PLANNING AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 2014

President: Ross Kendall 07 3378 1187

Vice President: John Moss 07 3245 2997

Treasurer: Rob MacSloy 07 3824 4348

Secretary: Richard Zietek 07 3390 1950

Magazine: Daphne Bowden (daphne.bowden1 @bigpond.com) 07 3396 6334

Publicity and Library: Lois Hughes 07 3206 6229

Excursion Convenor: Alisha Steward 07 3275 1186

Committee Member: Marie-Louise Johnson 0422 970 184

PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION MEETINGS

A quarterly meeting 1s scheduled 1n order to plan club activities and the magazine.

See BOIC Programme.

CONTACT ADDRESS AND MEMBERSHIP DETAILS

PO Box 2113, Runcorn, Queensland 4113

Membership fees are $30 for individuals, schools and organizations.

AIMS OF ORGANIZATION

To establish a network of people growing butterfly host plants;

e To hold information meetings about invertebrates;

e To organize excursions around the theme of invertebrates e.g. butterflies,

native bees, ants, dragonflies, beetles, freshwater habitats, and others;

e To promote the conservation of the invertebrate habitat;

e To promote the keeping of invertebrates as alternative pets;

e To promote research into invertebrates;

e To encourage the construction of invertebrate friendly habitats in urban areas.

MAGAZINE DEADLINES

If you want to submit an item for publication the following deadlines apply:

March issue — February Ist June issue — May Ist

September issue — August Ist December issue — November Ist

Ant Plant (Myrmecoda tuberosa) - painting by Gwenda White

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 2

EFROM THE PRESIDENT

I always ask Daphne to send me the near-final version of our magazine before

penning my small addition and once again I must thank all those who have

contributed to make this edition another interesting and informative read. Very few of

the club members are “early” members so I am sure Helen Schwencke’s account of

the formation of BOIC twenty years ago will be news to most of us. Kris Di Marco

kindly read back through a large number of articles from the club’s past newsletters

and made a list of some that she thought we should reprint. We have included a few

in this publication.

As foreshadowed in the last edition, you will have received our special edition 20"

Anniversary Calendar with your magazine. The images are great examples of Lois’s

wonderful artistic skill and I know they will provide a visual feast throughout 2015.

The Brisbane “Ekka” has come and gone — ten days of crowds and colour. There was

a great deal of interest in the BOIC display with an almost continuous stream of

visitors from 9am to 5.30pm each day. The stars of our show had to be Alexander

Davies’s stick insects with John Klumpp’s stingless bees as best supporting actors! I

personally thank each of our team of wonderful helpers: Chris Adams, Connor

Adams, Kieran Adams, Alan Allison, Elaine Allison, Dennis Bell, David Burgess,

Judy Burgess, Harvey Clarkson, Jocelyn Clarkson, Alexander Davies, Jill Fechner,

Ian Ferrier, Graham Forbes, Margaret Greenway, Ann Huthwaite, Marie-Louise

Johnson, Raylene Kendall, Sarah Kendall, John Klumpp, Trevor Lambkin, Tina

Lambkin, Glenn Leiper, Judy Leiper, John Moss, Lititia Paulo, Jan Priest, Helen

Schwencke, Jacob Smith, Dennis Tafe, Leah Tafe and Richard Zeitek. I know your

support has allowed each visitor to carry away a positive message.

Best wishes Ross

Apollo Jewel butterfly (Hypochrysops apollo Miskin, 1891); 1ts remarkable hostplants

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Happy 20" birthday to BOIC — how it all got started and MUSINGS .........cceseeeceeeeeeeees 10

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Great Carpenter Bee — Xylocopa (KOPtortOSOMa) —cieccccccccccccecccccueccccceseecueeeeeeueeeeeenes 20

Life history notes on the Ringed Xenica, GeitOneura ACANHNA ..cceecccccssccccceseccceeseeeeees 22

Lures and Traps for Teaching Kids about Insects 00.0... eee ceccccesseccceeseeeeeeecceeeeeeeees 25

Processionary caterpillars Ochrogaster LUNIPCY 0... cccccccccsseccceeccccesecccaenececaeecceeeueceeaaees 26

Presumed new hostplant for the Green-banded Jewel butterfly .............. cc eeecceeeeeeees 28

Book Review - Moths of Victoria Part 5.0... eeccccsssseccccesecceceesecccceesecesseseceseeeeees 30

You Asked - Tonica sp., Chrysolopus spectabilis, Anestia semiochrea and Molly Grubs..... 31

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 3

CREATURE FEATURE

The intriguing Apollo Jewel butterfly (Hypochrysops apollo Miskin,

1891); its remarkable hostplants and ant associations — John T Moss

This medium sized butterfly 1s one of 18 Australian Hypochrysops species in a genus

of spectacularly coloured butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. There are a further 39

species scattered across the western Indonesian islands, Papua-New Guinea and the

Solomons. The Apollo Jewel (wingspan: male 34 mm; female 36 mm) 1s one of the

largest in the genus, and because of the bright orange livery of its upperside wings,

one of the prettiest. Additionally, as in most species, the underside markings include

iridescent pale blue lines and spots; thus the origin of the generic popular name

“Jewels”! There are three named subspecies: two, including the nominate (1. apollo

apollo), in North Queensland and a further subspecies in PNG. We share one

subspecies (7. apollo phoebus) with our northern neighbour. Parsons (1999), quoting

Don Sands' 1986 Hypochrysops revisionary monograph, notes that “ a specimen from

Sulawesi and those from the Bismarcks, probably represent two additional races”

bringing the total to 5 subspecies.

Distribution and hostplants

The southern (nominate) subspecies

(H. apollo apollo) is restricted to the

coastal area adjacent to the wet tropics and

occurs from Cooktown south to Ingham,

usually inhabiting melaleuca paperbark

woodlands and wetlands, where the larval

food plants (known as “ant-plants”) grow

as bulbous epiphytes, particularly on the

trunks and branches of papery-barked

Melaleuca viridiflora and Lophostemon

suaveolens. Near Cooktown and

Innisfail, both butterfly and hostplants Hypochrysops apollo apollo (male) Innisfail NQ

also occur commonly in mangroves on eee

(C. J. Muller, in Braby, 2000).

coal a = —

wre

However the distribution is not continuous, as the populations are highly fragmented

due to habitat loss from widespread land burning and clearing for sugar cane crops

and pine plantations (Sands, 1990). More recently clearing has also been for prawn

farming and tourist resorts! The larval food plant for the southern subspecies,

Myrmecodia beccarii (family Rubiaceae), is known to occur as far south as Saltwater

Creek, just north of Townsville, but the butterfly has never been recorded there. Due

to these factors, there has been a gradual decline in the numbers of both butterfly and

ant-plant over the last century. Because this subspecies remains threatened it has been

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 4

given the Queensland conservation status of Vulnerable and all activities that may

impact its continued existence have to be considered in the environmental impact

assessments (Curtis et al, 2012).

The northern subspecies (1. apollo

Phoebus) occurs from near Port Moresby

in PNG, some Torres Strait islands, and

fairly continuously in suitable habitat,

from Cape York to the MclIlwraith Range

and the Rocky River (Braby, 2000). In

some areas such as Iron Range it can be

fairly common. Compared to the previous

subspecies its populations are reasonably

stable and secure.The hostplant of this

subspecies is another ant-plant,

M. tuberosa but unlike the southern Hypochrysops apollo phoebus (temale)

Photo Geoff Walker

species this epiphyte is not often found on

paperbark melaleucas. It prefers to grow

on rough-barked eucalypts, often in company of a related species M. platytyrea subsp.

antoinii, which 1s itself not known as a host for the butterfly (Kapitany & Rowe,

2012).

Kapitany & Rowe state that another factor which may have influenced the decline of

the butterfly's southern subspecies and its hostplant, “was butterfly collecting in the

last century. Only a few plants have larvae inside and there 1s usually only one larva

per plant. As a result many plants were destroyed in an endeavour to obtain larvae or

pupae that eventually could provide pristine, freshly (emerged) butterflies”. Since

1992 when it was first established that the southern subspecies was seriously

threatened, all Myrmecodia species ant-plants were given protection by law in

Queensland.

Butterfly, ant and hostplant relationships

The association of butterfly, an ant and the hostplant itself exhibit a remarkable case

of mutualistic symbiosis or interdependence. As the ant-plant grows it develops small

hollows, many of which join to form tunnels and chambers. These so-called ‘galleries’

become occupied by a species of small ant, Philidris cordatus, formerly Iridomyrmex

cordatus (family Dolichoderinae), and known as the Golden Ant.

Adult butterflies deposit eggs on the lower surface of the tuber and the resultant larvae

penetrate the bulbous base and commence feeding on plant tissue within the galleries,

thereby creating more tunnels and chambers, which the ants utilise for nesting. The

larvae are also known to feed on leaves of the plant at night and can access them by

making a small irregular hole to the outside, usually at the very base of the tuber

(Common & Waterhouse, 1972). They also use this exit hole, from which the adult

butterfly will eventually emerge, to eject their droppings or frass. Pupation occurs

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 5

within an enlarged chamber near the exit hole, the pupa being attached to the substrate

by anal hooks and a central silken girdle. Generally not more than one larva is found

in any one plant, although larger plants occasionally house two or more larvae (Braby,

2000).

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Hypochrysops apollo phoebus, Apollo Jewel pupa

Photo W. Jenkinson

The ants obtain nutritional substances such as

peptides and sugars from glands on the

dorsum of the butterfly larvae. In return the

larvae are protected from predators by the presence of the ants, which also give the

plant some protection from 'pest’ browsers. Meanwhile the plant benefits from certain

nutrients in organic debris, brought 1n by the ants from the outside, from areas far

beyond the possible reach of its own roots, and deposited 1n some of the chambers

(Kapitany & Rowe, 2012).

Hypochrysops apollo phoebus, Apollo

Jewel larva — Photo W. Jenkinson

Fe” ee

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Ant-plant M. tuberosa (close-up showing Golden Ants (Philidris cordatus) on

spiny armour) - Photo Attila Kapitany M. beccarii stem - Photo Attila Kapitany

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 6

Dissected Myrmecodia beccarii tuber showing galleries

containing Philidris cordatus ants and larvae of Apollo Jewel.

The chambers at the top of the tuber show debris left by ants.

Darker walled chambers/tunnels have a rough surface and

prominent "white warts" which can absorb nutrients for the

plant's needs. The main ant entrance is the cavity at the very

base of the tuber. Image doesn't show separate Apollo Jewel

larval tunnelling.

a , 4

Ant-plant Myrmecodia beccarii - two

adult plants, in company with the

epiphytic aesclepiad "Button Orchid"

Dischidia nummularia, on the

paperbark tree (Melaleuca viridiflora).

As well as its relationship with the Apollo Jewel,

Philidris cordatus also has mutualistic

associations with several other lycaenid

butterflies, including four other jewels viz:

Hypochrysops elgneri, H. hippuris, H. theon and

H. narcissus as well as Ogyris aenone and

Jamides cyta, although this last-named

association 1s more incidental (facultative) rather

than essential (obligately) as in the remainder

(Eastwood & Fraser, 1999).

Acknowledgements

I thank Graham Forbes for the loan of some

historical set specimens for photography and

likewise Wesley Jenkinson for photos of some of

At beneart raveniia plant) his set specimens, larvae and pupae. Geoff

Photos this page Attila Kapitany Walker generously provided high quality

photographs of live adults of both subspecies

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 7

from his extensive butterfly photogallery website. Gwenda White and Attila Kapitany

(at short notice!) kindly provided the images of the ant-plants for which I am most

grateful.

Hypochrysops apollo phoebus set specimens from Iron Range NQ

Photo W. Jenkinson

Hypochrysops apollo apollo set specimens from Annan River, Cooktown NQ

Photo J. Moss

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 8

References

Braby, M.F., 2000. Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution.

Vol 2. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Publishers.

Curtis, L.K., Dennis, A.J., McDonald, K.R., Kyne, P.M. & Debus, S.J.S., 2012.

Queensland's Threatened Animals. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Eastwood, R. and Fraser, A.M., 1999. Associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants in

Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24: pp 503-507.

Kapitany, A. and Rowe, D., 2012. Australian Ant-Plants. Published privately, Melbourne.

Parsons, M., 1999. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea: Their Systematics and Biology.

Academic Press, London.

Sands, D.P.A., 1990. Australia's endangered butterflies. News Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Queensland 18: pp 63-68.

Copies of Attila Kapitany's Ant-Plant book (no.5 in a series) are available from Kapitany

Concepts, 3 Norwich St, Boronia VIC 3155 (or gecko@connexus.net.au). His interesting

website, www australiansucculents.com, is worth a look. It also has details of his other

publications.

PLANT PROFILE

Ant-Plants - Gwenda White

These are technically called myrmecophytes which translates as ‘ant-plants’.

In Australia a range of very different species have evolved to form this grouping.

These are unusual and fascinating because they have developed close relationships

with ants that primarily involve providing them with ready-made homes within

hollow stems or leaves.

These plants have adapted to habitats that are often nutritionally very poor, so living

ants provide essential nutrients to ant-house plants. This is achieved by filling

specially evolved plant cavities with nutrient-rich organic matter brought from areas

ea | far beyond the possible reach of ant-plant

roots. In return the ants receive a

measure of protection from pests. In

Australia the ant species that inhabit the

tunnels and chambers is the Golden Ant

(Philidris cordatus).

There are three species of Myrmecoda in

| ane ae! North Queensland — M. platytyrea in

- \ fram ae Mossman Gorge, Daintree N.P. and Cape

ee f oo oe , York Peninsula, MZ. beccarii in Coastal

Queensland from Ingham to Cooktown,

aah ney rn tr and M. tuberosa in Cape York Peninsula.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 9

The very attractive Apollo Jewel

butterfly (Hypochrysops apollo apollo

and H. apollo phoebus) 1s dependent on

Myrmecoda for its survival. The larvae

of this butterfly feed exclusively on

various parts of the plant and shelter

within. The ants also nurture the larvae

and protect them from predators in

exchange for a sugary secretion from the

larvae.

My painting, which appears on the cover

of this issue, is of M. tuberosa. I have

visited Iron Range in Cape York

“=< Peninsula on several occasions and

camped under trees where they were

erowing. At both Claudie River and

Gordon Creek camp grounds there were

numerous plants on many of the trees,

some within easy reach for

| | photographers. On one occasion I found

Ant-Plant (Myrmecoda tuberosa)

Photo G&K White one that had fallen to the ground - a

bonus for a botanic artist. It brings back

memories of one of my favourite holiday destinations.

Reference

Kapitany, Attila and Rowe, Derrick. Australian Ant-Plants The Australian Series Vol.5

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Happy 20" birthday to the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club —

how it all got started and musings - Helen Schwencke, Founding and Past

President (1994 — 2006)

The seed, first planted in 1983, has grown over the last 20 years into the Butterfly &

Other Invertebrates Club (BOIC) a respected citizen science organisation. The seed

was a New Scientist article highlighting how much harder it was to run a "Save the

Snail" campaign than a campaign based on "Save the Whale". The article referred to

invertebrate conservation and focused on a species of snail that was down to its last

eight live members.

The New Scientist article formed the basis of my first public speech on invertebrate

conservation. Also in 1983 Frank Jordan and I came upon information that identified

many of the host plants for specific butterflies. That information, not well known at

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 10

the time, provided a wonderful catalyst to bring together two interests: native plants

and insects. Raising caterpillars and photographing their life-cycles was a logical next

step.

By 1992 we had enough material to write and publish Butterfly Magic: Bring Back the

Birdwing & other butterflies to our backyards (Earthling Enterprises). The high level

of interest in our book, with sales at expos and stalls. creating media interest with

Totally Wild articles and newspaper stories, led me to create an Expression of Interest

Form about starting a Club.

By September 1994 we had collected the contact details of over sixty like-minded

people. Now to get them together in the same room. I mailed out invitations to an

inaugural meeting at West End State School in late October 1994. Enthusiasm for the

idea was evident by the circa 30 people who attended this meeting. The meeting

accepted the current name “Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club” (to signal a

broader interest than butterflies and provide a platform for growth), the

aims/objectives, and adopted myself as President, Rob MacSloy as Treasurer and

Georgina John as Secretary. We then started meeting regularly. After a few meetings

at West End State School our meeting moved to Runcorn State School through the

kind offices of Georgina John.

February 1995 BOIC’s logo, developed by Lois Hughes, gave the Club a visual

presence. The seed planted more than a decade previously had germinated. For our

first year the minutes of our meetings also acted as our newsletter carrying a summary

of talks, items for interest, records from excursions, along with forthcoming activities.

Janet White contributed some lovely butterfly line drawings.

At BOIC’s first AGM held on 26 Oct 1995 the Club had 30 financial members. At

that meeting previous office bearers were re-nominated to and accepted their

positions. This meeting also marked the point when we separated our planning

activities from our talks and excursions. We started holding quarterly meetings to

discuss Club affairs.

Daphne Bowden and Georgina John accepted a joint newsletter secretary position to

produce a quarterly publication containing forthcoming events, articles, reports and

observations. Working with Daphne and Georgina, I developed a structured format

and layout to provide consistency of presentation. Lois Hughes emerged as

aa Ao contributing artist with her delightful illustrations and

os e ~».@ after the first year Daphne became sole secretary/editor.

== = i) , “k. First produced in Feb 1996, the newsletter has since

=k, eer gma 4\° 5" documented the Club’s many activities and has now,

*T “>, <2"" under the stewardship of Ross Kendall as President,

-_ sue eesonre transformed into the colourful Metamorphosis Australia

sacimoimeremnms "= “Magazine. The magazine makes a wonderful

os. § ie

Tlie nowatacinet tier Maneicde: contribution to the promotion of the Club’s aims.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 11

In the interest of history those first thirteen months of activities, predating the

publication of the first BOIC newsletter, were as follows:

e Dec 1994 - joint activity with newly forming Sunshine Coast Butterfly

Group at Mapleton;

e Feb 1995 - Prof Roger Kitching on insect biodiversity;

e March 1995 - excursion in Redlands led by John T Moss MD;

April 1995 - Dr Don Sands and Sue Scott on the Richmond Birdwing

butterfly;

e May 1995 - John Hall from the Butterfly House at Southbank on butterflies

and moths;

May 1995 - information stall at Pet and Hobby Expo;

June 1995 - Dr Geoff Monteith on an inordinate fondness for beetles;

July 1995 - Murdoch De Baar on butterflies and mistletoes;

Aug 1996 - members short presentations;

Sept 1995 - an excursion to Venman Bushland Reserve, Redlands Arboretum

(now IndigiScapes) and Lorna & David Johnston’s butterfly enclosure;

e Oct 1995 AGM - Ric Nattrass on dragonflies and damselflies; and

e Nov 1995 - light trapping event at Bulimba Creek led by John Moss MD.

While all this was happening Rob MacSloy actively encouraged members and others

to collect butterfly host plant records to create a database.

The 2" AGM held on 26" November 1996 initiated the process of incorporating as an

Association with the adoption of the Club’s constitution and confirmation of the

original aims/objectives.The office bearers were re-elected with the addition of John

Moss MD as Vice President.

Musings on the journey

Thinking back over the process, BOIC was conceived as a community education

project with a focus of active community participation. At the time we didn’t know

we were creating a citizen science project - the term only coined in the late 1980s by

Rick Bonney of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.

(www.cas.umt.edu/web_ apps/avianScience/citizenScience/)

My vision in initiating the group was bringing together lay people with an interest in

butterflies and other invertebrates. A network to work together, encouraging lay

people to make observations and do research, providing a means for collecting

information and sharing observations. Promoting invertebrate habitat conservation,

construction and revegetation. Growing an understanding of the small creatures we

share our planet with - drawing more people in, stitching together life-cycle and

ecological information while ensuring scientific accuracy and encouraging scientific

literacy — citizen science.

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In the lead up to starting the club I did a scan of the environment, conservation and

special interest groups working on nature and more particularly invertebrates. I found

very little activity across Australia that was directly aimed at engaging lay people in

hands-on experiences of growing plants and raising associated insects in their own

backyards. The main organisation involved in the field was the Entomological Society

of Queensland with sister groups in other states and a national Entomological

magazine. Largely focussed on professional entomologists, the bulk of the work was

on species with economic impacts, with some work with Australian wildlife.

Community organisations like the Field Naturalists Clubs covered invertebrates as

part of excursions and presentations, and the Society for Growing Australian Plants

(SGAP) focussed on propagating and growing native plants.

I am proud of my role in developing the Club as its President for the first eleven years

until 2006 - at the time I retired membership had grown to 205. Also I am grateful for

my experiences and achievements promoting the aims of BOIC and invertebrate

awareness, including:

@ Development and production of the poster: Lifecycles of the Swallowtail

Butterflies of south-east Old and northern NSW. A collaboration between

Lois Hughes as artist and myself as main photographer, fundraiser and

desktop publisher— with help from other club members and lots of advice.

e In 1998 compiling a Laced Fritillary Recovery Plan using a highly

collaborative approach through meetings with all known stakeholders. The

process gained compliments from a government officer involved. The Plan

narrowly missed receiving Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) funding in 1999

when the fund ran out of money.

e Contributing to a creative

invertebrate project for school

fundraising with Amanda Grimmett

at the Pullenvale State School in

2004. Students sought sponsorship in

their community for the number of

different types of insects and spiders

they found. BOIC developed a range i". ease ahs Scan

of resources for schools to implement Invertebrate project at Pullenvale S.S.

similar invertebrate projects.

e Organising “Butterfly & Other Bugs in Brisbane” in 2006-07, a BCC funded

program which offered twenty-six butterfly and other invertebrate activities:

walks, talks and light-trapping across different Brisbane Council Wards.

e Co-author, photographer, producer and publisher of Create More Butterflies:

a guide to 48 butterflies and their lifecycles for south-east Queensland and

northern NSW (2005).

e Editing, producing and publishing Australian Stingless Bees: a guide to

Sugarbag beekeeping (2007).

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e Producing butterfly lifecycle and host plant interpretation posters for forty-

four different species of plants.

@ Giving presentations about butterflies, their lifecycles and ecological

relationships in many and varied settings.

e Organising Woodfordia’s Butterfly Project at the

Woodford Folk Festival since 2003. This is a

major invertebrate community education

opportunity with a reach of 120,000 attendees

annually. Activities include a monthly working

bee and during the Festival: morning walks for

patrons, lifecycle interpretation signs on a variety

of known host plants, Insects@Night

presentations, volunteers wearing spectacular

costumes representing real butterflies and one

dragonfly, and a display stall with information.

I also acknowledge Frank Jordan’s integral contribution to the formation of the Club

and his extensive and ongoing role in the various projects and developments, giving

talks, running information stalls and his involvement with the Woodford Folk

Festival.

Musings on the future

Possibilities for the Club include:

® setting up special interest networks within the Club to encourage

participation and contribution to our knowledge base about lesser understood

invertebrates;

® organising an annual or biennial Invertebrate Expo in partnership with other

relevant organisations - seeking funding, sponsorships and expanding the

volunteer base for BOIC and the Expo through the services of Volunteering

Queensland;

® producing an occasional paper, refereed in part or whole, allowing the Club

to publish scientific and technical papers and information on an “as needs”

basis while leaving the magazine to be accessible for a lay audience. Such an

occasional paper could be a joint effort with other like-minded organisations.

My thanks goes to the club for the opportunities it gave me to fulfil my interests in

invertebrates, share this with others and bring new people into the fold. I also thank

the Club for recognising my contribution as the founding President by conferring a

Life Membership. Best wishes for the next 20 years.

Footnote:

I note with great pleasure that Wildlife Australia, produced quarterly by the Wildlife

Preservation Society of Queensland, which ran great articles on a range of

invertebrate topics over time, has these last eighteen months, integrated the subject of

invertebrates into its contents thereby vastly increasing the information available to a

lay audience.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 14

The following is an article reprinted from Newsletter #14 September 1999

BRISBANE’S SWAMP BUTTERFLY HABITAT

Many butterfly species have been disappearing from the City of Brisbane during the

last one and a half centuries. The Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club (BOIC)

decided to investigate the status of three of these lost butterflies.

This project received a community group environment grant from the Brisbane City

Council in 1998. The aim of this project was to identify existing host plant sites,

identify sites for potential enrichment and revegetation, raise awareness and network

with Brisbane-based community groups which have an interest in local habitats and

revegetation.

Each of these butterflies under consideration has very specific host plant needs. This

close association of butterfly and plant made it possible to focus on the host plants

rather than the butterflies. These butterflies were chosen because they seemed most at

risk and also occurred in similar or adjacent wetland habitats.

The butterflies chosen were the Australian Fritillary (Argyreus hyperbius), the Brown

Soldier (Junonia hedonia) and the morrisi subspecies of the Swordgrass Brown

(Tisiphone abeona morrisi). The Fritillary 1s listed as endangered in Queensland and

hasn't been officially sighted in Queensland since 1994. The Brown Soldier once

occurred as far south as Southport, but its range 1s now contracting northwards where

it is still common. The local subspecies of the Swordgrass Brown has not been sighted

in Queensland for a long time, its range has been contracting southwards to New

South Wales where it is still common in coastal areas. Another subspecies of the

Swordgrass Brown occurs north of the Maroochy river.

The host for the Fritillary is the Arrowhead Violet (Viola betonicifolia) a small herb

which grows in melaleuca woodland. It also grows in a variety of other habitats such

as the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, but the Fritillary is not usually found in

these places. The hosts for the Swordgrass Brown are two species of Swordgrass

(Gahnia clarkei and Gahnia sieberiana), which are large grasslike plants that can

erow to two metres tall. The host for the Brown Soldier is Karamat (Hygrophilla

angustifolia), a small plant of melaleuca woodland and creek edges.

Sites examined were mostly restricted to publicly owned land. The aim was to locate

as much remaining habitat with the limited resources available. Unfortunately some

promising areas were not adequately surveyed because of resource constraints. For

instance, the large Oxley Creek catchment received only two visits (Willawong and

Corinda) and neither produced any positive host plant records. Most site visits

produced no positive results but the ones that did are listed below.

1. Host plants:

These were found at:

Deagon wetlands - which has both the Arrowhead Violets and Karamat, and

is a significant site.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 15

Boondall wetlands -anumber of Karamat plants were located here. Small numbers

of violets were found on both sides of the Gateway Motorway. Tinchi Tamba

Wetlands - no host plants were found onsite, however it 1s a promising site for

enrichment.

Bill Brown Sports Field - one Karamat plant was found

Roghan Rd/ Telegraph Rd., Fitzgibbon - on the Roghan Rd side there are still

significant numbers of violets and Karamat. It was not possible to examine the

Telegraph Rd side. Violets and Karamat were present at this location several years

ago, but none were visible from the footpath.

Ransome Park - Chelsea Rd - a large population of violets exists 1n this location on

both sides of the road.

William Taylor Memorial Sportsground - two violet plants were still surviving in a

drainage canal

Heer Park, Wondall Rd. - one solitary Karamat plant was found in a stand of

Melaleucas. The site had recently been sprayed with herbicide.

Wakerley Park, Runcorn - a significant population of Karamat was found in the

Bonemill St corner of the park

Yugarapul Park, Sunnybank - has a very large and significant area of Gahnia

sieberana

Kuraby bushland - Gahnia clarkei grows in profusion along sections of the

creek line.

Karawatha Forest - Gahnia clarkei occurs along at least one creek line and Gahnia

sieberana 1s recorded on a plant list for the forest.

Tingalpa Reservoir, Burbank - Violets were located on private land in one of the

western gullies leading down to the lake.

J C Trotter Memorial Park, Burbank - Gahnia sieberana was found

2. The Butterflies

The Australian Fritillary

The Fritillary was recorded at Indooroopilly

in 1916.The butterflies and violets are now

gone from there. The swamp has been filled

and transformed into a sports field. This

scenario has been repeated 1n many places and

times since then. Much of the remaining

wetland has been invaded by exotic weeds.

Unfortunately not enough 1s known at this

stage about the ecology of the butterfly to

make firm recommendations for its

management. It is probably firmly linked to

the ecology of the violet and future studies

done at sites noted in this survey will no doubt Australian Fritillary life cycle

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provide valuable insights in this regard. The interim recovery plan for the Australian

Fritillary has made provision for these studies to be undertaken when funding 1s

provided. In the meantime it is important that no further damage be sustained by the

existing patches of violets.

In particular the site at Ransome Bushland should be preserved from any further

damage. It has the largest population of violets and these still show some level of

genetic diversity. The planting of violets at Melaleuca Environmental Park should be

maintained and extended. This park is large enough to provide backup on the

southside for the first site should an accident befall it.

The sites on the northside are important because, when taken as a whole, they cover

quite a large area. There is also a possibility that there may be additional suitable

violet habitat within the adjoining casuarina forest at Brisbane Airport (in one site

outside Brisbane the violets were found growing 1n association with casuarinas). With

appropriate management, including enrichment and revegetation, there would

certainly be enough biomass of violets available to support many Fritillaries on a

long-term basis. There is scope for extensive revegetation with violets in the Tinchi

Tamba Wetlands and this would provide part of a corridor linking existing habitats in

Redcliffe and Caboolture.

Sources of plants for enrichment need to be carefully considered. Normally diversity

would be maintained by propagating from plants found locally. However it is clear

that some local populations have passed through a genetic bottleneck and do not

display the great genetic diversity found in large populations of violets in relatively

pristine sites. This happens when plant numbers are drastically reduced and

accentuated by the way that violets produce their seeds asexually for most of the year.

Characters that show diversity include: flower colour (white, pink, many shades of

purple), shape and scent; leaf colour, shape, size and stiffness; size, colour and

number of seeds; etc.

In practice this means that existing sites should be enriched with seeds from local

plants but that new sites should be planted with seeds from as many different sources

as possible. The forces of natural selection would produce a mixture of forms suitable

for that site and the population would have the depth of genetic diversity needed to

cope with the difficult niche occupied by the violet.

The Swordgrass Brown

One of the most exciting results of the survey was

locating several Swordgrass sites along the

Karawatha-Bulimba creek corridor. These sites

included both species of Gahnia. While there are

undoubtedly enough plants here to support several

colonies of butterflies much work needs to be done to

ensure their future survival. A local revegetation Swordgrass brown

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 17

eroup has already started the process of identifying and implementing the necessary

specific actions.

Some work towards the re-introduction of the butterfly in Redland Shire has already

been started. This work will be coordinated with work being done in Brisbane.

Interesting work has been done in the City of Knox in Victoria to create corridors to

join up populations of their local sub-species of Swordgrass Brown and this has

provided some incentive for the re-introduction of our local sub-species.

This butterfly is much better understood than the Fritillary and its introduction to a

site 1s relatively straightforward, as long as the initial introduction contains enough

individuals to ensure some genetic diversity. When this work matures the citizens of

Brisbane will once again be able to enjoy the sight of this beautiful butterfly.

The Brown Soldier

This butterfly has the most optimistic future because there was a probable sighting on

a specimen at Thorneside in December 1998 by a member of BOIC. As well its host

plant has the widest geographic spread of sites of the three butterflies in the survey.

Karamat can hold its own against some exotic weeds and germinates readily from

seed unlike Arrowhead Violet. Cuttings placed in a glass of water will readily form

roots. It does prefer much wetter conditions than the violet. It usually dies back to

eround level in winter, and this may give some of its exotic competitors a head start

before warm conditions return.

: , The host plant

has the added

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KL three other

butterflies - the

Blue Argus Meadow Argus

Tiny Grass

Blue, the Blue Argus and the Meadow Argus. These butterflies have other host plants

in addition to Karamat, but any extra food sources for them would undoubtedly

increase their numbers. The planting of Karamat in Seventh Brigade Park has already

resulted in the establishment of a colony of Tiny Grass Blue butterflies there.

While weed control would certainly be necessary, Karamat has a potentially large

habitat available for it. Along many creeks there 1s already a similar exotic weed

established that could be replaced by it. Even creeks that have been turned into drains

or canals are suitable, as long as they don't have concrete sides. The main limiting

factor would be the number of people willing to put time and resources into

establishing and maintaining this plant in any suitable spot. Most of these suitable

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 18

spots are presently occupied by exotic weeds and unsuitable for trees because of flood

control regulations. Wouldn't it be great to plant a genuine native and four star

butterfly plant in these spots?

It would also be important to maintain any existing populations in places such as

Boondall Wetlands. While there 1s not as much diversity in Karamat plants in pristine

habitats as compared with violets it is still worth preserving what remains. Boondall

still has quite a few plants as does Deagon Wetland. The single plant surviving in

Heer Park provides a classic example of a genetic bottleneck.

3. Experimental Plantings

In consultation with local groups seven sites were selected for experimental plantings

of violets and/or Karamat. Unfortunately supplies of Sawsedge plants were not

available.

The locations were:- Teralba Park, Everton Park; Sherwood Arboretum, Sherwood;

Seventh Brigade Park, Chermside; Melaleuca Environment Park, Manly West;

Enoggerra Creek, The Gap; Butterfly habitat, Dutton Park; Wakerley Park, Runcorn

Results of the plantings were mixed but generally encouraging. The dry weather

during the early part of the project did not help the establishment of the plants. The

more recent wetter weather has increased survival rates. The main lesson to be learned

was that a lot of effort needs to go into weed control 1n the

early stages.

The most gratifying result was the establishment of a

small colony of Tiny Grass Blue butterflies on the

Karamat plants in Seventh Brigade Park. A small taste of

what 1s possible for the other butterflies.

If there is an increase in interest in helping the recovery of Tiny Grass Blue

these butterflies, these sites will provide an important focus for any involvement that

people want to provide. If more people become involved more sites can be developed.

Of particular interest 1s Wakerley Park. Though most of the park has been filled and

leveled a small portion on the corner has escaped and retains the original topography.

Bounded by streets on two sides, a creek and a sports field on the other two sides, it

would be isolated from sources of new weed infestations if 1t was rehabilitated. By

including other swamp plants as well as the butterfly host plants it would provide an

example of a plant community that has almost completely disappeared from Brisbane.

Best of all many of these would be visible to the public from the footpath.

4. Public awareness and networking

As part of this project the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club conducted an informal

program of providing basic information on butterflies to any interested group. This

involved a general presentation using slides of butterfly lifecycles to a variety of

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 19

eroups. Sometimes it also included involvement in planting of butterfly host plants in

revegetation projects.

Hopefully this public education will be expanded to include specific activities around

the butterflies in this report. However this will require a high level of time,

commitment and resources which are not available at the moment.

The Butterfly Habitat at Dutton Park was initiated in cooperation with the Dutton

Park Scout Group. It contains specimens of all of the host plants covered in this

report, and is being developed primarily as a resource for revegetation groups. It 1s

anticipated that it will contain specimens of most of the local butterfly host-plants for

south-east Queensland in a natural setting.

Conclusion

I would like to thank all those who gave their time and showed me the locations of the

target species. This report would have been impossible without them. Thanks also to

all those groups who participated in the trial plantings, much valuable information

was gained. Thanks also to the Brisbane City Council for assisting with the funding of

this project.

Frank Jordan

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Great Carpenter Bee — Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) - Erica Siegel

There are six species of Great Carpenter bees in Australia and they are found in the

warmer climate of northern Western Australia, Northern NSW, Queensland and the

Northern Territory. They are one of several buzz pollinators.

Great Carpenter bees are the largest native bees in Australia, ranging from 15 to 26

mm. According to measurements 1n Remko Ley’s revision of the carpenter bee genus,

the males are either the same size or slightly bigger than the females.

They are also known as Yellow and Black Carpenter bees. The females have a glossy

black abdomen and bright yellow fur on the thorax. There is a small oval shaped

hairless black area in the middle of the thorax. Males are covered uniformly with

yellowish brown or olive fur. Both females and males have black wings.

The females cut nesting burrows with their jaws in soft timber such as the decaying

limbs of Mango, Frangipani and Jacaranda trees. Other known nesting trees include,

Ficus species, Casuarina, Banksia, Lophostomon grandiflorus, Leptospermum

species, dead flower stalks of Grass trees (Xanthorrhorea sp.) Soursop (Annona

muricata), dead saplings of Eucalyptus robusta, even old timbers 1n the back yard.

The nesting burrows may contain several tunnels and are partitioned into brood cells

with neat disks of chewed wood particles.

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The female lays her egg on a mixture of pollen and nectar then seals the cell with the

disk of chewed wood particles before placing another egg on a paste of nectar and

pollen, sealing it off till the tunnel 1s filled.

New generations of females often use old nesting burrows. Female Great Carpenter

bees are known to share the burrow with their daughters creating a small community,

even sometimes feeding their adult daughters, and are therefore referred to as “para-

social ”’.

The Great Carpenter bees are attracted to and feed on native wildflowers such as

Melastoma affine, Senna, Foam Bark (Jagera pseudorhus), Canavalia rosae, Native

Wisteria (Callerva megasperma) and Cassia sp. They also visit exotic plants like

Grewia occidentalis, Cassia fistula, Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan), Cashew tree

(Anacardium occidentale), Leopard tree (Caesalpinia ferrea), Solanum sp.,

Laburnams, Jasmines, Wisteria, Crotalaria, Albizia sp. and Tipuana sp. (a declared

weed).

They are able to “buzz pollinate“ by grasping the flower with their strong front legs

and vigorously vibrating the flower using their flight muscles. ”Buzz pollination”,

also called “sonication’’, is important for pollinating wildflowers like Melastoma

affine or flowers where the pollen is trapped in narrow tubes.

To attract females the males emit a pheromone smelling of flowers and pollen. The

males are seldom seen as they establish their territories high up in the crown of trees.

They detect intruding males by the pheromones they emit and defend their territories.

Similar species of Carpenter bees in other countries are good pollinators of Passion

Fruit.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 21

Great Carpenter Bee — Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) — Photos Erica Siegel

References

Dr.Anne Dollin (Australian Native Bee Research Centre), Australian Museum

and Wildlife Queensland

Further information:

Great Carpenter bee information, photos and videos

http://www.aussiebee.com.au/beesinyourarea.htmli#yellowandblackcarpenterbees

PaDil —Great Carpenter bee Xylocopa (Koptortosoma)species information

http://www.padil.gov.au/pollinators/search?sortlype=ScientifticName&view l'ype=De

tails&pageSize=10&query Textl=xylocopa&query Typel=all

making artificial nests information

http://permaculturenoosa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BEE-WALL-and-

HABITAT-5-page.pdf

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Life history notes on the Ringed Xenica, Geltoneura acantha

(Donovan, 1805) Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae - Wesley Jenkinson

The Ringed Xenica 1s encountered from the

Blackdown Tableland (Atkins 1974a, 1996d, in

Braby, 2000) central Queensland southward to

Victoria and South Australia. The species 1s locally

common in the grassy foothills of the Great Dividing

Range in south-eastern Queensland and northern

New South Wales.

The preferred habitat in south-eastern Queensland is

eucalypt open-forest and woodland and where the

native host grasses are established in large quantities.

Along drier hillslopes adults have a preference for

damper areas such as along creek banks and gullies.

The adults have a rather slow jerky flight. They can be observed flying within a

couple of metres of the ground where they often fly in dappled sunlight. Once the sun

is obscured by clouds they quickly settle on low vegetation or on dead leaves on the

eround where they are very cryptic. They remain settled with their wings closed for

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 22

long periods until the sun reappears. The adults often congregate along moist undercut

banks beside tracks or roadways and when disturbed they can fly quite rapidly and

can be difficult to follow. Males generally emerge earlier than females in late spring

or summer depending on locality. After mating the females remain relatively dormant

until late summer and autumn when ovipositing begins (Braby, 2000). Both sexes

feed from a variety of small native flowers. They are also known to feed from

fermenting tree sap flows especially of Acacia and Eucalyptus species.

Within south-eastern Queensland adults could be confused with other nymphalids in

the satyrinae subfamily particularly the Common Brown, Heteronympha merope,

which has a similar habitat and flight period. Within the Stanthorpe / Tenterfield

region are two other rather similar looking species: the Shouldered Brown,

H. Penelope, and Marbled Xenica, G. k/ugi. In comparison to these species the

hindwing underside of G. acantha has two much larger black ocelli (with a small

white central spot) and a more defined pattern which is visible when settled.

G. acantha 1s also smaller in size than Heteronympha spp..

The sexes are similar in appearance. In comparison to the females, the males have a

large patch of visible greyish brown sex scales forming a band across the centre of the

forewing and the abdomen is longer and thinner.

The wingspan for the pictured males 1s 40mm and 45mm for the females.

Geitoneura acantha (Ringed Xenica) - Images left to right: male and female

Geitoneura acantha (Ringed Xenica) - Images left to right: male underside, female underside

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 23

On a trip during April 2011 to the Bolivia Hill / Deepwater River region, south of

Tenterfield in northern New South Wales, a female was collected and kept in

captivity. She laid an egg on a grass stem and was then released. This egg was kept

for life history studies. Subsequently the resultant larva was successfully raised in

captivity on the native Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra), a known host plant.

The egg was off white coloured (later forming faint pinkish

markings), slightly off spherical with longitudinal ribs,

approximately 0.8mm high x 0.8mm wide.

5" instar larva

The first instar consumed most of the eggshell soon after emergence. The small larva

remained along the underside of the leaf tip feeding from the edge of the leaf.

Towards the final instars it sheltered towards the base of the host grass. Throughout

its growth it was very sluggish and was only observed feeding at dusk from the outer

edges of a leaf blade. The larva attained a length approximately 27mm long and

completed 5 instars.

The pupa was located attached to the container lid by silk. It was hanging by the

cremaster with the head suspended down. In natural conditions the pupae are located

on sheltered grass stems. As pictured, it was green in colour with a length of 12mm.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 24

Pupa lateral, dorsal and ventral view

The total time from egg to adult was about 7 months, with egg duration of 17 days,

larval duration 176 days and pupal duration of 22 days.

Within the boundary of the new Scenic Rim Regional Council south of Brisbane I

have adult records for the months from October to December and April. The adults in

this region are probably on the wing from October through to April. This species has

one generation per year.

Reference

Braby, M.F., 2000. Butterflies of Australia — Their Identification, Biology and Distribution.

vol 2. CSIRO Publishing.

Photos Wesley Jenkinson

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Another article from the past — Issue #8 March 1998 — Teaching Tips

Lures and Traps for Teaching Kids about Insects by Mike Groth

Kids love collecting and looking at live, creepy crawly things and here are some

simple tips for getting a closer look at them by attracting with baits and trapping

without harm.

One of my favourite lures which I have found good for attracting certain kinds of

moths, butterflies, flies, beetles, ants, wasps, bees and cockroaches is the fermenting

fruit bait. To hold the bait I use the leg of an old stocking. Alternatively, a

cheesecloth or mosquito netting bag could be sewn up measuring about 300 mm long

by 100 mm wide open on one of the narrow ends. The bait consists of some sort of

well over ripe fruit — I recommend banana (one that has been forgotten 1n the lunch

box, gone black and very squishy, is ideal and usually easy to get), apricot (3 or 4),

erapes (bunch) or amango. Simply place the fruit into the bottom of the bag and

hang on a low tree branch or other support outside so that visiting insects can be

viewed easily. Insects will be attracted to feed at the sweet juices which ooze from

the decaying fruit and are often so absorbed in the task that one can watch their

feeding habits very closely. The bait attracts insects both day and night so kids can

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 25

make one at home and watch what comes to it at night too. Another interesting

activity 1s to make up several baits using different fruit (other baits such as decaying

vegetable scraps, cloth soaked in sugar water or your own concoction can be tried)

and see which one attracts the most or which insects come to each type of bait. Also,

insects visiting the bait can be collected, observed in the classroom and then released.

A method for getting a closer look at ground dwelling insects as well as spiders,

scorpions and the like is the pitfall trap. A pitfall trap 1s simply a container buried in

the ground so that its top 1s flush with ground level. The container could be a tin can,

ice cream container, bucket or a 20 litre pail or drum with the top cut out. Fast food

shops throw out heaps of metal drums with lids. Ice cream parlours are also a good

source of containers for pitfalls. The bigger the mouth of the container the more

likely wandering invertebrates will encounter it. The pitfall can be made more

effective in two ways:

(1) Baiting — hang a little bag over the middle of the pitfall, suspended about

level with the ground from a stick, and place some bait in the bag. Piece of

raw meat attracts carrion beetles, fresh dog dung attracts native dung beetles,

fresh cow manure will attract the introduced dung beetles, fruit attracts

beetles and bugs. Again it is worthwhile trying your own ideas for baits.

(2) Fencing — a barrier or fence such as a plank of wood 2 to 4 metres long, or a

strip of shade cloth or gauze about 100 mm wide supported by pegs every

600 mm and its bottom edge buried 1n the ground will guide insects, spiders

and the like to the trap. Occasionally small snakes, lizards and small

mammals and frogs will be caught especially if large (20 litres plus)

containers are used.

Note: When using traps deeper than 200 mm — most mammals and frogs which fall

into a pitfall will die if left there during the heat of the day so it 1s important to check

the trap during the morning and observe, collect or release the catch. If the trap

cannot be attended to in this manner then it 1s best to cover the trap with a lid so no

animals will be trapped and die.

These activities are simple and effective for getting kids interested because they get to

make the item and then also get to observe the results from the trap or lure which they

have made. It also makes use of those old squishy bananas hiding in lunch boxes!

i i i ae i

And yet another article from the past - ssue #40 March 2006 -

Processionary caterpillars Ochrogaster lunifer by Murdoch De Baar

Extra notes on Processionary or Tent caterpillars to the information given in "Hairy

abortions" (BOIC Newsletter #39: 18 — 20). Ochrogaster lunifer (previously known

as Teara contraria) belongs to the moth family Thaumetopoeidae, and has moths with

hairy bodies and wingspans up to 40 to 60 mm. Tents or larval communal shelters are

250 mm or more across.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 26

The Processionary caterpillar is believed to be a complex of species. Around the

Brisbane region, it prefers to eat acacia foliage and nest in tents at the base of the

trunk. However in the Toowoomba region, the Processionary caterpillar eats

eucalyptus leaves and nests in tents strung amongst the foliage. The caterpillar may

pupate in these tents or in the soil. When caterpillars are seen wandering around a

lawn or away from the tree, it 1s either because the tent has been breached/disturbed,

or they are searching for fresh foliage,

en Lie or they are searching for a pupation

Fen , Sa site. The 'species' is known across

oe > jum at : - h : ee .

eS vi in —, Australia. In early writings, graziers

ee = ys ng ~ on their horses, used pole cutters to

cer: od Lae S P Ry ;

CO a. cut down these aerial tents. However

rd POA ae, wus Nok. aS y

SL AOR LR SS tents falling on the horse and causing

the horse to go crazy, are also noted

ms (W.W. Froggatt, 1923. Forest insects

of Australia).

Ochrogaster lunifer

My experience with these caterpillars

goes back to when I was a boy who couldn't resist collecting a fascinating column of

marching caterpillars. I broke out in an extremely itchy rash that lasted three days. I

kept some larvae in a tin which was lost in amongst my belongings, until three years

later, when I opened this tin to find these dried caterpillars inside. Again I had to

suffer three days of unbearable itchy rash. I always believed this species was the

worst in the Brisbane region. Australia does have some nasty caterpillars with setae

(sharp rigid hairs) that can penetrate skin and eyes, but of the species that have

irritating hairs, the Processionary caterpillar 1s most often seen around Brisbane.

Southeast Queensland has larvae capable of causing skin blistering, stinging or

rashing from the families Thaumetopoeidae, Eupterotidae, Anthelidae, Lymantriidae,

Arctiidae, Limacodidae and Nolinae (Noctuidae). The White cedar moth larvae

(Leptocneria spp.) can also be irritating, but can be eliminated by not growing White

cedars (Melia azedarach) or as Don Herbison-Evans and Debbie Racklyeft (authors

of ‘Hairy Abortions’) indicated, by the use of sacks tied around the tree trunk. Hiding

larvae can then be removed.

When tents are disturbed, wandering larvae may die away from the tree, thus causing

problems for grazing animals and gardeners. Discarded larval skins after pupation can

also cause problems. Lawn mowers blow up hairs which land on sweaty skin and

cause irritations. Each hair fragments into smaller pieces, and is spread by scratching

the site and then touching other sites. The victim’s body will soon be covered with

welts.

I consider nests at the base of trees could be burnt, however this could be dangerous

as a fire could burn into the trunk of the tree. Tree nests are very dangerous to cut

down, because a breeze could blow hairs into the pruner operator. Also falling nests

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 27

will break open and spill larvae everywhere. Another control strategy to target 1s egg

tracking. Around the Brisbane area, moths lay egg masses covered with whitish fluff,

on the lower trunks of Acacia trees, from November to January. A note should be

recorded in your diary to search for eggs during this period, and crush these egg

masses. Chemical controls would seem extreme and impractical, because a systemic

insecticide would need to be used on breeding trees every year during January to

April or May.

I have bred fly and wasp parasites from Processionary caterpillar larvae. A small

pyralid moth larva is also implicated as attacking eggs. Birds, for example Cuckoos,

have been recorded as eating larvae

There are some excellent articles on the Processionary caterpillar, and in particular,

Graham Floater at the University of Queensland, has published some informative

findings. I have some references below.

Floater, G.J. 1996. Life history comparisons of ground- and canopy-nesting

populations of Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schaeffer (Lepidoptera:

Thaumetopoeidae): evidence for Two species? Aust. Jnl. of Entomology, 35: 223-230.

Floater, G.J. 1996. Estimating movement of the Processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster

lunifer Herrich-Schaeffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) between discrete resource

patches. Aust. Jnl. of Entomology, 35: 279-283.

Van Schagen, J.J., Majer, J.D. & Hobbs, R.J. 1992. Biology of Ochrogaster lunifer

Herrich-Schaefter (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), a defoliator of Acacia acuminata

Bentham, in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Australian entomology Magazine 19

(1): 19 - 24

NEW HOsT PLANT RECORD (PRESUMED)

Presumed new hostplant for the Green-banded Jewel butterfly,

(Hypochrysops theon medocus C. & R. Felder, 1985) — Jon Marshall

Last November I was fortunate enough to participate on a three week field trip

throughout Cape York Peninsula, sampling 'groundwater dependent ecosystems',

often abbreviated as GDEs. These are environments where the ecology depends

sometimes or always on access to or discharge of groundwater. They are prevalent on

the Cape, with most associated with shallow 'sub-artesian' aquifers. They take the

form of vegetation communities with their roots tapping into groundwater; springs

with distinct point-source discharge of groundwater to the surface and base-flow

streams with diffuse groundwater input feeding stream flow. All of these places are

ecologically significant as they tend to be the locations of plants and animals that

require frequent access to water, as opposed to the background seasonally wet/dry

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 28

conditions of the region. This means that GDEs of Cape York Peninsula support

significant biodiversity.

Above - Green-banded Jewel (Hypochrysops

theon medocus) on fern Stenochlaena palustris

at Cape York.

Right - Climbing fern Stenochlaena

palustris (Blechnaceae) at Cape York.

While the work was intense, leaving little

time for recreational insect observation, I cee

was particularly pleased at one spring site Be Ee

to encounter a healthy population of the Green- asada Jewel buttertly Fmeuheieans

theon. Males were defending territories in patches of sunlight amongst the dense

riparian forest of the spring. All of the individuals I observed were closely associated

with a profuse epiphytic growth of the climbing fern Stenochlaena palustris

(Blechnaceae). I presumed, based on these observations, that this fern must be the

jewel's host plant, although no juvenile life stages were encountered. Upon returning

home and consulting various reference books I found this is not a known host plant,

although all known hosts are indeed other species of ferns of the family

Polypodiaceae. So perhaps this climbing fern may be a previously unrecognised host

for the Green-banded Jewel on Cape York, but of course direct evidence would be

required to confirm this speculation.

The site in question is a small unnamed stream in the Jacky Jacky catchment on the

north-east tip of the Cape. Site details are:

Site name: WMS12 Spring Wetland

Latitude: -11.85872 deg; Longitude: 142.65358 deg; Altitude: 84 m

Date: 4/11/2013; Time: 2:30 pm.

Thanks to John Moss for helpful advice on this topic and for encouraging the drafting

of this article!

Photos Jon Marshall

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 29

Ed: As the photo shows, this is a particularly bright bluish-green colour form of this

butterfly and would well be worthy of the common name “Blue-banded Jewel” that

the author had suggested. Larvae of this butterfly are attended by the same ant

(Philidris cordatus) that attends the ant-plant feeding Apollo Jewel (see article herein)

and another fern-feeding species, the Paradise Jewel (1. hippuris).

BOOK REVIEW

Moths of Victoria Part 5— Reviewed by

Peter Hendry

This is the latest installment published by the Entomological Society of Victoria

attempting to illustrate all the moth lepidoptera of Victoria. It covers the Victorian

moths in the tribe Nacophorini which is in the subfamily Ennomonae of the Family

Geometridae The editorial team is made up of Marilyn Hewish, Peter Marriott, Ted

Edwards, Axel Kallis and Stephen Williams. Peter

Marriott who has been the lead author of the first four

volumes has taken a back seat and handed the reins of

lead author to Marilyn Hewish. Based on the

complexities of this group of moths, one could say this

was both a brave move by Marilyn and a smart move by

Peter. For a start, as pointed out on the CD that

accompanies the booklet, the tribe Nacophorini should

be limited to Nearctic and some Neotropical genera and

that the affiliation of the Australian genera is uncertain.

Marilyn and the team have done a superb job with the

CD containing several pages covering how to separate

oe Se. several of the more difficult species from one another.

MARILYN HEWISH

Moths of Victorti

; r.

with PETER MARRIOTT. TED EXOWARDS,

ae wee §=6lhe 36 page booklet contains images of set specimens of

all the Nacophorini to occur in Victoria. One interesting

omission 1s Chlenias gonosema, the type species of which has not been found and is

only known from its original description. The original description 1s presented on the

CD. The booklet also contains live images of several species as well as some images

of larva, pupa and eggs. Thanks to Stephen Williams, between the booklet and the

CD, 40 species have their life cycles represented.

The CD contains acknowledgements, notes about the authors, the photographs,

photographers, light trapping, an index to all 5 volumes and a note about the society.

It also contains a checklist and a list of references as well as a tantalizing look at

future volumes, not to mention around 360 pages in PDF format covering more than

160 species of moths in the Nacophorini tribe. Updates to volumes 1, 3 and 4 are also

provided.

This volume also brings to light the difficulty of identifying moths from images. On

the CD, under the genus Ame/ora, most members of this genus were identified by

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 30

dissection and a study of genitalia by Dr. C. Byrne, some images of live specimens

proved impossible to identify and have been placed under Amelora sp (8).

On the CD for each species the adult flight times, Victorian localities and Australian

distribution are given. The wing span of the set specimens on the CD 1s also provided.

The moths 1n the Nacophorini tribe cover the beautiful satin moths - Thalaina spp. -

as well as many hard to identify little brown species. This volume goes a long way in

sorting out the available knowledge of this tribe and shows up many unnamed species.

While centered on Victorian moths, many species occur well beyond the bounds of

the Victorian border. I have collected many of the moths represented in this volume

from the northern tablelands of New South Wales as well as some in my own

backyard in Redland City, Queensland. I recommended it to anyone with a passing

interest in Australian lepidoptera.

CORRECTION

Two errors occurred on page 31 of the June edition of this magazine: of the moths

illustrated at the top of the page the names of Capusa senilis and Cleora illustria were

inadvertently transposed; near the bottom left, the name of Grammodes sp nr

diagarmma was spelled incorrectly.

YOU ASKED

When Ross Kendall showed me a photograph (Fig. |) he had received in a letter from

Ron May and asked 1f I knew what moth 1s was, I immediately replied a Tonica

species. Though Ron's photograph is not the sharpest, this distinctive moth 1s easily

recognized by its long palpi (Sensory appendage extending from the mouth parts) and

the shape of the costa (upper edge of the forewing). 7onica species also have raised

tufts of scales on the thorax and forewing, some of which can be seen in Ron's photo.

For a better look at the palpi, costa and raised scale tuffs see Chris Ross' image (Fig.

2).

The genus Tonica was raised by Walker in 1864. Part of his description

describes those amazing palps and reads as follows: "Palpi slender, compressed,

curved, about thrice longer than the breadth of the head ; second joint porrect,

densely fringed ; third setiform, ascending, with a very few short hairs, as long as the

second, with which it forms a nearly right angle.". Along with his new genus Walker

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 31

described TI. teuasrila, from Sarawak, Borneo. In 1879 the Dutch entomologist

Snellen described the Australian species T. effractella. At the time, Snellen

provisionally placed it in the genus Cryptolechia, noting that a new genus will have to

be formed. Snellen's description covered over 3 pages with 9 figures (Fig. 3 17-25).

In 1896 A. J.Turner, probably unaware of Snellen’s description, redescribed 7.

effractella as Teratomorpha coeliota and noted, "This curious species is evidently a

mimic of birds' droppings".

In 1922, Edward Meyrick reviewed the genus and placed in it Walker's 7.

teuasrila as well as T. niviferana, a species described by Walker in 1864 as Binsitta

niviferana, form North Hindostan. B niviferana was described in the same

publication as Tonica teuasrlla. This led to Meyrick, as first reviewer, deciding on

which genus name would take precedent. It would be assumed that with Tonica being

described on Page 788 and Binsitta on page 832, Tonica won the battle. Meyrick also

made Turner’s Teratomorpha a synonym of Tonica, which made Teratomorpha

coeliota, Turner 1896, a synonym of Tonica effractella, (Snellen,1879). Other species

in the genus at the time of Meyrick's review were, 7° nigricostella, Snellen, 1901,

from Sumatra; 7. Barrowi. Bingham, 1907 from Burma; T. senesccns. Meyrick, 1910

from New Guinea and 7. malthacodes, Meyrick, 1914 also from New Guinea.

_fy Fig. 3

In 1924 Meyrick named another species from New Guinea, 7. cyanodoxa

and in 1928 he named 7. gypsopis from Andamans, T. /agaropis from the Philippines

and T. mixogama from New Britain. In 1954 A. Diakonoff named 7. nigrimarginata

from New Guinea and in 1966 he named the following; 7° centroluta from Borneo; T-

melanoglypha trom Java; T. peripsacas from the Celebes; T. pharmacis from Sumatra

and T. syngnoma from Malaya. In 1968 Diakonoff also named T° argessa and

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 32

T. citrantha both from the Philippines, bringing the world total of named Tonica

species to nineteen.

The life history of Tonica niviferana (Fig. 4) was illustrated in an article on

Suk Cotton, Bombax malabaricum (Malvaceae), published in a Report of the

Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting held at Pusa (India) on the 5th to

12th February 1917 Edited by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. Part of the article read as

follows: The shoots (and stems in the case of young plants) are bored by the larvae

aieaea ds It is not a serious pest, but the young growth is stunted. Common, 1990, lists,

Brachychiton paradoxum (Sterculiaceae) and Cotton, Gossypium (Malvaceae) as host

plants for 7. effractella and states that it has been reared on Sterculia quadrifida

(Sterculiaceae). The pupa of Tonica species are fully exposed and are more or less

upright. This is a feature of several genera in the family Depressariidae, to which they

belong. :

So what species is the one

in Ron's photo? Is it the Australian

species Tonica effractella ‘?? No, it

is in fact more closely alligned to

one of two unnamed species I am

aware of in the Australian national

insect collection (ANIC). An

image representing this unnamed

species can be found at

http://www.boldsystems.org/

index.php/Taxbrowser Taxonpage?

taxid=325507

In preparing this article I

am indebted to; Ron May who

posed the question and took the

time to post his image; Chris Ross

who kindly granted me permission

to use his superb image and to the

online Biodiversity Heritage

Library and the various

contributing libraries for access to

the historical data. To see more of

Chris’s magnificent images visit, http://aus-natural.com/

Fig. 4

Reference

Common, I.F.B. 1990. Moths of Australia, Melb Univ Press

Diakonoff, A. 1966. Records and descriptions of South Asiatic Microlepidoptera Tijdschrift

Voor Entomologie, Uitgegeven Door, De Nederlandsche Entomologische

Vereeniging

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 33

Fletcher, T.B. Report on the Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting Held at Pusa on

the 5" to 12" February 1917; Calcutta Superintrndent Gov. Printing Inda

Meyrick, E. Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Oecophoridae, Genera Insectorum.

Snellen P.C.T. 1879. Nieuwe Exotische Tineinen Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, Uitgegeven

Door, De Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging.

Turner, A.J. 1896. Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Queensland, Transactions of the

Royal Society of South Australia 20; Adelaide W.C. Rigby

Walker, F. 1864. List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum Edward Newman London

Photos — Fig. | Ron May — Fig. 2 Chris Ross

OK OK OK OR oR OK OK OO OK

Ed.: In Issue #73 Glenn asks for an

identification of this weevil. I had

numerous responses and the following is

from Graham MacDonald.

“Hi Glenn, I just sat down to read

Metamorphosis Australia issue 73 (June

2014) and on page 35 the photo of the

weevil that you took out at Proston with

Maurie caught my eye.

The insect has a few common names

including Sapphire Weevil, Diamond "Beetle", and aban Bay Diamond Weavil,

The classification 1s Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Curculionidae, Genus

Chrysolopus, species spectabilis. Chrysolopus spectabilis Fabr. was collected by

James Cook's party at Botany Bay in 1770, and was one of the first insects to be

named from Australia. The larvae and adults both feed on various Acacia species,

particularly Acacia melanoxylon.

The wing covers (elytra) contain pits with special scales which reflect green light

waves, sometimes bluish. Hope that this helps Regards Graham”

Ed.: In the same issue John asks what this curious

creature 1s in the Fair Isle jumper.

Dear Daphne,

- I noticed that in the Newsletter No. 73 on p. 36 John

Mansfield asked about an odd insect rather dumpy in

shape and surrounded by eggs on a cocoon.

This is an old chestnut that occasionally surfaces. I

~~ remember a notable occasion when it went the rounds

G of an entomological conference. It was a specimen in

~~ alcohol that had been so stirred up that it had lost its

~ scales. As a last resort they came to me and were a bit

surprised to get a species identification.

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Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club #74 — Page 34

This is the wingless female of the moth Anestia semiochrea in the family Erebidae,

subfamily Arctinae. It 1s found widely in eastern Australia and 1s very close to

Anestia ombrophanes which 1s found across southern Australia and which probably

has a similar female.

The larvae feed on lichens on trunks and can sometimes be very plentiful with their

wingless females. I should qualify it by saying that “wingless” may be an

approximation and they could have minute wing stumps. I have not checked.

The “jumper” colours can be distinctive in live specimens. Cheers, Ted Edwards

IS IS 2 OK OS SIS IS Fk OK OK

A “You Asked” from issue #16 March 2000 - “Molly Grubs” — What are they?

We read with interest Terry Rayner’s article ““Nature’s Resilence” in Urimbirra,

journal of the Chinchilla Field Naturalist’s Club. The “Molly Grubs” referred to are

larvae of scarab beetles. The particular species that frequent compost heaps feeding

on the decaying vegetation are different from the species that attack the roots of

monocotyledons such as pasture grasses.

On the coast we have the huge larvae of the large Rhinoceros beetle which infest our

compost heap and help the much smaller organisms 1n the composting process. We

value these “grubs” and encourage their presence - we may feed the odd one or two to

our Pied Butcher Birds, but otherwise they are left in peace. Their presence helps in

saving us some backbreaking work 1n turning over the compost.

We have heard that the Yellowbelly is quite partial to scarab larvae. The native

eudgeons in our pond readily take small ones, although they have a preference for

worms. Strangely, although our Maggies will take both our garden worms and scarab

erubs. Pied Butchers will not touch a worm if grubs are in the offing.

John and Bev Moss

BUTTERFLY AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES CLUB PROGRAMME

The Society for Growing Australian Plants Spring Flower Show

What: SGAP always has a spectacular display of native flowers and sponsor the sales of a

wide range of native plants at very reasonable prices. Our club will

maintain a display and have butterfly host plants for sale.

When: On Saturday October 11" and Sunday October 12"

Where: The auditorium at Mt Coot-tha Botanic Gardens

Who: All members are welcome to drop by if within range.

Planning and General Meeting

What: _ A talk by John Moss on some of the insects in his extensive collection will

follow our quarterly planning meeting.

When: Saturday 8" November from 10 am

Where: John’s place at Capalaba — address provided on RSVP

Who: All members are welcome.

RSVP: Ross Kendall on 07 3378 1187, 0402 254 370 ross@butterflyencounters.com.

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DISCLAIMER

The magazine seeks to be as scientifically accurate as possible but the views, opinions and

observations expressed are those of the authors. The magazine is a platform for people, both

amateur and professional, to express their views and observations about invertebrates. These

are not necessarily those of the BOIC. The manuscripts are submitted for comment to

entomologists or people working in the area of the topic being discussed. If inaccuracies have

inadvertently occurred and are brought to our attention we will seek to correct them in future

editions. The Editor reserves the right to refuse to print any matter which is unsuitable,

inappropriate or objectionable and to make nomenclature changes as appropriate.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Producing this magazine is done with the efforts of:

e Those members who have sent in letters and articles

Lois Hughes who provided the cover painting

Daphne Bowden who works on layout, production and distribution

John Moss and Dr Anne Dollin for scientific referencing

and proof reading of various articles in this issue of the

magazine

e Printing of this publication is proudly supported by

Brisbane City Council

We would like to thank all these people for their contribution. Ppedicated to a hetter Brishane

ARE YOU A MEMBER?

Please check your mailing label for the date your membership is due for renewal. If your

membership is due, please renew as soon as possible. Membership fees are $30.00 for

individuals, schools and organizations. If you wish to pay electronically, the following

information will assist you: BSB: 484-799, Account No: 001227191, Account name: BOIC,

Bank: Suncorp, Reference: your membership number and surname e.g. 234 Roberts.

BRISBANE CITY

Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club Inc.

PO Box 2113

RUNCORN Q. 4113

Next event — The Society for Growing Australian Plants Spring Flower Show

Saturday October 11" and Sunday October 12", 2014

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