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ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

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SYSTEMATICS

OF

DRACULA

(ORCHIDACEAE)

VG

Missouri Botanical Garden

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ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

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SYSTEMATICS

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Carlyle A. Luer

VG

Missouri Botanical Garden

MONOGRAPHS IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

from the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volume 46, December 1993

ISSN 0161-1542

Carlyle A. Luer

3222 Old Oak Drive

Sarasota, FL 34239

Composed at 3222 Old Oak Drive, Sarasota, Florida

with WordStar 7.0

Type set with a Texas Instruments microLaser Plus

Printed in the United States of by

Arcade Li Corp., Sawa FL, USA

CONTENTS

Dracula lafleurii Luer & Dalstré6m Frontisp

Systematics of the genus Dracula 1-10

j Check-list of the species 11

' List of illustrations 13-13

: Key to the subgenera, sections and species 14-23

j The species 24-235

| Some. Hybrids 236-239

Glossary of terms used in this volume 240-241

j Refere rences 9A?

i 242

Index to scientific names 943-244

4

|

iii ala AR Aisa aM Atk Pi

As the genus —o is known today, this work is as complete a treatment of

the genus as possible. Tomorrow is another matter. It is a condensation in format

of Thesaurus Dracularum ee material of the final, seventh fascicle which

will be published in in 1994, oes the opportunity arise to correct some of

asi ili ic ic ibaa TI

errors of previous publications.

ii hu tba

Abbreviations of publications are in accordance with Botanico-Periodicum-

Huntianum, Pittsburgh, PA, 1968. Abbreviations of the names of authors, with few

exceptions, are in accordance with Authors of Plant Names, Kew, 1992.

Plant of FD }

27 Jan. 1993, province of imbabura, Eoade ne mene Anthurium. Los ns oe m,

0 g Dalstrom.

Pa eNTe er ee aN PI Me Re RR Te TT tS TET ME PT TUN TN AO SMT IR OT a ERT RNS Me VET HSE NIE nT eR Mme TTT TE TT Ne TT TS ee ram a tN a rll lh iia lal lh " iliac nitiintalti es alibi ie

SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS

DRACULA (ORCHIDACEAE)

ABSTRACT

A brief history of the genus Dracula Luer i is given and the genus is described.

Akeyt Each species is described

and illustrated with a black and white drawing, and a distribution map is included

for each.

New taxa:

Dracula series Dracula, ser. nov.

TY. 2 = Fas ASST D Py on

tf | , Ser. NOV.

Dracula series Parviflorae Luer, ser. nov.

Dracula fafnir Luer, sp. nov.

Dracula lafleurii i & Dalstrém, sp. nov.

Dracula morleyi Luer & Dalstrém, sp. nov.

Dracula papillosa fon & Dodson, sp. nov.

Dracula trinympharum Luer, sp. nov.

The first species of Dracula to be described was Masdevallia chimaera by

Professor Reichenbach in 1872 from a collection in the Western Cordillera of

Colombia by the intrepid Bohemian traveller Benedict Roezl. A detailed account of

the discovery of this fabulous species, as well as contemporary commentaries, are to

be found in the first fascicle of Thesaurus Dracularum, published in 1988.

During his prolific life, Reichenbach described 21 species in Masdevallia that

are attributable to Dracula today. Following his example, every species of Dracula

continued to be described in Masdevallia until 1978 when the genus Dracula was

proposed to accommodate them. At that time 51 transfers were made from Masde-

vallia. Reichenbach most likely decided that these species should be included in

Masdevallia because of the short ramicauls and long sepaline tails, and because no

other recognized genus existed that could accommodate them. Also, the genus

Masdevallia was very popular horticulturally at that time.

After having described M. vespertilio without a designated section in early 1873

(and again in 1877), Reichenbach inaugurated the subgeneric category (section)

Saccilabiatae when he described M. nycterina later in 1873. He seemed not to have

had the idea well formulated when he placed M. velutina in the undesignated subdi-

vision Clausae porreciae in 1875. Subsequently, however, he indicated the cate-

gory (regarded as ‘‘section’’) Saccilabiatae for most of his new descriptions of

species which would later be included in Dracula. Apparently without questioning,

subsequent authors followed his practice of attributing new, allied species to

Masdevallia. For unexplained reasons other than a whim, Kranzlin substituted

Chimaeroideae for the name of the section in his monograph of the genus Masde-

vallia in 1925. Elevation of the section to the genus Dracula was proposed in 1978.

The 100-odd species of Dracula recognized today are distributed in the moist,

mountain forests of the western Neotropics from southern Mexico, where one

species is known (D. pusilla), to Peru, where also only one species is known (D.

janetiae). None is known from Bolivia, Brazil or Venezuela, or other adjacent

lands. By far the greatest concentration of species occurs on the forested slopes of

northwestern Ecuador and in the Western Cordillera and the Central Cordillera of

2 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Colombia. Approximately 40 species are known from Ecuador, and about 60, from

Colombia, only eight of which are known from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia.

The vertical distribution is mostly between 1500 and 2500 meters in altitude

above sea level (about 4900 and 8200 feet respectively). Rarely, a species (D.

mopsus) grows in scrubby but humid forest at an altitude of only 300 meters (about

1000 feet) and within sight of the sea. Very few species grow above 2500 meters

above sea level.

Many of the species are extremely localized in distribution; some are rare and

confined to a single valley. A few enjoy a much wider range. Dracula vespertilio,

a morphologically stable species, is known locally from Nicaragua in Central

America into the Andes of Ecuador. Dracula chimaera and D. wallisii are relative-

ly frequent but very variable, interrelated concepts found through the western and

central cordilleras of Colombia.

The plants of Dracula usually grow epiphytically in accumulations of rich,

mossy humus in well-drained, shaded places in moist forests where the humidity

remains high, and the night temperatures become chilly. The inflorescences of

most p ies di d and emerg fr the | bstrate to produce flowers some

distance from the plant. Some species with erect inflorescences (e.g. D. sodiroi)

grow well terrestrially. Most species produce flowers successively throughout the

ig but some species, usually those that produce but one flower on the peduncle,

fu Aarenag nna time nf the

£ Jy NS Ve We year.

Species of Dracula are easily recognizable by their vegetative parts, but almost

no species of Dracula is readily distinguished from others vegetatively. The rhi-

zome is usually very short creating densely caespitose plants, but sometimes the

thizome ascends or creeps to produce a shortly repent habit (e.g. D. iricolor or D.

lotax). The ramicauls are shorter than the smooth, usually thinly coriaceous leaves.

On the upper surface the leaves are longitudinally sulcate above a sharply keeled

midrib on the back surface. The apex is minutely notched and apiculate, the apicu-

lum being an extension of the midrib. The base is more or less gradually contracted

into a conduplicate petiole (really a “‘pseudopetiole’”’).

The inflorescence is produced laterally with an annulus usually low on the

ramicaul. The peduncle rises or descends to bear a solitary flower, or more

commonly a succession of single flowers in a slowly lengthening raceme. Dracula

sodiroi produces an erect raceme with two or three flowers open simultaneously.

Most flowers have no discernible scent. The flowers of a few species (e.g. D

chestertonii) emit a faint fragrance reminiscent of a mushroom. aa

_ __ poly and fleshy, variously colored sepals are the most promi-

REE parlsiacierte diagnostic features of the flower. They are variously

! € to form a soma abies flat flower, or concave and more

P é » S€patine cup. In Dracula xenos the sepals are

aa free. oe of the sepals of all known species are prolonged into

ener fragile . > long or short tails. Most of the sepals, ially those

flowers wilt or collapse wives erat ment fo mieten

perature cultivated plans selon move ino dale ene

oe ternally the sepals are usually covered bya dense or sparse ce

Hite of long or short, simple or forked trichomes, or by eta coetions

Oarse papillae. The sepals of some species (e.g. D. vampira) are essentially gla-

ne Ce ee

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SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 3

brous, while those of D. chimaera and D. wallisii are typically coarsely long-

pubescent.

WM

WA er

Figure 1. Various integuments of sepals.

a. Dracula cutis-bufonis d. Dracula anicula

b. Dracula andreettae e. Dracula velutina

c. Dracula benedictii f. Dracula mopsus

With few exceptions, the small petals that flank the column are cartilaginous in

consistency and thickened toward a bivalvate apex. The two apical valves, or

laminae that split the apex, are usually separated by a thick, protruding layer of

verrucose or papillose tissue.

Figure 2. A typical bivalvate petal.

a. internal view

b. lateral view

c. extemal view

The thick, more or less spathulate or pandurate, three-nerved lip is usually

prominently partitioned by a central constriction or fold into an epichile, the anteri-

or or front segment, and a more or less oblong hypochile, the posterior or back

portion of the lip. The usually larger epichile is more or less rounded, ovoid or

obovoid, or sometimes transverse. In most species it is concave with a central

carina, often with a lesser carina to either side, and coursed within by raised, more

or less branching veins or lamellae that radiate from the base or the central carina.

The epichile often resembles an inverted cap of a mushroom complete with gills.

The number and configuration of the lamellae are often inconstant, even within a

population of a given species. The margins of the epichile vary from flat to sloping

upward, to involute.

The hypochile is more or less oblong with erect, angled margins, and deeply

cleft centrally between a pair of thickly callous plates. Toward the base these plates

a ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

fuse to form a roof Over a short recess wher is possibly a nectary or a source of

fragrances, Anteriorly ontinue forward into the epichile as the

median carina. The base of the hypochile is concave and attached to the end of the

column-foot. The attachment i is usually a loosely hinged, membranous connection

t ling flower. In a few species (e.g. D. chestertonii

and D. chimaera) the attachment i is s rigid so that the lip projects perpendicularly

from the center of the flower

ae Bong = ie

ie

b. 2: eae

e., f. throu:

The column is stout and semiterete, with narrow, longitudinal, marginal wings, t

and ory a thick column-foot at the base formed with the apex of the ovary. The

= the Column is more or less toothed and hooded over a ventral anther. The

- — is simple and deciduous. The anther-bed is separated from the ventral

gma by a rostellar flap. The pollen grains are Rawites into a pair of firm,

subhemispherical pollinia with with rudimentary, —

EERO ORRA Hate C IT Ki Tt mead Ny Coat RM Tete HEA TaN deine) Tai eset vat sy HUME ML seins ete ant Tt

DSRS ae Ee Ragtbee asst AIRING <otthy |S ayers tee ttt ach nal Sree Rayraa ue EeTeT ii ae eee TIT TM cele ceed OI EER Ng

% 7 ih i ay

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Stulisce seit

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i a

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 5

The ovary is trilocular with six ‘‘veins”’ in the carpels or valves. The surface is

smooth to more or less verrucose, lightly grooved longitudinally, to winged or

crested. The mature fruit splits longitudinally into three wide valves and three

narrow, lesser valves, each with one vein.

Figure 5. Col d re | (T) ; es Ie

6 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

lcm a

Figure 8. Cross-secti c ta 1. £ eee hy Ss Py 7 a,

o Fr Pi x C4 -

Most species of Dracula are distinct and easily identified by the appearance of

the flower. A few, variable species or species-complexes (e.g. D. houtteana and D.

wallisii), however, cause much confusion and debate about what they are and where

to draw lines. Some populations of these ill-defined species could be the result of

natural hybridization. However, natural hybridization is uncommon. A few pre-

viously described taxa collected in the wild have been suspected of being natural

hybrids, such as D. hawleyi (possibly D. gigas X D. levii) and D. radio-syndactyla

(probably D. radiella X D. syndactyla). At least one other, D. anicula, (known

from a single, collected plant) is now also Suspected of being a natural hybrid

oeeity D. cutis-bufonis X D. wallisii).

i.

: pen g IS Medellin, Colombia, where poten-

tial Pollinators have free access, spontaneous hybridization is a common occurence.

Although in nature the pollinator is probably species-specific, a tiny, promiscuous

fruit-fly, frequently seen flying with pollinia attached, obviously is not. Under

abnormal Hons created in a greenhouse, natural barriers to hybridization, such

rhs HAAN a nial

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 7

Most species of Dracula are relatively easy to cultivate if the right conditions

can be met. To obtain the best results, the native environment should be duplicated

as closely as possible. Most species are very sensitive to humidity and temperature,

so that they are not easily moved to another location or displayed.

Those species with a descending inflorescence should be cultivated in suspend-

ed baskets so that ample and unhampered space is provided on the sides and bottom

of the container for the emergence of the inflorescences. Baskets or containers

made of wood or another vegetable product are preferable to those made of metal,

thereby reducing the formation of detrimental compounds.

The choice of substrate varies among growers for their particular growing condi-

tions. Some growers prefer chopped tree-fern mixed with bits of polystyrene foam;

others prefer a mixture of chopped fir-bark and charcoal, and with or without bits of

polystyrene foam. Some growers add rice husks. The medium should be relatively

loose, not only to permit the inflorescence to find its way while descending, but also

to provide unrestricted drainage.

Watering should be frequent unless a cool, high humidity can be continuously

provided. In the latter case, which is most highly recommended, watering can

decreased to thrice weekly. Relatively ion-free water, or rain water, is far superior

to water from most other sources. Dissolved salts and other impurities in water will

cause damage to the roots and leaves, eventually killing the plant.

Plants should be protected from direct, or bright, indirect sunlight. Suspension

beneath growing benches is used successfully by many growers. Good ventilation

in the growing area is required. The temperature should not exceed 24° Centigrade

(75° Fahrenheit) during the day, and should descend to about 13° Centigrade (55°

Fahrenheit) during the night.

Fertilization is a topic with little agreement. Some growers use a weak solution

of cow manure; others prefer a dilute, aqueous solution of a standard fertilizer (e.g.

20-20-20).

8 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula Luer, Selbyana 2: 190, 1978.

a apatite hd mame Ry 1872. [ [Dracul. chimaera (Rchb-f.) Luer]

i vampire, satisfie:

Ety.: The

coh si,

Fe caste of Aa Tomeyhen, was ws poplaiaed ina novel by

sone les ee ener century. The Chimera is a mythological, fire-breathing m

Syn: Masdevala sec. Sacclabiatae Reh, Gard. Chron. 1238, 1873,

Ety.: From the Latin saccilabiatus, “saccate lipped,” referring to the concave lips of the species.

Syn: Masdevallia sect. Chimaeroideae Kranzi., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 125, 1925.

We. *, a | . . . .

» small to large, weak t robust, hut 1 " ree rtly .

a ¢ Oo ee . iP ee

bulbous shorter than the leaf, slender to os unifolinte, ap ay hese enclosed by bala

caul pasy leaf-st ), oft the base. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate,

Sreictonagean 8 pice, alias light 1 nae: linear to <i the apex acute, to

e, with the tiole

mle, infloreccace wal : i lly ingle flowered, th oonis

successively, the infl. }. 1, th, a 1. de scending

rhea inpiogdei 2s dined semen re floral bracts tubular,

= i ” , deciduous, smooth, shallowly sulcate, to

Aiemmase Pus. gver pict bra less fleshy, smooth to verrucose an

pubescent within, Rico flat pped fl 1 ite, acute, acuminate

per te petal i ively small, thickly cartilaginous, rarely thin, more

+ Pelt lag -* —— valves, verrucose between the valves,

te, PS TS 11. 5 end a newmetwm

tion into an and

soon bcig oak eal key a rounded, oon Lemeatelnatogmee

thick, cl

PEE EI ty ue E tes, the margins ¢ yee btusely ly angled, the base trun-

‘- bly k t about 2:

narrowly lngivialy winged, ote at ea x with the

dud = the sti sos anther vst ie poli es -pyiform, wit

apex of the ovary, the tip Mi 1 it

— ay:

The genus is divided into three meen

era, five sections, and two subsections.

The large subsection Dracula is divided into three series for convenience.

Dracula

Type: Dracula chimaera (Rchb-£.) Luer.

orescence

ae” 41

oC ey aay

. Jod Afi *

at th

usually hi up

thickened Se a ee ‘ a repisies g _iaepapion ip > P

faite 2

This subgenus contains all the

species of the genus except two exceptional

into five sections based on SSIS oS sc Pies subgenus is divided

Subgenus Dracula section Andreettaea

Type: 1p Dl enter an as Luer, Selbyana 2: 191, 1978.

Plants large, epiphytic, poe

a oe slender with volt ta sucocssively lage-

This ms 4p reniform, convex, ceeaie Tugose. saa

section contains one oe

petals and a transverse, convex, aie characterized by elongated, subclavate

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 9

“em Dracula section heen Luer, Selbyana 2: 191, 1978.

Dracula chestertonii (RchbLf.

x aes epiphytic, caespitose. ees erect, = Iniieetaceore —. ively flow

ered; sepals widely spread; petals stout, th ap bivalvate: pi Lil

of the lip reniform, concave and multiveined.

This section contains two species, D. chestertonii and D. cutis-bufonis, that are

characterized by the stout petals nodular or hooded at the apex, and a transverse,

concave, multiveined lip.

— Dracula section a Luer, Orquideologia 13: 123, 1979.

ype: Dracula cochliops Luer &

ac small, epiphytic, caespitose. pean erect, slender. Inflorescence erect, successively small-

flowered; sepals minutely papillose, free ci to the base; meen slender, the apex clavate, lightly

verrucose, not bivalvate; lip oblong-subpandurat divided into a shallowly concave, tricar-

inate epichile and a cleft hypochile.

This section contains one small species that is characterized by the nearly free

sepals and slender, clavate petals that resemble the stalked eyes of a snail. The lip

is not unlike that of many seen in section Dracula.

ae oes eS section —_—— Luer, Selbyana 2: 192, 1978.

nit (Luer) Lue

“Plats medium i in size, epiphytic, — Leaves erect, slender. Inflorescence erect, successive-

apex, Verrucose

and a

hhetwenn ie baninaer lig thick, pipriitiens, audininetly divided inten amnccth, thet

shallowly cleft hypochile.

This section contains four species, D. dodsonii, D. insolita, D. iricolor and D.

portillae, that are characterized by an erect inflorescence, and a lip with an ill-

defined, smooth, flat or convex epichile without veins.

—— Dracula section Dracula

ype: Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer.

t I to] ize, epiphytic, pitose to shortly repent. Leaves erect, broad to slender.

Inflorescence pendent to erect, single-fl dt ively many-flowered; sepals variously connate

up to near th widely expanded or cup-shaped fl ; petals bival at the apex, verru-

cose between the laminae; lip variously divided int ichil dah hil

This section contains all the rest of the species of the subgenus. It is divided into

two subsections based on the presence or absence of a ribbed, lamellate or fringed

ovary. The petals of all the species are bivalvate with tubercles between the lami-

nae. The lip of various sizes is distinctly or indistinctly ay into a hypochile

and an epichile that is variously supplied with veins or lame

Section Dracula subsection Costatae Luer, Thesaurus Dracularum 4: 10, 1991.

Ety.: From the Latin costatus, “ibbed,” referring to the ribbed or crested ovaries.

Type: Dracula bella (Rchb.f.) Luer

This subsection is characterized by the ribbed, lamellate or crested ovary.

10 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Type:

This subsection is characterized by the ovary round in cross-section, either

smooth or verrucose. It is divided into three series.

This Series contains the large-flowered species with the blades of the sepals

1 or long, and with large lips more than eight milli-

meters broad.

¢.. hk Ly Mm rm) 3° La oe oe

Ety.: From the Latin for Parca small- lipped.”

Type: Dracula platycrater (Rchb.f.

Flores grandes; labella parva.

This series contains the large-flowered species with the blades of the sepals

more than two centimeters broad or long, and with small lips less than eight milli-

meters broad.

Luer, ser. nov.

Chk mn Ty a

Ety.: woe yep eta tema

erence hee inepearieeeees

Luer, ser. nov.

Mir

Luer, Selbyana 2: 192, 1978.

Bye Gc re, “a small tongue, »” referring to the

gratrniery or 1978.

Pore prvi abla parva

fy RR nea = . :

Owered species with the b f

disitee cai hes lades of the sepals less

re Ss Spon ; Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1000, 1989.

ar Preeteanln Gil wie

wiiaes aa tps Lane tn i ee Merencens laxity simultane-

the apex hell_Kke tah.

inside the margin Mod ime omy ly oblong cy margin, and wath Ae apd of peel secrete

This

mote arne nus = tin oe ce ats ig te genus. It is character-

petals are eke ultaneously flowered raceme of nutant, tubular flowers. The

hypochile contains SP of all geil ofthe lip is shallowly mee saa he

Dracula subgenus Xenosia L) Amer. Orchi

Type: Dracula xenos Luer & Escobas, Anes "oresaglpan 38: for 1989.

Plants .

Nc, Caespitose, Leaves

congested, fe ‘ narrow, erect. ieee i racem

leis connate the tse pets cern seals widely spread the dorsal sepa fre, the

margin; lip obovate, j acute, mi verrucose

simple, cefthyportne 7 tet lowly cnr, few-veined epichile and a

This subgenus contains species

Lind by Wis cone fee sep aa is unique in the genus It is character-

¥ tree sepals Of Masdevallia-like flow

Petals; and a lip with an Owers; Carinate, pointed

J PUVA.

Pn eee ae ey

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF DRACULA

Dracula alcithoé Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula amaliae Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula andreettae (Luer) Luer, Colombia, Ecuador

Dracula anicula Luer & Escobar, Colom

Dracula anthrac:

Dracula bella (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula bellerophon Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula benedictii (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula berthae Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula brangeri Luer, Colombia

D le i; Ip is I & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula chestertonii (Rchbf.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula chiroptera Luer & Malo, Ecuador

E c

ula

Dracula dalstroemii Luer, ‘Clean. Ecuador

Dracula decussata Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula deltoidea (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula diabola Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula diana Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula dodsonii (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula erythrochaete (Rchb.f.) Luer, Cent. Buen.

cula gastrophora Luer, Ecuador

Dracula gigas (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, Colombia,

Ecuador

Dracula gorgona (Veitch) Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula houtteana (Rchbf.) Luer, Colombia

ry. J = b bd /D..kL1L ) T ner &

rr.

»

Colombia

Dracula incognita Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula insolita Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula iricolor (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar, Colombia,

Ecuador

Dracula lotax (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula mantissa Luer & Escobar, Colombia,

Ecuador

Dracula marsupialis Luer & Hirtz, Ecuador

Dracula minax Luer & Escobar, Colombia

poco mopsus (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer, Ecuador

acula morleyi Luer & Dalstrém, Ecuador

ae navarroorum Luer & Hirtz, Ecuador

Dracula nosferatu Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula nycterina (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula octavioi Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula ophioceps Luer & Escobar, Ecuador

Dracula orientalis Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula ortiziana Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula papillosa Luer & Dodson, Ecuador

Dracula pholeodytes Luer & se Colombia

Dracula pileus Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula platycrater (Rchb.f.) Sp Colombia

Dracula polyphemus (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

ae pecitinn aes & A,

& Escobar, Colombia

Dracula prestige Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula psittacina (Rchb.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula psyche (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula pusilla (Rolfe) Luer, Cent. Amer.

Dracula radiella Luer, Ecuador

Dracula radiosa (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia, Ecuador

Dracula X radio-syndactyla Luer, Colombia

Dracula rezekiana Luer & Hawley, Ecuador

Dracula ripleyana Luer, Costa Rica

Dracula robledorum (P. Ortiz) Luer & Escobar,

Colombia

Dracula roezlii (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula sergioi Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula severa (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula sibundoyénsis Luer & Escobar, Colombia,

Ecuador

Dracula simia (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula sodiroi (Schitr.) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula syndactyla Luer, Colombia

Dracula Luer, E

Dracula tubeana (Rchb.f.) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula ubangina Luer & Andreetta, Ecuador

Dracula vampira (Luer) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula velutina (Rchb.f.) Luer, Colombia

Dracula venefica Luer & Escobar, Colombia

Dracula venosa (Rolfe) Luer, Ecuador

Dracula verticulosa Luer &

, Colombia

Dracula vespertilio (Rchb.f) Luer, Cent. Amer.,

Cc

ae eee ee a

I\T

-

Posi Jack Tc Bact Codes

12 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

EPITHETS PUBLISHED IN DRACULA

AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

L

2.

2:

4.

3:

6.

iP

8.

LF

10.

iT.

12.

rea Luer ae rrtereneetnetereeeteseteneeeneceeunes Piatt 48.

Luer = Dracula erythrochaete oan NUTS Ae eee etewhtnesebhinseeescsns iacastiwectsseet IES 49.

bahia tee

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

D 1 ligi l & r Plate 5]

Dr la lindst ii Luer & Dalstrém Plate 52

Dracula lotax (Luer) L Plate 53

Fas. ee | > sD 16.\ T nN, . let 4

D I ti I Luer & Escobar z 7 Plate 54.

& Hirtz Plate 55.

Dracula medellinensis (Kriz) Luer = Dracula radiosa

D I: i I & ee tee Plate 56.

Dr kL (F. Lehm. & Kranz.) Luer. Plate 57

D 1 rl vi Luer & Dalstrém Plate 58.

D: q (F. Lehm. & Kranzl.) 1 Dracula houtt

Dr I ri I & Hirtz Plate 59.

Dr. I sferatu | & E r Plate 60.

D L terina (R hb.f.) Luer. Plate 61

Dracula octavioi Luer & Escobar ate 62

Dracula ophiocer & Escobar Plate 63

Dr: | jentalis |.uer & Escobar Plate 64.

Dracula ortizi Luer & Escobar Plate 65.

Dr l ill Luer & Dodson ate 66.

Dracula pholeodytes Luer & Escobar Plate 67

i} I & Escobar te 68.

Drala later (chbf.) Luer late 69.

( Plate 70,

Dracula portillae Luer & poral Plate 71.

Dracula posadarum Luer & Escobar Plate 72.

Dr I F by Luer & Escobar Plate 73

Wi. ,. ates. LL £\T L Plate 4,

Dr. la psych (Ll And: )1 Plate 75

) Plate 76.

Dracula a (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer = Dracula iricolor

. Plate was

Dracula X radio “ dactyla Luer Plate 78.

Dr. (Rchb.f.) Luer Plate 79.

Dr: I Shen Luer & Hawley Plate 80.

Dr. la ripl I Plate 81

Dracula robled (P. Ortiz) Luer & Escobar Plate 82

D | lii (Rcht £) Laer. Plate 83

Ty. Z. red aa is £ \ T Whee. I 3

Dr. k walek Luer & “Vecabae Plate 84.

Dr. | (Rchbf ) Luer Plate 85.

Dracula sib loyé i & Escobar. Plate 86.

Wie. 5. + fT Tt Plate QT

Wie. tz. Az . Ae Se i ner ate

Dr. L y d tyl L aw Plate 8&9.

Ty. L a 7 \ Wie. | ,% s.

ry. ] = rae LF LT Tie J. ¥ cs

Dr tri y " Luer Plate 90.

Dracula troglodytes (E. Morr.) Luer = Dracula benedictii

deals chb.f.) Luer Plate 91

la ub ngin I & Andreetta Plate 92

Dracula 4 b la | & d I P ill

racula ir Plate 93

Dracula luti (Rchb.f.) Luer ate

Dracula fica I r Plate 95

Dr 1 (R. ) Plate 96.

Dr | ticul Luer & Escobar. Plate 97

Dr. 1 espertilio (R (Rchb.f.) I Plate 98.

racula vin T 2 ens te 99.

Dracula viad-t Pp I & Escobar Plate 100.

Dracula wallisii (Rchb.f.) I Plate 101.

Dr i Iwardiae (F. Lehm. & Kranzl ) Luer. Plate 103.

Lk. I R Eeccbe Plate 104.

XD: lia Mi: 1 eee Arcila Plate 105.

I hybrid Plates 102., 106., 107.

14 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

KEY TO THE SUBGENERA, SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS

AND SPECIES OF DRACULA.

“7 P Me £ OP). 7 sy OY 1 4 ee =. ae ‘ 1 the fl wers.

Therefore, pecies will app i in the key. Similar species have been

The T 4 sap .. - L all L

i Ji geably. Carina usually

* di t a tl t | P oe L TT. : Al TY. lly 2. Ba aL: bg

1 Inflorescence pendent to erect with a solitary flower or a successively flower-

ed raceme; ovary smooth to lamellate; sepals variously connate into a widely

expanded, or a cup-shaped flower; petals thickened, variable; lip variably divid-

hk ile 3

ed intr an emchile dah

hemes

vr

Subgenus Xenosia

t, ly few-flowered; dorsal sepal free, the laterals

! connate; ovary costate; petals oblong, longitudinally carinate, acute, not

bivalvate; lip obovate-subpandurate, indistinctly divided into an epichile and a

hypochile D. xenos

Subgenus Sodiroa

2 Inflorescence erect, usually a laxly simultaneously few-flowered raceme; flowers

pendent; sepals deeply connate into a bell-like tube; petals thin, papillose within

the margin; lip narrowly oblong, indistinctly divided into an epichile and a

hypochile D. sodiroi

yy Trfl

eee

Pid infloreaccace pendent to erect, single-flowered to a successively many-flowered

eee, sepals variously connate to near the middle into a widely expanded or

op-eped flower; petals thickened at the apex, usually bivalvate; lip variously

a DM ESAAY ccsececess a

Subgenus Dracula

3 Petals bivalvate at the apex, papillose between the laminae

7

3 Petals more or less clavate, not bivalvate at the apex .... 4

Section Coe i

4 Inflorescence erect, successiy a

ely small-flowered: petals

pa : > petals narrow, longer than the

mou Siew verrucose at the apex; lip oblong, indistinctly divided into an

ypochile Trin ernseennenreretnctnetisecnremeersaccenteweqesseenenseenee ),, COCHLOPS

* * &

4’ Inflorescence i :

ered; petals vmiealy Goa " =o medium-sized to large-flow-

-

*T Se eer eS eeeee:

oe

cr nett ane one enetbrsemebecpeysce 5

Section

5 Petals narrowed above the iddl. 5 :

ering: a middle, clavate with the inner valve below the middle:

Pee teesmntrniars tesa g PR! D. andreettae

* & &

ite

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 15

Section Chestertonia

5’ Petals stout, more or less nodular and hooded at the apex; epichile concave, ip

multiple, radiating veins

6 Epichile nearly as broad as the synsepal with the hypochile inflexibly attached to

-foot D. chestertonii

6’ Epichile about half as broad as the synsepal with the hypochile flexibly attached

to the column-foot D. cutis-bufonis

x * *

7 Inflorescence pendent to erect, single-flowered, or a successively many-flowered

raceme; sepals variously connate to near the middle into a widely expanded or

cup-shaped flower; lip variously divided into an epichile and a hypochile.......... 11

eo Dodsonia

7 Infl erect ively flowered; sepals connate into a shallowly cup-

ie flower; MP I pyriform, pitta divided into a smooth, convex or flat ei

a hvpochi

vi

8 Sepals mauve or bluish, with the tails ca. 1 cm long ricolor

8’ Sepals more or less longitudinally striped with brown, with the nem 2 nt 4cm

9

long

LJ

9 iia tian tails white, ca. 4 cm long; epichile of the lip about as wide as the

hypochi onii

9’ Suen tails not white, 2 to 3 cm long; epichile of the lip considerably wider os

the hypochile

Jy

10 Habit shortly repent; lateral sepals connate to near the middle............ D. portillae

10’ Habit caespitose; lateral sepals connate to above the middle D. insolita

* * *

Section Dracula

11 Ovary round in cross-section, smooth, sulcate, to verrucose 23

Subsection Costatae

11’ Ovary costate to lamellate, often denticulate or fringed, with the crests oe

ly noticeable in the fruit

pes pwr sepals ay oblong, expanded transversely; ovary tall-carinate, not

denticulate-fimbria D. berthae

| Lara sepals not transversely expanded; ovary costate to carinate, eae"

carinate, or fimbriate-carinate

13 Ovary low-carinate or ribbed, irregular to slightly denticulate 14

13’ Ovary tall-carinate-fimbriate 17

14 Inflorescence — 15

14’ I erect to suberect 16

16 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

15 icone than 15 cm long, single-flowered; sepals ae pobesae

D. ophioceps

15’ ince less than 10 cm long, successively few-flowered; oes stellate-

wae mopsus

16 Ovaries frequently forming capsules, blades of the sepals 8 to 9 mm are with

elix

aot AS SS

16 Ovaries infrequently forming capsules; blades of the sepals 5 to 6 mm n long

with the tails ca. 10 mm long D. mantissa

17 Epichile suborbicular, shallowly concave with the lamellae higher than the

margins 18

17° Epichile renifi borbicular, broader than long, with or without veins...19

18 Inflorescence pendent; sepals connate into a deeply cupped flower......D. venosa

18 rors more or less horizontal; sepals connate into a widely spread

D. deltoidea

©. tn A 1 ade. te 4 . . « .

19 ane rate pped fl ; epichile ca. 4 mm wide, minutely

D. inaequalis

ee into a widely spread flower; epichile more than 5 mm

20

2 Epichile flat without involute sides, minutely verrucose

20° Epichile concave with involute lateral margins

21 Epichile smooth within

21’ Epichile with elevated veins within

D. janetiae

21

D. vespertilio

a2

22 Blades of the sepals less than 2 cm long:

: : petals narrow! bo

22” Blades of the sepals more than 3 cm long; p nese m2 ies

"i Subsection Dracula

__ a re pa

Dracula

2A Epich ile af: °o

24” Epichile less than 8 oa js

mm broad unexpanded ....... 47

25 Epichile —

25° Epichile coms and thin, not incurved..............................D. simia

%

SO SC Oe OR SSL Sense eEseseers

COONS SO seESeseeceeseccesences.

26 Epichile transverse, broader than lon

26” Epichile cymbiform to suborbicular. a Ram oe 21

27 Epichile es with obtusely angled

27 Epichile reniform . lateral margins.........D. en

Teer Ceser eres.

SS tA eOO EN ew ae Hein seein:

SFO ee Pe Reese nseee.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 17

28 rine narrowly acute, long-caudate; epichile with sloping, suberect lateral

eana

28” mie obtuse, with tails about as long as the blade; epichile sa arse

margins nicula

29 Epichile concave with all margins involute.................:csssssssscsssscesesssceseeseseeesere 30

29’ Epichile concave with the lateral margins barely, or not at all involute............. 40

30 Sepals coarsely long-pubescent 31

30” Sepals minutely short-pubescent to glabrous. 34

31 es enaie suborbicular with the apex usually not much more incurved than =

a nis cmap or suborbicular with the apex inflated or incurved more

than the sid 33

32 Inflorescence usually erect; sepals obtuse, with large, “ean spots and a

SIN OEE I TN isis catriecseircinsavchttceistlin Seal atlas D. robledorum

32’ Inflorescence usually descending; sepals acute, diffusely spotted et a pale

zone surrounding the column alcithoé

33 Lip flexibly hinged to the column-foot D —

33’ Lip inflexibly attached to the column-foot D. chima

34 Epichile suborbicular with the anterior margin not significantly more pgeiie

than the lateral margins

34’ Epichile cymbiform with the apex inflated or incurved more than the ane

35 Epichite deeply inflated, sabbplobese..icsivesnseccoiscssesseensivinensccecnnnsenesesscn D. lafleurii

35’ Epichile not subglobose 36

36 Sepals striped or intensely suffused with dark purple, with a “corona” over the

column 37

36’ Sepals diffusely spotted, without a “‘corona” over the column 38

37 Blades of the sepals 4 to 6 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide D. vampira

37’ Blades of the sepals 2.5 to 3 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide D. ubangina

38 Sepals acute, more or less acuminate; epichile with the sides minimally in-

volute, lightly verrucose externall D. roezlii

38” Sepals more or less obtuse; epichile with the sides involute, verrucose

externally D. chiroptera

39 Sepals narrowly acute, long-caudate D. severa

39” Sepals obtuse with the tails about as long as the blade D. ligiae

40 Epichile filled with tall, irregular lamellae D. sibundoyénsis

40’ Epichile filled with multiple, low, more or less branching lamellae.................. 41

18 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

41 Epichile deeply concave with smooth, radiating lamellae, and acutely deflexed

yp D. radiosa

4\’ Epi LL . + ly def > ed up eh hyp Lil 4?

42 Sepals coarsely long-pub 43

42’ Sepals minutely short-pub 45

43 , a as ei ary 1 . ae 44

43° Epichile with the anterio gin involut D. woolwardiae

44 Sepals acute, white centrally 1, purple zone D. cordobae

44’ Sepals rounded, diffusely dotted with a pale zone with few spots on the inner

halves of the lateral sepals D. gorgona

45 Sepals with large, confluent, dark purple spots, with a ‘“‘corona’”’ over the

AS) cera mith the tails short, about as long as the blade D. nosferatu

5° Sepals a dotted without a “corona” over the column, with the tails

46

46 costes filled with numerous, branching lamellae radiating from the base of a

D. pileus

46° Epichile with 3 carinae and peripheral branches or fragments................D. hirtzii

Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae

47 Epichile convex with low, iach Pens veins 48

47’ Epichile concave .. 49

48 Sepals narrowly oblong, ter connate, with the laterals diverging; epichile

a platycrater

pamela ovate, deeply connate, with t the laterals not diverging: wah oblong,

sneemsentenemremonestofebsetnesihnemmnaaig. soas. ortiziana

49 Epichile elon

middle third. gated with the apical third inflated and a reflexed upon -

SSP Pee ese eeeen ese.

Pt not with the apical third acutely reflexed. Nath

50 Flower flat...

50° Flower cupped ....... ace mnonserenenansnsssenennsoeseenensersestevenmnsesterencecenere I. Mar Supialis

Str eererre reteset tantnonsenssencseseenecns, aioe gastrophora

51 Epichile shallow!

fee Y Concave, with low or margins...

51’ Epichile concave with involute margins an a

52 Sepals round: e

BOLE with low, erect margins and a taller, thick, “apres

52° Sepals 1 mace orl RiGee en 4

i oe ovate » acute to obtuse: eric with “ong or loton

epee 53

Epichile slighty ems om ve Se ieee 54

af tac age: of lamellae. ae

al Spe i as a Ne

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 19

54 Sepals green, suffused with brown; epichile with numerous, branching, more or

less vacuo) veins D. aphrodes

54’ Sepals white with a callus at the base of the tails; epichile indistinct -_ vie

veins

55 Dorsal sepal with a callus at the base of she ‘sal epichile round..... e dalstroemii

55’ Dorsal sepal without a callus; epichile ob D. verticulosa

56 Sepals narrow, long-attenuate D. lehmanniana

56’ Sepals not narrow, long-attenuate 57

57 Flower widely expanded, only shallowly cupped at the base 61

57’ Flower more or less cupped, not widely expanded into a flat flower................ 58

58 Flower conspicuously cupped; sepals obtuse to rounded................ D. —

58’ Flower not widely spreading; sepals ACUIC..............csssessssseeseesessssererseneeesenenss

59 Epichile scaphoid, longer than broad. 60

59’ Epichile deeply inflated, subst D. trinympharum

60 Sepals with a deep laterally compressed mentum; epichile distinctly demarcated

from the hypochile D. gigas

60’ Sepals with a mentum not as narrowly compressed and deep; epichile indistinct-

ly demarcated from the hypochile D. hawleyi

61 Sepals coarsely long-pubescent 62

61’ Sepals shortly pubescent 64

62 Lip proportionately large, flexibly hinged to the column-foot 63

62’ Lip proportionately small, inflexibly attached D. bellerophon

63 Lip more or less oblong with all margins involute..................0.ssseeseees D. wallisii

63’ Lip more or less round with lateral margins barely involute.......D. woolwardiae

64 — deeply pigmented centrally, surrounded by a broad, — pale

vlad-tepes

64’ Sepals pale, diffusely dotted with purple 65

65 Sepaline tails 2 to 3 cm long D. anicula

65” Sepaline tails ca. 10 cm long D. orientalis

66 Epichile convex 67

66’ Epichile flat to concave 68

67 Epichile with tall, irregular, broken lamellae.............-.-..-+-ceseee0 D. dalessandroi

67’ Epichile with low, branching carinae D. diabola

20 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

68 — et with the apical third inflated and acutely reflexed upon the

D

marsupialis

Peco Lee Ra | not Ln aN pi Ce es | t ly reflexed 69

69 Epichile smaller than the hypochile, with only one carina 70

69° Ep or larger th ypochile, with 3 or more carinae................ 71

70 Habit 1 f the epichile high D. citrina

Withee eee epichile minut D. lotax

71 Epichile larger than the hypochile, or acutely deflexed upon the hypochile......79

71’ Epichile smaller to about the same size as the hypochile, not acutely ane

upon the hypochile

Yt Epichi la e with thr th: 1 11 wy ie

72 Epichile with one tall, verrucose carinae plus frag D. semnerelie

73 Flower more or less cupped 74

73’ Flower widely expanded, more or less shallowly cupped at the base 77

oo Flower hen Paiste epichile smaller than than the “agen ERIM Sone 75

8 16

75 Sepals pubescent within with stellate hairs; epichile narrower than the hypo-

chile, not subverrucose externally D. pusilla

— ;

en re wider than the h hile,

minutely externally . ll

verrucose D. benedictii

76

Peron _ purple, the margins not recurved; epichile

on 'ypochile..... D. velutina

Be betwee veluti

Sepals ica with recurved margins: epichile on the same plane as the

seeees cE ERENT Sie OFM OR D. brangeri

77 Epichile flat with 3 lamellae ....

77 Epichile concave with 3 lamellae... a, ian a

SEE SCSNE GAIA poe Mh D. posadarum

78 ae acute

at the apex, slightly incurved, not acutely deflexed _ the hy-

78’ EB ey neones D. decussata

a atthe apex, acutely deflexed upon the hypochie. ...D. sergioi

79 Epichile dee

79° Epichile Ieaiedonse on aoe pt a the hypochile more than 45°... 80

deflexed less than 45° Ee coereane Pome the hypochile, or

85

WETE ROO See eS iebhe cee:

oe eeeeeere 7 ores,

to7

80 Inflorescence erect: tails

of

deeply inflated, subspherical the lateral hassle Parallel in apposition: epichile

80° Not with the above combination "> nr eetetreereannnscenntemwesreewessseeseseed), PSYCHE

ee eeene Ste Ces ew eee PoP PCC Rees seer eesee R]

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 21

81 Sepals with tails ca. 1 cm long; epichile smaller than the hypochile, with smooth

margins D. lindstroemii

81’ Sepals with tails more than 3 cm long; epichile as large as or larger than ais

hypochile

82 Epichile and column papillose-verrucose D. exasperata

82’ Epichile and column not papillose-verrucose 83

83 pare with multiple lamellae with the tips of the lamellae gente beyond

the eipseeeanr oe

83’ Bpichile with multiple lamellae with a smooth Margin...............sssesesesseeeeeeeeees

84 Sepals with tails less than 5 cm long; epichile with the wen of the lamellae

extending to the margin D. X radio-syndactyla

84’ Sepals with tails more than 6 cm long; epichile with the ends of the lamellae not

extending to the margin D. radiella

85 Epichile flat with low margins 86

85’ Epichile concave 89

86 Lip obovoid, widest above the middle without demarcation between gene and

hypochile D. rezekiana

86’ Lip constricted near the middle 87

87 Sepals lilac, microscopically pubescent; lip thick D. incognita

87’ Sepals white, more or less suffused with purple, pubescent; lip not thick..........88

88 Petals longer than the column, markedly papillose; epichile not deflexed upon

D. papillosa

88’ ‘Petals not longer than the column, not markedly papillose; epichile — or less

deflex: ed upon than hypochile velutina

89 Lateral sepals elongate, acute, connate to the middle with an acute angle; epi-

chile thick with radiating veins D. fafnir

89” Lateral sepals subacute, obtuse to rounded, not elongate, connate with an =

angle

90 Sepals concave, deeply connate into a cupped flower D. pholeodytes

90’ Sepals shallowly or not concave, forming a widely spread flower more or less

shallowly cupped at the base 91

91 Sepaline tails short, about as long as the blad 92

91’ Sepaline tails long, slender, much longer than the blades 93

92 Sepals with the apices obtusely acuminate into the tails; epichile = tall, nreg-

ular, protuberant lamellae arcinopsis

2" a with the apices round, abruptly caudate; epichile ce low smooth

morleyi

22 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

93 Epichil cave with erect or involut 105

93’ Epichile slightly concave with sloping margins, neither erect not involute........ 94

94 Bpichile filled with bak Soper laminae

D. hirsuta

94’ Epichile with low. 95

95 Epichile with few lamellae (3 to 8) 96

95’ Epichile with many lamellae (14 or more) 99

c ihe Pm | PD |

d 2 mm thick

96’ Sepaline tails slender, less than 2 mm thick

D. psittacina

97

97 Flower more or less cupped; epichile deflexed ca. 45° D. velutina

oT ae — shallowly cupped at the base; epichile on same plane as =

ypochi

8 Peduncle successively flowered D. houtteana

98” Peduncle single-flowered D. presbys

99 Leaves narrow, less se 2cm wide; epichile with the lamina ending in ws

teeth protruding beyond

99” Leaves broad, more acat 3cm wide;

ichile with the

pikcaccce epi wi lamina ending in inate

— Sepaline tails ca. 2 mm thick, 3 to 4 cm 1ONg.......ssssssssssssseeseeseeD. navarrodrum

00° Sepaline tails thin, ca. 10 cm long. D. octavioi

1 SIRES ERB Mee “4 nN

rev ng are tally, red-purple perig y; sepals acut D. cordobae

seus RELIC Le 102

102 Senale with rt

purple spots and a “corona” across the base of the dorsal

102” Flower not colored as above igre

103 Epichile with the anteri

103° Epichile with ‘enlor margin flat....... wsesreenssseeertnennsnsnesssereeeD), ZOrgonella

5 ping upward......... 104

104 Sepals densely and dark

: y Spotted, with tails ca, 1 7

105 Epichile with one central iy

105’ E Epichile on 2 ela ce La nts to either side. 106

ik lal lM 5 gin eialad

.

}

i

4

|

:

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 23

107 Sepals dark purple with tails 5 to 6 cm long; epichile with very few fragments

to either side of the carina D. vinacea

107’ Sepals diffusely dotted with red-purple, tails ca. 3 cm long; epichile vga many

radiating fragments of veins anicula

108 Sepaline tails stout, more or less rigid 105

108’ Sepaline tails slender 110

109 Sepals white, variously lightly suffused or dotted toward the base, not with the

D. psittacina

109° Sepals orange-brown, with the margins recurved..............s.esssrseee D. brangeri

110 Flower flat with the sepals purple-black. D. anthracina

110’ Flower not as above 111

111 Sepals white, variously lightly suffused or dotted toward the base................ 112

111’ Sepals diffusely spotted 113

112 Peduncle preci ontis nen D. houtteana

112’ Peduncle single-flo D. presbys

113 Sepaline tails ca. 5 cm long D. fuligifera

113’ Sepaline tails ca. 10 cm long D. orientalis

114 Peduncle erect; lip inflexibly attached to the column-foot D. venefica

114’ Peduncle usually not erect; lip flexibly hinged to the column-foot 115

115 Leaf more than 3 cm wide D. circe

115’ Leaf less than 2.5 cm wide 116

116 Sepals suffused with purple basally with a peripheral pale zone......D. ripleyana

116’ Sepals diffusely dotted with red-purple or red-brown 117

117 Lateral sepals ca. 25 mm across D. erythrochaete

117’ Lateral sepals ca. 35 mm across D. astuta

94 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula alcithoé Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 15: 3, 1981.

+

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespi roots coarse. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5.5 cm long,

sheaths. rete thinly Hs narrowly obovate to

enclosed loose, tubular Leaf coriaceous, carinate, very

aie 19-94 fisting E , 1.5-2.3 cm — cei “vee below

into th conduplicate nig wr successively several-flowered raceme, bo a stout,

pera i, horizontal to d aes 1 16.20. cm long, fis low on the ‘ound in floral

8 mm long, round in cross-

bract, tubular, 10-12 long; pedicel 16-18 mm long; ovary verrucose, ie

section; sepals th uter two-thirds, the inner

. pale i diffusely ented with re purple on the or wo : ar pe

Gedlits tee Neat pede a am ws food « oases 0 spread, flat flower, the

slender, erect, dark purple tail 12-14 cm long, the lateral sepals similar, , ovate, oblique, 40mm long, 25

mm wide, » connate 20 mm to form a broad, shallow mentum, th

hite, marked wi red, cartilaginous, oblong, 3.5

mm long, 2 mm wide, the i i i dessa eee

denticulate, the

sa : ide, with

within , g, radiating e g, 3mm long, 3 mm wide,

erect, obtuse, marginal — cleft centrally, the base concave, be! to the column-foot; column

white, stout, semi mm long, with a thick foot 4 mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Putumayo: Valle del Sibun-

doy, old road to Mocoa, Balsayaco, alt. 2500 m, 28

March 1979, O. Ospina s.n. (Hol lotype: JAUM: Iso-

type: SEL), Cc Loerilast. 4845; same agg

in cultivati uideas, 5

19389, C. Luer 14108 ( (MO); Dec. 1989, R. ies

4033 (JA

ECUADOR: Prov. of Imbabura: epiphytic in wet

forest in the Los Cedros

reserve, alt. 1900 m, 22 Jan.

1993, S. Dalstrdm, T. Héijer, H. Waieaassyy & M.

Read 2000 (MO).

This rare species, first t discovered by

Brother — Ospina in a forested

the

ively the plant

estern

is similar to many others with long,

narrow leaves and descendin g peduncles.

The large, widely expanded, long-tailed

flowers are distinctive with the well-

demarcated zone in the cente

spotted, lon

cent sepals. The pattern is reminiscent of

that of the Ecuadorian Dracula simia. The lip of D. alcithoé is suborbicular, con-

‘ave with involute margins and filled with low low, branching lamallae that terminate in

humerous, marginal teeth, a rather frequent pattem as is seen in D. wallisii and its

numerous, widely distributed relatives

sega 2h aoe eee

Stine Sattelrss wits ae ae

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Sura

CODd

! i. &, *

She eT

—_— oe

ate 5 cm

os

Plate 1. Dracula glcitoé Luer &

26 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula amaliae Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 5, 1978.

Amalia Lehmann de Sarria of Popayan, Colombia, grand-

ee | A; 4

daughter of F.C. Lehmann, i wh hid

Plant large, agp densely segs. 20pad roots coarse. — stout, erect, 3-4.5 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 close, tubular sheaths. Leaf thinly coriaceous, ate, 15-24 cm long oe

inkecs combee petiole, the blade narrowly elliptical, acute, 1 1525 cm wide, gradually nar-

rowed below to gs soar

le, horizon:

8-10 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract

tabular, 12m og Peal 15- 20. ovary brown, 6-7 mm long, subverrucose, round in

te, suifused a short, dense

pubescence, th ] f the lateral i the dorsal sopal trans-

rely om to boric, 18mm long, 2 26 mm wide, te to the | u

4: 1 4 erect. L +. il 4-1 10

cm long, the lateral sepals suborbicular, 26 mm long, 30 mm wide, connate = dave ance obtuse

pal; petals cream,

mated wi ron, tl

cartilaginous, oblong-obovate, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the apex rounded,

bivalvate, densely papillose between the laminae, the inner inner lamina shorter, denticulate; lip pinkish white,

sega soning, mm wide, the epichile transversely elliptical, ve

concave

Trucose externally, 4 mm long,

mm wide, , the central lamella thick and verrucose,

ie le suborbicular, 3 mm uot Aa mm wide, with 8 obtuse, marginal angles, cleft centrally,

ig te, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout

foot 4 mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Cauca: headwaters of Rio

Naya, sanctediy Mirsoda, 1975, flowered in

by M. &O. Robledo at La Ca, 9 Dec.

1976, R. seme, 7 JA

in culti

1987, culti

Dec. 1987, R. Escobar s.n. JAUM); Ai

Luer 13043 (MO). ¢ ); Apr.1988, CS

This species was collected for the first

time in 1975 in southwestern Colombia

J. Miranda, a local » and cultivat-

ed se * late Sra. Amalia Lehmann de

her orchid collection at at Popay4n.

The ‘eee had not been seen again in

the wild until 1987 when plants were

discovered farther north by the son of J.

SORE: ies Plants were found growing

with a Previously unknown species, Dracula aphrodes.

Species characterized lar

with round sepals _ suffused with brown jade © ocean

ee peduncles. The The epichile of the c

ind and verrucose. From the comparatively

radiate into marginal teeth, irate

omparatively small lip is

midline carina low lamellae

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 27

Plate 2. Dracula amaliae Luer & Escobar

28 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula andreetta (Luet) Luer, Selbyana 2: 193, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia andreetiae Luer, Phytologia 39: 186, 1978.

Fite « Newsed 3 f Angel Andreetta, Salesian father, who with Alexander Hirtz discovered this

Plant medium to large in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-4.5 cm

og lr iy 23 oe teas. La amt cetomhty cosiaccoms carinate, 17-25 cm long

E ly ellir 1, subacute, 2.5-3.5 cm Pe aaa

PORE NER Te tea, 8 Inflare< fi];

tome by tsenig ts et once nce 5-20 cm cm long, green, ecked with white, from

‘he ramicaul; floral bract loose, tubular, , 12 mm long, 7mm broad; p Bes 20mm ong ovary

pene I 12. mm long, subverrucos heavily

te rl spa rend cone, 2025 ning Sem we cone oe eats ‘or 5 mm

to form shallow » gaping cup, the apex subacute, contracted into a slender, yellowish tail 4-5 cm long, the

cal spals va, obliq, 1520 mm long, comnate 15mm into a transverse lamina 33 mam wide era

—— the apices acute, contracted into slender tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal:

rt iy, i on pol pon oblong-ovate, curved, 11 mm long, 3-

1 mm wide, the inner surface with the apex

rounded,

reshape convex, tuberculous, with sermulate sermulate margins; lip white, suffused with rose,

epichile transv. tanvensy clang, Tm long, 1 mm wide sped convex. ly rugose,

ingle a cup-shaped, cleft, 5mm long, 5 mm wide, A Ay

potted with purple, s: semite: 4 long, 2.5

mm wide, wih an equally ong nena mm long. ae Cue

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: : epiphytic in cloud

forest above Maldonado, alt. 1500-2000 m, Oct.

a eps A. Sehieteacahd ae Hirtz,

flow-

cultivation by Andreetta Cue

Ba 6 he St) etd

toa Oe a without locality, flow

1n cultiva-

ionegro, 2 No Nov.

beet tat etiae Sepk: of Salis ere 0

cabeceras del Rio q

1978, flowered in cultivation Lehmann de

in Popayan, 2 Feb. 1979, R. Escobar 1926

(JAUM), flowered in cultivation at C rqui-

deas, i €. Luer 13139 (MO); Cerro del

Serrania de los Paraguas, alt. a. 21502200 m,6

Jan. 1987, F. Silverstone-Sopkin, N Paz,R. are

ae "basing 2 Guche & A Hens Sige 0 (CUV

This rare : :

Srotesque species was culti-

sa ae RD a Mee, Clon

bia, as long ago as 1968, but the informa

tion concerning the locali

, it

Soon after the valley

and fires by settlers sas ene = ddan , aa

Dracula ' andreetiae can be confused 1

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 29

Plate 3. Dracula andreettae (Luer) Luer

30 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

mee . * la Luer & Escobar, O ideologia 15: 6, 1981.

Ety.: From the Latin anicula, “a little, old wousan;”” in fancied allusion of the flower to a withered

face with an open, edentulous mouth.

Ramicauls st t, erect, 2.5-5.5 am

obovate

ogo y's a ea ote t

petiol ,2.1-3.5 om wide, aceanlieent=s faite

sap ance cera , borne by a stout,

green, subverrucose, bracted, h le 9-15 cm long, from low on the

famical floral bra tubular, am ng 1015 mn ne ovary dark purple, 4 mm long,

ro g am, y dotted with purple-brown

above the middle, coalescing into short, t bel iddl , minutely v errucose-pubescent,

the dorsal sepal broadly borbicul 20-25 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, connate to the lateral

P 5. fn. 2 £. 1 ,flat fl mest

into a slender, erect, brownish hp cn ing, eat sp try ratte, 202

mm long, 26-30 mm wide, connate 10-13

—?

£ ot. A, 7 7 ent m 3 > }

oblong, 4mm long, Lm ie, the apex bivalvate, papillose between the laminae, the inner lamina

a rounded, recurved; lip yellow-orange, marked with caaaaaen

— 10-11 mm long, 9-12 mm wide, the epichile transversely elliptical, 6.5 mm long, 9-12 mm

d within by 11-13 radiating, irregularly branching,

ue ha i hypochile oblong, 3.5 mm lon 4 shat Wide, with erect, rounded, marginal

angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to the column-foot; column yellowish white, stout,

semiterete, 6 mm long, with a thick foot 3 mm long.

n, cartilaginous,

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Munic. of Argelia,

“La Florida,” alt. 1900-2100 m, 1973, collector

cultivation at La Ceja by M. & f

O. Robledo, 27 Sept. 1977, R Escobar 1279 Hol ‘

pate JAUM; ee SEL) C. Luer illustr. 1851;

20 Dec. 1991, R. Escobar 4086 GAUM), ie

4096 (MO).

2,

_

esr

5 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14096

Found growing in a forested region Q

inhabited by both the frequent Dracula an C

wallisii and the much less frequent D. Ff }

cutis-bufonis by a forgotten collector near ome i

M » this rare taxon is known only mJ *

Suggested that D ste tig be a natu- ‘4 i

ral hybrid ki the two companion : es

species,

The flowers are borne facin ) ‘

g down on

a relatively short, more or less horizontal _ |

peduncle. The Comparatively short tails

spe: pad be cae = Lg The color of the Sepals is reminiscent of

ahaa . ufonis: a dull green or cream with numerous

——,

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

fo

=

Se

Plate 4. Dracula anicula Luer & Escobar

re

Jie

ae) niles

\ Sf

Ruy

(

32 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula anthracina & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 64, 1982.

cag eraonigcomrah haa “coal black,” in allusion to the color of the flowers.

eS ieee MSL eta cae itose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 1.5-2 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 | , tubular ular sheaths. Leaf thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly linear-

ano 0.9-1.4 ide, gradually narrowed

obovate, acute, 11-19 cm long including an indistinct petiole, cm wide, gra

below i conduplicate, subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a congested, successively few-flowered

ae , tay Uy ae Ms ee oe a 4. 1 5. 10cm long, from low on the

ramical floral brac, tubular, owed soars Ss apna hao — 6 mm mm long, Seek

broadly ovate, obtuse, Sg 1216 ie te to the lateral sepal Pesan tan

flat, widely spread flow obtuse, contracted into a slender, erect, purple-black tail 3.5-6.5 cm

long the ltr sepals 15-18 ma log, 14 mm wie, connate 12 mm to form a shallow, coe picture

cream, marked

with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, Lertaiean the

laminae, the inner lamina obtuse, denticulate, the outer lamina rounded, recurved; lip white, suffused

with pink, spathulate, 7-7. 5 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide, the epichile suborbicular, 4-4.5 mm long, 4.5-5

mm wide, concave with incurved, denticulate margins, with 5-7 more or less incomplete, radiating,

lamellae within, v vermcose extemally, th hypo oblong, 3mm somn long, 2-5 om bere with erect, obtuse,

les. cleft centrally, theh yellow-white,

stout, semiterete, 5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

COLOMBIA: without locality, obtained by J&L

Orchids, Easton, CT., U.S.A., from H. Schmidt-

Mumm in Bogota, flowered in cultivation 23 Oct.

1 .

fi

Cc

SEL, Isotype

red in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at

eja, 20 May 1977, : Escobar 1784 serie:

omborquideas. 11 Apr.

in

1988, C. Luer 13153 (MO).

This species was obtained by

J & L Orchids from Helmuth Schmidt-

Mumm of Bogoté, Colombia, without

collection data. ly it is endemic in

the Eastern Cordillera. Rodrigo Escobar

remembers having seen it once in the

forest near in the department of

Santander, but the specimen was lost.

There is no other record of its

collected in the wild.

Dracula anthracina is best sneered

to D. benedictii. Both are c by

small sepia fewer, but the Nanies

of the pl is deeply cupped while the

flower of D. anthracina is ne ae

The concave epichile of the lip of D. anthracina is

considerably broader ea the hypoc

at all, broader than the hypochile. hile. The epichile of D. benedictii is barely, if

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

ile if

i D — 2

EN BR

ON € aS

) 2 \

as

5 cm

Plate 5. Dracula anthracina Luer & Escobar

34 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula aphrodes i : 9.

| & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1002, 198 a

Ety.: inti ace “foamy,” referring to a morphological character of the epichile of

the lip.

i i long, en-

iphytic, ca ; roots fleshy, coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 2-6 cm

a st it a snigoe : ly elliptical,

15-33 cm long, 2-3.7 cm wide, gradually i bel t

In-

y a stout, erect peduncle 15-25 cm long,

icaul; 15-18 mm long; pedicels “eet

ovary round in cross-section; sepals glabrous, light dull green, lightly suffused wi

rove inl ied dtl wih ova tdaw hese Sie Se aa

i cede ae 1 De Be OO nen 0 & pee

= | Pu 3

ernie a fees Mictad theenie Een 8 ce

ovale, cbiabe Be anaes Contracted into a slender, erect, purple-brown tail 5 cm long, the lateral sepa

ovate, oblique, 28 mm long, 23 mm wide, connate 22 , deep mentum, Pp :

contracted into slender tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal: petals white, with brown PB

i onions: 3 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, the apex rounded, bivalvate, papillose between e

. : ran " iim L : : : ular

and several incomplete, irregu those ‘gin breaking up minute, irreg

vacuoles, the hypochile oblong, 3.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft

centrally, the con base flexibly hinged to the column-f. t, column light yellow, semiterete, 4 mm

long, with a stout foot equally long.

2

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Valle del Cauca: epiphytic in

forest between Costa Rica and Ginebta (originally

by J. Miranda, Jr., flowered in cultivation at Colom-

borquideas, 10 Apr. 1988, R. Escobar 3978 (Holo.

type: JAUM; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 13117.

This species was recently discovered

by a professional collector in a rich,

unexplored area in southern Colombia

growing with Dracula amaliae, D. insolita

and D. ventriculosa. All four species were

and erect peduncles bearing large, dull-

colored flowers, flowered simultaneously

ie coldvak

Dracula aphrodes is MOst similar to

the accompanying D. ventriculosa that

also has Sepals, but Sepals of

D. aphrodes are subacute instead of ob-

rR ba most distinguishing feature is

> epichile of the lip th is pink and somewhat similar in ies. i

chile of D. ventriculosa is filled with tall, radiating a.

plete and Present as tall, flat, erect, rounded teeth. The oblong epichile of D

aphrodes is sometimes lightly ¢ 7 i

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 6. Dracula aphrodes Luer & Escobar

36 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula astuta (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 193, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia astuta Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 2: 284, 1886.

Ety.: From the Latin astutus, “astute, wily, clever,” in allusion to some unknown character

saw in the plant.

Syn.: Masdevallia gorgo Rchb£. ex Kranzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 136, 1925.

Ly wT, 4 £, a 4 Tr st. 1. i locks.

Syn.; Masdevallia erythrochaete Rchbf. var. astuta (Rchb.f.) Woolward, Monogr. Genus Masde-

vallia sub t. 63, 1896.

Syn.: Dracula gorgo (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

Dien’ As. 2 +. eninhvtic — +, 1 A YD

» €pipny P Is slender, erect, 3-6 cm long,

by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly cori , carinate, ly elliptical-obo-

vate, acute, 10-22 cm long including an indistinct petiole, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, the base gradually narrowed

into the conduplicate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively 3- to 5-flowered raceme up to 5 cm

he by a h Il to d ding peduncl 15 cm long, from low on the

ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 8-12 mm long; pedicel 8-10 mm long; ovary 4-5 mm long, lightly subver-

RPOREY, BONES oe eee San F le yellow, diffusely dotted, or dotted in lines of purple or

P . sepal ly ovate, 16 mm long, 20 ide, to the lateral

ee aflat, widely i flower, th To aes cae “compet des erect

red-purple tail 7-8 cm long, the lateral sepals broadly i 1 wide,

connate 15 mm to form a broad, shallow th acca. ae ae

£ ¢ cs

Ls

} ENE ees IS Th

i sal sepal; pet y, chsiilexiooss, oblong, 4am long, 1.5 mm

wide, the apex bivalvate, papillose between the laminae, the inner lamina acute, denticulate, the outer

lamina obtuse, lip white, suffused with rose, spathulate, 10 mm long, 6 mm wide, the epichile

Tamelln and’ cecag, nm long, 6 mm wide, with the margins involute and toothed, with 3 primary

ee ins near the margin, the hypochi 5

mm wide, with erect, rounded, i cleft a ela Nee page aaa

; : marginal angles, centrally, the ba z

foot; columm greenish white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as long.

COSTA RICA: without locality, collected by Carder,

Messrs.

published

ss C. H. Lankester

owered in cultivation by J & L Orchi :

1977, C. Luer 2156(SEL). ie

This Costa Rican species is commonly

treated as a form or a variety of the vari-

able D. erythrochaete, but because of the

distinct ‘ance, it will be segregated

here. Although basically inseparable from

D. erythrochaete, it is distinguished by the

usually slightly wider leaves, and larger

longer-tailed, more colorful flowers that

are widely spread, and with a larger lip

The smaller, more or less cupped varia-

rere tie na owets Of the usual D. eryihrochaete are not as

_ tk — ve his monograph of Masdevallia, Kranzlin (1925)

— — specimen he could find in the herbaria at Kew and

bi oe mixed collection of flowers from Endres that he published

coenne a aa as M. gorgo. The locality of both San Ramon and

— ss fi a — shes different sizes, but large ones compatible

Reichenbach's herbarium at W (Venn oh scape ak a

iting as the “tyoe” Wie, et™) is erroneously labeled in Kranzlin’

type. Itis a Masdevallia, possibly M. calura Rchb £ 2a

37

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 7. Dracula astuta (Rchb.f.) Luer

38 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

gpg ergo oye oo ., 194, ia

Chron. 1: 725, 187

Ety.: puaduisdelene "mcm" Be os cane oft tower.

2.5-3 ong, en-

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect,

closed loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, plicate, carinate, iti eles

ox ipti base gradually narrowed

Inflorescence

send pehest 15-18 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 15-17 mm long; pedicel

Pep tts Arg et ets sepals yellow, irregu-

larly dotted and spotted with red-brown, densely short-pubescent within, the dorsal sepal triangular-

eden tac ait ee a wwe en coe

ong,

lateral sepals obliquely ovate-triangular, obtuse, 40-44 mm long, 26-28 mm wide, connate 30 mm .

form a broad, shallow pal;

, marked with brown, c , obovate, 6 mm long, 5 mm wide, the apex bilobed,

cy oh go betwoe the lamina, tefl shorter and denticulate; lip

white Ss pe 2 TI. r p

Baniss Manele te ake ceediae and incurved, with numerous, tall, irregular, radiat-

ing lames win, the hypocile clon, 7m lng, 3 man wie with erect, rounded, marginal angles,

, Semiterete, 5 mm long, with

a stout foot 4 mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Cafiasgordas, alt.

8000 ft., 1872, G. Wallis 218 (Lectotype: W); flow- ;

ered in cultivation at the Herrenhausen Botanic L

Garden in Hannover, by H. Wendland, collected collected by ,

Boxall s.n. (W); Frontino, Schmidtchen s.n. (W); i

‘ » flowered in by

e obledo at La Ceja, 12 Mar. 1976, R.

Escobar 1491 (SAUM); Munic. of Pueblo Rico,

1500 fe St 200m, colt by IM Sema

1969, flowered in cultivation on by A. Meji

oe Nov. 1973, R. Escobar s.n.

collected by P.

1983, owed statin

July 1987, R. Escobar 3966

1988, C, Luer 13154 (MO), GUM) ad 10 Ape

jia n

a

thie amie tothe Western Cordillera of Colombia where

= uy may achat collectors including Wallis, Roezl, Schmidt-

a giant Masdevalli acknowledged as the first to find it: he described it as

Europe pit pangs Succeeded in returning living plants to

m with Mr,

and Herr H. Wendland at the et ainsi,

with a sd Rage by the large, yellow flower, diffusely spotted

kip that age bi tails, and with a broad, white, mushroom-

mine Center. The apices of the petals are broadly expanded

ee

Ko oe

¢

'

te

Pied

e

,

oe ear A

2S, ey

¢

22 tg

iste

.

’

.

ae

& rE

Co

OE Naar ym eree Ur Moa wens Pen a

Plate 8. Dracula della (Rchb.f.) Luer

40 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula bellerophon Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 9, 1978.

Teas Tal, i ¢. . rr 7 yth + gi TL D.n ph 1 , While m: t 1 upon Pegasus, slew

the Chimera.

Plant in size to large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-

5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly ellip-

tical, acute, 11-20 cm long including an indistinct petiole, 2-4 cm wide, the base gradually narrowed into

the : i base. a , i few-flowered raceme, bome

by ke gt aay — to descending peduncle 12-20 cm long, from low on the

round in e. ,

iS; F ig; Yy green, 7mm

: P am-colored to light yellow, dotted with brown or purple-brown,

sometimes along the veins below the middle, i covered by a long, dense, yellowish ice,

fae Sorsal sepal broadly ovate, 30 mm long, 26-30 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 10 mm to

daams 8 widely spread, shallowly pped flower, the obtuse to rounded ap tracted i lender,

erect, dark red-purple tail 10-12 cm long, the lateral ique, 40-4 i

connate 20-27 mm into a broad, deep mentum, the ark pon” ime, 40-45 mm long, 25 mm wide,

earths.

sf the dorsal sepal; petals cream, marked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong. 4.5 mm lone, 2 mas wide

f . +4. ong, 2 mm wide,

ine spex rounded, bivalvate, papillose between the laminae, the inner laraina denticuiite, the outer

th orange, spathulate, 9 mm long, 7 mm wide, the epichile trans-

elliptical, 5 mm long, 7 mm wide, concave with involute, denticulate margins, with multiple,

marginal anges, cof ccarale ae epPoctile oblong, 4 mm lng, 3.5 mm wide, with erect, rounde:

’ concave Ye = :

dust, angles, Sm lng, wis ek foe cnn beret to the column-foot; column white,

Until recently this ies }

known from onl IS species had been

tivated by Helmuth

Bogoté,

2 Proportion to the size ofthe sepat aepyey pubescence, The lip, small

is in D. chimaera, The Soy Oly attached to the column-foot as it

ee Te

ENS = ee ee

Pe a TE ST IO ee ee

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 41

Plate 9. Dracula bellerophon Luer & Escobar

42 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ee ae Bien. Selbyana 2: site Sighs

79, 1874.

oted Bohemi , who discovered this species.

Syn.: Masdevallia troglodytes Morren, Belgique Hort. 27: 97, t. 5, 1877.

aed ee. ee absticn tothe appearance of the

Piri ag deep within the cup-shaped, black

1 > snips 198 8, 1978.

—— Phytologia 47: 60, 1980.

Blew « Mana

Booey + NI, > tay cn. 2 4 D. es

leks honk on dn Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 om 1 :

colony nw ai Leaf erect, coriaceous, carinate, very narrowly toto

linear, acute, 13-18 cm idisnet ( narrow

ices Gs ceateatoar ne ndistinct petiole, 1.2-1.6 cm wide, "eat eakapmame ed

bome by a purplish, several io pe to descending peduncle 3-5 cm long, from low on the

pager bract, tubular, ieee lecnhawnene oe ype long, subverr-

a nee poset heap —

May

estore tone of numero SOF uscOveries of the intrepid B he:

ie ohemian

um. Living ana aay Wali ete bene aorta .

D.

plants benedictii were Were imported into Europe as early as 1876,

\

af

\\

wilt; 4

a Va

Sa iS) SF Sas

eye's

——— a

Sr giana

Ri oe

: A ae

43

5 mm

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 10. Dracula benedictii (Rchb.f.) Luer

44 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

flowering first with M. Oscar-Lamarche at Liége, Belgium.

Dracula benedictii is easily identified by the small, deeply cup-shaped flower,

whitish on the outside and full black with tiny warts on the inside. Occasionally the

background color within the cup is paler or cream-colored, and studded with the

tiny, brown warts. The latter form was described as D. hubeinii.

Dracula berthae Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 115, 1979.

Ety.: Named in honor of Sra. Bertha S. de Lasema, of of Bogota, Colombia, in whose orchid collection

this species was discovered.

small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1.5-4 cm long, enclosed

by Rrtprrdgers: saa Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 10-15 cm long including an indis-

tebe lnflorscrcrscgl wer bore opt cates — “hearse dampened

base. Inflorescenc: tal t sparsely

peduncle mm long; pedice cel 15-

17mm long: ovary deep pup, 4 nm ong mn wie <r peor a pair of tall wings at

iy

in + oh

| margin; sepals white, covered within by evenly spaced, small, oA og chemi each

Herel eet (tO short hairs, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, 10 mm long, 7 wide, connate to the

lateral sepals for 2 mm to f hallo widely th sia sca

slender, erect, dark red-brown tail ca. 25 m ee artes pms

ender, erect ca. 25 mm ovate, oblique, 17 mm long, 19 mm

wid>, diverging 180 degrees, connate S mm into a broad, shallow mentum, the acute apices contracted

jo sisader, white tails ca. 21 mm long; petals green, marked with purple-brown, cartilaginous, oblong,

3 mim long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex rounded, bivalvate, papillose betv, he laminae, the inner lamina

shorter, pores lip white, minutely dotted with pink, ovate ovate-obpyrifom, 3.75 mm long, 1.5-2 mm

bang epichile indistinct, rounded, 1.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide wide, convex, minutely papillose, with a few

pats erage abo the hypochile ov ovoid, 2.5 mm lon ong, 2 mm wide, hapa marginal

clefi centrally the ~.

Re feng mind pe “ aaa

Mires Dept. of Boyaca: epiphytic in forest

between Arcabuco and and Moniquira, alt. alt. 2300-2600 m,

1976, — by P. Garcia, cultivated by Sra

M.

0. Robledo at La Ceja, 9 Oct. 1977, R. Escobar 1817

ey JAUM). Ht Ost. 1977, C. Luer 1997

are ie 1988, C. Luer 13159 (MO)

This pretty little Species from the

Cordillera of Colombia i is known

from a single collection in 1976 by P.

Garcia. It was Cultivated by Sra. Bertha de

Laserna in Bogotd, and a division of the

plant was given to Dr. and Sra. Oscar

Robledo who it at La Ceja, All

— presently in cultivation Stem from

the original collection, Dracula berthae is

Popular in collections, not Not Only because of

the ease dees which it grows, but also

erect inflorescences permit i

to be cultivated in a small pot hiner

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

45

Plate 11. Dracula berthae Luer & Escobar

46 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

several short hairs. The lateral sepals are oblong, considerably larger than the

dorsal sepal and spread in opposite directions. Each sepal is terminated by a fila-

mentous tail, that of the dorsal sepal red-brown, those of the lateral sepals, white.

The convex, rugose epichile of the minute lip is smaller than the hypochile.

Bee» Ni,

-

RE Mere ne q * i 4M.

LJ

is, who successfully

Dracula brangeri Luer, Orchideeén 48: 47, —

Plant medium in size, presumably epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, 3-4 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, sheaths. Leaf thinly coriaceous, carinate, 11-15 cm long, the blade

obovate, acute, 1-1.2 cm wide, gradually narrowed below into a slender, subpetiolate base.

Teeflareceon t pax Pe £1. 2 L L 1 Pee 1 1 1 9.

9 cm long, with a few, distant bracts, from low on the ramicaul; flowers medium in size, orange-brown:

floral bracts oblique, 7-8 mm k pedicel 10-12 mm ] le-b 6 mm long, 3 mm wide,

remnal in .

mor

1.1}

i pals gl xtemally, spiculate-pubescent within, the dorsal sepal trans-

versely ovate, 11 mm long, 13 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 6 mm to form a sepaline cup,

the angles of union dilated and infolded, the apex obtuse, into a , erect, orange-brown

tail 2.5 cm long, the lateral sepal bliquely triangular, 13 mm long, 12 mm wide, connate 9 mm

1 3.1. L. . oo L a a aiged, ee 2 eT ae Be

1. 1 A tas]

> bear“ 2 <

egarmiler tr. thee af she 1 1 . i ae ee os

4 , cartilaginous, oblong, 4.5 mm long,

: rounded, bivalvate, Papillose between the laminae; lip yellow, spathulate, 8-9 mm

long, 5 wide, the epichile transversely elliptical, concave, 4 mm long, 5 mm wide, the margins

Genticulate and incurved, the hypochile oblong, 5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal

alge: ay 8 3 , semiterete, 5 mm

long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

COLOMBIA: without locality, obtained by Hubein

possibly in the Eastern Coodillre, 1979-1900, flow-

ered in

cultivation by C. Branger in Lunteren, The

Netherlands, 16 October 1985, C. Luer 11430

(Holotype: MO).

L

r r ad

.

purchased from a collec-

tor from another part of the . ne

Dracula brangeri is distinguished

the orange-brown, cupped flower with

everted margins of the sepals. The petals

and lip are not different from

those species related to the D. houtteana-

psittacina complex. The small, transverse-

ly ovate epichile of the lip is concave with

involute Margins and with a few, low

g lamellae from a Crested, central

47

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

5 cm

Plate 12. Dracula brangeri Luer

48 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula carcinopsis Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1003, 1989.

Ety.: From the Greek karkinopsis, “resembling a crab,”’ referring to the fancied appearance of the

flower.

Dienst v3 2 , epiphytic, Ly 1 A RQ 1 t: 3 -4 cm

cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, oo ile echoed

petiole 2-3 cm long, the blade broadly elliptical, acute, 3-5 cm wide, narrowed below into the condu-

a loose, successively few-flowered raceme, borne by a slender, erect

peduncle 11- -15 cm long, with several, distant bracts bracts, from low on the rami ramicaul; floral bracts 8-10

“ suffused with blackish brown

at the apices and the middle, shortly pubescent wit » hairs yell 4

<ouuliieiems, Seen ee ran Is for 5 to f iclosed

nutant flower with a shallow sepaline ‘oegscceatrrady contracted into into a slender, forwardly directed,

oraage-brown til a 18 om long, the cope: chemin oblique, 17 mm long, 14 mm wide, connate 13

mm into a deep, mentum, the apices obtuse, contracted into slender dark brown tails ca. 17

coer ak Petals white, marked with purple-brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the

papillose between the laminae, the inner lamina recurved, denticu-

ines lp wis win voor paint thick, spathulate, 8 mm long, 6.5 mm wide, the epichile deflexed,

ovoid, concave with erect margins, 5 mm gatas. gplauaneme Tspelouadataoese radiating lamellae, the

erect, narrowly obtuse, marginal angles, cleft

between lamina each with a _ptet prolong Seaiseea Uiis Nhigsa es tn colton face column

Sreenish white, semiterete, 4.5 mm long, the apex minutely bifid, the the foot stout, equally long

COLOMBIA: yr hott del Cauca: Cajion de

Garrapatas, alt. 800-2000 m, collected by J. Miran-

a Oa te meee in cultivation at

5 Mar. 1989, R. Escobar 4004 4004 Glog:

JAUM; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 1408

This intriguing but not

species was recently discovered bya

collector in a remote valley in

southern Colombia. The leaves are broad,

subplicate and petiolate. The peduncles

are shorter than the leaves and stand erect

to bear the sinister-appearing flowers,

heavily suffused with blackish brown,

facing downward. They do not open

widely, all three of the short tails curvi

ward. The ovoid epichi

of the lip is filled with iim iar

irregular lamellae, j

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 49

4

7

Plate 13. Dracula carcinopsis Luer & Escobar

50 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula chestertonii pe tela nm on a

Bas.: Masdevallia

sn: Maniieallia naeiuchile nse aa Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. ‘Sada 11: 307, 1890, et

11: 170, 1891. :

Besse aes “a large lip,” referring to the size of the labellum.

Dienst po . epiphytic, 2. 1 3

icauls stout, erect, 3-4 cm rage

enclosed sheaths. coriaceous, lightly plicate, carinate, 10-18 cm

ig acehng spn cng Gasca 2-3.5 cm wide, the base - gradually

conduplicate

slender, purple, horizontal to descending, multibracted peduncle 12-20 cm long, from low on the rami-

caul; floral bract tubular, cn spat gen aloes, deny oe deep purple, 7 mm long, subverru-

cose, round Cross-section; sepals is, diffusely ee” by small, smooth, black

wets, the doesel 1 suburban fl mm long, 17 mm wide expand-

ed, connate t eh, L on £ 3.1. rounded abruptly

, the

contracted into a slender, enc ftom al IS amlane te htc spe sean ome ees

mm long. 28 mm wide

Guide aces dorsal sepal; petals yellow, marked with black,

= mule spot alsin mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, ‘the apex thickened and cucullate, —

black; lip pink or salmon, veined in red ly r

long, 25 man wide, the sides emooth, stoned ihdadi saab ocieted, th denen, branching, radiatin cat

lac within, the the hypochile oblong, 6 mm long, 3 mm wide, with low, rounded, marginal angles, cleft

the column-foot; column green, semiterete, ¢ 6 mm long, with a stout

foot 4 mm long.

by Messrs, Sander, J. H.

western

Lehman, 3 ne 2000 m, 30 Dee, 1883, FC.

Lehmann 3436 (G). Dept. of Antioquia: without

4 s.n. (W). Munic. of Betania,

Farallones del Citar4, 2000 m, collected by

J. M. Sema, 1974, flowered i Cultivation by M. & O.

Robledo at La Ceja, 12 Oct. OT? mee:

(SEL). Dept. of of Chocd: Carmen de

La Clara,

alt. 1800-2000 m, collected by J. M. Serna Au

1973, flowered in in cultivation at ee

16

ap 1988, ma Auer 13182 (MO); Alto de la Sirena,

- Restrepo, L. Ortiz & P.

de al 1974, flowered in cultivation by S S. Re-

QAUM) Retiro, Apr. 1975, R. Escobar s.n.

ered in 1879 by the c silicic’

at that time in the employ of the Messrs.

Sander of St. Albans, en eee

Cn the locality was

The 5 wae color painting, No. 310, is t Kew.

apices eal With reflexed sides are covered with small. black arts. The

pre su and cucullate, asks Uk meshsocen

7 La

iny fruit fli ; : Ceja, where flowers are visited by

uny fruit flies, Spontaneous hybrids With ¢ of D. chestertonii occur.

= Central

Di i a li ll

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

51

se

Beyreas

aon

* we

Plate 14. Dracula chestertonii (Rchb.f.) Luer

52 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula chimaera (Rchb-f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, peli

Chron. 463, 1

Bas.: Masdevallia chimaera chimaera Rehb.f., Gard. Chron.

Ety.: Named for the mythological, fire bre hing cr Chimera, the offering of Typo an

Echidna, with the body of a goat, the head of a li » and the tai drag:

Syn.: Masdevallia backhousiana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 716, 1879,

Ety.: Named for Messrs. Backhouse of York, England, who imported d cultivated thi a

large-flowered plant.

By Fone Lte spent“ stupenda Rchb-f., Gard. Chron. 1: 270, 1885.

.: From Latin stupendus, “stupendous,” re: Pp Itivated by

er

Piefoniek aa an 1885.

By: rn te Lanse, ea imported among others by Messrs.

adr BA cn 8 Wn ns PL. 5: 30,

Se? Pa es eka ee

tn thank aa ior ett Man. Orchid. PL. 5: 31, 1889.

oS hee ATI,

Plant large, densel z -

closed by 2-3 epiphytic, — > foots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3 5 cm long, en

erect, thinly coriaceous . Carinate, ical, acute,

eda asin nindtint pale 35 cm ong, 4.3 cm wide the base cuneate into the

8 loose, succes ral-flowered to 10

kg cf showy flo is _ sively seve: wered raceme up to 10 cm

floral bract, tubular, 15-18 mm long; pedicel 16-45 mm long; ovary 10 mm long, subverru-

Sn hn omc apa — yellow, green, purple, brown, or red-brown, diffu-

: ; oes es mes "94 cro se dio

Petals white, marked with brown, cartilaginous, elliptical-oblon » 4mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the apex

Foe ne between the laminae, the inner lamina dent

¢, the outer lamina re-

waka in cultiv

Pie ges 1972, . Escobar 463

JM. Sema,

ele

flowered in

& W. Teague 14215

alt. 2100 m wet

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 53

Plate 15. Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer

54 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, Apr. 1975, R. Escobar 1530 (JAUM); El Queremal, alt. 1900

m, collected by J. Miranda, Jr., flowered in cultivation at Colomborquideas, 5 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14084

(MO). Dept. of Cauca: Buena Vista, alt. 2200-2800 m, 23 Apr. 1883, F. C. Lehmann 2816 (BM); El

Tambo, alt. 1300 m, 19 Sept. 1936, K. von Sneidern 1105 (S). Dept. of Chocé: Munic. of Guangarales,

1979, collected by E. Segura, flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 9 Apr. 1988, C.

wuer 13096 (MO). Dept. of Narifio: Tiqueres, alt. 1500-2000 m, F.C. Lehmann 10029 (K). Dept. of

‘ : ; : 1972,

I

I by R. i

M. de Robledo et al., flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, Dec. 1972, R. Escobar 906

«cutlets Mi

I

pr. 1984. C = INIOZA (MO); on. woke cn g e Antonio, alt. 2000 m, 8

(G).

Dracula chimaera was first discovered by Benedict Roezl in March, 1870,

probably west of Cali in Cauca in the Western Cordillera, not in the Chocé as origi-

nally stated. There was no access to the Chocé at that time. The type-specimen

consists of one flower in poor condition. Roezl failed to send living plants to

a but other collectors (Wallis, the brothers Klaboch, Patin and Shuttleworth)

The Size, color and Spots of the soft, fleshy, coarsely pubescent sepals of D.

chimaera are markedly variable, a feature noted early in the literature. Reichenbac

o Pape ane ee | Veitch reduced all forms and taxa similar

ae ee varieties of M. chimaera. Today itis still difficult to decide

boundaries between D. wallisii and D. chimaera.

Dracula chimaera is widely distributed in the Western Cordillera north of

pth 9 south of which the Westem Cordillera merges with the Central Cordillera.

“ely distributed in the northern Central Cordillera with dis-

be the same :

are pebiabys nae erres af ve be mp aad Other Species (including D. wallisii)

Wootward in her monograph, $ distribution for M. chimaera published by

A feature which sometimes is he : . :

the sepals. The sepals of is helpful in separating the two taxa is the shape of

ernmost Colombia with

by Lehmann. Reichenb Pe arlavesany of blotches (D. vampira?) is mentioned

saccato.”” He never described desig the lip of D. chimaera as “‘oblongo,

After havin e) + i - wallisii.

reach the conclusion that De Ompared numerous living and dried flowers, we

by the shape of the lip and the cee can O tly separated from D. wallisii only

ond, elusive feature is totally lot in the pesecr qu? the column-foot. The sec

of Draculas lal eee Dressed flower. Crushed and dried flowers

chimaera the lip is oblon 8-obovoid with ao. 2 Positive diagnosis. In D.

i more involute than the sre’ ScaPhoid apex deeply inflated and

0 the column-foot so that it does not maye geno EP is inflexibly attached

oblong-orbicular with the bowl-like anes ow? G0Wn- In D. wallisii the lip is

2 “pex simply incurved, usually not more than

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 55

the sides; the base of the lip is flexibly hinged to the column-foot so that it is easily

moved up or down. Because of these difficulties, some of the citations above could

include collections of D. wallisii.

Roezl’s personal account of his discovery of Dracula chimaera, published in the

Gardeners’ Chronicle of 21 August 1875, page 233, is as follows:

Travelling one day on horseback with a companion in Chocé along a lovely valley, my

eye was arrested by a most beautiful object some yards distant, growing by arock. I

stopped the horses, and the one arm now in my possession making it difficult for me to

alight, I asked my companion to do so, and he at once complied with my wishes, and jump-

ing off the horse went and fetched a few of the plants I pointed out to him. He held them up

to me, and on my saying “‘I do not want to see the roots a the flowers,’’ he answered,

“There are no flowers on them.”’ ‘‘Yes; but turn the plants round -- the flowers are behind

your arm.” (On the plants) were flower-stalks .— 2 feet “a so long that the flowers

were behind him when he held the plants up to me . . . B. Roezl.

Comments on Dracula chimaera by W. G. Smith which appeared on page 41 in

the Gardeners’ Chronicle of 9 January 1875 are as follows:

No one who sees M. Chimera for the first time can say it possesses any intrinsic beauty

of its own, for its aspect is grotesque and whimsical in the extreme. The prolonged extremi-

ties of the sepals are the snakes’ tails of the dreadful Chimera itself, and the abundant hairs

are the bristles of its horrible flaming mouth. M. Chimera is like certain sounds, odours,

colours, and persons familiar to all thinking people, disagreeable in themselves, yet possess-

ing irresistible hi hidden attractions to which one is ever bound to return. Who is not familiar

with certain themes in the music of Beethoven or Schubert, disagreeable, discordant, and

stirring in themselves, yet the very notes one is always wishing to hear again. The same

holds good with odours: certain scents (as the aroma of the Trattie) are to many persons

actually hateful, yet the odour has such a peculiar fascinati

always be risen to. Iti is the same amongst rastes, colours, forms, persons, and all other

gs -- th ly ugly and offensive, but deficient in pure beauty

and consonance, the deficiency being made up by some irresistible attraction, to which most

people are bound to submit. M. chimera will always be esteemed for its peculiarities: the

flowers are yellowish with deep reddish brown markings, and densely clad on the interior

surface with long hairs; they remind one of acrobats walking on stilts with a balancing pole,

and the front view of a flower is not unlike a twisted clown’s face distorted with a

+;

56 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula chiroptera Luer & Malo, Selbyana 2: 367, 1978.

Ety.: N 4 for Chi p a, th L * f bats,

the flowers.

Plant large, epiphytic, itose; icauls stout, erect, 2-7 cm long, en-

; densely caespitose; roots coarse. Rami $ cm

closed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. ee oetinite cliptical, acu,

10-29 cm long including indistinct petiole 3-5 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate 4

Hoe ye sar arercigeengaie sie ea dh a ap

the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 6-12 mm long: pedi 1 15-30 mm long; ovary 6-9 mm long, subverru-

di ti als ligh w OF yellow-green, diffusely spotted with purple-brown or

chocolate, shortly pubescent, the dorsal sepal ovate, 27-30 mm long, 19-25 mm wide, connate to the

lateral sepals for 6-7 to fi flat, idely Pp i fl , the apex subacute,

slender, erect, dark purple tail 6-8 (rarely 12) cm long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 30-35 mm long,

91 9% een ehh aneetn ?

sand, 3, .} ee PE 1 h par ey TS

il il: pal, Pp white or ivory, marked aeraenagert

ginous, oblong-obovate, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, papillose bet en the | » the

inner lamina i the outer lamina rounded, recurved: ip yellowish white, spathulate, 1

14 mm long, 7.5-8.5 mm wide, rarely larger, the epichile suborbicular, concave, with involute, multide-

i margins, 8-10 mm long, 7.5-8.5 mm wide, with 3 primary lamellae and multiple, radiating,

ing, elevated veins within, the hypochile ovoi 3-4 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, with erect, rounded,

cleft base concave, flexibly hing to the column-foot; column yellowish

white, stout, semiterete, 5 mm with a stout foot equally long.

- cultivation at Tarqui, 22 July

1977, C. Luer 1759 (Holotype: SEL); above Tandapi,

alt. 1600 m, collected by A. Andreetta and A. Hi

flowered in cultivation at Paute, 24 May 1988, C.

Luer 13627

et al., in cultiva-

tion by Hirtz in Quito, 30 Apr. 1981, C. Luer 6028

(SEL).

Dracula chiroptera is a variable taxon

intermediate between the Colombian D.

wallisii and the Ecuadorian D. hirtzii. It

could possibly be treated as a variant of

either of the two, but subtle differences

seem to maintain its identification. In

southwestern Colombia the forms are

larger than the more typical forms from

farther south in Pichincha.

Dracula chiroptera is identified by the

large, widely Spread, densely spotted

flowers that resemble those of both D. wallisii and D. hirtzii. Within, the sepals are

elliad ens: Stott pubescence, neither like the long, coarse pubescence of D.

wallisii, nor like the essentially glabrous sepals of D. hirtsj. The bivalvate petals of

‘ similar to consider. The epichile of the lip of D. chiroptera is

suborbicular and concave with all the sides involute with multidenticulate margins,

very Similar to some forms of the lip of D. wallisii The lip of D. hirtzii is also

—— ‘he apical margin is involute, the sides being only more or

a eee ee

a the Sali

pad es hb

Dracula chiroptera Luer §

|

5 cm

Plate

58 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula circe Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 15: 11, 1981.

Plant medium-sized to large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 4-6 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, subplicate, narrowly

obovate, acute, 15-27 cm long, id dually 1 hel i. dedicate, indi

2.8-3,3 . gt y i indis-

tinctly petiolate base. Inflore ively few-fl d , bome by a slender,

Cys cted p 4 5 12-16 cm long, fro 1 oh . Ces | tL Pa ieee , 10 mm long;

pedicel 25 mm long; ovary 4-5 mm long di ti pals greenish white, lightly

with parple and with a long, white pubescence within, the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 12 mm long, 15

eens tet P 6 mm to fe dely expanded fl with a shallow, sepa-

cup, i ct. slendest. red-purvic tail

p. the ap Jed, abruptly cont i p 6-7 cm long, the

lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, 17 mm long, 16 mm wide, connate 9 mm to form a broad, shallow

mentum, the apices obtuse, contracted into tails 5-7 cm long, similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals

ivory, marked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, illose

acute, denticulate, the outer lamina recurved, rounded; lip salmon-

colored, spathulate, 7 mm long, 5 mm wide, the epichile ovoid, rounded, 4.5 mm long, 5 mm wide,

Concave with involute, toothed margins, with 3 straight, parallel lamellae within, the hypochile oblong,

2.5 mum long, 2.5 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the concave base hinged

tothe column-foot; column yellow-white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot equally long.

COLOMBIA: flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 20 July 1978, R. Escobar 1883

ss YE ), C. Luer illustr. 2935; fl 19 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13094 (MO).

uiaade ane of this plant in a large, mixed bed of collected plants of Dracula

- - ra in the greenhouse of Dr. Oscar Robledo and Martha Posada

Ps sens Ceja, Colombia, is similar to the appearance of D. pileus. Neither

4 wrce nor D. pileus has been collected in flower in the wild. Only after the bed of

vo Wie p in cultivation for three years (1975-

pti ane. epee circe and D. pileus begin to appear. It is nod i that

ecg - well as numerous others that have appeared voluntarily in their

hi Spontaneous, garden hybrids.

‘We bees ll ts —— that are difficult to attribute to a putative parent.

wolves Sigh es and long-pubescent sepals suggest D. gorgona or D.

ae Webee cu ey flower with a “standard lip could indicate any

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 17. Dracula circe Luer & Escobar

eats i el a eas a) = 7 ss

Ne ge a ee ee eee Cae a ee ee

60 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula citrina Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 64, 1981

Ety.: From the Latin citrinus, “lemon yellow,” referring to the color of the flowers.

Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, densel: i ts slender. Ramicauls erect, stout, 2.5-3 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly carinate ly obovate

se 1-5 ginning nnn pel 17-0 wie eal ero below into the

ly f fl > by phys spemty bse, hanna iieadesilltag podoncie 7-8 am long, from

1 s « sn TL. pam ae | | 1 g: p rh 110-11 mm long; ovary purple, 4mm long,

round i cti P Is | y ai yell ang with a fe ew purple dots,

d withi bya Low pub , the dorsal pal t: ly ovat » 8mm long, oni wide,

dud pple il 45-5 cm lng, Pare aka te, connate 10 mm into a subquadrate |

1 mag 5 an ide, wi iitatiits tillage paaplesdoned indatata:tho spices cbtose, contracted

slender tails similar oo marked with brown, cartilaginous,

cing, 275 wm ioe, 125 mm p , the inner

lamina rounded, recurved: , oblong,

subpandurate, 3 Nutone 13 am we, be ple orate vaca, seiko, 1 An wide,

concave with erect margins, with a tall, thick, central carina i

thick, oblong, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, aie

foot equally long.

Segura, flowered

Colomborquideas by L. & J. sonia

per ace th Kon th é

owed ican 17 Age 1988, C. Luer 13203

This small-flowered species is known

from only the original collection in the

northern part of the Western Cordillera of

dark it tails. Although not deeply

connate, the sepals do hot spread widely,

all three tails m¢ :

The

warty sides of the distinctive epichile

Create a narrow Cavity which is near]

y

filled by a single, talll, thick carina.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 61

ST PWS Oe eR ae en Le eee Sal ae rcs =

Plate 18. Dracula citrina Luer & Escobar

62 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula cochliops Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 1 13: 119, 1979.

Ety: From the Greek kochliops, “‘the eyes of a snail,” i fing pet 8

gest the pair of stalked eyes of a snail.

roots slender.

Plant small, epiphytic, the rhizome shortly repent appearing densely caespitose; :

~ sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coria

Ree ed cab a wane "07-08 cm

ceous, carinate, narrowly elli ig g é wide,

Infloarec

raceme, port esata aor mammal n the ramicaul;

or ree Tp oer era Sem ovary purple, 2.5 mm long, with 6 low, green

carinae; dorsal sepal diffusely papillose within including the the margins, maroon, broadly ovate, 4.5 mm

the pal . the

ove me tay yoyo ed gg, ee

the dorsal d central ein, narrowly panduriform, upcurved, cartilaginous, 6

mom lng. 1.3 mn wide as b we the mid oe he epi itinincydemmeaed

Steet tne msi Se ii tag gS

thick foot 3.5 mm long.

pcan sere a uber a pes

at Colomborquideas, hae

1988,C. ae 13213 (MO).

This bizarre, little species is known

from fragments of a cloud forest i in only

one valley at a certain altitude in

Colombia. The first plant discovered was

rescued from a cow-pasture by Janet Kuhn

in 1978,

Dracula cochliops is without close

ives. It is

obscure, The clearag is fin

iy ge sts ae wid pon sug-

uae VULIDOUS, portion.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 63

g

a>

1

Ts — aa

Plate 19. Dracula cochliops Luer & Escobar

64 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula cordobae Luer, Selbyana 5: 8 1979. nay

cesses TRE £ Clever Cordoba of Guayaquil, E ene P

> r

UIE >

a

large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect,

x tubular sheaths. Leaf erect,

25:3semlog encsedby 73 en : tiole 2-4 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, gradually

ee cenmequenes pee Seveeneent? = compotion, C0 Om ca an, fins Gn

“cee fo icoml: fatal benct tubal ar, 10 mm long; pedicel 10-12 mm long; ovary 5 mm long,

nate . ve y white, s suffused and intensely spotted with

ayia “ 1 A vithin, the dorsal sepal ovate ae some Teng, £5 soem wide,

riers jalan asl aohpropevandy ap ear deacon > 25 eam lng, 15-18 mm

dorsal petals white, marked wit brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide,

ee ge a

white, spathulate, 13 ee ak aS concave,

perro arth concavity filled with 3 irregular, by ee

ue with acute, arin anges, soso fue tact kaed bor chem

foot; column white, semiterete, 4.5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of El Oro: epiphytic in cloud

forest between Pifias and Santa Rosa, alt. 800 m, 19

erry &

4082; same area, alt. 950-1000

Luer, J. Luer, A. magnon & W. Flores 1067.

species occurs at a relatively low

altitude in wet forests of ip a gue

Ecuador where it is endemic. I

was first discovered by Clever Cia

while on a collecting trip with Calaway

Dodson near Pifias in 1979. Dracula

mopsus is the only other species of Dracu-

la known from this locality. Both D.

mopsus and D. woolwardiae occur nearby

at geese

The medium-sized flowers of Dracula

cordobae are characterized by the creamy

white color of the sepals with a red-brown

border. Sometimes the pigment occurs

only on the edge, but it often covers the

entire outer halves of the sepals. The

sepals are covered within by a long, white pubescence. The snow white epichile of

the lip is round and concave with erect, non-involute, multidenticulate margins. It

is filled with numerous, radiating lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 20. Dracula cordobae Luer

a a a al is ie a

ey ae Pe Tete NaS RS ce eee

Teeth) ee en Fay!

66 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula cutis-bufonis Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 13, 1978.

Ety.: From the the Latin cutis-bufonis, “the skin of a toad,” referring to the resemblance of the warty

pti enterap nen

we. . tor ti

, epiphytic i rt Ramicauls stout, erect, 2. 5-4 cm long,

enclosed aerate ie tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, lightly plicate, carinate, 10-15 cm

cu 23s gop age ag 2-2.8 cm wide, the base gradually

narrowed into the conduplicate e. Infl , congested

round in cross-section; sepals light greenish to light brownish, glabrous, studd

emai riage serteaers aoe ane RS OS the al sepal ovate-subtrapezoid, 15-18 mm

ber ag scion , ab iy caraciod into elder, erect, dak

f 17-20 mm

2 a . 7 &

£ oh 1 PLS a cetth thlacinou S,

psp es a ee te a id eed ches ca inka ectlcnnd, edrvecrmcuse

tuberosity; lip dull orange, reniform, the epichile reniform, with broadly rounded lateral lobes, 9-11 mm

prenapacdacetee- iam h

sides smooth, rounded

incurved, with numerous, branching, radiating lamellae within, the hypochile

oblong, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, ee oa ae eam ten rs many

m7 a ee

long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

—

Oscura,”” between Mes opotamia an

Sonsén, alt. 2050 m, Dec. 1973, R. Escobar, 0.

&J.M. st AUM),

flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La

iene sleet bi ea Sa

ie 1988, C. Luer 13183 (MO), Munic. ee

“*Morrén,”’ Rio Caldera, alt. 1800-2000 m, May

1974, collected i

L. ati

Colomborquideas, Nov. 1987, R. Escobar 3968

GAUM).

The large-lipped flower of this bizarre

species of the Central Cordillera of

Colombia is similar to that of Dracula

chestertonii from the Eastern Cordill

bart ase: The lip of D. 7

cutis-bufonis is a little smaller with the epichile acutely deflex hypochile,

which is flexibly hinged to the unt fie ee

of the pendent flower. The large epichile of the lip of D. chestertonii is not de-

flexed on the hypochile which is rigidly fixed to the column-foot. The multiple

small, purple warts on the light greenish brown sepals of D. cutis-bufonis are remi-

— skin of a toad. The local name for the species is piel de sapo (toad

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

a ee Se ne se Pe ey ian) See eee

Plate 21. Dracula cutis-bufonis Luer & Escobar

68 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula dalessandroi Luer, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1004, 1989.

Alessandro, formerly of Vilcabamba, Ecuador, who discovered

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 2.5-6 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 12-25 am long, peegshiverng

3. ms su a

as Ce oe We BP dually " “as aie ines we

tos ein 79 cn ng. i tb one ramicaul; floral bracts 8- See

ae ‘. £ @

Bey exter

h ae ary we ith an with fe * pays to

to the lateral or 8-9 mm

eral pa erty ora 1 ng a ie em ote cele sen

lateral sepals subquadrate, oblique, 16 mm long, 16mm wide, connate 15 mm into a broad, shallow

al; petals white

marked with datk brown, arlaginus, oblong, 4 mm long, 2mm | wide, oom are ap

mye

mum wie, the epic ound, more orless convex, 3m lng. 4mm wide, with a tall, central carina ~

left centrally, the

aaa

mm long.

a if

vation at Colomborquideas, Colombia, 6 Apr. 1988, i

C. Luer 13050 cae MO); same locality, 20 > ss gh )

Jan. 1986, S. Dalstrim & T. Héijer 1079 (MO).

This species is apparently endemic in

southeastern . It is one of several A?

species of Dracula (D. deltoidea, D. lotax, AF

D. rezekiana, D. simia, D. vespertilio) that aes C

occur in the area which is contiguous with rn)

northern Peru, but none of them has yet 7 ie i

been discovered i in Peru. Species of other My ccs

including many species of 3

Masdevallia, have been discovered on ‘

both si international

Dracula dalessandroi is distinguished A aL Bye

by the long, narrow leaves and a whitish 7 ~

cupped flower shortly pubescent and {

dotted with purple-brown within. The &

most distinguishing feature is the small lip

with a convex epichile studded with tall i

points and irregular fragments of lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 69

Plate 22. Dracula dalessandroi Luer

70

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula dalstroemii Luer, Orchideer 5: sub 10, 1984.

Tr wT. a° 46 ta: Tin latent, , 4. Me, See Sweden Ae. 4°

-

&

large, epiphytic, 5-7 cm

Plant shortly ascending to caespitose; roots coarse. icauls erect, stout,

ee ae tubular sheaths. Se ee very narrowly

obovate-linear, g p le Hibs SF cm wide,

gradually narrowed below tothe base pe tiores ach c alan

men font Fe tana betel 152 oe be: ory 67 ma -eieaaroahoasod

section; sepals creamy

7

tn &

ta

A aes. Hg 1. se 1 1

, 25 mm long, 30 mm wide, te t

i

li

. brown tail

7S cmon, send by 2 onde marginal allay, enteral sepals oa, oblique, 35 mm long, 27

1 on &, CRS, 1, A

Sat doa papa an ated wi born cgi oblong-obovate, 4 ‘doi agg ong 25

ax ea lamina rounded; lip lip rose, spathulate, 8.5 mm long, 6 mm wide, re uae

a Ses Ce ae ee , filled with several incomplete radiating

lamellae from a ee hypochile oblong, $m long, 2.5 mm wide i ahas ogee

oo

eon tSunte Whiuea enim

ECUADOR: Prov. of Sate eee in cloud

alt. 2500

forest between

13 Jan. 1983, S. Dalstrdm, M M. ace 443

(Hi : SEL), C. tr. ; flowered in .

cultivation at Colomborquideas, Dec. 1989, R. : }

Escobar (JAUM, MO).

"These lean,

Poe Wi

Ecuador 1983 i in virgin cloud forest sing

the new road to Maldonado in northwest-

ern Ecuador. This orchid-rich valley

already had been found to host several

other species of Dracula (D. andreettae,

- 8igas, D. hawleyi, D. levii, D. psyche

and D. radiella) which had not been

known to science prior to 1978.

Dracula dalstroemii is a large species

intermediate between D. gigas and D.

levii. Perhaps hybridization

will prove D. dalstroemii to be a natural

hybrid. The large, rosy, rounded sepals are

Pa

Oe ae emg

Ae an

as

Suggesting a relationship with the smaller, glabrous, snow white D. levii. The

pubescent within, and a Marginal

callus subtends the base of the dorsal

sepal,

petals and lip are similar to those of D. gigas.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

72 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula decussata Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 18, 1978.

Ety.: From the Latin decussatus,decussate, intersected cross-wise,”” in reference to the crossed tails

of the lateral sepals.

* ; a 4 A L i. A

epiphytic, ee 1.5-2.5 cm long, en-

closed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Seon caw ot $, carinate, very narrowly obovate,

acute, 8-16 cm long, iS. 5 cm wide, Ce narrowed below to the — indistinctly pe-

tiolate base. Inflore slender, horizontal,

sparsely

bracted peduncle 3-4 I; fi bul , 6-7 mm long; pedicel 7- -10

mm lng; vary abvercot 4mm ong ound in owen eps cream-colored minute

ddle, glabrous

extemally, the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 9mm long, 11 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 4

ee ee eee shallow, cup, the apex obtuse, abruptly contracted

an erect, slender, purple-brown tail 4.5-5 cm long, the lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, 12 mm

kn ils en recap pa wth ow ete is

eine acute, the outer lamina subdentate,

Boe ee mae Wie, Gn pichlle ovate , subacute, 3 mm long, 2.25

mm wide, ve, lightly incurved, with 3 straight, parallel lamellae, the hypoc

— Siudeen, Lome wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the concave

base hinged to the column-foot; column white, stout, semiterete, 3 mm long, with a stout foot about as

This species rare, having been Ee

collected but once by the professional ——\ OP

collector J. Miranda. The leaves are long a a

and narrow, and the short — de- ? La ‘

scends to bear the flower facing downward v

with outstretched tails. The iis of the et

lateral sepals are incurved so that the tails Ff

of the lateral sepals cross. Another distin- ig

guishing feature is the narrow lip with _ \

\

{

ing veins. His sales toes care. oe,

non-incurved, lateral margins,

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA BB

Lats

Bh Ki

a

ets 1 Sy

&s ma

=

oy

Paes Ae Asys a

ait

4 Lars

fi

‘

A

Bae

4

ae ta

seer

1M

Plate 24. Dracula decussata Luet & Escobar

en ee ee ee ee ee eT

74 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

— Ahiostcberi Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

Phytologia 39: 194, 1978. ug, ae

aed nari rnaap capa or triangular,”

Kita A

Daens

epiphytic, ee ee

ion, nba sont . etna ty ert carinate, 12-17 cm long including an indis-

sl y 1, acute, 1 1.5-2.5 cm wide, gradually —

below to the base. Inflore fl

Je 8-24 . Aon tubular, ar Aare a

9-10 mm log: ovary purl with 6 iegulaiy sera cet, ‘am og 3 mn wid; sepals gen

the dor epl nga, ca, 11 mm long, 8-11 mm wide, es

form a widely sp . ang il 6-15 mm

10-12 Ce | 20

the lateral sepals triangular, ‘13-17 mm long, wide, co oer apron 8K

wit igh own, catagious, oblong obovate, 3.5mm lng, 2mm wide the ape apex rounded, bivalvate, ate,

densely papillose between the lami:

rate, 5 mm 2.75 mm wide, the transversely elliptical to suborbiclar, 2 mm long, 2.75 mm

rere dg speek Waitin | incomplete, low radiating lamellae to the

undulate margin, the hypochile ovoid, 3 mm mm long, 2.25 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles,

cleft

, the concave base hinged to the column-foot; column yellow, semiterete, 4 mm long, with

a stout foot 3 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphytic

in forest ecnen Lain sad Zemors, alt. 2800 m,

collected by B. Malo, flowered in cultivation at

Targui near Cuenca, 16 July 1977, C. Luer 1713

(Holotype: S pega same collection, flowered in culti-

vation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 23

=> 1977, R. Escobar 1812 (JAUM); same area,

flowered in

sieAG Paine

This species was first collected by

Benigno Malo in the orchid-rich cloud

forests east of Loja in the Oriente of south-

eastem Ecuador, and cultivated at his finca

at Tarqui near Cuenca. It has been found

on only a few occasions since that time.

Dracula deltoidea is recognized

by the small, pale, fleshy, pubescent,

triangular flowers with short tails. The

color of the sepals varies from i ivory to

greenish white. The shallow of the

small lip is scarcely larger than the hy-

pochile. The ovary is crested.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 15

en

:

Plate 25. Dracula deltoidea (Luet) Luer

:

spat i Ne se na eR

76 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula diabola es 0 Ea os 13: 124, 1979.

Ety.: From the Latin diabolus, “ PE

size, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls scat, ero 2.5-5 cm

pono loose, tubular sheaths. et riaceous, Carinate, very narrowly

P00 malty 23h , 1.8-2 cm wide, the base gradually

few-flowered racem shear

a Sah cena cw. bracted, horizontal to mong peduncle oS aan from low on the

fea oo 9-14 P le, 5 mm long,

dull purp illy, basi ically cream within

d by diffi eas pt ciun y coalesci SS

Ls

- a. = oh. | J 7,

1, oe i | 1.

into a slender, ct mao ton eens or cates, 16-18 mm long, weiss:

wide, connate

+, 3 > AES | I £ si. A. 7 1 abal. all. a ae .]

:? s > ss Le

1 § eam wide th Pe Elis hivalvat. “1 yr a el.

sages eh recurved; lip red, ere Ort ian otk, ie pie ight

aes mm long, 4.5 mm wide, nearly flat or very shallow ly protruding,

, cartilaginous, oblong, 3mm

ed

A i.

elo ig, 25m ing 25 wm td wih sede RCI cleft centrally,

ig , Stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a thick

foot 4 mm long.

forest between Arabuco and Moniuic alt, 2200.

2600 m, collected by E. Valencia, Dec. 1977, culti-

Aa pga R. Escobar

: JAUM), flowered ion 20

ay 1978, C. Luer 293] (SEL); same are, 1987,

falencia, flowered in

ation at

Coleeborqeidens, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13144

).

This species is known from only one

forested valley in the Eastern Cordillera of

Colombia where it is locally abundant. t. It

TTT discovered by Eladio Valencia in

to be reddish purple-brown or brick-red

because of the diffuse and humerous

—— ~~ on the inner surfaces of

Sepals. sepals are deeply connate,

but the flower is only shallowly cupped.

small, the bright red epichile of

the lip, the tongue of the devil’s face, is

The

eemenpehothiegurdrronane:

aliowiy t PF to be convex because the lamellae are raised

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

5 cm

Poa 2th

Plate 26. Dracula diabola Luer & Escobar

78 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ag

Dracula diana Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 15: 15, 1981.

QR, WI. aS. aL. D, AA £ sh. Diana, i Th 2 +, a. E

Plant medium-sized to large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, ae

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous coriaceous, carinate, subplicate, narrow’ ’

obovate, acute, 10-22 cm long, 3.5-4.5 cm wide, gr dually conduplicate aie

poses sca ly few-fl bome by by a slender, horizontal,

1

sparsely bracted peduncle 8-10 cm long, ee aed ees mane, 10 mm ong;

pedicel 13-15 mm long; ovary subverrucose, 5 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals yellowish

sips, shortly pesca wii, the dnal spl ovat, 2mm long, 12mm wide, onnale othe nal

light brown tail 4 cm long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 20 mm long, 14 mm wide, ee ine

pas ey marked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex bivalvate,

lip white, dotted with pink, spathulate, 10S tet kag. foe wid, te pido ome, an ene 7 mm

long, 6 mm wide, shallowly

lae within, A! i en te ge aa marginal angles, cleft

centrally, t semiterete, 4mm

long, with a stout foot equally long.

COLOMBIA: without collection data, flowered in

cultivation by M. & O. er rg np cd

1978, R. Escobar 1882 (Holotype: JAUM; Isotype:

— - Luer illustr. 2942; same collection, flow-

5 May 1979, R. Escobar 1972 (JAUM). Dept.

Calima, Rio B: whens

prices iit , collector

unknown, flowered in siden ja by M. &

ool Robledo, 19 Mar. 1989, C. pap nee

Azul, collected by J. Miranda, eee flowered %

cultivation at Colomborquideas, 13 Jan. 1993,

Escobar 5264 (MO).

This pretty species was described in

1981 from a plant without any data in the

collection of Martha and Oscar Robledo at

La Ceja above Medellin. Several years

ee i aieey ae

in the baskets and pots of other orchids in

the same open greenhouse. Because there

was no collection data for the original

plant, and because D. diana had never

been seen in the wild, it was suspected of

being another of the numerous, voluntary

hybrids. Recently, however, two collec-

tions of this species have been made in —--—

southern Colombia in the department of Valle del Cauca.

Dracula diana is closely allied to the D. houtteana-psittacina complex, but it is

best distinguished from them by the broad, subplicate licate leaves. The greenish white

de oe mae, Bote with peaple are only slighty lrger. The lip is very similar

to that of D. houtteana

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 27. Dracula diana Luer & Escobar

80 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula dodsonii (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

By: Nanodin honor of mr De Cy B. Dodocn, not f the fl f Ecuador, who

Ca

2

it ortly repent; roots slender. Ramicauls

stout, erect, 2-3.5 cr fedeaige maclased by 23 lo loose, tla shea Leaf erect, thinl , car-

obovate,

mec | wide, - cemitee narrowed into the con licate ass Ap _ Inflorescence a

asl dg ct, slender, og nae peduncle 15-30 cm long,

from | th 1. £1 Vk 1 ., tubular, InN 1 Rd

1 15-25 mm long; — se

d wi -

subvermucose, round in cross-section; sepals pale yellowish, suffused and stripe

ci rem surface microscopically glandular-cellular, the dorsal sepal ovate, 20-25 mm

i i deflexed on the

3.5 mm wide, the epichile suborbicular, smooth, convex, 4 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, :

the ee 2 wi, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, shallow

ly cleft centrally, the concave base hinged to the column-foot; column white, semiterete, 3 mm long,

with a stout foot 2 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: terrestrial on the

toad embankment above Chiri 000 m, 26

Oct. 1961, C. H. Dodson & L. B. Thien 1122 (Holo-

Chiriboga anto Domingo,

El Palmar, alt. 1950 m, 2 Aug. te E. Asplund

17126 (S); terrestrial on the ro pean

area, Aug. 1915,C. Laer G low £&

seal een

2000 m 23 Nov. pontiges V. Zak 1303 (MO): Rio Cris-

and Mindo, alt. 2000 m, 28 A

1986, A. Hirt 3019 (40); Rio Sac

Rio Cinto, w slope

alt. 1800 m, Dec. 1988, A. Hirtz 3945

The first record known

Ecuador.

4go it was more often encountered, but now it is rarely seen. It had been found

Most often growing

; on ts as an early colonizer,

but it is soon damp road embankmen as ly

Out by competing Competing, larger vegetation

_ Dracula dodsonii ‘sect the erect les with a slow succession

of awk at od by pedunc

el Lat eR Me Ft me ge ee ty Se oe en eo ew ee ed ey oe

yal

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 28. Dracula dodsonii (Luer) Luer

82 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracela erythrochaete (Rchb.f) Luer, pane in 1978.

erythrochaete Rchb-f., Gard. |

Ety.: : From the Greek erythrochaete, “a long, pars baie orhair,”’ referring to the slender, red,

sepaline tails.

Syn.: Masdevallia gaskelliana Rchbs. Gard. Chron. 2: 294, 1883.

I Qackall af T ive:

Sii:: Mandovllta toebtdigemen Rolfe, Orchid Rev. 1; 265, 1893.

Ety.: Named for F.W. Burbidge, curator of the Trinity College Garden, Dublin.

Syn.: Masdevallia erythrochaete var. gaskelliana (Rchb.f.) Woolward, Monogr. Genus Masdevallia

sub t. 63, 1896.

Syn.: Dracula burbidgeana (Rolfe) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

sg cpa eng pena sa Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

tr DL

ia 44: 164, 1979.

Ey Named for Mr. ethan Coot yon who submitted the specimen to the Orchid Identifica-

tion Center at SEL.

rect, 2-4 enclosed b 2-3 10 oes, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, os teaky oe

cabbaly cies. ‘eid 1-2.5 cm awk ant ia

narrowly base. Inflorescence a loose, successively 1- to 4-flowered

a

saovnun apse 3 eas dnu eons ee lender, ascending, horiz ‘ le 10-20 cm

long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 7-10 mm long; pedicel 8 -18 mm long; wary 4-6

mm long, —- round in cross-secti a aes ditted ie

purple or or brown telowr thc mati, pubescent within, the

suffused with red, purple,

Sand acid onde 10-14 nm lng, TE 15 mm wide, connate to > the 1 op ager

to form a cupped or

eS Re eaeiatts ore, te, oblique, 1217 mon pene

connate 10-13 m

cong, 34mm lng, 13mm side he pex bival illose bet en th lami thei er lar

canta GSP adios. 450i cde ee concave, 4-5 mm long, png

with the margins involute and many-toothed, with 3 primary lamellae and a few, radiating, elevated veins

near the margin, the hypochile oblong, unaomt ue on oS RN

cleft centrally, ite, stout,

the hac

n, cartilaginous,

mm long, with a stout foot nearly as long.

COSTA RICA: locality or collector, import-

ed and lowered inclivaton by F Sander s.n.

W, Isotype: K); locality or collec:

tor, imported by F. Sander, flowered in cultivation by

H. Gaskell s.n. (K, W, type of M. gaskelliana);

without collection data, imported by F. Sander,

flowered in culti Glasnevin by F. W. Moore

type of M. ; without locality, R.

Pfau 226 (W). Prov. of. Alajuela: ery!

(US),

Sept. 1979, W. D. Stevens 14086 aay von

: Macho, alt. 1500 m,

an Rodeo de echeuade 18 Dec. 1960, Cl.

— 59-102-17 (MO). Prov. of San José: epiphy-

in cloud forest near San Cristobal, alt. 1800 m, 22

soba 1981, C. Luer, A. Luer & L.D. Gémez 6377

(SEL). Erroneous SEL).

Mar. 1984, G. Davi.

al. areas (MO). Prov. of ‘i: above

t. 1800-2100 m, 18 Feb. 1918, E. P. Killip 3566

Ty -

pg nage dagen gr Luer, A] 7

Dressler, N. H. Williams & F L Stevenson 1383

(SEL); Cerro Punta, collected by P. Martinez, July 1990, flowered in cultivation, 15 Mar. 1991 by A.

Maduro s.n. (MO).

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 29. Dracula erythrochaete (Rchb.f.) Luer

84 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

The first specimens of this species were imported without collection data from

Central America by F. Sander of St. Albans, and described by Reichenbach as

Masdevallia erythrochaete in 1882. As treated here, Dracula erythrochaete isa

variable species that includes variations that, when seen alone, would appear to be

distinct species, and some have been recognized as such. Variations in the flowers

corer senong Deee within a given population. ‘The petals and lip of all these varia-

y constant in morphology.

After having examined numerous specimens exhibiting all combinations of

gradations of size, shape and color of leaves and flowers, it can be concluded that

D. erythrochaete is very variable taxon. The most distinct and prettiest aberration

was described as D. astuta by Reichenbach. It has often been included in the

synonymy of D. erythrochaete. Dracula astuta is distinguished from the usual

variations considered to be D. oF abe by the larger size of the widely spread,

flatter, long-tailed, more colorful flow

The question of the identities of Py saskelliona and M. burbidgeana are impos-

sible to resolve positively. They, too, were imported by F. Sander in 1882, but

cultivated elsewhere, M. gaskelliana by Holbrook Gaskell at Liverpool, and by F.

W. Moore at the Glasnevin Botanical Garden, Ireland. Although Reichenbach

compared M. gaskelliana to a small M. radiosa, early authors (Veitch and Wool-

ward), who probably had access to original plants, considered it synonymous with

M. erythrochaete.

Of the Central American species of Dracula, D. astuta, D. pusilla and D. em

leyana seem sufficiently constant in differing morphology to be maintained

rately from D. erythrochaete.

Dracula exasperata Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1005, 1989.

Ety.: ip: Fen he Le contperanis, “wth with irregular, sharp points,”’ referring to the surfaces of the lip

Plant py 1

i lender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-3.5

cn long, cond by 2 ou, nr: Ae Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 18-25 cm long,

bse narrowly linear, acute, 1- 1.3 cm wide, _ ermeodanbieiraarhag extmrgeg 90

pebensis'?- 57 Gan tae with a few, distant bracts, from low on the ramicaul: ater site

long; a 12 mm long; ovary minutely verrucose, 3 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals light

above the middle, dark purple below the middle, pubescent within, nl ea

omen the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, carinate, 12 mm long, 12 mm wide, connate to pete tan

for 3 mm mm to form a gaping, sepatine cap , the apex obtuse, contracted into a slender, erect, dark

6-7 cm long, the ar sepals vate ®, oblique, 17 mm long, 14mm wide, connate 11 tam int « broad,

al; petals

, oblong, 4mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex rounded,

t inner lamina ; lip white with numerous pink

dots, thick, spathulate, 9 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, the ichile defle: hemis shallo

cave, 4 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, a i ae a wboesi ae es ese

2 lamellae, the the hypochile ob1 , dotted brown, minu

<ihasuar seater pois re Suge ucie ce with 5mm long, 4 mm wide, nutely

foot; column light yellow, semiterete, 8

aE exasperate, sie Viel Sou siecs 0A, souecashe traces, dou tes

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Potum 1 1}. 14 4 MA

Leer E5183 Glades Oo. Opi, De 1979, flowered in caltivatic, I 6 A. 98,

enbinat pi 1990, R. Escobar

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 85

Plate 30. Dracula exasperata Luer & Escobat

86 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula exasperata is one of the more

unusual species of the genus. It was 7

discovered by Brother Octavio Ospina of i

Sibundoy in an orchid-rich valley onthe [ 7 }

s of the Andes in southeastern | eee,

Colombia in the i gaan of Putumayo i

where it is apparently endemi cee

The long, narrow leaves are not dis- ° 2a

tinctive, nor are the descending, succes- Aa Pay bias

sively few-flowered peat The

flowers, however, are instantly recogniz- a ated

able. The sepals, densely pubescent | wd =

within, are greenish white with dark purple i

suffusion on the inner halves. The oblong lateral sepals diverge 180°. The small lip

is thick and the epichile is acutely deflexed upon the hypochile. The outer surface

of the epichile and the column are minutely spiculate.

Dracula fafnir Luer, sp. no

Ety: Named for Fafnir, pial Icelandic saga.

___ Planta mediocris 14 dis, folii “ti SA RR rele A a ee Br 2

oa

Plant to large, epiphytic, caespit lender. Ramicauls slend cpio

cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheath

elliptical,

erect, thinly coriaceous, tall-carinate, narro

long-petiolate, acute, 10- 19 em long i Meas the petiole ca. 5 cm long, 1-2.2 cm wide, a

orescence a loose, successively few-flowered

raceme, bome by a horizontal to de: escending, sparsely bracted (oo) attaniset adap maleated

ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, oblique, 10-11 mm long; pedicel 19 mm long; ovary 5 mm long, minutely

cross dull white, suffu

round i

the — sparsely shortly pubescent within, the dorsal ual sepel elliptical, subacute, 14mm jong, 8 ram

oar deed red-brown tail 26 mm lng, the lateral sepals ellpieal oblique, eran 14

wide, connate

that of the dorsal ep 1; petals white, cartilaginous, broadly obovate, 2.5

mm long, 1.5 mm donandrose pacar between the laminae, the inner lamina obtuse

denticulate, the outer lamina rounded; lip p pale yellow, subpandurate, 5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, the

epichile e suborbicular, inflated, concave, 3 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, with a central carina flank

multibranched, lesser carinae, the hypochile subovoid, 2mm mm long, 2.5 mm wide, ide, with erect, rounded,

marginal angles, cleft centrally, th hi iS umn white, stout, semi semi-

terete, as

ECUADOR: Prov. of Zamora: : probably

ordillera del Condor, alt. ca. 1400 m, imported out

of flower with Dracula simia, collected by D. D’A-

lessandro, 1987, protien se in cultivation at] & L

Orchi - 1992, C. Luer 16530 (Holo-

type: MO).

A plant of this not-too-handsome

species was obtained in 1987 by J & L

Orchids, Easton, CT, mixed with imported

plants of Dracula simia from Dennis

D’ Alessandro. It did not flower until

1992. Dracula simia is known to be local-

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 87

Plate 31. Dracula fafnir Luer

88 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ly abundant in the Cordillera del Condor in southeasternmost Ecuador. Without

much doubt, this species also comes from that locality.

In habit, the leaves are long and narrow with a more or less horizontal, few-

flowered (one-flowered?) peduncle. Perhaps the only peduncle in hand was flower-

ing for the first time. The whitish flower suffused with red-brown along the mar-

gins of the narrow sepals does not open widely. The elongate lateral sepals are

connate about half their length with an acute angle between them. The forwardly

directed tails are a little longer than the blades. The petals are not remarkable

except for being shorter than usual. The lip is thick and subpandurate with only a

slight constriction between the two halves. The epichile is concave with a central

carina flanked on either side by lesser, multibranching lamellae.

Dracula felix (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: sg 1978.

978.

ee ee fi elias ge of capsules produced

alge eee epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect,

PP ame eaters osed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, Se ae wly

elliptical, acute, | 1,7-2.5 cm wide, the base gradually

narrowed into the re , subpetiolat base. Inflorescence a single flower, often produced in

profusion, bome by short, slender, suberect to horizontal, several bracted, purplish, peduncles 3-6 cm

long, from low on the ramicaul; floral oral bract, tubular, 5-6 mm long; pedicel 5-6 mm long; ovary dark

brown, 3 mm long, with 6 low crests, +, Found in cross-section, comm: commonly forming a capsule; sepals dull

white, lightly suffused wi , suffused with ted below the middle

within with P t ee ee eel eeievenecly

free portion triangular, erect, obtuse. Rae mans erect, Oe ds occas to

lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, concave, >, 11 mm long, 9mm wide, connate 9 mm to form a broad,

fee,

dorsal sepa petals yellowish wh haa c marked wih dark purple, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.25

mm wide, the Hat ; lip

white, suffused gd ie 4.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the epichile defleed, suborbicular,

peter any ype ges mcr eamane e with an central lamella flanked by a

short, marginal lamella to either side, the hypochile thick, thick, elliptical, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, wi with

Seri i insist ine

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: epiphytic in

forest above Megas rh ca. 2000 ‘m, rs, ae

lected by B.

Colombia, by M. reigns Robledo, 21 ay 1978, c. :

Luer 2285 (Holotype: SEL: : JAUM): ‘

forest Calacalf and sued La Likesia, ce. 210Den ‘< i

PBS0r OMS iS Dalsrim, T. Heir & Hirtz shee

10007 (MO); between Tandapi and Sarapallo alt. f

1500-1800 m, 20 Mar. 1986, C. Luer, A \

Hirtz & A. Embree 16356 MO bape Lloa, Rio 2

Cinto, alt. 2200 m, 20 Feb. 1992, S. Dalstrém et al. ° LS

1525 (MO). on of Cuubaaiok bon ree. aA NS

Cedros, alt. 1700 m, 21 Jan. 1993, S. Dalstrém, T.

Hoijer 1706 (MO).

Sinema Dept. of Narifio: i alana ge

‘orest above Ricaurte, mixed with ath sop WA

ca. 1500 m, collected by J. L. Aguirre, flowered oe)

cultivation at Colomborquideas, 4 Nov. 1990, R. ‘ ‘

Escobar 4051 (JAUM). Ea

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 89

Plate 32. Dracula felix (Luer) Luer

EL LN TTL OODLES HAN TT, hia

LS oH lane GEV vj Seal ae free Oy en Ae <i}

90 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

This Species occurs relatively oman on i western slopes of the Andes of

Colombia. It was apparently first collected

by by Calaway Dodson and Leonard Thien i in ae early travels in 1961, and it has

been seen on e that time. Dracula felix is one of the few

species of Dracula that can be easily identified in the wild because numerous, short,

suberect, single-flowered peduncles, old. or new, are usually present. Numerous

ers are , and many produce a winged capsule.

Copious fruits are also anna in cultivation. The flowers are small, whitish, and

deeply cupped with dark red tails

Dracula fuligifera Luer, Thesaurus Dracularum 4: 6, 1991.

Ety.: From the Latin fuligifer, “bearing soot,” in reference to the blackish speckling of the sepals.

Syn.: Dracula fuliginosa sphalm.

Ety.: From the Latin fuliginosu, “full of soot,” referring to the appearance of the sepals.

medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-4 cm long,

Leaf e

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. erect, thinly ‘coriaceous, carinate, oe ee

acute, 12-17 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, gradually 1 tiolate, condu-

plicate base, Inflorescence a hy bome by: a hake, horizon-

tal or descending, sparsely bracted bal pt cmos, om ow on aa ra bract tubular,

8 ‘mm long; pedicel iin by mit long; ovary 6 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals pale —

minute, purple-

16 ea _ mod within e-black warts, the dorsal dorsal sepal transversely ovale, 13 mm 1 long,

Se enmialh blic 17 mm long,

eae om beng, the lateral spas broaly ovate, oblique,

of the

densely papi ron, , oblong, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex bivalvate,

Papillose between the laminae, the inner 2h short, subacute, denticulate, the outer lamin

6 ang Eee cg g, 6mm wide, the epichile subo , 4.5 mm long,

are ply concave with incurved mar, ping about 7 incomplete laminae within, the hy-

4mm long, 3.75 mm wide, Ac ipo obtuse, marginal angles, cleft contrally, the

concave base Mvend to the column-foot; column Senate te, stout, semiterete, 4.5 mm long, with a

ong.

ECUADOR: Prov. of P Pastaza: obtained b &L

Orchids, Easton, CT. » from Fred Fuchs, He

978,

flowered in Cultivation 4 Mar. | c

2786 eget 28 SEL); above Rio Negro, alt. ca.

2000 m, Feb. 1979. » collected t ered

in cultivation at »15 Mar. 1981, si

psig Spaaede por

R. Escobar 40; O); Rio Zunag. a

de ree 1991, A. eee 5125 (MO). a

This species is ic ina

small area on the eastern slopes of the

- It was first il-

Specimen cultivated by J

Was confused with

4 color form of D.

from a

& L Orchids, but it

another specimen,

radiella, trad

of D. }

illustrated

sa bag designated ae later D. fuligifera

n the dried state, most of the medium. }

sized species are indistinguishable aa

Vegetati sts : .

vely D. fuligifera is not distinctive. Except for the diffuse speckling of

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 33. Dracula fuligifera Luet

I Ey pb | a es en ar a oe

92 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

minute, sooty-gray warts on the inner surfaces of otherwise glabrous sepals, the

flowers are most similar to those of the variable D. houtteana-psittacina complex of

Colombia. The epichile of the lip is concave with toothed, involute margins, and a

primary carina with fragments of others to either side within.

Dracula gastrophora Luer & Hirtz, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1005, 1989.

Ety.: From the Greek gastrophoros, “bearing a paunch,” in allusion to the epichile of the lip.

Plant large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 3-5.5 cm long, enclosed by

2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf eréct, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 15-22 cm long including a petiole 4-6

cm long, the blade broadly elliptical, subplicate, acute, 3.5-5.5 cm wide, narrowed below into the condu-

: loose, successively 1-f1 i up to 12 cm long, bome by a

slender, suberect to horizontal peduncle 17-22 cm long, with 4-6 distant bracts, from low on the rami-

caul; floral bracts 6-8 mm long; pedicels 10-16 mm long; ovary purple-brown, microscopically verru-

$ mi ically pubescent within, light yellow-green, diffusely dotted with —_

dark b in a broad band t the ] i middle thirds, the dorsa

sepal broadly ovate, 20 mm long, 20 mm wide, connate to the laters! pals fi ‘ soles

cup, the apex obtuse, contracted into a slender, erect, deep purple tail 3.5-5 cm long, the lateral sepals

band oblique, 20 mm long, oan wide, connate 17 mm into a broad mentum, with a thick,

: column-foot, the apices obtuse, contracted into slender tails

similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals white, marked with dark brown, cartilaginous, oblong.

se n th

Q £

+7

4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the x denticulate, rounded, bivalvat ill

lami the inn : . ort : ed, bivalvate, papillo

radiating lamellae oblong. 4 3 wide, with er. i

i = c > 4mm long, 3 mm " ect, rounded, marginal angles,

cleft centrally. the concay } allie pais foot; column light yellow,

iterete, 5 mm long,

oC by

o é

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: without locality

collected by <) Hirtz, flowered in cultivation at

Colombia, 12 Mar. 1989, C. Luer

14130 (Holotype: MO); flowered in cultivation at

Colomborquideas, 25 Apr. 1988 C. Luer 13310

(MO); flowered in cultivation at] & L Orchids,

Easton, CT., 25 Apr. 1987, C. Luer 12827 (MO).

: Plants of this species were collected

without flowers and distributed by Alex-

ruatg ha Dracula chiroptera. When

he p wered, the ved t

different species, lagudel ag

_Vegetatively D. 8astrophora is charac-

terized by the relatively wide, Subplicate

leaves and descendj

Covered with dark brown, coalesci

* . . ng

Spots, are average in size for the genus.

Most distinctive is the inf apical half

of the oe of the lip that is acutely

ie Al, ding fro: :

i cine tmellae within. The peculiar lip

however. Palo wD. marsupialis. The considerably smaller sepals of the latter,

: — flat, mostly yellow flower.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 93

| ES, i RE IR OL I IO a Le TN EY oy

Plate 34. Dracula gastrophora Luet

94 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula gigas (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia gigas og okanagan 39: 204, 1978.

Ety.: Foul the Lads gious “a mythological ize of the pl d fl

&

Plant large, epi spit - Ramicauls erect, stout, 3-7 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 "aly dea lates. thinly coria coriaceous, carinate, 15-40 cm long including

indistinct, eth blade narrowly acute, 2.5-3. 5 cm wide, gradually nar-

se Cara et cnn pl

purple, ly I, stout, spa ly b 1 ped Je 20-45 long, from low on the

i floral beact bract tubular, | 1-2 cm di 12-45 lo ovary brown, 6-7 mm long, round in

cs ection: spl ight pik brown, (a dull : yellow background with numerous, ae purple-

dots), glabrous, the dorsal sepal ov; ovate, 30-35 mm long, 27 mm wide, commate to the lateral sepals

fiat mats tase ened te g, red-brown

tail ca. 6 cm long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique,40 mm long, 23 mm wide, connate 18 mm into a deep,

: iP imilar to that of the do al sepal;

petals white, marked with brown, cartilaginous, ti bag 4mm long, 35 cer eh the apex

rounded, densely papillose between the | , acute, denticulate; lip

ert cea us, 10mm long, 6 mm wide, the epichile suborbi suborbicular, 6 mm long, 6 mm wide, concave

incomplete i lamellae, the hypochile oblong, 4 mm Tong, 3n mm m wide, bie

erect, obtuse, marginal angles cleft centra g

yellow, semiterete, 5 mm ene” vat ie

forest abov shove Maldonda, a’ 1800-2200 m, Oct.

1975, collected by A. Andreetta w-

mainly A Aneta aad. C. Luer

1690 (Holotype same area,

same collection, flowered

at en 10 Ape 1988, C C1 ate os

coLoMB. oe of Valle del Cauca: between

and Ginebra, alt. 1800-1900 m, collected

nase ‘comp Dec. 1987, flowered in caltivetios

at Colomborquideas, 10 0 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13011A

ry y in the same area

thee, eer Oe ate Ron Hawley and companions. It was abundant at that

hea D. levi iD other species of Dracula (D. andreettae, D. dalstroemii, D.

they ia aa i ©. Psyche and D. redielia), that are endemic to this valley, but

t

and the valley is wh fare because much of the forest has now been cu

Dr

flowers cc igi robust species that produces large, light pinkish brown

leyi. The first flower of Eee Pile forms have been mistaken for D. haw-

The pink, orbj

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 95

Plate 35. Dracula gigas (Luer & Andreetta) Luer

96 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula gorgona (Veitch) Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia chimaera Rehb£. var. - gorgona Veitch, Man. Orchid. PL 5: 31, 1889.

Ety.: Named for the G k jth with hair of snakes.

Syn.: Mandevallin sorgone bist: ex Veitch, Man. Orchid. Pl. 5: 31, 1889, in synonymy.

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls a erect, 2-5 cm long, en-

closed by 23 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, cate, carinate, elliptical, acute,

3-5 cm long, 2.5-4.5 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate

subpetiolate base. Inflorescen

to 10 cm long of showy flowers, borne by a stout, horizontal t to descending peduncle 12-20 cm long,

low on the ramicaul; floral brac, tubular, 10° 10-15 mm long; pedicel 153 “pt passed ary 6-8

subvermucose, round in cross-section; sepals basic color greenish h white, or ea ar te, diffuse-

25-32 man long, 27-35 mn Cae sips the lateral sepals hee no a flat, widely spread

the apex rounded, 0 a slender, erect, dark -brown tail 6-11 cm long, the later-

al sepals ofien sparsely spotted mediall ally, broadly ovate, oblique, 35-40 mm long, 25-30 mm wide,

connate ad 3 mm to form a broad, shallow mentum, the obtuse apices contracted into slender tails

ly ori aoe

siniler to y, marked P n, ¢ inous, oblong-

chowte, 4mm i long, 1.5-2 mm wide, the apex bi ivese, sire “gt Tr uiadeeaps, dies are

; ; d; lip rose, salmon t , spathulate, 13 mm long, 10

_ wide, the epichile transversely oblong, elise concave, 8 mm long, 10 mm wide, with the lateral

mavens curved up but not involute, the apex sometimes inflexed, with 3 lamellae and multiple,

primary

“teeta dard eam oblong, 5-6 mm long, 4 mm wide, with erect,

rounded, marginal angles, cleft cleft centrally, the base concave, ia to the column-foot; column

yellow, stout, semiterete, 5-6 mm mm long, With a stout foot 4-5 mm long

In the last century this uncommon

Species was grown horticulturally as

Masdevatlia 8orgona without a formal

description, it was known as a varie-

ty of M. chimaera. Nothing is known of

its Original collection, but recently it has

— found i in the Western stern Cordillera of

The coarsely pubescent sepals

are large and ound, yelones white, and

densely and Spotted with purple-

igh cone Bon the inner halves Oe les die Oe ce as ally

Sunita a ne identification from from a distance easy.

sii. The flower of Dracula gor. ee ak eer. walli-

Sepals of D. gorgona are are rounder contracted, instead of taper-

» into tails, a abruptly

canes The most distinctive feature, however, is not the variably spotted

* are Curved up, but neither incurved incurved nor involute

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

as ey

Ls)

4 °

Seep Lee ae si

pene ee

Aaa Wa tad

“an 4 ‘ whys At

fl ioe

wits yes7s 4

WH ANS, pues ery? Bae

cathy: a ae =

5 (Weng “A

Pet va re LLG

a ty Be ay

ae - =

ae

" saa aa

: aca Alyy en

Nee - eS ——

& Escobar

Plate 36. Dracula gorgona (Veitch) Luer

98 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula gorgonella Luer & Escobar, Orquideologfa 15: 19, 1981.

icauls stout, erect, 2-4

to large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Rami

cm long, enclosed ‘m 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly menage es auton poree rid

— 12-22 cm long es et petile, 3-4 om wi g y Soares

i i floral

ies ae een peduncle 8- 15 cm long, from low on the ramicaul;

bract, tubular, 7-10 mm long: ig il- “15 mm long; ovary thick, 6mm — round i in cross-section;

are arene ner halves, s scing

into stripes, with yellow |

apices, the doa sepal 12-1 mm lng, 12-18 mm wid, cnatto th ate paler 3-6 mn fom

erect, erties _ -5.5 cm ong, the

lateral sepals 16-20 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, connate 11-12 mm to f ikea the

apices contracted into slender tails tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals ivory, markd with brown,

cartilaginous, oblong, 5S au kang. 1.5 mm wide, th

inner lamina obtuse, denticulate, the outer outer lamina rounded, recurved: lip white or pk denied dt pik,

spathulate, 9-10 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, the epichile suborbicular, 6-7 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, shallow-

ly concave toward the base, with smooth, flat margins, with multiple, raised, radiating, branching ye

within, bypochile oblong, : 3-3. sh igre 3-3.5 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cle

umn white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with

in cultivation by M. & at La

Ceja, 12 May 1979, R. Emober 1975 Riera

JA flowered in saabes 14 Jan.

no C. Luer 3680 (SEL); flo in cultivation at

lomborquideas, 10 Apr. 1983, C. Luer 13127

This rare species was discovered by

the well-known Colombian bian collector J. M.

the department of Antioquia, north of the

range of the much larger-flowered but

very Similar Dracula gorgona. Vegeta-

broad,

anterior half of the epichile of the rose-

colored lip is flat or slightly incurved.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 37. Dracula gorgonella Luer & Escobar

100 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula hawleyi Luer, Selbyana 2: 368, 1978.

Ety — ie tk - Ronald M. Hawley of Mill Valley, Califomia, co-discoverer of this

species.

De. . 4° 1, . 2 epiphytic, pit : RP = 1

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thi ly 1s, Carinate, ‘owly linear

obovate, acute, 17- , 15-2 cm wide, gradually narrowed below into the conduplicate, subpe-

base. ie, 17-31 cm long oer ht > BF £1. ] bome bv a kot eres i. ~t

1%

t, erect, 2-3.5 cm

sparsely bracted peduncle 15-20 cm % low on the ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, oblique, 15-16

mm long; pedicel 30 mm long; spar aay 6-7 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals yellowish

white, suffused with light orange-brown within near the middle, glabrous, the dorsal sepal obovate, 22

long, 18 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 12 mm to form a gaping, sepaline cup, the apex

obtuse, contracted into a slender, brown tail 7 em long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 27 mm long, 16

wide, connate 16 broad lamina with T um, the apices acute, contracted into

mm wi Int

. AA

tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals ivory, marked with b bove th dd orange below

iddl a

‘ete Seni

the . » oblong, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, pap t

laminae, the inner lamina short, acute, subdenticulate, the outer lamina obtuse, recurved; lip white,

spathulate, 8.5 mm long, 5 mm wide, the epichile borbicul » concave, 5 mm long, 5 mm wide, with

minutely denticulate margins, with a central, verrucose carina and 3-4 incomplete lamellae radiating on

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in cloud

forest above Maldonado, alt. 2500 m, 20 May 1976,

flowered in cultivation in Mill Valley, CA, 11 Oct.

1978, R. Hawley & R. Levi 760] (Holotype: SEL), C.

Luer illustr. 3454; same collection, flowered in culti-

vation at J & L Orchids, Easton, CT, 28 Sept. 1991,

C. Luer 15441A (MO).

__ This rare species was discovered in

1976 by Ron Hawley and companions

along a newly constructed road in north-

emmost Ecuador. Having characters more

or less intermediate between D. gigas and

D. levii, two of the sympatric species of

Dracula, D. hawleyi had been Suspected of

being a natural hybrid between them. The

only other known collection of D. hawleyi

was made in the same area in 1981 by Stig

Dalstrém and companions, but this collec-

tion is documented only by a color trans-

parency. Light-colored forms of D. gigas

are often mistaken for D. hawl

Dracula hawleyi is distinguished by

the pale or whitish flowers suffused with light orange-brown within. There

.

li is considerably smaller with an obscure transition between the epichile

the hypochile, and the small epichil ins only a few incomplete lamellae.

The large, orbicular epichile of D. gi as is filled with radiating lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

g

ps

Plate 38. Dracula Luer & Escobar

101

102 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula hirsuta Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia 47: 59, 1980.

Ety.: From the Latin hirsutus, “covered with erect hairs,” in reference to the hirsute sepals.

tic. it Ramicauls erect, stout, 4-5.5 cm

ly

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, to sheaths. Leaf erect, on coriaceous, reap » very ieee

emer 16-28 em long 1.5-1.8 cm wide, gradually narrowed below to the

Inflareccenca

, bore by a slender,

deoceatng. sparsel peduncl long, 5

bracted e 5-9 cm from low on the ramicaul; floral bract ‘tubular, 1

fice! 10m 4mm long, round i in | cross-section; sepals red-purple apie

dk oe town ih ee e, purple pubescence

dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 14 mm long, 16 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for Sm form

broad, shallow, sepaline cup, the apex obtuse, with a few white hairs near the margin racted into

maroon cm long, the lateral sepals white along the baie a aate with whine

hairs, ovate, oblique, 18 mm long, 17 mm wide, connate 13 mm to form a shallow mentum, the obtuse

nae ath ane“

ginous, oblong, the x bivalvate, densely ve een the

inner | Sear toate Sit 1, revolute; lip aang suffused with orange,

spathulate, 10mm lng, 65 min wide, the epichile ovate with the apex rounded, 6 mm long, 6.5 mm

wide, concave with erect, 2 filled with 3 (sometimes 5) tall, radiating,

plus a few shorter, 1, incomplete segments, the hypochile obovate, eran cduammpmnce

wide, with erect, obtuse marginal angles, cleft centrally, the c base hi fo

column light yellow, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a s stout foot nearly as long.

ot;

V0

EROCTIATDND. dD. of Morona Cee

wet forest near Rio Rio Calagris, : alt. 10m, Ape 1979,

collected by A. Andreetta & M. P. flowered in

by

cultiv: vation in Cuenca, 29 Sept. 1980, C. Luer §59]

(Holotype: SEL); same ae 19 Sept. 1980, C.

— J. Luer, C. H. Dodson, st et ales

rin same locality, flowered

borquideas, Dec. 1989, R. Bek ioe 4041

Satan MO).

This species is apparently endemic in

the forests of southeastern Ecuador where

it was first collected by Padre Angel

Andreetta and Mario Portilla along the Rio

Calagras.

Dracula hirsuta is distinguished by a

ombination of features, not one of which

is particularly remarkable. The leaves are

long and narrow: the slightly cupped

flower in densely pubescent within and

heavily speckled with maroon; and the

epichile of the white lip is ovoid and con-

cave with erect, denticulate, non-involute

margins, and with a few, tall, incomplete,

undulating lamellae.

104 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

hirtzii Luer, Orchid Digest 43: 38, 1979.

— honor of Ing. pent Hirtz of Quito, Ecuador, who discovered this as well as

numerous new species of orchi

2-5 cm long, en-

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, saw

pogo ir tubular sheaths. joneur ioe ergs ee Oi epee e, elliptical, acute,

W@W WE) 4 + Pp Leet | ad 3. 5 ly

doctor sa et ae 10-20 cm th

2 a mm . sulivormcoste, ‘round in cross- -section;

lored, di and diff ed, glabrous, the dorsal sepa

ovate, para 23.30 am wide, c connate to the lateral sepals for 310mm to form a flat,

spread flower, the apex acute, contracted into an erect, slender, red-purple tail 7-10 cm long, the lateral

ep ovate, oblique, 30-45 mm “ante | 4 -28 mm wide, connate 20-25 mm into a broad, shallow men-

the apices acute, contracted into ee) ep hap, eenilas to that of the do oe. apes

marked brown, artilagin , ob ong-spathulate, 4 mm lon, 2 mm wide, e apex

cri ‘es ; oe eet , the outer lamina revolute;

re - suffused with pink, spathulate, 10-15 am long, 10mm wide, —— suborbicular, tb

Peg a. 10 mm wide, conca’ ith erect > not involute

more or less inflated ed and ‘Slightly involute, th ity wi fl

chy coe g veins, the pata 2 ag 4-4, 5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm

wide, vce nied gl nl cleft centrally between a pair of small teeth, the concave base

gs white, stout, semiterete, 4-5 mm long, with a stout foot

narrowed below to

, borne by a stout, horizontal to

, 10-

4

ADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: epiphytic in cloud

forest between Nono and Mindo, alt. ca. 2000 m,

collected by A. Hirtz, flowered in cultivation in

Quito, 16 pe 1978, C. Luer 2596 EL);

same area, alt. 1500 m, Aug. 1990, A. Hirtz, X. Hirtz

&J. Del Herve 4027 (MO¥ wee west of Lloa, Rio Cinto,

alt. 1800 m, Nov. 1988, A. Hirtz 3950 (MO); epiphy-

tic in forest aay —— 1600 m, collected by

A.

*

A. Hirtz, flowered ered in cultivation at

Paute "24 Mes ¥ 1988, C. Luer 13625 (MO). Prov. of

Imbabura: epiphytic in forest of Selva Alegre, alt.

2000 ee oo sted S. Dalstrém

on 14 Mar. 1983, C. Luer 8692

(SEL) between O Otavalo and Selva = ged

A. & X. Hirtz 4229 (MO); sam

sun Be oe 992, S. Dalstrém et al. 1585 5 MO}

COLOMBIA: of Narifio: collected in

above the La Planada Biological rena near Ri

caurte, 800 m, flowered in cultivation at the

station, 25 Jan. 1987, C. Luer 12513 (MO).

This species was first discovered on

the western slopes of Mt. Pichincha by

Alexander C. Hirtz. It has a enpene

been found to occur as far north as sou

emmmost Colombia.

The large habit with subplicate leaves

and descendin similar to many species, but D. hirtzii is distinguished

from them by the large, speckled flowers with essentially glabrous sepals. Occa-

sionally very short, yellowish hairs can be seen on the lator Typically, the

flowers appear dark red from the numerous, sa gt dots of that color. The

epichile of the flexibly attached lip is large with the lateral margins erect. The

margins of the epichile of its relatives with roti it can be confused, such as D.

chiroptera or D. vampira, are distinctly iny

105

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Ped

Plate 40. Dracula hirtzii Luer

106 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula houtteana (Rchb-f. ) Luer, Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia houtteana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 2: 98, 1 874. pantera «

Ety.: Named in honor of M. Van Houtte of Ghent, Belgium, who entertained a very

for countryman’” Patin from

ee ee ee es Ve Beih. 7:71, 1920.

Ety.: acuacoet “callus bearing,” referring to the labe’

>nernerosup tari sn ya Now Rei Ves. 17: 422, 1921.

yn.: Masdevallia sanded tex, canis let & Kranzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih.

ee" 138, 1925.

Ety.: Named for Lehmann’s wife, nee Mosquera.

ne a Lehm. & Krinzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 138, 1925,

S$ ss ak cheba testes tee Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

Syn: Dracula carderiopsis (Kral.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

Syn.: Dracula mosquerae (Lehm. & Krzl.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

1 7

Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-6 cm long, en-

closed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narro why elliptical-obovate,

acute, 10-30 cm 1-2.5 cm wide, escemce

a loose, oct 1-to 6-flowered raceme “up to5 cm long, sometimes nearer in ap bome

by a

a slender. purple. 15 cm long, me

low on the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 9-14 mm long; pedicel 10- 25 mm long; ovary purple-brown,

mm long, light]; , round in cross-section; sepals dull white, often : suffused nes on rio

ithi , densely pubescen

brown or purple toward the base a ne pl ‘ ie re, 16:16 ean bone,

psp pnags e t= to the 1 ] pal oe +~£, : oh 1 sr the

broadly b

is tt 2 Gon lon ng, ca. 1mm wide or less,

the lateral spas bred orate, clique 13.20 mm long 12-14mm wide, connate 10-18 mm to form a

shallow to

that of the dorsal sepal;

petals white, marked with brown or purple, cartilaginous, oblong, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, the

apex bivalvate, papillose between the laminae, the inner lamina obtuse, denticulate, the outer lamina

obtuse, recurved; lip white, suffused with rose rose, spathulate, 5-6 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, ae

ovoid, shallowly concave, 2.5-3 mm long, 3.5 men

: 1 pai yl Tia f] ked by a

the margins erect, minutely oothed, with a thick, more or eke yew g, 2.5-3 mm long, 2-

column-foot; column yellowish white, stout,

2.5 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, ‘cleft centrally, the base concave, oe to the

out, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Frontino, 4 ~~

1873, alt. 8000 ft., G. Wallis 314 (Holotype: W), C.

Luer illustr. 16551; “Medellin, ” Patin s.n. (W);

ii ” Boxall s.n. aa without locality, June

1880, Kalbreyer 184 (W); Frontino. >, Alto de Cuevas,

alt. 2000 m, by E. Valencia, 1980, flowered

in cultivation at Cobecticnel daa Nov. 1981, C.

— (SEL); same collection, ered in

, flow ts

Colomborq) ,10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer

3s (Mo), Urrao, alt. 2000 m, collected el a

Valencia, 16 Apr. 1985, flowered in cultivati

Colomborquideas, 16 Apr. 1988, C. aay 2 13184

(MO); same area a and collector, alt. 1

c 2

alt. 2400 m, 16 Ape 1988, C. Luer, J.

ier W Bccbacstas ete Dept. of Cauca:

without | Madero s.n. (type of M. callifera,

des at B). Dept. of Chocé: San

José del Palmar, E. Valencia, flowered

in cultivation

by

Ae ropa eye ie ee

12 (MO). pape sth Risaralda:

eblo Rico, Ciatocito, alt. |

800-2000 m, collected

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 107

Plate 41. Dracula b

108 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

by J.M. Sema, flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 17 Apr. 1989, C. Luer 13205

(MO). Dept. of Tolima: : Rio Cabrera, alt. 2100 m, 10 Jan. 1888, F. C. Lehmann 2335 (BR, G, W, type

of M. carderiopsis); collected 1991 by H. Angarita, flowered in cultivation at Colomborquideas, Jan.

1993, R. Escobar s.n. (MO), C. Luer illustr. 16557.

In his description of this species Reichenbach mentions that it might be one of

Lalinde’s discoveries, yet he cites receiving “‘lots of dried flowers” from Wallis

collected near Frontino in the Western Cordillera of Colombia. He also mentions a

photograph (still present in his herbarium) of a floriferous plant from Lalinde via

Patin from which the illustration was made that was published in Flore de Serres

20: 87, t. 2106, 1874. Dracula houtteana is still found relatively frequently in this

original area.

As treated here D. houtteana is a variable species-complex that contains several

forms that appear superficially to be distinct, but without specific, morphological

“tailed D. psittacina, and the smaller-flowered D. velutina.

There 1s little doubt that this Concept includes D. callifera, and the ill-defined D.

carderiopsis and D. mosquerae. A re-hydrated flower of D. carderiopsis confirms

with D. houtteana. Schlechter described D. callifera from a collection

from in the vague and vast region called “Cauca.” At that

Cauca.”

swarm of “look alikes” th. Therefore, we find it impractical to differentiate the

ea oe t compose the super-species D h To try to

ide Bia Per-species D. houtteana. try

paeer die ete Mintle, Cloeely reiased taxa with a name would add w rhe

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 109

Dracula inaequalis (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 65, 1982.

Bas.: Masdevallia inaequalis Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 372, 1874.

Ety.: — the Latin inaequalis, ‘‘unequal,” ref li lity of the sizes of the

ae a ~

Syn.: Frm carderi Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 784, 1883.

Ety.: Named in honor of Mr. Carder of Messrs. Shuttleworth, Carder & Co., of Clapham, England.

Syn.: Dracula carderi (Rchb.f) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. coarse. Ramicauls erect, 1-2.5 cm long,

osed by 2-3 close, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 8-15 cm long including an

indistinct juplicate petiole, th liptical acute, 1. 5-2 cm wide, gradually narrowed

below to the base. Infl 1 y fe w-fl , purple, de-

eee Pacha texdsopemce ereuwee 6 1 1; floral bract tubular, 8-9 mm

long; pedicel 8-13 mm long; ovary dark purple, with the ep anne $ green, 4mm long, 4 mm wide;

sepals dull white or es spotted with 2 eal the = often coalescing i in bands

around he middle, dens:

the dorsal sepal obovate, 15- 17 mm _— 14-16 mm wide, cuanae’ io the lateral sepals for 10 mm

form a broad, cylindrical, sepaline cup, the obtuse apex contracted into a reflexed, yellowish, roi

spotted tail 7-30 mm cain the lateral sl connate 13 mm into a —— oncave lamina 13-16

mm Jong, : 22- 25 mm apices contracted into tails

f the dorsal tal ed with brown, onstiiagiaciss: oblong, 3.5 mm long,

1. , the apex r rounded, Saas saree se between the laminae, the inner lamina shorter,

Seietietades “ white, flecked with pink, spathulate-pandurate, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, the epichile

transversely elliptical, 2.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, concave ightly verrucose within, coarsely verrucose

ioe with the hypochile, the > hypochile oblong, 0 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, with erect, rounded,

angles, cleft centrally, th n-foot; column cream, suffused

semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: without collection

data, obtained from Patin, flowered in cultivation,

1874, at Paradise Nursery by Mr. ia S.n.

(Holotype: W); Frontino, flowered in cultivation wi

Shuttleworth, Carder & Co., 14 June 1883, Carder

C. Luer 1891 (SEL); without local-

ity, collect bein, flowered in cultivation by

B. Wiirstle 1328 at Spielberg, Germany, 21

Sept. 1981, C. Luer 6511 (SEL). Dept. of Choco:

Munic. of Carmen de Atraté, alt. 1100 m , collected

Vall

Lehmann 4302 (G); same area, alt. 400-1000 m, Nov.

1877, F. e Lehmann 7001 (K, US); Rio de las

— ~~ ta , July 1977, coll by

e Navi wered in ‘cultivation by M. & O.

Robledo at « Ceja, 13 Mar. . 1978, R Escobar Sun.

(JAUM); Loboguerrero, “La Pe ” alt. ca, 12

1500 m, ‘collected by E. Valencia, Nov. 1984, pl

ered in cultivation by L. & J. Posada at Colombor-

quideas, 17 Nov. 1985, R. Escobar 3672 (JAUM), 10

Apr. 1988, C. wos 13169 (MO). Without Lao

sed orchid ven edelli

ered in eibestien by Kenneth Holladay in al

CA, Nov. 1989, C. Luer 14489 (MO).

A collection from the mountains near Frontino in the Western Cordillera of

Colombia by Carder, the junior partner of Shuttleworth, Carder & Co., Clapham,

England, flowered in 1883, and specimens were dispatched to Reichenbach. He

honored its collector by naming it Masdevallia carderi. Today, this species is

110 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

familiar to many, because it is cultivated worldwide by numerous growers, profes-

sional and amateur alike. It was featured in the first fascicle of Thesaurus Dracu-

larum in 1988.

This distinctive species is easily recognized by the broadly cylindrical, cuplike,

white, sepaline tube, usually with a broad band of more or less coalescing, purple

spots around the middle. In some forms the purple spots are very faint or absent.

The size of the sepaline cup is also variable. According to Consul Lehmann, the

flowers of this species found near Frontino have short tails, while those from farther

south, west of Cali, have longer tails. The concave epichile of the lip is short and

» and microscopically verrucose within instead of carinate or lamellate.

In 1874, Reichenbach had described Masdevallia inaequalis in section ‘“Trian-

gulares’’ of Masdevallia from a fragment of a specimen sent to him from a Mr.

Williams of Paradise Nursery, presumably near London. The plant had been re-

ceived from Patin in Medellin, Colombia, who was known to have obtained many

of his plants from nearby Frontino. Reichenbach had no vegetative parts to de-

Scribe. His type-specimen today consists of only one poorly preserved flower,

which he thought had been whitish in color. His sketch of the expanded sepals on

the type-sheet does not indicate that the lateral sepals were twice smaller than the

dorsal sepal as he described. He described the tips of the petals as muriculate, and

he drew the lip as if it were severely desiccated.

The identity of M. inaequalis remained a mystery. We thought that it should be

Somethin found relatively frequently near Frontino in the Western Cordillera of

Colombia, but we could find nothing from this area with which to associate the

flower was hydrated by boiling at AMES in 1982, but we were unable to identify

aT we! a any known species. Ten years later, the flower was again

. “imc i Concentrated ammonia at W (Vienna). Now its identity final-

Pi de Hower of D. inaequalis is relatively small with the minutely pubescent

ey connate into a cupped flower exactly like that of D. carderi. The

—o also thick and costate-fringed. The petals, described as being muriculate at

a stn NOW missing. The lip, although in very poor condition, is of the same

: Pe as that of D. carderi. Together with the general locality, the ap-

name fi : = . se Sepals, petals and lip, indicate that D. inaequalis is an earlier

re tage aeri. It was not possible for Reichenbach to have suspected that

Carder’s later collection was another * i

Of the same described

as M. inaequalis from one poor flower. species he had already de

111

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

on

‘

ij

wit

eat Hf

ba

Wt

yy

r

ave

Tis

2 cm

Plate 42. Dracula inaequalis (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar

112 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula incognita Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1006, 1989.

Ety.: From the Latin incognitus, “unknown,” referring to the absence of collection data.

small, epiphytic, densely gry are roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-3.5 cm long,

think

Plant small,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, y coriaceous, carinate, 10-20 cm long, the blade

narrowly oa. Sacto acute, 1.2-1.4 om wide, gradually

bome by a slender, e erect peduncle 9-11 cm

long, dergpeaate-iasnptanrs from low on the ramicaul; floral bracts a 10mm

long; ovary minutely verrucose, 5 mm long; sepals white with a minute, purp! ce, appearing

la vender in color, suffused with r rose near the base, the dorsal sepal ell ante iaee

wide u P: fi va ha. tens Sownwart yas flower, the apex

he: eee. a 3

purp: ple

ovate, —— yen an scents 10 esto pint Sete a wi cad, borg to

apices obtu , marked

with purple-brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, e, the apex rc rounded, , denticulate,

bivalvate with the center

yellow, thick, pyriform omn, 6 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, ee ee

wide, with 3 low carinae,

wide, with erect, acute, inal 1 cleft centrally, th th foot;

Jumn light yellow, semiterete, 3.5 mm long ap ly t aia aap a,

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: without collection

data, probably collected by Dr. rena cts 9

flowered in his collection near Fitzebad, 12 Mar. la

1989, R. Escobar 4008 (Holotype: JAUM; Isotype: 4

MO), C. Luer illustr. 14122. nih 7

This species was discovered flowering : ote

in the collection of Dr. Alberto Villegas in A 2 si

Fitzebad in the mountains above Medellin. ae

He believes that he probably found the ~ [ir de

plant in nearby forests in Antioquia, but he Pe \

cannot be certain. To date, it has neither = :

occurred in other collections nor has it ae a éi

been found again. ; ree

Superficially, D. incognita resembles

D. iricolor with the small, lavender, nut-

ant, short-tailed flower borne by an erect a ay

peduncle. However, the caespitose habit

and carinate lip of D. incognita imme-

diately separate the two species. The

lavender color of the sepals is produced by

a blanket of short, purple hairs on a white

background.

=

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

113

Plate 43. Dracula incognita Luet & Escobar

114 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula insolita Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1007, 1989.

Ety.: From the Latin insolitus, “strange.

Plant large, epiphytic, R i stout, 3-5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3

loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, chin cori ceous, carinate, 13-22 om long including an indistinct

petiole, the blade narrowly elliptical, acut 19-27 om condu

plicate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively 2- - . flowered raceme up to 5 cm long, | bome by a

slender, peduncle 15-17 cm long, with a

15-17 mm long; pedicels 18-23 mm long; ovary subv long; sepals green, glabrous, diffu-

sely covered by raised brown spots within, the ie dorsal spl ovat, 2 26mm long, 16 mm wide, connate connate to

PS. re 1 I. £; A £. he ane x art = |

gen ail 25cm lng, the lateral sepals ote, obiqe, 27mm long 13 mm wide, sed Pe oe

men hat ofthe dora spa

petals white, marked with brown, oblong, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide.

between the ¢ laminae; lip rose re ted ih us ik pefom 1] men ng

d the

SSeue ok .

very slightly undulate, the hypochile 3.5 mm wide, ‘ac nese angles, cleft centrally,

, semiterete, 3.5 mm long, the foot

o

stout with the apex free and elongated, 2mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Valle del Cauca: e epiphytic in|

forest between Costa Rica and Ginebra, alt. 1800-

1900 m, collected by J. Miranda, Jr., Jan. 1988,

ideas, 1 4 Jan.

: JAUM; Is

MO), flowered in cultivation 12 Mar. 1989, C. to

illustr. 14124; same ines oe by J. L.

guirre, Oct. 1989, flowered in cultivation at

Colomborquideas, 11 Dec. 1989, R. Escobar 4042

(JAUM)

This recently discovered long, narrow-

leaved species is apparently endemic ina

remote valley in southern Colombia. A

member of section Dodsonia, the droop-

ing, only half-open flowers borne by an

erect peduncle, are green but covered

within by numerous, tiny, raised dots

fe

epichile is essentially featureless except

for some very indistinct grooves suggest-

ing faint markings of vestigial lamellae. ¢

Most unusual is the elongate, free exten- *.

sion of the column-foot, reminiscent of the foot seen in the genus Masdevallia.

115

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

TRA orivanraaase

Senin AIT %

Plate 44. Dracula insolita Luer & Escobar

me AEEES eee

Gaia Di Nivol a he

116 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula iricolor (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 65, 1982.

Bas.: Masdevallia tricolor Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 2: 108, 1882, sphalmate for M. iricolor, not M.

tricolor Rchb£., 1849.

ay From the Latin sata “rainbow-colored,” referring to the colors of the flowers.

yn.: Masdevallia trichroma Schlitr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 57, 19 1919.

Bh From the Greek rihroma “tricolored,” translating the Latin tricolor,” the specific epithet.

Masdevalli. Lehm. & Kranzl., nn sma 110, 1925, as hfe eehohetots

oy Named for the prong crea Colombia, where the plant was

Syn.: Dracula quilichaoénsis (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer, Sie 23197, ee

epiphytic, it lender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 cm long,

cdots aba dees. Leaf erect, think y coriaceous, carinate, patie adel a

an indistinct c pte 28cm ong, he lade nary elit acute, 1. 21. 8 cm wide, the base

— into the conduplicate petiole. by an

, sparsely bracted peduncle oe low on the ramicaul; aoe tubular,

13-15 mm long; pedicel 10-12 mm long; ovary purple, 4- 3 mm — subverrucose, round in cross-sec-

F , the dorsal sepal ovate, 13

mm long, 9 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for Z mm to oa a widely spread flower, the apex

obtuse, contracted into a slender, erect, dark purple tail 9 mm long, the lateral sepals obliquely ovate,

obtuse, 14 mm long, 8 mm wide, connate 8 mm into a bifid lamina with a broad, shallow mentum, the

api t di lend 1 sepal, 7-8 mm long; petals white, marked

with dark k purple, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, t the apex round, bivalvate, —

obovate,

lig, 3.25 nan Wide, the enichite sub flat t ly cone 4mm ong. 3.35 mn de the

hypochile eye 1.5 mm long, iss = wide, de, with erect, obese, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the

enish white, semiterete, 3 mm long, with a stout

foot 2mm long.

COLOMBIA: ee of Antioquia: ‘‘Medellin,”’

Roezl 5.n. (Holotype > ; “Medellin,” Wallis s.n.

: Cc. 0

Jardin: road to Alto de geo alt. 2550 m, 25

May 1983, R. Escobar, L. & J. Posada et al. 268]

(JAUM); El Chuzeal, alt. 2400 m, collected by E.

Valencia, 1985, flowered in cultivation at Colombor-

quideas, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13156 (MO). Dept. of

Cauca: Santander de de Quilichao, Rio Sonsigey alt.

M 3F-C

,M. & O. Robledo et al., flow

tion by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 1 May wile

R. Escobar 425 (JAUM); same collectio:

in cultivation at Colomborquideas, 12 Mat. pe. c.

Luer 14128. Dept. of Putumayo: east of

co, alt. 2800 m, collected by H. Volles, is in

cultivation at Téquerres, 30 Jan. 1987, C. Luer

1255la (MO).

pagan Prov. of Carchi: above Maldonado, alt.

a. 2000 m, 26 Aug. 1 1978, C. Luer, J. Luer & A

Hirt 3384 (SEL); area, alt. 2500 m , 24 Feb.

1992, S. Buteohace et af. 1547 (MO). Prov. of

: above Tandapi, alt. 1900 m, co

A. Andreetta and A. Hirtz, flowered in

by

Andreetta at Paute, May 1988, C. Luer 13628 (MO).

When this species was described by Reichenbach, a typographical error pro-

duced Masdevallia tricolor instead of Masdevallia iricolor. Reichenbach had pu

lished the binomial Masdevallia baer in 1849 for a species of Mesdsatax

which is not a Dracula. Believin bli a later homo-

nym, Schlechter proposed M. ae in 1919 for the M. tricolor of of 1882.

g

&

117

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

% th

ay Ss

Re oN

AL

ge

Plate 45. Dracula iricolor (Rchb-f.) Luer & Escobar

ee ee ee ee

PE

118 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

In his monograph of the genus Masdevallia Kranzlin redescribed Reichenbach’s

M. iricolor posthumously, believing it to be still un-published. Only months before,

Kranzlin had redescribed the species as M. quilichaoénsis from a collection by

Lehmann, and in his monograph he placed the two epithets for the same species in

two different sections.

Dracula iricolor 3S local but widely distributed in the Western Cordillera of

Colombia to northwestern Ecuador. It is easily recognized by the ascending habit

with erect peduncles in small, pale lavender, short-tailed flowers that face

downward. The epichile of the lip is smooth and convex.

Dracula janetiae (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: 195, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia janetiae Luer, Phytologia 39: 207, 1978.

Ety.: Named in honor of Janet Kuhn who discovered this species.

Dy. 7 Md 17 +

der. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 eae seas eudend eto pac coriaceous, carinate, 8-13 cm long see

. _ 3-4 cm long, the blade narrowly elliptical, acute, 152m wide, the base gradually narro

the channeled petiole.

ple, ot

slender, ly b J le 7- 10 cm long, from low on te floral

ia 5:7 mi lng; pin 8-10 mm ng vay pap 4 mm long, 4 mm wide, with 6 green,

denticulate crests; sepals pale yellow, irregularly dotted with purple, shortly spiculate-pubescent within,

the dorsal sepal triangular, 15 mm long, 11 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 4mm to forma

widely spread, flat flower, the apex acute, contracted into a slender, = veh ioneed tail ca. 3 cm long, the

eet tes rn oy eeaeee 8 RH obtuse, 15 mun lone, 15 mm de, connate 14 mm into a trans-

bel eaten” i S 1 tail i il S525 50035 EN

that of the dorsal sepal; petals cream, marked ith pun le, canilaginous, oblong, 5 mm long, 2mm wide,

the i att d, bivalvate, Pp pill to 1 : lip

white with pink dot he hypochile, spathulate, 6.5 mm 1 long, 6 mm wide, the epichile orbicular or

slightly 1 flat to mini e, 4mm long, 6 mm wide, covered within by

pink verru cae, the hypochile oblong, 4m ‘mm Tong, 3. 5 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles,

cleft craton 2 foot; column cream, semiterete, 4.5 mm long,

with a stout foot 3 mm long.

PERU: Dept. of Huanuco: epiphytic in ro bet-

ween Tingo Maria and Pucallpa, alt. ca. 1700 m,

— flowered in cultivation by L. & J. Paar at

Colomborquideas, 1985, R. Escobar 3496 (JAUM).

This species was discovered by Janet

Kuhn while on a collecting trip to Peru led

by the late Fred Fuchs, Jr. It is the only

species of Dracula known from Peru.

In habit and appearance of the flower

with the sepals diffusely speckled with

red-brown, Dracula janetiae is similar to

both D. nycterina and D. vespertilio.

Dracula janetiae is readily distinguished

these two by the flat, round, minutely

verrucose epichile of the lip. The concave

epichile of D. nycterina is lamellate while

that of D. vespertilio is completely

smooth.

119

Se

M4 ESET RO

Unne

sinnrnine eee

y,

. Te bff Ci ‘i

af :

Plate 46. Dracula janetiae Luer

120 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula lafleurii Luer ¢ &I Delon. sp. nov.

kholm, Sweden, co-discoverer of this species.

Se . haec D; L I ardi a a. ex Ki 1.) L t ~~ ebet a t2 wes pichili , a 4 3 +

Plant medium in size to large, — caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, va cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths . Leaf erect, coriaceous, carinate, wly obov

acute, 15-19 g g petiole 2-3 cm long, 2.5-3 cm wide, nae i at

te into th dupli bpetiolate b Inflorescence a loose, successively cob a shes

seis tease cbeeaeiss g, sparsely bracted peduncle 14-19 cm long, from low

ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, oblique, ian 10-18 mm long; pedicel 15-25 mm long; ovary 5 mm long, pools

in cross-section; sepals dull white, ar pons toward the base, with coalescing, red-brown spots, espe-

cially toward the apices and bases, with a long, white pubescence within, the dorsal sepal broadly ovate,

25 mm long, 21 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 7-8 mm to form a slightly cupped, widely

spread flower, the apex subacute, contracted into —— — wn tail 8-9 cm long, the lateral

pacha oblique, ue, 30 mm long, 23 mm wide, connate

eh. +. teh A 7 J tal. 2 Ah , marked

vith fod-howwn, csigincale oblong, 3 mm og, 2 men Wide the apex bival vate, papillose between the

laminae, the i inner lamina obtuse, denticulate, the outer lamina rounded, recurved; lip pink, ie

11.5 mm long, 9 mm wide, fm rn arias fe leaiag ee inflated, deeply concave, 7.5 mm long

wi Amm de

mm long, 25 mm woe with erect, obtuse, nail sales cleft : centrally between a pair of plates, ‘the

g semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot

equally long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of stiles noi’ a: epiphytic in wet

forest in the Los C rve, alt. 1450 m, 27 Jan

1993, S. Deeeta? 7. Hoijer, H. Wanntorp & M. f

Read 1815 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 16589; ny

Garcia Moreno, alt. 1800 m, 1 Mar. 1992,S. | ee }

Dalstrim, R. La Fleur & J. Sénnemark 1594 (MO), isan

ay

Fleur, July 1992, S. Dalstrém 1692 (MO). 1

: cae ie

This species was discovered in 1992 in peer uP

a remote, wet, primary forest in north- ° eh ae ee

western Ecuador by a team of Swedish ; i

botanical researchers led by Stig Dalstrém. al i

Plants flowered in cultivation in the collec- | /t. / aA

tions of Rolf La choral in Stockholm and E

Jan S weden, later x

that year. The s species was discovered \

again in two other, nearby localities in ad Pe

It grows in the same forest with \ \

other species of Dracula including i a

pee woolwardiae to which it is most ;

similar. Colonies of the two species were

noted to grow separately without interme- j

liste tnitivvidienle.

Dracula lafleurii is distinguished by the relatively large flowers with long-

tailed, acute sepals densely spotted with rust brown, especially toward the apices

and bases. The sepals are also long-pubescent within. The pink suborbicular epi-

chile of the lip is most distinguishing. The deeply saccate cavity contains several

ere darker pink lamellae that curve up to the thin margin as tiny

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 121

Ee a ee ee

” ” Oe RO Ee ee

ee ee ee

——rn aT

a ee

ery ee

ae ee ey ee

Plate 47. Dracula lafleurii Luer & Dalstré6m

122 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula lehmanniana Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 66, 1982.

i omnes in honor of Frederick Carl Lehmann (1850-1903), Geman Consul in | Popayén,

tions of p lants and herbari peci bering th 10,000 from Colombia, Ecuador

and Central America.

d to large, epiphyti Ramicauls stout, erect, 4-7 cm

log alt 3 oe. tubular sheaths, Leaf erect, tis cecoion. carinate, more or less plicate,

elliptical, acute, | petiol 35-5 cm wide, = ma aa

meme ty fees 1 f ex! * ant eh ct Bb Ge as

aaer td sparsely t 4 Bh ah 41. 2:9 & > hoi . ae = 3 4. £1 iL ing pb TERN 15mm

long; pedicel arcuate, 2.5 cm long; ovary green, 5 mm long, subverrucose, round in cross-section; sepals

yellowish, diffusely dotted with brown, especially toward the base, cellular-glandular within, the dorsal

sepal narrowly ovate, ca. 25 mm long, 10 mm wide, coer iy Bap aso, sopaies Pes ae So Pores 8 Liat

flower, the apex acute , horizontal cm long,

the lateral sepals narrowly ovate, oblique, ca. 25 mm long, 11 mm wide, pasar Gis wap

1; petals

white, marked with brown, cartilaginous, ae ee 1.25 mm wide, the apex bivalvate —

white, ra ceca 8 mm long, 5 mm wide, the cpl orien concave, 5 mm long, ce mm ie

gh and incurved, sg ney

HK Ss eo te y™ =e. oh ah | een bs | Ld mm long,

2.25 mm wide, wth tomdel aaa Peg ft centrally, he concave base hinged othe om

foot; column yellow, stout, semiterete, 3.5 mm long, with a stout foot equally long

COLOMBIA: Prov. of Cauca: El Tambo, Huisit6, alt.

ca. deicncons Paar wed - Miranda, flowered

de Sarria in Popayan,

zs Sly 1978, C. Tier 2002 (Holotype: SEL), flow-

in cultivation by M. & O. onteomelptisalits

2ONox 1978, R. Escobar 1902 ; flowered

Colomborquideas, 11 Apr. oa. C. Luer 13161

(MO).

This species is known from only two

plants collected in southwestern Colombia

near Popay4n in 1977 by the professional

collector J. Miranda. The plants were

cultivated in Popay4an by the late Sra.

Amalia de Sarria,

ter of Consul F. C. Lehmann, in her exten-

sive orchid collection.

The slender, widespread flower with

narrow, outstretched sepals and tails is

borne more or less transversely by the

erect, terminal portion of the ascending

to face downward with the white

lip dangling from the center. The flowers

are extremely sensitive to an increase in

or a decrease in humidity. The sepals begin to wilt immediately if the

plant is moved from a dark area to a lighter area, as was witnessed when an attem:

was made to photograph the flower. The sepals soon dangle limply along the

supporting peduncle, but they slowly regain their original turgor when the plant is

returned to the cool shade. The turgidity is regained immediately if the flower is

immersed in cold water.

Pe Soa eas

123

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 48. Dracula lehmanniana Luer & Escobar

124 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula lemurella Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 15: 23, 1981.

Ety.: From the Latin lemurella, “a little ghost, in the fl

t dium i tic, d Is

epiph oo stout, erect, 2-3 cm

segs enclosed by 2-3 loose, ‘tubular sheaths. Leaf ere S ae ns us, Carinate, narrowly ovate to

linear, acute, 11-17 cm long including an indistinct petiole, 1-1. So cm as gradually narrowed below

into the conduplicate base. Inflorescence a lax, successively 1- to 2-flowered raceme, borne by a

sparsely bracted, more or less horizontal peduncle 5-8 cm long, from low on the ¢ ramicaul; floral

bract, tubular, 6-8 mm long; pedicel Tl mm Jong; ovary brown, 4 mm long, subvermucose, round in

te ae sepals cream-co the middle, ero pubescent

the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, to orbicular, 9 , 9-10 mm long, 10-12 mm \ wide, connate sale rela sir

sear for 4mm to form a widely rect, red-

purple tail 2.5-3. ae the eng = broadly ovate, oblique, 11- 12mm ey 11- 131 mm wide

connate 5 mm s Ww mentu:

f a an I maa rked with b , cartilaginous, oblong, 3.5 mm long, 2

mm wide, the ar ) oe: 1. 7 “11 Bee Pe 1 = = L

rounded, oblong- i 4.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, the the

cic irnsverely ovate. on "2mm an, 3mm wide, shallow wly cumeaye with» tall, thick, vermu-

externally, the hypochile thick, oblong, 3 mm long, 3 mx mm B wide, with erect, ‘pounded, vonage ike.

broadly and deeply cleft centrally, the base white, stout,

semiterete, 3.5 mm long, wks Sack Goon Soon bee

et ee Dept. of Antioquia: Munic. of Yaru-

mal, Bricefio, “El Oro,” La Segunda ee alt.

1650 m, oe wt 1974, collected by G. Misas et al.,

red in cultivation at La Ce ja by M.& O. Roble-

do, 27 Sept. 1977, R. Ricpher 1540 (Holotype:

JAUM; Isotype: SEL), C. Luer illustr. ; flowered

in cultivation at Colomborquideas, 2 Apr. 1988, C.

Luer 13298 (MO).

This uncommon species has been

found on only a few occasions, the first

time by Dr. Guillermo Misas, Rodrigo

Escobar and companions in 1974. It is

recognized by the small caespitose habit

vid nai auld ad at

transverse peduncles. The small, succes-

sive, cream-colored flowers are shortly

pubescent within. The transversely ovate,

tive lip gore. three tall, protruding

ellae. epichile is smaller than the

cpemeroligs which is deeply and broadly

cleft.

125

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Cc

Plate 49. Dracula lemurella Luer & Escobar

126 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula levi Luer, Selbyana ‘el 369, 1978.

bert D. Levi of Mill Valley, California, who with the late

Seal thicloy discovered this species.

Plant large, epiphytic, shortly ascending to caespitose; roots fleshy. Ramicauls erect, stout, 2.5-8

cm long, sree ho ke See aMRerOE ON Ne eae a carinate, very narrowly

obovate g 1.5-2.3 cm wide,

gradually narrowed below the base “Inf i fl d , borne by a

12-25 cm ae fom low on the ramicaul; floral

Gua adiner $5 Deatlong. poieal 22.5 cx ng con 6 ma ong, round in cross-section; sepals

glabrot

as, the dorcal

white, faintly

a Domine 20-24 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals fo r 15 mm to form a conical, sepaline

Pp r, light green tail 5-7 cm long, subtended by a

of th pal, th lateral sepals b te, oblique, 20-23 mm long, 20-22 mm mm wide,

white, cartilaginous, spathulate, —a sr ere the apex bivalvate, densely b

t ee massig

thick, ime pdr Sa tt the epichile vue il-defined, ca. sonable 3.5 mm wide, rounded at

the subacute apex, shallo cen i

concave base hinged to the column-foot; column yellow-white, stout, semiterete, 4. 55 mm long, with a

stout foot 2-3 mm long.

forest between Maldonado and T:

m, 20 May 1976, collected by R. Hawley, R. Levi &

W. Teague, flowered in cultivation at Mill Valley,

CA, 11 Oct. 1978, C. Luer 3455 (Holotype: SEL);

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in cloud

a 00

same area, 26 Aug. |

3409 (SEL); same area, alt. 2400 m, 4 Apr. 198

Luer, S. Dalstrom & yi - Héijer 9949 (MO): 5 same

area. fl Yj

Dec. 1990, R. Escobar 4083 (JAUM); same area, alt.

gos avn C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, X.

Hirtz & J. del Hierro 15102 (MO

Tolan: Dept. of Nasifio: Piedrancha, alt.

1800-2000 m, collected ected by J. L. Aguirre, Feb. 1992,

flowered in cultiv: Tsubota at

Nursery near Pereira, Oct. 1992, R. Escobar s.n.

GAUM).

This large species was one of several

spectacular species discovered by Ronald

Hawley, Robert Levi and Walter Teague

when the new road to the west of Tulcén

in northernmost Ecuador was first opened

through virgin forest to Maldonado.

Vegetatively Dracula levii is similar to the

more frequent Dracula gigas found in the same area, but the former is easily identi-

fied by the white to pale green, glabrous, conical flowers with a tuberosity at the

apex Sapiens ris at the base of each tail. The lip is proportionately small and

d hypoc

Ss bs |

pichule hile that are nearly

ea neato

4

;

‘

;

‘

5

i

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 50. Dracula levii Luer

128 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula ligiae Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 38: 1008, 1989.

Ety.: scandens. ohuciseneagiag ith her h lomborqui:

deas, purchased and cultivated this species

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 4-5. 5 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 15-27 cm long including a

petiole 5-7 cm long, the blade obovate, acute, 3-4.5 cm wide, gradually narrowed below into the condu-

: z

base. Inflorescence a loose,

erect peduncle 20-25 cm long, with a few, distant bracts, from low on the ramicaul; floral bracts 12-15

mm —— pedicels 15-20 mm oe ovary s subverrucose, hall mm long, round i in cross-section; Sepals

i wn di

toward - bases, sere se with a short, yellow pubescence within, the dorsal sepal broadly cio sg

mm ‘long, 23 mm wid P

btuse. contracted int, lender, erect fs, brown tal 2.53 em leo, the

~~ ly rr ?

lateral 1: t oblique, 351 mm long, 23 mm wide, 201 t , the apices

subacute, cont i that of the dorsal vines petals ivory, marked with

brown, ath rsenen aon 3. 35 mm ne. 1 si mm sitar the apex rounded, bivalvate. dong

owish, spathulate, 14 mm long, 9 mm

the epichile suffused with rose, ss ghee Weaun tad ca. aacuaee

and incurved, a oblong, dotted with brown, 4 mm long, 4 mm wide, with erect, obtuse,

eft centrally, t light

yellow, semiterete, caedaae, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

ton of A Me without data, — in the esti

ered in cultivati

deas, 10 Apr. 1988, R. Escobar 3979

Guikstyen: 1a M; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. H

13114. Dept. a Antioquia: Munic. of Frontino, > d

Nutibara, Alto ‘nas, alt. 2050 m, collected | ° "4 3

Porro cme owered in cultivation by A. Mejia, ° =

19 Oct. 1972, R. Escobar 703 (JAUM). f

This species has been in cultivation for sm &

many years, and has been known as ~ 5B

“Dracula severa - number two”’ because >> \

of the superficial resemblance of the large se pea i

habit with broad, subpetiolate leaves, erect | 7

inflorescences, and an immobile lip, to D. f

severa. The epichile is large, ovoid and rat

concave with multiple, radiating lamellae. \

After this species was described from LA

the plant of unknown origin that was Ce |

found in the collection of Sr. Alvaro Mejia 5 ee

in Medellin, a specimen of the species 5

collected by J. M. Serna near Frontino in

the Western Cordillera and flowered by

Mejia was discovered in the herbarium at

JAUM. It now seems probable that Mejia’s plants of D. ligia Originated from the

collection by Serna in 1972. All plants presently in cultivation are divisions of the

Original plant.

pave

aa Saat,

129

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Se rin

Va

a

TA SAMAT yore

MAS AR anee

ree es

“

wae

FFAUS AR

ae Luer & Escobar

igi

Dracula |.

Plate 51.

130 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula. lindstroemii Luer & Dalstrém, Thesaurus Dracularum 4, 1991.

ckholm, Sweden, who discovered this species.

Plant small, —*. densely caespitose; 1 roots coarse. area erect, stout, oe cm long, en-

closed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf ical, acute, 9-

13 cm long including a conduplicate petiole 3-4 om Tong, 1 5-2 cm m wide, narrowly fons below into

the petiole. I loose, ry a slender, pa

sparsely bracted peduncle 12-15 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 5 mm mm long;

_eraenpdihrereny acne ieee mm long 2, 1; Sep E ss

within b raised, Seeker tes p te th By 1 Ik aS te, mm

long, 6mm 6mm te tc the Ieteand nulate line cup, the round-

ed apex paleo abruptly into a stout, , brown tail 10-14 na Tong, an Tatra sepals suborbicular,

oblique, 6 mm long, 5 mm wide,

laginous, obl panic hast csehet omits x bivalvate, hemi leg diets een the laminae,

ey — ia : pink, thick, pandurate. , 3.5 mm long, 25

mm wide, the epichile suborbicular, 2.25 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, acutely deflexed upon the hypochile,

= .

th b , Carti-

sehitiiy Wid tech wae eel with a tall, primary carina flanked on either side by 3 similar, radi-

ating laminae, the > sie thick, oblong, 3 mm nn ong, 5 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal

pr cos i © concave e base hinged to oe Re aia

umn yellow-whi + semaiaceede 3 mm long, ith a st

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in wet forest

6 trom,

son, flowered in cultivation by R. LaFleur in Stock-

holm, Sweden, 29 Feb. Apr. 1987, C. Luer 14568

(Holotype: MO).

This species was collected out of

flower in wet forest above Maldonado in

1982 by Manfred (Schrédl) Lindstrém

with several companions from Sweden. It

first flowered in cultivation in 1987.

Dracula lindstroemii is distinguished

by the small habit with acute, elliptical,

petiolate leaves. The raceme descends to

produce a few, distantly spaced, succes-

sive flowers. The flowers are small and

subglobose, with thick, rigid tails. The

sepals are light brown, suffused with dark

brown at the apices, and studded thin by

multiple, dark brown warts. The little lip

with the concave epichile filled with tall,

radiating lamellae, indicates a relationship

with both D. radiella and D. syndactyla.

a SEA ie kite eel emo

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 131

Plate 52. Dracula lindstroemii Luer & Dalstrém

132 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

ina: lotax (Luer) Luer, tees 195, 1978.

as.: M lotax Luer Phytologia 39: 210, 1978. tients

oe : From the Greek lotax, “a clown,” ied f: t

Syn.: Masdevallia bomboiza Fiske, Amer. ¢ Orchid Soc. Bull. 43: 102, | 1974, nomen nudum.

Ety.: TI

lender. Ramicauls slender, erect to

suberect, Pa ne ted 3 ea "Leaf erect, inl co coriaceous, carinate, 6-10.5

y elliptical ute, 0.5-0.6 cm wide, the base

ed into the channeled petiol Eset das tone tel ow i suber-

taper dane descending, slender, lender, sparsely bracted peduncle 5-8 cm long, from low ramicaul;

floral bract tubular, 5-6 mm lng; peel 10-12 mm long: ovary green, suffused wi with roe 3-4 men long,

round in cross-section, lightly white with a few or

within, shortly spiculate-pub ithin, the Jorsal sepal ly ovat 8 mm long 11 mm wide,

for 5 mm to fi ded abruptly contracted into a

slender, erect, maroon tail 2.5- 3 cm long, tebe ovate triangular ar, obtuse, 9 mm

long, 8 mm mm wide, connate 8 mm int oa transversely oblon oblong lamina with a1 d, shallow mentum, the

oS Fe t.¢ wf +h, 1 1 , marked with dark

purple, cartilaginous, oblong, ‘um long, 3 man wide, th apex rmded, bi valvate, papillose between

wi k dots, pandurate, 4.5 mm long, 3

grr the epichile transversely elliptical, 1. 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, concave with a single lamella,

the hypochile thick, oblong, 3 mm long, 3 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal centrally,

the concave base hinged to the column-foot; column white, semiterete, 3 mm long, with a stout foot 2.5

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pastaza: epiphytic in rain forest

near Mera, west of Puyo, alt. 1000 m, April coi

we:

ow Vv: by M. &0.R

_ fins, May 1976, R. Escobar 1970 hun.

and Puyo, flowered i ivati

Colomborguideas, 17 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13214

(MO). Prov. of Morona-Santiago: between Mendez

and Morona . alt. 900 m, 1 Jan. 1990, C. Dodson, E.

Hagsater my NH. Williams 18218 (MO). Prov. of

Zamora-Chinchipe: Patuca, alt. 1600 m, collected

cultivated by F L Stevenson 90.614-1 (MO ).

a as

WS

Commonly known as “‘the clown,”

this little species is apparently endemic in

the tall, wet forests of eastern and south

eastern Ecuador. Both Joe Brenner, at that

time living in Puyo, and Milan Fiske of

Burnt Hills, New York, were early collec-

rs of this species. Fiske included a color

photograph identified as Masdevallia

bomboiza in his article in the American

Orchid Society Bulletin on his expedition

to the Cordillera del Condor in 1972.

Although the plants form dense clumps, the rhizomes are shortly repent. They

grow and flower readily in cultivation. The small, white flowers with red tails are

produced on weak peduncles. The sepals form a shallow cup lined by a blanket of

short, thick hairs. The dark-tipped petals flank the column like beady eyes to either

side of a nose, and the lip below is easily interpreted as a mouth, all in the center of

a whiskery face.

133

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

one

Dah A

aval

ri

ry

.

Plate 53. Dracula lotax (Luer) Luer

134 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula mantissa Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 48: 709, 1979.

Ety.: From the Latin mantissa, “‘a trifling addition,” in allusion to some of the smallest flowers

known in the genus.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, — roots slender. Ramicauls erect, stout, 3-4 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, th , carinate, very narrowly obovate,

acute, se 1.7-2.1 cm wide, graduall i bel base. Inflorescence a single or

sively two-flow ered raceme, borne by a slender, horizontal, spancly-brcted peduncle 5-8 cm

ste i y thick, 3 mm

~ with 6low, , minutely serrated crests, round in cross-section; sepals light yellow, suffused with red,

obovate 4 mm long, 6 mm

ie eae es lateral sepals for 3 mm to form a a subglobose, sepaline cup, th apex obtuse, con-

tracted into a slender, , dark red tail 10 mm long, the lateral se sepals broadly ovate, bligue, 6mm long,

contracted i into tails 8 mm long, similar to that of the dorsal ae 28 petals yellow, marked with red-

» oblong, 2. 5mm Lene 1 mm wide.

culate, the out: ded lip white, marked with rose,

aan Uitaeae the epichile cael des th neta woe eke shal-

lowly concave, with 3 parallel, raised veins, the hypochile ovoid, 2.75 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, with

erect, » Marginal ~— cleft centrally, the concave om or to the column-foot; column

white, stout, semiterete, 3 mm long, with a stout foot equally lon:

sh =

nae.

’

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: epiphytic in cloud

forest above Chiriboga, alt. 1800-2000 m, collected

B. , flowered in cultivation at , 12 Feb.

1979, C. Luer 3966 (Holotype: SEL; Isotype:

JAUM). Prov. of Imbabura: above Rio Los Cedros,

alt. 1850 m, 27 ops 1993, S. Dalstrém, T. Héijer &

H. Wanntorp 1801 (MO).

COLOMBIA: “Dept of of Narifio; geygre of Ricaurte,

Chucunés, H m, 24 Feb.

1979, R. Sear mi Salazar de Pap ation & D.

Portillo 1946 (JAUM, SEL).

This infrequent, diminutive-flowered

species occurs in southwestern Colombia

and northwestern Ecuador where it was

first discovered by Benigno Malo.

habit with long, narrow leaves is indistin-

guishable from many others The distinc-

tive flowers, however, are possibly the

t known in the genus.

Dracula mantissa is related to D. felix

with which it is sympatric in Ecuador.

The flowers of the two species are similar,

but those of D. mantissa are much smaller,

and they do not produce capsules in the

copious manner of D. felix.

135

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 54. Dracula mantissa Luer & Escobar

136 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula marsupialis Luer & Hirtz, Die Orchidee 37: 25, 1986.

Ety.: From the Latin marsupialis, “pouch-like,” referring to the inflated epichile of the lip.

Plant medi d to large, epiphytic, i it Ramicauls stout, erect, sige cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect , thinly coriaceous, carinate, subplicate, 13-20

cm long including a —. 4-6 om long, the blade elliptical, acute to subacute, 2.5-5 cm wide, ot base

on ca oe floral bract tubular, 8 13 1 5 mm

ically subyerrecoss; , aepets yellow, dotied with ‘coalescing brown spots toward the bases a apices,

» 17-22 mm long, 12 12- 18 mm wide, connate to the lateral

sepals fi for 6-7 mm to form a widely sp spread flower, th rown

tail 3-4 cm long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, , 23-30 mm long, 13- 18 mm wide, connate 8-12 mm to

st, £.

successively several- flowered | raceme ged to 17

J 15-25 cm long, with few low

form a broad, , the apices to that

SP the 1 1; rey m Cs PRADO Spa Fela gr aeieeet , oblong, phen long: 2 nen wii. the apex

bivalvate, ith multiple b tubercles t ] enticulate, the outer

lamina round, recurved; lip white, suffused i oe within the epichile, spall, 11-13 mm

ong, 6-8 mm wide, the epichile oblong, 8-9 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, the roun inflated apex

aa to form a pouch 6-7 mm deep, the _ traversed by multiple, raised, radiating, Semiching

veins, the — toothed, the hypyetie oblon, — mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, with erect, rounded,

marginal angles, cleft centrally, the con ev bushi to the column-foot; column white, stout, semi-

terete, 4-5 mm long, with a stout foot 3-4 mm lon

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: epiphytic in wet

forest above Mindo, alt. 2200 m, 8 April 1984, A.

Hirtz 1798 8 (Holotype : MO), c. Luer illustr. 11129;

fl 2

‘olom-

bia, 25 25 Apr. 1988, c . Luer 13310 (MO). Prov. zat

rve, alt. ca. 2000 m, 22 Jan. 1993, S. pre deayg

Helier H. Wanntorp & M. Read 2001 (MO).

This species was first collected without

flowers by Alexander C. Hirtz of Quito,

Ecuador, where D. vampira was growing

abundantly. Dracula marsupialis is appar-

ently rare, having been found on very few

occasions on the western slope of north-

western Ecuador. The broad leaves are

subplicate and petiolate and the slender

pedunc

scopically verrucose to pubescent, yellow

sepals that are speckled with brown at the

apices and bases. The apical margin of the

extraordinary epichile of the lip is inflated

and reflexed so that a deep pouch is creat-

ed. Lamellate veins radiate within the pouch with toothed margins. It is similar to

= lip of D. gastrophora which is distinguished by larger, dark brown, cupped

lowers.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 137

Plate 55. DrackJa marsupialis Luer & Hirtz

138 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula minax Luer & Escobar, yo gene 15: 27, 1981. oe

se hogs the Latin minax, “‘threatenin f the fi t

nf

edium in size, epiphytic, densely pit lend t ct, 2-3 cm

Plant m 5

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf e Sor oes cxeiacscen, carinate, siecouly obovate,

subacute, 9-18 cm long including an an indistinct petiole, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, como

condupli o

t tol

y to many

long, borne by a stout, sparsely bracted, horizontal t le 6-15 cm long, from low on

the ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 5-3 mm aig pi ey ttg Gray Se pe , 3-4 mm long,

round in cro cti pal s dull light yello

the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 12-13 mm long,

10-12 mm wide, connate to the ater pao for 4-5 mm to — a ‘eheonid sates flower, the ‘Subacute

apex contracted into y ovate,

oblique, ‘Siam lene, 1 exe es ss nce se. sage sd Se apices con:

tracted into tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals i ivory, marked v with ete eat

ginous, oblong, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the the inner

lamina obtuse, denticulate, the outer lamina rounded, recurved; lip ~~ yellow, suffused with brown,

sputhulate, 10 mm a tong, 6 6mm wide, oo serie 6 mm long, 6 mm wide, apa con-

irregularly bran

cave -d within by 11-13 radiating,

veins, pana ageanelinp a 4mm long, 3.73 me wie, with erect, rect, rounded, angles, cleft cen-

trally, the base , Stout, semiterete, 5 mm long, with a

thick foot 3mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: without collection

data, flowered in pubkienienl ‘ La Estrella by O.

Arango, 25 Sept. 1977, R. Escobar 682 (Holotype:

JAUM; Isotype: SEL), C. - Luer illustr. 1851; same

deas, 10 “spony: 1988. C. Luer 13164 (MO).

is apparently rare, having

been collected near Medellin in the Cen-

plant had been originally cultivated by Sr.

Octavio J. Arango at La Estrella near

Medellin for many years. All plants

presently in cultivation are Bees « of

divisions of the original

The small, widely sitet flower of

Dracula minax is characterized by the

diffuse, dark purple-brown markings, and

a shallowly concave, round epichile of the

lip. The non-involute Margins are denticu-

late with the terminations of the radiating

veins within.

139

inax Luer & Escobar

muinax

Plate 56. Dracula

140 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula mopsus (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978

Bas.: eS ake ace Spec. Nov. - Regni Veg. 17 :419, 1921.

Ety: Ni

o

Sate ie elt 3-992 1977

a From the Greek triceratops, ‘+a three-horned face,” in allusion to the resemblance of the

dinosaur.

size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-3 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 clos, tabula sheaths sheaths. Leaf erect. erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 8-17 cm long including an

indistinct, ly ellipti I, acute, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, ; narrowed

below to the base. I ively fe' fl der, purple, per-

i ii 8 i Pa 4 10 cm long. un cbantedacnes bract

x. 8-10 1 a 1 1 5 dark 1 , 45 lon; irre ape,

tubular, 8 ag; F ng; ovary dark purple, 4-5 mm long, irregularly

Mm cross ale colored, a 1

‘clase ini as nandegions wei: red, m e or less branchi g ve 1 within, the dorsal epal

transversely ovate, 9-10 mm long, 9-10 mm wide, te to the lateral u a gap-

seg ee te nee cin tae red-brown tail 5-7 mm long,

the lateral te 10 1, concave lamina 12 mm long, 15 mm wide together

and expand tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals yellow-

ran oer bi onde one ‘clgratom.qeheeleanses wide, the al-

vate,

. pap ticulate; lip yellow-orange, marked

with rose, sateen spathulate-pandurate, Sm long, 2.5 wide, the epichile suborbicular, 2 mm

long, 2.5 mm wide, shallowly concave, lightly verrucose within, the et 3 mm long, es

wide, with erect, rounded, cleft centra Naser. th

white, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of El Oro: epiphytic in dense,

de Amboca and above

Zaruma, alt. 1200-1500 m, F. C. Lehmann 7016

— me “sd aan in forest above the gold

1500 m, 6 Mar. 1982, C.

at re Antbesti & vi Dalstrim 7199 (SEL);

Apr.1961, C. H. pole 363 (MO. 2 tg ee of

Cotopaxi: epiphytic in forest west of C.

1200 m, 18 Feb. 1979, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirts

4026

¢ without locality, flowered in cultivation

by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 21 eye sig Cc:

Luer 4301 (SEL); flowered in cultivation . 1973,

R. Escobar 999 (JAUM).

oe his visit to the gold mines at

estern Ecuador in 1879,

Consul sire mining engineer F. C. Leh-

mann made the first collections of two

species of Dracula in the nearby forests:

the present D. mopsus, and D. woolwar-

diae. They still are to be found in these

forests today. Both species occur relatively frequently in western Ecuador at

moderate al less than 1500 meters above sea . Dracula mopsus grows in

the damp fi Montecrist within sight of the Pacific Ocean,

Dracula mopsus pruduces from relatively short, descending peduncles small,

red-brown spotted, cup-shaped flowers with costate ovaries and short tails. When

plants form dense clumps in accumulations of debris and humus, the flowers appear

at a distance below or within the debris as if detached from the plant above.

ci en ae AE et

141

}

a

Plate 57. Dracula mopsus (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer

4

142 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula morleyi Luer & Dalstrém, sp. n

Ety: Named i in honor of Dr. Morley Read. of :Comwal, England, supervisor of the Los Cedros

Pl diocris vel dis, folii is longipetiolatis, florib tis, sepalis intus nigropunc-

& , of 7 1 SS aR y mere

_

* pest | “1 Ee 2. hk =. , eS ee sohals

> tf

1 i metoe di it

Dr. - o> ant 3 +, vo - 1 +, t erect 4-4.5 cm

long, pdr mersegpir dm! eros’ "Leaf ee, nly conssot, — ‘ aay ep —

g-petiolate, acute, lightly acuminate, : 20-23 cm long including the petio! cm long, 2.5-

thet p Inflorescence a loose, successively few-flowered

raceme, bome by a a horizontal to descending, sparsely bracted peduncle etal nai eg

ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, , oblique, 7 mm long; — 11 mm long; ovary 6 mm long, minutely

dott

vermicose, uund in cross ed with with blackish cay pt

woened ies sal neering, hite put ithin, the dorsal seg

mm long, 19 mm wide I sepals for 8 fe d, shall ph

tedi h Je tail 15- an age

Geel ane de ghee preg ¥ acetone connate 10 mm into a

lamina with a shallow eaten the apices broadly to that of the

oe ee ere oblong, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex

bivalvate, papillose between the lami r lamina outer lamina rounded,

a lip pale yellow, spathulate, 7. vance 6.5 mm wide, the epichile Se teenie subglobose,

inflated, deeply concave, 4.5 mm long, 6.5 mm m wide, 3 mmm deep, filled with pink, radiating, branching

» minutely id » 4mm long, 2.5 mm wide, \ with aia

angles, clef cea sien re. th

foot: column white, sisoggaccoied 5 mm long, with a Lait wdic ine.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Imbabura: epiphytic in wet

fi Cedros rese!

orest in the reserve, alt. |

1993, S. Dalstrém, T. Héijer, H. Wanntorp & M.

Read 1723B (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 16593.

First found and recognized as a new

species by Morely Read, this species

occurs abundantly in a remote, wet, prim-

ary forest in northwestern Ecuador. Other

species of the genus present in the same

forest include D. alcitoé, D. chiroptera, D.

felix, D. hirtzii, D. lafleurii, D. mantissa,

D. marsupialis, D. polyphemus, D. radio-

sa, D. venosa, D. vespertilio and D. wool-

wi

rdiae.

Dracula morleyi is distinguished by

the long-petiolate, acute leaves and a

small, round, shallowly cupped flower

with short, slender, blackish tails. The

sepals are long-pubescent and intensely

dotted with purple-black within. The epi-

chile of the lip is suborbicular and deeply

concave with numerous, radiating, branch-

ing, complete and incomplete lamellae.

This species is superficially similar to the Colombian D. carcinopsis, but D.

morleyi differs vegetatively in the acute, long

two species are of similar size and color, but the round, shallowly cupped flower

with the multiple black dots within, as well as the transverse, deeply concave epi-

chile of the lip distinguish D. morleyi.

143

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 58. Dracula morleyi Luer & Dalstrém

144 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula navarroérum Luer & Hirtz, Thesaurus Dracularum 6: 9, 1993,

as navarrorum,

Ety.: Named in honor of Sr. Fermando Navarro and his wife Monica, of Quito, Ecuador, who discov-

ered this species.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, densely caespitose; coars Rami ul 1 » erect,

cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly linear-

elliptical, acute, 17-24 cm long including an indistinct petiole, 1.1-1.8 cm wide, gradually narrowed

below into the conduplicate base. Inflores ingl ften foll by a second flower,

bome by a slender, suberect le long, from | th icaul; fl , tubular, ie

mm long; pedicel 13-18 mm long; ovary purple-brown, 4-5 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals

fleshy, rapa with purple-brown, sh iculate within, the dorsal sepal transversely ovate, I 0

mm long, 15 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 7 mm to f pped fl , the ap y

obtuse, contracted into a thick, erect, purple-brown tail 3 cm long, 2 mm broad, the lateral sepals broadly

ovate, oblique, 15 mm long, 14 mm wide, connate 12 mm to form a broad, shallow mentum, the apices

obtuse, contracted into thick tails similar to th f the dorsal sepal; petals white, marked with brown,

cartilaginous, oblong, 3.5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, markedly papillose between the

laminae. thei ; paola! b denticulate, th Pe we : lip white, spathulate, 8.5 long, 5

mm wide, the epichile ovoid, concave, 5.5 mm long, 5 mm wide, with the margins erect and toothed,

with | primary lamella flanked by several, low, radiating veins, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, 3.5

mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft , the base hinged to the column-

teats

_ +

1 Ps

>

7

white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot about as long.

collected by Juan Del Hierro, flowered in cultivation

by him in Quito, 16 Mar. 1992, S. Dalstrém 1661

(MO).

This species was recently discovered

by Monica and Fernando Navarro in a

forest remnant on the slopes of the Andes

west of Quito, Ecuador, in an area that has

been well-botanized for the past century

and a half. In many ways it is similar to

the Colombian Dracula Psittacina. Both

species are characterized by long, slender

leaves, a comparatively short, suberect

peduncle, and thick sepaline tails, althou

the tails of D. navarroérum are consider-

ably thicker.

The flowers of both species are whit-

ish, and dotted with purple or brown and

pubescent within. The fleshy tails of D.

navarrodrum are two millimeters thick. The petals of D. navarroérum are thicker

with more verrucosities at the apex. The lip of D. navarrodérum is considerably

larger with the epichile containing more lamellae and teeth that project above a

margin that is not involute.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 145

Plate 59. Dracula navarrooérum Luer & Hirtz

146 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

pee ere besaeerii Luer & Escobar, Amer. - Orchid Soc. Bull. 38: 1009, seh

Ety.: Named for Dra

Co iv

3-5 cm

Plant medium-sized to large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect,

b 2-31 , tubular sheath: s. Leaf erect, — coriaceous, obovate, subplicate, acute,

a a gee plea tinct petiol cm long, 3-4cm wide, the base gradually

narrowed to the condi licate base. Inflores ly few me borne by

sf “poten bracted peduncle 11-13 cm long, fae hapa an a floral bract

sia apap o ns pedicel 15 mm long; ovary smooth, 5 mm lon ong, round in cross-section;

dial halves

the lateral sepals, the veins eins subcarinate, shortly pubescent within, the dorsal sepal triangular-ovate, 20

men long, 20 mm wide, ee ee eee Sat iw form a saping Bow wer, the apex acute,

E 8, the yep gies oblique, 18 mm

lone, 18 mm wide, te 20 f a deep, n E with a distinct low, round-

ed callus, the apices obtuse, acuminate into sl ils simil hat of th sepal; petals white,

marked with purple, cartilaginous, oblong, 4.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex ie nay papillose

betwe:

13 mm long, — wide, the epichile ovate, thin, concave, filled with multiple radiating, beanching

lamellae, with the veins prominent externally, 7 mm mm long, 8 mm wide, the margins erect, denticulate, the

hypochile oblong, 6 mm long, 4 mm wide, with erect, roun ded, marginal angles, minutely verrucose,

cleft centrally, the b 1g > column white, semiterete, 5 mm long, with a

stout foot 4 mm long.

COLOMBIA: oe of 27m goed ae of La

Union, epi trees along a ear Meso-

~—. alt. 2400 m, April 1987, "cater by D.

» flowered in cultivation at Colomborqui-

a. 6 Apr. 1988, R. Escobar 3977 id a

JAUM: Isotypes: K, MO), C. Luer illus haptieg

without locality, obtained from H. eee

Rios and B. Pineda, flowered in calceclien near

Guame, 12 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14126 6 (MO).

This curiously colored species is

apparently endemic in a small, isolated

valley in the Central Cordillera of Colom-

bia where it was recently discovered by

employees of Colomborquideas, Ltda.

Vegetatively the relatively broad, sub-

Plicate leaves and descendin g peduncles

are not distinctive. The flowers are aver-

age in size for the genus.

sepals are purple except for a

broad, white, scalloped halo over the

column and petals, reminiscent of the

coronet found along the base of the

sepal of D. vampira. A lesser patch of

white is present on the lateral sepals. The connate lateral sepals form a deep, narrow

mentum. The epichile of the lip is thin with gently curved sides and filled with

numerous radiating, lamellae.

i YO

if (3e13

a

ae

Plate 60. Dracula nosferatu Luer & Escobar

148 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula nycterina (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia nycterina Rchbf., Gard. Chron. 1238, 1873.

Ety.: From the Greek nycteris, “a bat,” f the flower.

Syn: Masdevallia chimaera Linden & André, Ill. Hort. 20: 25, t. 117-8, 1873, non Rchb-f.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-3 cm long,

eoaeeed oe 2-3 loose, tubular shi sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly elliptical, acute,

9 petiol 2-2.8 cm wide, the b gradually narr dint eee

a to descending, slender, subverrucose, sparsely bract bracted peduncle 4-8 cm wae Fics low on the

ramicaul; floral bract bract tubular, 10mm long; pedicel 8 mm long; ov ovary red-purple, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide,

ith 6d nt w, irregularly dotted with — sere Sicclekabincias

peerobijeregesophrsevatton dee ‘20-23 mm long, 14-17 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 4-5

ros ante rege a st ED acute, contracted into idee e rect, dark tail 4-6

prac ral sepals obliquely ov ate-rangular, obt obtuse, 18-23 mm long, 20-22 mm wide, connate

ly oblong mentum, the apices contracted into

l i that of the dorsal petal roam, marked with red, cartilaginous, oblong, :

, bivalvate

prea and denticulate; lip creamy white, spathulate, Omm long, 8 mm wide, the epichile sae

elliptical-oblong, 6 mm long, 8 mm wide, the sides revolute, filled wi thin by radiating elevated veins, the

hypochile oblong, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, with erect, pict marginal angles, cleft centrally, the

base hinged to th foot; col hit iterete, 5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm

long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: ?Frontino, alt. “*5-

6000 rg imported by J. Linden, cultivated by J.

Day, 1874, G. Wallis s.n. (Holotype: W); Munic. of

: an.

t

i

5

/

§

\

J

%

, Sets

1200-1400 m, ay fa 1976, collected by J. =

Sema, fl M. & O. Robledo

La Ceja, 8 Nov. yong RES Escobar s.n. aver oe

Jordan, Alto de Tinajas, alt. ca. 1600 m, 1972, col-

lected by J. M. Sema, flowered in cultivation by M.

& O. Robledo at Fy Ceja, 25 Sept. 1977, C. Luer

1839 (SEL); and 16 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13195 (MO).

mec YP

=

H

\

3%

J

¥

‘

\

‘

z2

Although first collected by Gustav Wallis supposedly in the Western Cordillera

of Colombia near Frontino, this rare species is known today only from a limited

area in the Central Cordillera. It was first published in 1873 by J. Linden and E.

André as Reichenbach’s Masdevallia chimaera, the year following the original

publication of the latter. Upon seeing the illustration in //lustration Horticole,

Reichenbach realized that it was not the same species. In an article later that year

describing the species as a new, “very insignificant Masdevallia,” Reichenbach

reports having seen a flowering specimen purchased from Linden for M. chimaera

snpbereiaien: Mr. Day in London. Since he deemed it far inferior to the genuine

M. chimaera, he wanted to publish his thoughts lest the latter species be sold for the

true M. chimaera. oe enlarged, the illustration published by Linden and

André otherwise is

The flower of a nycterina, is very similar to that of D. neat both

with epithets denoting a bat. Although the sepals of the two species are

size, shape and color, the lips immediately distinguish the two. The aeccuele

concave epichile of D. nycterina is coursed within by radiating veins, while that of

D. vespertilio is completely smooth.

as

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 149

Plate 61. Dracula nycterina (Rchb.f.) Luer

150 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula octavioi Luer & Escobar, ree! segue 13: 128, 1979.

Putumayo, Colombia, who discov-

ered this species.

t ly caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-

45 enclosed ve loose, ‘ual sheaths ‘Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, very narrow-

eames linear, acute, by? 1.5-2 cm wide, the base gradu-

o

OE SS a

Inflorescence

raceme, borne by a cau tees bracted, ascending to descending peduncle cong aa ep pancaenanl

on the ramical floral bract, tubular, 10-14 mm long; ‘pedicel 18-23 tan brown, 6 mm long,

smooth, ro hite, diffuse! ly and minutely dotted with red-brown

within and without, covered within by a ‘short, hite pub elliptical,

14 mm long, 20 mm wide, connate to the lateral I sepals for 10 mm to form a campannlate flower, the

roon tail ca. 11 cm long, the lateral

broadly ovate to subquadrate, oblique, wees tech, connate 20 mm into a rectangular

synsepal, 34 mm broad expanded, with a broad, shallow mentum, the obtuse apices contracted into

slender tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals white, marked with brown, cartilaginous oe

mm long, | 5 mm wide, th bivalvat

ticulate, the outer lamina rounded, recurve ed: lip white, spathulate, 8.5 mm long, 45 mum wide, on

chile oblong-ovoid, 5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, shallowly concave with low, subdenti 7 hen eG

with 3 tall, p , incomplete, lesser lamellae, the h blong, 4mm

2.5 mm wide, with ea peat ammpeel Laaples, cleft centrally, the base « concave, aig to ca on.

umn-foot; column white mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm lon:

COLOMBIA: Intend. del Putumayo: epiphytic in

cloud forest near Si , alt. ca. 2300 m, collected

by a and cultivated by him at Sibundoy,

flowered in cultivation, 30 July 1978, R. Escobar

2001 (Holotype: f i

by J. M. Serna, flowered in cultivation by M. & O.

Robledo at at La Ceja, 16 Sep. 1978, R. - Escobar 1901

mborqui

STATIMAY

deas, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13168 (MO).

This rare species is known from only

one area above San Pedro near the town of

Sibundoy in southern Colombia where it

was first collected by Brother Octavio

of Si

Vegetatively D. octavioi is character-

ized by a densely caespitose habit with

long, narrow leaves and descending pe-

duncles. The medium-sized, bell-shaped

sely dotted with red-brown. The inner

surface is covered by a dense, white pu-

bescence. The apices of the obtuse

are produced into long, slender tails. The small epichile of the lip is concave with a

few, tall, radiating lamellae.

Plate 62. Dracula octavioi Luer & Escobai

152 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula ophioceps Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 26, 1978.

Ety: From the Greek ophioceps, “like the head of a snake,” in allusion to the appearance of the

pendent flower.

Ramicauls erect, 3-4 cm ve enclosed

nee close, tubular sheaths. Lest ewes, hin commen carinate, 11-18 cm long including an indis-

c. ptical, acute, 1.5-2 cm wide, gradually it below

fl i by a slender, purple, perpendicularly descending, multi-

a, “ok ing I icaul; floral t bular, 7-10 mm long; pedicel

7-9 mm — ovary cack ed-parpo,# 4-5 mm m long, irregularly costate, round in cross-section; sepals

al within by a short, dense

ence, ae A 1

ly o ~ 11 mm long, 10 mm wide, Conia to thes lateral sepals

as, 3m mm to form a suborbicular, sepaline cup, the acute apex contracted into a slender, erect, brownish

tail 10-15 mm long, the lateral sepals connate 15 mm i into a subquadrate lamina 17 mm lon g, 16mm

middle, the ah

wide together, concave that of

" hegre sepal; petals ellos emen, wot with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, ae 5 mm lng, L. a

nticulate:

ig white, suffused with rose, so ie -pandurate, 5 mm long, 3mm wide, the epichile vemaneale

elliptical, 2 mm long, 3 mm wide, concave with several, branching, incomplete radiatin g lamellae, the

hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the

concave base hinged to the column-foot; column yellow, semiterete, rie mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm

long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Cauca: Totoré, Rio Palacé,

alt. 1620 m, 17 Aug. 1974, discove ered by G. Misas

R. Escobar, G. Escobar and M. &

ered in cultiv ation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja,

(SEL); same colection, flowered in cultivation a

Colomborquideas, 10 ‘Age. 1988, C. Luer 13165

(MO).

This es was first collected in 1974

in the mountains above Popayan by Dr.

Guillermo Misas and companions. A

portion of their collection was cultivated

by Dr. and Sra. Oscar Robledo at La Ceja,

Colombia, where the flowering plant was

illustrated in 1977. To date this species

has not been found again.

Dracula ophioceps is characterized by

narrow leaves and numerous, long,

slender, pendent, single-flowered pedun-

cles. The ovaries are Sharply costate. The

small, short-tailed, light brownish flowers

are cup-shaped and densely white-pubes-

cent within. The tiny, pale pink lip is spathulate with an ill-defined division be-

tween the two parts. The shallowly concave, orbicular epichile, no larger than the

hypochile, is coursed with several tiny, radiating lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

ee

"3

4 s be

i UI ens 144 iL

ah rg wh Mie

a s

a HEY

‘ TU Ay

are My ¥

dts

sty Uy? a2]

yas ME adie

Saal CAA

=.

Plate 63. Dracula ophioceps Luer & Escobar

154 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula orientalis Luer & Escobar, a 67, 1982. Sr ae

phi From the Latin orientalis, “of the locality t

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, stout, 3-7 cm long, en-

Pea by 2- 2-3 loose, » tubular sheaths. - Leaf erect, aes coriaceous, carinate, very narrow wicca site

17 1 8 21 cm wide,

below to the base. ingh gle-flowered, o ionally fi d by a second flower, bome sea) a

sana eure sei parsely bracted peduncle 12-15 cm long, from low on the ramicaul;

float t bract tubular, 1. 2 cm long; pedicel 3 cm long; ovary se mm long, round i in SS aera sepals

white, shortly spiculate-

pubesceat within, the dorsal : sepal suborbicular 15 mm long, 20 mm wide, connate ee ae

for sepaline th to a slender,

red-purple tail up to 10 cm 1 long, the lateral peo suborbicular, oblique, 23 mm ong, 18 mm La

a 12cm ong,

similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petal | 1 with brown, cartilaginous, oblong 3m log.

1.75 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, d densely pap t

denticulate, the outer lamina recurved; lip white, ieatkaiase 8 mm long, 5.5mm wide, the epichile

suborbicular, 5 mm long, 5.5 mm wide, concave with erect, dentic culate margins, with a primary carina

flanked on either side by 2-4 lesser, mm wide,

with erect, rounded, marginal angles, € cleft centrally, the concave base hinged to the column-foot;

column yellow-

-white, semiterete, 3 ig, With a stout foot equally long

CWT OCADTIA Ty Pe gn | es Jj Cc 3 LA oO

Ls pth SE ~~ oat Ps 3 a ¢ L d

Sarare, Alto de Santa Inés, alt. 2050 m, 24 May 1982, f

C. Luer, R. Escobar & D. Portillo 7935 (Holotype:

SEL; Isotype: COL); same area, collected by E.

Valencia 1987, flowered in cultivation at Colombor-

quideas, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13155 (MO).

This species is apparently endemic in a

scrubby cloud forest where it was found

with Masdevallia odontocera in the far i,

Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, almost

within sight of the mountains of western-

most Venezuela. It grows farther east than

any heretofore known species of the

us.

Although similar vegetatively to those

species with long, narrow leaves, D. orien-

talis is identified by the suborbicular, }

white sepals diffusely dotted with dark ;

purple-brown and connate into a shallow :

si and very long, slender tails. The S

concave epichile of the lip contains is

a vai lamella flanked by a few, irregular fragments of lesser lamellae.

be

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Dracula orientalis Luer & Escobar

156 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula ortiziana Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 19: 40, 1993.

Ety.: Named in honor of Father Pedro Ortiz V., S.J. of Bogota, Colombia, well-known authority on

Colombian orchids.

Pi it t Ramicauls st cepa ryt

3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, y acute, 12-13 cm long

including an indistinct petiole 1-1.5 cm long, 2-2.7 cm wide, graduall into the subpe-

tiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively ie ene raceme up to 2 cm mong seu by a

slender, sscending peduncle up to 16 or more cm long, from | bular, 8

1g; p ig; ovary 5-6 mm long, lightly sub vane ager

dull rose, suffused with dark rose-purple within, cellular-pubescent within, the dorsal sepal ovate, 25 mm

long, 20 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 8 mm to form a shallowly cupped flower, the apex

acute, contracted into a slender, pale rose tail 38 mm long, the lateral te 25 in

oblong lamina, 30 mm long, 25 mm wide, Seah eaoaaey mentum, the apices subacute,

l; petals rose, marked with h puple-brown,

cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, th

inner lamina obtuse, denticulate, gio spec recurved; lip rose, spathulate, 8 mm long, 4

mm wide, the epichile unevenly et een with radiating, lamel-

gin, the hypochile oblong mT Bi

peri with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, ied couse caneeliy.t joa si osipsif eee column-foot

column light rose, stout, semiterete, 5 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Valle del Cauca: Munic. of

i ilia, alt. 2200-2500 m, collected by J.

L. Aguirre, flowered in cultivation at Colomborqui-

deas, 17 Dec. 1990, R. Escobar 4085 (Holotype:

AUM; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 14925.

Only one plant of this rare species was

discovered recently in a remnant of forest

in the department of Valle del Cauca by

the professional collector J. L. Aguirre.

The clustered leaves are long and narrow

and the peduncles are more or less ascend-

ing. The deep rose-purple sepals are shal-

lowly cupped and long-tailed. The epi-

chile of the lip is obovate, convex, and

irregularly laminate with unevenly toothed

margins. The epichile frequently appears

as if it — deformed with one or both

or less twisted or bent. Occa-

sionals f symmetrical lips are produced.

Dracula ortiziana is one clas at Oly a few

emnecriec epichile.

spend au

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 65. Dracula ortiziana Luer & Escobar

158 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula papillosa Luer & Dodson, sp

~~ puancnebmieaaysisibead ‘papillae, . ring othe zicipe tenuis apne sean

m3 e x _s - .f bad i 2

+o cus se * ts Pe

4 =)

simis, labelli

een 4 R + ]

tout, erect, t, 2-2. 5 cm long,

-. tubular heath ¢ thinly i = e€

cased 23 rosea “sian ee graeme the base narrowly

duplicate, sub peti late b oes congested, successively few-flowered

pincers long, bome by a desce nding peduncle ca. 5 cm sae hetero ramicaul; floral

bract, tubular, oblique, 6-8 mm long; peciel 5 mm long; ovary 4mm long, round i in cross-section;

papa yellow, suffused Yy and d sparsely spa —e s within,

dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 11 mm long, 13 mm wide, te to th a

bsg d fl , the apex tract 2. 4071 &

cm long, the lateral se pl cma 9m tony cng ain, 15 an og, 20m on

ad, s hall

Senden sn forming a broa 1 : ek shew sed with

Mac, cartlginws, oon, 8mm lng 15mm wide pi I portion obtuse

portion, indistinctly bivalvat y pap

segues rating doc sate ese vena white, spathulate, ——- 3.25 mm wide, the epic

ovate, gt a ag 4.5 mm long, 3.35 mm wide, ¥ ith

soe

3.5 mm long, me! whe sate with erect, obtuse, aril nln ‘lt cently bane pif pas,

te, stout, semiterete, 4mm long, with a

foot equally long.

CUADOR: Prov. of Esmeraldas: epiphytic in wet

rs west of Lita, oe a m, came by C. H.

lowered in Quito by A. Hirtz,

Dec. 1991. A A. Hirtz omy Gana MO), C. Luer

illustr. 16222.

This species was discovered by Cala-

way Dodson in wet, lowland forest in

northwestern Ecuador and cultivated by

Alexander Hirtz in Quito, where it flowers

very well in spite of the cool, high altitude.

Several searches in the same area have

failed to produce another plant.

The small, whitish, widely spread,

long-tailed flowers are sparsely covered

within by short papillae. The flowers are

superficially similar to the Colombian D.

houtteana-psittacina complex. The most

distinct features of D. — are the

elongated petals with papillose ap’

protrude far beyond the i The

narrowly ovate epichile of the lip is slight-

ly concave with the margins flat between

marginal fragments of lamellae radiating from three central carinae.

159

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

ie

y

Plate 66. Dracula papillosa Luet & Dodson

160 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula pholeodytes Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 7: 68, 1982.

Ety.: From the Greek pholeodytes, “one who lurks in a cave,” in allusion to the appearance of the

tr

Plant medium in size to | — densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-

4 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 1 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly obo-

vate, acute, 18-23 cm long includi tiole, 1.3-2.1 cm wide, the base narrowed

into the conduplicate, subpetiolate base . Inflorescence a congested, successively few-flowered raceme,

bome by a purplish, sparsely bracted, horizontal to descending peduncle 7- -12 cm long, from low on the

ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 9-11 mm long; pedicel 25- -30 mm long; ovary lh ph a cage Oe

subvermucose, round in cross-section; sepals white , suffused with brown externally and glabrous, dens ely

verracose-pubescent and purple-black within, hit 2

the sy 1 where it i d with the dorsal 1 ly ovate, concave, Simm ong, 23

mm wide, connate tothe lateral sepals for 11 mm forma d ply cupp

Ke test 'S: long, pos 1

ches coocete, 20 ama long 2 men ity Seta 2 mofo sd yn the rounded

laginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide the ap d d, bivalvate, | '

1; lip whi Pet eee aataun 6 6.5 mm

long, 5.5 mm wide, the epichile transversely elliptical, 4mm long, 5.5 mm wide, concave atone erect,

plete, raised veins, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, 2.5mm wide, with erect, rounded, Pa

cleft centrally, th cn ene 3

mm long, with a thick foot 2 mm long.

carrot without locality, collected by H.

-Mumm, flo

Escobar 1370 (JAUM). Dept. of ee near

Arcabuco, alt. 2500 m, 19 Aug. 1962, H. Schmidt-

— 117 (COL); s same area, collected by E. Valen-

* (4) L , 10

Ape 18 c. Laer 13128 (MO). Without locality: 27

96 (BM).

, John Weathers 96

Although similar to the well-known,

small, cup-flowered Dracula benedictii,

the flower of this species is considerably

larger. The sepaline cup of both species is

whitish or lightly suffused externally with

purple, while the interior of the cup is

e-black. Deep within the dark cup on

the back wall, the column flanked by

eyelike petals with the lip below appears

to be an obscure figure lurking within the

depths. Since Edouard sso very

apropos name “troglodytes,” meaning a cave dweller, had been applied later to

Reichenbach’s D. besledtcite a comparable epithet was chosen for this species to

idea.

e the

rovela pholeodytes is apparently endemic in a small area of forested v

the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia where it was first discovered by Helmuth

Schmidt-Mumm of Bogoté. It is still to be found in this vicinity growing with D.

diabola, D. vinacea, Masdevallia corniculata and M. encephala.

161

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 67. Dracula pholeodytes Luet & Escobar

162 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula pileus Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 132, 1979.

Ety.: From the Latin pileus, “a cap, oF the Sa cap ofa meena, ” referring to the

imiular pileus , of a mush

Plant medium in size to large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect,

3-5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, lightly

plicate, narrowly obovate, acute, 18 g rs 3.5-4.5 cm wide, the base

te, subpetiolate b Inflorescence * we parte few-

flowered raceme, borne by a purp lish, bracted, d bala ong, it

on the ramicaal; floral bract, Sg 12 mm es pedicel} on yer! long; ovary dark e, 7 mm long,

smooth, cross f extemally, diffusely ag ae with red

within and covered by a short, white, pubescence, the dorsal , 28 mm long, 25 mm

wide, connate to the lateral | sepals for 10 mm to form a widely se flat flower, the obtuse to a

flexed, bright deep rose tail 12-13 cm , the

al eenepe broadly ovate, oblique, 35 mm long, 30 mm wide, connate | 25 mm i into a broad, shallow

ivory, marked wit red-brown, cartilaginous, oblong, come beng. 5 mm wis wide, the apex rounded, bival-

vate,

white, spathulate, 16 mm long, 15 mm wide, the epichile subo oe 3 mm long, 15 mm wide, shal-

lowly concave with the sides lightly a with multiple, elevated, radiating, branching and incom-

plete veins within from a verrucose, mi callus, lightly marked with brown, the hypochile oblong, 6

mm long, 5 mm wide, with ek educa aaa cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to

the column-foot; column yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 5.5 mm long, with a thick foot 5 mm long.

COLOMBIA: flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, | 19 July 1978, of Escobar 1880

: JAUM; Isotype: SEL); C. Luer illustr. 29 Ceja, 9 Apr. 1988,

c. Luer 13091 (MO).

The first flowers of this taxon were produced in 1978 by a plant found growing

in a large, mixed bed of Dracula bella and Dracula chimaera in the orchid collec-

tion of Dr. Oscar Robledo and Martha Posada de Robledo at La sei Colombia.

These two well-known species, collected near Frontino in the Western Cordillera,

had been purchased from a local collector three years scan ay f was assumed

that the unknown plant had been collected without flowers with the others and was

now flowering for the first time.

Subsequently, similar flowers have been produced by volunteer seedling plants

that have appeared in or on the containers of other orchids in the greenhouse. The

plantlets flower usually within two years after discovery. Suspicion is great that the

taxon described as D. pileus is a spontaneous, greenhouse hybrid between D. bella

and D. chimaera, but as yet there is no proof.

Like D. chimaera the large leaves are broad and more or less plicate. The

peduncles are long and descending, and they produce a large, flat flower that faces

downward. The long, slender tail of the dorsal sepal sometimes reflexes acutely to

lie more or less between the tails of the lateral sepals. The sepals are light yellow-

ish and diffusely dotted with red. The large, white, rounded, mushroomlike lip is

remarkably different from the lip of either of the reputed parents.

Dracula platycrater (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia platycrater weed » Flora 69: 559, 1886.

Ety.: ‘stat Melman orth and krater, *aintg Earnie eae steal

aa

£ st,

L

wah LENS WES LQtliiay,

Sy. ‘Masdevallia lowii Rolie, Gard. Chron . 1:416, 1890.

, ported plants in 1889

Qu + Mey = °(D.1£.\ T

Luer, Selby 5.10 1978.

163

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 68. Dracula pileus Luet & Escobar,

egg ao ET oo SEER Ee

164 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Plant medium in size to large, epiphytic, ps omtae roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-4 cm

long, enclosed by 2 2-3 loose, sheaths. caf c rect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 15-20 cm long

tiole 2-5 cm long Jliptical, acute, 2-3.2 cm wide, the base gradually

sartowed into the condoplca icate petiole. es ie ecto coven fice wered raceme

to 17 cm long, t borne e by | a horiz tal to d di duncle 15-35 cm long, with a few distant bracts,

from low 1 bract tubul: 7-121 mm long; pedicel 15-30 mm long; ovary, 8 mm long,

subverrucose, round in cross-section; sepals white or greenish white, the inner surface diffus ely covered

by numerous, small, more or less confluent, purplish spots, all three sepals oblong, : 25-40 mm long, 13-

16 mm wide, connate ca. ca. 5 mm to form a widely sp d, flat flower, t low

mentum, th r. . slender white to greeni reenish white tails 15-35 mm oa

petals Is white, marked with purple-brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the

round, bivalvate inner lamina obtuse and denticulate; lip ion,

»4mm wide, flat to slightly convex, with a central, verrucose callus

pair of verrucose lamellae with multiple, irregular, lesser, raised veins radiating to to the margins, verrucose

extemally, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, a ee SIRE I angles, cleft cen-

trally, th hite, semiterete, 4.5 mm long,

with a stout foot 2 mm long.

spathulate, 6 mm long, 4mm wide, the epichile ovate with the apex rounded, acutely deflexed on the

hypochile, 3.5 mm flanked by a

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Caldas: Sierra de Belalcazar,

alt. 1500-1700 m, 27 Oct. 1883, F. C. Lehmann 3363

° :

Lehmann 7215 crest of Cordillera de Belalcazar,

alt. 1800 m, 24 Aug. 1884, F. C. Lehmann 4144 (G);

old prov. of Cauca, without locality or collector,

ri e of his

. Lehmann,

through Hugh Low & Co., flowered in 1890 in

the collection of S. Courtauld s.n. (K, type of M.

lowii). Dept. of Antioquia: Munic. of Cocorna, El

Picacho, alt. 1800-2000 m, Sept. 1973, collect

M. flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Roble-

do at La Ceja, 16 Apr. paleo Escobar s.n. (JAUM);

Rio collected by M. Webb, 1983, flowered

Carmen

sai 1974, collected by P. Ortiz & S. Restrepo,

ered by S. Restrepo at El Retiro, 16 Dec. 1977 an a

S ghrp n. re Dept. of Quindio: Rio Barbas, alt. 2050 m, 5 Feb. 1987, R. Escobar & E.

bg 3786 (JAUM). we — Risaralda: Munic. of Pueblo Rico, vereda Yarumal, alt. ca. 1800 m,

y 1972, collected by J. flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 30 Dec.

WD. R. Escobar 1412 ath a Valle del Cauca: Lago Calima, collected by E. Valencia, flowered in

cultivation at Colomborquideas, 5 May 1993, C. Luer 16674 (MO).

Reichenbach’s original description of Masdevallia platycrater was drawn from a

specimen apse by Consul Lehmann (Lehmann 3363) in the old province of

Cauca (now nt of Caldas). Rolfe redescribed the species in 1890 as

Masdevallia poe from an imported plant cultivated by Hugh Low & Co.. In her

monograph on Masdevallia in 1896, Woolward identified this species as M. trine-

ma. In his monograph of Masdevallia in 1925, Kranzlin listed Lehmann 3363 under

M. trinema, separately from M. lowii.

Although widely distributed in the moist forests of the Western and the Central

Cordillera of Colombia, plants of D. platycrater are found infrequently. The flow-

ers are easily three, rather similar, more or less narrowly oblong,

widely spread, shallowly connate sepals. The small, rounded epichile of the rose-

colored ae is acutely deflexed upon the hypochile. Instead of being concave, the

convex with the veins raised above the surface.

Plate 69. Dracula platycrater (Rchb.f.) Luer

166 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula polyphemus (Luer) Luer, ones 2: 196, 1978.

: asdevallia | polyphemus Ler, Sen temane

~~ bs 1 yclops, the one-eyed mon logy, who imprisoned Odysseus in a

nee

sinh non +

De. .

Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-6 cm

eae 12-

long, enclosed ee 2-3 scoot tubular gat a eon a rect, thinly coriaceous, lightly plicate, carinate,

en, anes oe meee cam elliptical, acute acute, 3-5 cm wide, the base

bome b | tal to descending, slender, sf copa ots an tek. foal Sow

eh, ud ‘a + a 1k . BES 1< a: 115-20 mm long; ovary dark green, 7 mm long,

subverrucose, round in cross-section; sepals densely spotted with brownish maroon on ish buff, the

h white centrally, covered by a short, dense

pubescence, the dorsal sepal triangular-ovate, 3 30 mm long, 22 mm wide, , connate to the pesmi gent

, erect, maroon tail ca. /-

cm the lateral ovate-trian subacute, Liabeombominsie jonomeebar connate 18

long, sepals obliquely gular, Aree

tails similar to that of the dorsal sepal; petals i ivory, marked with tate nga siciniaiey obovate-

‘ 6.5 mm mm long, 3 mm wide, t the apex rounded, bivalvate, densely papillose between the lami-

nae, the i white, spathulate, 13 mm long, 12 mm wide, the epichile

transversely trapeziform, 10 mm long, 12 mm wide, shallowly concave with multiple, low, radiating

veins, the hypochile oblong, 5 mm men long, 4 mm wide, with erect, obtuse , marginal angles, cleft centrally.

, semiterete, 6 mm long, with a stout

foot 4mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: epiphytic in cloud

forest between Quito and Santo Domingo, above

Chiriboga, alt. ca. 2000 m, 1975, B. Malo, s.n.,

flowered in cultivation at Tarqui near Cuenca, 13

Feb. 1978, C. Luer 2565 (Holotype: SEL); same

collection, flowered in cultivation by M. & O.

Robledo at La eja, 8 May 1978, R. Escobar 1850

son, C. Pe A. Hirtz & A. Embree pend ee

Prov. of Im : Selva Alegre, alt. 1

lected by A. Andreetta & M. Portilla, Poets in

This species with an unusual lip is

apparently endemic in the forests of the

western slopes of central Ecuador where it

is not uncommon. It was first discovered

in 1975 by Benigno Malo who cultivated

it at his finca at Tarqui near Cuenca.

Vegetatively Dracula polyphemus is

indistinguish all the other broad-

leaved species of the genus. The large flowers, densely pubescent within and

densely spotted with a dark reddish brown, are are readily recognized by the unique,

large, white, lightly concave, transversely trapeziform lip.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 167

Plate 70. Dracula polyphemus (Luer) Luer

168 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula portillae Luer, Phytologia 47: 61, 1980.

Ety.: Named in honor of Mario Portilla, at the time curator of orchids at Hosteria Uzhupud near

Gualaceo 0 discovered this species.

Plant medi size, epiphytic, repent, the rhi 20 cm or more

ne a 0.5-3 cm ng “tani ramicauls; ‘Toots — Ramicauls slender, oir ag 2-5.5 cm long,

osed by , tubular sheaths. ]

rect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, very narrowly elliptical,

acute, 10-18 cm | g Pp , 1- 1. 6 cm wide, e, gradually narrowed below into the

luntice bees 8 Tis ted ome by an erect,

slender, a thas bracted peduncle 12- 17cm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bract

tubular, 7-12 mm long; a mm long; ovary 5 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals pale

yellowish, striped by ca. ongitudinal rows of brown, capitate cells, yellow extemally, the inner

surface microscopically ee the dorsal sepal ovate, 17 mm long, 7 mm wide, connate to

the lateral sepals for 1.5 mm to form a as gaping cup, the apex acute, contracted into a slender,

erect, ee cm long, the late ral sepals ovate, oblique, 16 mm long, 7mm wi de, connate 8

mm, the apices act of the 1; petals white,

marked with parple- eet, ee oblong, 2.75 mm long, 1 wide, the apex bivalvate, papil-

, both lami d oes dentculte, ~— outer — recurved; lip

cream, lightly dotted with red-purpl Jon b ,8m g, 3.5 mm wide, the epichile

obovoid, rounded, smooth, convex 7 mm 3.5 mm 1 wide, the nial oblong, — mm long, 1 mm

wide, with gee obtuse, marzinal anal, sallow a centrally, the concave base si to the

column-foot; column yellow- ong,

wy a Prov. of Morona-Santiago: rere’ in

Gualaceo

between

19 | Po 1980, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. prhnchar & vi

in cultiv

quideas, Dec, 1989, R. Escobar 4043 (JAUM, MO).

This species, related to the larger

Dracula dodsonii, is apparently endemic

in One wet, densely forested valley in

southeastern Ecuador where it was first

discovered by Mario Portilla. Dracula

portillae is characterized by the ascend-

ing-repent habit with narrow leaves slight-

ly surpassed by erect peduncles with a

slow succession of small, brown-striped

flowers. The white lip is obovoid without

any demarcation between epichile and

hypochile. The rounded apex is smooth

and convex and the hypochile is Shortly

ly cleft.

~~

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

eS

Plate 71. Dracula portillae Luer & Andreetta

170 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

lttvated thic

Dracula posadarum Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 15: 31, 198 1. :

ei

ol, Col 1 Ee |

Ls oe ~ 2

Plant in size, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-4 cm

long, pect meg eae Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly obovate to

linear, acute, Ltigthar Rag oar demhipeioe ALAN 1.8-2.2 cm wide, gradually narrowed below

‘© the conduplicate base. a congested, “gyal few-flowered raceme, bome by a

slender, multibracted, more or less horizontal peduncle 6 ig ae 2 from od floral

tubular, 7 mm long cel 9 mm lon ie, 4 mm long, roun emai sepals

aa ag; pedi g; ovary purple A aemed ihe

mech tray Fon ons 10-12 ide, te to the lateral Is f

£

IL-1 L sjA1 fal 1. th, lass + man

slender, erect, red-brown tail 2.5-3.5 cm long, the | sepals broadh meetin

F > subacute, den

ticulate, th ina ot d; lip ndurate orem long, 2.5 mm wide, boteicee

suborbicular, 2 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, coneave with ightly in volute margins, with a central lamina ex-

Si

2.5 mm mm long, 2 mm wide with erect, rounded, m urcsewa eft centrally, th concave, hinged

to the column-foot; column white, stout, semiterete, 3.5 mm long, evaded aud oe

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: purchased from a

local collector without locality, 1978, flowered in

cultivation at Colomborquideas, 14 Jan. 1979, R.

Robledo at La Ceja, 5 May 1979, R. Sacabes 1971

(JAUM, — flowered in a oshieetiiates Colombor-

quideas, 11 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13157 (MO).

This species has been found on only

ne occasion in the Western Cordillera of

Ciiseade by an unknown collector, but at

that time, in great abundance. The nu-

merous plants purchased by the Posadas

have thrived and multiplied in their care at

Colomborquideas.

Dracula posadarum is characterized

by the densely clustered masses of long,

swig leaves. Among the numerous,

hort peduncles, some are always in

er. The single flower is usually Solinaed

by a second, but no more. The small

flowers are pinkish and densly pubescent

within, and suffused with brown centrally. The concave epichile of the lip contains

only three lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

me

Plate 72. Dracula posadarum Luet -

171

Siegel fore wee

A

_ Sema ZI ES

172 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula presbys Luer & Escobar, sp. nov. : f, oan

Ety.: From the Greek presbys, “an old man, I to th f the flower to a face

i ite hair.

Species haec Draculae houtteanae (Rchb.f.) Luer affinis, sed pedunculis suberectis brevioibus

Diant a oe d slender. Ramicauls stout , erect, 2- en-

} 6cm ong,

" Leaf erect, thi ly i , carinate, narrowly yelipticl-obovate, acute,

13-19 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, gradu 1 bel

ig flower produced by simultaneous, suberect pincer 8-9 cm long, from low on the ramicaul;

oral bract a ne mm long; pedicel 19-20 mm long; ov. le-brown, 4 mm long, lightly sub-

verrucose, r s-section; Sepals white, sonia suffused with h light yellow Papen and light

epee se Sith, den thin : Spepoas rsal

sepal tran versely ovate, 13mm lon . be mm wide, poorest sepals for 8 mm to form a

st ois i : 1, abruptly contracted into a slender, red-brown tail 5-6

1 wide wl theb the lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, 20 mm long, 17 mm wide,

—s Os spe ha ap , contracted into slender tails

n, cartilaginous

74 Cie 1

similar

tr that of the dorsal " henust ked with purple-b 4 , Chong, 4 sim

long, 2 mm wide, the « apex bivalve, densely | t hel th

os the outer lamina obtuse, recurved, ‘denticulate; lip white, suffused with tan externally,

, 6 mm long, 3.5 mm mm wide the epic ovoid, shall wly concave, 3 mm long, 3.5 mm wide,

verrucose externally, with the margins erect, toothed, with a thick, lightly verrucose primary lamella

flanked on either side by 1-2 i lamellae on either side, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm

wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to the column-foot:

yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as long

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia?: without specific

locality, flowered in cultivation at Col

5 Mar. i939, C. Luer I. Beaten MO); without

specific locality, flowered in cultivation at Colom-

borquideas, 20 Nov. oe.t C. Luer 6733 (SEL).

This taxon is closely related to the

variable Dracula houtteana, and it may be

little more than one of the most aberrant

orms. However, the combination of dis-

tinguishing features seems sufficient for

the taxon to be recognized, if not at the

specific level, at least at the subspecific

level. Recognizing D. presbys here as a

species is an example of personal judge-

ment. Over ten years we had been

recognize D. presbys, but we

hea an the true identities of D.

houtteana, D. oe and D. velutina

finally became c

Dracula cto 1s distinguished by

the long, narrow leaves and the simultane-

- flowering of several to many, single-

flowered, more or less erect, relatively short peduncles that usually appear only at

long intervals. The shallowly cupped flowers are larger than those of the usual

flower of either D. houtteana or D. psittacina. The flowers are white, and covered

within by a dense blanket of long, white, hairlike, forked appendages.

173

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 73. Dracula presbys Luer & Escobar

174 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula psittacina (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar, Thesaurus Dracularum 6: 10, 1993.

“Bas.: Masdevallia psittacina Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1:817, 1876.

Ety.: From the Latin psittacinus, “parrot-like,”’ probably i to the app of a bud

medium in size, densely pitose; lender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-9 cm long, en-

sce: by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. echo hi ly cs i , carinate, ar ly i ee a

acute, 10-35 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, narrow t

Inflorescence

a loose, successively 1- to 6-flowered raceme ¢ up J to 15 cm wa bome or aan a slender, purple, pi eb to

Je 10-15 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract

tubular, 8-14 dicel 8-20 y purple brown, 4-5 mm i lightly ee

pond in coe action spade ll white, selfand vith ge, b le toward

externally, the dorsal sepal ree co ovate, 7. 12 mam fons, 9- 9-15 mm wide, connate to the lateral

ly contracted into

dark purple tail 3-6cem cm long, 2 sis now ee aN Cae dly ovate, oblique,

10-17 mm long, ' 9-14 mm m wide, SoatteE ficeectohs bret. aelies seekers. te ace tom

tals dull white, marked with brown or

peels, oe ps nig iassicsang 15-2 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, papillose between the

>d; lip white, suffused with

ulate, 6-8 ies Beate tng the “ ovoid, hall concave, 3. 5-5 mm long,

3.5-4.5 mm ace the margins erect, minutely toothed, with a thick, mor 2 or less verrucose primary

lamella flanked ed by 1, small, radiating, i 2.5-3 mm long,

2.5-3 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to the

column-foot; column yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as long.

COLOMBIA: Without collection data, flowered in

cultivation at Burford e, England, 14 Apr. 1876,

by Sir ma eee s.n. (Holotype:

Baten: above El

dercito, Laguna de Catarnica, alt. 2300 m, 1981,

flowered in cultivation 22 Nov. 1982, P. Ortiz V.

1002 (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8497.

Reichenbach described this species

from a plant cultivated by Mr. Speyrs in

the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence at

Burford Lodge in England. Its origin was

uncertain, either from a sale of plants from

Messrs. Patin and Lalinde, or from Bene-

dict Roezl, but it is now known to occur in

houtteana and D. velutina. From them it is best distinguished by the broad, straight,

more or less stiff sepaline tails. It is known locally as “‘rigid-tails.” Unfortunately,

the sepaline tails of some populations are intermediate, making identification a

matter of personal opinion if the lips are also i intermediate.

In common with the other two taxa, the leaves are long and narrow. The flow-

ers are produced successively on a more or less descending peduncle. The sepals,

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 175

Plate 74. Dracula psittacina (Rchb.f.) Luer & Escobar

176 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

densely short-pubescent within, are basically white and variously marked with

purple or brown as commonly seen in the other two. The red-purple tails are broad,

and more or less rigid compared to the slender, flexible tails of D. houtteana and D.

veluti

The epichile of the pink lip is shallowly concave with thin, non-involute mar-

gins. The central carina, more or less verrucose, is similar to that of D. houtteana,

~ it is not flanked on either side by a distinct lesser carina. Instead, only a very

toward the border. In both these taxa, the epichile

‘ascads from the hypochile on the same plane, not deflexed as in D. velutina.

Dracula psyche (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia psyche Luer, hades 1978.

i Named for Psyche, the Greek mythol ogical fairy, th ification of th ll and

ed by Eros. Literally from psyche, meaning “breath” or “butterfly.”

medium in size, epiphytic, pens one roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-4 cm long,

cacosed by 23 lowe, tubule thathe Led f erect, thinly coriaceous , carinate, very narrowly elliptical to

linear, acute, 9-19 petiol , 0.8-1.5 cm wide, the base g radually narrowed

into the conduplicate, subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a congested, successively fo fioiweseid raceme,

by a slender, purplish, sparsely bracted, ascending to horizontal peduncle 7-15 cm a = low

on the ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 7-8 mm long; pedicel 8-10 mm long; ovary brown ong,

subvernucose, round in cross-section; oe Tight | yellow to white, with radiating veins of acl to <n

th gins edged in p n, the i inner surfaces covered by short, white pubes-

pped in purple, te, 8 mm long, 11 mm wide, connate to the

mpanulate , sepaline cup,

orwardly directed, maroon tail 5.cm long, the lat te 8 concave, broadly

“U-shaped” synsepal, each lateral sepal oblong, obliqus 13 mm long, 8 mm wide, the acute apices

appro: ximate, contracted into closely parallel, straight, slender tails also ca. 3.5 cm long; petals light

green ous, oblong, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, lightly scabrous between the

laminae, the inner lamina acute, the outer lamina obtuse; lip white, suffused with sa sae eee

ne ee the epi e suborbicular, 3 mm mm long, 3.5 mm , deeply con

cave with in margins, with 5 elevated lamellae within, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm nm long, 2.25 mt mans

wide, ba cae rp , cleft centrally, th

w, stout, semiterete, 15 wien bong, Wi su bgnally Jong four

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in cloud

forest above Maldonado, alt. 1500-200 m, Oct

Apparently endemic in northwestern-

most Ecuador, Dracula psyche is one of

several species discovered in the area by

Father Angel Andreetta and Alexander

Hirtz. The small, purple-striped, bell-

shaped flowers are borne by slender, rela-

tively short peduncles held more or less upright t among the slender leaves. The dark

purple tail of the dors ule the parallel, approximate tails of

the lateral sepals point downward. The cavity of the snail, suborbicular epichile of

the lip contains a few, more or less parallel lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 177

Plate 75. Dracula psyche (Luer & Andreetta) Luer

178 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula + sncmaie psi Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

Bas.: M Ila Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. 335, 1893.

Ety.: From the eaonay peer g “very small,” referring to the size of the flowers.

Syn.: Masdevallia johannis Schitr.,Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 359, 1912.

Ety.: Named for Hans Se ee who discovered this ies.

Syn.: Dracula vagabunda Luer & Escobar, ihe praia 15: 35, 1981. ;

Ety.: slept capa cana “a vag Pere pean

ant small to medium in size, epiphytic, densely ts sl Ramicauls slender,

erect, 153.5 cm] — sed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, a sedi. sacle carinate,

ae 1 0.8-1.8 cm wide, the base gradu-

ally narrowed int the sont base. Inflor 1

le 5-18 cm | te ow on th ican al et, bla ..

6mm long; pedicel 7 mm long; ovary 2-4 um lo, hil cross-section; sepals

yellowish, suffi d-brown sparsely pubescent vie stellate hairs

within, the dorsal sepal ovate, 6-10 mm long, 6-9 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 3-4 mm to

t, yellow-green to

brownish tail 8-20 mm = ‘the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 8-15 5 mm long, a 5-7 mm wide, connate 5-

form tails similar to that

> ae

eh, fF 1 tole 4, 3 ost. 1b

, cartilaginous . oblong, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the

apex bivalvate, pple be between the laminae, the inner lamina acute, cdma the outer lamina

obtuse, lip yellowish with rose or brown, subpandurate, 3.5-4 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the

epichil ¢ suborbicular, posse 1.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, with the m ith 3 short

lamellae, the sy scm elliptical, 2. 75 mm long, 1. a mm wide, with erect, rounded, m: marginal angles,

cleft centrally, the bas: , stout, semiterete, 3

mm long, with a stout foot owls

Without locality or collector, flowered in cultivation

at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin,

Ireland, 1891, by F. W. pore n. (Halotype * Ki);

M. & O. Robledo at La Coe 21 Oct. 1979, R.

Escobar 1755 (JAUM, type of D. vagabunda, SEL),

r illustr. mee

GUATEMALA: P;

Verapaz: near Pan

mala, alt. 3800 ft., 18 A. 1887, J. D. age i785

ae ic in tall

- ipby'

wet forest near P. m, 26 Feb. 1981,

C. Luer, J. Luer,M. Dix & M. Dix 5903 (SEL); forest

near an, flowered in culti 10)

(MO).

MEXICO: Edo. Chiapas: epiphytic in Parque N

cional — de Montebello, alt. 1650 m * Sal,

Gfiez &

OCA AUR Prov. of Jinotega, Macios do Pefias Blancas

COSTA RICA: Prov. of Heredia: epiphytic in cloud forest ‘above San Jeronim

1979, C. Luer, J. Luer, r, K. - Walter & L. - Glicenstein 4230 (SEL); ?San Ramén, 1869, A.

PANAMA: Prov. o' i ito, alt. 1700 m, 15 Dec. 1976, C.

alt. 1300 m, A. H. Heller 8389 (SEL).

o, alt. 1800 ea 18 Sept.

Luer, A. Luer, R.L. permanecg H. Williams & F L Stevenson 1601 (SEL).

Rolfe described this species from a cultivated plant — collection data.

Endres had sent specimens from Costa Rica to Reichenbact ore than 20 years

earlier. Dracula pusilla is well-known and widely distributed is in much of Central

America from Chiapas in México into Chiriqui in Panama. It is often encountered

growing in thick mossy and leafy debris on the trunks of tall trees in dim forests, as

well as on low, thin branches of short trees in wet, elfin forests.

It is most similar to the Ecuadorian Dracula mopsus. The small, brown-spotted,

short-tailed flowers are produced on perpendicularly descending peduncles. The

flowers often emerge like some insect from surrounding detritus a considerable

from the plant. The epichile of the tiny lip is smaller than the hypochile.

179

of Yatpew

paar oa

+ 0S4eei ee

ee

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

4 Dracula pusilla (Rolfe) Luer

180 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula radiella Luer, Selbyana 2: 370, 1978.

Ety: From the Latin radiellus, “a little radiating,” referring to the radiating lamellae within the

to the larger

Sivacs shiodenllia fuliginosa Luer, Phytologia 39: 203, 1978.

Ety.: From ners . “full of soot,” referring to the appearance of the flowers.

ee ) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194, 1978.

é J o

Plant medium in size to large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 2-4 cm

long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, rence rp arama

acute, 10-37 is dupli ti F tiol , 2.5-4 cm wide, gradually narrow

below to the base. Infl ively 1-fl d t ee warts

slender, horizontal to d di I-bracted peduncl 12-18 cm long, from low on the ramicaul;

floral bract tubular, 7-10 mm long; pedicel 12-15 mm ross-section;

sepals pale greenish, lightly s suffused \ with blackish brown rown externally closely dotted or spotted 215

» gl abrous. obo ong

a 18 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 6-7 mm to form a shallow, sepaline ada

ded apex , black tail 5-8 cm long, the lateral sepals broadly ov

oblique, | 16mm tong, 15 mm | wide, connate 10 mm into a broad, rounded mentum, with a transverse

th i tails 5-9 g, similar to that of the dorsal ; petals cream

ated with dark brown, caagie. obloag, 3 3m mm eee 2 mm wide, the apex. bivalvate, densely

cute, denticulate, th

lip sr rose, marked with darker rose along the ee spathulate, 6.5 mm ane 5.5 mm wide, the

suborbicular, 4.5 mm long, 5. 5 mm wide, deeply < concave with erect, smooth, lightly in incurved

TEAS a 2 5mm

long, 3 1 3 phe with erect, rounded, marginal — clef cently between pi of act angles, the

; te, mark th purple, stout, semiterete, 3.5 mm

long, , with a stout foot equally long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in cloud a

forest between Maldonado and Tuledn, alt. 2500 m, (5 ee

28 Aug. heli C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 339

(Ho SEL); same area, July 1975, collected by Re

W. Teague and D. Welisch, flowered in cultivation Neca

by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 17 sea eee. — i

Luer 2104 (SEL); flowered in cultivati \ 7

borquideas, 16 Apr. 1988, C. Luer ry jus &

same area, July 1976, collected by J. Landsmann, — “ahgoal | i

flowered in cultivation by J & L Orchids, Easton, — Fae esi

5

;

CT., 8 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2181 (SEL); same area, Pe

collected by A. Andreetta and A. ered in

Itivation at Paute, C. Luer 14080 (MO); east of ehh

Maldonado, alt. 2400 m, 16 Mar. 1991, C. Luer, J. a a

Luer, J. Del Hierro, A. Hirtz & X. Hirtz 15103 (MO).

This species was first collected by Walter Teague and the late David Welisch in

the virgin forest along the new road to Maldonado in northwesternmost Ecuador

where it is apparently endemic. Dracula radiella is a small-flowered species with

features that resemble those of D. radiosa. In both species a prominent transverse

band of thickening is found between the lateral sepals at the level of the column.

oso a band, however, is present to some lesser degree in the flowers of all species

racula

Vegetatively, D. radiella is large with broad, subplicate leaves, indistinct from

many of the other species including D. radiosa. The flowers of D. radiella are less

cupped and about only half the size of those of D. radiosa. As in D. radiosa, the

suborbicular epichile of the lip is deeply concave with smooth margins and filled

with tall lamellae radiating from the base of the hypochile like spokes of a wheel.

A specimen of D. radiella was mistakenly designated as the type of D. fuligino-

sa. A new name (D. fuligifera) and type for the latter species has been designated.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 181

Plate 77. Dracula radiella Luet

182 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula X radio-syndactyla Luer, Selbyana 5: 389, 1981.

Ety: Named for the putative parents

Plant medium in size to large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 5-6 cm

rite Sperone ioceegupdr scare Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly y obovate,

i petiol ,3-3.6 cm wide, ®, the base gradually narrowed into the

conduplicate, petiolate base. I , bome by a slender,

b tal to d jing peduncle 7- -10 om long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract,

tubular, 5 6mm | g; pedicel 9-12 mm long minutely verrucose, 5 mm long, round in cross-

section; sepals yellow, suffused with brown below the middle, thin, the

dorsal sepal broadly ovate to suborbicular, 13 mm long, 18 mm | wide expanded, | cometn to the leer

a

purple tail ca. 4 em long, the lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, connate 14 mm into a lamina 16mm

long, 25mm

petals ivory, euch wis brown, sstleginee elliptical-oblong, 3.5 mm long, 2.4 mm wide, the apex

bivalvate,

ly pndurae, 6 mm long, 5.5 mm wide, the epichile transversely ovoid, acutely deflated up upon the

hypochile, 3 mm long. 5.5 mm wide, smooth, deeply concave with erect erect margins, filled with 7-9 tall,

, the hypochil id, 3 mm long, 4 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft

acute angles, the base concave, —. to the column-foot; column

siuonohin, stout, semiterete, 4.5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm lon;

ot

ally k ££

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Narifio: above Ricaurte,

epiphytic in cloud forest near Planada Biolog-

ie

at the La Planada O; rquideario, 25 Jan. 1987, C. Luer

12495 (Mo); same area, collected by A. Hirtz, flow-

aiiVia,

16 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13181 (MO).

This putative hybrid grows intermixed

with D. fee and D. syndactyla sa

it is intermediate betwee:

them. It is a often found than ra

with the typical lip of D. syndactyla that

resembles webbed fingers. The cupped,

brown-suffused flowers are smaller than

those of D. radiosa and larger than those

of D. syndactyla. The lip of the hybrid

more often resembles a small lip of D.

radiosa with the concave epichile contain-

ing radiating lamellae.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 78. Dracula X radio-syndactyla Luer

184 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracuta radiosa (Rchb. f ) Luer, ioe ae oa 1978.

4, 1877

= From the Latin radiosus, sa aire = "in reference to the radiating lamellae of the

epichile.

Syn.: } Masdevallia medellinensis | Kranzl. Repert. Spec. Nov. — hese 17: 420, 1921.

Sin: Diesel eecclelienescals (Kriinzi.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

Plant medium i sk ga stout, erect, 2-

6 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tabular say Leaf erect, think ly arinate, elliptical,

subplicate, acute, 15-3 2 1 2.3-4, 7 cm wide, he base gradually

tiolate b Inflorescence a a subdense, suc are cages ered

raceme, bome by a stout, pire a , sparsely bracted, horizontal to Pea 6g peduncle 10-20 cm

long, , tubular, 10- 15 mm long; pedicel 17-20 mm long ovary

green, 6 mm long, smooth. round in-co p ang

with brown s, the inner f ith short. think hairs, dull whan

or slate, 0 or light yellow, suffused d with seer uniiny most intense below the middle, wae for a promi-

jie , the dorsal s eto

subcebictilar, 20-22 mm long, 21-29 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 10 10-13 mm to form a

shallow lender, erect 17-14

cm m Jong, the lateral sepals broadly ovate, e, oblique, 23 mm long, 23 mm wide, connate 18-24 mm to form

dorsal petal: , marked with b m, catlaginous,elitcl-obon, 3.25 mm long, 2 2.75 mm

wide, the pex bival , papill t the |, culate, the outer

d ith f the lamellae, spathulate, 6-8 mm pa 6.5-8 mm wide,

the epichile tare tone 4-5 mm long, 6.5-8 mm wide, smooth, deeply concave with

erect margins, filled with 9-15 tall, radiating lamellae, the hypochile ovoid, 2.5-3 mm long, 3.5-4 mm

wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft centrally between a pair of erect, acute angles, the base

concave, hinged to the column-foot; column white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm

long.

OLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: near Frontino, alt.

“8000 ft.”” 1873, cultivated by J. Veitch, 1876. G.

Wallis 652 (Ho : W); near Medellin, W. Boxall

s.n. (W, holotype of M. medellinensis); Munic. of

Dabeiba: alt. ca, 1800 m, Oct. 1988, co! collected by H.

Angarita, flowered in cultivation at Colomborqui-

deas, Dec. 1989, R. Escobar 4047 (JAUM); Peque,

alt. 1600 m, collected by H. a July 1987,

flowered in Apr.

1988, C. Luer 13148 (MO); Munie. of Ituango: col-

. Tascén, 1 in cultivation by

& O. Robledo at at La Ceja, 8 July 1978, R. Escobar

63 (JAUM); Munic. of Yarumal: 9

t. alt. 1800 m, collected by G. Misas et al., June 1974,

ultivation in Quito by A. Hirtz, 18 May 1981, C.

Luer 6312 (: (SEL); collected near the La Planada

Biological Station, alt. 1800 m, flowered in cultiva-

tion, egevon 1987, C. Luer 12494 (MO).

ECUADOR: Prov. of Imbabura: above Rio Los

sea alt. nig 23 Jan. 1993, S. Dalstrém, T.

Hoijer & H. Wanntorp 1766 (MO).

This species was first discovered by

were Wallis in 1873 near Frontino.

dried flowers forw orwarded later to Reichenbach by Boxall were described as

putea medellinensis by Kranzlin. Dracula radiosa i is known today from

widely | areas in the northern part of the Western Cordillera of Colombia

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 185

186 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

into Ecuador.

The plant is large with broad, subplicate leaves and descending peduncles. The

flowers are large and of strong texture. The sepaline cup is orange externally, suf-

fused in patches with brown. Within, the color is grayish, or pale yellowish, suf-

fused with gray-brown toward the base, sometimes in parallel lines. A prominent,

thickened, white band stretches across the middle from between the bases of the

lateral sepals. The epichile of the lip is orbicular and smooth-margined with the

concavity filled with tall, smooth, radiating lamellae

Dracula rezekiana Luer & Hawley, Phytologia 44: 165, 1979.

Ety.: Named in honor of Sra. Maria Friedrich de Rezek, formerly of Quito, Ecuador, who for many

&

Plant medium in size, — tee, Toots slender. ——— erect, sont, 2-4 cm long,

enclosed by 2 3 loose, tubular sheaths ical, acute,

g < plicate petiol "18-21 em wide, radally nar wed below

to the base. Inf fl d bome by slender, suberect to horizon-

tal, sparsely bracted peduncle 1 1- eo. from | the ramicaul 5-7 mm

—- anion ie ovary ' purple, 5 mm long, subverrucose, round in cToss-section; n; sepals white,

with a few red-p , the dorsal

sepal transversely obovate, 11 mm long, 15 mm wide, te to th fe 8 mm t to form a

x abruptly contracted into eae ee ta Gea Cc te

the lateral sepals broadly ovate, chia. 15 mm long, 15 mm wide, connate 1] mm into a rectangular

synsepal with a broad, shallow to that of the

dorsal sepal; petals i ivory, marked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong-spathulate, 3. x 5 mm long, 2mm

wide, acute, the outer

rounded, ute; lip white, ‘obovate, 5.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, the epichi ile without

tion, ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long, 3 -5 mm wide, shallowly concave, with a few elevated, branching veins,

ras rset » ca. 2.5 mm mmm long, 2 mae wade, ror marginal angles,

broadly cleft lI ish white, stout, semi-

terete, ‘35qmn long, with a stout foot nearly as long.

ECUADOR: without locality, eet — ~~

Brenner and i, flow

vation in Mill Valley, CA., 30 July on, C. road

80 (Holotype SEL). Prov. of of Napo Po: epi hytic i

qui, alt. 850 m, 9 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A

Hirtz, W. Flores & A. Embree 11758 (MO). Prov. of

Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, Mandi-

maza, alt. 1700 m, 6 Mar. 1990, S. Dalstram & L.

Arnby 1474 ‘4 (MO).

This species was known to both Sra. de

Rezek ttn, Quito and Joe Brenner of Puyo

for a number of years before its formal

description. It is widely distributed in

relatively lowland forest through much of

Dracula rezekiana is characterized by the small habit and the small, white, bell-

shaped flower densely pubescent within. The most distinctive feature i is the small,

ly ene 1s coursed by several, branching veins, and the hypochile is

yc

187

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

2¢cm

Plate 80. Dracula rezekiana Luer & Hawley

188 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula ripleyana Luer, Selbyana 5: 147, 1979.

Ety: Named in honor of the late Harold Ripley of San Francisco, Califomia, wh ltivated thi

ies.

Diant As. hs J] d. erect

2: 5-4 cm long. enclosed by 2-3 loose, pute — Leaf erect, mi riaceous, carinate, narrowly

|, acute, 14-25 , 1.5-2.7 cm wide, the base narrowly cu-

neate into the conduplicate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively several-flowered raceme up to 8

cm long with 12 flowers, bome by a slender, more or less horizontal peduncle 8-20 cm long, from low on

the ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 7- ae aoe pedicel 10-15 mm long; ovary 4-5 mm long, subverru-

cose, round in 1 cross-section; sepals wi f purple below the mid-

dle, pub hin, the dorsal u e, 8-10 mm long, 8-13 mm wide, connate to the

lateral sepals for 3.51 mm to form a flat flower, the ; apex cage lng contracted into a slender, erect, dark

ee ee ee ot oblique, 11- -15 mm long, 10-13 mm v wide, conn ate 5-10

mm to form a broad tails similar

to that af the dos Seal petals whit, moked sah pas cartilaginous, cen, 3mm lng, 1.25 mm

the laminae, culate, the outer

arse aby recurved; lip: lightly dotted with rose , spathulate rohan ie ig, 3.5-4

mm wide, the epichile aco concave, 4-4.5 mm m long, 2 3 — mm wide, = the ese ae ‘inate and

toothed

within

several, radiating, elevated veins near the m a wena Soonehil aa 53.5 3. co mm x on 2 mm wide,

with erect, rounded, marginal > cleft coattails. the base concave, hinged to the column- foot:

column white, stout, semiterete, 3.5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

pel ne RICA: without locality or collector, flow-

in the collection of H. Ripley in San Francisco,

Cute 20 Aug. 1979, C. Luer 4041 (Holotype:

SEL); without locality or collector, flowered by B.

Wiirstle in Spielberg, Germany, 20 May 1980, C.

Luer 5256 (SEL).

Without a known origin, this species

had been in the collection of Sr. Rafael

Restrepo in Medellin, Colombia, for many

years. It was photographed in 1973 by

Rodrigo Escobar, and it became known

locally as the *‘central stain.”’ The plant

was eventually lost.

ies was next seen in Califor-

nia where Harold Ripley had obtained a

plant from Beaufort Fisher and had culti-

vated it in his collection in San Francisco

for several years. Unfortunately, the

collection data of this species was also

wn except for the country of origin,

Costa Rica. Another Plant i is cultivated by Berthold Wiirstle of Spielberg, Germa-

ny. It had been obtained ion data from the Munich Botanical Garden.

Dracula ripleyana is related to the common and variable, Central American D.

erythrochaete, but the small flower is readily identified by the distinctive purple

blotching and suffusion below the middle of the white sepals. In addition, the apex

of the epichile of the lip is inflated, incurved and obtuse instead of round, and

minutely verrucose externally.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 189

190 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

— robledorum (P. Ortiz) Luer & Escobar, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

Masdevallia chimaera Rchb.f. var. robledorum P. Ortiz, Orquideologia 10: 222, 1975.

a Named in honor of Dr. and Sra. Oscar Robledo, of Medellin, Colombia, who have successfully

Plant large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. uaa ag SS rect, 2-3 cm long, enclosed by 2-

3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, 1 8-24 em = long saber ot an indistinct,

conduplicate petiole, the blade elliptical, subplicate, acute acute, 3-5.5 cm wi de, gradually narrowed below to

the subpetiolate base. Infl i few-fl up to 10 cm long, bome by a

stout, purple, erect to occasionally hori tal, sparsely b: racted peduncle elena from low on the

ramicaul; floral bract tubular, tue eden ces mm long; ovary dark purple-brown, 7-8 mm

long, subverrucose, round in cross-section; 5 Sepals yellow, orange, or green, itd aoa —

radiating purple-brown wn lines at the base, densely short-pubescent within, the ell codkorec, 2 om

pan egtenatahene cep to the lateral sepals for 11 mm to form a widely spread flower, the obtuse

Se ne ee oe ene ng tance sepals ovate, oblique, 33 mm long,

tails Seale te that ed tie doeoed sac: een dark brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 6

mm long, 2.25 mm wide, the apex rounded, bivalvate, densely papillose between the laminae, the inner

lamina shorter, denticulate; lip white, suffused with peach, spathulate, 19 mm long, 13 mm wide, the

epichile suborbicular, lightly rugose extemally, 14 mm long, 13 mm wide, concave with involute, den-

ticulate margins, with 3 primary lamellae and numerous, radiating branching lamellae within, the

hypochile ovate, 6 mm long, 5. 5 mm wide, wi tinge erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the

hing foot; column yellow white, semiterete, 6 mm long, with a stout foot

4 mm long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Urrao, near the

headwaters of Rio Pabén, June 1975, P. Ortiz V. 715

(Holotype: COL; Isotype Herb. P. Ortiz); same area,

alt. 2000-2200 m, April 1975, E. Segura s.n.

(JAUM); same area, 20 June 1975, collected by E.

wered in cultivation by O. J. Arango at La

ata 17 Oct. 1975, R. Escobar 1544 (JAUM);

ered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at

cultivation at Colomborquideas, 4 July 1987, R.

Escobar 3965 (JAUM) and 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer

13141 (MO).

This beautiful species is reportedly

t in a remote area of the Western

Cordillera of Colombia where it is ende-

mic. It seems most closely related to the

relatively frequent, widely distributed and

variable D. wallisii.

In common with many related species

the habit is large with broad, subplicate

leaves. From them D. robledorum is

distinguished by the usually erect, stout

peduncle and large flowers with a distinc-

tive color-pattern of large, purple, coalescing blotches on orange, a deep mentum,

and comparatively short sepaline tails. The hinged lip is large with the suborbicau-.

lar, concave, peach-colored epichile filled with radiating veins.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 191

Plate 82. Dracula robledorum (P. Ortiz) Luer & Escobar

192 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

oe (Rchb. f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

asdevallia roezlii Rehb. f., Xenia Orchid. 2: 196, t. 186, I, 1874.

ye

Syn:: Masdevallia winniana Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2: 198, 1881.

Syn.: Masdevallia roezlit Rchb. f. var. rubra hort. ex Williams, Orchid Growers’ Man. ed. 6: 398,

1885.

Ety.: From the Latin ruber, “red,” referring to the color of the flower.

Syn.: Masdevallia chimaera Rchb. f. var. roezlii (Rchb. f.) Veitch subvar. rubra Warmer & Wms.,

Orchid Album 6: t: 243, 1887.

Syn.: Masdevallia chimae ra Rehb. f. var. roezlii (Rchb. f.) Veitch, Man. Orchid. Pl. 5: 31, 1889.

Syn.: Masdevallia et Rchb. f. var. winniana (Rchb. f.) Veitch, Man. Orchid. Pl. 5: 31, 1889.

Plant large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-5 cm long, en-

ea oni 3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, elliptical, subplicate, acute,

15-25 cuneate

i etiolate base.

10cm nae of § does flowers, borne toa stout, horizontal to descending peduncle 15-45 cm long, from

low on the ramicaul; Horal beact, tubular, 10-20 cae pedicel 15- 35 mm ome 3 ovary 6-8 mm long,

diffu sely and intensely

r

fe per ee ee pnd 1

be ceo yl ot 35-40 mm long, 28 mm wide, sonal the lat spls for $-10 mm to form a

flat, widely the apex acute, il cm long,

the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 35-40 mm long, 24-28 cm wide, connate 18-25 st fee a anor,

deep etal

r mentu lender tails similar 1; peta Ss

wee, corked sah purple-brown, cartilaginous, srpecey otis, 4 —e mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, the

pex bivalvate, , the inner lamina acute, denticulate, the outer lamina

coed, recurved: lip creamy white, marked with rose rose or orange-brown, spatholate, 14 mm long, 9 mm

wide, the epichile suborbicular, concave, 9 mm long, 9 mm wide, 2 mm deep, the margins involute and

toothed, the rounded apex sometimes lightly incurved, with multiple, radiating, branching, elevated

veins, verrucose ciel: the hypochile oblon 8. 4-5 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, with erect, rounded,

, cleft centrally, th exibly attached to the column-foot; column greenish

white, stout, , semiterete, 5-7 mm long, with a stout foot 4-5 mm Ion ong.

COLOMBIA: Without locality, B. Roezl s.n. ao

type:

|

=

+

P.

in ‘on by O. Robledo at La Ceja, 9 pan

1988, C. Luer 13088 (MO); Munic. of Le Ceja: : El

Capiro, alt. 2300 m, Mar. 1975, collected “a G.

Correa, flowered in cultivation by M. & O. Robledo

at La Ceja, Nov. 1977, R. Escobar s.n. aenepie

red i se 10 Oct. 1977, C. Luer 1

(SEL); flowered in cultivation 9 Apr. 1988, C. ier

13108 (MO). Dept. of Risaralda: Munic. of Mistraté:

alt. eae a may collected by H ta,

Nec ol pe

y

. Angari

flow on by M. & O. Robledo at La

Ceja, 9 Apr. pero C. Luer 13083 (MO).

Rp L 1 ke cheat, eh L

ecies had been first collected by Benedict Roezl,

and later collected by Wallis and | Boxall. No localities are given either on the her-

barium sheets or in the publication, but today D. roezlii is known from both the

Western and the Central Cordillera of Colombia.

The probable flower used for the description was cultivated by Mr. Charles

Winn in England. Reichenbach thought that this was the first time that the species

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 83. Dracula roezlii (Rchb.f) Luer

194 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

had flowered in Europe. Because Mr. Winn’s plant had been obtained from F.

Sander & Co., Reichenbach surmised that it had been collected by Klaboch,

Schmidtchen or Falkenberg. The possibility exists that several, superficially similar

taxa had been confused.

The large habit of D. roezlii with subplicate leaves is indistinguishable from that

of D. chimaera, D. severa or D. wallisii. The typical black color of the sepals

occurs in the Western Cordillera while deep red, or chocolate colors (var. rubra)

occur in the Central Cordillera. Instead of long and coarse, the pubescence is very

short and fine, as it is on D. severa. The lip of D. roezlii is freely mobile. The

suborbicular epichile is shallowly concave, filled with multiple, branching, radiating

veins, and lightly verrucose

Dracula sergioi Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 35, 1978.

Ety.: Named in honor of the late Father Sergio Restrepo J., S.J. of Medellin, Colombia, who dis-

ADO

in size, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. ee erect, 2-4 cm

ng ak 23a en Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, a aera cen apie

iol , 11-14 om wide, the base gra radually narrowe

oid the i ubpeti

of downward-facing flowers, terme y short, purple, m ultibracted, horizontal peduncle 6-10 cm long,

from low on the ramicaul; floral ract tubular, 7 mm long; pedicel 10 mm long; ovary purple-brown, 5

mm long, lightly verrucose oo cti white

extemally, with a paint, porple midvein, glabrous, i intemally dull white, suffused with yellow-

brown, shortly p pubescent, th vate, 7 mm long, 8 mm wide, connate to the

read, flat flower, the obtusely acuminate, contracted into

a a slender, purple t tail 23 ‘mm pie the lataaad sy brondiy ovate, » oblique, 8 mm n long, 91 mm wide,

il that of the dorsal T poses nan oblong, 2.5 mm long, 1

peed 1 wide, the apex obtuse, bivalvate, saa between the laminae; lip lip white, suffused with ro’ Tose,

oblong-sul ~subpand me » shallowly cleft Nageaiane: 4mm long sh aes and fractured, 2 mm wide, the

p y ‘VE mm long, 2

mm wide

pe gs j i hi a ice eh ey Ly Li Ps F e

ee tee kee 2 mm wide with

erect, obtuse ae te eld a ‘nee ree i o ps ee

2

ss Sng oth so

COT OMBRITA- TR

of Fronti

no, slopes of Ce: rro “El Plaeado,” al 1950. 11

area, collected by E. Valencia, August 1986, flow

ered in cultivation at Colomborquideas, 11 Aye.

1988, C. Luer 13160 (MO).

This pretty, small-flowered species is

apparently confined to the forests near

Frontino where it was first discovered by

Father Sergio Restrepo. Vegetatively, it is

similar to the other narrow-leaved species

with short, horizontal peduncles. The ioe spread, flat flowers always face

pple - geo ae pees: purple stripe along the midvein of the sepals is

c y visi i shortly pubescent surface is dull white

edhe suffused with

The minute lip is oblong with only a faint narrowing above the middle where the

195

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

AN

Q

c \

=

| Ks

| Es)

i ) 6 :

Leth pis | : : ‘

en cartel

so Sal 2, :

\ aN \\ —_ =

VE

5

a

:

\

Me

CL)

(NS

196 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

epichile is acutely deflexed upon the larger hypochile. Only three low lamellae are

present in the shallowly concave epichile. The hypochile is thick and broadly cleft.

The epichile of the tiny, oblong lip is no larger than the hypochile.

Dracula severa (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia severa Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 170, 1875. ; ‘

Ety.: From the Latin severus, “herh, th arp,” pub that from point

instead of warts.

Syn.: Masdevallia spectrum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 429, 1875.

Ety.: From the Latin spectrum, “a ghost or a phantom,” referring to the frightening appearance of

the flower.

Syn.: Masdevallia chimaera Rchbf. var. severa (Rchb.f.) Veitch, Man. Orchid. Pl. 5: 31, 1889.

Plant large, — densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-5 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, elliptical, acute, 15-23 cm

including an indistinct petiole 3-4.5 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, the base cuneate into the condupli cate,

petiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, succossiy a several-flowered raceme ey to 10 cm long of pond

flowers, bome by t, horizontal, SE

ramicaul; floral bract, tu tubular, 15-18 dicel 30-40 mm 1 sctgaae allen

> seigi sepals | basic color cream, diffusely or irregularly dotted, spotted or blotched, often in parallel

— mm =? — mm

we eae coun lateral sepals for 7-8 mm to forma flat, widel y spread flow the apex

tracted into a slender, erect, dark red-brown tail 7-8 cm long, the lateral sepa 0 ovate, oblique, ue, 50 mn onan

long, 23 cm wi a narrow, deep mentum, acuminate in’

slender f the dorsal 1; petal hite, marked with h purple-brown, ee

elliptical-obovat , 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the bi

lamina acute, denticulate, outer lamina round, sacle lip: yellow, suffused with orange, eters e,

17 mm long, 10 mm wide, the epichile oblong-scaphoid, concave, iaemntoan 10 mm wide, with the

apex inflated, incurved, 7-9 mm deep, th 1, with 3 primary lamellae and

multiple, a gain: ie, slevated vein to cither side within, the hypochile oblong, 3 mm long, 3.5

mm wide, with , round: centrally, the b inflexibly attached to

dh calehaieioed: parberaRe white, stout, semiterete, 4mm long, with a stout foot equally long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Patin 10 (Holo-

type: W);

leworth s.n. (W: type of

spectrum); Munic. of Dabeiba: Serrania de Urama,

Alto del 700-2000 m, 1974, collected

lected by L. Argudelo, flowered in cultivation by M.

& O. Robledo at La Ceja, Feb. 1975, R. Escobar

1462 ge ai ca. — m, obtained from E.

k in cultivation at Colombor-

quideas, 14 tis so R. sen (JAUM); alt.

1900 m, collected by E. Valencia, flowered in culti-

vation at aides 10 fog 1988, C. Luer

13142 (MO), aera July 1987, collected by H.

Angarita, red in cultivation by M. & O. Roble-

do at La Ceja, 9 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13086 (MO).

Reichenbach states that he had re-

ceived dried flowers of this species from

three collectors: Patin, Roezl, and Shut-

tleworth, but Patin’s name has been writ-

ten on the drawing that is presumed to be

the type. Patin is known to have acquired

most of his specimens from Juan Lalinde

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 85. Dracula severa (Rchb.f.) Luer

198 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

of Medellin in Antioquia; D. severa occurs in the Western Cordillera of Antioquia.

The peduncle of D. severa more frequently ascends than descends. The sepals

are narrowly acute, and the pubescence is short and fine. As in D. chimaera, the lip

stands erect from the center of the flower, inflexibly attached to the column-foot.

Dracula sibundoyénsis s Luer & Escobar, apace 3: 137, eas

ty of Sibundoy ere this species

was discovered.

Plant large, _— densely ~~ roots coarse. ip aE stout, erect, = 6.5 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, very narrowly obovate to

linear, acute, inct petiol , 1.3-2.5 cm wide, pert pec ean

into i. puree base. Inflorescence a lax, , bome by a stout,

purplish, sparsely b d SE duncl , 8-15 cm long, from low on the ramicaul

floral bract, tubular, 12 mm 1 dicel 25-37 g, smooth, round

in cross-section; sepals whitish, ‘suffused with purple-brown abet” arty to ok white within,

dotted with verrucose below the middle, spiculate to shortly pubescent above the

middle, the dorsal sepal broadly ovate to suborbicular, 23-27 mm long, 25 mm wide, connate to the

flower, the rounded apex abruptly contracted into a

slender, erect, maroon tail 7- boyy see lateral sepals broadly ovate, oblique, 30-35 mm long, 23-25

ntum,

l nae dorsal y, mark 1 with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3.5 mm long,

3. Nv 1

p 2 » Spathulate, 14 mm long, 9 mm wide, the —_- ations,

10 mm lng, 9mm wide, ith the sid ticulate, wi at least 3 i irregular, radiating,

1 a Pe ae +h th

44

mm long, 4 mm wide, wu cas, Ou enproloneios <0 ean siya ate OM

the column-foot; column yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 4-5 mm long, with a thick foot 3 mm long.

Cw OVMADTIA. Tr te Aa

forest near Sibundoy, alt. ca. 2300 m, collected rps

Ospina, flowered in cultivation at Sibundoy, 30 July f

1978, R. Escobar 2002 (Holotype: JAUM; Isotype: a

SEL); C. Luer illustr. 3091. ist }

ECUADOR: Prov. of Sucumbios: between El Carme- ann,

lo and La Bonita, Aug. 1990, A. Hirtz, X. sant

Hirtz, J. Del Hierro & F. Sarmiento 4966 (MO);

between Santa and La Bonito, 990 m, fe

July 1990, C. Dodson, E. Hagsater, D. Rubio &

Rivera 18457 (MO); same area, alt. 2200 m, 16 Mar os =

1992, S. Dalstrém et al. 1672 (MO). hui j

rd S

~

io

yc A

'

a

This species was first discovered by nd PhS

Brother Octavio Ospina in a forest near his a7 = Sie

community of Sibundoy in southern | f

Colombia where it grows with the smaller- 4

flowered Dracula octavioi. Both species \

are characterized by very narrow leaves. reg Sead,

Dracula sibundoyénsis has recently been

Dracula sibundoyénsis is one of many |

similar species related to D. wallisii and &

D. woolwardiae. From them D. sibund hed by the narrow, linear

leaves, shortly pubescent sepals, moe ee oe

instead of involute margins. The few lamellae within the epichile are tall and irreg-

ular with several fragmented lamellae, quite different from the multiple, radiating

veins of D. wallisii and D. woolwardiae.

a

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 199

[i

i

5 cm ;

aH)

Ae

ft

Ro

sco0d

Pate 86, Dracula sibundoyénsis Luer &

200 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula simia (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia simia Luer, parame te 229, 1978.

Ety.: From the Latin simia, “an ape or d allusion to the app fof

Plant i densel pitose; root Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-

4cm long, prion eset loose, a ee Leaf oe , carinate, narrowly elli

y ellip-

tical to linear, acute, te ee bce tehcen le, 1.3-1.7 cm wide , the base gradually

florescence a congested, successively few-

fl f sk , bo by a stout Pesca parsely bracted, horizontal to de-

ig Sarath Tourn 1 th t bular, 10 mm long; pedicel 13

mm long; ovary brown, 8 mm long, subv: in cross-section; sepals white below the middle,

eC with red-parple, heavily suffused with with pon on the outer halves, the inner surfaces cov-

ered by s short, thi Pp , the dorsal It ly ovate, 20 mm 1 long, 26mm wide, c connate

to the 1 7, for 8-9 inte a flat , widely sp nied flower, th

slender, erect. 7 cm long, the lateral nl sepals broadly ¢ ovate, oblique, 20 mm Jong, : -s mm

wide, connate 13 mm to form a broad, shallow nder,

Is whi ; marked with 1 brown, cartilaginous , elliptical-

oblong, 5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the apex bivalvate, papillose between the laminae, the inner lamina

acute, denticulate, the oute: scr pe boa mana ee ee the epichile

‘eoally viel see: ste 9 mm wide pical margin, with a central,

longitudinal keel i ing to the flat, lightly sinuate margins, the hypochile

ce 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, n marginal angles, cleft centrally, the concave base

hinged to the column-foot; column white, stout, semiterete, 5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphytic

in cloud forest between Loja and Zamora, alt. ca.

2000 m, collected by B. Malo, flowered in cultivation

by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, Colombia, 25

tte C. Luer 1836 (Holotype: SEL; Isotype:

JAUM); sam

¢ > uer

A. oe. seg (SEL); Quebrada Honda Seehees

d Valladolid, alt. 1 ce m, Nov. iris

. D’ Ales:

, flow in cultivati

at Colomborquideas, 25 Apr. tec C. Luer 13300

pes Cordillera del Condor, epiphytic in forest east

Los Encuentros, ~ 1550 m, 18 May 1988, C.

Luer, A. Hirt, W. Flo es, A. Andreetia & W. Teague

3 (MO).

This species was first discovered biel

Benigno Malo in a well-explored, forested

it has been found to be re! freque:

especially in the Cordillera del Condor

where only a few other species of Dracula

are found.

Although the long, narrow leaves are

not distinct, the flowers of D. simia are easily recognized. The well-demarcated,

white zone in the center of the large flower, otherwise red-purple in color, sur-

rounds the toothed lip, the noselike column, and eyelike petals and the round,

toothed lip that give the impression of the face of a a monkey.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 201

Plate 87. Dracula simia (Luer) Luet

202 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula sodiroi (Schitr.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 197, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia sodiroi Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 120, 1915.

Ca. NI. oe & £ DD. A. Alaic g 415 os 5. y oe Hiartad +h +

caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls

stout, erect, ce 360m eg ese 23 : ecorarcnesaetngs _Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, ere

15 25 , acute,

Inflorescence an erect, few-floweed

raceme, usually 2 dent fl out, erect, purple, multi-

bracted deren ke 15-25 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; tie sg he 10-12 mm cue cians

10-20 mm long; ovary deep purple, 6-10 mm long, subverrucose, round in cross-section ;

orange, with the midveins purple-brown, densely white-pubescent within, the dorsal pes cbovat-ob

triangular, truncate, 16 mm long, 12 - wide, connate to the I lateral sepals for 15-16 mm to form

contracted into a sender

sepals connate |

mp p e, abruptly cont

perpendicularly d ding, dark ee brown tail 15-20 nes long, the lateral

into an obovate-obtriangular, truncate, concave lamina 16 mm long, 20 mm wide, the done

1; petals orange, thin, obovate-

spathulate, 7 mm long, 3 mm wide, the apes nary ban with a thin

and

f oblong, '8 mm long, 2 mm wide, the

apex or epichile ill-defined, obtuse ith

with a pair of erect, parallel lamellae, cleft ca dolar abr dept’ sada column yellow,

semiterete, 7 mm long, with a stout foot 2 mm long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: on the west slopes

scsi mal oee a A. Sodiro s.n. (Holotype

at B); between Chiri and

Guajalito, alt. 2000 m, 20 Jan. 1956, E. Asplund

20516 (B, G, K, NY); western slopes of Pichincha,

collected by A. Andreetta & A. Hirtz, flowered in

cultivation in Cuenca, 6 Feb. 1978, C. Luer 2471

(SEL) and at Paute, 24 May, 1988, C. Luer 13638

a, alt. 1800 m, Oct. 1979, C. Luer, J.

Luer & A. Hire 2 2471 (SEL); terrestrial on the road

embankment above Mindo, alt. 2400 m, 11

c in cl een T: a

alt. 2320 m, 13 Mar. 1982, C. Luer, A. Hirtz & S.

bi (SEL); between anegali-

to, alt. 2160 m, 9 June 1986, C. D, T.

16. — above T: oo 2200 m, 5 Dec.

Ne

Golondrinas, alt. 2070-2430 m, 4 Dec. 1987,

ar S. Hoover 2305 (MO).

This unusual species is without close relatives. It was first discovered in 1900 by

Father Sodiro of Quito in the wet forests on the western slopes of Pichincha where

it is still locally abundant today. Great clumps with hundreds of flowers have been

seen terrestrially at the crests of roadcuts.

This is the only species of D. than one flower at a time

erect racemes. There is, however, at least one that produces only a

flowers are bell-shaped and pendent with all three tails pointing downward. The

petals are thin, but a vestige of the bivalved apex is present in the row of denticles

inside the margin. The lip is narrowly oblong without a distinct division between

the as eraiers hypochile. The epichile is shallowly concave with a few irregular

teeth, P a pair of erect

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 203

cine

AN tes it

eC POy Me

whet! aly, hie

ae eh UR

Ay, OA) Gas

pany by) 47"

a VAS as

yw ve

Poe

Plate 88. Dracula sodiroi (Schitr.) Ler

204 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula syndactyla Luer, Selbyana 5: 389, 1981.

Ety.: From the Greek syndactylos, ‘‘with webbed fingers,” in allusion to the appearance of the

epichile.

Plant medium in size, es caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls sie 2-4 cm long, enclosed

by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, —— ghtly plicate, acute, 12-

17 cm long, 2-3.2 cm wide, "ide, narrowed below to the icate base. Inflorescence a a lax, successively

few » more or less horizontal, several-bracted peduncle 8-12 cm

long, from | th icaul; floral t lar, 6-7 cm long; pedicel 7-8 = long; ovary 4 mm

age Fig omapiiranimalbr ie ec tig suffused with red red-brown below

mm to form a broadly cupped flower, the apex obtuse, abruptly contracted into a slender, purple-brown

radgagt dah ee ee oblique, 10mm long, 13 mm wide, oe eee

the api peta

ivory, mazked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex rounded, ‘bivalvate,

lose b ; lip white,

suffused with rose, subpandurate, thick, 7 mm long, 5 mm mmm wide, the epichile suborbicular, 4mm long, 5

mm wide, dalled on the hypochile, shallowly concave, filled with about 9 sm smooth, radiating ribs that

protrude from the thin subdigitate, non-involute margin, the hypochile ovoid, 4 mm long, 4 mm wide,

with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft centrally between een lamina each with an oblique tooth, the con-

: yellow-white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout

foot equally long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Narifio: Munic. of Ricaurte,

epiphytic in fi e alt. 1950

-

1979, flowered in cultivation by Hirtz in ne

Ecuador, 18 May 1981, C. Lier 6313 Holy

SEL: mense cohen toraeaa sulin Cs.

lomborquideas, 5 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14095 (MO).

This species was first collected withou

flowers amid plants of D. hirtzii and

radiosa by Alexander Hirtz and cultivated

by him in Quito. Later, the relatively small

flowers distinguished by the epichile

of the lip that resembles a hand of webbed

fingers

The habit with narrow leaves anda

descending peduncle is not remarkable.

The small, cupped flowers are suffused

with red-brown as are the small tails.

Most remarkable is the concave epichile of

the lip with the radiating lamellae protrud-

ing beyond the thin margins as a row of

small poin

In addition to D. radiosa at the locality where D. syndactyla was discovered,

there is also a variable, intermediate taxon, which has been assumed to be a natural-

y occurring hybrid. This taxon, =< as D. X radio-syndactyla has proved to

more frequent than D. syndacty.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

206 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula trinympharum Luer, sp. nov.

Ety.: From “9 Latin 0 tN “of three nymphs,” sig its to the three oT of J&L

pu seams 0, with Al:

g sec h “mf 7 ee F | | 2 i M

minute rubro-

a a 1:1 f, 4 “2 + lahell ape Hey bs +,

& ft

Plant large in size, epiphytic, caespit t Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-4 cm long, enclosed

by 2-3 loose, , tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly carinate, wily ly linear-obovate, acute, 20-

34 cm cm long, 23 em wide, » gradually narrowed below into the conduplicate, subpetiolate base. Tnflors

cence a loose, bome by an erect, sparsely bracted peduncle 20-29

long, from low on the ramicaul floral bract, tubular, oblique, 10-15 mm long; pedicel 25- oie tans

ovary 8-10 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals yellowish white, wi ted red, cellular papillae

within, the dorsal sepal ovate, 25 mm long, 18 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 11 mm to form

a broad, sepaline cup, the apex obtuse, contracted int 0 a slender tail 5 cm long, the lateral sepals ovate,

— 40-45 mm long, connate 20-25 mm into an oblong, bifid lamina 28 mm wide, with a broad

that of th the dorsal sepal; petals i ivory, marked

with h purple, cartilaginous, = Sbeeseyp-uegus 2.5 mm wide

laminae, the i ina obtuse, recurved; lip ‘tred- -_, obscutely

pandurate, 7mm mm long, 4 mm wide, ‘< epichile suborbicular, deeply con concave, inflated with the anterior

margin involute, 3.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, with minut sie die ashen margins, with a central, verrucose

yy |

the epichile, s adethcigs 4mm long ie yemrragge apes ct, narrowly rounded, mar gles, cleft

centrally between a pair of wb the concave base settee to the column-foot; column white, stout,

semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot equally long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: epiphytic in cloud

forest above Maldonado, alt. ca. 5

flowered in cultivation at J & L ids, Easton, CT,

5g 1993, C. Head, M. Webb, L. ber sine Hirtz

- 16992.

3-434 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer ill:

This species is the latest of numerous,

endemic members of the genus to be

discovered in the valley west of Tulc4n

toward Maldonado in northernmost

Ecuador. It was found out of flower by

er Hirtz, and it flowered later at J

& L Orchids in Connecticut. It is related

dalstroemii D. gigas, D. hawleyi et

- It is most similar to D. hawleyi, and

it is distinguished from it as well as from

all the others by the deeply connate lateral

sepals, sepals studded within with red

illae, and a smaller, red-purple lip with

a small, saccate epichile.

a”

Rae ae

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 207

208 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula tubeana (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia tubeana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1 , 1878.

Ety.: Named in honor of Herr M. Tube, nurseryman in Dresden, Saxony, and formerly cae

gardener for ‘or Herr Hofrath Kiel in Leipzig, who for many years provided Reichenbach with m

valuable orchid material.

_ Masdevallia tarantula Luer, , Phytologia sa -. Tide

£7,

, hairy spiders.

2

Bags Dracula tarantula dine Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Plant large, epiphytic, den itose; coarse. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-4 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, nsetorane: hy Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, acute, 15-21 cm

a including an indistinct petiole, 2.5-4 om wide, the base pratually narrowed into the conduplicate

, ascending to de-

eoukaceeet: 18 cm long, Som low onthe ramicaul; floral bract, tubular, 7- -10 mm long; pedicel

15-25 mm long; ovary 78 mm long, subverrucose, round i in cross-section; sepals light yellowish, mot-

within, the dorsal s Sa

ovate, 35-40 mm long, 19-22 mm ide, te to the lateral ae

flower, the i lender, erect, dark purple t 7-Sem long the hiteral dake

ngs >» oblique, 40 mm n long, 20-23 mm wide, te 20-23 fe allow eps men-

ecgemenpe

with orange and brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 41 mn Tong i gas mm wide, the 2 apex gc, ad

d, recurve

white, hose 10-11 a GOO op 11 mm wide, the pie aaa concave, 6 mm | ong, 11 mm wide,

with the with multiple, radiating lamellae, the hypochile oblong, 5 mm long, 4mm

— wih eect erect, etna marginal an angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to the column-foot;

n light yellow, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout foot equally long.

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: erroneously report-

ed from the province of Bolivar, Rio de Chimbo, alt.

cloud

collected by B. Malo, in ation

Tarqui, 4 Feb. 1978, C. Luer 2454 (SEL, type of M.

tarantula); old road between Quito and cmon

Domingo, collected by R. Hawley, R. Levi

yo 1976, flowered in cultivation in ao

c flowered in cultivation at i-

deas, 15 May 1981, R. Escobar s.n. (JAUM); same

, fl in cultivation at C

e ‘ol

deas, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13146 (MO).

This species was first discovered by

Consul Lehmann, and his watercolor

painting is at W (Vienna). An error was

made in citing the locality as Rio Chimbo,

at an altitude of 900 feet in the hot, coastal

plains of Ecuador. Dracula tubeana is

now known to occur on the cool, western

slopes of Pichincha around 2000 meters

above sea level where it is apparently

endemic

In habit, this species is is large with broad leaves and a descending peduncle. The

handsome flowers are distinguished by the acute, long-tailed, pubescent sepals,

ivory basally with a broad, white mentum, and red-purple above the middle. The

snow white epichile of the lip is transverse with recurved sides and with multiple,

radiating veins within.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 91. Dracula tubeana (Rchb.f.) Luer

210 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula ubangina Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia 47: 62, 1980

with a large, round lip to a Ubangi

tribesman.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-3 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths . Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly elliptical, acute,

petiole 3-5 cm long, 2-3.5 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into

the Sanaa, petiolate opepoger: a loose, successively few-flowered raceme, bome by a

nzontal to descending shat cm long, f. 1 bract, tubular, ob-

tg 10-13 mm sa pedicel 15- Ge mm pie ovary 8 mm long, Bip round in rose eatin

sepals | black, the dorsal sepal glab rous, with black veins radiating on a greenish background in

broadly o ate, 24-26: mm non. 72-26 mm wide, connate he wre

lateral tare for 9mm to form 2 at, air slender,

erect, black long, t lab

lower, inner pa black but occasionally with a few, beer less tee omneae colored spots also on the

lower, i inner portions, the blades s broadly orate, oblique, 27-30 mm long, 21-25 mm wide, connate 15

die dceml sopek patos wi enedesd with uufach tek, clings, oblong, 6 mm long, 2 mm wide,

the apex bivalvate, between the laminae, the inner lamina denticulate, the outer lamina round-

cp white, spathulate, 18 mm long, 11 mm wide, the epichile ovoid, concave, 13 mm long, 11 mm

wide, with the margins involute, with multiple, branching, elevated, radiating veins within, the hypochile

oblong, 6 mm long, 5 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the concave base

hinged to the column-foot; column white, stout, semiterete, 6.5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

ADOR: Prov. of a: epiphytic in clou

forest near Mindo, alt. 1800 m, collected by %

Andreetta

type: SEL); forest west of Quito, 1992, flow

cultivation in Quito by J. Del Hierro, 16 Mar. ons.

(MO).

ies, first discovered by Father

Angel Andreetta, is closely allied to the

larger Dracula vampira, and its distribu-

tion also coincides with the latter on the

western slopes of Pichincha. Dracula

ubangina was later believed to be a small,

black form of D. vampira, but recent

iginal

ee

\

oe, —

Ss

collections in areas other than the ori

locality suggest that it is not merely a

small color-form of D. vampira. It re-

mains relatively rare, however, having

been collected on only a few occasions.

The color of the sepals is black. Only

a pale green, black-striped band is present

across the base of the dorsal sepal above

the column and petals. Occasionally, a

few, small, indistinct flecks with less pigment occur on the inner, lo er portions of

the lateral sepals where there is a short, sparse pubescence. Coe for the dif-

ference in size, the petals and lips of the two taxa are similar. Therefore, there is

really very little to distinguish the two except fr size and color ofthe floral parts

Although the flowers of D. vampira vary re)

is a noticeable gap between the average and D. ubangina. PACK stadice wee wey

211

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 92. Dracula ubangina Luer & Andreetta

212 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula vampira (Luer) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia vampira Luer, Phytologia 39: 231, 1978.

vampir for a

{

vampire, and Vampirus, a genus of bats.

Plant large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicanis stout, erect, ee cm Paes enclosed by 2-

3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect erect » thinly cc

cal, acute, 1 15-28 cm 1 1 tiol 5-8 cm long, 4-5.5 cm vide: ‘ey

ti , petiolate base e. Inflorescence a loose, successively several-flowered

cm lon apt02 Somos on a rasa 1 a -tobular, oblique, 12-25 mm ‘long; pedicel 18-25 mm

long; ovary 10. mm re subverrucose, - round in cr cross

tudinal, bl

the apices, pa tc agents and intensely suffused with purple phare the inner surfaces aeaay

glabrous, the blade of the dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 3.5-5.5 cm long, 3.5-4 cm wide, connate to <i

lateral sepals for 1. shone sp brani widely spread flower, the apex subacute to obtuse, contracted i

a slender, erect, blackish tail 5-11 cm long, the blad ate, oblique, ius

long, : 7 om i wide, connate 1 s cm to form a broad, shallow mentum, the subacute to obtuse apices

blackish tails similar to that | te, marked with pur-

ps cats, oblong, 6mm mm long, 2 mm wide, Senos: Sele Soremeeesain laminae, the

i lami culate, th th pinkish to yellowish veins,

sg pea mm ra 11-17 mm wide, the epichile ordi, ay aes mm _—- 11-

wide, with the margins involute, with multiple, branching, elev: ated, radiating veins within, the fipsiichihe

oblong, 7, mm long, 5 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft coulralng. the eign wg

hinged to the column-foot; column yellow, stout, semiterete, 7 mm long, with a stout foot nearly as

ECUADOR: Prov. of Pichincha: by eth in cloud

”

cultivation arqui fe)

foe 20 July 1977, C. Luer 1819 Seats

i “Corazén,” alt 1800-2200 m, Oct.-Nov.

not stated, F.C. ese 7042 (K). between Quito

and Santo Domingo, Feb. 1975, B. Mal

(JAUM); same collection, flow isd cndiadlans “i

M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 16 Apr. 1988, C. Luer

13200 (MO); same area, collected by A. Andreetta &

Hirtz 973, fl z

ca, 12 July 1977, C. Luer 1692 (SEL), flowered in

cultivation at Paut te, 17 7 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13 728

La Liberia, ‘alt. 2200 m, 7 Apr. 1984, C. Lue Luer, A

Hirtz, S. Dalstrim & T. Héijer 10012 (MO); cloud

forest below Lloa, alt. » CO]

and A. Hirtz, 8 Jan. 1988, flowered in caltiva-

tion at Colomborquideas 12 Dec. 1988, R. Escobar

3987 (JAUM); Rio Cinto west of Lloa, alt 2000 m

12 Oct. 1990, A. Hirtz, X. Hirtz & J. Del Hierro 5100

(MO); ry area, alt. 2200 m, 20 Feb. 1992, S.

Dalstrim 1514 (MO).

This magnificent species, once called the ““black chimaera,”’ was first discov-

ered a century ago by mining engineer F.C. Lehmann, ann, German consul at Popay4n,

Colombia, in the same area of Ecuador where it is found today. His specimen at

Kew had been annotated Masdevallia chimaera by Kranzlin. Lehmann’s watercol-

or painting of this species is in the Reichenbach Herbarium in Vienna.

There is no further record of the species until plants were exported from

Ecuador by José Strobel in 1965 and cultivated by Henry T. Scardefield in New

York. Benigno Malo exported plants to Colombia about ten years later, and con-

tributed an article on the “black Masdevallia chimaera” to Orquideologia pub-

lished in 1975.

Although limited in distribution to the forested, western slopes of Mt.

Pichincha, Dracula vampira is abundant. masses of plants accumulate

213

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

214 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

in the damp, leafy humus on the lower parts of huge, epiphyte-laden trees. The

fabulous flowers often emerge from the loose humus a considerable distance from

the origin of their stems among the hidden plants.

The color of the sepals is variable. Sometimes the purplish black veins are so

thin that the flower appears green. At the other extreme, the pigmentation may be

So intense that the hairless sepals appear nearly black except at the coronet-like base

above the petals and column. A closely related, smaller-flowered taxon with nearly

enlisA hi. b

SULILL Didt k sepals

oe o

Dracula velutina (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia vei Rchb.f, Gard. Chron. 2 2: 420, 1875, not Rchb.f. 1877.

~ From the a were “velvety,”

AA, » ba eS le Fl - 5 58, 1886.

‘a From the Greek es dang ‘a minute barb,” eee to the short sepaline tails.

Syn.: Masdevallia trinema Rchb-f., Flora 69: 558, 1

Ety.: From the Greek trinema, SNisetecad ie 0a to the sepaline tails.

Syn.: Masdevallia lactea Kranzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: i 1921.

Ety.: From the Latin lacteus, “milky,” referring to the color of the flow

Dracula lactea (Krinzl.) Luer, copes 2: 195, 1978.

Syn.: Dracula microglochin (Rchb-f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 196, 1978.

Syn.: Dracula trinema (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

z

Plant to medium in size, densely i ts slender. i tout, erect, 2-5 cm

long, eikeath by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, — elliptical-

ar, acute, 10-25 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, gradually In-

borne by a slender,

=e descondiliy 0 ad @ bac eccaetet caleect cise tee from oe floral

brac tubular, 6-9 mm mm long; pedicel 10-20 mm long; ovary purple-b rown, 3-5 mm long, lightly subverru-

round in cross-section; sepals white. lly, basally or along

the v veins, densely ey within, the dorsal sepal transversely ovate, 6-9 mm long, 6-12 mm wide,

, the apex broadly obtuse,

7 1, = Ag See g, the lat 1 pal bh adly ovate, oblique,

$10 mm long 8-10 min wide counts 7-10 um to fo broad, shallow tum, the apices obtuse to

rounded. dorsal tal: . marked with purple

or brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 2.5-3 mm long, 1- J Se ec papillose between

eee condenses agp denticulate, lamina obtuse, recurved; lip white, suffused

with rose, spathulate, 4- mam Jong, 2.5-3 mam wide, the epichile ovoid, deflexed from the plane of the

hypochile, shallowly Aida >» 2-2.25 mm long, 2.25-3 mm, with th the margins thin, not involute, with a

thick, more or less sometimes with a

few, small fragments of carina, the hypochile ovate, 2mm long, 1.5 mm wide, wit with erect, Tounded,

angles, cleft centrally, the base h white,

semiterete, 3-3.5 mun kag, bideutuo the tip, Wiha sont ior? ore

LOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Frontino, alt. 4000

eg G. Wallis s.n. (Lectotype: W), C. Luer illustr.

16550; without locality iY Re Roezl 378 (W); without

ae F. C. Lehmann 3217 shales Pade . micro-

lochin); El Plateado, Kalbrey. 5 (B?, syntype

ro M, npr San Miguel, k Token 1574 (B?,

); without locality, ered in

iva Oo.

Robledo at La Ceja, 14 Jan. 1979, C; Luer 2283

ey: without reper flo in cultivation by M.

. Robledo at La Ceja, 22 Nov. 1981 , yellow tails,

= Luer 6756 rico same collection, flowered at

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 215

Plate 94. Dracula velutina (Rchb-£.) Luer

216 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

eg ge 16 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13198 (MO); ithout locality, fl d at Colom id

Loar 1988, short tails, C. Luer 13163 (MO), locality, fl d at Col 10A Apr.

ong tails, c: isp "13158 (MO); Dabei ia, co ected by H. Ang, pe 1986, flow-

ba, Camparusia, co}

ply pee a ation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 17 Apr. tes, C. Luer 13204 (MO).

Dracula velutina is the smallest-flowered member of D. houtteana-psittacina

complex. It was described by Reichenbach from collections by both Wallis and

Roezl, but the collection by Wallis with a positive locality, Frontino in the Western

Cordillera of Colombia, has been chosen as the lectotype.

Dracula velutina is identified by the slender leaves and a small, more or less

cupped flower with slender tails commonly between two and four centimeters long,

but forms with tails six or more centimeters long occur. The flowers are produced

on few-flowered peduncles, occasional clones producing no more than one flower

on a peduncle. The sepals are white, variously suffused with purple externally, and

they are densely short-pubescent within.

A long-tailed form of this species, described by Reichenbach as M. trinema, was

collected by Consul Lehmann, but the type-specimen at W (Vienna) bears none of

his usual collection data. Kranzlin annotated the same specimen as the type of his

M. lactea, although the published type of M. lactea was a collection of two speci-

mens by Kalbreyer from near El Plateado (the gold mines) in the Western Cordil-

lera of Antioquia. Kranzlin had applied the epithet trinema to Dracula platycrater.

It is very probable that Lehmann’s collection came from the same area near the

mines where it, as well as short-tailed forms, are still known to occur today.

The lip is pink and small. The central carina of the epichile is more or less

verrucose and flanked by a smaller carina to either side, as well as a few, incom-

plete fragments. The three carinae are reminiscent of the carinae seen in D. eryth-

rochaete of Central America. The margins of the epichile of D. velutina are not

involute, the central carina being higher than the margins. The epichile is more or

less deflexed from the hypochile, sometimes at an angle of 90°, but most commonly

at an angle of about 45”.

Dracula venefica Luer & i re 15: 39, 1981.

Ety.: From the Latin venefica, “

“oO o

Plant medium-sized to large, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect,

25-5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 lowe, tubular sheaths sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly

obovate, acute, iole, 2.3-3 cm wide, gradually sch che

uteri. subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively few-flowered raceme,

bracted, ascending peduncle 8-11 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract,

tubular, aa hee: pedicel 10-15 mm long; ovary deep purple, 6mm long, subverrucose, round in

cross- section; sepals white, densely E

with a dense, purple to white pubescence, broadly ovate with obtuse apices, ing sa

16 mm wide. en : more or less flat flower, the

i cm long, the lateral sepals obli e, 20 mm

long, 5S se vi canes ck a ennai ek ae ct neces thes Coabieind ies dieses:

si inner Savmcolie Be par eto ome , marked with purple-brown, cartilaginous, oblong, 3

denticulate, the outer | : d d, r 4; lip : 1 ored, spathulate, 8 mm long, 5 mm wide,

pi mm long, 5

tm wide, the hypoctl blog, 25mm long, 2.5 mm Wide, with erect, obtuse, marginal angles, cleft

, the base concave, a the column-foot; column yellow-white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm

Ke ee

217

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 95. Dracula venefica Luer & Escobar

218 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

COLOMBIA: without collection data, fl L.&J. eons ia

ei

Jan. 1979, R. Escobar 1903 (Holotype: JAUM; pes SEL), C. Luer illustr. 3661; a oante

in cultivation 17 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13250 (MO).

A small plant described as Dracula venefica was discovered growing in a basket

of Dracula severa at Colomborquideas in 1979. The plant of D. severa had been

purchased from a collector in 1977. It was assumed that a seedling had been col-

lected with the D. severa, and was flowering two years later.

Since the date of publication, 1981, numerous volunteer seedlings of Draculas

have appeared in the pots or baskets of other orchids in the open greenhouses of

both the Posadas at Colomborquideas and the Robledos at La Ceja. Some appear

very similar to D. venefica, and it is now believed that D. venefica was merely the

first of numerous, spontaneous hybrids. Presumably these supposed hybrids are

products of D. chimaera, D. roezlii or D. wallisii and one of the smaller species in

the D. houtteana-psittacina complex. Because the taxon described as D. venefica is

characterized by a coarse pubescence and an inflexible lip, D. chimaera is most

likely one of the parents.

ges yom (Rolfe) Luer, sna aoe 198, 1978.

Masdevallia venosa Rolfe, Bull - Misc. Inform. 146, 1901.

ro ‘Treaties? “with veins,” referring to the veins on the lip.

Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespit lender. Ramicauls erect, 3-6 cm long, enclosed

by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, very narrowly , subacute,

12-23 cm long, 1.8-2.8 cm wide, gradually — below to the conduplicate base. Inflorescence a

single flow pide paadide: slender, descending, many-bracted peduncl ee ee ie

ramicaul; floral ct tubular, r, 6-7 mm mm long; edie 612 mm long ovary 4 mm long, with 3 pairs of

within,

caeridanstouee innings 10 mm wide, ounsate to the lateral sepals for 7 mm to form a sepa-

line cup, the apex acute, acuminate into a slender, orange-brown tail 15 mm long, the lateral sepals

ovate-oblong, oblique, 16 mm long, connate akvdia tn the

apices obtuse, contracted into ye tails similar to f y ith

red, cartilaginous, elliptical, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, th pex bival ill

; : Pepin neeinns

long, 2.5 mm wide, the epichile suborbicular, convex, with a central carina and a few branching, incom-

oe rene dee ne, > eee win the hypochile ovoid, a with erect, » Found-

went toothed at th eee 1 i eet

g,

~— ne ee

COLOMBIA?: Without locality or collector, brought

Rea ean Vienna by F. Sander Sn, (Holotype:

ECUADOR: Prov. of Carchi: — recorded col- i

: Maldonado, ion by ae ;

M&O Bokkdim Laok lie 1 1977, C. Luer : i

1982 (SEL); 25 ones 1988, - Luer — (MO);

same area,

ected by A

cultivation at Paute, Aug. 1500. rp ro,

This species is one of many described ge rege

by Rolfe without any collection data. The os A

origin was stated to be Colombia, but x }

plants answering the description are ‘id {i

cnown only from northernmost Ecuador. ‘/ a

In habit, D. venosa is characterized f

a cluster of narrow leaves and long, ‘

219

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 96. Dracula venosa (Rolfe) Luer

220 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

slender, descending, one-flowered peduncles. Often numerous flowers are pro-

duced simultaneously. The ovaries are crested. The sepals are connate into a rose-

colored cup with tails about the same length. The minute, red lip is subpandurate

with the convex epichile barely wider than the hypochile.

Dracula verticulosa ee Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1010, 1989.

sa From the Latin verticulosus, “full of little peaks,” referring to the lamellae within the epichile

the lip.

Plant large, epiphytic, caespitose; roots fleshy, coarse. Ramicauls erect, stout, 4-6 cm long, enclosed

by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly cori coriaceous, carinate y tical, acute, 20-30 cm

long, 2.5-3.5 cm cm wide, gradually te, subpetiolate b orescence

a loose, ly few-fl dj b b ct peduncle ph cm long, with a few,

distant bracts, from | th icaul; floral t is 15-17 mm am long; pedicels 20- 25 mm long; ovary 5-

6 mm long Is densely _li sh brown or olive

ght greenis

(or aretiey oe above the middle, suffused with cae yellow-brown below the middle, suffused with

purple-brown extemally, the dorsal sepal suborbicular, fe) mm long , 23 mm wide, connate to the lateral

sepals for 11 mm to form a cupp a pana contracted into a slender, erect,

owes te 7 to ng, Sh Seta eps broly ovate, 5, Cone, 22 mm long, connate 20 mm

into a broad lamina 32 mm contracted into

slender tails similar to that of a pit sepal; haeeedh white, marked with brown, cartilaginous, oblong-

ovate, 3mm long, 2 mm wide, th , the inner

1a denticulate; lip pink, panduriform, ilmm ‘eg 7 mm wide, the — ovoid, concave with the

margins not incurved, 8 mm long, 6 mm wide, filled with sev ral tall, incomplete, irregular lamellae, the

hypochile oblong, ° 3 mm long, 3 mm wide, with erect, obtuse, ae mele clef centrally, the con-

ig emiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout

foot equally long.

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Valle del Cauca: epiphytic in

forest between Costa Rica and Ginebra, alt. 1800-

1900 m, collected by J. Miranda, Jr., Jan. 1988,

by J. iow! in cultivation at

pS tna 11 Dec. 1989, R. Escobar 4039

GAUM).

This recently discovered species is

apparently endemic in southern Colombia

where it grows with another similar, re-

cently discovered species, D. aphrodes. In

habit, both species are characterized by

long, narrow leaves and more or less erect

inflorescences that bear large flowers.

The slightly cupped flowers of D.

verticulosa are distinguished by the round-

ed oe a deep mentum, and long,

tails. Pubescent within, the sepals

are suffused with purple-brown externally

and below the middle within. The slightly

concave epichile of the lip is filled with

incomplete and irregular lamellae. A profile of the lamellae suggests a minia-

ture landscape of the mountains near Guilin along the Li River in China.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 221

—,

De. Dinte 97. Dracula verticulosa Luer & Escobar

222

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

a | vespertilio (Rehb-f. ) Luer, satis = 198, elo

“i age cht =

e

+ seed dby23 loose, tblar date Leaf ere, nly

San

cauls slender, ee 2-3 cm long,

coriaceous, eda ong including

, acute, 1.5-2 cm wide, the base eradvally narrowed

into ee channeled petiole. Infl

bome It

od

1 ?.

juncle 8 10 cm long » from lo ow on

pelt er pate 610mm lng pec un Lng ovary ppl, 5 mm long, 4mm

wide, with 6 green, denticulate crests, sepals pale yellow, irregularly dott

sepals for 6mm to form a widely amt flat flower, the

tit tail 2-6.

with purple, — spicu-

, 15-20 mm long, 12-18 mm ae connate to the lateral

— acate, contracted into a ae erect,

, obtuse, » 15-25 mm lon od is

re + ee

, connate I1- In

cs

1.

sag

at ee with ee cote

I sepal; senaes

sae xe 4-5 mm on 1. 13-2 mm wide, the apex rounded, bivalvate, papillose between the

spathulate,

5-8 Lil 1

Ni:

79 mm 8 mm wide, the ep

3 PS,

erect, rounded, ak centrally, th

ptical , 5mm long, 8 mm wide, the sides smooth,

the hypochile oblong, 4mm long, cepaieee —_

cream, semiterete, “gp MEMEO

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: Frontino, G.

Wallis s.n. (Holotype: W); Frontino, alt. 2000 m, 23

Oct. 1884, F. C. Lehmann 4305 (G). Dept. of Cauca:

highlands of Popayan, Rio Ortega, alt. poe m,

Oct. 1885, F. C. Lehmann 6749 (K, near Po-

gee Vereda La parses = 1750 m, collected by

in in Popeyin 2 2 pie 97 R Hy i 1925 (JAUM).

Dept. of Ch Vereda es, Quebreda La

Fragua, 1900- m, collected by Ss 28

Apr. 1975, flowered i “ cultivation by M. & O.

ug. 1975, R. Escobar 1631

es Vi alt. 1400-

000 m, 6 Mar. 1880, F. Cc. pron 146 (G);

Munic. of Ricaurte, La alt. 1850 m, 24 Feb.

bs R. Escobar, D. Portillo & O. de —

946 (JA °

ies t. 1800 m, 1 Nov. "1979, C. Laer. J.

Luer & A. Hirtz 4521 (SEL). Dept. of Risaralda:

Munic. of Pueblo Rico, Alto de La Linea, alt. 2000-

er areata M. Sema, 1973, flowered in

by Colomborquideas, 10 Apr. 1988, C.

Ler 3167 (MO) Gaceraie del Cauca: Serrania

de Belalcazar, alt. m, 28 Aug. 1884, F.C.

alt. 1800-2000

Anserma Vieja, alt. 1200-1800 m, FC. Lehmann 721 Is

R: Prov. of C.

o

eK 4140 (G); Cordillera de Belalcazar near

(!

i ome

cultivation by A. Andreetta in Cuenca, 18 Ai

d Chical, alt. 1400 m, 17 Mar. 1991, C. Luer,

collected by A. Andreetta and A.

Aug. 1978, A. Andreetta 15 (SEL); between

J. Luer, A.

A irtz, X

mr eGy Prov. of Imbabura: Selva Alegre, alt. 1730 m, 2 May 1981, C. Luer, J. Luer & sh Hirtz

Se alt. 1200 m,

1699 (MO). Prov.

e Mindo, alt. ca. pape hig thine

a 3, fommetinobinkte eon

aa

Teague & D. Welisch,

La Ceja, Colombia, 11 Nov. 1980, R. Escobar

Se Prov. of Alajuela: A. epoch ae Prov. of Puntarenas: between Monte Carlo

4, flowered in cultivation in in Gainsville, FL, R. ie

L. Dressler s.n.

(MO).

NICARAGUA: Po of Matagalpa: junction of of Bavaria and Santa Cecilia roads, alt. 1300 m, A. Heller

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 98. Dracula vespertilio Rchb.f.) Luer

224 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Masdevallia vespertilio was the third species of the genus Dracula to be de-

h, a specimen having been sent to him by Wallis from near

Frontino in the Western Cordillera of Colombia. The first living plants to be re-

ceived in Europe were sent by F. C. Lehmann from the department of Cauca in

Colombia. They flowered in the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence at Burford

Lodge in 1877.

This relatively frequent species has the widest geographical distribution of all

the Draculas, occurring locally in Central America, the Western Cordillera of

Colombia and both sides of the Andes in Ecuador.

Dracula vespertilio is similar to both D. janetiae from Peru and D. nycterina

from Colombia, but it is readily distinguished by the transverse epichile of the lip

with involute sides, which is totally smooth within.

Dracula vinacea Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 39, 1978.

Ety.: From the Latin vinaceus, “wine-colored,” in reference to the interior color of the sepals.

Plant vs to Di

ge, epiphytic it Ramicauls = slender, a

long, prerinapenas loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf e: cet thinly concn, carinate, v narro llip-

tical linear, sete, 15-37 cn long 1.8 cm wide, » gradi

tinctly ivel 1-fl m long, borne

by a slender, horizontal to to descending, sparsely bracted d peduncle 10-18 cm — from low on the rami-

caul; floral bract tubular, 10 = oe 3 Pedicel 10-15 mm long; sarod 4.5 mm ong, round i in cToss-sec-

tion; sepals light purple exte: dark

ldclohanael oh oid a dorsal sepal transversely ovate, Acmipteag 15 mm wide, connate to

ihe lateral sepals for 5 mm to form a gaping, shallow, sepaline oe ed, abruptly contract-

, erect, ep dly ovate, oblique, 13 mm long,

2 nen wie, connate 10 m mm to f tum, th to that of

rk ith t no oblong, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the

a bivalvate, densely verrucose between i denticulate, the outer

lamina rounded, revolute; ; lip pale rose, ia with purple, Ramen 5mm 1 long, 4mm wide, _

ciciletrasy gre ae with smooth, in 2.5 mm mm wide, c

cave with erect, ticulate margins, the 1 concavity with acetal Kel and snd 1-2 fagments on either side,

the oblong, 2.5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, with erect

centrally, th 1s,

lumn-foot; column reenish hite, terete, i,

hae Wikscen ec cae zi ae gi

COLOMBIA: ae collection a flowered in

cultivation by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 25 Sept.

in ation at Colomborquideas, 1

1988, C. Luer 13129 (MO).

This species is apparently endemic in

the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia where

it is known from only one wooded valley.

It is identified by the long, slender leaves,

and the rather small, dark purple, campa-

nulate but gaping flowers with long, slen-

der, maroon tails. The hypochile of the

pink lip is transversely elliptical with

smooth, incurved margins. Within the

cavity is one thick, central carina flank

by one or two fragments of veins.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 99. pracula vinacea Luer & Escobar

226 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula vlad-tepes Luer & Escobar, Orquideologia = Pa 1981.

Ety.: Named for Vlad Tepes, the sinister, medieval Transylvanian Count Dracula.

Plant dt rt: Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-5

cm ong, ealosed 2-3 lowe, ibolar shea Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, carinate, narrowly obo-

: E ah = oe eee gradually narrowed below

Sake ci, subpetiolatet base. Inflores ose, succe: ph

panes Ap aesc sparsely b 1, horizontal to d 1

floral bract, tubular, 10-12 mm long; pedicel 15-1 -18 mm long: oy ik pe, 78 mong

di )

loka Make Nl 1 2 ‘al g t ae es 3: ig Ti «i. aa ee ig Par: a9

* t thi i broadly east ae ular = ot 4.4 = , th dorsal s 1 15- , Sg

25 mm wide, se to the i I sepals for 8-9 mm to fe doa spl. the apex abruptly

contracted into a slender, erect, purple-black tail 5-8.5 cm long, the laa sepals 20-32 mat long, 21-23

mm wide. te 15 to fe b d, deep mentum, the api

aR Se ere 1. 1 1 ) L Ti. , marked with ps 1 , cartilaginous, elliptical Li g,4mm

long, 2.25 mm wide, the apex bival b the 1 th cute, denticu-

late, the i lip pink, , spathulate, perecag 7 mm wide, the sessite transversely

elliptical, 4 mm long, 7 mm wide, deeply concave wi incurved,

margins, coursed wii

about 9 more or less incomplete, radiating, elevated veins, the hypochile oblong, 4 mm long, 4 mm wide,

with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, hinged to the column-foot;

column white, stout, semiterete, 5.5 mm long, with a stout foot 3 mm long.

COLOMBIA: without locality, obtained by J

i from H. Schmidt-Mumm of Bogoté, sce

ion in Easton, CT., 12 Nov. 1977, C.

Luer 2 a0 Pie So date JAUM; Isotype: SEL); ob-

» flowered in cultiva-

wna Tet ee O. Robledo, 28 Jan. 1979, R.

Escobar 1913, 1914 (JAUM); Dept. of Santander:

Munic. of Virolin, El Taladro, alt. 2500 m, 1987,

: vation

Colomborquideas, 10 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13143

(Mo).

This species was described in 1981

from a plant obtained from Helmuth

Schmidt-Mumm of Bogot4, Colombia, and

cultivated by J & L Orchids at Easton, CT.

The plant was assumed to have been col-

lected in the Eastern Cordillera. In 1987,

it was discovered in quantity in the de-

partmen € northern part

of the Eastern Cordilléra, where it is

endemic.

y

The size and color of the sepals of

Dracula vlad-tepes are reminiscent of D.

radiosa, but a broad, pale marginal zone of varying widths surrounds the dark

center. The flower of D. viad-tepes is not as cupped as that of D. radiosa. The lips

are about the same in size, but the epichile of D. vlad-tepes contains multiple,

incomplete, radiating veins ending in a toothed margin. The epichile of D. radiosa

contains tall, radiating lamellae ending in a smooth margin.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

5 cm

Plate 100. Dracula vlad-tepes Luer & Escobar

228 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula wallisii (Rchb. f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia wallisii Rchb. ete Gard. Chron. 2: 258, 1875.

‘bats Masdevallia chimaera var. wallisii (Rchb£) Veitch, Man. Orch. PL 5: 31, 1889.

Plant large, pki Se eure ad age roots coarse. Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-5.5 cm long,

enclosed by 2-3 loose, tu eaf erect, t , subplicate, carinate, elliptical,

acute, 15-27 com long in into wn a an ies petiole 3-5 cm long, 25-4, 5S cm wide, the base narrowly

Inflorescence a loos

raceme upto 10cm lng of showy flowers, borne by a sto stout, horizontal to descending peduncle 12-25

tubular, 10-20 mm long; pedicel 15-27 mm long; ovary

par ps mm long, subverrucose, round in cro cross-section; sepals basic color white, or yellow, diffusely or

irregularly spotted v with gem or "brown, coarsely ype within, the dorsal : age ovate, 2.5-4 cm

long,

16-28 ca P flat, wer, the

bacut tracted into a slend purple tail 6-11 cm long, the lateral sepals

ore, oblige, 2545 cm long, 22.7 om wie, comate 1025 f, broad, shall ined, tee

+ et a en

al sepal; petals white or ivory,

marked with purple or brown, cartilaginous, oblong-obovate, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the ape round-

ed, bivalvate, d; lip

white, suffused with yellow or rose, spathulate, 1 2-18 mm long, 7-9.5 mm wide, the epichile oblong-

suborbicular, concave, 7-9 mm long, 7-9.5 mm wide, with the m: margins involute and toothed, with 3

ching, the hypochile -4

radiating

mm

long, 3 3-3.5 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, cleft centrally, the base concave, flexibly

ed to the column-foot; column yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 4-5 mm long, with a stout foot 4

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Antioquia: near Frontino,

1871, G. Wallis s.n.(Holotype: W); withou out locality,

Shuttleworth s.n. (Ww); without locality, Patin s.n.

(W). Dept. of Antioquia: Munic. of ‘haga =

Florida, collector unknown, flowe

y M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, cage 1975, R.

Escobar 1471 (JAUM); Munic. of sass El

, 1973, collected by J. M. a, flowered in

tivation by &0.R

Escobar 1408 (JAUM); Munic. of San Carlos: La

Emmita, alt. ca. 1600 m, collected by J. M. Serna,

flowered in cultivation by A. Mejia, Dec. 1972, R.

Escobar heed (JAUM); alto de La eee. alt. ca.

1900 m, 1974 by J. M. flowered in

pier J. Arango at La Estrella, Feb. 1975,

R. Escobar 1464 gages qe of San Luis:

Piedra del by

6, alt.

1600 m, Aug. 1985, collected by E. Valencia, flow-

ered in cultivation at Colomborquideas, 28 Apr.

1983, C. Luer 8847 (SEL); flowered in cultivation

10 Apr. 1988, C. Lwer 13125 (MO); Munic. of Santo

: 900 by E. Valencia, July

1986, flowered in Colomborquideas, 18

Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14259 (MO); Munic. of San-

tuario: Las Brisas, collected by J. M. Serna, 1973,

flowered in cultivati: M. & obledo at ea

Ceja, 1974, R. Escobar 1397 ( (JAUM); flowered

cultivation, 21 July 1978, C. Luer 2940 (SEL 3 ieee wicuiaertieas erro Munchique, alt. 2700-2800 m, 2

Mar. 1884, F. C. Lehmann 3607 (G, py oe Dept. of Chocé: Manic. San José del Palmar, alt. ca.

2000 m, Aug. 1983, collected by J. J. Posada, M. de Robledo & E. Stewart, flowered in

Colomborquideas, Mar. 1988, R. phat tess GAUM).

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

5,

S$ ipsa:

ROS ie,

Deen! Py g' ie

(Rchb.f.) Luer

Plate 101. Dracula wallisit

U

we MSF

» pet

230 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

This rather frequent, variable species, widely distributed in the Central Cordil-

lera of Colombia, is similar to D. chimaera which is widely distributed in the

Western Cordillera. It has been assigned by many authors to varieties of D. chi-

maera. Confusion between the two was even greater then (Reichenbach, 1875) than

today. The illustration published in the Gardners’ Chronicle 4: 41, t. 5, 1875, as

Masdevallia chimaera is Dracula wallisii. See discussion of D. chimaera, page 54.

Dracula wallisii was reported to have been discovered by Gustav Wallis in the

region of Frontino in 1872 in the Western Cordillera, but this locality is in doubt.

Plants mixed with D. nycterina were exported to Linden in Brussels. Neither D.

nycterina nor D. wallisii are known today from the northern part of the Western

Cordillera. See the discussion of D. nycterina, page 148.

In common with most widely distributed species of Dracula, D. wallisii is

variable in size and coloration. Related taxa from Ecuador have been described as

D. chiroptera and D. woolwardiae.

Most commonly, the sepals of D. wallisii are yellowish, variously spotted with

purplish brown, and coarsely pubescent. The apices of the sepals of most plants are

shorter and more obtuse than the longer, tapering apices of the sepals of D. chi-

maera. This shape of the sepals was used by Reichenbach in distinguishing D.

wallisii from D. chimaera. Reichenbach’s only other distinguishing feature of D.

wallisii was a narrower leaf, a totally unreliable criterion

The lip, with a more or less suborbicular epichile with involute margins, is

flexibly hinged to the column-foot, which, in living plants, readily distinguishes it

from the lip of D. chimaera which stands immobly erect from the center of the

flower. Reichenbach may never have been aware of this difference. He never

mentioned it. Although the involute margin of the apex of the lip is not usually

inflated in D. wallisii, it is frequently curved upward, suggesting the inflated,

scaphoid apex of the lip of D. chimaera. Reichenbach did not distinguish between

the lips of the two taxa.

Many plants of many forms of D. chimaera and D. wallisii are cultivated in the

open greenhouses at Colomborquideas near Medellin, Colombia, along with hun-

dreds of other plants that include all the other species. Without doubt, all kinds of

combinations of hybrids occur when plants are pollinated randomly by the tiny,

fruit flies that frequent the greenhouses. One of the three more attractive of these

spontaneous, unnamed hybrids illustrated in this publication is found on Plate 102.

It has been called Dracula ““X 5” (Luer & Escobar, 1989). One of the parents

appears to be either D. chimera or D. wallisii, and the other parent could be D.

bella. This hybrid appears to be a more likely candidate for an offspring of this

parentage than D. pileus, which appeared as a seedling among collected plants of D.

bella and D. chimaera cultivated in a common bed.

i

q

3

;

:

|

,

;

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 231

Plate 102. Dracula “X 5”

232 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula woolwardiae (Lehm. & Kranzl.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 198, 1978.

Bas.: Masdevallia woolwardiae Lehm. ex Kranzl., Bot. Jahrb. . Syst. 26: 452, 1899.

a Named in honor of Miss Florence Woolward, wh h of

genus Masdevallia between 1890 and 1896 with life-size, hand-colored CAcaseia

large, epiphytic, densely pit Ramicauls stout, erect, 2-5 cm long, en-

deat by: 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect. as dace oh aceous, subplicate, carinate, elliptical, acute,

g iol $3 em log. 25-4 ea wide, the base narrow. narrowly cuneate into

bome bya Salona horizontal to descending peduncle 12-20 cm pete from low on the

caaeoek fos bract tubular, 10-1 13 dicel 16-22 mg; g, subverru-

cose. round in crose¢. wae ce. La a ed En brown, long-

pubescent within, the d dorsal cred 73:30 mm ons, 16-22 mm wide, connate er

for 5. y Sp i dark purple-

ti aes 25-35 mm long, 18-22 mm wide, connate 12

15 mm to fora broad, sallow meten, the acute ap

Pp y; h purple-b » cartilaginous, bl g-obovate, 3-3.5 mm long,

2mm: wide, id bivalvat ill t he |, , denticulate, the

btus d: lip v llow, spathulate, 11-12 mm long, 7-9 mm wide,

the epichile suborbicular, concave, pr eave nc with the margins in involute and many-

toothed, with 3 primary lamellae and multiple, branching, radiating, elevated veins within, the hypochile

ovoid, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, with erect, rounded, marginal angles, png tas the base concave,

flexibly hinged to the column-foot; column yellowish white, stout, semiterete, 4 mm long, with a stout

equally long.

;CUADOR: de Chilla abov

fue alt. aor oeb ve C. Lehmann 7003

(Holotype: K; Isotype: AMES); Cordillera de

above Zaruma, alt. 1450 m, collected sedi D.

D’ Alessandro, flowered in cultivation at

Vilcabamba, 17 Mar. 1984, C. Luer 9590 (MO).

von Casta al tate aap 18 Feb. 1979

by A. Hirtz, J. Luer & bis , flowered in cultiva-

tion by Hirtz in Quito, 29 Apr. 1981, 5 Luer 6020

(SEL). Prov. of Imbabura: above Garcia Moreno, alt.

1850 m, 1 Mar. 1992, S. Dalstrim et al. 1594 (MO);

above Rio Los Cedros, alt. 1700 m, 24 Jan. 1993, S.

Dalstrém, T. Héijer & H. Wanntorp 1767 (MO).

species was first collected in the

mountains above the vast gold mines

around the village of Zaruma in the prov-

ince of El Oro in southwestern Ecuador by

F.C. Lehmann, German consul and mining i

engineer from Popay4n, Colombia. The primary purpose of his journeys to Ecuador

was to explore mines for minerals. His collections of orchids, now far more famous

records, were fortuitous by-products.

Dedicated to Miss Florence Woolward, Dracula woolwardiae is very closely

allied to the variable and widely distribu ted Colombian D. wallisii. The sepals of

and a more delicate pubescence. The lips of the two taxa are also similar, but the

lip of D. woolwardiae is more orbicular without the lateral margins being as in-

volute. The lips of both species are mobile.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 233

: i 7 4 a

i

: " ey Pp. Ns

‘ Kranal.) Luer

j Plate 103. Dracula woolwardiae (Lehm. &

234 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula xenos Luer & Escobar, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1011, 1989.

Ety.: From the Greek xenos, “‘a stranger,”

Plant small, epiphytic, oo roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 1-1.5 cm long, enclosed

by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, ~~ 7-10 cm long steps an indis-

tinct petiole 12 cm long, the tar elliptical, acute, 1- 1 -7 cm ‘ do, gradually 1 narrowed below i into sis

rene 9-11.5 cm long, with a few, distant bracts, — = on the ramicaul; nh bracts 9-10 m mm

long; pedicels 11-12 mm i ovary vertuculose, 3-4 mm long, round in cross-section; sepals light dull

yellow with multiple red warts within, the pea lta elliptical, 18 mm long, 11 mm wide,

nate lp fr 3 oom signs shallowly cupped at the base, the apex

erect, 7 cm long, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique,

f the dorsal sepal; sonore white, marked with brown, oblong, 4 mm long,

125mm wide, the apex acte without valves, ith

pi 11mm wide,

=

a 1 1 SSE 1d = | at i i » suf-

the inner eo bl Ls

fused with brown centrally, o obovate, 8 mm long, 4 m i disti

th tical Rene wi concave with 3 primary lamellae

and several lateral branches, Mee tae the margins smooth, not incurved, the hypochile

— ns kaedio ke ome with erect, a

mm long, with a stout foot 2 mm

COLOMBIA: Dept. of Valle del Cauca: El Quere-

mal, alt. ca. 2000 m, ¢ collected by ae Miranda, J *

1986, fl di

Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13012 PRR LI MO); same

collection, flowered in cultivation at ui-

deas, 2 Feb. 1991, R. Escobar 4067 GAUMY

Some unusual morphological features

isolate this species from all others in the

genus. The general appearance is that of

Masdevallia, resembling M. picturata

Rchb.f. most. The long-tailed, spreadin

sepals are only shallowly united, and

covered within by tiny, red-brown warts.

The petals are oblong and acute at the

apex without any formation of valves.

a. loeb are hs. ta

Along the middle third of the label margin isa a low, longitudinal callus. The

lip is obovate without a clear and hypochile. The epi-

chile is shallowly concave and filled with ‘inthis lamellae; the hypochile is cleft

between erect, rounded sides.

Although the lip is unmistakably Dracula, the petals suggest that some genes of

Masdevallia may have been introduced into this breeding population of plants in the

distant past. Only a few plants, but certainly encompassing several clones, as

manifested by the differing sizes and darker or lighter color of the flowers, have

been discovered. All plants presently in cultivation were purchased from the collec-

tor by Dr. Rugelio Londofio of Medellin, Colombia.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

235

5mm.

———_

Plate 104. Dracula xenos Luer & Escobar

236 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

HYBRIDS

The first artificial hybrid with a species of Dracula was an intergeneric cross

named ‘Eric’ between Masdevallia tovarensis Rchb.f. and Dracula chimaera made

by Veitch in 1902. Apparently, this hybrid has not been remade. No other hybrid

with a Dracula was registered until 1977 when the next intergeneric hybrid,

XDracuvalia Memoria Maria Arcila (Dracula chimaera X Masdevallia veitchiana,

was made by Sanin.

XDracuvalia Memoria Maria Arcila (Sanin ex Richardson) Luer & Escobar, Sel-

byana 2: 191, 1978.

.: XMasdevallia “Memoria Maria Arcila’ Sanin ex Richardson, Orquideologia 12: 72, 1977.

Type: Art. hybr. of Dracula chimaera (Rchb£.) Luer X Masdevallia veitchiana Rchb.f.

Ety.: Named in memory of Sra. Maria Arcila, mother of Dr. Carlos Sanin who created the cross.

Syn.: XMasdevallia ‘Circe Stuartii.’

Plant medium i spitose; root Ramicauls erect, stout, 2-4 cm long, enclosed by 2-3

loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute, 8-12 cm long including an

indistinct petiole, 1.8-2.2 cm wide, gradually narrowed below to the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a

showy flower, borne by a slender, erect 18-23 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bract tubular,

18-22 mm long; pedicel 18-20 mm long; ovary 7-8 long; sepals bright ge, suffused with red

centrally, s externally, cellular-glandular within, the dorsal sepal ovate, 33 mm long, 25 mm

oo tn ef 7 1. £ ” £, Sa ve anex ohin abrunitl

*

wide, 48 15 i, sepaline cup, he y

contracted into an erect, slender tail 4 cm long, orange below, b i b 1 sepals

ovate, oblique, 45 mm long, 24 mm wide, connate 20 mm, with a broad, shallow mentum, the apices

subacute, Genrtacl send , EE bathe 9° 1 white,

gin; lip ge, ¢ 11 mm long, 5 mm wide above the middle, obtuse,

with an oh toch h, th . AL : the epichil hall ly concave -eh, +} . 7 the

sulcate between a low pair of carinae, the base subcordate, hinged to the column-foot; column stout,

semiterete, 6 mm long, with a stout foot 4 mm long.

The large, bright orange flower of this hybrid bome by an erect peduncle strong-

ly resembles the parent M. veitchiana. The tails are relatively short; the petals are

minutely papillose near the margin of the apex, and with a slight submarginal callus

above the base; and the lip is obovate with the apical third tricallose.

The saga of the voluntary hybrids appearing in open greenhouses in Colombia

(Luer & Escobar 1989) has been mentioned on page 6, and again on page 230.

Three taxa suspected of being spontaneous hybrids (D. circe, D. pileus and D.

venefica) are treated among the preceding species. The assumed parents of some of

the other mysterious waifs that are unnamed seem more or less obvious, while

others are obscure or impossible to guess.

Ten of these hybrids were pictured and simply numbered 1 through 10 in the

American Orchid Society Bulletin 58: 981-986, 1989. Three of the more interesting

and horticulturally desirable ones are illustrated on Plates 102, 106 and 107. A

possible product of D. wallisii and D. bella, known as Dracula “X 5,”’ is illustrated

on plate 102. Most likely the product of D. chestertonii and D. bella, called Dracu-

la “X 1,” and possibly an offspring of D. inaequalis and a large species such as D.

= oe

wallisii, called Dracula “X 3,” are illustrated on the following two plates.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 105. XDracuvallia Memoria Maria Arcila

(Sanin ex Richardsop,

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

238

Plate 106. Dracula “X 1”

239

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA

Plate 107. Dracula “x5”

ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS, NAMES AND TERMS

AS USED IN THESAURUS DRACULARUM

abscission layer, the ring or joint where the leaf

separates from the ramicaul.

acuminate, the margins of the leaf or floral part

fy oC

h Rae | kL oA. | reer £1 1

acute

, &

the :

alt., altitude, the number of meters above sea

level.

Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull., Bulletin of the Ameri-

can Orchid

AMES, the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames,

USA.

annulus. b t

> s s

1 .¢ sh f sh £1

cin pec ors

pgm ng

anther cap, the operuculate covering of the polli-

apiculate, the apex with an apiculum, an abrupt

attenuate, long-acuminat

B, Botanischer Garten al Botanisches Museum,

Berlin- German

basionym, a name in “ different genus or other

nation is based.

bilaminate, bivalvate, the apex of the petal, con-

——s of pre inner and an outer face, usually

rrucose between them.

aM. eo meen Museum of Natural History,

London, England.

1 de Bale: .

| gig . Meise,

BR. Jardinh

igium.

bract, @ eh. 4h isl e

Technically, any sheathlike structure that i is not

a fohiage leaf.

caespitose

a with abbreviated rhizomes, the rami-

— a thickening, a protuberance, or one or

the disc of the li

cpt enlarged or globose at the apex.

capsule Jo?

numerous seeds.

racy me rarmnyscre RO 8

ening or callus.

carinate, with a carina or carinae.

cartilaginous, thickened, firm and tough, like

cartilage.

caudate, as applied to the floral parts, the apex

ARE: Re:

caudicle, in Dracula, the narrowed tip of the

cellular-giandular, with prominent glandular or

capitate cells, with a cobble-stone

ciliate, with hairs (cilia) on the margin.

thickened toward apex, club-shaped.

cleft, channeled or sulcate, with a longitudinal

groove.

Rnics. $1 1. £.

> > fertilized without

opening.

CUll

COL, Herbario Nacional, Bogota, Colombia.

column, th tral st f the fl

A feb NEE eee oy A «+h Pot | + at

column-foot, the eee of the base of the

column t cf which the li

conduplicate, of the ee: with a single, midline

congested, the inflorescence densely flowered,

the flowers closely spaced.

connate, inseparable, or united.

of leathery texture.

costate, with longitudinal, raised ridges; ribbed.

crested, with irregular, longitudinal lamellae.

den denticulate, toothed.

dept., department, a political division of a coun-

dise, or disk, the upper surface of the central

portion of the lip.

elliptical, shaped like an ellipse, widest at the

middle.

entire, with smooth or unlobed margins.

minal segment of the lip.

epiphytic, growing upon another plant, but not

filamentous, filiform, slender as a hair or thread.

floral bract, the bract subtending a

G, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville

Genéve, Switzerland.

Gard. Chron., the Gardeners’ Chronicle.

gen., genus, genera (pl.), the taxonomic cat

including species; the first part of a ecmiad

name.

glabrous, smooth, without hairs.

herbarium, a collection of pressed, dried and

mounted. specimens of plants.

cntlcslie, wie ¢.

is

wr r

hypochile, the basal portion of the lip.

inflorescence, the single flower, or a group of

flowers (the raceme in Dracula).

gene any ae pa of the ¢ holotype, that i t is, sy

the holotype.

—— , the herbarium of ‘Joaquin Antonio

< behienie ieee id

Kew,

Krzi., Kranzl., Fritz Krinzlin, German taxonomist.

lamella, a tall carina or keel, a plate-like thicken-

ing or callus (a callus may include ee

a lamella or

ee cca: or surfaces of

ee thins lly lost fw

ered, the flowers distantly

Lehm. » Friedrich Carl Lehmann, German en-

ginee and Consul in Popayan, Colombia, who

issdi conan extensive botanical collections.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 241

lip, the modified third tyr in 1 eaeeee variously

chil e; the

mea"

mentum, a concave, chinlike, portion of the

below the column-foot.

m, meter, meters, the metric unit of length (100

centimete cil a il oar 3.28 feet, or

about 1.1 y:

MO, the Live of the Missouri Botanical

Louis, MO, USA

nerve, vein, the longitudinal line or lines (often

branched) within the floral parts, represen

NY, the herbarium of the New York Botanical

Garden, Bi 4

obovate, egg-shaped outline, widest between

the middle and the ape:

applied to te tip ay, the leaf be floral part,

obtuse,

the sides meeting at an angle more

ovary, the part of ac flower that pense into

the fruit.

ovate, egg-shaped in outline, widest between the

base and the middle.

pandurate, violin-shaped, narrowest near the

a covered with papillae or nipplelike

humps.

pedicel, the stem of an individual flowe'

peduncle, the stem that bears a solitary iowa or

an inflorescence.

petals, the two floral parts sap within the se-

and cartilaginous acula, usually

with the apices bivalvate.

petiole, the stemlike basal portion of the leaf.

plicate, with several, longitudinal veins or folds;

pleated.

pollinium, —_ (pl.), compact pollen masses

— anther (two in aot deo

prov., provin itical division of a country.

ubescent, co or less covered with hairs.

ag pear-shaped.

inflorescence.

cake. ‘ axis OF oe of the inflores

yond the

cence be-

, the Casccadeny stem,” the aerial, leaf-

stem, applied only to

Rehb. f., Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, filius,

German taxonom!

Silos. in Dracula represented as 3 minute

flap between the the anther and the stigma.

rugose, wrinkled.

soccete, eee or deeply concave.

3 D.d-f C-hlachter G

"bial toch

sect., section, a division of 2 genus.

secund, of a raceme, with the flowers pointing to

one side.

SEL, EL, the herbarium ofthe Mari Selby Botanical

Gardens, Sarasota, FL, US

sepals, the three most secisiie outer floral

blade

a wi ie (pL). 2 popolation or 2 group of

interbreeding or potentially interbreeding popu-

lations that that share genetic features, and are Sep.

rated by barriers from ¢ other populations; the

part of a a binomial name.

stem, a general term applied to the stem of a

flower (pedicel), the stem tem of the i

(ped stemlike base o! arated

tem” (ramicaul), or

stigma, the receptive part of the column on the

acute, the angle of the apex only slight-

Pe beindesotade

a division of a section.

successive, of come, the flowers seturing i

succession, as

sulcate, cane, wi

species that occur in the same area.

Sra rma (usually superseded) name

synsepal, the blade formed by the union of the

tail,a cauda, the elongated, narrow apex ofa

flower

nomic group of any rank.

a ee ie widace de

of identification and clas-

taxonomy, the science

tution, Washington,

vein, nerve, the longi itudinal line or lines (often

branched) within the floral parts, representing

vascular

ventral, on the underside.

yerrucose, warty.

W, the herbarium of the Naturhistorisches Muse-

um in Vienna (Wien), Austria.

the ovary, with tall, longitudinal keels.

242 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

REFERENCES

BRUMMITT, RK. & C.E. POWELL, 1992. i cae ee Royal Botanic cc Gardens, Ki

Dress_er, R. L., 1981. esnsnieaeane Bene Cam-

bridge, MA.

1993. Pt f th hid family - Dioscorides Press, meets Sires

Escosar, R., 1990. Native Cokanbian Orchids, vol. 1. Editori 1 Colina, C

al S. A., Medellin, 118-133.

Haw Ley, R. M., 1979. Dracula culture in coastal California. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 48: 660-664.

KRANZLIN F., 1925. Monographie der Gattungen Masdevallia, Lothiania, Scaphosepalum, Cryptophor-

anthus & Pseudoctomeria. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 197-201.

G.H.M. et al., 1968. Botanico-Perodicum-Huntianum. Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh,

Luer, C. A., 1978. Dracula, in the Pleurothallidi Selbyana 2: 190-198.

---------------- 1979. The genus Dracula. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 48: 702-709.

w--------------- 1986. Icones Pleurothallidinarum I. Systematics of the Pleurothallidinae. Monogr. Syst.

Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 15: 26.

~~ 1989. N Dracula. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 1000-1012.

arte, EscoBAR, 1989. _. hybrids in Dracula. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 981-

dois A. M., 1984. Colombia: home of Dracula. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 53: 908-917.

REICHENBACH, H.G., 1875. Masdevallia chimaera. Gardeners’ Chronicle 4: 258, 1875.

ce. Gardeners’

J. & Sons, 1889. Manual of orchidaceous plants, :

Wess, M., 1989. The care and feeding of Draculas. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 58: 987-993.

------ - 1986. Basket culture for Draculas. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 55: 808-811.

WILuiaMs, B.S. & H., 1894. The orchid-grower’s manual. Masdevallia. 480-5

mcamint F., 1896. The genus Masdevallia. The Marquess of Lothian, Newbattle Abbey.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Over many years, information about Draculas has acumulated from numerous

persons, all of whom I thank. I hesitate to list them because I would certainly miss

some. Foremost among those who gave particular advice, I thank Drs. Calaway H.

Dodson, Robert L. Dressler and Dan H. Nicolson. I thank J & L Orchids of Easton,

CT, for making available their remarkable collections.

For Colombia, I am grateful to have had the generous access to the fabulous

collections of Jaime Posada and Ligia Moreno de Posada at Colom omborquideas, and

Dr. Oscar Robledo and Martha Posada de Robledo at La Ceja. For Ecuador, I am

grateful to have had access to the extensive collections of Father Angel Andreetta,

Stig Dalstrém, Alexander C. Hirtz and Malo.

Finally, I thank Rodrigo Escobar, co-author of Thesaurus Dracularum, who

spurred me on to this endeavor in 1977. Without his knowledge and generosity the

magnitude of this work could not have been realized.

SYSTEMATICS OF DRACULA 243

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Dracula 1 1,2, 6-7, 8, 14 68, 84,94, 100, 110,

118, 140, 180, 200, 202, 224, 230, 236

14

8, 14, 28, Plate 3., 70, 94

anicula 3; ath ge Sa sais 236

aphrodes 1 26, 3, Pat 220

astuta 23, 36,

bella 569, 16,38 Fat, 58, 162, 230, 236

bellerophon 19, 40, Plate

— 3620.32 32, 42 Plate 10,4, 160

15, 44, Plate 11.,

banger SS es aoe

burbidgeana 82

callifera 1 106, 108

eet 5k 5. 15, Sui Poe 1A. 66,

ee

8, 236

54, ‘55, ss 162, 194, 198,

17, 56, Plate 16., os 142, 230

circe 6, 23, 58, Plate 17.

citrina 19, 60, Plate 18.

cochliops 5, 9, 14, 62, Plate 19.

cordobae 18, 22, 64, Plate 20.

deltoidea 16, 68, 74, Plate 25.

diabola 19,76, Plate 26., 160

diana 22, 78, Plate

dodsonii 9, 15, 80, Plate 28., 168

erythrochaete 6, 23, 36, 82, Plate 29., 84, 188,

216

rata 20, 84, — 86

1, 21, 86,

felix 5, 16, 88, ee, "134, 142

fuligife > 33.

fuliginosa 90, 180

ane a ie

, Plate 34., 136

astrophora 1

oe 6, 19, 70, "94, Plate 35., 100, 126, 206

Dracula gorgo 36

gorgona eS 18, 58, 96, Plate 36., 98

a Plate 37

hawleyi 6, 19,70, 94, 100, Plate 38., 206

hirsuta 21, 102, Plate

hirtzii 18, 56, 104, Plate 40 , 142, 204

houtteana 6, 21, 22, 78, 106, Plate 41., 108,

172, 174, 176

outteana-psittacina complex 6, 46,78, 92,

158, 216,2 ip

hubeinii

inaequalis 3 ae Plate 42., 110, 236

, 112, 43.

insolita 9, 4 34, 114, Plate 44.

iricolor 2,9, 15, 116, Plate 45., 118

janetiae 1, 16, 118, 46., 224

lactea 214,216

lafleurii_ ay Me apg la 142

ye

>

a pon

levii So cae we Sak tes we

ligiae 17, 128, Plate 51.

sa aig eet Ai

ee oh 10, ee isk ran

aie 6 134, Plate 54., 142

92, 136, Plate Plate 55.

lochin 214

minax 22, 138, Plate 56.

me eee 178

je 1, 21, 142, Plate 58

medellinensis 184

microgh

, Plate 60.

nycterina 5,6, 16, 38, 118, 148, Plate 61., 224,

230

octavioi 22, 150, Plate 62., -

5, 16, 152, Plate 63

orientalis 19, 23, 154, Plate 64.

papillosa 1,21, 158, Plate 66.

pholeodytes 19,21, 160, Plate 67.

pileus 6, 18, 58, 162, Plate 68., 230, 236

platycrater 6, 10, 18, 162, Plate 69., 164, 216

16, 142, 166, Plate 70.

posadarum

— 21, 22, 172, Plate 73

ttacina 21, 22, 108, 144, 172, 174, Plate 74.

76, Plate

pusilla 1,20, 84, ty hoa

35 naa

oe 6, 20, 70, 94, ~ 180, Plate

On 236

ke 5, 18, 142, 180, pen goeylinns ya

svchinde 21, 68, 186, Plate 80.

ripleyana 23, ap 188, emo

robledorum

roezlii 17, Re eonary 7 218

244 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM

Dracula sergioi 20, 194, Plate 84.

severa 17, ‘128, 194, 196, Plate 85., 198,218

sibundoyénsis 17, 198, Plate 86.

simia 16, 24, 68, 86, 200, Plate 87.

sodiroi 2, 10, 14,202, Plate

syndactyla 6,20, 130, 182, ona

trinema 214,216

trinympharum 1, 19, 206, Plate 90.

42

17, 208, Plate

a ive er gsi 214

vagabunda 178

vampira 2, 4, 6,17,54, 104, 136, 146, 210, 212

velutina 3, 5,20,21, 108, 172, 174, 176, 214,

Plate 94., 216

venefica 6, 23, 216, Plate 95., 218, 236

venosa 16, 142, 218, pons

4, 19, 34, 220, Plate 97.

seaman 2, 16, 68, 88, 118, 142, 148, 222,

Plate

, 224

vinacea 22, 160, 224, Plate 99.

v 19, 226, Plate 100:

wallisii 2,3,6, 17, 19, 24, 30, 54, 55, 56, 58,

euiges 194, 198, 218, 228, Plate 101., 230,

232, 236

woalwatdiae 64, 120, 140, 142, 198, 230, 232,

Plate 103.

xenos 2,10, 14,234, Plate 104.

XDracula Jester

*X1” 236, Plate 106.

“X3” 236, Plate 107.

“AS” 230, Plate 102., 236

XDracuvallia

‘Andean Sunset’ 6

‘Eric’ 6,236

‘Memoria i 6, 236, Plate 105

Masdevallia 1, 6, 36, 110, 118, 164, 232

sect. F

sect. i 1,8

sect. Clausae-porrectae 1

sect. Triangulares 110

chestertonii 9, 50

chimaera Linden & André 1

ae var. severa 196