ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

V

SYSTEMATICS

OF

DRESSLERELLA

AND

SCAPHOSEPALUM

ADDENDA TO PORROGLOSSUM

(ORCHIDACEAE)

m

Missouri Botanical Garden

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

V

SYSTEMATICS

OF

DRESSLERELLA

AND

SCAPHOSEPALUM

ADDENDA TO PORROGLOSSUM

CARLYLE A. LUER

Missouri Botanical Garden

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

JAN 16 1989

MONOGRAPHS IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

from the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volume 26, November 1988

Carlyle A. Luer

3222 Old Oak Drive

Sarasota, FL. 34239

Typeset at 3222 Old Oak Drive, Sarasota, Florida

with WordStar Professional Release 4

and a Hewlett Packard Laseijet Series II

using HP 33412AD and 33412AF

CONTENTS

Systematic^ of the genus Dresslerella .1

Key to the species of Dresslerella .2

The species of Dresslerella .4

Index to the scientific names in Dresslerella .20

Systematics of the genus Scaphosepalum . 21

Epithets published in Scaphosepalum .23

Key to the species of Scaphosepalum . 27

The species of Scaphosepalum .30

Index to the scientific names in Scaphosepalum .106

Addenda to Porroglossunt .108

SYSTEMATIC^ OF THE GENUS

DRESSLERELLA (ORCHIDACEAE)

A history of Dresslerella Luer is given and the genus is described. A key to

the subgenera and species is given. Each species is described and illustrated with

a black and white drawing, and a distribution map is included for each.

New Taxa:

Dresslerella subgen. Dresslerella

Dresslerella subgen. Pilositas Luer

The first species of Dresslerella to be described was the Costa Rican

Pleurothallis pilosissima by Rudolf Schlechter in 1923 from a discovery by his

friend Guillermo Acosta. No mention was made of the pollinia. Schlechter sus¬

pected that his unusual species would belong in an undescribed genus separate

from Pleurothallis, remarking that he hoped one day to return to the question

with more material. Schlechter died in 1925 at the age of 53. Species of his

anticipated genus were to reside in Cryptophoranthus Barb. Rodr., Pleurothallis

R. Br., Restrepia H.B.K., and Restrepiella Garay & Dunsterville before finally

coming to rest in Dresslerella.

In 1925, Ames described Cryptophoranthuspowellii from Panama, the second

species of Dresslerella to come to the attention of an orchid taxonomist.

Again, no mention was made of the pollinia. In 1937, Ames and Schweinfurth

transferred P. pilosissima to Restrepia because of the clavate dorsal sepal and

petals, not because of the four pollinia. In 1940, L. O. Williams described P.

hispida from Panama, not realizing that it was extremely closely allied to C.

powellii. Again, no mention was made of the pollinia. In 1951, Schweinfurth

next described P. hirsutissima from Peru, comparing it to the very closely

allied P. pilosissima from Costa Rica, and choosing not to describe it in

Restrepia. Again, no mention was made of the pollinia.

In 1970, Dressier described P. pertusa from Panama, and pointed out the

slight differences between P. hispida and C. powellii (P. deceptrix ). The

latter required a change of the epithet in Pleurothallis. Dressier looked at

the pollinia, but saw only the larger pair.

The genus Dresslerella was proposed in 1976 for the three Panamanian

species plus a fourth new one. The genus was increased to eight in 1979 when

D. hirsutissima and D. pilosissima were transferred from Restrepiella and two

new species from the Andes were added. All have s imilar habits and floral

structures, and all have a pair of "normal-sized" pollinia flanked on each side

by a much smaller pollinium for a total of four.

The eight species of Dresslerella apparently form local, isolated popula¬

tions in moist, tropical forests from Nicaragua into Peru. Most are relatively

uncommon except for D. powellii which is locally abundant in Panama.

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DRESSLERELLA

1 Leaves short-pubescent or dliate; dorsal sepal deeply

connate to the synsepal, not clavate; petals not clavate.2

1’ Leaves long-pubescent; dorsal sepal free and clavate;

petals clavate.7

Subgenus Dresslerella

2 Leaves covered with trichomes on both surfaces;

lip pandurate with the anterior lobe dentate. D. caesariata

T Leaves with trichomes only along the margins;

lip not pandurate with the anterior lobe dentate.3

3 Sepals with the trichomes stellate. D. stellaris

y Sepals with the trichomes simple.4

4 Claw of the lip with the callus erect, acute.5

4’ Claw of the lip with the callus hippocrepiform, obtuse.6

5 Apex of the dorsal sepal protruding beyond the synsepal;

petals linear, not with marginal angles above the middle. D. elvallensis

5* Apex of the dorsal sepal not protruding beyond the synsepal;

petals with obtuse, marginal angles above the middle. D. pertusa

6 Apex of the synsepal with markedly involute margins,

inflated; petals elliptical.£>. powem

6’ Apex of the synsepal without markedly involute margins,

deeply cymbiform; petals scimitar-shaped. D. hispida

Subgenus Pilositas

7 Dorsal sepal and petals striped; anterior lobe of the lip

rounded, the basal callus flat.J). pibsissima

T Dorsal sepal and petals spotted; anterior lobe of the lip

abruptly apiculate, the basal callus erect, acute. D. hirsutissima

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Dresslerella caesariata Luer

Dresslerella elvallensis Luer

Dresslerella hirsutissima (C. Schweinf.) Luer

Dresslerella hispida (L. O. Wms.) Luer

Dresslerella pertusa (Dressier) Luer

Dresslerella pilosissima (Schltr.) Luer

Dresslerella powellii (Ames) Luer

Dresslerella stellaris Luer & Escobar

Plate 1.

Plate Z

Plate 3.

Plate 4.

Plate 5.

Plate 6.

Plate 7.

Plate 8.

t Luer, Selbyana 3:1,1976.

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dresslerella caesariata Luer, Selbyana 2: 185,1979.

Ety.: From the Latin caesariatus, “covered with hair,” in r

hairs covering the parts of the plant.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 2. Dresslerella elvallensis Luer

SYSTEMATICS OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 3. Dresslerella hirsutissima (C. Schweinf.) Luer

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

PANAMA: Prov. of Cocl6: vicinity of El Valle,

alt. 800-1000 m, 5 Sept. 1939, P. Allen 782

(Holotype: AMES). Prov. of Panama: epiphytic

on Cerro Azul, alt. ca. 1000 m, 14 July 1964,

R L Dressier 2919 (SEL); epiphytic on Ceno

Jefe, alt. ca. 1000 m, 2 Mar. 1976, C. Luer,

J. Luer, R L. Dressier & P. Taylor 1012

(SEL).

NICARAGUA: Prov. of Chontales, east of Babi-

lonia Mine, alt 650 m,A. Heller 6513 (SEL).

COLOMBIA: Dept, of Choeo: Bahia Solano,

“Mutata arriba,” alt. 300 m, Apr. 1977,

collected by G. Misas, R. Estrada & L C

Vieira, flowered in cultivation at SEL, 14

Dec. 1977, C Luer2262 (SEL).

This species is variable in size in

its wide distribution from Nicaragua

into the Choc6 of Colombia, where it

reaches its greatest proportions. Simi¬

lar to D. powellii with the ramicauls

forming a rosette of heavy, prostrate

leaves, D. hispida is distinguished by a

scaphoid synsepal without markedly recui

the presence of scimitar-shaped petals, inese cur

pida being little more than a variation of D. powellii

differences are slight, D. his-

SYSTEMATIC^ OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 4. Dresslerella hispida (L. O. Wms.) Luer

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dresslerella pertusa (Dressier) Luer, Selbyana 3: 6,1976.

Bas.: Pleurothallispertusa Dressier, Orquideologi'a 5: 76,1970.

Latin pertusus, 11 having a hole,"in refere

apex of the flower.

PANAMA: Prov. of Panami: epiphytic in cloud

forest on Cerro Jefe, alt. ca. 1000 m, 12 Nov.

1967, R, L. Dressier 3152 (Holotype: US; Iso¬

types: MO, PMA); same area, 2 Mar. 1976, C.

Luer J. Luer, R. L. Dressier A P. Taylor 981

(SEL).

This species is apparently endemic in

the forests of the province of Panama

east of Panama City. Related to the

other Panamanian species with the rami-

cauls forming a rosette of heavy, pros¬

trate leaves, D. pertusa is the largest-

flowered, The dark, fleshy sepals are

connate into a saccate, pyriform flower

with a small, rounded opening at the

SYSTEMATIC* OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 5. Dresslerella pertusa (Dressier) Luer

SYSTEMATIC^ OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 6. Dresslerella pilosissima (Schltr.) Luer

ICONES PLEUROTHALUDINARUM

SYSTEMATICS OF DRESSLERELLA

Plate 7. Dresslerella powellii (Ames) Luer

SYSTEMATICS OF DRESSLERELLA

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful to Robert L. Dressier for his criticisms and suggestions.

REFERENCES

Dressler, R. L., 1981. The orchids: natural history and classification. Harvard University

Press, Cambridge.

Luer, C A, 1976. Dresslerella, A new genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 3: 1-9.

-1978. Additions to the genus Dresslerella. Selbyana 2:185-189.

- 1986. leones Pleurothallidinarum I. Systematics of the Pleurothallidinae. Monogr.

Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 15:57.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

subgen. Dresslerella 1, 2, 3,4, If

subgen. Pilositas 1, 2,3, 4

dresslerella caesariata 2, 4, Plate 1

ehrallensis 2, 6, Plate 2.

hirsutissima 2, 8 , Plate 3.

hispida 2,10, Plate 4., 16

pertusa 2, 6,12, Plate 5.

pilosissima 2, 3, 8,14, Plate 6.

powellii 1, 2,10, 16, Plate 7.

steUaris 2,18, Plate 8.

Pleurothallis 1

Pleurothallis deceptrix 1,16

hirsutissima 1,8

hispida 1, 10

pertusa 3, 10

pilosissima 1,14

Restrepiapilosissima 14

Restrepiella 1

Restrepiella hirsutissima 8

pilosissima 14

SYSTEMATIC^ OF THE GENUS

SCAPHOSEPALUM (ORCHIDACEAE)

ICONES PLEU ROTHALLIDINA RUM

Reichenbach’s third epithet attributable to Scaphosepalum was Af. macro-

dactyla , applied in 1872 to a plant imported from “New Grenada” and cultivat¬

ed by Messrs. Veitch at the Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea. Reichenbach states

that it is the “third species” with a verrucose peduncle, but the peduncle of

the type-specimen at W (Wien) is smooth. In the description he mentions the

pair of fleshy calli of the lateral sepals. Although Reichenbach will state in

a later article that Af. macrodactyla is “well known,” it is known today only

by the type-specimen. Could Reichenbach possibly have been referring to anoth¬

er species when he described Af. macrodactyla ?

Reichenbach added the fourth epithet with the Colombian M. gibberosa in

1876, at which time he proposed the section Verrucosae in Masdevallia for the

species with verrucose peduncles. He does not mention the sepaline calli so

prominent in this species.

When Reichenbach published the next species of Scaphosepalum in 1880, he

was so impressed with the sepaline calli that he named the species for them: Af.

pulvinaris (from the Latin pulvirtus , “a cushion”). Later that year he pub¬

lished Af. swertiifolia, the first species with a smooth peduncle, if the her¬

barium specimen ofS. macrodactylum is excluded.

Before his death in 1889, Reichenbach had added two more epithets (brevis

and anchorifera ) for a total of eight encompassing seven species. In 1888,

Pfitzer proposed the genus Scaphosepalum forAf. verrucosa and Af. ochthodes. He

acknowledged a total of five species, but he failed to indicate the others.

Rolfe transferred the remaining species to Scaphosepalum in 1890.

Vegetatively the species of Scaphosepalum are not greatly unlike those of

Dracula or Masdevallia: short ramicauls that bear a more or less elliptical

leaf at the apex and an inflorescence usually produced from near the base. The

inflorescence is a successively flowered raceme borne by an erect or descending

peduncle. The peduncle is either smooth or warty like a fine rasp.

The hallmark of the genus Scaphosepalum is the pair of “cushions” of the

lateral sepals, uppermost in the non-resupinate flowers. The distal or outer

portron of each lateral sepal “above the middle” possesses a more or less

well-defined, ovoid, triangular or crescent-shaped, fleshy callus. These so-

called cushtons may be small and indistinct as in some clones of the small-

flowered S microdactylum , or they may be much larger than the blade of the

sepal itsell as m S. hirtzii. Like the davate dorsal sepal and petals of

some speaes ol Dresslerella and Masdevallia , and all speties of Restrepia,

these cellular cushions function as osmophores (Vogel 1962; Pridgeon & Stern

™ ,7°^’ 30 SPC l eS 316 ! Cn0Wn to ^abit toe cool, moist doud forests from

^uthemMexKo where only one species is known (S. microdactylum), to central

Bohvia, where also only one spedes is known (S. breve). The pleomorphic 5.

thT^L F C y ^ CieS ? f the genus known from eastern Venezuela and

.^‘^P^es are known from Central America (Mexico to Panama),

fi^h i^hTn m r ^ 311(118 are presently known from Ecuador. Schwein-

r^nrTvtf r C ” b? ? rk ° n th£ ° rchids of but 5. antenniferum has

^ ^ With ° Ut doubt * also occurs there.

^^^Sr^S d0raDdBoBvia ' *^«M**«*"*»

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

EPITHETS ATTRIBUTED TO SCAPHOSEPALUM

Scaphosepalum amethystinum (Rchb. f.) Schltr. = Porroglossum amethystinu

Scaphosepalum anchoriferum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum andreettae Luer

Scaphosepalum antenniferum Rolfe

Scaphosepalum antioquiense Krzl. = Porroglossum mordax

Scaphosepalum beluosum Luer

Scaphosepalum bicolor Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum carpophorum (Krzl.) Garay = Pleurothallis tripterantha

Scaphosepalum cimex Luer & Hirtz

Scaphosepalum clavellatum Luer

Scaphosepalum dalstroemii Luer

Scaphosepalum decorum Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum dodsonii Luer

Scaphosepalum echidna (Rchb. f.) Schltr. = Porroglossum echidna

Scaphosepalum elasmotopus Schltr. = Scaphosepalum microdactylum

Scaphosepalum endresianum Krzl. = Scaphosepalum anchoriferum

Scaphosepalum erinaceum (Rchb. f.) Schltr. = Masdevallia erinacea

Scaphosepalum escobarianum Garay = Scaphosepalum grande

Scaphosepalum fimbriatum Luer & Hirtz

Scaphosepalum gibberosum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum grande Krzl.

Scaphosepalum hirtzii Luer

Scaphosepalum lima (Lehm. & Krzl.) Schltr.

Scaphosepalum longirepens Ames = Scaphosepalum microdactylum

Scaphosepalum macrodactylum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum microdactylum Rolfe

Scaphosepalum naviculare Krzl. = Scaphosepalum anchoriferum

Scaphosepalum nutans Krzl. = Scaphosepalum breve

Scaphosepalum ochthodes (Rchb. f.) Pfitz. = Scaphosepalum verrucosum

Scaphosepalum odontochilum Krzl.

Scaphosepalum ophidion Luer

Scaphosepalum ovulare Luer

Scaphosepalum panamense Schltr. = Masdevallia livingstoneana

Scaphosepalum pittieri Schltr. = Scaphosepalum microdactylum

Scaphosepalum platypetalum Schltr. = Scaphosepalum swertiifolium

Scaphosepalum pulvinare (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum punctatum (Rolfe) Rolfe = Scaphosepalum anchoriferum

Scaphosepalum rapax Luer

Scaphosepalum reversum Krzl. = Scaphosepalum antenniferum

Scaphosepalum rolfeanum Krzl. = Scaphosepalum pulvinare

Scaphosepalum sneidemii Garay = Scaphosepalum odontochilum

Scaphosepalum stancUeyi Ames = Scaphosepalum microdactylum

Scaphosepalum swertiifolium subsp. exiguum Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum swertiifolium (Rchb. f.) Rolfe subsp. swertiifolium

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepahim trachypus Schltr. = Scaphosepalum breve

Scaphosepalum triceratops Luer & Andreetta

Scaphosepalum ursinum Luer

Scaphosepalum verrucosum (Rchb. f.) Pfitz.

Scaphosepalum vlviparum Luer

Scaphosepalum xipheres (Rchb. f.) Schltr. = Porroglossum i

Scaphosepalum xystra Luer

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Scaphosepalum anchorifemm (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum andreettae Luer

Scaphosepalum antennifemm Rolfe

Scaphosepalum beluosum Luer

Scaphosepalum bicolor Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum cimex Luer & Hirtz

Scaphosepalum clavellatum Luer

Scaphosepalum dalstroemii Luer

Scaphosepalum decorum Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum dodsonii Luer

Scaphosepalum fimbriatum Luer & Hirtz

Scaphosepalum gibberosum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum grande Krzl.

Scaphosepalum hirtzii Luer

Scaphosepalum lima (Lehm. & Krzl.) Schltr.

Scaphosepalum macrodactylum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum microdactylum Rolfe

Scaphosepalum odontochilum Krzl.

Scaphosepalum ophidion Luer

Scaphosepalum ovulare Luer

Scaphosepalum pulvinare (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum rapax Luer

Scaphosepalum swertiijolium subsp. swertiifolium Rchb. f.) Rolfe

Scaphosepalum swertiifolium subsp. exiguum Luer & Escobar

Scaphosepalum tiaratum Luer

Scaphosepalum triceratops Luer & Andreetta

Scaphosepalum ursinum Luer

Scaphosepalum verrucosum (Rchb. f.) Pfitz.

Scaphosepalum viviparum Luer

Scaphosepalum xystra Luer

Plate 4.

Plate 5.

Plate 6.

Plate 7.

Plate 8., 9, 10.

Plate 11.

Plate 12.

Plate 13.

Plate 14, 15.

Plate 16.

Plate 17.

Plate 18., 19.

Plate 20.

Plate 21.

Plate 22.

Plate 23.

Plate 24, 25., 26., 27,

Plate 29., 30.

Plate 31.

Plate 32.

Plate 33.

Plate 34.

Plate 35, 36.

Plate 37, 38.

Plate 39.

Plate 40.

Plate 41.

Plate 42.

Plate 43.

Plate 44.

25

Figure 1. Details of the flower.

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

The species of the genus are too closely allied to divide at the subgen¬

eric level. Three sections, however, are easily recognized: one with rough or

verrucose peduncles, and of the two with essentially smooth peduncles, one with

more or less congested, distichous racemes with broad, conspicuous floral

bracts, and the other with loose to congested racemes without broad, conspicu¬

ous floral bracts.

Scaphosepalum sect. Scaphosepalum

T>pe: Scaphosepalum ochthodes (Rchb. f.) Pfitz. = S. verrucosum (Rchb. f.) Pfitz. = Mas-

Syn.: Pleurothallis sect. Racemosae Rchb. f., Bonplandia ± 24,1854.

Type: Masdevallia verrucosa Rchb. f., Linnaea 22: 819,1849.

Ely.: From the Latin racemosus, “racemose,” referring to the inflorescence.

Syn.: Masdevallia &

Type: Masdevallia i

E ly.: From the Lati

This section is readily identified by the more or less rigid, verrucose or

roughened peduncles. The flowers of some species (e.g. S. breve ) are extremely

similar to those of some species with smooth peduncles (e.g. S. anchoriferum or

S. dalstroemu). Nine species are included. (See key)

Scaphosepalum sect. Distichium Luer, sect. nov.

Type: Scaphosepalum grande Krzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 135,1922.

Ely.: From the Latin distichus, “arranged in two opposite ranks,” referring to the con¬

spicuously distichous racemes with large floral bracts.

Pedunculi glabri. Floralium bractae conspicuae latae et disfl chae

This section is recognized by smooth peduncles bearing more or less con¬

gested, distichous racemes with comparatively large, broad, conspicuous floral

bracts. Two pairs of related species are referred here.

i Luer, sect. nov.

i (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 28:137,1890.

Pedunculi glabri. Floralium bractae graciles vel non conspicuae.

This section, consisting of the remaining 18 species of the genus, is

distinguished by the slender, ascending or descending, non-verrucose peduncles,

loose to congested, occasionally distichous racemes with slender or non-con-

spicuous floral bracts.

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

3

y

5

5*

7

8

8’

9

9*

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Peduncle coarsely vemicose.2

Peduncle smooth or faintly verrucose.10

Section Scaphosepalum

Peduncle and rachis stout, strict, erect.3

Peduncle and rachis slender, flexible, ascending to descending.7

Tails of the lateral sepals decurved, diverging.

Tails of the lateral sepals strict, approximate or

slightly diverging.

Sepals verrucose. .

Sepals not verrucose.

Sepals more than 10 mm long, the tails slender

Sepals less than 10 mm long, the tails thickened ...

Tails of the lateral sepals in apposition,

shorter than the blades.

Tails of the lateral sepals slightly diverging,

longer than the blades.

Tails of the lateral sepals longer than the cushions .

Tails of the lateral sepals shorter than the cushions .

Tails of the lateral sepals decurved,

about as long as the blades.

Tails of the lateral sepals more or less transverse,

much longer than the blades.

Cushions lunate, transverse, pubescent.

Cushions ovate, longitudinal, essentially glabrous..

.... 5. tiaratum

.5

S. antenniferum

.. S. xystra

. S.pulvinare

. S. triceratops

.8

. S. breve

. S. gibberosum

. S.lima

. S. vemicosum

Inflorescence conspicuously distichous with broad floral bracts

Inflorescence not with broad, conspicuous floral bracts.

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Section Distichium

11 Habit robust; inflorescence erect; floral bracts 7-12 mm long.12

11* Habit not robust; inflorescence slender, transverse

to ascending; floral bracts 2-3 mm long.13

12 Peduncle produced low on the ramicaul; tails of the

lateral sepals about as long as the cushions. S. grande

12’ Peduncle produced high on the ramicaul; tails

of the lateral sepals longer than the blades. S. decorum

13 Middle sepal thick, about as long as the lateral sepals. S. microdactylum

13’ Middle sepal clavate, much longer than the lateral sepals. S. clavellatum

Section Leiocaulium

14 Middle sepal connate to above the middle to the synsepal

to form a tubular or ovoid sepaline tube. 15

14’ Middle sepal connate basally to the synsepal

to form a gaping flower. .

15 Cushions larger than the blade, everted, obstructing the

openmg of the flower, the tails slender, decurved

iy Cushi °ns smaller than the blade, the tails of the lateral *

sepals absent or reduced to an apiculum

16 Mature leaves less than 4 <

oblong, lateral lobes....

16’ Mature leaves more than <

without lateral lobes....

long; lip serrate with broad,

m long; lip fimbriate, ovate,

.16

. S. ovulare

17 Tails of the lateral sepals slender, as long as or

longer than the blades.

17 Tails of the lateral sepals shorter than the blades

18 Tails of the lateral sepals much longer than the blades-

t P r ° fsmaI1 ’ rounded > lateral lobes.^ swertiifolium

18 Tails of the lateral sepals about as long as the blades-

hp with or without lateral lobes .. ’ 1Q

19 Tail of the dorsal sepal slender, terete

19" TaiI of *** dors *l ^Pal thickened or lateraily'comp'ressed

20 Cushions of the lateral sepals long and

20 s Cushions of the lateral sepals triangulai

narrow,

r-ovate.

. 20

.22

. 21

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

21 Mature leaves less than 4 cm long; lip without

a pair of small, rounded, lateral lobes. S. dodsonii

21* Mature leaves more than 6 cm long; lip with

a pair of small, rounded, lateral lobes. S. swertiifolium

subsp. exiguum

22 Leaves fleshy, more than 20 cm long; sepals

and tails ciliate-pubescent. S. ursinum

22’ Leaves not fleshy, less than 15 cm long; sepals

glabrous, the tails lightly verrucose. S. dalstroemii

Sepals carinate-spiculate or carinate-dliate.

Sepals carinate, but neither spiculate nor dliate ....

Mature leaves long-petiolate, more than 15 cm long .

Mature leaves less than 11 cm long.

25 Leaves thin, broadly spathulate; tail of the

dorsal sepal narrowly terete. S. beluosum

2 5’ Leaves fleshy, narrowly obovate; tail of the

dorsal sepal laterally compressed. S. ursinum

26 Mature leaves less than 4 cm long, less than 1 cm wide;

inflorescence up to 4 cm long. S. rapax

26’ Mature leaves 4-11 cm long, 1J5-25 cm wide;

inflorescence up to 16 cm long.27

27 Inflorescence more or less branching; tails of the

lateral sepals shortly spiculate. S. vivipamm

27 Inflorescence not branching; tails of the lateral

sepals long-fimbriate. S.fimbriatum

28 Tails of the lateral sepals as long as or longer than the cushions.29

28’ Tails of the lateral sepals shorter than the cushions.30

29 Mature leaves less than 8 cm long; cushions small,

ovoid, not filling the apex of the lateral sepals. S. andreettae

29’ Mature leaves more than 10 cm long; cushions

triangular, filling the apex of the lateral sepals. S. ophidion

30 Cushions small, not extending beyond the margins

of the lateral sepals; column abruptly winged. S. macrodactylum

30’ Cushions large, usually extending beyond the margins

of the lateral sepals; column obtusely winged.31

31 Sepals and cushions spotted; petals shortly acuminate. S. anchoriferum

31’ Sepals purple, the cushions orange; petals broadly obtuse. S. bicolor

St i SK

ICONES PLEUROT1LALLIDINA RU M

Scaphosepalum anchoriferum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 28:136,1890.

Bas.: Masdevallia anchorifera Rchb. f, Gard. Chron. 1: 577,1884.

Ety.: Fran the Latin ancora, “an anchor,” and -fer, “-bearing,” referring to the

appearance of “the recurved tails of the connate sepals.”

Syn.: Masdevallia punctata Rolfe, Gard. Chron. 2:323,1888.

Ety.: Fran the Latin punctatus, “spotted,” referring to the flowers.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum punciatum (Rolfe) Rolfe ex Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1:266,1906.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum endresianum Krzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17:435,1921.

Ety.: Named in honor of its discoverer, A. R. End res of Costa Rica.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum naviculare Krzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17:436,1921.

Ety-: Fran the Latin navicularis, “boat-shaped,” referring to the synsepal.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM 31

lected by Endres, two of his collections being described as two new species by

Kranzlin. Rolfe also described it from a plant cultivated with unknown origin

32 ICONES PLEU ROTHALLIDINA RUM

at Kew. It was iliiistrated it

An unusual form with more <

2,). Other less striking forms

Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, plate 7165 in 1890.

r less revolute cushions is seen in Panama (Plate

Scaphosepatum anchorifemm is identified by the smooth pednnele; purple-

spotted flowers with large, triangular, velvety cushions half the size of the

blade and usually extending beyond the margins of the blade; short, slender,

decurved sepaline tails; ovate, ventricose, acute, shortly acuminate petals;

and a deflexed lip dilated in the middle third.

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepalum andreettae Luer, Phytologia 57: 64,1985.

Ely.: Named in honor of Padre Angel Andreetta, who along with Mario Portilla discovered

Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, slender, 1-15 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, 4-65 cm long including the

15-25 cm long petiole, the blade narrowly elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 1-15 cm wide,

cuneate below into the slender petiole. Inflorescence a loose, successively flowered raceme

up to 2 cm long, borne more or less horizontally by a slender, smooth peduncle ca. 5 cm

long, from low on the ramicaul, floral bracts thin, tubular, 2 mm long; pedicel slender, 5-6

mm long ovary subverrucose, 25 mm long sepals brown, green toward the apices, mottled

with purple, the middle sepal ovate, narrowly obtuse, concave below the middle, 6 mm long 3

mm wide, the margins revolute above the middle enclosing the apiculate apex, the lateral

sepals connate 5 mm into a concave, ovoid, obtuse lamina 5 mm long 4 mm wide unexpanded,

the apical portion of each lateral sepal with an oblong pubescent cushion 15 mm long 0.75

mm wide, the rounded apices contracted slender, decurved, subserrate tails 3 mm long petals

versely obtuse, with an acute angle on the upper margin near the apex, the labellar margin

broadly dilated; lip yellow, suffused with brown, reflexed near the middle, oblong-trilobed,

175 mm long 1 mm wide, the anterior third or epichile obovate, broadly rounded, serrulate,

the middle third dilated with a pair of erect, serrate call! on the disc, the lower third or

column yellow, semiteiete, slender, 3 mm long broadly winged above the middle, with a thick

foot 2 mm long

ECUADOR: Prov. of Morona-Santiago: cloud

forest of Cutucu, alt. 1400 m, Oct. 1983, A.

Andreetta & M. Portilla, flowered in cultiva¬

tion at Hosteria Uzhupud near Gualacdo, 16

Mar, 1984, C. Luer 9528 (Holotype: MO); flow-

bia, 10 Apr. 1988, C. C ° 1 ° n1 '

This rare, little species is apparent¬

ly confined to an isolated mountain

range in southeastern Ecuador, where it

has been found on only one occasion. The

few plants presently in cultivation are

derived from the original collection.

Scaphosepalum andreettae is identi¬

fied by the small habit and small flow¬

ers with a membranous, tailless, middle

sepal with revolute margins; small,

ovoid, pubescent cushions of the lateral

sepals that fail to occupy all the space

to the margins; and petals with trans¬

versely obtuse apices. The lip is not

unlike that of several other species,

e.g. the widely distributed S. breve.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 4. Scaphosepahtm andreettae Luer

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepalum beluosum Luer, Selbyana 5:188,1979.

Ety.: From the Latin beluosus, “full of monsters,” referring to the ferocious-appearing

flowers.

vith purple-brown, with ciliate-spiculate

and concave in the lower half, 13 mm

wly tubular with revolute margins, the

ncave lamina 9 mm wide unexpanded, tf

each lateral sepal occupied by a thick, triangular, diverging, glab

with the acute, oblique, diverging apex terminating in a decurvec

the total length of each lateral sepal including the tail 15 mm;

with purple, longitudinally callous medially, obliquely subovate, acut

wide, the labellar margin obtusely angled, the upper margin with a

base; lip green, dotted with purple, subpandurate-ligulate, sharply defiexed near the m

die, 3.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, with a small pair of rounded lateral lobes above the middle,

the epichile obovate, denticulate, the hypochile more or less ovate, lightly concave, the

ly bilobulate; columa greenish, spotted with purple, semiterete, slender, 4 mm long, broadly

winged above the middle, with a thick foot 2 mm long.

ECUADOR; Prov. of Pkhincha: epiphytic in

cloud forest above Mindo, alt. 2200 m, 11 Nov.

1979, C. Luer, J. Luer A A. Him 4746 (Hok>-

type: SEL); above Mindo, alt. 2000 m, 6 Dec.

1984, A. Him 2134 (MO); cloud forest between

Chiriboga and Santo Domingo, alt 1650 m, 31

Mar. 1984, C Luer, S. Dalstrom, T. Hoijer, J.

Kuiji «* A. Him 9840 (MO).

This large species occurs rather

frequently on the western slopes of the

Andes of central Ecuador where it is

apparently endemic. It is characterized

by the long, slender petioles bearing

large, broad but thin, elliptical blades

and a suberect to horizontal peduncle

usually bearing two relatively large,

beastlike flowers simultaneously. The

light yellowish brown flowers with pur¬

plish brown spots are provided with

erose carinae and short tails.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 6. Scaphosepalum beluosum Luer

§tn§?

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepalum breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 28:136,1890.

Bas.: Masdevallia brevis Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2:588,1883.

Ely.: From the Latin brevis, “short,” referring to the size of the flowers.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 28:136,1890.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum trachypus Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 33,1919.

Ety.: From the Greek trachypus, “rough-footed,” referring to the verrucose peduncle.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum nutans Kxzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 136,1922.

Ety.: From the Latin nutans, “drooping,” in allusion to the position of the peduncle.

A specimen of this species was first collected by Wagener

Caracas,

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Venezuela, in 1850, but the specimen in Reichenbach’s herbarium was incorrectly

annotated Masdevallia verrucosa. A different Wagenerian collection from Ocana,

Colombia (the same species as Schlim 1439, M. verrucosa ), was described as M.

ochthodes.

Scaphosepalum breve was not described by Reichenbach until 1883 from an

importation by Messrs. Veitch from British Guiana. The flowers of the type-

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

by the more or less horizontal, thin, wiry, verrucose peduncle bearing

sized flowers with large cushions, and tails as long as or longer

blades of the lateral sepals. The apical third of the middle sepal is

ed. The apex of the petals is apiculate. The pandurate Up reflexed

middle bears a pair of denticulate lameUae above the middle. The size, colors

and minor details of the flower parts are variable throughout the range.

HU

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepalum ciavellatum Luer, Selbyana 3:32,1976.

Ety.: From the Latin clavellatus, “little-clubbed,” in reference to the long, club-

shaped middle sepal.

PANAMA; Prov. of Panama epiphytic on Cerro

Jefe, alt. 1000 m, 2 March 1976, C. Luer, J.

Luer, R L Dressier A P. Taylor 740 (Holo-

lype: SEL; Isotype: K); Altos de Pacora road,

alt. 650 m, 2 March 1976, C. Luer, J. Luer, R

L Dressier A P. Taylor 748 (SEL). Prov. of

Chiriqufc Cerro Colorado, alt 1000 m, col¬

lected Feb. 1985, flowered in cultivation by

P. Jesup, Bristol, CT, 26 Apr. 1987, C Luer

12860a (MO).

COSTA RICA; without locality, collected and

cultivated by J. M. Wubben in Holland, flow¬

ered in cultivation 23 Oct. 1985, C Luer

11439 (MO).

ECUADOR; Prov. of Cotopaxi: Tenefuerste Rfo

Pilald, alt. 750-1300 m, 21 Feb. 1982, C H.

Dodson A A. H. Gentry 12772 (SEL).

This species is closely allied to the

variable Scaphosepalum microdactylum-

complex, and occurring sympatrically

with it. Scaphosepalum ciavellatum is

easily recognized by the less densely

flowered racemes, and larger flowers

~--WU.W, oiiu uugcr itowers

with a long, davate middle sepal, considerably longer than the lateral sepals.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 1Z Scaphosepalum clavellatum Luer

th mm

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

53

Plate 14. Scaphosepalum decorum Luer & Escobar

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

55

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Plate 16. Scaphosepalum dodsonii Luer

57

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ICONES PLEU ROTHALLID INARUM

Plate 18. Scaphosepatum gibberosum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

^raight, white tails. The middle sepal is attenuated into a long tail which

is slightly bent between the middle and distal thirds, and there is an obtuse

at^leon the inner surface between the concave basal portion and the base of

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

A large-flowered clone with longer, unspotted cushions, and long horizon-

tally outstretched sepaline tails is in cultivation. The flowers are finer than

any of the other plants in cultivation, but, unfortunately, its original col¬

lection data have been lost. To date, it has not been rediscovered.

ICONES PLEUROTHALUDINARUM

Scaphosepalum grande Krzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:135,1922.

Ety.: From the Latin grandis, “large,” referring to the size of the species.

Syn.: Scaphosepalum escobarianum Garay, Orquideologia 6: 62,1974.

Ety.: Named in honor of its collector, Gilberto Escobar R., of Medellin, Colombia.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 20. Scaphosepalum grande Krzl.

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Scaphosepalum lima (Lehm. & KrzL) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.

Beih. 7:220,1920.

Bas.: Masdevattia lima Lehm. & Krzl, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26:454,1899.

Ety.: From the Latin lima , “a file,” referring to the rough, rasplike peduncles.

COLOMBIA: Dept, of Antioquia: terrestrial at

Cuesta de Naranjito above Hato Viejo, alt.

1800-2200 m, Nov. 1891, F. C. Lehmann 8238

(Holotype: K; Isotype: G); near Hato Viejo

near Medellin, alt. 2500 m. 29 Sent irau v

C. Lehmann sji

alt. 2100-2500 n

K 7i w ( P ) A Samc area ’ ncm ' ered '« cultivation

by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 8 Oct. 1977, C.

east of La Ceja, alt. 2400

LuerS857 (SEL).

n, 29 Apr. 1983, C.

This species was apparently first

collected by Consul Lehmann in 1883 and

again in 1884 and 1891 near Medellin in

the Central Cordillera of Colombia where

it is endemic, but not rare. Specimens

were labeled as an unidentified species

of Pleurothallis. In 1899, the species

was finally described in Masdevallia,

long after its raspy stemmed relatives

bad been correctly attributed to

Pfitzer’s Scaphosepalum. Schlechter did

°^J rans ^ er & to Scaphosepalum until

i the disturbed soil of road

, , . . r . - ' forested. In habit with the slender but very

rough pe uncle, it is similar to S. gibberosum, but it is easily identified by

the short deflexed tails, and the callus at the apex of the petals.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES pleurothallidinarum

Scaphosepalum macrodactylum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 28: 136,1890.

Bas.: Masdevallia macrodactyla Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 571,1872.

E* 7 Sd k GreCk , macrodact y los ’ “ a lar S e finger,” referring to the thickened tail of

„ihJp^n wa s imported from NewGrenada by Messrs. Vcitch and cultivated

* <**"• A flowering specimen was forwarded to

^nriT R ^ Chenb ^ hln r HambUrgabOUtl871NOOtherinformationcon « rnin 8

^ k I! 0Wn ' M ot today ’ il Wendy has not been rediscovered,

de^ntbn ^'™ mus » have occurred when Reichenbach stated in the original

bra ver" *! *he Pednncle was verrucose. He calls it the “third” spSies

^ after Masdevallia verrucosa and M. ochrhodesM

were already confounded. The peduncles of the type-specimen now at W (Wien)

^ °“ ly ° ne ‘ eaf and ramicaul are present in addition to

Srom ,T a a n emeS '’ edundes - ^ Option of the flower was

TalZl? flower hydrated with concentrated ammonia,

is dox] y related to 5. breve, but the latter

lonaa Sd * ‘ he '*™ose !»*■*<, and sepaline tails at least as

Americln /L s 5 ' Sc ° phme P alum ^rodactylwn is also similar to the Central

T?*T ’ bUt lhe latter “ <fia&>gnished by much larger sepal-

“tT y eX,end bey ° nd thc blad “- and acute, shorriy acumi-

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 23. Scaphosepahim macrodactylum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

NICARAGUA: Prov. of Jinotega: Bocaycito, /. AtwoodA97 (MSC).

PANAMA: Prov. of Chiriquf: epiphytic in damp forest between Alto de las Palmas and Cerro de

Horqueta, alt. 2100-2300 m, March 1911, H. Piaier & W. R. Maxon 3229 (US, type of S

elasmotopus] AMES); humid forest of the Cordillera, east of the Rio Caldera alt. 2000 m

1 h 1 ?J3? > type ° f S - lon & re P ens ^ cloud forest on C^rro Colorado’

alt. 1750 m, 15 Feb. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, R Dressier A K Dressier 10562 (MO). Prov. of

W roa< ’' * * * * ^ ^ C ^ ^ t r *

COLOMBIA: Dept, of Choco: Bahia Solano, alt. “sea level,” flowered in cultivation by J & L

Orchids, Easton, Ct, 23 Oct. 78, C. Luer 3461 (SEL). X

This concept, or species-complex, frequent and widely distributed in humid

forests from Chiapas, Mexico to the Choc6 of Colombia, is extremely variable

morphologically, each population varying somewhat from the neighbor. This

variability has led to the naming of several forms. Only the closely allied

Scaphosepalum clavellatum seems sufficiently distinct to be maintained sepa¬

rately. For various reasons, some of the others also seem distinct, but the

characters for which they may seem so, are scattered in other populations.

A1 populations have in common a thickened distal half of the middle sepal,

the ‘‘little finger,” about as long as the synsepal. The variable degree of

the development of the cushion on the lateral sepals is remarkable. In some

populations the cushion is distinct and triangular (Plates 24., 25.), in others

it is merely a scarcely discernible thickening (Plates 26., 27., 28.), but

these degrees are not consistently associated with any other variation of a

morphological feature.

Rolfe first described a plant in this complex from a specimen cultivated at

Kew, bid without any collection data, for which Rolfe was so often guilty.

Pittier, Standley, and Kilhp all collected specimens of the complex in the

Chinqui of western Panama and neighboring Costa Rica which resulted in four

more epithets.

Schlechter described the pair of cushions of Costa Rican 5. pittieri as

‘bifoveolate. He probably misinterpreted his drawing at a later time as

having a pair of cavities instead of call! on the lateral sepals. From the

theTushions anama ’ ^ c ^ ec * lter described S. elasmatopus without mentioning

In h * description of S. standleyi from Costa Rica, Ames describes the cush-

WhJLZlu pa P l hf °?? retr0rSC emer g ence on each midnerve,” but his

JTT, 1Shows the c f ushl0n about as it is seen in Plate 28. In his descrip-

r the Chiriq “'’ Ames fails to mention any cushion.

Moa p ants of Uns complex arc shortly repent, but plants growing in a loose

sulKtrate m shade produce longer rhizomes. A shortly repent specimen is mount-

ed on the same herbanum sheet as a long-repent specimen of J. longirepens.

The broad, prominent (although small), distichous floral bracts that place

ttis speaes in sect,on Distichium are so small in some clones that interred-

ation with section Leiocaulium is suggested.

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 25. Scaphosepalum microdactylum Rolfe

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Plate 26. Scaphosepahtm microdactylum Rolfe

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

75

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Plate 28. Scaphosepalum microdactylum Rolfe

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Plate 29.

KrzI.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 30. Scaphosepalum odoniochilum KrzL

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 31. Scaphosepahim ophidion Luer

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ECUADOR: Prov. of Napo: epiphytic in forest

west of Tena, alt. 600 m, 26 July 1975, C.

Luer, G. Luer A S. Wilhelm 460 (Holotype: SEL;

Isotype: K); wet forest near Jatunyacu, alt.

600 m, 21 Feb. 1982, C. Luer A A. Him 6917

(SEL); between Cotundo and Coca, alt. 1000 m,

Aug. 1984, A. Him 1864 (MO); alt. 1100 m, 18

Nov. 1984, A. Him 2126 (MO); north of

Archidona, alt. 1200 m, 13 Apr. 1985, C. Luer,

J. Luer, A. Him A W. Flores 11232 (MO).

Although endemic to the wet forests

of relatively low altitude on the east¬

ern slopes of the Andes of central Ecua¬

dor, this little species is not rare.

It is related to the much larger Scapho-

sepalum odontochilum from farther north

in southern Colombia. Both species are

characterized by their ovoid, tailless,

sepaline tubes that vary in color from

yellow, with or without spots, to red or

red-purple.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

5 mm

Plate 32. Scaphosepahim ovulare Luer

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 33. Scaphosepalum pulvinare (4b. f.) Rolfe

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

87

Plate 34. Scaphosepalum rapax Luer

88

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

This spedes is relatively frequent and variable in its chstnbution from

central Colombia to central Ecuador. It was first discovered in the mountains

west of Pasto in southern Colombia by Consul Lehmann.

The leaves, thin and more or less soft in consistency, vary greatly in size,

but they are always long-petiolate. When the blades are large and broad, they

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

are lightly plicate. The cushions of the lateral sepals are large, about half

the size of the blades. The tails are straight and slender, and vary in length

from 1.5 cm to 4 cm. The plants with some of the longest sepaline tails are

found near Mindo on the western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador.

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

COLOMBIA: Dept, of Risaralda: Hacienda Santa

Teresa, alt. 1600 m, Sept. 1978, collected by

M. Robledo et al., flowered in cultivation at

Colomborqufdeas 1 May 1983, R Escobar 2453

(Holotype: SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8911.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Los Rios: east of Patricia

Pilar, alt. 600 m, 23 July 1977, C. Luer 1765

(SEL).

The flowers of this taxon are similar

to those of S. swertiifolium , but they

are considerably smaller. The sepaline

cushions are essentially glabrous, and

the sepaline tails are shorter than the

blades. The cushions of typical S.

swertiifolium are shortly but densely

pubescent, and the tails are longer,

often much longer than the blades. The

lips of the two taxa are also similar,

both with small, rounded lateral lobes

at the deflexed center. The leaves of

subsp. exiguum are narrowly elliptical,

not broad and long-petiolate as found in

typical S. swertiifolium. Populations

with intermediate characteristics in various combinations exist, but this ex¬

treme form in reduced dimensions is remarkable, no doubt attracting a different

pollinator.

ICONES PLEUROTHALUDINARUM

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

ICONES PLEUROTHALI-IDINARUM

ECUADOR: Prov. of Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphy¬

tic in cloud forest above Valladolid, alt.

2450 m, 18 Mar. 1984, C. Luor, S. Dalstrom, T.

Hdijer, D. D’Alessandro A J. Kuijt 9S79 (Holo-

type: MO). Prov. of Lqja: epiphytic in shrubby

This huge species, a relative of S.

antenniferum and S. pulvinare, was

first discovered by Padre Angel Andreet-

ta, and a plant of it has been in culti¬

vation with him since that time. In

habit it is indistinguishable from the

other two, all three bearing rigid,

distichous racemes on a long, erect,

thick, coarsely verrucose peduncle. The

flowers of all three are superficially

similar. The sepaline tails of S. an¬

tenniferum are shorter than the blades,

recurved, diverging and subverrucose;

those of S. pulvinare are also shorter

than the blades and subverrucose, but they are straight and held in apposition,

and those of S. triceratops are smooth, much longer than the blades, and only

slightly diverging.

hmhn

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

SYSTEMATICS OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

101

1439) at W acquired the annotation Masdevallia ochthodes. When Reichenbach

transfered the epithet verrucosa to Pleurothallis in Bonplandia 2: 24, 1854,

both Schlim 1439 and a specimen of a different species (the future S. breve)

collected by Wagener near Caracas, Venezuela, are cited.

Reichenbach described M. ochthodes in 1855 from a different collection by

Wagener akn from the old province of Ocana. It is the same species as the

o rigina l M. verrucosa from Ocaha. It is commonly cultivated today under the

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

103

Plate 43. Scaphosepalum viviparum Luer

SYSTEMATIC^ OF SCAPHOSEPALUM

Plate 44. Scaphosepalum xystra Luer

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

SYSTEMATIC^ OF

SCAPHOSEPALUM

107

grande 23, 24, 26, 28, 52, 62, Plate 20.

hirtzii 22, 23, 24, 28, 64, Plate 21.

longirepens 23, 70, 72

macrodactylum 22, 23, 24, 29, 68, Plate

microdactylum 22, 23, 24, 28, 48, 70,

Plates 24., 25., 26., 27., 28.

nutans 23,42

ochthodes 23, 26,100

odontochilum 23, 24, 28, 77, Plates 29

30., 82

ophidion 23, 24, 29, 80, Plate 31., 86

ovulare 23, 24, 28, 82, Plate 32.

panamense 23

pittieri 23, 70, 72

platypetalum 23, 88

pulvinare 23, 24, 27, 36, 84, Plate 33., 9i

punctatum 23,30

rapax 23, 24, 29, 86, Plate 34.

reversum 23,36

rolfeanum 23, 36, 84

sneidemii 23, 77

standleyi 23,70,72

swertiifolium

subsp. exiguum 21, 23,24, 29, 55,91,

Plates 37., 38.

subsp. swertiifolium 21, 23, 24, 26 28

80, 88, Plates 35., 36., 91

tiratum 23, 24, 27, 94, Plate 39.

trachypus 24,42

triceratops 21, 24, 27, 96, Plate 40.

ursinum 24, 29, 98, Plate 41.

verrucosum 24, 26, 27, 44,100, Plate 42.,

102

viviparum 24, 29, 57,102, Plate 43.

SYSTEMATIC^ OF PORROGLOSSUM

SYSTEMATICS OF PORROGLOSSUM

111