PLANNING AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 2016

President: Ross Kendall 07 3378 1187

Vice President: Alisha Steward. 07 3275 1186

Treasurer: Rob MacSloy 07 3824 4348

Secretary: Rob MacSloy (acting) 07 3824 4348

Magazine: Daphne Bowden (daphne.bowden] @bigpond.com) 07 3396 6334

Publicity and Library: Lois Hughes 07 3206 6229

Field Trip Co-ordinator: Paul Klicin 0411 031 406

Committee Members: John Moss 07 3245 2997

Richard Zietek 07 3390 1950

PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION MEETINGS

A quarterly meeting is scheduled 1n order to plan club activities and the magazine.

See BOIC Programme.

CONTACT ADDRESS AND MEMBERSHIP DETAILS

PO Box 2113, Runcorn, Queensland 4113

Membership fees are $30 for individuals, schools and organizations.

AIMS OF THE ORGANIZATION

e To establish a network of people growing butterfly host plants;

e To hold information meetings about invertebrates;

e To organize excursions around the theme of invertebrates e.g. butterflies,

native bees, ants, dragonflies, beetles, freshwater habitats, and others;

e To promote the conservation of the invertebrate habitat;

e To promote the keeping of invertebrates as alternative pets;

e To promote research into invertebrates;

e To encourage the construction of invertebrate friendly habitats in urban areas.

MAGAZINE DEADLINES

If you wish to submit an item for publication the following deadlines apply:

March issue — February 1° June issue — May 1*

September issue — August 1* December issue — November 1*

All articles should be submitted directly to the Editor daphne.bowden1l(@bigpond.com

ALL MATERIAL IN THIS MAGAZINE IS COPYRIGHT TO BOIC AND THE

AUTHORS, ARTISTS AND PHOTOGRAPHERS INVOLVED.

COVER IMAGE

The Spotted Predatory Katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) — Image by David Rentz

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 2

FROM THE PRESIDENT

Each quarter, when I read through this magazine, I am always impressed by the

quality of the articles that Daphne has received and then woven into a good read. |

am also impressed by the dedication of each author and by the fact that each one has

contributed quite a lot on time and “effort” into the final submission. Thanks to all of

you. At the risk of offending other authors, I would like to make a special mention of

long-time friends of the club, Densey Clyne, Wesley Jenkinson and Kelvyn Dunn

who have written a large number of reports over the years.

There are a number of trips/excursions planned over the coming months and I urge

you to attend if you are in the area. Not only 1s there an opportunity to learn more

about invertebrates and associated plants but there is the added bonus of meeting up

with others members and sharing experiences with them. Thanks go to Paul Klicin

for his enthusiastic coordination of these events.

You will have received notice of the club’s Annual General Meeting with this edition

of “Metamorphosis Australia”. If you are “in range”, please come along to

IndigiScapes where again there will be the opportunity to meet with other members

plus the added bonus of hearing Erica Siegel talk about Australia’s solitary bees.

Best wishes Ross

Creature Feature - The Spotted Predatory Katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis)............. 4

Life history notes on the Pale Ciliate-blue, Anthene lycaenoides................cccccccc ccc eeeeeees 6

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New Distribution Records for Polyommatine Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

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Raising Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Caterpillars ...........ccccccccccccssecccceseececeeecceeeeeees 21

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Book Reviews - The AgGuide, A practical handbook, Australian Native Bees............ 30

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Report - Daisy Hill Forest Field Trip — 3rd December, 2016... eeeeeceeeeeeees 32

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FS REP PPT PATI IIGE ncrsorestoeres ere ones eens covers ection vanishes epee ts eas rae aredstavis eee es tees eyes ers rte ares Fea aE Seo SES 39

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 3

CREATURE FEATURE

The Spotted Predatory Katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) —

Martyn Robinson

A number of us can speak other languages. This 1s not so unusual. There are also

some of us who can imitate various animal sounds to the extent where we can get a

response from the animal in question. Once again, not so unusual considering our

vocal abilities and our adaptability to different situations. What is unusual 1s when a

tettigonid does this sort of thing too, with several different species, and for decidedly

predatory reasons!

The Spotted Predatory

Katydid (Chlorobalius

leucoviridis) 1s - as its

common name suggests - a

predaceous species which

feeds on a variety of other

foliage dwelling invertebrates

such as caterpillars, spiders,

other katydids, grasshoppers

and cicadas. They detect

most of these prey animals by

using their long antennae to

locate it, judge the distance

and then spring onto it

enveloping it in the first two

pairs of spiky legs while

The Spotted Predatory Katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) male Tetaining a grip on the foliage

with the rear jumping legs.

The prey is then bitten into immobility, usually behind the neck, and consumed. Like

many members of its family the males of this species also ’sing’ to attract females,

and when adult these long-winged insects can fly readily to new trees and bushes in

response to mates, food, or danger. As a result they are quite widespread 1n inland

Australia.

So far nothing too far out of the expected, but then in 2005 the cicada researchers

David C. Marshall and Kathy B. R. Hill were observing the males of the

cicada Kobonga oxleyi which 1s a species which calls as it flies, and where, in

response to the male call, the female cicadas answer at the right point in the male’s

song, with a wing flick to indicate receptiveness. In two of the cases observed by the

researchers the males were heard to get the appropriate 'wing flick' sound from adults

of the Spotted Predatory Katydid. Further studies revealed that the wing

flick imitations by the katydids were very similar in both sound and timing to those of

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 4

real female cicadas. As the sound of the wing flick response in the katydid was

produced by the stridulatory mechanism

while that of the female cicada was

produced by a wing flick, the katydids

were adding a little jerk of their body as

they respond - presumably to give a visual

and/or vibrational feel to the mimicked

answer. It was soon demonstrated that as

the fooled male cicadas approached the

katydids they were caught and consumed.

It was noted that female katydids also

responded to the cicada calls - although

not as consistently as some of the males -

and they possess the same stridulatory .

mechanism (although the females have not been observed to sing like the males). Also

there seemed to be a grade of response within the males, with some responding to the

cicada calls most of the time while others rarely did so. In addition it was also

discovered that this response was seemingly restricted to cicadas of the cicada tribe

Cicadettini but interestingly the katydids could correctly respond at the right moment

in the male cicada’s song to species in this tribe that 1t would never encounter in the

wild - including several New Zealand species. Talk about understanding other

languages!

Finally this is an unusual acoustic form of aggressive mimicry (where one species

send false signals to another target species which benefits it, usually to the detriment

of the target species). Most examples are visual like the worm-like lure of the

anglerfishes, and the false response flashes of Photinus fireflies, or olfactory mimics

like the orchids which mimic the odour of female wasps so the males pollinate the

flowers by trying to mate with them. Acoustic mimicry seems far less common and, in

this case, 1s performed in daylight hours only. This makes sense as the prey is diurnal

so the mimicked response should be as well, but curiously the katydids will produce

their own song day and night. So all this was uncovered by a chance observation by

two researchers studying another species and then following up on their

observations. Chlorobalius leucoviridis may not be the only katydid species to

indulge in this behaviour. Who knows what other fascinating behaviours or life

history details are still awaiting discovery?

For more information including videos of this behaviour in action go to:-

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004185

Photos David Rentz

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 5

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Life history notes on the Pale Ciliate-blue, Anthene lycaenoides

(C. Felder, 1860) Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae - Wesley Jenkinson

The Pale Ciliate-blue has been recorded from

the top end of Western Australia, Northern

Territory and sporadically from north-eastern

Queensland southwards to Cannonvale (near

Airlie Beach) central coastal Queensland (in

Braby, 2000). It1s chiefly known from

coastal, sub-coastal regions and sections of

the Great Dividing Range. In recent years it

has been recorded from several locations in

south-eastern Queensland, including two

locations near Pomona and Cooroy during

January 2015 (R. Mayo, 2015).

Further specimens were raised on Senna gaudichaudii at West End, Brisbane (A.

Pasieczny, 2015). Both Ross Kendall and John Moss have had them in their gardens

at Indooroopilly (2015) and Capalaba (2016) respectively and also feeding on

S. gaudichaudii. Also recently, I have sighted four females in Beaudesert, two on

24/12/2015 and two on the 7/01/2017. In 2015 I observed one of the females

Ovipositing on a cultivated Albizia lebbeck in my garden, however it is unknown 1f the

larvae survived on this tree. At this stage I have not observed any males. Mayo also

reported females only. In northern-eastern Queensland the species 1s usually less

common than the Dark Ciliate-blue (A. se/tuttus).

I have collected the species in monsoon forest near Weipa and savannah woodland in

northern Queensland. The species has been reported as common in | North Qld]

suburban gardens (Valentine 1979, 1988, in Braby 2000).

The adults are rapid fliers and can be observed flying around the larval host plants.

Wingspans for the pictured males are 25mm and 24mm for the females.

Anthene lycaenoides (Pale Ciliate-blue)

Images left to right: male, female, male underside, female underside

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 6

A range of host plants in the families Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae,

Flagellariaceae, Mimosaceae, Verbenaceae and Sapindaceae are listed by various

authors in Braby 2000.

The larvae feed on the flower buds and

flowers of the host plants.

During January 2017, a female was observed

ovipositing on flower buds on a Golden Rain

Tree (Cassia fistula) in my garden. She

typically flew rapidly throughout the host

tree branches and settled in sheltered

positions. She then walked around for a short period and curled her abdomen around

the base of flower buds laying eggs singly. The wings were closed during ovipositing.

After several eggs were laid the female was captured and kept 1n captivity with some

flower sections of the host plant. She laid 19 eggs the following day and she was

released the next day. Ovipositing was observed during early afternoon 1n hot sunny

conditions. These eggs were raised in captivity.

The tiny eggs were white, mandarin shaped with deep round shaped

pits, approximately 0.3mm high x 0.5mm wide.

Freshly laid egg of A. lycaenoides

* *

1“ instar larva 2"¢ instar larva 3" instar larva 4" instar larva

5" instar larva 5" instar larva

instar larva Pre-pupa

wMMMM MMM NM MM MMM NM WM

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 7

Larvae raised in captivity consumed the top half of eggshell or most of shell after

emergence. The camouflaged larvae rested and fed on fresh flower buds of the host

plant. The main feeding period appeared to be from dawn throughout the day and

dusk with limited feeding during the night. The larvae produced silk threads which

were spun around the base of the flower buds as a ‘safety mechanism’ to stop them

falling to the ground. Various colour forms (as pictured) of the final instars occurred

with the same host plant and conditions.

Larvae completed five instars and attained a length of 14mm. In natural conditions the

larvae are often attended by ants (Eastwood and Fraser 1999, in Braby 2000.)

In captivity the larvae were successfully raised without attendant ants.

Pupa dorsal view Pupa lateral view

Pupae, measuring up to 12mm length, were mainly located below a leaf of the host

plant on a silk pad. They were attached with silk by the cremaster and a central girdle.

In natural conditions pupae have been recorded on the upperside of leaves of the host

plant (Braby 2000).

The total time from egg to the first adult was almost 3 weeks, with egg duration of 3

days, larval duration 11 days and pupal duration of 6 days. The final adult emerged 4

days after the first. Adults were observed emerging between 5.30am and 10.00am.

Within the boundary of the new Scenic Rim

Regional Shire south of Brisbane I have adult

female records for December 2015 and January

2017. There are records for all months of the year

for the adults (in Braby, 2000). It may be possible

the species is now permanently established in south-

eastern Queensland, particularly in frost free zones.

Perhaps the adults have small dispersals from these

Zones into suitable areas during the summer months,

particularly when C. fistula is flowering. It 1s

possible the species has arrived via the transport of

plants from northern Queensland. Alternatively

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 8

their presence may reflect natural southward movement due to warmer climatic

conditions.

Acknowledgements: I would like to thank John Moss tor commenting on the

manuscript.

Photos Wesley Jenkinson

References:

Braby, M.F., 2000. Butterflies of Australia — Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. Vol

2. CSIRO Publishing.

Pasieczny, A., 2015. Pale Ciliated Blue (Anthene lycaenoides). Metamorphosis Australia —

Magazine of the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club. Issue 79: 37-38.

Mayo, R., 2015. Interesting new locations for Anthene lycaenoides godeffroyi (Semper) in

southern Queensland. Entomological Society of Queensland News Bulletin Volume

42 Issue 10: 189.

TK OK OK OK OK 8 OK OK OK OR

Invertebrates and Philately — Alan Hyman

The instinct to collect seems to be encoded within our genetic makeup. Few of us

would not have made a collection of some kind — however briefly or haphazardly — at

some point in our lives. Coins, cereal cards, antiques, rare maps, sporting memorabilia

— all have their individual fascination. Stamps of course have been an all-time

favourite and those interested 1n nature perhaps made an accumulation of shells or

butterflies. Except for educational purposes, research or scientific purposes, ethical

considerations now temper the taking of natural history specimens in the wild purely

as an acquisitive hobby — but there are viable alternatives. Photography is one obvious

solution. Another is “Thematic Philately’, the collecting of specific subject matter as

depicted on postage stamps and related material. This can be quite a flexible process,

allowing the individual to collect broad categories or to focus on a restricted field. If

one chose ‘invertebrates’ as the subject matter, this could be for example, ‘insects of

the world’ on one hand or “butterflies of the South Pacific’ on the other.

British stamps invariably exhibit a high degree of design elegance and on the 11" July

2013, the Royal Mail issued a set of ten British butterfly stamps, painted by well-

known wildlife artist Richard Lewington. (Royal Mail) Head of Stamp Strategy,

Philip Parker said: “Every year Royal Mail issues stamps on a wildlife theme and

often highlights the plights of threatened species. British butterflies were therefore a

natural subject and, unusually for stamps, not much larger than a postage stamp

itself’. Many smaller nations have relied on attractive philatelic designs on many

subjects for sale to collectors as a source of revenue — and insects, particularly

butterflies, have often featured prominently as a theme. Australia has also issued a

surprising number of stamps depicting invertebrates, the most recent being in 2016

with a set of four butterflies (Lepidoptera) in May followed by a set of four Jewel

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 9

Beetles (Coleoptera — Buprestidae) in September. The following paragraphs highlight

a definitive set issued more than thirty years ago.

The first major Australian invertebrate issue was the 1983 set of ten butterfly stamps

(as Australian Animals Series LHI). They were illustrated by Gippsland artist, naturalist

and explorer Charles McCubbin, grandson of the famous Heidelberg School

impressionist artist Frederick McCubbin, (whose paintings incidentally, ‘On the

Wallaby Track’ and ‘Petit Dejeuner’, themselves appeared on stamps in 1981 and

1989 respectively). Anyone fortunate enough to own a copy of Charles McCubbin’s

1971 large format book ‘Australian Butterflies’ will know and appreciate the superb

watercolouir illustrations (accompanied by his own text) of 330 and 357 then known

Australian species as living insects, generally depicted with their native food plants or

within the context of their natural or man-made environment. Occasionally a further

touch of realism was added by taking the odd chip out of a wing! The eloquent

foreword was written by none other than Sir Robert Menzies. (In my view, the closest

21° century equivalent book in style to McCubbin’s is the excellent 2010 Orr and

Kitching publication, “The Butterflies of Australia’.)

The commissioning of McCubbin ensured a high illustrative quality and technical

accuracy. All five Australian butterfly families were represented on the stamps

although unequally — four Papilionidae, two Nymphalidae, two Lycaenidae and one

each of Pieridae and Hesperiidae. The species illustrated appear to have been

carefully selected, given the limited number of stamps in the set and their dual

purpose as universal postal products and the desire to produce colourful and attractive

collectors’ items for the philatelic market. ‘Maxicards’ (postcards) featuring enlarged

images of butterflies, first day (of issue) covers and a stamp pack were also produced.

The stamps (with one exception) were issued on the 15" June 1983 and are

reproduced below. They are listed in ascending order of value with the common

names as they appear on the stamps. (The Linnean names were given on the

maxicards. )

4 cents Regent Skipper (Euschemon rafflesia)

10 cents Cairns Birdwing (Ornithoptera euphorion)

20 cents Macleay’s Swallowtail (Graphium macleayanus)

27 cents Ulysses Swallowtail (Papilio ulysses)

30 cents Chlorinda Hairstreak (Pseudalmenus chlorinda)*

35 cents Blue Tiger (7irumala hamata)

45 cents Big Greasy (Cressida cressida)

60 cents Wood White (Delias aganippe)

80 cents Amaryllis Azure (Ogyris amaryllis)

1 dollar Sword-grass Brown (Tisiphone abeona)

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 10

Australia 4c °° “Australia 0c - “Australia 0c :

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 11

Comments on the stamp issue:

*The 30 cent value (P. chlorinda)* replaced the 27 cent value (P. ulysses) on

the 24"" October following a price increase of the standard letter rate.

*The Ulysses has been depicted on three other Australian stamps as part of

sets released in 1998, 2003 and 2004.

*The 60 cent Wood White image was adopted as the logo for the South

Australian Butterfly Conservation organization.

"Interestingly, the Sword-grass Brown variety chosen for the one dollar

stamps appears to be morrisi rather than the typical abeona subspecies.

This is an ideal set with which to commence an ‘Australian’ butterfly collection. It

should be noted however, that, wherever their origin most stamps would tend to

depict the more attractive or spectacular species of a country to catch the eye of the

philatelist and maximize sales.

Stamps, like butterflies, are unfortunately also under threat although from quite a

different quarter. As email and texts have become the standard means of

communication, so personal letter writing has declined and consequently the use of

postage stamps. It would be a sad day if stamps ceased to be issued as they are often

exquisite examples of miniature art, as well as being ambassadors for a country,

portraying images of a nation’s history, industry, politics, wildlife and many aspects

of its culture. Perhaps aesthetic designs could be applied to those style-lacking

postage labels now in common use, giving philately a new impetus — maybe even

including images of butterflies and other invertebrates!

Opinions expressed in this article are those of the author.

We are grateful to the Philatelic Archives, Collector Services, Australia Post for

providing us with high resolution images of the stamps depicted.

References:

Butterfly Conservation UK, ‘Butterfly’ Issue 113 / Summer 2013

McCubbin, Charles, 1971 ‘Australian Butterflies’, Thomas Nelson Publishers

Personal Stamp Collection

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New Distribution Records for Polyommatine Butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Australia, including biological notes.

Part I — Zizeeria and Famegana — Kelvyn L. Dunn

Summary

This paper lists 17 new locations in northeastern Australia for Zizeeria karsandra

(Moore 1865) and Famegana alsulus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869), two species from the

subfamily Polyommatinae. Notes associated with particular records provide insight

into the behaviour and biology of each species.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 12

Introduction

The Spotted Grass-blue, Zizeeria karsandra, and the Black-spotted Grass-blue,

Famegana alsulus, are two common butterflies that occur in inland areas of northern

Australia. These and other lycaenids that inhabit the herb-layer are often patchy in

occurrence, which reduces their odds of encounter by random searching — a factor that

has affected the knowledge of their distributions nationwide, especially 1n outback

regions where survey has been sparse over the last century (Dunn & Dunn 2006). An

experienced eye will help recognise potential haunts where males of these and other

polyommatine butterflies patrol with regularity, and knowledge of the larval food

plants, about which adults often congregate or inspect, will enhance the probability of

encounters with these and similar-looking species. The use of field wisdom and

ecological knowledge in conjunction with random searching where larval hosts or

flowering trees are conspicuous will help find less obvious species during snapshot

surveys and, in process, enable recognition of more fauna at each site visited with less

reliance on serendipity. The southern Gulf Country, a region this paper covers in part,

remains a frontier that few have investigated entomologically until very recently

(Braby 2015). The surveys during the late dry season (when the roads are open to

traffic) in 2011 and 2012 explored a large part of western Queensland, including parts

of the Gulf Country, using a systematic approach. In the past, entomological

enthusiasts (particularly butterfly collectors, who often target certain species-group at

the expense of widespread fauna), have sampled irregularly and opportunistically

rather than methodically, habitually leaving much of the fauna undocumented in

process (Dunn 2009). Their efforts have been valuable and have built much of the

baseline knowledge but a systematic approach provides more information and is to be

encouraged. The current series of papers have documented much of the findings for

the two spring seasons involved; the first paper in the series (Dunn 2013) provided a

map of the sites surveyed in western Queensland.

Methods

I utilised a roadside explorative approach that involved close inspections of

polyommatine butterflies at numerous sites along major inland highways and byroads

on the trips involved. Survey at each site normally involved directional transect-

walking, which helped locate adults on the wing. Both sampling and visual data

gathering served to underpin the identification of the adults encountered. I often

retained vouchers (where permissible) to strengthen diagnoses for some species as the

croup can be challenging to identify under field conditions. This safety net reduces

the potential for errors of commission: which would be, in this case, the reporting of

species’ presence in areas where they may not or do not occur based on misinterpreted

evidence. The vouchers obtained (which are in the author’s collection) also serve to

support the spatial newness of these records, particularly given the remoteness of the

sites from other locations where the butterflies occur. In those few cases where I

identified polyommatine butterflies by observation-only, these were done at close

range whilst the adults were perching or feeding at flowers, at which times their wings

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 13

are held reasonably still and can usually been seen clearly. Those observations where

ambiguity in detecting fine wing patterns occurred are given lower category ratings;

‘C2’, being almost certain and ‘C3’, being very probable identifications (see also

Dunn 2015, 2016 for discussion). The approach used to measure distance and to

define locations with clarity (reducing the chance of ambiguities in process) has been

described previously (see Dunn 2016 and relevant references therein).

Results

The table lists records of Zizeeria karsandra (Fig. 1) and Famegana alsulus (Fig. 2)

from 17 new locations (arranged from north to south) across northern and eastern

Australia. All sites fall outside (or if not, then very close to) the boundaries defined or

inferred by Braby (2000) for the species concerned and so are new on that criterion

(see Discussion). Most sites received just one visit; of those tabled, however, a site

east of the Cloncurry post office received five inspections across two days (two in the

morning, one at noon, and one in the afternoon) recording only three adults of the

target species in total. Those repeated inspections in the township stand as

convenience-sampling events — exceptional rather than a routine procedure — as the

drainage site was walking distance from where I was staying at the time and was

inspected whilst doing other activities. A superscript indicates that field notes offer

additional insight into particular records, including biological details where recorded.

These may include references to encounters by other workers in the last decade or so,

where their published new locations fall close to those listed in this report. Some may

be augmented by one or more historic references where deemed informative. The

spelling of scientific names aligns with Braby (2000) as that was the main source used

for this distribution-focused study. Times given are in Australian Eastern Standard

Time (AEST).

Table: New locations for two polyommatine butterflies from beyond their known

ranges in inland northeastern Australia

Species/Location State Geocode Date

Zizeeria karsandra

Cloncurry River crossing Qld 20°41°S, 140°30°E —- 22 Oct 2012

on bypass road, 3km NNW

of Cloncurry

Cloncurry River Old 20°42’S, 140°30’E 22 Oct 2012

Anabranch crossing, | km

W of Cloncurry

About | km E of Qld 20°42’S, 140°317E = 16 Oct 2012

Cloncurry, at drainage 17 Oct 2012

area/creek overflow

Corella Creek crossing,47 Qld 20°40’S, 142°1VE 26 Oct 2012

km E of Julia Creek

Format

Note 1

Voucher °~

Obs

Note 2

Obs °°

Rel. Note 2a

Voucher

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 14

St George, Balonne R., nth

end of Church St, near

showground

Barwon River crossing, 1.6

km N of Brewarrina

Bogan River crossing, 1.3

km NW by W ot Nyngan

Famegana alsulus

4 km NE by N of Gregory

Downs

Gregory River crossing,

0.5km NW of Gregory

Downs

Lawn Hill Nat Park, on

‘Island Stack’

Lawn Hill Nat Park, at

18°43°04"S 138°28°59”E.

130 km by road SE of

Burke & Wills Roadhouse

Terry Smith Lookout, 80

km NNW of Cloncurry

About | km E of

Cloncurry, at drainage

area/creek overflow

Richmond (Harris Street, in

residential garden)

Duck Creek, 5 km (beeline)

N of Malbon

Malbon River crossing, 1.7

km WNW of Malbon

Qld

NSW

Qld

28°02’S, 148°35°E

29°57°S, 146°52°E

31°33°S, 147°1 VE

18°37°S, 139°10°E

18°39’S, 139° IS’E

18°42°S, 138°29°E

18°43’°S, 138°29"E

19°59°S, 141°060’°E

20°05’S, 140°14°E

20°42°S, 140°31’E

20°44°S, 143°08°E

21°02’S, 140°18°E

21°04’S, 140°17°E

16 Nov 2011

15 Dec 2013

16 Dec 2013

10 Oct 2012

11 Oct 2012

24 Oct 2012

26 Oct 2012

16 Oct 2012

17 Oct 2012

30 Oct 2011

17 Oct 2012

Voucher

Note 3

Obs **°*

Voucher

Obs Note 4

Obs Notes

Voucher

Note 6

Voucher

Note 7

Voucher

Key to Table:

Note 1. A male of Z. karsandra was observed flying about and settling on the yellow

flowers of Cajanus pubescens (Fabaceae). This legume was growing in

melaleuca riparian forest at the river crossing, within rivergum grassy

woodland — it is a known host plant for F. alsulus (the following species in

this report) but not Z. karsandra. In this case, the butterfly was almost

certainly feeding at the flowers. I was unable to get close enough to see if the

proboscis was extended for several seconds (as accepted criterion) because

of the insect’s small size, so I secured it 1n the event that it might depart

unidentified rendering void the new spatial record it represents. It was the

only one of this species seen during the inspection time between 1200 and

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 15

1235 h. Common and Waterhouse (1981: 585) commented concerning its

larvae, that they “are said to feed also on the pea-like flowers of legumes...”

but listed no genera nor gave a source for this information. Braby (2016) did

not list any members of the plant family Fabaceae as larval hosts of this

butterfly in Australia. The legume patch about which the adult focussed

probably served as a place for mate location linked to a potential foraging

area — a known behaviour of most butterflies — one that adults likely sourced

for nectar at other times of the day.

Note 2. A male Z. karsandra was seen in open woodland flying about Caltrop

(Tribulus sp.; Zygophyllaceae) — a known larval host plant of this species —

during late morning at 1100 h. An inspection earlier that same day, between

0900 and 0930 h did not result in sightings of this species despite looking for

30 minutes during suitable weather. Note 2a. Two females were present the

following day (during 2.5 hours survey time); one was seen in the morning

(between 0850 and 1045 h), none was seen at noon, and a female was seen

again in mid-afternoon (between 1410 and 1430 h). I inspected the final

female in hand to confirm her identification and to underpin the earlier sight

records. Adults were uncommon and were found only by searching around

the host plants. These plants were localised in the area and particularly

common on a vacant house block nearby. Z. karsandra probably occurs

widely in sparse, low growing vegetation along waterways in the Cloncurry

district. The abundance of adults would vary both seasonally and locally —

the species is not usually hard to find.

Note 3. A male of Famegana alsulus was recognised whilst perched during mid-

afternoon (at 1410 h) on foliage of yellow flowering Rattlepods (Crotalaria

sp. probably novae-hollandiae; Fabaceae) — a plant growing prolifically along

the road shoulder on route to Burketown. The adult did not feed at the flowers

during several minutes spent watching it. Crotalaria is not a known larval

host of this butterfly (Braby 2016) so it may have served as a place for mate

location linked to a potential foraging area, likely sourced for nectar at other

times of the day. Nonetheless, Crotalaria may be utilised occasionally as a

larval host, albeit unrecorded at this time, as the larvae feed on other

members of this plant family (Braby 2016). (Rattlepod was sporadic and

widespread along road shoulders 1n various places in the southern Gulf

Country. The plant looked very similar to Crotalaria novae-hollandiae, one

species identified with certainty growing profusely along the roadside

elsewhere 1n the region.)

Note 4. A few males of F. alsulus were seen roosting on foliage, and occasionally

patrolling the flowers of a Tephrosia remotiflora (Fabaceae) in spinifex-

shrubland, at 210 m a.s.l., on that platform elevated above the river system.

None was seen to feed during ten minutes observation during late afternoon

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 16

(between 1720 and 1730 h), perhaps because of the late hour of the day in

the tropics, at which time — at least during spring — butterfly activity usually

declines quickly (see also commentary by Van der Poorten and Van der

Poorten (2016) for tropical species in Sri Lanka). Tephrosia is not a known

larval host of this butterfly (Braby 2016) so it may have served as a place for

mate location linked to a potential foraging area, likely sourced for nectar at

other times of the day. Notwithstanding this, the larvae feed on members of

this plant family so Tephrosia may be utilised as a larval host, albeit

unrecorded at this time.

Daniels and Edwards (1998) earlier recorded F. alsulsus from Lawn Hill

National Park and the contiguous Musselbrook Reserve in the southern *Gulf

Country’, during May 1995 — distribution omitted from the range-fill map by

Braby (2000); hence, my report stands as supplementary temporal data

(rather than filling a range gap). Franklin (2007), who surveyed in the Main

Gorge area of Lawn Hill National Park during July 2006, did not record this

species but did so at four sites remotely to the north during that same month,

providing evidence of a broad distribution in the region, and adding to

temporal knowledge. The revised map by Braby (2016) now includes the

southern region of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The earlier inventory for the park

by Daniels and Edwards (1998), as well as later surveys in the greater region

by Franklin (2007), and more recently, survey at the eastern extremity in the

Normanton district by Braby (2015), underpin the recent extension to its

range.

Note 5. A single unsexed adult of F. alsulus was glimpsed feeding during mid-

afternoon (at 1540 h) at a flower of Tephrosia remotiflora (Fabaceae) in

shrubby woodland along a walking trail to the Upper Gorge Lookout, at

174m a.s.l. It immediately departed the area on my close approach to inspect

its underwing patterns. A focus on this site for five minutes, which included

repeated inspections of other flowering Tephrosia plants growing in the

vicinity, revealed no other feeding butterflies of this or other species. I feel

confident it was F. alsulus although its underwing patterns were not seen

closely. I would have liked another second or two to check those details, as

field-based identifications can be difficult because of the close similarity of

many low flying species and due to the butterfly’s small size (requiring one’s

close approach where trapping devices are not permitted). Candalides erinus

was the only other similarly sized butterfly on the wing in the park during the

visit (from 0830 to 1240 h), and it was not that species; its flight, colour tone

on the upper-side, and the less pointy forewings distinguished it. F. alsulus

was locally common about Tephrosia elsewhere in the National park (see

Note 4) so I felt sure 1t was another of that same species rather than a

different species (meaning, one left unrecorded on my survey of over four

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 17

hours). This location, as with the one above from the same reserve, 1s now a

boundary record (Braby 2016) — see commentary in Note 4.

Note 6. I inspected this moist terrain, which appeared to be a creek overflow or area

of flood drainage, 1n the township of Cloncurry on three occasions at

different times of the day on the 17" (see Note 2a). A single female of F.

alsulus was collected between 1410 and 1430 h. No adults of F. alsulus were

detected during earlier visits between 0850 - 1045 h and at noon; nor were

any seen on a visit the previous day (16"") at 1100 h. The low abundance of

butterflies locally made this and other species hard to find and so increased

the time needed to list the ‘common’ species active that month in the

township. Moreover, it was already getting late in the season by October (as

day temperature continue to rise steadily during mid spring, increasingly at

or above 35°c) and butterfly numbers were progressively declining. Indeed, a

visit on the 2" of November (albeit, the previous year) had recorded just one

species flying in the township — that being a widespread migratory butterfly

—namely Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius 1775); this pierid remains active

during the hotter months in the inland towns of northeastern Australia (where

its larvae feed on exotic garden ornamentals). I recorded only ten species

across several visits to Cloncurry from mid to late October 2012; each survey

generally yielded species not seen on previous visits and that evidence

suggests that a larger fauna in the residential area is to be anticipated.

Although I have not visited Cloncurry during summer, I should imagine that

butterflies would be hard to find in absence of plants in blossom, once the

high temperatures that prevail in outback northern Australia set in.

Note 7. T. Woodger (credited by Braby 2000) recorded F. alsulus in the Selwyn

Range — a landform situated 69 km beeline S by E of Malbon; the population

was found at the Mt Dora Mine at 21°40’S, 140°30’E (T. Woodger pers.

comm. 2012). Although mentioned in the text, the location was not included

on the range-fill map in that work, and this omission has carried through to

the field guide by Braby (2016). The inland range-fill spot 1n western central

Queensland, which one might suppose is that site by comparison with the

text, is a degree of latitude south of the Selwyn Range. It aligns with a record

from Limestone creek, at 42 km NNW of Boulia (22°35’s 139°43’E), which

was not listed in that text but which was plotted by Dunn and Dunn (1991),

the source used by Braby (2000: x1x) as a baseline to synoptically map the

species’ distributions. That record from near Boulia is supported by a

specimen in the ANIC collected by I.F.B. Common and M.S. Upton in 1973,

and their site (clarified by a GPS on the specimen’s label) lies 129 km SW

by S of the Selwyn Range location, and would be the site mapped by Braby

(2000, 2016).

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 18

Discussion

The new records presented add insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of Z.

karsandra and F. alsulus. They provide ongoing evidence that there remains much to

learn about the spatial distribution of small and inconspicuous butterflies across the

continent, particularly in outback regions of northern Australia. Each location falls

either beyond or near the boundaries of each species’ distribution as based on the

range-fill maps by Braby (2000) in consultation with the revised maps by Braby

(2016) and other published evidence. Whether these locations are unique extensions

far afield, or whether they provide secondary support for outlier regions (and so

strengthen boundaries constructed from sparse data), either way, each fills a

knowledge gap both spatially and temporally. Importantly, the updated maps for these

two species provided by Braby (2016) remain (for the most part) unchanged in these

parts of eastern Australia suggesting that no further spatial knowledge from the inland

has come to hand.

An inadequate knowledge of species’ distributions in these inland regions of the

continent would likely explain all of these new distribution records, given that there

has been a lack of regular exploration by insect collectors, both spatially and across

seasons in the outback and other remote regions of the continent (Dunn & Dunn

2006). None of the records listed would appear to link into range changes associated

with unusual seasonal events or longer-term climate changes. The wetter-than-usual

seasons that took place in eastern Australia during 2010-2012 (which had prompted

the trips) would have enhanced species’ abundance at many inland sites making adults

more noticeable where present. In contrast, during seasons of below average (or even

average) rainfall and, particularly when associated with unseasonably hot weather,

adult butterflies would be infrequently seen. Sampling under these more usual

conditions would result in comparatively lower species counts, with fewer new

records anticipated.

Acknowledgements

I thank Terry Woodger, then of Richmond, Qld, for information on his collecting sites

in the Selwyn Range. Tony Bean kindly identified the Cajanus species, a probable

nectar source for one of the species listed; the late Russell Best had facilitated that

identification by proxy. John Prince (Ranger at Lawn Hill National Park) identified

the Tephrosia species during my photographic survey of the park’s butterfly fauna.

He enthusiastically pointed out and named various flowering plants close to the ranger

station to assist butterfly recording in the park (as nectar sources are important to

attract species otherwise hard to find 1n arid areas). He also identified some plants in

the area known to be larval hosts of some of the resident butterflies. Finally, John T.

Moss (Capalaba, Qld.) offered helpful suggestions to improve the manuscript 1n

places.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 19

References

Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood Vic.

Braby, M.F. 2015. New distribution records for some butterflies from the Gulf of Carpentaria,

northern Queensland. Northern Territory Naturalist 26: 67-75.

Braby, M.F. 2016. The Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. second edition.

CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, Vic.

Common, I.F.B. & Waterhouse, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Second Edition. Angus &

Robertson, Melbourne, Vic.

Daniels, G. & Edwards, E.D. 1998. Butterflies from Lawn Hill National Park and Musselbrook

Reserve, Queensland. /n Comben, |., Long, S. & Berg, K. (eds.). Musselbrook

Reserve Scientific Study Report (pp.89-91). The Royal Geographic Society of

Queensland, Brisbane.

Dunn, K.L. 2009. Overview of the butterfly database: Part 2 — Current composition, imbalances

and factors of influence. Victorian Entomologist 39(5): 89-100.

Dunn, K.L. 2013. Field Notes: Major extensions to the known distribution of the Bright Purple

Azure, Ogyris barnardi (Miskin 1890) in Queensland (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Metamorphosis Australia, Magazine of the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club 68:

26-32.

Dunn, K.L. 2015. New distribution records for Coeliadine and Trapezitine butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Australia. Metamorphosis Australia, Magazine of the

Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club 79: 13-31.

Dunn, K.L. 2016. New distribution records for thecline butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in

Australia. Part | — Jalmenus, Hypochrysops, Hypolycaena and Rapala.

Metamorphosis Australia, Magazine of the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club 81:

21-34 & corrigendum 82: 30.

Dunn, K.L. & Dunn, L.E. 2006. Review of Australian butterflies — 1991. Annotated Version.

(CD-ROM). Melbourne, Australia: Published by the authors.

Franklin, D.C. 2007. Dry season observations of butterflies in the ‘Gulf country’ of the

Northern Territory and far north-west Queensland. Northern Territory Naturalist 19:

9-14.

Van der Poorten, G.M. & Van der Poorten, N.E. 2016. The Butterfly Fauna of Sri Lanka.

Lepodon Books, Canada.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 20

Fig. 1. Z. karsandra under side —MamukalaWetlands, about 31 km (by road) W of Jabiru, NT, 05 June

2008; one of many seen near the birdhide feeding at flowers amongst low herbage between 1210 -1310h

(AEST).

Fig. 2. F. alsulus male under side — MamukalaWetlands,NT, 05 June 2008, perched on seed head amongst

low herbage along the walking trail to the birdhide.

Photos by Kelvyn Dunn

oe Se

Raising Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Caterpillars — Paul Klicin

For each BOIC magazine issue I plan to write an article that features a different

species of butterfly and information about my own personal experience in raising

these particular caterpillars. While I am no expert in the field of Lepidoptera I am

hoping my own personal experiences will inspire others interested 1n raising

caterpillars to butterflies.

I have a 6 year old daughter and I have, for the last couple of years, got a huge thrill

out of teaching her about nature and the life cycle of butterflies. It’s fun to watch

caterpillars eat and grow and you get a sense of accomplishment when finally a

butterfly emerges from its chrysalis and you get to release it into nature. Meanwhile,

there 1s a lot to learn along the way.

I have personally found some caterpillars more

difficult to raise than others and sometimes you just

get lucky or unlucky. Obviously depending on what

part of the world you come from will depend on

what butterflies you will encounter in your

particular area.

I am starting off with the Monarch butterfly as I

believe it is relatively easy for anyone starting out.

You have probably seen this butterfly as it 1s often

found visiting suburban gardens. It 1s quite a

Auetentin common and widespread butterfly and one that I

Source: Braby. The Complete Field believe 1s a great way for beginners starting out.

Guide to Butterflies of Australia

Monarch distribution within

As a kid I grew up in the country in northern New

South Wales just outside of Lismore. We called this butterfly a Wanderer, however it

is more commonly called a Monarch which is not to be confused with the Lesser

Wanderer.

We had plenty of wild cotton bushes growing throughout our farm so it was natural

that we would come across the Monarch caterpillars. Once you are able to readily

identify this host plant they are easy to find growing alongside roads and paddocks in

not only rural areas but often your local suburb or park. Some wild cotton or

BEDS PE DS PF DE be PE DS De Pe be Pe be pe Pe bd Pe hg

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 21

milkweed plants have round seed pods or long narrow seed pods (Gomphocarpus

physocarpus and Asclepias curassavica). You can either dig up and pot them so you

have a constant supply of fresh caterpillar food or you can grow your own from seed

which is very easy to do. If you are unable to find this plant I am sure someone would

be willing to send you some seeds. Once the plant 1s established butterflies will soon

find your plant.

I recommend growing your own, if you have the patience, as introducing potted plants

may be introducing diseased or parasitic affected plants. Interestingly enough I have

rarely experienced parasites amongst healthy looking plants. Recently I had a shortage

of plants as my seedlings were not mature enough to sustain the caterpillars I had, so I

dug up some local pants and put the potted plants within an enclosure. The result was

disastrous as I lost over 50% of the caterpillars while they were in their chrysalises.

Often caterpillars in the wild have eggs laid on them by the tachnid fly. If you look

closely you can sometimes see one or more tiny white eggs stuck to the caterpillar.

Forget about trying to remove them. In my situation I suspect that eggs from parasites

had been laid on the mature plant’s leaves then ingested by the caterpillar as all of my

caterpillars were brought in while either at egg stage or only a couple of days old and

still very tiny. Previous to this I have had an almost 100% success rate raising

caterpillars from eggs in captivity and feeding them on fresh leaves and good healthy

looking live plants.

Three varieties of Milkweed I grew from

seed.

Above Gomphocarpus physocarpus

Left above and below Asclepias

CUrassavica

is "4

Pd bd DE De bd Oe OE De bd Oe De Dd Oe OP De be OF Od OP

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 22

Early in 2016 I collected between 50-60

eggs off host plants found in a local park.

I carefully pinned the leaves to prevent

them curling up once the leaves began to

dry out.

The eggs don’t take long to hatch and under warm

~ and humid conditions the caterpillars grow quickly.

Monarch caterpillars are easy to raise on

cut leaf as long as it 1s fresh.

As the caterpillars grow they will obviously

eat more and excrete more so it 1s

important to clean out your enclosure

regularly. I learned this the hard way as I

missed a day or two of cleaning out my

enclosure and due to it being overcrowded

in the first place and not clean the

caterpillars caught a virus. The first sign of

this was that the caterpillars stopped eating and growing. You will notice this as

suddenly the caterpillars don’t seem to be growing as quickly they would normally.

Ultimately I lost over 90% of my caterpillars. Under the right conditions it is quite

surprising how quickly healthy caterpillars will grow. If you are only raising a dozen

TASATASASATASATATALA ACA ASALACA CASA

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 23

or so this should not be a big issue for you. I just happened to go a bit over the top and

raised a lot and learned the hard way. I had to start all over again and next time raised

even more (approximately 80) with an almost 100% success rate. This was more due

to the fact that after about a week I transferred the early instar caterpillars onto

healthy live potted plants. This way I was able to leave them to their own devices and

all the caterpillar frass just dropped to the floor or ground of the enclosure. If there is

a shortage of food or they eat all the leaves before you have a chance to top up their

supply I have seen these caterpillars eat fresh plant stem and also the plant’s flower.

Although collecting

caterpillars from the wild

can be fun 1f you find

some host plants, 1t can

be a hit and miss affair as

quite often these

caterpillars have already

been parasitised and

basically a dead

caterpillar walking. They

have no chance of

becoming a butterfly. I

have personally found

that on average at least

50% of wild caught

caterpillars have already

been infected. It can be

heart breaking for the

beginner, but that is

nature. The same can

often be said about plants

that are dug up from the

wild and potted so make

sure your plants are

young and healthy

looking. Under the right

conditions these

caterpillars grow very quickly and will consume a lot of food and will easily strip a

plant of leaves, so 1f you have a lot of small caterpillars you had better have a lot of

food ready for them.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 24

When ready to pupate, caterpillars will

sometimes do so on other plants or almost

anything they feel like (including furniture)

and will often travel a fair distance in doing

so 1f not kept in an enclosure.

2-3 of these chrysalises have been infected with parasites. Once this 1s established it is

better to remove them and destroy them.

® ~ > \. » “_ We . :

4 t .2."

: >

bes . “ .* " ’

. . = | _ . A. ¥

: 3 1%

_ a V ~ ; x = ’

; _

eat.

\ \. % : +* SF

SO a)

“A a ae ~~

Healthy chrysalises (You can see the wings on the butterfly already forming.)

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 25

eee

eos Le

: : :

het iy % : Let ' Dis ary

: : , . .

7 Tr : ‘ ‘

; 4 : - - a s ; J ‘

. : ‘tute 4 i

6 * ‘ , 1

: my “

: : ’ » Jette as ;

: te

ind -

; , , : : I

if m @

a :

i -

Ss ———————— a ____ |.

A Monarch butterfly showing When things go right you can end up with a

its colours and about to emerge butterfly explosion. At one stage I was releasing

very soon. about 8 butterflies per day for over a week. I had

a very happy daughter.

If you have more questions please go to:

https://www.facebook.com/butterfliesandcaterpillars/

or: https://www.facebook.com/groups/18761909741 1/

Next Issue: Raising Common Crow caterpillars with some surprising results.

References

Braby, M. 2016. The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. Second Edition.

CSIRO Publishing.

Jordan, F. and Schwencke, H., 2005. Create More Butterflies. A guide to 45

butterflies and their host-plants for South-east Queensland and Northern

New South Wales. Earthling Enterprises.

Photos Paul Klicin

se ak oie ake ake ak ak ake ak 2k

The Scent of Spitfires — Densey Clyne

It is during a day trip to the Blue Mountains west of Sydney that I notice a female

Perga affinis doing something interesting on a gum leaf. Sawflies have always been

favourites of mine though it is mostly their caterpillar-like larvae I'm familiar with.

However, I am able to identify this female, whose larvae are common around

Sydney's suburban streets and gardens where eucalyptus trees have survived.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 26

A cluster of Spitfires (Perga affinis) Extruding defensive oil

Pa _ The blackish larvae, commonly known

as Spitfires, are easy to see by day

clustered among the blue-green leaves.

wat: x; BN night they play follow-my-leader to

= ss fi <. Pe a fresh lot of gum-leaf food. How the

> . > >. _ leader is chosen and how it knows

where to go 1s a mystery though there

has been some research on the subject.

As they move along they tap-tap-tap

their tails on the branch, a signal to

keep them together. When a single

larva does get lost it taps urgently and

the rest respond quickly so the lost one can hasten to catch up with its siblings.

On the move

Some people find spitfires repulsive to look at. They are also reputed to be poisonous,

but not so. The name Spitfire is itself a misnomer - they raise their heads and ooze

rather than spit. The yellow goo that comes out of their mouths when they're disturbed

is simply concentrated oil of eucalyptus, pleasant-smelling to us (try it!) but obviously

a deterrent to their predators. They will also lift their tails and ooze a similar fluid

when threatened. Their habit of clustering as an amorphous blackish ball must be a

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 27

source of puzzlement to enemies; it could quite possibly be a predator itself. The word

'sawlly ' 1s also partly wrong; these are not flies but ancient precursors of wasps and

bees. Unlike their relatives adult sawflies are not social insects, so it is quite

surprising that they have gregarious offspring. Importantly sawtflies don't have a

sting and I might be forgiven for saying that thereby hangs a saw. . .

. = _

: \

Moulting spitfires within a group can

often be seen by day, soft, yellow-

coloured individuals dangling freely

from the packed cluster. I must say I find

something appealing about a vulnerable

young sawily hanging high above the

eround held - literally - by peer pressure.

Is this concern by its fellows deliberate

or simply fortuitous? When all the

spitfires in a group have finished

crowing they go to ground, dig down

into the soil and make themselves an

amazing communal cocoon out of silk

threads. Each larva has its own chamber

4 7 -

— r with small annexe above into which it

- ee apparently stores its cast skin. There they

oe ee pupate, and inside the tough, well-

Sa ct 3 insulated cocoon they may remain

ie of underground for several years before the

Kate => winged adults emerge.

ig ee

i \ a Well, up to the time I meet with my

Fes . “$y female P. affinis that's more or less what

= —— 2 ye I had learned over the years about

Newly moulted Spitfire (Perga affinis) spitfires. Now was my chance to learn

from this female something about their

adult behaviour. She isn't bothered by my as \ A ee

~*~

presence and I am fairly sure she's

preparing the leaf for egg-laying. This 1s

exciting - I decide to curtail my mountain

walk and spend the rest of the day

watching her.

What strikes me first is the change the

sawily is making to the appearance of the =

oum leaf. Already about two thirds of the : >

surface, an area extending either side of Roo-lav;

the midrib, looks rougher and a shade a i

+ Oo Oo Co Oo Uo Os Oo Od oo wd Co Co Oo to Co to to UU

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 28

lighter than the rest. She continues moving about and now I can see that she's scraping

the surface of the leaf with a kind of rasp or file on the end of her abdomen. Why? I

can only guess that this will make it easier for the larvae to push their way out after

hatching.

After a while the female stops close to

the leat’s midrib. Now I can see for

myself how these insects got their name.

The female has produced a long, saw-

edged ovipositor, not a weapon but an

efficient tool. She inserts it confidently

between the delicate layers of leaf

tissue, underneath the midrib and across

to its opposite side. She 1s making a slit

or cavity in which to lay her eggs. And I

see something quite unexpected. As the P. affinis scraping the leat surface

saw goes in and out a ribbon of green material 1s extruded, presumably the spoil from

her sawing. As she extends the slit I assume she 1s laying her eggs one after another

inside it. .

All this has taken time and I can't stop for the finish but must hurry home to Sydney. I

leave Perga affinis to it, with thanks for a most enlightening chance encounter.

Footnote: My story about the spitfire sawfly 1s not quite finished so I turn to a related

species to continue it. Pseudoperga lewisii 1s a small sawtfly that also feeds in the

gum trees around Sydney. The visible evidence of this female's egg-laying is a long

blister on the surface of the leaf close to the midrib. Once this 1s completed, the

female stays on the leaf to warn predators away from the eggs and later from the

hatchlings. I've seen this protective behaviour in several other sawtly species, and

even heard a warning "zzzt!" from some of them. But does P. affinis display such

after-care for her offspring’? I leave it to another sawfly enthusiast to find out and

complete the story for me.

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Pseudoperga lewisii with egg blister Pseudoperega lewisii guarding larvae

Photos Densey Clyne

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 29

BOOK REVIEWS

The AgGuide, A practical handbook, Australian Native Bees is 174

pages long with colour photographs or plates

G T C] Q throughout. It has been published by the NSW

cheane Department of Primary Industries and produced by

Tocal College, Education Delivery — Reviewed by

Australian native bees Martyn Robinson

_ What a great book! The Australian Native Bees

AgGuide (A practical handbook) will probably

/ become known as the Native Bee Bible if it hasn’t

already acquired that name. It is recommended to

people with an interest in insects, bees, food

production, ecosystems and food-webs, biodiversity,

gardens, plants and the like!

It has an excellent line up of Australian bee expert

authors collaborating on the various chapters so you

know the information will be reliable. This

information 1s backed up by particularly nice, clear images of native bees taken by

both these authors, and various other photographers.

The chapters cover, in detail, the topics of bee biology and behaviour, bees as

pollinators, agricultural beescapes, native bees for pollination services in agriculture,

urban bee ecology, creating artificial nest sites for Australian solitary and semi social

bees, bee identification, stingless bees, capturing, photographing and classifying bees,

and bee biosecurity. So from that you can see that it will have something of interest

for a wide range of readers be they farmers, land rehabilitators, bush regenerators,

home gardeners, city and suburban dwellers wanting to preserve what wildlife they

can in their area, naturalists, school teachers and environmental educators, botanists

and plant biologists - the list goes on!

The book provides practical methods of providing or preserving native bee habitat and

why this 1s so important. For those wanting to get the most out of their stingless bees

it provides details on how to manage and propagate the hives for pollination services

and honey production, as well as just having a ‘pet hive’ of them in the garden.

The one thing this book is NOT 1s a field guide, simply because the number of bee

species in Australia 1s so large with new species being discovered each year. Also

different species are common in each state and capital city, so a field guide alone

would be - by necessity - a much larger book, and probably become out of date quite

rapidly as new species are discovered and named. Nevertheless even the identification

aspect has been covered to some extent by providing the means to identify the insect

in question down to family level and often to genus level with the features clearly

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 30

shown or described. It also shows the several ways to identify bees from other similar

‘lookalike’ insects using photographs to highlight the features.

The pollination section is very interesting and lists some of the other useful non-bee

pollinators as well as the best (and worse) bee species to do the job and on which

types of crops. There 1s information here about the potential for using Amegilla and

Xylocopa bee species for greenhouse pollination instead of the exotic bumblebees

there has been a push for in more recent times.

The section on biosecurity details the currently known introduced bee species in

Australia and their potential threat - as well as some of the more alarming potential

threats from other accidental introductions - like Varroa mite, and the one that has

already happened - the Small Hive Beetle!

As can be expected from the relatively new increase in interest 1n native bee ecology

and management, some of the practical advice is of the ‘this has worked for some

people - try it and see’ type, while other sections are more detailed and tested over

time. This 1s where the readers themselves can contribute to future editions 1f they

happen to discover some new facet of native bee behaviour or biology.

The book is available from Tocal College — Phone 02 4939 8888 or 1800 025520 —

Email tocal.college@dpi.nsw.gov.au - Internet tocal.nsw.edu.au

HE OK OS IS SS 2S OK IK OK oR

Moths of Victoria Vol. 6 & 7 — Reviewed by Peter Hendry

bs Cd we MUCT

iS OF Sector Two volumes of the Moths of

Victoria series have been

released during 2016. Volume

6 covers the Hepialidae and

Lophocornidae while volume 7

covers part of the Geometridae

subfamily Ennominae, being

the tribes Boarmiini, Caberini,

Lithinini and Marcariini, as

well as some species not

assigned to a tribe. Volune 7

also covers the loan Victorian

Uraniidae, Phazaca interrupta

jf 7 -

: if f / is

which also occurs in QLD, NSW, NT and WA.

They are authored by the team at the Entomological Society of Victoria, volume 6

headed by Axel Kallies along with Peter Marriott and Marilyn Hewish. Volume 7 1s

headed by Marilyn Hewish along with Peter Marriott, Ted Edwards, Axel Kallies,

Stephen Williams and Catherine Byrne.

BEDS PS RE be Pe he be Pe Pe pe he be be Pe be Pe bd pg

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 31

As with previous volumes, volume 6 and 7 consist of a booklet containing spread

images of all the species dealt with, along with images of live moths and some larvae.

Each booklet contains a CD. The CD for volume 6 contains over 150 additional pages

in pdf format, while the CD for volume 7 contains over 250 additional pages.

Within the Hepialidae many species can be hard to separate from one another, in

particular the genus Oxycanus. To this end the CD for volume 6 contains close up

images of the antennae and comparison of the differing length, between species, of

the rami (branch) 1s given. A further aid 1s provided in the form of Norman Tindale’s

original illustrations of the male pseudotegumen (part of the genitalia that can be seen

at the base of the abdomen). These illustrations are offset with close up images of the

structure which really helps in understanding them.

The volume 7 CD contains up to 7 pages on the one species, 1n some cases the full life

cycle is shown. There are handy hints on how to separate some species and many

variations of the same species are shown. It was interesting to see that of the 4 species

of Cleora identified as existing in Victoria, no existing names could be confidently

assigned. So I feel not alone with this difficult genus.

Though primarily aimed at Victoria many of these moths occur in other parts of

Australia. I am sure anyone who owns a copy of the previous volumes would not want

to miss these two and for anyone with a passing interest in the moth lepidoptera I

cannot recommend these volumes highly enough.

An order form can be obtained from the Entomological Society of Victoria website,

http://entsocvic.org.au/?page 1d=52 and emailed to vicmoth@entsocvic.org.au

REPORTS

Daisy Hill Forest Field Trip — 3rd December, 2016 — Paul Klicin-

Field Trip Co-ordinator

Thanks to everyone that attended the BOIC field trip to Daisy Hull State Forest.

It was disappointing to see that numbers were way down on this trip and as a regular

visitor to this particular location I knew what to expect and I knew whoever attended

would not be disappointed due to the sheer diversity of butterflies and other

Invertebrates here. If you are reading this and

you were not there, here 1s what you missed out

on.

At 10am we all set off and were no more than

five metres from where we parked our cars

when we located a multitude of Glasswing

caterpillars feeding on one their host plants

which was the wild passion vine (Passiflora

aurentia).

pape ed Be BB

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 32

Meanwhile newly

emerged Glasswings

hovered and glided

about close by. I

figured a quick scan

amongst the blady

erass below would

reveal Glasswing

chrysalises. Only 2-3

weeks previous much

of the Passiflora

aurentia vine was

covered with hungry feeding Glasswing

caterpillars of various instars. It was quite

Surprising to see so many openly feeding in the

middle of the day. They did not appear to be hiding from

predators and due to their numbers, perhaps were more

concerned with competing with each other for food. I

found quite a few chrysalises hidden amongst the blady

erass and I could tell by the colour of some of them that

butterflies would emerge soon.

After observing and photographing the Glasswings we

continued on and after only a few more steps we came

across two Evening Brown caterpillars feeding on blady

grass (Imperata cylindrical). The Evening Brown is a

favourite of mine and who can resist these fascinating

critters with their two little horns.

TATATATATATATATATATATAT AAT AT AL ASAT AL

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 33

Growing at the

edge of the

walking track

were some young

Camphor Laurel

trees

(Cinnamomum

camphora). A

quick scan of the

fresh growth

revealed some Blue Triangle butterfly eggs and

early instar caterpillars.

We then walked no more than twenty metres when we spotted a female Purple Crow

butterfly laying eggs on a Burny Vine (Trophis (Malaisia) scandens). I had never

previously seen a Purple Crow at this location so this was new to me and a great

bonus to see on this field trip. Capturing a photograph of this butterfly proved fruitless

despite numerous determined attempts. Even after witnessing the eggs being laid they

were still very difficult to find, however the photo below shows we were eventually

successful.

Purple Crow larva and adult — Photos Ross Kendall www.boic.org.au

Only five metres away from the Burny Vine we found a

sole Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) growing. Host plant

for the Purple Moonbeam butterfly, I had previously

never been able to locate the caterpillar, however the tell-tale chew marks made by

recently feeding caterpillars told me my luck was about to change. Three Purple

Moonbeam caterpillars were spotted almost immediately resting on the underside of a

leaf. As you can see they camouflage quite well. Another first for me and I must

admit I am a big fan of these peculiar furry looking caterpillars. Since then I have

found numerous Sandpaper Fig trees throughout the area growing close to creek

banks. —

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 34

A personal observation I made with the 3

Purple Moonbeam caterpillars 1s that when

they were at rest they remained quite flat to

the leaf and when on the move they were more

raised and fatter as opposed to being quite flat

when at rest. I found them to be quite mobile

and get along quite swiftly when they want to

while also having the ability to blend in

extremely well with the fig leaf.

On the same Sandpaper Fig (pictured right)

we also found these caterpillars which we

have been unable to identify. Can anyone

identify them?

Some other interesting and colourful insects

encountered at this location.

Despite attempts to have this insect

identified, this very colourful and

interesting looking bug that we spotted

remains unidentified at the time of

This Katydid is commonly known as the printing this article.

‘Swayer’ (Austrophlugis malidupa).

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 35

\. —— A rather tattered looking Love Flower

_ (Pseuderanthemum variabile) and one

of the host plants to the Leaf Wing

butterfly. The colours of the flowers of

the Love Flower may vary from white,

pink and lavender.

A list of butterflies that I have positively

identified in this location of Daisy Hull

State Forest

. Common Crow (Common here)

. Blue Tiger (rarely seen here)

. Meadow Argus (Common here)

. Blue Triangle (Common here)

. Painted Lady

. Evening Brown (Common here)

. Glass Wing (Common here

SNM” HB WN

8. Caper White 17. Small Grass Yellow (rarely seen here)

9. Brown Ringlet (Common here) 18. Purple Crow (rarely seen here)

10. Varied Egefly (rarely seen here) 19. Pearl White

11. Monarch (Common here) 20. Albatross

12. Leaf wing (Common here)

13. Scarlet Jezebel

14. Caper Gull

15. Orchard Swallowtail (Common here)

16. Purple Moonbeam (Larva) (rarely seen here)

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 36

Some Host Plants in this area

Love Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile) — Leaf Wing and Varied Egefly

Blady Grass Umperata cylindrical) — Evening Brown

Wild Passion Vine (Passiflora aurantia and Passiflora suberosa) — Glass Wing

Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)(Exotic) — Blue Triangle

Caper Tree (Capparis spinosa) — Caper White

Milk Weeds (Gomphocarpus physocarpus and Asclepias curassavica) (Exotic) —

Monarch

Monkey Rope Vine (Parsonsia straminea) — Common Crow

Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) — Purple Moonbeam

I hope to see you on the next bush walk/field trip and meanwhile, happy bug hunting

Photos Paul Klicin

References:

Jordan, F. & Schwencke, H. (2005) Create More Butterflies

Moss, J.T. (2002) Butterfly Host Plants of South-east Queensland and Northern New South

Wales, Third Edition.

http://www.boic.org.au/index.htm|?page=/html/home.htm

IN THE GARDEN

Louise Sorensen

On our property at Clarence Town, NSW, the native slender grape vine Cayratia

clematidea 1s a very important food source for the caterpillar of the beautiful Joseph’s

Coat Moth - Agarista agricola. The caterpillar feeds exclusively on this plant in my

garden although we also have two cultivated grape vines. Cayratia clematidea 1s

readily spread by birds and can become a nuisance 1f not culled.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 37

» "tr

The orange instar wanders around the garden

seemingly looking for a suitable place to

pupate. On one occasion I followed one for an

hour as it climbed up and down the lower part

of eucalypt trunks but I tired before the

caterpillar did. On two other occasions I

observed one disappearing between the

brickwork and the door frame. As its habit is

to chew wood for its pupa, I do hope it is not

chewing the wood around my door!

Nevertheless it is a most welcome visitor and

although I see it frequently, I seldom see the

beautiful moth itself.

Also observed eating the Cayratia vine is the

pale hawk moth — Theretra latreille.

Photos Louise Sorensen

i i i i i

Jill Fechner happened to pass this little slice of life

happening on a wisteria bloom. Lean Lynx spider

(Oxyopes macilenus) doing the eating and female

Large Purple Line-blue (Nacaduba berenice) being

the eaten. Photo Jill Fechner

i ld i Dd ld ld a ld ld

The Australian Museum (Sydney) is celebrating 190

years and 1s releasing a collection of 22 botanical / it "iii

butterfly high quality giclee prints as a limited edition. oat

Expensive, but there are other less costly associated products available as well. The

illustrations were painted by the Scott sisters in the! 9th century and are exquisite.

Anyhow, it is worth checking out at: thestore.com.au/australianmuseum

BEDS PERT PS Pe Pe be PERT be Pe be bd Pe he bd Pe be

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 38

BUTTERFLY AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES CLUB PROGRAMME

BOIC Annual General Meeting

When: Saturday 1" April, 2017 starting at 10 am

Following the AGM, Erica Siegel will speak on The World of Australia’s

Solitary Native Bees

Where: Redlands IndigiScapes Centre, 17 Runnymede Road, Capalaba

If you wish to partake of a luncheon at the Centre’s Café following the meeting, you

will need to book by phoning 3824 8611.

Butterfly Walk at the property of Brisbane Girls Grammar School

What: This will be to look at the past planting of many host trees and the

establishment of vines for the Richmond Birdwing on the property which 1s

bordered by a creek.

When: Sunday 9" April, 2017. Meet at 9am

Where: Brisbane Girls Grammar School, Sprenger Street, Fig Tree Pocket.

Please note that Sprenger Street comes off Fig Tree Pocket Road but it does

a right hand turn as the straight ahead road becomes Terrigal Street.

Who: All members and friends welcome

Contact:Keith Treschman ph. 38562262

Planning and General Meeting followed by a guided walk.

What: Our quarterly planning meetings are informative and interesting and we

welcome members to contribute to discussion. This meeting will be followed

by a guided walk (led by John Moss) through the 39 hectare Charles S. Snow

Environmental Reserve where a very large number of butterfly host plants

were established approximately 10 years ago.

When: Saturday 13 May, 2017 meeting from 10 am and walk from 11.30 am

Where: Meet at the Mungara Scout Hall at the corner of Cleveland/Redland Bay

Road and Colburn Avenue, Victoria Point. Entry to the car park 1s on the left

immediately before crossing Colburn Avenue.

(If lost, phone John on 0427 596 753)

What to bring: Enthusiasm is welcome. Tea, coffee and biscuits will be provided

A walk in South D'Aguilar National Park

When: Saturday 3rd June, 2017. Meet atl10am

Where: Pitta Circuit - South D'Aguilar National Park

How to get there: Drive 17km west along Mount Nebo Road from Walkabout Creek,

The Gap (20 minutes from central Brisbane via Waterworks Road)

The Walk: 1km return (20-30 minutes) excludes stopping for talks and photos and

exploring etc.) Uneven gravel surface but mostly stroller friendly.

Amenities: Toilets, picnic tables. Cafés in nearby Mount Nebo township

What you may expect to see: Pademelons, land mullets, butterflies, bugs, satin

bowerbirds and other birds.

www.tripadvisor.com.au rates this walk 4 out of 5 stars.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 39

DISCLAIMER

The magazine seeks to be as scientifically accurate as possible but the views, opinions

and observations expressed are those of the authors. The magazine is a platform for

people, both amateur and professional, to express their views and observations about

invertebrates. These are not necessarily those of the BOIC. The manuscripts are

submitted for comment to entomologists or people working in the area of the topic

being discussed. If inaccuracies have inadvertently occurred and are brought to our

attention we will seek to correct them in future editions. The Editor reserves the right

to refuse to print any matter which is unsuitable, inappropriate or objectionable and to

make nomenclature changes as appropriate.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Producing this magazine 1s done with the efforts of:

e Those members who have sent in letters and articles

e David Rentz who provided the cover image

e Daphne Bowden who works on layout, production and distribution

e David Rentz, John Moss and Ross Kendall for scientific referencing and proof

reading of various articles in this issue of the magazine

ARE YOU A MEMBER’?

Please check your mailing label for the date your membership is due for renewal. If

your membership is due, please renew as soon as possible. Membership fees are

$30.00 for individuals, schools and organizations. If you wish to pay

electronically, the following information will assist you: BSB: 484-799, Account No:

001227191, Account name: BOIC, Bank: Suncorp, Reference: your membership

number and surname e.g. 234 Roberts.

Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club Inc.

PO Box 2113

RUNCORN Q. 4113

Next event: BOIC Annual General Meeting - Saturday 1“ April, 2017 starting at

10 am — See Programme for details.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #84 — Page 40