PLANNING AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 2009

President: Ross Kendall 07 3378 1187

Vice President: John Moss 07 3245 2997

Treasurer: Rob MacSloy 07 3824 4348

Secretary: Peter Hendry 07 3206 0048

Magazine: Daphne Bowden (daphne.bowden1 @bigpond.com)07 3396 6334

Publicity & Library Lois Hughes 07 3206 6229

Excursion Convenor: Alisha Steward 07 3275 1186

PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION MEETINGS

A quarterly meeting 1s scheduled in order to plan club activities and the magazine.

See BOIC Programme.

CONTACT ADDRESS AND MEMBERSHIP DETAILS

PO Box 2113, Runcorn, Queensland 4113

Membership fees are $25 for individuals, schools and organizations.

AIMS OF ORGANIZATION

e To establish a network of people growing butterfly host plants;

e To hold information meetings about invertebrates;

e To organize excursions around the theme of invertebrates e.g. butterflies, native

bees, ants, dragonflies, beetles, freshwater habitats, and others;

e To promote the conservation of the invertebrate habitat;

e To promote the keeping of invertebrates as alternative pets;

e To promote research into invertebrates;

e To encourage the construction of invertebrate friendly habitats in urban areas.

MAGAZINE DEADLINES

If you want to submit an item for publication the following deadlines apply:

March issue — February 14" June issue — May 14"

September issue — August 14" December issue — November 14"

Purple Crow (Euploea tulliolus) and White-margined Crow (Euploea darchia

niveata) on Trophis scandens - Painting by Lois Hughes.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 2

FROM THE PRESIDENT

The Club has again benefitted from the generosity of the Brisbane City Council by

receiving a grant of $1,000.00 towards the cost of publication of “Metamorphosis

Australia” and a further $350.00 to purchase software that will allow us to merge

multiple digital images to form a single three-dimensional image. I again thank the

Brisbane City Council for their support.

With this edition, you will find a notice of the Club’s next Annual General Meeting to

be held on April 17" next. All positions on the planning committee are open for

nomination and I invite members in the Brisbane area to come along to make a

contribution. Unfortunately, Peter Hendry who has served as club secretary for

several years has notified us that he will be unable to fulfill that role this year so we

really would like a volunteer to step into the breach.

In my youth, the exclamation “Stone the Crows!” was not used in a literal sense but

to express surprise and amazement. That expression comes to mind after reading the

articles by John Moss and Peter Hendry on the Crow group of butterflies and

realizing that there are many, many puzzles of the Eup/oea genus yet to be unraveled.

I am sure you will find the other articles of great interest and thank the various

authors for their contribution. If we put a dollar value on the many hours of

observation, research and writing, then these voluntary contributions would make this

publication a very expensive exercise. Best wishes Ross

Creature Feature - The Intriguing White-margined Crow (Euploea darchia niveata).. 4

Plant Profile - “Burny Vine" (Trophis SCANAENS) ......ccccsscccccsseeccccneseccccaeececaaneecesaaeeseeaas 9

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A New and Interesting Foodplant for the Rare Red Eye (Chaetocneme denitza)....... 12

An introduction to Crows of the World, the EUploeds: ......cccccccccesccccccssecceeeeseceeeaeseeees 13

Camotlaged Tropidoderus ChilArenil ......cccccceccccccssecccnnsececeneccccanecccaeccecasececaeeecesaneceeaas 25

Life History Notes on the Grey Ringlet (Hypocysta PSCUCIIIUS) ....cccccecccccceesecceeaeeeeees 26

2009 Australasian Butterfly Breeders and Enthusiasts’ Conference................cccccseeeeee 28

Excursion Report - Mt. Glorious Rainforest Walk - 28" November 2009... 31

At the Light Trap - Mt. Glorious - 28" November 2009 ......c.cccccccsscsssesesesseceseeceeseeeeen 32

Book Review - Arachnids by Jan Beccalont ............ cc ecccccsseccceesececeeseceeeeecceeeeeceseeees 33

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 Z Page 3

CREATURE FEATURE

The Intriguing White-margined Crow Butterfly Euploea darchia

niveata (Butler, 18735) — John T. Moss

The appearance of this butterfly recently in the Brisbane area rekindled my interest in

its historical record, relationships and biology. In the popular literature on Australian

butterflies this species, usually uncommon north of Mackay and rare in the south of

Queensland, stands out because of a dearth of available information.

Early History

This Queensland subspecies (of the Northern Territory’s Euploea darchia darchia)

has been known for nearly 240 years, as it was one of the butterflies collected by

Banks and Solander in 1770, when HMS Endeavour was undergoing repairs at what

is now Cooktown (McCubbin, 1971). Even so, Butler did not describe it until 1875

and later he listed it as a subspecies of the (then) Timorese species EL. hyems (1.e. as E.

h. niveata). However, W.S. Macleay had already described the nominate (N.T.)

subspecies “Darwin Brown Crow” as Danais darchia in 1827.

Our “Purple Crow” (E. tulliolus tulliolus) had earlier been described from Australian

material by Fabricius in 1793 as Papilio tulliolus (all butterflies then being assigned

to this all encompassing genus — later reserved only for the Swallowtails).

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Euploea darchia niveata male Euploea darchia niveata male

Photo Russel Denton Photo Russel Denton

The first time E. d. niveata appeared in the popular literature (as E. hyems niveata)

was in Waterhouse and Lyell’s classic 1914 work on Australian butterflies. G.A.

Waterhouse included it again in his popular 1932 book “What Butterfly is That?” but

neither book included any life history nor biological notes. However, Barrett and

Burns (1951) provided a little more biological information such as frequenting “palm

swamps” and “shady watercourses” but did not include hostplant information known

at that time.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 4

In the early literature all three taxa had been linked at some stage e.g. D’Abrera

(1971), but 1t wasn’t until 1964 that Common first listed niveata as a subspecies of E.

darchia, where it has since remained, as he knew that the Timorese E. darchia arisbe

(= E. hyems) was distinct from any Australian forms (Common, 1964).

Biology

There is very little known about its biology. Apart from Manski (1960) recording

the larvae feeding on 7rophis scandens (Lour.) Hook & Arn. (family Moraceae) (as

Malaisia scandens) the lite history of this subspecies is still unknown. I cannot find

any further information confirming this record of Manski’s. Meyer (1996) described

the immature stages of the nominate subspecies at Darwin and recorded larvae also

feeding on M. scandens. Scheermeyer (1999) in the chapter on Crow and Blue Tiger

butterflies only gave passing reference to E. d. niveata and provided no new

information. I cannot find any reference to this species in the literature in the decade

following both Scheermeyer’s paper and Braby, 2000. It 1s remarkable that the life

history of £. ¢. tulliolus (Fabricius) from Queensland has likewise not been described

completely, although its hostplant (also T. scandens) has been known for 70 years

(Manski, 1939). In relation to £. ¢. tulliolus, Braby (2000) states “other aspects of

larval and pupal habits are not documented”.

Distribution Records

In relation to E. d. niveata, Barrett and Burns (1951) state “It is nowhere common and

is confined to the coastal scrubs”. However, McCubbin (1971) reports that this

species was “common near Weipa in July 1969”.

Common and Waterhouse (1981) gave the distribution as “Islands of Torres Strait

and Cape York to Burleigh Heads, usually not common, rare at Mackay and further

south” and specifically mention

specimens known at that time from

south of Mackay, viz. Yeppoon (S.

Brown), Caloundra (J. Olive) and

Burleigh Heads (T. Lambkin).

Dunn and Dunn (1991) provided

multiple distribution records from the

Torres Strait to Mission Beach Qld, but

state that there are occasional published

records or specimens from further south

1.e. Mackay district (Waterhouse, 1932

and Barrett and Burns, 1951), Yeppoon Euploea darchia niveata female

(A.N.LC. specimen), Caloundra (Olive, REG eae eerie

1978) and Burleigh Heads (Common and Waterhouse, 1981).

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 5

My own unpublished records for specimens collected in southerly latitudes include 2

female specimens: one dated 30" Oct. 1997 from near Landsborough (about 60 km

north of Brisbane) and the other collected on 20" Feb. 1981 at Pottsville in northern

NSW. This last record appears to be its southern-most delimitation.

Braby (2000) suggested that these southern records could be “vagrants” or accidental

introductions transported as larvae or pupae on nursery plants. This suggestion might

not be plausible as nurseries rarely, if at all, grow potted specimens of 7. scandens. It

is of particular note that almost all of these ‘southern’ specimens observed,

photographed or collected, have been in fresh condition and flying or roosting in

company with £. ¢. tulliolus.

Recent Information

A fresh but damaged male specimen of E. d. niveata was observed by Wesley

Jenkinson and the writer in the first week of April 2008 whilst visiting the coastal

hamlet of Stanage, about 175 km NNW of Rockhampton. It was roosting in company

with several specimens of E. tu//iolus in littoral vine scrub.

More recently our colleague Russel Denton observed and photographed a fresh male

specimen of FE. d. niveata in the Boondall Wetlands, east of Brisbane, on the 26" July

2009. It was again seen on a further visit to the site on the 2" August 2009,

photography confirming that it was the same specimen and apparently resident at the

site (see photos, this article).

Comparisons — Allopatry, hostplants, cladistics and juvenile stages

Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984) produced distributional data, hostplant information

and cladistic evidence which showed the very close relationships of four species

within the tu//iolus-complex. In fact they clearly state that “the four recognised

“species” are indistinguishable except on general facies”.

Their distributional data showed

definite allopatry, in that three of these

“species” ranges did not overlap. For

example, the widespread E. tulliolus

was absent from “northern Australia”

(N.T. and Kimberley implied), Timor,

Banda and Kei Island groups, where its

place is taken by E. darchia and E.

hewitsonii replaces E. tulliolus in

Sulawesi and the Sula Archipelago. E.

stephensii 1s also present in the Sula

Archipelago and throughout PNG

Euploea darchia darchia male where it occurs in sympatry with the

Photo Peter Hendry local E. tulliolus dudgeonis.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 6

They state that it “may be significant” that Trophis scandens 1s a common hostplant

for both E£. tulliolus and E. darchia “as no other danaines use this genus” and further

state that larval foodplant data for the other two species (£. hewitsonii and E.

stephensii) 1s lacking. However, Parsons (1999) records “Malaisia scandens” as the

hostplant for E. stephensii so it 1s likely that the Sulawesian EL. hewitsonii will also be

found to feed on this hostplant.

Euploea tulliolus tulliolus female Euploea tulliolus tulliolus male

Photo Russel Denton Photo John T. Moss

Their cladistic evidence shows identical morphological characters for E. tulliolus and

E. darchia and very similar (one clade removed) for E. stephensii and E. hewitsonit.

They further state that “the presence of darchia (on Timor) 1s a ‘novelty’ but this

species 1s only doubttfully distinct (my emphasis) from the widespread and largely

allopatric tulliolus”. They add, in relation to E. tulliolus and E. darchia “we have not

found autapomorphies for either ‘species’, meaning they have not found strong

characters that separate the two species.

For such a common North Queensland butterfly it is odd that I can find only the one

published photograph of Australian £. tulliolus larvae and this 1s in a privately

published CD-Rom on attracting birds

and butterflies to the home garden.

This and the photo in Parsons (1999)

of the final instar larva of E. t.

dudgeonis shows the same

arrangement of fleshy tubercles and

horizontal striping, although a

different colour pattern to the

photograph of the final instar larva of

E. d. darchia in Meyer, 1996.

Curiously, Parsons gives the same

figure and plate number reference

Euploea tulliolus tulliolus male

(3217/128) for the larval image of Photo Peter Hendry

both E. tulliolus and E. stephensii!

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 7

However the figure caption calls it E. tu/liolus. As indicated above no photos of

E. d. niveata larvae appear to exist.

Discussion

In regards to E. d. niveata, it 1s surprising that a strikingly patterned large butterfly,

known since 1770, with a large coastal distribution and whose larval foodplant has

been known for at least 50 years, has not had its life history recorded! The identical

cladistic equations, same hostplants, similar habitats and close association of E. t.

tulliolus and E. d. niveata could easily be explained by the hypothesis that these are

synonymous 1.e. are one and the same species — E. d. niveata merely being a form of

E. t. tulliolus being expressed by a recessive gene or genes controlled by some

unknown chemical, climatic or other environmental factor.

Furthermore, if this were to be proven, the position of the (allopatric) nominal

subspecies, FE. d. darchia, in the Northern Territory and the Kimberleys (as well as E.

d. arisbe in Timor etc.) would have to be revised. It could revert back to a subspecies

of E. tulliolus (1.e. E. t. darchia) as it had once previously been assigned (Waterhouse

and Lyell, 1914) or it could remain as a separate species within its limited

distribution.

In concluding I should point out that more work needs to be done with this complex

to prove this hypothesis. Ideally, finding niveata progeny from eggs laid by typical

tulliolus should suffice. This may already have happened, as Garry Sankowsky (pers.

comm.) indicates that he bred E. ¢. tulliolus with extra white on the hindwing margins

some years ago! Garry says that, unfortunately the specimens were not retained and

as the photographic slides had deteriorated they were discarded. If that 1s the case,

then it is vital that the work is repeated, recorded and published. It is not clear from

our conversation whether these bred specimens had the full white-paneled hindwing

markings (as per R. Denton’s photo in this paper), or whether they merely showed

increased white spotting on the hindwing margin which may be consistent with a

minor variation in E. ¢. tulliolus pattern, as in Braby, 2000.

It is interesting to note that already some researchers are collaborating with the

intention of revising the complex systematics of Euploea by use of molecular data

(e.g. DNA studies) (Monastyrski and Vane-Wright, 2009). Locally, Trevor

Lambkin (pers. comm.) has commenced a study to attempt to elucidate many of the

taxonomic issues surrounding Australian Euploea spp. by primarily using larval

characters. Perhaps these studies will provide the much needed evidence to determine

the true identity and taxonomic position of our intriguing White-margined Crow

butterfly!

Acknowledgments

I thank M. De Baar and T.A. Lambkin for helpful comments and for reviewing the

manuscript, Russel Denton and Peter Hendry for assistance with photographs.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 7 Page 8

References

Ackery, P.A. and Vane-Wright, R.I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: their cladistics and

biology. 425 pp. 73 pls. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Barrett, C. and Burns, A.N. 1951. Butterflies of Australia and New Guinea. 187 pp.

18 pls. N.H. Seward, Melbourne.

Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia; their identification, biology and

distribution. 976 pp. 70 pls. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Common, I.F.B. 1964. Australian Butterflies. 131 pp. Jacaranda Press, Brisbane.

Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edn.

682 pp. 49 pls. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

D’Abrera, B. 1971. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 415 pp. Lansdowne Press,

Melbourne.

Dunn, K.L. and Dunn, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life

history and taxonomy. Parts 1-4. 660 pp. Privately published, Melbourne.

Manski, M.J. 1939. The Euploeas (Rhopalocera) of the Cairns district V. Od Nat.

8(59): 3-4.

Manski, M.J. 1960. Food plants of some Queensland Lepidoptera. Old Nat. 16: 68-73

McCubbin, C. 1971. Australian Butterflies. 206 pp. Nelson, Melbourne.

Meyer, C.E. 1996. Notes on the immature stages of Euploea darchia darchia (W.S.

Macleay)(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Australian Ent. 23: 81-82.

Monastyrsku, A.L. and Vane-Wright, R.I. 2009. Identity of Euploea orontobates

Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) a milkweed butterfly from

Thailand and Vietnam. Zootaxa 1991: 43-50.

Olive, J. 1978. New distribution records for Queensland butterflies.

Aust. ent. Mag. 5: |.

Parsons, M.J. 1999. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and

biology. 736 pp. 136 pls. Academic Press, London/SanDiego.

Scheermeyer, E. 1999. The crows, Euploea species, with notes on the Blue Tiger,

Tirumala hamata (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) pp 191-216, in: Kitching,

R.L., Scheermeyer, E., Jones, R.E. and Pierce, N.E. (eds), Biology of

Australian Butterflies. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Waterhouse, G.A. and Lyell, G. 1914. The Butterflies of Australia: a monograph of

the Australian Rhopalocera. 239 pp. 43 pls. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

PLANT PROFILE

“Burny Vine” (Trophis scandens) — John Moss

Trophis (Malaisia) scandens or “Burny Vine” 1s a climbing/scrambling member of

the Fig family (Moraceae) which hosts three of our lovely “Crow” butterflies —

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 Z Page 9

Euploea tulliolus (Purple Crow), E. darchia darchia (Small Brown Crow) and E.

darchia niveata (White-margined Crow).

The common name “Burny” or “Burney” comes

from the file-like nature of the stems which are

covered in masses of closely spaced lenticels — the

implication being that 1f you quickly run your hand

down the stem, a burning sensation can arise. I have

tried it — but I’m not all that impressed!

One should not confuse this name with the common

name of the vine Mucuna gigantea — “Burny Bean”

— an unrelated species (in the family Fabaceae) and

also a butterfly hostplant (host for Hasora discolor —

the “Green Awl’).

i, ry

T. scandens has an enormous distribution — :

virtually the whole of eastern Asia including Trophis scandens showing juvenile

Malaysia, Indonesia and the Pacific, including foliage

Papua New Guinea. It occurs along creeks,

rainforest margins and cleared rainforest areas.

I have not been able to ascertain the etymology of the generic name Malaisia which

has been dropped by the botanists in favour of the less interesting Trophis. It 1s

tempting to assume that the name has a geographical aetiology, because I can well

remember coming across it in the tropical forests of the Malay Peninsular where it is

host to the local subspecies of E. tulliolus.

Trophis scandens flower buds 7 Trophis scandens mature fruit

In spite of its widespread distribution it is not always easy to find. Generally its

leaves are dull green and in drought conditions fairly sparse. They are quite tough and

only the juvenile leaves would be suitable as larval food.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 10

I believe one of the reasons why our beautiful Purple Crow has been missing from

southeast Queensland in recent years, is a result of many years of drought conditions.

It is arare event these days to find it on the wing in Brisbane and exceedingly rare to

see the White-margined Crow.

Potted specimens of the plant are usually hard to come by as (with the exception of its

fruiting phase) it is not all that attractive! However, it would probably grow from

cuttings and of course from fresh seed if this were available. It may grow to be too

large for smaller home gardens, but would be an excellent addition for revegetation

sites.

Photos Ross Kendall

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Domatia mites — Peter Macqueen

At the recent BOIC outing at Mt Glorious, several rainforest plants with domatia were

noted including on Brown Beech (Pennatia cunninghamii). Domatia are either tufts

of hair or pits found on the underside of some leaves in the axils of leaf veins. Often

these pits or tufts of hair are minute and sometimes only recognizable with the aid of

a hand lens. They are useful structures to assist in the identification of some plant

species as those who are familiar with the “Red Book”* would know. The

occurrence of domatia is not limited to rainforest species, but found through tropical

and temperate forests world wide, with many cultivated ornamental plants having

domatia. However, the role of domatia is far more intriguing and purposeful than to

help plant identification.

The name domatia is derived from the Latin domatium meaning “small house” and

this 1s exactly what they are for an

extraordinary diversity of mites and

occasionally other small insects such as

thrips or small bugs. Some forms of

domatia in other areas include hollow stems,

stipules, for example in some African

Acacia spp., or root tubers in ant-house

plants. Ant-house plants, Myrmecodia

beccarii, are found in north Queensland on

mangroves and Melaleuca viridiflora. They

are host to the ant /ridomyrmex cordatus,

Brown beech (Pennantia cunninghamii) which tends the Apollo Jewel Butterfly,

upper surface showing the locations of Hypochrysops apollo apollo.

domatia, on the underside, 1n lateral vein

axils. - Photo Alisha Steward Although we are often most familiar with

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 11 |

plant damaging mites, these species are not found in leaf domatia, but instead roam

the leaf surface, sometimes, as 1n the case of spider mites, building webs for

protection.

Leaf domatia increase populations of non-plant feeding mites through mutualism by

providing physical refuge for predaceous or fungiverous species, or the tufts of hair

trapping pollen or fungal spores as a food source. The mites may either shelter in the

domatia or lay eggs in the shelter of them.

Research has demonstrated that the mites provide a positive role in maintaining the

health of their host plants, with research showing an increase in powdery mildew in

grapes with the blocking of the domatia.

With the aid of a 10x or greater hand lens or microscope, a fascinating world of

invertebrates can be observed in the domatia of their selected leaves.

References

Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F. 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney.

*Harden, Gwen J., McDonald, W.J.F. and Williams, John B. 2006. Rainforest Trees

and Shrubs: a field guide to their identification. Gwen Harden Publishing,

Nambucca Heads.

Norton, AP, English-Loeb, G. and Beldew, E. 2000. host plant manipulation of

natural enemies: leaf domatia protect beneficial mites from insect predators.

Oeclogia (2001) 126:535-542

O’Dowd, D.J. and Pemberton R.W. Leaf domatia and foliar mite abundance in

broadleaf deciduous forest in north Asia.

http://www.am)bot.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/1/70 Accessed 10/1/10

Walter, D.E. and Proctor, H.C. 1999. Mites: ecology, evolution and behaviour.

University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Sydney.

Williams K.A.W. 1979. Native Plants of Queensland. Keith A.W. Williams, Ipswich.

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A New and Interesting Foodplant Record for the Rare Red Eye

(Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae : Pyrginae) — David Lane

The Rare Red Eye skipper butterfly (also sometimes referred to as the Ornate Dusk-

flat), Chaetocneme denitza (Hewitson) has a wide distribution across northern and

eastern Australia, ranging from the top end of Western Australia, the Northern

Territory, and eastern Queensland from Cape York to Canungra (Braby, 2000). Its

known foodplant associations are with various species of Lophostemon and

Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), and in northern Australia Planchonia careya

(Lecythidaceae) (Braby, 2000).

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 = Page 12

Like other members of the genus, first instar larvae of C. denitza build a larval shelter

on a leaf of the foodplant tree by cutting out and folding over a roughly triangular

shaped “tent like” piece of leaf, appropriately silked and tied down, in which they

rest upside down on the tent roof. This shelter is progressively enlarged by following

instars by cutting out new and larger shelters, usually on an adjacent area of the tree —

ha . the earlier shelter 1s severed and

allowed to fall away, thus aiding

in concealment of the larva’s

presence. The final two instar

larvae build an even larger and

more elaborate tent shelter,

usually by cutting out a more

elongate boat shaped roof

structure from an upper

overlapping leaf, and attaching it

by silk strands to the lower leaf.

Male pupal case (exuvium), Chaetocneme denitza, in

final larval instar shelter, on Thespesia populnea In northern Queensland, first and

(Malvaceae), Cooktown, Qld — Photo David Lane second instar larval shelters can

be locally quite common,

particularly during broods in September and again in March, dependant upon

seasonal rainfall conditions — however at these times there appears to be a high larval

mortality rate from spider and large Myrmecia ant predation.

Recently, whilst searching for some Emperor Moth (family Saturniidae) larvae in and

around the tidal zones near Cooktown, a final instar larva of C. denitza was found on

Thespesia populnea (L. Sol. Excorea) (Malvaceae) (identification confirmed by Garry

Sankowsky, Tolga). The adult male butterfly duly emerged some four weeks later.

The Common Red Eye, Chaetocneme beata (Hewitson) has been recorded on a wide

range of foodplant associations, including Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae) (Braby, 2000). It

is most interesting to also observe C. denitza utilising this plant family as host.

Reference

Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia — Their Identification, Biology and

Distribution. CSIRO Publishing.

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An introduction to Crows of the World, the Euploeas (Lepidoptera

: Danainae) — Peter Hendry

The Euploea belong to the subfamily Danainae of the butterfly family Nymphalidae,

although some authors place them in a family of their own, Danaidae. They are

known as Crows, because of their mostly dark colouration, generally dark brown with

some white markings. Some Crows have a blue or purplish sheen over part of their

wings.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 13

With one endemic

species on the

Seychelles and another

on the Mascarene

Islands, in the Indian

Ocean, the remainder

of the genus ranges

from India and South-

east Asia (from Sikkim,

Tibet and Afghanistan

in the east) as far north

as the Ryukyu Islands

of southern Japan, throughout the Philippines and the Indonesian Archipelago, to

New Guinea, the Bismarcks, Solomons, northern and eastern Australia, and the

Islands associated with New Caledonia, the New Hebrides (Vanuatu), Fiji, Samoa,

Tonga and as far eastwards as Niue, the Cook Islands and the Society Islands.

(Parsons 1999) Fig.1.

A=lS

Indian

Dicesn Pacitic

Fig. 1 Ocean

Auetralia

The larvae feed on plants in the Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Moraceae plant

families, many of which are poisonous to most animals. Most of these plants extrude

milky latex when cut. Caterpillars of the Common Crow, Euploea core corinna (Fig.

16) sever leaf veins prior to feeding on their latex-bearing host plants, which restricts

the flow of latex at feeding sites (Clarke and Zalucki, 2001). This has been observed

for other species and genera. Over 100 species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and

Orthoptera cut veins on host plants (Helmus and Dussourd, 2003).

By feeding on toxic plants the larvae, pupae and adults of some Euploea species are

unpalatable to their otherwise enemies. In 1862 H.W. Bates supposed that certain

widely distributed, common and conspicuous species, which possessed properties that

made them distasteful to insectivorous animals, functioned as “models” for certain of

the weaker and more palatable species of butterflies and moths in the same locality

(Corbet and Pendlebury, 1956). This became known as Batesian mimicry.

In 1879, F. Muller propounded his theory of “mimetic rings” in which he considered

that the dominant distasteful forms gained an advantage by mimicking each other.

This facilitated the education of the enemies by giving them fewer patterns to learn

(Corbet and Pendlebury, 1956). This is now referred to as Mullerian mimicry.

Mimicry remains a phenomenon that is not well understood. In his paper, “Mimicry

in Butterflies: Microscopic Structure’, Akira Saito (2002) put forth the following; “It

is difficult to obtain credible answers to the following questions: how mimicry occurs

at the genetic level; how mimicry has evolved; why there is no intermediate form

between mimic and model; how the present variety of mimicry has been formed’. In

some cases we are not sure what form of mimicry we are looking at.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 = Page 14

Euploea species

Euploea leucosticto depuiseti (Sangihe Is. Euploea leucostictos form usipetes (PNG)

Indonesia)

Fig. 6 Fig. 7

Euploea wallacei melia (PNG) Euploea eyndhovii gardineri (Malaysia)

‘v

‘ +t

= *

«= *

Fig. 8

Euploea midamus chloe (Malaysia) Euploea midamus lippus (Simeulue Is.

NW off tip of Sumatra)

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 15

Euploea leucostictos form usipetes (Fig. 5) is clearly mimetic of Euploea wallacei

(Fig 6) (Parsons, 1999). One would take this to be a Mullerian mimic, a distasteful

Euploea mimicking a distasteful Euploea, but Parsons goes on to say; “It 1s possibly

even a Batesian mimic as it feeds on doubtfully toxic Ficus sp., whereas E. wallacei

utilizes Parsonsia sp., which is almost certainly toxic”’.

Examples of Batesian mimicry include Chilasa paradoxa (Fig 29) which is a member

of the Papilionidae family. W.A. Fleming lists three forms of this butterfly C’p.

aenigma, C.p. aegialus and C.p. leucothoides ranging from N. India to Sumatra and

Borneo. Each form mimics a different Euploea species, E. mulciber (Figs 10, 11, 24,

25 & 28), E. radamanthus (Fig 26 & 27) and E. eyndhovii (Fig. 7) respectively. To

make it more interesting, the Eup/oea species are sexually dimorphic as are the

Chilasa with males mimicking males and females mimicking females (Fleming,

1975). The male Euploea mulciber 1s also mimicked by the female Nyphalid

Hypolimnas anomala. E. midamus 1s mimicked by the Zygaenidae moth Cyclosia

midama. Hypolimnas antilope mela (Fig 31) a Nymphalid from the subfamily

Nymphalinae mimics E£. eurianassa (Fig 30).

Examples of Mullerian mimicry would have to include, Euploea eupator (Fig. 32)

and Euploea latifasciata (Fig. 33).

Another feature typical of Euploea and Danainae in general, 1s that adult males

require (as ‘secondary hosts') plants of certain Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae

and Apocynoideae to obtain protective compounds, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs).

This is independent of nutritional requirements but increases fitness. PAs are stored

for protection against predators and are transferred to females (Forstzoologisches

Institut, web page). In Euploea, adults of both sexes are almost equally attracted to

PAs (Ackery & Vane-Wright 1984). PAs are required : as precursors for SV ETEREARIE

relevant male courtship pheromone

components (Forstzoologisches Institut,

web page). They are obtained from

moistened dead, withered or damaged

plant material, or from nectar of their

flowers (Kitching, Scheermeyer, Jones

and Pierce, 1999). During courtship

pheromones are disseminated by the

male hairpencils (Fig. 2).When the

hairpencils are expanded the

pheromone-transfer particles are

showered on the females’ antennae (Kitching, Scheermeyer, Jones and Pierce, 1999).

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 16

Euploea species

Fig. 10

Euploea mulciber barsine & (Taiwan) Euploea mulciber barsine 2° (Taiwan)

Euploea tulliolus tulliolus 3 (Australia) Euploea tulliolus koxinga S (Taiwan)

Fig. 14

Euploea configurata S (Sulawesi) Euploea westwoodii 6 (Wowoni Is. SE

off Sulawesi, Indonesia)

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 17

Euploea species

Euploea alcathoe enastri |paratype| Euploea alcathoe enastri reverse

Euploea alcathoe melinda many nondescript spp. can be determined by spotting on the underside

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 18

Like their famous cousin the Monarch (Danaus plexippus plexippus), many of the

Euploea are known to migrate and overwinter. In Taiwan, first discovered by an

unknown lepidopterist in 1971, nine species of Danainae butterflies, including four

Euploea species are known to migrate and overwinter. The Euploea species involved

are E. sylvester swinhoei, E. eunice hobsoni, E. mulciber barsine (Fig. 10 & 11) and

E. tulliolus koxinga (Fig. 13) (Wang and Emmel, 1990). A long distance east-west

migration takes place through the plains of southern India, traversing a distance of

300-500 km, and involves several species of butterflies including, E. sylvester and E.

core (Kunte, 2005). Siu Lang Shui, in Hong Kong, is a closed and restored landfill

site which 1s almost entirely planted with exotic species like Cadaga (Eucalyptus

torelliana) and Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa). A study in the winter of 2002-2003

estimated 32,000-45,000 individuals overwintered there, comprising six Danainae

species including £. midamus, E. core and E. mulciber (Wong, Leung, Sze, Wong,

2004). In 1960, D. M. Bachelor wrote of a large-scale migration of Euploea modestra

in Malaysia (Bachelor, 1960).

In Australia Braby (2000) notes the

observations of McCubbin 1971; Kitching and

Zalucki 1981; Monteith 1982; Scheermeyer

1985, 1993; and Jones 1987 with regard to

ageregation of the Common Crow (Euploea

core corinna) (Fig. 16). He also notes his own

observation in 1991 of a large migration of the

Common Crow in northeastern Queensland.

Closer to home, Kitching and Zalucki 1981,

discovered an aggregation of some 1200-1600

Common Crows in the grounds of Griffith

University, Brisbane. On Cape York just north

of Coen, Alex Wild photographed Euploea

sylvester sylvester overwintering on the 25"

Aug. 2004 (Fig. 3). A close look at the image

reveals a Danaus affinis on the bottom left and

second from the bottom on the right is a

Common Crow. During 19-20" Oct. 2001,

_# i _ E. sylvester sylvester (Fig. 34), E. core corinna

(Fig. 16) and E. alcathoe eichhorni (Fig. 17) were observed by Murdoch De Baar,

roosting at Holroyd River Crossing, 90 km SW of Coen, (M. De Baar pers. comm.).

There are undoubtedly many other instances of Euploea migrating or overwintering.

ad 7

° x

A very large number of so called species of butterflies are polytypic (many

subdivisions), comprising numerous named subspecies distinguished on the basis of

geographically correlated variability in wing pattern and the strikingly different local

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 19

Examples of sexually dimorphic Euploeas

Euploea phaenareta callithoe ¢ (PNG) Euploea phaenareta callithoe ©

Fig. 24 Fig. 25

Euploea mulciber mulciber 3 (Nepal)

Euploea radamanthus radamanthus 3 Euploea radamanthus radamanthus &

(?China) (?China)

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 20

forms of many species (Kristensen, Scoble and Karsholt, 2007). This applies very

much so to the Euploea. On their web site “The Catalogue of Life 2009” annual

checklist contains 1045 names attributed to the Euploea. Many of these are doubles

and triples named by different authors and numerous synonyms. Ackery and Vane-

Wright 1984, rationalized the number of species to 54. Since then and as alluded to

by them, Parsons 1991, has confined EF. usipetes to E. leucostictos form usipetes (Fig.

5). The only other apparent change was by Saito and Inayoshi (2006), who described

the species £. conbuom from southern Central Vietnam. Monastyrskii and Vane-

Wright (2009) realized this to be E. orontobates described by Fruhstorfer in 1910

from southeastern Thailand and long confused with the local mimetic form of E. core.

Thus £. conbuom 1s now viewed as a subjective junior synonym of the revised

species EL. orontobates. This still leaves us with 54 species although Monastyrskii and

Vane-Wright are involved in a collaboration intended to revise the complex

systematics of Euploea by use of molecular data (Monastyrski1 and Vane-Wright,

2009). This does not take into account the numerous subspecies that exist. The

Australian fauna contains nine species, with only five widely distributed on the

mainland (Braby, 2000).

The IUCN Red List contains 19 species and 2 subspecies of Euploea as being either

Lower Risk/least concern, Lower Risk/near threatened, Vulnerable or Endangered.

This does not include the Australian Gove Crow Butterfly, Euploea alcathoe enastri

(Fig 18 & 19) which 1s classified as Endangered under both the Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Northern

Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000. It 1s restricted to the Gove

Peninsula 1n far northeastern Arnhem Land, N.T. (Braby, 2007).

While the Euploea may not contain the most beautiful of butterflies, the many aspects

of their life history complicated by their many forms, makes them a compelling

subject to study. In writing this article I am indebted to the following: Jak Guyomar

who gave me open access to his vast collection and library and put up with my many

visits, Murdoch De Baar who willingly answered my queries, cast a critical eye over

the article and provided the images of Euploea alcathoe enastri (Fig. 18 & 19), Alex

Wild of Urbana, USA, who granted me permission to use his image of overwintering

Euploea on Cape York (Fig. 3) and last but not least John Moss for a loan of Parsons’

“The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea’. Except for the above mentioned, all photos

were taken by Peter Hendry.

Note: Places and countries in the accompanying image descriptions, reflects label

data and may not represent the full distribution of the subject species.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 a Page 21

Mumics

Fig. 28 Fig. 29

Euploea mulciber basilissa 3 (west Java) Chilasa paradoxa (Malaysia)

Fig. 32

Euploea eupator (Sulawes1) Euploea latifasciata latifasciata

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 22

Forms of Euploea sylvester distinguished by the double sex brands in males

Fig. 35

Euploea sylvester sylvester & (Australia) Euploea sylvester ¢ (Popondetta PNG)

Fig. 37

Euploea sylvester ¢ (Bulolo PNG) Euploea sylvester swinhoei & (Taiwan)

oy Re

Fig. 365 | we Fig. 39°

Euploea sylvester 3 Euploea sylvester &

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 23

References

Ackery, P.R., Vane-Wright, R.I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies, British Museum

(Natural History).

Bachelor, D. M. 1960. A large-scale migration of Euploea modestra Butler. Malay

Nat. J. 14: 90-94.

Braby, Michael F. 1991. Migration of Euploea core corinna (W.S. Macleay)

(Nymphalidae: Danainae) in northern Queensland, Australia. Aust. Ent.

Mag. 18: 143-146.

Braby, Michael F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia Their Identification, Biology and

Distributions CSIRO Publishing.

Braby, M.F. 2007. National Recovery Plan for the Gove Crow Butterfly Euploea

alcathoe enastri. Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts.

Clarke, Anthony R. and Zalucki, Myron P. 2001. Foraging and vein-cutting

behaviour of Euploea core corinna (W.S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae), Australian Journal of Entomology Volume 39 Issue 4, Pages

283 — 290.

Corbet, A. Steven and Pendlebury, H. M. 1956. The Butterflies of the Malay

Peninsula, second edition, Harrison and Sons Great Britain.

Fleming, W. A. 1975. Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore Volume One, Dai

Nippon Printing Co. Hong Kong.

Forstzoologisches Institut http://www.fzi.uni-freiburg.de/de/466.php

Helmus, Matthew and Dussourd, David 2003. The vein-cutting monarch: a bioassay

for vein-cutting stimulants in milkweed latex. Oral session #59 presented to

88th Annual Meeting of The Ecological Society of America held jointly with

the International Society for Ecological Modeling - North American Chapter

August 2003.

Jones, R.E. 1987. Reproductive strategies for the seasonal tropics. Insect Society

Applic. 8: 515-521.

Kitching, R. L., Scheermeyer, E, Jones, R.E. and Pierce, N.E. 1999. Biology of

Australian Butterflies, Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Volume 6,

CSIRO Publishing.

Kitching, R.L. and Zalucki, M.P. 1981. Observations on the ecology of Euploea core

corinna (Nymphalidae) with special reference to an overwintering

population Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society. 35: 106-119.

Kristensen, Niels P., Scoble, Malcolm J. & Karsholt, Ole 2007. Lepidoptera

phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly

diversity Zootaxa 1668: 699-747 (2007) Magnolia Press

www.mapress.com/zootaxa/

Kunte, Krushnamegh 2005. Species Composition, Sex-Ratios and Movement Patterns

in Danaine Butterfly Migrations in Southern India, Journal of the Bombay

Natural History Society, 102 (3), Sep-Dec 2005 280-286.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 = Page 24

McCubbin, Charles 1971. Australian Butterflies, Published by Thomas Nelson

Australia.

Monastyrsku, A.L. and Vane-Wright, R.I. 2009. Identity of Euploea orontobates

Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), a milkweed butterfly from

Thailand and Vietnam. Zootaxa 1991: 43—50 (2009).

Monteith, G.B. 1982. Dry season aggregations of insects in Australian monsoon

forests. Mem. Qld. Museum 20: 533-543.

Parsons, Michael 1999. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea Their systematics and

Biology, Academic Press.

Saito, Akira 2002. Mimicry in Butterflies: Microscopic Structure, Forma, 17, 133-—

139, 2002.

Scheermeyer, E. 1985. Some factors affecting the distribution of Euploea core

corinna (W.S. Macleay) (Lepedoptera: Danainae). Aust. J. Zool. 33: 339-348.

Scheermeyer, E. 1993. Overwintering of three Australian danaines: Tirumala hamata

hamata, Euploea tulliolus tulliolus and E. core corinna. pp. 345-353 in

Malcolm, S.B. and Zalucki, M.P. (eds.). The Biology of conservation of the

Monarch Butterfly. X11+419 pp. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles

County, Los Angeles.

The Catalogue of Life, http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-

checklist/2009/search results.php?search string=Euploea&match whole words=on

The IUCN Red List, http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search

Wang, Hsiau Yue and Emmel, Thomas C. 1990. Migration and overwintering

ageregations of nine Danaine butterfly species in Taitwan (Nymphalidae)

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 44(4), 1990, 216-228.

Wong, Eric, Leung, P, Sze, Phoebe and Wong, Alfred 2004. Migration and

overwintering aggregation of Danaid butterflies in Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Biodiversity, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Newsletter issue No.6

March 2004.

oR OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK oR

You can’t see meee!

Paul Brock found this remarkably

camouflaged large female nymph

of Tropidoderus childrenii on a

eucalypt at Canberra on the last

night of his Australian trip on 7

December 2009. This was the only

stick insect seen in four nights

searching in Canberra, but a drive

from Rockhampton to Cairns

we oCbetween 14-25 November and

stopping at places en route, produced well known species and others new to science.

Further notes to follow. 7 Photo Paul Brock

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 = Page 25

Life History Notes on the Grey Ringlet, Hypocysta pseudirius

Butler, 1875 Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae -Wesley Jenkinson

The Grey Ringlet is another one of Australia’s endemic species for which any

published detail regarding the life history 1s minimal.

In Southeast Queensland the species 1s only found locally on the eastern side of the

Great Dividing Range. It appears to be more widespread west of the Great Dividing

Range throughout a range of drier forests and scrubs with a grassy understorey. The

adults are usually localised, flying in dappled sunlight within forested areas, avoiding

adjacent wide open grassland. They have a weak but typical ringlet ‘bobby’ flight.

Once disturbed they can be difficult to follow through understorey vegetation. Both

sexes are readily attracted to a variety of small native and introduced flowers. Their

wings appear ‘delicate’ compared to other species in the genus.

Whilst in flight, the adults can

be very easily confused with

the Brown Ringlet H. metirius,

particularly older worn

specimens. In comparison to

H. metirius, the ground colour

is brownish grey rather than

brown, the upperside hindwing

orange patch is less extensive

and slightly paler and the

upperside eyespots are smaller

in size. The average wingspan

for the males 1s 27mm and

29mm for the females.

South of Beaudesert, in

Southeast Queensland, I

observed two females

fluttering slowly amongst the host grass and lay the eggs singly on the underside of

leaves. While ovipositing, the wings remained closed and the abdomen was curled

onto the host plant. Several eggs were collected for study. Unfortunately I could not

identify the host grass. Subsequently the larvae were successfully raised on Green

Couch (Cynodon dactylon) with all of the adults emerging as average sized

Specimens.

Hypocysta pseudirius (Grey Ringlet)

The eggs were slightly off spherical, approximately 0.5mm high x

0.5mm wide, smooth and cream coloured.

<—Freshly laid egg of H. pseudirius

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 26

The first instar larvae emerged after dawn and

consumed their eggshells shortly afterwards. The larvae

were observed feeding solitarily during the day and

resting on either side of the leaves of the host plant.

Typically like other species in the genus, they were very

slow moving and fed from the outer edge of the leaf.

Tae a ee All of the larvae raised completed four instars and

attained a length of 21mm to 23mm.

— ‘ — tle

° - {as

es ee

Ste at * See

hb 4

é 1 > =

- 4

Pre-pupa, pupa dorsal and lateral view

The pupae were attached by silk to grass stems, hanging by the cremaster with the

head suspended down. They were green in colour with an average length of 10mm. In

captivity during June at Beaudesert, the adults emerged between mid morning and

mid afternoon.

Eggs laid on 18'" March 2009 hatched in 3 days with the larval duration varying from

29 to 37 days. Pupal duration varied from 11 days to 14 days, with adults emerging in

June which was 46 to 51 days after oviposition.

Within the boundary of the new Scenic Rim Regional Shire south of Brisbane I have

some adult records for the months of October and March. This may suggest there are

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 27

al rf ‘i fa a a a z

two generations annually within this region. I also have other records from Southeast

Queensland: near Roma in November 1998, near Leyburn in January 2001 and 2004,

and Wondul Range National Park (near Millmerran) in March 2004.

Reference:

Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia — Their Identification, Biology and

Distribution. vol 2. CSIRO Publishing.

TK OK KK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK oR

2009 Australasian Butterfly Breeders and Enthusiasts’ Conference

- Butterfly Breeders Unite! — Skye Blackburn

The first ever 2009 Australasian Butterfly Breeders and Enthusiasts Conference was

held at the Novotel Darling Harbour in Sydney 21-22"" November 2009. Butterfly-

mad people from all over Australia and New Zealand converged for this 2 day event

organised by Jacqui Knight (AKA Madame Butterfly), Patricia Humphries

(Butterflies R us) and myself (Butterfly Skye’s). The event was based around getting

to know each other and sharing our butterfly knowledge. Many of the participants run

their own butterfly business or are hoping to start their own business 1n the future, but

despite seeming very similar on the surface, each business has its own niche with

many participants choosing to conduct presentations 1n their specialised area.

Fiona from the Coffs Harbour Butterfly House at Bonville conducted a presentation

on butterflies for tourism. Her fantastic presentation covered the ins and outs of

looking after butterflies while marketing them and making her butterfly house viable

as a tourist attraction.

Jacqui Knight was kind enough to share her experiences in marketing as well as

Monarch butterfly tagging (which 1s currently being conducted in New Zealand).

From this presentation the butterfly breeders who breed Monarch butterflies have

decided to begin a similar program in Australia at the end of the 2011 breeding

season (more information below). She also had great knowledge in Monarch butterfly

host plants and she had detailed information and pictures of each type which I can

definitely say was very helpful to all in attendance.

Eddie Tsyrlin shared some very interesting information about the evolution of

butterflies. He was also kind enough to detail how he sets up portable butterfly houses

for use at fairs and special events. Who could have known that butterflies like to “eat”

Ribena!?

We also had some special guests in attendance who were invited to share their

expertise in their specialised area. Rick Donnan from the Hydroponics Association

opened our eyes to the benefits (and also the work and costs involved) in setting up

host plants to grow hydroponically.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 = Page 28

Don Herbison-Evans also conducted several presentations on some interesting

Australian butterfly species, his comprehensive website all about caterpillars,

butterflies and host plants as well as butterfly photography (and how to edit these

photos so that they look amazing).

Ed. Don Herbison-Evans informed us of a change 1n the URL of his caterpillar

webpages. While attending the conference, Fiona Barden of the Coffs Harbour

Butterfly House kindly offered to host the caterpillar webpages on her website. So the

URL is now: http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/

I conducted my own presentations all about Integrated Pest Management (J am

definitely no expert but I do use IMP at my farm) where everyone learned all about

ladybugs and lacewings and how to use them effectively to keep aphids and other

plant pests away. I also did a presentation all about...well presentations, and how to

make them interesting as well as educational. During my presentation everyone got to

touch and hold some really big bugs including burrowing cockroaches as well as stick

insects and rainforest millipedes. I use these interesting invertebrates to show children

how amazing creepy creatures can be.

The attendees were kindly invited by the head invertebrate keeper of Sydney Wildlife

World to have a behind the scenes tour of their tropical butterfly house which was

weaik ih a hii highlight of the weekend. They do not breed any of their own

butterflies there (most of them are

supplied by members of the BOIC and

the International Butterfly Breeders

Association (IBBA). This is due to the

hard work and time it takes to breed

butterflies successfully as well as the

staff and space that they currently have

available (Wildlife World is located on a

floating pontoon in Darling Harbour).

During our visit into the butterfly house,

a female Common Eggfly decided that it

" would be a good idea to first lay eggs

Henry will be seeing spots before his eyes! inside Nicole De Graff’s hair and then

Photo Skye Blackburn ;

move on to laying eggs on the lenses of

Henry Rich’s glasses. Interesting to say the least! This occurs because there are no

host plants for any of the butterfly species to lay eggs on inside the enclosure; this 1s

to stop them from being able to continue their life cycle. Unfortunately this means

that the butterflies will lay eggs on almost anything including glasses and hair! Staff

members for Wildlife World collect as many eggs as they can and return them to

butterfly suppliers so that they can be taken care of properly.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 29 |

It was scheduled that we would have a live internet link with the IBBA’s annual

convention in New Orleans. Although this started off well with everyone being able

to see and meet many of the IBBA members, the link was broken when their guest

speaker Chip Taylor began his presentation. This was disappointing but we live and

learn so next time we will make sure that the presentation 1s able to be viewed by all.

At the end of the conference all of the attendees received a special gift from Linda

Rodgers and Nigel Venters of the IBBA. Their swallowtail hand pairing DVD was

kindly donated for the convention and was greatly appreciated by everyone.

Overall, with a few minor hiccups, the conference was a great success with all

participants wanting to have a similar event held 1n 2 years time. The next conference

will be held in winter so that more breeders are able to attend without having to

organise other people to run their farms while they are attending the conference. We

will also be organising more special guest speakers to bring their knowledge in

specialised areas to the conference. The conference was a great opportunity to meet

all of the people that we have known for so long so that we can finally put faces to

names and voices. Speaking for myself I know that I learned a lot about the different

areas of butterfly breeding and I would recommend this event to anyone who has an

interest in butterflies, even 1f you don’t intend breeding them!

Future Event - Monarch Butterfly Tagging 201 1

Want to know where all of the butterflies have gone??

A great initiative that has come from the 2009 Australasian Butterfly Breeders and

Enthusiasts Conference has been the agreement to start a Monarch Butterfly Tagging

program (similar to the one that 1s run by Monarch Watch in NZ). All of the butterfly

breeders around Australia that breed Monarch butterflies will donate and release

tagged Monarch butterflies from several locations within their states at the end of the

2011 Monarch breeding season. What we hope to learn from this experiment is the

migration pattern (if any) of Australian Monarch butterflies in winter and if they have

specific over-wintering sites within Australia. The key to the success of this project 1s

educating the public on what to do if they find a tagged Monarch butterfly. The only

way we can know where the tagged butterflies go 1s to find them again after they have

been released. A website 1s currently under construction with detailed information

about this project, which will include a form to enter details of any tagged Monarch

butterflies people find. I know that 2011 seems a long way off, but that means that we

will have about 16 months or so to let people know about this project so that it can be

a great success. Please tell your friends! Contact me directly for more information

contact@butterflyskye.com.au

Ed.: Skye and a colleague travelled down from Sydney and donated a total of 346

butterflies for a butterfly release at the Kinglake Memorial on 7th February 2010, the

first anniversary of the Black Saturday Victorian bushfires.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 a Page 30

EXCURSION REPORT

Mount Glorious Rainforest Walk Excursion

Saturday 28" November 2009 — Alisha Steward

A small group of BOIC members met at the start of the Maiala Circuit Track, Mount

Glorious. We hadn’t even started the walk when we were greeted by a lovely black

and orange tiger moth. We also watched butterflies fluttering through the car park —

it was some time before the walk was underway! We noted Orchard Swallowtails

(Papilio aegeus aegeus), Black Jezebels (Delias nigrina), and Caper Whites

(Belenois java teutonia). Host plants included Alphitonia excelsa, Argyrodendron

actinophyllum, Smilax australis and Wilkea macrophylla.

As per most BOIC excursions, the walking pace was slow

and steady. We were often overtaken on the path by other

eroups, while observing an invertebrate or host plant! There

was so much to see. One interesting find was a tiny,

delicate-looking green spider which appeared to have a

peculiar head. On closer inspection, the peculiar feature

turned out to be a cluster of green eggs. Perhaps the eggs

belonged to the spider, or did they belong to a parasitoid?

We eventually reached Greene’s Falls. Peter MacQueen

observed some leaf domatia from a tree near the falls that

were home to mites — please refer to his article on leaf

domatia and mites in this edition of the magazine. In

addition to leaf

domatia, we saw a few

different kinds of leaf

gall. One large gall

was discovered on an

Alphitonia excelsa. We

also discovered a fern

frond infested with

nematodes, which were responsible for the dark

bands along the fronds.

The highlight of the excursion for me, apart from

seeing Greene’s Falls and the beautiful surrounding

rainforest vegetation, was the aquatic invertebrate

fauna near the waterfall. We had a close encounter

with a striped leech, watched whirlygig beetles

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 31

(Family Gyriniidae) dance near the water’s surface, and saw many dragonfly larvae

stalking prey on the bottom of the pools. We had such a good time on the walk

(taking longer than planned) that the café we were intending to go to for afternoon tea

was shut by the time we arrived there!

I left before the night activities took place. A few BOIC members stayed on to

conduct light trapping for moths. (See “At the Light Trap” 1n this issue)

AT THE LIGHT TRAP

Mt Glorious - Saturday 28" November 2009 — Peter Hendry

Following the day’s events Kris Di Marco stayed on and was joined by John Moss,

Richard Zietek and Peter Hendry for a light trap. John was excited by the twilight

chorus of cicadas but as the night progressed only 3 species made an appearance.

Richard had little luck with the beetles, with only a few common species finding their

way to the light. The most impressive of these was a large click beetle.

Compsotorna oligarchica Cryptophasa flavolineata Cryptophasa pultenae

Kris and Peter fared better on the moth front, adding several new species to their

records. Kris was particularly taken by the satin white on the Xyloryctidae,

Cryptophasa pultenae. Other Xyloryctidae to make an appearance were,

Compsotorna oligarchica, Cryptophasa flavolineata, Echiomima fabulosa and

Thymiatris cephalochra. Three similar looking moths, Ethmia clytodoxa and E.

sphaerosticha and Yponomeuta internellus, all with black dots on a white or light-

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Argyrolepidia subaspersa Cardamyla carinentalis Comostola laesaria

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 32

erey background, representing two families (Ethmiidae and Yponomeutidae), were

recorded.

Several specimens represented the daytime flying Agaristinae, in the form of

Argyrolepidia subaspersa. The beautiful Cardamyla carinentalis stood in for the

Pyralidae and the Geometridae subfamily Oenochrominae was represented by the

mountain species Phrataria replicataria. Another subfamily of the Geometridae, saw

an old favourite come to light, the delicate Comostola laesaria. Another old favourite

from the Eupterotidae family was Panacela lewinae. This was the first moth to come

to light when I first set up my own light trap at home.

While we were not overrun by large numbers of any insects the night still proved

fruitful, the company pleasant and just a great way to spend the evening.

Panacela lewinae

Phrataria replicataria Thymiatris cephalochra

BOOK REVIEW

‘Arachnids’ by Jan Beccaloni - review by Densey

Clyne

Half a century has passed since I first became fascinated by

the spiders in an overgrown garden in a leafy suburb of

Sydney. What I discovered then about their amazing

behaviour and lifestyles inspired many articles, a few books

and later several documentary films about them.

So with such a spidery background it 1s an obvious

pleasure for me to review “Arachnids” by Jan Beccaloni

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 33 |

(320 pp), a comprehensive and very readable account not only of the Araneae

(Spiders) but also of their closest relatives.

This is not a field guide but a comprehensive biology — and don’t let me put off those

of you who find scientific terminology a little daunting. There 1s more to this book

than anatomy and physiology and esoteric language. I wish that 50 years ago I’d had

access to such a readable and attractively presented scientific background to my

tentative field studies of backyard spiders!

However, the book goes beyond the world of spiders and covers the much larger

group to which they belong. Some other arachnids - scorpions and ticks for instance

- are familiar to us while some are seldom encountered. Others again are not found

in Australia at all but all make for fascinating reading.

‘““Arachnids” is illustrated by many excellent photographs, gleaned from a large list of

sources, and by helpful diagrams and charts. The layout 1s attractive and eye-

catching. The writing style is readable and shows more than a hint of the author’s

enthusiasm for her subjects, with touches of light humour that appeal greatly to this

fellow ‘arachnoscribe’.

The book is divided into twelve chapters. It starts with an introduction that puts

spiders in their place as the Order Araneae, just one of eleven Orders within the Class

Arachnida. This includes a fossil history of the arachnids, a description of common

physical characteristics, a table giving size, number of species and key characteristics

of each Order, and a general review of the biology and behaviour of the group as a

whole. The 11 Orders are then dealt with in separate chapters, starting, I was

pleased to find, with Araneae (spiders) at Chapter 2. Each chapter contains essential

information about classification, anatomy, distribution, habitats etc., with extended

sections on the biology and behaviour of the particular Order.

For me, it 1s those sections covering behaviour that make the most fascinating

reading, especially when it comes to spiders. To deal adequately with the sheer

diversity of spiders and their amazing life-stories would require more than a single

chapter but there’s enough here to seduce the most intractable arachnophobe. The

spiders are grouped according to their predation techniques with an interesting section

on web construction and the uses of silk, and the tricks and traps used by hunters and

ambushers. Of course our notorious funnelwebs and redbacks get a mention!

Reading this chapter I am reminded again of the astonishing sex life of spiders. Be

advised, by the way, that female spiders do not usually eat their lovers! The author

has listed some of the strange courtship and mating rituals by which the males avoid

such a sticky end and I am tempted to repeat them here but - read the book!

While spiders have merited the longest chapter in the book, those other arachnids we

are all familiar with, the ticks and mites of the Order Acari, are also dealt with

extensively in Chapter 8. It is interesting to note that in number of world species

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 7 Page 34

(45,231) those unloved little animals actually outdo the useful and attractive (!)

spiders (40,024) and certainly cause a lot more damage.

We learn that mites range in size from a mere 1/500in to a grape-sized fully engorged

tick; they are found in every habitat including the fresh and salt water, plant and

animal tissues, leaf litter and soil — there can be up to 250,000 of them in a metre of

topsoil! As for the astonishing range of unusual micro-habitats I can’t do better than

quote from the book: “.. they are found . . inside bat anuses, inside the nasal

passages of seals, in porcupine ears, in the legs of owls, within the skin of the legs of

chickens and 1n the digestive systems of sea urchins!”

There is a useful section covering the medical and veterinary importance of the Acari,

including the ones we know so well, the [xodida or ticks, and the dust mites. The

chapter as a whole, with its incredible macro photographs of these strange often

microscopic little creatures, might not endear us to the Acari but as the author points

out, some species of mites have a useful role as biological controls in plant husbandry

- and how interesting that some species of mites living in Antarctica survive by

secreting anti-freeze in their blood! Just another invention for which we humans

falsely take credit.

At chapter 10 Scorpiones, the next most familiar arachnid, comes well down the

population scale with only 1500 known species. Scorpions have a nasty reputation

but the author tells us that while they are a significant cause of death in some parts of

the world, the majority of scorpion stings are no worse than a bee sting. Small

scorpions are not uncommon around gardens and years ago I was stung by one I

found wandering down the hall of my Sydney house. No damage, just an itch, but I

wouldn’t take any chances with the big tropical and outback species.

The book allows us to look at scorpions in depth without risk, and we learn that

scorpions have their saving graces. As the author points out, the “promenade a deux’

of their courtship and mating 1s charming (as Walt Disney first showed us many years

ago) and they are exemplary mothers. Pregnancy in scorpions, we are told, lasts 2-

18 months, which at the longer extreme is “around the same gestation period as the

white rhino”!

The third largest order of Arachnids, with possibly 10,000 spp., 1s Opiliones (Chapter

9), often called daddy-long legs but not to be confused with the spiders of the same

name. They are also known as harvestmen or harvest spiders. These hunters and

scavengers are mostly found in the humid tropics, but being nocturnal they are not

often seen. Common species are easily recognised by the tiny round body and

incredibly long, stilt-like legs, but the author describes others with elaborate body

patterns and even bright colours. As for courtship behaviour, it seems male

harvestmen are promiscuous and fiercely aggressive, and are not averse to ripping

each other’s legs off! Uniquely among arachnids, though, some male harvestmen

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 7 Page 35

provide parental care, building a shelter over the eggs when the female has laid them

and left them!’

Next in number of species comes Pseudoscorpiones (Chapter 11), with more than

3000 species world-wide in many different habitats. In spite of their common name

these little arachnids have no sting and their only resemblance to scorpions 1s the

ereatly enlarged claw-like palps. They don’t look particularly interesting but their

looks belie them, as this chapter points out. For instance they can produce silk, not as

a spider does, but through their chelicerae. Then there is their use of phoresis - a

surprising distribution strategy in which a more mobile animal (usually a winged

insect) 1s co-opted by a less mobile one to carry it to a new destination.

Pseudoscorpions are enthusiastic such hitchhikers, hanging on tightly to the legs of

compliant flies and beetles.

So far I have mentioned only five of the Arachnid orders covered by the book. As I

find this review is already too long, I shall simply mention briefly the smaller and

lesser-known groups. We may never or seldom come across these, but learning

about their secret lives from an expert like Dr. Beccaloni is the next best thing — and

in many cases, less trouble and more instructive!

The Solifugae, the Ricinulei and the Uropygi are apparently not found in Australia.

We have one tropical rainforest species of Amblypygi or Whip spiders, so called for

their long, whip-like front legs. The Schizomida or Short-tailed Whip Scorpions,

with 46 Australian species, are small tropical arachnids with no sting. Colourless

and transparent, the tiny Palpigradi or Micro Whip Scorpions are thought to be the

most primitive of the arachnids but little is known of their biology and behaviour.

Two introduced species are found in Australia.

Reviewing this book has given me not only a lot of pleasure but an opportunity to

learn much that I did not know about the amazing little arachnids that share our

world. It is entertaining as well as instructive, and I wholeheartedly recommend itt.

WHAT INSECT IS THIS?

Response to Mystery Photographs appearing in Issue 55 — John Moss

aes Nan ee |

23 —" » «204 The “turret” that Ross Kendall photographed in the

_ =. eR. dry woodland area west of Warwick, Qld, was

=, almost certainly built by a large cicada nymph.

Max Moulds in his book, Australian Cicadas

(1990), reports this behaviour in the species

Cyclochila australasiae but I have seen nothing in

the Australian literature since then.

Photo Ross Kendall

Cicadas build these structures just prior to

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 — Page 36

emergence, where they sit just below the surface in their underground tunnels,

awaiting the ideal conditions and time to emerge. Ross may have a point when he

says the “turret” may have been built to prevent surface water runoff from flooding its

underground chambers.

The structures are often dome-shaped (that

is they are roofed over) suggesting either

that this one’s occupant had already ea.

emerged, or alternatively that it was a s.

incomplete. Ross measured it as being 30 €

mm high, but Max reports that they can be |

up to “10 cm tall”.

It is believed that the nymphs carry

globules of mud up from the deeper,

wetter sections of their chamber to the

surface, where it is deposited like mud Psaltoda pictibasis male — Photo Peter Hendry

bricks! They have been observed to have

a remarkable method of changing direction in their narrow burrows — this is by

spinning around an axis formed by their hind legs, which are fixed into the wall of the

tunnel.

As C. australasiae (“Greengrocer” or “Yellow Monday’’) is absent from this habitat,

and the dominant cicada here 1s the large and noisy Psaltoda pictibasis (“Black

Friday”), I suggest that this species would be the most likely builder of the turret.

diameter structure would be an appropriate size for

this species.

The second photograph 1s certainly reminiscent of a

burrow of a spider 1n the trapdoor group, the lid being

very suggestive. However, as my knowledge in this

area 1s limited, another member may have a more

mS precise answer.

Photo Ross Kendall

http://australianbutterfliesphotographed.com/ - This site shows nearly all of the

Australian butterflies live.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 37

BOIC ON FACEBOOK

BOIC 1s now on facebook!

Type http://www.tfacebook.com/group.php?v=wall&¢id=187619097411 into your

browser. View details of upcoming excursions, read posts on invertebrate

discussions, share invertebrate information, and more!

OTHER GROUPS’ ACTIVITIES

The Society for Growing Australian Plants (Qld Region) Inc. will hold their

Autumn Sale of Australian Native Plants on Saturday 17" April 2010 from 9 am to

3 pm at the Grovely TAFE. A wide range of Native Plants will be on sale - Rare -

Old Favourites - Grafted - Unusual - Drought Tolerant - Bird, Frog or Insect Friendly.

The prices are friendly too. Admission FREE. For more information - call 3870 8517

or 3202 5008 or visit SGAP Qld Region 'on line'- www.sgapqld.org.au.

Indigi Day Out —5™ and 6" June, 2010 — Discover the wonders of IndigiScapes on

this fun-filled family weekend. There will also be many wildlife displays and mini

workshops plus a music festival. This is IndigiScapes 10" Anniversary year.

SWAP OR SELL MEET

When and where: At IndigiScapes, to follow the AGM, 17™ April 2010 (see

Programme)

What: The idea of a swap meet 1s to sell, trade or give away your unwanted items

that others may find useful. For the BOIC swap meet please bring along any items

that might come in handy for potting up host plants, butterfly gardening,

invertebrate collecting, etc. Please limit the swap meet items to ones relevant to the

club - no car parts please!! Examples include empty tubes and pots (always needed! ),

plant tags, host plants, host plant seeds, invertebrate books, newsletters and other

publications, invertebrate collecting equipment such as nets, etc... If you plan to sell,

we ask that you consider giving a small donation to the club. Also 1f you are moving

soil and plants from a declared fire-ant zone, please refer to the relevant legislation

about moving these items.

BUTTERFLY AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES CLUB PROGRAMME

Annual General Meeting

What: Our Annual General Meeting and election of Office Bearers. This will be

followed by a Swap or Sell Meet (see previous notice). IndigiScapes Tea

Gardens cater for delicious morning teas, lunches, and afternoon teas at a

very reasonable cost if you wish to partake before or after the meeting.

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 7 Page 38

When: Saturday 17th April, 2010 from 10am for the AGM

Where: Redlands IndigiScapes Centre, 17 Runnymede Road, Capalaba

Contact: Daphne 3396 6334 or email daphne.bowden! @bigpond.com to RSVP or

for more details.

Excursion to the Scenic Rim: Mt Greville and Reynolds Creek

When: Sunday 9th May 2010

What: A 2-part excursion to the scenic rim:

Part 1: A walk up Mt Greville via Palm Gorge. We'll see the gorge (60 min. walk), and we

hope to see some hill-topping butterflies at the summit. NOTE: this is a 4-hour return walk that

has been classed as a'"5", meaning that it 1s a difficult walk in parts and you should be

physically fit and an experienced bush walker. It is a mountain, after all! We will walk ina

eroup - the track is not well-defined, but apparently it's easy to follow. For more details please

refer to: http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/parks/moogerah-peaks/about.html#things to do

Part 2: We will depart Mt Greville and drive to Reynolds Creek for lunch (about 5 mins away),

and Alisha will tell you about her PhD on temporary streams (Reynolds Creek is one of her

study sites). We'll then look for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates near the creek. I

recommend driving home to Brisbane via the cute village of Kalbar.

Meet: At the Aratula Bakery from 7:30am for an 8am sharp departure. The bakery and the

cafe next door are good places for a coffee. Look for Alisha wearing a BOIC name badge!

Please RSVP so we have an indication of who is coming. If you wish to meet for part 2 only,

please let Alisha know. You may like to make your own way to Reynolds Creek, or else meet

us at the Mt Greville car park. We should be at Reynolds Creek by 1pm.

Directions: Provided on RSVP.

Bring: Water, hat, sunscreen, insect repellent, sturdy shoes and lunch (or purchase lunch at the

bakery or cafe beforehand). Also feel free to bring along any invertebrate field guides etc. you

may have.

RSVP: Alisha Steward, 0402 091 863, a.steward@egriffith.edu.au

Planning and Management Meeting

What: Our planning meetings are informative and interesting. As well as

planning our activities we share lots of information. All members are

welcome as this activity is also a general meeting of members.

When: Saturday, 15" May, 2010 from 1.30 pm

Where: Ross Kendall’s home, 17 Eldon Street, Indooroopilly

RSVP: Ross on 07 3378 1187 or Daphne on 07 3396 6334

Indigi Day Out (See Other Groups’ Activities for details)

What: We will be holding a display with mini workshops on butterflies

and native bees. We will have all of our merchandise for sale.

When: Saturday 5"" and Sunday 6" June, 2010 from 10am to 4 pm

Where: Redlands IndigiScapes Native Botanic Gardens, 17 Runnymede Road, Capalaba

Contact: Daphne 3396 6334 email daphne.bowden! @bigpond.com or IndigiScapes on 3824

861 1for more details .

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 456 7 Page 39

DISCLAIMER

The magazine seeks to be as scientifically accurate as possible but the views, opinions and

observations expressed are those of the authors. The magazine is a platform for people, both

amateur and professional, to express their views and observations about invertebrates. These

are not necessarily those of the BOIC. The manuscripts are submitted for comment to

entomologists or people working in the area of the topic being discussed. If inaccuracies have

inadvertently occurred and are brought to our attention we will seek to correct them in future

editions. The Editor reserves the right to refuse to print any matter which is unsuitable,

inappropriate or objectionable and to make nomenclature changes as appropriate.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Producing this magazine 1s done with the efforts of:

e Those members who have sent in letters and articles

e Lois Hughes who provides illustrations including the cover

e Daphne Bowden who works on layout, production and distribution

e John Moss, Murdoch De Baar, Trevor Lambkin, Owen Seeman, Andrew Atkins, Max

Moulds and Garry Sankowsky for scientific referencing and proof reading of various

articles in this issue of the magazine |

e Printing of this publication is proudly supported by

Brisbane City Council

Tle

We would like to thank all these people for their BRISBANE CITY

contribution. Dedicated to a better Brishane

ARE YOU A MEMBER

Please check your mailing label for the date your membership is due for renewal. If your

membership is due, please renew as soon as possible. Membership fees are $25.00 for

individuals, schools and organizations. If you wish to pay electronically, the following

information will assist you: BSB: 484-799, Account No: 001227191, Account name: BOIC,

Bank: Suncorp, Reference: your membership no. and surname e.g. 234 Roberts.

Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club Inc.

PO Box 2113

RUNCORN Q. 4113

Next event — Annual General Meeting — 17" April

(See Programme for details)

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #56 — Page 40