TAN0705/98, 44.56°S 178.4°W,

1074-1081 m, 10/04/2007; NIWA 30630 (8) StnTAN0705/98,44.56°S

178.4°W, 1074-1081 m, 10/04/2007; NIWA 63968 (2) Stn Z10820,

41.59°S 175.77°E, 1400 m, 26/05/2001; NIWA 63931 (1) Stn

TAN1004/103, 42.13°S 174.53°E, 1169-1213 m, 25/04/2010; NIWA

71146 (1) Stn 2253/20, 44.7°S 176.6°E, 794-1156 m, 29/05/2006;

NIWA 76355 (1) Stn S1065H, 44.14°S 178.5°E, 990 m, 05/05/1997.

Description. See Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011) for the most

recent description of this species including photos of the ossicles.

All material examined here concurs with this recent description

and any variations or amendments are discussed below.

Colour. Preserved: white and pale brown; dorsal and

lateral scales have pale brown centres with a white periphery.

This differs from Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011), in which

specimens examined were white only.

Distribution. Previously reported from South America

(Magellanic region), South Georgia, Macquarie Island, 100-

1666 m; extended here to New Zealand and further locations

along Macquarie Ridge, 360-1480 m.

Remarks. Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011) recently confirmed

the distribution of Psolus antarcticus (Philippi, 1857) as

extending into Australian and Macquarie Island waters. Herein,

we confirm that P. antarcticus is known from the continental

Table 1. Distribution of New Zealand and Macquarie Ridge species of Psolidae Burmeister, 1837.

Species

Distribution (new records are provided in bold)

Depth range (new records

are provided in bold)

Psolus species

Psolus antarcticus (Philippi, 1857)

Magellanic region of South America; South

Georgia; Macquarie Island; New Zealand;

Macquarie Ridge

100-1666 m

Psolus macquariensis sp. nov.

Macquarie Ridge

398-489 m

Psolus parantarcticus Mackenzie and

Whitfield, 2011

Australia, Macquarie Island; New Zealand,

Hikurangi Margin; Macquarie Ridge

108-135 m

104-1053 m

Psolus salottii Mackenzie and Whitfield,

2011

South Australia; Macquarie Ridge

400-820 m

Psolus squamatus (Muller, 1776) var.

segregatus Perrier, 1905

South America, Straits of Magellan and

Argentina; New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin,

Chatham Rise

320-468 m, 817 m

Psolidium species

Psolidium aequm sp. nov.

New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin

1040-1059 m

Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov.

New Zealand, Kermadec Trench

1380-1545 m

Psolidium marriotti sp. nov.

New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin, Chatham

Rise, North Cape; Macquarie Ridge

136-885 m

Psolidium ramum sp. nov.

New Zealand, North Island west coast canyons

188-210 m

Psolidium whittakeri O’Loughlin and

Ahearn, 2008

Antarctica; South Sandwich Island; South

Shetland Island; Bouvet Island; New Zealand

146-759 m, 443-503 m

54

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

Figure 1. Map of area showing station locations of Psolus species in Figure 2. Map of area showing station locations of Psolidium species

the New Zealand and Macquarie Ridge regions. in the New Zealand and Macquarie Ridge regions.

Figure 3. Psolus antarcticus (Philippi, 1857) (A-C, NIWA 30627): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, close up of 5 even oral valves with no scale

encroachment. Scale bar 1 cm.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

55

slope around New Zealand, including the Chatham Rise. The

specimens examined here morphologically match the type

description, however, we do note that the colour of this

relatively fresh material has brown scale centres compared

with the uniform white colour previously reported. The depth

distribution of the New Zealand material is within the known

range of 100-1666 m.

Psolus neozelanicus Mortensen, 1925 was based on two

small specimens from east of North Cape, New Zealand. It has

not been collected since. This species was briefly discussed in

Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011). We further judge from the

type description of its knobbed perforated plates (four central

perforations recognisable) and five symmetrical valves that

this species is a subjective junior synonym of Psolus

antarcticus. Mortensen (1925) discusses the ventral ossicles

with four central perforations, which are well known in P.

antarcticus. His illustrations (p. 363), however, tend to show

ossicles with slightly more numerous perforations that are

present dorsally, rather than ventrally. We re-examined some

of our smaller (7-9 mm) P. antarcticus specimens (NIWA

40758) and found the ventral ossicles predominantly with four,

but sometimes with up to six perforations like the larger P.

antarcticus. Ventral ossicles were sparse in both of our small

specimens. All specimens previously identified as P.

neozelanicus in both the NIC and Museum of Victoria (MV)

have been re-examined and determined to be P. antarcticus or

P. parantarcticus Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011.

Psolus macquariensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B0AC4334-A7DF-

4548-B5DB-D33715DB5A09

Table 1, Figures 1, 4A-C, 7A-F

Material examined. Holotype. Macquarie Ridge: NIWA 40314 (1) Stn

TAN0803/69, 52.39°S 160.65°E, 438-451 m, 09/04/2008.

Paratypes. NIWA 68135 (2) same locality data as holotype.

Other material. Macquarie Ridge: NIWA 40050 (1) Stn

TAN0803/53, 51.04°S 162.01°E, 398-489 m, 05/04/2008; NIWA

40326 (2) Stn TAN0803/69, 52.39°S 160.65°E, 438-451 m,

09/04/2008.

Description. Psolus species up to 16 mm long, 6 mm high, 5

mm wide. Body form oval, low profile, body wall thin and soft.

Oral and anal openings inconspicuous with no distinctive

valves.

Dorsal and lateral scales inconspicuous, glassy bead-like

texture, up to 800 pm diameter, decreasing in size towards

lateral edge. Sole elongate oval, thin walled, slight anterior

taper. Tube feet on sole periphery in 2 rows; inner series close

together, continuous, terminal disc up to 400 pm diameter;

outer series smaller, terminal disc up to 250 pm diameter,

sparsely arranged, not complete. Midventral single row of

scattered tube feet, which can be long with terminal discs on

ends of extended stalks, some extending over the sole margin.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles single-layered perforated plates

(scales), some with secondary thickening and ribbing towards

centre of plates, up to 810 pm wide; cups up to 45 pm long, 30

pm deep with a cross-type base, knobbed edges. Ventral

ossicles single-layered, smooth perforated plates up to 150 pm

long, sparse cups up to 65 pm long. Tentacle ossicles single¬

layered perforated plates only, up to 230 pm long.

Colour. Preserved: white.

Distribution. Macquarie Ridge, 398-489 m.

Etymology. Named after the type locality, Macquarie Island.

Remarks. Psolus macquariensis sp. nov. is closest to southern

Australian species Psolus steuarti Mackenzie and Whitfield,

2011, with its similar granulated scales dorsally and laterally,

and cups in the dorsal body wall. P. macquariensis sp. nov.

differs from P. steuarti in the presence of midventral tube feet

and in the dorsal and lateral ossicles consisting of only single¬

layered plates. Also, in P. macquariensis sp. nov., ventral

ossicles are smooth perforated plates, while P. steuarti has

knobbed plates.

Psolus parantarcticus Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011

Table 1, Figure 1

Material examined. New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin: NIWA 68125

(1) Stn TAN0616/83, 41.78°S 175.39°E, 1053-1050 m, 13/11/2006;

NIWA 68128 (1) Stn TAN0616/79, 41.78°S 175.39°E, 1040-1053 m,

13/11/2006. Macquarie Ridge, NIWA 76249 (1) Stn C733, 54.41°S

159.03°E, 104 m, 25/11/1961.

Description. See Mackenzie and Whitfield (2011). All

specimens examined concur with this description unless

discussed below.

Colour. Preserved: white (Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011),

although in present material dorsal and lateral scales have

some pale brown markings.

Distribution. Australia, Macquarie Island, 108-135 m

(Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011). New Zealand and Macquarie

Ridge, 1052 m (this study).

Remarks. Psolus parantarcticus Mackenzie and Whitfield

2011 was first described from Macquarie Island. We

subsequently found two more specimens of this species in our

New Zealand and Macquarie Ridge material. The encroaching

valves, ventral bowl-shaped ossicles, and multilayered

dorsolateral ossicles are distinctive morphological features that

clearly differentiate this species from P. antarcticus. This

study significantly extends the known depth range for P.

parantarcticus from 135 to 1052 m.

Psolus salottii Mackenzie and Whitfield, 2011

Table 1, Figure 1

Material examined. Macquarie Ridge: NIWA 39894 (1) Stn

TAN0803/48, 51.09°S 161.97°E, 462-524 m, 04/04/2008; NIWA

39928 (2) Stn TAN0803/48, 51.09°S 161.97°E, 462-524 m,

04/04/2008; NIWA 39979 (3) Stn TAN0803/52, 51.04°S 161.98°E,

506-560 m, 04/04/2008; NIWA 39993 (4) Stn TAN0803/52, 51.04°S

161.98°E, 506-560 m, 04/04/2008; NIWA 40010 (3) Stn TAN0803/52,

51.04°S 161.98°E, 506-560 m, 04/04/2008; NIWA 40047 (1) Stn

TAN0803/53, 51.04°S 162.01°E, 398-489 m, 05/04/2008; NIWA

40355 (18) Stn TAN0803/71, 52.34°S 160.68°E, 488-542 m,

09/04/2008; NIWA 40396 (14) Stn TAN0803/71, 52.34°S 160.68°E,

488-542 m, 09/04/2008.

56

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

Figure 4. Psolus macquariensis sp. nov. paratype (A-C, NIWA 40314): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view showing some extended tube feet; C,

lateral view. Psolus squamatus (Muller, 1776) var. segregatus Perrier, 1905 (D-E, NIWA 43709): D, dorsal view; E, lateral view. Psolus

squamatus (Muller, 1776) var. segregatus Perrier, 1905 (F, NIWA 43714): lateral view of specimen with numerous sole ossicles. Scale bar 1 cm.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

57

Figure 5. Psolidium aequm sp. nov. (A-B, NIWA 32259): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov. paratype (C-D, NIWA

64441): C, dorsal view showing conspicuous tube feet; D, ventral view. Psolidium marriotti sp. nov. paratype (E-F, NIWA 76126): E, dorsal

view; F, ventral view. Scale bar 1 cm.

58

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

Figure 6. Psolidium ramum sp. nov. holotype (A-B, NIWA 73660): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar 1 cm.

Figure 7. Psolus macquariensis sp. nov. paratype (A-F, NIWA 40314): A-B, dorsal single-layered plate, dorsal cup; C-F, ventral ossicles, smooth

perforated plates.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

59

Description. See Whitfield and Mackenzie (2011). The material

examined matches the description well, and we make the

following additions: Psolus salottii Whitfield and Mackenzie,

2011, up to 71 mm length (NIWA 40355), 54 mm wide, 29 mm

high. Oral valves large and inconsistent in shape, ranging from

rectangular with blunt ends to approximately triangular with

pointed tips. Valves usually 10; always greater than 5.

Colour. Preserved: white.

Distribution. South Australia, Macquarie Ridge (Whitfield and

Mackenzie, 2011) and this paper, 400-600 m.

Remarks. The original description was based on one holotype

specimen from southern Australia and four paratypes from

Macquarie Island. We found an additional 46 specimens,

confirming and extending the Whitfield and Mackenzie (2011)

description. The dome-like lumps on the dorsolateral scales are

not always visible, and they may only be on a few scales. The

multilayered ossicles in the preparation are always distinctly

dome-like and provide a useful diagnostic character for this

species.

Psolus squamatus (Muller, 1776) var. segregatus Perrier, 1905

Table 1, Figure 1, 4D-F

Psolus squamatus, Diiben and Koren, 1846 (var. ?).—Theel, 1886:

89-90, pi. 15-figs 1-2, pi. 6-fig. 2.

Psolus antarcticus.— Ludwig, 1894: 98 (in note) (part).

Psolus pauper Ludwig, 1894. (Synonymy in Deichmann, 1941.)

Psolus squamatus— H.L. Clark, 1901: 165; 1901: 491. (Synonymy

in Deichmann, 1941; non -Psolus squamatus (O.F. Muller, 1776).)

Psolus squamatus var. segregatus Perrier, 1905: 59-65.

Psolus segregatus.— Vaney, 1906: 26-30, pi. 1-figs 14-15, pi.

2-figs 19-20.

Psolus squamatus (O.F. Muller, Koren) var. segregatus Perrier,

1905.—Ekman, 1923: 1-59,37 text-figs.-Ekman, 1925: 136-139, fig. 33.

Psolus squamatus (Koren) var. segregatus Perrier.—Deichmann,

1941: 147-148, pi. 30-fig. 7.

Psolus squamatus (Koren, 1845).—Pawson, 1969: 129 (not Psolus

squamatus (O.F. Miiller, 1776)).

Psolus aff. squamatus (O.F. Muller, 1776).—Massin and

Hendrickx, 2011: 419-420.

Material examined. New Zealand, Chatham Rise: NIWA 27619 (2)

Stn TAN0701/14, 43.35°S 179.58°E, 409-423 m, 31/12/2006; NIWA

43709 (1) Stn TAN0801/4,43.26°S 178.05°E, 320-339 m, 28/12/2007;

NIWA 43714 (1) Stn TAN0801/37, 44.22°S 179.1°E, 484-492 m,

03/01/2008; NIWA 44805 (5) Stn TAN0501/90, 43.36°S 178.53°E,

371-384 m, 14/01/2005; NIWA 49919 (1) Stn TAN0301/64, 43.92°S

179.7°W, 405-420 m, 10/01/2003; NIWA 76127 (8) Stn TAN0201/20,

43.28°S 178.27°E, 348-358 m, 01/01/2002; NIWA 76128 (1) Stn

Z10972, 43.12°S 175.81°E, 467 m, 04/09/2001; NIWA 76129 (4) Stn

Z10931, 43.13°S 175.83°E, 441 m, 30/10/2001; NIWA 76130 (4) Stn

Z10929, 43.12°S 175.81°E, 467 m, 4/09/2001; NIWA 76131 (27) Stn

Z9618, 43.36°S 178.91°E, 393 m, 04/01/1999; NIWA 76132 (6) Stn

Z10829, 43.26°S 178.42°E, 374 m, 30/12/2000; NIWA 76133 (2) Stn

Z10585, 43.05°S 178.29°E, 341 m, 30/12/2000; NIWA 76134 (1) Stn

Z10583,43.32°S 178.56°E, 398.0 m, 12/01/2001; NIWA 76424 (2) Stn

TAN0601/10, 43.31°S 178.26°E, 324-340 m, 29/12/2005.

Description. Follows Perrier (1905) and Ekman (1923) with

additional details based on the specimens examined. Psolus

species up to 61 mm long, 30 mm high, 39 mm wide. Body

form oval, mid- to high-domed profile with raised oral and anal

valves, higher anteriorly. Oral opening surrounded by 7-12

long, irregular, triangular to oblong oral plates or plate

fragments, inconsistent in shape and number, imbricating

slightly, thickly calcareous, granular surface, demarcation

between body scales and oral plates variable, usually some

body scales encroaching at base of oral plates. Anal opening a

series of small scales continuous with dorsal and lateral scales,

no distinct plates, heavily imbricating in circular formation

surrounding the anus.

Dorsal and lateral scales predominantly 3-5 mm wide, a

few up to 12 mm wide, but decreasing in size towards anal and

oral valves and at lateral edge, macroscopically evident, scales

imbricate slightly; scale margin colouration consistently light

(white or cream), usually with a brown centre, variable in

intensity, can appear spotty; scales with coarsely granular

surface, granules loose or attached, globular, up to 310 pm

wide. Sole oval, without tapering anally or orally; inner series

of tube feet arranged in 1-3 rows around the outer sole

perimeter, crowded, can extend midventrally posteriorly and

anteriorly; outer peripheral series of smaller tube feet in a

spaced, single row, close to the ventral margin; midventral

series of tube feet variably present, extending anteriorly or

posteriorly only, or absent completely.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles mainly large multilayered plates

covered in granules, as described above; some thickened plates

up to 180 pm long; rare smooth perforated plates up to 130 pm

long; rare single-layered plates with secondary layering in

some specimens. Ventral ossicles perforated plates ranging

from simple crosses without complete perforations to some

with up to 15 perforations.

Colour. Preserved. Directly into ethanol: oral, anal valves

and sole white; dorsal scales centrally graduating brown to

cream, white on perimeter. Frozen then ethanol: cream scales,

white plates, no brown centres (NIWA 43714, NIWA 44805).

Distribution. South America, Strait of Magellan and Argentina,

256-274 m. Extended to New Zealand, Chatham Rise, 320-

492 m here.

Remarks. The majority of the New Zealand material fits the

description above, but there is variability in the number and

appearance of the ventral ossicles. The variability ranges from

a complete absence of ossicles (majority of specimens) to

specimens with rare broken pieces of single-layered, smooth

perforated plates (0-3 perforations, NIWA 76130, NIWA

76127, NIWA 76128) and two specimens (NIWA 43714, NIWA

44805) yielding smooth perforated plates and rare broken

pieces. These plates variably have marginal projections, low

knobs, and can be flat to slightly concave.

Theel (1886), Ludwig (1894), Perrier (1905) and Vaney

(1906) all tried but failed to find a diagnostic difference

between the North Atlantic and southern American specimens

of Psolus squamatus (O.F. Miiller, 1776), but the opinion was

shared that a bipolar species was unlikely, and accordingly

Perrier (1905) erected the variety segregatus for the southern

form. Ekman (1923) presented an exhaustive comparison of

Norwegian and South American specimens and confirmed the

status of the variety Psolus squamatus (Miiller, 1776) var.

60

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

segregatus Perrier, 1905. In particular Ekman (1923)

recognised the significant size difference in the dorsal and

lateral surface granules. Deichmann (1941) and Massin and

Hendrickx (2011) accepted the status of the variety. Pawson

(1969) determined specimens from Chile to be P. squamatus

and did not accept the distinct species or variety status.

O’Loughlin (pers. comm.) examined specimens in the

Smithsonian Institution that were identified as Psolus

squamatus (Muller, 1776), from Norway (USNM 8583), the

West European Basin (USNM E38321), and Alaska (USNM

24536, USNM E27846). He concluded that there are two

species represented and neither is conspecific with the

Californian specimens (USNM E17011, USNM E16931),

which are in turn not conspecific with southern American

specimens from the Strait of Magellan (USNM E33632,

USNM E33634, USNM E33635) and Argentina (USNM

22201). A useful character for distinguishing between the

different putative species in this complex may be the presence

or absence and size of surface granules. The species most

similar to P. squamatus that range in their distribution from

the North Atlantic and into the Pacific along the western coast

of the Americas from Alaska to Cape Horn are united by the

presence of larger surface granules. Overall, the dorsal surface

loose granule size, and the sole ossicle perforations and sizes

are the major differences between P. squamatus and P.

squamatus var. segregatus. Psolus squamatus var. segregatus

sole ossicles are perforated plates that are smaller (75-110 ^m)

compared with those of P. squamatus (150-300 pm).

The status of both the species and the variety is undergoing

an extensive systematic review (Martinez, pers. comm.). Until

this is complete, our New Zealand species is designated as P.

squamatus var. segregatus, but with minor reservation. The

largest ossicles we found (in only two specimens) ranged from

95-140 pa n long, but never reached the size documented for

Psolus squamatus. Also, the size of the dorsal granules for P.

squamatus var. segregatus is documented at 330-470 pan

compared with 150-250 pan in P. squamatus. Our New

Zealand specimen’s dorsal granules were variable in size, but

the loose ones were measured as predominantly 270-350 pim,

with only a few larger ones variably present (up to 500 pim).

Our minor reservation is the frequent absence of ossicles in

the sole in our New Zealand specimens. Deichmann (1941),

when discussing the variety, notes that the ossicles often

disappear with age. Ossicles were predominantly absent in

large specimens, hence our decision to place these New

Zealand specimens in P. squamatus var. segregatus. All these

examined specimens come from similar locations and depths

and are of comparable sizes.

Genus Psolidium Ludwig, 1886

Diagnosis. (After O’Loughlin and Marie, 2008). Dendrochirotid

holothuroids; small, up to 40 mm long; midbody arched

dorsally in transverse section, flat ventrally; dorsal and lateral

body covered with imbricating scales, usually macroscopically

conspicuous, sometimes obscured by integument, scales

irregular in size and arrangement; scales decreasing in size

ventrolaterally, orally and anally; lacking large oral valves;

extensible oral cone with anterior, anterior-dorsal or dorsal

orientation; extensible anal cone with posterior, posterior-

dorsal or dorsal orientation; tube feet dorsally and laterally in

midbody, passing through scales.

Sole distinct, oval to elongate; discrete margin created by

junction of small imbricating ventrolateral scales, with thin-

walled, usually calcareous sole that lacks scales; peripheral

band of tube feet, may be discontinuous across the interradii

anteriorly and posteriorly; peripheral tube feet frequently of 2

sizes, those of outer series smaller; midventral radial series of

tube feet present or absent.

Calcareous ring solid, plates subrectangular, radial and

interradial plates with tapered anterior projections; radial

plates with deep notch posteriorly, interradial plates with

shallow concave indentation posteriorly; 10 dendritic tentacles,

ventral 2 smaller.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles: multilayered or single-layered

perforated plates (scales), always some with tube foot canals;

integument covering scales may have cupped crosses, cups,

‘thorn’ ossicles (irregular branched rods pointed distally),

buttons, perforated plates and rosettes; tube foot small

endplates, and tube foot support ossicles that are irregular rods

and plates, bent and curved, variably perforated.

Sole ossicles: interradii with small to large single-layered

perforated plates (rarely with multilayering), smooth to

variably knobbed and thickened, sometimes with cupped

crosses, cups, thorn ossicles and rosettes; radii with additional

tube foot ossicles, large endplates and tube foot support

ossicles that are irregular rods and plates, bent and curved,

variably perforated.

Psolidium aequm sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EC47623-6ED4-

442B-887C-C4454A26A2A1

Table 1, Figures 2, 5A-B, 8A-H.

Material examined. Holotype. New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin:

NIWA 68136 (1) Stn S0191-2/138, 41.78°S 175.40°E, 1043-1059 m,

RV Sonne, 18/02/2007.

Paratypes. NIWA 32023 (29), same as holotype locality and date.

Other material. Hikurangi Margin: NIWA 26413 (8) Stn

TAN0616/79, 41.78°S 175.39°E, 1040-1053 m, 13/11/2006; NIWA

26414 (7) Stn TAN0616/83, 41.78°S 175.39°E, 1050-1053 m,

13/11/2006; NIWA 32259 (37) Stn S0191-2/149, 41.78°S 175.40°E,

1055 m, 19/02/2007; NIWA 34955 (9) Stn TAN0616/79, 41.78°S

175.39°E, 1040-1053 m, 13/11/2006.

Description. Psolidium species up to 10 mm long, 5.5 mm

wide, 5 mm high. Profile moderately low, anal and oral ends

commonly raised, no discrete oral or anal valves or plates.

Dorsal and lateral scales continuous over body wall, up to 1.5

mm wide, decreasing in size towards the ventral sole. Scales

orally and anally smaller, less granular than other scales and

paler in colour; dorsal and lateral scales brown, with a 0.25 mm

pale grey to white margin; scales on ventral margin up to 0.5

mm wide and lighter in colour, imbricate. Dorsal and lateral

tube feet small, inconspicuous, few visible. Tentacles 10, 8 + 2

(ventral smaller). Sole naked midventrally, peripheral series of

closely set large tube feet in a single row, sometimes extending

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

61

Figure 8. Psolidium aequm sp. nov. paratype (A-H, NIWA 32023): A-B, dorsal scales with tube feet holes visible; C-H, ventral ossicles,

knobbed plates with 4 uniform central perforations.

62

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

onto midventral radius anteriorly and posteriorly; no complete

outer series of small peripheral tube feet but on some specimens

few smaller tube feet scattered around ventral margin.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles large multilayered perforated

plates (scales) with tube feet holes, sometimes with marginal

thickening, secondary layering and anastomosing towards

outer margins, up to 1580 pm wide with small inconspicuous

tube foot canals up to 45 pm wide; large thick, single-layered

plates up to 120 pm long with a smooth surface; tube foot

support plates thin, rare (due to few dorsal or lateral tube feet)

single-layered plates, curved, variably smooth or finely

knobbed and relatively curved, up to 80 pm long and with up

to 8 perforations. Ventral ossicles flat to slightly curved single¬

layered perforated plates up to 125 pm long, one side of plates

knobbed, other side completely smooth, commonly with 4

perforations (up to 13). Perforations mostly uniform in size but

sometimes a few smaller marginal perforations present;

margin of plates sharp and angular. Tentacle ossicles long,

thick rods, sometimes perforated at either end, less commonly

perforated in the middle, rods up to 300 pm long, variable in

shape, from straight to curved, rarely with a ‘bend’ centrally

but most commonly with a slight curve, blunt spines sometimes

present on either side of centre, sometimes a cluster of

perforations at the end of a rod. Smaller single-layered

perforated plates, up to 80 /mi long, perforations inconsistent

in size, shape and arrangement, ranging from flat to curved.

Colour. Preserved: pale to dark brown with grey, light

brown or white margins around dorsal and lateral scales.

Tentacles brown.

Distribution. New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin, 1040-1059 m.

Etymology. The species name is Latin, meaning equal, to

reflect the characteristic regular perforations in the ventral

ossicles.

Remarks. Psolidium aequm sp. nov. differs from other

Psolidium species by a combination of the ventral ossicles

having predominantly four (sometimes more) uniform

perforations, the presence of a few outer ventral peripheral tube

feet, the presence of tentacle rod ossicles, commonly with

perforations through the middle as well as blunt spines on

either side of the middle.

Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:883E2AAC-C79C-

4145-9656-D41C50DA6A77

Table 1, Figures 2, 5C-D, 9A-D

Material examined. Holotype. New Zealand, Kermadec Trench:

NIWA 72333 (1) Stn TAN0411/32, 35.36°S 178.52°E, 1425-1440 m,

07/03/2011.

Paratype. New Zealand, Kermadec Trench, NIWA 64441 (1) Stn

TAN1007/51,35.42°S 178.62°E, 1380-1545 m, 01/06/2010.

Other material. Kermadec Trench: NIWA 49868 (1) Stn

TAN0413/40, 36.96°S 177.29°E, 1652 m, 09/11/2004.

Description. Psolidium species up to 10 mm long, 4 mm wide,

3 mm high (preserved). Body form oval, profile dome-like with

slightly raised oral and anal cones. Body wall scales

macroscopically evident and continuous over domed dorsal

and lateral surface, including oral and anal cones, largest scales

up to 575 pm wide and 414 pm high, scale appearance glassy,

beady, overall smooth, lacking any bumps or pillars. No

discrete oral or anal valves or plates present, scales surrounding

oral and anal cones reduced. Conspicuous dorsal tube feet

evident, ranging from radial axis presence only through to

several tube feet continuous onto interradials. Tentacles 10, 8 +

2 (ventral smaller). Sole distinct, calcareous, peripheral single

row of tube feet, no smaller outer row, no midventral tube feet.

Dorsal ossicles are single-layered perforated scales,

centrally some anastomosing, with tube feet holes evident,

curved perforated support plates up to 55 pm wide. Ventral

ossicles are thin-walled perforated plates with tiny blunt

knobs, 3-4 perforations predominant, up to 125 pm long,

perforations up to 40 pm wide.

Colour. Preserved: white.

Distribution. New Zealand, Kermadec Trench, 1380-1545 m.

Etymology. Named after Huon de Kermadec, an 18th century

French navigator after whom the Kermadec islands were

named, and eventually the Kermadec Trench, where the

specimens were found.

Remarks. This description is based on two small specimens

found in relatively close proximity to each other, at similar

depths (>1000 m). This is the first record of a Psolidium from

the Kermadec Trench. Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov. is closest

to the southern Australian species Psolidium granuliferum

(Clark, 1938), but differs in possessing conspicuous tube feet

dorsal and laterally. Also, like all other Australian Psolidium

species, P. granuliferum is found in shallow depths, whereas P.

kermadeci is one of the deepest occurring Psolidium species in

the South Pacific region. This species also differs from the

other New Zealand Psolidium species described in this paper

as the dorsal tube feet are conspicuous and projecting through

the body wall scales, whereas the other new Psolidium species

require microscopic investigations to determine if such tube

feet are present. Additionally, the sole ossicles are much

thinner, have fewer perforations, and carry spinous knobs

marginally.

Psolidium marriotti sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EBEB19BA-C15D-

448A-86B8-EFBCF894E9FF

Table 1, Figures 2, 5E-F, 10A-E

Material examined. Holotype. New Zealand, Chatham Rise: NIWA

68137 (1) Stn N857,43.54°S 179.54°E, 399 m, 17/12/1976.

Paratypes. NIWA 76126 (3) same as holotype.

Other material. New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin: NIWA 76138

(1) Stn E756, 42.02°S 174.44°E, 885 m, 30/03/1967; North Cape:

NIWA 55513 (1) Stn TAN0906/83, 34.84°S 173.90°E, 136-138 m,

09/07/2009; NIWA 56813 (1) Stn TAN0906/164, 34.4°S 173.13°E,

145-149 m, 14/07/2009; NIWA 68427 (1) Stn F932,34.44°S 173.12°E,

113 m, 15/10/1968. Macquarie Ridge, NIWA 40091 (1) Stn

TAN0803/63, 52.48°S 160.41°E, 350-560 m, 09/04/2008; NIWA

68413 (2) Stn E228, 54.68°S 158.91°E, 148 m, 24/02/1965; NIWA

76250 (1) Stn C732A, 54.49°S 158.97°E, 220 m, 25/11/1961.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

63

Figure 9. Psolidium kermadeci sp. nov. holotype (A-D, NIWA 72333): A, dorsal scale with tube feet perforations; B, dorsal curved support plate;

C-D, ventral ossicles, thin-walled perforated plates with spiny knobs on margins.

Description. Psolidium species up to 16 mm long, 5 mm high,

8.5 mm wide. Profile moderately high, rarely flat, anal and oral

ends commonly raised slightly. No distinct oral or anal valves

or plates; these are a continuation of small body wall scales.

Dorsal and lateral scales visible and continuous over body wall,

up to 3 mm wide but most commonly 1.5-2 mm wide, covered

in conspicuous fine granules. Ventral margin scales significantly

smaller, reaching a maximum of 0.7 mm wide; two rows

surround ventral margin. Dorsal and lateral tube feet can be

seen under a microscope on some specimens.

Sole transparent, naked midventrally, peripheral series of

large tube feet in 1-2 scattered rows that sit on ventral margin;

smaller series of tube feet not present. Tube feet do not

consistently extend onto midventral radius, but sometimes up

to six tube feet can be clustered on the midventral radius

posteriorly and anteriorly; feet a maximum of 0.25 mm apart.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles large multilayered plates

(scales) up to 0.2 mm long with tube foot canals up to 40 pm

wide, anastomosing, with secondary layering, thickening and/

or heavy knobbing present marginally; single-layered plates

with thickening, anastomosing and secondary layering also

present, with few perforations, up to 190 pm long; tube foot

support plates small thin, single-layered perforated plates with

up to 18 perforations and up to 80 pm wide, plates curved up

at opposing ends, perforations smaller on those upturned

edges. Ventral ossicles single-layered perforated plates,

surface generally heavily knobbed on one side, smooth on

other surface, up to 24 perforations up to 125 pm wide, 2-4

larger central perforations (most commonly 2) with many

smaller marginal perforations surrounding them, plate

margins have blunt, rounded knobs; tentacle ossicles long rods

up to 235 pm long, straight to curved to bent in shape, with

64

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

Figure 10. Psolidium marriotti sp. nov. (A-E, NIWA 40091): A, dorsal scale with tube foot perforations; B-E, ventral ossicles, knobbed plates

with 2 main central perforations and numerous marginal perforations.

perforations at either end but not through the middle; small

thin, single-layered plates, variably flat or curved to form a ‘U’

shape, up to 80 pim wide with up to 14 perforations; larger less

curved single-layered plates up to 125 pim long with up to 12

thicker, larger perforations.

Colour. Preserved: dark to light brown with a grey to white

margin around scales.

Distribution. New Zealand: Hikurangi Margin, Chatham Rise,

North Cape; Macquarie Ridge; 136-885 m.

Etymology. Named for Peter Marriott, NIWA, who has

provided the macro photos for this paper.

Remarks. Psolidium marriotti sp. nov. is similar to Psolidium

aequm sp. nov., but is distinguished by the following characters:

P. marriotti sp. nov. has an abundance of ventral ossicles,

rounded and knobbed, with two larger central perforations and

many small marginal perforations. In contrast, the ventral

ossicles in P. aequm are sharper and more angular, with four

larger central perforations. The tentacle rods of P. marriotti sp.

nov. consistently have perforations through the middle and no

blunt spines on the edges, whereas those of P. aequm sp. nov.

only occasionally have perforations and always exhibit blunt

edge spines. Additionally P. marriotti sp. nov. has no small,

outer peripheral ventral tube feet. P. marriotti sp. nov. occurs at

a shallower depth (135-885 m) than P. aequm sp. nov. (1040—

1059 m), and it has a much greater geographic range, from New

Zealand’s North Cape southward to the Macquarie Ridge.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

65

Figure 11. Psolidium ramum sp. nov. holotype (A-H, NIWA 73660): A-B, dorsal scales with tube feet perforations visible; C, thorn ossicle from

dorsal body wall (also present in ventral body wall); D, curved tube foot support plate from dorsal body wall; E-H, knobbed plates with

predominantly 4 even perforations.

Psolidium ramum sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A9BB906B-094B-

4F5E-83C5-5FFD1C68CC9B

Table 1, Figures 2, 6A-B, 11 A-H.

Material examined. Holotype. New Zealand, North Island west coast

canyons: NIWA 73660 (1) Stn TAN1105/88, 36.18°S 173.68°E, 188-

210 m, 01/04/2011.

Description. Psolidium species up to 16 mm long, 8 mm wide,

2 mm high. Profile low, body form oval. Oral cone slightly

higher than anal cone; no distinct oral or anal valves or plates,

approximately 230 pm wide, macroscopically smooth,

microscopically glassy and beady texture, lacking significant

bumps or pillars. Body wall dorsal and lateral scales

macroscopically evident and continuous over body wall, up to

2.3 mm at widest point. Tube feet numerous, up to 10 per scale,

evident throughout dorsal and lateral scales. Tentacles 10; 8 + 2

(ventral smaller). Sole largely destroyed, with peripheral single

row of larger tube feet and smaller outer non-continuous ring of

tube feet; midventral row of tube feet present, only 2 feet found

as a result of a damaged sole.

Dorsal and lateral ossicles include large multilayered thick

scales with small perforations and conspicuous round tube feet

holes up to 60 pm in diameter; numerous tube feet support plates

up to 85 pm wide; rare single-layered plates with 4-9 perforations

up to 70 pm wide; broken thorn (branching rod) ossicles present.

Ventral ossicles knobbed perforated plates up to 100 pm

wide with blunt marginal projections, predominantly 4

projections, sometimes more projections peripherally, and

thick elongate plates up to 160 pm long, without knobs, with

66

N. Davey & E. Whitfield

small perforations; small crosses up to 60 p m wide; thorn

ossicles present, mainly broken, largest 135 ja m.

Colour. Preserved: white, with dorsal and lateral scales,

grey centrally.

Distribution. New Zealand, North Island west coast, 188-210 m.

Etymology. The Latin word ‘ramum’ = branching, in reference

to the branch-like thorn ossicles in the dorsal and ventral body

wall of this species.

Remarks. This description is based on one specimen, of which

the ventral sole was partially destroyed. The distinctive thorn

ossicles, while rare, were present in both the dorsal and ventral

body wall and have not been reported for any other New

Zealand Psolidium species. In Psolidium ramum sp. nov. the

ventral ossicles have predominantly 4 perforations; in P.

marriotti sp. nov. they are numerous. P. aequm sp. nov. has

larger perforations, thicker ossicles and many more angular

knobs on ossicle margins. The thickened elongated plates are

unique to P. ramum sp. nov. The northwest Australian species

P. parmatus (Sluiter, 1901) and P. nigrescens Clark, 1938 also

contain thorn ossicles similar to those of P. ramum sp. nov., but

P. parmatus has bulbous pillars on the dorsal and lateral scales,

and P. nigrescens is black, and has cups and crosses ventrally.

Further specimens would contribute to this description.

The structure and distribution of ventral tube feet are difficult

to determine, and there was little material available for ossicle

extraction and SEM study. The tentacle ossicles could not be

described due to the damaged state of the specimen, and these

will need to be examined in the future.

Psolidium whittakeri O’Loughlin and Ahearn, 2008

Psolidium incertum.— Ludwig and Heding, 1935: 162-164, text-

figs 28-29 (non -Psolidium incertum (Theel, 1886) = P. poriferum

(Studer, 1876) (above).

Psolidium whittakeri.—O’Loughlin and Ahearn, 2008: 38, figs

3b-d, 8d-f.

Material examined. New Zealand, Hikurangi Margin: NIWA 63907 (1)

Stn TAN1004/100,42.13°S 174.54°E, 1375-1480 m, 24/04/2010; NIWA

63914 (1) Stn TAN1004/100, 42.13°S 174.54°E, 1375-1480 m,

24/04/2010. Kermadec Trench: NIWA 49868 (1) Stn TAN0413/40,

36.96°S 177.29°E, 1652-1669 m, 09/11/2004; NIWA 72086 (1) Stn

TAN1105/27,34.27°S 172.78°E, 66-67 m, 27/03/2011. Southern Plateau:

NIWA 76139 (1) Stn E824,46.97°S 166.54°E, 1217 m, 24/10/1967.

Description. O’Loughlin and Ahearn (2008) provide a recent

and comprehensive description of this species. The material

examined here concurs with this description.

Distribution. Antarctica, South Sandwich Island, South

Shetland Island, Bouvet Island, 146-759 m; New Zealand,

Hikurangi Margin, Kermadec Trench, Southern Plateau, 66-

1669 m (this paper).

Remarks. Psolidium whittakeri O’Loughlin and Ahearn, 2008

is so far only known from the Southern Ocean around

Antarctica. This current material has extended the range of this

species around the Antarctic continent, as well as northwards

into Subantarctic and temperate latitudes. Additionally, the

reported depth range has been extended from 759 m to 1669 m

at the more northern record (NIWA 49868).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the assistance of the following people:

Kareen Schnabel and Sadie Mills, (NIWA, providing

specimens from the NIC); Matthew Brown (Waikato

University, registering the material); Peter Marriot (NIWA,

macro specimen photos); Carina Sim-Smith (NIWA, SEM

images); Michelle Kelly (NIWA, project manager); Kareen

Schnabel (NIWA, internal review); Mark O’Loughlin (MV,

specimen identification and literature advice); and Sue Hallas

(Nelson, NZ) (translating type material descriptions). Thanks

are also due to the journal’s two reviewers who provided

numerous helpful comments.

Specimens were collected on the following voyages: (i)

RENEWZ I - NEW ZEEPS voyage, the first component of the

project ‘Exploration of Chemosynthetic Habitats of the New

Zealand Region’, funded by NOAA Ocean Exploration and

NIWA, with cofunding from Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Scripps Oceanographic Institution and the University

of Hawaii; (ii) the New Zealand Cold Vents: New Vents program

(RV Sonne voyage S0191) conducted by IFM-GEOMAR

Leibniz-Institut fiir Meereswissenschaften an der Universitat

Kiel and partners; (iii) the interdisciplinary New Zealand-

Australian ‘MacRidge 2’ research voyage (TAN0803), the

biological component of which was part of NIWA’s research

project ‘Seamounts: their Importance to Fisheries and Marine

Ecosystems’ funded by the former New Zealand Foundation for

Research, Science and Technology (FRST) and CSIRO’s

Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research project

‘Biodiversity Voyages of Discovery’ funded by the CSIRO

‘Wealth from Oceans Flagship’; (iv) the Ocean Survey 20/20

Bay of Islands Coastal Biodiversity, Sediment and Seabed

Habitat Project, funded by Land Information New Zealand

(LINZ); (v) Biogenic Habitats on the Continental Shelf Project

(voyages TAN1105 and TAN1108), funded by the New Zealand

Ministry of Fisheries (now MPI) (Biogenic Habitats:

ZBD200801), the former New Zealand FRST (CCM: C01X0907)

and the NIWA Capability Fund (CF111358); (vi) Oceans Survey

20/20 RV Tangaroa days funded by LINZ; (vii) Kermadec Arc

Minerals (KARMA) voyage, funded by the former FRST, in

collaboration with Auckland University, GNS Science (New

Zealand), and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA); (viii)

specimens collected on fisheries trawl surveys (TAN0201,

project code HOK200102; TAN0301, project code HOK200202;

TAN0601, project code: KOK200502; TAN0701, project code:

HOK200602; TAN0801, project code: HOK200702) were

funded by MPI; (ix) voyage by NIWA as part of the ‘Impact of

Resource Use on Vulnerable Deep-sea Communities’ project

(C01X0906) funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business,

Innovation and Employment (MBIE); (x) Seamounts: their

Importance to Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems, undertaken by

the NIWA and funded by the New Zealand Foundation for

Research, Science and Technology with additional funding from

MPI; (xi) Ocean Survey 20/20 Chatham/Challenger Biodiversity

and Seabed Habitat Project, jointly funded by the MPI, LINZ,

NIWA and the Department of Conservation; (xii) the New

Zealand Oceanographic Institute; and (xiii) the Scientific

Observer Program funded by MPI.

The Psolidae of New Zealand and some additions to the Macquarie Ridge fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Psolidae)

67

This research was primarily funded by NIWA Core funding

from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

through an internal Science Award under project SA124076,

which supported Emily Whitfield’s visit to New Zealand. Some

additional funding was provided by NIWA under the Coasts

and Oceans Research Programme 2 (2012/13 SCI).

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